What Norway Looked Like Before the Vikings Rose | Boring History For Sleep

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Welcome back. 
My sleepy. 

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Fjord dreamers. 
Long before the first raid 

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vessel scraped a foreign Shore. 
Norway was already ancient in 

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its habits shaped by ice and 
water and the patient 

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accumulation of human knowledge 
across hundreds of quiet 

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Generations. 
Period. 

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We're walking through together 
spans roughly from 400, to 750 

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CE. stretch of centuries, when 
Scandinavian life moved by 

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Seasons tides and the steady 
turning of a half fire, this 

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chapter is the story of the 
Farms, the waterways and the 

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slowly shifting world, that 
shape everything, the people who

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followed would one day carry 
with them. 

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Please feel free to follow like 
and let me know where you're 

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listening from. 
And what time it is tonight, if 

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these slow human stories from 
the past, help you relax. 

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Now, take a seat on your pillow.
Allow the ocean waves to ease 

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your mind and will gradually. 
Begin this story together. 

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Close your eyes and place 
yourself at the edge of 

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something. 
Enormous. 

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Not a cliff exactly, though, the
ground does drop away at your 

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feet. 
Below you. 

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A reach of Dark Water Runs so 
far in land that the far end 

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dissolves into grey mist. 
The walls on either side of that

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water are made of rock and 
Forest and more rock above the 

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forest, and above all of that, a
pale Ridge of Open Sky. 

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You're standing on the western 
coast of Norway and the year is 

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somewhere around 500 CE. 
The land does not look the way, 

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a map suggests Maps. 
Flatten things standing here. 

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You feel the weight of the 
Train? 

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The way you feel, the pressure 
of a heavy coat settling across 

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your shoulders. 
The Waterway below, you is not 

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merely a Scenic Inlet. 
It is a road. 

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It is a food source. 
It is a boundary line between 

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neighboring groups of families 
and on certain evenings when 

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someone calls across it from the
far Shore, Yakko arrives from a 

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direction that sounds like a 
different Century behind you. 

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The forest is dense and full of 
things that move when they 

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believe you're not watching. 
Birch trees have crept up slopes

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that older species could not 
hold. 

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Pine covers the ridges in dark 
layered masses that block. 

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The wind on the western approach
and hold snow on their upper 

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branches until well into spring.
In The Valleys where soil has 

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settled into the low pockets of 
the landscape. 

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The ground is softer and the 
light a little warmer and that 

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is where people have built their
lives with considerable 

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intention Norway. 
In this period is not a single 

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country in any political sense. 
There is no ruling figure over 

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all of it. 
No shared name for the whole 

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territory, no unified identity. 
That binds a family in the 

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southwest to a household. 
Three waterways to the north, 

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what exists in Stead is a 
patchwork of local territories, 

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each defined by its drainage 
basin, its farmable land and the

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family or cluster of families 
with enough accumulated 

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strength, to hold it and enough 
accumulated generosity to keep 

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it. 
The western coastline is cut 

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into pieces, long inlets, reach 
40, and 60 and in some cases 80 

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miles Inland Islands, clustered 
so thickly near the shore that 

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sailing through them requires 
knowledge passed between 

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Generations rather than any 
physical chart. 

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The son of fuel which later 
geographers would study. 

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As one of the deepest natural 
waterways in the world has been 

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a corridor of human movement for
thousands of years before this 

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period even begins. 
People follow the water because 

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the mountains do not allow much 
else. 

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Crossing the spine of the 
country on foot is a serious 

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undertaking in any season. 
And in Winter, it simply is not 

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done. 
Unless absolute necessity 

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provides the motivation and a 
certain stubbornness provides 

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the fuel. 
So communities develop along, 

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coasts along Valley, floors and 
in the river corridors that 

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reach Inland from the sea. 
Historians of Scandinavia 

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sometimes called this stretch of
time, the migration period or 

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the early mayor of Indian 
period, depending on which end 

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of the timeline interests. 
The most The Roman world has 

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been fracturing to the South for
some time and the pressure from 

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that long collapse is sent 
people moving across Europe in 

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patterns. 
That even those doing the 

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moving. 
Do not entirely understand. 

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Trade, good shift Direction, 
certain Amber Roots, slow, and 

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others. 
Accelerate Silver trickles 

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Northwood in modest quantities, 
along paths that no single 

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traveler knows end to end. 
The farming communities of the 

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Norwegian interior and coasts 
are not sealed off from all of 

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that distant churning. 
They simply experience it at a 

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different pace. 
Filtered through Salt Air and 

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the particular acoustic quality 
of a valley that has never 

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developed much enthusiasm for 
urgency the landscape itself is 

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actively shaping the people who 
live within it the way a hand 

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shapes clay, without always 
knowing what it is, making 

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pollen, records extracted by 
researchers, from Lake sediments

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and places like Ruger and 
investment show that by around 

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500 CE forests. 
In many coastal areas had been 

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pushed back considerably from 
earlier periods field had opened

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where dense Woodland once stood,
Sheep and cattle had grazed 

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certain hillside's long enough 
that the soil composition had 

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changed in measurable ways. 
This was not Wilderness 

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scattered with a few Brave 
households. 

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This was a worked land Warner at
its edges familiar in. 

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Its paths, shaped by hands that 
had been at this particular 

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project for a very long time. 
The growing season is short. 

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This is not a minor 
inconvenience. 

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It is the central organizing 
factor of agricultural existence

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in Norway for everyone in this 
period, from the smallest 

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household. 
Working a thin strip of valley 

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floor to the most prosperous 
family with sufficient land to 

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support a dozen workers through 
the winter. 

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You plant, when the ground 
allows it and you harvest before

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the weather makes its own 
decision for you and the gap 

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between those two of events is 
not particularly generous. 

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What grows here grows with 
Attitude barley is the main 

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cereal crop across most of the 
country partly because it 

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tolerates cold better than wheat
and partly because generations 

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of practical trial have 
confirmed, that barley is what 

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works here. 
Rye does well in some regions 

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oats show up on settlements in 
the southeast, Root vegetables, 

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leafy plants, and legumes round 
out what the soil offers and 

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what the soil offers is usually 
sufficient. 

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As long as the summer does not 
decide to be shorter than 

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expected, which is sometimes, 
does nobody is particularly 

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surprised though that does not 
make it any less frustrating to 

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stand at the edge of a field in 
early August watching the sky do

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something. 
It has absolutely no business 

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doing at this time of year. 
The rivers carry salmon in 

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numbers that would be difficult 
to imagine standing beside most 

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modern waterways. 
Coden Herring move along the 

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coast in masses. 
Thick enough in the right 

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conditions to haul in by hand. 
The sea is not a luxury in this 

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world. 
It is a pantry with variable 

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hours, and a permanent policy of
rewarding skill and punishing 

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overconfidence. 
You're not standing in a 

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primitive world. 
You're standing in a world that 

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knows itself very well and has 
been knowing itself for a 

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considerable length of time. 
Before your arrival, the farm 

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scattered through. 
The valleys are not rough. 

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Encampments thrown up by people 
who have not yet gotten around 

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to building. 
Something better, they are 

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permanent settlements. 
Many of them occupied for 

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Generation after generation so 
long that the ground around them

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carries a slightly different 
color from the surrounding soil,

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enriched by centuries of refuge,
and Ash and the slow chemistry 

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of continuous human habitation. 
Some of these Farms sit on the 

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same ground as even older 
occupation layers beneath them 

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the way a palimpsest Works in 
manuscript earlier lives written

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over, but not entirely erased. 
Archaeologists, Excavating 

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Norwegian Farm site. 
Sometimes find evidence of 

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house, foundations below house 
foundation's each generation 

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rebuilding on the raised, and 
softened ground that the 

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previous generations 
occupational left behind. 

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The site itself becomes a kind 
of archive though, one, that 

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requires considerable effort and
expertise to read. 

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These are communities built on 
memory, the child, who grows up 

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here, learns the name of every 
stream. 

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The depth of every Ford, the 
specific mood of the bay at low 

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tide in November and the exact 
distance to the nearest family 

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who can be trusted when 
something goes seriously wrong. 

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This knowledge is not written 
anywhere, it lives in the body 

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and the air and the capacity to 
read a sky that is already 

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changing its mind. 
Before you have finished looking

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at it. 
And the sky here changes often, 

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and with a range of feeling that
makes it seem on certain 

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mournings. 
Like the most opinionated 

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presence in the visible world. 
The contrast between different 

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parts of Norway and this period 
are worth City with for a 

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moment. 
People of the inner Feud, 

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valleys live a life, 
substantially different from the

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communities on the outer coastal
Islands, who in turn live 

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differently from the farming 
households of the Eastern 

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lowlands. 
The inner Valley farmer has more

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protected land deeper soil, in 
the valley floors and what less 

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dependence on fishing. 
The outer Island community has 

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immediate access to the richest 
fishing grounds, but less 

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Shelter From the weather and 
considerably less farmable land.

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The Eastern communities nearer 
to the routes connecting. 

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Scandinavia with the continent 
encounter trade, goods and 

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cultural influences at a 
slightly different angle than 

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the people standing at the 
western edge of the world, 

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looking out at Open Water. 
These differences do not produce

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isolation, they produce trade. 
The inner Valley has Surplus 

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grain that the Island community 
needs in. 

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Poor fishing years, the Island 
community has dried fish and 

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Coastal knowledge that the 
Inland farmer cannot replicate. 

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The Eastern household, sometimes
holds objects, bronze fittings 

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or glass beads that are derived 
from distant Workshop 

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traditions. 
And that the western family will

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exchange significant amounts of 
practical Goods to acquire the 

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patchwork of local differences 
is in this sentence. 

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The engine that keeps people in 
contact, with one, another 

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moving between communities, with
something to offer and something

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to need. 
The communities are all so 

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deeply aware of the seasonal 
clock in a way that Urban 

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experience. 
Has largely dimmed for later, 

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centuries. 
The longest day of summer and 

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the longest night of winter are 
not abstract. 

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Astronomical fact here they are 
the turning points around which 

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the years practical decisions 
are organized when to start 

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planting. 
When to drive the cattle up 

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hill, went to begin, the Autumn 
Slaughter of animals that cannot

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be fed through winter, when to 
stop, traveling before the 

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conditions, make it more than, 
usually, an advisable. 

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The calendar lives in the body 
reinforced every year by the 

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Landscapes, own insistence, on 
being taken, seriously. 

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The first thing you notice about
the long house is it smell not 

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unpleasantly but unavoidably the
moment you step inside the air 

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takes on a different character 
entirely. 

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It carries the smoke of a half 
that has not been fully. 

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Extinguished in years, along 
with the warm dense, presence of

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cattle at the far end of the 
building. 

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Dried herbs hanging in bundles 
from the roof beams. 

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Something fermented in a clay 
vessel near the eastern wall and

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the general atmosphere of a 
space that houses both humans 

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and animals without making an 
especially strong distinction 

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between the two. 
The long house is the dominant 

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architectural form across all of
Scandinavia in this period. 

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And in Norway, it takes on 
specific proportions. 

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That archeologists have been 
documenting from excavation 

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sites across the country at 
fossil in Rogan and the remains 

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of dozens of buildings from this
era of researchers and unusually

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detailed picture of what the 
structures actually looked like 

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and how they functioned across 
different social levels. 

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They are long. 
The name is accurate. 

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A modest family, home might run 
15 to 20 meters from end. 

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To end a more substantial one 
belonging to a family with land 

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and livestock and social 
obligations to maintain might 

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reach 40 meters or Beyond. 
The walls bow out would slightly

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at the side, which gives the 
building a subtly organic 

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quality as if it had expanded 
slowly outward over years of 

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use, rather than being built to 
a fixed measurement from the 

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start. 
The frame is Timber. 

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Usually split, logs or shaped 
posts driven into the ground, 

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with additional interior rows of
posts supporting the ridge. 

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The walls are filled in with 
wattle and dorm in some regions,

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Turf in others and that choice 
reflects. 

233
00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:54,500
What is immediately at hand 
rather than any strong 

234
00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:57,900
aesthetic, preference Turf is a 
remarkable insulator. 

235
00:11:57,900 --> 00:12:01,100
In a climate that treats warmth 
as a serious resource worth 

236
00:12:01,100 --> 00:12:03,800
protecting. 
The roof is the buildings, great

237
00:12:03,800 --> 00:12:06,800
achievement. 
It must shed, rain carry snow 

238
00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:09,600
without failing. 
Allow smoke to escape, and 

239
00:12:09,600 --> 00:12:12,500
survive, wind arriving off the 
North Atlantic with, what can 

240
00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:16,800
only be described as accumulated
grievances A well-constructed 

241
00:12:16,800 --> 00:12:20,300
roof on a sound frame does all 
of this for decades without 

242
00:12:20,300 --> 00:12:22,800
requesting any particular 
acknowledgment of its effort. 

243
00:12:23,700 --> 00:12:26,500
The construction of a new long 
house or the substantial 

244
00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:30,400
rebuilding of an existing one is
a community event rather than a 

245
00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:33,200
household project. 
The timber work alone requires 

246
00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:36,600
the felling transport and 
shaping of a quantity of wood 

247
00:12:36,600 --> 00:12:40,100
that a single family cannot move
or process in reasonable time 

248
00:12:40,100 --> 00:12:42,900
without assistance. 
The raising of the roof frame, 

249
00:12:42,900 --> 00:12:45,300
the setting of the main 
structural posts in their 

250
00:12:45,300 --> 00:12:48,400
correct positions, the fitting 
of the interlocking Timbers that

251
00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:50,900
give the building its 
characteristics slightly bowed 

252
00:12:50,900 --> 00:12:53,600
wall profile. 
All of this is work that goes 

253
00:12:53,600 --> 00:12:57,200
better with many hands and the 
community that comes together to

254
00:12:57,200 --> 00:12:59,600
raise a building for one of its 
households does. 

255
00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:02,300
So with an understanding that 
the obligation runs in both 

256
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:05,300
directions, you come to help, 
raise someone's Hall. 

257
00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,100
And when the time comes that 
your whole needs raising, they 

258
00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:10,900
will be there with their tools 
and their strong backs and their

259
00:13:10,900 --> 00:13:13,600
practical opinions about whether
you have positioned that post 

260
00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:16,900
correctly. 
Food and Ale provided to the 

261
00:13:16,900 --> 00:13:19,000
workers during a building 
project is substantial. 

262
00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:22,800
And this generosity is both a 
practical necessity and a social

263
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:25,800
calculation. 
The household that hosts a 

264
00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:27,900
building of event will build a 
reputation that will matter 

265
00:13:27,900 --> 00:13:30,600
later. 
The household that shows up to 

266
00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:33,800
help at other people's projects 
but offers poor food when the 

267
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:36,400
work comes to them. 
Will notice over subsequent 

268
00:13:36,400 --> 00:13:38,500
years. 
That people seem to be a 

269
00:13:38,500 --> 00:13:41,000
specially busy on the days where
their own Hall requires 

270
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:44,200
assistance, the central half 
runs along the length of the 

271
00:13:44,200 --> 00:13:47,300
main living area. 
It is not a fireplace set into a

272
00:13:47,300 --> 00:13:51,000
wall but a long open fired on a 
stone or clay base directly on 

273
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:54,700
the floor with smoke rising to 
find its way out through gaps in

274
00:13:54,700 --> 00:13:57,500
the roof or a deliberately 
created opening of the ridge. 

275
00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:01,200
The light from this fire is the 
primary illumination during The 

276
00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:04,300
Long Dark months. 
And the fire itself is the Hub 

277
00:14:04,300 --> 00:14:07,100
around which all indoor life 
organizes with comfortable 

278
00:14:07,100 --> 00:14:10,200
reliability. 
You would sleep near it, cook 

279
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:14,300
near it, work near it, tell 
stories, near it and conduct 

280
00:14:14,300 --> 00:14:17,400
whatever social business needed,
conducting while sitting beside 

281
00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:19,900
it. 
The sound of a fire maintained 

282
00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:23,000
cooking temperature, and the 
sound of a fire maintained for 

283
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:25,800
warmth, the different and 
everyone in the household, knows

284
00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:27,400
the difference without thinking 
about it. 

285
00:14:28,900 --> 00:14:32,000
At one end of the Interior 
separated from the human living 

286
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:35,100
space by a low partition or 
simply by the understood 

287
00:14:35,100 --> 00:14:38,300
geography of the floor, plan the
cattle, spend the winter months,

288
00:14:38,300 --> 00:14:41,800
this is an entirely sensible 
Arrangement rather than a sign 

289
00:14:41,808 --> 00:14:44,300
of hardship. 
The animals generate body heat 

290
00:14:44,300 --> 00:14:47,100
that helps warm the building 
from their end and in closing 

291
00:14:47,100 --> 00:14:49,600
them through the cold. 
Season means they survive 

292
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:52,600
without outdoor Grazing In 
conditions that would rapidly 

293
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:54,600
reduce their usefulness to 
everyone involved. 

294
00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:58,300
The smell as mentioned is 
distinctive. 

295
00:14:58,300 --> 00:15:03,100
You adapt fast to the new expect
to Along the inner walls raised 

296
00:15:03,100 --> 00:15:06,800
platforms server, sleeping 
areas, seating and general work.

297
00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:09,700
Surfaces depending on the time 
of day and the current priority.

298
00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:13,300
Woolen textiles, cover them and 
more wool. 

299
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:17,000
Hangs from the rafters or drapes
over storage frames spinning and

300
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:20,100
weaving happened here. 
Consistently not as a hobby, but

301
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:23,000
as a full production system for 
everything, the household wears 

302
00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:27,000
and much of what it uses, The 
loom weights found on Norwegian 

303
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,000
sites from this period suggests 
that textile work was a serious 

304
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,600
ongoing operation occupying 
significant portions of the 

305
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:35,200
working day throughout most of 
the year. 

306
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,200
The households possessions are 
not numerous but they are chosen

307
00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:41,300
with care, iron tools. 
Hang on the walls or sit in 

308
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:45,200
wooden storage boxes bone, Combs
carved wooden dishes. 

309
00:15:45,200 --> 00:15:48,900
Clay and soapstone vessels 
leather bags and Ironbound 

310
00:15:48,900 --> 00:15:51,300
chests. 
The occasional bronze broke with

311
00:15:51,300 --> 00:15:54,400
careful geometric, inlay a knife
that someone has clearly 

312
00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:57,100
maintained with considerable. 
Personal investment for a very 

313
00:15:57,100 --> 00:15:59,900
long time. 
Nothing here is decorative in a 

314
00:15:59,900 --> 00:16:04,200
purely useless way, every object
and its position Outside. 

315
00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:07,200
The Farmstead extends in a 
practical cluster of additional 

316
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:11,100
structures, a separate building 
for grain storage on Rays, post 

317
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:14,400
to keep Vermin out of the 
Harvest, a small architectural 

318
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:18,100
argument for the importance of 
keeping food dry Separate 

319
00:16:18,100 --> 00:16:20,700
outbuilding handles the craft 
work that produces too much 

320
00:16:20,708 --> 00:16:22,500
smoke or noise for the main 
hall. 

321
00:16:22,500 --> 00:16:25,500
Fenced enclosures, hold 
livestock through Seasons when 

322
00:16:25,500 --> 00:16:28,300
keeping them near the buildings 
matters and farther out the 

323
00:16:28,308 --> 00:16:29,900
fields. 
Run to the edge of whatever the 

324
00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:33,500
terrain permits in summer 
herders, take cattle and sheep 

325
00:16:33,500 --> 00:16:37,000
up to the higher ground, to the 
mountain passes called Sita, 

326
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:40,700
where the grass is fresh and the
lower Fields can recover This 

327
00:16:40,700 --> 00:16:43,900
movement of animals up in warm 
months and down before the first

328
00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:47,800
hard, Frost is not unique to 
this part of the world, but it 

329
00:16:47,800 --> 00:16:50,500
fits the Norwegian landscape 
with a particular Precision. 

330
00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:53,000
That makes it feel designed for 
exactly this purpose. 

331
00:16:54,100 --> 00:16:57,200
The paths up to the summer 
pastures are old, very old. 

332
00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:00,400
Some of them have been walked by
people in their animals for so 

333
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:03,700
long that The Rock itself, shows
the accumulated evidence of that

334
00:17:03,700 --> 00:17:06,500
Passage. 
The food, produced, by all of 

335
00:17:06,500 --> 00:17:08,800
this effort is stored with 
serious intention. 

336
00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:12,500
Dried fish smoked meat. 
Fermented, dairy, products, 

337
00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:16,400
preserved grain and dried 
legumes other winter reserves 

338
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:19,300
that stand between a household 
and a very uncomfortable few 

339
00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:22,300
months. 
Ill made from grain and 

340
00:17:22,300 --> 00:17:25,300
flavored, with various foraged, 
additions is a functional part 

341
00:17:25,300 --> 00:17:28,200
of the diet, partly because 
fermentation makes grain 

342
00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:31,500
calories, more accessible and 
partly because clean water in 

343
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:34,500
the immediate vicinity of a 
working farm is not always as 

344
00:17:34,500 --> 00:17:36,200
clean as the streamer quarter 
mile away. 

345
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:39,500
The household that manages all 
of this well is not simply 

346
00:17:39,500 --> 00:17:41,800
surviving. 
It is operating at the edge of 

347
00:17:41,808 --> 00:17:44,900
genuine capability and the 
people inside it know the 

348
00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:47,900
difference, the children of the 
household are not observers of 

349
00:17:47,900 --> 00:17:50,000
this system. 
Their participants from an early

350
00:17:50,008 --> 00:17:52,500
age, which is the only way any 
of this is actually sustainable.

351
00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:55,700
By the time a child here is 
seven or eight years old. 

352
00:17:55,700 --> 00:17:58,400
They're already carrying 
meaningful responsibilities 

353
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:00,500
watching younger animals in the 
field. 

354
00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:03,700
Gathering wood for the half, 
insufficient quantities to last 

355
00:18:03,700 --> 00:18:06,700
through a cold night. 
Learning the names and 

356
00:18:06,700 --> 00:18:09,400
properties of the plants that 
grow within walking distance of 

357
00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:12,300
the farm because that knowledge 
is not supplementary 

358
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:14,400
information. 
But a practical survival 

359
00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:17,400
resource. 
Child who reaches 12 or 13? 

360
00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:20,400
In the world has already 
accumulated years of working. 

361
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:24,400
Agricultural experience, and is 
by the standards of the period, 

362
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:27,200
well, into the process of 
becoming a competent adult. 

363
00:18:28,300 --> 00:18:29,600
Winter evening's in the long 
House. 

364
00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:32,100
Have a particular quality that 
it would be worth dwelling on 

365
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:36,300
when the outdoor work is reduced
by cold and darkness, the indoor

366
00:18:36,300 --> 00:18:38,100
work intensifies, in different 
directions. 

367
00:18:38,100 --> 00:18:42,500
This is when textile production 
reaches its peak Pace spinning 

368
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:45,800
wall by firelight with the 
spindle weighted by a clay or 

369
00:18:45,808 --> 00:18:49,700
Stonewall is something hands can
do while listening or talking or

370
00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:52,300
simply thinking and the thread 
produced feeds. 

371
00:18:52,300 --> 00:18:55,500
The loom and the loom produces 
the cloth that keeps everyone 

372
00:18:55,500 --> 00:18:57,900
warm and serves as a primary 
trade good. 

373
00:18:57,900 --> 00:19:01,200
When the summer travel season 
opens again, Food in Winter 

374
00:19:01,208 --> 00:19:03,500
leans heavily on the stores 
accumulated in the months 

375
00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:05,500
before. 
Fermented fish. 

376
00:19:05,500 --> 00:19:08,800
A category of preserved food, 
that requires commitment to 

377
00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:13,200
appreciate, but that stores well
and provides substantial protein

378
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:15,600
through the dark months. 
Hard. 

379
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:18,800
Dried bread made from grain when
fresh baking is not practical. 

380
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:24,200
Cheese and preserved, Dairy. 
The occasional meal of fresh 

381
00:19:24,200 --> 00:19:26,500
slaughtered meat when an 
animal's continued survival 

382
00:19:26,500 --> 00:19:29,500
through winter becomes less 
practical than the calories, it 

383
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:32,400
represents. 
These are not meager Provisions 

384
00:19:32,400 --> 00:19:34,500
by the standards of the period 
or the latitude. 

385
00:19:34,500 --> 00:19:37,700
They are the result of careful 
management of resources through 

386
00:19:37,700 --> 00:19:40,400
the seasons and the household 
that enters winter. 

387
00:19:40,400 --> 00:19:43,900
With full stores has earned that
security through the quality of 

388
00:19:43,900 --> 00:19:48,100
its work in the months that came
before it Not far from the farm 

389
00:19:48,100 --> 00:19:50,800
on a slope where the ground 
turned soft and the water table 

390
00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:54,100
sits just below the surface. 
There is a place where the land 

391
00:19:54,100 --> 00:19:57,000
has been quietly producing. 
Something of considerable value 

392
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:01,400
for a very long time, bog iron. 
Reddish brown lumps of iron 

393
00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:04,600
oxide that accumulated wet 
acidic soils over centuries as 

394
00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:08,900
groundwater leeches iron from 
surrounding Rock and deposits 

395
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:11,000
it. 
In layers that with effort and 

396
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:13,400
specific knowledge can be turned
into metal. 

397
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:17,800
The bulk does not advertise 
this, you have to know where to 

398
00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:19,600
look, and you have to know what 
you're looking at. 

399
00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:22,000
When you find it the smelting of
bog. 

400
00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,400
Iron is one of the defining 
Technologies of pre-viking 

401
00:20:24,400 --> 00:20:27,700
Scandinavia and in Norway, it 
achieved a scale and 

402
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:32,100
sophistication During the period
between roughly 400 and 800 CE. 

403
00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:35,200
That researchers studying sites 
in Telemark innlandet and the 

404
00:20:35,208 --> 00:20:38,000
Trondheim region have found 
genuinely significant. 

405
00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:41,100
This was not small scale 
metalworking happening. 

406
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:42,900
Incidentally in somebody's spare
time. 

407
00:20:43,700 --> 00:20:46,400
And certain areas iron 
production was the primary 

408
00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:48,600
economic activity of entire 
communities. 

409
00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:51,600
A fact that reshapes the common 
image of these centuries as 

410
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:55,000
primarily agricultural, imagine 
the furnace. 

411
00:20:55,800 --> 00:20:59,000
It is a roughly cylindrical 
structure of clay and stone 

412
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,800
standing. 
Perhaps a meter in height with a

413
00:21:01,808 --> 00:21:03,800
carefully. 
Proportioned interior chamber 

414
00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:06,300
designed to sustain the 
temperatures needed to separate 

415
00:21:06,300 --> 00:21:10,100
iron from the surrounding slag. 
It requires a continuous Air 

416
00:21:10,100 --> 00:21:13,200
Supply, usually delivered by 
Bellows, worked by someone whose

417
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:16,100
arms will be thoroughly reminded
of this experience for several 

418
00:21:16,100 --> 00:21:18,700
days off. 
Afterward, it requires charcoal 

419
00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:22,100
made from carefully selected and
prepared wood, and it requires 

420
00:21:22,100 --> 00:21:24,000
someone who genuinely knows what
they are doing. 

421
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:27,700
Because the difference between 
producing usable, iron Bloom and

422
00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:31,500
producing an expensive pile of 
overheated, disappointment is a 

423
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:33,300
narrow one that does not reward 
in attention. 

424
00:21:34,100 --> 00:21:36,700
The iron produced from bhaag. 
Smelting is not the uniform. 

425
00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:39,400
Predictable material of later 
metallurgical Traditions. 

426
00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:42,900
It is variable in its carbon 
content and requires additional 

427
00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:46,700
work, reheating and hammering 
and careful folding to produce 

428
00:21:46,700 --> 00:21:49,600
metal that will hold a cutting 
edge, will take a consistent 

429
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:52,900
shape across its length. 
This working process is where 

430
00:21:52,900 --> 00:21:55,900
the blacksmiths particular, 
knowledge lives, knowing the 

431
00:21:55,900 --> 00:21:59,100
correct temperature by the color
of the glowing metal knowing how

432
00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:02,400
many passes, the hammer needs on
a particular piece knowing when 

433
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:05,200
to stop working a blade before, 
the repeated heating makes it 

434
00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,800
brittle rather than tough. 
This knowledge does not transfer

435
00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:12,900
through description, it passes 
between hands, through years of 

436
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:14,800
standing near someone who 
already knows it. 

437
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:18,700
The range of iron objects 
produced in pre-viking Norwegian

438
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:21,500
communities, is broader than the
image of simple farming tools, 

439
00:22:21,500 --> 00:22:24,800
usually suggests. 
Agricultural implements make up 

440
00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:26,400
a significant portion of 
production. 

441
00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:30,300
Sickles plow tips and the range 
of cutting tools needed for 

442
00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:32,600
Harvest and food preparation 
appear. 

443
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:35,500
Consistently across excavation 
assemblages from sights 

444
00:22:35,500 --> 00:22:38,700
throughout the country. 
Woodworking tools follow close 

445
00:22:38,700 --> 00:22:42,500
behind in quantity, axes of 
multiple weights and purposes 

446
00:22:42,500 --> 00:22:46,900
chisels splitting wedges and the
various fittings needed for 

447
00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:50,000
Timber Construction. 
Personal items, including 

448
00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:53,800
buckles, pins clasps, and the 
small mounting hardware, that 

449
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:56,600
holds leather and textile 
together in the ways. 

450
00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,900
Daily life requires round out. 
The picture considerably weapons

451
00:22:59,900 --> 00:23:02,000
are present in the 
archaeological record but not 

452
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:03,600
dominant in this specific 
period. 

453
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:06,200
Spear points appear in 
meaningful numbers. 

454
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:09,400
Swords are uncommon and 
typically associated with 

455
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:12,000
burials, indicating unusual 
social standing. 

456
00:23:12,900 --> 00:23:15,600
The communities of pre-viking 
Norway are fully capable of 

457
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:18,700
organized violence when the 
situation calls for it and they 

458
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:21,800
are not naive about that 
possibility but the daily output

459
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,800
of a working iron producing 
settlement is mostly things that

460
00:23:24,800 --> 00:23:28,900
help people build Farm process 
and move through the world 

461
00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:30,900
rather than things designed to 
harm it. 

462
00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:34,600
The soapstone quarries of 
Western Norway represent another

463
00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:37,900
industry that the word modest 
simply does not fit. 

464
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:42,400
Soapstone a soft metamorphic 
rock that carves with relative 

465
00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:45,900
ease and holds heat with 
impressive efficiency was 

466
00:23:45,900 --> 00:23:48,700
quarried from sights along the 
Norwegian coast and traded 

467
00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:51,900
across wide areas. 
Soapstone vessels from Norwegian

468
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:54,800
sources of been identified at 
archaeological site throughout 

469
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,900
the North Atlantic, the British 
Isles, and across Scandinavia, 

470
00:23:57,900 --> 00:24:01,300
which means that long. 
Before the Viking age, someone 

471
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:04,700
had organized the extraction 
shaping and distribution of this

472
00:24:04,700 --> 00:24:08,100
material into a functioning 
supply network with Geographic 

473
00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:10,900
reach. 
Bowls and cooking vessels made 

474
00:24:10,900 --> 00:24:13,800
from soapstone, have a practical
advantage over ceramic in this 

475
00:24:13,808 --> 00:24:16,400
climate. 
They do not crack when exposed 

476
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:19,300
to Rapid temperature changes. 
Which makes them excellent for 

477
00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:22,400
direct fire cooking. 
They are heavy to move, which 

478
00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:24,700
makes the archaeological 
evidence of their wide 

479
00:24:24,700 --> 00:24:27,000
distribution. 
Even more interesting as a 

480
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,800
logistical puzzle. someone was 
making decisions about value and

481
00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:33,200
movement, that required thinking
well, beyond the limits of any 

482
00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:36,900
single Valley or Bay, The 
craftspeople, who worked metal, 

483
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:41,400
Stone, bone, and antler. 
In pre-viking, Norway occupied a

484
00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:42,800
social position worth pausing 
on. 

485
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:46,500
They were not simply service 
providers producing high-quality

486
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:50,700
iron bronze jewelry with 
intricate Surfers decoration or 

487
00:24:50,700 --> 00:24:54,000
carved bone comes with the kind 
of precise, geometric patterns, 

488
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:55,800
found on objects, from migration
period. 

489
00:24:55,800 --> 00:24:59,400
Graves across Norway required, 
an investment of training time 

490
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:02,100
that implied a corresponding 
recognition from the community 

491
00:25:02,100 --> 00:25:05,500
absorbing that training. 
The Smith in particular carried.

492
00:25:05,500 --> 00:25:09,300
Association's that extended 
beyond the practical The metal 

493
00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:12,000
work of this era shows, strong 
connections to wider 

494
00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:15,600
Scandinavian and Germanic art, 
Traditions animal forms appear 

495
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:18,800
on brooches and belt fittings 
interlaced creatures that curve 

496
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:21,500
around themselves in patterns 
that seem to take genuine 

497
00:25:21,500 --> 00:25:23,600
pleasure in being technically 
impossible. 

498
00:25:24,700 --> 00:25:27,208
The craftspeople producing these
objects were in a kind of 

499
00:25:27,216 --> 00:25:31,300
extended conversation across 
both distance and time with 

500
00:25:31,300 --> 00:25:34,500
others working in related 
traditions and that conversation

501
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:38,200
produced objects of real visual 
power that have survived 15 

502
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,500
centuries in remarkable 
condition, none of this emerges 

503
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:44,000
by chance. 
It emerges, because communities 

504
00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:47,000
invest in the development of 
skilled people and because the 

505
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:50,100
communities around them consider
that investment worth sustaining

506
00:25:50,100 --> 00:25:54,200
across Generations. bone and 
antler working deserve specific 

507
00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:57,900
mention alongside the metal 
working traditions because it 

508
00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:02,300
fills in details of daily life 
that iron alone cannot L Can 

509
00:26:02,300 --> 00:26:06,000
Shed in Autumn is collected and 
worked into, Combs, needles, 

510
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:09,700
toggles, and the kinds of small 
functional objects that appear 

511
00:26:09,700 --> 00:26:12,100
in large quantities on 
habitation sites from this 

512
00:26:12,100 --> 00:26:14,500
period. 
Antler has a quality of 

513
00:26:14,500 --> 00:26:17,400
workability that makes it 
particularly suited to find 

514
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:20,900
carving and the geometric 
ornament applied to Combs from 

515
00:26:20,900 --> 00:26:23,800
Norwegian site in the migration 
and Merovingian periods. 

516
00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:27,300
Shows a precision and 
consistently that implies both 

517
00:26:27,300 --> 00:26:30,400
skilled hands and the kind of 
leisure time for a fine 

518
00:26:30,408 --> 00:26:33,500
production that a household with
well-managed food stores can 

519
00:26:33,500 --> 00:26:38,100
afford A beautifully made comb 
is not a luxury in this world. 

520
00:26:38,100 --> 00:26:41,800
It is a statement about the 
household that produced it given

521
00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:44,300
or traded to someone who will 
carry it and use it and be 

522
00:26:44,300 --> 00:26:47,100
reminded each morning of the 
skill of the maker. 

523
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:51,100
The material world of these 
communities also includes a 

524
00:26:51,100 --> 00:26:53,300
sustained relationship with 
imported goods that arrive 

525
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:56,500
through trade. 
Kern stones for grinding grain. 

526
00:26:56,500 --> 00:26:59,800
Some of them made from specific,
volcanic rock found only in 

527
00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:01,300
certain areas of the Rhine 
region. 

528
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:04,600
Appear at Norwegian sites in 
sufficient numbers to indicate 

529
00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:07,600
regular organized trade rather 
than occasional lucky 

530
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:09,900
acquisition. 
These objects were heavy 

531
00:27:09,900 --> 00:27:13,500
expensive to transport and 
clearly considered worth the 

532
00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:17,100
effort, which tells us something
about how seriously the quality 

533
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:20,400
of grain processing was taken 
and how willing people were to 

534
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,300
invest in the right tool rather 
than a convenient substitute. 

535
00:27:23,300 --> 00:27:26,200
What all of this material 
production represents taken 

536
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:29,700
together is a world that was 
considerably more connected more

537
00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:33,300
technically, sophisticated and 
more economically complex than 

538
00:27:33,300 --> 00:27:36,000
the periods. 
General invisibility in popular 

539
00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:39,800
accounts would suggest. 
Pre-viking centuries in Norway 

540
00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:41,200
are not a waiting room for 
history. 

541
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:44,800
They are history running at its 
own pace and producing a 

542
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:47,400
material culture that shaped 
everything that came after it. 

543
00:27:48,100 --> 00:27:51,300
The iron production landscape of
interior, Norway in this period 

544
00:27:51,300 --> 00:27:53,300
has a seasonal rhythm with 
understanding. 

545
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:57,300
The smelting sights found in 
Upland areas, including the 

546
00:27:57,300 --> 00:27:59,800
remarkable concentrations of 
slag heaps. 

547
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:02,800
That researchers have identified
in the Telemark and Auckland 

548
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:05,700
mountains were not permanently 
occupied industrial settlements.

549
00:28:06,500 --> 00:28:09,500
They were seasonal operations 
active, when the weather allowed

550
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:11,600
and the agricultural calendar 
permitted. 

551
00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:14,500
The commitment of Labor away 
from the Farms, the movement of 

552
00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:16,600
workers up to the smelting sites
in late summer. 

553
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:19,800
The Intensive production run 
through Autumn when charcoal was

554
00:28:19,808 --> 00:28:22,300
ready and Iron. 
Ore had been collected through 

555
00:28:22,300 --> 00:28:25,500
the preceding months and the 
returned to the Valley Farms 

556
00:28:25,500 --> 00:28:27,600
before the mountain passes 
became impossible. 

557
00:28:28,300 --> 00:28:31,300
This seasonal pattern of Upland 
industry mirrors, the trance 

558
00:28:31,300 --> 00:28:34,600
human's pattern of cattle and 
sheep just with different goals 

559
00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:38,100
and a considerably hotter, 
working environment the scale of

560
00:28:38,100 --> 00:28:40,800
these Upland operations. 
As researchers of reconstructed 

561
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:44,200
it from slag volume analysis and
site distribution, studies 

562
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:48,200
implies a level of surplus 
production that exceeded the 

563
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:52,000
needs of the immediate producing
Community iron was being made in

564
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:53,900
quantities. 
That only makes sense if 

565
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:56,600
distribution beyond the local 
area was always part of the 

566
00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,100
plan. 
Someone was organizing the 

567
00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:03,000
movement of that iron through 
exchange and sail, down toward 

568
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:05,700
the coastal communities, and the
trading networks that eventually

569
00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:07,800
carried. 
It, further the logistical 

570
00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:10,200
intelligence required to 
coordinate seasonal, labor, 

571
00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:14,400
charcoal production or gathering
smelting and distribution is not

572
00:29:14,400 --> 00:29:17,000
a simple thing. 
And the people managing it was 

573
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:19,800
solving supply chain problems. 
That their silence in the 

574
00:29:19,808 --> 00:29:21,600
written record has prevented 
later. 

575
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:24,800
Centuries from properly, 
crediting them with The boat is 

576
00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:27,500
not a new invention. 
By the time we arrived in this 

577
00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:30,400
period, Scandinavian boat, 
building has been developing 

578
00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:33,500
long enough that the vessels of 
500 or 600. 

579
00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:36,900
CEO are already the product of 
many generations of accumulated 

580
00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:40,500
refinement. 
The York Spring craft found in a

581
00:29:40,508 --> 00:29:45,300
Danish bog and dated to around 
400 BCE already demonstrates, a 

582
00:29:45,300 --> 00:29:48,100
remarkably sophisticated whole 
design, nearly 1,000 years. 

583
00:29:48,100 --> 00:29:52,100
Before the Viking age Begins the
nightmare vessel discovered in 

584
00:29:52,100 --> 00:29:56,300
southern Denmark and dated to 
around 320 CE shows. 

585
00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:58,800
The overlapping plank 
construction that will Define 

586
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:02,100
Scandinavian boat building for 
centuries to come the line. 

587
00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:04,700
Connecting those early craft to 
what comes later is long 

588
00:30:04,700 --> 00:30:06,800
continuous and never actually 
broken. 

589
00:30:07,700 --> 00:30:11,000
In Norway during our period, the
boats in use along the coast and

590
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:13,800
through the long inlets. 
A working craft built for 

591
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:17,100
specific purposes with specific 
water in mind. 

592
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:21,800
Fishing vessels range from small
simple craft operated by one or 

593
00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:23,800
two. 
People close to shore up to 

594
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:26,000
larger. 
Open boats capable of extended 

595
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:28,100
Coastal runs and heavier cargo 
loads. 

596
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,400
The boundary between a fishing 
boat and a transport vessel is 

597
00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:34,800
not always Sharp. 
The same Hull that takes you out

598
00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:37,600
to the Cod grounds in. 
The morning can carry, soapstone

599
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:40,300
bowls down the Waterway to a 
neighboring settlement that 

600
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:44,100
afternoon. 
Boat found on the west coast of 

601
00:30:44,100 --> 00:30:47,300
Norway and dated to 
approximately 600 to 700. 

602
00:30:47,300 --> 00:30:49,700
CE offers. 
One of the most detailed 

603
00:30:49,700 --> 00:30:53,300
surviving examples of Norwegian 
boat building from just before 

604
00:30:53,300 --> 00:30:56,800
the Viking age, its frame, and 
planks survived in sufficient 

605
00:30:56,800 --> 00:30:59,800
condition that researchers were 
able to assess, not only the 

606
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:03,100
construction methods, but the 
specific understanding of water 

607
00:31:03,100 --> 00:31:05,600
behavior that its Builders must 
have carried. 

608
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:09,500
The hull is designed to flex in 
wave's rather than resist them. 

609
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:12,400
The Keel provides real 
directional stability. 

610
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:16,000
In open conditions, the whole 
vessel reflects accumulated, 

611
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:18,900
knowledge about how water moves,
and what carefully shaped Timber

612
00:31:18,900 --> 00:31:22,900
can be reasonably asked to do 
standing on a beach in Western 

613
00:31:22,900 --> 00:31:25,100
Norway watching one of these 
craft being launched his 

614
00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:28,100
watching long practiced 
Engineering in action, though. 

615
00:31:28,100 --> 00:31:31,400
The people doing it would not 
describe it in those terms, they

616
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:34,900
would say they were going out. 
The old cut, the water in a 

617
00:31:34,900 --> 00:31:36,200
rhythm that requires no 
counting. 

618
00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:40,000
Once the hands have learned it, 
the long Inlet receives the boat

619
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,600
into its Corridor. 
And the slight swell under the 

620
00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:45,700
hull is something you feel 
before you see the color of the 

621
00:31:45,700 --> 00:31:49,200
water shifts from gray-green 
near the shore to a deeper less 

622
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:52,900
certain blew out in the channel.
Cormorants sit on the rocks at 

623
00:31:52,900 --> 00:31:56,000
the waterline and observe the 
proceedings with the particular 

624
00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:58,600
expression of birds who have 
decided they could do this 

625
00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:01,300
better but have not yet gotten 
around to making their case. 

626
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:05,200
Trade moves along these routes 
with the reliability of a tide. 

627
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:09,100
If someone more subject to 
negotiation The coastal passage 

628
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:10,600
running the full length of 
Norway. 

629
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:13,700
The northern way that may have 
eventually contributed to the 

630
00:32:13,700 --> 00:32:16,000
country's name is an arterial 
Channel. 

631
00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:19,000
Connecting communities, that the
mountains would otherwise leave 

632
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,900
in difficult in frequent contact
with one another. 

633
00:32:22,700 --> 00:32:26,600
The passage demands skill 
navigating around and between 

634
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:29,400
the thousands of islands and 
Rocky outcrops of the coastal 

635
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:33,500
Fringe reading wind and current 
simultaneously knowing where 

636
00:32:33,500 --> 00:32:36,500
fresh water can be found and 
where the bottom comes up 

637
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:38,500
without warning. 
None of this is written 

638
00:32:38,500 --> 00:32:41,900
anywhere. 
It lives in The Navigators Amber

639
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:44,600
moves, Southward from Baltic 
sources along trading networks. 

640
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:46,800
That are old enough to have worn
their own grooves in history. 

641
00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:51,100
Furr's hides and dried fish 
moving multiple directions 

642
00:32:51,100 --> 00:32:53,100
depending on the season and the 
current demand. 

643
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:56,700
Whetstones from Quarries in 
Eads, Borg in Telemark appear at

644
00:32:56,700 --> 00:32:58,700
site across Scandinavia during 
this period. 

645
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:01,700
Suggesting that someone had 
established a distribution 

646
00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:05,000
arrangement for sharpening 
stones that covered a remarkably

647
00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,800
wide area. 
The Humble Whetstone is in its 

648
00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:11,200
quiet way. 
A piece of evidence that long 

649
00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:15,500
distance exchange was not 
exceptional, But Ordinary Bronze

650
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:16,900
and silver arrived from the 
south. 

651
00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:20,700
Sometimes as finished objects 
and sometimes as raw material to

652
00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:23,300
be worked locally by the crafts.
People, we met in the previous 

653
00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:26,600
chapter, the occasional fragment
of a glass bead from Workshop 

654
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:29,700
Traditions, far to the South 
East indicates that Goods 

655
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:32,800
passing through many hands. 
Over great distances did 

656
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:36,000
eventually arrive at Norwegian 
settlements, even if the person 

657
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,600
who ended up with the bead had, 
no clear picture of where it had

658
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:41,300
originally been shaped. 
The knowledge required to 

659
00:33:41,300 --> 00:33:44,200
navigate this Coast safely 
passes between Generations the 

660
00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:46,900
way iron working, does it lives 
in the body? 

661
00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:50,500
Holding a mental map of a 
coastline in conditions of fog 

662
00:33:50,500 --> 00:33:52,700
or fading light. 
Precise enough to keep a hole 

663
00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:56,200
from finding a submerged Rock. 
Judging the shift in wind speed 

664
00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:59,400
from the way, the water surface 
changes its texture before the 

665
00:33:59,400 --> 00:34:03,700
wind itself fully arrives. 
Reading the particular quality 

666
00:34:03,700 --> 00:34:06,500
of cloud building over a 
headland two hours before that 

667
00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:09,699
cloud delivers its intentions. 
This is navigation without 

668
00:34:09,699 --> 00:34:12,600
instruments and it is more 
dependable than it sounds 

669
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:15,699
because the people practicing it
have been doing so since before 

670
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:20,400
their grandparents were born and
so have their grandparents The 

671
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:22,300
relationship between both people
and land people. 

672
00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:25,199
In pre-viking Norway is lesser 
division than a continuum. 

673
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:28,699
Most farming families near the 
coast are also fishing families 

674
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:31,600
in appropriate Seasons. 
Many of the men and women who 

675
00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:34,600
handle craft regularly. 
Also clearfields tend livestock 

676
00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,000
and processed food, the 
separation that a later I might 

677
00:34:38,007 --> 00:34:41,000
impose between the farmer and 
the Sailor does not quite hold 

678
00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:43,600
here. 
The same hands that drive a plow

679
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:48,100
in Spring haul, a net in summer 
and scrape a halt in autumn What

680
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:51,500
the waterways provide Beyond 
food and trade goods is a 

681
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:54,900
particular quality of awareness 
to travel by boat along this 

682
00:34:54,900 --> 00:34:58,100
Coast, is to encounter other 
people different communities 

683
00:34:58,100 --> 00:35:00,000
different approaches to the 
same. 

684
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:03,300
Recurring problems, goods and 
ideas and techniques that are 

685
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:04,900
not quite. 
What is used at home? 

686
00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:09,800
The coastal Travel network of 
pre-viking, Norway functions in 

687
00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:12,200
a meaningful sense. 
As an Information Network. 

688
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:15,000
It keeps communities. 
That the terrain would otherwise

689
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:18,000
isolate in slow consistent 
contact with the wider 

690
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:20,900
Scandinavian world. 
And that contact has long-term 

691
00:35:20,900 --> 00:35:24,000
consequences that accumulate 
quietly before anyone notices 

692
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:26,600
them. 
The actual mechanics of fishing 

693
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:29,300
in this period are worth pausing
on because they are not simple. 

694
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:33,300
Look and line fishing from small
crafts for some of the catch. 

695
00:35:33,900 --> 00:35:36,900
But only some net fishing 
requires the construction 

696
00:35:36,900 --> 00:35:40,500
maintenance and deployment of 
Nets made from hand Twisted 

697
00:35:40,500 --> 00:35:44,600
plant fiber or fine hide cordage
weighted with carefully shaped 

698
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:47,600
Stone sinkers and held at the 
Surface by wooden floats. 

699
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:50,100
The construction of a good net 
is itself. 

700
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:53,600
The skilled occupation taking 
considerable time and the net 

701
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:55,200
represents a substantial 
investment. 

702
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:58,800
That must be protected from 
tearing from losing strong 

703
00:35:58,808 --> 00:36:00,900
currents. 
And from the kind of accidental 

704
00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:03,600
entanglement with a rocky 
underwater terrain that can cost

705
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:06,500
hours of repair work for a few 
minutes of intention. 

706
00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:10,900
Fish traps constructed from 
woven Willow and set entitled 

707
00:36:10,900 --> 00:36:14,300
channels or river Mi provide a 
more passive Harvest that can be

708
00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:16,100
checked, rather than actively 
managed. 

709
00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:19,400
And the sighting of these traps 
knowing which channel, 

710
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:22,700
concentrates fish at the turn of
the tide and where the Eddie's 

711
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:24,100
form that make a particular 
Weir. 

712
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:27,200
Productive is a form of 
localized knowledge that a new 

713
00:36:27,208 --> 00:36:30,300
arrive on any stretch of Coast 
would require years to develop 

714
00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:34,500
The tides themselves are part of
the working environment in a way

715
00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:37,800
that most Inland people in any 
period, find slightly difficult 

716
00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:41,100
to fully internalize everything 
Coastal in this world, happens 

717
00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:44,100
on a title schedule, whether or 
not anyone explicitly plans at 

718
00:36:44,100 --> 00:36:47,400
that way, fishing spots 
accessible at low water, on 

719
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:51,000
reachable at High. 
Channels navigable at high tide 

720
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:52,800
dry to a muddy inconvenience at 
low. 

721
00:36:53,300 --> 00:36:55,700
The launching and landing of 
small craft, depends on the 

722
00:36:55,700 --> 00:36:59,100
state of the shore at the moment
of departure and the anticipated

723
00:36:59,100 --> 00:37:01,300
state of the destination at the 
time of arrival. 

724
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,600
The Tide is not an obstacle to 
be worked around. 

725
00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:08,200
It is a partner to be worked 
with and a partner that keeps 

726
00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:10,400
its own schedule regardless of 
what you had in mind. 

727
00:37:11,100 --> 00:37:13,800
There is no Throne. 
This is perhaps the most 

728
00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:16,600
important single thing to 
understand about how Authority 

729
00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:19,500
worked in Norway. 
During this period, power is 

730
00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:22,000
real here. 
Widely understood actively 

731
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,600
contested and maintained through
a set of mechanisms that do not 

732
00:37:25,608 --> 00:37:27,400
include anything, resembling a 
state. 

733
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:30,400
The person with recognized 
Authority in a given territory, 

734
00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:34,400
holds it, through a combination 
of ancestry, generosity physical

735
00:37:34,400 --> 00:37:37,600
reputation, and the ongoing 
willingness of the people around

736
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:41,000
them to keep acknowledging it. 
The local Chief who we might 

737
00:37:41,008 --> 00:37:44,100
encounter in Norwegian 
historical tradition under terms

738
00:37:44,100 --> 00:37:47,600
like hers or dropped depending 
on the period and region is not 

739
00:37:47,600 --> 00:37:50,100
an administrator in any 
bureaucratic sense. 

740
00:37:50,100 --> 00:37:55,300
He is a host, a protector. 
Of convergence for the Loyalty 

741
00:37:55,300 --> 00:37:57,500
of households Tied by kinship 
proximity. 

742
00:37:57,500 --> 00:38:00,700
And mutual interests, that goes 
back far enough to feel like 

743
00:38:00,700 --> 00:38:04,600
something more than convenience.
Feast is the primary social 

744
00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:08,600
technology of this world. 
Not a casual Gathering, but a 

745
00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:11,300
structurally significant event 
that performs the community's 

746
00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:15,100
power relationships, invisible 
edible drinkable form. 

747
00:38:16,300 --> 00:38:18,000
The chief who holds a feast 
does. 

748
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,500
So at real cost, providing food,
and Ale for an assembly of 

749
00:38:21,500 --> 00:38:24,200
followers and neighbors that may
run to dozens of people across 

750
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,000
several days. 
The followers who attend do, so 

751
00:38:27,008 --> 00:38:30,900
understanding that the feast is 
not a free meal Attendance is 

752
00:38:30,900 --> 00:38:34,300
recognition eating. 
A Chiefs food is a kind of vote 

753
00:38:34,300 --> 00:38:37,500
cast in a language, considerably
older than any counting system. 

754
00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:40,900
in exchange for that vote, the 
chief provides things of 

755
00:38:40,900 --> 00:38:44,500
substance legal standing in a 
world where disputes between 

756
00:38:44,500 --> 00:38:48,000
households can escalate with 
serious consequences and having 

757
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:51,700
a recognized figure willing to 
adjudicate Carry's genuine worth

758
00:38:52,600 --> 00:38:55,300
Physical security in the form of
an armed following that can 

759
00:38:55,300 --> 00:38:56,900
respond. 
When one of the communities, 

760
00:38:56,900 --> 00:39:00,800
households faces a threat from 
outside, it access to trade 

761
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:03,700
connections, and the occasional 
passing on of prestige Goods to 

762
00:39:03,700 --> 00:39:06,900
followers whose visible loyalty 
has made the relationship worth 

763
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:10,000
publicly marking. 
The gift-giving economy of this 

764
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:12,500
period operates with a 
seriousness that most modern 

765
00:39:12,500 --> 00:39:14,500
exchange systems have entirely 
abandoned. 

766
00:39:15,500 --> 00:39:18,800
Sword given by a chief to a 
trusted Warrior, is not simply a

767
00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:20,700
weapon. 
It is a public Declaration of 

768
00:39:20,700 --> 00:39:25,000
relationship, a material promise
of continuing obligation and an 

769
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:27,400
object that will be referenced 
by everyone who witnessed the 

770
00:39:27,408 --> 00:39:31,400
giving for years afterward. 
The person receiving such a gift

771
00:39:31,400 --> 00:39:34,900
is now in a relationship of 
reciprocal Duty that will shape 

772
00:39:34,900 --> 00:39:37,200
their decisions in ways. 
They may not always enjoy. 

773
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:40,100
To betray. 
The Giver of a sword is not 

774
00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:43,100
simply disloyalty. 
It is a violation of something, 

775
00:39:43,100 --> 00:39:46,200
the community treats, a 
structurally important to its 

776
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:49,100
own cohesion. 
This is why the quality of 

777
00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,600
objects matters, far beyond 
their practical usefulness, the 

778
00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:56,200
decorated brooch, the inlaid 
belt fitting, the carefully 

779
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:57,800
worked knife with the carved 
handle. 

780
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,700
These are not merely attractive,
they are so social documents. 

781
00:40:01,700 --> 00:40:04,600
They announced their owners 
relationships and standing to 

782
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:07,500
everyone who sees them wearing 
the objects in a language. 

783
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:09,600
Everyone present can read 
without assistance. 

784
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:12,700
The Great Hall associated. 
With the Chiefs, Farmstead in 

785
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,200
this period is an expanded 
version of the long house for 

786
00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:18,700
constructed to accommodate the 
social functions that Mark, the 

787
00:40:18,700 --> 00:40:20,800
residents as something Beyond an
ordinary household. 

788
00:40:21,700 --> 00:40:24,400
Archaeological evidence from 
Borg in the Lofoten Islands, 

789
00:40:24,400 --> 00:40:26,600
which represents one of the 
largest known Longhouse 

790
00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:30,900
complexes in Scandinavia and 
dates to approximately 500 to 

791
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:35,700
900 CE produced a collection of 
imported, glass vessels, small 

792
00:40:35,700 --> 00:40:38,700
pressed, gold figures known as 
Gull, gubber showing paired, 

793
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:42,500
human forms and a range of fine 
metal work indicating that the 

794
00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:46,100
residents had access to Goods 
circulating at the highest 

795
00:40:46,100 --> 00:40:48,600
levels of contemporary 
Scandinavian Exchange. 

796
00:40:49,500 --> 00:40:53,600
Someone at Borg was connected. 
Someone at Borg was within their

797
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:55,300
world. 
Consequential. 

798
00:40:56,500 --> 00:40:59,100
The relationships between local 
Chiefs and managed through the 

799
00:40:59,100 --> 00:41:02,400
same logic of gift and feast and
careful reputation. 

800
00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:04,100
Maintenance that govern 
everything else. 

801
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:06,900
In this, social World, Alliance 
is a constructed. 

802
00:41:06,900 --> 00:41:09,900
Through marriage is a range with
the same strategic attention as 

803
00:41:09,900 --> 00:41:13,300
any formal negotiation. 
Disputes are addressed through 

804
00:41:13,300 --> 00:41:17,100
assemblies called thing's where 
free men of the community gather

805
00:41:17,100 --> 00:41:19,500
to hear agreements is make 
Collective decisions. 

806
00:41:19,500 --> 00:41:22,500
And set the expectations, that 
will govern community life, and 

807
00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:27,700
the next December, The thing is 
not a modern democracy, the 

808
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:30,600
voice of powerful men carry 
further than those of ordinary 

809
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:33,200
farmers and the voices of 
ordinary Farmers, carry 

810
00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:35,200
considerably. 
Further than those of enslaved, 

811
00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:38,100
people who are present in this 
Society in numbers that the 

812
00:41:38,100 --> 00:41:40,700
period does not appear to have 
questioned with any sustained 

813
00:41:40,700 --> 00:41:43,600
moral energy. 
But the thing does represent 

814
00:41:43,600 --> 00:41:46,300
something real. 
It represents the principle that

815
00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:50,100
Community decisions, require a 
public process that disputes 

816
00:41:50,100 --> 00:41:52,600
between free. 
People cannot simply be resolved

817
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:55,500
by whoever happens to have the 
most followers willing to make 

818
00:41:55,500 --> 00:41:58,600
things uncomfortable, that the 
chief who ignores this process 

819
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:00,900
entirely will eventually 
discover that the word 

820
00:42:00,900 --> 00:42:04,200
respected, no longer applies to 
him in the way, he has been 

821
00:42:04,208 --> 00:42:07,800
assuming women in these 
communities, hold formal status 

822
00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:11,000
that later, mythologizing, 
sometimes exaggerates, and that 

823
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,800
purely economic analysis can 
undervalue The Mistress of a 

824
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:17,700
substantial household managers. 
A real Enterprise of genuine 

825
00:42:17,700 --> 00:42:20,200
complexity. 
She controls the textile 

826
00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:22,700
production that is one of the 
household's primary outputs for 

827
00:42:22,700 --> 00:42:26,400
trade and internal use of like 
she oversees the food stores 

828
00:42:26,400 --> 00:42:28,900
that will determine whether the 
household reaches spring and 

829
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:31,400
reasonable health, or reaches it
in reduced circumstances. 

830
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:34,700
She manages the labor of 
dependence and makes the 

831
00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:36,400
decisions that keep everything 
functional. 

832
00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:39,200
When her husband is away which 
are productive, man, of this 

833
00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:43,000
period frequently is The 
communities that hold this whole

834
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:45,200
system together are not naive 
about its tension. 

835
00:42:45,200 --> 00:42:48,700
They have developed across 
generations of living in close 

836
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:51,100
contact with each other's, 
worst, impulses, and best 

837
00:42:51,100 --> 00:42:54,100
capabilities. 
A set of practices and shared 

838
00:42:54,100 --> 00:42:56,700
narratives and values. 
That describe how conflicts 

839
00:42:56,700 --> 00:43:00,200
should be approached, what a 
person owes their kin, what a 

840
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:03,300
host owes a guest and what 
consequences follow when these 

841
00:43:03,300 --> 00:43:07,200
understandings are ignored. 
Much of this will eventually be 

842
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:11,100
recorded in later Norse, legal 
texts in the Tsar literature in 

843
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:14,800
our period, it exists as living 
memory and the quiet Collective 

844
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:17,700
weight of people who know very 
precisely what the community 

845
00:43:17,700 --> 00:43:20,700
expects of them. 
The thing assembly, as a 

846
00:43:20,700 --> 00:43:23,100
practical event is worth 
describing in some detail 

847
00:43:23,100 --> 00:43:26,400
because it's Logistics alone. 
Reveal a good deal about how 

848
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:30,200
this Society organizes itself. 
The assembly Gathering requires 

849
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:32,400
that people travel from 
scattered farmsteads and 

850
00:43:32,408 --> 00:43:36,000
settlements to a central 
location which in Norway is 

851
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:39,200
often at the head of a fjord 
near a significant landmark or a

852
00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:41,000
historically recognized meeting 
point. 

853
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:44,100
The journey to a thing, might 
take a family most of a day on 

854
00:43:44,100 --> 00:43:48,400
foot or several hours by water 
and the assembly itself May last

855
00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:52,100
multiple days during which food 
and lodging Arrangements, must 

856
00:43:52,100 --> 00:43:55,500
be managed for everyone present.
This is not a trivial 

857
00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:58,900
undertaking and the fact that 
people do it regularly, reflects

858
00:43:58,900 --> 00:44:01,600
the importance, the community 
places on having a shared 

859
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:03,300
process for managing its 
Affairs. 

860
00:44:03,300 --> 00:44:07,600
At the thing disputes, not 
adjudicated by the chief alone, 

861
00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:11,400
they are heard by the assembled 
free men who collectively hold 

862
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:13,900
the memory of previous decisions
and the weight of community 

863
00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:16,100
opinion. 
Someone who has a known 

864
00:44:16,100 --> 00:44:19,200
reputation for fairness. 
And a long memory for precedent,

865
00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:23,600
has a particular value here. 
Thing is among other things, a 

866
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,600
place where reputations are made
and maintained, which means it 

867
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:28,400
is a place worth attending and 
worth behaving. 

868
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:31,500
Well, at the women who attend 
things are present in a role 

869
00:44:31,500 --> 00:44:34,500
that varies by the specific 
nature of the occasion, but the 

870
00:44:34,500 --> 00:44:38,200
Mistress of a substantial 
household is not an absent party

871
00:44:38,200 --> 00:44:40,100
to the decisions that shape her 
community. 

872
00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:44,100
She has interests alliances and 
family connections. 

873
00:44:44,100 --> 00:44:47,600
That the assemblies decisions 
will affect directly and the 

874
00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:49,200
households position in the 
community. 

875
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:52,400
Social network is managed by her
skills as much as by her 

876
00:44:52,400 --> 00:44:55,200
husband's through a parallel 
system of relationships 

877
00:44:55,200 --> 00:44:58,800
maintained through visits, gift 
exchanges between households 

878
00:44:58,800 --> 00:45:01,000
assistance during childbirth and
illness. 

879
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:04,100
And the long slow currents of 
being known as someone whose 

880
00:45:04,100 --> 00:45:08,300
word can be relied upon the 
burial mound sits at the edge of

881
00:45:08,308 --> 00:45:11,100
the Farm's best field. 
It has been there longer than 

882
00:45:11,100 --> 00:45:13,500
anyone alive. 
Can remember with full certainty

883
00:45:13,500 --> 00:45:16,600
the family that Farms here knows
the names of some of the people 

884
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:20,500
buried beneath it or believes it
does because names and stories 

885
00:45:20,500 --> 00:45:23,300
attached themselves to Mounds 
across time whether or not the 

886
00:45:23,300 --> 00:45:25,100
attachment is historically 
precise. 

887
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,200
What the family knows? 
Without any doubt is that the 

888
00:45:28,200 --> 00:45:31,400
mound is theirs, that it marks 
this land as continuously 

889
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:34,200
occupied by their line. 
And that its visible presence 

890
00:45:34,200 --> 00:45:37,400
makes an argument for belonging 
that no spoken claim could make 

891
00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:41,200
as clearly. 
Burial mounds of the pre-viking 

892
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:43,100
period in Norway. 
Are distributed across the 

893
00:45:43,100 --> 00:45:46,200
landscape in patterns that 
reflect land, use and social 

894
00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:49,700
organization rather than 
anything random, they cluster 

895
00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:52,400
near farms near Harbor 
approaches near the kinds of 

896
00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:54,900
resource-rich areas that 
communities can tested and 

897
00:45:54,900 --> 00:45:58,300
defended over Generations. 
Their visibility is deliberate, 

898
00:45:58,300 --> 00:46:01,600
you build a mound, where it can 
be seen, where it establishes 

899
00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:04,800
continued presence, where it 
says to anyone approaching by 

900
00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:08,200
water or Overland track, that 
someone has been here a very 

901
00:46:08,200 --> 00:46:09,700
long time and intense to 
continue. 

902
00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,300
The burial practices of the 
migration and Merovingian 

903
00:46:13,300 --> 00:46:15,000
periods. 
Include both cremation, and 

904
00:46:15,000 --> 00:46:17,600
inhumation. 
Sometimes at the same site, 

905
00:46:17,600 --> 00:46:20,500
across overlapping time periods,
which suggests that the 

906
00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:22,700
communities involved were not 
rigidly Orthodox. 

907
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:26,100
About the specific form, the 
practice should take what 

908
00:46:26,100 --> 00:46:28,800
remains consistent to cross. 
Both approaches is the provision

909
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:30,900
of goods. 
The dead go equipped 

910
00:46:30,900 --> 00:46:36,200
agricultural, tools, weapons 
personal ornaments vessels for 

911
00:46:36,200 --> 00:46:39,000
food, and drink. 
In some cases, the remains of 

912
00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:42,200
animals and in some cases 
evidence of human attendance and

913
00:46:42,200 --> 00:46:45,600
turned alongside the primary 
individual The specifics vary 

914
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:49,800
considerably by region period 
and the apparent social standing

915
00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:53,000
of the person being buried, what
does not vary is the underlying 

916
00:46:53,000 --> 00:46:55,900
assumption that the person going
into the ground will continue to

917
00:46:55,900 --> 00:46:59,300
exist in some form that requires
both company and equipment. 

918
00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:01,900
The religious world of 
pre-viking. 

919
00:47:01,900 --> 00:47:04,300
Norway is not easy to 
reconstruct with confidence. 

920
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:06,600
Partly? 
Because the people living in it,

921
00:47:06,600 --> 00:47:09,600
did not write systematic 
accounts of their beliefs and 

922
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:12,400
partly because what we know of 
Norse religion comes mostly from

923
00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:17,000
text recorded, centuries, later 
in Iceland, by writers, working 

924
00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:20,700
from memory and tradition and 
their own specific interpretive 

925
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:23,900
Frameworks. 
Those sources are real and they 

926
00:47:23,900 --> 00:47:26,300
are valuable. 
They are all so filtered through

927
00:47:26,300 --> 00:47:30,000
a very long passage of time and 
a significant change of Faith. 

928
00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:33,500
What the archaeological record 
offers is a world of multiple 

929
00:47:33,500 --> 00:47:37,300
overlapping, sacred concerns 
that land itself carries agency.

930
00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:41,600
In this framework springz 
particular trees, specific rock 

931
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:44,800
formations and the animals that 
inhabit, certain territories, 

932
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:47,800
hold something that requires 
attention and respect rather 

933
00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:50,800
than simple use. 
The practice of depositing 

934
00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:54,500
valuable objects in Lake's bogs 
and rivers which appears 

935
00:47:54,500 --> 00:47:56,900
consistently across Scandinavia 
throughout this period. 

936
00:47:56,900 --> 00:48:00,500
And for thousands of years 
before it indicates an ongoing 

937
00:48:00,500 --> 00:48:03,500
relationship between living 
communities and the powers 

938
00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:06,800
associated with watery. 
Places things are placed in the 

939
00:48:06,800 --> 00:48:09,100
water not because they are 
unwanted but because they are 

940
00:48:09,100 --> 00:48:12,500
valuable enough to give away 
completely and permanently The 

941
00:48:12,500 --> 00:48:16,400
figures that will later be 
recorded as Odin Thor Freire. 

942
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:18,600
Frig. 
And the rest of the Norse family

943
00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:21,900
of divine, powers are present in
this period in ways that the 

944
00:48:21,900 --> 00:48:24,900
surviving evidence makes 
difficult to specify precisely, 

945
00:48:24,900 --> 00:48:28,200
but that the weight of cultural 
continuity makes hard to 

946
00:48:28,200 --> 00:48:31,400
entirely dismiss. 
Small pressed gold figures found

947
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:34,800
at high status sites from this 
period and known to researchers 

948
00:48:34,800 --> 00:48:37,600
as Gull. 
Garber showed human forms in 

949
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:40,500
postures, that may relate to 
Ritual ceremonies associated 

950
00:48:40,500 --> 00:48:43,800
with fertility or Divine 
marriage as described in later 

951
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:45,800
sources. 
Their exact meaning in the 

952
00:48:45,808 --> 00:48:49,500
context of 500 CE remains 
genuinely debated among 

953
00:48:49,500 --> 00:48:51,800
Scholars, which is part of what 
makes them interesting. 

954
00:48:52,800 --> 00:48:55,500
A practitioners who specialize 
in accessing the non-ordinary 

955
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:58,600
dimensions of this world 
occupied a distinct social 

956
00:48:58,600 --> 00:49:01,700
position. 
The practice known as seder 

957
00:49:01,700 --> 00:49:05,200
described in later Old Norse, 
writing as a form of Trance, 

958
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:07,500
based knowing involving 
prophecy. 

959
00:49:07,500 --> 00:49:11,200
And the careful influence of 
Fate was Associated, primarily 

960
00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:14,900
with female specialist though 
not exclusively, so the awesome 

961
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:18,000
Berg ship burial, which dates to
the early 19th century and sits 

962
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:20,700
just outside our periods Edge. 
Contained objects. 

963
00:49:20,700 --> 00:49:23,700
Consistently interpreted as the 
equipment of such a 

964
00:49:23,700 --> 00:49:27,400
practitioner, including a carved
staff of the kind described in 

965
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:29,100
later accounts of ritual 
performance. 

966
00:49:29,900 --> 00:49:33,400
Similar staffs turn up in other 
Graves too and the careful 

967
00:49:33,400 --> 00:49:36,100
provision of specific objects in
the burials of women of 

968
00:49:36,100 --> 00:49:39,700
apparent, High standing suggests
that the specialist ritual role 

969
00:49:39,700 --> 00:49:41,900
was one. 
The community valued enough to 

970
00:49:41,900 --> 00:49:45,200
send its practitioner fully 
equipped into whatever, followed

971
00:49:45,200 --> 00:49:48,200
the visible world. 
Fate in this cosmological 

972
00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:52,000
framework is not understood as a
predetermined script that will 

973
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:56,300
unfold regardless of what anyone
does it is more like a weaving 

974
00:49:56,300 --> 00:49:59,400
in progress, a pattern being 
made that has weight and 

975
00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:02,500
Direction but that skilled 
attention can influence at the 

976
00:50:02,500 --> 00:50:05,500
margins. 
The norns, the female figures 

977
00:50:05,500 --> 00:50:08,100
associated with fate weaving in 
later North tradition. 

978
00:50:08,100 --> 00:50:11,600
Embody, this understanding in a 
form that suggests long roots. 

979
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:15,600
The world is being continuously,
made the responsibility of the 

980
00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:18,400
living is to pay close enough 
attention to participate in its 

981
00:50:18,400 --> 00:50:21,600
making rather than simply being 
made by it without realizing 

982
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:25,700
that is what is happening. 
The dead in this framework, do 

983
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:28,400
not simply depart. 
They remain accessible at the 

984
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:30,700
mound at the grave. 
At the places where they were 

985
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:34,000
powerful in life. 
Offering's made to ancestors are

986
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:36,900
not Superstition in this world. 
They are maintenance of a 

987
00:50:36,900 --> 00:50:39,800
relationship that still has 
practical implications for those

988
00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:43,800
continuing to live on the land, 
the ancestor new The family that

989
00:50:43,800 --> 00:50:47,000
honors its dead properly, keeps 
open a connection to a source of

990
00:50:47,008 --> 00:50:50,200
guidance and protection that 
exists, alongside the challenges

991
00:50:50,200 --> 00:50:54,300
of the visible day-lit world. 
How much of this is deeply felt 

992
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:57,200
conviction and how much is 
social practice performed 

993
00:50:57,200 --> 00:51:00,800
without strong private certainty
is impossible to assess from the

994
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:04,900
outside probably both in varying
and shifting combinations. 

995
00:51:04,900 --> 00:51:07,000
Exactly. 
As in any Tradition at any point

996
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:10,600
in Human Experience. 
The relevant observation is that

997
00:51:10,600 --> 00:51:13,700
the sacred and the Practical are
not separated here by any clear 

998
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:17,300
boundary the Harvest ceremony in
the Harvest of the same event 

999
00:51:17,300 --> 00:51:20,300
approached from two angles. 
The boat launching blessing and 

1000
00:51:20,300 --> 00:51:21,900
the departure of the same 
departure. 

1001
00:51:21,900 --> 00:51:25,700
The world here is thick with 
layered significant and moving 

1002
00:51:25,700 --> 00:51:27,700
through it. 
Well requires an attentiveness 

1003
00:51:27,700 --> 00:51:31,000
that reaches beyond the purely 
physical into whatever sits 

1004
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:33,000
alongside it just out of 
DirecTV. 

1005
00:51:34,300 --> 00:51:36,700
Sacred geography of a 
community's landscape is not 

1006
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:39,600
abstract. 
Specific places, carry specific 

1007
00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:42,400
meanings that are transmitted 
through family memory and 

1008
00:51:42,408 --> 00:51:45,300
reinforced through repeated 
practice, over Generations. 

1009
00:51:45,300 --> 00:51:48,700
The spring at the edge of the 
upper field where offering's 

1010
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:52,200
were left before planting 
Particular rock formation at the

1011
00:51:52,200 --> 00:51:55,000
head of the valley, where the 
community gathered at certain 

1012
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:57,800
seasonal, turning points the 
beach, where Boats were always 

1013
00:51:57,800 --> 00:52:00,700
launched with specific words, or
actions that varied between 

1014
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:03,200
families. 
And yet served the same purpose 

1015
00:52:03,200 --> 00:52:06,200
across all of them. 
These are not myths at a 

1016
00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:09,200
comfortable literary distance. 
They are the actual places where

1017
00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:12,300
the people in. 
This story went regularly as 

1018
00:52:12,300 --> 00:52:14,200
part of the Practical management
of a life. 

1019
00:52:14,200 --> 00:52:17,300
That acknowledged the world's 
larger Dimensions while still 

1020
00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:19,500
needing to get the oats in 
before rain arrived. 

1021
00:52:20,200 --> 00:52:22,300
The annual cycle of communal 
ritual follows. 

1022
00:52:22,300 --> 00:52:25,100
The agricultural calendar 
closely which should not be 

1023
00:52:25,100 --> 00:52:27,600
surprising in a world where the 
agricultural calendar is the 

1024
00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:31,100
calendar. 
The timing of blot the ritual 

1025
00:52:31,100 --> 00:52:34,100
feasts associated with Divine 
acknowledgment, and communal 

1026
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:37,000
blessing, corresponds to The 
rhythms of planting and harvest 

1027
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:39,700
and the shift from light to dark
and back. 

1028
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:43,100
Again, the specific Theology of 
these events is difficult to 

1029
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:46,400
reconstruct with confidence, but
the material remains of the, 

1030
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:50,300
feasting the animal bones 
deposited in specific ways, the 

1031
00:52:50,300 --> 00:52:53,700
objects placed at particular 
sites, indicators, sustained and

1032
00:52:53,700 --> 00:52:57,100
organized, practice, rather than
occasional improvised gestures. 

1033
00:52:57,100 --> 00:52:59,600
The relationship between the 
living and the dead. 

1034
00:52:59,600 --> 00:53:02,000
In this framework is one of the 
most practically important 

1035
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:05,300
aspects of the worldview. 
The ancestors buried in the 

1036
00:53:05,300 --> 00:53:07,800
Mounds at the edge of the farm, 
are not simply people who have 

1037
00:53:07,800 --> 00:53:11,200
finished their remain present in
a form that requires maintenance

1038
00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:15,400
seasonal visits to the mound, 
the placement of small offering,

1039
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:19,800
the speaking of names and 
recitation of known Deeds, all 

1040
00:53:19,800 --> 00:53:23,100
of this is housekeeping of a 
Kind keeping the relationships 

1041
00:53:23,100 --> 00:53:26,400
alive that keep the land known 
and the community continuous 

1042
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,500
with his own past. 
Nothing in history changes. 

1043
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:33,600
All at once the Viking age does 
not arrive in Scandinavia the 

1044
00:53:33,600 --> 00:53:36,400
way a weather front arrives 
visible at the Horizon and then 

1045
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:40,300
suddenly overhead, it 
accumulates it builds from 

1046
00:53:40,300 --> 00:53:42,600
conditions that have been 
developing for a long time. 

1047
00:53:42,600 --> 00:53:46,100
A long paths that no individual 
person designed or intended 

1048
00:53:46,100 --> 00:53:48,300
through a series of gradual 
adjustments. 

1049
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:51,100
That would have been genuinely 
difficult to perceive from 

1050
00:53:51,100 --> 00:53:53,000
inside the century in which they
were happening. 

1051
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:58,200
You're somewhere in the middle 
to late 700 CE now and the 

1052
00:53:58,200 --> 00:54:00,800
Norway around you is 
recognizably the same world 

1053
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:04,100
you've been walking through. 
In this story, the Longhouse is 

1054
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:07,200
are occupied. 
The bog, Iron Fists are running 

1055
00:54:07,200 --> 00:54:10,900
on Hillside from Telemark 
Northwood, the coastal craft, a 

1056
00:54:10,900 --> 00:54:12,600
moving. 
The burial mounds are being 

1057
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:15,300
added to on Headlands from 
rogerland to the Tron times 

1058
00:54:15,300 --> 00:54:17,600
fjord. 
The thing assemblies a meeting, 

1059
00:54:17,608 --> 00:54:19,700
the gift exchanges are 
continuing. 

1060
00:54:20,300 --> 00:54:23,200
But something is different from 
two centuries earlier, several 

1061
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:26,200
somethings actually and they are
beginning to interact with one 

1062
00:54:26,200 --> 00:54:28,000
another in ways that produce 
outcomes. 

1063
00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:33,000
Nobody was specifically planning
for Population has been growing 

1064
00:54:33,000 --> 00:54:36,100
across Scandinavia for an 
extended period following the 

1065
00:54:36,100 --> 00:54:39,100
instability of the migration 
period and the agricultural 

1066
00:54:39,100 --> 00:54:43,000
disruptions associated. 
With the mid 600s, when volcanic

1067
00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:45,200
events appear to have 
temporarily reduce growing 

1068
00:54:45,200 --> 00:54:47,400
conditions across much of the 
northern hemisphere. 

1069
00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:49,700
The recovery from that 
difficult. 

1070
00:54:49,700 --> 00:54:52,500
Stretch combined with 
improvements in agricultural 

1071
00:54:52,500 --> 00:54:55,700
tools made possible by the 
expanded availability of iron 

1072
00:54:55,700 --> 00:54:59,600
and the generational refinement 
of farming techniques. has 

1073
00:54:59,600 --> 00:55:02,300
resulted in more people 
competing for the farmable land 

1074
00:55:02,300 --> 00:55:05,000
available in a country where 
suitable land is not evenly 

1075
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:09,200
spread Cannot simply be extended
into the mountains by wanting it

1076
00:55:09,200 --> 00:55:12,800
badly enough. 
The younger children of farming 

1077
00:55:12,800 --> 00:55:15,200
families face. 
A choice that their grandparents

1078
00:55:15,200 --> 00:55:17,900
may not have faced. 
With the same urgency, the land 

1079
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:21,600
that exists is already held the 
accessible values where new 

1080
00:55:21,600 --> 00:55:24,400
Farms might be established have 
been occupied for Generations. 

1081
00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:27,600
The path toward acquiring 
resources through trade, 

1082
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:31,500
extended craft Production, 
service to a powerful household 

1083
00:55:31,500 --> 00:55:35,100
or some combination of all three
begins to look increasingly 

1084
00:55:35,100 --> 00:55:38,100
attractive to people with the 
skills, to pursue it, and 

1085
00:55:38,100 --> 00:55:40,700
insufficient land to Anchor them
permanently in place. 

1086
00:55:41,500 --> 00:55:45,200
The boats are improving. 
This is not coincidental the 

1087
00:55:45,200 --> 00:55:47,700
Intensive use of coastal waters 
for trade and fishing over 

1088
00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:50,300
multiple Generations. 
Has created a boat building 

1089
00:55:50,300 --> 00:55:53,000
tradition. 
That is continuously refining, 

1090
00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:56,700
its understanding of Hull shape 
material selection and the 

1091
00:55:56,700 --> 00:55:59,000
management of vessels in 
conditions that range from 

1092
00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:03,600
protected water to open North 
Sea, swells sale technology, 

1093
00:56:03,600 --> 00:56:06,900
which appears in Scandinavian 
boat archeology with increasing 

1094
00:56:06,900 --> 00:56:09,800
confidence. 
Through the latest 700s probably

1095
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:12,900
entered, use gradually and at 
different rates by region rather

1096
00:56:12,900 --> 00:56:14,900
than in a single transformative 
moment. 

1097
00:56:15,900 --> 00:56:17,700
The sale does not simply speed 
up travel. 

1098
00:56:17,700 --> 00:56:19,900
That was already happening. 
It changes. 

1099
00:56:19,900 --> 00:56:23,800
What travel is possible at all? 
A vessel that can work with wind

1100
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:27,200
rather than relying entirely on 
oars can range farther. 

