Boring History | How Ordinary People Experienced the 1929 Wall Street Crash and more

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Hey friends. 
Tonight, we're traveling back to

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1929 once again to a time when 
America was dancing to jazz 

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music. 
Women were cutting their hair 

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short in defiance of their 
mothers and everyone seemed 

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convinced that Prosperity would 
last forever. 

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This is the story of what 
happened when that certainty 

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crumbled told not Through The 
Eyes of Wall Street, Bankers, or

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government officials, but 
through the experience of 

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ordinary people whose lives 
changed in ways, they never 

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could have imagined. 
So, before you get comfortable 

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with me, take a moment to like 
the video and please let me 

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know. 
Where are you listening from? 

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And how your day was? 
Now, dim those lights turn on a 

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fan for some white noise and 
let's begin. 

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Imagine America in 1928 and 
nation that had figured out the 

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key to Eternal Bliss. 10 years, 
had passed since the Great War 

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and Americans had a renewed 
sense of hope. 

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After that horrific struggle, 
everyone was invited to a party 

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that seemed to have been planned
by the entire country and lasted

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for years, the sound of jazz 
leaking from speaking easy 

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doors. 
Filled the night are in the 

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cities where electric light's 
painted the streets, in warm 

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yellow pools, Thank you very 
much, women who had worked in 

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offices and factories during the
War years had found that they 

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really enjoyed being independent
and making their own decisions. 

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They danced the Charleston with 
a freedom. 

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That would have been 
unimaginable. 

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Only a few years ago, popped 
their hair cut, their skirt 

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short and scandalized their 
mothers. 

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Yeah. 
Literally smelled of prosperity.

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It was the aroma of brand new 
cars coming off Henry Ford's 

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production lines, and the new 
leather of the seats in the 

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Model. 
T that regular families could 

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now afford. 
With a machine that would have 

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seemed like magic to his 
grandfather. 

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A farmer's son. 
Could enter a car dealership and

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drive out. 
Making them temples of the new 

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American Dream. 
America's new National Pastime 

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was the stock market Housewives 
talked about their portfolios, 

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over afternoon, tea with the 
same further, they used to save 

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for talking about their Gardens 
and barber shops were humming 

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with advice on which stocks to 
purchase it appeared so 

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straightforward and infallible. 
You purchased stocks they 

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increased in value and you 
profited. 

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The fact that even Wall Street 
shoe, shine boys were giving 

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stock advice should have been a 
red flag but for some reason it 

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seemed like evidence that 
Prosperity turned into democracy

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Main Street was flourishing in 
small towns all over the nation 

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to the extent that later 
paintings by Norman Rockwell 

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resembled documentary 
photography. the newest electric

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appliances were added to 
hardware stores, inventory, big 

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city, fashion reached Rural 
America, when department stores 

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installed plate, glass, windows 
to Showcase ready-made, dresses,

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and suits, Why would the 
president of the local bank? 

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Be the most well-liked 
individual in town. 

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People who thought economic 
growth was as Dependable as 

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Sunrise were casually trusting 
Banks to make loans. 

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The nation had been miraculously
connected by radio in the 

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evenings. 
Families would congregate around

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their wooden philco sets to 
listen to shows that help them 

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understand the broader Narrative
of America comedy shows from 

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Chicago, Jazz from New York and 
a feeling that the entire nation

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was taking part in something. 
Amazing. 

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And unprecedented were all 
brought about by the radio 

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farmers. 
Were finally starting to benefit

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from the country's Prosperity 
after struggling for the 

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majority of the decade. 
Agriculture was becoming more 

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like modern industry, thanks to 
mechanization which was 

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replacing back-breaking labor. 
A new tractor allowed a farmer 

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to work land that only a 
generation ago would have taken 

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a dozen men. 
Farm wives were learning the 

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magic of electric vacuum 
cleaners, and washing machines. 

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And Rural electrification. 
Programs were starting to 

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install power lines in places 
that had never had electric 

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lights, the credit system had 
developed to the point where it 

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seemed reasonable to purchase 
nearly anything. 

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Buy now, pay later was more than
just a catchphrase. 

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It was a way of thinking that 
represented America's optimism 

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about its economic future. 
Instead of saving months to 

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purchase a refrigerator, you 
could take it home today and pay

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for it over time. 
After all there are plenty of 

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jobs wages were increasing and 
the Future Would undoubtedly be 

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more prosperous than the present
confident that they're growing 

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incomes would make the monthly 
payments manageable young 

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couples were purchasing homes 
with down payments that would 

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seem Impossible by today's 
standards. 

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On the outskirts of cities, 
neighborhoods were emerging with

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streetcar lines, connecting 
them, and modest homes that 

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symbolized upward Mobility for 
families whose parents had 

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previously lived in Hardscrabble
Farms, or tenements. 

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This optimism across the country
was murdered in the 

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entertainment. 
Sector Hollywood was making 

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films, that the achievements and
inventiveness of Americans as if

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human endurance itself was 
growing along with the economy 

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dance, marathon's attracted 
audiences, who marveled at 

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couples, who could dance for 
days. 

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With figures, like Babe Ruth, 
representing a sort of 

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exaggerated American success 
story. 

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Professional sports was starting
to take off the confidence of 

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the time was even reflected in 
fashion. 

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While women's clothing 
celebrated, a new kind of 

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freedom and Mobility, men's 
suits became more relaxed and 

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comfortable. 
Simple elegant designs. 

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The constricting corsets and 
ornate dresses of earlier 

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Generations. 
Enabling the active Lifestyles 

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that Prosperity was enabling 
most significantly though. 

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Americans, in 1928 had grown to 
have an unwavering faith in 

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progress itself. 
Problems were being solved by 

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technology more quickly than 
they could be created. 

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Everything from manufacturing to
Medicine was being revealed by 

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science. 
Like a train that had left the 

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station and could not be stopped
the future appeared, not only 

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bright, but inevitable, in its 
brighten at the time. 

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It didn't feel naive, but this 
wasn't naive optimism either. 

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The prosperity of the United 
States was actually demonstrated

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in Innovations were changing 
Every Day. 

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Life at a rate that left even 
the most astute. 

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Observers speechless production 
was up and unemployment was low.

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The majority of Americans. 
In 1928 would have regarded, you

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with the courteous, confusion, 
typically reserved, for those 

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who asserted that the Earth was 
flat. 

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If you had suggested that their 
economic system was unstable or 

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unsustainable. 
Of course, the warning signs 

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were there, Farm prices were 
declining due to agricultural. 

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Overproduction in comes were not
keeping up with the rate of 

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increase in Consumer Debt. 
The stock market was acting in a

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way that was speculative enough 
to worry. 

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Experienced investors. 
However, these appear to be 

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small technical problems, that 
could be readily fixed by the 

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same American resourcefulness 
that had resolved, all the other

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issues. 
As 1929 got underway, the 

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majority of Americans were 
making plans for what appeared 

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to be a better future than the 
one. 

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They were living in. 
At the time one that was more 

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prosperous, more comfortable and
full of opportunities that would

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make rising in the morning and 
Adventure. 

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Rather than a chore, the crisp 
autumn whether that typically 

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made, people feel energized, and
optimistic arrived in New York. 

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In October 1929, the city had 
that strange Clarity that comes 

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with the first cool days. 
After a long summer, and the 

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leaves in Central Park were 
turning brilliant shades of red 

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and gold with men in dark suits.
Moving with purpose down winding

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streets. 
The Familiar sounds of 

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construction and traffic, and 
the comforting bustle of a 

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financial district. 
That seemed to operate on pure 

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confidence. 
Wall Street appeared exactly as 

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it had for months. 
However, if you had been 

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listening carefully, that 
October you may have observed 

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minor shifts in the daily 
routine. 

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Restaurant conversations were a 
little different now, still 

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hopeful, but with a hint of 
worried that had not been 

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present during the summer, like,
a normally dependable car that 

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had begun to make strange noises
stock prices. 

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Had been acting strangely 
dropping sharply and then Rising

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again the morning of Thursday, 
October 24th started out in 

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Manhattan, just like any other 
forming. 

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From subway stations, office 
workers came out with newspapers

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that contain the typical mix of 
social gossip sports scores and 

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political news. 
There were some alarming figures

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in the financial pages but 
nothing that would have seemed 

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disastrous to the untrained eye.
The majority of people were not 

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as interested in the technical 
aspects of stock market 

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fluctuations, as they were in 
the latest Hollywood scandals or

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the World Series. 
However, something extraordinary

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was taking place inside the New 
York Stock Exchange. 

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Sales orders were coming in more
quickly than the system could 

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handle them. 
There was a growing franticness 

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to The Familiar sounds of 
trading, the mechanical clicking

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of ticker tape machines and the 
voices calling out prices by 

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mid-morning. 
The market was unable to operate

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normally due to the overwhelming
selling pressure, the mechanical

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Wonder's known as ticker tape 
machines, which had provided 

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America with stock price updates
started to deteriorate rapidly. 

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Crowds gather around the slow 
moving tape in brokerage 

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officers Across the Nation to 
watch their Investments vanish 

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in real time, due to the delay. 
Stock prices were frequently 

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significantly out of date. 
By the time they were seen. 

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Imagine seeing grown men looking
at ticker tape, in a general 

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store in Iowa or Barber Shop in 
Detroit with the expressions of 

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those who have just been in a 
car accident. 

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Like Morning, Mist, the informal
confidence that had defined 

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stock market conversations for 
years vanished. 

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What started out as discussions 
about which stocks to purchase 

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turned into urgent. 
Whispered consultations about 

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whether to sell it was 
heartbreaking and surreal to 

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watch the human drama unfold in 
brokerage offices well-dressed 

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businessman. 
Who had come feeling Rich that 

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morning found their paper 
profits gone by lunchtime. 

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Clients would call secretaries 
in a panic asking. 

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If the numbers they were seeing 
were legitimate as it turned 

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out, black Thursday was like 
witnessing a masterfully, 

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composed Symphony, fall apart 
into Anarchy. 

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When put to the test by real 
Panic, the financial system that

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had appeared. 
So stable and predictable turned

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out to be surprisingly brittle. 
As they went about their daily 

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lives. 
However, the majority of 

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American saw the day not as an 
immediate crisis but as a 

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distant Rumble of trouble, a 
brief reprieve and a glimmer of 

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hope that maybe the worst was 
over, were brought about by The 

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Weeknd. 
Financial leaders made 

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comforting claims in newspapers 
that the markets fundamentals 

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were still stable. 
The administration of President 

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Hoover made optimistic. 
Forcast regarding the 

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disruptions transient nature. 
That weekend, a lot of Americans

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can convince themselves that the
markets actions had been in an 

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anomaly rather than a warning. 
However, any last Illusions 

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regarding the crisis transient 
nature were destroyed on 

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Tuesday. 
October, the 29th also known as 

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Black Tuesday With even more 
Vigor. 

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The selling that had started the
week before resumed, this time, 

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there was no comeback know, 
rally in the afternoon to boost 

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Spirits, millions of frantic 
decisions to sell at any price 

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caused. 
The market to Simply collapse 

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crowds gathered outside Banks 
and brokerage houses in American

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cities. 
Not to make investment 

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decisions, but to learn what was
happening to their life savings.

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People appeared stunned rather 
than angry as if they were 

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processing information that 
didn't fit with their conception

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of how the world worked. 
The atmosphere was remarkably 

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quiet for such large. 
Gatherings black Tuesday's human

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cost. 
Wasn't immediately. 

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Evident in Striking ways? 
Most people didn't tear up 

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stocks, certificates, or jump 
out of Windows. 

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Rather, they returned home to 
dinner. 

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Tables with quiet, unsure 
conversations. 

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Youngsters felt that something 
significant had changed, but 

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they weren't sure what it was 
rather than being dramatic. 

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The first indication of trouble,
for many families was pragmatic.

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The father put off buying a new 
car in definitely the mother 

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decided her old winter coat 
would last another season after 

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00:11:22,700 --> 00:11:25,800
shopping for a new one. 
Budgets for small luxury 

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purchases such as movie tickets 
flowers for the table and candy 

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for the kids were subtly cut. 
Perhaps, even more important 

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00:11:32,900 --> 00:11:35,800
than the immediate financial 
harm, was the psychological toll

235
00:11:35,800 --> 00:11:39,400
for years, Americans had assumed
that their economic system was 

236
00:11:39,400 --> 00:11:42,600
fundamentally sound. 
And that short-term setbacks 

237
00:11:42,600 --> 00:11:46,100
were always followed by recovery
that basic premise was called 

238
00:11:46,100 --> 00:11:48,700
into question, by Black Tuesday.
In ways that would change 

239
00:11:48,700 --> 00:11:52,900
people's perspectives on money 
security and the future bank, 

240
00:11:52,900 --> 00:11:55,100
tellers were asked questions 
they were unable to respond to 

241
00:11:55,100 --> 00:11:58,100
after years of urging clients to
put their savings into the stock

242
00:11:58,100 --> 00:12:01,000
market. 
How do you tell a depositor that

243
00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:04,100
their money which they believed 
was growing safely and 

244
00:12:04,100 --> 00:12:06,100
conservative Investments has 
just disappeared. 

245
00:12:06,100 --> 00:12:09,400
Give them that the experts were.
So utterly mistaken about what 

246
00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:12,100
was feasible, how can one 
continue to have faith in 

247
00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:15,800
financial institutions? 
Suddenly small business owners 

248
00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:18,700
who had grown their operation on
the base of easy credit were 

249
00:12:18,700 --> 00:12:21,800
exposed and overburdened. 
After stocking up for the 

250
00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:24,700
holidays, The Corner, Grocery 
found that consumers were 

251
00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:26,400
suddenly much more frugal with 
their money. 

252
00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:30,000
As prospective buyers decided 
that perhaps their old cars 

253
00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:32,300
would last a few more years, the
local car. 

254
00:12:32,300 --> 00:12:35,600
Dealer watched his showroom 
empty, the cycle of effects of 

255
00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:38,700
the crash were even by those who
had not made direct stock market

256
00:12:38,700 --> 00:12:41,700
Investments. 
What other presumptions about 

257
00:12:41,700 --> 00:12:44,600
contemporary life? 
Might be just as faulty if the 

258
00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:47,600
experts could be so mistaken 
about something as basic as the 

259
00:12:47,608 --> 00:12:51,600
stability of the market, a more 
cautious and certain approach to

260
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:54,600
planning and spending started to
replace the confident optimism, 

261
00:12:54,600 --> 00:12:58,800
that are defined the 1920s in 
many respects, the week of the 

262
00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:01,600
crash signaled, the end of an 
era, it went beyond the fact 

263
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:04,900
that some investors had lost 
money or that stock, prices are 

264
00:13:04,900 --> 00:13:06,800
dropped. 
In ways that would impact 

265
00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,800
American culture for 
Generations, the entire system 

266
00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:13,000
of presumptions regarding 
American Prosperity, the 

267
00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:16,100
correlation between effort and 
reward and the validity of 

268
00:13:16,100 --> 00:13:18,300
progress itself had been called 
into question. 

269
00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:22,500
In late 1929, New York City was 
like a patient recuperating from

270
00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:26,100
major surgery, still breathing, 
still functioning but moving 

271
00:13:26,100 --> 00:13:29,000
more cautiously questioning 
every sensation. 

272
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,000
From a distance, the city 
appeared identical, the same 

273
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:36,800
tall skyscrapers gleaming in the
Morning, Light the same streams 

274
00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:39,800
of traffic rushing through 
streets that resembled Canyon's 

275
00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:43,400
and the same Vitality that had 
always made Manhattan seem like 

276
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:46,200
the center of the universe, the 
changes, however, were 

277
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:47,700
everywhere. 
If you knew how to look, 

278
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:50,400
Previously bustling with stock 
tips. 

279
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:53,400
The shoe shine stands. 
Now provided services in almost 

280
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,300
complete silence. 
During what should have been 

281
00:13:56,308 --> 00:13:58,600
peak hours. 
The upscale lunch restaurants 

282
00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:00,900
that have been crowded with 
diners with expense accounts 

283
00:14:00,900 --> 00:14:03,500
were left empty. 
People appeared to be moving 

284
00:14:03,500 --> 00:14:06,800
with purpose, but unsure of 
their destinations as evidence 

285
00:14:06,800 --> 00:14:09,800
by the altered rhythm of foot 
traffic which was less assured 

286
00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:11,600
and more hurried, the Upper East
Side. 

287
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:14,800
Apartment complex is started to 
narrate Tales of subdued 

288
00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:18,000
economic turmoil. 
Families who had relocated to 

289
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,100
larger Apartments during the 
boom years were forced to either

290
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:24,000
look for smaller Apartments. 
They could truly afford or 

291
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:25,900
bargain with landlords for lower
rent. 

292
00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:28,600
The lavish dinner parties that 
had characterized. 

293
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:33,200
Social life in the 1920s, either
shrink in size became more 

294
00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:36,600
straightforward events, or 
vanished, completely using the 

295
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:38,900
money from Investments. 
Her late husband had made in 

296
00:14:38,900 --> 00:14:43,000
railroad stops, Martha Wilson, 
let's call her Martha but she 

297
00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:45,900
could have been any of thousands
of women in similar situations. 

298
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:50,200
Her apartment on his 73rd, 
Street featured, Windows 

299
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:52,900
overlooking, a tree line street,
that felt like a Haven in the 

300
00:14:52,900 --> 00:14:55,900
middle of the city, a dormant, 
an elevator service. 

301
00:14:56,700 --> 00:14:58,900
She'd gone shopping at 
Bloomingdale's in the mornings 

302
00:14:58,900 --> 00:15:02,800
to luncheons in the afternoon's 
and to the Opera or theater in 

303
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:07,200
the evening's by December. 1929 
Martha was learning the railroad

304
00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:09,700
stocks were no longer consistent
source of income. 

305
00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:12,500
Her first economy was firing her
housekeeper. 

306
00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:16,200
A difficult choice that required
not only careful budgeting, but 

307
00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:18,800
also the realization that she 
would need to make significant 

308
00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:21,900
changes to her way of life. 
She learned how to manage 

309
00:15:21,900 --> 00:15:24,700
household chores that she had 
never thought of as part of her 

310
00:15:24,700 --> 00:15:27,900
duties and how to prepare meals.
That she'd previously taken for 

311
00:15:27,900 --> 00:15:30,700
granted perhaps more challenging
than the Practical adjustments 

312
00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:34,200
was the cycle shift. 
Martha had to balance her 

313
00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:36,800
perception of herself as a 
self-sufficient woman with the 

314
00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:39,400
fact that she was now 
meticulously planning her 

315
00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:42,700
grocery budget and determining 
whether she could afford a cab 

316
00:15:42,700 --> 00:15:45,800
or if she would have to take the
subway She was no longer able to

317
00:15:45,808 --> 00:15:48,400
afford the social activities 
that had shaped her days. 

318
00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:51,700
The financial district downtown 
was acclimating to a new 

319
00:15:51,708 --> 00:15:54,100
reality. 
With the Grim resolve that New 

320
00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:57,700
Yorkers had always displayed 
during times of crisis, Just 

321
00:15:57,700 --> 00:16:01,600
months before brokerage firms, 
that had hired dozens of Clarks 

322
00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:04,500
and Runners were forced to lay 
off employees, who had seemed 

323
00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:07,300
indispensable. 
The survivors processed the 

324
00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:10,300
paperwork of an economy that was
Contracting rather than growing 

325
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:14,000
while putting in more hours for 
the same pay, with the Practical

326
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:16,300
urgency of people whose rent was
due next month. 

327
00:16:16,300 --> 00:16:19,100
Young men who had come to New 
York with hopes of becoming 

328
00:16:19,100 --> 00:16:22,200
wealthy on Wall Street, were 
forced to re-evaluate their 

329
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:25,200
career plans. 
Some brought Tales of urban 

330
00:16:25,200 --> 00:16:27,600
Adventures that ended more 
suddenly than they had 

331
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:29,400
anticipated back to their home 
towns. 

332
00:16:30,100 --> 00:16:33,700
Others chose to stay and adjust 
accepting positions that paid 

333
00:16:33,700 --> 00:16:36,700
less than they had hoped for, 
but gave them the stable income 

334
00:16:36,700 --> 00:16:39,100
that had suddenly gained more 
value than the prospect of 

335
00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:42,300
extraordinary success. 
As consumers became more frugal 

336
00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:45,000
with their spending, the 
entertainment sector, which had 

337
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:47,200
appeared to be immune to the 
recession during the boom 

338
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:50,200
started to suffer. 
Broadway theaters. 

339
00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:53,100
That had anticipated packed 
houses were forced to provide 

340
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:56,700
matinee specials and discounted 
tickets, double features and 

341
00:16:56,700 --> 00:17:00,000
prize Knights were introduced by
movie theaters in an attempt to 

342
00:17:00,008 --> 00:17:02,900
attract patrons who now 
considered entertainment to be a

343
00:17:02,900 --> 00:17:05,400
luxury rather than a need 
restaurants in the city, 

344
00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:07,700
adjusted with the kind of 
inventiveness, that is 

345
00:17:07,700 --> 00:17:10,099
frequently stimulated by 
economic pressure. 

346
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:13,900
Restaurants that had established
their reputations on pricing 

347
00:17:13,900 --> 00:17:16,900
ingredients and ornate. 
Presentation started serving 

348
00:17:16,900 --> 00:17:20,200
simpler food a cost that 
mirrored the lower incomes of 

349
00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:23,400
their patrons. 
Viki's that had prospered during

350
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:26,599
the prohibition era, discovered 
that when people's disposable 

351
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:29,500
income decreased even illegal 
drinking became more 

352
00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:31,600
cost-conscious department 
stores. 

353
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,400
Such as Macy's in gimbals, 
turned into research labs to 

354
00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:37,600
study how consumer Behavior 
shifts when caution replaces 

355
00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:42,100
optimism Consumers, who used to 
peruse Goods at leisure and buy 

356
00:17:42,100 --> 00:17:45,400
things on a whim, rather, than 
out of necessity of turned into 

357
00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:48,400
targeted buyers with meticulous 
budgets and lists. 

358
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,800
Sales, Clarks discovered that 
value and Longevity were more 

359
00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:53,400
important than style and 
Novelty. 

360
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:57,300
The city's extensive network of 
small businesses including 

361
00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,700
family on eaters neighborhood. 
Barber shops and Corner. 

362
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:04,700
Grocery Stores, saw the crashes 
a slow tightening rather than an

363
00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:08,600
Abrupt disaster. 
Once prompt Bill payers started,

364
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:12,500
requesting credit extensions, 
specialty item orders decreased 

365
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,800
as consumers, prioritize 
Necessities, like Steam from the

366
00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:18,100
subway greats, the sporadic 
Prosperity. 

367
00:18:18,100 --> 00:18:21,000
That had sustained thousands of 
small businesses started to 

368
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:23,900
dissipate people who had 
previously used taxes now, 

369
00:18:23,900 --> 00:18:26,700
shared buses. 
And subway cars with a wider 

370
00:18:26,700 --> 00:18:30,200
range of the City's population 
making public transportation a 

371
00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:33,800
more democratic experience. 
As economic necessity, brought 

372
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:36,300
people together, who might have 
previously traveled in different

373
00:18:36,300 --> 00:18:39,300
spheres, the subway system, 
which had always been a great 

374
00:18:39,308 --> 00:18:42,800
equalizer became even more. 
So as a free venue for 

375
00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:45,700
recreation, and Entertainment 
Central Park, gained new 

376
00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:49,000
importance, Families that had 
previously spent weekends at 

377
00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:51,800
pricey entertainment. 
Venues learned to enjoy easy, 

378
00:18:51,800 --> 00:18:54,600
picnics and strolls along the 
parks Meandering paths. 

379
00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:58,100
Conversation about jobs 
prospects and the uncertain 

380
00:18:58,100 --> 00:19:00,100
future that everyone was 
attempting to navigate. 

381
00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:03,400
Took place on the park benches 
informally communities of 

382
00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:05,900
immigrants who had historically 
made up the majority of the 

383
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:09,100
city's, Workforce respectively, 
susceptible to changes in the 

384
00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:12,300
economy increased demand and 
dwindling resources. 

385
00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:15,800
Put pressure on the networks of 
mutual support that had helped 

386
00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,100
newcomers, establish themselves 
and factory jobs that had 

387
00:19:19,100 --> 00:19:21,300
offered stable employment 
started to disappear. 

388
00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:25,200
However, even in the face of 
Christ's New York's fundamental 

389
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:29,000
qualities, its adaptability, its
resilience and its unwavering 

390
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,000
refusal to let circumstances win
the game to show. 

391
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:36,300
New goods were discovered for 
Street vendors to sell in the 

392
00:19:36,300 --> 00:19:39,200
evolving economy, entrepreneurs 
found opportunities. 

393
00:19:40,300 --> 00:19:43,200
City that had established a 
reputation for Ingenuity and 

394
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:46,800
ambition started the process of 
redefining itself for a world, 

395
00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:49,700
that was becoming less certain 
the people navigating the 

396
00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:52,200
streets Below had learned some 
hard lessons about the 

397
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:55,800
distinction between appearance 
and reality between fleeting 

398
00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:57,500
prosperity and long-term 
security. 

399
00:19:58,300 --> 00:20:02,700
But the skyline still soared 
toward heaven with the same bold

400
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:05,600
confidence. 
Though, New York was still New 

401
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:07,200
York. 
It was evolving into a more 

402
00:20:07,208 --> 00:20:08,900
deliberate cautious form of 
itself. 

403
00:20:08,900 --> 00:20:11,800
There was little you could do, 
but prepare as best, you could, 

404
00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:13,800
and hope your preparations would
be sufficient. 

405
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:17,400
When the crash struck Rural 
America like a slow-moving storm

406
00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:21,400
system The rural experience was 
more akin to watching, water, 

407
00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:25,300
slowly drained from a bathtub 
steady and unrelenting but not 

408
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:27,400
necessarily disasterous on any 
given day. 

409
00:20:28,200 --> 00:20:31,500
In contrast to the dramatic 
immediate impact on Wall Street 

410
00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:35,700
in 1929 Tom Henderson who could 
speak for any of the thousands 

411
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:39,300
of farmers in the midwest had 
been cautiously optimistic about

412
00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:42,100
his future. 
Harvest season had shown the 

413
00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:44,600
value of the new track to. 
He had purchased on credit the 

414
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:48,500
year before and his farm outside
of Topeka Kansas had been 

415
00:20:48,500 --> 00:20:52,000
yielding respectable corn and 
wheat crops, Given their recent 

416
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:54,600
success. 
His wife, Sarah had been 

417
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:57,600
discussing improvements, like, 
installing indoor plumbing and 

418
00:20:57,600 --> 00:21:00,500
possibly electricity. 
It was the weekly trip to town 

419
00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:03,500
for male and supplies that 
brought the crash to Tom's Farm.

420
00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:05,900
Not ticker tape or desperate 
phone calls. 

421
00:21:05,900 --> 00:21:09,600
The banker who had granted Tom's
tract alone gave him a phony 

422
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:12,600
smile and said they might want 
to talk about adjusting the 

423
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:15,200
payment schedule to reflect the 
state of the economy. 

424
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:19,600
Although the conversation was 
courteous even friendly, there 

425
00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,800
was a subliminal message that 
Tom's financial status had 

426
00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,100
deteriorated overnight cautious 
discussions about what was 

427
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:28,900
happening in the cities and what
it might mean for Rural 

428
00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:31,700
communities, replace the weather
and crop prices, that had 

429
00:21:31,700 --> 00:21:33,900
previously dominated 
conversations at the General 

430
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:37,100
Store. 
In private the store keeper, who

431
00:21:37,100 --> 00:21:39,900
gave credit to the majority of 
his farming clients was 

432
00:21:39,900 --> 00:21:42,200
concerned about the number of 
accounts that might become 

433
00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:45,800
challenging to collect. 
However knowing that rural 

434
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:48,200
communities relied on Mutual 
trust and support. 

435
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:52,100
He kept his worries to himself, 
Sarah Henderson, felt the impact

436
00:21:52,100 --> 00:21:54,400
of the crash through a gradual 
tightening of the household 

437
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:57,200
budget, that required constant 
small adjustments. 

438
00:21:58,100 --> 00:22:01,300
The chicago-based magazines, she
subscribed to ended up being an 

439
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:04,800
unnecessary expense. 
New kitchen, curtain plans were 

440
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,600
put on hold indefinitely. 
A family's routine, gradually 

441
00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:12,100
vanished, along with the little 
Comforts that had made Farm life

442
00:22:12,100 --> 00:22:14,700
more enjoyable such as 
store-bought cookies for the 

443
00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:18,400
kids, the new dress for church 
and sporadic outings to the 

444
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:21,800
county seat for entertainment. 
The rhythm of Rural Life, served

445
00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:24,700
as a sort of buffer against the 
sharp fluctuations of the urban 

446
00:22:24,700 --> 00:22:28,200
economic crisis, regardless of 
the state of stock prices 

447
00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:30,900
Farmers. 
Still had to milk, cows twice a 

448
00:22:30,900 --> 00:22:33,000
day. 
In accordance with natural 

449
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:35,800
cycles that had little to do 
with human economic systems, 

450
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:39,000
crops still had to be planted in
the spring and harvested in the 

451
00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:41,600
fall. 
During a period, when many City 

452
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,700
dwellers felt totally 
disoriented this routine offered

453
00:22:44,700 --> 00:22:48,600
both stability and perspective. 
However, in ways that earlier 

454
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:50,400
generations of farmers might not
have noticed. 

455
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:54,400
The crash also revealed rural 
America's growing Reliance on 

456
00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:57,700
the larger National economy 
Tom's corn was now used in 

457
00:22:57,700 --> 00:23:01,300
commodity markets that span the 
continent, not just defeat his 

458
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:04,500
family in the neighborhood 
individual Farms experience. 

459
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:07,200
The repercussions of those 
markets contraction with 

460
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,800
unexpected force and speed the 
tension of the larger Financial 

461
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:14,300
system started to be reflected 
in the local bank, which had 

462
00:23:14,300 --> 00:23:17,300
previously appeared to be such a
pillar of community stability. 

463
00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:20,700
The bank president was torn 
between the human needs of his 

464
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:24,200
community and the increasingly 
strict requirements of banking 

465
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:26,200
regulations and economic 
reality. 

466
00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:30,200
He knew most of his customers 
personally and had granted loans

467
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:32,100
based on character, as much as 
collateral. 

468
00:23:32,100 --> 00:23:35,100
Small town business owners found
that their clients spending 

469
00:23:35,100 --> 00:23:37,500
habits had changed in minor, but
important ways. 

470
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:40,500
The owner of the hardware store 
observed that farmers were 

471
00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:42,600
fixing their equipment more 
frequently, rather than 

472
00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:45,400
replacing it. 
Instead of buying ready-made 

473
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:47,400
clothing, the dress shop 
discovered that women were 

474
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:49,300
buying fabric to make their own 
clothes. 

475
00:23:50,100 --> 00:23:52,200
Although these were not 
significant changes, they did 

476
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,300
reflect a move towards 
self-sufficiency and a waning 

477
00:23:55,300 --> 00:23:58,600
faith in future Prosperity. 
The Henderson children's one 

478
00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:01,100
room Schoolhouse served as a 
window in the impact of the 

479
00:24:01,100 --> 00:24:04,500
crash on rural families. 
Youngsters started to wear older

480
00:24:04,500 --> 00:24:06,500
clothing. 
Brings simpler lunches and 

481
00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:08,600
engage in fewer activities that 
cost money. 

482
00:24:09,500 --> 00:24:13,000
The teacher, who frequently 
bored with local families turned

483
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:15,200
into an unofficial social 
worker, who was able to 

484
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,100
identify, which kids might be 
lacking proper clothing or food 

485
00:24:18,100 --> 00:24:20,900
after urging Farmers to 
modernize and expand their 

486
00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:25,000
operations during the 1920s. 
Agricultural Extension, agents 

487
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:28,500
found themselves providing a 
variety of advice in late 1929. 

488
00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,100
Efficiency and conservation 
became more important than 

489
00:24:32,100 --> 00:24:35,300
expansion and innovation. 
Farmers were now urged to 

490
00:24:35,308 --> 00:24:37,400
diversify and make sure they 
could provide for their 

491
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:40,800
families, regardless of market 
conditions, after previously 

492
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:44,200
being urged to focus on cash. 
Crops a Lifeline for information

493
00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:47,100
and emotional support. 
The rural telephone system was 

494
00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:50,700
still relatively new in many 
places party lines, buzzed with 

495
00:24:50,708 --> 00:24:53,600
conversations about who was 
struggling who might need help 

496
00:24:53,600 --> 00:24:55,900
and how communities could 
support their members. 

497
00:24:55,900 --> 00:24:59,900
Through uncertain times, the 
local exchanges operator took on

498
00:24:59,900 --> 00:25:02,900
the role of an unofficial 
Community coordinator bringing 

499
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:05,700
together those in need of help. 
And those who might be able to 

500
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:08,900
offer it Church congregations 
discovered that they were taking

501
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:11,600
on more responsibilities as 
networks of practical and 

502
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:14,800
spiritual support. 
While prayers for economic 

503
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:16,800
recovery were offered during 
Sunday Services. 

504
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:20,000
The real work took place in 
Fellowship halls and church 

505
00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:22,700
basements where local 
communities arranged clothing, 

506
00:25:22,700 --> 00:25:25,500
exchanges, food drives and 
unofficial job placement 

507
00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:28,300
services. 
The minister frequently turned 

508
00:25:28,300 --> 00:25:31,100
into a financial advisor, 
assisting families in making 

509
00:25:31,100 --> 00:25:34,500
tough choices regarding debt and
expenditure country, doctors 

510
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:36,600
found that their patients were 
delaying medical care. 

511
00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:40,300
That wasn't absolutely necessary
paying for services with labor 

512
00:25:40,300 --> 00:25:43,600
or produce, and stead of money 
and using folk medson and home 

513
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:46,700
remedies more and more. 
The doctors around grew longer 

514
00:25:46,700 --> 00:25:48,900
and more intricate. 
As he struck a balance between 

515
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:51,900
his knowledge of his patients 
Financial constraints and 

516
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:55,300
Professional Medical judgment. 
The local newspaper, which had 

517
00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:57,800
chronicled the communities 
Prosperity during the boom years

518
00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:01,100
began to focus more on practical
advice and Community 

519
00:26:01,100 --> 00:26:04,200
cooperation. 
Once praising modernization and 

520
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,600
progress editorial Pages. 
Now, highlighted the benefits of

521
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:09,500
self-reliance Thrift and 
camaraderie. 

522
00:26:10,300 --> 00:26:13,000
Reports of lavish parties, gave 
way to stories about 

523
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,500
collaborative, efforts and 
community service projects and 

524
00:26:15,500 --> 00:26:18,400
social columns. 
However, the reaction of Rural 

525
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,700
America to the crash also, 
demonstrated advantages that 

526
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:23,300
Urban regions occasionally 
lacked. 

527
00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:26,400
Farming communities had always 
been aware of economic 

528
00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,600
uncertainty, they lived in 
constant fear that their 

529
00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:32,400
prosperity could be drastically 
impacted by uncontrollable 

530
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:34,400
Market forces illness and 
weather. 

531
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:37,900
They had developed resilience 
and adaptability, as a result of

532
00:26:37,900 --> 00:26:40,600
this experience which helped 
them when the overall economy. 

533
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,400
Collapsed. 
The customs of rural life, such 

534
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:47,500
as quilting, bees barn-raising, 
and harvest cooperatives gained 

535
00:26:47,500 --> 00:26:49,600
new important as economic 
necessities. 

536
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:54,300
When resources became limited 
but labor and camaraderie were 

537
00:26:54,300 --> 00:26:57,300
plentiful communities that had 
appeared to be moving away, from

538
00:26:57,300 --> 00:26:59,400
these Antiquated, Customs found 
their value. 

539
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:01,500
Again. 
During this time children, who 

540
00:27:01,500 --> 00:27:03,800
grew up on farms, learned 
lessons about Community 

541
00:27:03,800 --> 00:27:06,100
cooperation, and 
self-sufficiency that would 

542
00:27:06,100 --> 00:27:07,900
shape their entire outlook on 
life. 

543
00:27:07,900 --> 00:27:11,400
They witnessed their parents 
handle tough choices with grace 

544
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:15,300
to uncontrollable situations, 
and hold on to hope for better 

545
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:18,300
days while navigating the 
realities of the present in the 

546
00:27:18,300 --> 00:27:20,300
months. 
After the crash, the ability of 

547
00:27:20,308 --> 00:27:23,500
regular Americans to innovate 
adapt and maintain their dignity

548
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:27,300
in the face of unimaginable 
adversity was made evident. 

549
00:27:28,300 --> 00:27:32,900
In late 1929 and early 1930. 
Millions of people were subtly 

550
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:35,900
reimagining their everyday 
lives, with a creativity born of

551
00:27:35,900 --> 00:27:39,300
necessity, but it wasn't as 
dramatic or newsworthy as bread 

552
00:27:39,300 --> 00:27:43,400
lines and bank failures would 
later become Eleanor Murphy, a 

553
00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:44,600
secretary in an insurance 
office. 

554
00:27:44,600 --> 00:27:47,900
In Detroit, found that her small
Investment Portfolio. 

555
00:27:47,900 --> 00:27:50,700
Suddenly had far less value than
her clerical skills. 

556
00:27:51,700 --> 00:27:54,300
Those who stayed had to perform 
the duties of two or three 

557
00:27:54,308 --> 00:27:56,900
people as companies started to 
lay off employees. 

558
00:27:57,900 --> 00:28:00,200
Even though Ellen has days, grew
longer and more demanding. 

559
00:28:00,200 --> 00:28:03,600
She was thankful for her stable 
job at a time when many others 

560
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:06,700
were losing theirs. 
She increased her typing speed 

561
00:28:06,700 --> 00:28:10,700
learned shorthand and became 
indispensable by taking on tasks

562
00:28:10,700 --> 00:28:14,200
that had previously, been split 
among several employees her 

563
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:15,500
evenings. 
Which she used to spend with 

564
00:28:15,500 --> 00:28:18,300
friends at restaurants, or 
movies were now devoted to 

565
00:28:18,300 --> 00:28:21,900
household engineering, figuring 
out, how to stretch her, pay to 

566
00:28:21,900 --> 00:28:23,500
pay for things that used to seem
doable. 

567
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:26,600
She discovered how to make 
economical and nourishing meals,

568
00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:30,100
how to repair rather than buy 
new clothes and how to find 

569
00:28:30,100 --> 00:28:32,200
entertainment that didn't 
require her to spend money. 

570
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:35,200
She needed for groceries and 
rent the apartment complex, were

571
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:37,800
Eleanor live turned into a 
miniature example of urban 

572
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:40,500
adaptation. 
Once cut your strangers, 

573
00:28:40,500 --> 00:28:42,900
neighbors started to work 
together in little. 

574
00:28:42,900 --> 00:28:46,500
But significant ways, 
alterations were provided by a 

575
00:28:46,500 --> 00:28:50,200
person with a sewing machine. 
After losing his job as a shoe 

576
00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:52,300
salesman. 
Another tenant started fixing 

577
00:28:52,300 --> 00:28:55,400
shoes for the building's 
occupants a woman whose husband 

578
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:57,900
was on business established a 
small laundry service. 

579
00:28:57,900 --> 00:29:00,900
Drying her clothes on the 
building's roof and in the 

580
00:29:00,900 --> 00:29:04,100
bathtub of her apartment. 
The Kowalski family in Chicago 

581
00:29:04,100 --> 00:29:07,100
found that in order to thrive in
the shifting economic climate, 

582
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:09,600
their modest grocery store had 
to change. 

583
00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:13,300
Stefan Kowski, had established 
his company, by offering a 

584
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:15,900
community of working-class 
families, high-quality goods, 

585
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:19,900
and amiable service, He adjusted
by providing credit, taking 

586
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:23,200
barter agreements and carrying 
less costly substitutes for the 

587
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:26,200
name, brand Goods that had been 
his staple, as his clients 

588
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:29,800
incomes, grew less consistent in
ways that surprise both of them 

589
00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:33,000
Annika while ski would 
previously concentrated on 

590
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:36,000
running the home while Stefan 
operated, the store, joined him 

591
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:38,900
as a business partner. 
Despite having to make tough 

592
00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:41,800
choices regarding pricing and 
credit due to economic pressure.

593
00:29:41,800 --> 00:29:44,700
She found a knack for 
bookkeeping and customer service

594
00:29:44,700 --> 00:29:47,500
that allowed the store to keep 
its ties to the community. 

595
00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:51,400
Their kids gained hands on 
experience in business and the 

596
00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:54,000
realities of financial hardship 
by learning to work in the 

597
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:55,900
store. 
After school, an unofficial 

598
00:29:55,900 --> 00:29:58,600
economy, built on cooperation in
Innovative problem. 

599
00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:00,800
Solving emerged in the area 
surrounding the call. 

600
00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:05,100
Mrs. O'Brien began taking in 
laundry and doing repairs. 

601
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:07,100
After her husband was fired from
the steel mill. 

602
00:30:07,700 --> 00:30:10,500
The Rossi family grew a garden 
in their backyard and started 

603
00:30:10,500 --> 00:30:13,200
selling vegetables. 
An unofficial garage was 

604
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:15,800
established in the alley behind 
his apartment building by Mr. 

605
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,400
Johnson, a laid-off mechanic, 
who fixed cars and bicycles for 

606
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:22,100
Neighbors, who paid him with 
food, small loans, or Promises 

607
00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:25,000
of future work children. 
Displayed the extraordinary 

608
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:27,600
resilience that frequently 
defines young people facing 

609
00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:30,100
adversity as they adjusted to 
the changing circumstances. 

610
00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:34,500
They learned to find Amusement 
in small Pleasures, created 

611
00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:37,600
games that didn't require store 
bought toys and gradually 

612
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:40,200
realized that their families. 
Less fortunate circumstances 

613
00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:43,200
meant they had to be more 
responsible and less demanding 

614
00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,000
than they might have been in 
more prosperous times families 

615
00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:48,600
who believed that education was 
the key to better opportunities 

616
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:51,300
for their kids, placed an even 
greater value on education. 

617
00:30:52,500 --> 00:30:55,000
Even in situations where 
immediate income would have been

618
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:57,200
useful. 
Parents who had previously 

619
00:30:57,200 --> 00:30:59,700
thought about letting older 
children, drop out of school to 

620
00:30:59,700 --> 00:31:03,200
pursue employment opportunities.
Now, insisted that educational 

621
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:05,300
was an investment that could not
be compromised. 

622
00:31:06,100 --> 00:31:09,300
In addition to being Educators 
teachers, also became social 

623
00:31:09,300 --> 00:31:12,900
workers and Community counselors
assisting families in overcoming

624
00:31:12,900 --> 00:31:16,000
the psychological and practical 
difficulties brought on by 

625
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:19,400
unstable economic conditions, as
people looked for free 

626
00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:21,700
entertainment and education 
Library. 

627
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:25,100
Saw a Resurgence once mostly 
used by academics and 

628
00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:27,500
researchers. 
The reading rooms were now open 

629
00:31:27,500 --> 00:31:30,200
to family searching for 
inexpensive evening activities. 

630
00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:34,100
Library programs grew to include
useful workshops on subjects 

631
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:38,000
like cooking budgeting and home 
repair and Librarians became 

632
00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:40,400
informal counselors on 
everything from household 

633
00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,700
management to job. 
Hunting tactics congregations of

634
00:31:43,700 --> 00:31:46,300
religious people became more and
more significant as hubs for 

635
00:31:46,308 --> 00:31:48,000
both practical and spiritual 
support. 

636
00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:52,800
Food, pantries, clothing drives 
and job placement Services, were

637
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:56,000
arranged by Churches synagogues 
and other places of worship. 

638
00:31:56,700 --> 00:31:59,200
Religious communities became 
test sites for the type of 

639
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:00,600
mutual Aid. 
That would eventually be 

640
00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:03,700
codified in government programs 
and religious leaders found 

641
00:32:03,700 --> 00:32:05,700
themselves. 
Advising families on matters of 

642
00:32:05,700 --> 00:32:09,000
both financial and spiritual 
concern, local businesses, that 

643
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:10,800
survive. 
The initial shock of the crash 

644
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:13,600
did so by developing closer 
relationships with their 

645
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:17,400
customers and communities? 
Men began exchanging information

646
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:20,700
about job openings at the corner
Barber Shop which evolved into 

647
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:22,200
an unofficial Employment. 
Agency. 

648
00:32:22,200 --> 00:32:25,300
Regular patreons were given 
credit at the neighborhood 

649
00:32:25,300 --> 00:32:28,100
Diner, which also served as a 
gathering spot for those 

650
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:30,000
planning community service 
initiatives. 

651
00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:33,600
In order to provide the social 
services that larger 

652
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,600
corporations were unable or 
unwilling to provide small 

653
00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:38,900
businesses, learn to operate on 
thinner, margins. 

654
00:32:38,900 --> 00:32:42,500
Specifically, women found that 
the crisis had created new 

655
00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:44,200
chances for initiative and 
Leadership. 

656
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:47,400
Whether through formal 
employment or The Unofficial 

657
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:51,000
economy of food, preparation 
small-scale manufacturing and 

658
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:54,500
domestic Services, many became 
the main providers for their 

659
00:32:54,500 --> 00:32:57,400
families. 
Cooking sewing and managing the 

660
00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:00,800
home skills that had been viewed
as women's work in prosperous 

661
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:03,000
times. 
All of a sudden became important

662
00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:06,100
economic assets though, subtle 
the cultural shift was 

663
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:09,100
significant, what could be 
referred to as conspicuous 

664
00:33:09,100 --> 00:33:12,300
competence replaced? 
The conspicuous consumption that

665
00:33:12,300 --> 00:33:15,500
had defined. 
The 1920s people took pride in 

666
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:18,500
their capacity, to get by on 
less to come up with innovative 

667
00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:21,600
solutions to real world issues 
and to preserve their sense of 

668
00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:25,400
self and Community, despite less
favorable circumstances, once 

669
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:28,700
centered on social activities, 
neighborhood organizations. 

670
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:32,200
Started to focus on practical 
needs, Co-operative buying 

671
00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:35,300
groups were established by 
women's clubs in order to obtain

672
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:37,600
better deals on household goods 
and groceries. 

673
00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:41,100
Fraternal groups for men 
developed into networks for 

674
00:33:41,100 --> 00:33:44,600
exchanging job opening volunteer
projects in the community 

675
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:48,600
potluck, dinners amateur 
theatrical Productions and other

676
00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:51,700
recreational activities. 
That prioritize participation 

677
00:33:51,700 --> 00:33:55,000
overconsumption replaced costly 
entertainment as the primary 

678
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,100
social activity. 
Family, split up by the pursuit 

679
00:33:58,100 --> 00:34:00,800
of employment and opportunity 
were reunited by the Postal 

680
00:34:00,800 --> 00:34:03,400
Service. 
Letters, contained useful 

681
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:07,300
information about jobs, living 
conditions in various cities and

682
00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:09,900
survival tactics that had worked
in other communities. 

683
00:34:09,900 --> 00:34:14,600
In addition to personal news in 
times of uncertainty, the custom

684
00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:15,900
of sending and receiving 
letters. 

685
00:34:15,900 --> 00:34:18,600
Offered emotional support that 
kept people, connected, and 

686
00:34:18,600 --> 00:34:21,500
hopeful the new reality even 
affected fashion. 

687
00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:25,300
Instead of replacing their 
entire wardrobe, women learn to 

688
00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:29,199
update it with accessories and 
alterations men carefully repair

689
00:34:29,199 --> 00:34:31,800
and maintained their suits to 
extend their lifespan. 

690
00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:35,800
Asics Styles, and practical 
considerations became the focus 

691
00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:38,600
of fashion magazines that had 
previously encouraged constant 

692
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:41,600
change and Novelty in the 
immediate aftermath of the crash

693
00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:45,199
American showed greater 
resourcefulness Community spirit

694
00:34:45,199 --> 00:34:48,699
and adaptability than the 1920s 
Prosperity had demanded. 

695
00:34:49,699 --> 00:34:52,500
Qualities that had always 
existed but had been obscured by

696
00:34:52,507 --> 00:34:55,400
the ease and optimism of the 
boom years were brought to light

697
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:58,200
by the crisis. 
Shock can be absorbed by culture

698
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:01,100
and turned into something that 
makes sense of the experience. 

699
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:04,600
American culture underwent a 
subtle but profound 

700
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:08,500
transformation in the months 
after the crash not immediately 

701
00:35:08,500 --> 00:35:12,100
not drastically but with the 
kind of slow change that only 

702
00:35:12,100 --> 00:35:16,200
becomes apparent in hindsight 
exuberant Jazz, upbeat dance, 

703
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:19,000
tunes and songs that celebrated 
Youth and prosperity. 

704
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:23,600
The music that had characterized
the 1920s started to sound a 

705
00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:25,800
little out of step with the 
prevailing sentiment in the 

706
00:35:25,800 --> 00:35:28,200
country. 
Having always been Keen 

707
00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:31,300
observers of public opinion. 
Musicians and songwriters began 

708
00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:33,700
to produce music that 
represented a wider range of 

709
00:35:33,708 --> 00:35:36,500
emotions. 
The blues influenced Melodies 

710
00:35:36,500 --> 00:35:39,700
that acknowledged struggle, 
while retaining hope replace the

711
00:35:39,700 --> 00:35:42,300
brassy confidence of earlier 
jazz radio. 

712
00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:45,000
Programming was remarkably 
sensitive to the shifting 

713
00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:48,600
circumstances of its listeners, 
programs that provided helpful 

714
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:51,700
advice amateur Talent, 
competitions, involving regular 

715
00:35:51,700 --> 00:35:55,000
people and serialized dramas 
that addressed family issues, 

716
00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:57,700
and Community collaboration, 
gradually supplanted shows that 

717
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:01,000
had previously concentrated on 
glitzy, Lifestyles and pricey 

718
00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:04,700
entertainment the radio of 
evolved into a reflecting, the 

719
00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:07,900
experience of his listeners, 
rather than a window in to an 

720
00:36:07,900 --> 00:36:11,700
idealized world Hollywood, which
had made its name on glitzy, 

721
00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:13,200
fantasies and Escapist 
entertainment. 

722
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,400
Started making movies that 
addressed viewers, who were 

723
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:20,100
facing Financial instability? 
Movies about regular people. 

724
00:36:20,100 --> 00:36:22,600
Dealing with extraordinary 
challenges joined the late 

725
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:25,800
1920s, sophisticated comedies, 
and romantic dramas. 

726
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:28,500
While audience is still desired 
entertainment. 

727
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:31,700
They also desired stories that 
took into account the realities 

728
00:36:31,700 --> 00:36:35,000
of their everyday lives. 
The time started to be reflected

729
00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,300
in literature in both Overton 
Cova ways. 

730
00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:40,500
Stories about successful 
businesses and affluent 

731
00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:43,900
socialites gave away to stories 
about Community collaboration 

732
00:36:43,900 --> 00:36:46,200
and family. 
Resiliency, and popular 

733
00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:50,100
magazines, fiction, that 
examined, the psychological and 

734
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:52,700
social effects of economic 
upheaval was added to the 

735
00:36:52,700 --> 00:36:55,400
adventure, tales, and romantic 
fantasies that had dominated 

736
00:36:55,400 --> 00:36:58,900
magazine stands newspapers. 
Now offer readers, helpful 

737
00:36:58,900 --> 00:37:01,800
advice for navigating uncertain 
times rather than just reporting

738
00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:05,100
on events. 
Once investment focused 

739
00:37:05,100 --> 00:37:07,600
Financial Pages. 
Started to provide guidance on 

740
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:10,500
debt management and budgeting 
Stories about family 

741
00:37:10,500 --> 00:37:13,600
resourcefulness and Community, 
cooperation started to appear on

742
00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:16,700
social pages that have 
previously documented lavish 

743
00:37:16,700 --> 00:37:18,100
parties and costly 
entertainment. 

744
00:37:18,100 --> 00:37:21,100
The advertising industry which 
had mastered the art of 

745
00:37:21,100 --> 00:37:24,500
generating consumer goods, 
desire had to come up with new 

746
00:37:24,500 --> 00:37:27,400
tactics for audiences. 
That prioritize necessity over 

747
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:30,800
luxury instead of focusing on 
status and Novelty, 

748
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:33,700
advertisement started to 
highlight practical benefits 

749
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:38,000
value and durability. it was 
necessary to reframe the cycle 

750
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:41,400
of appeals that had worked so 
well, in prosperous times, for 

751
00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:43,900
consumers, who were becoming 
more frugal with their spending 

752
00:37:43,900 --> 00:37:47,300
while still emphasizing Beauty 
and style fashion magazines 

753
00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:49,600
started to highlight 
affordability and adaptability 

754
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:52,900
Features on how to update 
existing wardrobes. 

755
00:37:52,900 --> 00:37:56,200
So at home and take care of 
clothing, counterbalanced 

756
00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:59,600
articles about pricey designer 
clothing, The fashion industry 

757
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:02,700
found that readers might be more
interested in originality and 

758
00:38:02,700 --> 00:38:05,700
inventiveness than in the newest
styles from New York or Paris 

759
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:09,500
Sports continue to be popular, 
but their cultural connotations 

760
00:38:09,500 --> 00:38:12,000
changed. 
Heroes and entertainment from 

761
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:15,300
professional sports persisted, 
but amateur and Community 

762
00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:18,100
sports, that prioritized 
involvement over, spectatorship 

763
00:38:18,100 --> 00:38:22,300
gained popularity, Basketball 
teams, local, baseball, League's

764
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:25,000
and other community, Sports 
initiatives gained importance, 

765
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:28,300
as places to socialize and have 
fun in ways that would become 

766
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:31,200
increasingly clear. 
In the years that followed art 

767
00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:35,300
reflected the shifting. 
Time's, In the affluent. 1920s 

768
00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:38,100
artists who had been 
experimenting with abstract and 

769
00:38:38,100 --> 00:38:41,600
experimental forms started 
producing more approachable art.

770
00:38:41,600 --> 00:38:43,700
That was more closely related to
Everyday Life. 

771
00:38:44,500 --> 00:38:47,400
While artistic Expressions that 
addressed broader audiences 

772
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:50,800
about common experience of 
Challenge and adaptation replace

773
00:38:50,800 --> 00:38:54,700
the avant-garde, it did not 
vanish while theater continued 

774
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:56,700
to be a significant 
entertainment medium. 

775
00:38:56,700 --> 00:39:00,500
It started to tackle new issues 
and themes Productions. 

776
00:39:00,500 --> 00:39:04,500
That examined, family, Dynamics,
Community relationships, and the

777
00:39:04,508 --> 00:39:07,400
psychological effects of 
economic change, joined plays 

778
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:10,700
that had previously concentrated
on sophisticated urban life and 

779
00:39:10,700 --> 00:39:13,700
social satire There's more 
people looked for Creative 

780
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:16,400
outlets and entertainment that 
didn't require large sums of 

781
00:39:16,408 --> 00:39:18,800
money Community. 
Theater groups became more 

782
00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:22,200
active education began to 
emphasize practical skills 

783
00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:24,100
alongside traditional academic 
subjects. 

784
00:39:24,900 --> 00:39:26,900
To help students deal with an 
uncertain. 

785
00:39:26,900 --> 00:39:29,900
Economic future schools added 
courses in small business 

786
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:33,400
operations, household management
and other subjects to their 

787
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:36,700
vocational programs. 
There was renewed emphasis on 

788
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:40,800
and support for the idea that 
education should not only refine

789
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:44,100
culture, but also prepare 
students for success in the real

790
00:39:44,100 --> 00:39:47,600
world, Community organizations 
found that their function had 

791
00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:50,600
broadened to Encompass cultural 
programming and practical 

792
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:53,200
assistance, in addition to 
social activities. 

793
00:39:54,100 --> 00:39:56,900
Home economics, and financial 
management lectures were 

794
00:39:56,900 --> 00:39:59,800
arranged by women's clubs, 
seminars, on Business 

795
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:01,700
Development. 
And job training were sponsored 

796
00:40:01,700 --> 00:40:04,900
by men's for fraternal 
organizations congregations 

797
00:40:04,900 --> 00:40:07,800
expanded, their traditional 
spiritual mission to include 

798
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:11,500
Community, Education and Social 
Services, even the definition of

799
00:40:11,500 --> 00:40:14,900
leisure was changing. 
Leisure in the affluent. 1920s 

800
00:40:14,900 --> 00:40:18,000
had frequently meant spending 
money on entertainment, dining 

801
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:20,400
out, and the newest technology 
or fashions. 

802
00:40:21,100 --> 00:40:24,500
Participation became the new 
definition of leisure creating 

803
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:27,800
rather than merely consuming 
playing games rather than merely

804
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:30,900
watching and producing music 
rather than merely listening to 

805
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:32,500
it. 
There was a Resurgence of 

806
00:40:32,500 --> 00:40:35,900
entertainment at home, reading 
aloud playing cards and getting 

807
00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:37,600
together. 
Around the piano for casual 

808
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:40,200
concerts all enjoyed Again by 
families. 

809
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:45,500
Cooking from scratch, needlework
Woodworking and gardening skills

810
00:40:45,500 --> 00:40:49,100
that had seemed outdated during 
the Jazz era regain their status

811
00:40:49,100 --> 00:40:51,800
as both useful, necessities and 
sources of fulfillment. 

812
00:40:51,800 --> 00:40:56,000
Individual success material 
accumulation and competitive 

813
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:59,100
achievement values that had 
characterized American culture. 

814
00:40:59,100 --> 00:41:02,500
During the boom years were not 
lost but they were replaced by a

815
00:41:02,500 --> 00:41:05,800
fresh appreciation of 
collaboration frugal living and 

816
00:41:05,800 --> 00:41:09,900
Community cohesion. from getting
ahead to getting through and 

817
00:41:09,900 --> 00:41:13,300
from making it big to making do 
the cultural narrative started 

818
00:41:13,300 --> 00:41:16,600
to change in order to reflect 
the new realities language 

819
00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:22,700
itself changed The terms 
economy, Thrift conservation and

820
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:26,100
cooperation, which had seemed 
meaningless in prosperous times,

821
00:41:26,100 --> 00:41:29,400
gained new significance and 
urgency as they entered common 

822
00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:32,100
speech. 
The language of mutual support 

823
00:41:32,100 --> 00:41:33,600
and careful management. 
Replace. 

824
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:36,200
The language of Plenty 
children's culture was 

825
00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:40,200
particularly inventive in its 
adaptation, versions of games. 

826
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:42,800
And toys, that could be made at 
home using readily available 

827
00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:45,300
materials. 
Took the place of those that had

828
00:41:45,300 --> 00:41:48,800
previously depended on 
manufactured materials, themes 

829
00:41:48,800 --> 00:41:52,800
of family collaboration, civic 
duty, and finding joy, in small 

830
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:54,800
Pleasures. 
Rather than far-flung Adventures

831
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:57,800
or pricy belonging started to 
appear in children's literature.

832
00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:02,000
The new culture was not wholly, 
Grim, or gloomy Americans had 

833
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,600
always been exceptionally Adept,
at finding humor in trying 

834
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:06,800
situations. 
And in the years, after the 

835
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:09,900
crash, a certain type of Comedy 
emerged that recognized 

836
00:42:09,900 --> 00:42:14,300
adversity without allowing it to
defeat it jokes about Frugal 

837
00:42:14,300 --> 00:42:17,700
spending in genuity and 
surviving on less became a means

838
00:42:17,708 --> 00:42:20,200
of coping with challenging 
situations, while preserving 

839
00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:24,500
Spirits during the modernizing 
1920s, folk Traditions that had 

840
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:28,400
appeared to be fading to new 
significant song's, tales and 

841
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:30,500
traditions that stressed 
communal values. 

842
00:42:30,700 --> 00:42:33,400
And Common Sense were brought 
back to life and modified for 

843
00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:36,000
the modern era. 
During uncertain times, the 

844
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:38,600
cultural Legacy that had 
appeared Antiquated during the 

845
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:41,100
Jazz era offered continuity and 
stability. 

846
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:44,500
As National Consumer culture 
became less accessible to many 

847
00:42:44,500 --> 00:42:48,400
families Regional cultures 
gained importance after being 

848
00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:51,400
eclipsed by national Brands and 
mass produced entertainment, 

849
00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:55,700
local Customs, Regional Cuisine 
and Community practices. 

850
00:42:55,700 --> 00:42:58,700
Once again, gained importance of
sources of continuity and 

851
00:42:58,700 --> 00:43:02,100
identity during this time, 
cultural institutions that were 

852
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:04,400
able to adapt to new ways of 
serving their communities. 

853
00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:07,400
While retaining their 
fundamental qualities were the 

854
00:43:07,408 --> 00:43:11,600
ones that survived and prospered
museums offered free or low-cost

855
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:15,100
educational programs. 
Concert Halls served as places 

856
00:43:15,100 --> 00:43:16,600
for the community to come 
together. 

857
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:20,300
Library's now offer both 
cultural and practical resources

858
00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:23,600
as part of their expanded 
Services, the cultural change 

859
00:43:23,600 --> 00:43:25,900
even started to show in the way 
community's looked. 

860
00:43:26,500 --> 00:43:29,200
Simpler more functional 
storefronts replaced, the ornate

861
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:31,600
commercial displays that have 
defined the boom years. 

862
00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:35,200
As people looked for free or 
low-cost places to relax and 

863
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:38,200
socialize public spaces were 
kept up and used more 

864
00:43:38,200 --> 00:43:41,600
frequently, American society 
would ultimately undergo a 

865
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:44,800
fundamental transformation, as a
result of the cultural shifts 

866
00:43:44,800 --> 00:43:46,600
that started in the months after
the crash. 

867
00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:49,500
A more complex culture was 
replacing. 

868
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:53,800
The individualistic consumer 
culture of the 1920s one that 

869
00:43:53,800 --> 00:43:56,900
preserved American inventiveness
and optimism while embracing 

870
00:43:56,900 --> 00:44:00,500
lessons about collaboration 
environmental preservation, and 

871
00:44:00,500 --> 00:44:04,100
the value of community support, 
in trying times, this cultural 

872
00:44:04,100 --> 00:44:07,800
change wasn't quick or 
consistent communities varied in

873
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:09,600
how, and how quickly they 
adapted. 

874
00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:13,700
However, the general Trend was 
evident American culture was 

875
00:44:13,700 --> 00:44:16,800
growing more realistic grounded 
and centered on the kinds of 

876
00:44:16,800 --> 00:44:20,700
principles that enable societies
to withstand adversity while 

877
00:44:20,700 --> 00:44:23,500
preserving, their core identity 
and optimism for the future. 

878
00:44:23,500 --> 00:44:26,900
Americans were experiencing, 
what many still hoped would be a

879
00:44:26,908 --> 00:44:30,900
brief economic adjustment, as 
1930, got underway rather, than 

880
00:44:30,900 --> 00:44:32,800
the start of a 10 year 
transformation. 

881
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:37,100
Although the crashes immediate 
Panic had passed, the underlying

882
00:44:37,100 --> 00:44:40,200
changes at its sparked, were 
beginning to take hold and would

883
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:43,800
alter American Society for many 
generations to come ordinary. 

884
00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:46,300
People were already establishing
The Unofficial networks and 

885
00:44:46,300 --> 00:44:48,500
adaptations that would 
eventually impact official 

886
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:51,700
government programs. 
Even as the legislative and 

887
00:44:51,700 --> 00:44:54,700
policy responses to the crash 
were still in their infancy. 

888
00:44:55,900 --> 00:44:59,100
Local job, sharing agreements 
neighborhood, Mutual Aid, 

889
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:00,600
organizations, and Community 
Food. 

890
00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:03,500
Cooperatives were all developing
naturally out of the pressing 

891
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:05,800
needs of those attempting to 
support their families and 

892
00:45:05,800 --> 00:45:09,700
communities, a family doctor in 
Columbus Ohio named Dr. James 

893
00:45:09,700 --> 00:45:13,600
Harrison found himself treating,
not only physical ailments, but 

894
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:16,500
also the mental anguish brought 
on by unstable economic 

895
00:45:16,500 --> 00:45:19,000
conditions. 
He had never seen so many 

896
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:22,000
patients suffering from 
depression, anxiety, and 

897
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:25,100
insomnia. 
However, he also noticed that 

898
00:45:25,100 --> 00:45:27,500
people were adjusting to their 
altered circumstances with 

899
00:45:27,500 --> 00:45:31,200
Incredible inventiveness and 
resilience Dr. Harrison started 

900
00:45:31,200 --> 00:45:33,300
to realize that his 
responsibilities went beyond 

901
00:45:33,300 --> 00:45:36,600
providing standard medical care.
He ended up acting as an 

902
00:45:36,600 --> 00:45:39,200
informal social worker for 
families whose issues were as 

903
00:45:39,200 --> 00:45:42,100
much Financial as medical 
advising them on financial 

904
00:45:42,100 --> 00:45:44,900
choices that had an impact on 
their health and putting 

905
00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:46,500
patients in touch with local 
resources. 

906
00:45:47,600 --> 00:45:50,500
Professionals Across the Nation,
were replicating, his experience

907
00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:52,700
finding that the crash had 
dissolved. 

908
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:55,500
The conventional lines between 
various forms of support and 

909
00:45:55,500 --> 00:45:58,500
service the business Community, 
was gaining knowledge that would

910
00:45:58,500 --> 00:46:00,600
impact American trade for many 
years to come. 

911
00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:03,600
Businesses that made it through 
the initial shock. 

912
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:07,300
Found that Community ties and 
Customer, Loyalty were more 

913
00:46:07,308 --> 00:46:10,500
valuable than they had thought 
during the boom years companies 

914
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:12,900
that had only concentrated on 
increasing profits. 

915
00:46:12,900 --> 00:46:15,500
Had to adjust to a new 
environment where enduring 

916
00:46:15,500 --> 00:46:18,300
connections and Community 
standing were more important 

917
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:21,600
than immediate profits. 
Particularly local banks were 

918
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:24,000
learning that their contribution
to the community went well 

919
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:27,600
beyond straightforward business.
Dealings during uncertain, times

920
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:30,100
Bank, presidents found 
themselves acting as unofficial 

921
00:46:30,100 --> 00:46:33,900
economic advisors coordinators 
of Community Development and 

922
00:46:33,900 --> 00:46:37,300
sources of stability banks. 
That recognize their role as 

923
00:46:37,300 --> 00:46:40,100
Community institutions rather 
than solely as profit. 

924
00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:43,500
Making businesses were the ones 
that made it through fundamental

925
00:46:43,500 --> 00:46:46,100
issues regarding their function 
in preparing youth for an 

926
00:46:46,100 --> 00:46:48,600
uncertain future. 
The starting to be raised by 

927
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:52,000
educational institutions. 
The Practical and Vocational 

928
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:55,000
programs of schools that have 
previously concentrated on 

929
00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:57,400
academic. 
Preparation for White Collar, 

930
00:46:57,400 --> 00:47:00,600
jobs were being expanded 
curricula that prioritized 

931
00:47:00,600 --> 00:47:03,000
theoretical knowledge over. 
Practical skills were being 

932
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:06,900
re-examined by University's the 
crash made clear how inadequate 

933
00:47:06,900 --> 00:47:08,700
academic education is at 
Preparing? 

934
00:47:08,700 --> 00:47:12,600
People for economic uncertainty.
Students and their families were

935
00:47:12,600 --> 00:47:13,800
calling for more Hands-On 
training. 

936
00:47:13,800 --> 00:47:17,600
The greater focus on skills that
would be useful in any economic 

937
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:21,100
climate and improved Readiness 
for the kind of resilience and 

938
00:47:21,100 --> 00:47:24,400
adaptability that the shifting 
economy appeared, demand labor 

939
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:26,900
groups were shifting, their 
priorities from wage talks and 

940
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:29,600
working conditions to more 
General issues like job security

941
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:31,800
and the well-being of the 
community. 

942
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:36,100
As the number of unemployed and 
underemployed workers started to

943
00:47:36,100 --> 00:47:39,500
rise union leaders found 
themselves fighting not only for

944
00:47:39,500 --> 00:47:43,100
their existing members, but also
for these newcomers, work itself

945
00:47:43,100 --> 00:47:46,500
was being redefined the 
employment, expectations, and 

946
00:47:46,500 --> 00:47:49,700
career Pathways that had 
appeared stable in the 1920s 

947
00:47:49,700 --> 00:47:52,900
returning out to be more brittle
than anyone had expected. 

948
00:47:53,900 --> 00:47:57,500
Employees were being taught to 
acquire a variety of skills to 

949
00:47:57,500 --> 00:48:00,100
think of their careers in terms 
of flexibility rather than 

950
00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:03,600
straight line of advancement. 
To see job security is something

951
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,200
they had to create rather than 
something, their employers would

952
00:48:06,200 --> 00:48:09,200
offer as a result of Shifting 
social norms and economic 

953
00:48:09,200 --> 00:48:11,600
necessity. 
Women's roles in families and 

954
00:48:11,600 --> 00:48:14,800
communities were growing. 
Women who had never thought of 

955
00:48:14,800 --> 00:48:16,600
working outside. 
The home were learning how to 

956
00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:19,600
make money women who had 
previously worked were staying 

957
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:22,600
in the workforce longer, going 
back to work when their families

958
00:48:22,600 --> 00:48:25,600
find natural situation demanded.
It has everyone had to 

959
00:48:25,600 --> 00:48:28,300
contribute in whatever way they 
could do to economic pressure. 

960
00:48:28,300 --> 00:48:31,300
The traditional division of 
labor within families was 

961
00:48:31,300 --> 00:48:34,600
becoming less rigid. 
Men were forced to learn skills.

962
00:48:34,600 --> 00:48:36,800
That had previously been viewed 
as the domain of women. 

963
00:48:36,800 --> 00:48:40,300
Women's roles were extended 
Beyond traditional household 

964
00:48:40,300 --> 00:48:43,400
management, and children were 
given greater responsibility, 

965
00:48:43,400 --> 00:48:45,400
community. 
And religious groups were 

966
00:48:45,400 --> 00:48:48,200
creating new services and 
programs that would eventually 

967
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:51,100
serve as models for social 
programs run by the government. 