1101
00:56:27,200 --> 00:56:30,400
With fewer crew, carry more 
Cargo in proportion to its 

1102
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:34,000
weight and operate on schedules.
Determined by seasonal wind 

1103
00:56:34,000 --> 00:56:36,700
patterns rather than the 
endurance limits of human 

1104
00:56:36,700 --> 00:56:39,500
muscle. 
Article landscape to the South 

1105
00:56:39,500 --> 00:56:42,800
is also shifting in ways that 
create new pressures, a new 

1106
00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:46,500
opening simultaneously. 
The Frankish Kingdom Under the 

1107
00:56:46,500 --> 00:56:50,100
Caroline has been expanding 
northward with both military and

1108
00:56:50,100 --> 00:56:53,300
religious Force pushing against 
the sex and territories that 

1109
00:56:53,300 --> 00:56:55,800
border. 
The Danish lands, the disruption

1110
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:58,800
of established trade routes the 
appearance of new sources of 

1111
00:56:58,800 --> 00:57:02,100
silver flowing from Caroline, 
minting activity, and the 

1112
00:57:02,108 --> 00:57:05,200
general reorganization of the 
Europe reforming itself around 

1113
00:57:05,200 --> 00:57:08,300
new powers all create 
conditions, in which the coastal

1114
00:57:08,300 --> 00:57:10,200
raiding that Scandinavian 
communities. 

1115
00:57:10,200 --> 00:57:13,500
And certainly practiced in 
limited forms before becomes a 

1116
00:57:13,500 --> 00:57:16,500
more systematically attractive 
and more carefully organized 

1117
00:57:16,500 --> 00:57:19,600
activity. 
The monasteries and trading 

1118
00:57:19,600 --> 00:57:22,500
settlements of Britain and 
Ireland, present a specific 

1119
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:25,100
combination of features that 
would have made them notable to 

1120
00:57:25,100 --> 00:57:26,900
people thinking in terms of risk
and return. 

1121
00:57:27,700 --> 00:57:31,100
Their positioned on coasts or 
accessible by river, they 

1122
00:57:31,100 --> 00:57:34,800
concentrate portable wealth. 
Precious metal in various forms,

1123
00:57:34,800 --> 00:57:38,500
worked materials with high trade
value and the human captives who

1124
00:57:38,508 --> 00:57:40,900
could be moved and sold across 
existing networks. 

1125
00:57:40,900 --> 00:57:44,100
They are often inadequately 
defended for the kind of fast 

1126
00:57:44,100 --> 00:57:47,200
shallow water assault that. 
A well, organized group of men 

1127
00:57:47,200 --> 00:57:50,700
in a purpose-built fast vessel 
can mount and conclude before 

1128
00:57:50,700 --> 00:57:54,200
any meaningful responses, 
organized and they are staffed, 

1129
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:56,800
primarily by people whose 
training has been theological 

1130
00:57:56,800 --> 00:58:00,300
rather than martial. 
The raid on lindisfarne in 793 

1131
00:58:00,308 --> 00:58:05,300
CE which most historians use as 
the conventional opening of the 

1132
00:58:05,300 --> 00:58:08,700
Viking age is not a beginning in
any meaningful sense. 

1133
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:12,000
It is a moment when conditions 
that had been accumulating for a

1134
00:58:12,000 --> 00:58:15,600
considerable time, finally 
produced an event visible and 

1135
00:58:15,600 --> 00:58:18,600
shocking enough to be recorded 
by people with the means and 

1136
00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:22,500
motivation to write it down. 
The monks of lindisfarne, left a

1137
00:58:22,500 --> 00:58:25,200
written record of what happened 
to them, the many smaller 

1138
00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:27,700
Coastal encounters an 
opportunistic raids, that 

1139
00:58:27,700 --> 00:58:31,300
preceded that event left for the
most part, only silence. 

1140
00:58:31,300 --> 00:58:34,500
And the occasional ambiguous 
layer in an excavation trench. 

1141
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:37,900
The longship, The Vessel most 
associated with the following 

1142
00:58:37,900 --> 00:58:39,800
centuries did not emerge from 
nothing. 

1143
00:58:39,800 --> 00:58:43,500
It emerged from the accumulated 
expertise of the boat building 

1144
00:58:43,500 --> 00:58:45,700
Traditions that have been part 
of this story throughout. 

1145
00:58:46,600 --> 00:58:49,600
Pushed further by the specific 
demands of a kind of use that 

1146
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:53,100
required exceptional, speed a 
whole shallow enough to beach on

1147
00:58:53,100 --> 00:58:55,900
any coast and the structural 
robustness to survive. 

1148
00:58:55,900 --> 00:58:59,200
Open Sea, crossings that earlier
craft would not have attempted 

1149
00:58:59,200 --> 00:59:02,400
routinely. 
It is the product of the same 

1150
00:59:02,400 --> 00:59:06,000
hands, the same family, 
Workshops the same inheritance 

1151
00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:09,100
of practical knowledge. 
As the Calson vessel sitting on 

1152
00:59:09,100 --> 00:59:10,800
that western shore, two 
centuries earlier. 

1153
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:15,000
People who eventually, sailed 
those later craft carried iron 

1154
00:59:15,000 --> 00:59:18,700
made in the same bogs smelting 
tradition that had been heating 

1155
00:59:18,700 --> 00:59:20,700
Norwegian Hillside for 
Generations. 

1156
00:59:20,700 --> 00:59:24,800
They wore brochures decorated in
arts Styles, descending directly

1157
00:59:24,800 --> 00:59:26,900
from the migration period, 
animal ornament. 

1158
00:59:26,900 --> 00:59:28,900
We traced in the Jewelers 
workshops of this story. 

1159
00:59:28,900 --> 00:59:32,100
They were bound together by 
social structures of leader, and

1160
00:59:32,100 --> 00:59:35,400
follower gift. 
And obligation feast and loyalty

1161
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:38,200
that had been forming and 
reforming across Norwegian, 

1162
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:41,300
valleys and shorelines for 
hundreds of years before any of 

1163
00:59:41,300 --> 00:59:43,600
their names, became famous 
enough to be written down 

1164
00:59:43,600 --> 00:59:46,300
somewhere. 
They took with them to every 

1165
00:59:46,300 --> 00:59:49,400
Coast, they reached the 
accumulated depth of a world 

1166
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:52,100
that had been quietly. 
Building itself, making itself 

1167
00:59:52,100 --> 00:59:55,400
capable at everything. 
It needed to be capable at for a

1168
00:59:55,400 --> 00:59:57,300
very long time. 
Before history noticed it was 

1169
00:59:57,300 --> 01:00:00,000
doing so What is worth sitting 
with? 

1170
01:00:00,000 --> 01:00:03,000
In the last moments of this 
story is the experience of 

1171
01:00:03,008 --> 01:00:05,900
living through a gradual 
transformation without being 

1172
01:00:05,900 --> 01:00:10,400
able to see where it is going. 
The Farmer in the hardinger 

1173
01:00:10,400 --> 01:00:14,200
Fjord Valley. 
Inn 740 CE is not aware of being

1174
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:17,400
in a transitional period. 
She's aware that her third son 

1175
01:00:17,400 --> 01:00:20,600
has gone North to find work with
the chieftain who is building a 

1176
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:22,700
new Hall needs skilled 
Woodworkers. 

1177
01:00:22,700 --> 01:00:26,000
She is aware that the Whetstone 
Merchants who comes up the Fjord

1178
01:00:26,000 --> 01:00:28,900
in late summer, this year has 
some new silver objects from a 

1179
01:00:28,900 --> 01:00:30,500
southern Source. 
She has not seen before. 

1180
01:00:31,300 --> 01:00:33,800
She is aware that the young men 
of the settlement next Bay over 

1181
01:00:33,800 --> 01:00:36,900
have been talking about a summer
trading voyage for the North and

1182
01:00:36,900 --> 01:00:40,200
anyone from here as gone before 
these observations, do not 

1183
01:00:40,200 --> 01:00:43,300
assemble themselves for her into
a picture of an age, on the 

1184
01:00:43,300 --> 01:00:46,400
verge of transformation, they 
are simply things happening in 

1185
01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:49,100
an ordinary year. 
One more set of details in the 

1186
01:00:49,108 --> 01:00:52,100
continuous process of a life 
that is mostly taken up with the

1187
01:00:52,100 --> 01:00:54,300
work that needs doing before the
season changes. 

1188
01:00:55,600 --> 01:01:00,000
History is always like this from
the inside, the people who build

1189
01:01:00,000 --> 01:01:02,400
the conditions for change, do 
not usually experience 

1190
01:01:02,400 --> 01:01:05,900
themselves as doing so the 
experience themselves as solving

1191
01:01:05,900 --> 01:01:09,100
the problems in front of them, 
adjusting to circumstances, that

1192
01:01:09,100 --> 01:01:12,000
were not what they expected 
making the most sensible 

1193
01:01:12,000 --> 01:01:13,900
decisions of available. 
With the information, they 

1194
01:01:13,900 --> 01:01:17,200
actually have the Viking age 
that historians will later name 

1195
01:01:17,200 --> 01:01:20,000
and date and discuss began in 
the minds and hands and 

1196
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:23,300
accumulated skills of people who
would not have recognized the 

1197
01:01:23,300 --> 01:01:25,900
category. 
They were simply doing what the 

1198
01:01:25,900 --> 01:01:29,100
generations before them had 
always done, slightly better 

1199
01:01:29,100 --> 01:01:32,300
with slightly more material in 
slightly more challenging 

1200
01:01:32,300 --> 01:01:36,100
conditions and then one summer 
the boats went further and did 

1201
01:01:36,100 --> 01:01:38,900
not come back for a very long 
time and the world that had been

1202
01:01:38,908 --> 01:01:41,300
building toward that departure 
was already history. 

1203
01:01:41,300 --> 01:01:44,400
The fields are dark now as you 
walk back along the valley 

1204
01:01:44,400 --> 01:01:46,900
floor. 
The hall ahead has light in it, 

1205
01:01:46,900 --> 01:01:50,900
Amber through the gaps, in the 
wall and the faint sound of 

1206
01:01:50,900 --> 01:01:53,900
voices, inside, that carry the 
unmistakable quality of people 

1207
01:01:53,900 --> 01:01:56,000
who are comfortable with their 
current company. 

1208
01:01:56,800 --> 01:01:59,700
Fire will be right. 
Someone will have kept it at the

1209
01:01:59,700 --> 01:02:02,700
correct temperature through the 
late afternoon and the warmth of

1210
01:02:02,708 --> 01:02:04,100
the place will settle around 
you. 

1211
01:02:04,100 --> 01:02:06,400
The moment you lift the door 
covering and step in from the 

1212
01:02:06,400 --> 01:02:09,400
cooling night somewhere out in 
the Waterway, acrossed his 

1213
01:02:09,400 --> 01:02:11,200
moving. 
Cannot see it. 

1214
01:02:11,200 --> 01:02:13,800
But, you know, it is there 
because this is a coast where 

1215
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:17,700
boats are always moving even in 
darkness, even in the long and 

1216
01:02:17,700 --> 01:02:19,900
ordinary drift of a night that 
no one will remember. 

1217
01:02:19,900 --> 01:02:23,600
And that holds in its quiet and 
unhail'd passing the whole 

1218
01:02:23,600 --> 01:02:26,500
patient weight of a world, still
very much in the process of 

1219
01:02:26,500 --> 01:02:27,900
becoming what it will one day 
be. 

1220
01:02:28,700 --> 01:02:30,900
Sleep. 
Well my sleepy Fjord dreamers. 

1221
01:02:30,900 --> 01:02:33,500
Norway was patient and so are 
you? 

1222
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:36,800
if this helped you drift off to 
somewhere quieter tonight, 

1223
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:40,900
Thumbs up when you surface tells
the algorithm that slow deep 

1224
01:02:40,900 --> 01:02:44,100
stories about old patient worlds
are worth recommending to other 

1225
01:02:44,100 --> 01:02:47,800
people who could use them that 
is all rest. 

1226
01:02:47,800 --> 01:03:00,600
Now, before we begin picture, 
this The year is 1918, and the 

1227
01:03:00,608 --> 01:03:03,500
fastest way to send a letter 
from New York to San Francisco, 

1228
01:03:03,500 --> 01:03:08,400
still involves a train multiple 
transfers and about five days of

1229
01:03:08,400 --> 01:03:12,200
rattling across the plains. 
The telegraph exists for Urgent 

1230
01:03:12,200 --> 01:03:14,900
messages, but most 
Communications still moves at 

1231
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:18,600
the speed of steam and steal. 
Then a few brave souls climb 

1232
01:03:18,600 --> 01:03:22,000
into fabric covered by planes 
stuff, bags of letters into 

1233
01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:25,500
cramped cockpits and launched 
themselves into uncertain Skies.

1234
01:03:26,400 --> 01:03:29,400
What follows is a tale of 
innovation, born from impatience

1235
01:03:29,400 --> 01:03:32,500
of Technology, pushed past 
reasonable limits. 

1236
01:03:32,500 --> 01:03:36,400
And of how the simple Act of 
delivering mail faster would 

1237
01:03:36,400 --> 01:03:39,100
accidentally build the 
foundations of modern Aviation 

1238
01:03:40,200 --> 01:03:43,400
You live in a time when distance
still means something heavy and 

1239
01:03:43,400 --> 01:03:46,200
reel. 
A letter from your cousin in 

1240
01:03:46,200 --> 01:03:48,900
California, takes nearly a week 
to reach your hands in. 

1241
01:03:48,900 --> 01:03:52,500
Boston, you write back 
immediately knowing your reply 

1242
01:03:52,500 --> 01:03:55,300
will spend another week Crossing
mountains and prairies before 

1243
01:03:55,300 --> 01:03:58,700
arriving this Rhythm feels 
natural because you have never 

1244
01:03:58,700 --> 01:04:01,800
known anything faster. 
The Pony Express belongs to 

1245
01:04:01,808 --> 01:04:04,900
Frontier Legend. 
Now replaced by Railway male 

1246
01:04:04,900 --> 01:04:08,300
cars that sort letters while 
thundering across the landscape 

1247
01:04:08,300 --> 01:04:11,900
at 40 miles per hour. 
This seems remarkably Swift 

1248
01:04:11,900 --> 01:04:15,300
until you calculate the actual 
Journey time and realize a 

1249
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:17,800
cross-country still consumes 
most of a week. 

1250
01:04:18,700 --> 01:04:21,000
The railway mail service 
operates with impressive 

1251
01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:25,500
efficiency for 1918. 
Clark's work in specialized cars

1252
01:04:25,500 --> 01:04:28,600
attached to passenger trains 
sorting thousands of letters 

1253
01:04:28,600 --> 01:04:30,800
while the locomotive charges 
through Darkness. 

1254
01:04:31,700 --> 01:04:34,300
They grab mail bags from 
Trackside hooks without stopping

1255
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:37,700
using extending arms that 
snatched the pouches in a blur 

1256
01:04:37,700 --> 01:04:40,700
of canvas and rope. 
The system works beautifully 

1257
01:04:40,700 --> 01:04:44,500
within its limits those limits 
involve steel rails, fixed 

1258
01:04:44,500 --> 01:04:47,800
schedules and the immutable fact
that trains cannot fly over 

1259
01:04:47,800 --> 01:04:50,800
mountain ranges. 
Business moves at this measured 

1260
01:04:50,800 --> 01:04:53,800
Pace, a contract negotiation 
between New York, and San 

1261
01:04:53,800 --> 01:04:55,800
Francisco. 
Might stretch across months. 

1262
01:04:55,800 --> 01:04:59,500
With each exchange of proposals 
consuming, two weeks of Transit 

1263
01:04:59,500 --> 01:05:01,700
time. 
Imagine trying to manage a 

1264
01:05:01,700 --> 01:05:05,700
crisis when every decision Point
requires 14 days of round trip 

1265
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:09,800
communication, the patient 
Prosper, the impatient fume and 

1266
01:05:09,808 --> 01:05:12,700
search for Alternatives, the 
airplane exists now. 

1267
01:05:12,700 --> 01:05:16,800
But barely The Wright brothers 
flew at Kitty Hawk only 15 years

1268
01:05:16,800 --> 01:05:19,600
ago and most people still 
regard, flying machines as 

1269
01:05:19,600 --> 01:05:22,100
dangerous Curiosities rather 
than practical tools. 

1270
01:05:22,900 --> 01:05:25,500
Military forces experimented 
with aircraft during the Great 

1271
01:05:25,500 --> 01:05:29,300
War, but the conflict just ended
and most planes head for storage

1272
01:05:29,300 --> 01:05:31,600
or scrap yards. 
A few Visionaries. 

1273
01:05:31,600 --> 01:05:34,200
Look at these wooden fabric 
Contraptions and see something 

1274
01:05:34,200 --> 01:05:37,500
Beyond reconnaissance or combat.
They see speed. 

1275
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:40,100
Your morning begins with toast 
and tea. 

1276
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:43,300
While scanning the newspaper, an
advertisement catches your 

1277
01:05:43,300 --> 01:05:46,600
attention a local Aviation. 
Enthusiasts plans to attempt to 

1278
01:05:46,600 --> 01:05:49,400
flight from the city, Commons to
a neighboring town where the 

1279
01:05:49,400 --> 01:05:53,300
permitting the notice list, the 
date is tentative, the root is 

1280
01:05:53,300 --> 01:05:56,600
approximate and the likelihood 
of success as uncertain. 

1281
01:05:57,300 --> 01:06:00,400
This captures, the state of 
aviation in your world and 

1282
01:06:00,400 --> 01:06:02,800
ambitious, thrilling and 
profoundly unreliable. 

1283
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:06,400
United States Post Office faces 
mounting pressure to modernize 

1284
01:06:06,400 --> 01:06:09,600
Postmaster. 
General Albert Burleson he is 

1285
01:06:09,608 --> 01:06:12,900
constant complaints about 
delivery times Railway accidents

1286
01:06:12,900 --> 01:06:16,400
disrupt, male schedule's snow 
closest mountain passes for 

1287
01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:19,200
weeks, each winter. 
Floods wash out tracks and 

1288
01:06:19,200 --> 01:06:22,800
strand mail cars in. 
Unexpected locations, the 

1289
01:06:22,800 --> 01:06:24,700
infrastructure groans under 
increasing volume. 

1290
01:06:24,700 --> 01:06:27,400
As the nation, grows more 
connected and more impatient. 

1291
01:06:28,300 --> 01:06:30,700
Otto Prager serves. 
As second assistant Postmaster 

1292
01:06:30,700 --> 01:06:34,500
General, overseeing operations 
with a mixture of efficiency and

1293
01:06:34,500 --> 01:06:37,300
ambition. 
He watches the military mothball

1294
01:06:37,300 --> 01:06:40,900
its training planes and sees 
opportunity, according to postal

1295
01:06:40,900 --> 01:06:44,200
records from that era. 
Prager argues that airmail could

1296
01:06:44,200 --> 01:06:48,100
cut delivery times in half and 
demonstrate American innovation 

1297
01:06:48,100 --> 01:06:51,000
to the world. 
Skeptics point out that 

1298
01:06:51,000 --> 01:06:55,900
airplanes crash frequently carry
minimal cargo and cannot fly in 

1299
01:06:55,900 --> 01:06:58,800
poor weather. 
Prager counters that every 

1300
01:06:58,800 --> 01:07:01,900
technology starts in perfect and
improves through use. 

1301
01:07:02,900 --> 01:07:05,700
The debate continues through 
meetings, and memorandum. 

1302
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:09,600
Officials suggest waiting 
another decade for Aviation to 

1303
01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:12,500
mature. 
Others worry that delay means 

1304
01:07:12,500 --> 01:07:16,300
losing the chance to lead. 
Prego pushes hard for immediate 

1305
01:07:16,300 --> 01:07:19,900
experimentation arguing, that 
the post office should Pioneer 

1306
01:07:19,900 --> 01:07:23,000
airmail before private companies
claim the Innovation for 

1307
01:07:23,000 --> 01:07:26,500
themselves. 
The government, he insists must 

1308
01:07:26,500 --> 01:07:30,100
prove Aviation viable for 
commercial use Congress 

1309
01:07:30,100 --> 01:07:34,300
appropriates 100,000 dollars for
experimental airmail service. 

1310
01:07:35,200 --> 01:07:39,400
This translates to roughly 1.8 
million in modern currently. 

1311
01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:43,300
A substantial investment, but 
modest considering the stakes. 

1312
01:07:43,300 --> 01:07:47,000
The funds must cover, aircraft 
purchases pilot, salaries 

1313
01:07:47,000 --> 01:07:49,300
maintenance and facility 
Construction. 

1314
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:53,600
Postal officials begin planning.
A route between Washington and 

1315
01:07:53,600 --> 01:07:56,500
New York, a distance of about 
200 miles. 

1316
01:07:56,500 --> 01:08:00,400
The distance seems manageable 
for testing mountains, 

1317
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,000
complicate the path, but nothing
compared to crossing the 

1318
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:05,100
Rockies. 
You watch these developments 

1319
01:08:05,100 --> 01:08:07,000
with curiosity, but limited 
expectations. 

1320
01:08:07,000 --> 01:08:10,800
Flying still seems more 
spectacle than solution. 

1321
01:08:10,800 --> 01:08:15,000
The newspapers print, breathless
accounts of Aviation stunts, but

1322
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:18,899
practical applications remain, 
elusive, male travels reliably 

1323
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:22,500
if Slowly by train, why risk 
letters in machines, that fall 

1324
01:08:22,500 --> 01:08:27,500
from the sky, the post office 
acquires six Curtiss JN 4-H by 

1325
01:08:27,500 --> 01:08:31,300
planez better known as Jenny's. 
These aircraft served as 

1326
01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:33,000
military trainers. 
During the war teaching 

1327
01:08:33,000 --> 01:08:35,100
thousands of Pilots basic flight
skills. 

1328
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:37,899
Before sending them overseas, 
the Jenny features a 

1329
01:08:37,908 --> 01:08:40,000
straightforward design with two 
fabric. 

1330
01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:44,100
Covered Wings a simple engine 
and an open cockpit where the 

1331
01:08:44,100 --> 01:08:46,200
pilot sits exposed to wind and 
weather. 

1332
01:08:47,000 --> 01:08:50,800
Maximum speed reaches about 75 
miles per hour with favorable 

1333
01:08:50,800 --> 01:08:55,899
winds range extends to perhaps 
250 miles before fuel Runs Dry. 

1334
01:08:56,899 --> 01:08:58,700
The plane carries a pilot and 
not much else. 

1335
01:08:58,700 --> 01:09:01,899
Certainly not the heavy male sax
filling Railway cars. 

1336
01:09:02,600 --> 01:09:05,000
Engineers modify the Genies for 
mail service. 

1337
01:09:05,000 --> 01:09:07,800
By removing the front cockpit 
seat and installing a male 

1338
01:09:07,800 --> 01:09:11,100
compartment. 
This space holds roughly 150 

1339
01:09:11,100 --> 01:09:14,300
pounds of letters, a fraction of
what a single Railway car 

1340
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:16,700
managers. 
The modification seems almost 

1341
01:09:16,700 --> 01:09:19,300
comically inadequate for 
replacing trains, but the 

1342
01:09:19,308 --> 01:09:22,100
experiment focuses on speed, not
volume. 

1343
01:09:22,100 --> 01:09:25,700
If a plane can deliver even a 
small batch of letters in two 

1344
01:09:25,700 --> 01:09:27,500
hours. 
Instead of eight, the proof of 

1345
01:09:27,500 --> 01:09:31,200
Concepts exceeds Pilots come 
from the military, mostly young 

1346
01:09:31,200 --> 01:09:34,500
men who learn to fly during the 
war and now seek employment in a

1347
01:09:34,508 --> 01:09:38,200
suddenly peaceful world. 
They possess skill but limited 

1348
01:09:38,200 --> 01:09:41,800
experience with cross-country 
navigational, military, flying 

1349
01:09:41,800 --> 01:09:44,500
involved short, reconnaissance 
flights or combat missions over 

1350
01:09:44,500 --> 01:09:47,800
familiar territory. 
Now, these Pilots must find 

1351
01:09:47,800 --> 01:09:51,700
their way between cities using 
Maps compasses and visual 

1352
01:09:51,700 --> 01:09:53,800
landmarks while fighting wind 
and weather. 

1353
01:09:54,900 --> 01:09:57,600
The first official airmail 
flight receives tremendous 

1354
01:09:57,600 --> 01:10:02,200
publicity newspapers announced 
the date as May 15th 1980. 

1355
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:05,800
Dignitaries gather at the polo 
grounds, in Washington to 

1356
01:10:05,800 --> 01:10:09,300
witness history, photographers 
position cameras to capture the 

1357
01:10:09,300 --> 01:10:11,800
moment. 
Postal officials give speeches 

1358
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:15,600
about progress and Innovation, 
the selected pilot, a young left

1359
01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:18,300
tenant named George boil, 
prepares his aircraft while 

1360
01:10:18,300 --> 01:10:22,000
crowds watch This moment should 
Mark the triumphant beginning of

1361
01:10:22,000 --> 01:10:24,700
a new era. 
In Stead, it becomes a 

1362
01:10:24,700 --> 01:10:27,700
cautionary tale about the gap 
between ambition and execution. 

1363
01:10:28,500 --> 01:10:31,300
The morning of May 15th arrives 
with perfect weather. 

1364
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:34,600
You imagine standing among the 
crowd at the Polo Grounds 

1365
01:10:34,600 --> 01:10:36,800
watching Lieutenant George boil 
perform. 

1366
01:10:36,800 --> 01:10:41,600
His pre-flight checks, The Jenny
gleams in Spring Sunshine, its 

1367
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:44,100
fabric skin stretched taught 
over wooden ribs. 

1368
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:46,000
Male sex. 
It ready? 

1369
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:48,700
Beside the plane containing 
letters from government 

1370
01:10:48,700 --> 01:10:52,000
officials and businesses. 
Eager to participate in this 

1371
01:10:52,000 --> 01:10:56,600
historic, first flight, Boiled 
climbs into the cockpit, adjust 

1372
01:10:56,600 --> 01:10:59,000
his goggles and signals 
Readiness. 

1373
01:10:59,000 --> 01:11:03,800
The engine costs to life with a 
crackling raw blue, smoke drifts

1374
01:11:03,800 --> 01:11:06,900
across the field. 
Spectators step back as the 

1375
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:08,900
propeller becomes an invisible 
blur. 

1376
01:11:09,700 --> 01:11:13,300
Boil waves to the crowd, 
advances, the throttle and 

1377
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:16,900
begins his takeoff role. 
The Jenny bouncers across grass 

1378
01:11:16,900 --> 01:11:19,600
gain speed and lifts into the 
air. 

1379
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:22,800
Cheers. 
Erupt from assembled dignitaries

1380
01:11:22,800 --> 01:11:27,000
cameras, click furiously the 
Future has arrived. 

1381
01:11:27,700 --> 01:11:29,200
Then boiled turns the wrong 
direction. 

1382
01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:32,100
Instead of heading, North toward
Philadelphia in New York. 

1383
01:11:32,100 --> 01:11:35,900
He flies South the arrow stems 
from simple disorientation after

1384
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:39,500
takeoff oil, spent limited time,
studying maps, and relied on 

1385
01:11:39,500 --> 01:11:43,300
following visible Railways to 
find his route. unfortunately he

1386
01:11:43,300 --> 01:11:46,900
picks the wrong Railway, the 
plane drones South while boil, 

1387
01:11:46,900 --> 01:11:50,300
presumably believes he flies 
North After about 20 minutes, he

1388
01:11:50,300 --> 01:11:53,800
realizes something seems wrong 
the landscape refuses to match 

1389
01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:56,800
his expectations. 
He circles searches for 

1390
01:11:56,808 --> 01:12:01,200
landmarks and grows increasingly
confused, fuel consumption, 

1391
01:12:01,200 --> 01:12:04,200
becomes urgent. 
The Jenny cannot stay aloft 

1392
01:12:04,200 --> 01:12:06,300
indefinitely while boil figures 
out navigation. 

1393
01:12:07,200 --> 01:12:10,000
He spots a field that looks 
suitable for landing and brings 

1394
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:13,200
the plane down in Waldorf, 
Maryland about 25 miles. 

1395
01:12:13,200 --> 01:12:16,700
South of his starting point. 
The historic first airmail, 

1396
01:12:16,700 --> 01:12:20,100
flight covers negative distance 
and delivers 0 letters to the 

1397
01:12:20,108 --> 01:12:23,200
intended destination. 
Postal officials scrambled to 

1398
01:12:23,200 --> 01:12:26,200
recover the mail and arrange 
alternate transportation to 

1399
01:12:26,200 --> 01:12:30,200
complete the delivery by train. 
This Fiasco could have killed 

1400
01:12:30,200 --> 01:12:32,900
the entire airmail program 
before it truly began. 

1401
01:12:33,900 --> 01:12:37,300
Critics pounced on the failure 
as proof that Aviation remained 

1402
01:12:37,300 --> 01:12:38,900
two unreliable for serious 
Commerce. 

1403
01:12:39,800 --> 01:12:43,500
Newspapers ran gleeful headlines
about the bungled attempt yet. 

1404
01:12:43,500 --> 01:12:45,900
Postal administrators chose to 
view the answer. 

1405
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:50,300
And as a learning experience 
rather than fatal flaw Oil 

1406
01:12:50,300 --> 01:12:52,500
lacked proper training for 
cross-country, navigation. 

1407
01:12:53,400 --> 01:12:55,500
Future Pilots would receive 
better preparation. 

1408
01:12:56,700 --> 01:12:59,500
The same day a more experienced 
pilot named Tori. 

1409
01:12:59,500 --> 01:13:02,700
Webb successfully flew the 
return route from New York to 

1410
01:13:02,700 --> 01:13:07,900
Washington proving the concept 
viable despite boils mishap Web 

1411
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:11,700
followed established landmarks 
managed, his fuel carefully and 

1412
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:13,600
delivered his male Sac without 
incident. 

1413
01:13:13,600 --> 01:13:17,500
His success salvaged the day, 
and convinced officials that 

1414
01:13:17,500 --> 01:13:20,200
airmail deserved continued 
investment you. 

1415
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:23,000
Follow these developments in 
evening newspapers, probably 

1416
01:13:23,000 --> 01:13:26,100
with some amusement, the image 
of a pilot, flying the wrong 

1417
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:28,200
direction. 
On such a publicized occasion, 

1418
01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:31,300
captures both the comedy and 
tragedy of early Aviation. 

1419
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:35,000
Technology promised Miracles but
delivered pratfalls. 

1420
01:13:35,800 --> 01:13:39,800
Still the post office persisted 
regular airmail service between 

1421
01:13:39,800 --> 01:13:42,300
Washington and New York. 
Begins on a daily basis through 

1422
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:45,000
that summer. 
Pilots learn routes through, 

1423
01:13:45,000 --> 01:13:48,300
practice memorizing, landmarks 
and developing techniques for 

1424
01:13:48,300 --> 01:13:52,100
navigation without instruments. 
They follow Rivers when possible

1425
01:13:52,100 --> 01:13:56,100
using the Potomac and Delaware, 
As Natural guides, they watch 

1426
01:13:56,100 --> 01:13:59,600
for Railways and highways below 
using human infrastructure. 

1427
01:13:59,600 --> 01:14:03,000
As reference points when clouds 
obscured terrain, where the 

1428
01:14:03,000 --> 01:14:06,100
proofs immediately problematic 
thunderstorms ground, flights 

1429
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:09,800
regularly, strong winds blow 
light, aircraft off course will 

1430
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:13,400
make Landing impossible Fog 
creates deadly conditions where 

1431
01:14:13,400 --> 01:14:17,400
Pilots cannot see ground or sky 
and become disoriented in Gray 

1432
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:19,400
emptiness. 
The early weeks, produce 

1433
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:22,600
multiple forced Landings as 
Pilots encounter conditions 

1434
01:14:22,600 --> 01:14:25,500
beyond their skill or aircraft 
capability. 

1435
01:14:26,400 --> 01:14:29,400
Male sax get transferred to 
trains whenever weather prevents

1436
01:14:29,400 --> 01:14:32,000
flying. 
This defeats the purpose of 

1437
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:35,400
airmail since letters arrived. 
No faster than standard Railway 

1438
01:14:35,400 --> 01:14:38,500
service. 
Postal officials calculate that 

1439
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:42,800
flights complete successfully 
only about 60% of the time 

1440
01:14:42,800 --> 01:14:46,600
during those first months. 
The remaining 40% involved, 

1441
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:51,300
delays cancelation or emergency 
Landings in farm Fields where 

1442
01:14:51,300 --> 01:14:54,600
Pilots wait for assistance while
locals gawk at the strange 

1443
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:57,700
machine. 
One Pilot named Max Miller 

1444
01:14:57,700 --> 01:15:00,800
become famous for his ability to
navigate through challenging 

1445
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:04,000
conditions. 
According to postal records, 

1446
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:07,700
Miller flew the Washington to 
New York Route, more than 100 

1447
01:15:07,700 --> 01:15:11,900
times during 1918 completing 
most flights to despite whether 

1448
01:15:11,900 --> 01:15:13,900
that grounded less experienced 
aviators. 

1449
01:15:13,900 --> 01:15:17,100
He developed a reputation for 
studying Cloud patterns and 

1450
01:15:17,100 --> 01:15:19,900
making Split Second decisions 
about whether conditions allowed

1451
01:15:19,900 --> 01:15:23,300
safe Passage Other Pilots 
watched Miller and learned from 

1452
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:26,000
his techniques. 
Planes themselves, require 

1453
01:15:26,000 --> 01:15:29,900
constant maintenance fabric, 
tears in strong winds and needs.

1454
01:15:29,900 --> 01:15:33,100
Patching engines, run, roughly 
and demand frequent adjustment. 

1455
01:15:33,100 --> 01:15:37,600
Landing gear, breaks when Pilots
touch down hard on uneven Fields

1456
01:15:37,600 --> 01:15:41,600
every flight risks, mechanical 
failure, and pilots carry basic 

1457
01:15:41,600 --> 01:15:44,400
tools for roadside repairs. 
Stories. 

1458
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:47,900
Circulate about aviators fixing 
engines with baling wire and 

1459
01:15:47,900 --> 01:15:50,200
determination before flying 
onward to complete. 

1460
01:15:50,200 --> 01:15:54,200
Deliveries You might wonder why 
Pilots accepted such dangerous. 

1461
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:58,700
Work pay offered one attraction 
military Pilots faced 

1462
01:15:58,700 --> 01:16:02,200
unemployment after the war ended
and airmail jobs provided steady

1463
01:16:02,200 --> 01:16:05,400
income, more importantly, these 
men loved flying. 

1464
01:16:05,400 --> 01:16:08,400
They belonged to the first 
generation who could claim the 

1465
01:16:08,400 --> 01:16:11,800
sky as workplace rather than 
fantasy the danger added 

1466
01:16:11,800 --> 01:16:14,600
intensity to the experience 
rather than deterring them. 

1467
01:16:15,300 --> 01:16:18,300
Most were young confident in 
their abilities and convinced 

1468
01:16:18,300 --> 01:16:20,700
they could Master any challenge 
through skill and courage. 

1469
01:16:21,500 --> 01:16:24,200
The post office expands service 
beyond the Washington to New 

1470
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:26,800
York Route. 
Officials announced plans for a 

1471
01:16:26,800 --> 01:16:29,600
transcontinental airmail system 
linking New York to San 

1472
01:16:29,600 --> 01:16:32,400
Francisco. 
This ambitious project involves 

1473
01:16:32,400 --> 01:16:35,500
establishing, intermediate 
Landing Fields hiring more 

1474
01:16:35,500 --> 01:16:39,100
pilots, requiring additional 
aircraft and solving navigation 

1475
01:16:39,100 --> 01:16:41,700
challenges that dwarfed. 
The relatively simple Northeast 

1476
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:44,500
Corridor. 
Flying cross-country means 

1477
01:16:44,500 --> 01:16:47,900
crossing the, Allegheny 
Mountains, the Great Plains and 

1478
01:16:47,900 --> 01:16:51,100
the Rocky Mountains, it means 
dealing with weather systems 

1479
01:16:51,100 --> 01:16:54,600
that span hundreds of miles. 
It means creating infrastructure

1480
01:16:54,600 --> 01:16:58,300
where none exists Skeptics 
declare, transcontinental 

1481
01:16:58,300 --> 01:17:04,000
airmail impossible, the distance
exceeds 2,500 miles, no, 

1482
01:17:04,000 --> 01:17:06,400
aircraft can fly that far 
without multiple refueling. 

1483
01:17:06,400 --> 01:17:09,900
Stops weather patterns across 
the continent, vary wildly and 

1484
01:17:09,900 --> 01:17:12,200
unpredictably. 
Mountains. 

1485
01:17:12,200 --> 01:17:14,700
Create turbulence, that tears. 
Planes apart. 

1486
01:17:15,400 --> 01:17:18,800
Winter brings blizzards that 
close entire regions for months,

1487
01:17:18,800 --> 01:17:22,500
the project seems destined for 
expensive failure. 

1488
01:17:23,900 --> 01:17:26,600
Otto pre-gig ignores the 
Skeptics and pushes forward. 

1489
01:17:26,600 --> 01:17:31,000
The organizes surveying teams to
scout potential Landing Fields 

1490
01:17:31,000 --> 01:17:34,700
along a proposed route. 
The path must avoid the highest 

1491
01:17:34,700 --> 01:17:36,400
mountain peaks while staying 
reasonably. 

1492
01:17:36,400 --> 01:17:39,200
Direct, it must pass through 
towns. 

1493
01:17:39,200 --> 01:17:41,800
Large enough to support 
maintenance facilities, and fuel

1494
01:17:41,800 --> 01:17:44,600
Depots. 
It must offer enough flat ground

1495
01:17:44,600 --> 01:17:47,600
for emergency landing. 
When pilots in never to play 

1496
01:17:47,600 --> 01:17:50,900
encounter trouble, The Chosen 
route runs from New York through

1497
01:17:50,900 --> 01:17:57,900
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, 
ilani, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, 

1498
01:17:57,900 --> 01:18:03,800
Utah, Nevada, and California. 
Each state presents unique 

1499
01:18:03,800 --> 01:18:06,300
obstacles. 
Pennsylvania means Crossing 

1500
01:18:06,300 --> 01:18:08,200
mountains in unpredictable 
weather. 

1501
01:18:09,000 --> 01:18:12,500
The plane stretch flat and 
featureless making navigation by

1502
01:18:12,500 --> 01:18:16,700
landmarks nearly impossible. 
Wyoming brings high altitude and

1503
01:18:16,700 --> 01:18:18,800
thin air that reduces engine 
power. 

1504
01:18:19,500 --> 01:18:23,100
Nevada offers desert heat that 
creates turbulent updrafts. 

1505
01:18:24,000 --> 01:18:26,500
California demands crossing the 
Sierra Nevada. 

1506
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:29,600
Some of the most dangerous, 
Terrain in North America for 

1507
01:18:29,600 --> 01:18:34,000
Aviation Landing Fields get 
established, every 200 miles or 

1508
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:37,200
so roughly matching the Jenny's 
maximum range. 

1509
01:18:38,400 --> 01:18:41,700
These facilities. 
Start crude often just a flat 

1510
01:18:41,708 --> 01:18:45,200
pasture with the windsock and a 
shed for fuel storage. 

1511
01:18:45,200 --> 01:18:49,200
Local contractors receive 
payments to maintain the fields 

1512
01:18:49,200 --> 01:18:51,500
and assist pilots who land for 
refueling. 

1513
01:18:52,300 --> 01:18:56,300
Over time the fields improved 
with better surfaces hangers for

1514
01:18:56,300 --> 01:18:59,700
weather protection and mechanics
capable of Performing repairs. 

1515
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:05,800
Your world begins changing in 
ways both subtle and profound a 

1516
01:19:05,800 --> 01:19:08,900
business in New York can now 
send urgent documents to 

1517
01:19:08,900 --> 01:19:12,800
Washington and receive same day 
delivery if weather permits. 

1518
01:19:13,700 --> 01:19:16,400
This acceleration of 
communication creates new 

1519
01:19:16,400 --> 01:19:20,400
possibilities and expectations 
companies start planning around 

1520
01:19:20,400 --> 01:19:24,100
faster information flow. 
The notion that distance should 

1521
01:19:24,100 --> 01:19:26,500
automatically mean delay, begins
eroding. 

1522
01:19:27,600 --> 01:19:30,500
The post office, trains more 
pilots through the summer and 

1523
01:19:30,500 --> 01:19:34,800
fall of 1918. 
The training program emphasizes 

1524
01:19:34,800 --> 01:19:39,100
practical skills, like forced 
Landing procedures whether 

1525
01:19:39,100 --> 01:19:41,500
assessment and emergency 
repairs. 

1526
01:19:42,600 --> 01:19:45,700
Instructors teach navigation 
techniques, including dead 

1527
01:19:45,700 --> 01:19:48,200
reckoning. 
Where Pilots calculate position 

1528
01:19:48,200 --> 01:19:51,800
using Compass heading AirSpeed 
and elapsed time. 

1529
01:19:52,600 --> 01:19:55,600
They practice reading Landscapes
from above learning to 

1530
01:19:55,600 --> 01:19:59,000
distinguish towns, rivers and 
Railways from altitude. 

1531
01:19:59,700 --> 01:20:03,300
Not every pilot survives 
training, aircraft failures 

1532
01:20:03,300 --> 01:20:06,600
claimed lives. 
Inexperienced leads to fatal 

1533
01:20:06,600 --> 01:20:09,500
mistakes. 
The Postal Service maintained 

1534
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:13,500
strict silent about accidents. 
Worried that publicizing deaths.

1535
01:20:13,500 --> 01:20:17,600
Might Doom, the entire program 
family is receive condolences 

1536
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:21,100
and financial settlements 
newspapers, occasionally report 

1537
01:20:21,100 --> 01:20:24,000
crashes, but usually without 
connecting them to broader 

1538
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:27,800
patterns of danger The first 
winter approaches and brings new

1539
01:20:27,800 --> 01:20:30,900
terrors. 
Snowstorms reduce visibility to 

1540
01:20:30,900 --> 01:20:34,500
Zero ice accumulates on wings 
and changes their shape 

1541
01:20:34,500 --> 01:20:37,300
destroying lift. 
Freezing temperatures, cause 

1542
01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:41,100
engines to fail and fuel lines 
to clog pilots who survived 

1543
01:20:41,100 --> 01:20:44,500
forced Landings in remote areas 
face the additional challenge of

1544
01:20:44,508 --> 01:20:46,700
not freezing to death before 
rescue arrives. 

1545
01:20:46,700 --> 01:20:49,700
Several barely escaped 
hypothermia after spending 

1546
01:20:49,700 --> 01:20:52,400
nights and crash planes, waiting
for help yet. 

1547
01:20:52,400 --> 01:20:55,700
The male keeps flying, Pilots, 
develop almost obsessive, 

1548
01:20:55,700 --> 01:20:58,900
dedication to completing. 
Deliveries they take pride in 

1549
01:20:58,900 --> 01:21:02,200
maintaining schedules, despite 
whether mechanical problems and 

1550
01:21:02,200 --> 01:21:04,900
exhaustion. 
This culture of determination 

1551
01:21:04,900 --> 01:21:06,800
becomes Central to are males 
identity. 

1552
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:10,700
The service promises faster 
delivery and Pilots pushed 

1553
01:21:10,700 --> 01:21:13,800
themselves to fulfill that 
promise even when conditions are

1554
01:21:13,800 --> 01:21:18,100
for staying grounded. 
Spring of 1919 brings renewed 

1555
01:21:18,100 --> 01:21:21,500
ambition the Washington to New 
York Route operates, reliably 

1556
01:21:21,500 --> 01:21:23,100
enough that postal officials 
now. 

1557
01:21:23,100 --> 01:21:26,700
Focus serious planning on the 
Transcontinental service survey 

1558
01:21:26,700 --> 01:21:30,800
teams have identified Landing 
Fields contractors have begun 

1559
01:21:30,800 --> 01:21:34,600
improving facilities Pilots of 
gained experience with weather 

1560
01:21:34,600 --> 01:21:37,700
and navigation. 
The pieces aligned for 

1561
01:21:37,708 --> 01:21:40,900
attempting something far more 
ambitious, than short Regional 

1562
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:44,400
hops. 
First transcontinental route 

1563
01:21:44,400 --> 01:21:48,700
opens in sections rather than 
all at once postal planners 

1564
01:21:48,700 --> 01:21:51,400
recognize that launching the 
entire system simultaneously 

1565
01:21:51,400 --> 01:21:56,400
invites disaster instead, they 
build Eastward and Westward from

1566
01:21:56,400 --> 01:21:59,300
established points. 
Gradually connecting the 

1567
01:21:59,300 --> 01:22:02,200
segments until continuous 
service becomes possible. 

1568
01:22:03,000 --> 01:22:06,500
The strategy allows for testing 
and refinement before commitment

1569
01:22:06,500 --> 01:22:09,600
to the full distance. 
You follow these developments 

1570
01:22:09,600 --> 01:22:12,900
through newspapers and probably 
feel both excitement and 

1571
01:22:12,900 --> 01:22:16,400
skepticism. 
Transcontinental airmail sounds 

1572
01:22:16,400 --> 01:22:19,700
wonderful. 
In theory, in practice you 

1573
01:22:19,700 --> 01:22:21,700
suspect. 
The reality will involve delays,

1574
01:22:21,700 --> 01:22:25,900
cancelation, and continued 
Reliance on trains for actual 

1575
01:22:25,900 --> 01:22:29,000
delivery. 
Still the audacity of the 

1576
01:22:29,008 --> 01:22:32,200
attempt captures imagination. 
These Pilots will attempt 

1577
01:22:32,200 --> 01:22:35,600
something no one accomplished 
before Chicago becomes an early 

1578
01:22:35,600 --> 01:22:37,700
Hub. 
Positioned roughly midway 

1579
01:22:37,700 --> 01:22:40,900
between coasts and offering 
relatively flat approaches from 

1580
01:22:40,900 --> 01:22:44,200
multiple directions. 
The Landing field sits on the 

1581
01:22:44,200 --> 01:22:46,800
grounds of the old. 
Checkerboard field later 

1582
01:22:46,800 --> 01:22:49,400
renamed, Maywood field workers 
grade. 

1583
01:22:49,400 --> 01:22:52,300
The surface and construct basic 
buildings for male sorting and 

1584
01:22:52,308 --> 01:22:54,900
aircraft maintenance. 
A telegraph line. 

1585
01:22:54,900 --> 01:22:57,600
Connects the field to postal 
headquarters allowing 

1586
01:22:57,600 --> 01:22:59,800
communication about weather 
conditions, and flight 

1587
01:22:59,800 --> 01:23:02,600
schedules. 
Pilots begin practicing, the 

1588
01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:04,800
Chicago to New York segment. 
Through the spring. 

1589
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:09,600
This route covers about 750 
miles and requires two or three 

1590
01:23:09,608 --> 01:23:11,700
refueling stops depending on 
wins. 

1591
01:23:11,700 --> 01:23:14,800
The path crosses relatively 
gentle terrain compared to what 

1592
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:18,100
awaits in the west making it 
ideal for building experience 

1593
01:23:18,100 --> 01:23:21,700
and confidence by summer the 
Eastern segment operates, daily 

1594
01:23:21,700 --> 01:23:25,400
with reasonable reliability. 
The Western challenge looms, 

1595
01:23:25,400 --> 01:23:28,900
larger, flying from Chicago to 
San Francisco means crossing the

1596
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:32,700
Rockies and Sierra Nevada 
mountain ranges that reach above

1597
01:23:32,700 --> 01:23:36,300
14,000 feet while the Jenny's 
struggled to climb past ten 

1598
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:40,800
thousand Pilots must find passes
through the ranges, threatening 

1599
01:23:40,800 --> 01:23:44,300
between Peaks, while fighting 
unpredictable winds and rapidly 

1600
01:23:44,300 --> 01:23:47,600
changing weather. 
One wrong turn could send an 

1601
01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:50,000
aircraft into a box, canyon with
no Escape. 

1602
01:23:50,900 --> 01:23:54,200
Fuel management becomes critical
because it extended detours to 

1603
01:23:54,200 --> 01:23:57,500
avoid weather might leave tanks 
empty before reaching the next 

1604
01:23:57,500 --> 01:24:00,500
field. 
Postal officials recruit Pilots 

1605
01:24:00,500 --> 01:24:02,400
with specific Mountain 
experience. 

1606
01:24:03,200 --> 01:24:05,800
Several come from Barnes 
storming backgrounds, having 

1607
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:08,600
flown are shows throughout the 
west and learn to retrain from 

1608
01:24:08,600 --> 01:24:11,900
above these men, understand how 
mountains create their own 

1609
01:24:11,900 --> 01:24:16,300
weather, how often noon heating 
causes turbulent updrafts and 

1610
01:24:16,300 --> 01:24:18,400
how winds accelerate through 
passes. 

1611
01:24:19,400 --> 01:24:22,000
Their knowledge proves essential
for route planning and training.

1612
01:24:22,000 --> 01:24:25,200
Other Pilots the 
Transcontinental route opens for

1613
01:24:25,200 --> 01:24:29,700
business on September 8th, 1919 
Postal officials stage 

1614
01:24:29,700 --> 01:24:32,000
simultaneous, departures from 
New York and San Francisco 

1615
01:24:32,000 --> 01:24:35,500
racing male across the continent
in opposite directions. 

1616
01:24:35,500 --> 01:24:39,600
The flights proceed in relays 
with Pilots covering a signed 

1617
01:24:39,600 --> 01:24:41,800
segments before handing mail to 
Fresh Crews. 

1618
01:24:41,800 --> 01:24:44,700
This system allows for 
continuous progress even though 

1619
01:24:44,700 --> 01:24:48,000
individual Pilots cannot fly the
entire distance without 

1620
01:24:48,000 --> 01:24:51,600
exhausting themselves. 
The westbound male leaves, New 

1621
01:24:51,600 --> 01:24:53,600
York, early morning and makes 
steady progress through 

1622
01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:57,000
Pennsylvania and Ohio Pilots 
navigate using rivers and 

1623
01:24:57,000 --> 01:25:00,900
Railways stopping for fuel at 
predetermined Fields where the 

1624
01:25:00,908 --> 01:25:03,800
cooperates through the day 
allowing the relay to stay on 

1625
01:25:03,800 --> 01:25:07,100
schedule. 
By evening mail reaches Chicago 

1626
01:25:07,100 --> 01:25:09,500
having covered roughly 800 
miles. 

1627
01:25:10,500 --> 01:25:12,400
Fresh Pilots take over for the 
next leg. 

1628
01:25:13,200 --> 01:25:15,500
Flying continues through the 
night over the plane's. 

1629
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:18,100
This represents a new frontier 
in airmail. 

1630
01:25:18,100 --> 01:25:21,400
Operation's earlier, flights 
stuck to daylight hours when 

1631
01:25:21,400 --> 01:25:24,400
Pilots could navigate visually 
night, flying. 

1632
01:25:24,400 --> 01:25:27,800
Introduces profound. 
Challenges Pilots cannot see 

1633
01:25:27,800 --> 01:25:30,900
landmarks below. 
Cloud cover becomes invisible 

1634
01:25:30,900 --> 01:25:35,000
until the plane flies into it. 
Forced Landings in darkness 

1635
01:25:35,000 --> 01:25:38,400
invite disasters since Pilots 
cannot assess ground conditions 

1636
01:25:38,400 --> 01:25:41,800
before touching down. 
Yet the post office equipped 

1637
01:25:41,800 --> 01:25:43,900
some roots with rudimentary 
Lighting systems. 

1638
01:25:43,900 --> 01:25:48,800
Every 25 miles or so, bonfires, 
burn predetermined points along 

1639
01:25:48,800 --> 01:25:51,000
the Route. 
Creating a trail of flames that 

1640
01:25:51,000 --> 01:25:52,700
Pilots can follow through 
Darkness. 

1641
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:57,000
Farmers and ranches receive 
payments to maintain these fires

1642
01:25:57,000 --> 01:26:00,200
on schedule, lighting them at 
dusk, and keeping them burning 

1643
01:26:00,200 --> 01:26:03,600
until dawn. 
From above the landscape 

1644
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:07,200
transforms into a dotted line of
orange, light stretching toward 

1645
01:26:07,200 --> 01:26:10,900
the horizon. you can imagine 
flying through that Darkness 

1646
01:26:10,900 --> 01:26:15,000
watching pinpoints of flame 
appear and disappear below while

1647
01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:19,100
the engine Roars deadly onward, 
The fires provide more than 

1648
01:26:19,100 --> 01:26:23,100
navigation, they offer cycle 
Comfort proof that someone 

1649
01:26:23,100 --> 01:26:24,600
below. 
Monitors, your progress and 

1650
01:26:24,600 --> 01:26:28,400
cares, whether you survive the 
night, when cloud cover obscures

1651
01:26:28,400 --> 01:26:32,400
the fires, Pilots navigate by 
compass, and hope counting 

1652
01:26:32,400 --> 01:26:35,200
minutes and calculating 
distance, until the next 

1653
01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:39,100
expected. 
The male crosses Wyoming and 

1654
01:26:39,100 --> 01:26:41,400
approaches the Rockies by 
midnight here. 

1655
01:26:41,400 --> 01:26:44,200
The root climbs through mountain
passes, following valleys 

1656
01:26:44,200 --> 01:26:48,400
between, Peaks, Pilots gain 
altitude slowly, nursing their 

1657
01:26:48,400 --> 01:26:52,600
engines to maximum performance 
in thin are some carry less fuel

1658
01:26:52,600 --> 01:26:56,200
than maximum capacity to reduce 
weight and improve climb rate. 

1659
01:26:56,800 --> 01:27:00,900
This gamble trades safety margin
for altitude capability betting.

1660
01:27:00,900 --> 01:27:03,800
That weather will allow reaching
the next field before tanks run 

1661
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:06,200
dry. 
Morning finds the relay 

1662
01:27:06,200 --> 01:27:09,700
approaching the Sierra Nevada. 
This final barrier presents the 

1663
01:27:09,700 --> 01:27:11,500
greatest danger of the entire 
route. 

1664
01:27:12,200 --> 01:27:15,200
The mountains Force aircraft to 
high altitude, where engine 

1665
01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:18,600
struggle and temperatures? 
Drop below, freezing passes 

1666
01:27:18,600 --> 01:27:21,000
through the range. 
Funnel wind into Fierce currents

1667
01:27:21,000 --> 01:27:23,800
that can flip a plane or smash 
it into Canyon walls. 

1668
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:26,400
Pilots time. 
Their Crossing's carefully 

1669
01:27:26,400 --> 01:27:29,500
attempting passage during 
morning Calm before afternoon 

1670
01:27:29,500 --> 01:27:34,000
heating creates violent 
turbulence The westbound mail 

1671
01:27:34,000 --> 01:27:36,300
arrives in San Francisco, around
30, hours. 

1672
01:27:36,300 --> 01:27:39,300
After leaving New York depending
on whether and mechanical 

1673
01:27:39,300 --> 01:27:43,300
issues, This represents a 
dramatic improvement over the 

1674
01:27:43,300 --> 01:27:46,700
five-day Railway Journey, the 
eastbound male complete similar 

1675
01:27:46,700 --> 01:27:49,300
timing, proving the root Works 
in both directions. 

1676
01:27:49,300 --> 01:27:53,300
Postal officials celebrate the 
achievement as Vindication of 

1677
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:56,400
their vision Newspaper 
headlines, proclaim. 

1678
01:27:56,400 --> 01:28:00,400
The conquest of distance reality
proves less triumphant than 

1679
01:28:00,400 --> 01:28:04,700
publicity suggests. 
The inaugural transcontinental 

1680
01:28:04,700 --> 01:28:06,600
flight, succeeded partly through
luck. 

1681
01:28:07,400 --> 01:28:10,200
Weather cooperated unusually 
well for early September. 

1682
01:28:10,200 --> 01:28:13,300
No, major mechanical failures 
disrupted. 

1683
01:28:13,300 --> 01:28:17,500
The relays Pilots pushed through
marginal conditions that might 

1684
01:28:17,500 --> 01:28:20,800
normally argue for delays. 
Subsequent attempts encounter 

1685
01:28:20,800 --> 01:28:23,900
the challenges that inaugural 
flights avoided The winter of 

1686
01:28:23,900 --> 01:28:27,600
1919 brings severe. 
Problems blizzards close Western

1687
01:28:27,600 --> 01:28:30,900
roots for days at a time. 
Mountain passes filled with 

1688
01:28:30,908 --> 01:28:34,200
clouds that make navigation, 
impossible, engine failures 

1689
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:37,000
increase as cold weather. 
Stresses mechanical systems. 

1690
01:28:37,000 --> 01:28:40,600
Several Pilots die in crashes 
though, postal officials 

1691
01:28:40,600 --> 01:28:44,200
continue suppressing details, 
accident reports. the 

1692
01:28:44,208 --> 01:28:46,900
Transcontinental service 
operates sporadically, rather 

1693
01:28:46,900 --> 01:28:50,200
than reliably maintaining 
schedule's, only when conditions

1694
01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:53,700
cooperate, male volume gross 
steadily despite service 

1695
01:28:53,700 --> 01:28:57,600
introductions, businesses 
discover that airmail even with 

1696
01:28:57,600 --> 01:29:01,100
its inconsistency offers 
advantages over Railway service 

1697
01:29:01,100 --> 01:29:04,800
time sensitive documents benefit
from faster delivery when 

1698
01:29:04,800 --> 01:29:08,800
weather allows flying a cashier,
male attracts customers willing 

1699
01:29:08,800 --> 01:29:11,200
to pay premium postage for the 
novelty and speed. 

1700
01:29:12,000 --> 01:29:15,000
Postal revenue from airmail 
exceed initial projections 

1701
01:29:15,000 --> 01:29:18,600
justifying continued investment 
in the service Engineers begin 

1702
01:29:18,600 --> 01:29:20,700
developing. 
Aircrafts specifically designed 

1703
01:29:20,700 --> 01:29:24,200
for male service rather than 
adapting military trainers. 

1704
01:29:24,900 --> 01:29:28,300
The de Havilland dh4 represents 
an early purpose-built male 

1705
01:29:28,300 --> 01:29:31,500
plane with greater cargo 
capacity and more reliable 

1706
01:29:31,500 --> 01:29:35,000
engine than the Jenny. 
These aircraft Crews faster and 

1707
01:29:35,000 --> 01:29:38,100
carry heavier, loads, making 
Roots more economical. 

1708
01:29:39,200 --> 01:29:42,100
The post office, begins 
replacing Jenny's with dh4 

1709
01:29:42,100 --> 01:29:46,100
through 1920 gradually, 
improving Fleet capability 

1710
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:49,700
Pilots developed remarkable 
skill at navigating through 

1711
01:29:49,700 --> 01:29:53,700
challenging conditions. they 
memorize routes so thoroughly 

1712
01:29:53,700 --> 01:29:58,100
that they can fly segments in 
near total darkness, using only 

1713
01:29:58,100 --> 01:30:01,900
occasional glimpses of landmarks
They learn to read Cloud 

1714
01:30:01,900 --> 01:30:04,800
patterns, and predict whether 
with accuracy that Rivals 

1715
01:30:04,800 --> 01:30:08,400
official for costs. 
They Master forced Landing 

1716
01:30:08,400 --> 01:30:11,400
techniques that allow Safari 
rivals in tiny Fields when 

1717
01:30:11,400 --> 01:30:14,900
engines fail. 
The best Pilots become Legends 

1718
01:30:14,900 --> 01:30:18,100
among their peers respected for 
judgment and courage. 

1719
01:30:18,100 --> 01:30:21,700
Once such pilot, Jack Knight 
achieves, Fame, through an 

1720
01:30:21,700 --> 01:30:25,400
extraordinary feat of endurance 
and determination that comes to 

1721
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:27,300
define the spirit of early 
airmail. 

1722
01:30:28,100 --> 01:30:32,800
February of 1921 arrives with 
bitter cold across the plains, 

1723
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:36,500
the Transcontinental airmail 
Service, as operated for nearly 

1724
01:30:36,500 --> 01:30:38,900
two years. 
Now, building created ability, 

1725
01:30:38,900 --> 01:30:41,700
but still facing skepticism 
about reliability. 

1726
01:30:43,300 --> 01:30:46,900
Critics continue pointing to 
weather delays and arguing that 

1727
01:30:46,900 --> 01:30:49,400
trains remain more dependable 
for important male. 

1728
01:30:50,300 --> 01:30:54,400
Postal officials need a dramatic
demonstration the airmail 

1729
01:30:54,400 --> 01:30:56,800
deserves, its premium pricing 
and government support. 

1730
01:30:57,800 --> 01:31:01,100
They decide to Stage a special 
transcontinental flight during 

1731
01:31:01,100 --> 01:31:03,900
February to prove winter 
operations, viable. 

1732
01:31:04,900 --> 01:31:08,300
Flight Plan involves continuous 
relay service from San Francisco

1733
01:31:08,300 --> 01:31:11,500
to New York. 
Maintaining the mail in transit 

1734
01:31:11,500 --> 01:31:13,900
without overnight storage at 
intermediate points. 

1735
01:31:13,900 --> 01:31:17,100
This requires night flying 
across the most dangerous 

1736
01:31:17,100 --> 01:31:20,300
segments, pushing pilots and 
equipment to their limits. 

1737
01:31:20,300 --> 01:31:23,700
If successful, the demonstration
proves airmail can deliver 

1738
01:31:23,700 --> 01:31:26,400
faster than trains, regardless 
of seasonal weather. 

1739
01:31:27,300 --> 01:31:30,500
If it fails, the program faces, 
increased criticism and 

1740
01:31:30,500 --> 01:31:33,800
potential budget cuts. 
Weather predictions for late 

1741
01:31:33,800 --> 01:31:35,900
February, look challenging, but 
not impossible. 

1742
01:31:35,900 --> 01:31:39,600
Cold fronts, move across the 
plains bringing snow and wind 

1743
01:31:39,600 --> 01:31:43,500
mountain regions report heavy 
clouds and reduced visibility 

1744
01:31:44,400 --> 01:31:48,500
Coastal areas, expect fog, the 
conditions represent typical 

1745
01:31:48,500 --> 01:31:51,200
winter difficulty rather than 
extraordinary Danger. 

1746
01:31:52,100 --> 01:31:54,000
Postal officials decide to 
proceed. 

1747
01:31:54,800 --> 01:31:58,000
The westbound relay begins from 
New York on February 22nd. 

1748
01:31:58,800 --> 01:32:02,500
Pilots carry the mail across 
Pennsylvania and Ohio, without 

1749
01:32:02,500 --> 01:32:05,900
significant problems, the 
Eastern segments benefit from 

1750
01:32:05,900 --> 01:32:08,500
established infrastructure and 
experienced Crews. 

1751
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:12,400
Male reaches Chicago on 
schedule, then continues 

1752
01:32:12,400 --> 01:32:16,300
Westwood into deteriorating 
weather, Wyoming presents, the 

1753
01:32:16,300 --> 01:32:20,100
critical challenge pilots flying
that segment must navigate 

1754
01:32:20,100 --> 01:32:23,700
through darkness and snow. 
While Crossing High Plains were 

1755
01:32:23,700 --> 01:32:25,700
forced. 
Landings mean, almost certain 

1756
01:32:25,700 --> 01:32:29,100
death from exposure. 
The designated pilot for the 

1757
01:32:29,108 --> 01:32:32,400
Wyoming segment developed severe
illness and cannot fly. 

1758
01:32:33,400 --> 01:32:35,800
Officials scrambled to find 
replacement coverage. 

1759
01:32:35,800 --> 01:32:37,900
Jack Knight happens to be 
available. 

1760
01:32:37,900 --> 01:32:41,900
He normally flies the North 
Platte to Cheyenne segment, a 

1761
01:32:41,900 --> 01:32:45,400
relatively short hop compared to
what officials now need They 

1762
01:32:45,400 --> 01:32:47,600
asked Knight to extend his 
flying through the night 

1763
01:32:47,600 --> 01:32:51,500
covering not just his assigned 
route But continuing Eastwood to

1764
01:32:51,500 --> 01:32:52,900
help maintain the Relay 
schedule. 

1765
01:32:53,900 --> 01:32:57,400
Night agrees, with without 
hesitation, despite never having

1766
01:32:57,400 --> 01:32:59,300
flown the extended route in 
darkness. 

1767
01:32:59,300 --> 01:33:01,900
You can imagine night preparing 
for this flight. 

1768
01:33:02,800 --> 01:33:05,200
He studies maps by Lantern light
at the North. 

1769
01:33:05,200 --> 01:33:08,700
Platte a field memorizing 
landmarks and calculating. 

1770
01:33:08,700 --> 01:33:13,200
Compass headings, His aircraft, 
a dh4 male plane has been 

1771
01:33:13,208 --> 01:33:15,900
serviced and fueled. 
Mechanics. 

1772
01:33:15,900 --> 01:33:19,800
Double-check Engine Systems, and
inspect control surfaces night 

1773
01:33:19,800 --> 01:33:23,500
dresses in layers against the 
cold knowing his open, cockpit 

1774
01:33:23,500 --> 01:33:26,400
will expose him to Sub-Zero 
temperatures during hours of 

1775
01:33:26,400 --> 01:33:30,200
night, flying. 
The male arrives at North Platte

1776
01:33:30,200 --> 01:33:31,900
around 10:00 on a frigid 
evening. 

1777
01:33:32,700 --> 01:33:35,700
Night, loads the sacks into his 
aircraft and takes off Into 

1778
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:38,800
Darkness. 
He flies Eastwood using Compass 

1779
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:43,200
navigation and watching for the 
bonfire beacons below snow 

1780
01:33:43,200 --> 01:33:46,700
reduces visibility, but the 
fires remain visible through 

1781
01:33:46,700 --> 01:33:49,200
falling flakes. 
Night. 

1782
01:33:49,200 --> 01:33:51,900
Settles in to the rhythm of 
long-distance flying. 

1783
01:33:51,900 --> 01:33:56,000
Checking instruments. 
Monitoring engine sound and 

1784
01:33:56,000 --> 01:33:58,400
tracking his position, using 
dead reckoning. 

1785
01:33:59,200 --> 01:34:03,900
Hours, pass the cold penetrates 
Knights clothing despite his 

1786
01:34:03,900 --> 01:34:08,900
layers. his goggles ice over 
repeatedly, forcing him to lift 

1787
01:34:08,900 --> 01:34:13,600
them and squint into freezing, 
wind to see, The engine drone 

1788
01:34:13,600 --> 01:34:17,600
steadily, a reassuring sound. 
That means mechanical systems. 

1789
01:34:17,600 --> 01:34:22,300
Continue functioning Below the 
landscape appears as formless 

1790
01:34:22,300 --> 01:34:25,200
Darkness, occasionally 
interrupted by dim lights from 

1791
01:34:25,200 --> 01:34:29,000
isolated Farms night, reaches 
Omaha, around 2 in the morning, 

1792
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:33,500
he lands refuels and learns. 
That the next pilot Eastwood has

1793
01:34:33,500 --> 01:34:36,800
called in sick. 
Officials again, Ask Knight to 

1794
01:34:36,800 --> 01:34:38,700
continue flying Beyond his 
assigned route. 

1795
01:34:38,700 --> 01:34:42,500
He agrees and takes off again 
now covering segments, he has 

1796
01:34:42,500 --> 01:34:46,500
never flown before navigation 
becomes guesswork informed by 

1797
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:50,300
compass and clock. night 
estimates his position by 

1798
01:34:50,300 --> 01:34:54,100
calculating air speed and 
elapsed time hoping his 

1799
01:34:54,100 --> 01:34:58,600
calculations prove accurate, the
night wears on Exhaustion 

1800
01:34:58,600 --> 01:35:00,900
settles overnight like physical 
weight. 

1801
01:35:00,900 --> 01:35:04,300
His body, aches from cold and 
prolonged sitting. 

1802
01:35:05,100 --> 01:35:09,200
His eyes, burned from staring 
into darkness, the engine noise 

1803
01:35:09,200 --> 01:35:12,400
creates a hypnotic drone that 
threatens to lull him toward 

1804
01:35:12,400 --> 01:35:16,300
dangerous in attention. 
Night Fights, sleep by singing 

1805
01:35:16,300 --> 01:35:20,400
to himself, by checking 
instruments constantly by 

1806
01:35:20,400 --> 01:35:23,100
focusing on the critical 
importance of delivering, the 

1807
01:35:23,100 --> 01:35:26,500
mail. 
Dawn breaks over Iowa. 

1808
01:35:27,300 --> 01:35:30,100
Like Seas familiar landscape 
below and realizes his 

1809
01:35:30,100 --> 01:35:32,200
navigation held accurate through
the night. 

1810
01:35:32,200 --> 01:35:34,900
He reaches, Iowa, City and lands
for fuel. 

1811
01:35:35,800 --> 01:35:37,600
Officials there. 
Congratulate him on the 

1812
01:35:37,600 --> 01:35:41,800
extraordinary flight, but inform
him that the relay continues and

1813
01:35:41,800 --> 01:35:46,900
the next pilot also cannot fly. 
Would be willing to push onward 

1814
01:35:46,900 --> 01:35:50,300
to Chicago. 
He agrees despite approaching 12

1815
01:35:50,300 --> 01:35:53,700
hours of continuous flying. 
The final segment to Chicago 

1816
01:35:53,700 --> 01:35:56,900
test Nights from remaining 
reserves, his body operates on 

1817
01:35:56,900 --> 01:35:58,800
Instinct and will rather than 
energy. 

1818
01:35:59,700 --> 01:36:01,700
The controls feel heavy and is 
numb hands. 

1819
01:36:01,700 --> 01:36:05,100
Landing requires intense 
concentration to judge height 

1820
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:09,200
and distance properly. 
Night brings the dh4 down 

1821
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:12,900
Maywood field outside Chicago 
around 8:30 in the morning 

1822
01:36:12,900 --> 01:36:17,000
having flown continuously for 
more than 10 hours and covered 

1823
01:36:17,000 --> 01:36:21,600
more than 700 miles, much of it 
through Darkness over unfamiliar

1824
01:36:21,600 --> 01:36:25,400
terrain, the male continues, 
Eastwood with fresh pilots, and 

1825
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:28,800
reaches New York 33 hours after 
leaving San Francisco. 

1826
01:36:28,808 --> 01:36:32,600
This shatters the previous 
transcontinental record and 

1827
01:36:32,600 --> 01:36:35,700
demonstrates that airmail can 
operate reliably even during 

1828
01:36:35,700 --> 01:36:38,900
winter. 
Nights heroic flight becomes 

1829
01:36:38,900 --> 01:36:42,700
Front Page News across the 
country newspapers, praise His 

1830
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:45,800
courage and skill. 
The story captures public 

1831
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:50,000
imagination and transforms 
airmail from experimental 

1832
01:36:50,000 --> 01:36:51,900
service in international 
achievement. 

1833
01:36:53,000 --> 01:36:56,200
Postal officials recognized the 
value of nights accomplishment 

1834
01:36:56,200 --> 01:37:00,300
for building public support. 
They publicized details of the 

1835
01:37:00,300 --> 01:37:03,600
flight emphasizing the 
dedication required to maintain 

1836
01:37:03,600 --> 01:37:05,300
service under difficult 
conditions. 

1837
01:37:05,300 --> 01:37:08,700
The Narrative resonates, with 
the American values of 

1838
01:37:08,700 --> 01:37:13,700
individual determination and 
technological progress Ml 

1839
01:37:13,700 --> 01:37:16,800
becomes something to celebrate 
rather than question yet. 

1840
01:37:16,800 --> 01:37:19,500
Knight's flight. 
Also exposed the human cost of 

1841
01:37:19,500 --> 01:37:21,700
maintaining such demanding 
service. 

1842
01:37:21,700 --> 01:37:25,900
Pilots regularly flew while 
exhausted sick or inadequately 

1843
01:37:25,900 --> 01:37:29,700
prepared, because the male had 
to move The culture of never 

1844
01:37:29,700 --> 01:37:32,900
quit, determination saved 
operations, but destroyed men. 

1845
01:37:32,900 --> 01:37:36,300
Over the following years, dozens
of Pilots died, pushing through 

1846
01:37:36,300 --> 01:37:38,100
conditions that should have 
grounded them. 

1847
01:37:39,000 --> 01:37:41,900
The Postal Service encouraged. 
This risk-taking by celebrating 

1848
01:37:41,900 --> 01:37:44,100
Heroes. 
Like night, while downplaying 

1849
01:37:44,100 --> 01:37:47,500
the mounting casualties You 
might view this tension between 

1850
01:37:47,500 --> 01:37:51,400
achievement and sacrifice with 
mixed feelings, night's 

1851
01:37:51,400 --> 01:37:54,200
dedication, seems admirable 
until you can consider how the 

1852
01:37:54,208 --> 01:37:58,000
system relied on individual 
Pilots gambling with their lives

1853
01:37:58,000 --> 01:38:01,200
to maintain schedules. 
The fastest male delivery 

1854
01:38:01,200 --> 01:38:04,500
benefits Society, but at 
significant personal cost to 

1855
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:07,700
those flying The Roots. 
Progress demands sacrifice. 

1856
01:38:08,700 --> 01:38:11,000
But who should bear that cost 
remains an uncomfortable 

1857
01:38:11,000 --> 01:38:14,000
question. 
The demonstration flights 

1858
01:38:14,000 --> 01:38:16,800
success leads to increase 
airmail, funding and Route 

1859
01:38:16,800 --> 01:38:19,800
expansion. 
Congress appropriates additional

1860
01:38:19,800 --> 01:38:23,500
money for improving facilities 
and acquiring better aircraft. 

1861
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:27,600
The post office establishes, new
routes connecting, secondary 

1862
01:38:27,600 --> 01:38:30,500
cities to the main 
transcontinental line. 

1863
01:38:30,500 --> 01:38:35,400
More pilots receive training and
deployment the system grows more

1864
01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:40,300
sophisticated and capable night.
Flying expands from experimental

1865
01:38:40,300 --> 01:38:42,400
to routine. 
Postal officials. 

1866
01:38:42,400 --> 01:38:46,100
Invest in improved Lighting 
systems replacing bonfires with 

1867
01:38:46,100 --> 01:38:48,300
rotating beacons, powered by 
generators. 

1868
01:38:49,600 --> 01:38:52,700
These beacons project. 
Powerful light beams visible for

1869
01:38:52,700 --> 01:38:54,600
dozens of miles in clear 
conditions. 

1870
01:38:55,600 --> 01:38:58,900
Engineers space them at regular 
intervals along, major routes, 

1871
01:38:58,900 --> 01:39:02,500
creating an aerial Highway, that
Pilots can follow through 

1872
01:39:02,500 --> 01:39:05,400
Darkness. 
This Beacon Network represents 

1873
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:09,000
significant infrastructure 
investment, but proves a central

1874
01:39:09,000 --> 01:39:13,600
for Reliable night operations. 
Radio communication begins 

1875
01:39:13,600 --> 01:39:17,100
entering Aviation though, early 
systems remain crude and 

1876
01:39:17,100 --> 01:39:20,500
unreliable. 
Pilots carry primitive receivers

1877
01:39:20,500 --> 01:39:22,700
that pick up weather broadcast 
from ground stations. 

1878
01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:26,500
The information helps with 
flight planning but offers 

1879
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:30,700
limited assistance once Airborne
two-way radio communication 

1880
01:39:30,700 --> 01:39:34,200
remains years away from 
practical implementation Pilots 

1881
01:39:34,200 --> 01:39:37,000
still operate in essential 
isolation once they leave the 

1882
01:39:37,000 --> 01:39:40,800
ground relying on skill and 
judgment without external guide 

1883
01:39:40,800 --> 01:39:43,500
and aircraft continued 
improving. 

1884
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:47,800
Engine reliability increases 
through better manufacturing and

1885
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:51,800
maintenance procedures. 
Airframes become sturdier to 

1886
01:39:51,800 --> 01:39:53,400
handle rough Landings and severe
weather. 

1887
01:39:54,300 --> 01:39:58,000
Instrumentation improves giving 
Pilots better information about 

1888
01:39:58,000 --> 01:40:01,000
altitudes speed and engine 
performance. 

1889
01:40:01,900 --> 01:40:04,800
These incremental advances make 
flying safer and more 

1890
01:40:04,800 --> 01:40:08,700
predictable, reducing the heroic
pilot versus nature narrative. 

1891
01:40:08,700 --> 01:40:10,500
The characterized early 
operations. 

1892
01:40:11,300 --> 01:40:14,500
The male itself changes in 
response to airmail availability

1893
01:40:14,500 --> 01:40:18,200
businesses design, their 
correspondence around fastest 

1894
01:40:18,200 --> 01:40:22,300
delivery sending time-sensitive 
documents by air while rooting 

1895
01:40:22,300 --> 01:40:26,500
routine male by train. 
Special airmail stationary, 

1896
01:40:26,500 --> 01:40:30,100
appears decorated with, 
Aviation, themes and marked for 

1897
01:40:30,108 --> 01:40:33,900
priority handling. 
Collectors begins saving airmail

1898
01:40:33,900 --> 01:40:38,600
stamps and covers recognizing 
their historical significant an 

1899
01:40:38,600 --> 01:40:41,300
entire subculture develops 
around this new form of 

1900
01:40:41,300 --> 01:40:43,900
communication. 
You witness your world 

1901
01:40:43,900 --> 01:40:47,300
accelerating letters that once 
required a week. 

1902
01:40:47,300 --> 01:40:51,100
Now arrived in days or hours 
business transactions. 

1903
01:40:51,100 --> 01:40:54,100
Complete faster news, travels 
more quickly. 

1904
01:40:55,000 --> 01:40:58,400
The psychological shift, proves 
a significant as the Practical 

1905
01:40:58,400 --> 01:41:02,200
benefits, distance begins, 
feeling less insurmountable. 

1906
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:06,000
California seems closer to New 
York than geography. 

1907
01:41:06,000 --> 01:41:10,200
Suggests the country shrinks in 
mental Maps, as physical 

1908
01:41:10,200 --> 01:41:12,100
barriers lose some of their 
weight. 

1909
01:41:12,900 --> 01:41:16,500
The early 1920s bring rapid 
development to airmail systems, 

1910
01:41:16,500 --> 01:41:20,900
postal officials recognize that 
sustained success requires more 

1911
01:41:20,900 --> 01:41:23,700
than Brave pilots and adequate 
aircraft. 

1912
01:41:24,700 --> 01:41:28,500
The service needs, systemic 
infrastructure standardized 

1913
01:41:28,500 --> 01:41:32,500
procedures and technological. 
Improvements that reduce 

1914
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:37,600
Reliance on individual, heroics.
The barnstorming era of airmail 

1915
01:41:37,600 --> 01:41:40,300
begins transitioning towards 
something resembling modern 

1916
01:41:40,300 --> 01:41:44,300
commercial Aviation. 
Where the forecasting becomes a 

1917
01:41:44,300 --> 01:41:46,800
central Focus. 
The post office establishes 

1918
01:41:46,800 --> 01:41:48,900
weather stations of major 
airfields, along 

1919
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:52,700
transcontinental routes 
meteorologist, collect data on 

1920
01:41:52,700 --> 01:41:56,700
temperature, barometric 
pressure, wind speed and Cloud 

1921
01:41:56,700 --> 01:42:00,500
conditions, They compile this 
information into forcast 

1922
01:42:00,500 --> 01:42:02,800
distributed to Pilots before 
departure. 

1923
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:08,000
The Four cast remained crewed by
later standards but they provide

1924
01:42:08,000 --> 01:42:11,200
more reliable information than 
pilot intuition alone. 

1925
01:42:12,100 --> 01:42:14,700
Communication networks link 
weather stations through 

1926
01:42:14,700 --> 01:42:18,500
Telegraph and telephone lines. 
Forecast is in different 

1927
01:42:18,500 --> 01:42:21,800
regions, share observations and 
track storm systems moving 

1928
01:42:21,800 --> 01:42:25,100
across the country. 
This coordination allows them to

1929
01:42:25,100 --> 01:42:29,300
predict weather patterns with 
improving accuracy, Pilots 

1930
01:42:29,300 --> 01:42:32,600
receive updates about conditions
along their routes and can 

1931
01:42:32,600 --> 01:42:36,200
adjust flight, plans 
accordingly. the information 

1932
01:42:36,200 --> 01:42:39,800
sometimes prevents flights into 
dangerous, whether that earlier 

1933
01:42:39,800 --> 01:42:43,300
Pilots would have encountered 
without warning Navigation, 

1934
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:47,200
technology, advances Beyond 
compass and clock Engineers 

1935
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:50,300
develop improved in instruments.
That help Pilots maintain proper

1936
01:42:50,300 --> 01:42:53,500
heading and altitude. 
The first primitive, artificial 

1937
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:57,400
Horizons appear, giving Pilots 
reference for level flight when 

1938
01:42:57,400 --> 01:43:00,100
visual cues disappearing clouds 
or Darkness. 

1939
01:43:00,900 --> 01:43:04,900
Altimeters become more accurate,
reducing the risk of controlled 

1940
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:07,400
flight into terrain when 
descending through reduced 

1941
01:43:07,400 --> 01:43:10,600
visibility. 
The beacon system expands 

1942
01:43:10,600 --> 01:43:15,000
dramatically. 
By 1924 lighted, Airways connect

1943
01:43:15,000 --> 01:43:18,400
major cities across the entire 
transcontinental route. 

1944
01:43:19,200 --> 01:43:22,200
Pilots flying at night. 
See a line of rotating beacons. 

1945
01:43:22,200 --> 01:43:24,800
Stretching ahead. 
Each one confirming, they 

1946
01:43:24,800 --> 01:43:27,500
remain. 
On course, the beacons Flash in 

1947
01:43:27,500 --> 01:43:31,700
sequence creating a visual 
pathway through darkness that 

1948
01:43:31,700 --> 01:43:35,100
transforms night. 
Flying from Desperate navigation

1949
01:43:35,100 --> 01:43:39,300
to routine procedure. 
Each be concerned, includes 

1950
01:43:39,300 --> 01:43:41,400
emergency landing facilities, 
where possible. 