968
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:55,500
Churches were setting up systems
for food distribution family, 

969
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:58,800
counseling and employment 
networks Cooperative. 

970
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:02,100
Businesses, skill-sharing 
initiatives and networks of 

971
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:04,600
mutual support, were being 
established by Community 

972
00:49:04,600 --> 00:49:07,800
organizations, to help people 
retain their dignity, while 

973
00:49:07,800 --> 00:49:11,000
getting Aid, a more realistic 
view of Technologies role in 

974
00:49:11,000 --> 00:49:14,400
Social and economic stability, 
was tempering, the technological

975
00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:18,300
optimism that had defined the 
1920s, instead of just making 

976
00:49:18,300 --> 00:49:21,900
life more exciting or opulent 
people were learning to value 

977
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:24,400
innovation that made life, more 
economical and efficient. 

978
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:27,800
Technology is a useful tool 
replaced technology as a 

979
00:49:27,808 --> 00:49:30,100
spectacle. 
A change in agriculture was 

980
00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:32,500
starting that would eventually 
change Rural America. 

981
00:49:33,200 --> 00:49:35,900
Farmers were learning to think 
of themselves as part of larger 

982
00:49:35,900 --> 00:49:39,800
economic systems, rather than as
independent operators, to 

983
00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:42,000
diversify their crops and 
sources of income. 

984
00:49:42,000 --> 00:49:45,500
And to use scientific methods to
improve efficiency, rather than 

985
00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:48,600
just increased production, New 
Perspectives on agricultural 

986
00:49:48,600 --> 00:49:51,600
policy and rural development 
were necessary as a result of 

987
00:49:51,600 --> 00:49:54,600
the crashes demonstration of the
interdependence of the rural and

988
00:49:54,600 --> 00:49:57,200
urban economies. 
Farmers were coming to 

989
00:49:57,200 --> 00:50:00,200
understand that the health of 
the larger economy, which bought

990
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:03,900
their goods and met their needs 
was just as important to their 

991
00:50:03,900 --> 00:50:06,600
success as their own hard. 
Work lessons learned from the 

992
00:50:06,608 --> 00:50:08,900
crash, regarding the 
significance of community 

993
00:50:08,900 --> 00:50:12,500
self-sufficiency, and economic 
resilience was starting to be 

994
00:50:12,500 --> 00:50:14,900
reflected in urban planning and 
Community Development. 

995
00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:18,700
Communities were starting to 
consider how to preserve vital 

996
00:50:18,700 --> 00:50:21,700
services and economic 
opportunities during times of 

997
00:50:21,700 --> 00:50:25,500
diminished prosperity and cities
were re-evaluating development 

998
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:28,000
patterns. 
That had prioritized growth over

999
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:31,200
sustainability values. 
And expectations were changing 

1000
00:50:31,200 --> 00:50:34,000
more fundamentally as a result 
of the cultural changes that had

1001
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:38,200
started right after the crash. 
The 1920s individualistic 

1002
00:50:38,200 --> 00:50:41,400
success culture was giving way 
to a more nuanced view of 

1003
00:50:41,408 --> 00:50:43,900
success that Encompass not only 
material success. 

1004
00:50:43,900 --> 00:50:46,900
But also family stability, 
personal resilience and 

1005
00:50:46,900 --> 00:50:49,600
community service. 
These changes were happening, 

1006
00:50:49,600 --> 00:50:53,200
consistently, or without 
opposition, many Americans still

1007
00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:55,400
held out. 
Hope that the crash was merely a

1008
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:58,300
brief disruption of regular 
Prosperity, rather than a 

1009
00:50:58,300 --> 00:51:00,300
significant change in the state 
of the economy. 

1010
00:51:00,300 --> 00:51:04,000
However, the changes people were
making in their daily lives. 

1011
00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:06,900
Were establishing new norms and 
expectations, that would have an

1012
00:51:06,908 --> 00:51:10,000
impact on American culture. 
Long after the economy had 

1013
00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:13,400
improved eventually, the social 
programs business practices and 

1014
00:51:13,400 --> 00:51:15,700
cultural values that would 
define American Society. 

1015
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:19,600
For the remainder of the 20th 
century would Sprout from the 

1016
00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:22,900
seeds sown during this time of 
adaptation and adjustment. 

1017
00:51:23,900 --> 00:51:27,200
Formal social safety nets with 
the unofficial networks of 

1018
00:51:27,200 --> 00:51:29,400
support. 
Corporate policies would 

1019
00:51:29,400 --> 00:51:32,200
eventually adopt the business 
practices that prioritized 

1020
00:51:32,200 --> 00:51:35,300
Community Connection. 
Instead of being the exception 

1021
00:51:35,300 --> 00:51:38,700
educational methods, that struck
a balance between theoretical 

1022
00:51:38,700 --> 00:51:41,000
knowledge and Real World 
Experience would become the 

1023
00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:43,700
standard. 
Most significantly Americans 

1024
00:51:43,700 --> 00:51:46,500
were learning that security and 
prosperity were not something to

1025
00:51:46,500 --> 00:51:49,700
be taken for granted. 
But they were also learning that

1026
00:51:49,700 --> 00:51:53,600
their society had reserves of 
creativity resilience and 

1027
00:51:53,600 --> 00:51:56,400
support for one another that 
could enable them to deal with 

1028
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:58,700
uncertainty while preserving 
their core beliefs and 

1029
00:51:58,708 --> 00:52:01,600
aspirations for the future. 
As we come to the end of this 

1030
00:52:01,600 --> 00:52:04,000
pivotal time. 
It's important to consider how 

1031
00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:07,800
the everyday experience of the 
1929 crash and its immediate 

1032
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:11,100
aftermath continued to impact 
American Life in both overt and 

1033
00:52:11,100 --> 00:52:13,900
covert ways. 
Some reverberating into our own 

1034
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:15,900
era and others lasting for 
decades. 

1035
00:52:15,900 --> 00:52:18,600
The lessons learned from the 
crashed stayed with the 

1036
00:52:18,608 --> 00:52:22,000
generation that experienced it. 
As adults, they became the 

1037
00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:24,700
parents who prioritized 
Financial stability over 

1038
00:52:24,700 --> 00:52:27,900
Financial opportunity. 
Insisted that their kids acquire

1039
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:31,200
practical skills and saved money
instead of spending it. 

1040
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:34,100
These were the grandparents who 
maintained well stocked 

1041
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:36,100
pantries, who didn't discard 
anything? 

1042
00:52:36,100 --> 00:52:39,200
That might come in handy later 
and who defines success not by 

1043
00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:42,600
material possessions, but by 
security, these values were 

1044
00:52:42,600 --> 00:52:45,300
complexly internalized. 
By their children who grew up 

1045
00:52:45,300 --> 00:52:49,200
during the Great Depression. 
By emphasizing consistent work 

1046
00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:51,700
prudent spending and long-term 
planning. 

1047
00:52:51,700 --> 00:52:56,200
Some people adopted the lessons 
of caution and Thrift and became

1048
00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:58,300
the Cornerstone of America's 
post-war Prosperity. 

1049
00:52:58,300 --> 00:53:01,600
Others rebelled against what 
they perceived as overly 

1050
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:03,900
cautious behavior. 
And they went on to become the 

1051
00:53:03,908 --> 00:53:06,400
Risk Takers and entrepreneurs 
who propelled American 

1052
00:53:06,400 --> 00:53:08,900
innovation. 
In the mid-1900s, modern 

1053
00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:11,800
American Social and economic 
policy was ultimately on the 

1054
00:53:11,808 --> 00:53:14,600
institutional reforms that 
started in the months after the 

1055
00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:17,000
crash. 
Formal social safety nets 

1056
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:19,700
developed from unofficial 
Community Support Networks. 

1057
00:53:20,500 --> 00:53:23,400
Business strategies that 
prioritize community service and

1058
00:53:23,400 --> 00:53:26,200
customer relationships evolved 
in to accepted methods of 

1059
00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:29,500
corporate governance. 
American public education was 

1060
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:32,100
modeled after educational 
innovations, that struck a 

1061
00:53:32,100 --> 00:53:34,700
balance between academic and 
practical training, the 

1062
00:53:34,700 --> 00:53:36,300
regulatory Frameworks that 
arose. 

1063
00:53:36,300 --> 00:53:39,500
As a direct result of the crash 
included, Federal Insurance 

1064
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:43,000
programs, Security's oversight, 
and banking regulation. 

1065
00:53:43,000 --> 00:53:46,400
However, the informal 
adaptations made by Regular 

1066
00:53:46,400 --> 00:53:49,800
People in the immediate 
aftermath of the crisis served 

1067
00:53:49,800 --> 00:53:51,600
as the basis for these official 
policies. 

1068
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:55,300
A fundamental shift in American 
values, that affected everything

1069
00:53:55,300 --> 00:53:59,000
from family structures. 
To artistic expression was a 

1070
00:53:59,000 --> 00:54:01,800
result of the cultural shifts 
that started in 1929. 

1071
00:54:03,100 --> 00:54:06,300
A more complex culture emerged 
from the consumer culture of the

1072
00:54:06,300 --> 00:54:09,700
1920s, one that incorporated 
lessons about the value of 

1073
00:54:09,700 --> 00:54:13,000
community conservation and 
mutual support while retaining 

1074
00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:15,900
American optimism and 
inventiveness this era. 

1075
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:19,500
Gave rise to literature music 
and art that reflected themes 

1076
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:21,600
that would reverberate across 
American society. 

1077
00:54:22,500 --> 00:54:25,600
The value of family and 
Community ties the Dignity of 

1078
00:54:25,608 --> 00:54:28,300
routine labor. 
The fortitude of individuals 

1079
00:54:28,300 --> 00:54:31,800
confronting extraordinary 
adversity and the potential for 

1080
00:54:31,800 --> 00:54:34,800
finding fulfillment and meaning 
in situations that did not 

1081
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:38,200
involve material abundance 
communities responses to the 

1082
00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:42,000
crash varied by region, which 
led to long-lasting differences 

1083
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:43,900
in American social and political
culture. 

1084
00:54:44,700 --> 00:54:47,800
Communities, that established 
robust customs of mutual Aid and

1085
00:54:47,808 --> 00:54:51,000
Community collaboration served 
as the Cornerstone for 

1086
00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:53,800
Collective action and the 
support of social programs. 

1087
00:54:54,900 --> 00:54:57,300
American traditions of 
Entrepreneurship and personal 

1088
00:54:57,300 --> 00:55:00,300
accountability have persisted 
because of regions that 

1089
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:04,500
prioritize individual adaptation
and self-reliance, modern 

1090
00:55:04,500 --> 00:55:07,000
macroeconomic policy. 
Eventually grew out of the 

1091
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:09,600
economic theories and methods 
that arose from the crashes 

1092
00:55:09,600 --> 00:55:11,700
analysis. 
For many years. 

1093
00:55:11,700 --> 00:55:15,400
Government policy was shaped by 
the realization that economic 

1094
00:55:15,400 --> 00:55:18,900
systems needed active management
as opposed to straightforward 

1095
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:22,000
laissez-faire methods. 
It became a fundamental premise 

1096
00:55:22,000 --> 00:55:24,800
of American political discourse 
that the well-being of 

1097
00:55:24,800 --> 00:55:27,600
individuals and communities was 
linked to the stability of the 

1098
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:30,700
economy as a whole, the 
spectacular but unworkable 

1099
00:55:30,700 --> 00:55:33,700
technological advancements of 
the boom years were frequently 

1100
00:55:33,700 --> 00:55:36,600
outperformed by those that arose
During the period of economic 

1101
00:55:36,600 --> 00:55:39,100
constraint in terms of 
durability and usefulness. 

1102
00:55:39,900 --> 00:55:42,500
Post-crash Innovations. 
Emphasis on Effectiveness, 

1103
00:55:42,500 --> 00:55:46,400
robustness and real-world use 
became a defining characteristic

1104
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:48,300
of American technological 
advancement. 

1105
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:51,800
Additionally, the crash had a 
long-lasting impact on Americans

1106
00:55:51,800 --> 00:55:53,200
perceptions of risk and 
security. 

1107
00:55:54,200 --> 00:55:57,000
The relationship between 
opportunity and danger was 

1108
00:55:57,000 --> 00:55:59,400
better understood by the 
generation that experienced. 

1109
00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:03,100
The immediate aftermath They 
improved their ability to spot 

1110
00:56:03,100 --> 00:56:06,700
early indicators of economic 
instability and strengthen their

1111
00:56:06,700 --> 00:56:09,500
resolve to keep reserves and 
backup plans in place in case of

1112
00:56:09,500 --> 00:56:13,500
emergencies libraries that 
extended their services churches

1113
00:56:13,500 --> 00:56:17,400
that created social programs and
schools, that balanced academic 

1114
00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:21,000
and practical education were 
among the community institutions

1115
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:23,600
that successfully adjusted to 
the post-crash environment. 

1116
00:56:24,700 --> 00:56:27,900
These institutions became models
that impacted institutional 

1117
00:56:27,900 --> 00:56:29,500
Development Across the United 
States. 

1118
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:33,400
Americans learned from the crash
that their most valuable 

1119
00:56:33,400 --> 00:56:36,100
institutions were those that 
could change to meet the needs 

1120
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:38,400
of the community. 
In both prosperous and 

1121
00:56:38,400 --> 00:56:42,400
challenging times the crashes 
Global ramifications and the US 

1122
00:56:42,400 --> 00:56:45,300
response to it created trends, 
that would shape US foreign 

1123
00:56:45,300 --> 00:56:49,000
policy for many years to come. 
If fundamental tenet of American

1124
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:51,300
foreign policy, is the 
recognition of the link between 

1125
00:56:51,300 --> 00:56:53,400
Global and domestic economic 
stability. 

1126
00:56:54,200 --> 00:56:57,000
Everything from trade policy to 
International Development. 

1127
00:56:57,000 --> 00:57:00,300
Initiatives was impacted by the 
realization that American 

1128
00:57:00,300 --> 00:57:03,000
Prosperity was partially 
dependent on the state of the 

1129
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:05,500
world economy. 
Long-lasting alterations in 

1130
00:57:05,500 --> 00:57:09,100
American gender roles and family
structures influenced by the 

1131
00:57:09,100 --> 00:57:12,900
crash and its aftermath 
long-term shifts in perceptions 

1132
00:57:12,900 --> 00:57:16,000
of women's potential and 
opportunities were influenced by

1133
00:57:16,000 --> 00:57:18,900
the economic necessity that 
forced women to assume larger 

1134
00:57:18,900 --> 00:57:20,600
roles in both families and 
communities. 

1135
00:57:21,500 --> 00:57:24,300
More adaptable views of gender, 
norms, and family duties. 

1136
00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:28,200
Resulted from the experiences of
men, whose traditional roles as 

1137
00:57:28,200 --> 00:57:30,800
the main Breadwinners were 
called into question by economic

1138
00:57:30,800 --> 00:57:33,700
conditions, although not 
entirely understood at the time.

1139
00:57:33,700 --> 00:57:36,500
The crashes affects on the 
environment were also noteworthy

1140
00:57:36,500 --> 00:57:39,100
early. 
Recognition of the significant 

1141
00:57:39,100 --> 00:57:42,100
of sustainable resource. 
Use was aided by the emphasis on

1142
00:57:42,100 --> 00:57:45,300
efficiency and conservation that
resulted from economic 

1143
00:57:45,300 --> 00:57:47,700
necessity. 
Patterns that would later 

1144
00:57:47,700 --> 00:57:50,800
impact, Agricultural and 
environmental policy were 

1145
00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:54,200
established by the local food 
production and consumption that 

1146
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:56,100
became necessary. 
During times of economic 

1147
00:57:56,100 --> 00:57:59,600
hardship, most significantly the
crash showed that American 

1148
00:57:59,600 --> 00:58:02,400
society had extraordinary 
reserves of fortitude Ingenuity 

1149
00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:04,700
and camaraderie. 
That could be called upon in 

1150
00:58:04,700 --> 00:58:08,700
emergency situations as models 
for how communities could handle

1151
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:11,600
future difficulties, The 
Unofficial networks and 

1152
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:14,400
adaptable tactics that developed
in the months after the crash 

1153
00:58:14,400 --> 00:58:17,800
became an enduring component of 
American Social infrastructure. 

1154
00:58:17,800 --> 00:58:21,800
The tales of Dr. Harrison the 
Kowalski family, Eleanor Murphy 

1155
00:58:21,800 --> 00:58:24,700
and Tom and Sarah Henderson, 
weren't particularly noteworthy 

1156
00:58:24,700 --> 00:58:27,300
or unique. 
They symbolized the experience 

1157
00:58:27,300 --> 00:58:30,000
of millions of Americans who 
learned that they could adjust 

1158
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:31,900
to situations. 
They never would have thought 

1159
00:58:31,900 --> 00:58:35,400
possible, finding dignity. 
And meaning in situations that 

1160
00:58:35,400 --> 00:58:38,000
contradicted their fundamental 
beliefs about safety and 

1161
00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:40,800
prosperity. 
Their experiences were ingrained

1162
00:58:40,800 --> 00:58:44,300
in the collective memory of 
American's helping to foster a 

1163
00:58:44,300 --> 00:58:46,500
national awareness that the 
welfare of the community in 

1164
00:58:46,700 --> 00:58:50,400
individual success were closely 
related, that Prosperity could 

1165
00:58:50,400 --> 00:58:53,600
not be taken for granted, but 
could be restored with hard work

1166
00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:56,600
and collaboration and that the 
most valuable assets of any 

1167
00:58:56,600 --> 00:59:01,400
society with a moral fiber 
inventiveness and camaraderie of

1168
00:59:01,400 --> 00:59:05,700
its members, think about how the
1929 crash story relates to your

1169
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:07,800
own life. 
In both Overton covert ways. 

1170
00:59:07,800 --> 00:59:12,100
As you curl up deeper under your
blanket, and feel the soft 

1171
00:59:12,100 --> 00:59:14,100
weight of sleep, starting to 
take you over. 

1172
00:59:15,700 --> 00:59:19,200
The circumstances that the 
people we met tonight, Eleanor 

1173
00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:22,500
learning to stretch a salary. 
Tom Henderson renegotiating his 

1174
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:25,500
farm loans, the kowalskis 
adjusting their small business, 

1175
00:59:25,500 --> 00:59:29,000
and Dr. Harrison deepening. 
His understanding of community 

1176
00:59:29,000 --> 00:59:33,600
service, had to deal with. 
Were unprecedented for them, but

1177
00:59:33,600 --> 00:59:36,300
they were all familiar to anyone
who has ever experienced, 

1178
00:59:36,300 --> 00:59:39,600
economic uncertainty, their 
narrative serves as a reminder 

1179
00:59:39,600 --> 00:59:42,300
that community support and 
personal resiliency are not 

1180
00:59:42,308 --> 00:59:45,700
merely historical Oddities but 
rather essential needs. 

1181
00:59:45,700 --> 00:59:49,500
Anyone managing the intricacies 
of contemporary economic, life 

1182
00:59:49,500 --> 00:59:52,000
can still benefit from The 
Unofficial networks of support 

1183
00:59:52,000 --> 00:59:55,300
for one another, the Innovative 
responses to shifting conditions

1184
00:59:55,300 --> 00:59:58,500
and the harmony between 
individual initiative and group 

1185
00:59:58,500 --> 01:00:02,400
responsibility that developed in
the wake of the crash, the 1929 

1186
01:00:02,400 --> 01:00:04,900
crash was more than just a 
historical occurrence. 

1187
01:00:04,900 --> 01:00:08,700
It was a manifestation of human 
adaptability and vulnerability. 

1188
01:00:09,300 --> 01:00:12,100
Fragility was brought about by 
the same forces that brought 

1189
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:16,100
about Prosperity but the same 
Ingenuity and collaboration that

1190
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:19,100
enabled people to weather the 
crisis also set the stage for 

1191
01:00:19,100 --> 01:00:21,400
stability and expansion in the 
future. 

1192
01:00:21,400 --> 01:00:24,600
As you fall asleep, you may 
dream of farmers looking through

1193
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:28,100
their account books by Lamplight
of ticker tape machines. 

1194
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:31,500
Clicking out their cryptic 
messages or a family as huddled 

1195
01:00:31,500 --> 01:00:34,500
Around Radio sets that provided 
both reassuring entertainment 

1196
01:00:34,500 --> 01:00:38,300
and upsetting news These dreams 
link you to an ongoing, American

1197
01:00:38,300 --> 01:00:40,100
narrative. 
Concerning the interplay between

1198
01:00:40,100 --> 01:00:42,700
personal aspirations and the 
well-being of the community 

1199
01:00:42,700 --> 01:00:45,100
material wealth and personal 
safety. 

1200
01:00:45,100 --> 01:00:48,300
And the promises of advancement 
and the realities of human 

1201
01:00:48,300 --> 01:00:51,000
Frailty. 
We can learn from the 1929 

1202
01:00:51,000 --> 01:00:52,700
crash. 
That economic systems are 

1203
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:55,000
ultimately human constructs. 
That represent Human 

1204
01:00:55,000 --> 01:00:58,600
Relationships values and 
decisions those who survived the

1205
01:00:58,608 --> 01:01:01,200
crash learn that their most 
valuable assets were not their 

1206
01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:04,000
money, but rather their 
abilities connections and 

1207
01:01:04,000 --> 01:01:07,300
ability to support one another 
The significance of these 

1208
01:01:07,300 --> 01:01:09,700
resources has not changed since 
1929. 

1209
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:12,700
You will be carrying on the 
narrative that started long 

1210
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:15,700
before the crash and will 
continue long after our present 

1211
01:01:15,700 --> 01:01:17,400
economic difficulties are 
resolved. 

1212
01:01:17,400 --> 01:01:20,400
When you wake up tomorrow and 
examine your own financial 

1213
01:01:20,400 --> 01:01:24,300
status, make your own financial 
decisions and engage in your own

1214
01:01:24,300 --> 01:01:27,300
Community networks. 
The crash serves as a reminder 

1215
01:01:27,300 --> 01:01:30,100
that Prosperity is a state that 
needs ongoing care and 

1216
01:01:30,100 --> 01:01:31,900
attention. 
Rather than a destination 

1217
01:01:31,900 --> 01:01:36,100
security comes from building the
institutions connections and 

1218
01:01:36,100 --> 01:01:39,700
abilities that will enable us to
deal with any situation that may

1219
01:01:39,700 --> 01:01:41,400
arise. 
Not from a massing. 

1220
01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:44,700
Well, the crash is most 
significant lesson, though may 

1221
01:01:44,700 --> 01:01:48,400
be that people are incredibly 
resilient inventive and 

1222
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:52,300
adaptive, when they cooperate, 
anyone dealing with uncertainty,

1223
01:01:52,300 --> 01:01:56,100
or change can learn from The 
Unofficial support systems, inev

1224
01:01:56,100 --> 01:01:59,400
solutions, to real world issues 
and the harmony between 

1225
01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:01,500
individual initiative and group 
collaboration. 

1226
01:02:01,500 --> 01:02:05,100
That arose following the crash. 
You can rest easy knowing that 

1227
01:02:05,100 --> 01:02:07,200
you're a part of the ongoing. 
In human Narrative of 

1228
01:02:07,200 --> 01:02:10,600
adaptability fortitude and 
camaraderie, although, the 

1229
01:02:10,600 --> 01:02:13,500
difficulties you encounter are 
personal, you're connected to 

1230
01:02:13,500 --> 01:02:16,300
everyone who has ever had to 
adjust to situations beyond 

1231
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:19,600
their Direct Control by the 
resources, you have creativity, 

1232
01:02:19,600 --> 01:02:23,800
relationships Community 
connections, and the collective 

1233
01:02:23,800 --> 01:02:25,900
knowledge of others who have 
encountered comparable 

1234
01:02:25,900 --> 01:02:28,300
difficulties. 
The fact that people have always

1235
01:02:28,300 --> 01:02:32,200
managed to survive, adapt, and 
even flourish in situations that

1236
01:02:32,200 --> 01:02:35,100
at first glance seemed 
insurmountable, maybe the most 

1237
01:02:35,100 --> 01:02:39,900
consoling realization of all. 
The people of 1929 had no idea 

1238
01:02:39,900 --> 01:02:43,300
how their story would turn out, 
but they handled it with honor 

1239
01:02:43,300 --> 01:02:47,200
in genuity and camaraderie which
enabled them to rise of the 

1240
01:02:47,200 --> 01:02:50,200
rubble of what they had lost and
create something better, your 

1241
01:02:50,200 --> 01:02:53,200
ability to adjust, support and 
receive support from the 

1242
01:02:53,200 --> 01:02:55,500
communities. 
You're a part of is how their 

1243
01:02:55,500 --> 01:02:59,800
story lives on in yours. 
Sweet dreams and may you rest in

1244
01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:02,300
the knowledge that we still 
possess the human ability to 

1245
01:03:02,300 --> 01:03:06,100
bounce back and the resiliency 
that kept off forebears going. 

1246
01:03:13,700 --> 01:03:18,300
Thomas Jefferson was born on 
April, the 13th 1743 at Shadwell

1247
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:21,400
a plantation in the Virginia. 
Piedmont, his father. 

1248
01:03:21,400 --> 01:03:24,800
Peter Jefferson was a surveyor 
and landowner renowned for 

1249
01:03:24,800 --> 01:03:28,100
physical strength and an 
adventurous Spirit, his mother 

1250
01:03:28,100 --> 01:03:30,900
Jane Randolph came from a 
prominent family. 

1251
01:03:31,700 --> 01:03:35,100
Growing up amid Rolling Hills 
and dense forests young Thomas 

1252
01:03:35,100 --> 01:03:38,500
embraced the frontier ethos even
as he absorbed the Gentile, 

1253
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:40,200
expectations of the colonial 
Gentry. 

1254
01:03:40,900 --> 01:03:44,000
He delighted and for horseback 
rides, the hush of Mountain 

1255
01:03:44,000 --> 01:03:46,500
Trails and the hum of 
intellectual debate. 

1256
01:03:46,500 --> 01:03:51,100
Courtesy of visiting tutors. 
By the 1750s, Virginia's 

1257
01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:53,200
plantation economy thrived on 
Tobacco cultivation. 

1258
01:03:54,200 --> 01:03:57,700
With an enslaved, Workforce 
forming its backbone, Peter 

1259
01:03:57,700 --> 01:04:01,000
Jefferson owned enslaved, 
laborers, and Thomas, grew up. 

1260
01:04:01,008 --> 01:04:04,300
Witnessing the institutions, 
daily operations, and uneasy 

1261
01:04:04,300 --> 01:04:06,200
inheritance. 
That would later spark internal 

1262
01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:09,800
conflict in his adult years but 
as a child he balanced field 

1263
01:04:09,800 --> 01:04:11,500
observations with classical 
studies. 

1264
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:15,700
His father died when Thomas was 
14 leaving him, a sizable 

1265
01:04:15,700 --> 01:04:18,000
estate. 
But also the burden of paternal 

1266
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:22,100
absence this responsibility 
shaped him and stilling a drive 

1267
01:04:22,100 --> 01:04:26,400
for self-reliance and scholarly 
achievement. around age 7 teen 

1268
01:04:26,400 --> 01:04:29,100
jeffson enrolled at the College 
of William and Mary in 

1269
01:04:29,100 --> 01:04:31,800
Williamsburg, he immersed 
himself in philosophy 

1270
01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:35,700
mathematics and the law studying
under influential mentors like 

1271
01:04:35,700 --> 01:04:39,100
George Wythe late night reading 
session at the Royal Governors 

1272
01:04:39,100 --> 01:04:42,300
Palace Library fostered, his 
fascination with Enlightenment 

1273
01:04:42,300 --> 01:04:45,800
thinkers, John Locke, 
Montesquieu and others their 

1274
01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:48,200
calls for reason, over 
tradition, resonated with 

1275
01:04:48,200 --> 01:04:52,200
Jefferson who scouted texts on 
government science and ethics, 

1276
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:56,500
He also cultivated his violin 
skills, joining small music, 

1277
01:04:56,500 --> 01:04:59,100
Gatherings that balanced his 
rigorous academic schedule. 

1278
01:04:59,900 --> 01:05:03,300
After concluding his college 
Years, Jefferson read law with 

1279
01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:06,300
Wythe forging. 
A bond that melded legal rigor 

1280
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:09,800
with ethical inquiry. 
This training hammered him. 

1281
01:05:09,800 --> 01:05:12,800
The notion that laws must be 
grounded in rational principles.

1282
01:05:12,800 --> 01:05:17,300
Not arbitrary. 
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track

1283
01:05:17,300 --> 01:05:19,900
of tensions Brewing between the 
colonies and Britain. 

1284
01:05:20,700 --> 01:05:22,900
Attending assemblies where 
Taxation and representation, 

1285
01:05:22,900 --> 01:05:27,300
Royal the Gentry, even then 
Jefferson's reflective nature. 

1286
01:05:27,300 --> 01:05:30,800
Showed he was not the most 
boisterous voice, but his 

1287
01:05:30,800 --> 01:05:33,500
private letters revealed a keen 
sense of Injustice of 

1288
01:05:33,500 --> 01:05:38,100
parliament's intrusions by 1767.
He began practicing law. 

1289
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:41,700
After being admitted to the bar.
He frequently represented small 

1290
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:44,600
land holders in property 
disputes or Merchants caught up 

1291
01:05:44,608 --> 01:05:47,900
in customs and forcement. 
Observers noted his calm 

1292
01:05:47,900 --> 01:05:51,600
demeanor, meticulous, arguments 
and persuasive writing. 

1293
01:05:52,500 --> 01:05:55,400
He built a reputation as a 
reliable Advocate who valued 

1294
01:05:55,400 --> 01:05:59,200
Clarity over theatrics. 
That skill set would soon extend

1295
01:05:59,200 --> 01:06:02,900
to political life as Colonial 
unrest over the Stamp Act and 

1296
01:06:02,900 --> 01:06:06,300
Townshend Duties. 
Escalated. parallel to his legal

1297
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:10,600
career, Jefferson oversaw, the 
expansion of Monticello his 

1298
01:06:10,600 --> 01:06:13,100
future architectural, 
Masterpiece perched, on a hill 

1299
01:06:13,100 --> 01:06:16,100
near Shadwell, he had begun 
designing the house in his early

1300
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:20,400
twenties referencing palladian, 
styles gleaned from books, The 

1301
01:06:20,408 --> 01:06:23,800
properties Vantage offered 
sweeping views symbolizing for 

1302
01:06:23,800 --> 01:06:27,000
Jefferson both intellectual 
curiosity and the potential of 

1303
01:06:27,000 --> 01:06:29,500
the new world. 
He adored the notion of 

1304
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:33,000
designing living spaces with 
geometric, Harmony installing 

1305
01:06:33,000 --> 01:06:36,600
hidden staircases symmetrical 
wings and carefully proportioned

1306
01:06:36,600 --> 01:06:40,700
rooms. wanted cello as not just 
a home, but a living laboratory 

1307
01:06:40,700 --> 01:06:44,300
for architecture, Horticulture 
and personal reflection 

1308
01:06:46,600 --> 01:06:51,500
Reflection in 1769, he won a 
seat in the Virginia House of 

1309
01:06:51,500 --> 01:06:54,900
Burgesses marking his formal 
entry into public affairs. 

1310
01:06:54,900 --> 01:06:58,800
He arrived in a tense climate 
radical voices called for 

1311
01:06:58,800 --> 01:07:01,900
boycotts of British goods, 
Jefferson though, quietly spoke 

1312
01:07:01,900 --> 01:07:05,800
at the emerging Patriots. 
He penned resolution's diang. 

1313
01:07:05,800 --> 01:07:09,000
British overreach, though 
initially Mildred, in tone over 

1314
01:07:09,000 --> 01:07:11,000
time. 
His pain would sharpen as London

1315
01:07:11,000 --> 01:07:14,900
doubled down on the colonial 
Authority around this era, he 

1316
01:07:14,900 --> 01:07:18,700
courted, Martha wayles, Skelton,
a young Widow, famed for musical

1317
01:07:18,700 --> 01:07:22,000
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 
They married on New Year's Day 

1318
01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:26,200
at 1772, forging, a partnership 
that would shape Jefferson's 

1319
01:07:26,200 --> 01:07:30,300
personal life. she joined him at
Monticello, though, her health 

1320
01:07:30,300 --> 01:07:33,500
was fragile, they spent tranquil
moments, reading or playing 

1321
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:38,500
Duets Jefferson on violin, 
Martha on harpsichord, Their 

1322
01:07:38,500 --> 01:07:41,600
bond was tender yet overshadowed
by the mortality rates of the 

1323
01:07:41,600 --> 01:07:43,900
period. 
Over their decade together. 

1324
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:47,300
Martha bought children but only 
two daughters survived to 

1325
01:07:47,308 --> 01:07:49,600
adulthood her eventual passing 
left. 

1326
01:07:49,600 --> 01:07:52,500
Jefferson in deep mourning and 
likely influenced his future 

1327
01:07:52,500 --> 01:07:55,500
emotional Reserve. 
Early in the 17th century. 

1328
01:07:55,500 --> 01:07:58,700
Jefferson found himself on the 
brink of a more significant, 

1329
01:07:58,700 --> 01:08:02,000
Colonial crisis, the Boston Tea 
Party erupted. 

1330
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:05,100
The British closed, the port of 
Boston and the call for 

1331
01:08:05,100 --> 01:08:09,200
intercolonial Unity, grew louder
Jefferson's Penn influenced by 

1332
01:08:09,208 --> 01:08:11,600
his legal background and 
Enlightenment conviction. 

1333
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:15,400
Would soon craft arguments that 
soared, Beyond local assemblies,

1334
01:08:16,899 --> 01:08:19,500
Fate was guiding him toward the 
epicenter of revolutionary 

1335
01:08:19,500 --> 01:08:22,500
debate where he had become a 
pivotal voice championing 

1336
01:08:22,500 --> 01:08:26,100
Independents and articulating, a
new model of governance for now 

1337
01:08:26,100 --> 01:08:27,800
though. 
He was a rising Virginia, 

1338
01:08:27,800 --> 01:08:31,700
notable poised methodical and 
quietly determined with 

1339
01:08:31,700 --> 01:08:34,500
Monticello as both sanctuary and
symbol of evolving ideals. 

1340
01:08:34,500 --> 01:08:38,600
Jefferson's political instincts,
emerged as Colonial tensions, 

1341
01:08:38,600 --> 01:08:42,100
escalated into outright conflict
in 1774. 

1342
01:08:42,100 --> 01:08:45,600
He drafted a summary view of the
rights of British America. 

1343
01:08:46,800 --> 01:08:49,399
A pamphlet addressing colonial 
grievances. 

1344
01:08:50,300 --> 01:08:52,200
Though less famous than later 
texts. 

1345
01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:55,200
It signaled. 
A decisive shift arguing. 

1346
01:08:55,200 --> 01:08:57,899
That Parliament had no authority
to govern the colonies without 

1347
01:08:57,899 --> 01:09:01,500
their consent. 
This stance radical for its time

1348
01:09:01,500 --> 01:09:04,300
circulated. 
Widely some older Patriots, 

1349
01:09:04,300 --> 01:09:07,000
found it Brash, but for 
Jefferson, it was a matter of 

1350
01:09:07,000 --> 01:09:09,800
logical extension. 
If reason and natural rights 

1351
01:09:09,800 --> 01:09:13,899
were Universal, British claims 
to Dominion flouted moral law, 

1352
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:18,899
Virginia recognized Jefferson's 
talents sending him in 1774 to 

1353
01:09:18,899 --> 01:09:22,000
the second continental congress 
in Philadelphia the environment 

1354
01:09:22,000 --> 01:09:25,600
crackled with possibility 
delegates from 13 colonies 

1355
01:09:25,600 --> 01:09:28,300
debated whether to petition the 
crown or brace for Independence,

1356
01:09:28,300 --> 01:09:32,100
Jefferson stoic Presidents 
overshadowed by the fiery 

1357
01:09:32,100 --> 01:09:35,100
rhetoric of John Adams, all the 
avatars of Benjamin Franklin, 

1358
01:09:35,100 --> 01:09:38,800
masked his deep conviction. 
He served on committees, 

1359
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:42,500
drafting formal statements, a 
skirmishers around Lexington and

1360
01:09:42,500 --> 01:09:44,399
Concord flared into the 
Revolutionary War. 

1361
01:09:44,399 --> 01:09:49,899
The push for full Independence, 
intensified in June 1776, the 

1362
01:09:49,899 --> 01:09:52,500
Congress of pointed a five-man 
committee to draft a declaration

1363
01:09:52,500 --> 01:09:54,500
asserting. 
The colonies break from Britain 

1364
01:09:54,500 --> 01:09:58,900
despite his relative youth 
Jefferson was chosen with atoms.

1365
01:09:58,900 --> 01:10:02,500
And Franklin among the others, 
they recognized his gift for 

1366
01:10:02,500 --> 01:10:05,500
articulate prose, honed by years
of reading Enlightenment 

1367
01:10:05,500 --> 01:10:07,900
treaters. 
Hold up in a second floor. 

1368
01:10:07,900 --> 01:10:11,200
Apartment Jefferson wrote 
feverishly, for two weeks. 

1369
01:10:11,200 --> 01:10:14,900
He produced a text that merged 
Loki and philosophy with a 

1370
01:10:14,900 --> 01:10:19,600
distinctly American context, 
championing life, liberty, and 

1371
01:10:19,600 --> 01:10:23,300
the pursuit of happiness. 
The phrase soared Beyond local 

1372
01:10:23,300 --> 01:10:26,000
grievances, to a universal 
principle of individual rights 

1373
01:10:26,000 --> 01:10:28,700
Adams and Franklin made slight 
edits. 

1374
01:10:28,700 --> 01:10:32,500
And the Congress after heated 
debate adopted a final version 

1375
01:10:32,500 --> 01:10:36,400
on July. 4th, 1776 The 
Jeffersons words, became the 

1376
01:10:36,408 --> 01:10:39,600
Bedrock statement of a nascent 
Nation though, the final text 

1377
01:10:39,600 --> 01:10:41,800
moderated some of his vehement 
attacks on slavery. 

1378
01:10:42,700 --> 01:10:46,100
Speaking of slavery Jefferson's 
contradictory stance, glimmered,

1379
01:10:46,100 --> 01:10:48,700
even there. 
He condemned the slave trade in 

1380
01:10:48,700 --> 01:10:52,300
an early draft of the 
Declaration that passage was cut

1381
01:10:52,300 --> 01:10:55,100
under pressure from Southern 
delegates. personally owned in 

1382
01:10:55,100 --> 01:10:58,800
slaved individuals, at 
Monticello over time, you Penn 

1383
01:10:58,800 --> 01:11:02,800
theoretical critiques of slavery
as morally corrosive yet, he 

1384
01:11:02,800 --> 01:11:06,300
never comprehensively freed his 
own, this Paradox rarely 

1385
01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:10,500
resolved would haunt his legacy 
Despite disclaiming the system 

1386
01:11:10,500 --> 01:11:14,000
as an abominable crime. 
His economic Reliance on it. 

1387
01:11:14,000 --> 01:11:16,800
Ran deep. 
Following the Declarations 

1388
01:11:16,800 --> 01:11:19,800
adoption Jefferson returned to 
Virginia to help craft the 

1389
01:11:19,800 --> 01:11:23,000
State's new Constitution and 
overhaul its legal codes. 

1390
01:11:23,000 --> 01:11:26,100
He championed disestablishment 
of the Anglican Church. 

1391
01:11:26,100 --> 01:11:29,000
Arguing religious freedom was a 
Cornerstone of Liberty. 

1392
01:11:29,000 --> 01:11:31,900
He also sought to reform 
inheritance laws that 

1393
01:11:31,900 --> 01:11:33,800
concentrated wealth in certain 
families. 

1394
01:11:34,600 --> 01:11:37,900
Such measures including the 
Statute for Religious Freedom. 

1395
01:11:37,900 --> 01:11:40,900
Would become pillars of 
Jefferson's vision of Republican

1396
01:11:40,900 --> 01:11:45,100
Society, a place where personal 
conscience reigned and inherited

1397
01:11:45,100 --> 01:11:48,300
privileged dwindled yet 
implementing them stirred, 

1398
01:11:48,300 --> 01:11:51,600
resistance from tradition-bound 
legislators during the war 

1399
01:11:51,600 --> 01:11:57,300
Jefferson served as Virginia's 
Governor from 1779 to 1781 a ten

1400
01:11:57,308 --> 01:12:01,600
year, overshadowed by British 
invasions The conflict tested 

1401
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:03,200
him in ways that writing never 
had. 

1402
01:12:03,900 --> 01:12:08,600
He faced logistical chaos, 
shortages, Mega supplies and 

1403
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:11,800
Loyalists Uprising. 
British forces under Benedict, 

1404
01:12:11,800 --> 01:12:14,800
Arnold raided, Richmond, nearly 
capturing Jefferson at 

1405
01:12:14,800 --> 01:12:18,800
Monticello Critique of his 
governorship circulated branding

1406
01:12:18,800 --> 01:12:20,800
him in effective or hesitant 
Under Pressure. 

1407
01:12:20,800 --> 01:12:25,100
This damage to his reputation 
but the walls chaos lift no easy

1408
01:12:25,100 --> 01:12:29,500
solution for any leader. 
In 1781 after stepping down, 

1409
01:12:29,500 --> 01:12:32,600
Jefferson retreated to 
Monticello battered in spirit. 

1410
01:12:33,500 --> 01:12:36,400
The personal realm also dealt in
blows heartbreak. 

1411
01:12:36,400 --> 01:12:38,600
At the death of his wife Martha 
in 1782. 

1412
01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:42,400
She had endured multiple 
difficult pregnancies and her 

1413
01:12:42,400 --> 01:12:46,500
final days for Jefferson nearly 
inconsolable, her deathbed 

1414
01:12:46,500 --> 01:12:49,200
request that he not remarried. 
Bound him in sorrow for weeks. 

1415
01:12:49,900 --> 01:12:53,100
He burned their correspondence 
and actor, reflecting deep grief

1416
01:12:53,100 --> 01:12:56,100
in a desire for privacy. 
The father of two surviving 

1417
01:12:56,100 --> 01:12:59,700
daughters, he turned inward 
focusing on writing notes, on 

1418
01:12:59,700 --> 01:13:02,400
the state of Virginia, a 
comprehensive, look at his, 

1419
01:13:02,400 --> 01:13:05,100
Region's geography, economy and 
Moors sprinkled with 

1420
01:13:05,108 --> 01:13:09,600
philosophical musings that text 
published years later revealed, 

1421
01:13:09,600 --> 01:13:12,400
both his intellectual scope from
the racial theories that many 

1422
01:13:12,400 --> 01:13:17,600
modern readers find troubling. 
By Wars, end in 1783 Jefferson 

1423
01:13:17,600 --> 01:13:20,700
felt the weight of personal loss
and the uncertainties of the new

1424
01:13:20,700 --> 01:13:22,900
Confederation. 
He took a seat in the 

1425
01:13:22,908 --> 01:13:26,000
Continental Congress. 
Forging ahead with legislative 

1426
01:13:26,000 --> 01:13:28,700
tasks. 
The faint outlines of a more 

1427
01:13:28,708 --> 01:13:32,400
stable federal government were 
forming and so we see Jefferson 

1428
01:13:32,400 --> 01:13:36,700
father of the Declaration parted
from his wife and certain about 

1429
01:13:36,700 --> 01:13:40,100
the new nation's trajectory, but
steadfast in pursuit of Reason 

1430
01:13:40,100 --> 01:13:43,400
based governance. 
His next chapter, beckoned the 

1431
01:13:43,400 --> 01:13:46,500
Diplomatic role in Europe, 
giving him advantage on global 

1432
01:13:46,500 --> 01:13:48,300
politics. 
That would shape his future, as 

1433
01:13:48,300 --> 01:13:50,400
Secretary of State and 
eventually president. 

1434
01:13:51,800 --> 01:13:55,600
For now, though he was a man in 
flux bridging heartbreak, 

1435
01:13:55,600 --> 01:13:58,900
revolutionary ideals and the 
complexities of forging a stable

1436
01:13:58,900 --> 01:14:03,000
Republic from scratch. 
In 1784 Congress appointed 

1437
01:14:03,000 --> 01:14:06,400
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 
to France succeeding Benjamin 

1438
01:14:06,400 --> 01:14:09,300
Franklin in representing the 
fledgling United States abroad. 

1439
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:13,400
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 
found the city teeming with 

1440
01:14:13,400 --> 01:14:17,500
Enlightenment further 
intellectual salons and Noble. 

1441
01:14:17,500 --> 01:14:21,000
Flamboyance despite missing 
Monticello's quiet Hills. 

1442
01:14:21,000 --> 01:14:24,100
He savored the chance to 
cultivate ties with European 

1443
01:14:24,100 --> 01:14:25,900
thinkers and push for commercial
treaties. 

1444
01:14:25,900 --> 01:14:29,200
Beneficial to the US. 
Immersed himself in French 

1445
01:14:29,200 --> 01:14:32,000
culture, tending theater, 
frequenting scientific 

1446
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:35,100
demonstrations and forging 
friendships with luminaries like

1447
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:39,300
the Marquee de Lafayette. 
This diplomatic post sharp and 

1448
01:14:39,300 --> 01:14:42,500
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 
He observed how Europe's 

1449
01:14:42,500 --> 01:14:46,400
monarchical structures, stifled 
personal freedoms reinforcing 

1450
01:14:46,400 --> 01:14:49,300
his belief that the American 
Express experiment in Republican

1451
01:14:49,300 --> 01:14:50,900
governance was unique 
impressions. 

1452
01:14:51,700 --> 01:14:54,600
At the same time, he recognized 
that Europe's manufacturing, 

1453
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:58,600
base dwarfed, that of the US. 
He lobbied European states to 

1454
01:14:58,600 --> 01:15:01,800
accept American exports, 
specially tobacco and Timber, 

1455
01:15:01,800 --> 01:15:04,700
hoping to reduce Reliance on 
British Markets. 

1456
01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:08,900
Negotiations proved slow but 
Jefferson's calm intellect 

1457
01:15:08,900 --> 01:15:10,100
helped. 
Cultivate Goodwill. 

1458
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:14,800
While in Paris Jefferson also 
served as a cultural conduit, he

1459
01:15:14,800 --> 01:15:17,600
introduced French Elites to 
American plants and produce 

1460
01:15:17,600 --> 01:15:21,600
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 
pecan trees in return. 

1461
01:15:21,600 --> 01:15:24,400
He noted Advanced, French 
architecture and engineering. 

1462
01:15:25,100 --> 01:15:27,700
Particularly the building of 
canals in mechanisms to flour 

1463
01:15:27,700 --> 01:15:30,600
Mills. 
Letters home brimmed with ideas 

1464
01:15:30,600 --> 01:15:33,000
for implementing such 
Innovations in the new United 

1465
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:36,500
States reflecting, his 
unwavering desire to see his 

1466
01:15:36,500 --> 01:15:39,700
homeland flourish. 
He also studied the nascent 

1467
01:15:39,700 --> 01:15:42,600
politics swirling. 
In France though few predicted 

1468
01:15:42,600 --> 01:15:44,900
how rapidly the monarchy would 
top in the coming years. 

1469
01:15:44,900 --> 01:15:48,800
On a personal note, Jefferson's 
time in France was laced with 

1470
01:15:48,808 --> 01:15:52,400
paternal obligation. 
He brought his daughter Patsy 

1471
01:15:52,400 --> 01:15:55,700
later joined by young daughter 
Polly to ensure they had a 

1472
01:15:55,700 --> 01:15:58,900
European education. 
He also maintained a retinue 

1473
01:15:58,900 --> 01:16:01,300
that included in slaved in 
individuals from Monticello 

1474
01:16:01,300 --> 01:16:05,900
including Sally Hemmings whose 
presence stirred controversies 

1475
01:16:05,900 --> 01:16:09,500
that would Ripple through 
subsequent centuries, Historians

1476
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:12,300
debate, the specifics of their 
relationship, but many conclude 

1477
01:16:12,300 --> 01:16:15,400
that she bought children 
fathered by Jefferson while 

1478
01:16:15,400 --> 01:16:18,900
details remain partly opaque the
power imbalance underscores, the

1479
01:16:18,908 --> 01:16:21,100
moral complexities 
overshadowing, his public 

1480
01:16:21,100 --> 01:16:24,900
championing of Liberty. 
In 1789, as the French 

1481
01:16:24,900 --> 01:16:28,400
Revolution, erupted Jefferson 
initially celebrated the way of 

1482
01:16:28,400 --> 01:16:31,800
Reform he saw parallels, with 
America's, recent independent 

1483
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:35,400
struggle, welcoming calls to 
curb aristocratic privilege. 

1484
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:39,100
Yet, the revolution's escalation
when moderate hopes gave way to 

1485
01:16:39,108 --> 01:16:43,800
the reign of terror alarmed him.
Before that radical shift, he 

1486
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:47,500
had already departed, France. 
recalled to serve as the first 

1487
01:16:47,500 --> 01:16:50,000
Secretary of State under 
President George Washington in 

1488
01:16:50,000 --> 01:16:55,200
1790 his Paris Soldier ended 
with a mixed of admiration for 

1489
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:57,900
French and lightning and unease 
at the extreme. 

1490
01:16:57,900 --> 01:17:00,900
Their Revolution might unleash 
returning to the US. 

1491
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:03,800
Jefferson joined Washington's 
cabinet tasked with shaping 

1492
01:17:03,800 --> 01:17:07,300
foreign policy, this role put 
him at odds with treasury 

1493
01:17:07,300 --> 01:17:10,300
secretary Alexander Hamilton who
championed a strong federal 

1494
01:17:10,300 --> 01:17:11,800
government and close ties with 
Britain. 

1495
01:17:12,500 --> 01:17:16,000
Jefferson conversely favored, 
robust State, autonomy, and 

1496
01:17:16,000 --> 01:17:19,300
warmer relations with France, 
their clashes anchor, the birth 

1497
01:17:19,300 --> 01:17:23,300
of America's first party system.
The Federalists led by Hamilton 

1498
01:17:23,300 --> 01:17:27,900
advocated centralization while 
the Democratic Republicans, led 

1499
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:31,700
by Jefferson pushed for a Greer 
in democracy and suspicion, of 

1500
01:17:31,708 --> 01:17:35,400
concentrated Federal power. 
During this cabinet period. 

1501
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:39,700
Jefferson navigated multiple 
crises tensions with Britain. 

1502
01:17:39,700 --> 01:17:42,700
Over Frontier, forts uncertain 
alliances with 

1503
01:17:42,700 --> 01:17:45,600
post-revolutionary, France and 
domestic Strife, like the 

1504
01:17:45,608 --> 01:17:49,200
Whiskey Rebellion in championed 
free trade and a minimal Navy. 

1505
01:17:49,200 --> 01:17:51,600
Resisting, Hamilton's push for a
standing army. 

1506
01:17:52,500 --> 01:17:55,500
Deep philosophical differences, 
turned personal, prompting 

1507
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:58,500
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 
in 1793 soon. 

1508
01:17:58,500 --> 01:18:01,400
He built a political Network 
harnessing sympathetic 

1509
01:18:01,400 --> 01:18:02,900
newspapers to shape public 
opinion. 

1510
01:18:03,600 --> 01:18:06,100
This Dynamic signaled, the 
future of American politics, 

1511
01:18:06,100 --> 01:18:08,900
where parties and alignments 
were Drive policy discourse. 

1512
01:18:10,300 --> 01:18:14,900
By 1796 the Schism was public 
Jefferson found himself running 

1513
01:18:14,900 --> 01:18:17,100
for president against John 
Adams, though. 

1514
01:18:17,100 --> 01:18:20,400
Somewhat reluctantly, He lost 
narrowly and became Adams's 

1515
01:18:20,400 --> 01:18:22,800
vice. 
President, a job lacking much 

1516
01:18:22,800 --> 01:18:25,300
real power. 
From the Senate's, Vantage 

1517
01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:28,500
Jefferson observed Adams as 
president and acting laws like 

1518
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:31,300
the Alien and Sedition Acts, 
which Jefferson deemed 

1519
01:18:31,300 --> 01:18:34,300
Chronicle. 
Furia convert the author of The 

1520
01:18:34,308 --> 01:18:37,500
Kentucky resolution's suggesting
State's could nullify 

1521
01:18:37,500 --> 01:18:40,600
unconstitutional. 
Federal statutes, the move 

1522
01:18:40,600 --> 01:18:44,400
introduced a heated debate, over
federal state relations critics.

1523
01:18:44,400 --> 01:18:47,200
Labeled its subversive. 
But Jefferson saw it as 

1524
01:18:47,200 --> 01:18:51,900
safeguarding the Spirit of 76, 
the cusp of the 1800 election. 

1525
01:18:51,900 --> 01:18:55,800
Embodied a republican Champion 
for agrarian liberties. 

1526
01:18:56,500 --> 01:18:58,600
Suspicious of federalist 
centralization. 

1527
01:18:59,500 --> 01:19:02,300
Yet, he also carried personal 
baggage from his enslaver 

1528
01:19:02,300 --> 01:19:04,700
background and the complexities 
of his private life. 

1529
01:19:05,500 --> 01:19:09,000
The stage was set for a pivotal 
showdown in US politics with the

1530
01:19:09,000 --> 01:19:12,400
country's future Direction at 
stake in a swirl of partisan 

1531
01:19:12,400 --> 01:19:15,700
editorials and backroom deals. 
The election would test whether 

1532
01:19:15,700 --> 01:19:18,200
the fledging Republic, could 
survive, a peaceful transition 

1533
01:19:18,200 --> 01:19:20,800
of power, or devolve into rang 
core. 

1534
01:19:21,700 --> 01:19:23,800
Jefferson's calm. 
But determined approach. 

1535
01:19:23,800 --> 01:19:26,700
Once again, pressed him into a 
central role, bridging 

1536
01:19:26,700 --> 01:19:29,800
Enlightenment ideals and the 
gritty realities of partisan 

1537
01:19:29,800 --> 01:19:32,900
brawls. 
The election of 1800 brought 

1538
01:19:32,900 --> 01:19:35,400
turmoil. 
John Adams, sought re-election, 

1539
01:19:35,400 --> 01:19:39,200
Hamilton's Federalists loomed 
and Jefferson's Democratic 

1540
01:19:39,200 --> 01:19:41,100
Republicans Consolidated around 
him. 

1541
01:19:41,100 --> 01:19:44,900
The campaign was vitriolic 
filled with accusations, 

1542
01:19:44,900 --> 01:19:47,900
Federalists called Jefferson and
atheist. 

1543
01:19:47,900 --> 01:19:52,900
Radical Republicans, branded 
Adams and monarchist In an era 

1544
01:19:52,900 --> 01:19:56,000
before direct popular ballots 
electors, cast votes for 

1545
01:19:56,000 --> 01:19:59,800
President and Vice President. 
In a complicated procedure, a 

1546
01:19:59,800 --> 01:20:02,600
tire merged between Jefferson 
and his running, mate, Aaron 

1547
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:06,300
Burr each receiving, the same 
number of electoral votes, the 

1548
01:20:06,300 --> 01:20:09,400
House of Representatives 
controlled by Federalists had to

1549
01:20:09,408 --> 01:20:12,700
break the tie. 
Days of tense, balloting ensued.

1550
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:15,500
Ultimately, with Hamilton's 
reluctant nod. 

1551
01:20:15,500 --> 01:20:19,400
Jefferson triumphed, the ordeal 
spurred the 12th Amendment. 

1552
01:20:20,200 --> 01:20:23,300
Ensuring future presidential and
vice presidential candidates had

1553
01:20:23,300 --> 01:20:26,200
distinct ballots. 
The pursuit. 

1554
01:20:27,200 --> 01:20:32,100
Thus Jefferson assumed the 
presidency in 1801 his inaugural

1555
01:20:32,100 --> 01:20:34,000
address. 
Famously extolled Unity. 

1556
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:37,000
We are all Republicans. 
We are all Federalists. 

1557
01:20:37,600 --> 01:20:39,600
Signifying. 
A desire to heal partisan 

1558
01:20:39,600 --> 01:20:41,700
wounds. 
He scaled back, certain 

1559
01:20:41,700 --> 01:20:45,300
Federalist measures cutting the 
Army, budget, abolishing some 

1560
01:20:45,300 --> 01:20:48,400
taxes, and releasing those 
imprisoned, under the Sedition 

1561
01:20:48,400 --> 01:20:50,700
Act. 
He aimed for a wise and Frugal 

1562
01:20:50,700 --> 01:20:53,900
government, believing the US 
should remain primarily agrarian

1563
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:56,600
suspicious of large cities and 
Banks. 

1564
01:20:57,500 --> 01:21:00,500
This pastoral Vision resonated 
with many Frontier settlers who 

1565
01:21:00,500 --> 01:21:02,300
saw the new president as their 
champion. 

1566
01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:05,900
One early success was the 
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 

1567
01:21:05,900 --> 01:21:11,500
Napoleon embroiled in European 
Wars unexpectedly, offered to 

1568
01:21:11,508 --> 01:21:13,800
sell France's vast North 
American Holdings. 

1569
01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:18,600
Jefferson hesitated, aware the 
Constitution provided no 

1570
01:21:18,600 --> 01:21:21,100
explicit power for land deals of
this magnitude. 

1571
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:25,200
Here the chance to double the 
nation's territory overshadowed,

1572
01:21:25,200 --> 01:21:29,500
strict constitutional Scruples, 
for 15 million dollars US 

1573
01:21:29,500 --> 01:21:32,200
acquired a domain stretching 
from the Mississippi River to 

1574
01:21:32,200 --> 01:21:35,500
the Rocky Mountains. 
This bold stroke ensured control

1575
01:21:35,500 --> 01:21:38,600
of the Mississippi's, crucial 
Port of New Orleans and opened a

1576
01:21:38,600 --> 01:21:42,300
frontier for expansion. 
Westerners rejoiced, the 

1577
01:21:42,300 --> 01:21:45,300
Federalists borked claiming it 
diluted the eastern states 

1578
01:21:45,300 --> 01:21:48,200
political power. 
Still Jefferson proceeded, 

1579
01:21:48,200 --> 01:21:51,800
blending principle with 
pragmatic advantage to explore. 

1580
01:21:51,800 --> 01:21:54,000
These new lands, Jefferson 
commissioned. 

1581
01:21:54,000 --> 01:21:57,400
The Lewis and Clark expedition, 
Meriwether Lewis, his former 

1582
01:21:57,400 --> 01:22:00,700
secretary and William Clark, led
a team from the Missouri River 

1583
01:22:00,700 --> 01:22:04,900
to the Pacific coast. 
Their 1804 to 1806 Journey map 

1584
01:22:04,900 --> 01:22:08,700
to Roots documented flora and 
fauna and engaged with 

1585
01:22:08,700 --> 01:22:12,200
indigenous Nations. 
Jefferson eagerly awaited their 

1586
01:22:12,200 --> 01:22:15,700
findings seeing it as a 
scientific Quest paralleling his

1587
01:22:15,700 --> 01:22:19,500
Enlightenment ideals, the 
Expedition successful national 

1588
01:22:19,500 --> 01:22:22,400
pride and curiosity about the 
continents, vast potential. 

1589
01:22:23,200 --> 01:22:25,500
Yet, it also signified new 
tensions with tribal 

1590
01:22:25,500 --> 01:22:27,300
communities. 
As more settlers pressed. 

1591
01:22:27,300 --> 01:22:30,700
Westward domestically Jefferson 
faced controverses. 

1592
01:22:30,700 --> 01:22:33,800
He disliked the existence of the
bank, the United States. 

1593
01:22:33,800 --> 01:22:37,300
But tolerated, it when 
expedient, he slashed Federal 

1594
01:22:37,300 --> 01:22:41,200
budgets forcing some in the Navy
to protest that the nation's sea

1595
01:22:41,200 --> 01:22:43,800
defenses weakened. 
Furthermore, the issue of 

1596
01:22:43,808 --> 01:22:47,500
slavery, persisted Jefferson's 
personal writings described it 

1597
01:22:47,500 --> 01:22:51,200
as a moral and political Hazard.
Yet he neither freed most of his

1598
01:22:51,200 --> 01:22:54,300
own enslaved individuals, nor 
championed Federal abolition 

1599
01:22:54,900 --> 01:22:58,600
Indeed, the 1807 law Banning the
importation of enslaved. 

1600
01:22:58,600 --> 01:23:02,000
Africans was a partial measure, 
some historians argue, Jefferson

1601
01:23:02,000 --> 01:23:04,600
missed a critical chance to push
for more sweeping reforms. 

1602
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:08,300
Foreign Affairs, proved 
trickier, Britain and France. 

1603
01:23:08,300 --> 01:23:12,600
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 
ignoring us neutrality, seizing 

1604
01:23:12,600 --> 01:23:15,500
American Merchant ships and 
impressing US Sailors in their 

1605
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:19,300
navies incense, Jefferson tried 
economic Warfare. 

1606
01:23:19,300 --> 01:23:21,400
Championing, the Embargo Act of 
1807. 

1607
01:23:21,400 --> 01:23:25,700
Halting nearly all US exports. 
He reasoned, Britain and France 

1608
01:23:25,700 --> 01:23:29,200
needed American Goods. 
Instead the measured devastated 

1609
01:23:29,200 --> 01:23:33,300
us ports, invited smuggling and 
turned public opinion against 

1610
01:23:33,300 --> 01:23:35,900
him. 
The Fiasco Illustrated the 

1611
01:23:35,900 --> 01:23:40,000
limits of Peaceable coercion. 
Eventually the unpopular embargo

1612
01:23:40,000 --> 01:23:42,800
was repealed tarnishing 
Jefferson's last year. 

1613
01:23:42,800 --> 01:23:47,300
In office, in 1809, he handed 
the president to his close Ally 

1614
01:23:47,300 --> 01:23:52,000
James Madison quietly retiring 
to Montero his two terms shape. 

1615
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:56,800
The US expanded territory a 
stable political identity but 

1616
01:23:56,800 --> 01:24:01,000
also heightened Regional 
tensions his approach mix of 

1617
01:24:01,000 --> 01:24:03,800
lofty Republican ideals and 
occasional pragmatic 

1618
01:24:03,800 --> 01:24:08,700
contradictions left a complex 
imprint People revered him as a 

1619
01:24:08,700 --> 01:24:11,400
philosophical statement, but 
criticized his moral 

1620
01:24:11,400 --> 01:24:14,500
inconsistencies. 
He parted from Washington DC, 

1621
01:24:14,500 --> 01:24:17,600
Warren from the tribulations of 
governance yet proud, he had 

1622
01:24:17,600 --> 01:24:19,900
preserved, a measure of 
individual liberty and doubled 

1623
01:24:19,900 --> 01:24:22,900
the nation's size without 
large-scale War back at 

1624
01:24:22,900 --> 01:24:25,100
Monticello. 
The next chapter in Jefferson's 

1625
01:24:25,100 --> 01:24:28,300
life would revolve around the 
pursuit of knowledge, founding a

1626
01:24:28,300 --> 01:24:31,700
university and hosting endless 
visitors intrigued by the sage 

1627
01:24:31,700 --> 01:24:34,800
of the revolution. 
Yet deeper Fishers, over slavery

1628
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:37,000
and states rights would soon 
overshadow. 

1629
01:24:37,000 --> 01:24:40,500
The era, complicating his 
cherished vision of a harmonious

1630
01:24:40,500 --> 01:24:44,400
agrarian democracy. 
For now though, he retreated to 

1631
01:24:44,400 --> 01:24:48,100
the place, he loved surrounded 
by invention's fields of crops 

1632
01:24:48,100 --> 01:24:52,100
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 
staying active in public 

1633
01:24:52,100 --> 01:24:55,000
discourse through letters that 
carried enormous influence in 

1634
01:24:55,008 --> 01:24:56,900
the young republics intellectual
circles. 

1635
01:24:57,800 --> 01:25:00,100
Retirement for Thomas. 
Jefferson did not quite to 

1636
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:04,500
seclusion back at Monticello. 
After 1809, he embraced the role

1637
01:25:04,500 --> 01:25:07,700
of sage of Monticello. 
Receiving statement foreign 

1638
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:11,900
visitors and curious Travelers. 
He corresponded widely shaping 

1639
01:25:11,900 --> 01:25:14,900
discourse on her American 
identity and preserving his 

1640
01:25:14,900 --> 01:25:19,000
Revolution era repute. the 
estate itself, reflected his 

1641
01:25:19,000 --> 01:25:23,500
Restless creativity expansions 
to the house Pavilions and 

1642
01:25:23,500 --> 01:25:26,000
elaborate of gardens for 
experimental horticulture 

1643
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:29,300
Visitors often found him in his 
library or tinkering with 

1644
01:25:29,300 --> 01:25:31,600
mechanical gadgets, like a 
polygraph machine that 

1645
01:25:31,600 --> 01:25:35,400
duplicated his handwriting. 
His thirst for Innovation, 

1646
01:25:35,400 --> 01:25:39,100
remained undimmed. 
However Monticello's finances 

1647
01:25:39,100 --> 01:25:43,100
were precarious, Jefferson 
indulged in architectural, whims

1648
01:25:43,100 --> 01:25:47,000
financed extended family and 
endured the fluctuating price of

1649
01:25:47,000 --> 01:25:50,800
tobacco debts mounted. 
Specially as he refused to scale

1650
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:54,200
back a gracious Life Style. 
slavery under pinned 

1651
01:25:54,200 --> 01:25:58,000
Monticello's operation with over
100 in slaved individuals 

1652
01:25:58,000 --> 01:26:01,800
performing the labor Jefferson 
supervised them recording births

1653
01:26:01,800 --> 01:26:05,600
tasks, and schedules with 
methodical detail yet Behind 

1654
01:26:05,600 --> 01:26:09,700
These Ledges, like human lives 
subjected to force servitude He 

1655
01:26:09,700 --> 01:26:12,400
recognized the moral Quagmire, 
but rationalized it with 

1656
01:26:12,400 --> 01:26:15,200
incrementalist arguments, or 
deferrals, to Future 

1657
01:26:15,200 --> 01:26:18,100
Generations. 
This tension complicated, his 

1658
01:26:18,100 --> 01:26:19,600
Public Image as a champion of 
Liberty. 

1659
01:26:20,700 --> 01:26:23,200
One of his crowning, retirement.
Achievements was founding the 

1660
01:26:23,200 --> 01:26:26,200
University of Virginia. 
Jefferson felt older 

1661
01:26:26,200 --> 01:26:29,200
institutions to religious 
influences or archaic 

1662
01:26:29,200 --> 01:26:31,800
curricular. 
He envisioned a secular campus, 

1663
01:26:31,800 --> 01:26:35,700
emphasizing modern languages, 
science and abroad base, liberal

1664
01:26:35,700 --> 01:26:38,100
education. 
Persuading, the Virginia 

1665
01:26:38,100 --> 01:26:40,600
legislature to back it required 
political finesse. 

1666
01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:44,000
He personally designed the 
campus layout with a central 

1667
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:48,100
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman
Pantheon flanked by academical 

1668
01:26:48,100 --> 01:26:51,000
Village Pavilions. 
Construction began in 

1669
01:26:51,000 --> 01:26:55,900
Charlottesville near Monticello 
around 1817, even in his 70s, 

1670
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:59,700
Jefferson frequently visited, 
the site, checking architectural

1671
01:26:59,700 --> 01:27:03,000
details, conferring with 
Builders and selecting faculty 

1672
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:06,900
Aimed to cultivate enlightened 
citizen leaders for a republic 

1673
01:27:06,900 --> 01:27:09,100
that demanded knowledge base 
self-governance. 

1674
01:27:09,100 --> 01:27:13,000
Meanwhile, National issues, 
still beckoned as an elder 

1675
01:27:13,000 --> 01:27:15,100
Statesman of the democratic 
Republican party. 

1676
01:27:15,100 --> 01:27:19,700
Jefferson provided advice to 
Madison and later to Monroe, he 

1677
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:22,400
supported the Louisiana 
purchases expansion further 

1678
01:27:22,400 --> 01:27:24,600
welcoming new States into the 
Union. 

1679
01:27:24,600 --> 01:27:28,300
However, the War of 1812 with 
Britain tested his conviction 

1680
01:27:28,300 --> 01:27:32,000
about limited government and a 
small military lamented that 

1681
01:27:32,000 --> 01:27:33,900
some Federalists aane. 
Claves seemed willing to 

1682
01:27:33,900 --> 01:27:37,000
undermine National Unity 
especially in the Northeast. 

1683
01:27:38,100 --> 01:27:41,600
Letters, show him, torn between 
localism and the emergents of a 

1684
01:27:41,600 --> 01:27:45,000
broader national identity. 
As the US overcame that conflict

1685
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:48,000
Jefferson expressed relief that 
Europe's meddling was lessening.

1686
01:27:48,800 --> 01:27:51,500
A parallel development was his 
rekindled friendship with John 

1687
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:53,700
Adams. 
The two had been friends, turned

1688
01:27:53,700 --> 01:27:56,300
adversaries, turned icy 
correspondents for years. 

1689
01:27:57,100 --> 01:28:00,700
But in retirement, both 
recognized mutual bond shaped by

1690
01:28:00,700 --> 01:28:03,300
the revolution's intensity. 
Through letters. 

1691
01:28:03,300 --> 01:28:06,600
They Revisited old debates. 
Monarchy versus republic, the 

1692
01:28:06,600 --> 01:28:10,500
role of religion, the fragility 
of democracy, their exchange 

1693
01:28:10,500 --> 01:28:13,900
sword with philosophical 
reflection, spiced with humor, 

1694
01:28:13,900 --> 01:28:17,900
about Advanced age. the Revival 
of their friendship stands as a 

1695
01:28:17,900 --> 01:28:21,800
testament to the capacity for a 
bridging old political Rifts in 

1696
01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:24,600
these letters, Jefferson 
revealed his abiding optimism, 

1697
01:28:24,600 --> 01:28:28,300
that the American experiment 
though in perfect would endure 

1698
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:31,800
if Guided by reason and virtuous
leadership, Yet. 

1699
01:28:31,800 --> 01:28:34,500
Personal sorrow. 
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 

1700
01:28:34,500 --> 01:28:37,400
several of his children in 
during repeated heartbreak. 