1951
01:43:42,400 --> 01:43:45,300
Fields near beacons receive 
improvements to support night 

1952
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:49,300
operations. some install 
electric lighting to illuminate 

1953
01:43:49,300 --> 01:43:52,800
Landing surfaces after dark 
Pilots facing mechanical 

1954
01:43:52,800 --> 01:43:55,800
problems or whether difficulties
can aim for the nearest Beacon 

1955
01:43:55,800 --> 01:43:59,400
and attempt emergency landing 
with better chances of survival 

1956
01:43:59,400 --> 01:44:04,300
than random field selection 
offered The post office begins 

1957
01:44:04,300 --> 01:44:07,100
painting, large identifying 
markers on buildings. 

1958
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:11,400
Near major Landing fields. 
These markers feature city names

1959
01:44:11,400 --> 01:44:15,200
in letters, dozens of feet tall 
visible from altitude. 

1960
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:18,700
Pilots can confirm their 
position by spotting these 

1961
01:44:18,700 --> 01:44:22,300
markers rather than guessing 
based on landscape features. 

1962
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:26,600
The system works best in clear 
weather but provides valuable 

1963
01:44:26,600 --> 01:44:29,400
confirmation even when 
conditions reduce visibility 

1964
01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:33,600
aircraft manufacturers compete 
to build better male planes. 

1965
01:44:34,500 --> 01:44:38,000
The Douglas m-series enter 
service with enclosed cockpits, 

1966
01:44:38,000 --> 01:44:39,500
that protect pilots from 
weather. 

1967
01:44:40,400 --> 01:44:44,600
These aircraft Cruise fast and 
early open cockpit designs and 

1968
01:44:44,600 --> 01:44:47,900
carry heavier male loads. 
The Liberty engine becomes 

1969
01:44:47,900 --> 01:44:51,300
standard for male service 
offering more power and better 

1970
01:44:51,300 --> 01:44:55,100
reliability than older Motors 
maintenance improves as 

1971
01:44:55,100 --> 01:44:58,900
mechanic's gain experience with 
specific aircraft types, and 

1972
01:44:58,900 --> 01:45:01,900
develop expertise in 
troubleshooting common problems.

1973
01:45:02,900 --> 01:45:05,700
Pilot training becomes more 
formalized and comprehensive. 

1974
01:45:06,400 --> 01:45:09,400
The Post Office establishes 
training program that requires 

1975
01:45:09,400 --> 01:45:13,300
candidates to complete specific 
flight hours and demonstrate 

1976
01:45:13,300 --> 01:45:17,500
proficiency and instrument 
flying navigation and emergency 

1977
01:45:17,500 --> 01:45:21,200
procedures. 
The program reduces Reliance on 

1978
01:45:21,200 --> 01:45:24,600
Military, trained pilots and 
creates a pipeline of aviators. 

1979
01:45:24,600 --> 01:45:28,700
Specifically prepared, for mail 
service, wash out rates Run High

1980
01:45:28,700 --> 01:45:32,300
as instructors, maintain strict 
standards but graduates 

1981
01:45:32,300 --> 01:45:34,400
demonstrate, consistent 
competence. 

1982
01:45:35,500 --> 01:45:38,200
Culture begins shifting away 
from Cowboys and toward 

1983
01:45:38,200 --> 01:45:41,100
professionals. 
Early airmail attracted, 

1984
01:45:41,100 --> 01:45:43,900
adventurous personalities. 
Willing to take extraordinary 

1985
01:45:43,900 --> 01:45:48,300
risks, as service, matures 
officials prefer pilots who 

1986
01:45:48,300 --> 01:45:51,600
exercise good, judgment, and 
follow procedures, rather than 

1987
01:45:51,600 --> 01:45:53,200
relying on individual 
Brilliance. 

1988
01:45:53,200 --> 01:45:57,100
This transition creates tension 
with older pilots who resenting 

1989
01:45:57,100 --> 01:45:59,100
priest, regulation and 
standardization. 

1990
01:45:59,100 --> 01:46:02,400
Some leave the service rather 
than an adapt and new 

1991
01:46:02,400 --> 01:46:05,600
expectations. 
Safety statistics improved 

1992
01:46:05,600 --> 01:46:07,400
dramatically through the 
mid-1920s. 

1993
01:46:08,300 --> 01:46:11,300
Fatal accident decreases in for 
structure training and 

1994
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:14,300
Equipment. 
Reach adequate levels the death 

1995
01:46:14,300 --> 01:46:17,600
rate among Pilots drops from 
horrifying, to merely concerning

1996
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:20,900
Families of ml. 
Pilots still worried every time 

1997
01:46:20,900 --> 01:46:24,400
their loved ones fly. but the 
odds of survival improved 

1998
01:46:24,400 --> 01:46:27,400
significantly compared to the 
early years when casualty rates,

1999
01:46:27,400 --> 01:46:31,900
approached wartime levels, Male 
volume continues growing as 

2000
01:46:31,900 --> 01:46:36,100
reliability increases. 
Businesses Embrace airmail for 

2001
01:46:36,100 --> 01:46:40,600
time-sensitive correspondence. 
Stock certificates, legal 

2002
01:46:40,600 --> 01:46:44,200
documents, and contract, 
proposals fly across the country

2003
01:46:44,200 --> 01:46:46,600
rather than travelling, by 
train. 

2004
01:46:47,500 --> 01:46:50,600
The premium postage for airmail.
Seems worth wild when delivery 

2005
01:46:50,600 --> 01:46:53,700
time matters. 
Postal revenues from airmail 

2006
01:46:53,700 --> 01:46:57,200
exceed operating cost for the 
first time, making the service 

2007
01:46:57,200 --> 01:47:00,600
financially sustainable, rather 
than experimental subsidy 

2008
01:47:01,400 --> 01:47:04,100
Private companies, begin 
expressing interest in operating

2009
01:47:04,100 --> 01:47:07,400
airmail Roots under contract 
rather than having postal 

2010
01:47:07,400 --> 01:47:11,300
employees fly the planes. 
This proposal generates intense 

2011
01:47:11,300 --> 01:47:13,900
debate. 
Supporters argue that private 

2012
01:47:13,900 --> 01:47:16,700
operators, will innovate fast 
faster and operate more 

2013
01:47:16,700 --> 01:47:20,400
efficiently than government. 
Bureaucracy, allows critics 

2014
01:47:20,400 --> 01:47:23,400
worry that profit motive will 
compromise safety and service 

2015
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,100
quality. 
The discussion foreshadows 

2016
01:47:26,100 --> 01:47:28,700
broader questions about 
government versus private 

2017
01:47:28,700 --> 01:47:30,700
operation of infrastructure and 
services. 

2018
01:47:31,900 --> 01:47:36,900
Congress passes, the contract 
airmail act in 1925 opening 

2019
01:47:36,900 --> 01:47:39,600
routes to competitive bidding 
from private carriers. 

2020
01:47:40,500 --> 01:47:43,700
The legislation represents a 
watershed moment for Aviation, 

2021
01:47:43,700 --> 01:47:47,000
private companies. 
Now have incentive to invest in 

2022
01:47:47,000 --> 01:47:51,500
aircraft facilities and 
personnel with expectation of 

2023
01:47:51,500 --> 01:47:54,500
reasonable return. 
This changes Aviation from 

2024
01:47:54,500 --> 01:47:57,200
government experiment to 
commercial industry, practically

2025
01:47:57,200 --> 01:48:00,500
overnight. 
First contracts, go to small 

2026
01:48:00,500 --> 01:48:04,800
operators, who bid aggressively 
for specific routes Colonial, 

2027
01:48:04,800 --> 01:48:07,500
Air transport wins the Boston to
New York Route. 

2028
01:48:08,300 --> 01:48:11,300
Robertson aircraft corporations,
secures the male contract 

2029
01:48:11,300 --> 01:48:12,800
between Chicago and St. 
Louis. 

2030
01:48:13,800 --> 01:48:16,800
Western Air, Express takes the 
route, connecting Salt Lake 

2031
01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:20,300
City, and Los Angeles. 
These companies buy aircraft, 

2032
01:48:20,300 --> 01:48:24,300
higher Pilot's, and begin 
operations with mixed success. 

2033
01:48:24,300 --> 01:48:28,600
Some early contractors fail 
quickly under capitalized 

2034
01:48:28,600 --> 01:48:31,700
operations cannot sustain 
losses, during weather delays or

2035
01:48:31,700 --> 01:48:35,200
mechanical problems. 
Inexperienced management makes 

2036
01:48:35,200 --> 01:48:37,500
poor decisions about equipment 
and routing. 

2037
01:48:38,300 --> 01:48:41,400
A few companies cut corners on 
maintenance or push Pilots 

2038
01:48:41,400 --> 01:48:44,400
beyond safe limits. 
Resulting in crashes, that 

2039
01:48:44,400 --> 01:48:48,300
destroy both aircraft and 
reputation the industry 

2040
01:48:48,300 --> 01:48:52,000
experiences painful, 
consolidation, as we operators, 

2041
01:48:52,000 --> 01:48:55,600
fold and stronger companies, 
absorb their Roots, yet 

2042
01:48:55,600 --> 01:48:58,100
successful contractors, 
demonstrate that commercially, 

2043
01:48:58,100 --> 01:49:01,900
Aviation can thrive. 
Western Air Express operates 

2044
01:49:01,900 --> 01:49:05,200
profitably by combining male 
Revenue with passenger service. 

2045
01:49:05,200 --> 01:49:08,600
The company discovers that 
wealthy individuals will pay 

2046
01:49:08,600 --> 01:49:12,100
substantial fairs to fly rather 
than taking trains. 

2047
01:49:12,100 --> 01:49:15,700
A businessman can board a plane 
in Los Angeles in the morning 

2048
01:49:15,700 --> 01:49:18,100
and conduct business. 
In Salt Lake City that often 

2049
01:49:18,100 --> 01:49:22,900
noon returning home by evening. 
This time saving justifies, 

2050
01:49:22,900 --> 01:49:25,500
premium pricing for those who 
value speed. 

2051
01:49:26,400 --> 01:49:28,800
Aircraft design. 
Begins reflecting passenger 

2052
01:49:28,800 --> 01:49:30,500
requirements. 
Alongside mail operations. 

2053
01:49:31,700 --> 01:49:35,800
Manufacturers building clothes 
cabinets with seats seating and 

2054
01:49:35,800 --> 01:49:39,800
basic amenities. these aircraft 
cost more than simple male 

2055
01:49:39,800 --> 01:49:44,000
haulers, but generate revenue 
from multiple sources, The 

2056
01:49:44,000 --> 01:49:46,500
economics work. 
When passenger fares supplement,

2057
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:50,000
postal payments. 
Airlines emerges, distinct 

2058
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:53,500
entities from male carriers, 
though, male contracts remain 

2059
01:49:53,500 --> 01:49:57,400
crucial for financial viability.
You notice commercial, Aviation 

2060
01:49:57,400 --> 01:50:01,200
entering everyday life during 
these years Newspapers carry 

2061
01:50:01,200 --> 01:50:04,100
Airline advertisements. 
Promoting passenger, service, 

2062
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:07,700
friends or colleagues mentioned 
flying somewhere rather than 

2063
01:50:07,700 --> 01:50:12,100
taking the train The novelty 
Factor persists, but Aviation 

2064
01:50:12,100 --> 01:50:14,800
gradually normalizes from 
spectacular to merely 

2065
01:50:14,800 --> 01:50:17,300
remarkable. 
The transition happens 

2066
01:50:17,300 --> 01:50:20,800
incrementally rather than 
suddenly but looking back across

2067
01:50:20,800 --> 01:50:25,200
a few years, reveals profound 
change, navigation continues 

2068
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:27,000
improving through technological 
innovation. 

2069
01:50:28,200 --> 01:50:32,800
Radio beacons supplement visual 
Lighting systems, Pilots June 

2070
01:50:32,800 --> 01:50:36,100
receivers to specific 
frequencies and follow radio 

2071
01:50:36,100 --> 01:50:38,300
signals toward transmitting 
stations. 

2072
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:42,600
This technology Works through 
clouds and fog when visual 

2073
01:50:42,600 --> 01:50:46,500
beacons disappear. 
Early radio navigation remains 

2074
01:50:46,500 --> 01:50:49,400
in perfect subject to 
interference and Equipment 

2075
01:50:49,400 --> 01:50:53,300
failures, but it represents 
significant Advance over pure 

2076
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:54,300
dead. 
Reckoning. 

2077
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:58,900
The post office begins closing, 
its own flying operations as 

2078
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:01,400
contracts transfer routes to 
private carriers. 

2079
01:51:01,400 --> 01:51:06,900
The transition completes by 1927
and in direct postal operation 

2080
01:51:06,900 --> 01:51:09,300
of aircraft. 
The government retains 

2081
01:51:09,300 --> 01:51:12,700
responsibility for airmail 
service, but contracts, all 

2082
01:51:12,700 --> 01:51:15,000
actual flying to commercial 
operators. 

2083
01:51:15,900 --> 01:51:18,400
This model persists with 
modifications, through 

2084
01:51:18,400 --> 01:51:22,000
subsequent decades establishing 
the pattern of government 

2085
01:51:22,000 --> 01:51:24,500
regulation combined with private
operation. 

2086
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:28,700
Airmail stamps become 
increasingly, elaborate and 

2087
01:51:28,700 --> 01:51:31,200
collectible the post office 
issues. 

2088
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:34,200
Special stamps commemorating, 
Aviation achievements, or 

2089
01:51:34,200 --> 01:51:37,500
honoring pioneering Pilots. 
The stamps feature. 

2090
01:51:37,500 --> 01:51:40,100
Dramatic artwork showing 
aircraft in Flight. 

2091
01:51:40,100 --> 01:51:44,400
Portraits of Aviation Heroes, 
and patriotic imagery 

2092
01:51:44,400 --> 01:51:46,900
celebrating American 
technological prowess. 

2093
01:51:47,700 --> 01:51:49,900
Collectors. 
Eagerly seek first day, covers 

2094
01:51:49,900 --> 01:51:53,400
and rare varieties. 
Stamp collecting connects to 

2095
01:51:53,400 --> 01:51:57,800
Aviation enthusiasm, creating a 
hobby that persists, long after 

2096
01:51:57,800 --> 01:51:59,600
the Innovations. 
It celebrates become 

2097
01:51:59,600 --> 01:52:02,400
commonplace. 
The infrastructure built for 

2098
01:52:02,400 --> 01:52:05,700
airmail creates foundations for 
passenger Airlines to expand 

2099
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:08,300
route. 
Proven viable for male service 

2100
01:52:08,300 --> 01:52:11,500
attract passenger operations 
Landing Fields developed for 

2101
01:52:11,500 --> 01:52:13,800
postal aircraft become 
commercial airports. 

2102
01:52:14,500 --> 01:52:18,000
Navigation systems installed for
male, Pilots surpassing a flight

2103
01:52:18,000 --> 01:52:20,700
equally. 
Well, the entire ecosystem of 

2104
01:52:20,700 --> 01:52:24,100
commercial Aviation grows from 
seeds, planted by the airmail 

2105
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:27,200
program. 
By the late 1920s commercial 

2106
01:52:27,200 --> 01:52:30,200
Aviation, as transformed from 
experiment to Industry, 

2107
01:52:30,200 --> 01:52:33,400
airline's operate dozens of 
routes, across the country, 

2108
01:52:33,400 --> 01:52:37,100
carrying mail cargo and 
increasing numbers of 

2109
01:52:37,100 --> 01:52:40,300
passengers. 
Aircraft manufacturers produced 

2110
01:52:40,300 --> 01:52:43,000
plain specifically designed for 
commercial service. 

2111
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:47,100
Airports replace crewed, Landing
Fields with paved runways and 

2112
01:52:47,100 --> 01:52:50,600
terminal buildings. 
The barnstorming era, Fades into

2113
01:52:50,600 --> 01:52:52,500
Nostalgia as professional 
operations. 

2114
01:52:52,500 --> 01:52:55,400
Take over. 
You might consider booking a 

2115
01:52:55,400 --> 01:52:58,800
flight during this period, the 
ticket costs substantially more 

2116
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:02,400
than train fare. 
But the time-savings tempt you a

2117
01:53:02,400 --> 01:53:05,100
transcontinental flight now 
takes about 30 hours with 

2118
01:53:05,100 --> 01:53:07,600
multiple stops for refueling and
crew changes. 

2119
01:53:07,600 --> 01:53:11,300
This represents dramatic 
improvement over the five-day 

2120
01:53:11,300 --> 01:53:15,200
train journey, though Comfort 
remains questionable Aircraft 

2121
01:53:15,200 --> 01:53:18,900
cabin, bins and noisy cold at 
altitude and subject. 

2122
01:53:18,900 --> 01:53:21,500
To turbulence that leaves 
passengers are sick and 

2123
01:53:21,500 --> 01:53:25,700
miserable airline's compete on 
service quality since roots and 

2124
01:53:25,700 --> 01:53:29,300
shed Jewels remain similar. 
Some carriers offer meals during

2125
01:53:29,300 --> 01:53:32,600
flights serving sound witches 
and coffee to passengers. 

2126
01:53:33,400 --> 01:53:36,300
Stewards assist Travelers with 
luggage and answer questions 

2127
01:53:36,300 --> 01:53:39,300
about the flight. 
A few airline's experiment with 

2128
01:53:39,300 --> 01:53:42,700
stewardesses believing. 
Females attendance will reassure

2129
01:53:42,700 --> 01:53:46,100
nervous passengers and add 
refinement to the experience. 

2130
01:53:46,100 --> 01:53:49,500
These pioneering flight 
attendants must meet strict 

2131
01:53:49,500 --> 01:53:52,900
requirements for age height 
weight and nursing 

2132
01:53:52,900 --> 01:53:56,900
qualifications. 
Safety improves, but remains a 

2133
01:53:56,900 --> 01:54:00,200
legitimate concern. 
Fatal crashes still occur 

2134
01:54:00,200 --> 01:54:04,000
regularly though at lower rates 
than earlier years, Airlines 

2135
01:54:04,000 --> 01:54:07,100
publicize, safety measures and 
pilot qualifications to build 

2136
01:54:07,100 --> 01:54:10,600
public confidence. 
Some carriers, hire former 

2137
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:12,400
military Pilots with 
distinguished records 

2138
01:54:12,400 --> 01:54:17,700
advertising, their experience as
proof of reliability. insurance 

2139
01:54:17,700 --> 01:54:21,000
companies, begin offering, 
flight Insurance, recognizing 

2140
01:54:21,000 --> 01:54:23,900
both, the risk and the market 
for managing anxiety about 

2141
01:54:23,900 --> 01:54:28,100
flying Aircraft continued 
evolving toward larger, more 

2142
01:54:28,100 --> 01:54:31,400
capable designs. 
The Ford trimeter enter service 

2143
01:54:31,400 --> 01:54:35,600
in 1926 featuring three engines 
and all metal Construction. 

2144
01:54:36,800 --> 01:54:40,300
This aircraft carries up to 12 
passengers in relative Comfort, 

2145
01:54:40,300 --> 01:54:43,700
cruising at speeds around 100 
miles per hour. 

2146
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:48,900
To appreciate the redundancy of 
multiple engines, which allows 

2147
01:54:48,900 --> 01:54:51,400
continued flight even if one 
engine fails. 

2148
01:54:52,500 --> 01:54:56,100
The trimmer tour becomes iconic 
for its reliability and 

2149
01:54:56,100 --> 01:54:58,500
distinctive corrugated aluminum 
skin. 

2150
01:54:59,700 --> 01:55:04,700
Boeing introduces the model. 80 
in 1928 designed specifically 

2151
01:55:04,700 --> 01:55:06,900
for passenger service rather 
than adapted. 

2152
01:55:06,900 --> 01:55:11,600
From male haulers, this aircraft
features and closed heated cabin

2153
01:55:11,600 --> 01:55:15,300
with upholstered seats and 
soundproofing that reduces 

2154
01:55:15,300 --> 01:55:18,700
engine noise. 
Windows allow passengers to 

2155
01:55:18,700 --> 01:55:23,200
watch landscape below. 
The cabin feels almost luxurious

2156
01:55:23,200 --> 01:55:27,400
compared to earlier aircraft 
where passengers huddled in cold

2157
01:55:27,400 --> 01:55:31,000
noisy, compartments. 
Barely modified from cargo 

2158
01:55:31,000 --> 01:55:34,200
holds. 
Navigation technology, advances 

2159
01:55:34,200 --> 01:55:37,000
rapidly. 
Radio ranges, provide more 

2160
01:55:37,000 --> 01:55:39,900
accurate, guidance than rotating
beacons alone. 

2161
01:55:40,600 --> 01:55:44,900
Pilots tuned their receivers to 
specific stations, and fly 

2162
01:55:44,900 --> 01:55:47,300
headings, that keep them 
centered on the signal. 

2163
01:55:48,300 --> 01:55:52,100
This system works regardless of 
visibility allowing flight 

2164
01:55:52,100 --> 01:55:54,400
through clouds. 
That would have grounded early 

2165
01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:57,700
aircraft. 
Weather information becomes more

2166
01:55:57,700 --> 01:56:02,300
details and timely as 
meteorological networks, expand.

2167
01:56:03,200 --> 01:56:06,600
Instrument flying develops as 
distinct skill set. 

2168
01:56:07,500 --> 01:56:10,700
Pilots learn to control aircraft
using only instruments. 

2169
01:56:10,700 --> 01:56:12,600
When visual references 
disappear. 

2170
01:56:13,600 --> 01:56:17,300
This requires trust in gauges 
rather than physical sensation, 

2171
01:56:17,300 --> 01:56:21,500
since human equilibrium, 
misleads and clouds or Darkness 

2172
01:56:21,500 --> 01:56:25,600
training programs, teach Pilots 
to fight disorientation and 

2173
01:56:25,600 --> 01:56:30,300
maintain level flight using 
Artificial Horizon altimeter and

2174
01:56:30,300 --> 01:56:33,400
compass. 
The transition from visual to 

2175
01:56:33,400 --> 01:56:38,100
instrument flying represents 
conceptual leap a significant as

2176
01:56:38,100 --> 01:56:41,600
Learning to Fly originally. 
Airlines begin offering 

2177
01:56:41,600 --> 01:56:44,100
Coast-to-Coast service without 
overnight stops. 

2178
01:56:44,100 --> 01:56:46,900
These flights depart in the 
evening and arrived the 

2179
01:56:46,900 --> 01:56:50,100
following morning allowing 
passengers to sleep aboard. 

2180
01:56:50,100 --> 01:56:53,500
While crossing the country, the 
aircraft include primitive. 

2181
01:56:53,500 --> 01:56:57,000
Sleeping berths, basically 
padded shelves where passengers 

2182
01:56:57,000 --> 01:57:00,800
rest fully clothed, Sleep, 
Quality suffers from noise and 

2183
01:57:00,800 --> 01:57:04,300
turbulence but the concept 
appeals to Travelers who value 

2184
01:57:04,300 --> 01:57:07,700
time over comfort. 
Airmail rates drop as 

2185
01:57:07,700 --> 01:57:10,400
competition and efficiency 
reduce operating costs. 

2186
01:57:10,400 --> 01:57:13,900
The lower rates make male 
accessible to more customers 

2187
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:16,600
rather than remaining luxury 
service. 

2188
01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:20,300
Businesses routinely send 
correspondence by are 

2189
01:57:20,300 --> 01:57:23,400
individuals use airmail for 
important. 

2190
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:27,300
Personal letters, the volume 
increases steadily justifying 

2191
01:57:27,300 --> 01:57:30,000
investment in larger aircraft 
and more frequent flights. 

2192
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:34,100
International airmail begins, 
connecting the United States to 

2193
01:57:34,100 --> 01:57:36,500
other countries. 
Pan, American Airways 

2194
01:57:36,500 --> 01:57:40,100
establishes roots to Latin 
America, carrying mail and 

2195
01:57:40,100 --> 01:57:43,500
passengers across the Caribbean 
and down, the South American 

2196
01:57:43,500 --> 01:57:47,100
Coast. these International 
operations, required different 

2197
01:57:47,100 --> 01:57:50,600
aircraft, capable of overwater 
flight navigation, without 

2198
01:57:50,600 --> 01:57:55,000
landmarks Flying boats, become 
common for international routes,

2199
01:57:55,000 --> 01:57:58,300
able to land on water where 
runways don't exist. 

2200
01:57:59,300 --> 01:58:02,200
Europe developed similar airmail
and passenger networks 

2201
01:58:02,200 --> 01:58:05,100
connecting major cities through 
Airline routes. 

2202
01:58:05,800 --> 01:58:09,200
The Atlantic Ocean remains too 
wide for aircraft of this era to

2203
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:12,200
cross directly. 
So, transatlantic male still 

2204
01:58:12,200 --> 01:58:15,600
Travels by ship. 
Engineers dream of aircraft 

2205
01:58:15,600 --> 01:58:19,700
capable of spanning Ocean's but 
the technology remains years 

2206
01:58:19,700 --> 01:58:23,000
away from reality. 
The Atlantic represents the 

2207
01:58:23,000 --> 01:58:26,800
final frontier for Aviation 
challenging, but seemingly 

2208
01:58:26,800 --> 01:58:31,200
achievable the economic boom of 
the 1920s fuels Aviation 

2209
01:58:31,200 --> 01:58:34,100
investment. 
Stock price is for aircraft 

2210
01:58:34,100 --> 01:58:37,600
manufacturers and airline's rise
dramatically as investors. 

2211
01:58:37,600 --> 01:58:42,000
Anticipate continued growth. 
New airline's launch regularly. 

2212
01:58:42,000 --> 01:58:44,400
Competing for roots and 
customers. 

2213
01:58:45,200 --> 01:58:47,800
Some succeed through smart 
management and good fortune 

2214
01:58:47,800 --> 01:58:52,400
others fail within months. 
Casualties of overcrowded 

2215
01:58:52,400 --> 01:58:57,200
markets and thin profit margins,
The post office continues 

2216
01:58:57,200 --> 01:59:00,400
administering airmail, 
contracts, but shifts toward 

2217
01:59:00,400 --> 01:59:04,900
regulation as primary function. 
Officials establish safety 

2218
01:59:04,900 --> 01:59:07,200
standards for aircraft and 
operational procedures. 

2219
01:59:07,200 --> 01:59:11,000
They certified pilots and 
mechanics to ensure minimum 

2220
01:59:11,000 --> 01:59:14,800
competency They investigate 
accidents and issue 

2221
01:59:14,800 --> 01:59:17,400
recommendations for preventing 
similar incidents. 

2222
01:59:18,100 --> 01:59:21,700
The regulatory role expands as 
commercial, Aviation grows more 

2223
01:59:21,700 --> 01:59:25,200
complex and consequential. 
You watch your world shrink 

2224
01:59:25,200 --> 01:59:29,200
through these years cities once 
separated by days of travel, 

2225
01:59:29,200 --> 01:59:32,400
now, connected in ours. 
Business conducted across the 

2226
01:59:32,400 --> 01:59:34,600
country. 
Happens at accelerated Pace. 

2227
01:59:34,600 --> 01:59:38,400
The country feels more, unified 
is distance, loses some of its 

2228
01:59:38,400 --> 01:59:42,300
isolating power Regional 
differences persist, but the 

2229
01:59:42,300 --> 01:59:46,400
barriers between regions 
weakened The cultural impact 

2230
01:59:46,400 --> 01:59:50,700
extends Beyond practical 
communication Aviation captures 

2231
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:53,300
popular imagination. 
Through the late 1920s. 

2232
01:59:54,200 --> 01:59:58,400
Movies feature, Aviation themes,
magazines, publish articles 

2233
01:59:58,400 --> 02:00:02,200
about pilots and aircraft. 
Children play games involving 

2234
02:00:02,200 --> 02:00:05,300
are planes. 
The conquest of the sky becomes 

2235
02:00:05,300 --> 02:00:09,500
Central narrative in American 
identity proof of technological 

2236
02:00:09,500 --> 02:00:14,300
prowess and adventurous spirit. 
Charles Lindbergh solo flight 

2237
02:00:14,300 --> 02:00:17,600
across the Atlantic in 1927. 
Amplifies. 

2238
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:21,300
Aviation enthusiasm to fever 
pitch, his achievement 

2239
02:00:21,300 --> 02:00:23,700
demonstrates. 
That oceans no longer represent.

2240
02:00:23,700 --> 02:00:27,600
Absolute barriers. if one 
determined pilot can cross the 

2241
02:00:27,600 --> 02:00:31,200
Atlantic alone, Surely 
commercial aircraft will follow 

2242
02:00:31,200 --> 02:00:34,500
within years. 
The flight inspires a generation

2243
02:00:34,500 --> 02:00:38,000
to pursue Aviation careers and 
convinces investors that 

2244
02:00:38,000 --> 02:00:42,000
Aviation represents the future. 
Airlines expand rapidly in the 

2245
02:00:42,000 --> 02:00:45,000
wake of Lindbergh's flight. 
New routes can connect more 

2246
02:00:45,000 --> 02:00:49,300
cities, aircraft orders 
increased dramatically, airports

2247
02:00:49,300 --> 02:00:51,500
improve facilities to handle 
growing traffic. 

2248
02:00:51,500 --> 02:00:54,800
The industry experience is 
explosive growth. 

2249
02:00:54,800 --> 02:00:58,700
That seems sustainable until 
economic reality intrudes. 

2250
02:00:59,600 --> 02:01:04,300
The stock market crash of 1929 
devastates, Aviation along with 

2251
02:01:04,300 --> 02:01:07,300
everything else. 
Airline's face plummeting, 

2252
02:01:07,300 --> 02:01:10,200
passenger numbers, as people 
curtailed discretionary spending

2253
02:01:10,200 --> 02:01:14,900
investors withdraw funding. 
Aircraft manufacturers, cancel 

2254
02:01:14,900 --> 02:01:19,000
orders and lay off workers the 
industry, contract sharply and 

2255
02:01:19,000 --> 02:01:22,000
painfully. 
Yet airmail provides stability 

2256
02:01:22,000 --> 02:01:25,000
during the Depression postal 
contracts. 

2257
02:01:25,000 --> 02:01:28,600
Continue regardless of economic 
conditions, giving airline's 

2258
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:31,600
guaranteed Revenue, even when 
passenger traffic, collapses, 

2259
02:01:32,500 --> 02:01:35,900
Many carriers survived the 
depression solely because male 

2260
02:01:35,900 --> 02:01:39,700
payments cover, operating costs 
the investment in ml 

2261
02:01:39,700 --> 02:01:42,500
infrastructure. 
During the 1920s pays dividends 

2262
02:01:42,500 --> 02:01:45,000
by preserving commercial 
Aviation through economic 

2263
02:01:45,000 --> 02:01:48,100
catastrophe. 
The 1930s find commercial, 

2264
02:01:48,100 --> 02:01:52,600
Aviation battered, but alive. 
Airlines that survived, the 

2265
02:01:52,600 --> 02:01:54,900
depression, emerged, leaner, and
more focused. 

2266
02:01:54,900 --> 02:01:57,800
They learned to operate 
efficiently with reduced 

2267
02:01:57,800 --> 02:02:00,000
passenger loads. 
While relying on male revenue 

2268
02:02:00,000 --> 02:02:02,600
for survival. 
The industry matures through 

2269
02:02:02,600 --> 02:02:06,000
adversity, developing business 
practices that emphasize 

2270
02:02:06,000 --> 02:02:08,400
sustainability over explosive 
growth. 

2271
02:02:09,200 --> 02:02:12,000
This Foundation supports 
eventual recovery and expansion.

2272
02:02:12,000 --> 02:02:16,300
Aircraft design, advances 
significantly during the decade.

2273
02:02:17,000 --> 02:02:21,500
The Douglas DC-3 enter service 
in 1935 and revolutionizes 

2274
02:02:21,500 --> 02:02:25,300
Commercial Aviation. 
This aircraft carries 21, 

2275
02:02:25,300 --> 02:02:29,100
passengers at cruising speeds 
above, 150 miles per hour. 

2276
02:02:29,900 --> 02:02:33,000
It features retractable landing 
gear that reduces drag and 

2277
02:02:33,000 --> 02:02:37,200
improves efficiency, the DC-3, 
proved so successful that it 

2278
02:02:37,200 --> 02:02:41,000
dominates Airline fleets for 
decades with many remaining in 

2279
02:02:41,000 --> 02:02:45,100
to the 21st century. 
Passenger Comfort improves 

2280
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:48,900
dramatically in modern aircraft.
Cabins include heating 

2281
02:02:48,900 --> 02:02:52,900
ventilation and soundproofing 
that make flying Pleasant rather

2282
02:02:52,900 --> 02:02:57,000
than endurance test. 
Airline serve meals prepared in 

2283
02:02:57,000 --> 02:03:00,000
Galley kitchens aboard, the 
aircraft flight attendants, 

2284
02:03:00,000 --> 02:03:03,300
provide attentive service. 
The Experience begins 

2285
02:03:03,300 --> 02:03:05,900
approaching train travel for 
Comfort while maintaining 

2286
02:03:05,900 --> 02:03:10,000
Aviation speed Advantage. 
Radio, communication becomes 

2287
02:03:10,000 --> 02:03:12,900
standard equipment. 
Pilots can contact ground. 

2288
02:03:12,900 --> 02:03:16,800
Stations to receive weather 
updates position information and

2289
02:03:16,800 --> 02:03:20,900
Landing instructions control as 
begin directing air traffic to 

2290
02:03:20,900 --> 02:03:23,200
prevent collisions and 
organized, efficient flow of 

2291
02:03:23,200 --> 02:03:26,800
aircraft, the system remains 
primitive compared to later 

2292
02:03:26,800 --> 02:03:30,100
radar base control but it 
represents significant 

2293
02:03:30,100 --> 02:03:33,600
improvement over the isolation 
of early flying instrument 

2294
02:03:33,600 --> 02:03:38,000
Landing systems allow aircraft 
to land in poor visibility radio

2295
02:03:38,000 --> 02:03:41,800
beams guide planes down to 
runways even when fog obscures 

2296
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:45,000
visual references. 
This technology extends 

2297
02:03:45,000 --> 02:03:48,200
operational capability in 
improved safety margins. 

2298
02:03:48,200 --> 02:03:50,700
Whether that wants grounded, all
flights. 

2299
02:03:50,700 --> 02:03:54,200
Now merely requires instrument 
approaches Percentage of 

2300
02:03:54,208 --> 02:03:57,800
successful completions increases
as technology compensates for 

2301
02:03:57,800 --> 02:04:00,900
environmental challenges. 
Airlines, begin offering 

2302
02:04:00,900 --> 02:04:03,900
profitable passenger service 
without depending entirely on 

2303
02:04:03,900 --> 02:04:07,400
male contracts. 
Improved aircraft efficiency and

2304
02:04:07,400 --> 02:04:11,000
higher load factors make routes 
economically viable through 

2305
02:04:11,000 --> 02:04:14,600
ticket sales alone. 
Male remains important Revenue 

2306
02:04:14,600 --> 02:04:18,600
Source but Airlines diversify 
income and reduced dependence on

2307
02:04:18,600 --> 02:04:22,000
postal contracts. 
This financial Independence 

2308
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:25,600
allows growth Beyond Roots, the 
post office chooses to subsidize

2309
02:04:25,600 --> 02:04:28,600
International Aviation expands 
rapidly. 

2310
02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:32,800
Panamerican establishes, 
trans-pacific routes, connecting

2311
02:04:32,800 --> 02:04:36,500
the United States to Asia, these
flights use flying boats that 

2312
02:04:36,500 --> 02:04:40,500
landed Island bases across the 
Pacific refueling and continuing

2313
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:44,700
in Westwood the journeys, take 
days with multiple stops, but 

2314
02:04:44,700 --> 02:04:48,000
they connect continents that 
previously required weeks of sea

2315
02:04:48,000 --> 02:04:51,100
travel to reach. 
Transatlantic passenger service 

2316
02:04:51,100 --> 02:04:53,200
begins in Earnest by the late 
1930s. 

2317
02:04:54,300 --> 02:04:56,800
Flying boats cross. 
The ocean with paying passengers

2318
02:04:56,800 --> 02:04:59,500
proving commercial viability of 
the route. 

2319
02:05:00,300 --> 02:05:04,300
The flights remain expensive and
exclusive catering to wealthy 

2320
02:05:04,300 --> 02:05:05,700
Travelers and business 
executives. 

2321
02:05:06,900 --> 02:05:10,100
But the technical achievement 
demonstrates, that oceans no 

2322
02:05:10,100 --> 02:05:14,000
longer isolate continents. 
Military, Aviation develops, 

2323
02:05:14,000 --> 02:05:17,500
alongside commercial operations,
governments, recognize 

2324
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:20,500
aircraft's, strategic 
importance, and invest heavily 

2325
02:05:20,500 --> 02:05:24,100
in military capabilities. 
Bomber and fighter designs 

2326
02:05:24,100 --> 02:05:27,400
Advanced rapidly, as Nations 
prepare for potential conflict. 

2327
02:05:28,200 --> 02:05:31,600
Many Innovations from military 
programs transfer to commercial 

2328
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:35,700
Aviation improving safety and 
performance World, War 2 

2329
02:05:35,700 --> 02:05:39,000
transforms, Aviation completely 
military, demand. 

2330
02:05:39,000 --> 02:05:41,800
For aircraft creates massive 
production increases. 

2331
02:05:42,500 --> 02:05:46,400
Manufacturers build thousands of
planes annually developing 

2332
02:05:46,400 --> 02:05:50,200
efficient to assembly processes 
and quality control systems. 

2333
02:05:51,000 --> 02:05:54,000
Pilots received training in 
unprecedented numbers. 

2334
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:58,400
Navigation and communication 
Technologies, Advanced rapidly 

2335
02:05:58,400 --> 02:06:02,100
under wartime pressure, the war 
Years also proved commercial 

2336
02:06:02,100 --> 02:06:05,400
aviation's value for moving 
people and cargo quickly across 

2337
02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:09,300
vast distances. 
Military operations depend on 

2338
02:06:09,300 --> 02:06:11,700
Air transport for supply and 
Personnel movement. 

2339
02:06:12,500 --> 02:06:15,100
The logistics networks developed
during the war established 

2340
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:17,800
patterns, that commercial 
Aviation will follow in peace, 

2341
02:06:17,800 --> 02:06:21,000
time route, proven valuable for 
military purposes. 

2342
02:06:21,000 --> 02:06:24,600
Become commercial corridors 
after hostilities, end, you 

2343
02:06:24,600 --> 02:06:28,200
witness the final transformation
of Aviation from novelty to 

2344
02:06:28,200 --> 02:06:33,000
necessity during the 1940s. 
Wartime experience makes flying 

2345
02:06:33,000 --> 02:06:37,000
familiar to Millions who served 
in military or traveled on troop

2346
02:06:37,000 --> 02:06:40,100
transports. 
The Mystique Fades as Ordinary 

2347
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:43,800
People discover that flying 
while still remarkable has 

2348
02:06:43,800 --> 02:06:47,100
become routine. 
Rather than extraordinary, The 

2349
02:06:47,100 --> 02:06:49,300
psychological barrier Falls, 
along with the technical 

2350
02:06:49,300 --> 02:06:52,700
obstacles. 
Post-war, Aviation explodes with

2351
02:06:52,700 --> 02:06:57,100
pent-up demand, and surplus, 
aircraft Airlines buy military 

2352
02:06:57,100 --> 02:06:59,200
transports and convert them for 
civilian. 

2353
02:06:59,200 --> 02:07:03,200
Use new carriers launched to 
serve Roots neglected during the

2354
02:07:03,200 --> 02:07:06,200
war. 
Airports expand to handling 

2355
02:07:06,200 --> 02:07:10,500
traffic, the industry enters 
boom, period, that continues 

2356
02:07:10,500 --> 02:07:14,500
through subsequent decades, jet 
engines appear in military, 

2357
02:07:14,500 --> 02:07:17,600
aircraft in the war and 
gradually transfer to 

2358
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:20,400
commercial. 
Aviation these power plants 

2359
02:07:20,400 --> 02:07:23,700
offer Speed and efficiency 
impossible with propeller driven

2360
02:07:23,700 --> 02:07:27,200
designs. 
The first commercial Jets enter 

2361
02:07:27,200 --> 02:07:31,300
service in the 1950s slashing 
travel times and inaugurating 

2362
02:07:31,300 --> 02:07:35,600
the modern era of Aviation A 
transcontinental flight that 

2363
02:07:35,600 --> 02:07:39,800
took 30 hours in 1930. 
Now, completes in five hours, 

2364
02:07:39,800 --> 02:07:43,400
aboard a jet air liner, the 
airmail program that started 

2365
02:07:43,400 --> 02:07:46,200
everything Fades into background
as Aviation matures. 

2366
02:07:47,000 --> 02:07:50,300
Male still flies aboard 
commercial aircraft but it 

2367
02:07:50,300 --> 02:07:53,600
represents routine cargo rather 
than pioneering service. 

2368
02:07:54,400 --> 02:07:58,000
The special airmail postage 
disappears as all first-class 

2369
02:07:58,000 --> 02:08:00,700
male Travels by air whenever 
practical. 

2370
02:08:01,500 --> 02:08:04,700
The Innovation becomes standard 
practice invisible through 

2371
02:08:04,700 --> 02:08:08,200
Ubiquiti. 
Yet the Legacy persists in ways,

2372
02:08:08,200 --> 02:08:12,000
both obvious and subtle. 
Every time you bought a 

2373
02:08:12,000 --> 02:08:14,800
commercial flight, you benefit 
from infrastructure and 

2374
02:08:14,800 --> 02:08:16,700
procedures developed during the 
airmail era. 

2375
02:08:17,400 --> 02:08:20,500
The navigation systems 
communication, protocols safety 

2376
02:08:20,500 --> 02:08:24,100
regulations and operational 
practices all Trace. 

2377
02:08:24,100 --> 02:08:27,700
Lineage back to those early 
pilots flying male across the 

2378
02:08:27,700 --> 02:08:30,300
country in open cockpit by 
planez. 

2379
02:08:31,300 --> 02:08:34,400
The beacon lights are long gone 
replaced by sophisticated 

2380
02:08:34,400 --> 02:08:37,900
Electronics, but they serve the 
same purpose of guiding. 

2381
02:08:37,900 --> 02:08:41,400
Aircraft safely through 
Darkness, the pilots who flew 

2382
02:08:41,400 --> 02:08:44,400
airmail demonstrated that 
commercial Aviation could work 

2383
02:08:44,400 --> 02:08:47,900
if people proved willing to push
through challenges, Their 

2384
02:08:47,900 --> 02:08:51,100
courage and determination built 
credibility that attracted 

2385
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:54,700
investment and public support. 
Without their example. 

2386
02:08:54,700 --> 02:08:58,600
Commercial Aviation might of 
decades later he'll take in 

2387
02:08:58,600 --> 02:09:00,700
different form. 
The path. 

2388
02:09:00,700 --> 02:09:02,700
They pioneered became the root 
everyone. 

2389
02:09:02,700 --> 02:09:05,600
Followed. 
You live in a world transformed 

2390
02:09:05,600 --> 02:09:08,900
by their efforts. 
Distance, barely constrains 

2391
02:09:08,900 --> 02:09:12,800
communication anymore, you can 
send messages globally in 

2392
02:09:12,800 --> 02:09:16,100
seconds, you can travel 
continents in hours, these 

2393
02:09:16,100 --> 02:09:20,100
capabilities seem natural. 
Now barely worth noting, but 

2394
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:22,700
they represent revolution in 
Human Experience. 

2395
02:09:22,700 --> 02:09:26,400
Fundamental change in how 
distant shapes life and 

2396
02:09:26,400 --> 02:09:31,100
relationships that Revolution 
began with pilots flying male 

2397
02:09:31,100 --> 02:09:35,400
through the night, Guided by 
bonfires and hope the story of 

2398
02:09:35,400 --> 02:09:38,400
airmail reminds us that 
transformative change often 

2399
02:09:38,400 --> 02:09:41,300
starts with small in perfect 
experiments. 

2400
02:09:41,300 --> 02:09:44,600
The first flight seemed absurd 
to Skeptics who sought only 

2401
02:09:44,600 --> 02:09:48,200
crashes and delays. 
But persistent effort improved 

2402
02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:50,000
the technology improved the 
concept. 

2403
02:09:50,800 --> 02:09:53,600
What began as Government 
experiment became commercial 

2404
02:09:53,600 --> 02:09:58,100
industry, That reshaped 
civilization tonight, as you 

2405
02:09:58,100 --> 02:10:01,700
drift towards sleep, perhaps, 
you hear the distant sound of an

2406
02:10:01,700 --> 02:10:05,900
aircraft passing overhead, That 
plane likely carries male along 

2407
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:09,000
with passengers and cargo 
continuing the tradition 

2408
02:10:09,000 --> 02:10:11,200
started. 
A century ago by adventurous 

2409
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:15,200
pilots and primitive aircraft. 
The technology has advanced 

2410
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:18,900
beyond recognition, but the 
fundamental Mission remains 

2411
02:10:18,900 --> 02:10:22,100
unchanged. 
Moving information and people 

2412
02:10:22,100 --> 02:10:25,300
quickly across distance, 
connecting a world that grows 

2413
02:10:25,300 --> 02:10:30,400
smaller with each passing year. 
Rest well, my tired dumplings 

2414
02:10:30,400 --> 02:10:33,000
tomorrow. 
When you need to send an Urgent 

2415
02:10:33,000 --> 02:10:35,900
Message or travel somewhere 
quickly, you'll benefit from 

2416
02:10:35,900 --> 02:10:38,100
infrastructure. 
Those early Pilots built with 

2417
02:10:38,100 --> 02:10:40,700
their courage and determination 
the sky. 

2418
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:43,500
That once seemed an impossible 
barrier, has become a highway 

2419
02:10:43,500 --> 02:10:45,300
connecting everywhere to 
everywhere else. 

2420
02:10:46,300 --> 02:10:49,300
And it all began with someone 
deciding that letter should fly.

2421
02:10:57,000 --> 02:11:00,900
The year 1765, London's 
docklands, stretch along the 

2422
02:11:00,900 --> 02:11:02,400
Thames. 
Like a living creature that 

2423
02:11:02,400 --> 02:11:04,400
breathes with the rhythm of 
tides and trade. 

2424
02:11:05,200 --> 02:11:07,800
You're about to step into a 
world where ships arrived from 

2425
02:11:07,800 --> 02:11:11,300
every corner of the globe, Where
the River shapes every hour of 

2426
02:11:11,300 --> 02:11:14,900
the day and were communities of 
their entire existence around, 

2427
02:11:14,900 --> 02:11:17,900
the slow steady pulse of 
Maritime Commerce. 

2428
02:11:19,100 --> 02:11:22,500
You wake Before Dawn in your 
small room above a Chandler shop

2429
02:11:22,500 --> 02:11:25,800
on wapping High Street, The 
darkness outside your window 

2430
02:11:25,800 --> 02:11:28,400
holds a peculiar quality. 
You've learned to read over 

2431
02:11:28,400 --> 02:11:31,100
years of living. 
Here, you can tell from the 

2432
02:11:31,100 --> 02:11:34,700
silence that the tide is out. 
The usual creaking of Maude, 

2433
02:11:34,700 --> 02:11:38,600
vessels is absent instead there 
is only the distant call of 

2434
02:11:38,608 --> 02:11:41,100
gulls and the soft Whisper of 
wind moving through. 

2435
02:11:41,100 --> 02:11:43,600
Empty rigging. 
Your bed is narrow, but 

2436
02:11:43,600 --> 02:11:46,000
comfortable enough. 
The mattress is stuffed with 

2437
02:11:46,000 --> 02:11:48,000
straw that you replace just last
month. 

2438
02:11:48,000 --> 02:11:50,900
The blanket covering you came 
from a merchant ship that 

2439
02:11:50,900 --> 02:11:52,200
arrived from the American 
colonies. 

2440
02:11:52,200 --> 02:11:54,900
Three years ago, it still 
carries a faint smell of 

2441
02:11:54,900 --> 02:11:58,300
tobacco. 
Even after dozens of washing you

2442
02:11:58,300 --> 02:12:00,900
have grown fond of that smell, 
it reminds you of places. 

2443
02:12:00,900 --> 02:12:04,800
You will likely never see. 
The room is cold, September 

2444
02:12:04,800 --> 02:12:07,700
Mourning's, carry a chills 
through the gaps around your 

2445
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:10,400
window frame, you can see your 
breath forming. 

2446
02:12:10,400 --> 02:12:14,200
Small clouds in the dim light, 
the floorboards are icy Beneath 

2447
02:12:14,200 --> 02:12:17,700
Your Feet as you stand you dress
quickly in the same clothes, you

2448
02:12:17,700 --> 02:12:21,400
wear every day, thick Woolen 
britches, a linen shirt that has

2449
02:12:21,400 --> 02:12:23,300
been mended. 
So many times, the original 

2450
02:12:23,300 --> 02:12:26,100
fabric is barely visible a waist
coat. 

2451
02:12:26,100 --> 02:12:28,800
That once belonged to your 
father, heavy stocking, things 

2452
02:12:28,800 --> 02:12:32,200
leather shoes with wooden Souls,
that clatter pleasingly against 

2453
02:12:32,200 --> 02:12:34,800
cobblestones. 
You make your way down the 

2454
02:12:34,800 --> 02:12:38,000
narrow staircase. 
The steps are worn, smooth in 

2455
02:12:38,000 --> 02:12:41,300
the middle, from Decades of feet
ascending and descending. 

2456
02:12:41,300 --> 02:12:44,000
Your hand trails along the wall 
for balance. 

2457
02:12:44,000 --> 02:12:46,600
The plaster feels damp under 
your fingertips. 

2458
02:12:46,600 --> 02:12:49,900
Everything near the river. 
Holds moisture, you have 

2459
02:12:49,908 --> 02:12:52,800
accepted this as a basic fact of
docklands life. 

2460
02:12:52,800 --> 02:12:56,800
The street outside is still dark
a Lamplighter makes his rounds. 

2461
02:12:56,800 --> 02:12:59,200
Extinguishing, the oil lamps one
by one? 

2462
02:12:59,900 --> 02:13:02,500
He nods at you. 
Without speaking, you have seen 

2463
02:13:02,500 --> 02:13:05,000
him perform this same tasks 
every morning for eight years. 

2464
02:13:05,000 --> 02:13:07,900
You do not know his name. 
He does not know yours. 

2465
02:13:07,900 --> 02:13:11,900
This seems perfectly acceptable 
to both of you The cobblestones 

2466
02:13:11,900 --> 02:13:15,600
Gleam with you, your shoes make 
sharp sound that Echo between 

2467
02:13:15,600 --> 02:13:18,600
the buildings most of the 
structures here, lean slightly 

2468
02:13:18,600 --> 02:13:21,600
toward the river as if drawn by 
some invisible force. 

2469
02:13:22,400 --> 02:13:25,200
The buildings are a mix of 
Timber and brick, many have 

2470
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:28,400
shops on the ground floor, and 
living quarters above a few have

2471
02:13:28,400 --> 02:13:31,800
sellers that flood during spring
tides, the owners except this 

2472
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:34,500
with remarkable calm. 
He walked toward the river. 

2473
02:13:34,500 --> 02:13:38,300
The air grows thicker with the 
step salt and mud combined with 

2474
02:13:38,300 --> 02:13:40,800
wood smoke and Tar. 
Heels the smell of fish. 

2475
02:13:40,800 --> 02:13:44,800
Always fish the Thames as full 
of them salmon, still swim up. 

2476
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:47,900
River in the Autumn eels, hide 
in the mud fishermen. 

2477
02:13:47,900 --> 02:13:50,000
Sell their catches directly from
boats. 

2478
02:13:50,000 --> 02:13:53,500
Moored at the stairs, you reach 
a set of stone steps leading 

2479
02:13:53,500 --> 02:13:56,200
down to the river. 
The Tide is indeed out. 

2480
02:13:56,200 --> 02:13:59,600
The temps has retreated leaving 
behind a wide expanse of mud and

2481
02:13:59,600 --> 02:14:03,000
Stones, you can see the hulls of
ships resting on the riverbed. 

2482
02:14:03,600 --> 02:14:06,500
They sit at odd angles, waiting 
for the water to return and lift

2483
02:14:06,500 --> 02:14:09,200
them upright again. 
This happens twice every day. 

2484
02:14:09,200 --> 02:14:13,000
The entire rhythm of docklands 
work, depends on these tidal 

2485
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:15,500
movements. 
A few other early Rises have 

2486
02:14:15,500 --> 02:14:19,200
gathered near the water, they 
stand in small groups, studying 

2487
02:14:19,200 --> 02:14:22,300
the sky and the river. 
One man, chews on a piece of 

2488
02:14:22,308 --> 02:14:25,200
bread. 
Another smokes a pipe, the 

2489
02:14:25,200 --> 02:14:27,400
tobacco smell mixes with the 
river sense. 

2490
02:14:27,400 --> 02:14:31,400
Someone coughs, the sound 
carries across the mud flats and

2491
02:14:31,400 --> 02:14:33,100
bounces back from the opposite 
Shore. 

2492
02:14:33,900 --> 02:14:37,400
The sky begins to lighten in the
East, the darkness shifts from 

2493
02:14:37,400 --> 02:14:40,500
black to deep blue. 
Then to pale gray, colors 

2494
02:14:40,500 --> 02:14:44,300
emerge, gradually the brown of 
the mud, the green gray of the 

2495
02:14:44,300 --> 02:14:47,300
water. 
The red brick of warehouses the 

2496
02:14:47,300 --> 02:14:50,800
white stone of the stairs. 
You watch this transformation 

2497
02:14:50,800 --> 02:14:52,300
happen, the same way every 
morning. 

2498
02:14:52,300 --> 02:14:56,600
It never becomes boring. 
A ship sits anchored in deeper 

2499
02:14:56,600 --> 02:14:58,400
water. 
About 100 yards from Shore. 

2500
02:14:58,400 --> 02:15:02,800
You recognize her lines. 
She is the Mary Catherine, a 

2501
02:15:02,800 --> 02:15:04,100
merchant vessel that left 
London. 

2502
02:15:04,100 --> 02:15:06,100
Six months ago Bound for the 
Caribbean. 

2503
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:09,500
She returned two days ago but 
had to wait for a birth. 

2504
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:12,300
Today, she will finally unload 
her cargo. 

2505
02:15:12,300 --> 02:15:14,600
You will be part of the crew 
that empties. 

2506
02:15:14,600 --> 02:15:17,600
Her hold the ship's rigging 
stands out against the 

2507
02:15:17,600 --> 02:15:21,900
brightening Sky lines and cables
create patterns that look almost

2508
02:15:21,900 --> 02:15:26,600
decorative, but every rope has a
purpose every knot performs a 

2509
02:15:26,600 --> 02:15:29,400
specific function Sailors. 
Live their entire lives, 

2510
02:15:29,400 --> 02:15:32,300
learning these systems, you have
picked up enough knowledge to 

2511
02:15:32,300 --> 02:15:34,600
understand the basics more than 
that. 

2512
02:15:34,600 --> 02:15:38,100
Seems unnecessary for a Docker. 
Other ships, fill the river. 

2513
02:15:38,100 --> 02:15:41,600
Somme sitted anchor, like the 
Mary Catherine, others are more 

2514
02:15:41,600 --> 02:15:43,500
to boys or tied directly to 
wolves. 

2515
02:15:44,300 --> 02:15:46,500
A few small boats move between 
the larger vessels. 

2516
02:15:46,500 --> 02:15:50,500
These are lighters flatbottom, 
craft used to Ferry cargo from 

2517
02:15:50,500 --> 02:15:53,000
ship to shore, When the tide is 
wrong for direct. 

2518
02:15:53,000 --> 02:15:55,900
Unloading you have worked on 
light as many times. 

2519
02:15:55,900 --> 02:15:59,300
The work is backbreaking, but 
the pay is slightly better than 

2520
02:15:59,300 --> 02:16:02,600
regular doc labor. 
The First Merchants begin to 

2521
02:16:02,600 --> 02:16:06,100
appear, they arrive in Sudan, 
chairs or small carriages. 

2522
02:16:06,100 --> 02:16:08,700
Their clothing is noticeably 
finer than yours. 

2523
02:16:08,700 --> 02:16:12,400
Silk waist coats Beaver, hats 
shoe buckles, that catch the 

2524
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:14,800
growing light. 
They gather in small groups 

2525
02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:18,100
Consulting papers and ledgers, 
their cargo is aboard. 

2526
02:16:18,100 --> 02:16:19,400
The ships waiting to be 
unloaded. 

2527
02:16:19,400 --> 02:16:22,300
They want to verify quantities 
and check for damage. 

2528
02:16:22,300 --> 02:16:25,900
This is understandable, fortunes
can disappear between the West 

2529
02:16:25,900 --> 02:16:28,700
Indies and London. 
A former New know by sight 

2530
02:16:28,700 --> 02:16:31,300
approaches the group of workers.
His name is Thomas Wickham. 

2531
02:16:31,300 --> 02:16:33,900
He has been organizing doc labor
for 15 years. 

2532
02:16:33,900 --> 02:16:38,299
He knows every ship, every 
Merchant, every type of cargo 

2533
02:16:38,299 --> 02:16:40,200
that moves through this section 
of the Thames. 

2534
02:16:40,200 --> 02:16:44,100
He also knows which workers are 
reliable and which ones drink 

2535
02:16:44,100 --> 02:16:45,700
their wages before the week is 
out. 

2536
02:16:47,200 --> 02:16:50,500
Wickham studies. 
The assembled men is gays passes

2537
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:53,500
over you and moves on. 
You have been selected for work 

2538
02:16:53,500 --> 02:16:55,100
today without any need for 
Words. 

2539
02:16:55,100 --> 02:16:59,500
Others are not, so fortunate. 
Some men are waived away, they 

2540
02:16:59,500 --> 02:17:02,900
turn and trudged back towards 
the streets, hoping to find work

2541
02:17:02,900 --> 02:17:05,799
elsewhere, the docks operate on 
a brutal Simplicity. 

2542
02:17:05,799 --> 02:17:11,700
If you are, chosen you eat. 
If you are not, you do not The 

2543
02:17:11,700 --> 02:17:13,600
selected workers gather closer 
to Wickham. 

2544
02:17:14,100 --> 02:17:17,299
He explains the day's tasks in a
voice roughened by years of 

2545
02:17:17,299 --> 02:17:20,400
shouting over wind and waves, 
the Mary Catherine will be 

2546
02:17:20,407 --> 02:17:23,799
unloaded starting at high tide, 
that will be around 9:00 this 

2547
02:17:23,799 --> 02:17:27,200
morning until then, there is 
other work, barrels need to be 

2548
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:29,200
rolled from a warehouse to a 
waiting cart. 

2549
02:17:29,200 --> 02:17:32,700
Timber needs to be sorted, and 
stacked ropes, need to be coiled

2550
02:17:32,700 --> 02:17:35,400
and stored, the docks never stop
moving entirely. 

2551
02:17:35,400 --> 02:17:39,299
You're assigned to the barrel 
rolling crew, 6, men working 

2552
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:42,000
together can move remarkable 
amounts of cargo in a few hours.

2553
02:17:42,000 --> 02:17:46,100
The barrels contain sugar from 
Jamaica, each one weighs more 

2554
02:17:46,100 --> 02:17:48,200
than you do. 
They are designed to be rolled 

2555
02:17:48,200 --> 02:17:51,700
on their edges by teams working 
in careful coordination, the 

2556
02:17:51,700 --> 02:17:55,500
technique looks simple but 
requires practice new workers, 

2557
02:17:55,500 --> 02:17:59,000
often lose control of barrels, 
the heavy containers can Crush 

2558
02:17:59,000 --> 02:18:02,600
feet or fingers with ease. 
The warehouse is dear and cool 

2559
02:18:02,600 --> 02:18:05,100
inside. 
Hundreds of barrels are stacked 

2560
02:18:05,100 --> 02:18:06,400
three. 
High along the walls. 

2561
02:18:06,400 --> 02:18:10,100
The smell of molasses is 
overwhelming, sweet and thick 

2562
02:18:10,100 --> 02:18:12,900
and slightly. 
Fermented It Coats the inside of

2563
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:16,000
your nose and throat. 
After an hour of working, in the

2564
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:18,299
warehouse, you will be able to 
taste sugar for the rest of the 

2565
02:18:18,299 --> 02:18:20,799
day. 
The first Barrel is tip onto its

2566
02:18:20,799 --> 02:18:23,000
Edge. 
You and another worker guided 

2567
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:25,700
toward the door, the barrel 
wants to roll to quickly. 

2568
02:18:25,700 --> 02:18:28,700
You must lean against it using 
your body weight as a break. 

2569
02:18:28,700 --> 02:18:32,900
The rhythm is established 
through long practice tip role 

2570
02:18:32,900 --> 02:18:34,900
stop tip. 
Roll. 

2571
02:18:34,900 --> 02:18:38,799
Stop Your muscles. 
Remember the sequence, even when

2572
02:18:38,799 --> 02:18:42,500
your mind wanders outside the 
morning has fully arrived 

2573
02:18:42,500 --> 02:18:45,600
sunlight Slants, between 
buildings and reflects off the 

2574
02:18:45,600 --> 02:18:50,200
river, Tide has begun to turn. 
You can see water creeping back 

2575
02:18:50,200 --> 02:18:52,299
up, the mud flats in a few 
hours. 

2576
02:18:52,299 --> 02:18:54,799
The Thames will be high enough 
for ships to come alongside the 

2577
02:18:54,799 --> 02:18:57,799
wharves. 
Until then, the work continues 

2578
02:18:57,799 --> 02:19:01,299
in the warehouses and yards, the
barrels are loaded onto a cart 

2579
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:04,799
pulled by two massive horses. 
The animals stand patiently, 

2580
02:19:04,799 --> 02:19:07,400
while workers secure the cargo 
with ropes and chains. 

2581
02:19:08,200 --> 02:19:10,000
These horses are accustomed to 
dock work. 

2582
02:19:10,000 --> 02:19:13,600
They do not startle at sudden 
noises or unexpected movements. 

2583
02:19:13,600 --> 02:19:17,600
Their calm presents is almost 
meditative you pulls to Pat on 

2584
02:19:17,600 --> 02:19:20,200
the shoulder. 
The horses coat is warm and 

2585
02:19:20,200 --> 02:19:23,799
slightly damp with sweat. 
By mid-morning your back aches. 

2586
02:19:23,799 --> 02:19:27,900
And your hands are raw. 
This is normal, dock is never 

2587
02:19:27,900 --> 02:19:31,000
gentle on the body, but you're 
young enough that recovery comes

2588
02:19:31,000 --> 02:19:34,200
quickly, a night of sleep. 
Erases, most of the pain. 

2589
02:19:34,200 --> 02:19:38,299
Older Workers are not so 
fortunate, you have seen men in 

2590
02:19:38,299 --> 02:19:41,400
their 50s, who can barely 
straighten their spines, the 

2591
02:19:41,400 --> 02:19:45,299
docks consumed bodies the way 
the river consumes would slowly,

2592
02:19:45,299 --> 02:19:48,900
but completely The river Rises 
with surprising speed. 

2593
02:19:48,900 --> 02:19:52,700
Once the tide commits coming in 
the mud flats disappear beneath 

2594
02:19:52,700 --> 02:19:56,000
brown Water ships that were 
resting on the bottom begin to 

2595
02:19:56,008 --> 02:20:00,000
float, they shift and settle 
finding their natural positions 

2596
02:20:00,000 --> 02:20:04,800
in the current ropes titen. 
Anchor chains, grow taught The 

2597
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:08,300
entire River seems to wake up 
and stretch the Mary Catherine 

2598
02:20:08,300 --> 02:20:10,800
is Warped toward the wharf, 
using a system of ropes and 

2599
02:20:10,808 --> 02:20:14,400
pulleys Sailors, aboard the ship
work, the Capstone while Dock 

2600
02:20:14,400 --> 02:20:17,600
Workers on Shore, Pool guide 
ropes, The Vessel moves sideways

2601
02:20:17,600 --> 02:20:20,400
through the water, covering the 
distance inch by inch. 

2602
02:20:21,500 --> 02:20:22,900
This process takes nearly an 
hour. 

2603
02:20:22,900 --> 02:20:26,600
Rushing would risk damage to the
ship or The Wharf neither 

2604
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:29,500
outcome would be acceptable. 
Finally, the Mary Catherine. 

2605
02:20:29,500 --> 02:20:31,600
Settles against the war with the
gentle bump. 

2606
02:20:32,300 --> 02:20:34,100
Thick ropes are secured to 
massive iron. 

2607
02:20:34,100 --> 02:20:36,600
Bollards. 
The ship is positioned perfectly

2608
02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:39,000
for unloading her cargo hatches 
face. 

2609
02:20:39,000 --> 02:20:42,300
The warehouse doors, everything 
is aligned to make the transfer 

2610
02:20:42,300 --> 02:20:43,800
of goods as efficient as 
possible. 

2611
02:20:43,800 --> 02:20:47,100
Your part of the crew that will 
enter the hold and pass cargo up

2612
02:20:47,100 --> 02:20:49,600
to the deck. 
This is considered desirable 

2613
02:20:49,600 --> 02:20:53,000
work, the whole offers 
protection from weather, the pay

2614
02:20:53,000 --> 02:20:55,400
is the same as working on Deck, 
but the effort is sometimes 

2615
02:20:55,400 --> 02:20:57,800
less. 
You descend a ladder Into 

2616
02:20:57,800 --> 02:21:00,900
Darkness that smells of wood and
spices and something in 

2617
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:04,300
defiantly tropical. 
The hold is surprisingly 

2618
02:21:04,300 --> 02:21:07,100
organized. 
Barrels and crates are secured 

2619
02:21:07,100 --> 02:21:09,800
with the Rope netting. 
Everything is labeled and 

2620
02:21:09,800 --> 02:21:12,800
numbered the ship's manifest 
lists every item by location. 

2621
02:21:13,800 --> 02:21:16,700
This system prevents chaos 
during unloading without it. 

2622
02:21:16,700 --> 02:21:21,200
The process would take weeks and
of days like filters down 

2623
02:21:21,200 --> 02:21:24,300
through the open hatch above 
your eyes, are just slowly 

2624
02:21:24,300 --> 02:21:27,500
shapes emerge from the darkness,
you can make out individual 

2625
02:21:27,500 --> 02:21:30,000
barrels. 
Now, some contain sugar others, 

2626
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:33,200
hold rum, there are crates of 
indigo dye and bundles of 

2627
02:21:33,200 --> 02:21:36,200
mahogany wood. 
The entire economy of Empire is 

2628
02:21:36,200 --> 02:21:40,200
packed into this one ship's. 
Hold the work begins, you and 

2629
02:21:40,208 --> 02:21:43,400
three other men form a chain. 
The first man, selects a barrel 

2630
02:21:43,400 --> 02:21:46,400
and tips onto its Edge. 
He rolls it to the second man. 

2631
02:21:46,400 --> 02:21:50,100
The second man guides it to the 
third, the third man, positioned

2632
02:21:50,100 --> 02:21:53,300
it beneath the hatch, a rope 
sling, his lowered from above, 

2633
02:21:53,300 --> 02:21:56,900
the barrel is secured and 
hoisted to the deck, the process

2634
02:21:56,900 --> 02:22:00,900
repeats endlessly. 
After the first hour you stopped

2635
02:22:00,900 --> 02:22:02,500
thinking about individual 
barrels. 

2636
02:22:02,500 --> 02:22:06,200
The work becomes automatic, your
body knows what to do with 

2637
02:22:06,200 --> 02:22:07,500
without instruction from your 
mind. 

2638
02:22:07,500 --> 02:22:10,000
This allows you to think about 
other things. 

2639
02:22:10,000 --> 02:22:11,900
You wonder what the Caribbean 
islands. 

2640
02:22:11,900 --> 02:22:15,700
Look like you imagine palm trees
and white sand beaches these 

2641
02:22:15,700 --> 02:22:17,400
images. 
Come from descriptions, you have

2642
02:22:17,400 --> 02:22:19,400
heard in taverns, you have no 
idea. 

2643
02:22:19,400 --> 02:22:22,700
If they are accurate, a rat 
scurries, across a beam above 

2644
02:22:22,700 --> 02:22:26,200
your head, then another, the 
ship is full of rats. 

2645
02:22:27,000 --> 02:22:29,800
They came aboard in some distant
port and survived the entire 

2646
02:22:29,800 --> 02:22:32,400
Voyage. 
Some will leave the ship here in

2647
02:22:32,400 --> 02:22:35,400
London, they will join the 
existing population of Wharf. 

2648
02:22:35,400 --> 02:22:37,700
Rats the dock support thousands 
of the creatures. 

2649
02:22:37,700 --> 02:22:40,000
You have long since stopped 
being bothered by their 

2650
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:42,000
presence. 
The work continues through the 

2651
02:22:42,000 --> 02:22:44,900
morning Barrel after Barrel 
Rises through the hatch and 

2652
02:22:44,900 --> 02:22:47,300
disappears onto the deck. 
Above. 

2653
02:22:47,300 --> 02:22:50,700
You can hear the sounds of cargo
being moved across the wharf and

2654
02:22:50,700 --> 02:22:54,300
into the warehouse Wheels rumble
on cobblestones men. 

2655
02:22:54,300 --> 02:22:57,900
Shout instructions, a merchant 
argues about damaged goods. 

2656
02:22:57,900 --> 02:23:01,400
His voice, carries a tonne of 
theatrical outrage that 

2657
02:23:01,400 --> 02:23:03,300
suggests. 
He makes this same complaint at 

2658
02:23:03,300 --> 02:23:06,700
every unloading You pause to 
drink water from a leather 

2659
02:23:06,700 --> 02:23:09,800
flask, the water taste of the 
river because that is where it 

2660
02:23:09,800 --> 02:23:12,400
came from. 
Dock Workers, do not question 

2661
02:23:12,400 --> 02:23:15,200
the source of their drinking 
water, you have survived this 

2662
02:23:15,200 --> 02:23:19,100
long drinking from the Thames. 
Presumably, you will continue to

2663
02:23:19,100 --> 02:23:22,100
survive the air in the hold 
grows warm as the day. 

2664
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:25,600
Progresses sunlight, pause 
through the hatch dust. 

2665
02:23:25,600 --> 02:23:29,100
Particles dance in the light 
beam, you can see them swirling 

2666
02:23:29,100 --> 02:23:31,900
and settling. 
Some of the Dust is sugar. 

2667
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:36,000
Some is sword us from crates. 
Some is simply the accumulated 

2668
02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:40,200
debris of a long ocean voyage. 
By noon, a significant portion 

2669
02:23:40,200 --> 02:23:44,200
of the cargo has been removed. 
The hold looks less crowded, you

2670
02:23:44,200 --> 02:23:47,100
can move more freely. 
The remaining barrels are deeper

2671
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:48,900
in the ship, requiring more 
effort to reach them. 

2672
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:52,600
You crawl over stacks of goods. 
Squeezing through narrow gaps, 

2673
02:23:52,600 --> 02:23:56,600
your clothes snag on rough wood,
your knees protest against the 

2674
02:23:56,600 --> 02:23:59,600
hard surfaces a bell ring 
somewhere in the distance. 

2675
02:23:59,600 --> 02:24:03,000
This signals the midday break 
work stops immediately. 

2676
02:24:03,800 --> 02:24:05,900
The men in the hold climb the 
ladder to the deck. 

2677
02:24:05,900 --> 02:24:10,000
Fresh air hits your face like a 
blessing. after hours in the 

2678
02:24:10,000 --> 02:24:13,700
dim, hold the brightness of full
day is almost painful you squint

2679
02:24:13,700 --> 02:24:17,700
and cover your eyes and they 
adjust The Wharf is busy with 

2680
02:24:17,700 --> 02:24:20,700
activity. 
Cargo is stacked everywhere and 

2681
02:24:20,700 --> 02:24:23,800
careful Arrangements. 
Clarks move among the Goods. 

2682
02:24:23,800 --> 02:24:27,200
Checking items against ledgers, 
Merchants inspect their 

2683
02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:29,900
purchases. 
Customs, offer watches 

2684
02:24:29,900 --> 02:24:32,100
everything with the board 
expression of someone who is 

2685
02:24:32,100 --> 02:24:35,000
Seen It All Before. 
You make your way to a small 

2686
02:24:35,000 --> 02:24:36,800
courtyard behind one of the 
warehouses. 

2687
02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:40,300
This is where Dock Workers 
gather, during breaks a woman 

2688
02:24:40,308 --> 02:24:43,600
sells meat, pies from a cart, 
the pies cost a penny. 

2689
02:24:43,600 --> 02:24:46,600
Each you buy one and find a 
place to sit on a low wall. 

2690
02:24:46,600 --> 02:24:50,000
The pie is hot enough to burn 
your fingers, you juggle it from

2691
02:24:50,008 --> 02:24:52,900
hand to hand while it cools. 
The crust is thick. 

2692
02:24:52,900 --> 02:24:56,500
And greasy, The Filling contains
meat of Uncertain origin. 

2693
02:24:56,500 --> 02:24:58,500
It might be pork. 
It might be. 

2694
02:24:58,500 --> 02:25:00,200
Beefed, it might be something 
else. 

2695
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:03,700
Entirely you do not ask 
questions, the P fills your 

2696
02:25:03,708 --> 02:25:07,100
stomach and provide energy for 
the afternoon's work that is 

2697
02:25:07,100 --> 02:25:09,800
sufficient. 
Other workers Gather in small 

2698
02:25:09,800 --> 02:25:13,800
groups, some eat some smoke 
pipes, a few simply lie on the 

2699
02:25:13,800 --> 02:25:17,100
cobblestones and close their 
eyes, the break glass 30 minutes

2700
02:25:17,100 --> 02:25:20,200
every man uses the time, 
according to his own needs. 

2701
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:24,100
You watch the river while you 
eat tide is at its peak now. 

2702
02:25:24,900 --> 02:25:27,500
The Thames is full and wide, and
busy with traffic. 

2703
02:25:28,400 --> 02:25:32,200
Small boats, Dart between larger
vessels, a naval ship moves, 

2704
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:35,900
slowly down river heading for 
the sea, her gun ports are 

2705
02:25:35,900 --> 02:25:37,500
closed. 
But you can see the shape of 

2706
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:40,900
cannons behind them. 
The ship represents power that 

2707
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:43,500
you will never possess. 
This does not bother you 

2708
02:25:43,500 --> 02:25:47,000
particularly A merchant ship 
passes close to the wharf. 

2709
02:25:47,000 --> 02:25:50,700
You can see Sailors working on 
Deck, they move with practice 

2710
02:25:50,700 --> 02:25:53,700
efficiency, adjusting sales, and
coiling ropes. 

2711
02:25:54,500 --> 02:25:56,900
One man, climbs the rigging with
remarkable speed. 

2712
02:25:56,900 --> 02:26:00,300
He reaches the top of the Mast 
and purchased there, looking out

2713
02:26:00,300 --> 02:26:02,700
over London. 
You wonder what the city looks 

2714
02:26:02,700 --> 02:26:06,500
like from that height. 
The break ends too quickly, the 

2715
02:26:06,500 --> 02:26:08,600
foreman calls out and workers 
begin to move. 

2716
02:26:08,600 --> 02:26:12,100
You brush Crumbs from your shirt
and prepare to descend back into

2717
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:14,600
the hold, the afternoon will be 
much like the morning. 

2718
02:26:14,600 --> 02:26:19,300
More barrels, more crates, more 
endless repetition, but the work

2719
02:26:19,300 --> 02:26:20,200
will end up. 
Eventually. 

2720
02:26:20,200 --> 02:26:24,500
Evening will come, you will be 
paid these facts, make the labor

2721
02:26:24,500 --> 02:26:28,300
bearable, the hold feels even 
warmer in the afternoon sunlight

2722
02:26:28,300 --> 02:26:30,200
Slants through the hatch at a 
different angle. 

2723
02:26:30,200 --> 02:26:34,100
Now, The light reveals Corners 
that were shadowed before you 

2724
02:26:34,100 --> 02:26:36,400
discover more cargo tucked into 
these spaces. 

2725
02:26:37,200 --> 02:26:41,100
Small crates marked with careful
handwriting bundles wrapped in 

2726
02:26:41,108 --> 02:26:43,500
oil cloth. 
Everything is noted on the 

2727
02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:45,800
Manifest. 
Nothing is left to Chance. 

2728
02:26:45,800 --> 02:26:49,400
The rhythm of work. 
Resumes your muscles have 

2729
02:26:49,400 --> 02:26:52,500
loosened during the break. 
The labor feels slightly easier.

2730
02:26:52,500 --> 02:26:56,100
Now, you fall into the pattern 
without conscious thought, reach

2731
02:26:56,100 --> 02:27:02,800
lift carry roll, secure signal, 
The sequence repeats until it 

2732
02:27:02,800 --> 02:27:04,400
becomes something close to 
meditation. 

2733
02:27:05,400 --> 02:27:06,900
One of the other workers starts 
singing. 

2734
02:27:06,900 --> 02:27:10,900
His voice is rough, but tuneful,
the song is about a sailor's 

2735
02:27:10,900 --> 02:27:12,800
wife. 
Waiting in Portsmouth other men.

2736
02:27:12,800 --> 02:27:15,600
Join in on the chorus. 
The singing makes the work pass 

2737
02:27:15,600 --> 02:27:18,000
more quickly. 
Music has always served this 

2738
02:27:18,000 --> 02:27:20,200
purpose in work that requires 
coordinated effort. 

2739
02:27:20,200 --> 02:27:24,900
Sailors, use shanties field 
workers use Harvest songs Dock 

2740
02:27:24,900 --> 02:27:28,600
Workers, use whatever comes to 
mind a crate breaks open as it 

2741
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:31,600
is being lifted, the contents 
spill across the deck of the 

2742
02:27:31,600 --> 02:27:36,300
hold dozens of small packages 
wrapped in wax paper, one splits

2743
02:27:36,300 --> 02:27:39,100
and reveals coffee beans. 
The smell is immediate and 

2744
02:27:39,100 --> 02:27:41,500
intense, rich and dark and 
slightly bitter. 

2745
02:27:41,500 --> 02:27:45,300
You have tasted coffee exactly 
once in your life, a merchant 

2746
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:47,100
gave you a cup as payment for 
extra work. 

2747
02:27:47,100 --> 02:27:50,800
You remember, the taste clearly 
strong and strange and oddly 

2748
02:27:50,800 --> 02:27:53,800
compelling. 
The spilled beans are carefully 

2749
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:55,800
collected and returned to the 
broken crate. 

2750
02:27:55,800 --> 02:27:59,400
Nothing is wasted even damaged 
goods have value. 

2751
02:27:59,400 --> 02:28:01,800
The crate is marked for the 
merchants attention. 

2752
02:28:01,800 --> 02:28:04,700
He will decide whether to accept
the damage or demand. 

2753
02:28:04,700 --> 02:28:08,200
Compensation, these decisions 
happen, far above your level of 

2754
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:12,000
concern, the work continues, 
more barrels emerge from the 

2755
02:28:12,000 --> 02:28:14,500
depths of the hold, some are 
marked with symbols. 

2756
02:28:14,500 --> 02:28:17,800
You do not recognize these 
represent, trading companies, or

2757
02:28:17,800 --> 02:28:20,500
Merchant houses. 
Each symbol is a kind of 

2758
02:28:20,500 --> 02:28:22,900
language that speaks of 
ownership and origin. 

2759
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:26,000
You have learned to identify a 
few of the more common marks. 

2760
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:28,400
This knowledge serves, no 
practical purpose. 

2761
02:28:28,400 --> 02:28:32,900
But satisfies a quiet curiosity,
you notice that the quality of 

2762
02:28:32,900 --> 02:28:36,900
goods vary significantly, Some 
create a beautifully made with 

2763
02:28:36,900 --> 02:28:38,800
tight joints and smooth 
surfaces. 

2764
02:28:38,800 --> 02:28:41,700
Others are rough assemblies. 
That barely hold together. 

2765
02:28:41,700 --> 02:28:45,100
The better crates, likely 
contain more valuable cargo. 

2766
02:28:45,900 --> 02:28:48,500
Or perhaps they simply had 
better carpenters in their port 

2767
02:28:48,500 --> 02:28:50,800
of origin. 
There is no way to know for 

2768
02:28:50,800 --> 02:28:55,000
certain a large crate requires. 
Four men to move you position 

2769
02:28:55,000 --> 02:28:58,100
yourself at one corner and wait 
for the count on three. 

2770
02:28:58,100 --> 02:29:00,800
You lift together the waiters 
substantial. 

2771
02:29:00,800 --> 02:29:04,100
But manageable with proper 
technique, you walk in carefully

2772
02:29:04,100 --> 02:29:06,500
Unison, moving the crate toward 
the hatch. 

2773
02:29:06,500 --> 02:29:09,300
Communication happens through 
small adjustments. 

2774
02:29:09,300 --> 02:29:11,900
And shared understanding words 
are unnecessary. 

2775
02:29:11,900 --> 02:29:14,700
The greatest secured and hoisted
to the deck. 

2776
02:29:15,400 --> 02:29:18,400
You catch a glimpse of Blue Sky 
through the hatch before the 

2777
02:29:18,400 --> 02:29:22,200
next load blocks your view. 
That brief moment of open air 

2778
02:29:22,200 --> 02:29:24,800
feels like a gift. 
You realize you've been working 

2779
02:29:24,800 --> 02:29:27,200
in the hold for hours without 
seeing the world above. 

2780
02:29:27,900 --> 02:29:30,200
Time behaves, strangely and 
enclosed spaces. 

2781
02:29:30,200 --> 02:29:34,300
Another worker asks, if you know
what is in the large crate, you 

2782
02:29:34,300 --> 02:29:36,300
do not. 
He suggests, it might be 

2783
02:29:36,300 --> 02:29:39,700
Furniture mahogany, chairs or 
tables made in Jamaica for 

2784
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:43,100
wealthy London households. 
This seems plausible the weight 

2785
02:29:43,100 --> 02:29:46,200
and size are appropriate. 
But the Manifest would tell the 

2786
02:29:46,200 --> 02:29:48,700
true story. 
Neither of you can read well 

2787
02:29:48,700 --> 02:29:51,900
enough to check the pile of 
cargo in the whole diminishes 

2788
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:54,200
steadily. 
Floor space opens up. 