1701
01:28:37,400 --> 01:28:39,800
The Monticello household was no,
quiet. 

1702
01:28:39,800 --> 01:28:44,000
Domain, grandchildren ran about 
extended relative sought 

1703
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:47,500
financial aid, and guests 
arrived unannounced to glean a 

1704
01:28:47,500 --> 01:28:50,800
moment with the iconic founder. 
You wore the mask of a 

1705
01:28:50,800 --> 01:28:54,000
benevolent patriarch? 
But Diaries hint at bouts of 

1706
01:28:54,008 --> 01:28:56,800
melancholy. 
The precarious economy pressed 

1707
01:28:56,800 --> 01:28:59,800
him to mortgage properties and 
he relied on lines of credit 

1708
01:28:59,800 --> 01:29:03,300
that threatened to up in the 
estate. the image of Monticello 

1709
01:29:03,300 --> 01:29:06,700
as a microcosm of Republican, 
Enlightenment concealed, a 

1710
01:29:06,700 --> 01:29:11,100
precarious Ledger balancing As 
Jefferson neared 80 he took 

1711
01:29:11,100 --> 01:29:13,500
pride in the University of 
Virginia's nearing completion. 

1712
01:29:14,400 --> 01:29:17,400
He personally, selected some 
Library materials established 

1713
01:29:17,400 --> 01:29:20,600
faculty guidelines and wrote 
about its potential to transform

1714
01:29:20,600 --> 01:29:25,200
an American Education. 
In 1825, the university opened 

1715
01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:28,900
to its first class of students. 
Jefferson's dream had become 

1716
01:29:28,900 --> 01:29:32,100
real. 
Secular institution dedicated to

1717
01:29:32,100 --> 01:29:36,500
free inquiry unencumbered by 
rigid religious, Dogma or stale 

1718
01:29:36,500 --> 01:29:39,000
tradition. 
He believed it would Foster the 

1719
01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:42,000
next generation of leaders to 
safeguard the Republic's ideals.

1720
01:29:42,900 --> 01:29:48,200
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 
slipping freed from daily policy

1721
01:29:48,200 --> 01:29:50,600
fights. 
He dedicated his final energy to

1722
01:29:50,600 --> 01:29:52,200
ensuring the University's 
stability. 

1723
01:29:53,100 --> 01:29:55,900
People noticed his health fading
but he refused to slow. 

1724
01:29:55,900 --> 01:29:58,600
He yearned to see July 4th, 
1826. 

1725
01:29:58,600 --> 01:30:02,000
The 50th anniversary of the 
Declaration of Independence. 

1726
01:30:03,000 --> 01:30:06,700
That day arrived in a poetic 
twist, John Adams, and 

1727
01:30:06,708 --> 01:30:10,100
Jefferson, both passed away on 
that date with Jefferson dying 

1728
01:30:10,100 --> 01:30:13,000
in the early afternoon. 
The Synergy of these two 

1729
01:30:13,000 --> 01:30:15,400
revolutionaries departing on the
nation's half-century. 

1730
01:30:15,400 --> 01:30:19,600
Mark cemented a legend thus 
Thomas Jefferson's retirement 

1731
01:30:19,600 --> 01:30:22,300
was no quiet Twilight. 
But a culminating chapter of 

1732
01:30:22,300 --> 01:30:25,700
architectural, Innovation, 
educational reform and 

1733
01:30:25,700 --> 01:30:27,400
reflection on a revolution's 
legacy. 

1734
01:30:27,400 --> 01:30:31,200
He left behind a complicated 
estate, weighed by debt, a 

1735
01:30:31,200 --> 01:30:33,400
family overshadowed, by the 
institution of slavery. 

1736
01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:37,200
Yet also a shining new 
University in a trove of letters

1737
01:30:37,200 --> 01:30:40,200
that would shape America's 
self-perception for Generations.

1738
01:30:40,200 --> 01:30:44,800
In him old illusions of an 
agrarian Utopia, mingled with 

1739
01:30:44,800 --> 01:30:47,400
the Unstoppable push of a 
modernizing republic. 

1740
01:30:47,400 --> 01:30:50,400
Capturing the contradictions 
that still Define the American 

1741
01:30:50,400 --> 01:30:54,800
ethos, In the immediate wake of 
Jefferson's death admirers and 

1742
01:30:54,800 --> 01:30:59,300
critics clashed over his legacy,
many hailed him as the pain 

1743
01:30:59,300 --> 01:31:01,100
behind the Declaration of 
Independence. 

1744
01:31:01,100 --> 01:31:04,300
The mine that doubled the 
nation's size by the Louisiana 

1745
01:31:04,300 --> 01:31:07,500
Purchase and the Visionary who 
championed religious freedom. 

1746
01:31:08,500 --> 01:31:11,500
Others, lambasted his 
inconsistencies, a 

1747
01:31:11,500 --> 01:31:15,100
self-proclaimed, a galatian, who
held in slaved laborers, an 

1748
01:31:15,100 --> 01:31:17,900
Enlightenment thinker who let 
personal finance is descend into

1749
01:31:17,900 --> 01:31:20,400
chaos. 
A champion of state's rights who

1750
01:31:20,400 --> 01:31:23,300
ironically used Federal power 
for expansion. 

1751
01:31:23,300 --> 01:31:26,400
Montebello, the physical 
embodiment of Jefferson's 

1752
01:31:26,400 --> 01:31:28,900
intellect soon faced Financial 
turmoil. 

1753
01:31:28,900 --> 01:31:32,400
His heirs struggled to pay his 
debts, they sold land and 

1754
01:31:32,400 --> 01:31:35,600
eventually auctioned off 
furniture and slaved individuals

1755
01:31:35,600 --> 01:31:38,700
fracturing, the community that 
had sustained the plantation. 

1756
01:31:39,600 --> 01:31:42,800
Monticello changed hands 
multiple times deteriorating 

1757
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:45,800
until the early 20th century. 
When the Thomas Jefferson 

1758
01:31:45,800 --> 01:31:48,800
Foundation, Acquired and 
restored it, symbolically 

1759
01:31:48,800 --> 01:31:51,600
reassembling his architectural 
dream as an American heritage 

1760
01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:54,300
site. 
This restoration also reignited 

1761
01:31:54,300 --> 01:31:57,100
debates about the everyday 
realities of enslaved, families,

1762
01:31:57,100 --> 01:32:00,400
who once toiled their 
culminating in renewed, emphasis

1763
01:32:00,400 --> 01:32:03,600
on their stories, a dimension 
historically, muted in the 

1764
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:06,900
veneration of Jefferson 
Meanwhile the broader American 

1765
01:32:06,900 --> 01:32:10,700
public constructed, a Mythic 
image of Jefferson in the 19th 

1766
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:14,500
century, as political parties 
shifted references to 

1767
01:32:14,500 --> 01:32:18,600
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 
praising, his emphasis on small 

1768
01:32:18,600 --> 01:32:22,600
government minimal taxes and the
righteousness of Rural Life. 

1769
01:32:23,700 --> 01:32:27,100
Andrew Jackson supporters invoke
Jefferson as a figure who 

1770
01:32:27,100 --> 01:32:30,500
championed the Common Man. 
But historians recognize that 

1771
01:32:30,500 --> 01:32:33,700
Jefferson's own approach to 
governance was more nuanced than

1772
01:32:33,700 --> 01:32:37,500
populist idealists claimed. 
He recognized the necessity of 

1773
01:32:37,500 --> 01:32:40,600
compromise and occasionally 
invoked strong Federal measures 

1774
01:32:40,600 --> 01:32:45,100
specially in foreign affairs. 
The early 20th century saw the 

1775
01:32:45,108 --> 01:32:47,800
Progressive Era, adopted 
different aspect of Jefferson 

1776
01:32:47,800 --> 01:32:51,700
the intellectual founder who 
believed in educated citizenry. 

1777
01:32:52,400 --> 01:32:56,100
Debates around the founders', 
intentions sword with 

1778
01:32:56,100 --> 01:32:58,200
Jefferson's letters cited by all
sides. 

1779
01:32:58,200 --> 01:33:00,400
Archival. 
Releases of his personal 

1780
01:33:00,400 --> 01:33:03,500
correspondence. 
Lent, more profound insight into

1781
01:33:03,500 --> 01:33:06,400
his moral grappling with slavery
and his Dynamic shift from 

1782
01:33:06,400 --> 01:33:09,700
localist to expansionist. 
The public began to appreciate 

1783
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:10,900
that. 
The founders were not 

1784
01:33:10,900 --> 01:33:14,500
monolithically consistent 
Paragons but flawed Statesmen 

1785
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:17,800
shaped by urgent demands and 
scholarship. 

1786
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:21,500
The 1970s and Beyond propelled, 
a fresh wave of inquiry, 

1787
01:33:21,500 --> 01:33:23,400
focusing on Jefferson's 
relationship. 

1788
01:33:23,400 --> 01:33:27,100
With Sally Hemming's DNA 
evidence in the late 1990s, 

1789
01:33:27,100 --> 01:33:30,200
pointed strongly to him 
fathering his children. 

1790
01:33:30,200 --> 01:33:33,800
This Revelation forced a 
national reevaluation of the so 

1791
01:33:33,800 --> 01:33:37,000
called sage of Monticello. 
Some were scandalized. 

1792
01:33:37,000 --> 01:33:40,700
Others found it. 
Holy unsurprising in retrospect 

1793
01:33:40,700 --> 01:33:43,700
it underscored the complexities 
swirling under his polished 

1794
01:33:43,700 --> 01:33:47,700
philosophical veneer from a man 
who wrote all men are created 

1795
01:33:47,700 --> 01:33:51,700
equal reconciling these. 
Two Realms intellectual champion

1796
01:33:51,700 --> 01:33:54,800
of Liberty and personal 
practitioner of slavery was 

1797
01:33:54,800 --> 01:33:57,500
never straightforward academic 
attention. 

1798
01:33:57,500 --> 01:34:00,700
Also, delve deeper into his 
political philosophy, Jeffrey 

1799
01:34:00,700 --> 01:34:03,600
Jefferson's notion of an Empire 
of Liberty and held agrarian 

1800
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:07,700
expansion across the continent. 
Yet it set the stage for Native 

1801
01:34:07,700 --> 01:34:10,700
displacement and further 
entrenchment of slave labor in 

1802
01:34:10,700 --> 01:34:13,600
new territories. 
While he personally doubted, the

1803
01:34:13,600 --> 01:34:16,200
morality of forcibly taking 
indigenous lands. 

1804
01:34:16,800 --> 01:34:19,800
He accepted the Unstoppable 
momentum of Frontier settlers. 

1805
01:34:20,600 --> 01:34:24,100
This acceptance shaped federal 
policy that stoked tensions for 

1806
01:34:24,100 --> 01:34:27,100
Generations culminating in 
forced relocations. 

1807
01:34:27,800 --> 01:34:31,200
Today, some reevaluate 
Jefferson's role in establishing

1808
01:34:31,200 --> 01:34:34,200
moral Frameworks that 
facilitated expansion at other 

1809
01:34:34,200 --> 01:34:37,700
Zoom events. 
In popular memory, Jefferson's 

1810
01:34:37,700 --> 01:34:42,300
Memorial in Washington. 
DC opened in 1943 still stands 

1811
01:34:42,300 --> 01:34:46,200
as a testament to his rhetorical
brilliant visitors read excerpts

1812
01:34:46,200 --> 01:34:48,500
from the Declaration of 
Independence and letters on the 

1813
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:52,100
rotunda's walls underscoring. 
His luminous call for a quality 

1814
01:34:52,100 --> 01:34:55,600
and freedom of conscience. 
The monument, ironically does 

1815
01:34:55,600 --> 01:34:57,500
not portray the full tank of 
contradiction. 

1816
01:34:57,500 --> 01:35:01,100
Yet, more incisive, interpretive
programs. 

1817
01:35:01,100 --> 01:35:04,100
Now, incorporating nuanced, 
describing his Progressive 

1818
01:35:04,100 --> 01:35:06,300
achievements and moral failings 
side by side. 

1819
01:35:07,000 --> 01:35:09,800
Amid these controversies 
Jefferson's intellectual 

1820
01:35:09,800 --> 01:35:11,400
achievements. 
Remain uncontested. 

1821
01:35:12,200 --> 01:35:14,600
His articulation of natural 
rights and the notion that 

1822
01:35:14,600 --> 01:35:17,600
legitimate government stems from
the consent of the governed 

1823
01:35:17,600 --> 01:35:20,100
carved. 
A philosophical Bedrock for 

1824
01:35:20,100 --> 01:35:23,400
modern democracies worldwide 
Educators, and politicians 

1825
01:35:23,400 --> 01:35:25,600
continue. 
Citing him to justify policy 

1826
01:35:25,600 --> 01:35:29,500
from religious tolerance to 
public educational. meanwhile 

1827
01:35:29,500 --> 01:35:32,500
University of Virginia stands as
living reminder of his 

1828
01:35:32,500 --> 01:35:35,200
conviction that knowledge, 
Fosters responsible governance, 

1829
01:35:35,900 --> 01:35:40,000
Its rotunda overshadowing. 
The lawn keeps the spirit of 

1830
01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:44,300
Enlightenment learning alive. 
Hence, two centuries on Thomas 

1831
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:48,200
Jefferson remains as complicated
as the era, he shaped luminous 

1832
01:35:48,200 --> 01:35:50,700
author. 
Democracy's founding Creed 

1833
01:35:50,700 --> 01:35:54,400
overshadowed by glaring 
contradictions on race and 

1834
01:35:54,400 --> 01:35:58,300
personal conduct His life 
prompts reflection on how lofty 

1835
01:35:58,300 --> 01:36:01,800
ideals can Clash with ingrained,
social structures and personal 

1836
01:36:01,800 --> 01:36:04,700
entanglements. 
For many Americans and observes 

1837
01:36:04,700 --> 01:36:06,400
abroad. 
Grappling with Jeffrey, 

1838
01:36:06,400 --> 01:36:09,200
Jefferson is akin to grappling 
with the nation's own layered 

1839
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:12,200
identity. 
Built on Noble declarations yet.

1840
01:36:12,200 --> 01:36:14,900
Intimately entangled in 
unresolved in Justice's. 

1841
01:36:15,700 --> 01:36:19,100
The conversation, he started 
continues bridging history and 

1842
01:36:19,100 --> 01:36:22,700
contemporary debates on Liberty 
equality and the messy reality 

1843
01:36:22,700 --> 01:36:26,400
is in between Thomas Jefferson's
life, invites Reflections on how

1844
01:36:26,400 --> 01:36:29,600
Visionary ideals into sect with 
the flawed scope of practical 

1845
01:36:29,600 --> 01:36:32,300
living. 
Exemplifies the possibility that

1846
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:36,200
one can be intellectually. 
Gifted deeply principled yet. 

1847
01:36:36,200 --> 01:36:40,000
Remain in Tangled in personal 
contradictions, Observing his 

1848
01:36:40,000 --> 01:36:41,700
journey reveals lessons on 
leadership. 

1849
01:36:41,700 --> 01:36:45,200
Creativity compromise and moral 
blind spots. 

1850
01:36:45,200 --> 01:36:49,100
Each of facet that resonates in 
modern times where we juggle 

1851
01:36:49,100 --> 01:36:52,200
personal convictions with 
structural constraints at 

1852
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:55,000
Monticello his architectural 
flourishes, highlight, how 

1853
01:36:55,000 --> 01:36:58,000
creativity can transform 
personal space into a canvas of 

1854
01:36:58,008 --> 01:37:01,800
experimentation. 
Secret passages rotating book, 

1855
01:37:01,800 --> 01:37:05,800
stands an advanced ventilation, 
remind us that even domestic 

1856
01:37:05,800 --> 01:37:07,600
life can become a playground of 
innovation. 

1857
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:10,700
We can learn that invention can 
change any environment, 

1858
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:15,000
including Home and Office, But 
Monticello also underscores, how

1859
01:37:15,000 --> 01:37:16,800
Comfort can rely on unseen 
labor? 

1860
01:37:16,800 --> 01:37:21,100
The estate's Grandeur hinged on 
in slave men and women forced to

1861
01:37:21,100 --> 01:37:24,600
cater to Jefferson's designs. 
This reality, cautions that 

1862
01:37:24,600 --> 01:37:27,200
technological or aesthetic 
progress, can co-exist with 

1863
01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:30,300
ethical failings Jefferson's 
public service. 

1864
01:37:31,200 --> 01:37:34,000
From drafting the Declaration to
guiding foreign policy 

1865
01:37:34,000 --> 01:37:37,200
underscores the power of 
well-crafted language. 

1866
01:37:37,200 --> 01:37:40,600
He harnessed rhetorical 
Precision to unify disparate 

1867
01:37:40,600 --> 01:37:44,000
colonies under ideals. 
That centuries later remain a 

1868
01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:46,900
moral yardstick. 
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,

1869
01:37:46,900 --> 01:37:49,700
we cannot dismiss how 
effectively words shape, 

1870
01:37:49,700 --> 01:37:53,500
Collective identity. 
In an age of digital media, 

1871
01:37:53,500 --> 01:37:57,100
Jefferson's example of a 
carefully, chosen language can 

1872
01:37:57,100 --> 01:38:01,700
galvanized or fractious divided.
His success in bridging disputes

1873
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:05,000
among the founders, suggest the 
value of measured compromise. 

1874
01:38:05,000 --> 01:38:08,800
At the same time, your deal of 
the 1800 election warns. 

1875
01:38:08,800 --> 01:38:11,000
Us that partnership can nearly 
fracture a young democracy. 

1876
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:15,000
One cannot ignore the deeper, 
moral debate, how man? 

1877
01:38:15,000 --> 01:38:17,700
Proclaiming Universal rights, 
upheld the structure of slavery.

1878
01:38:18,600 --> 01:38:20,800
Modern readers might view that 
as an irredeemable 

1879
01:38:20,800 --> 01:38:23,900
contradiction. 
Alternatively, one might 

1880
01:38:23,900 --> 01:38:25,900
interpret it as historical 
caution. 

1881
01:38:25,900 --> 01:38:28,800
That even well-intentioned 
reformers can remain captive to 

1882
01:38:28,800 --> 01:38:31,000
entrenched and anomic and social
norms. 

1883
01:38:31,800 --> 01:38:33,700
Jefferson's story prominently 
highlights. 

1884
01:38:33,700 --> 01:38:36,800
The difference between personal 
moral Clarity in institutional, 

1885
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:40,000
inertia, it compels us to 
question our complicity in 

1886
01:38:40,000 --> 01:38:42,300
modern systems that might 
conflict with our professed 

1887
01:38:42,300 --> 01:38:45,200
values. 
Additionally, Jefferson's 

1888
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:47,200
championing of religious freedom
stands out. 

1889
01:38:48,000 --> 01:38:51,000
He insisted that each person's 
beliefs Beyond governmental, 

1890
01:38:51,000 --> 01:38:55,400
reach, starts that shape, not 
just America but Global Norms on

1891
01:38:55,400 --> 01:38:58,300
religious liberty, the Statute 
for Religious Freedom. 

1892
01:38:58,300 --> 01:39:01,700
In Virginia though, overshadowed
by the declaration's fame. 

1893
01:39:02,400 --> 01:39:05,000
Seeded the principle that 
government cannot coerce 

1894
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:08,300
spiritual conviction today. 
As debates on religious 

1895
01:39:08,300 --> 01:39:12,400
Expressions swirl worldwide, his
early push for disestablishment 

1896
01:39:12,400 --> 01:39:15,900
remains relevant. 
Another subtle Dimension is 

1897
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:19,400
Jefferson's approach to 
educational Frameworks, founding

1898
01:39:19,400 --> 01:39:21,800
the University of Virginia, 
mirrored, his conviction that 

1899
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:24,000
informed populace anchors are 
stable Republic. 

1900
01:39:24,000 --> 01:39:27,900
He favored broad curricula from 
ancient languages to Modern 

1901
01:39:27,900 --> 01:39:30,500
Sciences, rejecting Church 
oversight. 

1902
01:39:31,400 --> 01:39:34,000
That model resonates in ongoing 
dialogues about academic 

1903
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:37,500
freedom, the role of public 
universities, and how to equip 

1904
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:39,600
citizens for complex Global 
realities. 

1905
01:39:40,500 --> 01:39:43,200
His notion that education 
Fosters, self-rule might be more

1906
01:39:43,200 --> 01:39:46,800
pertinent than ever. 
In his final Year's weighed down

1907
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:49,300
by debts. 
Jefferson exemplified how 

1908
01:39:49,300 --> 01:39:52,400
personal miscalculation can 
overshadow public triumphs? 

1909
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:55,900
The man who shaped a nation 
wrestled with monetary woes 

1910
01:39:55,900 --> 01:39:59,000
culminating in Monticello's 
partial liquidation after his 

1911
01:39:59,000 --> 01:40:01,900
death. 
Story, underscores that bright 

1912
01:40:01,900 --> 01:40:04,100
Minds can still falter in 
everyday management. 

1913
01:40:05,000 --> 01:40:07,100
For modern professionals 
approaching midlife. 

1914
01:40:07,100 --> 01:40:10,500
The caution is clear. 
Brilliant, in some Arenas, does 

1915
01:40:10,500 --> 01:40:14,100
not inoculate against practical.
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise 

1916
01:40:14,100 --> 01:40:19,000
coinciding with John Adams's on 
July 4th, 1826, Center Mythic 

1917
01:40:19,000 --> 01:40:22,800
close to their entwined sagars. 
Observers, then Marvel at 

1918
01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:25,800
providence's timing interpreting
it as a sign of national 

1919
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:28,600
destiny. 
The solemn passing of two 

1920
01:40:28,600 --> 01:40:31,300
revolutionary Architects on the 
Republic's half-century Mark 

1921
01:40:31,300 --> 01:40:33,500
remains a striking historical 
coincidence. 

1922
01:40:34,400 --> 01:40:36,400
Yet behind that. 
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 

1923
01:40:36,400 --> 01:40:39,100
The more tangible truth, they 
were aging Patriots. 

1924
01:40:39,100 --> 01:40:41,100
Who parted with an American 
still in flux. 

1925
01:40:41,100 --> 01:40:44,900
Fragile, expanding, and 
grappling with unsolved 

1926
01:40:44,900 --> 01:40:48,200
tensions, the rhetorical arcs, 
they set forth would guide and 

1927
01:40:48,200 --> 01:40:52,600
haunt subsequent Generations in 
deciding how, or whether to 

1928
01:40:52,600 --> 01:40:58,100
embody the pure ideals of 1776. 
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as

1929
01:40:58,100 --> 01:41:01,800
a mosaic liberation's poet, 
contradictory slave owner, 

1930
01:41:01,800 --> 01:41:05,900
Visionary statement, floored 
caretaker of finance's and 

1931
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:10,800
father of reason. 
His life story holds up a mirror

1932
01:41:10,800 --> 01:41:13,200
to the interplay of aspiration 
and compromise. 

1933
01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:16,300
The swirl of high-minded, 
principal amid pragmatic, 

1934
01:41:16,300 --> 01:41:20,600
gambles for many that reflection
remains instructive inviting us 

1935
01:41:20,600 --> 01:41:22,700
to measure our convictions 
against the structures. 

1936
01:41:22,700 --> 01:41:25,400
We inhabit. 
And confronting Jefferson's 

1937
01:41:25,400 --> 01:41:27,800
complexities. 
We do not just revisit a 

1938
01:41:27,800 --> 01:41:29,800
Founding Father. 
We confront the universal 

1939
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:32,700
tension of forging, a just 
Society in an imperfect world 

1940
01:41:32,700 --> 01:41:36,800
and that conversation spurred by
the man from Monticello remains 

1941
01:41:36,800 --> 01:41:47,100
as vital as ever. 
You'll settling in for the 

1942
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:49,200
night. 
Probably checking your phone one

1943
01:41:49,200 --> 01:41:50,800
last time, adjusting, your 
pillow. 

1944
01:41:50,800 --> 01:41:54,100
Just so maybe wondering if you 
remembered to set your alarm. 

1945
01:41:55,400 --> 01:41:58,200
But imagine for a moment that 
you're living 4,000 years ago 

1946
01:41:58,200 --> 01:42:01,000
and your bedroom is a cramped, 
wooden Hut, that smells like 

1947
01:42:01,000 --> 01:42:05,200
smoke and wet wool, your bed, a 
pile of straw that seen better 

1948
01:42:05,200 --> 01:42:07,000
days. 
And your alarm clock is the 

1949
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:09,600
rooster next door who apparently
never learned the concept of 

1950
01:42:09,600 --> 01:42:13,300
sleeping in, welcome to the 
Bronze Age, when getting a good 

1951
01:42:13,300 --> 01:42:15,900
night's sleep was about as 
reliable as your wife during a 

1952
01:42:15,900 --> 01:42:18,700
thunderstorm. 
You'd think that after a long 

1953
01:42:18,708 --> 01:42:22,100
day of hacking away at Copper 
veins deep underground, these 

1954
01:42:22,100 --> 01:42:24,800
ancient miners would collapse 
into bed, like, exhausted 

1955
01:42:24,800 --> 01:42:28,400
teenagers but here's where 
things get interesting and a 

1956
01:42:28,400 --> 01:42:31,500
little weird These were not your
typical nine-to-five workers. 

1957
01:42:31,500 --> 01:42:34,500
They had sleep patterns, that 
would make a modern sleep, 

1958
01:42:34,500 --> 01:42:37,100
specialist scratch their head 
and possibly recommend therapy. 

1959
01:42:37,800 --> 01:42:40,700
Picture this. 
You're a Bronze Age Miner named.

1960
01:42:40,700 --> 01:42:44,200
Well, let's call you copper arm.
Name was simpler back then, 

1961
01:42:44,200 --> 01:42:47,400
you've just spent 12 hours 
underground in what can only be 

1962
01:42:47,400 --> 01:42:50,900
described as a very expensive, 
cave breathing air, that would 

1963
01:42:50,900 --> 01:42:53,200
make a coal plant jealous and 
your back. 

1964
01:42:53,200 --> 01:42:56,600
Feels like you've been carrying 
a mammoth uphill naturally, 

1965
01:42:56,600 --> 01:42:59,800
you'd want to sleep for about 14
hours straight, but in Stead 

1966
01:42:59,800 --> 01:43:02,800
your lying on your straw bed 
staring at the ceiling, which is

1967
01:43:02,800 --> 01:43:05,600
probably just more straw, 
completely unable to drift off. 

1968
01:43:07,100 --> 01:43:08,600
Your mind is racing with 
thoughts. 

1969
01:43:08,600 --> 01:43:11,400
Like did I remember to shore up 
that tunnel? 

1970
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:15,200
And was that creaking sound? 
The Mind settling, or is it 

1971
01:43:15,208 --> 01:43:18,300
about to become my tomb? 
These weren't exactly the kind 

1972
01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:20,900
of counting sheep, thoughts that
lead to Peaceful slumber. 

1973
01:43:22,400 --> 01:43:24,600
The Bronze Age, mining 
communities are discovered 

1974
01:43:24,600 --> 01:43:26,400
something that modern science is
only. 

1975
01:43:26,400 --> 01:43:29,700
Now catching up to when your 
daily survival depends on not 

1976
01:43:29,700 --> 01:43:32,700
being crushed by tons of rock. 
Your brain doesn't exactly 

1977
01:43:32,700 --> 01:43:35,000
embrace the concept of letting 
its guard down. 

1978
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:39,100
Sleep became this strange dance 
between exhaustion and Hyper 

1979
01:43:39,100 --> 01:43:42,100
vigilance like trying to nap 
while riding a roller coaster. 

1980
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:46,500
What's fascinating is how these 
ancient miners adapted, they 

1981
01:43:46,500 --> 01:43:49,600
didn't have sleep studies, or 
melatonin and supplements or 

1982
01:43:49,600 --> 01:43:52,300
those white noise machines. 
That sound like, gentle rain but

1983
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:54,600
somehow cost more than your 
monthly coffee budget. 

1984
01:43:55,400 --> 01:43:58,400
Instead, they develop their own 
peculiar strategies that were 

1985
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:01,700
part practical part 
superstitions and entirely 

1986
01:44:01,700 --> 01:44:04,100
human. 
Some miners would sleep in 

1987
01:44:04,100 --> 01:44:06,100
shifts? 
Not because they were working 

1988
01:44:06,100 --> 01:44:09,000
around the clock, but because 
they discovered that sleeping 

1989
01:44:09,000 --> 01:44:10,900
alone. 
Made every little sound feel 

1990
01:44:10,900 --> 01:44:14,200
like, impending doom. 
So, they rotate, who was on 

1991
01:44:14,200 --> 01:44:16,600
watch. 
He even while sleeping taking 

1992
01:44:16,600 --> 01:44:18,700
turns, being the designated 
light sleeper. 

1993
01:44:19,500 --> 01:44:21,800
It was like having a buddy 
system for unconsciousness. 

1994
01:44:22,800 --> 01:44:25,300
Others developed what we might 
call preparation rituals. 

1995
01:44:25,300 --> 01:44:27,100
That would make your bed time 
routine. 

1996
01:44:27,100 --> 01:44:29,400
Look, minimalist, they'd spend 
an hour. 

1997
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:32,000
Arranging their Tools in 
specific patterns around their 

1998
01:44:32,000 --> 01:44:35,400
sleeping area, not for easy 
access, but because the familiar

1999
01:44:35,400 --> 01:44:37,600
ritual helped calm their 
overactive Minds. 

2000
01:44:38,300 --> 01:44:40,900
Imagine explaining to your 
spouse that you need to arrange 

2001
01:44:40,900 --> 01:44:44,200
your laptop, coffee mug, and 
reading glasses in a perfect 

2002
01:44:44,208 --> 01:44:46,400
triangle before you can possibly
fall asleep. 

2003
01:44:47,900 --> 01:44:51,700
But perhaps the most intriguing 
adaptation was how these miners 

2004
01:44:51,700 --> 01:44:54,700
learn to embrace what we'd Now 
call fragmented sleep. 

2005
01:44:55,500 --> 01:44:58,000
Instead of fighting their 
tendency to wake up every few 

2006
01:44:58,000 --> 01:45:00,100
hours in a panic. 
They built their rest around it.

2007
01:45:00,100 --> 01:45:03,200
They'd sleep for a few hours. 
Wake up naturally. 

2008
01:45:03,200 --> 01:45:05,700
Usually convince something 
terrible was about to happen. 

2009
01:45:06,600 --> 01:45:09,800
Spend an hour or two doing quiet
activities like mending tools or

2010
01:45:09,800 --> 01:45:11,900
planning. 
The next day's work, then settle

2011
01:45:11,900 --> 01:45:13,500
back down for another sleep 
cycle. 

2012
01:45:13,500 --> 01:45:17,900
This wasn't insomnia, it was 
evolution in action, their 

2013
01:45:17,900 --> 01:45:20,400
bodies and Minds were adapting 
to a lifestyle that required 

2014
01:45:20,400 --> 01:45:22,400
constant alertness. 
Even during rest. 

2015
01:45:22,400 --> 01:45:25,400
They were literally rewiring, 
their sleep patterns to match 

2016
01:45:25,400 --> 01:45:28,400
their dangerous profession, 
creating a survival strategy 

2017
01:45:28,400 --> 01:45:32,000
disguised as a sleep disorder. 
And you thought your habit of 

2018
01:45:32,008 --> 01:45:34,300
checking your phone at 2 a.m. 
was problematic. 

2019
01:45:34,300 --> 01:45:36,700
Now, here's where the story 
takes a turn that would make 

2020
01:45:36,700 --> 01:45:39,000
your afternoon coffee break. 
Look like Child's Play. 

2021
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:42,800
You see these Bronze Age miners 
are discovered something that 

2022
01:45:42,800 --> 01:45:45,400
modern workplace efficiency 
experts are still trying to 

2023
01:45:45,400 --> 01:45:48,500
figure out the Strategic 
underground nap. 

2024
01:45:49,300 --> 01:45:51,100
Picture yourself back in Copper 
arms. 

2025
01:45:51,100 --> 01:45:54,100
Well worn boots. 
Deep in a mine shaft, that's lit

2026
01:45:54,100 --> 01:45:56,500
by oil lamps that flicker more 
than your grandmother's old 

2027
01:45:56,500 --> 01:45:59,700
television. 
The air is thick, your muscles 

2028
01:45:59,700 --> 01:46:01,500
ache. 
And you've been swinging that 

2029
01:46:01,500 --> 01:46:05,400
bronze pickaxe for hours. 
Logic would suggest that the 

2030
01:46:05,400 --> 01:46:07,300
last thing you'd want to do is 
fall asleep. 

2031
01:46:07,300 --> 01:46:10,700
Surrounded by unstable rock 
walls and toxic fumes. 

2032
01:46:11,600 --> 01:46:15,300
But logic, as you're about to 
discover wasn't exactly the mine

2033
01:46:15,300 --> 01:46:18,500
as strong suit. 
These crafty underground workers

2034
01:46:18,500 --> 01:46:21,100
had figured out that a 
well-timed 20 minute nap in the 

2035
01:46:21,100 --> 01:46:24,000
depths of the mine could be the 
difference between productive 

2036
01:46:24,000 --> 01:46:26,900
afternoon, digging an 
accidentally pickaxe in your own

2037
01:46:26,900 --> 01:46:30,600
foot. 
But here's the catch and this is

2038
01:46:30,600 --> 01:46:32,000
where things get delightfully 
weird. 

2039
01:46:32,000 --> 01:46:34,200
They couldn't just curl up 
anywhere. 

2040
01:46:34,200 --> 01:46:38,000
Oh no, that would be two easy 
underground napping. 

2041
01:46:38,000 --> 01:46:41,800
Had rules serious rules. 
The kind of rules that would 

2042
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:43,900
make your office Handbook look 
like grocery list. 

2043
01:46:44,700 --> 01:46:48,000
First, you have to find what 
they called a singing spot a 

2044
01:46:48,000 --> 01:46:50,200
place in the mine where the 
Acoustics were just right. 

2045
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:54,700
Not too echoey which meant 
unstable Rock, not too muffled, 

2046
01:46:54,700 --> 01:46:58,300
which could mean dangerous gas 
Pockets, but just right, like 

2047
01:46:58,300 --> 01:47:00,300
some sort of geological 
Goldilocks situation. 

2048
01:47:01,300 --> 01:47:04,400
These spots were highly covered 
and miners would actually trade 

2049
01:47:04,400 --> 01:47:07,600
shifts and rations for access to
the premium napping locations. 

2050
01:47:08,600 --> 01:47:12,200
Imagine the workplace politics 
this in tin beard will give you 

2051
01:47:12,200 --> 01:47:14,100
my extra bread ration and cover 
your morning shift. 

2052
01:47:14,100 --> 01:47:17,000
If you let me have the Tuesday 2
p.m. slot in the good sleeping 

2053
01:47:17,000 --> 01:47:20,400
Alcove, it was like booking a 
conference room except the 

2054
01:47:20,400 --> 01:47:22,800
stakes for your sanity and the 
conference room could 

2055
01:47:22,800 --> 01:47:25,900
potentially collapse on you. 
But the weirdness doesn't stop 

2056
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:28,900
there. 
These miners had a buddy system 

2057
01:47:28,900 --> 01:47:30,800
for underground napping. 
That was part. 