2789
02:29:54,200 --> 02:29:56,400
You can see the curve of the 
ship's Hull. 

2790
02:29:56,400 --> 02:29:58,600
Now, water has seeped in at some
point. 

2791
02:29:58,600 --> 02:30:01,500
During the voyage, the lowest 
point of the hold is damp 

2792
02:30:01,500 --> 02:30:03,500
puddles. 
Reflect the light from above. 

2793
02:30:03,500 --> 02:30:06,800
You avoid stepping in them 
without thinking wet feet. 

2794
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:09,400
Lead to blisters blisters lead 
to infection. 

2795
02:30:09,400 --> 02:30:12,700
These are facts understood by 
anyone who works with their 

2796
02:30:12,700 --> 02:30:15,300
body. 
A cool comes from above, the 

2797
02:30:15,300 --> 02:30:18,600
foreman wants, two men to help 
on Deck you and another worker 

2798
02:30:18,600 --> 02:30:21,300
climb the ladder. 
The change from dim Hall to 

2799
02:30:21,308 --> 02:30:24,600
Bright deck is momentarily. 
Disorienting, you blink and 

2800
02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:28,900
squint to your vision adjusts 
the rivers before you glittering

2801
02:30:28,900 --> 02:30:32,100
and afternoon sun, the site 
never fails to please you 

2802
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:35,500
despite its familiarity on Deck.
You are directed to help move 

2803
02:30:35,500 --> 02:30:37,200
cargo that has already been 
unloaded. 

2804
02:30:37,800 --> 02:30:40,800
Barrels need to be rolled along 
the Wharf to a warehouse 50 

2805
02:30:40,800 --> 02:30:43,100
yards away. 
This is simple work, but 

2806
02:30:43,100 --> 02:30:46,600
requires constant attention. 
A runaway Barrel can cause 

2807
02:30:46,600 --> 02:30:49,400
serious damage. 
You have seen men injured by 

2808
02:30:49,400 --> 02:30:52,900
cargo that escaped control the 
memory, keeps you focused. 

2809
02:30:52,900 --> 02:30:56,500
You, establish a rhythm with 
your partner, one barrel at a 

2810
02:30:56,500 --> 02:30:57,700
time. 
Roll it. 

2811
02:30:57,700 --> 02:31:00,500
Carefully along the wooden 
planks of the wharf watch for 

2812
02:31:00,500 --> 02:31:03,400
uneven boards or gaps guide, the
barrel through the warehouse 

2813
02:31:03,400 --> 02:31:07,100
door position, it according to 
the clocks instructions, return 

2814
02:31:07,100 --> 02:31:09,900
for the next one, the sequence 
is straightforward, but 

2815
02:31:09,900 --> 02:31:13,100
physically demanding. 
The Wharf is crowded with cargo 

2816
02:31:13,100 --> 02:31:16,700
from multiple ships workers. 
Move between stacks of goods, 

2817
02:31:16,700 --> 02:31:20,100
like streams flowing around 
Stones, everyone knows to watch 

2818
02:31:20,100 --> 02:31:23,900
for moving loads and stay clear 
of active work areas accidents 

2819
02:31:23,900 --> 02:31:25,700
happen. 
When people become careless or 

2820
02:31:25,700 --> 02:31:28,200
distracted. 
The docs have no patience for 

2821
02:31:28,200 --> 02:31:31,400
intention between trips. 
You catch fragments of 

2822
02:31:31,400 --> 02:31:35,700
conversation's, merchants 
discussing prices Clarks arguing

2823
02:31:35,700 --> 02:31:38,800
about inventory counts. 
Ship's Captain complaining about

2824
02:31:38,808 --> 02:31:42,500
Customs, delays, the voices 
blend into a general background 

2825
02:31:42,500 --> 02:31:44,200
noise. 
That you have learned to filter 

2826
02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:47,400
only direct instructions. 
Penetrate your awareness. 

2827
02:31:47,400 --> 02:31:50,000
You pause to rest near a stack 
of Timber. 

2828
02:31:50,000 --> 02:31:53,000
The wood is freshly cut and 
still smells of sap. 

2829
02:31:53,000 --> 02:31:56,600
Someone has carved initials into
one of the planks, the marks are

2830
02:31:56,600 --> 02:31:58,600
crude. 
But deliberate you wonder about 

2831
02:31:58,600 --> 02:32:02,100
the person who made them is 
Sailor, marking time during a 

2832
02:32:02,100 --> 02:32:05,300
long Voyage, perhaps, or a 
sawmill worker, claiming a piece

2833
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:07,800
of their labor. 
The mystery is small, but 

2834
02:32:07,800 --> 02:32:11,100
engaging, the sun begins. 
Its descent toward the Western 

2835
02:32:11,100 --> 02:32:14,100
Horizon, Shadows length and 
across the wharf. 

2836
02:32:14,100 --> 02:32:17,800
The quality of light changes 
from harsh brighteners to softer

2837
02:32:17,800 --> 02:32:20,400
gold. 
This is your favorite time of 

2838
02:32:20,400 --> 02:32:22,700
day. 
The worst heaters passed but 

2839
02:32:22,700 --> 02:32:25,900
darkness is not yet arrived. 
The world exists in a 

2840
02:32:25,908 --> 02:32:29,400
comfortable in between State. 
The Thames at this hour is a 

2841
02:32:29,400 --> 02:32:32,700
spectacle of activity. 
Dozens of vessels crowd, the 

2842
02:32:32,700 --> 02:32:36,900
water between the banks Merchant
ships Naval vessels fishing 

2843
02:32:36,900 --> 02:32:39,200
boats. 
Where is carrying passengers 

2844
02:32:39,200 --> 02:32:42,500
from Shore, to Shore, barges 
loaded with coal or grain or 

2845
02:32:42,500 --> 02:32:45,000
Timber. 
Each Kraft moves with purpose 

2846
02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:48,000
through the current and the 
traffic, You watch a weary 

2847
02:32:48,000 --> 02:32:51,100
approached the stairs near your 
position, the Waterman handles 

2848
02:32:51,100 --> 02:32:53,700
his ores with easy skill. 
Positioning the small boat 

2849
02:32:53,700 --> 02:32:55,400
perfectly against the lowest 
steps. 

2850
02:32:56,100 --> 02:32:59,100
Two passengers disembark. 
They are Gentlemen by their 

2851
02:32:59,100 --> 02:33:01,900
dress, they stepped carefully. 
Keeping their shoes. 

2852
02:33:01,900 --> 02:33:03,100
Clear of mud. 
And water. 

2853
02:33:03,100 --> 02:33:07,200
The Waterman touches his cap and
pushes off again, rowing toward 

2854
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:09,200
another customer visible on the 
far Shore. 

2855
02:33:09,900 --> 02:33:13,000
These watermen are a breed 
apart, they spend their entire 

2856
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:15,800
lives on the river. 
They know every current and 

2857
02:33:15,800 --> 02:33:18,800
Eddie, they can read the water. 
Like you read the tide tables 

2858
02:33:18,800 --> 02:33:20,300
posted outside the customs 
house. 

2859
02:33:20,300 --> 02:33:23,300
Some water men, inherit their 
trade from fathers and 

2860
02:33:23,308 --> 02:33:26,200
grandfathers others. 
Simply drift into the work 

2861
02:33:26,200 --> 02:33:29,100
because they possess a natural 
affinity for boats and water. 

2862
02:33:30,300 --> 02:33:33,000
A barge loaded with coal passes 
close to the wharf. 

2863
02:33:33,000 --> 02:33:36,300
The Vessel sits low in the water
under the weight of its cargo. 

2864
02:33:37,100 --> 02:33:41,000
Coal dust covers everything, the
barge man of Grey from head to 

2865
02:33:41,000 --> 02:33:43,100
foot. 
They will carry this dust home 

2866
02:33:43,100 --> 02:33:45,000
with them. 
Their wives will shake it from 

2867
02:33:45,000 --> 02:33:48,000
clothes and find it. 
Embedded in the fabric, coal is 

2868
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:50,200
the price London pays for warmth
and Industry. 

2869
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:53,700
Father upriver. 
You can see the shapes of cranes

2870
02:33:53,700 --> 02:33:56,400
and construction. 
New docks are being built to 

2871
02:33:56,400 --> 02:33:58,000
handle the increasing volume of 
trade. 

2872
02:33:58,000 --> 02:34:00,800
The old keys can no longer 
accommodate all the ships that 

2873
02:34:00,800 --> 02:34:03,400
arrived Merchants complain about
delays. 

2874
02:34:03,400 --> 02:34:06,500
The government responds with 
construction projects, this 

2875
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:09,400
pattern has repeated itself. 
A decades, the work of 

2876
02:34:09,400 --> 02:34:11,700
unloading, the Mary Katherine 
continues through the late 

2877
02:34:11,700 --> 02:34:13,500
afternoon, the hold is nearly 
empty. 

2878
02:34:13,500 --> 02:34:17,600
Now only the deepest cargo 
remains these items loaded first

2879
02:34:17,600 --> 02:34:20,000
and will be removed. 
Last, they have traveled the 

2880
02:34:20,000 --> 02:34:23,700
farthest distance from light and
are you descend once more into 

2881
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:26,900
the hold to finish the job, the 
remaining cargo consists mostly 

2882
02:34:26,900 --> 02:34:32,200
of heavy items, leding at iron 
bars, dense, Hardwoods these 

2883
02:34:32,200 --> 02:34:35,500
materials during the voyage and 
cargo upon arrival. 

2884
02:34:35,500 --> 02:34:38,600
Moving them requires different 
techniques than rolling barrels.

2885
02:34:38,600 --> 02:34:41,600
You and the other workers. 
Use rope, slings and careful 

2886
02:34:41,600 --> 02:34:44,200
leverage. 
The weight makes every movement 

2887
02:34:44,200 --> 02:34:47,800
deliberate, a rat watches. 
You from a corner, the creature 

2888
02:34:47,800 --> 02:34:50,400
is completely unafraid. 
It sits cleaning. 

2889
02:34:50,400 --> 02:34:53,700
Its Whiskers while you work 
around it, you have developed a 

2890
02:34:53,700 --> 02:34:56,800
grudging respect for Wharf, rats
their survivors in an 

2891
02:34:56,800 --> 02:34:59,800
environment that shows, no mercy
in this way. 

2892
02:34:59,800 --> 02:35:02,800
They are not so different from 
the men who labor on the docks. 

2893
02:35:02,800 --> 02:35:06,000
The last item to emerge from the
hold is a massive wooden crate, 

2894
02:35:06,000 --> 02:35:10,100
the Manifest describes it as 
Machinery parts for a mill that 

2895
02:35:10,100 --> 02:35:13,200
will process sugar or tobacco, 
or some other Colonial product. 

2896
02:35:14,100 --> 02:35:16,200
Crate is too large to fit 
through the hatch. 

2897
02:35:16,200 --> 02:35:19,300
In one piece, it must be 
partially disassembled on the 

2898
02:35:19,300 --> 02:35:21,200
ship and reconstructed on the 
wharf. 

2899
02:35:21,800 --> 02:35:25,600
This adds hours to the job by 
the time, the final piece is 

2900
02:35:25,600 --> 02:35:28,800
secured and hoisted to the deck.
The sun is low in the sky. 

2901
02:35:29,600 --> 02:35:32,900
The work day is ending. 
You climb the ladder. 

2902
02:35:32,900 --> 02:35:36,600
One Last Time grateful to leave 
the hold behind your clothes are

2903
02:35:36,600 --> 02:35:39,100
soaked with sweat. 
Your hands are covered in Grime.

2904
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:42,100
Every muscle in your body aches 
with earned fatigue. 

2905
02:35:43,200 --> 02:35:45,300
The foreman pays the workers in 
coins. 

2906
02:35:45,300 --> 02:35:48,700
Counted from a leather bag. 
He calls each Man by name and 

2907
02:35:48,700 --> 02:35:51,100
hands. 
Over the day's wages, you 

2908
02:35:51,100 --> 02:35:52,500
receive your share and count it 
carefully. 

2909
02:35:53,400 --> 02:35:56,900
The amount is exactly what was 
promised Wickham is honest in 

2910
02:35:56,900 --> 02:35:59,500
his dealings. 
This is not true of all four 

2911
02:35:59,500 --> 02:36:01,100
men. 
You've learned to appreciate 

2912
02:36:01,100 --> 02:36:03,900
this quality. 
The Wharf begins to empty as 

2913
02:36:03,900 --> 02:36:06,800
workers dispersed toward their 
homes or favorite taverns. 

2914
02:36:06,800 --> 02:36:10,400
The cargo has been moved into 
warehouses or loaded onto carts 

2915
02:36:10,400 --> 02:36:14,000
for transport into the city. 
The Mary Catherine sits lighter 

2916
02:36:14,000 --> 02:36:16,000
in the water. 
Now, her holds empty. 

2917
02:36:17,700 --> 02:36:20,200
Tomorrow, she will take on new 
cargo for the return Voyage. 

2918
02:36:20,200 --> 02:36:24,300
The cycle continues. 
Endlessly, you walk slowly along

2919
02:36:24,300 --> 02:36:27,200
the Waterfront, allowing your 
body to cool and recover. 

2920
02:36:27,200 --> 02:36:30,300
The evening air carries a chill 
that feels Pleasant after the 

2921
02:36:30,300 --> 02:36:33,400
heat of labor light. 
Begin to appear in Windows along

2922
02:36:33,400 --> 02:36:36,200
the shore lands a lit at Tavern 
doors. 

2923
02:36:36,200 --> 02:36:39,900
The transformation from day to 
night happens gradually, giving 

2924
02:36:39,900 --> 02:36:43,900
everyone time to adjust A group 
of sailors passes you heading 

2925
02:36:43,900 --> 02:36:46,900
toward whopping, drinking, 
establishments, they are loud 

2926
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:49,700
and cheerful flush with wages 
from a completed Voyage. 

2927
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:53,400
Some will spend everything they 
earned in a single night, others

2928
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:55,200
will save a portion for future 
needs. 

2929
02:36:56,000 --> 02:36:57,900
You have seen both approaches 
lead to regret. 

2930
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:02,300
Moderation seems wiser but is 
rarely practiced the streets 

2931
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:04,100
grow crowded, as more workers 
finish. 

2932
02:37:04,100 --> 02:37:07,600
Their shifts men stream from 
warehouses and shipyards and 

2933
02:37:07,600 --> 02:37:10,500
rope making establishments. 
The days labor is done. 

2934
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:13,700
Now comes the evening's business
of eating and drinking and 

2935
02:37:13,700 --> 02:37:16,900
resting the transition happens 
like clockwork in these 

2936
02:37:16,900 --> 02:37:19,600
neighborhoods where work defines
the Rhythm of Life. 

2937
02:37:20,800 --> 02:37:22,700
You stop at a cook shop on 
wapping wall. 

2938
02:37:23,500 --> 02:37:26,200
Proprietor is a widow who has 
run this establishment for 20 

2939
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:28,600
years. 
She served simple food at fair 

2940
02:37:28,608 --> 02:37:33,000
prices, the shop is small and 
crowded, but clean the smell of 

2941
02:37:33,000 --> 02:37:34,700
cooking meat and onions. 
Fills the air. 

2942
02:37:34,700 --> 02:37:38,200
Your stomach responds 
immediately with urgent hunger, 

2943
02:37:38,200 --> 02:37:40,900
your order, a bowl of stew and a
piece of bread. 

2944
02:37:40,900 --> 02:37:45,800
The stew contains beef or mutton
potatoes, carrots, and turnips 

2945
02:37:45,800 --> 02:37:49,000
in a rich brown. 
Gravy the bread is yesterday's 

2946
02:37:49,000 --> 02:37:52,100
baking, but still good. 
When dipped in the stew, you eat

2947
02:37:52,100 --> 02:37:53,900
standing at a high table near 
the window. 

2948
02:37:53,900 --> 02:37:56,800
This allows you to watch the 
street while you dine. 

2949
02:37:57,600 --> 02:38:02,200
The stew is hot and filling each
spoonful Taste of long slow 

2950
02:38:02,200 --> 02:38:05,700
cooking and generous seasoning. 
The Widow knows her business. 

2951
02:38:05,700 --> 02:38:08,600
She is fed Dock Workers for two 
decades. 

2952
02:38:08,600 --> 02:38:11,600
She understands what kind of 
food restores bodies worn down 

2953
02:38:11,608 --> 02:38:15,000
by physical labor. 
The meal cost 3 pints, you can 

2954
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:17,700
consider it money. 
Well, spent other customers come

2955
02:38:17,700 --> 02:38:19,700
and go. 
While you eat some, you 

2956
02:38:19,700 --> 02:38:23,300
recognize most a strangers, the 
cook shop serves, anyone who can

2957
02:38:23,300 --> 02:38:26,200
pay class and origin matter, 
less than coin. 

2958
02:38:26,700 --> 02:38:29,000
This Democratic quality is 
common in docklands. 

2959
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:32,800
Establishments, everyone's money
spends the same through the 

2960
02:38:32,800 --> 02:38:34,500
window. 
You watch the streets, settle 

2961
02:38:34,500 --> 02:38:37,500
into its evening character. 
Children play games in, the 

2962
02:38:37,508 --> 02:38:40,200
fading light, a dog trots passed
with clear. 

2963
02:38:40,200 --> 02:38:43,200
Purpose, two women stand, 
talking near a doorway. 

2964
02:38:43,208 --> 02:38:47,400
One holds a baby on her hip. 
The child is quiet and wide-eyed

2965
02:38:47,400 --> 02:38:50,400
taking in the scene. 
You finish your stew and place 

2966
02:38:50,400 --> 02:38:53,400
the bowl on a shelf for washing.
The walk home takes you through 

2967
02:38:53,400 --> 02:38:56,300
familiar streets, you have lived
in this neighborhood for most of

2968
02:38:56,308 --> 02:38:58,800
your adult life. 
You know, every Ally and 

2969
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:02,300
Courtyard, you can navigate and 
complete darkness if necessary. 

2970
02:39:03,500 --> 02:39:06,300
This knowledge provides a sense 
of belonging that you value more

2971
02:39:06,300 --> 02:39:10,000
than you often realize. 
A Tavern called the prospect of 

2972
02:39:10,000 --> 02:39:13,000
Whitby, stands on your route. 
The building is old and 

2973
02:39:13,000 --> 02:39:17,300
comfortable looking Yellow light
spills from its Windows voices 

2974
02:39:17,300 --> 02:39:18,900
and laughter drift into the 
street. 

2975
02:39:18,900 --> 02:39:22,000
You are tempted to stop for a 
drink but decide against it, 

2976
02:39:22,000 --> 02:39:25,900
tomorrow is another workday. 
Starting it with a sore head. 

2977
02:39:25,900 --> 02:39:30,100
Seems unwise you can continue 
past the tavern and turn onto a 

2978
02:39:30,100 --> 02:39:32,700
narrower Street. 
The buildings here, lean close 

2979
02:39:32,700 --> 02:39:34,600
together. 
Blocking most of the sky 

2980
02:39:34,600 --> 02:39:38,700
laundry, hangs online stretched 
between Windows somewhere. 

2981
02:39:38,700 --> 02:39:43,300
A baby cries, a cat yowls. 
These sounds are the normal 

2982
02:39:43,300 --> 02:39:45,100
sound track of evening in the 
docklands. 

2983
02:39:45,100 --> 02:39:48,500
Your room above the Chandler 
shop is exactly as you left it. 

2984
02:39:48,500 --> 02:39:50,800
This morning the bed remains 
unmade. 

2985
02:39:50,800 --> 02:39:54,800
Your spare shirt hangs on a peg.
A small table holds a candle, 

2986
02:39:54,800 --> 02:39:58,408
and a few personal items. 
The space is modest, but it is 

2987
02:39:58,416 --> 02:40:00,300
yours. 
Rent is Affordable. 

2988
02:40:00,300 --> 02:40:03,400
The location is convenient. 
You have no complaints. 

2989
02:40:03,400 --> 02:40:06,300
You like the candle and wash 
your hands and face in water 

2990
02:40:06,300 --> 02:40:09,000
from a basement. 
The water is cold but refreshing

2991
02:40:09,000 --> 02:40:11,600
Grime from the days work turned 
it gray. 

2992
02:40:11,600 --> 02:40:14,400
You dry yourself with a rough 
towel and change into your 

2993
02:40:14,400 --> 02:40:17,300
special shirt. 
The clean fabric feels luxurious

2994
02:40:17,300 --> 02:40:20,300
against your skin, you lie on 
the bed without bothering to 

2995
02:40:20,300 --> 02:40:23,000
undress further. 
The mattress receives you with 

2996
02:40:23,000 --> 02:40:26,300
familiar Comfort. 
Your body begins to relax muscle

2997
02:40:26,300 --> 02:40:29,400
by muscle. 
The aches from labor fade into a

2998
02:40:29,400 --> 02:40:32,700
general Pleasant tiredness. 
You watch Candlelight flicker on

2999
02:40:32,708 --> 02:40:34,600
the ceiling and allow your 
thoughts to drift. 

3000
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:38,900
Tomorrow will bring more of the 
same more ships to unload more 

3001
02:40:38,900 --> 02:40:41,700
cargo to move more hours of 
physical effort. 

3002
02:40:41,700 --> 02:40:45,000
In exchange for wages. 
This predictability is both 

3003
02:40:45,000 --> 02:40:46,900
comforting and slightly 
depressing. 

3004
02:40:47,800 --> 02:40:51,100
You wonder sometimes if there 
might be other possibilities but

3005
02:40:51,100 --> 02:40:55,200
the docs are what you know, the 
work is reliable, the pay is 

3006
02:40:55,200 --> 02:40:58,700
sufficient change, seems 
unnecessary and possibly 

3007
02:40:58,700 --> 02:41:02,800
dangerous Sleep approaches 
quickly you blow out the canal 

3008
02:41:02,800 --> 02:41:05,600
and settle Into Darkness. 
The sound of the neighborhood 

3009
02:41:05,600 --> 02:41:08,000
continued outside your window 
for steps. 

3010
02:41:08,000 --> 02:41:12,000
On cobblestones distant voices, 
The Creeks of ship's moving with

3011
02:41:12,000 --> 02:41:14,500
the tide. 
These noises form a lullaby. 

3012
02:41:14,500 --> 02:41:17,500
You have heard every night for 
years, they guide you toward 

3013
02:41:17,500 --> 02:41:19,600
unconsciousness, with gentle 
familiarity. 

3014
02:41:20,600 --> 02:41:23,700
The next morning, arrives with 
rain, you wake to the sound of 

3015
02:41:23,700 --> 02:41:26,900
water, drumming on roof tiles 
and running down the street in 

3016
02:41:26,900 --> 02:41:29,300
small rivers. 
The window glass is streaked and

3017
02:41:29,308 --> 02:41:32,600
blurred The View outside is 
reduced to vague shapes and 

3018
02:41:32,600 --> 02:41:35,000
movement. 
Weather like this makes dock 

3019
02:41:35,000 --> 02:41:36,500
work miserable but does not stop
it. 

3020
02:41:36,500 --> 02:41:39,100
You dress in clothes still damp 
from yesterday. 

3021
02:41:39,100 --> 02:41:42,100
There is no point where in dry 
things that will be soaked 

3022
02:41:42,100 --> 02:41:43,600
within minutes of stepping 
outside. 

3023
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:47,900
The dampness is unpleasant but 
tolerable you have worked in 

3024
02:41:47,900 --> 02:41:50,900
far, worse conditions, a warm 
day and pouring rain is 

3025
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:52,600
preferable to a freezing day in 
any. 

3026
02:41:52,600 --> 02:41:56,600
Whether the street is already 
busy, despite the rain workers, 

3027
02:41:56,600 --> 02:41:59,500
move with heads down and 
shoulders hunched, no one walks 

3028
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,900
slowly getting wet is inevitable
but prolonging The Experience 

3029
02:42:02,900 --> 02:42:03,800
serves. 
No purpose. 

3030
02:42:03,800 --> 02:42:06,900
You join the flow of bodies 
heading toward the walls. 

3031
02:42:06,900 --> 02:42:09,500
Water runs off your hat in 
steady streams. 

3032
02:42:09,500 --> 02:42:11,200
The river looks different in 
Rain. 

3033
02:42:11,200 --> 02:42:14,900
The surface is popped and 
rippled by Falling drops, the 

3034
02:42:14,900 --> 02:42:19,200
color shifts from brown to gray.
His ability is reduced ships at 

3035
02:42:19,200 --> 02:42:21,700
anchor appear as dark shaking 
from missed. 

3036
02:42:21,700 --> 02:42:24,300
The entire scene has a dreamlike
quality. 

3037
02:42:24,300 --> 02:42:27,900
That is almost beautiful. 
The foreman stands under an 

3038
02:42:27,900 --> 02:42:29,700
awning protected from the worst 
of the weather. 

3039
02:42:29,700 --> 02:42:32,500
He assigned work with the same 
efficiency as always. 

3040
02:42:33,400 --> 02:42:37,000
Rain changes nothing about the 
basic organization of Doc. 

3041
02:42:37,000 --> 02:42:40,800
Labor ships must be unloaded 
cargo must be moved. 

3042
02:42:40,800 --> 02:42:43,200
Commerce, cannot wait for 
Sunshine. 

3043
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:45,500
Your assigned to work in a 
covered warehouse. 

3044
02:42:45,500 --> 02:42:49,200
This is fortunate the day will 
be spent sorting and stacking 

3045
02:42:49,200 --> 02:42:51,000
Goods that have already been 
unloaded. 

3046
02:42:51,000 --> 02:42:54,000
The work is still physical, but 
at least it is dry. 

3047
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:56,600
You offer a silent? 
Thanks to whatever Force, 

3048
02:42:56,600 --> 02:43:00,200
determine such assignments. 
The warehouse is vast and dim 

3049
02:43:00,208 --> 02:43:03,300
rows of barrels and crates 
stretched towards Shadows at the

3050
02:43:03,308 --> 02:43:06,600
far end. 
Smell is complex sugar and 

3051
02:43:06,600 --> 02:43:10,500
tobacco, and spices and tar, so 
rats and damp wood, and mold 

3052
02:43:10,500 --> 02:43:13,400
your nose sorts through these 
scents automatically. 

3053
02:43:13,400 --> 02:43:17,300
Identifying each component 
without conscious effort, you 

3054
02:43:17,300 --> 02:43:21,300
work alongside five other men. 
The task is to reorganize cargo,

3055
02:43:21,300 --> 02:43:23,200
according to ownership and 
destination. 

3056
02:43:24,000 --> 02:43:26,300
Goods Bound for the same, 
Merchant must be grouped 

3057
02:43:26,300 --> 02:43:28,600
together. 
Items heading to the same city 

3058
02:43:28,600 --> 02:43:32,100
must be accessible for loading. 
The system requires both 

3059
02:43:32,100 --> 02:43:35,100
physical effort, and careful 
attention to markings. 

3060
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:38,200
And labels, the work proceeds 
with steady efficiency. 

3061
02:43:38,200 --> 02:43:41,800
Barrels are rolled into new 
positions, creates a stacked 

3062
02:43:41,800 --> 02:43:43,800
according to size and weight. 
Heavy items. 

3063
02:43:43,800 --> 02:43:46,500
Go on the bottom fragile. 
Goods are placed where they will

3064
02:43:46,500 --> 02:43:49,500
not be crushed. 
The logic is simple, but the 

3065
02:43:49,500 --> 02:43:52,500
execution requires experience 
outside. 

3066
02:43:52,500 --> 02:43:55,900
The rain continues, without 
pause water leaks through gaps 

3067
02:43:55,900 --> 02:43:57,600
in the roof and forms puddles on
the floor. 

3068
02:43:57,600 --> 02:44:00,700
You step around these pools. 
Instinctively wet. 

3069
02:44:00,700 --> 02:44:03,700
Footing is dangerous. 
When moving heavy loads, a slip 

3070
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:06,300
could result in injury. 
You have seen men crushed by 

3071
02:44:06,308 --> 02:44:08,900
Falling cargo. 
The memory keeps you cautious. 

3072
02:44:09,900 --> 02:44:12,700
A mid-morning, a Clark arrives, 
to verify the organization. 

3073
02:44:12,700 --> 02:44:15,500
He carries a ledger and walks 
slowly between the stacks 

3074
02:44:15,500 --> 02:44:17,700
checking items against his 
records. 

3075
02:44:17,700 --> 02:44:21,200
His clothes and neat and dry. 
His hands are clean. 

3076
02:44:21,200 --> 02:44:23,800
He represents a different kind 
of dock work. 

3077
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:27,100
One that involves ink and paper 
rather than muscle and sweat. 

3078
02:44:28,000 --> 02:44:31,200
You have never envied this role.
The physical satisfaction of 

3079
02:44:31,200 --> 02:44:34,000
moving cargo appeals to you more
than the abstract work of 

3080
02:44:34,000 --> 02:44:36,900
accounting. 
The Clark finds several errors, 

3081
02:44:36,900 --> 02:44:39,200
Barrels have been placed in the 
wrong groups. 

3082
02:44:39,200 --> 02:44:41,300
Crates are stacked in incorrect 
order. 

3083
02:44:42,000 --> 02:44:43,900
He points these out with patient
Precision. 

3084
02:44:43,900 --> 02:44:47,400
There is no anger in his voice. 
Mistakes are expected. 

3085
02:44:47,400 --> 02:44:49,600
Correction is part of the 
process. 

3086
02:44:49,600 --> 02:44:52,400
You and the other workers make 
the necessary adjustments 

3087
02:44:52,400 --> 02:44:54,500
without complaint. 
By noon. 

3088
02:44:54,500 --> 02:44:56,200
The warehouse is properly 
organized. 

3089
02:44:56,200 --> 02:44:59,200
The clerk signs off on the work 
and departs. 

3090
02:44:59,200 --> 02:45:02,800
The rain has lessened to a 
steady drizzle, you step outside

3091
02:45:02,800 --> 02:45:05,300
during the break and let the 
water wash some of the warehouse

3092
02:45:05,300 --> 02:45:08,600
dust from your clothes and skin.
The coolness is refreshing. 

3093
02:45:08,600 --> 02:45:12,000
After hours, in the clothes are 
inside you eat bread and cheese 

3094
02:45:12,000 --> 02:45:15,500
purchased from a woman who sells
food from a covered cart The 

3095
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:19,400
cheese is sharp and crumbly the 
bread is dense and filling you 

3096
02:45:19,400 --> 02:45:21,900
wash it down with weak beer. 
That tastes faintly of the 

3097
02:45:21,900 --> 02:45:25,000
barrel at came from the meal 
provides energy, without being 

3098
02:45:25,000 --> 02:45:26,400
heavy enough to cause 
drowsiness. 

3099
02:45:26,400 --> 02:45:30,200
Other workers gather under any 
of available shelter, some 

3100
02:45:30,200 --> 02:45:34,300
smoke, some talk quietly. 
A few simply stand and stare at 

3101
02:45:34,300 --> 02:45:37,600
nothing in particular. 
The brake offers a chance for 

3102
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:39,400
Minds to rest, as well as 
bodies. 

3103
02:45:39,400 --> 02:45:43,600
You appreciate this brief, pause
in the days demands, A ship 

3104
02:45:43,600 --> 02:45:45,900
struggles to make its way up 
River against the current and 

3105
02:45:45,900 --> 02:45:48,300
the tide. 
The vessels Sails are reefed 

3106
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:52,000
progresses, slow you watch the 
crew, work the ropes and adjust 

3107
02:45:52,000 --> 02:45:54,700
their position. 
Sailors possess skills, that 

3108
02:45:54,700 --> 02:45:58,200
seem almost magical to you. 
The ability to read wind and 

3109
02:45:58,200 --> 02:46:01,100
water and turn these forces to 
Advantage requires knowledge. 

3110
02:46:01,100 --> 02:46:04,500
You do not possess your content 
to remain on Solid Ground. 

3111
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:08,000
The afternoon brings more 
warehouse work this time. 

3112
02:46:08,000 --> 02:46:10,400
You're moving Goods out rather 
than organizing them. 

3113
02:46:10,400 --> 02:46:13,700
A merchant has sold a quantity 
of tobacco to buyers in the 

3114
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:15,700
city. 
The barrels must be loaded onto 

3115
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:19,100
carts for transport. 
The work is straightforward, but

3116
02:46:19,100 --> 02:46:22,000
requires steady effort. 
You develop a rhythm with the 

3117
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:24,000
other workers. 
One team tips. 

3118
02:46:24,000 --> 02:46:27,100
Barrels onto their edges, 
another guides them toward the 

3119
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:29,500
loading area. 
A third, secures them on the 

3120
02:46:29,508 --> 02:46:32,100
carts. 
The process flows smoothly. 

3121
02:46:32,100 --> 02:46:33,900
When everyone understands their 
role. 

3122
02:46:33,900 --> 02:46:37,400
Coordination happens through 
small gestures and occasional 

3123
02:46:37,400 --> 02:46:40,700
brief instructions. 
The rain finally stops late in 

3124
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:44,800
the afternoon clouds break apart
and reveal patches of blue sky. 

3125
02:46:45,900 --> 02:46:49,200
Sunlight appears in slanted, 
beams that illuminate, the dust 

3126
02:46:49,200 --> 02:46:52,500
and moisture in the air. 
The transformation is dramatic, 

3127
02:46:52,500 --> 02:46:56,800
the entire dockland seems to 
brighten and lift workers moods 

3128
02:46:56,800 --> 02:46:59,900
improve, noticeably by the end 
of the day, your clothes have 

3129
02:46:59,900 --> 02:47:01,900
begun to dry. 
They feel stiff and 

3130
02:47:01,900 --> 02:47:04,200
uncomfortable but at least they 
are not actively wet. 

3131
02:47:04,900 --> 02:47:07,800
You collect your wages and head 
toward home, the streets, 

3132
02:47:07,800 --> 02:47:09,800
glisten, with puddles and 
running water. 

3133
02:47:09,800 --> 02:47:13,200
The cobblestones have been 
washed clean, everything looks 

3134
02:47:13,200 --> 02:47:16,400
fresher and newer. 
Tonight, you decide to stop at 

3135
02:47:16,400 --> 02:47:20,000
the prospect of Whitby, the rain
has left you feeling like you 

3136
02:47:20,000 --> 02:47:23,600
deserve some small Comfort, a 
drink or two, seems appropriate?

3137
02:47:24,400 --> 02:47:28,000
You push open the door and step 
into warmth the noise and the 

3138
02:47:28,000 --> 02:47:30,100
smell of pipes smoke and Spilled
beer. 

3139
02:47:31,300 --> 02:47:34,500
The prospect is crowded as 
always workers from the docks. 

3140
02:47:34,500 --> 02:47:37,300
Fill the common room, they lean 
against the bar or sit at Rough 

3141
02:47:37,300 --> 02:47:40,700
wooden tables conversations. 
Blend into a general Roar of 

3142
02:47:40,700 --> 02:47:44,400
voices laughter, erupts from a 
corner where someone has told a 

3143
02:47:44,400 --> 02:47:46,800
joke, the atmosphere is cheerful
and relaxed. 

3144
02:47:46,800 --> 02:47:49,300
You find a space at the bar and 
Order rail. 

3145
02:47:49,300 --> 02:47:52,500
The barkeep draws it from a 
wooden cars and slides the 

3146
02:47:52,508 --> 02:47:55,900
tanker cross the wet surface. 
You pay with a coin and receive 

3147
02:47:55,900 --> 02:47:57,600
change that you pocket without 
counting. 

3148
02:47:57,600 --> 02:48:00,100
The AIL is dark and slightly 
sweet. 

3149
02:48:00,900 --> 02:48:04,100
The first swallow Goes Down 
Smooth and pleasant you turn to 

3150
02:48:04,100 --> 02:48:06,500
survey the room. 
Many phases are familiar. 

3151
02:48:06,500 --> 02:48:09,400
You nod at menu recognize they 
nod back. 

3152
02:48:10,000 --> 02:48:12,700
These acknowledgments 
constitute, the full extent of 

3153
02:48:12,700 --> 02:48:14,600
social interaction for most 
Dock. 

3154
02:48:14,600 --> 02:48:16,900
Workers deeper friendships are 
rare. 

3155
02:48:16,900 --> 02:48:21,200
The work is too transient men. 
Come and go ships, arrive and 

3156
02:48:21,200 --> 02:48:24,100
depart connections, remain 
shallow and practical. 

3157
02:48:25,200 --> 02:48:29,100
A sailor sits alone at a nearby 
table his old for his trade. 

3158
02:48:29,100 --> 02:48:32,200
Perhaps 50, his face is 
weathered to the color and 

3159
02:48:32,200 --> 02:48:35,900
texture of old leather He drinks
steadily and stares at nothing. 

3160
02:48:37,100 --> 02:48:41,000
You wonder what Memories occupy,
his thoughts Decades of voyages,

3161
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:45,900
storms and calms ports, visited 
in every corner of the world. 

3162
02:48:45,900 --> 02:48:49,000
The life of a sailor. 
Seems both thrilling and 

3163
02:48:49,000 --> 02:48:52,300
exhausting two men, near the 
fire and engaged in a loud 

3164
02:48:52,300 --> 02:48:55,200
discussion about wages one. 
Argues that Dock Workers are 

3165
02:48:55,200 --> 02:48:57,500
underpaid. 
The other insist that the work 

3166
02:48:57,500 --> 02:48:59,000
is unskilled and therefore 
properly. 

3167
02:48:59,000 --> 02:49:02,000
Compensated, neither seems 
interested in the others 

3168
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:05,000
perspective, the argument 
serves, mainly as entertainment 

3169
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:08,000
for listeners, you finish your 
first day of consider ordering 

3170
02:49:08,000 --> 02:49:10,900
another the Temptation is 
strong, the tavern is 

3171
02:49:10,908 --> 02:49:14,700
comfortable, the beer is good, 
but tomorrow will come with you 

3172
02:49:14,700 --> 02:49:17,300
already or not. 
A clear head. 

3173
02:49:17,300 --> 02:49:20,600
Seems wiser than temporary 
pleasure you decide to leave 

3174
02:49:20,600 --> 02:49:24,100
after this drink the door opens 
and a group of new arrivals 

3175
02:49:24,100 --> 02:49:26,600
enters. 
They bring cold air and Noise 

3176
02:49:26,600 --> 02:49:28,900
with them. 
One man calls out a greeting, to

3177
02:49:28,900 --> 02:49:31,900
the room at large. 
Several people respond, the new 

3178
02:49:31,900 --> 02:49:34,300
group pushes toward the bar, 
creating a crush of bodies. 

3179
02:49:34,300 --> 02:49:36,800
You take this as a sign to 
depart. 

3180
02:49:37,600 --> 02:49:41,700
Outside the evening has settled 
into full Darkness stars are 

3181
02:49:41,700 --> 02:49:44,700
visible between the clouds. 
The air smells clean after the 

3182
02:49:44,700 --> 02:49:47,400
rain. 
You walk slowly enjoying the 

3183
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:49,900
quiet. 
After the taverns noise, your 

3184
02:49:49,900 --> 02:49:53,700
route takes you past dark and 
shops and lit Windows behind the

3185
02:49:53,708 --> 02:49:57,300
glass families, gather for 
evening meals, or settle into 

3186
02:49:57,300 --> 02:50:00,400
their own evening. 
Rituals, you pass a small Church

3187
02:50:00,400 --> 02:50:04,100
set back from the street? 
The building is old probably 

3188
02:50:04,100 --> 02:50:07,900
dating from before the great 
Firestone, walls narrow Windows 

3189
02:50:07,900 --> 02:50:11,000
a modest belt Tower. 
The church serves the docklands 

3190
02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:14,600
community but you have never 
attended Services, religion 

3191
02:50:14,600 --> 02:50:17,500
seems disconnected from the 
Practical concerns of your daily

3192
02:50:17,500 --> 02:50:20,200
life. 
A Watchman makes his rounds 

3193
02:50:20,200 --> 02:50:23,500
calling out the our his voice 
Echoes between buildings. 

3194
02:50:23,500 --> 02:50:27,600
The cry is both reassuring and 
slightly Melancholy, it marks 

3195
02:50:27,600 --> 02:50:30,700
time passing and reminds 
everyone that the night grows 

3196
02:50:30,700 --> 02:50:32,600
deeper, you have heard this 
call. 

3197
02:50:32,600 --> 02:50:35,900
Every evening for years, it has 
become part of the texture of 

3198
02:50:35,908 --> 02:50:38,100
life. 
Here, you reach your lodging and

3199
02:50:38,100 --> 02:50:41,600
climb the stairs. 
The room is cold, but dry you 

3200
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:43,200
light a candle and prepare for 
bed. 

3201
02:50:43,200 --> 02:50:45,900
Tomorrow, you will wake early 
and repeat today's pattern. 

3202
02:50:45,900 --> 02:50:48,100
This certainty is comforting in 
its way. 

3203
02:50:48,100 --> 02:50:52,700
You know, what to expect the 
work is hard, but familiar the 

3204
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:55,400
wages are adequate. 
Life continues in its 

3205
02:50:55,400 --> 02:50:57,900
established. 
Groove Sunday, arrives with 

3206
02:50:57,900 --> 02:51:01,000
bells churches throughout the 
docklands ring, their calls to 

3207
02:51:01,000 --> 02:51:05,100
worship The Sounds layer over 
each other, creating a Cascade 

3208
02:51:05,100 --> 02:51:07,900
of notes that fills the air, you
lie in bed. 

3209
02:51:07,900 --> 02:51:09,800
Listening, the bells are 
Pleasant. 

3210
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:12,000
Even though you have no 
intention of answering their 

3211
02:51:12,000 --> 02:51:16,600
summons Sunday is different from
other days, work stops the docks

3212
02:51:16,600 --> 02:51:19,400
for quiet ships. 
Remain at Anchor or tied to 

3213
02:51:19,400 --> 02:51:23,400
Wars, no cargo moves. 
No Merchants shout instructions,

3214
02:51:23,400 --> 02:51:26,000
the entire neighborhood shifts 
into a slow Rhythm. 

3215
02:51:26,000 --> 02:51:30,000
Even the river seems to rest You
rise late and dressed slowly? 

3216
02:51:30,000 --> 02:51:33,100
There is no hurry, the day 
belongs to you. 

3217
02:51:33,900 --> 02:51:36,900
This freedom feels almost 
unfamiliar after six days of 

3218
02:51:36,900 --> 02:51:40,300
structured labor, you descend to
the street and find it nearly 

3219
02:51:40,300 --> 02:51:42,700
empty. 
Most people are either in church

3220
02:51:42,700 --> 02:51:45,100
or still in bed. 
You walk without particular 

3221
02:51:45,100 --> 02:51:49,700
destination, the morning is cool
and clear sunlight Slants 

3222
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:51,600
between buildings and reflects 
off Windows. 

3223
02:51:51,600 --> 02:51:55,200
You notice details that escaped 
your attention during the work 

3224
02:51:55,200 --> 02:51:58,400
week, a door, painted, an 
unusual shade of blue. 

3225
02:51:59,100 --> 02:52:02,400
Flowers growing in a window box,
a cat sleeping on a warm 

3226
02:52:02,408 --> 02:52:06,300
doorstep the river draws you. 
As always, you make your way to 

3227
02:52:06,300 --> 02:52:09,000
the Waterfront and find a spot 
to sit on the stone stairs. 

3228
02:52:09,000 --> 02:52:12,600
The Tide is low mud flat 
stretched toward the channel. 

3229
02:52:13,400 --> 02:52:16,100
A few goals pick through the 
exposed sediment, searching for 

3230
02:52:16,100 --> 02:52:20,600
food, their cries carry across 
the open space ship, sit at odd 

3231
02:52:20,600 --> 02:52:23,600
angles on the riverbed without 
water to support them. 

3232
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:25,500
Their true shapes become 
visible. 

3233
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:29,400
The curves of hulls, the 
thickness of planking, the 

3234
02:52:29,400 --> 02:52:31,600
massive anchors that normally 
hang invisible beneath the 

3235
02:52:31,600 --> 02:52:33,800
surface. 
You study these details with 

3236
02:52:33,800 --> 02:52:36,800
interest. 
Ships are such familiar objects,

3237
02:52:36,800 --> 02:52:38,300
that you rarely look at them 
closely. 

3238
02:52:39,200 --> 02:52:42,200
A small boat crosses the river, 
the Waterman rose with steady 

3239
02:52:42,200 --> 02:52:44,300
Strokes. 
His passenger appears to be a 

3240
02:52:44,308 --> 02:52:47,100
gentleman heading somewhere for 
Sunday visits the boats. 

3241
02:52:47,100 --> 02:52:49,200
Wake creates ripples that spread
and fade. 

3242
02:52:49,200 --> 02:52:53,100
The water is calmed today. 
No, wind disturbs, the surface. 

3243
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:56,000
You remain on the stairs for an 
hour simply watching. 

3244
02:52:57,300 --> 02:53:00,600
This kind of unstructured. 
Time is rare in your life, you 

3245
02:53:00,600 --> 02:53:04,700
have no plans, no obligations, 
no one expects anything from 

3246
02:53:04,700 --> 02:53:07,200
you. 
The freedom is both Pleasant and

3247
02:53:07,200 --> 02:53:10,000
slightly uncomfortable. 
You're accustomed to having your

3248
02:53:10,000 --> 02:53:13,200
hours defined by work. 
Eventually hunger drives you to 

3249
02:53:13,208 --> 02:53:15,300
move. 
You walk to a bakery that opens 

3250
02:53:15,300 --> 02:53:17,700
on Sunday mornings. 
The shop is small and the 

3251
02:53:17,700 --> 02:53:19,700
selection is limited, but the 
bread is fresh. 

3252
02:53:19,700 --> 02:53:23,100
You buy a loaf and eat it. 
While walking, the crust is 

3253
02:53:23,100 --> 02:53:26,700
crisp and the inside is soft and
still warm from the oven you 

3254
02:53:26,700 --> 02:53:29,500
wander through neighborhoods. 
You do not normally visit the 

3255
02:53:29,500 --> 02:53:32,100
streets are similar to your own 
but different in small ways. 

3256
02:53:32,100 --> 02:53:34,400
Different shops, different 
churches. 

3257
02:53:35,200 --> 02:53:38,900
Different phases in the windows.
London is vast even limiting 

3258
02:53:38,900 --> 02:53:41,500
yourself to the docklands. 
You could walk for hours and 

3259
02:53:41,500 --> 02:53:44,700
never cover all the streets. 
And alleys by midday, you find 

3260
02:53:44,700 --> 02:53:47,500
yourself near Shadwell. 
This area is rougher than 

3261
02:53:47,508 --> 02:53:49,700
whopping. 
The buildings are older and more

3262
02:53:49,700 --> 02:53:52,900
decrepit. 
The people look harder, you do 

3263
02:53:52,900 --> 02:53:55,700
not feel unsafe exactly but you 
are aware of being outside. 

3264
02:53:55,700 --> 02:53:59,000
Your familiar territory. 
You turn back toward more known 

3265
02:53:59,000 --> 02:54:02,400
streets, a group of Children, 
Place some game involving a ball

3266
02:54:02,400 --> 02:54:04,600
and sticks. 
They ran and Shout with 

3267
02:54:04,600 --> 02:54:07,600
Boundless Energy. 
Their laughter is pure and 

3268
02:54:07,600 --> 02:54:10,200
unselfconscious. 
You watch them from a moment, 

3269
02:54:10,200 --> 02:54:13,700
remembering your own childhood. 
Those years seemed impossibly 

3270
02:54:13,700 --> 02:54:15,900
distant. 
Now, you were a different person

3271
02:54:15,900 --> 02:54:19,500
then. 
The afternoon passes in gentle 

3272
02:54:19,500 --> 02:54:22,600
wandering, you stop at a 
churchyard and sit on a bench 

3273
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:27,000
among the gravestones the dead. 
Rest Beneath Your Feet, their 

3274
02:54:27,000 --> 02:54:31,400
Stones record brief facts names 
and dates occasionally, a 

3275
02:54:31,400 --> 02:54:34,500
professional or an achievement. 
Most a weathered and hard to 

3276
02:54:34,508 --> 02:54:37,800
read time. 
Erases everything eventually you

3277
02:54:37,800 --> 02:54:39,300
think about your own eventual 
death? 

3278
02:54:39,300 --> 02:54:43,100
It will come someday perhaps in 
many years perhaps tomorrow. 

3279
02:54:43,900 --> 02:54:46,600
Doc work is dangerous accidents 
happen. 

3280
02:54:46,600 --> 02:54:50,100
You try not to dwell on this but
it is impossible to ignore 

3281
02:54:50,100 --> 02:54:53,200
completely. 
Life feels fragile in moments 

3282
02:54:53,200 --> 02:54:57,400
like this, the sun begins its 
descent toward evening, you rise

3283
02:54:57,400 --> 02:54:59,700
from the bench and make your way
home the streets. 

3284
02:54:59,700 --> 02:55:01,900
Are busier. 
Now church services of ended 

3285
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:04,600
families. 
Walk together children run ahead

3286
02:55:04,600 --> 02:55:07,900
of parents the neighborhood 
returns to its normal animation.

3287
02:55:07,900 --> 02:55:09,600
You spend the evening in your 
room. 

3288
02:55:09,600 --> 02:55:13,500
You have a book that you read 
occasionally The pages award and

3289
02:55:13,500 --> 02:55:15,600
The Binding is loose. 
But the stories still hold 

3290
02:55:15,600 --> 02:55:18,300
interest tonight. 
You read about travels in 

3291
02:55:18,300 --> 02:55:22,000
foreign lands, the descriptions 
transport you temporarily from 

3292
02:55:22,000 --> 02:55:24,600
your small room to places. 
You will never actually visit 

3293
02:55:24,600 --> 02:55:27,500
Darkness Falls and you light 
your candle. 

3294
02:55:28,300 --> 02:55:30,700
The flame creates Shadows that 
dance on the walls. 

3295
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:34,400
You can continue reading until 
your eyes, grow tired, then you 

3296
02:55:34,400 --> 02:55:36,700
mark your place and set the book
aside. 

3297
02:55:37,500 --> 02:55:40,300
Tomorrow begins another week. 
The pattern will resume. 

3298
02:55:40,300 --> 02:55:44,800
You are ready for it. 
Autumn deepens as weeks pass the

3299
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:47,000
air. 
Grows colder mornings require 

3300
02:55:47,000 --> 02:55:49,600
thicker clothing. 
Your breath becomes visible. 

3301
02:55:49,600 --> 02:55:53,700
When you step outside the change
happens gradually but inevitably

3302
02:55:53,700 --> 02:55:57,100
Summer is gone. 
Winter, approaches the river 

3303
02:55:57,100 --> 02:56:00,300
changes with the seasons. 
Autumn brings higher tides and 

3304
02:56:00,300 --> 02:56:02,700
stronger. 
Currents ships must be more 

3305
02:56:02,700 --> 02:56:05,300
carefully more'd. 
Cargo must be protected from 

3306
02:56:05,300 --> 02:56:07,900
increasing rain. 
The work of just to accommodate 

3307
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:10,900
these conditions, you wear an 
oil skin coat during wet 

3308
02:56:10,900 --> 02:56:14,300
weather, your fingers grow numb,
but you keep working trade 

3309
02:56:14,300 --> 02:56:17,200
patterns shift with the calendar
ships, the carried, summer, 

3310
02:56:17,200 --> 02:56:19,300
fruits and perishables. 
Now, bring preserved Goods, 

3311
02:56:19,300 --> 02:56:24,500
barrels of salted, fish of 
dried, fruit sacks of grain, the

3312
02:56:24,500 --> 02:56:27,500
cargo reflects what can survive 
long, ocean voyages, and Colder 

3313
02:56:27,500 --> 02:56:29,300
Weather. 
You notice the merchants 

3314
02:56:29,300 --> 02:56:32,500
changing their focus. 
Winter is coming demand for 

3315
02:56:32,500 --> 02:56:35,800
calling increases ships, arrived
from Newcastle, loaded with 

3316
02:56:35,800 --> 02:56:38,900
black fuel, the unloading of 
coal is brutal work. 

3317
02:56:38,900 --> 02:56:42,900
The dust gets everywhere. 
Your skin turns gray your lungs 

3318
02:56:42,900 --> 02:56:45,200
feel heavy, but the pay is 
slightly higher. 

3319
02:56:45,200 --> 02:56:47,500
This makes the discomfort 
acceptable. 

3320
02:56:48,400 --> 02:56:51,100
One morning, you arrived. 
At the Docks to find ice forming

3321
02:56:51,100 --> 02:56:54,300
along the river edges, thin 
sheets that crack under the 

3322
02:56:54,300 --> 02:56:57,500
slightest pressure. 
The ice is beautiful in its way,

3323
02:56:57,500 --> 02:57:01,700
it catches the early light and 
sparkles, but it also signals 

3324
02:57:01,700 --> 02:57:05,000
harder times ahead. 
Severe Winters can freeze the 

3325
02:57:05,008 --> 02:57:08,200
Thames solid when that happens. 
Work stops completely. 

3326
02:57:09,500 --> 02:57:12,600
Form an assigns you to a crew 
loading Timber onto a ship Bound

3327
02:57:12,600 --> 02:57:15,500
for Portugal. 
The wood comes from forest far 

3328
02:57:15,500 --> 02:57:17,800
to the North. 
It is traveled by river and 

3329
02:57:17,800 --> 02:57:21,100
Canal to reach London. 
Now it will cross the ocean to 

3330
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:23,800
build houses or ships or 
Furniture in warmer climates. 

3331
02:57:23,800 --> 02:57:26,800
You find this movement of 
materials endlessly. 

3332
02:57:26,800 --> 02:57:30,700
Fascinating the timber is heavy 
and awkward to handle each 

3333
02:57:30,700 --> 02:57:33,100
plank. 
Must be carried by two men, you 

3334
02:57:33,100 --> 02:57:34,900
walk in careful. 
Synchronization with your 

3335
02:57:34,900 --> 02:57:38,500
partner, the wood presses into 
your shoulder Splinter's. 

3336
02:57:38,500 --> 02:57:41,200
Catch in your clothes. 
By the end of the day, you will 

3337
02:57:41,200 --> 02:57:43,100
be covered in sawdust and tree 
sap. 

3338
02:57:43,900 --> 02:57:47,000
The work continues through 
November and into December days,

3339
02:57:47,000 --> 02:57:49,700
grocery shorter. 
You arrive at the docks in 

3340
02:57:49,700 --> 02:57:53,400
darkness and leave in darkness. 
The middle hours of daylight are

3341
02:57:53,400 --> 02:57:56,300
consumed by labor. 
You rarely see the son except on

3342
02:57:56,300 --> 02:58:00,500
Sundays winter brings different 
challenges, cold makes fingers 

3343
02:58:00,500 --> 02:58:04,900
clumsy ropes become stiff, and 
difficult to handle metal tools 

3344
02:58:04,900 --> 02:58:08,100
feel like ice against bare skin.
You learned to work wearing 

3345
02:58:08,100 --> 02:58:11,800
gloves despite the loss of 
dexterity Frostbite is a real 

3346
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:14,100
danger. 
The neighborhood takes on a 

3347
02:58:14,100 --> 02:58:17,100
different character in Winter 
smoke, from countless fires, 

3348
02:58:17,100 --> 02:58:19,500
fills the air, the smell of 
burning. 

3349
02:58:19,500 --> 02:58:24,400
Coal becomes constant Windows 
Frost over at night water in 

3350
02:58:24,400 --> 02:58:27,200
basins freezes. 
You wake some mornings to find 

3351
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:29,200
ice formed on the inside of your
window. 

3352
02:58:30,000 --> 02:58:32,800
Food changes with the season 
fresh vegetables, disappear 

3353
02:58:32,800 --> 02:58:36,200
meals, consist of bread and 
preserved, meats and root 

3354
02:58:36,200 --> 02:58:37,800
vegetables, stored from the 
Harvest. 

3355
02:58:38,500 --> 02:58:41,800
The monotony becomes wearing you
dream, sometimes of Summer, 

3356
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:44,500
fruits, apples and cherries and 
strawberries. 

3357
02:58:44,500 --> 02:58:48,400
These fantasies are pointless, 
but persistent Christmas 

3358
02:58:48,400 --> 02:58:50,800
approaches. 
The docks will close for a few 

3359
02:58:50,808 --> 02:58:52,800
days. 
This annual pause is both 

3360
02:58:52,800 --> 02:58:54,900
welcome and worrying. 
Welcome? 

3361
02:58:54,900 --> 02:58:56,900
Because your body desperately 
needs rest. 

3362
02:58:57,800 --> 02:59:00,200
Worrying because the lost wages,
create hardship. 

3363
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:03,200
You have saved a small amount 
but it will not last long. 

3364
02:59:03,200 --> 02:59:05,400
The neighborhood prepares for 
the Holiday. 

3365
02:59:05,400 --> 02:59:09,700
Inn modest ways, some houses, 
display Greenery and windows, a 

3366
02:59:09,700 --> 02:59:13,200
few shops offer special Goods. 
The general atmosphere becomes 

3367
02:59:13,200 --> 02:59:16,200
slightly more cheerful people 
exchanged, greetings more 

3368
02:59:16,200 --> 02:59:18,700
freely, The hardness of daily 
life. 

3369
02:59:18,700 --> 02:59:19,600
Softens. 
Just a bit. 

3370
02:59:19,608 --> 02:59:22,200
You receive your last wages 
before the holiday. 

3371
02:59:23,000 --> 02:59:24,100
The foreman. 
Wishes everyone. 

3372
02:59:24,100 --> 02:59:26,800
Well you thank him and head 
toward the shops. 

3373
02:59:26,800 --> 02:59:28,900
You need to purchase supplies to
carry you. 

3374
02:59:28,900 --> 02:59:31,200
Through the idle days. 
Bread cheese. 

3375
02:59:31,200 --> 02:59:35,500
A small piece of salted. 
Pork candles the coins 

3376
02:59:35,500 --> 02:59:37,600
disappear. 
Quickly on Christmas Eve, the 

3377
02:59:37,600 --> 02:59:40,200
taverns are packed. 
You stop at the Prospect and 

3378
02:59:40,200 --> 02:59:41,800
find barely enough. 
Room to stand. 

3379
02:59:41,800 --> 02:59:45,500
The noise is tremendous, 
everyone talks and laughs at 

3380
02:59:45,500 --> 02:59:47,300
once. 
The bar keeps struggles to keep 

3381
02:59:47,308 --> 02:59:49,700
up with orders. 
You drink your rail quickly, and

3382
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:52,000
leave. 
The crowd is too much after a 

3383
02:59:52,000 --> 02:59:55,300
long day. 
Outside snow begins to fall 

3384
02:59:55,300 --> 02:59:58,000
small flakes, drift down through
the darkness. 

3385
02:59:58,000 --> 03:00:00,600
They melt when they hit the 
ground, but keep coming. 

3386
03:00:01,500 --> 03:00:04,500
By morning, there might be 
accumulation, the prospect of a 

3387
03:00:04,500 --> 03:00:06,600
white Christmas. 
Pleases you in some Childish 

3388
03:00:06,600 --> 03:00:10,500
way, you cannot quite explain. 
The Climb to your room and watch

3389
03:00:10,500 --> 03:00:14,000
the snow through your window. 
The flakes swirl and dance in 

3390
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:17,200
the Lamplight from the street. 
The scene has a magical quality 

3391
03:00:17,200 --> 03:00:20,300
that makes you forget briefly 
about cold and work and worry. 

3392
03:00:21,200 --> 03:00:25,300
You stand there for a long time,
simply observing January brings,

3393
03:00:25,300 --> 03:00:29,600
the hardest cold, the temps 
freezes in places ice forms, 

3394
03:00:29,600 --> 03:00:32,300
along the shores and extends 
toward the center of the river. 

3395
03:00:33,100 --> 03:00:36,900
Ships, become trapped captains. 
Wait, anxiously for a Thor that 

3396
03:00:36,900 --> 03:00:40,700
allows them to move the entire 
Port slows to a fraction of its 

3397
03:00:40,700 --> 03:00:43,700
normal activity. 
Work becomes scarce. 

3398
03:00:43,700 --> 03:00:47,600
The foreman has less to assign 
each day, some mornings. 

3399
03:00:47,600 --> 03:00:50,800
You're not chosen you return to 
your room and try to make your 

3400
03:00:50,800 --> 03:00:53,800
saved coins last. 
These idle days are frustrating,

3401
03:00:53,800 --> 03:00:58,500
your body wants activity, your 
mind needs occupation, Sitting 

3402
03:00:58,500 --> 03:01:00,900
in a cold room with nothing to 
do breeds dark. 

3403
03:01:00,900 --> 03:01:03,100
Thoughts. 
You walk the neighborhood to 

3404
03:01:03,100 --> 03:01:05,900
pass time. 
Other unemployed workers do the 

3405
03:01:05,900 --> 03:01:08,300
same. 
You see the same face as day 

3406
03:01:08,300 --> 03:01:10,600
after day. 
No one speaks much. 

3407
03:01:10,600 --> 03:01:14,500
What is there to say everyone 
faces the same situation 

3408
03:01:14,500 --> 03:01:19,300
complaining serves no purpose. 
The cold penetrate everything 

3409
03:01:19,300 --> 03:01:22,200
your room never feels warmed 
despite the small fire. 

3410
03:01:22,200 --> 03:01:24,600
You allow yourself. 
You were all your clothes at. 

3411
03:01:24,600 --> 03:01:28,400
Once you sleep under every 
blanket, you own still, the 

3412
03:01:28,400 --> 03:01:31,500
chill finds ways through. 
You, notice people, beginning to

3413
03:01:31,508 --> 03:01:35,100
look, thinner meals, become 
smaller, the pinch of winter. 

3414
03:01:35,100 --> 03:01:38,300
Hunger sets in you reduced, your
own food consumption to make 

3415
03:01:38,300 --> 03:01:42,700
supplies last, a heal of bread 
for breakfast week for dinner. 

3416
03:01:42,700 --> 03:01:46,500
Nothing else your stomach 
complains, but you ignore it. 

3417
03:01:47,100 --> 03:01:49,200
Some relief comes from 
unexpected sources. 

3418
03:01:49,200 --> 03:01:52,800
A church opens its doors to 
provide warm space during 

3419
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:55,600
daylight hours. 
You go there, not for religion, 

3420
03:01:55,600 --> 03:01:59,300
but for heat, you sit in a Pew 
and let your body absorb warmth 

3421
03:01:59,300 --> 03:02:02,500
from are heated by the mass of 
other bodies, no one bothers 

3422
03:02:02,500 --> 03:02:04,400
you. 
The church asks nothing in 

3423
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:06,700
return. 
For this shelter, a merchant 

3424
03:02:06,700 --> 03:02:08,500
unexpectedly high as workers to 
clear. 

3425
03:02:08,500 --> 03:02:11,100
Snow, from his Warehouse roof, 
you are selected. 

3426
03:02:11,100 --> 03:02:15,100
The work is cold and dangerous 
but you are grateful for it, the

3427
03:02:15,100 --> 03:02:18,600
wages by food and fuel. 
That night, you eat a proper 

3428
03:02:18,600 --> 03:02:20,400
meal and sleep beside a decent 
fire. 

3429
03:02:20,400 --> 03:02:24,800
These simple Comforts feel like 
luxury February arrives with 

3430
03:02:24,800 --> 03:02:27,700
slightly longer days. 
Sun shows itself. 

3431
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:30,700
More often you feel your 
spirits, lifting her mentally? 

3432
03:02:31,500 --> 03:02:34,700
The worst of winter may be 
passed, this hope is fragile, 

3433
03:02:34,700 --> 03:02:38,600
but real, you hold on to it, the
ice on the Thames begins to 

3434
03:02:38,600 --> 03:02:41,000
break up. 
You watch from the Waterfront as

3435
03:02:41,000 --> 03:02:44,700
huge chunks float, Downstream 
the sound of grinding, ice 

3436
03:02:44,700 --> 03:02:48,800
carries across the water ship's 
prepared to move again, the port

3437
03:02:48,800 --> 03:02:53,200
is waking from its frozen sleep.
Work resumes, gradually first 

3438
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:55,800
day here in there and several 
days in a row. 

3439
03:02:56,600 --> 03:02:58,300
Finally, the full Rhythm 
returns. 

3440
03:02:58,300 --> 03:03:01,000
You fall back into the pattern 
with relief. 

3441
03:03:01,800 --> 03:03:04,000
The predictable exhaustion of 
Labor is preferable to the 

3442
03:03:04,008 --> 03:03:07,600
uncertain anxiety of idleness. 
Spring approaches slowly. 

3443
03:03:07,600 --> 03:03:12,500
You see the first signs in late 
March buds on trees earlier 

3444
03:03:12,500 --> 03:03:16,200
sunrises, a gentleness in the 
air that promises warmth to come

3445
03:03:16,200 --> 03:03:19,700
these changes register in your 
body as much as your mind. 

3446
03:03:19,700 --> 03:03:23,800
You feel stronger, more hopeful 
ready for the years renewal. 

3447
03:03:24,700 --> 03:03:28,200
The docs return to full activity
ships that were delayed by 

3448
03:03:28,200 --> 03:03:30,800
winter weather. 
Now arrived in clusters, the 

3449
03:03:30,800 --> 03:03:33,700
Wolves overflow with cargo. 
You work long hours to handle 

3450
03:03:33,700 --> 03:03:35,900
the backlog. 
The extra wages are welcome. 

3451
03:03:35,900 --> 03:03:38,100
You can rebuild your depleted 
savings. 

3452
03:03:39,300 --> 03:03:42,700
One morning, you notice flowers,
blooming in a window box yellow 

3453
03:03:42,700 --> 03:03:45,400
and purple bright against the 
Graystone of the building. 

3454
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:49,500
The site stops you for a moment.
Beauty is rare enough in the 

3455
03:03:49,500 --> 03:03:52,300
docklands, that it deserves 
acknowledgment, you can continue

3456
03:03:52,300 --> 03:03:55,500
walking but the image stays with
you through the day life, 

3457
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:58,300
settles back into its 
established pattern Works. 

3458
03:03:58,300 --> 03:04:02,200
Six days rest, one day earn 
wages, spend them on 

3459
03:04:02,200 --> 03:04:06,500
Necessities, repeat endlessly. 
The cycle is neither good nor 

3460
03:04:06,500 --> 03:04:09,800
bad. 
It simply is you have made peace

3461
03:04:09,800 --> 03:04:12,600
with this reality. 
Some are returns and with it the

3462
03:04:12,600 --> 03:04:17,500
full intensity of Doc work long,
hot days ships arriving from 

3463
03:04:17,500 --> 03:04:20,700
every direction. 
Cargo that must be moved 

3464
03:04:20,700 --> 03:04:24,300
regardless of heat or humidity. 
You sweat through your clothes 

3465
03:04:24,300 --> 03:04:28,200
before mid-morning by evening 
you are coated in dust and grime

3466
03:04:28,200 --> 03:04:30,800
and salt. 
The river smells stronger in 

3467
03:04:30,800 --> 03:04:31,700
summer. 
Low. 

3468
03:04:31,700 --> 03:04:34,600
Tides, expose, more mud, the 
organic decay of marine life 

3469
03:04:34,600 --> 03:04:36,800
perfumes. 
The are you have grown so 

3470
03:04:36,800 --> 03:04:39,100
accustomed to this scent? 
That you barely notice it. 

3471
03:04:39,100 --> 03:04:42,500
Visitors to the docklands. 
Often comment on the smell. 

3472
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:45,000
You wonder what they find. 
So remarkable. 

3473
03:04:45,000 --> 03:04:48,900
Trade booms during the warm 
months, the colonies, send their

3474
03:04:48,900 --> 03:04:53,500
harvests sugar and tobacco and 
cotton rice and indigo mahogany.

3475
03:04:53,500 --> 03:04:57,100
And other exotic Woods ships 
returned to the Caribbean or the

3476
03:04:57,100 --> 03:05:00,100
Americas loaded with 
manufactured goods, cloth and 

3477
03:05:00,100 --> 03:05:02,700
tools. 
And Ceramics, The Exchange never

3478
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:04,500
stops. 
You have been working the docks 

3479
03:05:04,500 --> 03:05:07,600
for years now, the labor has 
shaped your body, your shoulders

3480
03:05:07,600 --> 03:05:10,800
abroad from carrying your back 
is strong from lifting. 

3481
03:05:10,800 --> 03:05:13,100
Your hands are calloused and 
scarred. 

3482
03:05:14,000 --> 03:05:17,100
These physical changes are 
Badges of your trade, you wear 

3483
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:20,100
them without shame. 
One afternoon, a young man 

3484
03:05:20,100 --> 03:05:21,900
appears among the workers 
seeking employment. 

3485
03:05:21,900 --> 03:05:25,800
He is perhaps 16. 
His clothes are too clean. 

3486
03:05:25,800 --> 03:05:30,100
His hands are soft, he looks 
frightened and determined in 

3487
03:05:30,100 --> 03:05:32,400
equal measure. 
You remember being that young 

3488
03:05:32,400 --> 03:05:36,600
man once the memory is distant 
but clear, the foreman assigns, 

3489
03:05:36,600 --> 03:05:39,700
the boy to work with your crew, 
you show him how to roll a 

3490
03:05:39,700 --> 03:05:42,400
barrel how to read marking's. 
How to move heavy? 

3491
03:05:42,400 --> 03:05:47,300
Loads safely, he learns quickly 
By the end of the day, he is 

3492
03:05:47,300 --> 03:05:50,500
exhausted, but has earned his 
wages, you feel an unexpected 

3493
03:05:50,500 --> 03:05:54,400
pride in his success. 
The seasons turn Autumn arrives 

3494
03:05:54,400 --> 03:05:57,200
again. 
The cycle continues you mark 

3495
03:05:57,200 --> 03:06:00,800
Time by The Changing quality of 
light and the types of cargo 

3496
03:06:00,800 --> 03:06:03,200
moving through the port. 
This is your calendar. 

3497
03:06:03,200 --> 03:06:07,500
It needs no written dates or 
official months one Sunday. 

3498
03:06:07,500 --> 03:06:11,000
You return to the stairs where 
you sat a year ago, the tide is 

3499
03:06:11,000 --> 03:06:13,400
low. 
Again, the same mud flats are 

3500
03:06:13,400 --> 03:06:16,400
exposed gulls. 
Still search for food ships, 

3501
03:06:16,400 --> 03:06:18,400
still rested, odd angles on the 
riverbed. 

3502
03:06:18,400 --> 03:06:22,500
Nothing has changed, and 
everything has changed you. 

3503
03:06:22,500 --> 03:06:26,000
Think about the year that has 
passed, the work performed, the 

3504
03:06:26,000 --> 03:06:30,500
wages earned and spent the small
moments of pleasure, and long 

3505
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:34,800
stretches of simple endurance. 
What does it all amount to you 

3506
03:06:34,800 --> 03:06:35,400
have? 
No answer. 

3507
03:06:35,400 --> 03:06:39,300
Perhaps there is no answer but 
sitting here in Autumn sunlight 

3508
03:06:39,300 --> 03:06:42,800
watching the river flow toward 
the sea, you feel something 

3509
03:06:42,800 --> 03:06:46,600
close to contentment. 
Your life is modest but it is 

3510
03:06:46,600 --> 03:06:49,100
yours. 
You have work, you have shelter,

3511
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:51,100
you have enough to eat most 
days. 

3512
03:06:52,000 --> 03:06:55,000
These things are not guaranteed 
to everyone, your fortunate in 

3513
03:06:55,000 --> 03:06:58,900
your way. 
The tide begins to turn water 

3514
03:06:58,900 --> 03:07:01,900
creeps back up. 
The mud flats ships, start to 

3515
03:07:01,900 --> 03:07:06,300
float the river fills and Rises 
this transformation happens 

3516
03:07:06,300 --> 03:07:08,700
twice every day. 
It will continue happening. 

3517
03:07:08,700 --> 03:07:11,700
Long after you are gone, the 
thought is both humbling and 

3518
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:14,400
strangely comforting you rise 
from the stairs. 

3519
03:07:14,400 --> 03:07:16,700
And begin walking home. 
The Familiar streets. 

3520
03:07:16,700 --> 03:07:19,600
Receive you Windows glow with 
lamp light. 

3521
03:07:19,600 --> 03:07:23,300
As evening, approaches smoke, 
rises from chimneys, the 

3522
03:07:23,300 --> 03:07:25,700
neighborhood, settles into its 
evening routines. 

3523
03:07:25,700 --> 03:07:29,000
You are part of this place? 
It is part of you. 

3524
03:07:29,900 --> 03:07:32,900
Your room Waits above the 
Chandler shop, the bed, with its

3525
03:07:32,900 --> 03:07:36,600
tobacco centered blanket, the 
table with its candle and few 

3526
03:07:36,600 --> 03:07:38,900
possession. 
The window looking out over the 

3527
03:07:38,900 --> 03:07:41,600
street. 
This small space has sheltered 

3528
03:07:41,600 --> 03:07:45,400
you through seasons and years. 
It is enough light. 

3529
03:07:45,400 --> 03:07:48,000
The candle and sit for a while, 
thinking about nothing in 

3530
03:07:48,000 --> 03:07:50,300
particular. 
Tomorrow will bring another day 

3531
03:07:50,300 --> 03:07:53,200
of work. 
Ship's will arrive, cargo will 

3532
03:07:53,200 --> 03:07:55,400
be moved. 
The docks will hum with 

3533
03:07:55,400 --> 03:07:57,100
activity. 
You will be there. 

3534
03:07:57,100 --> 03:08:00,700
Doing your part, earning your 
keep living your life. 

3535
03:08:01,400 --> 03:08:04,800
The candle flame flickers 
Shadows, move on the walls 

3536
03:08:04,800 --> 03:08:07,400
outside the sounds of the 
neighborhood. 

3537
03:08:07,400 --> 03:08:12,300
Continued footsteps voices, 
Distant Bells, The Creeks of 

3538
03:08:12,308 --> 03:08:14,700
ships, the Eternal presence of 
the river. 

3539
03:08:14,700 --> 03:08:17,800
These sounds form, the backdrop 
of your existence. 

3540
03:08:17,800 --> 03:08:21,100
They are as familiar as your own
breathing, you blow out the 

3541
03:08:21,100 --> 03:08:25,100
candle and settle into bed. 
Darkness fills the room, your 

3542
03:08:25,100 --> 03:08:29,800
body relaxes muscle by muscle. 
The day releases its hold sleep 

3543
03:08:29,800 --> 03:08:33,300
approaches with gentle 
inevitability tomorrow Waits. 

3544
03:08:33,300 --> 03:08:36,900
But for now, there is only this 
moment, this breath, this 

3545
03:08:36,900 --> 03:08:40,100
heartbeat, this simple piece at 
the end of another day. 

3546
03:08:40,100 --> 03:08:43,200
In London's docklands, the tide 
turns again Somewhere in the 

3547
03:08:43,200 --> 03:08:46,700
Night water rises and Falls. 
According to ancient rhythms, 

3548
03:08:46,700 --> 03:08:50,000
the moon pulls at the ocean. 
The ocean pushes at the river, 

3549
03:08:50,000 --> 03:08:53,500
the river flows, past your 
window, while you sleep and in 

3550
03:08:53,500 --> 03:08:57,500
the morning, when light returns 
everything will Begin Again, the

3551
03:08:57,500 --> 03:09:01,200
work the wages, the endless 
cycle of Commerce and survival, 

3552
03:09:01,200 --> 03:09:04,500
this is your life. 
This is always been your life. 

3553
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:07,900
And for now in this moment 
before sleep claims, you 

3554
03:09:07,900 --> 03:09:19,800
completely that is enough. 
You're about to step back. 7th, 

3555
03:09:19,800 --> 03:09:21,900
centuries to a world where your 
teenage years meant something 

3556
03:09:21,900 --> 03:09:23,700
entirely different than they do 
today. 

3557
03:09:24,700 --> 03:09:27,700
The rhythm of medieval village 
life shaped every moment from 

3558
03:09:27,700 --> 03:09:30,800
dawn until the Stars appeared 
over thatched roofs. 

3559
03:09:30,800 --> 03:09:33,900
This is your story of growing up
in that distant time. 

3560
03:09:35,100 --> 03:09:37,700
The rooster announces Dawn, with
his usual, lack of consideration

3561
03:09:37,700 --> 03:09:41,300
for anyone still dreaming? 
He open your eyes to find Pale 

3562
03:09:41,300 --> 03:09:43,300
Light filtering through the gaps
in the shutters. 

3563
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:46,700
The wooden slats never quite fit
perfectly against the window 

3564
03:09:46,700 --> 03:09:49,300
frame, every single morning 
brings this same. 

3565
03:09:49,300 --> 03:09:52,500
Gentle introduction to the day. 
You can hear the rooster 

3566
03:09:52,500 --> 03:09:54,100
continuing his announcement 
outside. 

3567
03:09:54,100 --> 03:09:57,200
He sounds particularly 
enthusiastic this morning. 

3568
03:09:58,100 --> 03:10:00,200
Perhaps, he has forgotten that 
everyone already heard him. 

3569
03:10:00,200 --> 03:10:03,400
The first time, your bed 
consists of a straw filled 

3570
03:10:03,400 --> 03:10:06,800
mattress that crackles whenever 
you shift position, the fabric 

3571
03:10:06,800 --> 03:10:09,400
covering has been patched so 
many times that finding the 

3572
03:10:09,400 --> 03:10:12,800
original cloth would require a 
detailed investigation, your 

3573
03:10:12,800 --> 03:10:14,500
mother. 
So the latest patch just last 

3574
03:10:14,500 --> 03:10:18,100
week using a scrap from an old 
tunic sometime during the night.

3575
03:10:18,100 --> 03:10:19,400
You kicked off the Woolen 
blanket. 

3576
03:10:19,400 --> 03:10:21,700
It now lies in a heap, near your
feet. 

3577
03:10:21,708 --> 03:10:25,200
Looking to detected the summer 
air feels warm enough without 

3578
03:10:25,200 --> 03:10:28,300
its scratchy embrace. 
The cottage smells like wood 

3579
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:30,700
smoke and all that, and the 
faint. 

3580
03:10:30,700 --> 03:10:35,100
Sweetness of dried herbs hanging
from the rafters, Your mother 

3581
03:10:35,108 --> 03:10:37,800
started the fire in the central 
half before Dawn broke. 

3582
03:10:37,800 --> 03:10:42,000
She always does this the smoke 
drifts upward toward the hole in

3583
03:10:42,000 --> 03:10:43,700
the roof that serves as your own
chimney? 

3584
03:10:43,700 --> 03:10:46,500
Most of it escapes into the 
morning sky. 

3585
03:10:47,200 --> 03:10:50,500
Some of it does not your eye, 
stings slightly from the 

3586
03:10:50,500 --> 03:10:53,500
lingering Haze. 
You sit up slowly and carefully 

3587
03:10:53,500 --> 03:10:57,100
your back makes a small popping 
sound that reminds you of 

3588
03:10:57,108 --> 03:10:59,800
yesterday's work in the fields. 
14. 

3589
03:10:59,800 --> 03:11:03,000
Somers have passed since you 
were born into this world, that 

3590
03:11:03,000 --> 03:11:05,400
makes you almost an adult by the
standards of your village 

3591
03:11:05,400 --> 03:11:09,600
almost, but not quite you exist 
in that strange Territory 

3592
03:11:09,600 --> 03:11:11,800
between childhood and full 
responsibility. 

3593
03:11:12,600 --> 03:11:16,100
Floor beneath your bare feet 
consists of packed Earth, mixed 

3594
03:11:16,100 --> 03:11:19,700
with fresh straw and rushes. 
Your mother replaces, the 

3595
03:11:19,700 --> 03:11:22,700
rushes, every few weeks. 
When they become too soiled or 

3596
03:11:22,700 --> 03:11:25,600
start to smell too strongly of 
the daily traffic passing over 

3597
03:11:25,600 --> 03:11:28,400
them today. 
They feel relatively fresh onto 

3598
03:11:28,400 --> 03:11:30,900
your toes. 
Small mercies make life 

3599
03:11:30,900 --> 03:11:34,400
bearable, your clothing Waits on
a wooden Peg driven into the 

3600
03:11:34,400 --> 03:11:37,900
wall beside your sleeping area. 
The tunic is made from undyed 

3601
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:40,900
wool that has turned a sort of 
grayish Brown from countless 

3602
03:11:40,900 --> 03:11:42,500
wearing and washing in the 
Stream. 

3603
03:11:42,500 --> 03:11:45,300
You pull it over your head in 
one practice motion. 

3604
03:11:46,200 --> 03:11:49,200
The fabric feels rough against 
your skin in that familiar. 

3605
03:11:49,200 --> 03:11:52,900
Way you have known since early 
childhood comfort and medieval 

3606
03:11:52,900 --> 03:11:56,000
clothing, rarely occupied. 
The same sentence, you have 

3607
03:11:56,000 --> 03:12:00,300
accepted this reality. 
Next come the hose, these will 

3608
03:12:00,300 --> 03:12:02,700
in leg coverings require a 
certain amount of determination 

3609
03:12:02,700 --> 03:12:05,900
and occasional cursing to put on
properly each morning. 

3610
03:12:05,900 --> 03:12:08,600
You tie them to your belt with 
leather points. 

3611
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:11,900
That thread carefully, through 
small holes, one of the points 

3612
03:12:11,900 --> 03:12:16,200
broke last week during a moment 
of careless, pulling Your 

3613
03:12:16,200 --> 03:12:18,600
father, replaced it with a strip
of cloth that works well enough,

3614
03:12:18,600 --> 03:12:21,900
but looks slightly ridiculous. 
You have learned, not to care 

3615
03:12:21,900 --> 03:12:24,800
about such things. 
Vanity serves no practical 

3616
03:12:24,800 --> 03:12:27,800
purpose in Village Life. 
Your shoes are made of leather. 