2058
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:34,500
Safety protocol part 
Superstition, one person would 

2059
01:47:34,500 --> 01:47:37,800
sleep while another kept watch, 
not for cavins or dangerous 

2060
01:47:37,800 --> 01:47:42,200
gases, but for what they called,
The Dream Thieves, Now, before 

2061
01:47:42,200 --> 01:47:45,000
you start picturing, some sort 
of Bronze Age, sleep Bandit, 

2062
01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:47,400
sneaking around stealing dreams.
Let me explain. 

2063
01:47:48,900 --> 01:47:51,300
The miners believed that 
sleeping underground could lead 

2064
01:47:51,300 --> 01:47:54,400
to prophetic dreams about the 
location of Rich all vains. 

2065
01:47:55,100 --> 01:47:57,400
These dreams were considered. 
So, valuable that there were 

2066
01:47:57,400 --> 01:48:00,400
actual cases of minors, trying 
to steal each other's sleeping 

2067
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:03,100
spots to intercept these 
geological Visions. 

2068
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:06,800
It was like corporate Espionage,
but with more dirt and fewer 

2069
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:10,300
PowerPoint presentations, the 
watching partner had a specific 

2070
01:48:10,300 --> 01:48:12,600
job. 
If A sleeping minor started 

2071
01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:15,000
mumbling about copper or tin or 
gold in their sleep. 

2072
01:48:15,000 --> 01:48:18,700
The Watcher was supposed to 
memorize every word some watches

2073
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:20,900
even developed their own 
shorthand for recording. 

2074
01:48:20,900 --> 01:48:24,400
These drowsy proclamations. 
Imagine waking up from your nap 

2075
01:48:24,400 --> 01:48:26,800
to find your co-worker 
frantically scribbling notes 

2076
01:48:26,800 --> 01:48:29,900
about your sleep talking 
session, You said something 

2077
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:33,100
about shiny veins near the 
singing water your partner would

2078
01:48:33,100 --> 01:48:35,700
whisper urgently. 
Do you remember what that means 

2079
01:48:35,700 --> 01:48:39,800
and you'd be standing there 
still groggy trying to figure 

2080
01:48:39,800 --> 01:48:42,800
out if you just solve the minds 
productivity problems or if 

2081
01:48:42,800 --> 01:48:44,800
you'd simply been dreaming about
your lunch again. 

2082
01:48:45,500 --> 01:48:48,600
The really fascinating part is 
that this system actually 

2083
01:48:48,600 --> 01:48:52,800
worked, not because the dreams 
were genuinely prophetic, but 

2084
01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:55,600
because the process of sleeping 
underground, had actually 

2085
01:48:55,600 --> 01:48:58,800
trained these miners to be 
incredibly observant about 

2086
01:48:58,800 --> 01:49:02,900
subtle geological signs. 
Their subconscious Minds were 

2087
01:49:02,900 --> 01:49:05,100
processing details, they'd 
noticed during their waking 

2088
01:49:05,100 --> 01:49:07,600
hours. 
Slight changes in rock color 

2089
01:49:07,600 --> 01:49:11,300
variations in airflow, unusual, 
sounds or echoes. 

2090
01:49:12,300 --> 01:49:15,000
So when they dreamed about 
promising locations, they were 

2091
01:49:15,000 --> 01:49:17,200
actually accessing a kind of 
intuitive knowledge. 

2092
01:49:17,200 --> 01:49:20,200
They built up through months or 
years of underground experience.

2093
01:49:20,200 --> 01:49:23,800
It was like having a geological 
GPS system, Powered By REM, 

2094
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:27,200
sleep, and Bronze Age intuition,
but here's the mildly stressful 

2095
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:28,500
part that would keep you on 
edge. 

2096
01:49:28,500 --> 01:49:30,700
Not everyone's dreams were 
welcome. 

2097
01:49:30,700 --> 01:49:34,500
If a minors underground naps, 
consistently led to dry holes or

2098
01:49:34,508 --> 01:49:37,100
dangerous cave-ins. 
They'd be banned from the good 

2099
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:39,800
sleeping spots. 
Imagine the pressure of knowing 

2100
01:49:39,800 --> 01:49:42,300
that your dream quality could 
affect your career prospects. 

2101
01:49:43,300 --> 01:49:45,100
Performance reviews were 
literally based on your 

2102
01:49:45,100 --> 01:49:48,400
subconscious performance. 
Sorry copper arm but your last 

2103
01:49:48,400 --> 01:49:51,100
three dream tips led us to Solid
Rock and a small flood. 

2104
01:49:51,100 --> 01:49:54,300
Your relegated to the noisy 
alcove near the ventilation 

2105
01:49:54,300 --> 01:49:56,900
shaft. 
Until further notice it was like

2106
01:49:56,900 --> 01:49:58,600
being demoted for your sleep 
performance. 

2107
01:49:58,600 --> 01:50:01,800
Talk about workplace, stress 
following, you into your dreams.

2108
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:04,900
You'd think that people who 
spent their days in near total 

2109
01:50:04,900 --> 01:50:08,500
darkness would relish the 
opportunity to sleep in actual 

2110
01:50:08,500 --> 01:50:11,800
comfortable. 
Darkness, but Bronze Age miners 

2111
01:50:11,800 --> 01:50:15,600
as your beginning to understand 
weren't exactly conventional in 

2112
01:50:15,600 --> 01:50:19,100
their approach to rest and 
relaxation instead of embracing 

2113
01:50:19,100 --> 01:50:21,100
the darkness. 
They turned bedtime into what 

2114
01:50:21,100 --> 01:50:23,300
can only be described as a 
competitive sport? 

2115
01:50:23,300 --> 01:50:27,400
Unlike most competitive Sports 
it was simultaneously ridiculous

2116
01:50:27,400 --> 01:50:30,000
and intensely serious. 
Picture this. 

2117
01:50:30,900 --> 01:50:32,500
You're back in your straw filled
Hut. 

2118
01:50:32,500 --> 01:50:35,400
After another day of 
underground, Adventures of 

2119
01:50:35,400 --> 01:50:37,800
Simply lying down and closing 
your eyes like a reasonable 

2120
01:50:37,800 --> 01:50:40,200
person. 
You're participating in what the

2121
01:50:40,200 --> 01:50:42,700
mining Community called Darkness
challenges. 

2122
01:50:42,700 --> 01:50:45,700
These weren't official 
competitions with prizes and 

2123
01:50:45,700 --> 01:50:48,000
ceremonies. 
They were the kind of informal 

2124
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:51,100
contest that emerge when people 
have too much time, too much 

2125
01:50:51,108 --> 01:50:53,800
stress and not nearly enough 
entertainment options. 

2126
01:50:55,300 --> 01:50:57,900
The basic concept was simple. 
See. 

2127
01:50:57,900 --> 01:51:00,700
Who could fall asleep? 
Fastest in complete darkness. 

2128
01:51:01,500 --> 01:51:04,400
But like everything else in 
Bronze Age, mining culture, the 

2129
01:51:04,400 --> 01:51:06,300
execution was wonderfully 
complicated. 

2130
01:51:07,300 --> 01:51:11,000
First there were the preparation
rituals each Miner had their own

2131
01:51:11,000 --> 01:51:13,800
Priestly routine that they swore
was the key to Rapid 

2132
01:51:13,800 --> 01:51:16,400
unconsciousness. 
Some would count their breathing

2133
01:51:16,400 --> 01:51:20,300
in specific patterns, not the 
gentle 478 breathing, you might 

2134
01:51:20,308 --> 01:51:23,600
have learned in yoga class but 
intense mathematical sequences 

2135
01:51:23,600 --> 01:51:25,700
that would make your high school
algebra teacher proud. 

2136
01:51:26,600 --> 01:51:29,300
Others would mentally catalog 
every tool in their collection, 

2137
01:51:29,300 --> 01:51:32,700
every support beam in their 
section of the mine, every 

2138
01:51:32,700 --> 01:51:36,300
Pebble in their daily path. 
One popular technique involved, 

2139
01:51:36,300 --> 01:51:39,700
what they called, reverse mining
mentally digging their way out 

2140
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:42,700
of the mine tunnel by tunnel 
from their deepest point to the 

2141
01:51:42,700 --> 01:51:44,800
surface. 
It was like counting sheep 

2142
01:51:44,800 --> 01:51:47,400
except the Sheep would 
geological formations and the 

2143
01:51:47,408 --> 01:51:50,900
counting could take hours. 
But here's where the competitive

2144
01:51:50,900 --> 01:51:54,000
element kicked in miners, would 
actually time each other's 

2145
01:51:54,000 --> 01:51:56,600
descent into sleep. 
They'd use water clocks. 

2146
01:51:56,600 --> 01:51:59,800
Basically, ancient hourglasses 
filled with water instead of 

2147
01:51:59,808 --> 01:52:02,900
sand to measure who could 
achieve unconsciousness most 

2148
01:52:02,900 --> 01:52:05,700
efficiently. 
The current record holder in 

2149
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:07,800
most communities was usually 
treated with the kind of 

2150
01:52:07,808 --> 01:52:09,700
respect, we might reserve for 
Olympic athletes. 

2151
01:52:09,700 --> 01:52:13,200
Did you hear Stone George fell 
asleep in under three drips? 

2152
01:52:13,200 --> 01:52:15,700
Last night? 
Three drips, I can barely get 

2153
01:52:15,700 --> 01:52:19,200
comfortable in under 10. 
This Timing System led to all 

2154
01:52:19,200 --> 01:52:22,700
sorts of creative strategies. 
Some miners, would deliberately 

2155
01:52:22,700 --> 01:52:25,900
exhaust themselves during the 
day performing, extra tasks or 

2156
01:52:25,900 --> 01:52:29,100
taking on additional shifts 
thinking that extreme fatigue 

2157
01:52:29,100 --> 01:52:32,300
would guarantee rapid sleep. 
Others went the opposite 

2158
01:52:32,300 --> 01:52:34,300
direction. 
Trying to achieve the perfect 

2159
01:52:34,300 --> 01:52:37,100
balance of tiredness without 
Crossing into that overtired 

2160
01:52:37,100 --> 01:52:40,300
zone where your brain starts 
acting like a caffeinated 

2161
01:52:40,300 --> 01:52:43,000
squirrel. 
The really dedicated competitors

2162
01:52:43,000 --> 01:52:44,900
developed. 
What we might recognize as early

2163
01:52:44,900 --> 01:52:47,800
meditation techniques. 
They'd spend their evening hours

2164
01:52:47,800 --> 01:52:51,200
practicing what they called. 
Mind darkening, essentially 

2165
01:52:51,200 --> 01:52:54,100
training, their thoughts to slow
down and Fade to Black on 

2166
01:52:54,100 --> 01:52:56,800
command. 
It was mindfulness meditation 

2167
01:52:56,800 --> 01:52:59,700
disguised as a sleep competition
and it actually worked 

2168
01:52:59,700 --> 01:53:02,200
surprisingly well, but then 
there were the cheaters. 

2169
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:05,200
Oh yes, even Bronze Age, 
sleeping competitions, had their

2170
01:53:05,200 --> 01:53:07,400
scandals, some miners would 
secretly. 

2171
01:53:07,400 --> 01:53:10,700
Consume fermented beverages 
before the challenge figuring 

2172
01:53:10,700 --> 01:53:13,100
that alcohol induced. 
Drowsiness, should count as 

2173
01:53:13,100 --> 01:53:16,600
legitimate sleep speed. 
Others would claim they'd fallen

2174
01:53:16,600 --> 01:53:18,100
asleep when they were actually 
just lying. 

2175
01:53:18,100 --> 01:53:19,800
Very still with their eyes 
closed. 

2176
01:53:19,800 --> 01:53:23,600
Hoping the time keeper wouldn't 
notice the difference there were

2177
01:53:23,600 --> 01:53:26,100
heated debates about whether 
these tactics were within the 

2178
01:53:26,100 --> 01:53:29,400
spirit of the competition. 
That's not real sleep. 

2179
01:53:29,400 --> 01:53:32,900
Copper arm, real sleep means 
dream activity. 

2180
01:53:32,900 --> 01:53:36,400
You were just pretending 
Provence tooth. 

2181
01:53:36,400 --> 01:53:38,600
He can't measure dreams with a 
water clock. 

2182
01:53:38,600 --> 01:53:41,800
These arguments would sometimes 
go on for hours, which kind of 

2183
01:53:41,808 --> 01:53:44,500
defeated the entire purpose of a
rapid sleep competition. 

2184
01:53:45,300 --> 01:53:47,900
The most elaborate cheating 
scheme involved miners, who 

2185
01:53:47,900 --> 01:53:50,200
would practice falling asleep 
during their lunch breaks? 

2186
01:53:50,900 --> 01:53:53,200
Essentially training for the 
evening competitions, like, 

2187
01:53:53,200 --> 01:53:55,000
athletes preparing for the 
Olympics. 

2188
01:53:55,000 --> 01:53:57,300
They'd find quiet spots in the 
mine. 

2189
01:53:57,300 --> 01:54:00,000
Set up their own Timing Systems 
and work on. 

2190
01:54:00,000 --> 01:54:02,800
Perfecting this sleep on set 
technique during workout hours. 

2191
01:54:03,700 --> 01:54:05,800
This led to the sum. 
What's stressful situation, 

2192
01:54:05,800 --> 01:54:08,200
where supervisors had to watch 
for minors? 

2193
01:54:08,200 --> 01:54:09,600
Who were two good at falling 
asleep? 

2194
01:54:09,600 --> 01:54:12,800
If you could dose off too 
quickly during the day, you 

2195
01:54:12,800 --> 01:54:15,600
might be suspected of practicing
for the evening competitions, 

2196
01:54:15,600 --> 01:54:18,100
instead of focusing on your 
actual job. 

2197
01:54:19,500 --> 01:54:20,900
Why were you able to fall 
asleep? 

2198
01:54:20,900 --> 01:54:24,200
So fast during lunch break in 
hand, the you training, for 

2199
01:54:24,200 --> 01:54:26,300
tonight's Darkness challenge, 
when you should be thinking 

2200
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:30,000
about copper extraction. 
Imagine having to defend your 

2201
01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:32,900
natural sleepiness as evidence 
that you weren't being 

2202
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:36,200
competitive about bedtime, it 
was like being too good at 

2203
01:54:36,200 --> 01:54:40,600
relaxation for your own good. 
The competitions also created an

2204
01:54:40,600 --> 01:54:44,400
unexpected side effect miners 
became incredibly sensitive to 

2205
01:54:44,400 --> 01:54:47,600
sleep disruption. 
Snoring neighbor, a creaking 

2206
01:54:47,600 --> 01:54:49,900
roof beam or an unusually active
Mouse. 

2207
01:54:49,900 --> 01:54:52,400
Could completely ruin your 
competitive sleep time. 

2208
01:54:53,400 --> 01:54:55,600
This led to elaborate 
pre-competition rituals 

2209
01:54:55,600 --> 01:54:58,600
involving soundproofing attempts
neighbor, negotiations. 

2210
01:54:58,600 --> 01:55:01,800
And what can only be described 
as Bronze Age, White Noise 

2211
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:04,900
machines, usually involving 
controlled water dripping, or 

2212
01:55:04,900 --> 01:55:07,500
rhythmic tool tapping. 
And just when you thought it 

2213
01:55:07,500 --> 01:55:10,700
could not get more complicated, 
the community started developing

2214
01:55:10,700 --> 01:55:13,700
seasonal, variations of the 
challenges with different rules 

2215
01:55:13,700 --> 01:55:15,700
for winter. 
Sleeping vs, Summer, sleeping 

2216
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:18,900
New Moon vs. 
Full moon Knights and pre-mining

2217
01:55:18,900 --> 01:55:22,300
vs, post mining sleep, 
session's, There was the kind of

2218
01:55:22,300 --> 01:55:25,700
thing that started as simple fun
and evolved into a complex 

2219
01:55:25,700 --> 01:55:28,300
subculture with its own rules 
strategies, and social 

2220
01:55:28,300 --> 01:55:32,200
hierarchies, because apparently 
even sleep needed to be 

2221
01:55:32,200 --> 01:55:35,200
optimized for maximum efficiency
and competitive advantage. 

2222
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:38,700
Who knew Bronze Age, miners, 
were the original life hackers? 

2223
01:55:38,700 --> 01:55:41,400
Just when you thought Bronze 
Age, sleep habits, couldn't get 

2224
01:55:41,400 --> 01:55:43,700
any stranger. 
We encounter what might be the 

2225
01:55:43,700 --> 01:55:47,400
most peculiar phenomenon of all 
the singing sleepers. 

2226
01:55:48,200 --> 01:55:51,400
And no, this isn't about minors.
Who hummed lullabies to help 

2227
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:54,300
themselves drift off, though? 
That would be charmingly normal 

2228
01:55:54,300 --> 01:55:55,700
compared to what actually 
happened. 

2229
01:55:56,400 --> 01:55:58,100
You're lying in your Bronze Age 
bed. 

2230
01:55:58,100 --> 01:56:01,400
Remember, it's still that pile 
of straw, that's definitely seen

2231
01:56:01,400 --> 01:56:03,600
better days. 
And from somewhere in the 

2232
01:56:03,600 --> 01:56:07,100
darkness, comes a sound that's 
part Melody part moan and 

2233
01:56:07,100 --> 01:56:10,700
entirely mysterious. 
It's your neighbor bronzebeard 

2234
01:56:10,700 --> 01:56:14,000
engaging in what the mining 
Community called sleeping. 

2235
01:56:14,900 --> 01:56:17,800
A phenomenon that was part 
medical condition parts, social 

2236
01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:21,000
ritual, an entirely fascinating 
to everyone who witnessed it. 

2237
01:56:21,800 --> 01:56:24,400
Sleeping wasn't like the 
occasional snoring or sleep 

2238
01:56:24,400 --> 01:56:25,800
talking that you might be 
familiar with. 

2239
01:56:26,700 --> 01:56:30,300
These were not random mumbles or
unconscious vocalizations the 

2240
01:56:30,300 --> 01:56:32,700
singing sleepers. 
Produced, elaborate melodic 

2241
01:56:32,700 --> 01:56:36,400
compositions, while completely 
unconscious often lasting for 

2242
01:56:36,400 --> 01:56:39,400
hours, and featuring complex 
harmonies that they couldn't 

2243
01:56:39,400 --> 01:56:43,500
reproduce while awake the weird 
part as if it wasn't weird 

2244
01:56:43,500 --> 01:56:46,400
enough or ready. 
The song seemed to follow the 

2245
01:56:46,400 --> 01:56:50,000
rhythm of mining, The Melodies 
matched, the tempo of pickaxe. 

2246
01:56:50,000 --> 01:56:52,400
Swing's. 
The harmonies echoed, the sound 

2247
01:56:52,400 --> 01:56:55,500
of copper being separated from 
Stone and the overall 

2248
01:56:55,500 --> 01:56:59,100
compositions had a distinctly 
geological quality that somehow 

2249
01:56:59,100 --> 01:57:01,200
made perfect sense if you'd 
spent enough time on 

2250
01:57:01,200 --> 01:57:04,500
Underground, Imagine trying to 
explain this to your modern, 

2251
01:57:04,500 --> 01:57:07,800
sleep specialist. 
Well, doctor I seem to be 

2252
01:57:07,800 --> 01:57:11,000
composing symphonies in my 
sleep, but only ones that sound 

2253
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:13,900
like mining equipment. 
And I can't remember any of it 

2254
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:17,200
when I wake up. 
The mining communities didn't 

2255
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:19,400
treat this as a medical Oddity 
to be cured. 

2256
01:57:19,400 --> 01:57:21,800
They embraced it, as a form of 
entertainment. 

2257
01:57:21,800 --> 01:57:25,500
And in some cases Divine 
communication families would 

2258
01:57:25,500 --> 01:57:27,900
actually adjust their sleeping 
arrangements to be closer to 

2259
01:57:27,900 --> 01:57:30,200
their household, sleep singer, 
and neighbors. 

2260
01:57:30,200 --> 01:57:33,500
Would sometimes request specific
songs by leaving symbolic 

2261
01:57:33,500 --> 01:57:37,000
objects near the singers bed. 
Wanna hear the copper vein 

2262
01:57:37,000 --> 01:57:40,100
Discovery song, Leave a small 
piece of copper or by the 

2263
01:57:40,100 --> 01:57:43,700
sleeper's head hoping for the 
safe journey underground Melody.

2264
01:57:44,900 --> 01:57:47,400
Mining tool placed just so much,
do the trick. 

2265
01:57:47,400 --> 01:57:50,700
It was like having a prehistoric
Duke box that operated on 

2266
01:57:50,700 --> 01:57:54,700
unconscious request fulfillment.
but here's where things got 

2267
01:57:54,700 --> 01:57:57,700
mildly stressful, for the 
sleeping as themselves, they 

2268
01:57:57,700 --> 01:58:00,300
started feeling performance 
pressure, even while unconscious

2269
01:58:01,200 --> 01:58:04,000
Some singers reported anxiety 
dreams about not producing good 

2270
01:58:04,000 --> 01:58:07,200
enough, nocturnal, concerts, or 
nightmares about forgetting The 

2271
01:58:07,200 --> 01:58:09,200
Melodies, their communities had 
come to expect. 

2272
01:58:10,100 --> 01:58:13,000
Bronzebeard might wake up 
feeling exhausted, not from 

2273
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:16,300
physical labor, but from the 
cycle, pressure of being the 

2274
01:58:16,300 --> 01:58:18,800
neighborhood primary source of 
nighttime entertainment. 

2275
01:58:19,700 --> 01:58:22,600
Imagine the responsibility of 
knowing that your Sleep Quality 

2276
01:58:22,600 --> 01:58:25,700
directly affected. 
Everyone else is enjoyment of 

2277
01:58:25,700 --> 01:58:28,600
their evening. 
Did you hear bronzebeard 

2278
01:58:28,600 --> 01:58:31,300
performance last night? 
Usually, his underground. 

2279
01:58:31,300 --> 01:58:34,400
Flooding song is much more, 
dramatic, I hope he's not coming

2280
01:58:34,400 --> 01:58:37,200
down with something the 
phenomenon created, its own 

2281
01:58:37,200 --> 01:58:40,200
social dynamics. 
Sleep, singers became informal 

2282
01:58:40,200 --> 01:58:43,100
Community leaders their 
unconscious musical choices, 

2283
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:46,700
influencing group decisions 
about mining locations, safety, 

2284
01:58:46,700 --> 01:58:49,200
protocols, and even 
interpersonal conflicts. 

2285
01:58:50,000 --> 01:58:52,400
If the sleep song featured, 
Harmony is about, avoiding a 

2286
01:58:52,400 --> 01:58:55,400
particular tunnel, the mining 
crew might genuinely consider 

2287
01:58:55,400 --> 01:58:58,600
changing their plans. 
It was like having a focus group

2288
01:58:58,600 --> 01:59:01,100
that operated entirely through 
dream state musical 

2289
01:59:01,100 --> 01:59:03,800
compositions. 
The Practical challenges were 

2290
01:59:03,800 --> 01:59:06,500
considerable, sleep. 
Singers, couldn't control their 

2291
01:59:06,500 --> 01:59:09,300
nocturnal performance is, which 
meant, they might launch into 

2292
01:59:09,300 --> 01:59:12,500
arousing mining Anthem just when
everyone else was trying to fall

2293
01:59:12,500 --> 01:59:15,500
asleep. 
This led to the development of 

2294
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:19,000
singer, schedule's informal 
agreements about when different 

2295
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:20,700
sleep singers would be allowed 
to perform. 

2296
01:59:21,600 --> 01:59:23,500
Bronzebeard gets the first part 
of the night. 

2297
01:59:23,500 --> 01:59:27,100
Copper voice takes the middle 
shift and Tin throwed handles, 

2298
01:59:27,100 --> 01:59:30,500
the pre-dawn slot That way 
everyone gets some quiet sleep 

2299
01:59:30,500 --> 01:59:34,100
time and some musical 
entertainment. but scheduling on

2300
01:59:34,100 --> 01:59:37,000
conscious performers is about as
reliable as predicting, the 

2301
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:40,100
weather using tea leaves, 
Singers would sometimes sleep 

2302
01:59:40,100 --> 01:59:42,800
through their designated 
performance Windows leaving 

2303
01:59:42,800 --> 01:59:46,100
their audiences disappointed. 
Other times they'd have 

2304
01:59:46,100 --> 01:59:48,900
particularly energetic, Knights 
and sing right through someone 

2305
01:59:48,900 --> 01:59:52,200
else's scheduled quiet time. 
The communities developed, 

2306
01:59:52,200 --> 01:59:55,900
surprisingly sophisticated ways 
to manage these challenges, some

2307
01:59:55,900 --> 01:59:59,000
groups are pointed sleep. 
Conductors people, whose job was

2308
01:59:59,000 --> 02:00:01,200
to gently influence. 
The singers performance is 

2309
02:00:01,200 --> 02:00:04,500
through subtle environmental 
cues, they'd adjust the 

2310
02:00:04,500 --> 02:00:08,000
temperature introduce specific 
sense, or create gentle 

2311
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:10,400
background sounds that might 
encourage certain types of 

2312
02:00:10,400 --> 02:00:12,900
songs. 
It was like being a DJ for 

2313
02:00:12,900 --> 02:00:15,500
unconscious performers, trying, 
to create the right atmosphere 

2314
02:00:15,500 --> 02:00:18,300
for the kind of musical dreaming
that would benefit the entire 

2315
02:00:18,300 --> 02:00:20,800
community. 
The most talented sleep 

2316
02:00:20,800 --> 02:00:23,500
conductors could allegedly 
influence, not just the style of

2317
02:00:23,508 --> 02:00:27,100
the songs that their content 
once songs about successful 

2318
02:00:27,100 --> 02:00:29,700
mining Ventures, create an 
environment that feels 

2319
02:00:29,700 --> 02:00:33,000
prosperous and secure need 
Melodies that would calm 

2320
02:00:33,000 --> 02:00:36,700
pre-mining, anxiety, focus on 
comfort and safety cues. 

2321
02:00:37,500 --> 02:00:40,800
Of course this system was about 
as reliable as you'd expect when

2322
02:00:40,800 --> 02:00:44,300
dealing with unconscious minds 
environmental manipulation and 

2323
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:47,700
Bronze Age Technology. 
Sleep conductors would spend 

2324
02:00:47,700 --> 02:00:50,600
hours preparing the perfect 
conditions for inspiring mining 

2325
02:00:50,600 --> 02:00:54,000
themed lullabies only to have 
their featured singer produced, 

2326
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:56,600
three hours of what sounded like
rocks, falling down a mountain. 

2327
02:00:57,600 --> 02:01:00,200
I specifically arranged 
everything to encourage the 

2328
02:01:00,200 --> 02:01:03,500
peaceful underground, Journey, 
composition, and instead we got 

2329
02:01:03,500 --> 02:01:05,700
four hours of avalanche in a 
copper mine. 

2330
02:01:05,700 --> 02:01:08,800
What am I doing wrong? 
The pressure on both singers and

2331
02:01:08,800 --> 02:01:10,900
conductors led to the 
development of backup 

2332
02:01:10,900 --> 02:01:14,500
Entertainment Systems, 
storytellers, musicians, and 

2333
02:01:14,500 --> 02:01:17,600
other performers who could fill 
in, when the sleeping didn't 

2334
02:01:17,600 --> 02:01:20,700
meet Community expectations. 
Because apparently even 

2335
02:01:20,700 --> 02:01:24,000
unconscious entertainment needed
under Studies by now, you've 

2336
02:01:24,000 --> 02:01:27,000
probably realized that Bronze 
Age miners had turned sleep into

2337
02:01:27,000 --> 02:01:29,700
something, resembling a complex,
logistical operation. 

2338
02:01:30,500 --> 02:01:32,800
But just when you think you've 
got a handle on their nocturnal 

2339
02:01:32,800 --> 02:01:36,300
peculiarities, we encounter what
might be their most ambitious 

2340
02:01:36,300 --> 02:01:39,100
sleep related in Innovation? 
The great sleep. 

2341
02:01:39,100 --> 02:01:43,400
Migration picture this your 
copper arm again and you've just

2342
02:01:43,400 --> 02:01:46,500
discovered that your usual 
sleeping spot that carefully 

2343
02:01:46,500 --> 02:01:49,600
chose and corner of your heart 
where the straw is just the 

2344
02:01:49,600 --> 02:01:52,800
right density of the roof 
doesn't leak, too much is no 

2345
02:01:52,800 --> 02:01:57,000
longer providing quality rest. 
Maybe the sleeping neighbor has 

2346
02:01:57,000 --> 02:01:59,500
changed their repertoire to 
something that sounds like 

2347
02:01:59,500 --> 02:02:00,500
rocks. 
Have an argument. 

2348
02:02:01,500 --> 02:02:04,600
Maybe the local Mouse population
has decided your sleeping area 

2349
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:07,700
is Prime real estate or maybe 
you've simply outgrown your 

2350
02:02:07,700 --> 02:02:09,800
current sleep environment. 
The way you might outgrow 

2351
02:02:09,800 --> 02:02:12,000
favorite coffee shop, that 
suddenly starts playing music, 

2352
02:02:12,000 --> 02:02:15,300
that makes your teeth hurt. 
The Logical solution would be to

2353
02:02:15,300 --> 02:02:17,200
adjust your sleeping 
Arrangements within your 

2354
02:02:17,200 --> 02:02:21,200
existing space, add more straw, 
negotiate with the neighbor 

2355
02:02:21,200 --> 02:02:25,400
declare war on the mice. 
But Bronze Age miners, as you've

2356
02:02:25,400 --> 02:02:28,400
learned weren't particularly 
interested in logical Solutions.

2357
02:02:28,400 --> 02:02:31,500
When creative ones were 
available, instead they 

2358
02:02:31,500 --> 02:02:34,800
developed a system of seasonal, 
sleep migration, that would make

2359
02:02:34,800 --> 02:02:38,600
modern minimalists weak with 
envy and digital Nomads nod with

2360
02:02:38,600 --> 02:02:41,300
understanding. 
The concept was beautifully. 

2361
02:02:41,300 --> 02:02:44,500
Simple, instead of trying to 
perfect one sleeping location, 

2362
02:02:44,500 --> 02:02:47,700
why not rotate through multiple 
sleeping spots throughout the 

2363
02:02:47,700 --> 02:02:49,700
year? 
Following optimal sleep 

2364
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:52,200
conditions, the way Birds 
follow, favorable weather 

2365
02:02:52,200 --> 02:02:55,500
patterns This wasn't just about 
Comfort, though. 

2366
02:02:55,500 --> 02:02:56,900
Comfort was certainly part of 
it. 

2367
02:02:57,600 --> 02:03:00,500
The miners had observed that 
different sleeping locations 

2368
02:03:00,500 --> 02:03:03,900
seem to produce different types 
of Dreams, different quality of 

2369
02:03:03,900 --> 02:03:06,900
rest, and different levels of 
preparation, for the next days 

2370
02:03:06,900 --> 02:03:10,000
underground work. 
Some places were better for deep

2371
02:03:10,000 --> 02:03:13,000
restorative sleep. 
Others seem to encourage the 

2372
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:16,400
kind of light alert, rest that 
kept you ready for unexpected 

2373
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:20,600
minor emergencies migration 
routes, were random mining 

2374
02:03:20,600 --> 02:03:23,500
communities developed elaborate 
maps of optimal, sleeping 

2375
02:03:23,500 --> 02:03:27,500
locations, complete with 
seasonal ratings, dream quality,

2376
02:03:27,500 --> 02:03:30,900
assessments, and detailed notes 
about environmental factors that

2377
02:03:30,900 --> 02:03:34,200
affected rest quality. 
The sleeping Alcove behind 

2378
02:03:34,200 --> 02:03:36,300
Stone. 
Jaws Hut is excellent for deep 

2379
02:03:36,300 --> 02:03:38,700
winter, rest, but avoid it 
during the rainy season. 

2380
02:03:38,700 --> 02:03:42,000
Unless you enjoy the sound of 
water dripping, directly onto 

2381
02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:46,400
your forehead, every 37 seconds,
the elevated platform near the 

2382
02:03:46,400 --> 02:03:48,000
mine. 
Entrance provides Superior 

2383
02:03:48,000 --> 02:03:51,400
ventilation for summer sleeping,
but the sunrise light makes it 

2384
02:03:51,400 --> 02:03:53,700
unsuitable. 
For anyone who values sleeping 

2385
02:03:53,700 --> 02:03:57,400
past Dawn, these sleep migration
Maps became highly valued 

2386
02:03:57,400 --> 02:04:00,600
Community Resources passed down 
through families and traded 

2387
02:04:00,600 --> 02:04:03,000
between mining settlements like 
Precious commodities. 

2388
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:06,500
The details sleep location guide
could be worth several days 

2389
02:04:06,500 --> 02:04:09,700
wages and experience sleep. 
Migrants were consulted like 

2390
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:13,400
travel advisors I'm thinking of 
trying the rocky outcrop near 

2391
02:04:13,400 --> 02:04:15,900
the Eastern, mine shaft from my 
Autumn sleep rotation. 

2392
02:04:16,700 --> 02:04:19,200
What's your assessment of the 
wind patterns and Road and 

2393
02:04:19,200 --> 02:04:22,400
activity in that area? 
The migration System created its

2394
02:04:22,400 --> 02:04:25,500
own social dynamics popular 
sleeping spots would become 

2395
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:29,200
overcrowded during Peak Seasons 
leading to reservation systems 

2396
02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:32,400
and waiting lists Prime. 
Locations might be booked months

2397
02:04:32,400 --> 02:04:35,500
in advance with minors planning,
their sleep, schedules around 

2398
02:04:35,500 --> 02:04:38,700
availability, rather than 
personal preference some 

2399
02:04:38,700 --> 02:04:41,000
entrepreneurs. 
Yes, Bronze Age, miners had 

2400
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:44,000
entrepreneurs started offering 
sleeping location, rental 

2401
02:04:44,000 --> 02:04:47,400
services, they'd Scout new 
spots, test them for optimal 

2402
02:04:47,400 --> 02:04:50,500
sleep conditions and then list 
them to other miners for premium

2403
02:04:50,500 --> 02:04:52,200
rates during high demand 
periods. 

2404
02:04:53,000 --> 02:04:55,300
For just three extra copper 
pieces per moon cycle. 

2405
02:04:55,300 --> 02:04:58,800
You can have guaranteed access 
to the sheltered Grove with the 

2406
02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:02,200
natural sound dampening and 
built in Morning, Sun alarm, no 

2407
02:05:02,200 --> 02:05:06,700
mice, no leaks, no snoring. 
Neighbors premium sleep location

2408
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:10,600
with a satisfaction guarantee. 
But the migration system also 

2409
02:05:10,600 --> 02:05:14,200
created, unexpected challenges 
miners would sometimes get so 

2410
02:05:14,200 --> 02:05:17,200
attached to particular seasonal 
sleeping spots that they'd 

2411
02:05:17,200 --> 02:05:20,200
refused to migrate when 
conditions change they'd 

2412
02:05:20,200 --> 02:05:21,800
stubbornly remain in some 
locations. 