3617
03:12:27,800 --> 03:12:30,400
So thin you can feel every 
Pebble beneath your feet. 

3618
03:12:30,400 --> 03:12:33,600
When you walk the village paths,
the souls have been repaired 

3619
03:12:33,600 --> 03:12:36,600
three times already this year. 
Soon, they will need replacing 

3620
03:12:36,600 --> 03:12:39,400
entirely. 
That means saving up coins for a

3621
03:12:39,400 --> 03:12:41,900
visit to The Cobbler. 
That means months of careful 

3622
03:12:41,900 --> 03:12:44,300
planning and doing without other
small luxuries. 

3623
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:47,500
The cottage contains exactly one
room. 

3624
03:12:47,500 --> 03:12:51,000
Your parents sleep on one side 
near the far wall, where they 

3625
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:54,200
can tend the fire during cold 
nights you and your younger 

3626
03:12:54,200 --> 03:12:57,000
sibling, share the other side in
a jumbled arrangement of body's 

3627
03:12:57,000 --> 03:12:59,800
and blankets. 
Privacy remains a concept that 

3628
03:12:59,800 --> 03:13:02,000
will not become fashionable for 
several more centuries. 

3629
03:13:02,000 --> 03:13:05,400
Everyone sees everything that 
happens within these four walls.

3630
03:13:05,400 --> 03:13:08,300
Everyone hears every 
conversation and argument and 

3631
03:13:08,300 --> 03:13:10,300
snore. 
You have grown accustomed to 

3632
03:13:10,300 --> 03:13:12,100
this rangement out of pure 
necessity. 

3633
03:13:12,100 --> 03:13:14,700
Your mother stands by the fire 
stirring. 

3634
03:13:14,700 --> 03:13:18,300
Something in the large iron pot.
Porridge most likely she makes 

3635
03:13:18,300 --> 03:13:22,300
it every single morning without 
fail or variation, oats mixed 

3636
03:13:22,300 --> 03:13:24,200
with water and perhaps a pinch 
of salt. 

3637
03:13:24,200 --> 03:13:27,300
If the family finances allow for
such luxuries this particular 

3638
03:13:27,300 --> 03:13:31,400
week, Smell of it, fills the 
cottage with a bland but 

3639
03:13:31,400 --> 03:13:35,200
comforting aroma. 
Steam Rises and gentle curls 

3640
03:13:35,200 --> 03:13:38,500
from the pot surface, she 
glances up when you approach the

3641
03:13:38,508 --> 03:13:41,200
Hearth area. 
Her face shows the tiredness of 

3642
03:13:41,200 --> 03:13:44,500
early Rising but also quiet 
contentment with the familiar 

3643
03:13:44,500 --> 03:13:46,800
routine. 
She tells you to fetch water 

3644
03:13:46,800 --> 03:13:49,600
from the well before you do 
anything else, this qualifies, 

3645
03:13:49,600 --> 03:13:52,800
as your first task of every 
single day, without exception, 

3646
03:13:52,800 --> 03:13:54,900
the wooden bucket Waits by the 
door. 

3647
03:13:54,900 --> 03:13:58,100
Exactly where it always waits 
you pick it up, feeling the 

3648
03:13:58,100 --> 03:14:01,700
smoothness of the handle worn 
down by thousands of trips to 

3649
03:14:01,700 --> 03:14:05,500
the well and back, we step out 
into the Morning, Light The 

3650
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:07,600
Village spreads before you in 
all its muddy. 

3651
03:14:07,600 --> 03:14:11,800
Glory Cottages cluster together 
along a single dirt road that 

3652
03:14:11,800 --> 03:14:14,000
turns into a river of sticky 
Brown soup. 

3653
03:14:14,000 --> 03:14:15,900
Whenever it rains for more than 
a few hours. 

3654
03:14:17,000 --> 03:14:19,600
Chickens wander freely between 
the buildings pecking at the 

3655
03:14:19,600 --> 03:14:23,400
ground with eternal optimism. 
A pig, Roots enthusiastically 

3656
03:14:23,400 --> 03:14:25,700
through, someone's refuse pile, 
looking for Treasures. 

3657
03:14:26,500 --> 03:14:28,600
The smell of manure. 
Hangs in the air like an 

3658
03:14:28,600 --> 03:14:31,200
Uninvited Guest. 
Who refuses to leave? 

3659
03:14:31,200 --> 03:14:32,700
No matter how many hints you 
drop. 

3660
03:14:34,300 --> 03:14:37,000
The well sits in the center of 
the village at the intersection 

3661
03:14:37,000 --> 03:14:39,300
where two paths crossed you 
join. 

3662
03:14:39,300 --> 03:14:41,500
Three other people already 
waiting their turn in the 

3663
03:14:41,500 --> 03:14:44,200
morning ritual. 
Everyone exchanges quiet 

3664
03:14:44,200 --> 03:14:47,300
greeting with without much 
enthusiasm mornings, 10 towards 

3665
03:14:47,300 --> 03:14:50,400
silence in your community. 
People wake slowly. 

3666
03:14:50,400 --> 03:14:53,800
Here, speech requires energy, 
that takes time to gather. 

3667
03:14:54,400 --> 03:14:57,200
The water comes up cold and 
beautifully, clear from deep 

3668
03:14:57,200 --> 03:14:59,900
underground. 
You fill your bucket carefully 

3669
03:14:59,900 --> 03:15:01,600
trying not to spill a single 
drop. 

3670
03:15:01,600 --> 03:15:03,800
Spilling means making a second 
trip. 

3671
03:15:03,800 --> 03:15:07,200
Two trips before breakfast would
start the day on entirely the 

3672
03:15:07,200 --> 03:15:10,700
wrong footing, you carry the 
Full Bucket back to your cottage

3673
03:15:10,700 --> 03:15:14,100
with both hands wrapped around 
the handle, your mother accepts 

3674
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:16,000
the water with a brief nod of 
acknowledgment. 

3675
03:15:16,000 --> 03:15:20,100
She Ladle some into the pot for 
the porridge the rest goes into 

3676
03:15:20,100 --> 03:15:22,800
the large clay vessel that 
stands in the shadowy corner. 

3677
03:15:22,800 --> 03:15:26,100
This vessel holds your family's 
drinking and cooking water 

3678
03:15:26,100 --> 03:15:28,200
throughout the day. 
It needs refilling. 

3679
03:15:28,200 --> 03:15:31,800
Several times between Dawn and 
darkness breakfast arrives in 

3680
03:15:31,808 --> 03:15:33,700
wooden bowls warned Smooth by 
years. 

3681
03:15:33,700 --> 03:15:36,000
Of use the porridge tastes 
exactly. 

3682
03:15:36,000 --> 03:15:38,700
Like every other morning's 
porridge for the past 14 years, 

3683
03:15:38,700 --> 03:15:42,300
Bland, but filling sustenance 
rather than pleasure. 

3684
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:46,300
You eat slowly letting each 
spoonful settle your father, 

3685
03:15:46,300 --> 03:15:49,000
eats quickly, and efficiently, 
like a man with many tasks 

3686
03:15:49,000 --> 03:15:51,400
ahead. 
Then he heads out to the fields 

3687
03:15:51,400 --> 03:15:54,900
without ceremony, he tends 
strips of Land scattered 

3688
03:15:54,900 --> 03:15:57,500
throughout the Village's 
complicated open field system. 

3689
03:15:57,500 --> 03:16:01,600
The Lord owns the actual land. 
Your father Works in exchange 

3690
03:16:01,600 --> 03:16:03,900
for the right to keep some 
portion of what he manages to 

3691
03:16:03,900 --> 03:16:06,200
grow. 
You have, perhaps 10 minutes 

3692
03:16:06,200 --> 03:16:08,000
before your own work, begins at 
the Smithy. 

3693
03:16:08,000 --> 03:16:10,800
You spend them sitting on the 
wooden bench outside your 

3694
03:16:10,800 --> 03:16:14,000
cottage door. 
The sun climbs, higher above the

3695
03:16:14,000 --> 03:16:16,900
Horizon painting, the sky in 
shades of pink and gold. 

3696
03:16:16,900 --> 03:16:20,200
The Village comes fully awake 
around you in gradual stages. 

3697
03:16:20,200 --> 03:16:23,300
Dogs bark, territorial warnings 
as each other. 

3698
03:16:24,100 --> 03:16:26,900
Children run past chasing each 
other in some game only. 

3699
03:16:26,900 --> 03:16:29,200
They understand somewhere 
nearby. 

3700
03:16:29,200 --> 03:16:31,200
Someone argues loudly about a 
lost tool. 

3701
03:16:31,200 --> 03:16:35,900
This moment of quiet observation
feels precious and rare soon 

3702
03:16:35,900 --> 03:16:38,700
enough, the day will demand your
complete attention and physical 

3703
03:16:38,700 --> 03:16:41,200
effort. 
For now you simply watch the 

3704
03:16:41,200 --> 03:16:43,600
world organized itself into its 
daily patterns. 

3705
03:16:43,600 --> 03:16:47,200
The baker likes, his oven, The 
Smith's Apprentice before you 

3706
03:16:47,200 --> 03:16:49,300
probably already started pumping
the bellows. 

3707
03:16:50,200 --> 03:16:52,700
The priests of merges from the 
church, to ring the morning 

3708
03:16:52,700 --> 03:16:55,200
Bell, everything happens in its 
proper order. 

3709
03:16:56,100 --> 03:16:58,800
Small girl runs past. 
Clutching a doll made from straw

3710
03:16:58,800 --> 03:17:00,600
and rags. 
She trips over. 

3711
03:17:00,600 --> 03:17:03,200
Absolutely nothing and false 
sprawling in the dirt. 

3712
03:17:03,900 --> 03:17:07,000
She picks herself up without 
crying and continues running as 

3713
03:17:07,000 --> 03:17:09,800
though nothing happened. 
Children in your village, learn 

3714
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:12,500
early, that minor injuries 
deserve no particular attention.

3715
03:17:12,500 --> 03:17:17,400
You smile at her resilience. 
The church bell rings out across

3716
03:17:17,400 --> 03:17:19,900
the village marking the official
start of the Working Day. 

3717
03:17:19,900 --> 03:17:22,600
You stand up from your bench and
stretch your arms. 

3718
03:17:22,600 --> 03:17:26,000
Above your head, your stomach 
feels comfortably, full, your 

3719
03:17:26,000 --> 03:17:29,300
body feels rested enough. 
Time to begin your 

3720
03:17:29,300 --> 03:17:31,100
apprenticeship duties at the 
forge. 

3721
03:17:31,100 --> 03:17:34,400
Your apprenticeship began two 
years ago, when you turned 12 

3722
03:17:34,400 --> 03:17:37,400
Summers old, the blacksmith 
agreed to take you on after 

3723
03:17:37,400 --> 03:17:40,200
lengthy negotiations between 
your father and him that lasted 

3724
03:17:40,200 --> 03:17:42,800
several weeks. 
The arrangement works like this 

3725
03:17:42,800 --> 03:17:46,400
in its basic form, you learn a 
valuable trade that will support

3726
03:17:46,400 --> 03:17:49,100
you for life. 
The blacksmith gets free labor 

3727
03:17:49,100 --> 03:17:51,300
for several years, everyone 
pretends. 

3728
03:17:51,300 --> 03:17:54,700
This represents a fair exchange,
nobody complains about the 

3729
03:17:54,700 --> 03:17:57,500
obvious imbalance, the Smithy 
stands at the edge of the 

3730
03:17:57,508 --> 03:17:59,600
Village near the road that leads
to the next town. 

3731
03:17:59,600 --> 03:18:02,600
Several miles distant, the 
building is larger than most 

3732
03:18:02,600 --> 03:18:04,600
cottages and entirely open on 
one side. 

3733
03:18:04,600 --> 03:18:08,300
To let the tremendous heater 
escape, the forge glows, red, 

3734
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:10,100
even from a considerable 
distance. 

3735
03:18:10,100 --> 03:18:13,000
You can feel the warmth 
radiating outward as you 

3736
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:15,500
approached down the path. 
The blacksmith arrived before 

3737
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:17,300
you as he always does. 
Without exception. 

3738
03:18:18,200 --> 03:18:20,200
He stands at the Anvil. 
Already hammering a piece of 

3739
03:18:20,200 --> 03:18:22,200
metal that glows orange, with 
intense Heat. 

3740
03:18:23,000 --> 03:18:26,400
The ringing sound of his hammer 
striking the Anvil Echoes across

3741
03:18:26,400 --> 03:18:28,700
the village. 
Like a second alarm clock, this 

3742
03:18:28,700 --> 03:18:31,300
sound serves as familiar 
background music to Village 

3743
03:18:31,300 --> 03:18:33,700
Life. 
When the ringing stops people, 

3744
03:18:33,700 --> 03:18:36,400
notice the unusual silence. 
He looks up. 

3745
03:18:36,400 --> 03:18:39,600
When you enter the work area, 
his face is permanently reddened

3746
03:18:39,600 --> 03:18:41,400
from years of working near 
intense Heat. 

3747
03:18:42,200 --> 03:18:45,200
So darkens his skin in a regular
patches that shift location 

3748
03:18:45,200 --> 03:18:47,500
daily. 
His leather apron shows, 

3749
03:18:47,500 --> 03:18:50,700
countless burn marks and Scorch 
spots accumulated over decades. 

3750
03:18:51,700 --> 03:18:53,300
He grunts a greeting that might 
mean Hello? 

3751
03:18:53,300 --> 03:18:55,200
Or might mean get to work 
immediately. 

3752
03:18:56,500 --> 03:18:59,200
You have learned to interpret 
his minimal Communications. 

3753
03:18:59,200 --> 03:19:01,800
Your first task involves 
working, the large leather 

3754
03:19:01,800 --> 03:19:05,200
Bellows, this contraption pumps 
air into the forge to make the 

3755
03:19:05,200 --> 03:19:07,000
fire burn hot enough to soften 
iron. 

3756
03:19:07,700 --> 03:19:09,300
You grab the smooth, wooden 
handles. 

3757
03:19:09,300 --> 03:19:11,800
And begin the rhythmic pushing 
and pulling that you could 

3758
03:19:11,800 --> 03:19:15,200
probably do in your sleep. 
By now, the Bellows wheeze with 

3759
03:19:15,200 --> 03:19:18,400
each compression. 
Like an old man climbing stairs 

3760
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:22,400
air rushes in to the glowing 
coals the fire responds by 

3761
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:24,700
burning brighter and hotter. 
This works. 

3762
03:19:24,700 --> 03:19:28,000
Sounds simple when described in 
words it is absolutely not 

3763
03:19:28,000 --> 03:19:30,500
simple. 
In practice, the Bellows require

3764
03:19:30,500 --> 03:19:33,600
constant attention and 
significant arms strength that 

3765
03:19:33,600 --> 03:19:36,400
you did not possess. 
When you first started, you 

3766
03:19:36,400 --> 03:19:39,600
pumped them for what feels like 
hours but is probably closer to 

3767
03:19:39,608 --> 03:19:42,600
20 minutes. 
Your shoulders begin to ache 

3768
03:19:42,600 --> 03:19:45,200
with familiar discomfort. 
You ignore it completely 

3769
03:19:45,200 --> 03:19:48,700
complaining to the blacksmith 
would accomplish nothing except 

3770
03:19:48,700 --> 03:19:51,400
possibly earning you additional,
tedious work as punishment. 

3771
03:19:52,400 --> 03:19:55,000
The heat from the forge washes 
over, you invisible waves. 

3772
03:19:55,000 --> 03:19:58,300
Some are Mornings in the Smithy 
can become almost unbearable 

3773
03:19:58,300 --> 03:20:01,400
without any Breeze, winter 
mornings, feel surprisingly 

3774
03:20:01,400 --> 03:20:03,300
pleasant. 
When the cold outside makes the 

3775
03:20:03,308 --> 03:20:05,200
heat. 
Welcome, you have learned to 

3776
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:07,900
appreciate seasonal balance in 
unexpected ways. 

3777
03:20:09,300 --> 03:20:11,800
The blacksmith pulls a piece of 
iron from the fire using 

3778
03:20:11,800 --> 03:20:14,800
long-handled tongs. 
He places it carefully on the 

3779
03:20:14,800 --> 03:20:17,700
Anvil and begins hammering it 
into a new shape with powerful 

3780
03:20:17,700 --> 03:20:21,700
strikes, Sparks Fly with each 
impact scattering across the 

3781
03:20:21,700 --> 03:20:23,700
floor. 
Like tiny shooting stars. 

3782
03:20:23,700 --> 03:20:27,400
The metal gradually transforms 
from a rough bar into something 

3783
03:20:27,400 --> 03:20:29,200
that begins to resemble a door 
hinge. 

3784
03:20:30,100 --> 03:20:33,000
A process requires skill that 
your slowly acquiring through 

3785
03:20:33,000 --> 03:20:36,300
observation and increasingly 
through practice, he finishes 

3786
03:20:36,300 --> 03:20:38,400
the piece and plunges it into 
the water barrel. 

3787
03:20:39,200 --> 03:20:42,300
Steam, erupts with a loud, 
hissing sound the metal turns 

3788
03:20:42,300 --> 03:20:44,600
from glowing, orange to dull, 
gray in seconds. 

3789
03:20:44,600 --> 03:20:48,300
He sets it aside to finish 
cooling and then hands, you the 

3790
03:20:48,300 --> 03:20:50,900
tongs with a meaningful. 
Look, this gesture means. 

3791
03:20:50,900 --> 03:20:53,100
It is your turn, to try your 
developing skills. 

3792
03:20:53,100 --> 03:20:56,600
You select a piece of scrap iron
from the carefully sorted pile, 

3793
03:20:56,600 --> 03:21:00,000
the blacksmith waste. 
Absolutely nothing in his work. 

3794
03:21:00,000 --> 03:21:03,300
Even the smallest scraps of 
eventually get repurposed into 

3795
03:21:03,300 --> 03:21:06,100
something useful. 
You hold the iron in the fire 

3796
03:21:06,100 --> 03:21:08,900
using the tongs until it glows 
exactly the right color. 

3797
03:21:09,900 --> 03:21:12,400
Judging the temperature 
correctly, took you many months 

3798
03:21:12,400 --> 03:21:14,800
to learn through trial and error
to cool. 

3799
03:21:14,800 --> 03:21:18,200
And the metal will not shape 
properly under the hammer too 

3800
03:21:18,200 --> 03:21:20,500
hot and it becomes brittle and 
might crack or break. 

3801
03:21:21,100 --> 03:21:23,500
You pull it out when the color 
matches, what the blacksmith 

3802
03:21:23,500 --> 03:21:25,300
painstakingly taught you to 
watch for? 

3803
03:21:26,200 --> 03:21:28,000
The Anvil Waits solid and 
patient. 

3804
03:21:28,000 --> 03:21:31,500
You place the glowing iron on 
its flat surface and pick up the

3805
03:21:31,500 --> 03:21:33,500
smaller Hammer, reserved for 
Apprentice work. 

3806
03:21:34,200 --> 03:21:36,800
Your strikes lack, the 
blacksmith's, confident, Rhythm 

3807
03:21:36,800 --> 03:21:40,400
and power, the metal shapes 
itself slowly and what unevenly 

3808
03:21:40,400 --> 03:21:43,600
under your less experienced 
hand, the blacksmith watches 

3809
03:21:43,600 --> 03:21:46,900
without comment or expression. 
He will tell you immediately, if

3810
03:21:46,900 --> 03:21:49,800
you're doing something 
dangerously wrong, otherwise he 

3811
03:21:49,800 --> 03:21:52,200
lets you learn through direct 
experience and occasional 

3812
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:54,200
failure. 
This particular piece will 

3813
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:57,200
eventually become a simple nail,
The Village always needs more 

3814
03:21:57,200 --> 03:22:00,100
nails for construction and 
repairs, you hammer, and then 

3815
03:22:00,100 --> 03:22:03,500
reheat, and then Hammer again. 
The work settles into a 

3816
03:22:03,500 --> 03:22:06,700
meditative pattern that empties 
your mind, strike the metal, 

3817
03:22:06,700 --> 03:22:11,200
watch it to form slightly reheat
when it cools too much Striker 

3818
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:14,200
again. 
Your Consciousness Narrows to 

3819
03:22:14,200 --> 03:22:18,200
just this simple repetitive 
tasks, your mind wanders while 

3820
03:22:18,200 --> 03:22:20,200
your hands continue their 
practice work. 

3821
03:22:20,200 --> 03:22:23,400
You think about the girl who 
lives three Cottages down from 

3822
03:22:23,400 --> 03:22:25,600
yours. 
She works as a Weaver's, 

3823
03:22:25,600 --> 03:22:27,500
Apprentice learning to create 
cloth from thread. 

3824
03:22:27,500 --> 03:22:31,100
You see her sometimes at the 
well drawing water or during 

3825
03:22:31,100 --> 03:22:32,800
Village Gatherings on Festival 
days. 

3826
03:22:32,800 --> 03:22:36,000
She has dark hair that she keeps
covered with a linen cloth as 

3827
03:22:36,000 --> 03:22:38,400
unmarried. 
Girls must a smile appears 

3828
03:22:38,400 --> 03:22:42,400
rarely but lights up her entire 
face when it does appear you 

3829
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:44,500
have never spoken more than a 
few words to her. 

3830
03:22:44,500 --> 03:22:47,400
The blacksmith clears, his 
throat loudly and deliberately 

3831
03:22:47,400 --> 03:22:50,400
you realize with embarrassment 
that you have been staring at 

3832
03:22:50,400 --> 03:22:52,500
the piece of iron without 
actually working it for. 

3833
03:22:52,500 --> 03:22:56,300
Who knows how long He raises one
skeptical, eyebrow in your 

3834
03:22:56,308 --> 03:22:59,600
direction, you return your full 
attention to the task with 

3835
03:22:59,600 --> 03:23:02,700
renewed focus and slightly 
burning cheeks the morning, 

3836
03:23:02,700 --> 03:23:05,300
progresses through various 
projects in steady succession. 

3837
03:23:05,300 --> 03:23:08,700
You practice making more Nails 
until you have created a small 

3838
03:23:08,700 --> 03:23:11,800
respectable pile. 
The repetitive motion becomes 

3839
03:23:11,800 --> 03:23:17,300
almost meditative Hammer, reheat
Hammer shape each nail slightly 

3840
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:20,300
better than the last. 
You help repair a broken plow 

3841
03:23:20,300 --> 03:23:21,600
blade that are frustrated 
farmer. 

3842
03:23:21,600 --> 03:23:24,900
Brought in yesterday afternoon, 
the metal shows stress fractures

3843
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:28,000
that need careful attention. 
You hold pieces steady while the

3844
03:23:28,000 --> 03:23:30,400
blacksmith welds them together 
in the intense heat. 

3845
03:23:30,400 --> 03:23:34,200
You sort through the scrap pile,
organizing Pieces by size and 

3846
03:23:34,208 --> 03:23:37,200
type and potential. 
Use the blacksmith works on a 

3847
03:23:37,208 --> 03:23:39,400
special commission that someone 
from the manor house. 

3848
03:23:39,400 --> 03:23:42,400
Ordered last month, decorative 
iron, brackets, for a new 

3849
03:23:42,408 --> 03:23:45,600
building under construction. 
These require more artistic 

3850
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:47,800
skills and simple tools or Basic
Nails. 

3851
03:23:47,800 --> 03:23:51,200
You watch, whenever you can 
stealing glimpses of technique. 

3852
03:23:52,200 --> 03:23:55,000
Around midday the blacksmith's, 
wife appears carrying a basket? 

3853
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:58,800
She brings thick slices of bread
and hard cheese and a ceramic 

3854
03:23:58,800 --> 03:24:01,800
jug of weak ale. 
You eat sitting on a rough bench

3855
03:24:01,800 --> 03:24:04,800
outside the Smithy in the shade,
the food tastes better than it, 

3856
03:24:04,800 --> 03:24:08,400
probably deserves to hard, 
physical labor makes absolutely 

3857
03:24:08,400 --> 03:24:11,400
everything more delicious. 
Your stomach growls 

3858
03:24:11,400 --> 03:24:14,800
appreciation, the blacksmith 
speaks more during meals than at

3859
03:24:14,800 --> 03:24:17,100
any other time. 
He tells you about the time he 

3860
03:24:17,100 --> 03:24:20,400
accidentally set his previous 
apprentices hair on fire through

3861
03:24:20,400 --> 03:24:24,900
careless, handling of hot metal.
The story ends with reassurances

3862
03:24:24,900 --> 03:24:27,600
that The Apprentice recovered 
fully and went on to become a 

3863
03:24:27,608 --> 03:24:31,400
successful blacksmith in the 
next County over you remain, not

3864
03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:34,200
entirely sure whether this tale 
is meant to be encouraging or 

3865
03:24:34,200 --> 03:24:35,800
cautionary. 
Possibly. 

3866
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:39,500
Both after eating, you return to
the afternoon's, work more 

3867
03:24:39,500 --> 03:24:43,500
Bellows pumping, more practice 
pieces, more sorting and careful

3868
03:24:43,500 --> 03:24:46,400
organizing. 
The repetitive nature of the 

3869
03:24:46,400 --> 03:24:48,200
work, would bore some people to 
tears. 

3870
03:24:48,200 --> 03:24:50,900
You find it. 
Oddly satisfying in ways. 

3871
03:24:50,900 --> 03:24:53,300
You cannot quite explain each 
small skill. 

3872
03:24:53,300 --> 03:24:56,300
You master brings you closer to 
actually being useful at this 

3873
03:24:56,300 --> 03:24:59,100
ancient trade. 
The blacksmith, lets you attempt

3874
03:24:59,100 --> 03:25:02,600
a more complex piece later in 
the afternoon, a simple knife 

3875
03:25:02,600 --> 03:25:05,300
blade, this requires more 
Precision than Nails. 

3876
03:25:05,300 --> 03:25:07,800
The metal must be hammered to 
the right thickness. 

3877
03:25:07,800 --> 03:25:09,900
The Edge must be shaped 
correctly. 

3878
03:25:09,900 --> 03:25:13,800
The whole piece, must remain 
symmetrical, you work, slowly, 

3879
03:25:13,800 --> 03:25:17,300
and carefully under his watchful
eye, the blade emerges from your

3880
03:25:17,300 --> 03:25:19,100
efforts. 
Looking what crude, but 

3881
03:25:19,100 --> 03:25:23,000
undeniably functional. 
The blacksmith examines. 

3882
03:25:23,000 --> 03:25:26,300
It carefully turning it over in 
his scarred weathered hands, he 

3883
03:25:26,300 --> 03:25:28,600
runs his thumb along the edge 
testing its straightness. 

3884
03:25:28,600 --> 03:25:31,900
He grunts something that might 
be approval or might be neutral 

3885
03:25:31,900 --> 03:25:34,500
assessment. 
He sets it aside for grinding 

3886
03:25:34,500 --> 03:25:38,200
and sharpening later your chest 
swells with quiet Pride at this 

3887
03:25:38,200 --> 03:25:42,100
small accomplishment, this 
represents real progress, six 

3888
03:25:42,100 --> 03:25:43,500
months ago, you could not have 
produced. 

3889
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:46,500
Even this rough Blade? 
The blacksmith returns to his 

3890
03:25:46,500 --> 03:25:49,300
own more complex work. 
You watch him shape a 

3891
03:25:49,300 --> 03:25:51,600
decorative. 
Scroll from glowing iron, his 

3892
03:25:51,600 --> 03:25:54,900
hammer strikes, create a rhythm.
That sounds almost musical each 

3893
03:25:54,900 --> 03:25:58,200
blow lands, exactly where 
intended the metal obeys. 

3894
03:25:58,200 --> 03:26:00,900
His will as though it has no 
choice, you hope to possess even

3895
03:26:00,900 --> 03:26:04,700
half this skills someday. 
As the sun begins, its descent 

3896
03:26:04,700 --> 03:26:07,300
toward evening, the blacksmith 
finally Banks. 

3897
03:26:07,300 --> 03:26:11,100
The forge fire, the Flames will 
stay alive but greatly reduced 

3898
03:26:11,100 --> 03:26:13,900
overnight. 
This saves the considerable work

3899
03:26:13,900 --> 03:26:16,600
of rebuilding the fire 
completely from scratch tomorrow

3900
03:26:16,600 --> 03:26:19,100
morning. 
He dismisses you with his usual 

3901
03:26:19,100 --> 03:26:22,900
economical wave of one hand, you
walk home through the village in

3902
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:25,500
the golden late afternoon. 
Light that makes everything look

3903
03:26:25,500 --> 03:26:28,300
softer. 
Your arms ache pleasantly from 

3904
03:26:28,300 --> 03:26:30,900
the days efforts. 
Your clothes smell strongly of 

3905
03:26:30,908 --> 03:26:34,600
smoke and hot metal and sweat. 
You carry these scents, like, 

3906
03:26:34,600 --> 03:26:37,800
Badges of honest work 
accomplished, Tomorrow we'll 

3907
03:26:37,800 --> 03:26:41,600
bring more of the same the day 
after that will too the pattern 

3908
03:26:41,600 --> 03:26:45,000
continues, endlessly forward the
next morning arrives with 

3909
03:26:45,000 --> 03:26:48,200
unexpected, urgency your father 
shakes, you awake. 

3910
03:26:48,200 --> 03:26:50,700
While the sky still clings to 
the last darkness of night. 

3911
03:26:51,300 --> 03:26:55,000
today, you work in the fields 
instead of at the Smithy Harvest

3912
03:26:55,000 --> 03:26:58,400
time approaches with its usual 
demands, every available hand in

3913
03:26:58,400 --> 03:27:01,000
the village, gets drafted into 
service regardless of other 

3914
03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:03,600
obligations, you dress quickly 
in near total. 

3915
03:27:03,600 --> 03:27:07,600
Darkness, the cool pre-dawn are 
raises immediate Goosebumps on 

3916
03:27:07,600 --> 03:27:10,900
your Exposed Skin, your father 
hands, your piece of bread left 

3917
03:27:10,900 --> 03:27:13,800
over from yesterday's baking. 
You eat it, while walking 

3918
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:16,800
through the silent Village 
toward the waiting Fields, the 

3919
03:27:16,800 --> 03:27:20,700
bread tastes stale, but fills 
your stomach adequately the open

3920
03:27:20,700 --> 03:27:23,600
field system stretches out 
beyond the last Cottages in all 

3921
03:27:23,600 --> 03:27:25,100
directions. 
As far as you can see. 

3922
03:27:26,100 --> 03:27:28,100
Long narrow strips of cultivated
land. 

3923
03:27:28,100 --> 03:27:31,600
Created complex Patchwork of 
different crops at various 

3924
03:27:31,600 --> 03:27:34,500
stages of growth. 
Your family Works several 

3925
03:27:34,500 --> 03:27:37,000
scattered strips awarded through
the villages traditional 

3926
03:27:37,000 --> 03:27:39,800
allocation system. 
This rangeman ensures that 

3927
03:27:39,800 --> 03:27:42,900
everyone receives some portion 
of good fertile, soil and some 

3928
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:46,300
portion of poor rocky soil, 
Fairness through equal 

3929
03:27:46,300 --> 03:27:48,400
distribution of both fortune and
misfortune. 

3930
03:27:49,500 --> 03:27:52,000
Other families arrive at roughly
the same time from different 

3931
03:27:52,000 --> 03:27:54,500
directions. 
People greet each other quietly 

3932
03:27:54,500 --> 03:27:58,500
invoices still thick with sleep.
Tools, get distributed from a 

3933
03:27:58,500 --> 03:28:01,600
communal pile. 
Sharp sides for cutting stalks 

3934
03:28:01,600 --> 03:28:05,200
long, handled rakes for 
Gathering large woven baskets 

3935
03:28:05,200 --> 03:28:08,300
for carrying everything has been
carefully, sharpened and 

3936
03:28:08,300 --> 03:28:11,900
prepared for this crucial work 
period, the wheat Stands Tall 

3937
03:28:11,900 --> 03:28:13,800
and golden in the gradually 
growing light. 

3938
03:28:13,800 --> 03:28:17,600
Each individual stalk bends 
under the weight of heavy grain,

3939
03:28:18,300 --> 03:28:21,300
This crop represents months of 
backbreaking Labor and anxious 

3940
03:28:21,300 --> 03:28:24,400
prayer and desperate. 
Hope a good harvest means your 

3941
03:28:24,400 --> 03:28:27,800
family survives the coming, 
winter with full bellies, a poor

3942
03:28:27,800 --> 03:28:31,400
harvest means hunger and genuine
hardship and possibly worse your

3943
03:28:31,400 --> 03:28:34,400
father shows you the proper 
technique for swinging the side 

3944
03:28:34,400 --> 03:28:38,000
with maximum efficiency, The 
Cutting motion should come from 

3945
03:28:38,000 --> 03:28:40,800
your whole body pivoting, rather
than just your arms pulling. 

3946
03:28:41,500 --> 03:28:44,900
A smooth controlled Arc that 
slices cleanly through multiple 

3947
03:28:44,900 --> 03:28:48,300
Stalks at once you practice 
several times under his patient,

3948
03:28:48,300 --> 03:28:51,900
but critical eye until your four
meets his basic standards. 

3949
03:28:52,700 --> 03:28:54,300
The actual work begins in 
Earnest. 

3950
03:28:54,300 --> 03:28:57,100
When the Sun finally clears, the
Eastern Horizon. 

3951
03:28:57,100 --> 03:29:00,800
You swing the side with 
concentration, cut through the 

3952
03:29:00,800 --> 03:29:04,900
stalks step forward carefully. 
Swing again in the same practice

3953
03:29:04,900 --> 03:29:07,100
motion, the Rhythm becomes 
automatic. 

3954
03:29:07,100 --> 03:29:10,600
After a short while your back 
starts to complain loudly within

3955
03:29:10,600 --> 03:29:13,600
the first hour of work, you 
ignore its protest completely 

3956
03:29:13,600 --> 03:29:15,100
and keep working with without 
pause. 

3957
03:29:16,200 --> 03:29:18,900
The wheat stocks fall in neat, 
organized rows, behind your 

3958
03:29:18,900 --> 03:29:21,300
advancing position. 
Other workers, follow 

3959
03:29:21,300 --> 03:29:22,800
immediately behind you 
Gathering. 

3960
03:29:22,800 --> 03:29:24,700
The cut stalks into manageable 
bundles. 

3961
03:29:24,700 --> 03:29:27,900
These bundles get tied securely 
with Twisted, straw, and then 

3962
03:29:27,908 --> 03:29:31,300
stacked upright, later they will
be loaded onto carts and 

3963
03:29:31,300 --> 03:29:34,100
transported to the barn for the 
threshing process that separates

3964
03:29:34,100 --> 03:29:37,300
grain from chaff. 
Sweat runs down your face and 

3965
03:29:37,300 --> 03:29:39,400
steady streams. 
Despite the early hour. 

3966
03:29:40,000 --> 03:29:41,800
The physical effort required for
this work. 

3967
03:29:41,800 --> 03:29:44,400
Exceeds anything the Smithy has 
ever demanded from you. 

3968
03:29:45,200 --> 03:29:48,000
You understand now on a visceral
level by Harvest time is 

3969
03:29:48,000 --> 03:29:51,400
universally considered the most 
important and simultaneously 

3970
03:29:51,400 --> 03:29:53,800
most difficult period of the 
entire agricultural year. 

3971
03:29:54,600 --> 03:29:57,200
A woman moves through the 
working crowd carrying a large 

3972
03:29:57,200 --> 03:29:59,800
clay jug. 
She offers drinks of water mixed

3973
03:29:59,800 --> 03:30:01,600
with a small amount of vinegar 
to everyone. 

3974
03:30:02,300 --> 03:30:04,800
The combination tastes strange 
and sharp at remarkably 

3975
03:30:04,800 --> 03:30:07,300
refreshing. 
You drink deeply, letting the 

3976
03:30:07,300 --> 03:30:10,200
liquid cool, your parched 
throat, then you immediately 

3977
03:30:10,200 --> 03:30:13,400
returned to the cutting work 
without being told the morning 

3978
03:30:13,400 --> 03:30:17,600
stretches on endlessly. 
Cut step forward, cut again, 

3979
03:30:17,600 --> 03:30:22,200
step cut the pile of harvested 
wheat grows steadily larger 

3980
03:30:22,200 --> 03:30:25,200
behind the advancing line of 
workers your hands, develop 

3981
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:27,800
painful blisters that quickly 
break and begin to sting. 

3982
03:30:27,800 --> 03:30:31,100
You wrap them in strips of cloth
torn from an old tunic and 

3983
03:30:31,100 --> 03:30:32,500
continue working with that 
complaint. 

3984
03:30:32,500 --> 03:30:36,600
Everyone else does exactly the 
same complaining about Minor 

3985
03:30:36,600 --> 03:30:39,100
injuries during Harvest would be
like complaining about rain 

3986
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:41,700
being wet pointless and 
unwelcome. 

3987
03:30:42,500 --> 03:30:45,600
Around what must be midday, 
someone finally calls for a rest

3988
03:30:45,600 --> 03:30:47,700
period. 
You collapse onto the stubbled, 

3989
03:30:47,700 --> 03:30:49,900
ground wherever you happen to be
standing at that moment. 

3990
03:30:50,800 --> 03:30:52,500
The harder for feels 
wonderfully. 

3991
03:30:52,500 --> 03:30:55,900
Solid and blessedly unmoving, 
beneath your exhausted body. 

3992
03:30:56,600 --> 03:30:58,100
You could fall asleep right 
here? 

3993
03:30:58,100 --> 03:31:00,100
Among the weak stubble. 
Without any difficulty 

3994
03:31:00,100 --> 03:31:02,900
whatsoever. 
Food appears as though by Magic 

3995
03:31:02,900 --> 03:31:07,400
thick, slices of bread and hard.
Salty cheese, a bit of smoked 

3996
03:31:07,400 --> 03:31:10,600
fish that tastes of wood and 
Thyme, some early apples from 

3997
03:31:10,600 --> 03:31:13,100
someone's carefully. 
Tended tree you eat without 

3998
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:16,400
really tasting anything. 
Your body needs fuel more than 

3999
03:31:16,400 --> 03:31:19,200
your tongue needs pleasure. 
Everything disappears. 

4000
03:31:19,200 --> 03:31:20,900
Quickly into your grateful 
stomach. 

4001
03:31:21,600 --> 03:31:24,000
The older men sit together 
telling stories, while they eat 

4002
03:31:24,000 --> 03:31:26,400
and rest, Tales of previous 
Harvest. 

4003
03:31:26,400 --> 03:31:29,900
Good and bad, the year, when 
rain came too early and ruined, 

4004
03:31:29,900 --> 03:31:32,300
half the crop before. 
It could be gathered the year, 

4005
03:31:32,300 --> 03:31:34,500
when the wheat grew. 
So, abundantly thick that all 

4006
03:31:34,500 --> 03:31:37,100
the work finished, three full 
days ahead of the usual 

4007
03:31:37,100 --> 03:31:40,000
schedule. 
Every Harvest eventually becomes

4008
03:31:40,000 --> 03:31:42,600
a story that gets retold during 
future Harvest Seasons. 

4009
03:31:42,600 --> 03:31:44,700
This one will join that 
collection of. 

4010
03:31:44,700 --> 03:31:48,000
Eventually you listen to these 
Tales while resting your aching 

4011
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:51,400
muscles, you try very hard not 
to think about the long after 

4012
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:54,000
noon of work still stretching 
ahead like an endless Road. 

4013
03:31:54,900 --> 03:31:57,900
The sun climbs steadily toward 
its peak position in the sky. 

4014
03:31:58,700 --> 03:32:02,200
The heat intensifies noticeably 
with each passing minute, you 

4015
03:32:02,200 --> 03:32:04,700
can feel it pressing down on you
soon enough. 

4016
03:32:04,700 --> 03:32:07,500
Someone will call everyone back 
to their assigned tasks. 

4017
03:32:07,500 --> 03:32:11,200
You Savor these remaining 
moments of rest, the afternoon 

4018
03:32:11,200 --> 03:32:12,900
work proves even harder than the
morning. 

4019
03:32:12,900 --> 03:32:16,300
Somehow you're already tired, 
body protests, every single 

4020
03:32:16,300 --> 03:32:19,800
movement with increasing volume.
The side feels heavier. 

4021
03:32:19,800 --> 03:32:22,800
With each successive. 
Swing your grip slips 

4022
03:32:22,800 --> 03:32:24,600
occasionally from accumulated 
sweat. 

4023
03:32:25,200 --> 03:32:28,400
You develop a mental technique 
of counting to exactly, 100 

4024
03:32:28,400 --> 03:32:30,400
swings. 
And then allowing yourself, one 

4025
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:33,400
brief, pause to catch your 
breath and stretch your aching 

4026
03:32:33,400 --> 03:32:35,600
back. 
This strategy breaks, the 

4027
03:32:35,600 --> 03:32:38,000
endless work into small 
manageable pieces that feel 

4028
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:41,900
slightly less overwhelming. 
Sun beats down relentlessly. 

4029
03:32:41,900 --> 03:32:46,400
There is no shade in the Open 
Fields, No Escape From The Heat.

4030
03:32:47,100 --> 03:32:50,400
Sweat sting your eyes. 
You wipe your face with your 

4031
03:32:50,400 --> 03:32:52,900
sleeve leaving a streak of dirt 
across your forehead. 

4032
03:32:52,900 --> 03:32:56,700
Everyone around, you looks 
equally developed and exhausted.

4033
03:32:56,700 --> 03:32:59,200
A boy. 
Roughly your same age works the 

4034
03:32:59,200 --> 03:33:02,500
adjacent strip of land. 
He makes a joking comment about 

4035
03:33:02,500 --> 03:33:06,400
your cutting technique. 
You respond with an observation 

4036
03:33:06,400 --> 03:33:08,200
about his own less than perfect 
form. 

4037
03:33:08,200 --> 03:33:12,100
This brief exchange of friendly 
insults somehow makes the brutal

4038
03:33:12,100 --> 03:33:15,100
work, feel slightly more 
bearable Shared suffering, 

4039
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:17,300
always weighs less than solitary
struggle. 

4040
03:33:18,100 --> 03:33:21,200
The Sun finally begins its slow 
descent toward the Western 

4041
03:33:21,200 --> 03:33:24,100
Horizon. 
The harsh light turned softer 

4042
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:26,600
and golden long. 
Dramatic Shadows. 

4043
03:33:26,600 --> 03:33:30,100
Stretch across the harvested 
stubble, your father examines 

4044
03:33:30,100 --> 03:33:33,400
the days progress with 
satisfaction visible on his 

4045
03:33:33,400 --> 03:33:35,300
weathered face. 
Good work. 

4046
03:33:35,300 --> 03:33:37,600
He announces to everyone nearby 
tomorrow. 

4047
03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:40,300
You will finish this particular 
strip and move on to the next 

4048
03:33:40,300 --> 03:33:43,300
section. 
The walk back to the Village. 

4049
03:33:43,300 --> 03:33:45,500
Happens in near complete 
silence. 

4050
03:33:45,500 --> 03:33:48,800
Everyone remains too. 
Thoroughly exhausted, for casual

4051
03:33:48,800 --> 03:33:52,300
conversation, you can smell 
evening meals being prepared and

4052
03:33:52,300 --> 03:33:55,600
cottage halves. 
Smoke rises in thin columns, 

4053
03:33:55,600 --> 03:33:58,800
from dozens of roofs. 
The working day is finally 

4054
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:01,500
ending after what felt like 
weeks compressed into hours, 

4055
03:34:01,500 --> 03:34:05,600
your mother has prepared a large
pot of thick pottage vegetables 

4056
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:08,400
and Grains cooked together into 
a filling stew. 

4057
03:34:09,000 --> 03:34:11,900
It tastes like the single best 
thing you have ever consumed in 

4058
03:34:11,908 --> 03:34:14,700
your entire life. 
Hunger, makes an excellent 

4059
03:34:14,700 --> 03:34:16,400
seasoning for even the plainest 
food. 

4060
03:34:17,300 --> 03:34:19,900
After eating sit outside on the 
bench, watching the last 

4061
03:34:19,900 --> 03:34:23,400
remnants of daylight fade away, 
your entire body aches in 

4062
03:34:23,400 --> 03:34:25,000
places. 
You did not previously know 

4063
03:34:25,000 --> 03:34:28,800
could ache tomorrow will bring 
more of exactly the same work 

4064
03:34:28,800 --> 03:34:32,100
and the day after that, and 
probably several more days 

4065
03:34:32,100 --> 03:34:35,300
beyond that. 
Harvest continues relentlessly 

4066
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:37,900
until every last thought, gets 
cut and gathered. 

4067
03:34:38,500 --> 03:34:40,300
But tonight, you simply sit in 
the cooling. 

4068
03:34:40,300 --> 03:34:44,000
Are you feel the gentle breeze 
on your sweat dampened skin? 

4069
03:34:45,100 --> 03:34:46,900
Stars. 
Begin their nightly appearance 

4070
03:34:46,900 --> 03:34:50,300
overhead in the darkening sky. 
Somewhere in the distance, 

4071
03:34:50,300 --> 03:34:52,600
someone plays a simple Melody on
a wooden pipe. 

4072
03:34:52,600 --> 03:34:55,500
The notes drift through the 
evening, like smoke from The 

4073
03:34:55,500 --> 03:34:59,500
Hearth fires like prayers Rising
toward heaven, like hope made 

4074
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:02,500
Audible The Village contains no 
proper School building. 

4075
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:05,700
Most people walking these muddy 
streets cannot read a single 

4076
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:08,400
word. 
This reality does not mean you 

4077
03:35:08,400 --> 03:35:11,500
lack education or knowledge, it 
simply means your learning 

4078
03:35:11,508 --> 03:35:14,500
happens through entirely 
different channels, then it will

4079
03:35:14,500 --> 03:35:16,600
for children. 
Born many centuries from now. 

4080
03:35:17,500 --> 03:35:20,400
The priest possesses literacy. 
Of course, he studied for 

4081
03:35:20,400 --> 03:35:23,000
several years at a monastery 
before, being assigned to serve 

4082
03:35:23,000 --> 03:35:26,200
this small, rural Parish 
Sometimes on Sunday afternoon, 

4083
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:29,600
he gathers willing children and 
attempt to teach them basic 

4084
03:35:29,600 --> 03:35:32,800
prayers and Latin you. 
Repeat the strange foreign words

4085
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:35,000
without understanding most of 
their actual meaning. 

4086
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:38,100
The sounds themselves. 
Carry religious significance 

4087
03:35:38,100 --> 03:35:39,600
beyond their literal 
translation. 

4088
03:35:40,400 --> 03:35:43,700
The Rhythm and repetition create
their own form of meaning the 

4089
03:35:43,700 --> 03:35:46,000
church building stands at one 
end of the village with its 

4090
03:35:46,000 --> 03:35:48,700
stone walls and high thatched 
roof inside. 

4091
03:35:48,700 --> 03:35:51,400
The dim interior smells 
perpetually of incense and 

4092
03:35:51,400 --> 03:35:54,100
burning candle wax and old wood 
images. 

4093
03:35:54,100 --> 03:35:57,100
Painted directly onto the walls.
Tell Bible stories in vivid 

4094
03:35:57,100 --> 03:36:00,200
pictures these colorful scenes 
servers books for those who 

4095
03:36:00,200 --> 03:36:03,800
cannot decipher it and text. 
Stories become accessible 

4096
03:36:03,800 --> 03:36:07,500
through visual representation. 
You learn to recognize different

4097
03:36:07,500 --> 03:36:10,000
Saints by their traditional 
symbols and attributes. 

4098
03:36:10,000 --> 03:36:13,600
Saint, Peter always holds, large
metal keys, representing his 

4099
03:36:13,600 --> 03:36:17,400
role as Heaven's gatekeeper 
Saint Catherine stands beside or

4100
03:36:17,400 --> 03:36:19,800
upon a great wheel referencing 
her martyrdom. 

4101
03:36:19,800 --> 03:36:23,300
Some Christopher carries a small
child across a river, these 

4102
03:36:23,300 --> 03:36:26,600
visual markers help you navigate
the complex religious landscape 

4103
03:36:26,600 --> 03:36:30,200
of your Medieval World. 
Literacy takes many different 

4104
03:36:30,200 --> 03:36:32,200
forms. 
Most of your practical. 

4105
03:36:32,200 --> 03:36:34,700
Education happens through 
apprenticeship and careful 

4106
03:36:34,700 --> 03:36:36,700
observation rather than formal 
instruction. 

4107
03:36:36,700 --> 03:36:39,800
The blacksmith teaches you 
metalworking without ever 

4108
03:36:39,800 --> 03:36:43,300
Consulting a written manual or 
textbook the knowledge passes 

4109
03:36:43,300 --> 03:36:46,800
directly from his experience 
hands to your learning ones 

4110
03:36:46,800 --> 03:36:51,000
through endless demonstration 
and guided practice You absorb 

4111
03:36:51,000 --> 03:36:53,900
skills through repetition rather
than reading. 

4112
03:36:54,700 --> 03:36:57,700
Your mother taught you to 
identify useful plants and herbs

4113
03:36:57,700 --> 03:36:59,500
when you were barely old enough 
to walk steadily. 

4114
03:37:00,400 --> 03:37:03,100
She would take you on long walks
into the surrounding woods and 

4115
03:37:03,100 --> 03:37:05,600
Meadows. 
This particular plant reduces 

4116
03:37:05,600 --> 03:37:10,100
fever when made into tea that 
one soothes upset, digestion. 

4117
03:37:10,100 --> 03:37:12,900
The other should never ever be 
touched because it causes 

4118
03:37:12,900 --> 03:37:16,600
painful burning rashes, that 
last for days, You learned to 

4119
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:19,300
recognize dozens of plants by 
their leaves and flowers and 

4120
03:37:19,300 --> 03:37:22,100
growing patterns. 
This Botanical knowledge might 

4121
03:37:22,100 --> 03:37:25,200
genuinely save your life someday
during illness or injury. 

4122
03:37:25,200 --> 03:37:28,700
It certainly makes daily life 
more manageable and less 

4123
03:37:28,700 --> 03:37:32,400
dependent on expensive remedies 
You know, which mushrooms 

4124
03:37:32,400 --> 03:37:35,800
growing in the forest to safety 
eat, you know, which leaves make

4125
03:37:35,800 --> 03:37:38,800
a soothing tea for headaches. 
You know which Roots can be 

4126
03:37:38,800 --> 03:37:41,600
grounded into powder, useful for
cleaning teeth and freshening 

4127
03:37:41,600 --> 03:37:44,200
breath. 
The old woman who lives alone at

4128
03:37:44,200 --> 03:37:46,800
the very edge of the village, 
knows even more about medicinal 

4129
03:37:46,800 --> 03:37:49,600
plants than your mother. 
Does people call her a wise 

4130
03:37:49,600 --> 03:37:52,700
woman with respect in their 
voices, sometimes they call her 

4131
03:37:52,700 --> 03:37:55,300
other less flattering names when
they think she cannot possibly 

4132
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:58,000
hear them. 
She understands healing in ways 

4133
03:37:58,000 --> 03:37:59,900
that seem almost magical to 
Ordinary People. 

4134
03:38:00,600 --> 03:38:03,200
You visited her Cottage once 
when you cut your hand quite 

4135
03:38:03,200 --> 03:38:07,100
badly, on a piece of sharp scrap
metal at the Smithy, the wounded

4136
03:38:07,100 --> 03:38:10,100
bled freely and showed 
absolutely no signs of stopping 

4137
03:38:10,100 --> 03:38:12,900
on its own. 
Your mother raped it as tightly 

4138
03:38:12,900 --> 03:38:15,400
as she could and sent. 
You hurrying, to the wise woman 

4139
03:38:15,400 --> 03:38:18,800
for proper treatment her small 
cottage smelled, intensely of 

4140
03:38:18,800 --> 03:38:22,300
dried herbs, and Strange Brewing
mixtures, bundles hung from 

4141
03:38:22,300 --> 03:38:26,100
every available, rfta clay pots 
and jars lined rough shells. 

4142
03:38:26,100 --> 03:38:28,500
She unwrapped your injured hand 
and examined. 

4143
03:38:28,500 --> 03:38:30,700
The deep cut with eyes that 
missed nothing. 

4144
03:38:31,400 --> 03:38:33,800
Then she applied a thick paste 
made from ingredients. 

4145
03:38:33,800 --> 03:38:37,600
You could not begin to identify 
the immediate stinging sensation

4146
03:38:37,600 --> 03:38:39,600
made your eyes water 
involuntarily. 

4147
03:38:41,000 --> 03:38:44,200
But the bleeding stopped. 
Almost immediately as though 

4148
03:38:44,200 --> 03:38:48,000
obeying her unspoken command. 
She wrapped your hand carefully 

4149
03:38:48,000 --> 03:38:50,800
in clean, linen cloth and 
instructed you to keep it 

4150
03:38:50,800 --> 03:38:52,600
completely dry for three full 
days. 

4151
03:38:53,500 --> 03:38:57,100
She also told you with absolute 
certainty that you would live a 

4152
03:38:57,100 --> 03:39:00,000
long life but should definitely 
avoid traveling by sea whenever 

4153
03:39:00,000 --> 03:39:02,400
possible you have no idea 
whatsoever. 

4154
03:39:02,400 --> 03:39:04,800
How she determined this last 
peculiar detail? 

4155
03:39:06,000 --> 03:39:09,600
You thanked her politely and 
left feeling both grateful and 

4156
03:39:09,600 --> 03:39:11,900
slightly unsettled by her 
mysterious methods. 

4157
03:39:11,900 --> 03:39:15,100
The wound healed, cleanly and 
quickly with only a thin white 

4158
03:39:15,100 --> 03:39:18,100
scar remaining as evidence. 
You learned through that 

4159
03:39:18,100 --> 03:39:20,900
experience, that some forms of 
knowledge cannot be found in 

4160
03:39:20,900 --> 03:39:22,600
books. 
Even if books were readily 

4161
03:39:22,600 --> 03:39:26,300
available, some understanding 
lives inside certain people and 

4162
03:39:26,300 --> 03:39:29,000
passes through direct experience
and careful observation. 

4163
03:39:30,000 --> 03:39:33,100
Your father teaches you about 
farming and agriculture through 

4164
03:39:33,100 --> 03:39:37,000
action rather than links. 
The explanation, he shows you 

4165
03:39:37,000 --> 03:39:39,800
how to read approaching weather 
by watching cloud formation and 

4166
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:42,700
animal behavior. 
He demonstrates the proper depth

4167
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:44,500
for planting different types of 
seeds. 

4168
03:39:44,500 --> 03:39:47,900
It explains, through example, 
which Fields absolutely must 

4169
03:39:47,900 --> 03:39:51,100
life fellow to recover and which
can be safely planted again this

4170
03:39:51,100 --> 03:39:53,700
season. 
This agricultural wisdom has 

4171
03:39:53,700 --> 03:39:57,000
accumulated slowly over. 
Countless Generations, your 

4172
03:39:57,000 --> 03:40:00,300
grandfather taught your father, 
the same skills, your father. 

4173
03:40:00,300 --> 03:40:03,500
Now teaches you Someday you 
might teach your own children if

4174
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:06,500
Fortune grants you any. 
The knowledge flows forward 

4175
03:40:06,500 --> 03:40:09,600
through time like a river 
numbers, present an interesting 

4176
03:40:09,600 --> 03:40:12,300
daily challenge. 
You can count well enough for 

4177
03:40:12,300 --> 03:40:15,100
all normal purposes. 
The baker's Apprentice taught 

4178
03:40:15,100 --> 03:40:16,400
you. 
A clever method for keeping 

4179
03:40:16,400 --> 03:40:19,600
accurate track of larger 
quantities using notched marks 

4180
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:22,500
on a stick. 
Each individual Notch represents

4181
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:26,000
a specific agreed upon amount. 
This simple system works 

4182
03:40:26,000 --> 03:40:27,900
surprisingly. 
Well, for someone with, without 

4183
03:40:27,900 --> 03:40:31,100
any formal mathematics training,
the traveling Merchant, who 

4184
03:40:31,100 --> 03:40:33,900
visits the Village Market 
several times, each year, taught

4185
03:40:33,900 --> 03:40:36,600
you basic principles of value 
and fair Exchange. 

4186
03:40:37,400 --> 03:40:40,100
Three healthy chickens roughly 
equal, one young Pig. 

4187
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:43,100
In trading value, the good 
quality knife costs about the 

4188
03:40:43,108 --> 03:40:45,100
same as 10 full days of skilled 
labor. 

4189
03:40:46,000 --> 03:40:48,400
These relative values shift 
somewhat with seasons and 

4190
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:51,400
changing circumstances, but the 
general relationships. 

4191
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:54,500
Remain reasonably stable. 
You learned to judge the passage

4192
03:40:54,500 --> 03:40:56,900
of time accurately without any 
mechanical clocks. 

4193
03:40:57,700 --> 03:41:00,400
Sun's position in the sky, 
indicates the approximate our 

4194
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:04,000
the precise length and angle of 
Shadows, provide more specific 

4195
03:41:04,000 --> 03:41:07,700
information, the church bells, 
Mark, the most important moments

4196
03:41:07,700 --> 03:41:09,800
of each day. 
These natural and social 

4197
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:12,700
timekeepers structure, your 
daily routine without need for 

4198
03:41:12,700 --> 03:41:15,400
numbers. 
Music education, happens through

4199
03:41:15,400 --> 03:41:19,200
active participation rather than
written notation during 

4200
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,000
festivals and celebrations. 
Someone always brings simple 

4201
03:41:22,000 --> 03:41:25,300
instruments, you learned basic 
tunes by listening carefully and

4202
03:41:25,300 --> 03:41:28,600
trying to replicate the sounds 
No written musical notation 

4203
03:41:28,600 --> 03:41:30,500
exists for these traditional 
folk songs. 

4204
03:41:30,500 --> 03:41:33,900
They survive purely through 
communal memory and repeated, 

4205
03:41:33,900 --> 03:41:36,200
performance and teaching. 
The Village. 

4206
03:41:36,200 --> 03:41:38,900
Storyteller visits occasionally 
traveling from settlement to 

4207
03:41:38,900 --> 03:41:40,500
settlement earning his modest 
living. 

4208
03:41:41,300 --> 03:41:44,300
He shares traditional tales that
teach moral lessons or preserve 

4209
03:41:44,300 --> 03:41:47,500
historical, memory or simply 
entertain tired workers. 

4210
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:51,300
Some stories, carry obvious 
messages about virtue and vice 

4211
03:41:51,300 --> 03:41:54,400
others exist, purely for the 
pleasure of the narrative 

4212
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:56,600
itself. 
You learn to listen with 

4213
03:41:56,600 --> 03:42:00,100
complete attention because he 
never tells the exact same story

4214
03:42:00,100 --> 03:42:03,800
in exactly the same way. 
Twice, each performance is 

4215
03:42:03,800 --> 03:42:06,600
unique and unrepeatable. 
He taught you an important 

4216
03:42:06,600 --> 03:42:09,200
lesson about memory and learning
the human mind. 

4217
03:42:09,200 --> 03:42:11,800
Works better when new 
information connects to Vivid 

4218
03:42:11,800 --> 03:42:15,300
images and strong emotions 
rather than abstract facts. 

4219
03:42:16,000 --> 03:42:18,500
Bear facts alone. 
Slipped away from memory easily,

4220
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:21,700
like water through fingers, but 
a compelling story with 

4221
03:42:21,700 --> 03:42:24,200
memorable characters and 
dramatic, conflict, and 

4222
03:42:24,200 --> 03:42:28,100
satisfying resolution sticks 
firmly in the mind for years. 

4223
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:31,700
This principle applies to 
everything you need to remember,

4224
03:42:31,700 --> 03:42:34,900
long term. 
Your education completely lacks 

4225
03:42:34,900 --> 03:42:37,400
the formal structure and 
institutions of future 

4226
03:42:37,400 --> 03:42:39,800
centuries. 
But its successfully equipped 

4227
03:42:39,800 --> 03:42:42,600
you with practical knowledge 
genuinely needed for survival 

4228
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:46,200
and modest success in your 
particular world you can work 

4229
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:50,200
iron and shape metal. 
You can grow food from seeds, 

4230
03:42:50,200 --> 03:42:53,200
you can identify useful and 
dangerous plants. 

4231
03:42:53,200 --> 03:42:57,700
You can navigate complex social 
expectations, these hard ones 

4232
03:42:57,700 --> 03:43:00,200
skills, matter far more than 
reading ability in your daily 

4233
03:43:00,200 --> 03:43:02,300
existence. 
Sometimes you wonder with 

4234
03:43:02,300 --> 03:43:05,100
curious longing about the 
mysterious books locked safely 

4235
03:43:05,100 --> 03:43:07,000
away in Monastery. 
Library and Manor House 

4236
03:43:07,008 --> 03:43:08,800
collections. 
The knowledge. 

4237
03:43:08,800 --> 03:43:12,100
They contain seems exotic and 
Powerful from your distant 

4238
03:43:12,100 --> 03:43:15,300
perspective, but then you 
remember with satisfaction that 

4239
03:43:15,300 --> 03:43:17,800
you can do many things. 
Those scholarly readers cannot 

4240
03:43:17,800 --> 03:43:20,700
possibly. 
Do you can shape raw iron with 

4241
03:43:20,700 --> 03:43:23,100
your own hands. 
You can predict weather patterns

4242
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:26,200
by observation. 
You can turn tiny seeds into 

4243
03:43:26,200 --> 03:43:29,400
life sustaining food. 
These abilities have genuine 

4244
03:43:29,400 --> 03:43:32,100
value different types of 
knowledge suit different types 

4245
03:43:32,100 --> 03:43:35,800
of lives appropriately. 
Yours happens to unfold in a 

4246
03:43:35,800 --> 03:43:38,800
world where practical skills 
decisively outweigh abstract 

4247
03:43:38,800 --> 03:43:42,000
learning in importance. 
You make peace with this basic 

4248
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:45,200
reality and continue Gathering. 
Whatever useful wisdom comes 

4249
03:43:45,200 --> 03:43:47,000
your way through any of 
available Channel. 

4250
03:43:48,000 --> 03:43:51,100
The modern concept of childhood 
is a separate protected phase of

4251
03:43:51,100 --> 03:43:53,600
Life. 
Distinct, from adulthood has not

4252
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:56,700
been invented yet in, your 
Medieval World, you transition 

4253
03:43:56,700 --> 03:43:59,800
directly from helpless infant to
working member of the community 

4254
03:43:59,800 --> 03:44:01,900
without much ceremony or 
recognition. 

4255
03:44:03,100 --> 03:44:06,000
But meaningful friendships still
Bloom naturally in the small 

4256
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:08,600
spaces between endless labor and
family obligations. 

4257
03:44:09,600 --> 03:44:11,700
Thomas works as a Shepherd, 
tending flocks. 

4258
03:44:12,500 --> 03:44:15,400
This solitary occupation means 
he spends long days essentially 

4259
03:44:15,400 --> 03:44:18,100
alone with sheep on the common 
grazing, land that stretches 

4260
03:44:18,100 --> 03:44:20,000
Beyond The Villages cultivated 
Fields. 

4261
03:44:20,000 --> 03:44:22,400
You first met him during a 
village Festival. 

4262
03:44:22,400 --> 03:44:25,400
Three years ago. 
He had just been struck squarely

4263
03:44:25,400 --> 03:44:28,300
in the face with a badly thrown 
ball during some Rowdy game. 

4264
03:44:29,000 --> 03:44:32,200
Bloodstream dramatically from 
his nose, you helped him get 

4265
03:44:32,200 --> 03:44:34,600
adequately cleaned up using 
water from the well. 

4266
03:44:35,600 --> 03:44:38,100
He immediately made a 
self-deprecating joke about how 

4267
03:44:38,100 --> 03:44:41,200
the rearrangement of his 
features probably represented an

4268
03:44:41,200 --> 03:44:43,800
improvement. 
You laughed genuinely at his 

4269
03:44:43,800 --> 03:44:47,200
unexpected humor, the Friendship
formed naturally in that brief 

4270
03:44:47,200 --> 03:44:49,900
moment of shared laughter a 
midmer chaos and bleeding. 

4271
03:44:49,900 --> 03:44:53,200
Now you actively seek him out 
whenever your work schedule and 

4272
03:44:53,200 --> 03:44:56,600
his duty is allow he teaches you
fascinating things about the 

4273
03:44:56,600 --> 03:44:59,300
natural world that only long 
hours of patient solitary 

4274
03:44:59,300 --> 03:45:02,700
observation can reveal. 
He knows exactly where wild 

4275
03:45:02,700 --> 03:45:04,400
rabbits build their hidden 
Warrens. 

4276
03:45:04,400 --> 03:45:07,500
He can predict approaching rain 
with accuracy by carefully 

4277
03:45:07,500 --> 03:45:10,800
watching how his sheep behave. 
He once spent an entire 

4278
03:45:10,800 --> 03:45:14,700
afternoon explaining in detail 
the social hierarchy that exists

4279
03:45:14,700 --> 03:45:17,300
within his particular flock you 
found it. 

4280
03:45:17,300 --> 03:45:20,600
Surprisingly interesting. 
Thomas possesses a gentle 

4281
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:23,600
philosophical nature. 
That contrasts noticeably with 

4282
03:45:23,600 --> 03:45:26,000
his rough. 
Weathered appearance years of 

4283
03:45:26,000 --> 03:45:29,600
constant sun exposure and harsh 
wind have darkened and toughened

4284
03:45:29,600 --> 03:45:32,300
his skin considerably his hands 
carry. 

4285
03:45:32,300 --> 03:45:34,900
Permanent stains from handling 
greasy, wool daily. 

4286
03:45:35,700 --> 03:45:38,300
But his private thoughts, tend 
strongly toward questions of 

4287
03:45:38,300 --> 03:45:40,300
meaning and wander about 
existence. 

4288
03:45:40,300 --> 03:45:43,400
You visit him sometimes when he 
watches the flock on distant 

4289
03:45:43,400 --> 03:45:46,800
Hillside, the two of you sit 
together on the sloping ground, 

4290
03:45:46,800 --> 03:45:49,800
overlooking the Village from a 
distance from this elevated. 

4291
03:45:49,800 --> 03:45:53,200
Vantage Point, everything below 
looks deceptively peaceful and 

4292
03:45:53,200 --> 03:45:56,800
well ordered you cannot see the 
persistent mud or smell the 

4293
03:45:56,800 --> 03:46:00,900
ever-present animal manure from 
up here just Cottages neat 

4294
03:46:00,900 --> 03:46:03,400
Fields arranged in patterns, 
that probably makes sense to 

4295
03:46:03,400 --> 03:46:06,000
someone. 
He asked profound questions that

4296
03:46:06,000 --> 03:46:10,100
have no easy or obvious answers.
Why do some people have so much 

4297
03:46:10,100 --> 03:46:12,200
material? 
Well, While others struggle 

4298
03:46:12,200 --> 03:46:15,500
with, so little where sheep 
experience dreams during sleep, 

4299
03:46:16,600 --> 03:46:19,600
What actually happens to the 
human soul after death ends 

4300
03:46:19,600 --> 03:46:22,200
life. 
You offer your own uncertain 

4301
03:46:22,200 --> 03:46:24,800
thoughts. 
He offers his equally uncertain 

4302
03:46:24,800 --> 03:46:27,500
ideas. 
Neither of you genuinely expects

4303
03:46:27,500 --> 03:46:30,500
to solve these ancient 
Mysteries, the exploration and 

4304
03:46:30,500 --> 03:46:32,300
discussion itself provides the 
real value. 

4305
03:46:33,300 --> 03:46:35,900
Margaret lives in the cottage 
located directly beside the 

4306
03:46:35,900 --> 03:46:38,700
baker's busy shop. 
A father earned his living 

4307
03:46:38,700 --> 03:46:41,200
repairing carts and wagons for 
the village and surrounding 

4308
03:46:41,200 --> 03:46:43,500
area. 
She helps him when additional 

4309
03:46:43,500 --> 03:46:46,300
hands are absolutely needed but 
mostly Works alongside her 

4310
03:46:46,300 --> 03:46:48,000
mother preparing and preserving 
food. 

4311
03:46:48,900 --> 03:46:51,700
You know, her somewhat less 
intimately than Thomas, but she 

4312
03:46:51,700 --> 03:46:53,800
regularly appears at most 
Village, Gatherings and 

4313
03:46:53,800 --> 03:46:56,600
celebrations. 
She possesses a remarkable 

4314
03:46:56,600 --> 03:46:59,800
talent for finding genuine humor
in everyday situations that 

4315
03:46:59,800 --> 03:47:02,700
others might overlook. 
During last Winter's. 

4316
03:47:02,700 --> 03:47:05,200
Christmas celebration. 
She performed a spot on 

4317
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:08,400
impression of the priest. 
Dramatic hand gestures during 

4318
03:47:08,400 --> 03:47:11,900
sermon's, the performance made 
everyone laugh, and their side's

4319
03:47:11,900 --> 03:47:15,000
literally hurt. 
Even the priest himself laughed 

4320
03:47:15,000 --> 03:47:17,900
heartily on someone carefully 
explained that she meant the 

4321
03:47:17,908 --> 03:47:20,600
imitation affectionately rather 
than mockingly. 

4322
03:47:21,700 --> 03:47:24,400
Margaret moves through daily 
life with unusual confidence, 

4323
03:47:24,400 --> 03:47:26,300
that seems remarkable for 
someone your age. 

4324
03:47:27,000 --> 03:47:29,800
She states her opinions directly
without excessive hedging. 

4325
03:47:30,600 --> 03:47:33,100
You questions authority figures 
when their decisions seem 

4326
03:47:33,100 --> 03:47:36,300
unreasonable or unfair. 
She once told the Lord's bailiff

4327
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:38,900
to his face that his new 
regulation about gleaning Rights

4328
03:47:38,900 --> 03:47:42,400
was unjust and poorly thought 
through the bailiff appeared. 

4329
03:47:42,400 --> 03:47:44,700
Two surprised by her boldness to
respond effectively. 

4330
03:47:45,600 --> 03:47:47,300
You admire her confident 
boldness. 

4331
03:47:47,300 --> 03:47:49,300
Even when it makes you nervous 
on her behalf. 

4332
03:47:49,300 --> 03:47:52,600
She represents a possibility, 
you had not seriously considered

4333
03:47:52,600 --> 03:47:55,400
before meeting her. 
Perhaps young people can have 

4334
03:47:55,400 --> 03:47:58,100
legitimate valuable thoughts 
worth expressing publicly. 

4335
03:47:59,200 --> 03:48:02,200
Its authority figures, sometimes
genuinely deserve respectful 

4336
03:48:02,200 --> 03:48:04,700
challenging. 
These ideas feel almost 

4337
03:48:04,700 --> 03:48:08,000
revolutionary. the three of you 
former loose but consistent 

4338
03:48:08,000 --> 03:48:11,900
friendship group, not exclusive 
or rigid but reliably present 

4339
03:48:12,700 --> 03:48:15,600
When each day's required work, 
finally ends you often find 

4340
03:48:15,600 --> 03:48:17,500
yourself naturally Gathering 
near the village. 

4341
03:48:17,500 --> 03:48:21,600
Well, this Central spot serves 
as the informal social Center 

4342
03:48:21,600 --> 03:48:25,000
where young people congregate, 
Others frequently join these 

4343
03:48:25,000 --> 03:48:27,800
casual conversations. 
Robert Works in his uncle's 

4344
03:48:27,800 --> 03:48:29,600
Tannery. 
And consequently always smells 

4345
03:48:29,600 --> 03:48:32,400
faintly of the harsh chemicals 
used to cure and preserve 

4346
03:48:32,400 --> 03:48:34,800
leather. 
Alice helps her mother with 

4347
03:48:34,800 --> 03:48:37,900
Brewing ale and somehow knows 
more Village gossip than anyone 

4348
03:48:37,900 --> 03:48:41,300
reasonably should. 
John tends his family's large 

4349
03:48:41,300 --> 03:48:44,100
vegetable garden with almost 
obsessive, perfectionist care. 

4350
03:48:45,000 --> 03:48:47,800
These regular Gatherings rarely 
involve carefully planned 

4351
03:48:47,800 --> 03:48:51,100
activities, or games you simply 
exist together in the same 

4352
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:54,100
comfortable space. 
You share casual observations 

4353
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:56,900
about the days of events. 
You make, gentle jokes at each 

4354
03:48:56,900 --> 03:48:59,200
other's expense. 
You can complain about various 

4355
03:48:59,200 --> 03:49:02,200
perceived Injustice. 
You speculate idly about 

4356
03:49:02,200 --> 03:49:05,500
uncertain Futures. 
Sometimes someone suggests an 

4357
03:49:05,500 --> 03:49:08,500
impromptu game or competition 
throwing smooth stones at a 

4358
03:49:08,500 --> 03:49:11,800
distant Target, a simple foot 
race to some Far Landmark 

4359
03:49:11,800 --> 03:49:14,600
wrestling matches that 
inevitably become too 

4360
03:49:14,600 --> 03:49:17,200
enthusiastic and get broken up 
by concerned. 

4361
03:49:17,200 --> 03:49:20,200
Adults Play Still maintained its
important place. 

4362
03:49:20,200 --> 03:49:22,800
Even in young lives already 
filled with serious work and 

4363
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:26,500
real responsibilities. 
The Village festivals provide 

4364
03:49:26,500 --> 03:49:29,300
much better opportunities, for 
organized, fun, and games. 

4365
03:49:29,300 --> 03:49:32,700
The community celebrates several
important dates scattered 

4366
03:49:32,700 --> 03:49:35,300
throughout the year. 
Planting festivals in early 

4367
03:49:35,300 --> 03:49:39,100
spring Harvest celebration in 
Autumn various religious feast 

4368
03:49:39,100 --> 03:49:40,900
days. 
Dedicated to different Saints, 

4369
03:49:40,900 --> 03:49:43,600
May Day, Midsummer Christmas 
season. 

4370
03:49:44,600 --> 03:49:47,000
During the special events, the 
normal strict rules. 

4371
03:49:47,000 --> 03:49:49,900
Relax noticeably. 
Music, fills the air from 

4372
03:49:49,900 --> 03:49:53,300
multiple sources, people dance, 
and traditional patterns. 

4373
03:49:53,300 --> 03:49:56,000
The absolutely, everyone knows 
by heart. 

4374
03:49:56,800 --> 03:49:59,200
Food appears in much greater 
abundance than usual. 

4375
03:49:59,200 --> 03:50:02,800
The rigid social boundaries that
carefully structured daily life,

4376
03:50:02,800 --> 03:50:06,300
become temporarily more 
permeable and flexible You 

4377
03:50:06,300 --> 03:50:08,600
danced with the Weaver's 
Apprentice during last Summer's 

4378
03:50:08,600 --> 03:50:11,500
Midsummer Festival. 
The vivid memory of that brief 

4379
03:50:11,500 --> 03:50:14,200
interaction, has sustained you 
through many weeks of ordinary 

4380
03:50:14,200 --> 03:50:17,900
routine since then, her hand 
felt small and surprisingly warm

4381
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:20,900
clustered in yours. 
She smiled genuinely when you 

4382
03:50:20,900 --> 03:50:24,600
clumsily stepped on her foot. 
The entire moment lasted perhaps

4383
03:50:24,600 --> 03:50:28,000
three minutes total but created 
enough material for countless 

4384
03:50:28,000 --> 03:50:31,200
subsequent Daydreams. 
Friendships at your particular 

4385
03:50:31,200 --> 03:50:33,800
age carry a special intensity 
that feels unique. 

4386
03:50:33,800 --> 03:50:37,400
You share a very specific moment
in time that both older and 

4387
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:40,300
younger people cannot fully 
understand from their different 

4388
03:50:40,300 --> 03:50:42,800
positions. 
The adults certainly remember 

4389
03:50:42,800 --> 03:50:45,100
their own youth, but only 
through the distorting lens of 

4390
03:50:45,100 --> 03:50:48,200
accumulated experience. 
The young children have not yet 

4391
03:50:48,200 --> 03:50:50,000
arrived at this peculiar 
threshold. 

4392
03:50:50,000 --> 03:50:53,500
Only your immediate peers, truly
comprehend, what it means to 

4393
03:50:53,500 --> 03:50:55,400
exist. 
In this strange, liminal space, 

4394
03:50:55,400 --> 03:50:59,100
no longer a Carefree child but 
not quite a fully responsible 

4395
03:50:59,100 --> 03:51:02,500
adult either capable of 
Performing adult work but not 

4396
03:51:02,500 --> 03:51:05,000
granted. 
Adult Authority, aware of the 

4397
03:51:05,000 --> 03:51:08,500
future, rushing steadily toward 
you but still firmly Tethered to

4398
03:51:08,500 --> 03:51:11,000
the immediate present. 
You talk about this unusual 

4399
03:51:11,000 --> 03:51:12,500
position, sometimes late at 
night. 

4400
03:51:12,500 --> 03:51:15,300
When a few of you gather quietly
after everyone else, as finally 

4401
03:51:15,300 --> 03:51:19,000
gone to sleep, whispered 
conversations by dying firelight

4402
03:51:19,000 --> 03:51:23,300
dreams and fears expressed in 
hushed voices, these intimate 

4403
03:51:23,300 --> 03:51:26,100
moments create emotional bonds 
that might last your entire 

4404
03:51:26,100 --> 03:51:27,700
lives, regardless of what 
happened. 

4405
03:51:29,100 --> 03:51:31,900
Thomas wants desperately to save
enough money to buy his own 

4406
03:51:31,900 --> 03:51:35,000
small flock of sheep. 
He imagines a future life with 

4407
03:51:35,000 --> 03:51:37,300
slightly more Independence than 
his current employed. 

4408
03:51:37,300 --> 03:51:40,900
Position offers Margaret plans, 
confidently to inherit, her 

4409
03:51:40,900 --> 03:51:44,100
father's cart repair business, 
and expand its significantly. 

4410
03:51:44,900 --> 03:51:48,200
She has specific ideas about 
efficiency, improvements that 

4411
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:50,500
could revolutionize the trade in
the entire region. 

4412
03:51:50,500 --> 03:51:53,800
You remain considerably less 
certain about your own future 

4413
03:51:53,800 --> 03:51:55,800
path. 
The blacksmith apprenticeship 

4414
03:51:55,800 --> 03:51:58,400
will eventually lead naturally 
to the position of paid 

4415
03:51:58,400 --> 03:52:02,200
Journeymen After that, perhaps 
advancement to master blacksmith

4416
03:52:02,200 --> 03:52:05,200
with your own independent shop 
somewhere or perhaps something 

4417
03:52:05,200 --> 03:52:08,500
else, entirely different. 
The path forward contains far 

4418
03:52:08,500 --> 03:52:10,500
more unanswered, questions than 
clear answers. 

4419
03:52:10,500 --> 03:52:13,300
But sitting here comfortably 
with your closest friends. 

4420
03:52:13,300 --> 03:52:16,200
In the gentle Darkness, you feel
less anxious about that. 

4421
03:52:16,200 --> 03:52:20,100
Persistent uncertainty. 
Whatever eventually comes, you 

4422
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:22,000
will face it. 
Alongside people who understand 

4423
03:52:22,000 --> 03:52:25,600
your struggles, that knowledge 
provides deep comfort, that no 

4424
03:52:25,600 --> 03:52:28,700
amount of details planning, 
could possibly match the 

4425
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:30,400
village. 
Calendar of wolves around, both 

4426
03:52:30,400 --> 03:52:33,700
sacred, religious festivals and 
secular seasonal celebrations. 

4427
03:52:34,400 --> 03:52:36,700
These regular breaks from 
constant routine, give 

4428
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:38,900
meaningful shape to the endless 
cycle of work. 

4429
03:52:39,700 --> 03:52:42,800
They Mark, passing time in ways.
Far more significant than simple

4430
03:52:42,800 --> 03:52:46,200
dates on calendars. 
May day arrives reliably. 

4431
03:52:46,200 --> 03:52:49,200
With the warming weather of late
spring, the entire Village 

4432
03:52:49,200 --> 03:52:51,700
participate in enthusiastically 
in the ancient Festival. 

4433
03:52:52,500 --> 03:52:55,600
People rise Before Dawn 
specifically to gather fresh 

4434
03:52:55,600 --> 03:52:58,500
flowers and green branches from 
the surrounding Countryside. 

4435
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:01,400
These natural decorations 
temporarily transform. 

4436
03:53:01,400 --> 03:53:04,300
The ordinary, muddy Village into
something that genuinely 

4437
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:07,400
approaches magical. 
You join a large group walking 

4438
03:53:07,400 --> 03:53:10,500
together to the nearby Woods. 
The early morning air smells 

4439
03:53:10,500 --> 03:53:12,600
wonderfully of damp Earth and 
growing things. 

4440
03:53:12,600 --> 03:53:15,500
Bird singer, elaborate 
territorial claims from every 

4441
03:53:15,500 --> 03:53:18,100
tree heavy. 
Dues soaks completely through 

4442
03:53:18,100 --> 03:53:21,900
your thin shoes within the first
few minutes of walking everyone 

4443
03:53:21,900 --> 03:53:25,000
fills woven baskets with 
fragrant Hawthorne blossoms and 

4444
03:53:25,000 --> 03:53:28,400
young bright oak leaves. 
Someone discovers the very first

4445
03:53:28,400 --> 03:53:32,000
blue bells of the season. 
Another person locates a hidden 

4446
03:53:32,000 --> 03:53:35,600
patch of delicate, primroses 
most impressive decorations, 

4447
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:38,100
require real effort and 
dedicated searching. 

4448
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:41,800
Back in the village, the 
enthusiastic decorating begins 

4449
03:53:41,800 --> 03:53:44,900
immediately flowers. 
Get woven carefully into Long 

4450
03:53:44,900 --> 03:53:47,400
Island. 
Fresh branches are arranged 

4451
03:53:47,400 --> 03:53:49,100
artistically over doorways and 
windows. 