2413
02:05:21,800 --> 02:05:24,900
Well into winter suffering 
through cold and discomfort 

2414
02:05:24,900 --> 02:05:27,100
rather than give up their 
favorite sleep environment. 

2415
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:32,200
This led to the development of 
migration counselors community 

2416
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:34,800
members who specialized in 
helping mine as make healthy 

2417
02:05:34,800 --> 02:05:37,500
transitions between seasonal, 
sleeping locations. 

2418
02:05:38,300 --> 02:05:40,600
They'd provide emotional support
for minors who are having 

2419
02:05:40,600 --> 02:05:43,900
trouble letting go of unsuitable
sleeping spots, and practical 

2420
02:05:43,900 --> 02:05:46,100
advice for adapting to new sleep
environments. 

2421
02:05:46,900 --> 02:05:49,500
I understand your attachment to 
the moss-covered boulder 

2422
02:05:49,500 --> 02:05:52,200
formation in tooth, but it's 
been flooding regularly for 

2423
02:05:52,200 --> 02:05:54,900
three weeks now. 
Perhaps it's time to consider 

2424
02:05:54,900 --> 02:05:58,300
the elevated platform option. 
We discussed the most dedicated 

2425
02:05:58,300 --> 02:06:01,400
sleep migrants would maintain 
detailed journals documenting 

2426
02:06:01,400 --> 02:06:03,400
their experiences in different 
locations. 

2427
02:06:03,400 --> 02:06:07,200
Noting factors like dream 
quality morning, energy levels 

2428
02:06:07,200 --> 02:06:09,200
and overall satisfaction 
ratings. 

2429
02:06:09,200 --> 02:06:13,000
These journals became valuable 
references for future migration 

2430
02:06:13,000 --> 02:06:15,700
planning and sometimes shared 
with other minors seeking 

2431
02:06:15,700 --> 02:06:19,200
optimal sleep Solutions. 
According to my records, the 

2432
02:06:19,200 --> 02:06:22,000
hollow tree sleeping spot. 
Provides excellent dream recall.

2433
02:06:22,000 --> 02:06:25,500
But poor next support, The cave 
entrance location offers 

2434
02:06:25,500 --> 02:06:28,100
superior protection from 
weather, but tends to produce 

2435
02:06:28,100 --> 02:06:32,100
anxiety dreams about cavan's. 
The meadow area is perfect for 

2436
02:06:32,100 --> 02:06:34,100
summer but becomes completely 
unsuitable. 

2437
02:06:34,100 --> 02:06:37,300
Once the seasonal flooding 
begins some miners took the 

2438
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:40,100
migration concept so seriously 
that they'd spend more time 

2439
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:43,100
traveling between sleeping 
locations and actually sleeping 

2440
02:06:43,100 --> 02:06:45,400
in them. 
They'd become so focused on 

2441
02:06:45,400 --> 02:06:48,300
finding the perfect sleep 
environment that they'd exhaust 

2442
02:06:48,300 --> 02:06:50,400
themselves with constant 
relocation Logistics. 

2443
02:06:51,400 --> 02:06:54,600
The communities eventually had 
to establish migration limits to

2444
02:06:54,600 --> 02:06:57,300
prevent minors from wearing 
themselves out with excessive 

2445
02:06:57,300 --> 02:07:00,200
sleep location optimization. 
Too much time. 

2446
02:07:00,200 --> 02:07:01,800
Spent searching for perfect 
rest. 

2447
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:04,800
Could actually cause worse 
Sleep, Quality than just 

2448
02:07:04,800 --> 02:07:08,300
settling for good enough. 
It was like the Bronze Age 

2449
02:07:08,300 --> 02:07:11,500
version of analysis paralysis, 
except instead of endless 

2450
02:07:11,500 --> 02:07:13,700
research about mattress types 
and thread counts. 

2451
02:07:13,700 --> 02:07:17,100
It involved geographical surveys
and seasonal weather pattern 

2452
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:20,200
analysis. 
And just when the system seemed 

2453
02:07:20,200 --> 02:07:23,200
to be working smoothly, some 
Innovative miners, started 

2454
02:07:23,200 --> 02:07:26,700
experimenting with micro 
migrations, changing, sleeping 

2455
02:07:26,700 --> 02:07:29,700
locations, multiple times within
a single night to optimize 

2456
02:07:29,700 --> 02:07:31,400
different phases of their sleep 
cycles. 

2457
02:07:32,300 --> 02:07:34,800
Because, apparently even 
migration needed to be optimized

2458
02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:37,600
for maximum efficiency. 
Now, we're approaching, what 

2459
02:07:37,600 --> 02:07:40,400
might be the most extraordinary 
aspect of Bronze Age mining 

2460
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:43,100
sleep culture? 
The systematic attempt to 

2461
02:07:43,100 --> 02:07:46,200
industrialize dreaming. 
Yes, you read that correctly. 

2462
02:07:46,200 --> 02:07:49,700
These ancient miners, tried to 
transform their dream lives into

2463
02:07:49,700 --> 02:07:52,600
a kind of underground think tank
and the results were equal 

2464
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:54,800
parts, brilliant and completely 
bonkers. 

2465
02:07:55,900 --> 02:07:58,200
Your settling into your current 
migration location. 

2466
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:00,500
Let's say it's the Early Autumn 
rotation. 

2467
02:08:00,500 --> 02:08:03,300
So you're probably in that nice 
spot near the stream with the 

2468
02:08:03,300 --> 02:08:06,100
natural Windbreak. 
And instead of Simply hoping for

2469
02:08:06,100 --> 02:08:09,400
good dreams your participating 
in what the mining Community 

2470
02:08:09,400 --> 02:08:13,100
called dream, crafting, This 
wasn't just about encouraging 

2471
02:08:13,100 --> 02:08:15,400
helpful dreams. 
It was about manufacturing, 

2472
02:08:15,400 --> 02:08:18,000
specific types of dreams for 
specific purposes. 

2473
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:21,800
The concept emerged from the 
observation that miners who 

2474
02:08:21,800 --> 02:08:24,900
dreamed about their work, often 
came up with Creative Solutions 

2475
02:08:24,900 --> 02:08:28,400
to underground challenges. 
Someone might dream about new 

2476
02:08:28,400 --> 02:08:31,300
way to shore, up unstable, 
tunnels or visualize a more 

2477
02:08:31,308 --> 02:08:34,300
efficient method for extracting 
ore from difficult veins. 

2478
02:08:35,300 --> 02:08:38,000
These work-related dreams seem 
to access a kind of problem 

2479
02:08:38,000 --> 02:08:40,500
solving capability that 
conscious Minds. 

2480
02:08:40,500 --> 02:08:43,800
Couldn't always achieve. 
Naturally mining communities 

2481
02:08:43,800 --> 02:08:47,700
decided to systematize this 
process dream crafting involves 

2482
02:08:47,700 --> 02:08:50,600
elaborate Priestly preparation. 
Rituals designed to encourage 

2483
02:08:50,600 --> 02:08:54,000
specific types of Dreams. 
Want to dream about finding new 

2484
02:08:54,000 --> 02:08:56,700
copper deposits spend. 
Your evening handling copper 

2485
02:08:56,700 --> 02:09:00,200
samples, studying geological 
formations and mentally 

2486
02:09:00,200 --> 02:09:03,400
rehearsing successful. 
Mining scenarios hoping for 

2487
02:09:03,400 --> 02:09:06,000
dreams that would solve 
Structural Engineering problems.

2488
02:09:06,000 --> 02:09:08,300
Focus. 
Your Priestly potential on 

2489
02:09:08,300 --> 02:09:11,500
support beams tunnel design and 
Architectural challenges. 

2490
02:09:11,500 --> 02:09:14,700
It was like programming your 
unconscious mind to work on 

2491
02:09:14,700 --> 02:09:16,200
specific projects while you 
slept. 

2492
02:09:17,200 --> 02:09:19,800
The community's developed 
specialized roles for dream 

2493
02:09:19,800 --> 02:09:23,200
crafting support. 
Dream preparers would help 

2494
02:09:23,200 --> 02:09:26,200
miners set up their Priestly 
environments with a propriate 

2495
02:09:26,200 --> 02:09:28,900
visual tactile and olfactory 
cues. 

2496
02:09:29,700 --> 02:09:32,700
Dream recorders will be standing
by when mine is woke up. 

2497
02:09:32,708 --> 02:09:36,000
Ready to capture and document 
any potentially useful dream 

2498
02:09:36,000 --> 02:09:37,900
content before it faded from 
memory. 

2499
02:09:39,100 --> 02:09:42,600
Quick copper arm your mumbling, 
something about Twisted Metal 

2500
02:09:42,600 --> 02:09:44,700
bindings and spiral support 
structures. 

2501
02:09:44,700 --> 02:09:47,400
Can you remember any details 
about the dream? 

2502
02:09:47,400 --> 02:09:50,400
And you'd be lying there, still 
half asleep trying to 

2503
02:09:50,400 --> 02:09:53,200
reconstruct a complex 
engineering Vision while someone

2504
02:09:53,200 --> 02:09:56,700
frantically takes notes about 
your drowsy mumbling, the most 

2505
02:09:56,700 --> 02:09:59,300
ambitious dream, crafting, 
experiments involved group 

2506
02:09:59,300 --> 02:10:02,600
dreaming sessions. 
Multiple miners would prepare to

2507
02:10:02,600 --> 02:10:05,800
sleep together, focusing on the 
same challenges and hoping to 

2508
02:10:05,800 --> 02:10:08,500
generate complementary dreams, 
that could be combined into 

2509
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:12,000
comprehensive Solutions. 
It was like forming a dream bass

2510
02:10:12,000 --> 02:10:15,200
research and development team. 
Tonight, we're all going to 

2511
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:18,500
focus on the flooding problem in
the Eastern tunnels bronzebeard,

2512
02:10:18,500 --> 02:10:20,300
you. 
Concentrate on drainage 

2513
02:10:20,300 --> 02:10:24,800
Solutions, tinh, Han focus on, 
waterproofing, materials, Stone 

2514
02:10:24,800 --> 02:10:27,500
jaw, see if you can dream up 
some kind of early warning 

2515
02:10:27,500 --> 02:10:30,800
system for water detection, the 
success rate for these group 

2516
02:10:30,800 --> 02:10:33,500
dreaming, projects was about 
what you'd expect when trying to

2517
02:10:33,500 --> 02:10:36,400
coordinate unconscious minds 
working on complex, technical 

2518
02:10:36,400 --> 02:10:38,900
problems. 
Occasionally the miners would 

2519
02:10:38,900 --> 02:10:41,500
awaken with Innovative 
complementary solutions that 

2520
02:10:41,500 --> 02:10:43,600
seamlessly Blended together like
a puzzle. 

2521
02:10:44,200 --> 02:10:46,200
More often. 
They produce a collection of 

2522
02:10:46,200 --> 02:10:49,900
unrelated dreams about fish 
childhood memories and that 

2523
02:10:49,900 --> 02:10:52,700
embarrassing incident with the 
pickaxe from three summers ago. 

2524
02:10:52,700 --> 02:10:55,900
But the occasional successes 
were impressive enough to keep 

2525
02:10:55,900 --> 02:10:58,800
the system going and some mining
communities became quite 

2526
02:10:58,800 --> 02:11:01,300
sophisticated in their dream, 
crafting techniques. 

2527
02:11:02,100 --> 02:11:04,900
They developed what we might 
recognize as early versions of 

2528
02:11:04,900 --> 02:11:07,900
lucid dreaming training, 
teaching minors to recognize 

2529
02:11:07,900 --> 02:11:10,700
when they were dreaming and to 
maintain some level of conscious

2530
02:11:10,700 --> 02:11:14,100
control over their dream, 
narratives the goal was to stay 

2531
02:11:14,100 --> 02:11:17,500
focused on work-related problem 
solving even while asleep. 

2532
02:11:19,100 --> 02:11:22,400
Remember when you realize your 
dreaming, don't get distracted 

2533
02:11:22,400 --> 02:11:26,000
by flying or other dream 
nonsense and focus on the tunnel

2534
02:11:26,000 --> 02:11:29,000
ventilation challenge. 
Use your dream state to 

2535
02:11:29,000 --> 02:11:31,900
visualize solutions that might 
not occur to your waking mind. 

2536
02:11:32,700 --> 02:11:35,500
This created some mildly 
stressful situations, where mine

2537
02:11:35,500 --> 02:11:37,400
is felt pressure to be 
productive even while 

2538
02:11:37,400 --> 02:11:40,400
unconscious. 
Imagine the anxiety of knowing 

2539
02:11:40,400 --> 02:11:43,100
that your sleep performance was 
being evaluated, not just for 

2540
02:11:43,100 --> 02:11:47,100
rest quality, but for Creative 
problem solving output, Sorry 

2541
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:49,200
everyone. 
My dreams last night were 

2542
02:11:49,200 --> 02:11:52,300
completely useless. 
I spent the whole time dreaming 

2543
02:11:52,300 --> 02:11:55,000
about a giant copper colored 
rabbit that kept giving me 

2544
02:11:55,000 --> 02:11:56,800
mining advice. 
That made no sense. 

2545
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:01,200
I don't think we can use dig 
tunnels like carrot Burrows as a

2546
02:12:01,200 --> 02:12:04,400
viable engineering strategy. 
The communities eventually had 

2547
02:12:04,400 --> 02:12:07,800
to establish dream failure, 
forgiveness policies, to prevent

2548
02:12:07,800 --> 02:12:10,800
minors from developing sleep 
anxiety, that would actually 

2549
02:12:10,800 --> 02:12:14,800
reduce their dream productivity.
Some of the most dedicated dream

2550
02:12:14,800 --> 02:12:17,200
Crafters started. 
Keeping detailed dream journals 

2551
02:12:17,200 --> 02:12:19,600
documenting. 
Not just the content of their 

2552
02:12:19,600 --> 02:12:22,700
dreams but the priest sleep 
preparation techniques that seem

2553
02:12:22,700 --> 02:12:24,300
to produce the most useful 
results. 

2554
02:12:24,300 --> 02:12:28,400
These journals became valuable 
Community Resources like recipe 

2555
02:12:28,400 --> 02:12:30,700
books for generating specific 
types of Dreams. 

2556
02:12:32,000 --> 02:12:35,000
For dreams about or quality 
assessment, I recommend spending

2557
02:12:35,000 --> 02:12:37,800
the evening examining different 
metal samples, while thinking 

2558
02:12:37,800 --> 02:12:41,500
about color, variations, and 
density testing, avoid eating 

2559
02:12:41,500 --> 02:12:45,000
fermented foods before sleep as 
they seem to introduce random 

2560
02:12:45,000 --> 02:12:47,400
elements that distract from 
metallurgical Focus. 

2561
02:12:48,300 --> 02:12:50,700
The most successful dream 
Crafters developed personal 

2562
02:12:50,700 --> 02:12:54,000
specializations becoming known 
for their ability to generate 

2563
02:12:54,000 --> 02:12:56,400
specific types of problem 
solving dreams. 

2564
02:12:57,300 --> 02:12:59,800
Some became Specialists and 
Structural Engineering dreams, 

2565
02:12:59,800 --> 02:13:02,500
others focused, on Geological, 
Survey dreams. 

2566
02:13:02,500 --> 02:13:05,700
And a few became known for their
uncanny ability to dream about 

2567
02:13:05,700 --> 02:13:08,900
workplace Safety Solutions. 
These Specialists would 

2568
02:13:08,900 --> 02:13:12,600
sometimes be consulted by other 
mining communities facing 

2569
02:13:12,600 --> 02:13:15,100
similar challenges. 
They traveled to different 

2570
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:18,300
settlements, learn about local 
mining problems, and then 

2571
02:13:18,300 --> 02:13:21,100
attempt to dream up solutions, 
that could be implemented by the

2572
02:13:21,100 --> 02:13:24,000
visiting Community. 
It was like having Bronze Age 

2573
02:13:24,000 --> 02:13:26,900
Consulting Services Powered By 
REM sleep, and unconscious 

2574
02:13:26,900 --> 02:13:29,700
creativity. 
But the system also produced 

2575
02:13:29,700 --> 02:13:32,900
some wonderfully unexpected 
results miners who were trying 

2576
02:13:32,900 --> 02:13:35,900
to dream about Technical 
Solutions would sometimes come 

2577
02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:38,500
up with Innovations and 
completely unrelated areas. 

2578
02:13:38,500 --> 02:13:41,700
Someone focusing on Tunnel 
support might dream up new food 

2579
02:13:41,700 --> 02:13:45,500
preservation techniques a minor 
concentrating on or extraction 

2580
02:13:45,500 --> 02:13:48,800
might wake up with ideas for 
improved textile manufacturing. 

2581
02:13:48,800 --> 02:13:51,700
The community started 
maintaining unexpected 

2582
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:55,600
Innovation logs to capture these
accidental discoveries leading 

2583
02:13:55,600 --> 02:13:58,200
to a kind of Bronze Age, 
cross-pollination of ideas 

2584
02:13:58,200 --> 02:14:00,100
between different Industries and
crafts. 

2585
02:14:00,700 --> 02:14:03,400
And just when the dream crafting
system seemed to be reaching 

2586
02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:06,600
Peak sophistication, some 
Innovative miners, started 

2587
02:14:06,600 --> 02:14:10,200
experimenting with dream trading
attempting to share their dreams

2588
02:14:10,200 --> 02:14:12,900
with other people through 
detailed storytelling and 

2589
02:14:12,900 --> 02:14:16,200
visualization exercises. 
This suggests that even 

2590
02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:19,400
unconscious, creativity required
optimization for maximum 

2591
02:14:19,400 --> 02:14:22,000
distribution and collaborative 
efficiency. 

2592
02:14:22,000 --> 02:14:25,200
As you're drifting towards sleep
in your modern bed, with your 

2593
02:14:25,200 --> 02:14:27,900
climate control and blackout 
curtains, and probably a dozen. 

2594
02:14:27,900 --> 02:14:30,200
Different apps designed to 
optimize your rest. 

2595
02:14:30,200 --> 02:14:33,300
It's worth considering what 
happened to all this Bronze Age.

2596
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:36,300
Sleep innovation did these 
elaborate systems simply 

2597
02:14:36,300 --> 02:14:39,200
disappear when mining techniques
evolved, or did they leave 

2598
02:14:39,200 --> 02:14:40,900
traces? 
That still influence, how we 

2599
02:14:40,900 --> 02:14:43,500
think about rest and dreams the 
answer. 

2600
02:14:43,500 --> 02:14:46,200
As you might expect is 
wonderfully complicated. 

2601
02:14:46,200 --> 02:14:49,500
Some of the Bronze Age, sleep 
practices evolved into 

2602
02:14:49,500 --> 02:14:51,800
Traditions that persisted for 
thousands of years. 

2603
02:14:52,700 --> 02:14:56,100
The concept of sleep migration, 
for instance, influenced, the 

2604
02:14:56,100 --> 02:14:58,600
development of seasonal living 
patterns, in many cultures. 

2605
02:14:58,600 --> 02:15:01,900
The idea that different 
environments produced different 

2606
02:15:01,900 --> 02:15:04,200
qualities of rest became 
embedded in. 

2607
02:15:04,200 --> 02:15:07,100
Various folk was in Traditions 
about optimal sleeping 

2608
02:15:07,100 --> 02:15:11,000
conditions, dream crafting 
techniques, found their way into

2609
02:15:11,000 --> 02:15:14,100
religious and spiritual 
practices were directed dreaming

2610
02:15:14,100 --> 02:15:17,600
became associated with Divine 
communication and prophetic 

2611
02:15:17,600 --> 02:15:20,900
vision, The systematic approach 
to dream incubation. 

2612
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:24,200
That Bronze Age miners developed
can be traced through various 

2613
02:15:24,200 --> 02:15:28,300
mystery, Traditions shamanic 
practices and even early medical

2614
02:15:28,300 --> 02:15:31,100
applications where dreams were 
used for Diagnostic purposes. 

2615
02:15:32,100 --> 02:15:34,800
the competitive aspects of 
Bronze Age, sleep culture 

2616
02:15:34,800 --> 02:15:37,600
evolved into more formal, 
sleep-related customs and 

2617
02:15:37,600 --> 02:15:40,900
ceremonies various cultures 
developed rituals around 

2618
02:15:40,900 --> 02:15:44,000
bedtime, Sleep Quality, 
assessment and dream sharing. 

2619
02:15:44,600 --> 02:15:47,600
The echo the miners systematic 
approach to rest optimization. 

2620
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:51,800
Perhaps the most significant 
Legacy was the fundamental idea 

2621
02:15:51,800 --> 02:15:55,200
that sleep could be actively 
managed and optimized rather 

2622
02:15:55,200 --> 02:15:59,000
than simply endured. 
Bronze Age, miners were among 

2623
02:15:59,000 --> 02:16:01,400
the first people to treat sleep 
as a skill that could be 

2624
02:16:01,408 --> 02:16:04,900
developed a resource. 
That could be managed and a tool

2625
02:16:04,900 --> 02:16:06,700
that could be used for specific 
purposes. 

2626
02:16:07,700 --> 02:16:10,400
This conceptual framework laid, 
the groundwork for later. 

2627
02:16:10,400 --> 02:16:14,100
Developments in sleep medicine, 
dream research, and what we, now

2628
02:16:14,100 --> 02:16:17,500
call Sleep hygiene. 
The miners recognized that 

2629
02:16:17,500 --> 02:16:21,200
environmental factors, social 
dynamics and psychological 

2630
02:16:21,200 --> 02:16:24,600
preparation, could dramatically 
affect Sleep Quality, which was 

2631
02:16:24,600 --> 02:16:26,700
remarkably sophisticated for its
time. 

2632
02:16:27,600 --> 02:16:29,900
There are understanding that 
different types of rests of 

2633
02:16:29,900 --> 02:16:33,000
different purposes. 
That deep sleep, light sleep, 

2634
02:16:33,000 --> 02:16:36,000
and various dreaming States. 
Each had distinct benefits 

2635
02:16:36,000 --> 02:16:39,400
predated modern sleep science by
thousands of years. 

2636
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:42,100
They were essentially conducting
primitive. 

2637
02:16:42,100 --> 02:16:45,900
Sleep studies using themselves 
as test subjects and developing 

2638
02:16:45,900 --> 02:16:48,000
practical applications for their
discoveries. 

2639
02:16:49,500 --> 02:16:52,200
The social aspects of their 
sleep Innovations were equally 

2640
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:55,799
influential the idea that 
individuals Sleep Quality could 

2641
02:16:55,799 --> 02:16:58,900
affect Community well-being, 
that sleep patterns could be 

2642
02:16:58,900 --> 02:17:02,299
coordinated for group benefit 
and that sleep related skills 

2643
02:17:02,299 --> 02:17:05,200
could be shared and taught 
became embedded in many 

2644
02:17:05,200 --> 02:17:07,700
cultures, approaches to rest and
Community Living. 

2645
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:11,200
Even some of their more unusual 
practices left lasting 

2646
02:17:11,200 --> 02:17:13,799
influences. 
The concept of sleep singing 

2647
02:17:13,799 --> 02:17:17,000
evolved into various traditional
lullaby practices and bedtime 

2648
02:17:17,000 --> 02:17:19,799
musical Customs. 
The idea of sleep location, 

2649
02:17:19,799 --> 02:17:23,000
optimization influenced 
architectural approaches to 

2650
02:17:23,000 --> 02:17:25,799
bedroom design and the 
development of sleeping spaces 

2651
02:17:25,799 --> 02:17:28,799
in different cultures. 
Their systematic approach to 

2652
02:17:28,799 --> 02:17:32,500
managing sleep-related anxiety, 
recognizing that worry about 

2653
02:17:32,500 --> 02:17:34,400
Sleep. 
Quality could actually interfere

2654
02:17:34,400 --> 02:17:37,000
with rest. 
Became a Cornerstone of later, 

2655
02:17:37,000 --> 02:17:39,100
therapeutic. 
Approaches to sleep disorders. 

2656
02:17:39,799 --> 02:17:41,799
Bronze Age, miners were 
essentially, practicing 

2657
02:17:41,799 --> 02:17:44,600
primitive cognitive behavioral 
therapy for Sleep problems. 

2658
02:17:44,600 --> 02:17:48,500
Perhaps most importantly, they 
established the precedent that 

2659
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:52,500
sleep was worth paying attention
to worth investing effort in and

2660
02:17:52,500 --> 02:17:55,200
worth treating as a serious 
aspect of human health and 

2661
02:17:55,200 --> 02:17:58,200
productivity. 
This wasn't just about getting 

2662
02:17:58,200 --> 02:18:00,500
enough rest. 
It was about getting the right 

2663
02:18:00,500 --> 02:18:03,799
kind of rest in the right 
environment with the right 

2664
02:18:03,808 --> 02:18:06,500
preparation and support systems 
modern sleep. 

2665
02:18:06,500 --> 02:18:09,600
Research continues to confirm 
many intuitive findings. 

2666
02:18:09,600 --> 02:18:12,900
We now know that sleep 
environments do significantly 

2667
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:16,799
affect risk, quality that social
factors can influence, sleep 

2668
02:18:16,799 --> 02:18:19,900
patterns, that pre-sleep 
routines, can improve sleep on 

2669
02:18:19,900 --> 02:18:23,100
set and quality, and that 
different types of sleep, serve 

2670
02:18:23,100 --> 02:18:25,299
different physiological, and 
psychological functions. 

2671
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:29,100
The Contemporary interest in 
sleep optimization sleep, 

2672
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:31,600
tracking and sleep-related 
wellness products. 

2673
02:18:31,600 --> 02:18:35,500
Reflects the same basic impulse 
that drove Bronze Age miners to 

2674
02:18:35,500 --> 02:18:37,900
develop their elaborate sleep 
Management Systems. 

2675
02:18:37,900 --> 02:18:42,000
We're still trying to solve the 
same fundamental challenge, how 

2676
02:18:42,000 --> 02:18:45,299
to get the kind of rest that 
sustains our demanding often 

2677
02:18:45,299 --> 02:18:48,700
stressful lives. 
Of course, we have advantages 

2678
02:18:48,700 --> 02:18:51,900
that Bronze Age miners could not
have imagined, we understand 

2679
02:18:51,900 --> 02:18:55,200
sleep physiology, we have 
effective treatments for sleep 

2680
02:18:55,200 --> 02:18:58,299
disorders and we can create 
sleep environments that are 

2681
02:18:58,299 --> 02:19:01,600
safer and more comfortable than 
anything available 4,000 years 

2682
02:19:01,600 --> 02:19:03,799
ago. 
But we may have lost some of 

2683
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:06,400
their wisdom, about the social 
and psychological aspects of 

2684
02:19:06,400 --> 02:19:09,200
sleep. 
The recognition that rest is not

2685
02:19:09,200 --> 02:19:13,299
just an individual activity, but
a community resource that Sleep 

2686
02:19:13,299 --> 02:19:16,000
Quality affects not just 
personal performance, but group 

2687
02:19:16,000 --> 02:19:19,299
well-being and that the journey 
towards sleep can be as 

2688
02:19:19,299 --> 02:19:22,600
important as the Sleep itself. 
Offers insights that remain 

2689
02:19:22,600 --> 02:19:25,500
relevant today. 
As you settle into your sleep 

2690
02:19:25,500 --> 02:19:28,500
routine tonight, your 
participating in a tradition 

2691
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:31,600
that stretches back to those 
ancient copper miners, who 

2692
02:19:31,600 --> 02:19:35,100
refused to accept poor sleep as 
an inevitable part of difficult 

2693
02:19:35,100 --> 02:19:37,600
work. 
They understood something that 

2694
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:40,799
we're still learning. 
The good sleep is not a luxury, 

2695
02:19:40,799 --> 02:19:45,100
but a necessity, not a passive 
experience, but an active skill 

2696
02:19:45,100 --> 02:19:48,700
and not just about rest. 
But about preparing for whatever

2697
02:19:48,700 --> 02:19:52,800
challenges tomorrow might bring 
Their legacy lives on in every 

2698
02:19:52,800 --> 02:19:55,500
person who takes time to create 
a comfortable sleep environment,

2699
02:19:55,500 --> 02:19:59,100
who developed bed time routines 
that work for their individual 

2700
02:19:59,100 --> 02:20:02,500
needs and who recognizes that? 
Rest is an investment in 

2701
02:20:02,500 --> 02:20:05,900
productivity and well-being 
rather than time lost from more 

2702
02:20:05,900 --> 02:20:10,000
important activities. 
So tonight as you adjust your 

2703
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:12,400
pillow and settle into your 
carefully, chose and sleep 

2704
02:20:12,400 --> 02:20:14,900
position. 
Your honoring thousands of years

2705
02:20:14,900 --> 02:20:16,900
of human innovation in the art 
of rest. 

2706
02:20:17,700 --> 02:20:20,200
You're the beneficiary of 
countless generations of people 

2707
02:20:20,200 --> 02:20:22,900
who refuse to accept that sleep 
was simply something that 

2708
02:20:22,900 --> 02:20:25,700
happened to them rather than 
something they could actively 

2709
02:20:25,700 --> 02:20:28,700
improve. 
Your memory foam mattress and 

2710
02:20:28,700 --> 02:20:31,400
your smartphone sleep tracking 
apps would probably amazed the 

2711
02:20:31,408 --> 02:20:34,300
Bronze Age miners, but they'd 
immediately understand your 

2712
02:20:34,300 --> 02:20:36,800
desire to optimize your rest for
tomorrow's challenges. 

2713
02:20:37,600 --> 02:20:40,400
They'd recognize the familiar 
human impulse to turn even 

2714
02:20:40,400 --> 02:20:43,900
unconsciousness into an 
opportunity for improvement and 

2715
02:20:43,900 --> 02:20:47,300
innovation. 
And maybe in their honor, you 

2716
02:20:47,300 --> 02:20:49,800
could take a moment to 
appreciate, not just the sleep, 

2717
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:52,500
you're about to enjoy. 
But all the creativity, 

2718
02:20:52,500 --> 02:20:56,600
experimentation and stubborn 
determination that made it 

2719
02:20:56,608 --> 02:20:59,300
possible. 
From their underground napping 

2720
02:20:59,300 --> 02:21:01,700
experiments to your white noise 
machine by the bed. 

2721
02:21:01,700 --> 02:21:04,700
It's all part of the same 
ongoing human project. 

2722
02:21:05,700 --> 02:21:08,200
Quest for rest that truly 
restores. 

2723
02:21:09,100 --> 02:21:13,700
Sweet dreams, the Bronze Age, 
miners would be proud of how far

2724
02:21:13,700 --> 02:21:16,400
we've come and how much we still
have in common with those 

2725
02:21:16,400 --> 02:21:18,400
ancient Seekers of perfect 
sleep. 

2726
02:21:18,400 --> 02:21:21,400
After all some things, never 
change. 

2727
02:21:21,400 --> 02:21:24,000
We all just want to wake up 
feeling like we can face 

2728
02:21:24,000 --> 02:21:27,100
whatever the day might throw at 
us, whether it's a dangerous 

2729
02:21:27,100 --> 02:21:29,100
mine shaft or a challenging 
Monday morning. 

2730
02:21:29,100 --> 02:21:33,500
And in that Universal desire for
restorative, rest were connected

2731
02:21:33,500 --> 02:21:36,700
across thousands of years to 
those ingenious sleep, obsessed 

2732
02:21:36,700 --> 02:21:40,000
miners, who turned bedtime into 
an art form and dreaming into a 

2733
02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:43,800
collaborative Enterprise rest. 
Well, knowing your part of a 

2734
02:21:43,800 --> 02:21:46,500
very long tradition of people 
who take their sleep seriously 

2735
02:21:46,500 --> 02:21:48,900
and aren't afraid to get 
creative about it. 

2736
02:21:55,100 --> 02:21:57,800
Have you ever noticed that? 
Sometimes a person you get along

2737
02:21:57,800 --> 02:22:00,500
with begins to make small 
demands that appear reasonable. 

2738
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:04,100
This was Britain's relationship 
with the American colonies after

2739
02:22:04,100 --> 02:22:07,300
1763. 
Britain had just finished the 

2740
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:10,300
French and Indian War which 
sounded like a war between two 

2741
02:22:10,300 --> 02:22:11,900
groups. 
But was more like a neighborhood

2742
02:22:11,900 --> 02:22:15,800
brawl that involved most of the 
world, the British won which was

2743
02:22:15,800 --> 02:22:18,400
great for English speakers but 
disastrous for the French. 

2744
02:22:18,400 --> 02:22:22,600
However winning wars is costly. 
Britain reviewed its bank 

2745
02:22:22,600 --> 02:22:25,900
account as if it were a credit 
card statement, following an 

2746
02:22:25,900 --> 02:22:27,400
extravagant holiday shopping 
spree. 

2747
02:22:28,100 --> 02:22:30,900
Britain knew who should pay for 
all those muskets and fancy 

2748
02:22:30,900 --> 02:22:33,500
uniforms. 
Meanwhile, the colonists saw 

2749
02:22:33,500 --> 02:22:36,500
their lives as reasonable. 
Everyone would mind their own 

2750
02:22:36,500 --> 02:22:38,800
business as they sent tobacco 
and other Goods across the 

2751
02:22:38,800 --> 02:22:41,000
ocean. 
Britain sent back tea and 

2752
02:22:41,008 --> 02:22:43,900
manufactured goods. 
It was akin to a prosperous 

2753
02:22:43,900 --> 02:22:47,000
long-distance partnership. 
Britain then became involved in 

2754
02:22:47,000 --> 02:22:51,800
the daily details of trade, the 
Sugar Act of 1764 taxed, 

2755
02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:55,200
molasses and sugar. 
You may Wonder What's the big 

2756
02:22:55,200 --> 02:22:58,700
deal about sugar taxes? 
However, glasses was not only 

2757
02:22:58,700 --> 02:23:01,800
used in cookies, lassis played a
crucial role in the production 

2758
02:23:01,800 --> 02:23:04,800
of rum, which was considered the
most valuable commodity in the 

2759
02:23:04,800 --> 02:23:08,500
Colonial economy. 
Taxing molasses was like taxing 

2760
02:23:08,500 --> 02:23:10,900
happiness. 
The colonists grumbled about the

2761
02:23:10,908 --> 02:23:12,600
tax, but believed it would be 
temporary. 

2762
02:23:12,600 --> 02:23:16,900
The Stamp Act of 1765 required, 
tax stamps on, almost all 

2763
02:23:16,900 --> 02:23:21,200
Colonial paper, By newspaper 
stamp Duty need a will. 

2764
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:24,108
Stamp Duty. 
Are you enjoying a game of 

2765
02:23:24,116 --> 02:23:25,500
cards? 
It's stamped attacks. 

2766
02:23:26,400 --> 02:23:28,600
Britain seemed to believe that 
the abundance of trees was 

2767
02:23:28,600 --> 02:23:30,400
excessive and required 
regulation. 

2768
02:23:30,400 --> 02:23:33,000
The colonists had a 
philosophical disagreement with 

2769
02:23:33,000 --> 02:23:36,300
the arrangement which made 
things fascinating they'd been 

2770
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:39,300
managing themselves. 
Well, but now someone 3,000 

2771
02:23:39,300 --> 02:23:41,400
miles away was telling them how 
to spend their money. 