4452
03:53:50,500 --> 03:53:53,200
The tool maypole stands ready in
the center of the common area 

4453
03:53:53,200 --> 03:53:56,200
bright colored ribbons. 
Hang from its decorated top 

4454
03:53:56,200 --> 03:53:59,400
waiting to be braided the 
traditional dancing starts 

4455
03:53:59,400 --> 03:54:01,400
mid-morning. 
When enough people of gathered, 

4456
03:54:01,400 --> 03:54:04,500
everyone takes their assigned 
positions around the maple. 

4457
03:54:04,500 --> 03:54:07,700
The musician begins playing a 
familiar tune, everyone has 

4458
03:54:07,700 --> 03:54:09,800
known since childhood. 
You grasp. 

4459
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:12,800
Your designated ribbon firmly 
and move in the ancient pattern 

4460
03:54:12,800 --> 03:54:16,300
over and under alternating 
weaving in and out between other

4461
03:54:16,300 --> 03:54:19,000
dancers. 
The ribbons gradually created an

4462
03:54:19,000 --> 03:54:22,800
intricate beautiful braid down 
the poles entire length, This 

4463
03:54:22,800 --> 03:54:25,700
communal dance requires genuine 
cooperation and constant 

4464
03:54:25,700 --> 03:54:27,500
attention from every 
participant. 

4465
03:54:28,500 --> 03:54:31,900
If even one person loses the 
established Rhythm, the whole 

4466
03:54:31,900 --> 03:54:33,900
delicate pattern Falls 
completely apart. 

4467
03:54:34,700 --> 03:54:37,400
But when everyone moves together
in harmony, the result looks 

4468
03:54:37,400 --> 03:54:40,500
almost impossibly complex and 
stunningly beautiful. 

4469
03:54:41,500 --> 03:54:43,300
A temporary creation. 
That will be carefully. 

4470
03:54:43,300 --> 03:54:45,700
Undone next year to be joyfully 
recreated again. 

4471
03:54:46,700 --> 03:54:50,400
After the maple dance, concludes
comes, abundant food tables 

4472
03:54:50,400 --> 03:54:53,400
appear, seemingly from nowhere, 
loaded with Fair considerably 

4473
03:54:53,400 --> 03:54:56,600
better than usual. 
Daily meals Savory, meat pies, 

4474
03:54:56,600 --> 03:54:59,300
fresh bread. 
Still warm early strawberries, 

4475
03:54:59,300 --> 03:55:02,000
honey cakes that taste like pure
concentrated. 

4476
03:55:02,000 --> 03:55:05,800
Sunshine people, eat and talk 
and laugh together, the young 

4477
03:55:05,800 --> 03:55:08,400
athletes, organized, various 
competitions, and contests 

4478
03:55:08,400 --> 03:55:12,300
running races over different 
distances, jumping contests 

4479
03:55:12,300 --> 03:55:15,800
Trials of pure strength. 
You enter the middle distant 

4480
03:55:15,800 --> 03:55:18,800
foot race and finish somewhere 
respectably in the middle of the

4481
03:55:18,800 --> 03:55:22,100
pack good enough to avoid 
embarrassment but nowhere near 

4482
03:55:22,100 --> 03:55:25,100
winning Thomas wins. 
The long distance running event 

4483
03:55:25,100 --> 03:55:28,600
easily his daily Shepherd's. 
Life keeps him remarkably fit. 

4484
03:55:29,600 --> 03:55:32,500
As of afternoon, gradually turns
to evening, the celebration 

4485
03:55:32,500 --> 03:55:36,200
continues with Renewed Energy, 
more music from multiple sources

4486
03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:40,700
more dancing in various styles. 
The strict rules that normally 

4487
03:55:40,700 --> 03:55:43,400
govern proper behavior. 
Loosen very perceptively. 

4488
03:55:44,100 --> 03:55:47,400
Young people flirt more openly 
than usual adults, drink 

4489
03:55:47,400 --> 03:55:49,200
considerably more ale than they 
probably should. 

4490
03:55:50,000 --> 03:55:52,800
The tight social fabric 
stretches wide to accommodate 

4491
03:55:52,800 --> 03:55:55,600
Collective Joy. 
You find yourself dancing with 

4492
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:57,400
several different partners in 
succession? 

4493
03:55:58,200 --> 03:56:00,600
Some, you know, quite well 
others remain. 

4494
03:56:00,600 --> 03:56:03,700
Barely familiar. 
The dancing itself matters more 

4495
03:56:03,700 --> 03:56:07,000
than the specific identity of 
your partner, the movement and 

4496
03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:09,300
music create their own 
temporary, reality outside 

4497
03:56:09,300 --> 03:56:12,100
normal time. 
Late in the long evening. 

4498
03:56:12,100 --> 03:56:15,200
You sit, with Margaret and 
Thomas watching the ongoing 

4499
03:56:15,200 --> 03:56:18,400
revelry, from a slight distance,
your feet hurt. 

4500
03:56:18,400 --> 03:56:22,500
Genuinely from so much dancing. 
Your stomach feels pleasantly 

4501
03:56:22,500 --> 03:56:26,500
full the warmth of the large 
fire and the company wraps 

4502
03:56:26,500 --> 03:56:28,100
around you like a comfortable 
blanket. 

4503
03:56:29,200 --> 03:56:32,200
Margaret points out various 
amusing situations, unfolding 

4504
03:56:32,200 --> 03:56:35,500
around the crowded, common area.
The baker attempting to dance, 

4505
03:56:35,500 --> 03:56:37,700
despite having absolutely no 
sense of rhythm. 

4506
03:56:38,300 --> 03:56:40,200
Two older women are doing good 
naturedly. 

4507
03:56:40,200 --> 03:56:43,400
About whose bread Rose higher 
this week, a dog successfully 

4508
03:56:43,400 --> 03:56:45,300
stealing food from an unattended
table. 

4509
03:56:45,300 --> 03:56:48,500
The celebrations, wind down 
gradually, as people slowly 

4510
03:56:48,500 --> 03:56:51,900
drift toward their homes. 
No formal ending announcement 

4511
03:56:51,900 --> 03:56:54,800
occurs the crowd. 
Simply thin's naturally until 

4512
03:56:54,800 --> 03:56:57,100
only a few people remain by the 
dying fire. 

4513
03:56:57,900 --> 03:57:00,600
You walk back to your cottage 
through the decorated Village 

4514
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:03,100
Flowers and fresh Greenery 
Adorn. 

4515
03:57:03,100 --> 03:57:05,300
Every surface. 
Tomorrow, they will begin to 

4516
03:57:05,300 --> 03:57:07,600
wilt but tonight they still look
perfectly fresh. 

4517
03:57:08,600 --> 03:57:11,500
The Harvest Festival in Autumn 
brings entirely different energy

4518
03:57:11,500 --> 03:57:14,900
to the Village gratitude and 
profound relief dominate. 

4519
03:57:14,900 --> 03:57:18,300
This celebration the crops are 
safely gathered from the fields.

4520
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:21,400
Winter can be faced with 
reasonably full storerooms 

4521
03:57:21,400 --> 03:57:24,700
survival through the cold 
months, seems genuinely possible

4522
03:57:24,700 --> 03:57:27,100
for another year. 
This particular Festival 

4523
03:57:27,100 --> 03:57:29,700
involves considerably more 
feasting and slightly less 

4524
03:57:29,700 --> 03:57:32,300
dancing long. 
Tables overflow with the 

4525
03:57:32,308 --> 03:57:35,800
impressive Bounty of recent 
Harvest fresh bread made from 

4526
03:57:35,800 --> 03:57:39,200
new grain vegetables prepared in
every possible variation of 

4527
03:57:39,200 --> 03:57:41,200
fruit carefully preserved for 
winter. 

4528
03:57:41,200 --> 03:57:45,200
Now, in abundance, roasted meat 
from animals necessarily 

4529
03:57:45,200 --> 03:57:48,600
slaughtered before winter, 
feeding becomes to expensive, 

4530
03:57:48,600 --> 03:57:52,300
the priest solemnly blesses, the
displayed food and offers formal

4531
03:57:52,300 --> 03:57:55,700
prayers of Thanksgiving. 
Everyone responds in unison with

4532
03:57:55,700 --> 03:57:58,700
the familiar phrases, learned 
from childhood, even though 

4533
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:00,800
those who rarely bother 
attending regular church 

4534
03:58:00,800 --> 03:58:03,700
services, make the effort to 
show up for this critically 

4535
03:58:03,700 --> 03:58:07,100
important ritual. 
Gratitude, transcends, personal 

4536
03:58:07,100 --> 03:58:10,000
piratey. 
After the formal blessing, the 

4537
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:13,600
actual Feast begins in Earnest, 
you pile, your wooden plate, 

4538
03:58:13,600 --> 03:58:15,700
dangerously high with everything
available. 

4539
03:58:15,700 --> 03:58:18,800
Everything tastes somehow 
enhanced by the knowledge that 

4540
03:58:18,800 --> 03:58:20,900
months of hard work made it all 
possible. 

4541
03:58:20,900 --> 03:58:25,400
These flavors represent effort, 
transformed into sustenance the 

4542
03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:28,100
traveling Storyteller earns. 
His generous place at the feast 

4543
03:58:28,100 --> 03:58:31,700
by entertaining throughout the 
meal and afterwards, he tells 

4544
03:58:31,700 --> 03:58:34,700
traditional Tales of legendary 
Harvest from the distant past 

4545
03:58:34,700 --> 03:58:39,000
stories of saints, who 
miraculously blessed crops funny

4546
03:58:39,000 --> 03:58:41,500
accounts of harvest disasters. 
In other less fortunate 

4547
03:58:41,500 --> 03:58:44,800
Villages, each story. 
Perfectly calibrated to match 

4548
03:58:44,800 --> 03:58:47,600
the prevailing mood. 
You listen, attentively, while 

4549
03:58:47,600 --> 03:58:51,200
eating steadily, the combination
of genuinely good food and 

4550
03:58:51,200 --> 03:58:53,900
skilled storytelling creates a 
contentment that goes deeper 

4551
03:58:53,900 --> 03:58:56,800
than simple happiness. 
This feeling connects you 

4552
03:58:56,800 --> 03:59:00,200
directly to every generation 
that came before they sat 

4553
03:59:00,200 --> 03:59:03,400
exactly like this after their 
harvests they felt this same 

4554
03:59:03,400 --> 03:59:08,100
bone deep satisfaction Has 
Darkness finally Falls, someone 

4555
03:59:08,100 --> 03:59:12,500
like an enormous bonfire. 
Flames leap dramatically toward 

4556
03:59:12,500 --> 03:59:15,100
the night sky. 
People gather naturally around 

4557
03:59:15,100 --> 03:59:17,800
its welcoming warmth. 
The night's grown noticeably 

4558
03:59:17,800 --> 03:59:19,600
cooler. 
Now that summer surrendered to 

4559
03:59:19,608 --> 03:59:23,000
Autumns in next Rebel. 
Advanced young people take turns

4560
03:59:23,000 --> 03:59:26,400
jumping over the dying Flames 
when the fire burns lower this 

4561
03:59:26,400 --> 03:59:28,500
ancient tradition? 
Supposedly brings Good Fortune 

4562
03:59:28,500 --> 03:59:31,500
for the coming year, you take 
your turn leaping across the 

4563
03:59:31,500 --> 03:59:34,800
glowing Embers, the intense heat
licks at your legs. 

4564
03:59:34,800 --> 03:59:38,900
You land safely on the far side.
Thomas and Margaret cheer 

4565
03:59:38,900 --> 03:59:42,200
enthusiastically the church. 
Festivals punctuate the year 

4566
03:59:42,200 --> 03:59:44,000
with deep religious 
significance. 

4567
03:59:44,000 --> 03:59:48,000
Christmas Easter. 
Various Saints days dedicated to

4568
03:59:48,000 --> 03:59:49,100
different. 
Holy figures. 

4569
03:59:49,800 --> 03:59:53,200
These celebrations successfully 
blend spiritual devotion with 

4570
03:59:53,200 --> 03:59:56,600
practical Community Gathering. 
The Christmas season, brings the

4571
03:59:56,600 --> 03:59:59,400
darkest days of Winter the 
church interior. 

4572
03:59:59,400 --> 04:00:03,200
Decorates with Evergreen boughs 
candles multiplied dramatically 

4573
04:00:03,200 --> 04:00:06,300
until the space glows with light
that actively pushes, Back 

4574
04:00:06,300 --> 04:00:10,200
Against The Darkness outside the
services last considerably 

4575
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:14,300
longer than usual, more prayers,
more singing more incense 

4576
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:18,700
creating fragrant clouds, After 
the religious observance is come

4577
04:00:18,700 --> 04:00:21,600
12 days of significantly, 
reduced work and increased 

4578
04:00:21,600 --> 04:00:23,600
celebration. 
Feasting happens. 

4579
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:27,200
Despite Winter's natural scarce 
City, special Foods appear from 

4580
04:00:27,200 --> 04:00:29,800
carefully. 
Hoarded supplies, someone always

4581
04:00:29,800 --> 04:00:32,300
manages to produce a roasted 
Goose, or at least a large 

4582
04:00:32,300 --> 04:00:34,700
chicken, dried fruits and 
precious nuts. 

4583
04:00:34,700 --> 04:00:38,000
Emerge from Storage spice. 
Dale, warms cold hands, and 

4584
04:00:38,000 --> 04:00:40,700
bellies games and 
entertainments, fill the long, 

4585
04:00:40,700 --> 04:00:44,100
dark evening's people. 
Perform short simple plays 

4586
04:00:44,100 --> 04:00:47,400
depicting biblical. 
Scenes children, sing carols 

4587
04:00:47,400 --> 04:00:48,700
carefully learned from the 
priest. 

4588
04:00:49,500 --> 04:00:53,300
Someone inevitably dresses as a 
monstrous figure and chases 

4589
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:58,100
others around in elaborate mock 
Terror. genuine laughter Echoes 

4590
04:00:58,100 --> 04:01:01,100
through the village you noticed 
during the celebrations how they

4591
04:01:01,108 --> 04:01:05,100
bind the community together into
something larger Shared rituals 

4592
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:08,500
create essential Common Ground, 
even people who barely speak 

4593
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:10,800
during normal times come 
together naturally for these 

4594
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:13,700
important moments. 
The celebrations, remind 

4595
04:01:13,700 --> 04:01:16,400
everyone that you belong to 
something far larger than 

4596
04:01:16,400 --> 04:01:18,400
individual families or separate 
households. 

4597
04:01:19,100 --> 04:01:21,200
Standing by the Christmas 
bonfire, watching your 

4598
04:01:21,200 --> 04:01:24,300
neighbor's faces glow warmly in 
the firelight, you feel this, 

4599
04:01:24,300 --> 04:01:28,000
belonging acutely, these people 
share your daily struggles and 

4600
04:01:28,000 --> 04:01:31,100
your occasional Joys. 
They understand without link the

4601
04:01:31,100 --> 04:01:34,800
explanation, what your life 
actually contains This deep 

4602
04:01:34,800 --> 04:01:37,300
understanding matters, more than
you can properly articulate. 

4603
04:01:37,300 --> 04:01:40,800
The festivals will come again 
next year and the year after 

4604
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:45,000
that, the cycle continues 
endlessly forward, but each 

4605
04:01:45,000 --> 04:01:47,200
individual celebration remains 
somehow unique. 

4606
04:01:47,200 --> 04:01:50,800
Next year, you will be older. 
Circumstances will have changed 

4607
04:01:50,800 --> 04:01:54,100
in small or large ways. 
The precise moment you occupy 

4608
04:01:54,100 --> 04:01:55,700
right now will never repeat. 
Exactly. 

4609
04:01:55,700 --> 04:01:59,700
So you pay careful attention. 
You deliberately notice specific

4610
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:02,500
details, the distinctive Taste 
of Honey cake. 

4611
04:02:02,500 --> 04:02:06,400
The sound of laughter mixing 
with music, the warmth of fire 

4612
04:02:06,400 --> 04:02:09,300
against cool night air the 
feeling of belonging to a 

4613
04:02:09,300 --> 04:02:11,200
specific time and place and 
group of people. 

4614
04:02:11,200 --> 04:02:14,300
These accumulated sensory 
memories will sustain you 

4615
04:02:14,300 --> 04:02:16,400
through the ordinary days that 
stretch long between 

4616
04:02:16,400 --> 04:02:19,600
celebrations. 
Your 16th birthday passes with 

4617
04:02:19,600 --> 04:02:22,200
out significant ceremony or 
special recognition. 

4618
04:02:22,200 --> 04:02:25,600
The Village does not carefully. 
Track individual birth dates 

4619
04:02:25,600 --> 04:02:28,600
with Precision, but sometime 
around the beginning of Summer. 

4620
04:02:28,600 --> 04:02:30,700
You can complete your 16th year 
of life. 

4621
04:02:30,700 --> 04:02:34,900
This Milestone carries genuine 
significant whether or not 

4622
04:02:34,908 --> 04:02:38,900
anyone marks, its specifically 
with celebration, The blacksmith

4623
04:02:38,900 --> 04:02:41,000
begins treating, you noticeably 
differently. 

4624
04:02:41,000 --> 04:02:44,400
He assigns increasingly complex 
projects to your care. 

4625
04:02:44,400 --> 04:02:47,300
He trusts you to work 
independently for much longer 

4626
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:49,700
periods. 
When customers arrive with 

4627
04:02:49,700 --> 04:02:52,800
questions, he sometimes lets you
explain technical details and 

4628
04:02:52,800 --> 04:02:55,500
pricing. 
This growing responsibility, 

4629
04:02:55,500 --> 04:02:58,600
clearly indicates his developing
confidence in your abilities. 

4630
04:02:58,600 --> 04:03:01,200
You notice other subtle changes 
as well. 

4631
04:03:02,100 --> 04:03:04,900
Adults begin including you in 
conversations previously 

4632
04:03:04,900 --> 04:03:08,400
reserved exclusively for their 
peers, your opinions 

4633
04:03:08,400 --> 04:03:11,200
occasionally get specifically 
solicited on Village matters. 

4634
04:03:11,200 --> 04:03:14,100
People stopped referring to you 
as a child in casual 

4635
04:03:14,100 --> 04:03:17,200
conversation. 
The transition happens gradually

4636
04:03:17,200 --> 04:03:20,800
but unmistakably your father 
talks to you about the future 

4637
04:03:20,800 --> 04:03:23,700
with new seriousness. 
He explains the financial 

4638
04:03:23,700 --> 04:03:26,000
Arrangements that will 
absolutely need to be made 

4639
04:03:26,000 --> 04:03:28,700
eventually. 
Apprenticeships cost money, that

4640
04:03:28,700 --> 04:03:31,600
must be repaid. 
Setting up your own independent 

4641
04:03:31,600 --> 04:03:33,500
household will cost considerably
more. 

4642
04:03:34,300 --> 04:03:37,100
These practical economic 
considerations cannot be ignored

4643
04:03:37,100 --> 04:03:40,200
or postponed forever. 
The subject of marriage enters, 

4644
04:03:40,200 --> 04:03:43,400
previously, casual conversations
with pointed regularity? 

4645
04:03:44,400 --> 04:03:46,700
Your mother mentioned various 
girls in the village with 

4646
04:03:46,700 --> 04:03:49,400
obvious interest. 
She describes the specific 

4647
04:03:49,400 --> 04:03:51,700
skills and family situations in 
detail. 

4648
04:03:51,700 --> 04:03:56,400
The subtext Ring's absolutely 
clearly You should begin 

4649
04:03:56,400 --> 04:04:00,000
seriously, thinking about 
potential matches this Prospect 

4650
04:04:00,000 --> 04:04:02,300
fills you with genuinely mixed 
feelings. 

4651
04:04:02,300 --> 04:04:05,200
Marriage represents true 
adulthood and meaningful 

4652
04:04:05,200 --> 04:04:09,600
Independence, but it also means 
enormous responsibility a wife 

4653
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:12,600
to provide for eventually 
children, requiring food and 

4654
04:04:12,600 --> 04:04:15,900
shelter, your own household to 
maintain the weight of these 

4655
04:04:15,900 --> 04:04:19,800
future obligations feels 
genuinely heavy, the Weaver's 

4656
04:04:19,800 --> 04:04:22,000
Apprentice occupies your private
Thoughts with increasing 

4657
04:04:22,000 --> 04:04:24,900
frequency. 
You have watched her grow from a

4658
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:28,000
shy girl into someone 
approaching Womanhood A visible 

4659
04:04:28,000 --> 04:04:31,300
competence at her difficult 
craft impresses, you a quiet 

4660
04:04:31,308 --> 04:04:34,600
intelligence attracts you, the 
rare conversations, you manage 

4661
04:04:34,600 --> 04:04:36,600
to share. 
Stay in your memory for days 

4662
04:04:36,600 --> 04:04:40,000
afterwards, but approaching her 
about anything beyond casual 

4663
04:04:40,000 --> 04:04:43,400
pleasantries, requires courage, 
you have not yet mustard, the 

4664
04:04:43,400 --> 04:04:46,300
social rules governing, proper 
courtship feel complex and 

4665
04:04:46,300 --> 04:04:49,100
intimidating. 
What if she has no romantic 

4666
04:04:49,100 --> 04:04:51,700
interest? 
What if her family considers 

4667
04:04:51,700 --> 04:04:53,000
your prospects? 
Insufficient? 

4668
04:04:53,000 --> 04:04:56,500
What if you simply make an 
embarrassing full of yourself? 

4669
04:04:58,200 --> 04:05:00,400
Thomas faced this exact 
challenge last year with 

4670
04:05:00,400 --> 04:05:03,600
surprise. 
He wanted desperately to court 

4671
04:05:03,600 --> 04:05:06,900
the Millers youngest daughter. 
He agonized, for months about 

4672
04:05:06,900 --> 04:05:08,600
the right approach and perfect 
timing. 

4673
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:11,900
Finally, he simply walked 
directly up to her after church 

4674
04:05:11,900 --> 04:05:14,000
services. 
And asked if he could speak with

4675
04:05:14,000 --> 04:05:16,900
her father about potential 
marriage Arrangements, she said.

4676
04:05:16,900 --> 04:05:19,400
Yes, immediately, they are now 
formally betrothed. 

4677
04:05:20,500 --> 04:05:22,100
The wedding will happen next 
summer. 

4678
04:05:22,100 --> 04:05:24,300
After Thomas completes his 
current contract with the 

4679
04:05:24,300 --> 04:05:26,800
shepherd who employs him the 
whole process. 

4680
04:05:26,800 --> 04:05:30,800
Seems simultaneously simple and 
absolutely terrifying from your 

4681
04:05:30,800 --> 04:05:33,500
perspective. 
Margaret takes a 

4682
04:05:33,500 --> 04:05:36,000
characteristically different 
view of marriage entirely. 

4683
04:05:37,000 --> 04:05:39,600
She announces one evening with 
conviction that she has no 

4684
04:05:39,600 --> 04:05:42,600
intention of marrying anyone 
unless they agree to her unusual

4685
04:05:42,600 --> 04:05:45,200
terms. 
Her future husband will need to 

4686
04:05:45,200 --> 04:05:47,700
accept her continued. 
Active work in her father's 

4687
04:05:47,700 --> 04:05:49,900
business. 
He will need to tolerate, her 

4688
04:05:49,900 --> 04:05:53,300
fiercely independent nature. 
He will need to understand that 

4689
04:05:53,300 --> 04:05:56,200
she has 0 interest in becoming a
traditional docile wife. 

4690
04:05:57,100 --> 04:06:00,300
You and Thomas exchange? 
Knowing glance is Margaret 

4691
04:06:00,300 --> 04:06:03,100
specific requirements will 
likely limit her available 

4692
04:06:03,100 --> 04:06:05,500
options. 
Considerably but she seems 

4693
04:06:05,500 --> 04:06:07,600
genuinely unconcerned about this
reality. 

4694
04:06:07,600 --> 04:06:10,600
She would rather remain 
unmarried in definitely than 

4695
04:06:10,600 --> 04:06:14,200
compromise on a Central's. 
You admire her certainly even 

4696
04:06:14,200 --> 04:06:17,800
while questioning its long-term 
practicality your own path 

4697
04:06:17,800 --> 04:06:19,900
forward remains frustratingly 
unclear. 

4698
04:06:19,900 --> 04:06:23,400
The blacksmith is hinted several
times that he might take you on 

4699
04:06:23,408 --> 04:06:26,500
as a page journeyman when your 
formal apprenticeship ends next 

4700
04:06:26,500 --> 04:06:29,100
year. 
This would mean actual wages and

4701
04:06:29,100 --> 04:06:31,900
stead of just room and board. 
It would mean official 

4702
04:06:31,900 --> 04:06:33,400
recognition as a skilled 
Craftsman. 

4703
04:06:33,400 --> 04:06:36,500
But it would also mean remaining
in this particular Village in 

4704
04:06:36,500 --> 04:06:40,700
definitely The alternative 
involves traveling to seek work 

4705
04:06:40,700 --> 04:06:42,400
in larger towns or proper 
cities. 

4706
04:06:43,100 --> 04:06:46,200
Journeymen traditionally spend 
several years moving from place 

4707
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:48,200
to place. 
They learn different techniques 

4708
04:06:48,200 --> 04:06:50,900
from various Masters. 
They build professional 

4709
04:06:50,900 --> 04:06:53,500
reputations. 
Eventually they save enough 

4710
04:06:53,500 --> 04:06:55,500
money to open their own 
independent shops. 

4711
04:06:56,300 --> 04:06:59,300
This wandering life strongly 
appeals to your developing sense

4712
04:06:59,300 --> 04:07:01,700
of adventure, but it also means 
leaving behind. 

4713
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:05,100
Absolutely everything familiar. 
Your immediate family, your 

4714
04:07:05,100 --> 04:07:09,100
closest friends, the only place 
you have ever known, The choice 

4715
04:07:09,100 --> 04:07:11,700
between comfortable security and
uncertain possibility. 

4716
04:07:11,700 --> 04:07:14,600
Keeps you awake Some Nights. 
The village Elder dies 

4717
04:07:14,600 --> 04:07:18,000
unexpectedly in Early Autumn, he
was ancient by local standards 

4718
04:07:18,000 --> 04:07:21,500
pus 70 years old, his passing 
surprises. 

4719
04:07:21,500 --> 04:07:23,900
Absolutely, no one. 
But still leaves a noticeable 

4720
04:07:23,900 --> 04:07:26,400
Gap. 
He served as a reliable source 

4721
04:07:26,400 --> 04:07:28,700
of wisdom and fair mediation for
decades. 

4722
04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:32,300
Funeral brings the entire 
Community together in the 

4723
04:07:32,308 --> 04:07:34,100
church. 
Everyone gathers. 

4724
04:07:34,100 --> 04:07:37,000
Regardless of other obligations,
the priest conducts. 

4725
04:07:37,000 --> 04:07:40,300
The service with appropriate 
solemnity, you stand among the 

4726
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:42,800
other young adults. 
No longer with the children but 

4727
04:07:42,800 --> 04:07:44,700
not quite among the established 
adults either. 

4728
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:47,500
Still occupying that strange in 
between space. 

4729
04:07:48,300 --> 04:07:51,000
Watching the elders body being 
carried to the churchyard for 

4730
04:07:51,000 --> 04:07:52,400
burial. 
You think seriously about 

4731
04:07:52,400 --> 04:07:55,600
mortality your own death of 
eventually everyone's 

4732
04:07:55,600 --> 04:07:58,000
inevitable. 
End the medieval world does not 

4733
04:07:58,000 --> 04:08:01,900
hide death from view, it remains
constantly visible and present. 

4734
04:08:01,908 --> 04:08:06,300
A fact to be acknowledged rather
than denied after the burial 

4735
04:08:06,300 --> 04:08:08,200
people naturally. 
Share stories about the Elder. 

4736
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:11,800
His reputation for fair 
judgments is occasional 

4737
04:08:11,800 --> 04:08:15,100
surprising moments of humor, his
genuine dedication to The 

4738
04:08:15,100 --> 04:08:18,300
Villages Collective well-being. 
These memories become his 

4739
04:08:18,300 --> 04:08:21,200
lasting Legacy intangible 
inheritance. 

4740
04:08:21,200 --> 04:08:25,300
He leaves behind you realize 
with some Shock that someday 

4741
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:28,200
people might tell similar 
stories about you, What will 

4742
04:08:28,200 --> 04:08:31,500
they say specifically? 
What Mark will you leave on this

4743
04:08:31,500 --> 04:08:34,200
community? 
The questions feel too. 

4744
04:08:34,200 --> 04:08:37,200
Large for your current age, but 
they demand serious 

4745
04:08:37,200 --> 04:08:40,800
consideration, nonetheless. 
The responsibilities of full 

4746
04:08:40,800 --> 04:08:43,900
adult hood creep, steadily, 
close to each day, you can feel 

4747
04:08:43,900 --> 04:08:46,800
them approaching like spring 
feels the inevitable approach of

4748
04:08:46,800 --> 04:08:50,000
Summer, inevitable, and 
completely transformative. 

4749
04:08:50,700 --> 04:08:53,100
The person you are now will not 
be the person you eventually 

4750
04:08:53,100 --> 04:08:56,600
become, but tonight, you remain 
firmly in this in between space.

4751
04:08:56,600 --> 04:09:00,300
Still learning important skills,
still growing physically, and 

4752
04:09:00,300 --> 04:09:03,000
mentally still figuring out who 
you might turn out to be. 

4753
04:09:03,800 --> 04:09:07,200
The firelight flickers warmly 
across familiar faces, your 

4754
04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:11,100
mother and father your younger 
siblings, your close friends, 

4755
04:09:11,100 --> 04:09:13,500
the neighbors, you have known 
your entire life. 

4756
04:09:13,500 --> 04:09:15,400
This moment will not last 
forever. 

4757
04:09:15,400 --> 04:09:18,700
Change comes regardless of 
whether you welcome it or not. 

4758
04:09:18,700 --> 04:09:23,100
But for now, you exist here in 
the warmth and the community and

4759
04:09:23,100 --> 04:09:26,100
the ordinary magic of being 
young and alive and surrounded 

4760
04:09:26,100 --> 04:09:29,500
by people who know your name. 
The day wins gradually down. 

4761
04:09:29,500 --> 04:09:32,700
As the son approaches, the 
Western Horizon, your work at 

4762
04:09:32,700 --> 04:09:34,300
the Smithy ended about an hour 
ago. 

4763
04:09:34,300 --> 04:09:37,000
You walked homes through the 
familiar Village streets. 

4764
04:09:37,000 --> 04:09:39,900
The exact same route, you have 
traveled, thousands of times 

4765
04:09:39,900 --> 04:09:42,300
your cottage welcomes, you with 
its usual. 

4766
04:09:42,300 --> 04:09:45,700
Distinctive smells and sounds. 
Your mother stir something over 

4767
04:09:45,700 --> 04:09:47,800
the fire. 
Your younger siblings argue 

4768
04:09:47,800 --> 04:09:50,500
about something trivial. 
Your father sits carefully. 

4769
04:09:50,500 --> 04:09:54,300
Repairing a broken tool by The 
Fading natural light ordinary 

4770
04:09:54,300 --> 04:09:57,600
domestic, life continues. 
Its Eternal Rhythm you wash your

4771
04:09:57,600 --> 04:09:59,500
hands and face in the basement, 
by the door. 

4772
04:09:59,500 --> 04:10:03,600
The water immediately runs gray 
with accumulated and sweat. 

4773
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:06,700
Your wavering reflection looks 
up from the water surface. 

4774
04:10:06,700 --> 04:10:10,300
You look older than you remember
when exactly did that happen 

4775
04:10:10,300 --> 04:10:15,000
supper consists of bread and 
thick pottage the same basic 

4776
04:10:15,000 --> 04:10:16,600
meal. 
That appears most evenings with 

4777
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:20,300
minor variations. 
Sometimes vegetables, sometimes 

4778
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:23,500
a bit of meat. 
But fundamentally unchanged you 

4779
04:10:23,500 --> 04:10:26,500
eat without really thinking 
about the food itself, fuel 

4780
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:29,400
rather than pleasure. 
After eating, you step outside 

4781
04:10:29,400 --> 04:10:32,400
again, into the cooling, are the
village settles into evening, 

4782
04:10:32,400 --> 04:10:35,700
routines all around. 
You smoke, rises in thin 

4783
04:10:35,700 --> 04:10:38,900
columns, from half fires, 
animals, get secured for the 

4784
04:10:38,900 --> 04:10:42,400
night in pens and Stables, 
children reluctantly head toward

4785
04:10:42,400 --> 04:10:46,500
bed, the pace slows noticeably 
as Darkness gathers Thomas, 

4786
04:10:46,500 --> 04:10:49,000
appears walking back from the 
common land, where his sheep 

4787
04:10:49,000 --> 04:10:51,800
grazed during some of months. 
You call out a greeting. 

4788
04:10:51,800 --> 04:10:55,300
He joins using on the wooden 
bench outside your cottage door.

4789
04:10:56,200 --> 04:10:57,500
Neither of you speaks for a 
while. 

4790
04:10:57,500 --> 04:10:59,900
The silence feels comfortable 
and natural. 

4791
04:11:00,900 --> 04:11:03,200
Margaret walks past returning 
from some errand. 

4792
04:11:03,200 --> 04:11:06,600
She stops to share amusing news 
about the baker's son, who 

4793
04:11:06,600 --> 04:11:09,600
apparently fell into the Mill. 
Pond fully clothed while trying 

4794
04:11:09,600 --> 04:11:12,700
to impress a girl. 
The image makes all three of you

4795
04:11:12,700 --> 04:11:14,600
laughed. 
Genuinely the Poor Boys, 

4796
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:17,900
dignity, probably suffered. 
More than his body. she 

4797
04:11:17,900 --> 04:11:21,000
continues toward home, you and 
Thomas remain sitting in 

4798
04:11:21,000 --> 04:11:25,000
companionable silence, The first
stars become visible overhead in

4799
04:11:25,000 --> 04:11:28,900
the darkening Sky, the endless 
Dome of nights gradually above 

4800
04:11:28,900 --> 04:11:31,200
you. 
Thomas asks if you have decided 

4801
04:11:31,200 --> 04:11:34,700
anything about your future the 
journeyman offer the possibility

4802
04:11:34,700 --> 04:11:37,500
of travel complicated question 
of marriage. 

4803
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:41,000
You admit honestly that no firm 
decision to have been made yet 

4804
04:11:41,000 --> 04:11:45,200
everything still feels uncertain
and unclear, he nods 

4805
04:11:45,200 --> 04:11:48,200
understanding. 
His own future seems more 

4806
04:11:48,200 --> 04:11:50,500
settled and predictable 
marriage. 

4807
04:11:50,500 --> 04:11:53,200
Next year, continued work as a 
Shepherd. 

4808
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:56,200
A life that will unfold in 
familiar patterns. 

4809
04:11:56,900 --> 04:12:00,300
But even he expresses occasional
doubt, whether he made the right

4810
04:12:00,308 --> 04:12:03,300
choices, whether other paths 
might have suited him better, 

4811
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:07,000
you tell him that uncertainty, 
probably never fully disappears.

4812
04:12:07,000 --> 04:12:10,000
Even adults who seemed confident
like he Harbours private 

4813
04:12:10,000 --> 04:12:14,400
questions This thought provides 
minimal Comfort but some at 

4814
04:12:14,400 --> 04:12:15,900
least you're not alone in your 
confusion. 

4815
04:12:17,200 --> 04:12:18,600
A dog bark somewhere in the 
darkness. 

4816
04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:21,000
Someone shouts at it to be 
quiet. 

4817
04:12:21,900 --> 04:12:24,700
The dog completely ignores this 
instruction and continues 

4818
04:12:24,700 --> 04:12:26,500
barking. 
Village. 

4819
04:12:26,500 --> 04:12:28,500
Life contains these small 
irritations. 

4820
04:12:28,500 --> 04:12:31,200
Alongside its Comforts. 
Your mother calls from inside 

4821
04:12:31,200 --> 04:12:36,000
the cottage time to come in. 
Thomas stands and wishes you 

4822
04:12:36,000 --> 04:12:38,200
good night. 
He disappears into the darkness 

4823
04:12:38,200 --> 04:12:41,200
heading toward his own home. 
You linger a moment longer 

4824
04:12:41,200 --> 04:12:44,800
outside the air, smells of wood 
smoke and growing things. 

4825
04:12:44,800 --> 04:12:47,100
And the indefinable center of 
late summer. 

4826
04:12:48,000 --> 04:12:51,200
The temperature drops steadily 
as night deepens soon you will 

4827
04:12:51,200 --> 04:12:53,800
need a heavier cloak soon. 
The leaves will turn. 

4828
04:12:53,800 --> 04:12:57,000
Brilliant colors soon, winter 
will arrive again with its 

4829
04:12:57,000 --> 04:13:01,200
challenges But Not Tonight. 
Tonight, remain suspended in 

4830
04:13:01,200 --> 04:13:05,100
that perfect moment, between 
warm and cold between Summer and

4831
04:13:05,100 --> 04:13:09,200
Autumn between Youth and 
adulthood, you breathe deeply, 

4832
04:13:09,200 --> 04:13:12,200
trying to capture and hold this 
exact feeling. 

4833
04:13:13,700 --> 04:13:17,100
The church bell rings calling 
people to evening prayers, most 

4834
04:13:17,100 --> 04:13:20,900
will ignore it, but the sound 
still marks the days formal end,

4835
04:13:20,900 --> 04:13:25,100
another 24 hours, survived 
another small victory against 

4836
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:29,700
the Relentless passage of time. 
You finally go inside your bed 

4837
04:13:29,700 --> 04:13:32,300
awaits with its familiar lumps 
and Scratchy blanket. 

4838
04:13:32,300 --> 04:13:35,900
You lie down, still fully 
clothed, too tired to bother 

4839
04:13:35,900 --> 04:13:39,400
with changing your body aches. 
Pleasantly from the day's work 

4840
04:13:39,400 --> 04:13:42,800
through the gaps in the shutters
you can see a sliver of Night 

4841
04:13:42,800 --> 04:13:46,900
Sky Stars scatter across it like
seeds broadcast to cross a 

4842
04:13:46,900 --> 04:13:49,200
prepared field, infinite and 
unreachable. 

4843
04:13:49,200 --> 04:13:52,200
You wonder if anyone else in the
village is looking at those same

4844
04:13:52,200 --> 04:13:55,800
Stars right now. 
Probably not most people have 

4845
04:13:55,800 --> 04:13:58,300
more practical concerns than 
Celestial observation. 

4846
04:13:59,000 --> 04:14:01,900
But the thought, pleases you 
anyway, the idea that you might 

4847
04:14:01,900 --> 04:14:03,600
share this moment with unseen 
others. 

4848
04:14:03,600 --> 04:14:07,700
Your breathing slows naturally, 
the cottage Falls quiet around 

4849
04:14:07,700 --> 04:14:10,000
you. 
Your father's, gentle snoring, 

4850
04:14:10,000 --> 04:14:13,100
your mother's movements as she 
carefully Banks, the fire for 

4851
04:14:13,100 --> 04:14:15,100
the night. 
Your siblings whispered 

4852
04:14:15,100 --> 04:14:18,300
conversation, gradually Fading 
Into silence sleep. 

4853
04:14:18,300 --> 04:14:21,700
Approaches on soft feet. 
You can feel it drawing steadily

4854
04:14:21,700 --> 04:14:25,000
near. 
The boundary between waking and 

4855
04:14:25,000 --> 04:14:27,400
dreaming. 
Gross thin, your thoughts begin 

4856
04:14:27,400 --> 04:14:31,200
to drift and scat, like leaves 
in wind tomorrow will bring more

4857
04:14:31,200 --> 04:14:33,500
work. 
More routine, more ordinary 

4858
04:14:33,500 --> 04:14:35,400
moments. 
Strung together like beads on a 

4859
04:14:35,400 --> 04:14:38,100
string. 
But tomorrow also might bring 

4860
04:14:38,100 --> 04:14:43,000
something genuinely unexpected. 
Surprise, a significant change a

4861
04:14:43,000 --> 04:14:45,600
new Direction. 
The future remains completely 

4862
04:14:45,600 --> 04:14:49,500
Unwritten full of possibility 
and danger and equal uncertain 

4863
04:14:49,500 --> 04:14:51,500
measure you stand on its 
threshold. 

4864
04:14:51,500 --> 04:14:53,400
Looking ahead into unknown 
territory. 

4865
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:57,500
The path forward, will reveal 
itself one step at a time, but 

4866
04:14:57,500 --> 04:15:01,400
tonight you rest tonight, you 
let go of questions and concerns

4867
04:15:01,400 --> 04:15:04,000
tonight. 
You simply exist in this moment.

4868
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:07,900
A medieval teenager in a small 
village, living, a life that 

4869
04:15:07,900 --> 04:15:10,100
will someday seem impossibly 
distant people. 

4870
04:15:10,100 --> 04:15:13,600
Not yet born, your breathing 
deepens into the steady rhythm 

4871
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:16,100
of sleep. 
The day releases, its hold on. 

4872
04:15:16,100 --> 04:15:20,200
You completely dreams, begin 
their nightly work and the Stars

4873
04:15:20,200 --> 04:15:24,900
continue their slow wheel across
the sky marking, time bearing, 

4874
04:15:24,900 --> 04:15:28,000
witness Illuminating. 
The darkness with their Ancient 

4875
04:15:28,000 --> 04:15:30,500
Light. 
The Medieval World sleeps 

4876
04:15:30,500 --> 04:15:34,000
peacefully around you, the quiet
Fields, rest under Moonlight, 

4877
04:15:34,000 --> 04:15:36,700
the animals settled quietly in 
their pens. 

4878
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:40,000
The Village holds its breath 
between today and tomorrow and 

4879
04:15:40,000 --> 04:15:42,300
you sleep deeply. 
Knowing that when morning 

4880
04:15:42,300 --> 04:15:45,800
inevitably comes you will rise 
and begin again, the endless 

4881
04:15:45,800 --> 04:15:50,700
cycle continues life goes on as 
it always has as it always will 

4882
04:15:50,700 --> 04:15:53,300
forever and ever into the 
unknowable future. 

4883
04:16:04,300 --> 04:16:07,800
You're a chef in Victorian 
England, in the year 1872 and 

4884
04:16:07,800 --> 04:16:10,100
your world exists almost 
entirely Underground. 

4885
04:16:11,100 --> 04:16:13,600
The kitchen where you work, 
occupies a warrant of rooms 

4886
04:16:13,600 --> 04:16:17,300
beneath a grand London, 
townhouse connected by narrow 

4887
04:16:17,300 --> 04:16:20,600
corridors, that smell 
perpetually of rendered fat and 

4888
04:16:20,600 --> 04:16:23,500
carbolic soap. 
Your day begins before the 

4889
04:16:23,500 --> 04:16:26,900
household stirs and ends long. 
After the last dinner plate has 

4890
04:16:26,900 --> 04:16:29,700
been cleared away. 
First sound, you hear is always 

4891
04:16:29,700 --> 04:16:32,700
the same. 
Hand rattles the door of your 

4892
04:16:32,700 --> 04:16:35,400
small room on the third floor 
and a voice calls your name 

4893
04:16:35,400 --> 04:16:39,800
once. no, second warning comes 
you swing your legs from the 

4894
04:16:39,800 --> 04:16:43,200
narrow iron bedstead and your 
feet, meet cold floorboards that

4895
04:16:43,200 --> 04:16:46,900
have never known a carpet for 45
in the morning. 

4896
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:50,900
The house of you sleeps in 
expensive silence, you dressing 

4897
04:16:50,900 --> 04:16:53,800
yesterday's clothes because your
Sunday white Tang drying in the 

4898
04:16:53,800 --> 04:16:56,400
skullery. 
The starch never quite softened 

4899
04:16:56,400 --> 04:16:59,700
in the damp basement are your 
fingers, know the buttons by 

4900
04:16:59,700 --> 04:17:03,500
touch a wool, vest a cotton 
shirt that bears faint brown 

4901
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:05,500
stains. 
No amount of scrubbing, removed 

4902
04:17:05,500 --> 04:17:09,600
heavy, trousers that bag at the 
knee, The white neckerchief 

4903
04:17:09,600 --> 04:17:12,800
comes last noted quickly in a 
way that would horrify your 

4904
04:17:12,800 --> 04:17:15,900
mother if she could see you. 
Now, the stairs descend into 

4905
04:17:15,900 --> 04:17:19,200
increasing Darkness, your hand 
Trails the wall, because the 

4906
04:17:19,200 --> 04:17:22,200
single candle you carry 
illuminates, only the step 

4907
04:17:22,200 --> 04:17:25,800
directly Beneath Your Feet other
servants pass, you going up. 

4908
04:17:26,600 --> 04:17:29,100
The under house maid who empties
chamber pots nods without 

4909
04:17:29,100 --> 04:17:31,800
speaking. 
The whole boy carries a coal 

4910
04:17:31,800 --> 04:17:35,200
scuttle that scrapes against the
narrow walls everyone moves in 

4911
04:17:35,200 --> 04:17:39,300
the same half awake Shuffle, the
kitchen, door stands open, you 

4912
04:17:39,300 --> 04:17:43,200
smell it before you see it coal 
smoke and yes to these roasted 

4913
04:17:43,200 --> 04:17:46,800
meat and the sour Tang of the 
stone sink where hundreds of 

4914
04:17:46,808 --> 04:17:50,700
dishes met their fate, the 
massive room stretches 30 feet 

4915
04:17:50,700 --> 04:17:52,600
in each Direction with a 
ceiling. 

4916
04:17:52,600 --> 04:17:56,100
So high, the Shadows, never 
quite leave the corners, Window.

4917
04:17:56,100 --> 04:17:58,500
Sit at street level their lower 
panes below. 

4918
04:17:58,500 --> 04:18:02,200
Ground letting in only the gray 
pre-dawn light that manages to 

4919
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:06,200
filter down. 
The range dominates everything 8

4920
04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:09,600
feet of Black cast, iron squats 
against the far wall, like some 

4921
04:18:09,600 --> 04:18:13,000
patient Beast. 
It's multiple ovens and cooking.

4922
04:18:13,000 --> 04:18:16,500
Surfaces will consume 200 pounds
of coal before the day ends. 

4923
04:18:17,400 --> 04:18:20,200
Right now, it radiates only 
residual warmth from last 

4924
04:18:20,200 --> 04:18:22,500
night's banking. 
The dampers were closed at 

4925
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:25,600
midnight to preserve the coals 
and your first task involves 

4926
04:18:25,600 --> 04:18:27,300
coaxing. 
Those Embers back to functional 

4927
04:18:27,300 --> 04:18:29,600
Heat. 
You Neil before the primary 

4928
04:18:29,600 --> 04:18:33,300
Firebox and open the heavy door.
The metal handle Burns even 

4929
04:18:33,300 --> 04:18:35,600
through your callous Palm, 
because the iron remembers 

4930
04:18:35,600 --> 04:18:39,600
yesterday's temperatures inside 
a bed of orange, coals pulses 

4931
04:18:39,600 --> 04:18:42,700
beneath a layer of fine. 
Ash You take up the poker and 

4932
04:18:42,708 --> 04:18:46,000
Disturb This sleeping fire 
gently to aggressive, and you 

4933
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:49,200
smother it to timid and the 
fresh coal, Smothers it. 

4934
04:18:49,200 --> 04:18:53,100
Anyway, the cola arrives in a 
brass Scuttle that the whole 

4935
04:18:53,100 --> 04:18:56,200
boy, filled during the night, 
you select pieces, the size of 

4936
04:18:56,200 --> 04:18:58,500
your fist and place them with 
the same care. 

4937
04:18:58,500 --> 04:19:02,300
A jeweler might use a ranging 
precious stones, the coals hiss 

4938
04:19:02,300 --> 04:19:06,300
at the intrusion small Flames. 
Lick upward, you blow gently 

4939
04:19:06,300 --> 04:19:10,100
across the surface and the fire 
answers with a rush of heat that

4940
04:19:10,100 --> 04:19:13,400
readons your face. 
Three more fireboxes require the

4941
04:19:13,400 --> 04:19:17,300
same attention, the process 
takes, 20 minutes your knees, 

4942
04:19:17,300 --> 04:19:20,500
ate from kneeling, on the stone 
floor, black dust coach your 

4943
04:19:20,500 --> 04:19:23,200
hands and streaks your forearms 
where you wiped away. 

4944
04:19:24,200 --> 04:19:25,300
The neckerchief. 
You tied? 

4945
04:19:25,300 --> 04:19:27,500
So carefully upstairs. 
Now, hangs a skew. 

4946
04:19:27,500 --> 04:19:30,500
The undercook arrives while you 
work on the 4th Firebox. 

4947
04:19:31,500 --> 04:19:34,300
Mrs. Bramwell moves through the 
kitchen with the Assurance of 

4948
04:19:34,300 --> 04:19:37,300
someone who has navigated these 
spaces for 30 years. 

4949
04:19:37,300 --> 04:19:41,200
She wears black from neck to 
ankle, a gray hair pulled. 

4950
04:19:41,200 --> 04:19:44,300
So tight beneath her cap that it
seems to stretch her face into a

4951
04:19:44,300 --> 04:19:46,700
permanent expression of mild. 
Displeasure. 

4952
04:19:47,400 --> 04:19:50,600
She does not greet you. 
She surveys the range with 

4953
04:19:50,600 --> 04:19:52,400
narrowed eyes and gives a single
nod. 

4954
04:19:52,400 --> 04:19:56,200
That means you have performed 
adequately water comes next, the

4955
04:19:56,200 --> 04:19:59,600
kitchen possesses no running 
Taps, every drop arrives by 

4956
04:19:59,600 --> 04:20:01,600
Bucket from the pump in the 
scullery yard. 

4957
04:20:01,600 --> 04:20:05,400
You make six trips before the 
massive copper system beside the

4958
04:20:05,400 --> 04:20:07,200
range. 
Reaches, the fill line, misses 

4959
04:20:07,200 --> 04:20:12,500
Bramwell considers adequate, the
system holds 40, gal by Days 

4960
04:20:12,500 --> 04:20:16,100
end, it will be empty and you 
will refill it twice more, the 

4961
04:20:16,100 --> 04:20:19,700
water begins at slow Heat. 
Coils inside the system, run 

4962
04:20:19,700 --> 04:20:21,900
alongside the Firebox and 
transfer warmth through 

4963
04:20:21,900 --> 04:20:24,600
convection. 
The head cook once explained 

4964
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:26,400
using words, you did not fully 
understand. 

4965
04:20:26,400 --> 04:20:31,100
You understand, only that cold 
water goes in and eventually hot

4966
04:20:31,100 --> 04:20:34,000
water comes out and this 
constitutes a miracle of modern 

4967
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:38,700
engineering Like grows in the 
high Windows London wakes above 

4968
04:20:38,700 --> 04:20:42,800
you in layers, first the sweeps 
and dust men, then the delivery 

4969
04:20:42,800 --> 04:20:46,300
carts, eventually, the residents
of the grand houses who will 

4970
04:20:46,300 --> 04:20:49,300
never set foot in the space 
where their food originates, you

4971
04:20:49,300 --> 04:20:53,000
can track the cities, Awakening 
by sound alone, the rattle of 

4972
04:20:53,000 --> 04:20:57,800
iron Wheels on cobblestones The 
Cry Of The Muffin Man The clop 

4973
04:20:57,800 --> 04:21:02,300
of a horse is pulling handsome 
toward unknown destinations this

4974
04:21:02,300 --> 04:21:03,900
is Bram. 
Will set you to prepare the 

4975
04:21:03,900 --> 04:21:07,600
breakfast room fire while she 
begins inventory, The breakfast 

4976
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:10,200
room sits at the far. 
End of the kitchen complex 

4977
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:14,300
connected by a corridor lined 
with shelves, holding every size

4978
04:21:14,300 --> 04:21:17,900
of serving dish. 
The room exists solely for 

4979
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:21,200
warming and plating the morning 
meal before it makes the journey

4980
04:21:21,200 --> 04:21:23,700
up stairs on wooden trays 
carried by footman. 

4981
04:21:23,700 --> 04:21:27,000
Whose uniforms cost more than 
you earn in half a year. 

4982
04:21:27,008 --> 04:21:31,300
The breakfast room fire requires
different coal, smaller pieces, 

4983
04:21:31,300 --> 04:21:34,300
that burn hotter and faster 
because the morning service 

4984
04:21:34,300 --> 04:21:37,100
moves quickly. 
You build this fire with the 

4985
04:21:37,100 --> 04:21:40,100
same methodical care, knowing 
that a smoking. 

4986
04:21:40,100 --> 04:21:43,400
Great means delayed breakfast 
means the Masters displeasure 

4987
04:21:43,400 --> 04:21:46,700
means Mrs, Brown Wales 
particular brand of Silent Fury.

4988
04:21:48,000 --> 04:21:50,800
The kitchen gradually fills with
bodies and purpose. 

4989
04:21:51,800 --> 04:21:54,200
Scullery maid arrives. 
And immediately begins pumping 

4990
04:21:54,200 --> 04:21:56,700
water for the washing up that 
will continue in waves 

4991
04:21:56,700 --> 04:22:00,000
throughout the day. 
The pastry cook appears from 

4992
04:22:00,000 --> 04:22:03,300
some private room you have never
seen and takes possession of the

4993
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:07,300
marble slab where she works her 
mysterious Alchemy with flour 

4994
04:22:07,300 --> 04:22:10,300
and butter. 
Two KitchenAid arrived together 

4995
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:12,100
and begin. 
The endless task of peeling, 

4996
04:22:12,100 --> 04:22:15,200
vegetables for meals, that will 
not be served for hours yet. 

4997
04:22:15,900 --> 04:22:19,700
No one speaks unnecessarily. 
The kitchen operates on a 

4998
04:22:19,700 --> 04:22:21,800
hierarchy as Richard as the 
military ranks. 

4999
04:22:21,800 --> 04:22:26,800
Mrs. Brown's late husband, once 
held You are a chef to party 

5000
04:22:26,800 --> 04:22:29,500
responsible for your section of 
the meal service. 

5001
04:22:30,200 --> 04:22:34,500
Below you sit the commish chefs 
and kitchen Maids above used the

5002
04:22:34,500 --> 04:22:38,100
sushi chef and the chef de 
cuisine though in a household. 

5003
04:22:38,100 --> 04:22:40,200
Like this, the roles blur and 
shift. 

5004
04:22:40,200 --> 04:22:42,900
According to who has the most 
experience with the dish 

5005
04:22:42,900 --> 04:22:47,400
currently under preparation. 
Is to Aldrich the head. 

5006
04:22:47,400 --> 04:22:50,400
Chef makes his entrance at 6:00 
precisely. 

5007
04:22:51,400 --> 04:22:55,000
He descends the same stairs you 
navigated in darkness but 

5008
04:22:55,000 --> 04:22:57,600
somehow he arrives looking as 
though he is just stepped from a

5009
04:22:57,608 --> 04:23:01,300
painting His white jacket bears,
not a single crease. 

5010
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:05,000
His tool chef's hat sits at an 
angle, that suggests both 

5011
04:23:05,000 --> 04:23:07,500
Authority and a certain 
Continental Flair. 

5012
04:23:07,500 --> 04:23:10,500
He cultivated during five years.
In a Paris restaurant. 

5013
04:23:10,500 --> 04:23:13,200
He mentions approximately twice 
per week. 

5014
04:23:14,100 --> 04:23:16,600
He surveys the kitchen with the 
expression of a general 

5015
04:23:16,600 --> 04:23:19,400
inspecting, possibly mutinous 
troops. 

5016
04:23:20,100 --> 04:23:24,200
His gaze lingers on the Range, 
on the vegetable preparation 

5017
04:23:24,200 --> 04:23:28,500
station on you, still bearing 
cold dust despite your attempts 

5018
04:23:28,500 --> 04:23:32,100
to wipe it away. 
He gives Mrs. Brown while a 

5019
04:23:32,100 --> 04:23:35,000
slight bow, that contains just 
enough iron to annoy her. 

5020
04:23:35,900 --> 04:23:39,900
Then he claps his hands once and
the day truly begins. 

5021
04:23:41,200 --> 04:23:44,700
The Victorian kitchen operates 
on rules as old as feudalism 

5022
04:23:44,700 --> 04:23:47,300
itself. 
Everyone knows their place with 

5023
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:50,000
the certainty of planets, 
understanding their orbits. 

5024
04:23:50,000 --> 04:23:53,500
You learn this truth during your
first week when you made the 

5025
04:23:53,500 --> 04:23:56,200
mistake of reaching for a copper
saucepan, the sous chef had 

5026
04:23:56,200 --> 04:23:59,400
reserved for Source. 
Preparation The rebuke arrived, 

5027
04:23:59,400 --> 04:24:02,400
swiftly, and publicly. 
You have not made that 

5028
04:24:02,400 --> 04:24:06,600
particular era again. 
Mr. Aldrich occupies. 

5029
04:24:06,600 --> 04:24:08,600
The Pinnacle of this small 
universe. 

5030
04:24:09,500 --> 04:24:13,200
He answers only to the butler 
who answers only to the master 

5031
04:24:13,200 --> 04:24:17,700
who likely could not locate the 
kitchen without a detailed map, 

5032
04:24:17,700 --> 04:24:22,400
an explicit directions. 
The head, chef determines menus.

5033
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:27,300
He negotiates with suppliers, he
hires and dismisses staff with 

5034
04:24:27,300 --> 04:24:29,800
the wave of one flour. 
Dusted hand. 

5035
04:24:30,700 --> 04:24:33,700
His salary exceeds, what some 
clerks earn in respectable 

5036
04:24:33,700 --> 04:24:37,000
offices and he dresses for his 
off hours, like a man who 

5037
04:24:37,000 --> 04:24:39,600
intends to be mistaken for 
someone considerably more 

5038
04:24:39,600 --> 04:24:42,200
prosperous. 
Below him stands. 

5039
04:24:42,200 --> 04:24:46,000
Misses Bramwell the undercook 
though, her title understates. 

5040
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:48,600
Her actual power. 
She manages the daily 

5041
04:24:48,600 --> 04:24:50,800
operations. 
That Mr. Aldrich considers 

5042
04:24:50,800 --> 04:24:55,200
beneath his Continental dignity.
She orders the coal, she 

5043
04:24:55,200 --> 04:24:59,000
supervises the cleaning. she 
maintains the inventory books 

5044
04:24:59,000 --> 04:25:02,800
with entry so precise, they 
could satisfy a bank order to 

5045
04:25:04,100 --> 04:25:07,700
When Mr, Aldrich departs for his
evening constitutional Mrs. 

5046
04:25:07,700 --> 04:25:11,100
Bramwell runs the kitchen with 
an efficiency that makes his 

5047
04:25:11,100 --> 04:25:14,200
elaborate management style look 
like performance theater. 

5048
04:25:15,700 --> 04:25:19,100
The sous chef position. 
Currently sits empty after the 

5049
04:25:19,100 --> 04:25:22,700
previous holder to parted for a 
post in the Yorkshire state. 

5050
04:25:23,600 --> 04:25:26,900
This means you and two other 
Chef to party compete in an 

5051
04:25:26,900 --> 04:25:30,800
unofficial rivalry that everyone
pretends not to notice. 

5052
04:25:32,100 --> 04:25:34,400
Mr. Aldrich watches. 
This competition with the 

5053
04:25:34,400 --> 04:25:37,100
satisfaction of someone who 
believes tension improves 

5054
04:25:37,100 --> 04:25:39,300
performance. 
You suspect. 

5055
04:25:39,300 --> 04:25:43,100
He deliberately delays hiring a 
replacement because he enjoys 

5056
04:25:43,100 --> 04:25:46,800
watching three competent Cooks 
attempt to outdo each other in 

5057
04:25:46,800 --> 04:25:50,800
increasingly creative ways. 
Your specific domain covers. 

5058
04:25:50,800 --> 04:25:54,300
Meat, preparation and roasting 
Thomas handles, fish and 

5059
04:25:54,300 --> 04:25:57,900
seafood, Margaret overseas, 
vegetables and starches. 

5060
04:25:58,900 --> 04:26:01,800
This division seems simple and 
you attempt to prepare an actual

5061
04:26:01,808 --> 04:26:05,300
meal at which point, it becomes 
apparent that nearly every dish 

5062
04:26:05,300 --> 04:26:07,400
requires negotiation across 
territories. 

5063
04:26:08,500 --> 04:26:12,800
A roasted chicken need to come 
in a poached, salmon, requires 

5064
04:26:12,800 --> 04:26:15,500
Source, everything demands 
timing. 

5065
04:26:15,500 --> 04:26:19,500
So precise that a two-minute 
delay can render an entire 

5066
04:26:19,500 --> 04:26:23,400
course on serviceable. 
The kitchen made's occupy, 

5067
04:26:23,400 --> 04:26:26,000
peculiar position. 
In this hierarchy, they 

5068
04:26:26,000 --> 04:26:28,900
performed the heaviest labor but
possessed the least Authority. 

5069
04:26:28,900 --> 04:26:32,300
They hold the coal, you burn, 
they pump the water. 

5070
04:26:32,300 --> 04:26:36,500
You use the scrub the pots. 
You soil yet, Mr. Aldrich. 

5071
04:26:36,500 --> 04:26:39,500
Treats them as invisible. 
Unless something goes wrong at 

5072
04:26:39,500 --> 04:26:42,400
which point they become 
extremely visible targets for 

5073
04:26:42,400 --> 04:26:46,600
his theatrical displeasure. 
Young Emma arrived, six months 

5074
04:26:46,600 --> 04:26:50,400
ago from a Shropshire Farm. 
Her hand, still bear, the rough 

5075
04:26:50,400 --> 04:26:52,300
texture of someone, who spent 
childhood years. 

5076
04:26:52,300 --> 04:26:54,100
Pulling turnips from Frozen 
Ground. 

5077
04:26:55,100 --> 04:26:57,800
She moves through the kitchen 
with the uncertain gate of a 

5078
04:26:57,800 --> 04:26:59,700
person who expects punishment 
for a crime. 

5079
04:26:59,700 --> 04:27:03,000
She cannot name. 
Yesterday, you showed her the 

5080
04:27:03,000 --> 04:27:06,500
correct way to sharpen knives on
the Whetstone and she looked at 

5081
04:27:06,500 --> 04:27:09,500
you as though you had revealed 
Secrets known only to ancient 

5082
04:27:09,500 --> 04:27:13,000
mystery cults. 
Scullery maid lives in a world 

5083
04:27:13,000 --> 04:27:15,600
apart. 
She works in a separate room 

5084
04:27:15,600 --> 04:27:18,900
connected to the main kitchen by
a doorway that seems designed to

5085
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:23,200
remind everyone of boundaries. 
Heard domain consists of three 

5086
04:27:23,200 --> 04:27:27,300
deep Stone sinks. 
Countless scrubbing brushes and 

5087
04:27:27,300 --> 04:27:30,200
a seemingly infinite supply of 
dirty cookware. 

5088
04:27:31,400 --> 04:27:33,500
Bridget has held this position 
for eight years. 

5089
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:37,600
Her hands carry scars from 
broken Crockery, and schooling 

5090
04:27:37,600 --> 04:27:40,800
water. 
He speaks rarely, but possesses 

5091
04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:44,600
and cyclopedic knowledge about 
which pots belong to which cook 

5092
04:27:44,600 --> 04:27:47,200
and which serving dishes the 
Mistress of the house 

5093
04:27:47,200 --> 04:27:50,900
particularly values. 
The pastry cooking exists in a 

5094
04:27:50,908 --> 04:27:53,900
separate hierarchy altogether. 
Madame Laurent. 

5095
04:27:53,900 --> 04:27:56,600
Came from France with 
reference's, Mr. Aldrich. 

5096
04:27:56,600 --> 04:27:59,500
Examined as though they were 
wholly Texans. 

5097
04:28:00,300 --> 04:28:02,200
She works at Her. 
Marble Slab with tools. 

5098
04:28:02,200 --> 04:28:05,500
You do not touch an ingredient, 
she stores in locked. 

5099
04:28:05,500 --> 04:28:09,000
Cupboards her domain produces, 
the elaborate desserts and 

5100
04:28:09,008 --> 04:28:11,200
breakfast. 
Pastries that travel upstairs on

5101
04:28:11,200 --> 04:28:14,700
special platters. 
She answers to Mr. Aldrich in 

5102
04:28:14,700 --> 04:28:17,700
theory, but operates in practice
as an independent nation. 

5103
04:28:17,700 --> 04:28:23,000
Maintaining diplomatic relations
Morning staff meeting occurs at 

5104
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:26,200
6:30? 
Mr. Aldrich stands at the head 

5105
04:28:26,200 --> 04:28:29,400
of the great kitchen table and 
announces the days menu as 

5106
04:28:29,400 --> 04:28:30,900
though, revealing Divine 
prophecy. 

5107
04:28:31,800 --> 04:28:33,500
Breakfast will feature the usual
offerings? 

5108
04:28:33,500 --> 04:28:37,400
Luncheon requires roasted mutton
with Caper sauce? 

5109
04:28:38,200 --> 04:28:40,900
Dina demands his attention 
because the master plans to 

5110
04:28:40,908 --> 04:28:43,800
entertain business associates 
with the kind of meal at 

5111
04:28:43,800 --> 04:28:48,100
demonstrates Prosperity without 
vulgar ostentation You listen, 

5112
04:28:48,108 --> 04:28:51,200
while mentally calculating the 
preparation timeline for your 

5113
04:28:51,200 --> 04:28:54,400
portion of this ambitious meal. 
The Martin needs to come out of 

5114
04:28:54,400 --> 04:28:58,000
cold storage within the hour. 
The Roasting will require three 

5115
04:28:58,000 --> 04:29:01,600
hours at carefully, managed 
temperature, the timing must 

5116
04:29:01,600 --> 04:29:05,500
account for resting the meat 
before carving. meanwhile the 

5117
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:09,000
dinner service demands, two 
separate courses, which means 

5118
04:29:09,000 --> 04:29:12,400
dividing your attention between 
simultaneous processes that each

5119
04:29:12,400 --> 04:29:16,900
require a constant monitoring 
Mr. Aldrich finishes his 

5120
04:29:16,900 --> 04:29:20,500
pronouncements and departs to a 
small office where he maintains 

5121
04:29:20,500 --> 04:29:24,600
menus accounts and a private 
store of cooking brand. 

5122
04:29:24,600 --> 04:29:29,100
He believes no one knows about 
Mrs. Bramwell immediately 

5123
04:29:29,100 --> 04:29:31,400
begins, issuing the Practical 
instructions. 

5124
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:35,500
That will transform his Grand 
Vision into actual food. 

5125
04:29:36,400 --> 04:29:39,200
She assigns tasks with the 
efficiency of a battlefield 

5126
04:29:39,200 --> 04:29:42,100
Commander. 
Emma will prepare vegetables, 

5127
04:29:42,100 --> 04:29:45,200
Thomas will tackle. 
The fish course you will handle 

5128
04:29:45,200 --> 04:29:49,600
both mutton and beef. 
The kitchen settles into its 

5129
04:29:49,600 --> 04:29:53,700
working with him conversation 
drops away, except for necessary

5130
04:29:53,700 --> 04:29:56,200
coordination. 
What's the temperature in the 

5131
04:29:56,200 --> 04:29:58,900
main oven? 
Have you seen the Whisk mind 

5132
04:29:58,900 --> 04:30:02,400
your hands that pot is hot? 
The Sounds become a kind of 

5133
04:30:02,400 --> 04:30:07,000
music you no longer consciously 
hear the scrap of knife on 

5134
04:30:07,000 --> 04:30:09,800
cutting board. 
The hiss of water hitting hot 

5135
04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:12,800
iron. 
The Soft Thunder of doe being 

5136
04:30:12,808 --> 04:30:15,800
worked on marble. 
You retrieved the mutton from 

5137
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:18,700
the cold room that sits 
partially underground, where 

5138
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:21,700
Winter ice packed in sawdust, 
keeps things at temperatures. 

5139
04:30:21,700 --> 04:30:24,000
That would Delight modern 
refrigeration engineers. 

5140
04:30:24,800 --> 04:30:28,000
The Joint weighs 12 pounds and 
carries the slightly gamey smell

5141
04:30:28,000 --> 04:30:32,700
of sheep, that ate Upland grass.
You bring it to your station and

5142
04:30:32,700 --> 04:30:34,300
begin. 
The process of preparing it for 

5143
04:30:34,300 --> 04:30:38,100
the roasting pan. 
First comes trimming, The outer 

5144
04:30:38,100 --> 04:30:41,900
membrane needs removal excess. 
Fat gets carved away, but not 

5145
04:30:41,900 --> 04:30:45,600
discarded because Mrs. Bramwell 
maintained strict accounting of 

5146
04:30:45,608 --> 04:30:48,900
kitchen materials, and that fat 
will eventually render into 

5147
04:30:48,900 --> 04:30:51,700
dripping that has both culinary 
and economic value. 

5148
04:30:52,500 --> 04:30:55,400
You work with a boning knife 
that fits your hand like a 

5149
04:30:55,400 --> 04:30:58,400
natural extension. 
The blade moves in short 

5150
04:30:58,400 --> 04:31:01,500
controlled Strokes. 
That leave meat exposed in 

5151
04:31:01,500 --> 04:31:05,100
clean, smooth surfaces. 
Margaret watches from her 

5152
04:31:05,100 --> 04:31:07,700
station, while sensibly, 
focusing on turnips. 

5153
04:31:08,500 --> 04:31:11,400
Everyone monitors everyone 
else's work while pretending 

5154
04:31:11,400 --> 04:31:13,400
total absorption in their own 
tasks. 

5155
04:31:14,300 --> 04:31:17,200
The kitchen greets, this 
constant low-level surveillance,

5156
04:31:17,200 --> 04:31:21,300
you learn techniques by 
observation you identify 

5157
04:31:21,300 --> 04:31:24,600
potential disasters. 
Before they fully develop you 

5158
04:31:24,600 --> 04:31:28,100
gather intelligence that might 
prove useful when the next sous 

5159
04:31:28,100 --> 04:31:31,200
chef position opens. 
The Morning, Light strength, and

5160
04:31:31,200 --> 04:31:33,000
the high windows, but never 
achieves. 

5161
04:31:33,000 --> 04:31:34,600
What anyone would call 
brightener. 

5162
04:31:35,500 --> 04:31:38,500
The kitchen exists in Perpetual 
State between Dawn and dusk. 

5163
04:31:38,500 --> 04:31:43,100
Gaslamp supplement, the natural 
light, their Jets producing a 

5164
04:31:43,100 --> 04:31:45,900
steady hiss that adds to the 
kitchen's background Symphony. 

5165
04:31:46,800 --> 04:31:51,000
The heat from the range begins 
its daily escalation by noon. 

5166
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:53,100
The temperature in this 
underground, room will exceed 

5167
04:31:53,100 --> 04:31:54,900
anything. 
A reasonable person would 

5168
04:31:54,900 --> 04:31:58,300
consider comfortable. 
You season the mutton with salt 

5169
04:31:58,300 --> 04:32:00,700
and pepper. 
Fresh Rosemary from the herb 

5170
04:32:00,700 --> 04:32:02,900
garden gets tucked into small 
slits. 

5171
04:32:02,900 --> 04:32:06,500
Cut into the flesh. 
Garlic cloves, follow the same 

5172
04:32:06,500 --> 04:32:09,900
treatment. 
The preparation seems simple but

5173
04:32:09,900 --> 04:32:13,100
requires judgment developed over
years of watching me, transform 

5174
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:16,000
under Heat. 
Too much seasoning and you 

5175
04:32:16,000 --> 04:32:20,200
master the fundamental quality 
of the ingredient too little and

5176
04:32:20,200 --> 04:32:24,800
the dish tastes like an apology.
The roasting pan Waits You 

5177
04:32:24,800 --> 04:32:27,700
settle the mutter onto a rack 
that elevates it, above the 

5178
04:32:27,700 --> 04:32:32,200
bottom surface, this allows heat
to circulate and fat to drip 

5179
04:32:32,200 --> 04:32:35,600
away, rather than letting the 
joints own rendering rings. 

5180
04:32:36,700 --> 04:32:40,100
Pan goes into the oven Mrs. 
Brownwell as designated for this

5181
04:32:40,100 --> 04:32:43,400
purpose. 
The door clang shot with a sound

5182
04:32:43,400 --> 04:32:47,000
like a bank volt closing. 
Now Begins the waiting that 

5183
04:32:47,000 --> 04:32:49,200
constitutes the majority of your
work day. 

5184
04:32:49,900 --> 04:32:51,700
The mutton will roast for three 
hours. 

5185
04:32:51,700 --> 04:32:55,200
During that time, you will open 
the oven door, every 20 minutes 

5186
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:58,900
to check progress, and base the 
surface with the accumulated pan

5187
04:32:58,900 --> 04:33:01,400
juices. 
This Rhythm becomes meditation, 

5188
04:33:01,400 --> 04:33:05,300
the repetitive action, freeze 
your mind to wander through 

5189
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:09,400
territories, have nothing to do 
with meat or heat or service. 

5190
04:33:10,200 --> 04:33:12,099
The Victorian kitchen contains 
tools. 

5191
04:33:12,099 --> 04:33:14,400
That would puzzle, modern cooks 
and Delight Museum. 

5192
04:33:14,400 --> 04:33:18,800
Curators you work with equipment
that represents decades or even 

5193
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:20,800
centuries of incremental 
Improvement. 

5194
04:33:21,599 --> 04:33:25,000
Nothing here, emerged fully 
formed from some inventors 

5195
04:33:25,000 --> 04:33:28,000
imagination. 
Each tool evolved through 

5196
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:31,900
countless small modifications 
made by Cooks, who needed better

5197
04:33:31,900 --> 04:33:34,300
ways to accomplish ancient 
tasks. 

5198
04:33:34,300 --> 04:33:37,500
The knives deserve first 
consideration. 

5199
04:33:38,300 --> 04:33:42,400
You own three personally 
purchased with wages saved over 

5200
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:46,000
a month. 
It's knife with a 10 inch blade 

5201
04:33:46,000 --> 04:33:50,599
for General work. 
Boning knife for detail tasks, a

5202
04:33:50,599 --> 04:33:52,700
small pairing knife of 
vegetables and fruit. 

5203
04:33:53,400 --> 04:33:56,500
Each blade requires daily 
sharpening on the wet stone. 

5204
04:33:56,500 --> 04:33:58,500
That lives in the corner, near 
the scholarly door. 

5205
04:33:59,400 --> 04:34:02,200
Steele must hold an edge but 
also possessed enough Flex to 

5206
04:34:02,200 --> 04:34:04,200
work around bones and through 
cartilage. 

5207
04:34:05,200 --> 04:34:09,500
Mr. Aldrich owns a collection. 
That numbers. 15 knives each 

5208
04:34:09,500 --> 04:34:13,200
with specific purpose. 
He guards these implements as 

5209
04:34:13,200 --> 04:34:16,099
though they were family 
heirlooms which they essentially

5210
04:34:16,099 --> 04:34:19,700
a given that several came from 
his time in Paris. he wants 

5211
04:34:19,700 --> 04:34:22,800
spent 20 minutes explaining the 
proper angle for sharpening 

5212
04:34:22,800 --> 04:34:25,800
affiliating knife while you 
nodded and try to absorb 

5213
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:28,700
information delivered in a 
mixture of English and French 

5214
04:34:28,700 --> 04:34:32,500
technical terms The copper pots 
arranged on shelves. 

5215
04:34:32,500 --> 04:34:34,800
Above the range represents 
serious investment. 

5216
04:34:35,700 --> 04:34:38,000
Copper conducts. 
Heat with nearly perfect 

5217
04:34:38,000 --> 04:34:42,200
efficiency allowing precise, 
temperature control that lesser 

5218
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:45,500
materials cannot match. 
But copper also requires 

5219
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:50,599
constant maintenance. 
The Interiors get lined with tin

5220
04:34:50,599 --> 04:34:52,800
that must be stripped and 
replaced when it wears thin. 

5221
04:34:53,500 --> 04:34:56,500
The exteriors need polishing to 
prevent the green oxidation. 

5222
04:34:56,500 --> 04:34:59,500
That makes them look like 
artifacts from archaeological 

5223
04:34:59,500 --> 04:35:02,900
sites. 
Mrs. Bramwell maintains a 

5224
04:35:02,900 --> 04:35:04,900
rotation schedule for copper pot
maintenance. 

5225
04:35:05,800 --> 04:35:08,599
Every week, two vessels. 
Go to the tinkerer and Clark and

5226
04:35:08,599 --> 04:35:10,700
well, who specializes in kitchen
work. 

5227
04:35:11,500 --> 04:35:14,099
Every evening, someone must 
polish, at least three pots 

5228
04:35:14,099 --> 04:35:16,800
using a mix of salt vinegar and 
elbow grease. 

5229
04:35:16,800 --> 04:35:20,400
That leaves your arms aching. 
The hierarchy determines who 

5230
04:35:20,400 --> 04:35:23,599
performs this task and you have 
risen just high enough to 

5231
04:35:23,599 --> 04:35:27,099
delegate it to KitchenAid while 
pretending this represents their

5232
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:31,099
educational benefit. 
The range itself, constitutes 

5233
04:35:31,099 --> 04:35:33,500
the kitchen's largest and most 
complex tool. 

5234
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:38,099
Understanding its moods and 
capabilities requires knowledge.

5235
04:35:38,099 --> 04:35:42,300
That comes only through 
experience each other maintained

5236
04:35:42,300 --> 04:35:43,900
slightly different temperature 
characteristics. 

5237
04:35:45,099 --> 04:35:48,200
The left side runs hotter than 
the right by approximately 20 

5238
04:35:48,200 --> 04:35:51,500
degrees. 
The top Front Burner provides 

5239
04:35:51,500 --> 04:35:55,599
the most intense direct heat. 
The warming ovens tucked into 

5240
04:35:55,608 --> 04:35:59,000
the upper section work. 
Best for dishes that need gentle

5241
04:35:59,000 --> 04:36:00,599
finishing rather than 
aggressive. 

5242
04:36:00,599 --> 04:36:03,599
Cooking, temperature control 
happens through damper 

5243
04:36:03,599 --> 04:36:07,300
adjustment and cold Management. 
Open the dampers and air flow 

5244
04:36:07,300 --> 04:36:12,099
increases bringing higher heat 
them and the fire subsides to a 

5245
04:36:12,099 --> 04:36:15,800
sullen glow. 
Add fresh coal, and temperature 

5246
04:36:15,800 --> 04:36:19,800
Spike before settling. 
Remove spent coals and heat 

5247
04:36:19,800 --> 04:36:22,800
gradually diminishes. 
You have learned to read the 

5248
04:36:22,808 --> 04:36:26,800
Rangers Behavior through sound. 
As much as sight, the particular

5249
04:36:26,800 --> 04:36:29,200
raw that means the fire burns, 
too hot. 

5250
04:36:29,900 --> 04:36:32,700
The quiet ticking that suggests 
insufficient combustion. 

5251
04:36:33,500 --> 04:36:36,200
A collection of specialized 
equipment, occupies the shelves 

5252
04:36:36,200 --> 04:36:38,099
and cupboards around the 
kitchen's perimeter. 

5253
04:36:38,900 --> 04:36:41,599
The Copper Fish Kettle enough to
accommodate hole, salmon. 

5254
04:36:42,400 --> 04:36:45,400
The battery of graduated 
saucepans from Tiny half, pint 

5255
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:48,000
vessels to enormous multi gallon
Giants. 

5256
04:36:49,200 --> 04:36:52,599
Charlotte molds and jelly molds,
and putting basements in sizes. 

5257
04:36:52,599 --> 04:36:55,599
Ranging from individual servings
to Productions. 

5258
04:36:55,599 --> 04:36:57,700
Capable of feeding. 
A dozen people. 

5259
04:36:58,599 --> 04:37:01,500
Mechanical tools represent. 
Victorian ingenuity. 

5260
04:37:02,400 --> 04:37:05,700
Clockwork, spit turns meat 
before the fire without 

5261
04:37:05,700 --> 04:37:07,599
requiring constant human 
attention. 

5262
04:37:08,700 --> 04:37:13,000
A rotary whisk allows egg whites
to achieve foam in minutes 

5263
04:37:13,000 --> 04:37:16,900
rather than the hours required 
with bundle Birch twigs. 

5264
04:37:17,800 --> 04:37:19,500
Tin opener. 
That looks like a medieval 

5265
04:37:19,500 --> 04:37:23,300
weapon makes canned goods 
accessible without requiring 

5266
04:37:23,300 --> 04:37:26,800
hammer and chisel. 
Madame Laurel maintains her own 

5267
04:37:26,800 --> 04:37:30,800
specialized Arsenal pastry 
Cutters in geometric shapes 

5268
04:37:30,800 --> 04:37:33,400
rolling pins of different 
weights and lengths. 

5269
04:37:33,400 --> 04:37:36,599
A marble slab that cost more 
than you earn in three months 

5270
04:37:36,599 --> 04:37:39,599
and maintains the cool 
temperature essential for 

5271
04:37:39,599 --> 04:37:44,300
working butter into dough. 
She possesses measuring cups and

5272
04:37:44,300 --> 04:37:48,099
spoons calibrated to Precision 
that would satisfy a chemist 

5273
04:37:48,099 --> 04:37:51,000
though. 
She rarely uses them working in 

5274
04:37:51,000 --> 04:37:54,800
Stead from practiced in stinked.
The mortar and pestle 

5275
04:37:54,800 --> 04:37:59,300
combination gets daily, use 
grinding spices, fresh produces 

5276
04:37:59,300 --> 04:38:01,300
flavors. 
That pre-ground powders cannot 

5277
04:38:01,300 --> 04:38:04,099
match. 
You have spent hours reducing 

5278
04:38:04,099 --> 04:38:08,300
peppercorns to powder, crushing 
cardamom pods pulverizing 

5279
04:38:08,300 --> 04:38:11,800
cinnamon bark. 
The repetitive motion becomes 

5280
04:38:11,800 --> 04:38:15,500
meditative after the first 
hundred Strokes, the scents 

5281
04:38:15,500 --> 04:38:17,800
Bloom and fill your nostrils 
with intensity. 

5282
04:38:17,800 --> 04:38:20,099
That makes your eyes water. 
Kitchen. 

5283
04:38:20,099 --> 04:38:22,800
Thermometers represent 
relatively recent innovation. 

5284
04:38:23,800 --> 04:38:27,400
Mr. Aldrich owns two. 
Both purchased from a scientific

5285
04:38:27,400 --> 04:38:30,800
instrument making Birmingham. 
He treats them as objects of 

5286
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:34,800
near mystical significance 
capable of revealing truths, 

5287
04:38:34,800 --> 04:38:36,900
that mere human judgment might 
miss. 

5288
04:38:37,800 --> 04:38:40,200
You have learned to gauge 
temperature by holding your hand

5289
04:38:40,200 --> 04:38:42,400
at specific distances from heat 
sources. 

5290
04:38:42,400 --> 04:38:45,900
A technique Mr. Aldrich 
considers primitive but which 

5291
04:38:45,900 --> 04:38:48,300
works reliably when thermometers
live in locked. 

5292
04:38:48,300 --> 04:38:52,300
Cupboards The ice cream churn 
sits unused 11 months of the 

5293
04:38:52,300 --> 04:38:55,900
year and Springs to life during 
summer when frozen desserts 

5294
04:38:55,900 --> 04:38:59,000
become practical. 
The machine requires someone to 

5295
04:38:59,000 --> 04:39:02,500
crank its handle for 405 
minutes, while ice and rock 

5296
04:39:02,500 --> 04:39:04,500
salt. 
Create temperature, that seem to

5297
04:39:04,500 --> 04:39:09,200
violate natural law. 
Last August you earned this Duty

5298
04:39:09,200 --> 04:39:12,099
and developed our muscles. 
That impressed the upstairs 

5299
04:39:12,099 --> 04:39:14,900
footman, who occasionally 
Ventures into kitchen territory.

5300
04:39:15,900 --> 04:39:18,700
Strainers and sieves exist in 
bewildering variety. 

5301
04:39:19,700 --> 04:39:21,900
Fine. 
Mesh for delicate sources, 

5302
04:39:21,900 --> 04:39:26,599
coarse screens for vegetable 
stocks, the shinwar with its 

5303
04:39:26,599 --> 04:39:30,300
conical shape and superfine 
weave that produces clarified 

5304
04:39:30,300 --> 04:39:34,900
consume of crystalline Purity. 
Each strainer has its designated

5305
04:39:34,900 --> 04:39:39,500
storage location and using the 
wrong one for oh particular task

5306
04:39:39,500 --> 04:39:43,300
invites correction from Mrs. 
Bramble or outright scorn from 

5307
04:39:43,300 --> 04:39:46,500
Mr. Aldrich. 
The Roasting racks and trivets 

5308
04:39:46,500 --> 04:39:50,400
allow meet to cook suspended 
above pan, bottoms ensure even 

5309
04:39:50,400 --> 04:39:54,300
heat distribution and preventing
bottom surfaces from steaming 

5310
04:39:54,300 --> 04:39:57,900
rather than roasting You own 
intimate, knowledge of which 

5311
04:39:57,900 --> 04:40:01,400
racks fit which pans, and which 
trivets stand stable under 

5312
04:40:01,400 --> 04:40:04,100
various weights. 
This seems like trivial 

5313
04:40:04,100 --> 04:40:07,500
information until your juggling 
three different roasts for a 

5314
04:40:07,500 --> 04:40:09,600
dinner service and need to make 
Split Second equipment, 

5315
04:40:09,600 --> 04:40:13,000
decisions basing spoons and 
ladles coming. 

5316
04:40:13,000 --> 04:40:17,100
Graduated sizes, the massive 
Ladle that holds a full Pint for

5317
04:40:17,100 --> 04:40:19,900
serving suits. 
The delicate version, barely 

5318
04:40:19,900 --> 04:40:21,900
large than a tablespoon Force 
work. 

5319
04:40:21,900 --> 04:40:25,400
The basting spoons with their 
long handles that protect your 

5320
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:29,000
hands from other heat while 
allowing precise, application of

5321
04:40:29,000 --> 04:40:32,900
pan drippings to roasting meat 
The carving knives represent 

5322
04:40:32,900 --> 04:40:35,700
their own category. 
Long, flexible blades for 

5323
04:40:35,708 --> 04:40:39,200
slicing beef. 
Shorter stiffer versions for 

5324
04:40:39,200 --> 04:40:43,300
pork and lamb the wickedly 
curved blades specifically 

5325
04:40:43,300 --> 04:40:46,000
designed for separating poultry 
from Bones. 

5326
04:40:46,900 --> 04:40:50,700
Mr. Aldrich performs most 
carving, personally treating it 

5327
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:52,900
as performance art. 
That demonstrates, his Superior 

5328
04:40:52,900 --> 04:40:55,700
technique. 
You have observed enough to 

5329
04:40:55,700 --> 04:40:59,300
develop your own skill practice 
during family meal when no one 

5330
04:40:59,300 --> 04:41:03,400
cares about presentation. 
Kitchen, scales range from 

5331
04:41:03,400 --> 04:41:05,400
delicate. 
Balance beam devices for 

5332
04:41:05,400 --> 04:41:07,400
measuring out to massive 
platform. 

5333
04:41:07,400 --> 04:41:11,000
Scales capable of weighing 50 
pounds sacks of flour. 

5334
04:41:12,100 --> 04:41:16,100
Accuracy matters more in pastry 
work than in cooking but Mrs. 

5335
04:41:16,100 --> 04:41:19,400
Brownwell insists on weighing 
everything that enters or leaves

5336
04:41:19,400 --> 04:41:21,800
inventory. 
Her record books. 

5337
04:41:21,800 --> 04:41:25,000
Contain precise figures, that 
would allow her to calculate 

5338
04:41:25,000 --> 04:41:28,800
food costs to the penny. 
If anyone asked the pot crane 

5339
04:41:28,800 --> 04:41:31,500
swings out from the fireplace 
that once served as the 

5340
04:41:31,500 --> 04:41:34,600
kitchen's main heat Source 
before the range arrived. 

5341
04:41:34,600 --> 04:41:37,900
Now it functions primarily as 
backup during periods when the 

5342
04:41:37,908 --> 04:41:41,400
range undergoes maintenance or 
during particularly ambitious, 

5343
04:41:41,400 --> 04:41:43,500
meal services. 
That require more cooking 

5344
04:41:43,500 --> 04:41:48,900
surfaces than 8, burners can 
provide The crane allows pots to

5345
04:41:48,908 --> 04:41:52,300
hang over open fire at 
adjustable Heights, A system 

5346
04:41:52,300 --> 04:41:55,400
that predates your grandmother 
and will likely persist long 

5347
04:41:55,400 --> 04:41:58,100
after you're gone. 
You check the mutton again? 

5348
04:41:59,000 --> 04:42:03,100
Surface has begun to Brown fat 
renders from the outer layer and

5349
04:42:03,108 --> 04:42:08,100
pools in the roasting pan below.
The smell combines rendered lamb

5350
04:42:08,100 --> 04:42:11,800
fat with rosemary and garlic in 
proportions that make your 

5351
04:42:11,800 --> 04:42:13,500
stomach. 
Remind you that breakfast 

5352
04:42:13,500 --> 04:42:17,300
remains hours away. 
You baste the joint with 

5353
04:42:17,300 --> 04:42:19,900
accumulated drippings and closed
the oven door. 

5354
04:42:21,000 --> 04:42:24,600
Breakfast in a household of this
size and Status follows patterns

5355
04:42:24,600 --> 04:42:28,000
as reliable as tides. 
The family does not eat 

5356
04:42:28,000 --> 04:42:30,400
together. 
The master takes his meal in the

5357
04:42:30,400 --> 04:42:35,100
study at 7:30, the mistress 
prefers, her room at 8:00 The 

5358
04:42:35,100 --> 04:42:38,100
adult children maintain schedule
that place them at The Breakfast

5359
04:42:38,100 --> 04:42:41,600
Table, anywhere between seven 
and nine, depending on social 

5360
04:42:41,600 --> 04:42:43,400
engagements from the previous 
evening. 

5361
04:42:44,700 --> 04:42:48,100
For men, you never varies except
on Sundays when kippers make an 

5362
04:42:48,100 --> 04:42:52,500
appearance every morning 
requires eggs, bacon sausages 

5363
04:42:52,500 --> 04:42:56,400
toast in sufficient quantity to 
build small, fortifications 

5364
04:42:56,400 --> 04:42:59,800
porridge during cold months, 
fresh fruit, terrain. 

5365
04:42:59,800 --> 04:43:03,500
Dart on the sideboard coffee, in
the silver pot, that requires 

5366
04:43:03,500 --> 04:43:06,600
polishing twice. 
Weakly tea in the second best 

5367
04:43:06,600 --> 04:43:09,400
service because the best remains
locked in the butler's Pantry 

5368
04:43:09,400 --> 04:43:12,000
for occasions when its 
appearance matters. 

5369
04:43:12,900 --> 04:43:16,200
Take preparation Falls to you 
this morning because Thomas has 

5370
04:43:16,200 --> 04:43:18,700
devoted himself entirely to 
Preparing the fish course for 

5371
04:43:18,700 --> 04:43:21,700
luncheon. 
You crack two, dozen eggs into a

5372
04:43:21,700 --> 04:43:24,600
massive bowl and whisk them into
the scramble consistency. 

5373
04:43:24,600 --> 04:43:28,200
The family. 
Prefers The technique requires 

5374
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:32,100
constant motion over moderate 
heat, too hot, and the eggs turn

5375
04:43:32,100 --> 04:43:35,600
rubbery too cool. 
And they remain snotty, which 

5376
04:43:35,600 --> 04:43:38,200
provokes complaints from 
upstairs, that filter down 

5377
04:43:38,200 --> 04:43:41,600
through, the butler to Mr. 
Aldrich to, you increasingly 

5378
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:45,500
pointed language The eggs cook 
in a copper pan, that responds 

5379
04:43:45,500 --> 04:43:47,200
instantly to temperature 
changes. 

5380
04:43:48,000 --> 04:43:49,900
You keep them moving with a 
wooden spatula. 

5381
04:43:49,900 --> 04:43:53,400
Scraping bottom and sides in 
continuous motion. 

5382
04:43:53,400 --> 04:43:57,400
That prevent any portion from 
setting for the rest reaches 

5383
04:43:57,400 --> 04:44:00,800
appropriate. 
Dundas The mixture transforms 

5384
04:44:00,800 --> 04:44:03,800
from liquid to soft curds in 
approximately 4 minutes. 

5385
04:44:03,800 --> 04:44:07,400
You remove the pan from heat. 
While the eggs retained slight 

5386
04:44:07,400 --> 04:44:10,300
wetness because they will 
continue cooking in their own 

5387
04:44:10,300 --> 04:44:13,800
residual warmth. 
Bacon comes from a side hanging 

5388
04:44:13,800 --> 04:44:17,200
in the cold room, you slice it 
yourself because the previous 

5389
04:44:17,200 --> 04:44:20,900
Chef who left these preparations
to KitchenAid, learn that 

5390
04:44:20,900 --> 04:44:24,300
varying thickness, produces 
varying cooking times, which 

5391
04:44:24,300 --> 04:44:27,600
creates chaos during service, 
each rasher measures, 

5392
04:44:27,600 --> 04:44:31,200
approximately, 18 inch thick. 
You lay them in a cast iron 

5393
04:44:31,200 --> 04:44:34,700
skillet that covers two burners 
and allows cooking the entire 

5394
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:38,300
batch simultaneously. 
The Bacon Fat renders and 

5395
04:44:38,300 --> 04:44:42,200
Bubbles the meat sizzles and 
begins its transformation from 

5396
04:44:42,200 --> 04:44:46,400
flabby white to crisp Brown. 
You flip each piece individually

5397
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:50,400
using tongs searching for the 
perfect moment when both sides 

5398
04:44:50,400 --> 04:44:52,200
achieve crispness without 
burning. 

5399
04:44:53,700 --> 04:44:57,000
The smells the kitchen and makes
everyone's mouth water. 

5400
04:44:57,000 --> 04:45:01,000
Despite the fact that servants 
breakfast occurred an hour ago 

5401
04:45:01,000 --> 04:45:03,800
and consisted of leftover, bread
and tea. 

5402
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,200
Sausages. 
Rotate slowly in a separate pan.

5403
04:45:08,200 --> 04:45:11,600
These are arrived yesterday from
A supplier in Smithfield, who 

5404
04:45:11,600 --> 04:45:14,100
makes them according to Mr. 
Aldrich's private recipe, 

5405
04:45:14,100 --> 04:45:17,400
involving pork sage and 
proportions. 

5406
04:45:17,400 --> 04:45:21,200
He refuses to divulge. 
They need careful attention 

5407
04:45:21,200 --> 04:45:25,700
because the case in heat comes 
to aggressively, you turn them 

5408
04:45:25,700 --> 04:45:29,200
at intervals, coaxing them 
toward even Browning while 

5409
04:45:29,200 --> 04:45:31,800
preventing the catastrophic 
rupture that would drain 

5410
04:45:31,800 --> 04:45:35,400
flavorful fat into the pan 
bottom where it serves? 

5411
04:45:35,400 --> 04:45:39,200
No purpose. 
Toast production represents a 

5412
04:45:39,200 --> 04:45:42,400
separate operation. 
Entirely Margaret has taken 

5413
04:45:42,400 --> 04:45:45,600
charge of this element standing 
at the toasting fork and 

5414
04:45:45,600 --> 04:45:48,800
watching bread brown over the 
Ranger's open burner. 

5415
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:52,600
The bread comes sliced yesterday
evening because fresh bread 

5416
04:45:52,600 --> 04:45:55,400
tears. 
When cut and produces ragged 

5417
04:45:55,400 --> 04:45:57,400
pieces unsuitable for 
presentation. 

5418
04:45:57,400 --> 04:46:02,000
Each slice requires careful 
monitoring too light and the 

5419
04:46:02,000 --> 04:46:06,100
bread remains floppy too dark 
and the family complains about 

5420
04:46:06,100 --> 04:46:09,300
bitterness. 
But awaits at room temperature 

5421
04:46:09,300 --> 04:46:12,700
in a covered dish. 
Marmalade sits in a crystal bowl

5422
04:46:12,700 --> 04:46:15,700
that traveled upstairs yesterday
and returns this morning. 

5423
04:46:15,700 --> 04:46:20,000
Bearing, the sticky residue of 
previous use Bridget will wash 

5424
04:46:20,000 --> 04:46:22,400
it later. 
Adding one more item to Our 

5425
04:46:22,400 --> 04:46:25,200
Endless queue of things require 
in hot water and scrubbing. 

5426
04:46:26,400 --> 04:46:29,000
The porridge has been bubbling 
on the back of the range since 5

5427
04:46:29,000 --> 04:46:33,700
oclock, 10 ended by the kitchen 
maid, who drew early Duty, the 

5428
04:46:33,700 --> 04:46:36,800
mixture requires only occasional
stirring to prevent Autumn 

5429
04:46:36,800 --> 04:46:40,400
scorching. 
Mrs, Brown World, judges done by

5430
04:46:40,400 --> 04:46:44,600
consistently, rather than time 
looking for the thick texture 

5431
04:46:44,600 --> 04:46:46,800
that she describes as resembling
wet plaster. 

5432
04:46:47,700 --> 04:46:51,800
Somehow making this sound 
appetizing. 715. 

5433
04:46:51,800 --> 04:46:55,100
You begin plating. 
The breakfast room contains 

5434
04:46:55,100 --> 04:46:58,700
chafing dishes heated by Spirit 
lamps, that keep food warm 

5435
04:46:58,700 --> 04:47:02,500
without continuing to cook it. 
You transfer the scrambled eggs 

5436
04:47:02,500 --> 04:47:05,700
into the largest vessel. 
The bacon gets arranged on a 

5437
04:47:05,700 --> 04:47:09,200
platter in overlapping rows 
sausages occupy their own dish 

5438
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:12,300
because the master dislikes when
breakfast items touch each 

5439
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:16,400
other, The toast travels up 
stairs in a covered basket lined

5440
04:47:16,400 --> 04:47:18,600
with linen. 
That will theoretically retain 

5441
04:47:18,600 --> 04:47:21,500
heat, but primarily serves 
aesthetic function. 

5442
04:47:22,900 --> 04:47:26,600
The porridge fills a tureen that
looks capable of serving soup to

5443
04:47:26,600 --> 04:47:29,600
a small army. 
Everything must reach the 

5444
04:47:29,600 --> 04:47:32,000
breakfast room before the 
footman arrives to carry it up 

5445
04:47:32,000 --> 04:47:34,800
stairs, on trays. 
Who silver surfaces required 

5446
04:47:34,800 --> 04:47:37,000
daily polishing by staff. 
You never see. 

5447
04:47:38,500 --> 04:47:41,900
Mr. Aldrich inspects each dish 
before a proving its departure. 

5448
04:47:42,800 --> 04:47:45,500
He lifts covers and peers, 
critically at contents. 

5449
04:47:45,500 --> 04:47:49,300
His expression suggests. 
Someone detecting subtle floors 

5450
04:47:49,300 --> 04:47:52,200
invisible to lessen. 
Mortals, he samples nothing 

5451
04:47:52,200 --> 04:47:54,800
working in Stead from visual 
assessment. 

5452
04:47:55,700 --> 04:47:58,800
He once sent back an entire 
batch of eggs because their 

5453
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:00,500
color struck him as 
insufficiently. 

5454
04:48:00,500 --> 04:48:02,500
Yellow. 
A critique, you could not 

5455
04:48:02,500 --> 04:48:06,100
address because chickens produce
eggs in what ever shade, their 

5456
04:48:06,100 --> 04:48:09,700
biology dictates This morning, 
he nods acceptance. 

5457
04:48:10,700 --> 04:48:13,700
The footman appears precisely on
time because the butler 

5458
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:15,300
maintained standards that would 
shame. 

5459
04:48:15,300 --> 04:48:18,700
Military Academy is the trees 
depart upward through the 

5460
04:48:18,700 --> 04:48:21,400
servants stare Network that 
connects basement to ground 

5461
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:25,200
floor to Upper stories without 
requiring servants to Traverse 

5462
04:48:25,200 --> 04:48:29,700
spaces occupied by family. 
You never see the family eat. 

5463
04:48:29,700 --> 04:48:33,200
You never know if they enjoyed 
the meal or merely tolerated it 

5464
04:48:33,900 --> 04:48:37,100
Information travels downward 
only, when something goes wrong.

5465
04:48:38,100 --> 04:48:42,600
Silence equal success. 
Praise never reaches kitchen 

5466
04:48:42,600 --> 04:48:46,100
staff because recognizing good 
work might encourage dangerous 

5467
04:48:46,100 --> 04:48:49,700
ideas about worth. 
The breakfast dishes return 

5468
04:48:49,700 --> 04:48:52,400
within the hour. 
You can read the meals story in 

5469
04:48:52,408 --> 04:48:55,900
the remnants, the eggs were 
consumed completely, which 

5470
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:59,800
indicates proper seasoning. 
Most bacon disappeared, but 

5471
04:48:59,800 --> 04:49:03,000
three pieces remain suggesting 
someone with diminished appetite

5472
04:49:03,000 --> 04:49:07,200
or vegetarian leanings. 
The sausages show tooth marks 

5473
04:49:07,200 --> 04:49:10,700
that stopped mid by implying 
adequate flavor. 

5474
04:49:10,700 --> 04:49:13,600
But possibly excessive richness 
from morning consumption. 

5475
04:49:14,400 --> 04:49:16,900
Bridget receives the dirty 
dishes with the resigned 

5476
04:49:16,900 --> 04:49:19,500
expression of someone who is 
accepted that washing up 

5477
04:49:19,500 --> 04:49:24,600
constitutes her entire career, 
trajectory She scrapes plates 

5478
04:49:24,600 --> 04:49:27,000
into a slop bucket. 
That will eventually feed pigs 

5479
04:49:27,000 --> 04:49:30,900
at a farm outside the city. 
Nothing goes to waste in a 

5480
04:49:30,900 --> 04:49:33,700
properly, run kitchen. 
Even vegetable peeling. 

5481
04:49:33,700 --> 04:49:36,500
Find uses animal feed or garden 
compost. 

5482
04:49:37,400 --> 04:49:39,600
He clean your station. 
While the breakfast dishes 

5483
04:49:39,600 --> 04:49:43,600
circulates through Bridget's 
three sinks system, first thing 

5484
04:49:43,600 --> 04:49:48,000
for scraping and initial soak, 
second sink for hot water and 

5485
04:49:48,000 --> 04:49:53,600
soap, third sink for rinsing 
Everything emerges clean, but 

5486
04:49:53,600 --> 04:49:58,000
barring the microscopic scars of
thousands of previous Washings. 

5487
04:49:58,800 --> 04:50:03,700
The copper develops patina, the 
China acquires crazing, the 

5488
04:50:03,700 --> 04:50:07,200
Silver Plate reveals brass 
beneath in spots where use his 

5489
04:50:07,200 --> 04:50:10,600
worn through the morning 
stretches toward midday. 

5490
04:50:11,500 --> 04:50:14,200
The light in the high Windows 
achieves, its maximum 

5491
04:50:14,200 --> 04:50:17,600
brightness, which still leaves 
the kitchen dimmer than any 

5492
04:50:17,600 --> 04:50:21,100
Street at noon. 
You check the button again and 

5493
04:50:21,100 --> 04:50:23,300
judge it, approximately halfway 
to completion. 

5494
04:50:24,100 --> 04:50:26,800
The surface is developed deep 
brown color. 

5495
04:50:27,700 --> 04:50:32,500
The meat has begun to shrink as 
moisture, evaporates and 

5496
04:50:32,500 --> 04:50:36,500
proteins contract. 
Another 90 minutes should bring 

5497
04:50:36,500 --> 04:50:39,700
it to the perfect state of 
Dundas that Mr. Aldrich demands 

5498
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:42,200
family? 
Meal occurs to Levin. 

5499
04:50:42,200 --> 04:50:46,800
This represents the staff's main
eating opportunity and follows 

5500
04:50:46,800 --> 04:50:49,600
protocols as rigid as any 
upstairs service. 

5501
04:50:50,900 --> 04:50:53,800
Everyone sits at the long 
kitchen table in order of rank. 

5502
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:56,600
Mr. Aldrich takes the head 
position. 

5503
04:50:57,500 --> 04:51:01,700
Mrs. Bramwell sits at the foot. 
Occupy a middle seat that 

5504
04:51:01,700 --> 04:51:03,100
reflects your intermediate 
status. 

5505
04:51:03,100 --> 04:51:07,300
The food comes from Kitchen, 
Surplus and yesterday's, 

5506
04:51:07,300 --> 04:51:09,800
leftovers transformed through 
creative preparation. 

5507
04:51:10,700 --> 04:51:13,700
Today offers a mutton stew 
created from trim pieces. 

5508
04:51:13,700 --> 04:51:18,100
You remove the Smalling Bread 
that fail to meet presentation 

5509
04:51:18,100 --> 04:51:21,500
standards, but tastes identical 
to the perfect loaves that 

5510
04:51:21,508 --> 04:51:25,200
traveled up stairs. 
Cheese purchased in quantities. 

5511
04:51:25,200 --> 04:51:27,400
That make individual portions 
nearly free. 

5512
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:31,400
Tea served in thick Earth and 
where mugs rather than the 

5513
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:35,500
Delicate China used above. 
Conversation, flows more freely 

5514
04:51:35,500 --> 04:51:37,700
during family meal, and any 
other time? 

5515
04:51:38,500 --> 04:51:40,300
People discuss the mornings of 
events. 

5516
04:51:41,000 --> 04:51:43,300
Margaret mentioned that she 
heard the mistress might be 

5517
04:51:43,308 --> 04:51:44,900
planing a dinner party next 
week. 

5518
04:51:44,900 --> 04:51:47,500
Thomas describes a new fish 
supply. 

5519
04:51:47,500 --> 04:51:50,500
Who claims to receive deliveries
direct from billingsgate each 

5520
04:51:50,500 --> 04:51:53,500
morning? 
Emma asks a question about yeast

5521
04:51:53,500 --> 04:51:55,400
behavior. 
That reveals she has been paying

5522
04:51:55,400 --> 04:51:59,700
more attention than anyone 
realized you eat quickly but not

5523
04:51:59,700 --> 04:52:05,100
hastily The stew provides solid 
nourishment, your body requires 

5524
04:52:05,100 --> 04:52:08,500
fuel to maintain energy, through
the afternoon service and 

5525
04:52:08,500 --> 04:52:12,100
evening preparations. 
You consume enough to satisfy 

5526
04:52:12,100 --> 04:52:15,300
hunger without filling yourself 
to the point where working 

5527
04:52:15,300 --> 04:52:18,700
becomes uncomfortable. 
This calculation has become 

5528
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:21,300
automatic. 
After years of navigating, the 

5529
04:52:21,300 --> 04:52:25,300
balance between adequate 
nutrition, Functional capacity. 

5530
04:52:26,600 --> 04:52:30,500
the meal concludes after 20 
minutes, everyone returns to 

5531
04:52:30,500 --> 04:52:34,200
their stations without requiring
instruction, the kitchen moves 

5532
04:52:34,200 --> 04:52:37,000
into its afternoon, rhythm with 
the smooth transition of 

5533
04:52:37,000 --> 04:52:40,800
musicians, changing tempo, 
Preparations for lunch and 

5534
04:52:40,800 --> 04:52:43,400
intensify. 
Plans for dinner, begin taking 

5535
04:52:43,400 --> 04:52:48,300
concrete form, the daily cycle, 
continues lunch, and represents.

5536
04:52:48,300 --> 04:52:51,600
The midday meal though, in a 
household of this type, the term

5537
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:54,900
suggests formality. 
That breakfast Lacks The family 

5538
04:52:54,900 --> 04:52:58,500
gathers at the dining table 
courses arrive in sequence, 

5539
04:52:58,500 --> 04:53:02,200
standards must be maintained 
even if the menu seemed simple 

5540
04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:06,000
compared to evening service. 
today's mutton with Caper sauce,

5541
04:53:06,000 --> 04:53:10,000
demands coordination between 
your meat preparation and the 

5542
04:53:10,008 --> 04:53:13,600
source that Thomas produces the 
collaboration requires 

5543
04:53:13,600 --> 04:53:16,500
communication and despite the 
unofficial competition between 

5544
04:53:16,500 --> 04:53:20,300
you Professional Standards 
override personal rivalry. 

5545
04:53:20,300 --> 04:53:22,700
When service quality hangs in 
the balance. 

5546
04:53:23,600 --> 04:53:27,600
The mutton emerges from the oven
at noon, precisely the surface 

5547
04:53:27,600 --> 04:53:32,200
gleams with rendered fat. 
The internal temperature, has 

5548
04:53:32,200 --> 04:53:34,700
reached the point where pink 
juice runs from the flesh when 

5549
04:53:34,700 --> 04:53:37,900
you test with a skewer. 
You transfer the joint to 

5550
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:41,600
arresting rack and cover it with
foil that will retain heat while

5551
04:53:41,600 --> 04:53:45,100
allowing steam to escape rather 
than making the crust soggy. 

5552
04:53:46,100 --> 04:53:48,900
Resting meat represents one of 
those techniques that seems 

5553
04:53:48,900 --> 04:53:52,500
unnecessary Until You observe 
the consequences of skipping the

5554
04:53:52,500 --> 04:53:55,100
step. 
Cut into meat straight from the 

5555
04:53:55,100 --> 04:53:57,900
oven and juices, flood out onto 
the cutting board. 

5556
04:53:58,800 --> 04:54:02,100
Wait, 15 minutes and those same 
juices redistribute through the 

5557
04:54:02,100 --> 04:54:05,400
muscle fibers staying in the 
meat where they belong. 

5558
04:54:06,300 --> 04:54:09,200
The science involves protein 
behavior and moisture tension, 

5559
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:12,700
but the Practical result matters
more than theoretical 

5560
04:54:12,700 --> 04:54:15,500
understanding, Thomas works at 
his station. 

5561
04:54:15,500 --> 04:54:19,000
Preparing, Caper source, that 
will accompany the mutton. his 

5562
04:54:19,000 --> 04:54:22,900
technique involves creating a 
roof from butter and flour, then

5563
04:54:22,900 --> 04:54:26,100
gradually incorporating stock 
while whisking constantly to 

5564
04:54:26,100 --> 04:54:31,300
prevent lumps, The Capers get 
added last providing, Sharpie 

5565
04:54:31,300 --> 04:54:33,200
Counterpoint to Rich lamb 
flavor. 

5566
04:54:34,100 --> 04:54:37,900
Tastes repeatedly, adjusting 
seasoning with the confidence of

5567
04:54:37,900 --> 04:54:41,000
someone who has made this sauce.
Hundreds of times. 

5568
04:54:41,000 --> 04:54:43,800
You carve the mutton Into Thin 
slices. 

5569
04:54:43,800 --> 04:54:47,600
That curl slightly at the edges.
The knife must be sharp enough 

5570
04:54:47,600 --> 04:54:50,300
to cut cleanly without tearing 
meat fibers. 

5571
04:54:50,300 --> 04:54:53,800
Each slice should maintain 
uniform thickness because 

5572
04:54:53,800 --> 04:54:57,700
variations create uneven 
portions that offend Mr. 

5573
04:54:57,700 --> 04:55:01,900
Aldrich's sense of order, the 
slices, get a range on a serving

5574
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:04,700
platter in overlapping rows that
demonstrate technique, while 

5575
04:55:04,700 --> 04:55:08,000
maximizing visual appeal. 
The vegetables that will 

5576
04:55:08,000 --> 04:55:10,600
accompany this course of 
occupied Margaret for the past 

5577
04:55:10,600 --> 04:55:13,700
hour. 
Potatoes boiled until tender, 

5578
04:55:13,700 --> 04:55:16,200
then tossed with butter and 
parsley. 

5579
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:20,400
Carrots, cut into uniform batons
and glazed with a mixed of 

5580
04:55:20,400 --> 04:55:23,100
butter and sugar that 
caramelizes slightly during 

5581
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:26,100
cooking. 
Green beans, that she blanched 

5582
04:55:26,100 --> 04:55:29,300
in boiling water. 
Shocked in ice water to preserve

5583
04:55:29,300 --> 04:55:32,400
color and will reheat in butter 
at the last moment before 

5584
04:55:32,400 --> 04:55:34,300
service. 
Timing. 

5585
04:55:34,300 --> 04:55:36,800
All these elements to arrive at 
Readiness simultaneously 

5586
04:55:36,800 --> 04:55:39,800
requires coordination. 
That happens partly through 

5587
04:55:39,800 --> 04:55:43,600
explicit communication and 
partly through the shared 

5588
04:55:43,600 --> 04:55:46,900
awareness, that developed, among
people who work side by side 

5589
04:55:46,900 --> 04:55:49,500
daily. 
You know, without asking when 

5590
04:55:49,500 --> 04:55:52,900
Margaret needs the range burner,
you've been occupying, she 

5591
04:55:52,900 --> 04:55:55,400
understands without discussion 
that your carving will take 

5592
04:55:55,400 --> 04:55:59,500
exactly seven minutes. 
Thomas recognizes that his 

5593
04:55:59,500 --> 04:56:01,900
Source must hold at warm 
temperature for the precise 

5594
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:04,000
interval between completion and 
service. 

5595
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:07,600
Mr. Aldrich orchestrates. 
The final plating. 

5596
04:56:08,400 --> 04:56:11,900
He positions himself at the 
central work table, and directs 

5597
04:56:11,900 --> 04:56:14,500
placement with the air of a 
conductor leading musicians 

5598
04:56:14,500 --> 04:56:17,700
through a complex Symphony. 
The mutton slices. 

5599
04:56:17,700 --> 04:56:21,100
Go here. 
The vegetables arrange their The

5600
04:56:21,100 --> 04:56:22,900
Source gets spooned along the 
edge. 

5601
04:56:23,800 --> 04:56:26,800
Every element receives his 
Critical examination before, he 

5602
04:56:26,800 --> 04:56:30,700
allows the plate to proceed. 
The footman appears and Begins 

5603
04:56:30,700 --> 04:56:32,500
the systematic transport 
upstairs. 

5604
04:56:33,700 --> 04:56:36,100
Three courses travel on 
individual trays. 

5605
04:56:36,100 --> 04:56:39,500
The suit that open the meal has 
already been served and 

5606
04:56:39,500 --> 04:56:42,600
consumed. 
Now, comes the main course. 

5607
04:56:43,400 --> 04:56:46,500
dessert waits in the cold room 
where Madame Laura's created, 

5608
04:56:46,500 --> 04:56:50,100
something involving morang and 
raspberry Cooley You observe the

5609
04:56:50,108 --> 04:56:52,800
plate, your work created, to 
parting through the doorway, 

5610
04:56:52,800 --> 04:56:56,900
that separates kitchen from the 
realm Beyond for a moment. 

5611
04:56:56,900 --> 04:57:00,400
You imagine the family seeing 
this food, cutting into the 

5612
04:57:00,400 --> 04:57:03,400
meat, you prepared. 
Wasting the flavors. 

5613
04:57:03,400 --> 04:57:07,700
You develop through seasoning 
choices. then the moment passes 

5614
04:57:07,700 --> 04:57:10,800
and you return to reality where 
servants remain invisible 

5615
04:57:10,800 --> 04:57:15,400
regardless of skill, The 
afternoon, settles into 

5616
04:57:15,400 --> 04:57:20,100
preparation mode, dinner service
begins at 7:30 and requires. 

5617
04:57:20,100 --> 04:57:23,600
Dishes of complexity that make 
luncheon look like casual 

5618
04:57:23,600 --> 04:57:26,900
practice. 
Mr. Aldrich's planned, a 

5619
04:57:26,908 --> 04:57:30,200
six-course meal designed to 
impress the Master's business 

5620
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:34,200
associates while demonstrating 
the households refined taste. 

5621
04:57:35,400 --> 04:57:39,700
The menu, he posted this morning
list soup, fish meat course, 

5622
04:57:39,700 --> 04:57:45,200
paltry, desert and savory. 
Each course, demands separate 

5623
04:57:45,200 --> 04:57:48,300
preparation. 
Many elements required advanced 

5624
04:57:48,300 --> 04:57:51,200
work, that must be completed 
hours before service. 

5625
04:57:51,200 --> 04:57:54,300
You begin, the mental 
organization that transforms 

5626
04:57:54,300 --> 04:57:58,000
written menu into practical 
action plan. the beef for 

5627
04:57:58,000 --> 04:58:01,200
tonight's main course, weighs 18
pounds and requires room 

5628
04:58:01,200 --> 04:58:04,900
temperature at claymation before
roasting You retrieve it from 

5629
04:58:04,900 --> 04:58:08,400
cold storage and place it on a 
marble slab near the range where

5630
04:58:08,400 --> 04:58:10,600
passive warmth will gradually 
raise its temperature. 

5631
04:58:11,400 --> 04:58:15,100
Cooking, cold meat produces 
unevenness because the center 

5632
04:58:15,100 --> 04:58:17,400
remains cool while exterior 
overcooked. 

5633
04:58:18,400 --> 04:58:21,700
Mrs. Brown will assigns tasks 
based on her assessment of 

5634
04:58:21,700 --> 04:58:24,400
everyone's current workload and 
capability. 

5635
04:58:25,300 --> 04:58:28,100
Emma gets directed toward 
vegetable preparation for the 

5636
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:31,900
multiple courses that require 
Garden produce one of the 

5637
04:58:31,900 --> 04:58:33,800
kitchen. 
Maids Begins the stocks that 

5638
04:58:33,800 --> 04:58:35,500
will become foundation for 
sources. 

5639
04:58:35,500 --> 04:58:40,000
The other starts, the laborious 
process of clarifying consumed 

5640
04:58:40,000 --> 04:58:42,800
through repeated straining and 
egg, white binding. 

5641
04:58:43,600 --> 04:58:46,800
The kitchen fills with 
purposeful activity that looks 

5642
04:58:46,800 --> 04:58:50,000
chaotic to untrained eyes, but 
follows patterns. 

5643
04:58:50,000 --> 04:58:54,200
As regular as textile weaving 
every cook knows their 

5644
04:58:54,200 --> 04:58:58,100
responsibilities. 
Every hand, reaches for familiar

5645
04:58:58,100 --> 04:59:00,800
tools. 
The workspace has been navigated

5646
04:59:00,800 --> 04:59:04,400
so many times that people avoid 
collisions through unconscious 

5647
04:59:04,400 --> 04:59:07,500
awareness, rather than explicit 
negotiation. 

5648
04:59:08,800 --> 04:59:12,000
You begin preparing the beef 
with the same careful attention.

5649
04:59:12,000 --> 04:59:15,400
You gave the mutton This cut 
comes from the rib section and 

5650
04:59:15,400 --> 04:59:18,700
features marbling that will 
render during cooking, creating 

5651
04:59:18,700 --> 04:59:22,100
the rich flavor and tender 
texture that justify its Premium

5652
04:59:22,100 --> 04:59:25,100
cost. 
The preparation involves minimal

5653
04:59:25,100 --> 04:59:28,100
intervention because quality 
beef requires little Beyond 

5654
04:59:28,100 --> 04:59:30,700
salt, pepper and appropriate 
heat application. 

5655
04:59:31,500 --> 04:59:34,900
The herb crust gets prepared 
separately, fresh bread, crumbs 

5656
04:59:34,900 --> 04:59:37,600
mixed with chopped parsley, 
Thyme, and rosemary. 

5657
04:59:37,600 --> 04:59:41,100
Butter worked into the mixture 
until it achieves paste 

5658
04:59:41,100 --> 04:59:44,200
consistency. 
This coating will be applied to 

5659
04:59:44,208 --> 04:59:48,100
the beef during the final 30 
minutes of roasting, creating a 

5660
04:59:48,100 --> 04:59:51,400
Savory crust that contrasts with
the tender interior. 

5661
04:59:52,500 --> 04:59:55,800
Thomas works on the fish course 
which tonight features dover 

5662
04:59:55,800 --> 04:59:57,800
sole prepared with brown butter 
and lemon. 

5663
04:59:58,800 --> 05:00:01,600
The fish arrived this morning 
packed in ice that has mostly 

5664
05:00:01,600 --> 05:00:04,700
melted into water requiring 
periodic draining. 

5665
05:00:05,700 --> 05:00:08,500
He fills them with Precision 
that removes every bone while 

5666
05:00:08,500 --> 05:00:12,400
preserving maximum flesh. 
The technique requires knife, 

5667
05:00:12,400 --> 05:00:15,300
skills developed over years and 
maintained through constant 

5668
05:00:15,300 --> 05:00:18,200
practice. 
Margaret assembles components 

5669
05:00:18,200 --> 05:00:21,500
for the vegetable horses, a 
sparrows that will be briefly 

5670
05:00:21,500 --> 05:00:23,200
boiled and served with 
hollandaise. 

5671
05:00:24,000 --> 05:00:27,500
Potatoes, that will be formed 
into Croquettes breaded and 

5672
05:00:27,500 --> 05:00:32,000
fried to Golden perfection. 
A salad of force, cucumbers, and

5673
05:00:32,000 --> 05:00:35,900
hot house to Mateos dressed with
vinegar and oil in proportions 

5674
05:00:35,900 --> 05:00:39,800
Mr. Aldrich considers optimal. 
Madame, Lauren works in her 

5675
05:00:39,800 --> 05:00:42,600
separate sphere creating the 
desert that will conclude the 

5676
05:00:42,600 --> 05:00:44,900
meal. 
You Glimpse are occasionally 

5677
05:00:44,900 --> 05:00:47,200
through the doorway that 
separates her pastry kitchen 

5678
05:00:47,200 --> 05:00:50,600
from the main cooking area. 
She moves with the fluid. 

5679
05:00:50,600 --> 05:00:52,600
Certainty of someone engaged. 
In work. 

5680
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:55,100
They have perfected through 
obsessive repetition. 

5681
05:00:56,000 --> 05:01:00,500
The desert involves layers of 
genoese pastry cream, and 

5682
05:01:00,500 --> 05:01:04,600
candied fruit assembled, into an
architectural creation, that 

5683
05:01:04,600 --> 05:01:08,400
seems to elaborate to eat. the 
heat in the kitchen climbs 

5684
05:01:08,400 --> 05:01:12,200
toward a pressive, the range 
radiates warmth that combines 

5685
05:01:12,200 --> 05:01:16,400
with steam, from multiple pots 
to create atmosphere, resembling

5686
05:01:16,400 --> 05:01:20,400
a tropical Conservatory 
Everyone's face shines with 

5687
05:01:20,400 --> 05:01:24,700
sweat the white jackets and 
showed dark patches where 

5688
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:28,300
moisture is soaked through. 
You drink water from the cup you

5689
05:01:28,300 --> 05:01:32,100
refill, periodically at the 
system knowing that dehydration 

5690
05:01:32,100 --> 05:01:35,600
leads to mistake's. 
Time moves and strangeways 

5691
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:38,100
during afternoon preparation 
minutes. 

5692
05:01:38,100 --> 05:01:41,700
Crawl when you're waiting for 
water to boil or others to reach

5693
05:01:41,700 --> 05:01:45,000
temperature hours vanish. 
When you become absorbed in 

5694
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:47,700
detail, work, that demands 
complete attention. 

5695
05:01:48,700 --> 05:01:51,500
You glanced at the clock and 
discover that three hours of 

5696
05:01:51,500 --> 05:01:55,400
passed while you were focused on
tasks that felt like they 

5697
05:01:55,400 --> 05:01:59,800
required the 30 minutes. 
The beef goes into the oven at 5

5698
05:01:59,800 --> 05:02:03,700
o' clock, The Roasting will take
two hours, plus resting time, 

5699
05:02:03,700 --> 05:02:06,900
bringing it to Readiness, 
precisely when service begins, 

5700
05:02:06,900 --> 05:02:10,800
you set a mental timer based on 
experience rather than 

5701
05:02:10,800 --> 05:02:14,400
mechanical devices. 
Your internal clock has learned 

5702
05:02:14,400 --> 05:02:17,400
to track cooking intervals with 
accuracy that occasionally 

5703
05:02:17,400 --> 05:02:20,500
surprises. 
Even you Evening service 

5704
05:02:20,500 --> 05:02:23,200
transforms, the kitchen from 
workspace into theater. 

5705
05:02:24,400 --> 05:02:27,200
Casual efficiency of daytime 
operations, gives way to 

5706
05:02:27,200 --> 05:02:30,500
heightened tension where every 
action carries weight. 

5707
05:02:31,300 --> 05:02:34,800
Mistakes during breakfast might 
provoke mild irritation. 

5708
05:02:35,600 --> 05:02:38,700
Errors during dinner service 
before important guests, create 

5709
05:02:38,700 --> 05:02:42,200
consequences that Ripple through
the entire household hierarchy. 

5710
05:02:43,100 --> 05:02:46,600
Mr. Aldrich changes in to his 
finest chefs white for evening 

5711
05:02:46,600 --> 05:02:49,400
service. 
The jacket appears freshly 

5712
05:02:49,400 --> 05:02:51,500
laundered. 
Despite having seen use earlier 

5713
05:02:51,500 --> 05:02:55,200
in the day, his tall chef's hat,
sits, perfectly centered. 

5714
05:02:55,200 --> 05:02:59,600
He is transformed from morning 
manager, into evening performer,

5715
05:02:59,600 --> 05:03:04,400
and everyone feels the shift in 
atmosphere, The first course, 

5716
05:03:04,400 --> 05:03:08,700
begins preparation at 6:00. 
Clear consume that Emma has been

5717
05:03:08,708 --> 05:03:12,700
working on all afternoon. 
Finally achieves the crystalline

5718
05:03:12,700 --> 05:03:14,800
Clarity that Mr. Aldrich 
demands. 

5719
05:03:15,500 --> 05:03:18,600
The soup gets poured into a 
heated Turin that will maintain 

5720
05:03:18,600 --> 05:03:20,500
temperature during its Journey 
upstairs. 

5721
05:03:21,500 --> 05:03:24,200
Thin slices of lemon float on 
the surface. 

5722
05:03:25,100 --> 05:03:28,500
Fresh chervil provides the 
single garnish that Mr. Aldrich 

5723
05:03:28,500 --> 05:03:31,600
considers appropriate. 
You monitor the beef while 

5724
05:03:31,600 --> 05:03:34,500
simultaneously preparing the 
vegetables that will accompany 

5725
05:03:34,500 --> 05:03:36,800
it. 
The roasting pan contains 

5726
05:03:36,800 --> 05:03:39,900
accumulated drippings that will 
become the base for source. 

5727
05:03:40,500 --> 05:03:44,100
You skim fat from the surface 
and add stock to the remaining 

5728
05:03:44,100 --> 05:03:47,600
fond, scraping bottom to 
incorporate Brown bits. 

5729
05:03:47,600 --> 05:03:51,600
That carry concentrated flavor. 
The liquid reduces while you 

5730
05:03:51,600 --> 05:03:55,400
work on other tasks transforming
into the glossy source that will

5731
05:03:55,400 --> 05:03:58,100
coat serving pieces. 
Thomas plate. 

5732
05:03:58,100 --> 05:04:00,700
The Dover sole with movements 
that look effortless, but 

5733
05:04:00,700 --> 05:04:04,700
reflect years of practice, the 
Philips, get a range on warm 

5734
05:04:04,700 --> 05:04:09,200
plates, brown butter, drizzles 
across the surface in patterns. 

5735
05:04:09,200 --> 05:04:13,700
That suggest careful attention 
without fussing over elaboration

5736
05:04:14,800 --> 05:04:18,800
Lemon segments provide acid, 
Counterpoint a scatter of fresh 

5737
05:04:18,800 --> 05:04:23,100
herbs, adds color, contrast the 
footman appears every 15 minutes

5738
05:04:23,100 --> 05:04:25,500
to transport, completed courses 
up stairs. 

5739
05:04:26,300 --> 05:04:29,100
He moves with the smoother 
efficiency of someone who has 

5740
05:04:29,100 --> 05:04:31,200
perfected, the choreography of 
formal service. 

5741
05:04:32,300 --> 05:04:35,700
Tracy carriers contained food 
that represents hours of 

5742
05:04:35,700 --> 05:04:39,500
preparation but will be consumed
in minutes by people who likely 

5743
05:04:39,500 --> 05:04:43,400
take its presence for granted 
Margaret's vegetables, reach 

5744
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:45,500
completion and carefully timed 
sequence. 

5745
05:04:45,500 --> 05:04:50,300
The asparagus gets blanched 
until Tender Crisp then shocked 

5746
05:04:50,300 --> 05:04:53,100
in ice water before final. 
Reheating and butter. 

5747
05:04:54,700 --> 05:04:58,400
The potato Croquettes emerged 
from Hot Oil, golden and crisp. 

5748
05:04:58,400 --> 05:05:02,100
Their exterior, providing 
textural contrast to creamy 

5749
05:05:02,100 --> 05:05:05,000
Interiors. 
Everything receives final 

5750
05:05:05,000 --> 05:05:09,100
seasoning adjustments before 
plating the beef reaches optimal

5751
05:05:09,100 --> 05:05:13,100
internal temperature at 7:20. 
You remove it from the oven and 

5752
05:05:13,100 --> 05:05:16,600
transfer it to the resting rack.
The herb crust has formed a 

5753
05:05:16,600 --> 05:05:19,400
Savory coating that crackles 
slightly when you test it with 

5754
05:05:19,400 --> 05:05:24,100
your finger, fat pools in the 
roasting pan below evidence of 

5755
05:05:24,100 --> 05:05:28,400
the extensive marbling that made
this cut expense of Carving 

5756
05:05:28,400 --> 05:05:32,600
begins after 15 minutes of rest.
The knife slides through meet 

5757
05:05:32,600 --> 05:05:35,300
that offers, just enough 
resistance to confirm proper 

5758
05:05:35,300 --> 05:05:38,600
doneness while yielding easily 
enough to prove 10.us. 

5759
05:05:39,600 --> 05:05:43,200
Slice reveals the pink interior.
That indicates medium rare 

5760
05:05:43,200 --> 05:05:46,000
preparation. 
You arrange the pieces on a 

5761
05:05:46,000 --> 05:05:49,800
heated serving, platter each 
portion calculated to provide 

5762
05:05:49,800 --> 05:05:53,900
exactly the amount. 
One gestured receive the source 

5763
05:05:53,900 --> 05:05:56,100
gets strained through 
cheesecloth to remove any 

5764
05:05:56,100 --> 05:05:58,800
particles that might Mar its 
smooth consistency. 

5765
05:05:59,500 --> 05:06:01,800
Mrs. Bramwell taste it and nods 
approval. 

5766
05:06:01,800 --> 05:06:03,900
Which represents the highest 
compliment. 

5767
05:06:03,900 --> 05:06:07,500
She offers regarding anything, 
The Source goes into a silver 

5768
05:06:07,500 --> 05:06:11,300
boat, that will travel up 
stairs, alongside the beef Mr. 

5769
05:06:11,300 --> 05:06:14,300
Aldrich inspect the complete 
presentation before allowing 

5770
05:06:14,300 --> 05:06:17,400
service. 
He examines the meat slicing for

5771
05:06:17,400 --> 05:06:19,300
uniformity. 
Stutters. 

5772
05:06:19,300 --> 05:06:21,600
The vegetable arrangement for 
aesthetic balance. 

5773
05:06:22,400 --> 05:06:25,400
Taste the source and makes a 
minor adjustment by adding three

5774
05:06:25,400 --> 05:06:28,900
grains of salt, that you doubt 
actually change anything but 

5775
05:06:28,900 --> 05:06:31,500
which satisfy his need to 
demonstrate Authority. 

5776
05:06:32,500 --> 05:06:35,200
He signals approval with a 
slight bout towards you. 

5777
05:06:35,200 --> 05:06:37,300
That acknowledges competent 
work. 

5778
05:06:37,300 --> 05:06:41,300
Without excessive praise. 
The paltry course, follows, 20 

5779
05:06:41,300 --> 05:06:45,000
minutes later, roasted duck that
you prepared while managing the 

5780
05:06:45,000 --> 05:06:48,300
beef because apparently you 
possess unlimited capacity for 

5781
05:06:48,300 --> 05:06:52,300
simultaneous tasks. 
The duck required different 

5782
05:06:52,300 --> 05:06:58,100
treatment than beef or lamb. 
Fat layer needed scoring to help

5783
05:06:58,100 --> 05:07:00,900
it render. 
The cavity got stuffed with 

5784
05:07:00,900 --> 05:07:05,100
aromatics that perfume the meat 
from within the roasting 

5785
05:07:05,100 --> 05:07:08,000
happened at higher temperature 
to crisp the skin while cooking,

5786
05:07:08,000 --> 05:07:11,400
the flesh to doneness that Mr. 
Aldrich describes as precisely 

5787
05:07:11,400 --> 05:07:13,200
between underdone and 
overcooked. 

5788
05:07:14,000 --> 05:07:16,100
Targets. 
So specific it borders on 

5789
05:07:16,108 --> 05:07:18,700
mythical? 
You carve the duck with 

5790
05:07:18,700 --> 05:07:22,100
different technique than beef. 
The legs separated at the 

5791
05:07:22,108 --> 05:07:24,900
joints. 
The breast meat gets sliced thin

5792
05:07:24,900 --> 05:07:27,800
on the bias. 
The wings remain attached to the

5793
05:07:27,800 --> 05:07:30,600
carcass because they contain 
minimal meet worth serving. 

5794
05:07:31,300 --> 05:07:34,000
Each element gets plated with 
the same attention to 

5795
05:07:34,000 --> 05:07:38,100
presentation that govern the 
early courses orange sauce are 

5796
05:07:38,100 --> 05:07:40,900
companies, the duck created by 
Thomas using techniques. 

5797
05:07:40,900 --> 05:07:43,400
He learned from a chef, who 
wants worked at the Savoy. 

5798
05:07:44,300 --> 05:07:47,900
The Source involves reduced. 
Orange juice, stock vinegar, and

5799
05:07:47,900 --> 05:07:52,300
sugar balanced to create sweet 
acid, Counterpoint to Rich, duck

5800
05:07:52,300 --> 05:07:56,900
meat, He has been tending, this 
source for 90 minutes, adjusting

5801
05:07:56,900 --> 05:08:00,600
and tasting, until it achieves, 
the precise flavor profile. 

5802
05:08:00,600 --> 05:08:04,600
He envisioned The kitchen 
operates now at maximum 

5803
05:08:04,600 --> 05:08:09,100
intensity every surface holds 
something in various stages of 

5804
05:08:09,100 --> 05:08:12,700
preparation or cooking. 
Every cook moves with purposeful

5805
05:08:12,700 --> 05:08:15,000
haste that stops just short of 
panic. 

5806
05:08:15,800 --> 05:08:20,600
The Sounds reach a crescendo of 
sizzling bubbling, clanging that

5807
05:08:20,600 --> 05:08:24,000
somehow remains organized rather
than descending into chaos. 

5808
05:08:25,400 --> 05:08:27,500
Madame Laurens desert makes its 
appearance. 

5809
05:08:27,500 --> 05:08:30,500
During a brief lull between 
courses, the construction, 

5810
05:08:30,500 --> 05:08:33,700
Towers 8, inches high, and 
features architectural 

5811
05:08:33,700 --> 05:08:38,100
complexity, that seems to defy 
gravity layers of sponge cake 

5812
05:08:38,100 --> 05:08:41,900
alternate with pastry cream. 
Candy violets provide purple 

5813
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:45,100
actions. 
The whole creation gets dusted, 

5814
05:08:45,100 --> 05:08:48,000
with powdered sugar that drifts 
onto the plate surface, like 

5815
05:08:48,000 --> 05:08:52,900
fresh snow, The Savory course, 
arrives last before, dessert 

5816
05:08:52,900 --> 05:08:56,200
following traditional meal 
structure, that modern diners 

5817
05:08:56,200 --> 05:08:59,600
might find peculiar. 
Welsh rare bit prepared by 

5818
05:08:59,600 --> 05:09:05,000
Margaret using cheese, Beer, 
mustard and bread toasted to 

5819
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:09,600
precise brownness This course, 
serves as palate, cleanser and 

5820
05:09:09,600 --> 05:09:12,500
bridge between Rich, meat 
courses and sweet dessert. 

5821
05:09:13,300 --> 05:09:15,900
Portions are small because 
guests have already consumed 

5822
05:09:15,900 --> 05:09:20,600
substantial quantities of food. 
Service concludes at 9:30. 

5823
05:09:21,800 --> 05:09:24,900
The footman makes his final trip
upstairs carrying the coffee 

5824
05:09:24,900 --> 05:09:28,000
service, that marks official 
meal completion. 

5825
05:09:29,200 --> 05:09:31,800
The kitchen exhales, 
collectively, as tension, 

5826
05:09:31,800 --> 05:09:35,700
releases, and everyone realizes 
they survived another dinner 

5827
05:09:35,700 --> 05:09:37,700
service without catastrophic 
failure. 

5828
05:09:38,900 --> 05:09:42,500
The dirty dishes, begin their 
return Journey, Bridget receives

5829
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:45,800
them with the stoic acceptance 
that characterizes her entire 

5830
05:09:45,800 --> 05:09:49,100
approach to work. 
The washing up will continue for

5831
05:09:49,100 --> 05:09:51,000
hours. 
Extending her day. 

5832
05:09:51,000 --> 05:09:54,000
Well beyond when everyone else 
has escaped to Rooms up stairs. 

5833
05:09:54,900 --> 05:09:58,100
You have offered to help in the 
past but she refuses to 

5834
05:09:58,100 --> 05:10:00,100
assistance with a pride that 
suggests. 

5835
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:03,200
She considers the work her 
domain and outside in to 

5836
05:10:03,200 --> 05:10:07,500
Fearless unwelcome Kitchen after
service feels like a 

5837
05:10:07,500 --> 05:10:10,600
battlefield. 
After combat evidence of the 

5838
05:10:10,600 --> 05:10:13,900
evening's work. 
Covers every surface pots. 

5839
05:10:13,900 --> 05:10:16,500
Awake cleaning, cutting boards, 
need scrubbing. 

5840
05:10:16,500 --> 05:10:18,900
The range must be banked for the
night. 

5841
05:10:18,900 --> 05:10:21,600
The floor requires sweeping and 
mopping. 

5842
05:10:22,400 --> 05:10:26,700
The list of closing tasks seems 
endless, yet every one moves 

5843
05:10:26,700 --> 05:10:29,300
through it with the mechanical 
efficiency of people who have 

5844
05:10:29,300 --> 05:10:33,000
performed these actions 
countless times, you clean your 

5845
05:10:33,000 --> 05:10:36,700
station first. 
The Cutting Board gets scraped 

5846
05:10:36,700 --> 05:10:38,500
and washed with hot water and 
soap. 

5847
05:10:38,500 --> 05:10:43,000
The knives receive individual 
attention washed and dried 

5848
05:10:43,000 --> 05:10:44,800
before returning to their 
storage block. 

5849
05:10:45,800 --> 05:10:49,400
The counter surfaces get wiped 
down with a cloth dampened in 

5850
05:10:49,400 --> 05:10:52,100
vinegar water that cuts through 
accumulated Greece. 

5851
05:10:53,100 --> 05:10:57,100
Mr. Aldrich disappears shortly. 
After service, concludes his 

5852
05:10:57,100 --> 05:11:00,800
presence is required for cooking
and plating but clean up exists.

5853
05:11:00,800 --> 05:11:04,700
Beneath his dignity, he departs 
to his private quarters carrying

5854
05:11:04,700 --> 05:11:08,300
the satisfaction of another 
successful service and leaving 

5855
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:11,800
the Practical work to those. 
He considers hired for exactly 

5856
05:11:11,800 --> 05:11:16,100
this purpose, Mrs. Bramwell 
supervises, the closing routine 

5857
05:11:16,100 --> 05:11:19,100
with the same attention, she 
applies to every other aspect of

5858
05:11:19,100 --> 05:11:22,300
kitchen operation. 
She checks that fires, get 

5859
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:26,300
properly banked verifies that 
cold storage items returned to 

5860
05:11:26,300 --> 05:11:29,900
appropriate locations. 
Ensures that the flour bins get 

5861
05:11:29,900 --> 05:11:33,800
sealed against mice that 
constantly seek entry despite 

5862
05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:37,900
the kitchen cats best efforts. 
The range requires special 

5863
05:11:37,900 --> 05:11:41,900
attention before Days end. 
Fires must be damned but not 

5864
05:11:41,900 --> 05:11:45,200
extinguished because rebuilding 
them tomorrow morning would add 

5865
05:11:45,200 --> 05:11:49,300
30 minutes to start up time. 
You shovel out the spent coals 

5866
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:51,900
from each Firebox and replaced 
them with fresh fuel. 

5867
05:11:52,700 --> 05:11:56,100
The dampers get adjusted to 
maintain minimal airflow by 

5868
05:11:56,100 --> 05:11:59,200
morning, the coals will have 
reduced to beds of Embers ready 

5869
05:11:59,200 --> 05:12:01,900
to accept. 
Fresh fuel, the kitchen staff 

5870
05:12:01,900 --> 05:12:05,000
gradually departs, as individual
tasks, reach, completion, 

5871
05:12:05,800 --> 05:12:08,900
Margaret finishes first because 
our vegetables required less 

5872
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:10,900
intensive cleanup than meat or 
fish. 

5873
05:12:11,700 --> 05:12:14,400
Emma follows after completing 
the vegetable prep for 

5874
05:12:14,400 --> 05:12:18,200
tomorrow's breakfast, Thomas 
Lingus longest because fish work

5875
05:12:18,200 --> 05:12:20,800
creates particularly cleaning 
challenges involving smell 

5876
05:12:20,800 --> 05:12:23,300
removal and thorough 
sanitization. 

5877
05:12:24,300 --> 05:12:28,000
You remain after most others of 
gone partly from dedication and 

5878
05:12:28,000 --> 05:12:30,900
partly from reluctant to, 
immediately climb the stairs to 

5879
05:12:30,900 --> 05:12:35,100
your small room where nothing 
awaits, except a narrow bed and 

5880
05:12:35,100 --> 05:12:38,800
the prospect of six hours sleep 
before the cycle begins again. 

5881
05:12:40,200 --> 05:12:42,600
The kitchen holds a different 
character in These Quiet 

5882
05:12:42,600 --> 05:12:46,200
Moments. 
The cooking sounds of ceased the

5883
05:12:46,200 --> 05:12:48,100
heat has begun its slow 
dissipation. 

5884
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:53,600
The space feels almost peaceful 
Bridget works at her sinks in 

5885
05:12:53,600 --> 05:12:56,500
the scholarly visible. 
Through the connecting doorway 

5886
05:12:56,500 --> 05:12:59,700
her hands move through water. 
That must be painfully hot. 

5887
05:13:00,600 --> 05:13:03,700
Scrubbing at pots that resisted 
earlier cleaning attempts. 

5888
05:13:04,400 --> 05:13:07,300
She shows no indication of hurry
or frustration. 

5889
05:13:08,000 --> 05:13:11,600
The work proceeds at steady 
Pace, that will continue until 

5890
05:13:11,600 --> 05:13:15,500
every item achieves cleanliness 
that satisfies her standards. 

5891
05:13:16,600 --> 05:13:20,300
You join her eventually taking 
up a scrubbing, brush and 

5892
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:23,000
attacking a roasting pan. 
That bears, the carbonized 

5893
05:13:23,000 --> 05:13:28,100
remains of rendered fat. 
She glances up briefly nods 

5894
05:13:28,100 --> 05:13:30,000
acknowledgment and returns to 
her own work. 

5895
05:13:31,100 --> 05:13:35,500
No conversation passes between 
you because none is needed the 

5896
05:13:35,500 --> 05:13:37,900
shared labor creates its own 
communication. 

5897
05:13:38,700 --> 05:13:42,700
The pain yields to persistent 
scrubbing. the burned material, 

5898
05:13:42,700 --> 05:13:46,100
gradually loosens and washes 
away, revealing the copper 

5899
05:13:46,100 --> 05:13:49,600
beneath Your arms ache from the 
repetitive motion. 

5900
05:13:49,600 --> 05:13:52,600
You can continue until the 
surface gleams. 

5901
05:13:53,400 --> 05:13:56,400
Satisfaction comes from 
completing tasks thoroughly, 

5902
05:13:56,400 --> 05:14:00,900
rather than quickly. 
The kitchen clock shows, 11:30. 

5903
05:14:01,800 --> 05:14:06,600
The work day has extended Beyond
15 hours your feet, hurt your 

5904
05:14:06,600 --> 05:14:10,400
back, carries the accumulated 
strain of constant standing and 

5905
05:14:10,400 --> 05:14:13,000
bending. 
Tomorrow will bring identical 

5906
05:14:13,000 --> 05:14:15,800
demands the day after that will 
match tomorrow. 

5907
05:14:15,800 --> 05:14:19,400
This represents the reality of 
kitchen work in a Victorian 

5908
05:14:19,400 --> 05:14:23,100
household, where mechanization 
remains limited and labor 

5909
05:14:23,100 --> 05:14:26,700
remains cheap. 
Bridget finishes the last pot 

5910
05:14:26,700 --> 05:14:29,100
and pulls the plug that drains 
the final sink. 

5911
05:14:29,800 --> 05:14:33,100
Water swirls away. 
Carrying soap suds and food 

5912
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,800
particles toward pipes that 
eventually empty into the Thames

5913
05:14:36,800 --> 05:14:40,100
adding kitchen waste to the 
countless other contributions 

5914
05:14:40,100 --> 05:14:42,000
from London's millions of 
residents. 

5915
05:14:42,800 --> 05:14:45,400
She dries her hands on a towel. 
That looks like it might have 

5916
05:14:45,400 --> 05:14:48,800
been white several years ago. 
He climbed the stairs together 

5917
05:14:48,800 --> 05:14:52,100
in silence. 
The house above has settled into

5918
05:14:52,100 --> 05:14:54,100
sleep. 
The gas lamps have been 

5919
05:14:54,108 --> 05:14:57,200
extinguished except for a single
light, left burning in the main 

5920
05:14:57,200 --> 05:15:01,000
hall for later Rivals, your 
paths, diverge at the third 

5921
05:15:01,000 --> 05:15:03,900
floor, Landing. 
She continues upward to the 

5922
05:15:03,908 --> 05:15:06,800
attic rooms where female 
servants sleeping dormitory 

5923
05:15:06,800 --> 05:15:09,900
style Arrangements. 
You turned toward the narrow 

5924
05:15:09,900 --> 05:15:11,900
Corridor leading to your small 
private room. 

5925
05:15:13,000 --> 05:15:17,400
The room contains a bed. 
A chess small table and hooks on

5926
05:15:17,400 --> 05:15:21,100
the wall for hanging clothes. 
A window looks out on the Alley 

5927
05:15:21,100 --> 05:15:23,600
behind the house. 
Where dust bins, wait for 

5928
05:15:23,600 --> 05:15:27,000
tomorrow's collection. 
The space measures, perhaps 

5929
05:15:27,000 --> 05:15:32,300
eight feet by 10 feet. 
It constitutes luxury compared 

5930
05:15:32,300 --> 05:15:36,100
to the shared rooms occupied by 
junior staff who You remove your

5931
05:15:36,108 --> 05:15:38,600
kitchen clothes, and hang them 
on hooks where they will are out

5932
05:15:38,600 --> 05:15:41,800
overnight. 
The white jacket shows stains 

5933
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:45,400
that no amount of washing will 
remove the trousers carry 

5934
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:47,800
similar marks of service 
tomorrow. 

5935
05:15:47,800 --> 05:15:51,200
You will wear them again and add
new stains to the existing 

5936
05:15:51,200 --> 05:15:54,300
collection. 
Sleep comes quickly, despite 

5937
05:15:54,300 --> 05:15:57,600
physical discomfort. 
Your body has learned to 

5938
05:15:57,600 --> 05:16:01,800
transition rapidly from activity
to rest because the opportunity 

5939
05:16:01,800 --> 05:16:05,200
for Sleep remains too precious 
to waste on gradual settling. 

5940
05:16:06,000 --> 05:16:08,400
Dreams arrived but you will not 
remember them. 

5941
05:16:09,800 --> 05:16:13,300
The unconscious hours pass and 
morning, comes with its rattling

5942
05:16:13,300 --> 05:16:15,400
door and single call of your 
name. 

5943
05:16:16,400 --> 05:16:20,100
The cycle begins again tomorrow.
You will wait before Dawn and 

5944
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:23,600
descend into the kitchen 
Darkness, you will like fires 

5945
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:26,400
and whole water and prepare food
for people who will never know 

5946
05:16:26,400 --> 05:16:28,900
your name. 
This represents the hidden 

5947
05:16:28,900 --> 05:16:31,900
Machinery, that makes Victorian 
Elegance possible. 

5948
05:16:31,900 --> 05:16:35,900
The invisible work, that 
transforms raw ingredients into 

5949
05:16:35,900 --> 05:16:40,600
refined meals, the daily labor 
that supports a system built on 

5950
05:16:40,600 --> 05:16:43,700
Rigid hierarchy and unequal 
distribution of comfort. 

5951
05:16:44,600 --> 05:16:47,600
Your hands have learned skills 
that will sustain you through 

5952
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:50,600
Decades of service. 
Your mind has absorbed 

5953
05:16:50,600 --> 05:16:53,000
knowledge. 
That separates competent Cooks 

5954
05:16:53,000 --> 05:16:56,800
from exceptional ones. 
You exist in a world that values

5955
05:16:56,800 --> 05:16:58,800
you for production rather than 
personhood. 

5956
05:16:59,600 --> 05:17:02,000
Yet you find satisfaction in 
work done. 

5957
05:17:02,000 --> 05:17:05,800
Well, regardless of recognition.
The kitchen below stairs, 

5958
05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:09,400
represents its own small 
Universe with rules and 

5959
05:17:09,400 --> 05:17:13,000
relationships that mirror the 
larger society while maintaining

5960
05:17:13,000 --> 05:17:16,800
distinct character. 
Here competence matters, more 

5961
05:17:16,800 --> 05:17:19,700
than birth. 
Skill creates advancement 

5962
05:17:19,700 --> 05:17:22,000
opportunities that bloodline 
cannot match. 

5963
05:17:22,800 --> 05:17:25,900
The hierarchy remains strict, 
but allows movement for those 

5964
05:17:25,900 --> 05:17:29,700
willing to work as you settle 
into sleep, my tired potatoes, 

5965
05:17:29,700 --> 05:17:33,200
remember that history, consists 
largely of ordinary people 

5966
05:17:33,200 --> 05:17:36,400
performing daily work, that 
makes civilization possible. 

5967
05:17:37,800 --> 05:17:39,900
The Victorian Chef exists as 
one. 

5968
05:17:39,900 --> 05:17:44,500
Small example among Millions, 
the work continues, the cycle 

5969
05:17:44,500 --> 05:17:48,700
persists, And somewhere in 
London tonight and another 

5970
05:17:48,700 --> 05:17:51,700
cooked climb stairs toward a few
hours of rest before morning 

5971
05:17:51,700 --> 05:18:02,600
calls again. 
Welcome to a time before memory,

5972
05:18:02,600 --> 05:18:07,000
before witness before any living
thing existed to observe the 

5973
05:18:07,000 --> 05:18:10,100
world. 
You're settling into the story 

5974
05:18:10,100 --> 05:18:13,700
of Earth's early years when the 
planet was simply becoming 

5975
05:18:13,700 --> 05:18:16,700
itself through processes. 
So gradual, they would be 

5976
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:18,800
invisible to any single 
Observer. 

5977
05:18:20,000 --> 05:18:24,400
Here, change happens across 
millions of years and there is 

5978
05:18:24,400 --> 05:18:28,100
no urgency. 
Only the steady work of rock and

5979
05:18:28,100 --> 05:18:30,600
water and are finding their 
rhythms together. 

5980
05:18:31,900 --> 05:18:34,900
You wake on a planet that has 
been turning for hundreds of 

5981
05:18:34,908 --> 05:18:37,000
millions of years already 
though. 

5982
05:18:37,000 --> 05:18:41,500
Nothing has ever woken here 
before the sun rises over an 

5983
05:18:41,500 --> 05:18:44,700
ocean that covers most of the 
surface and the light touches 

5984
05:18:44,700 --> 05:18:46,800
water that is never reflected a 
living. 

5985
05:18:46,808 --> 05:18:51,500
I the day begins as it always 
has with warmth, spreading 

5986
05:18:51,500 --> 05:18:55,100
across the curve of the world. 
The early Earth rotates faster 

5987
05:18:55,100 --> 05:18:59,600
than it will in later ages. 
Full day passes in, perhaps, 18 

5988
05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:03,500
hours and the cycle of light and
darkness moves quickly, across 

5989
05:19:03,500 --> 05:19:07,600
the empty Seas, you watched the 
sun climb and you notice how the

5990
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:10,300
light changes the temperature of
the rock beneath shallow water. 

5991
05:19:10,300 --> 05:19:12,700
The stone warms through the 
morning. 

5992
05:19:12,700 --> 05:19:16,600
Holds that warmth through the 
free afternoon, then releases 

5993
05:19:16,600 --> 05:19:20,800
its slowly as Darkness Returns. 
This happens every day. 

5994
05:19:21,900 --> 05:19:26,100
The pattern never breaks, light 
arrives, warmth, follows 

5995
05:19:26,100 --> 05:19:31,700
darkness comes and coolness. 
Settles in no drama marks, these

5996
05:19:31,700 --> 05:19:36,000
transitions Suns simply moves 
through its Ark while the planet

5997
05:19:36,000 --> 05:19:39,100
turns beneath it and the 
temperature shifts in response, 

5998
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:41,700
degree by degree, predictable 
and steady. 

5999
05:19:42,600 --> 05:19:44,900
Rain falls somewhere on Earth, 
nearly all the time. 

6000
05:19:44,900 --> 05:19:49,300
During these early ages clouds 
form over the warm ocean drift 

6001
05:19:49,300 --> 05:19:53,000
with winds that follow their own
consistent patterns and release 

6002
05:19:53,000 --> 05:19:57,000
water that returns to the Sea. 
You stand on a rocky Shore and 

6003
05:19:57,000 --> 05:20:00,300
watch rain approach across the 
wave's a great curtain. 

6004
05:20:00,300 --> 05:20:04,200
Moving steadily toward you 
bringing coolness and the sound 

6005
05:20:04,200 --> 05:20:08,400
of water striking water. 
The rainfall here is not 

6006
05:20:08,400 --> 05:20:12,000
violent. 
It arrives continues for hours 

6007
05:20:12,000 --> 05:20:17,900
or days, then passes the clouds,
move on the sky clears, and the 

6008
05:20:17,908 --> 05:20:20,400
sun, returns to begin warming. 
The surface again. 

6009
05:20:21,300 --> 05:20:24,800
This cycle repeats with without 
fail, creating a rhythm, you 

6010
05:20:24,800 --> 05:20:27,000
could set your breathing to if 
you needed to breathe. 

6011
05:20:27,900 --> 05:20:31,400
Tides rise and fall with the 
moon's full, which is stronger 

6012
05:20:31,400 --> 05:20:33,900
now than it will be later 
because the moon orbits closer 

6013
05:20:33,900 --> 05:20:37,700
to Earth. 
Twice, each day water, advances 

6014
05:20:37,700 --> 05:20:39,800
up the rocky slopes at the 
Ocean's Edge. 

6015
05:20:39,800 --> 05:20:43,400
Then, withdraws. 
You watch the waterline climb 

6016
05:20:43,400 --> 05:20:46,000
over familiar Stones pause at 
its height. 

6017
05:20:46,000 --> 05:20:48,600
Then Retreat to reveal the same 
stones. 

6018
05:20:48,600 --> 05:20:53,600
Again, darkened and dripping The
tidal Rhythm connects to the 

6019
05:20:53,600 --> 05:20:57,200
moon's position overhead and the
moon's position, connects to the

6020
05:20:57,200 --> 05:21:00,800
time of day and the time of day,
connects back to the Sun's 

6021
05:21:00,800 --> 05:21:04,000
light, everything moves in 
relation to everything else. 

6022
05:21:04,000 --> 05:21:08,100
Creating patterns within 
patterns, all of them, regular 

6023
05:21:08,100 --> 05:21:11,000
all of them repeating at 
intervals, you could learn to 

6024
05:21:11,000 --> 05:21:15,100
anticipate at night, the Stars 
wheel overhead in their own slow

6025
05:21:15,100 --> 05:21:18,500
circle's unchanging in their 
positions relative to one 

6026
05:21:18,500 --> 05:21:22,700
another The same constellations 
that marked the sky a million 

6027
05:21:22,700 --> 05:21:26,200
years ago market tonight. 
They will mark it a million 

6028
05:21:26,200 --> 05:21:29,200
years from now, you lie on a 
warm Rock and watch them 

6029
05:21:29,200 --> 05:21:32,000
turning. 
They will return to these exact 

6030
05:21:32,000 --> 05:21:36,600
positions tomorrow night and the
night after that. the volcanic 

6031
05:21:36,600 --> 05:21:40,600
vents scattered across the ocean
floor pulse with heat on their 

6032
05:21:40,600 --> 05:21:44,500
own, schedule's releasing warmth
and a minerals into the water in

6033
05:21:44,500 --> 05:21:48,700
steady streams, some vent 
continuously, others, follow 

6034
05:21:48,700 --> 05:21:53,800
cycles of activity and rest that
span decades or centuries But 

6035
05:21:53,800 --> 05:21:57,100
each vent maintains its 
particular Rhythm reliable in 

6036
05:21:57,100 --> 05:22:00,500
its pattern even as the pattern 
differs from neighbor to 

6037
05:22:00,500 --> 05:22:03,000
neighbor. 
You notice how the cooling of 

6038
05:22:03,008 --> 05:22:05,200
lava follows its own predictable
path. 

6039
05:22:06,100 --> 05:22:09,500
When molten rock meets seawater 
it hardens from the outside 

6040
05:22:09,500 --> 05:22:13,000
inward, creating pillow shapes 
that stack and Tumble. 

6041
05:22:13,000 --> 05:22:14,700
According to the slope, they 
flow down. 

6042
05:22:14,700 --> 05:22:19,100
The process happens the same way
each time, the outcome varies in

6043
05:22:19,108 --> 05:22:22,200
detail but never in principle. 
Temperature. 

6044
05:22:22,200 --> 05:22:26,100
Differentials Drive wins that 
Circle the planet in bands, and 

6045
05:22:26,100 --> 05:22:29,600
these winds, push surface water 
into currents that also in their

6046
05:22:29,600 --> 05:22:33,200
own patterns. 
Warm water flows toward the 

6047
05:22:33,200 --> 05:22:35,700
poles, cools and returns to the 
equator. 

6048
05:22:36,900 --> 05:22:41,300
Circulation continues day and 
night year after year, moving 

6049
05:22:41,300 --> 05:22:44,300
heat around the planet in a 
system that balances itself 

6050
05:22:44,300 --> 05:22:48,100
through its own motion. 
Lightning flashes Somewhere Over

6051
05:22:48,100 --> 05:22:50,000
The Ocean. 
Every few seconds, during these 

6052
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:53,600
ages, a storms build and release
electricity through the 

6053
05:22:53,600 --> 05:22:56,800
atmosphere. 
Each bolt follows the path of 

6054
05:22:56,800 --> 05:23:00,700
least resistance between cloud 
and water and no two paths are 

6055
05:23:00,700 --> 05:23:03,300
identical. 
The principal remains constant 

6056
05:23:04,200 --> 05:23:09,400
Charge builds resistance breaks 
down, energy, flows, and balance

6057
05:23:09,400 --> 05:23:12,000
returns. 
You watch the sun set over the 

6058
05:23:12,000 --> 05:23:14,400
Western Horizon. 
And, you know, it will rise 

6059
05:23:14,400 --> 05:23:17,800
again in the east. 
You watch the tide Retreat and 

6060
05:23:17,800 --> 05:23:21,400
you know it will return you 
watch clouds gather and you know

6061
05:23:21,408 --> 05:23:23,500
they will release their water 
and clear again. 

6062
05:23:24,400 --> 05:23:26,900
The early Earth operates through
cycles that Nest. 

6063
05:23:26,900 --> 05:23:30,700
Inside one another each one 
completing itself before 

6064
05:23:30,700 --> 05:23:33,100
beginning again. 
None of them requiring 

6065
05:23:33,100 --> 05:23:36,100
intervention or adjustment from 
any outside force. 

6066
05:23:36,100 --> 05:23:40,300
The day ends as it began with 
the planet turning toward 

6067
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:44,300
Darkness at the same rated. 
Turn toward light, nothing has 

6068
05:23:44,300 --> 05:23:47,600
changed in any way that you 
could measure from one day to 

6069
05:23:47,600 --> 05:23:50,300
the next. 
Everything has happened exactly 

6070
05:23:50,300 --> 05:23:53,400
as it should, in the order. 
It should at the pace. 

6071
05:23:53,400 --> 05:23:56,900
It should tomorrow will be the 
same in the day after tomorrow. 

6072
05:23:56,900 --> 05:24:00,500
In the day after that for 
millions of years to come you 

6073
05:24:00,500 --> 05:24:02,800
stand on rock. 
That was once liquid and has 

6074
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:06,200
only recently become solid. 
The Earth's crust is still 

6075
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:07,900
forming. 
Its permanent features during 

6076
05:24:07,900 --> 05:24:11,700
these ages. 
The process happens slowly with 

6077
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:14,700
these change building on the 
last in an orderly progression. 

6078
05:24:15,600 --> 05:24:18,600
The surface is taking shape but 
it takes its time doing so 

6079
05:24:18,600 --> 05:24:21,000
water. 
Condenses from the atmosphere 

6080
05:24:21,000 --> 05:24:25,400
and collects in Low Places and 
as it collects it begins to 

6081
05:24:25,400 --> 05:24:30,200
Define what is ocean and what is
land. the distinction emerges 

6082
05:24:30,200 --> 05:24:35,000
gradually over millions of years
at first water and rock share, 

6083
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,300
space, in uncertain, boundaries 
with shallow Seas covering 

6084
05:24:38,300 --> 05:24:43,000
platforms that are almost land 
and almost not Then as more 

6085
05:24:43,000 --> 05:24:47,000
waterfalls and more time passes,
the deepest basins, fill 

6086
05:24:47,000 --> 05:24:49,700
completely and the highest 
platforms rise. 

6087
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:52,600
Clear of the water and the 
difference between sea and 

6088
05:24:52,600 --> 05:24:56,700
continent becomes real, The 
Rockets self is cooling From the

6089
05:24:56,700 --> 05:24:59,400
Inside Out. 
Releasing heat that build up 

6090
05:24:59,400 --> 05:25:03,500
during the planets for nation. 
This cooling continued for 

6091
05:25:03,500 --> 05:25:07,500
hundreds of millions of years 
and it continues still though 

6092
05:25:07,500 --> 05:25:10,700
more slowly now. 
You can feel the warmth Rising 

6093
05:25:10,700 --> 05:25:14,200
through the stone Beneath Your 
Feet steady and gentle like 

6094
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:17,500
standing on a surface that 
remembers being hot and is 

6095
05:25:17,500 --> 05:25:21,500
slowly forgetting continents 
Forum, where light rock floats 

6096
05:25:21,500 --> 05:25:25,300
on dents and material below and 
these floating platforms drift 

6097
05:25:25,300 --> 05:25:28,800
with currents in the layer, 
beneath them, the movement is 

6098
05:25:28,800 --> 05:25:33,900
extraordinarily, slow measured 
in fingernail with per year but 

6099
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:39,200
it is continuous. a continent 
drifts northward or Eastward or 

6100
05:25:39,200 --> 05:25:42,300
into collision with another 
continent and the Collision 

6101
05:25:42,300 --> 05:25:45,700
raises Mountains, and the 
mountains rise at the same 

6102
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:50,200
patient Pace, the continents 
drift, Erosion begins as soon as

6103
05:25:50,200 --> 05:25:54,800
land rises above water, rain 
falls on high ground and runs 

6104
05:25:54,800 --> 05:25:58,800
downward carrying tiny particles
of dissolved rock with it. 

6105
05:25:59,700 --> 05:26:03,300
The particles washed into 
streams, the streams carry them 

6106
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:06,200
to rivers and the rivers deliver
them to the ocean. 

6107
05:26:07,400 --> 05:26:10,700
This process, never stops an 
overtime. 

6108
05:26:10,700 --> 05:26:14,900
It wears down mountains and 
fills in valleys, smoothing the 

6109
05:26:14,900 --> 05:26:16,700
landscape, toward a gentler 
average. 

6110
05:26:17,600 --> 05:26:20,700
Minerals crystallize out of 
cooling Rock in predictable 

6111
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:24,300
sequences. 
First, the minerals that require

6112
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:27,800
the highest temperatures form 
and settle, then as cooling 

6113
05:26:27,800 --> 05:26:32,000
continues minerals, that form at
lower temperatures, crystallize 

6114
05:26:32,000 --> 05:26:34,900
and join them. 
The result is Stone made of 

6115
05:26:34,900 --> 05:26:38,700
different components arranged in
layers and Pockets each mineral 

6116
05:26:38,700 --> 05:26:41,300
in its proper place. 
According to the temperature at 

6117
05:26:41,300 --> 05:26:44,900
which is solidified, the 
atmosphere is dense and now than

6118
05:26:44,900 --> 05:26:48,200
it will be later the thick with 
water vapor and carbon dioxide 

6119
05:26:48,200 --> 05:26:53,100
released from volcanic activity.
This density holds heat close to

6120
05:26:53,108 --> 05:26:56,400
the surface, keeping 
temperatures warm and stable, 

6121
05:26:56,400 --> 05:26:59,900
even during the long nights. 
The air feels heavy when you 

6122
05:26:59,900 --> 05:27:03,000
breathe it, substantial? 
Like something you could almost 

6123
05:27:03,000 --> 05:27:05,900
swim through. 
Chemical reactions happen 

6124
05:27:05,900 --> 05:27:08,000
constantly wherever water meets 
rock. 

6125
05:27:08,800 --> 05:27:12,300
Certain minerals dissolve more 
easily than others and as water 

6126
05:27:12,300 --> 05:27:14,300
flows over. 
And through Stone it 

6127
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:17,800
preferentially removes the 
soluble minerals leaving behind 

6128
05:27:17,800 --> 05:27:22,100
what does not dissolve. 
This creates gradual changes in 

6129
05:27:22,100 --> 05:27:25,300
the composition of both the 
water and the rock with each 

6130
05:27:25,300 --> 05:27:28,800
becoming more defined in its 
character over time sediment 

6131
05:27:28,800 --> 05:27:31,400
accumulates on the ocean floor 
in layers that record the 

6132
05:27:31,408 --> 05:27:34,400
passage of time. 
Find particles settle 

6133
05:27:34,400 --> 05:27:38,200
continuously drifting down 
through the water column and 

6134
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:40,500
coming to rest on top of what 
settled before them. 

6135
05:27:41,400 --> 05:27:45,400
Each layer is thin, sometimes 
representing only a few years of

6136
05:27:45,400 --> 05:27:49,400
accumulation, but the layers 
stack into sequences that growth

6137
05:27:49,400 --> 05:27:52,400
thick enough to compress their 
own lower portions into New 

6138
05:27:52,400 --> 05:27:55,600
Stone. 
Island chains form where 

6139
05:27:55,600 --> 05:27:59,600
volcanic vents break through the
ocean floor repeatedly as 

6140
05:27:59,600 --> 05:28:04,000
tectonic plates move over them. 
One volcano builds until it 

6141
05:28:04,000 --> 05:28:07,400
rises about the water line. 
Then the plate carries it away 

6142
05:28:07,400 --> 05:28:09,700
from the heat source and it goes
dormant. 

6143
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:13,300
Behind it. 
A new volcano begins building 

6144
05:28:13,300 --> 05:28:17,500
from the same deep source. 
The result is a line of islands.

6145
05:28:17,500 --> 05:28:19,600
Each one slightly older than the
one behind it. 

6146
05:28:19,600 --> 05:28:22,300
All of them recording the 
plates, steady motion. 

6147
05:28:23,100 --> 05:28:25,900
The ocean salinity increases 
gradually as Rivers. 

6148
05:28:25,900 --> 05:28:30,100
Delivered minerals to the sea. 
The water, evaporates and Falls 

6149
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:32,600
as rain again. 
But the mineral stay behind 

6150
05:28:32,600 --> 05:28:35,800
concentrating slowly over 
millions of years. 

6151
05:28:37,400 --> 05:28:40,400
The ocean is becoming saltier, 
but the change happens. 

6152
05:28:40,400 --> 05:28:43,900
So slowly that at any given 
moment, the ocean tastes the 

6153
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:45,500
same as it did a thousand years 
before. 

6154
05:28:46,700 --> 05:28:50,200
Glaciers will form later in 
colder ages, but during these 

6155
05:28:50,200 --> 05:28:54,800
Early times, the polls award and
Ice free water circulates from 

6156
05:28:54,800 --> 05:28:56,800
equator to pole without 
freezing. 

6157
05:28:56,800 --> 05:28:59,900
And the temperature difference 
between tropical and polar 

6158
05:28:59,900 --> 05:29:03,800
regions is smaller than it will 
become the planet maintains 

6159
05:29:03,800 --> 05:29:05,800
warmth more evenly across its 
surface. 

6160
05:29:05,800 --> 05:29:09,700
Creating less variation in 
climate from one latitude to 

6161
05:29:09,700 --> 05:29:12,200
another. 
The salt and granite 

6162
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:14,700
established. 
The cells as the primary rocket 

6163
05:29:14,700 --> 05:29:18,100
types, with Basalt forming, the 
ocean floor and granite forming 

6164
05:29:18,100 --> 05:29:21,200
the continents. 
This division happens because 

6165
05:29:21,200 --> 05:29:25,600
basil is denser and granite is 
lighter and the denser material 

6166
05:29:25,600 --> 05:29:29,900
sinks while the lighter material
Rises, the arrangement is stable

6167
05:29:29,900 --> 05:29:33,300
and self-maintaining, requiring 
no outside adjustment to 

6168
05:29:33,300 --> 05:29:36,300
preserve it. 
The landscape develops patterns 

6169
05:29:36,300 --> 05:29:39,900
of drainage with water following
the lowest available path 

6170
05:29:39,900 --> 05:29:42,000
downward until it reaches the 
sea. 

6171
05:29:42,800 --> 05:29:45,600
These drainage patterns organize
themselves according to the 

6172
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:49,200
slope and composition of the 
land creating branching networks

6173
05:29:49,200 --> 05:29:51,500
that look similar, whether you 
view them at the scale of a 

6174
05:29:51,500 --> 05:29:53,900
small water shed or an entire 
continent. 

6175
05:29:55,200 --> 05:29:59,600
Minerals weather out of rock, 
dissolving water react, with 

6176
05:29:59,600 --> 05:30:03,600
other dissolved substances and 
precipitate out again as new 

6177
05:30:03,600 --> 05:30:06,600
minerals. 
The ocean floor is paved with 

6178
05:30:06,600 --> 05:30:10,000
these precipitates and places 
forming deposits that will 

6179
05:30:10,000 --> 05:30:13,000
eventually become Limestone and 
other sedimentary rocks. 

6180
05:30:13,700 --> 05:30:17,000
The process is chemical, rather 
than biological driven by 

6181
05:30:17,000 --> 05:30:20,000
concentration, gradients and 
temperature changes rather than 

6182
05:30:20,000 --> 05:30:22,500
living activity. 
The crust. 

6183
05:30:22,500 --> 05:30:25,800
Thickens as lighter materials, 
continue to separate from dense,

6184
05:30:25,800 --> 05:30:29,000
a ones and as the crust thickens
it becomes more stable. 

6185
05:30:29,000 --> 05:30:32,400
What was once a surface that 
shifted and reorganized 

6186
05:30:32,400 --> 05:30:36,000
frequently becomes a surface 
that shifts and reorganizes 

6187
05:30:36,000 --> 05:30:41,800
slowly The change is not towards
Stillness but to order slower, 

6188
05:30:41,800 --> 05:30:45,800
more gradual, kind of movement 
that allows features to persist 

6189
05:30:45,800 --> 05:30:49,700
for longer spans of time. 
You watch a river carry sediment

6190
05:30:49,700 --> 05:30:52,700
to the Sea and you know that 
this River has been carrying 

6191
05:30:52,700 --> 05:30:57,800
sediment for millions of years 
grain by grain building a Delta 

6192
05:30:57,800 --> 05:31:00,300
at its mouth, that grows outward
into the ocean. 

6193
05:31:01,100 --> 05:31:04,500
You watch Reign dissolved 
minerals from a cliff face and 

6194
05:31:04,500 --> 05:31:07,200
you know that this Cliff has 
been dissolving for millions of 

6195
05:31:07,200 --> 05:31:11,400
years, retreating Inland at a 
pace too slow for any single 

6196
05:31:11,400 --> 05:31:14,900
lifetime to measure. 
Surface is being built and 

6197
05:31:14,900 --> 05:31:18,500
maintained simultaneously with 
construction and erosion 

6198
05:31:18,500 --> 05:31:21,000
balancing each other in a slow 
equilibrium. 

6199
05:31:21,900 --> 05:31:25,000
You notice how water connects 
everything to everything else, 

6200
05:31:25,000 --> 05:31:29,500
rain that falls on High Ground 
flows, downward carrying 

6201
05:31:29,500 --> 05:31:31,100
minerals that will nourish 
later. 

6202
05:31:31,100 --> 05:31:34,900
Life, ocean, water, evaporates, 
and forms clouds, that will 

6203
05:31:34,900 --> 05:31:38,600
become that rain. 
The cycle, links atmosphere to 

6204
05:31:38,600 --> 05:31:42,800
Ocean to land and Back Again. 
Moving material and energy 

6205
05:31:42,800 --> 05:31:46,700
through each component in turn. 
The atmosphere and ocean 

6206
05:31:46,700 --> 05:31:51,100
exchange heat continuously. 
When air moves over warm water, 

6207
05:31:51,100 --> 05:31:54,000
it absorbs warmth and carries it
to cooler regions. 

6208
05:31:54,600 --> 05:31:58,800
When air cools, it releases that
warmth to the water below or the

6209
05:31:58,800 --> 05:32:02,000
land beneath. 
This exchange evens out, 

6210
05:32:02,000 --> 05:32:04,800
temperature differences, 
preventing any part of the 

6211
05:32:04,800 --> 05:32:08,300
planet from becoming too hot or 
too cold, relative to the rest. 

6212
05:32:09,500 --> 05:32:13,700
Carbon moves between are water 
and rock in its own slow 

6213
05:32:13,700 --> 05:32:17,000
circulation. 
Carbon dioxide dissolves in 

6214
05:32:17,008 --> 05:32:21,100
ocean water, reacts with 
minerals, and eventually becomes

6215
05:32:21,100 --> 05:32:25,500
part of sedimentary rock. 
Volcanic activity releases 

6216
05:32:25,500 --> 05:32:27,900
carbon from Rock, back into the 
atmosphere. 

6217
05:32:28,700 --> 05:32:31,700
The cycle takes millions of 
years to complete one full 

6218
05:32:31,700 --> 05:32:34,500
circuit. 
But it operates continuously 

6219
05:32:34,500 --> 05:32:38,800
keeping carbon in motion rather 
than allowing it to concentrate 

6220
05:32:38,800 --> 05:32:42,100
in any single Reservoir tectonic
plates. 

6221
05:32:42,100 --> 05:32:45,200
Interact at their boundaries and
these interactions take 

6222
05:32:45,200 --> 05:32:47,800
different forms depending on 
what kind of plate meets? 

6223
05:32:47,800 --> 05:32:50,400
What kind of plate? 
Where two plates? 

6224
05:32:50,400 --> 05:32:54,900
Move apart, new ocean floor, 
forms between them where they 

6225
05:32:54,900 --> 05:32:58,700
move together one plate, slides 
beneath the other or both 

6226
05:32:58,700 --> 05:33:00,800
crumpled and Rise into 
mountains. 

6227
05:33:00,800 --> 05:33:05,200
Each type of boundary creates 
its own characteristic landforms

6228
05:33:05,200 --> 05:33:08,500
and the boundaries collectively 
organized the surface into 

6229
05:33:08,500 --> 05:33:13,300
distinct sections. energy from 
the Sun drives winds, which 

6230
05:33:13,300 --> 05:33:17,300
Drive ocean currents, which 
distribute heat, which affects 

6231
05:33:17,300 --> 05:33:20,400
where clouds form, which 
determines where rain falls, 

6232
05:33:20,400 --> 05:33:23,900
Which shapes the land through 
erosion, which changes the 

6233
05:33:23,900 --> 05:33:26,800
patterns of drainage, which 
Alters where sediment 

6234
05:33:26,800 --> 05:33:31,000
accumulates, Each process 
connects to the next in a chain 

6235
05:33:31,000 --> 05:33:34,600
that Loops back on itself. 
So that the end of one cycle 

6236
05:33:34,600 --> 05:33:38,200
becomes the starting condition 
for another The ocean's 

6237
05:33:38,200 --> 05:33:41,300
temperature affects how much 
carbon dioxide it can hold in 

6238
05:33:41,300 --> 05:33:45,700
solution warmer water holds less
colder water holds more. 

6239
05:33:46,800 --> 05:33:49,900
As current circulate water 
between warm and cold regions, 

6240
05:33:49,900 --> 05:33:53,500
they also circulate carbon 
between surface and atmosphere 

6241
05:33:53,500 --> 05:33:57,500
participating in the larger 
carbon cycle through this 

6242
05:33:57,500 --> 05:34:01,600
temperature dependent Exchange. 
Weathering of rock requires both

6243
05:34:01,600 --> 05:34:04,100
water and time and the rate of 
weathering. 

6244
05:34:04,100 --> 05:34:06,100
Depends on temperature and 
rainfall. 

6245
05:34:06,800 --> 05:34:09,700
In warm wet regions, rock, 
breaks down more quickly, 

6246
05:34:09,700 --> 05:34:12,100
releasing minerals into 
solution. 

6247
05:34:13,100 --> 05:34:18,000
In cool dry regions, Rock 
weathers more slowly remaining 

6248
05:34:18,000 --> 05:34:22,000
intact for longer periods. 
This variation creates different

6249
05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:24,000
kinds of soil in different 
climates. 

6250
05:34:24,000 --> 05:34:27,400
Each one suited to the 
conditions that produced it. 

6251
05:34:28,200 --> 05:34:31,000
The day-night cycle creates 
temperature, variations that 

6252
05:34:31,000 --> 05:34:35,100
expand and contract Rock and 
this expansion and contraction 

6253
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:36,700
contributes to mechanical 
weathering. 

6254
05:34:37,700 --> 05:34:41,000
The effect is small on any 
single day, but repeated 

6255
05:34:41,000 --> 05:34:44,900
millions of times over millions 
of years, it becomes significant

6256
05:34:44,900 --> 05:34:48,900
rock fractures along lines of 
weakness, creating smaller 

6257
05:34:48,900 --> 05:34:51,800
pieces, that wear the chemically
more quickly than solid Stone. 

6258
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:55,700
Volcanic gases feed the 
atmosphere and the atmosphere 

6259
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:58,000
feeds. 
The ocean through rain and the 

6260
05:34:58,008 --> 05:35:01,600
ocean feeds back to vulkanisme 
by carrying water's down into 

6261
05:35:01,600 --> 05:35:04,900
subduction zones, where it 
lowers the melting point of rock

6262
05:35:04,900 --> 05:35:09,500
and enables magma to form. 
The system is circular with each

6263
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:12,700
component supplying. 
What another component needs to 

6264
05:35:12,700 --> 05:35:17,200
continue its own processes. 
Seasonal, variations develop as 

6265
05:35:17,200 --> 05:35:19,900
the Earth tilted, axis caused 
his different parts of the 

6266
05:35:19,900 --> 05:35:22,700
planet to receive more or less 
direct sunlight at different 

6267
05:35:22,700 --> 05:35:26,100
times of year. 
The variation is subtle during 

6268
05:35:26,100 --> 05:35:29,000
these early ages when the 
climbed is generally warm, but 

6269
05:35:29,000 --> 05:35:32,000
it exists. 
You can observe how rainfall 

6270
05:35:32,000 --> 05:35:35,600
patterns shift with the seasons 
following the sons apparent 

6271
05:35:35,600 --> 05:35:38,500
movement, North and South, the 
formation of new. 

6272
05:35:38,500 --> 05:35:41,600
Ocean floor at spreading ridges 
pushes, older floor outward, 

6273
05:35:41,600 --> 05:35:43,100
toward the edges of ocean 
basins. 

6274
05:35:43,100 --> 05:35:46,200
And at those edges, the old 
floor sinks back into the 

6275
05:35:46,200 --> 05:35:48,600
mantle. 
The ocean floor is therefore 

6276
05:35:48,600 --> 05:35:52,400
young near The Ridges and old 
near the margins and it exists 

6277
05:35:52,400 --> 05:35:56,000
and constant, circulation, 
renewing itself, completely 

6278
05:35:56,000 --> 05:36:00,600
every few hundred million years.
Minerals transported by Rivers, 

6279
05:36:00,600 --> 05:36:04,800
accumulate in deltas and coastal
areas and these accumulations 

6280
05:36:04,800 --> 05:36:06,900
become resources for later 
processes. 

6281
05:36:07,900 --> 05:36:12,700
Iron settles in certain 
conditions, silica in others and

6282
05:36:12,700 --> 05:36:14,600
calcium carbonate in still 
others. 

6283
05:36:15,700 --> 05:36:18,900
Each mineral Finds Its preferred
environment and concentrates 

6284
05:36:18,900 --> 05:36:21,600
there. 
Creating variety across the 

6285
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:24,200
landscape. 
The atmosphere Shields the 

6286
05:36:24,200 --> 05:36:27,800
surface from harmful radiation 
while allowing, visible light 

6287
05:36:27,800 --> 05:36:30,900
through, and this selective 
filtering creates conditions 

6288
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:34,500
where chemistry can proceed 
moderate temperatures without 

6289
05:36:34,500 --> 05:36:37,100
being disrupted by high energy 
particles. 

6290
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:41,600
The Shield is not perfect but it
is sufficient maintaining a 

6291
05:36:41,608 --> 05:36:45,200
protected space between the 
vacuum of space and the solid 

6292
05:36:45,200 --> 05:36:49,000
surface of the planet. 
Hydrothermal vents on the ocean 

6293
05:36:49,000 --> 05:36:53,000
floor creates zones of chemical 
activity where hot mineral-rich 

6294
05:36:53,000 --> 05:36:57,100
water meets cold sea water. 
Minerals precipitate out of 

6295
05:36:57,108 --> 05:37:00,500
solution, forming chimney-like 
structures, around the vents. 

6296
05:37:01,300 --> 05:37:04,300
Chemicals, released by these 
vents in Rich, the surrounding 

6297
05:37:04,300 --> 05:37:06,800
water. 
Distributing elements, that will

6298
05:37:06,800 --> 05:37:08,500
later prove useful to living 
systems. 

6299
05:37:08,500 --> 05:37:12,300
The gravitational pull of the 
moon and sun together creates 

6300
05:37:12,300 --> 05:37:16,400
title forces that Flex the 
Earth's crust slightly and this 

6301
05:37:16,400 --> 05:37:19,400
flexing generates a small amount
of heat through friction. 

6302
05:37:20,700 --> 05:37:23,800
Heat is minor compared to the 
heat from radioactive decay in 

6303
05:37:23,800 --> 05:37:27,500
the planets interior but it can 
contributes to the total energy.

6304
05:37:27,500 --> 05:37:31,700
Budget adding one more source to
the mix of energy that keeps the

6305
05:37:31,700 --> 05:37:34,700
planet active ocean. 
Currents transport. 

6306
05:37:34,700 --> 05:37:38,500
Not just heat but also dissolved
minerals Distributing resources 

6307
05:37:38,500 --> 05:37:42,100
around the planet water that 
rises from the deep ocean in 

6308
05:37:42,100 --> 05:37:44,400
upwelling zones, brings 
nutrients to the surface. 

6309
05:37:45,400 --> 05:37:49,100
Water that sinks in downwelling 
zones, carries oxygen to depth. 

6310
05:37:50,000 --> 05:37:54,000
The circulation ensures that the
ocean does not stratify into 

6311
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:57,500
permanently separate layers, but
remains mixed and accessible. 

6312
05:37:58,600 --> 05:38:02,200
The land surface channels water 
into rivers and the rivers carve

6313
05:38:02,200 --> 05:38:05,700
valleys that channel water more 
efficiently and the improved 

6314
05:38:05,700 --> 05:38:09,400
drainage allows the land to dry 
out between Reigns and the 

6315
05:38:09,400 --> 05:38:12,000
drying and wetting Cycles 
whether the rock more 

6316
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:15,100
effectively. 
Each change enables, the next 

6317
05:38:15,100 --> 05:38:18,100
change so that the landscape 
gradually becomes more 

6318
05:38:18,100 --> 05:38:22,100
organized, more defined in its 
features and more distinctly 

6319
05:38:22,100 --> 05:38:24,800
itself. 
You stand at the edge of the 

6320
05:38:24,800 --> 05:38:28,900
ocean and watch waves arrive 
from far out at Sea, their 

6321
05:38:28,900 --> 05:38:32,500
energy delivered by winds that 
gathered force over 100s of 

6322
05:38:32,508 --> 05:38:36,600
miles of Open Water. 
The waves break on the shore and

6323
05:38:36,600 --> 05:38:39,800
their energy goes into moving, 
sand and grinding Rock. 

6324
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:43,400
Contributing to the ongoing 
reshaping of the coastline. 

6325
05:38:43,400 --> 05:38:48,100
Nothing is wasted every bit of 
energy does work and the work 

6326
05:38:48,100 --> 05:38:51,900
accumulates into lasting 
changes, you notice that the 

6327
05:38:51,900 --> 05:38:54,700
Earth settles into long periods 
where little seems to change. 

6328
05:38:55,800 --> 05:38:58,500
After the initial Cooling and 
the formation of the first 

6329
05:38:58,500 --> 05:39:02,200
permanent Ocean's the planet, 
enter stretches of time measured

6330
05:39:02,200 --> 05:39:05,100
in tens of millions of years 
were conditions remain 

6331
05:39:05,100 --> 05:39:08,500
remarkably steadily. 
Temperature holds within a 

6332
05:39:08,500 --> 05:39:11,400
narrow range. 
The ocean stays at roughly the 

6333
05:39:11,400 --> 05:39:13,700
same level. 
The composition of the 

6334
05:39:13,700 --> 05:39:16,900
atmosphere shifts, but slowly 
without sudden transitions, 

6335
05:39:16,900 --> 05:39:21,900
these periods are not Stillness,
erosion continues, tectonic 

6336
05:39:21,900 --> 05:39:25,700
plates, continue drifting, and 
volcanic activity continues, 

6337
05:39:25,700 --> 05:39:29,900
adding material to the surface. 
But the rate of change is slow 

6338
05:39:29,900 --> 05:39:32,700
enough, that the planet at the 
end of a 10 million year span 

6339
05:39:32,700 --> 05:39:34,400
looks much like it did at the 
beginning. 

6340
05:39:35,200 --> 05:39:38,600
The changes are real. 
But gradual creating a sense of 

6341
05:39:38,608 --> 05:39:41,800
deep stability. 
Even while nothing actually 

6342
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:44,400
stops moving. 
The ocean, reaches, an 

6343
05:39:44,400 --> 05:39:47,100
equilibrium, where the rate of 
evaporation matches the rate of 

6344
05:39:47,108 --> 05:39:51,000
precipitation and where the rate
of sediment washing into the sea

6345
05:39:51,000 --> 05:39:54,000
matches, the rate of sediment 
being subducted and returned to 

6346
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:58,400
the mantle Water enters and 
leaves the ocean constantly, but

6347
05:39:58,400 --> 05:40:02,100
the total volume remains stable 
with the same amount present 

6348
05:40:02,100 --> 05:40:04,800
year after year Millennium after
millennium. 

6349
05:40:06,400 --> 05:40:09,300
Temperature fluctuations, even 
out over time. 

6350
05:40:10,100 --> 05:40:13,200
Early on Earth history. 
Volcanic activity was more 

6351
05:40:13,200 --> 05:40:17,100
intense and less predictable. 
Creating periods of unusual. 

6352
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:19,100
Warmth, followed by relative 
Cooling. 

6353
05:40:20,100 --> 05:40:23,800
As the planet ages, volcanic 
activity, becomes more regular 

6354
05:40:23,800 --> 05:40:27,700
and more distributed across the 
surface and less prone to 

6355
05:40:27,700 --> 05:40:30,600
clustering in ways that would 
create climate extremes. 

6356
05:40:30,600 --> 05:40:34,400
The result is a more stable 
climate one that varies from 

6357
05:40:34,400 --> 05:40:37,600
season to season but not 
drastically from age to age. 

6358
05:40:38,800 --> 05:40:42,000
You observe how the day-night 
cycle provides a built-in rhythm

6359
05:40:42,000 --> 05:40:46,200
of activity, and rest during the
day, solar energy, warms the 

6360
05:40:46,200 --> 05:40:51,500
surface evaporates, water drives
wins and Powers photochemical 

6361
05:40:51,500 --> 05:40:55,300
reactions in the atmosphere. 
During the night, the surface 

6362
05:40:55,300 --> 05:41:00,000
cools winds, calm and chemical 
processes that require Darkness 

6363
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:04,200
or cooler temperatures take 
their turn. the alternation 

6364
05:41:04,200 --> 05:41:07,900
creates a natural pacing a 
rhythm that prevents any one 

6365
05:41:07,900 --> 05:41:12,200
process from running 
continuously without pores Tides

6366
05:41:12,200 --> 05:41:17,000
provide another independent of 
daylight but equally regular The

6367
05:41:17,000 --> 05:41:20,200
rise and fall of water at the 
Ocean's Edge creates alternating

6368
05:41:20,200 --> 05:41:23,100
periods of exposure and 
submersion for the intertidal 

6369
05:41:23,100 --> 05:41:25,700
zone. 
Rock that is underwater. 

6370
05:41:25,700 --> 05:41:29,600
During high tide is exposed to 
air during low tide and this 

6371
05:41:29,600 --> 05:41:32,700
alternation creates conditions 
that will later prove useful for

6372
05:41:32,700 --> 05:41:35,600
all organisms transitioning 
between Aquatic and terrestrial 

6373
05:41:35,600 --> 05:41:38,900
life. 
The seasons, even though miles 

6374
05:41:38,900 --> 05:41:42,400
during these warm ages, create 
their own rhythms of variation 

6375
05:41:42,400 --> 05:41:45,900
and return rainfall patterns 
shift with the sun's position 

6376
05:41:45,900 --> 05:41:48,500
creating wetter and drier 
periods. 

6377
05:41:48,500 --> 05:41:52,700
That alternate in predictable 
ways These variations are gentle

6378
05:41:52,700 --> 05:41:56,800
never extreme but they add 
texture to the passing of time. 

6379
05:41:56,800 --> 05:41:59,800
Making one part of the Year 
distinguishable from another. 

6380
05:42:00,700 --> 05:42:04,000
Volcanic Cycles follow longer 
rhythms with periods of 

6381
05:42:04,008 --> 05:42:07,600
increased activity separated by 
periods of relative quiet. 

6382
05:42:08,500 --> 05:42:12,400
These Cycles are irregular, not 
tied to any particular schedule,

6383
05:42:12,400 --> 05:42:15,700
but they averaged out over time 
into a background level of 

6384
05:42:15,700 --> 05:42:18,500
activity, that feeds the 
atmosphere and ocean without 

6385
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:22,300
overwhelming them. the planet 
has time to process what each 

6386
05:42:22,300 --> 05:42:25,600
eruption releases before the 
next eruption arrives, 

6387
05:42:26,300 --> 05:42:30,900
Continental drift proceeds at 
its unhurried Pace moving land 

6388
05:42:30,900 --> 05:42:33,300
masses across the surface over 
millions of years. 

6389
05:42:34,700 --> 05:42:37,600
A continent that begins near the
equator will eventually drift 

6390
05:42:37,600 --> 05:42:40,300
toward a pole? 
And then perhaps back toward the

6391
05:42:40,300 --> 05:42:42,800
equator again, the movement is 
slow enough. 

6392
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:46,300
That climate zone shift 
gradually allowing the surface 

6393
05:42:46,300 --> 05:42:50,400
to adjust to new conditions 
without sudden disruption The 

6394
05:42:50,400 --> 05:42:53,800
carbon cycle maintains a rough 
balance between carbon stored in

6395
05:42:53,800 --> 05:42:57,800
rocks, carbon dissolved in the 
ocean and carbon present in the 

6396
05:42:57,808 --> 05:43:00,800
atmosphere. 
The balance is not perfect. 

6397
05:43:00,800 --> 05:43:05,500
Carbon concentration shift over 
time sometimes, increasing, 

6398
05:43:05,500 --> 05:43:10,300
sometimes, decreasing, but the 
shifts happen slowly and the 

6399
05:43:10,300 --> 05:43:13,500
system has mechanisms that 
prevent carbon from accumulating

6400
05:43:13,500 --> 05:43:16,200
entirely in one reservoir at the
expense of the others. 

6401
05:43:16,900 --> 05:43:20,300
Between periods of mountain 
building, the land has time to 

6402
05:43:20,308 --> 05:43:23,500
erode back towards sea level 
mountains. 

6403
05:43:23,500 --> 05:43:27,800
Rise, when continents Collide 
creating Highlands that stand? 

6404
05:43:27,800 --> 05:43:31,200
Well, above the surrounding 
Plains then over the following 

6405
05:43:31,200 --> 05:43:34,000
tens of millions of years, 
erosion. 

6406
05:43:34,000 --> 05:43:38,700
Wears those mountains down grain
by grain returning, the material

6407
05:43:38,700 --> 05:43:43,900
to the ocean, The land surface 
Rises and falls in Long cycles. 

6408
05:43:43,900 --> 05:43:46,700
Never remaining at one elevation
permanently. 

6409
05:43:46,700 --> 05:43:50,100
You notice how the ocean floor 
records these rhythms in its 

6410
05:43:50,100 --> 05:43:53,400
head of sediments. 
Layers of fine clay alternate 

6411
05:43:53,400 --> 05:43:56,700
with layers, of course or 
material recording changes in 

6412
05:43:56,700 --> 05:43:58,000
the strength of ocean. 
Currents. 

6413
05:43:59,000 --> 05:44:00,900
The layer stack in regular 
patterns. 

6414
05:44:00,900 --> 05:44:04,100
Each one representing a 
particular set of conditions 

6415
05:44:04,100 --> 05:44:07,800
that repeated at intervals too 
long for any single Observer to 

6416
05:44:07,800 --> 05:44:09,900
witness. 
But clear enough in the 

6417
05:44:09,900 --> 05:44:12,800
geological record to show that 
they happened regularly. 

6418
05:44:13,900 --> 05:44:15,100
Yep. 
The atmosphere's composition 

6419
05:44:15,100 --> 05:44:19,100
stabilizes as the initial 
outgassing from vulkanisme slows

6420
05:44:19,100 --> 05:44:22,100
and the various chemical 
reactions reach a kind of 

6421
05:44:22,100 --> 05:44:24,000
working balance. 
Yes. 

6422
05:44:24,000 --> 05:44:26,900
Still contains more carbon 
dioxide than it will in later 

6423
05:44:26,900 --> 05:44:29,600
ages. 
But the amount is not increasing

6424
05:44:29,600 --> 05:44:33,400
as rapidly as it did earlier. 
The atmosphere is finding its 

6425
05:44:33,400 --> 05:44:36,500
functional composition. 
The mix of gases that will 

6426
05:44:36,500 --> 05:44:39,600
support the chemistry of the 
surface without requiring 

6427
05:44:39,600 --> 05:44:43,700
constant adjustment. 
Hydrothermal circulation at 

6428
05:44:43,700 --> 05:44:46,500
mid-ocean, ridges provides a 
rhythm of water heating, and 

6429
05:44:46,500 --> 05:44:50,600
cooling cold sea water, seeps 
into cracks in the ocean floor, 

6430
05:44:50,600 --> 05:44:54,800
circulates through Hot Rock, and
emerges heated, and enriched 

6431
05:44:54,800 --> 05:44:58,500
with minerals. 
The cycle takes years to decades

6432
05:44:58,500 --> 05:45:02,300
to complete depending on the 
path, the water follows, but it 

6433
05:45:02,308 --> 05:45:05,000
operates continuously at 
spreading centers around the 

6434
05:45:05,000 --> 05:45:07,800
planet. 
Providing a slow steady flow of 

6435
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:11,700
chemical energy to the ocean. 
The planets rotation is slowing 

6436
05:45:11,700 --> 05:45:15,200
due to Tidal friction and this 
slowing adds a few seconds to 

6437
05:45:15,200 --> 05:45:17,300
the length of the day, every few
million years. 

6438
05:45:18,200 --> 05:45:21,600
The changes in perceptible, on 
human time scales but real who 

6439
05:45:21,600 --> 05:45:25,000
have a geological time. 
The Earth is settling into a 

6440
05:45:25,000 --> 05:45:28,400
rhythm that will eventually 
stabilize at 24-hour day though.

6441
05:45:28,400 --> 05:45:31,600
It is not there yet. 
You stand on a coast and watch 

6442
05:45:31,600 --> 05:45:34,400
the same ways arrived day after 
day year. 

6443
05:45:34,400 --> 05:45:37,200
After year, the waves are driven
by wind. 

6444
05:45:37,200 --> 05:45:40,700
The wind is driven by 
temperature differences, and the

6445
05:45:40,700 --> 05:45:43,100
temperature differences are 
driven by the sun's Heat. 

6446
05:45:43,900 --> 05:45:47,500
Chain of causation is long but 
unbroken and it operates 

6447
05:45:47,500 --> 05:45:51,200
continuously creating patterns 
that repeat without requiring 

6448
05:45:51,200 --> 05:45:54,600
intervention. 
The ocean Rises and falls with 

6449
05:45:54,600 --> 05:45:57,600
the tides, the surface 
temperature varies with the time

6450
05:45:57,600 --> 05:46:01,400
of day and the planet turns 
beneath the sun all of it 

6451
05:46:01,400 --> 05:46:03,500
happening in rhythms that Nest 
inside one. 

6452
05:46:03,500 --> 05:46:06,000
Another like the gears of a vast
patient clock. 

6453
05:46:07,200 --> 05:46:10,400
You notice that the planet is 
preparing conditions that were 

6454
05:46:10,400 --> 05:46:12,500
later. 
Support, living things though. 

6455
05:46:12,500 --> 05:46:15,300
Nothing is alive yet during most
of these early ages. 

6456
05:46:15,300 --> 05:46:19,500
The preparation happens with Our
intention simply as a 

6457
05:46:19,500 --> 05:46:23,000
consequence of chemistry and 
physics playing out according to

6458
05:46:23,000 --> 05:46:26,700
their rules. 
Water accumulates in places 

6459
05:46:26,700 --> 05:46:29,900
where it will be accessible, 
minerals, dissolve, and 

6460
05:46:29,900 --> 05:46:33,800
precipitate in forms that will 
be useful energy flows through 

6461
05:46:33,800 --> 05:46:37,800
the system in ways that will 
later be captured and used water

6462
05:46:37,800 --> 05:46:41,100
is everywhere. 
It fills the ocean basins 

6463
05:46:41,100 --> 05:46:46,100
saturates the atmosphere, as 
Vapor Falls as rain flows 

6464
05:46:46,100 --> 05:46:47,900
through rivers and seeps into 
rock. 

6465
05:46:47,900 --> 05:46:51,500
This abundance means that when 
chemistry begins producing, the 

6466
05:46:51,500 --> 05:46:55,500
first simple organic molecules 
those molecules will have a 

6467
05:46:55,500 --> 05:46:59,300
medium to interact in. 
Water is the universal solvent 

6468
05:46:59,300 --> 05:47:03,200
capable of dissolving. 
A wide range of substances and 

6469
05:47:03,200 --> 05:47:05,100
bringing them into contact with 
one another. 

6470
05:47:06,100 --> 05:47:11,000
The ocean contains iron sulfur, 
phosphorus nitrogen, and other 

6471
05:47:11,000 --> 05:47:13,500
elements that will become 
essential to living chemistry. 

6472
05:47:14,400 --> 05:47:18,500
These elements wash into the sea
from weathering rock or emerge 

6473
05:47:18,500 --> 05:47:22,200
from hydrothermal vents or 
arrive in volcanic gases that 

6474
05:47:22,200 --> 05:47:25,200
dissolve in seawater. 
They are present in small 

6475
05:47:25,200 --> 05:47:29,400
concentrations but in reliable 
Supply distributed throughout 

6476
05:47:29,400 --> 05:47:32,500
the ocean rather than 
concentrated in a few and 

6477
05:47:32,500 --> 05:47:36,400
accessible locations. 
Energy is available in multiple 

6478
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:40,700
forms sunlight reaches the 
surface, providing a constant 

6479
05:47:40,700 --> 05:47:44,100
input of energy that drives 
photochemical reactions. 

6480
05:47:45,100 --> 05:47:49,100
Lightning ads, brief bursts of 
high energy, capable of forging 

6481
05:47:49,100 --> 05:47:50,600
chemical bonds, that would not 
form. 

6482
05:47:50,600 --> 05:47:54,400
Otherwise, hydrothermal vents 
provide thermal energy and 

6483
05:47:54,400 --> 05:47:57,700
chemical gradients. 
Radioactive activity and rocks 

6484
05:47:57,700 --> 05:48:00,100
provides a slow, steady 
background of energy. 

6485
05:48:01,200 --> 05:48:04,500
Planet offers many sources, 
ensuring that chemistry has 

6486
05:48:04,500 --> 05:48:08,200
options to draw from the 
atmosphere contains the building

6487
05:48:08,200 --> 05:48:11,900
blocks of organic, chemistry 
carbon in the form of carbon 

6488
05:48:11,900 --> 05:48:15,200
dioxide nitrogen and hydrogen in
water vapor. 

6489
05:48:16,100 --> 05:48:19,300
These simple molecules can 
combine into more complex ones, 

6490
05:48:19,300 --> 05:48:21,500
given the right conditions and 
enough time. 

6491
05:48:22,300 --> 05:48:24,700
The atmosphere is like a 
cupboard stopped with 

6492
05:48:24,700 --> 05:48:28,100
ingredients, waiting for the 
right recipe to emerge from 

6493
05:48:28,100 --> 05:48:31,300
trial and error. 
Tidal pools form in Rocky, 

6494
05:48:31,300 --> 05:48:35,100
coastal areas, and these pools 
provide natural Laboratories 

6495
05:48:35,100 --> 05:48:38,200
where concentrated Solutions can
undergo chemical reactions. 

6496
05:48:39,300 --> 05:48:42,500
When The Tide is High sea, water
fills the pools bringing fresh 

6497
05:48:42,500 --> 05:48:44,700
minerals. 
When the tide is low, 

6498
05:48:44,700 --> 05:48:47,500
evaporation concentrates, 
whatever is dissolved in the 

6499
05:48:47,508 --> 05:48:50,900
water in the chance. 
Is that molecules will encounter

6500
05:48:50,900 --> 05:48:54,600
one another and react. 
Pulls fill an empty on a regular

6501
05:48:54,600 --> 05:48:58,400
schedule, creating a rhythm that
repeats, the experiment over and

6502
05:48:58,400 --> 05:49:01,200
over. 
Clay minerals form from the 

6503
05:49:01,200 --> 05:49:04,500
weathering of volcanic rock and 
these Clays have useful 

6504
05:49:04,500 --> 05:49:07,200
properties. 
They provide surfaces where 

6505
05:49:07,200 --> 05:49:11,300
molecules can absorb and be held
in close proximity increasing 

6506
05:49:11,300 --> 05:49:14,800
the likelihood of reaction. 
They can also catalyze certain 

6507
05:49:14,800 --> 05:49:17,700
reactions, speeding them up 
without being consumed 

6508
05:49:17,700 --> 05:49:20,500
themselves. 
The ocean floor and coastal 

6509
05:49:20,500 --> 05:49:24,300
areas are rich in Clays 
offering, countless microscopic,

6510
05:49:24,300 --> 05:49:27,600
reaction Chambers The 
temperature of the earlier Earth

6511
05:49:27,600 --> 05:49:30,800
is warm but not too hot Kool but
not too cold. 

6512
05:49:31,500 --> 05:49:35,000
Water remains liquid over most 
of the surface maintaining the 

6513
05:49:35,000 --> 05:49:37,800
range where chemistry precedes a
useful rates. 

6514
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:41,800
If the planet were hotter, water
would evaporate in chemistry 

6515
05:49:41,800 --> 05:49:45,100
would slow. 
If it were colder, water would 

6516
05:49:45,100 --> 05:49:49,100
freeze and chemistry would stop.
The temperature is in the range 

6517
05:49:49,100 --> 05:49:52,500
where things can happen cycles 
of wet and dry provide 

6518
05:49:52,500 --> 05:49:55,700
opportunities for molecules to 
form in solution and then 

6519
05:49:55,700 --> 05:49:57,500
concentrate as water, 
evaporates. 

6520
05:49:58,600 --> 05:50:02,200
Some chemical reactions, proceed
better in concentrated Solutions

6521
05:50:02,200 --> 05:50:05,100
and others proceed better in 
dilute ones. 

6522
05:50:06,100 --> 05:50:08,200
The alternation between wet and 
dry periods. 

6523
05:50:08,200 --> 05:50:11,100
Allows both types of reactions 
to occur in sequence. 

6524
05:50:12,100 --> 05:50:15,100
Creating Pathways to complexity,
that would not be available. 

6525
05:50:15,100 --> 05:50:19,500
If conditions are always the 
same volcanic activity continues

6526
05:50:19,500 --> 05:50:23,500
to add fresh material to the 
surface replacing what erosion 

6527
05:50:23,500 --> 05:50:26,500
removes and ensuring that the 
supply of minerals does not run 

6528
05:50:26,500 --> 05:50:29,400
out. 
Each volcanic eruption brings 

6529
05:50:29,400 --> 05:50:33,300
Rock from the mantle to the 
surface rock that has never been

6530
05:50:33,300 --> 05:50:37,300
weather before rich in elements 
that dissolve readily wants 

6531
05:50:37,300 --> 05:50:41,400
exposed to Water and Air. 
The planet is not running down, 

6532
05:50:41,400 --> 05:50:45,000
but renewing itself. 
Maintaining the conditions that 

6533
05:50:45,000 --> 05:50:49,000
support chemical activity. 
The day-night cycle creates 

6534
05:50:49,000 --> 05:50:52,200
temperature variations that can 
drive chemical processes. 

6535
05:50:52,200 --> 05:50:56,300
Some reactions, proceed better 
and warmth others in coolness. 

6536
05:50:57,400 --> 05:51:00,600
The alternation between day and 
night provides a natural cycling

6537
05:51:00,600 --> 05:51:04,100
between conditions, allowing 
different types of chemistry to 

6538
05:51:04,100 --> 05:51:08,400
take turns using the same space.
Rivers deliver nutrients from 

6539
05:51:08,400 --> 05:51:11,900
the continents to the ocean 
concentrating, minerals in 

6540
05:51:11,900 --> 05:51:15,300
deltas and estuaries. 
These transitions zones between 

6541
05:51:15,300 --> 05:51:19,300
freshwater and saltwater, 
provide gradients in salinity 

6542
05:51:19,300 --> 05:51:24,000
temperature and mineral content,
creating diverse chemical 

6543
05:51:24,000 --> 05:51:25,800
environments in close, 
proximity. 

6544
05:51:26,800 --> 05:51:29,700
What does not react in one 
environment May react in the 

6545
05:51:29,700 --> 05:51:32,700
next? 
The ocean circulation ensures 

6546
05:51:32,700 --> 05:51:35,600
that no part of the water 
becomes permanently isolated. 

6547
05:51:36,600 --> 05:51:40,800
Surface water, eventually sinks 
deep water, eventually Rises, 

6548
05:51:40,800 --> 05:51:44,300
and The Mixing distributes, 
whatever, forms in one location 

6549
05:51:44,300 --> 05:51:47,800
to other locations. 
This circulation prevents 

6550
05:51:47,800 --> 05:51:51,600
resources from becoming trapped 
and unavailable, keeping them in

6551
05:51:51,600 --> 05:51:55,400
motion and accessible phosphorus
crucial for later. 

6552
05:51:55,400 --> 05:51:58,500
Biochemistry, whether there's 
out of rock and accumulates 

6553
05:51:58,500 --> 05:52:02,000
inside of it is not abundant, 
but it is present. 

6554
05:52:02,900 --> 05:52:06,800
The processes that concentrated 
in particular locations are slow

6555
05:52:06,800 --> 05:52:09,600
and reliable. 
The planet is gathering 

6556
05:52:09,600 --> 05:52:12,300
phosphorus in places where it 
will be available when needed. 

6557
05:52:13,200 --> 05:52:17,400
The magnetic field generated by 
the Earth's molten core Shields 

6558
05:52:17,400 --> 05:52:20,800
the surface from solar wind 
preventing the atmosphere from 

6559
05:52:20,800 --> 05:52:24,800
being Stripped Away over time. 
This protection ensures that the

6560
05:52:24,800 --> 05:52:27,600
atmosphere remains thick enough 
to support chemistry at the 

6561
05:52:27,600 --> 05:52:31,200
surface maintaining pressure and
retaining water vapor. 

6562
05:52:32,200 --> 05:52:35,800
Shield is invisible but 
essential preserving the 

6563
05:52:35,800 --> 05:52:38,100
conditions that make everything 
else possible. 

6564
05:52:39,100 --> 05:52:42,300
You stand at the edge of a warm 
shallow sea and observe. 

6565
05:52:42,300 --> 05:52:44,400
How gentle waves, stir the 
settlement. 

6566
05:52:45,400 --> 05:52:48,700
Keeping particles suspended and 
in contact with dissolved 

6567
05:52:48,700 --> 05:52:51,700
nutrients. 
The water is Rich with potential

6568
05:52:51,700 --> 05:52:55,600
holding everything that will be 
needed but not yet to assembled 

6569
05:52:55,600 --> 05:52:59,500
into the forms that will use it.
The planet is ready, stocked 

6570
05:52:59,500 --> 05:53:02,800
with materials and energy. 
Maintaining stable conditions, 

6571
05:53:02,800 --> 05:53:06,500
and simply waiting for chemistry
to find its way to the patterns,

6572
05:53:06,500 --> 05:53:07,900
that will eventually become 
life. 

6573
05:53:08,700 --> 05:53:11,200
You noticed that the Earth is 
entering longer periods of 

6574
05:53:11,208 --> 05:53:14,700
predictable Carm. 
The initial intensity of 

6575
05:53:14,700 --> 05:53:18,600
planetary formation has passed. 
The atmosphere is thick and 

6576
05:53:18,600 --> 05:53:22,100
stable, the ocean has reached 
its long-term volume. 

6577
05:53:23,000 --> 05:53:26,700
The continents of Taken shape 
and a drifting slowly no longer 

6578
05:53:26,708 --> 05:53:29,900
reorganizing dramatically from 
one age to the next. 

6579
05:53:30,800 --> 05:53:33,700
The planet is settling into a 
mature Rhythm like an evening 

6580
05:53:33,700 --> 05:53:37,900
after a day of activity, Sun's 
light is gentle and now than it 

6581
05:53:37,900 --> 05:53:41,900
was billions of years ago. 
Slightly dimmers the star ages 

6582
05:53:41,900 --> 05:53:45,200
but still sufficient to warm the
surface and drive the water 

6583
05:53:45,200 --> 05:53:48,200
cycle. 
The light arrives each morning 

6584
05:53:48,200 --> 05:53:52,000
at the same angle for any given 
location and season creating 

6585
05:53:52,000 --> 05:53:55,500
patterns of warmth and Shadow 
that repeat with comforting 

6586
05:53:55,500 --> 05:53:58,500
regularity. 
Temperatures across the planet 

6587
05:53:58,500 --> 05:54:01,800
fall within a moderate range. 
The equator is warm. 

6588
05:54:01,800 --> 05:54:04,800
The poles are cool, but the 
difference is less extreme than 

6589
05:54:04,800 --> 05:54:08,600
it will become in later ages. 
The atmosphere and ocean 

6590
05:54:08,600 --> 05:54:11,800
currents distribute heat to 
effectively preventing any 

6591
05:54:11,800 --> 05:54:14,300
region from becoming too hot or 
too cold. 

6592
05:54:15,400 --> 05:54:18,500
Climate his miles and stable 
without the swing's that will 

6593
05:54:18,508 --> 05:54:21,400
characterize later periods when 
ice ages develop. 

6594
05:54:22,200 --> 05:54:25,500
Volcanic activity has decreased 
from the intense levels of the 

6595
05:54:25,500 --> 05:54:29,100
planets youth. 
Eruptions still occur, but they 

6596
05:54:29,100 --> 05:54:32,700
are less frequent and less. 
Massive, the crust is thickened 

6597
05:54:32,700 --> 05:54:36,100
and cooled making it harder for 
magma to reach the surface. 

6598
05:54:37,100 --> 05:54:40,800
What Vulcan ISM remains is 
spread across many small vents 

6599
05:54:40,800 --> 05:54:44,900
rather than concentrated in a 
few large ones, creating a 

6600
05:54:44,900 --> 05:54:47,600
background level of activity. 
That is steady rather than 

6601
05:54:47,600 --> 05:54:51,100
punctuated. 
The oceans chemistry, is 

6602
05:54:51,100 --> 05:54:54,000
stabilized. 
The salinity is set. 

6603
05:54:54,000 --> 05:54:58,300
The pH is buffered by dissolved 
minerals and the concentration 

6604
05:54:58,300 --> 05:55:01,500
of various elements remains 
roughly constant over long 

6605
05:55:01,500 --> 05:55:04,000
periods. 
The water is clear in the open 

6606
05:55:04,000 --> 05:55:07,900
ocean allowing sunlight to 
penetrate to significant depths 

6607
05:55:07,900 --> 05:55:10,900
near the coasts sediment clouds,
the water. 

6608
05:55:10,900 --> 05:55:14,200
But even this is a regular 
feature not A disruption. 

6609
05:55:15,200 --> 05:55:19,600
Coastlines of taking on familiar
shapes bays and Headlands repeat

6610
05:55:19,600 --> 05:55:22,800
patterns determined by the 
underlying geology with 

6611
05:55:22,800 --> 05:55:26,800
resistant rock forming trees and
soft rock eroding into 

6612
05:55:26,800 --> 05:55:30,300
embayments. 
Shapes and not permanent, but 

6613
05:55:30,300 --> 05:55:33,700
they are persistent lasting for 
millions of years before, 

6614
05:55:33,700 --> 05:55:38,000
erosion significantly altered, 
the river systems of carved 

6615
05:55:38,000 --> 05:55:40,100
their valleys and established 
their courses. 

6616
05:55:41,000 --> 05:55:45,100
The rivers flow in the same 
channels year after year moving 

6617
05:55:45,100 --> 05:55:47,800
water and sediment from 
Highlands to Sea. 

6618
05:55:48,500 --> 05:55:50,300
The drainage patterns are 
mature. 

6619
05:55:51,000 --> 05:55:53,700
Efficiently, moving water 
without the frequent flooding 

6620
05:55:53,700 --> 05:55:56,800
and channel changes that 
characterize younger river 

6621
05:55:56,800 --> 05:55:59,500
systems. 
The atmosphere is transparency, 

6622
05:55:59,500 --> 05:56:03,100
allows you to see the stars at 
night without obstruction. 

6623
05:56:03,100 --> 05:56:07,400
The sky is clear more often than
not with clouds forming and 

6624
05:56:07,400 --> 05:56:11,100
dispersing and predictable 
patterns You can observe the 

6625
05:56:11,100 --> 05:56:14,800
full moon rising over the ocean.
It's light reflecting off. 

6626
05:56:14,800 --> 05:56:17,900
Calm water. 
Creating a path of silver that 

6627
05:56:17,900 --> 05:56:22,200
reaches from Horizon to shore. 
Tides continue their rhythmic 

6628
05:56:22,200 --> 05:56:25,700
rise and fall but the Moon is 
slightly farther from Earth now,

6629
05:56:25,700 --> 05:56:28,900
and the tides are slightly less 
extreme than they were early. 

6630
05:56:30,000 --> 05:56:33,600
The changes gradual. 
A slow lessening of the moon's 

6631
05:56:33,600 --> 05:56:35,900
gravitational grip as orbital 
mechanics. 

6632
05:56:35,900 --> 05:56:38,200
Carry it farther away over 
millions of years. 

6633
05:56:39,100 --> 05:56:42,500
The tides remained strong enough
to mix Coastal Waters and shape,

6634
05:56:42,500 --> 05:56:45,700
Shore lines, a gentle enough, 
not to cause disruption. 

6635
05:56:46,700 --> 05:56:49,800
Sediment accumulates on the 
ocean floor in regular layers. 

6636
05:56:49,800 --> 05:56:52,700
Each one recording a particular 
interval of time. 

6637
05:56:53,600 --> 05:56:56,900
The layers are undisturbed in 
the deep ocean, far from the 

6638
05:56:56,900 --> 05:56:58,900
turbulence of currents and 
storms. 

6639
05:56:58,900 --> 05:57:02,800
They lie flat and parallel like 
pages in a book. 

6640
05:57:02,800 --> 05:57:06,400
Waiting to be read by anyone, 
who learns to interpret them. 

6641
05:57:06,400 --> 05:57:09,200
The land surface has been 
weathered into soil. 

6642
05:57:09,200 --> 05:57:12,900
In many places with rock, broken
down into particles, that can 

6643
05:57:12,908 --> 05:57:15,900
hold water and support. 
The chemical processes that will

6644
05:57:15,900 --> 05:57:20,400
later nourish plants. the soil 
is thin during these early ages,

6645
05:57:20,400 --> 05:57:25,200
but it is present a transitional
layer between solid bedrock and 

6646
05:57:25,200 --> 05:57:30,100
open air clouds form in the same
regions day, after day, driven 

6647
05:57:30,100 --> 05:57:34,500
by reliable patterns of heating 
and evaporation, You can look at

6648
05:57:34,500 --> 05:57:37,500
the sky in the afternoon and 
predict where rain will fall by 

6649
05:57:37,500 --> 05:57:39,800
evening based on where clouds 
are building. 

6650
05:57:41,000 --> 05:57:44,900
Guns are not rigid but they are 
consistent enough to learn the 

6651
05:57:44,900 --> 05:57:47,400
ocean. 
Surface is calm between storms 

6652
05:57:47,400 --> 05:57:51,500
waves rise and fall with the 
wind but when the wind drops the

6653
05:57:51,500 --> 05:57:55,200
water Smooths into gentle swells
that travel for hundreds of 

6654
05:57:55,208 --> 05:57:59,700
miles without breaking the 
swells are regular spaced evenly

6655
05:57:59,700 --> 05:58:02,500
and the product of distant 
weather systems that have 

6656
05:58:02,500 --> 05:58:05,600
already passed. 
The ocean carries memory in its 

6657
05:58:05,600 --> 05:58:09,300
motion reflecting events that 
happened far away in time and 

6658
05:58:09,300 --> 05:58:13,500
space sunsets paint. 
The sky in shades of orange and 

6659
05:58:13,500 --> 05:58:16,500
pink as dust and water vapor 
scatter. 

6660
05:58:16,500 --> 05:58:19,200
The Sun's light. 
The colors are vivid during 

6661
05:58:19,200 --> 05:58:21,200
these ages. 
When the atmosphere is thick and

6662
05:58:21,200 --> 05:58:24,900
Volcanic dust adds particles to 
scatter light. 

6663
05:58:25,600 --> 05:58:29,500
You watch the sun descend toward
the Horizon, the color shifting,

6664
05:58:29,500 --> 05:58:33,100
as the angle changes until the 
sun slips below, the edge of the

6665
05:58:33,100 --> 05:58:38,000
world and Twilight takes over. 
The transition from day to night

6666
05:58:38,000 --> 05:58:42,100
is gradual, not abrupt. 
The sky remains bright for some 

6667
05:58:42,100 --> 05:58:46,000
time after the sun sets, then 
slowly darkens as the last 

6668
05:58:46,000 --> 05:58:46,900
Light. 
Fades. 

6669
05:58:47,800 --> 05:58:51,500
Stars appear one by one. 
The brightest first then the 

6670
05:58:51,500 --> 05:58:54,200
dimmer ones until the full array
is visible. 

6671
05:58:55,000 --> 05:58:58,600
The transition is gentle giving 
the surface time to release the 

6672
05:58:58,600 --> 05:59:01,600
days heat before the coolness of
night fully settles in. 

6673
05:59:02,500 --> 05:59:04,700
You stand on a hillside as 
evening arrives. 

6674
05:59:04,700 --> 05:59:07,700
Watching the landscape. 
Soften in the fading light. 

6675
05:59:07,700 --> 05:59:11,800
The temperature is dropping but 
slowly and the air is still 

6676
05:59:11,800 --> 05:59:13,300
below. 
You a river. 

6677
05:59:13,300 --> 05:59:16,500
Reflects the last of the 
daylight, a ribbon of Silva, 

6678
05:59:16,500 --> 05:59:20,700
winding through darker land. 
The planet is calm and settled 

6679
05:59:20,700 --> 05:59:22,900
at rest in the way that a 
system. 

6680
05:59:22,908 --> 05:59:26,200
At equilibrium can be said to 
rest, while still maintaining 

6681
05:59:26,200 --> 05:59:28,400
all its processes in Perfect 
Balance. 

6682
05:59:28,400 --> 05:59:31,800
You settle into the planet's 
darkness and discover that 

6683
05:59:31,800 --> 05:59:34,900
Knight is not absence, but 
another kind of presence. 

6684
05:59:35,500 --> 05:59:38,800
The Sun's light is gone, but 
other rhythms continue. 

6685
05:59:39,400 --> 05:59:43,100
The Earth turns Eastward through
its own shadow and as it turns 

6686
05:59:43,100 --> 05:59:45,700
the Stars wheel overhead in 
their ancient patterns 

6687
05:59:45,700 --> 05:59:48,500
unchanging markers of the 
planets rotation. 

6688
05:59:50,200 --> 05:59:54,300
The surface cools after Sunset 
releasing the warmth that 

6689
05:59:54,300 --> 05:59:56,900
accumulated. 
During the day, the cooling is 

6690
05:59:56,900 --> 06:00:00,800
gradual a slow return toward 
equilibrium with the surrounding

6691
06:00:00,800 --> 06:00:02,300
air. 
Rock. 

6692
06:00:02,300 --> 06:00:05,600
That was hot to the touch at 
midday becomes merely warm by 

6693
06:00:05,600 --> 06:00:07,900
midnight and will be cool by 
Dawn. 

6694
06:00:07,900 --> 06:00:11,300
The heat does not disappear but 
radiates outward into the 

6695
06:00:11,300 --> 06:00:15,100
atmosphere, then upward into 
space, continuing the energy 

6696
06:00:15,100 --> 06:00:19,100
flow that began when sunlight 
first struck the surface, The 

6697
06:00:19,100 --> 06:00:20,800
atmosphere remains active at 
night. 

6698
06:00:21,600 --> 06:00:23,600
Winds. 
Continue blowing though, they 

6699
06:00:23,608 --> 06:00:26,100
often calm as temperatures even 
out. 

6700
06:00:27,000 --> 06:00:31,000
Are that Rose during the day now
sinks completing convection 

6701
06:00:31,000 --> 06:00:33,400
cycles that span 12 hours or 
more? 

6702
06:00:34,400 --> 06:00:37,700
The movement is invisible in 
darkness, but no less real 

6703
06:00:37,700 --> 06:00:42,100
redistributing heat and moisture
across the landscape. 

6704
06:00:43,000 --> 06:00:45,700
Clouds that form during the 
afternoon May linger into the 

6705
06:00:45,700 --> 06:00:50,000
night or they may dissolve as 
cooling air loses its ability to

6706
06:00:50,000 --> 06:00:53,700
hold water vapor. 
When they dissolve, the moisture

6707
06:00:53,700 --> 06:00:57,000
Falls as due. 
Or light, rain wetting surfaces 

6708
06:00:57,000 --> 06:01:00,500
that dried during the day. 
The water cycle continues in 

6709
06:01:00,508 --> 06:01:04,100
darkness just operating through 
different mechanisms than it 

6710
06:01:04,108 --> 06:01:07,400
doesn't daylight. 
The ocean remains warmer than 

6711
06:01:07,400 --> 06:01:10,400
the land after Sunset because 
water holds heat longer than 

6712
06:01:10,400 --> 06:01:14,000
rock this temperature difference
drives Coastal winds that blow 

6713
06:01:14,000 --> 06:01:17,500
from land to sea at night. the 
reverse of the pattern that 

6714
06:01:17,500 --> 06:01:21,500
prevails during the day, The 
winds are gentle that. 

6715
06:01:21,500 --> 06:01:25,300
They persist Through The Dark 
Hours part of the daily Rhythm 

6716
06:01:25,300 --> 06:01:29,600
that ties Land and Sea together.
Stars provide a small amount of 

6717
06:01:29,600 --> 06:01:34,200
light enough to distinguish Sea 
from Sky enough to navigate by 

6718
06:01:34,200 --> 06:01:38,100
if you know their positions. 
The lightest steady, unlike the 

6719
06:01:38,108 --> 06:01:41,600
flickering of flames because 
stars are so distant that their 

6720
06:01:41,600 --> 06:01:45,900
light arrives as parallel rays, 
unaffected by any turbulence 

6721
06:01:45,900 --> 06:01:49,000
close to Earth. 
The Starlight is traveled for 

6722
06:01:49,000 --> 06:01:53,000
years to reach this surface, and
it arrived softly without 

6723
06:01:53,000 --> 06:01:56,400
fanfare. 
The moon, when it's above the 

6724
06:01:56,408 --> 06:02:01,300
Horizon provides brighter light 
than the Stars, During a full 

6725
06:02:01,300 --> 06:02:05,300
moon, you can see clearly enough
to walk without stumbling to 

6726
06:02:05,300 --> 06:02:08,800
watch waves break on the shore. 
And to observe the texture of 

6727
06:02:08,808 --> 06:02:12,500
rock, beneath your feet, the 
Moonlight is reflected sunlight,

6728
06:02:12,500 --> 06:02:15,800
arriving second-hand, but 
sufficient for the knights 

6729
06:02:15,800 --> 06:02:20,700
purposes tied to rise and fall 
regardless of whether the Sun is

6730
06:02:20,700 --> 06:02:22,900
up. 
The gravitational pull that 

6731
06:02:22,900 --> 06:02:26,900
drives tied to not depend on 
light, only on the positions of 

6732
06:02:26,908 --> 06:02:28,900
the Moon and Sun relative to 
Earth. 

6733
06:02:29,700 --> 06:02:33,200
A high tide arrives at midnight 
as reliably as one arrives at 

6734
06:02:33,208 --> 06:02:36,500
noon, bringing water up the 
shore and then withdrawing it, 

6735
06:02:36,500 --> 06:02:39,800
keeping the coastal zone in 
motion, even while the rest of 

6736
06:02:39,800 --> 06:02:43,400
the landscape rests. 
Temperature dependent chemical 

6737
06:02:43,400 --> 06:02:47,300
reactions slow at night as the 
surface cools but other 

6738
06:02:47,300 --> 06:02:50,300
reactions proceed more readily 
in darkness or cooler 

6739
06:02:50,300 --> 06:02:52,900
conditions. 
The chemistry of the surface 

6740
06:02:52,900 --> 06:02:55,000
shifting character from day to 
night. 

6741
06:02:55,800 --> 06:02:59,800
Not stopping, but changing its 
emphasis allowing processes that

6742
06:02:59,800 --> 06:03:02,200
cannot occur in heat or light to
take their turn. 

6743
06:03:02,200 --> 06:03:05,400
The absence of sunlight 
provides, a respite from 

6744
06:03:05,400 --> 06:03:08,300
ultraviolet radiation, which is 
more intense. 

6745
06:03:08,300 --> 06:03:11,300
During these early ages before 
oxygen accumulates in the 

6746
06:03:11,300 --> 06:03:13,800
atmosphere and forms an ozone 
layer. 

6747
06:03:14,800 --> 06:03:17,200
Night offers protection from 
this radiation. 

6748
06:03:17,200 --> 06:03:21,400
The daily reprieve that allows 
chemical processes, sensitive to

6749
06:03:21,408 --> 06:03:23,800
UV, light to proceed without 
disruption. 

6750
06:03:24,600 --> 06:03:28,100
Darkness creates gradients 
between surfaces that face the 

6751
06:03:28,100 --> 06:03:30,600
Open Sky and those that are 
sheltered. 

6752
06:03:31,500 --> 06:03:33,900
Surfaces that radiates heat 
freely to the night. 

6753
06:03:33,900 --> 06:03:37,600
Sky, cool more than surfaces 
protected by overhangs, or 

6754
06:03:37,608 --> 06:03:41,300
surrounded by other rocks. 
These temperature variations 

6755
06:03:41,300 --> 06:03:45,800
create microclimates at small 
scales, diversify the conditions

6756
06:03:45,800 --> 06:03:48,000
of available for chemistry 
across the landscape. 

6757
06:03:49,000 --> 06:03:52,400
The planets rotation ensures 
that night is temporary know. 

6758
06:03:52,400 --> 06:03:55,900
Part of the surface remains in 
darkness permanently every 

6759
06:03:55,900 --> 06:03:57,700
location that experience is 
night. 

6760
06:03:57,700 --> 06:04:01,700
Will experience day again after 
a few hours and the alternation 

6761
06:04:01,700 --> 06:04:04,700
continues with without 
interruption creating a rhythm 

6762
06:04:04,700 --> 06:04:07,600
that divides time into 
manageable intervals and 

6763
06:04:07,600 --> 06:04:10,800
provides both activity and rest 
in regular succession. 

6764
06:04:12,000 --> 06:04:15,500
You noticed that sounds carry 
differently at night without the

6765
06:04:15,500 --> 06:04:18,000
sun's heating. 
Creating turbulent air currents.

6766
06:04:18,000 --> 06:04:22,000
The atmosphere becomes more 
stratified and Soundwave travel 

6767
06:04:22,000 --> 06:04:26,500
farther before dissipating. 
You have waves on a distant 

6768
06:04:26,500 --> 06:04:30,400
Shore, reaches you clearly the 
rumble of a far-off volcanic 

6769
06:04:30,400 --> 06:04:32,900
vent carries across miles of 
Open Water. 

6770
06:04:33,800 --> 06:04:37,300
The night is not silent. 
But filled with a Quiet Sounds 

6771
06:04:37,300 --> 06:04:41,600
of ongoing processes. 
The stars move across the sky as

6772
06:04:41,600 --> 06:04:44,700
the Earth rotates rising in the 
East and setting in the West. 

6773
06:04:45,800 --> 06:04:49,300
Emotion is steady and 
predictable, completing one full

6774
06:04:49,300 --> 06:04:52,800
circuit in approximately 18 
hours during these early ages. 

6775
06:04:52,800 --> 06:04:56,600
When the day is shorter than it 
will later become, you can use 

6776
06:04:56,600 --> 06:04:59,700
their positions to track. 
The passage of time to know how 

6777
06:04:59,700 --> 06:05:04,200
much of the night is elapsed and
how much remains The ocean glows

6778
06:05:04,200 --> 06:05:07,300
faintly in places where certain 
chemical reactions occur 

6779
06:05:07,300 --> 06:05:11,300
producing light without heat. 
The glow is subtle. 

6780
06:05:11,300 --> 06:05:14,800
A pale Shimmer on the water 
surface visible. 

6781
06:05:14,800 --> 06:05:19,300
Only in complete darkness. 
It is not biological yet, just 

6782
06:05:19,300 --> 06:05:21,600
chemistry. 
That happens to emit photons as 

6783
06:05:21,600 --> 06:05:25,400
a byproduct, but it adds a 
gentle luminessence to the night

6784
06:05:25,400 --> 06:05:29,600
sea. cooling Rock contracts 
lightly and the contraction 

6785
06:05:29,600 --> 06:05:33,700
sometimes produces small 
cracking sounds like the ticking

6786
06:05:33,700 --> 06:05:38,200
of cooling metal The sounds are 
occasional, not constant. 

6787
06:05:38,900 --> 06:05:41,400
But they remind you that the 
landscape is active, even in 

6788
06:05:41,400 --> 06:05:44,800
Stillness, that motion continues
at Scales, too. 

6789
06:05:44,800 --> 06:05:48,300
Small to see, but large enough 
to hear the night sky is 

6790
06:05:48,300 --> 06:05:51,600
perfectly dark between the 
Stars, unaffected, by any 

6791
06:05:51,600 --> 06:05:55,000
artificial light and clear 
enough to see the Milky Way, as 

6792
06:05:55,000 --> 06:05:57,300
a band of concentrated Starlight
across the heavens. 

6793
06:05:57,300 --> 06:06:02,000
The darkness is complete and 
clean offering contrast that 

6794
06:06:02,000 --> 06:06:04,400
makes the Stars seem brighter by
comparison. 

6795
06:06:04,400 --> 06:06:08,600
You lie on warm Rock and feel 
the stored heat of the day, rise

6796
06:06:08,600 --> 06:06:12,700
in through Stone in your body. 
It's Gaia above is vast and 

6797
06:06:12,700 --> 06:06:16,200
Scattered with stars, the ocean,
murmurs at the shore. 

6798
06:06:16,900 --> 06:06:20,500
The planet turns Eastwood 
carrying you with it, bringing 

6799
06:06:20,500 --> 06:06:22,500
the dawn that will arrive in a 
few hours. 

6800
06:06:22,500 --> 06:06:25,700
When the rotation carries this 
location back in to the Sun's 

6801
06:06:25,700 --> 06:06:31,200
light, Night is balance. 
Part of the Rhythm that prevents

6802
06:06:31,200 --> 06:06:33,700
the surface from overheating or 
over Cooling. 

6803
06:06:34,500 --> 06:06:37,200
Providing the alt nation that 
makes stability possible. 

6804
06:06:38,400 --> 06:06:41,300
You watch the Earth maintain 
itself across millions of years,

6805
06:06:41,300 --> 06:06:45,900
through simple repetition. 
The same processes that operated

6806
06:06:45,900 --> 06:06:48,200
yesterday operate today and will
operate tomorrow. 

6807
06:06:48,200 --> 06:06:52,500
Water evaporates condensed is 
and Falls Rocky. 

6808
06:06:52,500 --> 06:06:56,400
Roads, sediment accumulates and 
new rock forms. 

6809
06:06:57,400 --> 06:07:00,600
The planet does not innovate or 
adjust or intervene in its own 

6810
06:07:00,600 --> 06:07:04,600
Cycles, it simply continues 
letting physics and chemistry 

6811
06:07:04,600 --> 06:07:06,600
follow their rules without 
guidance. 

6812
06:07:07,400 --> 06:07:10,000
The reliability of these 
processes creates a kind of 

6813
06:07:10,000 --> 06:07:13,400
predictability that extends 
across deep time. 

6814
06:07:13,400 --> 06:07:16,500
The Sun will rise tomorrow 
because the Earth will continue 

6815
06:07:16,500 --> 06:07:19,600
rotating rain will fall 
somewhere because the water 

6816
06:07:19,600 --> 06:07:23,500
cycle will continue operating 
Tides will rise because the moon

6817
06:07:23,500 --> 06:07:28,000
will continue orbiting none of 
these outcomes requires any 

6818
06:07:28,000 --> 06:07:31,900
special conditions to be 
maintained or any external input

6819
06:07:31,900 --> 06:07:35,800
beyond what is already pressed. 
Erosion will eventually wear 

6820
06:07:35,800 --> 06:07:38,800
down every Mountain. 
That rises returning the 

6821
06:07:38,800 --> 06:07:43,400
material to the ocean, where it 
will accumulated sediment, be 

6822
06:07:43,400 --> 06:07:47,700
subducted melt and potentially 
rise again as new mountains, 

6823
06:07:47,700 --> 06:07:52,000
millions of years later. 
The cycle is long but it is 

6824
06:07:52,000 --> 06:07:54,800
reliable. 
And it ensures that the surface 

6825
06:07:54,800 --> 06:07:57,700
is constantly being renewed 
rather than wearing out. 

6826
06:07:57,700 --> 06:08:01,600
The atmosphere will continue to 
exist as long as gravity holds 

6827
06:08:01,600 --> 06:08:05,100
it in place and volcanic 
activity continues to replace 

6828
06:08:05,100 --> 06:08:09,300
gases that react or Escape. 
These conditions are stable 

6829
06:08:09,300 --> 06:08:13,100
built into the planets structure
and composition, and not 

6830
06:08:13,108 --> 06:08:16,200
dependent on anything that might
cease unexpectedly. 

6831
06:08:17,000 --> 06:08:19,700
The ocean will continue to exist
as long as the temperature 

6832
06:08:19,700 --> 06:08:22,000
remains within the range where 
water is liquid. 

6833
06:08:22,800 --> 06:08:25,700
The Earth orbits the Sun at a 
distance where this condition is

6834
06:08:25,700 --> 06:08:29,200
met and the orbit is stable 
maintained by the same 

6835
06:08:29,200 --> 06:08:32,400
gravitational forces that have 
held it for billions of years 

6836
06:08:32,400 --> 06:08:36,700
and will hold it for billions. 
More living organisms will 

6837
06:08:36,700 --> 06:08:39,400
eventually emerge from the 
chemistry that is already 

6838
06:08:39,400 --> 06:08:42,300
occurring, entitled pools and 
hydrothermal vents. 

6839
06:08:42,300 --> 06:08:45,900
When they emerge, they will find
a planet that is ready for them 

6840
06:08:45,900 --> 06:08:50,400
with water minerals energy and 
stable conditions, all of 

6841
06:08:50,400 --> 06:08:52,600
available. 
The planet did not create these 

6842
06:08:52,600 --> 06:08:56,000
conditions for life's benefit, 
but simply by following its own 

6843
06:08:56,000 --> 06:08:59,600
processes, which happened to 
produce a habitable environment 

6844
06:08:59,600 --> 06:09:03,400
as a side effect. 
Life once it begins will 

6845
06:09:03,400 --> 06:09:05,800
participate in the cycles that 
already exist. 

6846
06:09:06,700 --> 06:09:09,100
Organisms will take in water and
release it. 

6847
06:09:09,900 --> 06:09:13,600
Take in minerals and incorporate
them into structures and capture

6848
06:09:13,600 --> 06:09:15,800
energy and use it to build 
complexity. 

6849
06:09:16,700 --> 06:09:19,800
These are extensions of 
processes that already occur in 

6850
06:09:19,808 --> 06:09:23,400
nonliving, chemistry. 
Just organized in ways that can 

6851
06:09:23,400 --> 06:09:26,700
reproduce and persist. 
The carbon cycle will 

6852
06:09:26,700 --> 06:09:29,000
incorporate living chemistry 
once life appears. 

6853
06:09:29,000 --> 06:09:32,500
But the cycle itself will 
continue operating on the same 

6854
06:09:32,500 --> 06:09:35,900
principles as before. 
Carbon will still move between 

6855
06:09:35,900 --> 06:09:39,800
atmosphere ocean and rock just 
with an additional pathway 

6856
06:09:39,800 --> 06:09:43,100
through organisms. 
Cycle will become more complex 

6857
06:09:43,100 --> 06:09:47,700
but not fundamentally different.
The planet's ability to maintain

6858
06:09:47,700 --> 06:09:51,100
habitable conditions. 
Does not depend on life, the 

6859
06:09:51,100 --> 06:09:54,900
conditions existed before life 
appeared and will continue if 

6860
06:09:54,900 --> 06:09:58,000
life ever ends. 
Habitability as a product of 

6861
06:09:58,000 --> 06:10:02,400
size distance from the Sun 
geological activity and 

6862
06:10:02,400 --> 06:10:06,000
Atmospheric composition, none of
which require biology to 

6863
06:10:06,000 --> 06:10:08,700
maintain. 
You notice that the Earth's 

6864
06:10:08,700 --> 06:10:11,700
stability comes from having 
multiple overlapping cycles. 

6865
06:10:11,700 --> 06:10:14,600
Each one buffering variation in 
the others. 

6866
06:10:14,600 --> 06:10:20,000
If one process speeds up another
compensates by slowing down, If 

6867
06:10:20,008 --> 06:10:23,800
one reservoir fills another 
empties, the system 

6868
06:10:23,800 --> 06:10:26,700
self-regulates through feedback 
loops that are built into the 

6869
06:10:26,700 --> 06:10:30,200
physics and chemistry, not added
on as separate control 

6870
06:10:30,200 --> 06:10:33,300
mechanisms. 
Temperatures, stability comes 

6871
06:10:33,300 --> 06:10:37,100
from the oceans thermal inertia 
the atmosphere's ability to 

6872
06:10:37,100 --> 06:10:40,600
redistribute Heat and the 
planets distance from the Sun. 

6873
06:10:41,500 --> 06:10:44,700
These factors work together to 
keep surface temperature within 

6874
06:10:44,700 --> 06:10:48,700
a range that allows water to 
remain liquid which in turn 

6875
06:10:48,700 --> 06:10:50,700
allows all the other processes 
to continue. 

6876
06:10:50,700 --> 06:10:54,300
Chemical stability comes from 
the buffering capacity of the 

6877
06:10:54,300 --> 06:10:58,600
ocean, which can absorb excess 
acids, or bases without large pH

6878
06:10:58,600 --> 06:11:01,800
changes and from the slow 
cycling of elements, through 

6879
06:11:01,800 --> 06:11:06,100
Rock, which prevents any element
from accumulating toxic levels 

6880
06:11:06,100 --> 06:11:09,900
or depleting entirely. 
Energy balance comes from the 

6881
06:11:09,900 --> 06:11:13,700
match, between incoming solar 
radiation and outgoing thermal 

6882
06:11:13,700 --> 06:11:17,000
radiation. 
Planet, absorbs sunlight, and 

6883
06:11:17,000 --> 06:11:20,600
re-radiates, its infrared. 
And the balance between these 

6884
06:11:20,600 --> 06:11:22,500
flows determines the surface 
temperature. 

6885
06:11:23,400 --> 06:11:26,900
The balance is not perfect at 
every moment, but it averages 

6886
06:11:26,900 --> 06:11:30,800
out over time to a stable state.
The Earth does not rest but it 

6887
06:11:30,800 --> 06:11:34,000
does not hurry either. 
It operates at the pace that its

6888
06:11:34,000 --> 06:11:38,500
processes require some fast like
lightning some slow like 

6889
06:11:38,500 --> 06:11:41,600
continental drift. 
All of them finding their 

6890
06:11:41,600 --> 06:11:44,700
natural rates with our external 
pressure to speed up or slow 

6891
06:11:44,700 --> 06:11:47,600
down. 
The pace is suited to the scale 

6892
06:11:47,600 --> 06:11:51,800
with fast processes, handling 
small-scale variations and slow 

6893
06:11:51,800 --> 06:11:53,800
processes handling large-scale 
changes. 

6894
06:11:53,800 --> 06:11:57,300
You stand on a beach at dawn and
watch the sun rise over the 

6895
06:11:57,308 --> 06:12:01,100
ocean knowing that this same 
scene has played out every day 

6896
06:12:01,100 --> 06:12:04,400
for hundreds of millions of 
years and will continue for 

6897
06:12:04,400 --> 06:12:07,900
hundreds of millions more. 
The waves that break at your 

6898
06:12:07,900 --> 06:12:10,500
feet are driven by winds that 
are driven by temperature, 

6899
06:12:10,500 --> 06:12:13,800
differences that are driven by 
the sun's Heat. the chain of 

6900
06:12:13,800 --> 06:12:18,900
causation is clear unbroken and 
will continue operating as long 

6901
06:12:18,900 --> 06:12:23,400
as the sun shines, and the Earth
turns, The habitability of Earth

6902
06:12:23,400 --> 06:12:26,700
is not a gift or an accident, 
but a consequence of how matter 

6903
06:12:26,700 --> 06:12:30,600
behaves under these particular 
conditions of size composition 

6904
06:12:30,600 --> 06:12:34,500
and solar distance. 
Planet became habitable by being

6905
06:12:34,500 --> 06:12:37,600
what it is and where it is and 
it remains habitable by 

6906
06:12:37,600 --> 06:12:42,000
continuing to be those things. 
There is no mystery in, it only 

6907
06:12:42,000 --> 06:12:44,700
physics and chemistry playing 
out across time. 

6908
06:12:44,700 --> 06:12:49,200
Creating complexity through 
repetition, maintaining balance 

6909
06:12:49,200 --> 06:12:52,700
through circulation and offering
stability through the simple 

6910
06:12:52,700 --> 06:12:56,500
Persistence of its Cycles. 
You breathe the air, feel the 

6911
06:12:56,500 --> 06:12:59,800
warmth of the sun on your face 
and listen to the ways. 

6912
06:12:59,800 --> 06:13:02,700
And you know, that these 
experiences are possible because

6913
06:13:02,700 --> 06:13:05,900
the Earth has spent billions of 
years preparing conditions where

6914
06:13:05,900 --> 06:13:10,000
they can occur, The planet has 
done this work without awareness

6915
06:13:10,000 --> 06:13:13,800
or intention just by following 
the rules that govern matter and

6916
06:13:13,800 --> 06:13:16,700
energy and those same rules will
keep it habitable. 

6917
06:13:16,700 --> 06:13:20,300
As long as the fundamental 
conditions remain in place, the 

6918
06:13:20,300 --> 06:13:24,700
Earth continues, quiet and 
reliable turning through its 

6919
06:13:24,700 --> 06:13:29,200
days and nights cycling. 
Its materials maintaining, its 

6920
06:13:29,200 --> 06:13:33,400
temperature, simply being itself
across the vast stretches of 

6921
06:13:33,408 --> 06:13:33,900
time.