2772
02:23:41,400 --> 02:23:44,000
It would be like your distant 
cousin rearranging your 

2773
02:23:44,000 --> 02:23:45,600
furniture because they helped 
you move. 

2774
02:23:46,400 --> 02:23:48,900
Britain's response to no 
taxation without representation 

2775
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:53,400
was but we're representing you. 
We're British your British. 

2776
02:23:53,400 --> 02:23:58,100
It's all very British and 
representational. this logic, 

2777
02:23:58,100 --> 02:24:01,100
didn't convince colonists when 
two people argue about one 

2778
02:24:01,100 --> 02:24:05,000
thing, but are upset about 
another things escalate The 

2779
02:24:05,000 --> 02:24:10,300
Townshend Acts of 1767 text T, 
Paint paper and glass. 

2780
02:24:11,100 --> 02:24:14,600
By now Britain was taxing so 
much that colonists wanted if 

2781
02:24:14,600 --> 02:24:17,200
breathing was next. 
The colonial response of 

2782
02:24:17,200 --> 02:24:19,600
boycotting British goods. 
Worked better than expected 

2783
02:24:19,600 --> 02:24:21,900
British. 
Merchants suddenly found their 

2784
02:24:21,900 --> 02:24:25,500
warehouses filled with unwanted 
items such as 40 pounds of 

2785
02:24:25,500 --> 02:24:28,900
potato salad, left over from a 
party that had no guests. 

2786
02:24:29,800 --> 02:24:33,200
Tension was so high in 1770. 
That a knife could cut them. 

2787
02:24:34,000 --> 02:24:37,100
British soldiers kept ordering 
colonial cities, but armed 

2788
02:24:37,100 --> 02:24:41,000
Soldiers, made people nervous 
hiring about your book club may 

2789
02:24:41,000 --> 02:24:44,000
be technically beneficial, but 
it can significantly alter the 

2790
02:24:44,000 --> 02:24:47,100
atmosphere. 
The Boston Massacre occurred in 

2791
02:24:47,100 --> 02:24:50,500
March 1770, but calling it a 
massacre is like, calling a 

2792
02:24:50,500 --> 02:24:53,100
small accident, a major 
transportation disaster. 

2793
02:24:53,800 --> 02:24:56,000
British soldiers. 
Shooting into a crowd, killed 

2794
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:59,300
five colonists. 
Tragic and unnecessary, but not 

2795
02:24:59,300 --> 02:25:02,500
a systematic Slaughter. 
However, it gave the colonists, 

2796
02:25:02,500 --> 02:25:05,700
something to be upset about and 
anger is a powerful organizing 

2797
02:25:05,700 --> 02:25:07,900
Force. 
You're probably seeing how the 

2798
02:25:07,900 --> 02:25:10,600
story will end, but we're just 
beginning after the Boston 

2799
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:13,900
Massacre, Britain considered 
retreating to maintain dignity 

2800
02:25:13,900 --> 02:25:16,500
in this relationship, they 
repealed most of the Townshend 

2801
02:25:16,500 --> 02:25:20,500
Acts keeping only the tea tax. 
It was akin to expressing regret

2802
02:25:20,500 --> 02:25:23,400
over a disagreement yet. 
Asserting triumph over a minor 

2803
02:25:23,408 --> 02:25:25,700
issue. 
A couple of years were quiet, 

2804
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:27,800
Britain. 
Resumed pretending the empire 

2805
02:25:27,800 --> 02:25:30,200
was running smoothly while the 
colonists returned to their 

2806
02:25:30,200 --> 02:25:33,300
daily lives. 
The situation, resembled a state

2807
02:25:33,300 --> 02:25:36,400
of artificial Tranquility, as 
everyone chose to overlook the 

2808
02:25:36,400 --> 02:25:39,300
pressing issue of Taxation, 
which was disguised by a 

2809
02:25:39,300 --> 02:25:41,100
powdered wig, and held strong 
opinions. 

2810
02:25:42,000 --> 02:25:46,600
In 1773 Britain, committed a 
strategic era, but it was more 

2811
02:25:46,600 --> 02:25:50,500
akin to making a blind decision.
The British East India Company, 

2812
02:25:50,500 --> 02:25:54,300
monopolized Colonial tails under
the Tea Act making tea cheaper 

2813
02:25:54,300 --> 02:25:57,200
for consumers. 
One might assume that cheaper 

2814
02:25:57,200 --> 02:25:59,100
tea would be popular, but that 
was not the case. 

2815
02:25:59,100 --> 02:26:02,200
Principal not price was the 
issue. 

2816
02:26:02,900 --> 02:26:06,000
Local Merchants complete removal
from the TV business presented 

2817
02:26:06,000 --> 02:26:07,500
colonists with a promising 
future. 

2818
02:26:08,500 --> 02:26:10,500
What prevented Britain from 
monopolizing? 

2819
02:26:10,500 --> 02:26:13,400
Everything else if they could 
monopolize tea, it was like 

2820
02:26:13,400 --> 02:26:15,900
watching someone rearrange your 
furniture while claiming to 

2821
02:26:15,900 --> 02:26:18,500
help. 
The colonial response was Swift 

2822
02:26:18,500 --> 02:26:21,300
and either brilliantly 
theatrical or completely insane.

2823
02:26:22,500 --> 02:26:26,900
On December the 16th 1773 
colonists dressed as Native 

2824
02:26:26,900 --> 02:26:29,200
Americans. 
Boarded, British ships in Boston

2825
02:26:29,200 --> 02:26:33,200
Harbor and dumped 342 chests of 
tea into the water. 

2826
02:26:33,200 --> 02:26:37,800
Their action was culturally 
insensitive and unconvincing the

2827
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:40,900
Boston Tea Party was likely the 
most expensive tantrum ever 

2828
02:26:40,900 --> 02:26:44,900
Boston Harbor, briefly held the 
world's largest cup of weak tea 

2829
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:49,500
worth one point seven million 
dollars today, Grins response to

2830
02:26:49,500 --> 02:26:52,500
this aquatic protest was typical
of someone who just seen their 

2831
02:26:52,500 --> 02:26:54,600
expensive tea turned into 
Harbor, seasoning. 

2832
02:26:55,300 --> 02:26:57,300
King George, the third, and 
Parliament, decided, 

2833
02:26:57,300 --> 02:27:00,400
Massachusetts needed manners, 
and were the ones to teach them.

2834
02:27:01,100 --> 02:27:03,900
Britain's Intolerable Acts of 
1774 said. 

2835
02:27:04,600 --> 02:27:07,900
You want to act like children? 
Fine will treat you like 

2836
02:27:07,900 --> 02:27:10,700
children. 
They grounded a city by closing.

2837
02:27:10,700 --> 02:27:14,200
Boston Harbor until the tea was 
paid for instead of colonial 

2838
02:27:14,200 --> 02:27:16,400
courts. 
British officials accused of 

2839
02:27:16,408 --> 02:27:20,000
crime would be tried in Britain 
which was like saying from now 

2840
02:27:20,000 --> 02:27:22,900
on when we break the rules will 
judge ourselves. 

2841
02:27:23,800 --> 02:27:26,900
The Quebec Act passed around the
same time, extended Quebec's 

2842
02:27:26,900 --> 02:27:29,000
borders into the Ohio Valley 
annoying. 

2843
02:27:29,000 --> 02:27:32,400
Most American colonists, Britain
seemed to have thought, you know

2844
02:27:32,408 --> 02:27:34,500
what? 
This needs more complications. 

2845
02:27:35,300 --> 02:27:38,100
However, Britain's plan 
backfired almost poetically. 

2846
02:27:38,800 --> 02:27:41,300
Instead of isolating 
Massachusetts and making an 

2847
02:27:41,300 --> 02:27:44,400
example of them, the Intolerable
Act warned other colonies. 

2848
02:27:44,400 --> 02:27:47,100
They could follow. 
It was akin to observing the 

2849
02:27:47,100 --> 02:27:48,600
neighborhood, bully Target, one 
child. 

2850
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:52,000
And suddenly recognizing that 
you could be the subsequent 

2851
02:27:52,000 --> 02:27:54,100
victim. 
At the First Continental 

2852
02:27:54,100 --> 02:27:57,100
Congress in Philadelphia in 
September 1774. 

2853
02:27:57,100 --> 02:28:01,200
Delegates from 12 colonies. 
Georgia was undecided discussed 

2854
02:28:01,200 --> 02:28:04,100
their options. 12 groups of 
people agreeing on. 

2855
02:28:04,100 --> 02:28:07,000
Anything is difficult. 
Let alone, 12 groups, spread 

2856
02:28:07,000 --> 02:28:09,600
across 1000 miles of 18th 
century, Transportation 

2857
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:13,100
infrastructure, the Congress 
stopped importing and exporting 

2858
02:28:13,100 --> 02:28:16,400
Colonial Goods to Britain. 
They also agreed to meet again, 

2859
02:28:16,400 --> 02:28:19,800
if things didn't improve 
politely saying, were serious 

2860
02:28:19,800 --> 02:28:22,200
about this and will prove it by 
having more meetings. 

2861
02:28:22,200 --> 02:28:25,600
Colonists were organizing 
militias which should have 

2862
02:28:25,600 --> 02:28:29,000
worried Britain more than it did
farmers shopkeepers and 

2863
02:28:29,000 --> 02:28:31,800
blacksmiths spent their weekends
learning to march in straight 

2864
02:28:31,800 --> 02:28:34,400
lines and shoot muskets 
accurately. 

2865
02:28:35,200 --> 02:28:37,300
The militia movement was 
practical and psychological. 

2866
02:28:37,300 --> 02:28:40,100
It meant colonists were ready to
defend themselves. 

2867
02:28:40,100 --> 02:28:43,600
It was a big, mental shift to 
think of themselves as people 

2868
02:28:43,600 --> 02:28:46,000
who might need to defend 
themselves against their own 

2869
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:50,800
government. by 1774 written and 
the American colonies were 

2870
02:28:50,800 --> 02:28:54,800
stockpiling weapons and making 
grievance lists If This Were a 

2871
02:28:54,800 --> 02:28:57,800
marriage lawyers would be 
involved, you're familiar with 

2872
02:28:57,800 --> 02:29:00,500
the moment when someone uttered 
something they cannot retract 

2873
02:29:00,500 --> 02:29:04,400
and everything shifts within the
argument, it happened on April, 

2874
02:29:04,400 --> 02:29:09,400
19th, 1775 in two small, 
Massachusetts towns that most 

2875
02:29:09,400 --> 02:29:11,700
people in Britain, and the 
American colonies had never 

2876
02:29:11,700 --> 02:29:14,200
heard of General Thomas. 
Gage. 

2877
02:29:14,200 --> 02:29:17,200
The British commander in Boston 
was ordered to suppress the 

2878
02:29:17,200 --> 02:29:20,100
colonial Rebellion by seizing 
weapons and arresting the 

2879
02:29:20,100 --> 02:29:22,300
leaders. 
He took a leisurely evening. 

2880
02:29:22,300 --> 02:29:25,300
Stroll with 700 of his closest 
friends to retrieve the 

2881
02:29:25,308 --> 02:29:28,800
colonists military supplies from
Concord 20 miles from Boston, 

2882
02:29:28,800 --> 02:29:32,900
the plan was simple marched to 
Concord at night grabbed. 

2883
02:29:32,900 --> 02:29:35,600
The weapon's, arrest, Samuel 
Adams, and John Hancock. 

2884
02:29:35,600 --> 02:29:37,400
If they were there and return 
for breakfast. 

2885
02:29:38,400 --> 02:29:41,300
It was the kind of plan that 
looks great on paper but falls 

2886
02:29:41,300 --> 02:29:44,500
apart and practice. 
Colonists had a fantastic 

2887
02:29:44,500 --> 02:29:48,700
neighborhood watch system, Paul 
Revere, William Dawes and other 

2888
02:29:48,700 --> 02:29:52,400
Riders patrolled the countryside
to warn of the British Revere's 

2889
02:29:52,400 --> 02:29:54,500
midnight. 
Ride is legendary but he was 

2890
02:29:54,500 --> 02:29:57,500
captured halfway to Concord 
proving that even famous 

2891
02:29:57,500 --> 02:29:59,700
historical events. 
Don't always go as planned. 

2892
02:30:00,500 --> 02:30:03,200
British troops arrived at 
Lexington, at Sunrise to 

2893
02:30:03,200 --> 02:30:06,100
discover 70, Colonial militiamen
on the Village, Green. 

2894
02:30:07,000 --> 02:30:10,600
The militia was armed but 
outnumbered making this a tense,

2895
02:30:10,600 --> 02:30:13,000
Neighbourhood dispute rather 
than a military conflict. 

2896
02:30:13,800 --> 02:30:17,008
Who fired the first Lexington, 
shot is unknown, it could have 

2897
02:30:17,016 --> 02:30:20,700
been a British soldier, a 
colonial militiamen or a musket 

2898
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:23,900
accident which happened more 
often than you'd think with 18th

2899
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:26,200
century Firearms. 
We know that eight colonists 

2900
02:30:26,200 --> 02:30:29,100
died and one British soldier was
wounded after the smoke cleared.

2901
02:30:29,800 --> 02:30:32,700
British troops continued to 
Concord where things improved 

2902
02:30:32,700 --> 02:30:35,100
initially. 
They managed to move most of the

2903
02:30:35,100 --> 02:30:38,900
valuable military supplies, but 
they also destroyed some their 

2904
02:30:38,900 --> 02:30:40,600
day went awry when they returned
to Boston. 

2905
02:30:41,500 --> 02:30:43,700
The colonial militia kept busy 
while the British search 

2906
02:30:43,700 --> 02:30:47,000
concurred with word of the 
Lexington fighting spreading 

2907
02:30:47,000 --> 02:30:49,700
militia units. 
Converge from all directions. 

2908
02:30:49,700 --> 02:30:53,000
The British and countered the 
Concord militia, as well as 

2909
02:30:53,000 --> 02:30:55,700
nearby farmers and shopkeepers 
armed with muskets who then 

2910
02:30:55,700 --> 02:30:58,000
fled. 
The Retreat from Concord to 

2911
02:30:58,000 --> 02:31:01,800
Boston became a day long battle 
the British founded on sporting 

2912
02:31:01,800 --> 02:31:04,900
for the colonial militia to hide
behind trees and stonewalls 

2913
02:31:04,900 --> 02:31:08,800
shooted officers and not line up
in Need for Nations to be shot 

2914
02:31:08,800 --> 02:31:12,400
at It was like a game where the 
other side changed the rules, 

2915
02:31:12,400 --> 02:31:17,200
the British limped back into 
Boston, with 273 casualties to 

2916
02:31:17,200 --> 02:31:19,900
95. 
Colonial losses, more 

2917
02:31:19,900 --> 02:31:22,200
importantly, they learn. 
That Colonial militia were 

2918
02:31:22,200 --> 02:31:25,300
different from European armies. 
The colonists didn't understand 

2919
02:31:25,300 --> 02:31:28,400
that war should be gentlemanly. 
The colonies heard Lexington, 

2920
02:31:28,400 --> 02:31:31,000
and Concord news faster than 
small town gossip. 

2921
02:31:31,700 --> 02:31:34,300
Connecticut and New Hampshire, 
militia marched toward Boston 

2922
02:31:34,300 --> 02:31:37,000
within days. 
The British were besieged in 

2923
02:31:37,000 --> 02:31:41,400
their own stronghold which was 
unexpected in May 1775. 

2924
02:31:41,400 --> 02:31:45,400
The second continental congress 
met in Philadelphia and faced a 

2925
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:49,200
simpler, but more complicated 
situation than the first since 

2926
02:31:49,200 --> 02:31:52,200
the shooting had begun, they 
didn't have to debate armed 

2927
02:31:52,200 --> 02:31:55,200
resistance's legitimacy. 
They were running a war without 

2928
02:31:55,200 --> 02:31:58,800
realizing it, making it more 
complicated Congress appointed a

2929
02:31:58,800 --> 02:32:02,100
committee as politicians do in 
confusing situations. 

2930
02:32:02,100 --> 02:32:05,300
They appointed several 
committees but the most 

2931
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:08,400
important one organized, the 
colonial military forces into an

2932
02:32:08,400 --> 02:32:11,000
army. 
After some debate, they chose 

2933
02:32:11,000 --> 02:32:13,500
George Washington. 
A Virginia planter with military

2934
02:32:13,500 --> 02:32:16,200
experience. 
And a good horse. washing 

2935
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:18,300
Washington accepted the 
appointment with The Reluctant 

2936
02:32:18,300 --> 02:32:21,900
Grace politicians have perfected
since But he didn't feel 

2937
02:32:21,900 --> 02:32:24,900
qualified for the job, but would
do his best was either humility 

2938
02:32:24,900 --> 02:32:28,500
or political theater. 
Probably both the Battle of 

2939
02:32:28,508 --> 02:32:32,300
Bunker Hill in June 1775, showed
that Colonial forces could 

2940
02:32:32,300 --> 02:32:35,300
defeat professional British 
troops with good defense and 

2941
02:32:35,300 --> 02:32:38,000
enough ammunition. 
After inflicting heavy 

2942
02:32:38,000 --> 02:32:41,700
casualties on the British, the 
colonists retreated, the defeat 

2943
02:32:41,700 --> 02:32:44,700
that felt like a victory was 
exactly what colonial morale 

2944
02:32:44,700 --> 02:32:47,000
needed. 
The American colonies were in 

2945
02:32:47,000 --> 02:32:50,400
open Rebellion against Britain 
by 1775, though. 

2946
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:53,800
Nobody wanted to call it that? 
Admitting you've made a big 

2947
02:32:53,800 --> 02:32:57,600
decision can be harder than 
choosing it in early. 1776. 

2948
02:32:57,600 --> 02:33:00,600
The American colonies were 
fighting Britain organizing 

2949
02:33:00,600 --> 02:33:03,300
their own government and 
printing their own money, but 

2950
02:33:03,300 --> 02:33:04,800
they were still trying to 
reconcile. 

2951
02:33:04,800 --> 02:33:07,700
It was like someone who moved 
out of their parents house, got 

2952
02:33:07,700 --> 02:33:10,900
a new apartment and started a 
new job but insist their staying

2953
02:33:10,900 --> 02:33:12,800
with friends and until things 
work out at home. 

2954
02:33:12,800 --> 02:33:17,100
In January, 1776, Thomas, Paine 
published Common Sense. 

2955
02:33:17,100 --> 02:33:19,000
And said, what everyone was 
thinking? 

2956
02:33:20,000 --> 02:33:22,800
In the 18th century, most 
political writing sounded like 

2957
02:33:22,800 --> 02:33:24,200
it was meant to put people to 
sleep. 

2958
02:33:24,200 --> 02:33:27,200
But pain could explain complex 
political ideas in simple 

2959
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:30,700
language Common Sense argued 
that Independence was necessary 

2960
02:33:30,700 --> 02:33:33,800
and desirable pain. 
Noted that kings were usually 

2961
02:33:33,800 --> 02:33:36,800
useless or harmful. 
It was absurd to think that one 

2962
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:39,600
person should rule millions of 
others based on their parents. 

2963
02:33:39,600 --> 02:33:42,200
It was like entrusting your 
finances to someone who's 

2964
02:33:42,200 --> 02:33:43,700
great-grandfather was good with 
money. 

2965
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:48,400
It sold 150,000 copies in three 
months, which was like going 

2966
02:33:48,400 --> 02:33:51,700
viral in 1776. 
But with radical political 

2967
02:33:51,700 --> 02:33:56,600
Theory, instead of funny cat 
videos, Taverns and town squares

2968
02:33:56,600 --> 02:33:58,800
suddenly hosted whispered 
conversations. 

2969
02:33:58,800 --> 02:34:03,000
Meanwhile, the worst bred Beyond
Massachusetts, the American 

2970
02:34:03,000 --> 02:34:05,200
invasion of Canada. 
Seemed like a good idea at the 

2971
02:34:05,200 --> 02:34:08,400
time, but it taught you why most
military Adventures of bad. 

2972
02:34:09,300 --> 02:34:13,300
Invasion failed spectacularly 
proving that winter distant and 

2973
02:34:13,300 --> 02:34:15,100
hostile population. 
Stop armies. 

2974
02:34:15,800 --> 02:34:18,800
In the South, the British were 
finding their optimism about 

2975
02:34:18,800 --> 02:34:20,500
loyal. 
Colonists supporting them wrong.

2976
02:34:21,400 --> 02:34:24,400
While rallying loyalists support
in North Carolina, most people 

2977
02:34:24,400 --> 02:34:27,200
prefer to stay home and avoid 
being shot, which was probably 

2978
02:34:27,200 --> 02:34:30,100
wise back in Philadelphia. 
The Continental Congress 

2979
02:34:30,100 --> 02:34:32,000
struggled to wage war while 
seeking peace. 

2980
02:34:32,000 --> 02:34:35,300
It was like planning a wedding 
while divorcing possible but 

2981
02:34:35,300 --> 02:34:38,600
difficult King George, the third
unexpectedly, pushed for 

2982
02:34:38,600 --> 02:34:41,400
Independence. 
In December 1775. 

2983
02:34:41,400 --> 02:34:44,600
He declared the American 
colonies in open rebellion, and 

2984
02:34:44,600 --> 02:34:47,700
no longer under his protection. 
He meant fine. 

2985
02:34:47,700 --> 02:34:50,000
If you want to act like you 
don't need me, then you really 

2986
02:34:50,000 --> 02:34:52,700
don't. 
The king hired German 

2987
02:34:52,700 --> 02:34:56,300
mercenaries Hessians to fight 
the colonists, which was like 

2988
02:34:56,300 --> 02:34:59,000
bringing in armed strangers to 
settle a fight with your kids. 

2989
02:34:59,000 --> 02:35:02,100
This gesture made reconciliation
less appealing. 

2990
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:05,300
Even moderates in Congress. 
Thought, Independence might be 

2991
02:35:05,300 --> 02:35:09,600
the only option by Spring 1776. 
You can't negotiate with someone

2992
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:12,600
who's declared rebellion and 
hired foreign soldiers to shoot 

2993
02:35:12,600 --> 02:35:15,000
you. 
Thomas Jefferson was chosen to 

2994
02:35:15,008 --> 02:35:17,700
write the Declaration of 
Independence because he was a 

2995
02:35:17,700 --> 02:35:19,800
good writer. 
And because the other committee 

2996
02:35:19,800 --> 02:35:23,900
members had more important 
tasks, Jefferson, who was 33 

2997
02:35:23,900 --> 02:35:25,700
wrote. 
One of the most important 

2998
02:35:25,700 --> 02:35:28,400
documents in history while still
paying off student loans. 

2999
02:35:29,400 --> 02:35:32,200
Jefferson's initial draft was 
longer and more accusatory. 

3000
02:35:32,200 --> 02:35:35,500
His inflammatory language, 
including blaming King George 

3001
02:35:35,500 --> 02:35:38,800
for the slave trade was edited 
out by Congress for political 

3002
02:35:38,800 --> 02:35:42,200
reasons and because slaveholders
were hypocritical The final 

3003
02:35:42,200 --> 02:35:46,700
declaration approved on July 
4th, 1776 was a political 

3004
02:35:46,700 --> 02:35:49,300
Masterpiece that was both 
philosophical and practical. 

3005
02:35:49,300 --> 02:35:52,000
It stated why? 
The colonies were declaring 

3006
02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:55,300
independence, listed their 
grievances against Britain and 

3007
02:35:55,300 --> 02:35:57,300
announced their intention to 
form a new nation. 

3008
02:35:58,200 --> 02:36:01,300
The most famous line, we hold 
these truths to be self-evident,

3009
02:36:01,300 --> 02:36:05,000
that all men are created, equal,
change politics, and philosophy.

3010
02:36:06,100 --> 02:36:08,700
In a world where most people 
were ruled by Divine Kings. 

3011
02:36:08,700 --> 02:36:12,100
The idea that government should 
be based on consent was Radical 

3012
02:36:12,700 --> 02:36:15,300
In 1776. 
All men meant something 

3013
02:36:15,300 --> 02:36:18,900
different than it does today 
women enslaved people and Native

3014
02:36:18,900 --> 02:36:22,400
Americans couldn't vote. 
Despite its promissory notes 

3015
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:24,800
status. 
The Declaration was a start. 

3016
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:27,700
The Declaration signing wasn't 
as dramatic as painting 

3017
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:30,500
suggests. 
Many delegates signed a formal 

3018
02:36:30,500 --> 02:36:33,100
copy in August, but some waited 
until November. 

3019
02:36:34,000 --> 02:36:37,000
John Hancock's, large signature 
was likely more about habit than

3020
02:36:37,000 --> 02:36:38,800
defiant's. 
Public reaction. 

3021
02:36:38,800 --> 02:36:42,800
To Independence was mixed 
Patriot's held bonfires bell, 

3022
02:36:42,800 --> 02:36:45,500
ringing and readings. 
In a new nation that had 

3023
02:36:45,500 --> 02:36:47,400
declared their former 
government, illegitimate 

3024
02:36:47,400 --> 02:36:49,400
loyalists worried about their 
future. 

3025
02:36:49,400 --> 02:36:52,600
Many wanted to know if they'd 
finally stopped our viewing 

3026
02:36:52,600 --> 02:36:55,700
about taxes. 
The Declaration of Independence 

3027
02:36:55,700 --> 02:36:58,500
turned the colonial Rebellion 
into a National Liberation War. 

3028
02:36:59,200 --> 02:37:03,200
No, turning back Independence or
defeat, no middle ground. 

3029
02:37:04,200 --> 02:37:06,900
Declaring independence was 
simple winning Independence. 

3030
02:37:06,900 --> 02:37:10,400
Required defeating the world's 
strongest military force which 

3031
02:37:10,400 --> 02:37:12,700
was like challenging the 
neighborhood, bully to a fight 

3032
02:37:12,708 --> 02:37:15,300
and discovering that he was a 
professional wrestler with 

3033
02:37:15,300 --> 02:37:18,400
several angry friends. 
The UK response to the 

3034
02:37:18,400 --> 02:37:22,100
Declaration of Independence was 
Swift and overwhelming, their 

3035
02:37:22,100 --> 02:37:25,700
largest expeditionary force over
30,000 troops and a massive 

3036
02:37:25,700 --> 02:37:29,600
Fleet targeted, New York City. 
They wanted to capture the most 

3037
02:37:29,600 --> 02:37:33,200
important Colonial ports, split 
the rebellion in half and end 

3038
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:35,000
this nonsense before it got out 
of hand. 

3039
02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:38,700
While commanding, the 
Continental Army George 

3040
02:37:38,700 --> 02:37:41,700
Washington learned that it was 
like herding cats, except the 

3041
02:37:41,700 --> 02:37:44,600
cats were armed had strong 
opinions about military, hire 

3042
02:37:44,600 --> 02:37:47,200
Archie and went home when their 
enlistments expired. 

3043
02:37:48,100 --> 02:37:51,000
The Army consisted of 
Continental regulars, State 

3044
02:37:51,000 --> 02:37:54,200
militia and volunteers who came 
and went as needed for farm 

3045
02:37:54,200 --> 02:37:56,900
work. 
Washington's first major battle 

3046
02:37:56,900 --> 02:37:59,200
as a commander. 
The Battle of Long Island in 

3047
02:37:59,200 --> 02:38:03,200
August. 1776 nearly ended the 
revolution before it began. 

3048
02:38:04,100 --> 02:38:06,400
British General. 
William Howe outmaneuvered, 

3049
02:38:06,400 --> 02:38:09,300
Washington's Army trapping them 
on Brooklyn Heights with their 

3050
02:38:09,300 --> 02:38:12,400
backs to the East River. 
Most military professionals call

3051
02:38:12,400 --> 02:38:15,200
being trapped with a river 
behind you and a superior. 

3052
02:38:15,200 --> 02:38:17,100
Enemy force in front of you a 
problem. 

3053
02:38:17,900 --> 02:38:20,700
Washington solved it with one of
the most daring retreats in 

3054
02:38:20,700 --> 02:38:23,400
history. 
Evacuating 9,000 troops across 

3055
02:38:23,400 --> 02:38:26,300
the East River at night, without
the British noticing, like 

3056
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:28,900
sneaking out of a party while 
the host was distracted. 

3057
02:38:28,900 --> 02:38:32,900
But with cannons, The Retreat 
from New York became a disaster.

3058
02:38:32,900 --> 02:38:35,300
That tested independent 
supporters loyalty. 

3059
02:38:35,900 --> 02:38:38,700
Washington's Army disintegrated 
as soldiers, deserted 

3060
02:38:38,700 --> 02:38:42,000
enlistments expired, and militia
units returned home. 

3061
02:38:42,000 --> 02:38:46,100
He had less than 3,000 troops 
left by December and most of 

3062
02:38:46,100 --> 02:38:48,100
their enlistments expired on New
Year's Eve. 

3063
02:38:48,900 --> 02:38:52,200
During this dark period 
volunteer Thomas Paine wrote The

3064
02:38:52,200 --> 02:38:54,700
Crisis which began with the 
famous line. 

3065
02:38:54,700 --> 02:38:57,300
These are the times that try 
men's souls. 

3066
02:38:57,300 --> 02:39:00,800
He meant, that things were bad 
but giving up wasn't an option. 

3067
02:39:01,500 --> 02:39:04,700
The British capture of Fort 
Washington in November taking 

3068
02:39:04,700 --> 02:39:07,200
nearly 3,000. 
Americans was the lowest point. 

3069
02:39:08,100 --> 02:39:10,800
Its main goal was to stop 
British ships from sailing up 

3070
02:39:10,800 --> 02:39:13,300
the Hudson River. 
But it proved that building a 

3071
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:15,200
fort in the wrong place is worse
than none. 

3072
02:39:15,200 --> 02:39:19,400
Like Christmas 1776. 
The Revolution was 10 us. 

3073
02:39:19,400 --> 02:39:22,400
The British and Hessians. 
Controlled New York were about 

3074
02:39:22,408 --> 02:39:26,200
to defeat Washington's Army. 
Many colonists, who supported in

3075
02:39:26,200 --> 02:39:28,200
dependents were beginning to 
doubt their decision. 

3076
02:39:29,000 --> 02:39:31,900
Washington decided desperate 
times required Desperate 

3077
02:39:31,900 --> 02:39:34,500
Measures. 
He led his remaining troops the 

3078
02:39:34,500 --> 02:39:38,400
ice choke Delaware River on 
Christmas night to surprise 900,

3079
02:39:38,400 --> 02:39:41,600
Hessian soldiers in Trenton. 
The Crossing was dangerous due 

3080
02:39:41,600 --> 02:39:44,100
to a winter storm and many 
soldiers didn't have proper 

3081
02:39:44,100 --> 02:39:46,100
shoes. 
Leaving bloody footprints in the

3082
02:39:46,100 --> 02:39:48,900
snow. 
According to military 

3083
02:39:48,900 --> 02:39:51,800
historians. 
It was audacious, but insane. 

3084
02:39:53,300 --> 02:39:55,600
The attack on Trenton worked 
well, because the Hessians 

3085
02:39:55,600 --> 02:39:57,600
didn't expect anyone to attack 
in a blizzard. 

3086
02:39:57,600 --> 02:40:01,100
The day after Christmas. 
The Americans took nearly 1,000 

3087
02:40:01,100 --> 02:40:04,300
prisoners and needed military 
supplies but they also won 

3088
02:40:04,300 --> 02:40:06,700
battles. 
Washington won again, at Prince 

3089
02:40:06,700 --> 02:40:10,000
and a week later, convincing 
many that Independents wasn't 

3090
02:40:10,000 --> 02:40:13,800
hopeless. 
Morelos, enlistments Rose and 

3091
02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:16,400
the revolution stumbled into 
1777. 

3092
02:40:17,400 --> 02:40:21,500
The British had a new 1777 
strategy that looked great on 

3093
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:23,900
paper, but ignored, North 
American geography. 

3094
02:40:24,800 --> 02:40:26,400
To divide the rebellion and 
isolate. 

3095
02:40:26,400 --> 02:40:29,800
New England, three armies were 
to converge on Albany, New York.

3096
02:40:30,600 --> 02:40:33,400
About 8,000 troops under 
General, John Burgoyne would 

3097
02:40:33,400 --> 02:40:36,600
March south from Canada. 
Another force would move East 

3098
02:40:36,600 --> 02:40:40,300
from Lake Ontario, General Howe 
marched North from New York City

3099
02:40:40,300 --> 02:40:43,600
Albany would be their meeting. 
Place to shake hands and watch 

3100
02:40:43,600 --> 02:40:48,100
the revolution fall. 
The plan had one minor floor, it

3101
02:40:48,100 --> 02:40:50,600
required, precise coordination 
between armies. 

3102
02:40:50,600 --> 02:40:53,900
Separated by hundreds of miles 
of wilderness with no reliable 

3103
02:40:53,900 --> 02:40:57,200
Communication in an era. 
When the fastest way to send a 

3104
02:40:57,200 --> 02:40:59,300
message, was to give it to a 
horseback rider and hope he 

3105
02:40:59,300 --> 02:41:02,700
didn't get lost or shot. 
But going began, his March South

3106
02:41:02,700 --> 02:41:06,000
in June 1777 with confidence and
a large. 

3107
02:41:06,008 --> 02:41:09,000
Baggage train that included his 
wardrobe and tons of champagne. 

3108
02:41:09,000 --> 02:41:12,100
He was the kind of general who 
thought maintaining standards 

3109
02:41:12,100 --> 02:41:15,000
during a war was admirable, but 
two difficult to do while 

3110
02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:17,900
marching through forests. 
General. 

3111
02:41:17,900 --> 02:41:20,800
Horatio Gates and the New 
England militia surrounded by 

3112
02:41:20,800 --> 02:41:22,000
goings arminius. 
Saratoga. 

3113
02:41:22,800 --> 02:41:26,900
October found Burgoyne trapped 
outnumbered and low on supplies.

3114
02:41:26,900 --> 02:41:30,600
He gave up his army on October 
17th 1777. 

3115
02:41:31,600 --> 02:41:34,700
The victory at Saratoga changed 
the war but not because it won 

3116
02:41:34,700 --> 02:41:37,200
American independence. 
There were still years of 

3117
02:41:37,200 --> 02:41:40,800
fighting, instead it convinced 
France that the Americans might 

3118
02:41:40,800 --> 02:41:43,600
win making supporting them worth
annoying Britain. 

3119
02:41:44,800 --> 02:41:47,600
The American victory at Saratoga
had far reaching effects 

3120
02:41:47,600 --> 02:41:51,300
diplomats in European capitals 
saw the American Rebellion as a 

3121
02:41:51,308 --> 02:41:54,200
threat to British power, not a 
colonial tantrum. 

3122
02:41:55,000 --> 02:41:58,900
Nothing pleased European powers 
more than British problems in 

3123
02:41:58,900 --> 02:42:01,000
particular. 
Watch the american situation 

3124
02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:03,600
with the same interests as a 
neighbor fighting with their 

3125
02:42:03,600 --> 02:42:06,200
spouse. 
After secretly giving the 

3126
02:42:06,200 --> 02:42:10,000
Americans money and weapons 
since 1776, they were ready to 

3127
02:42:10,000 --> 02:42:13,600
reveal their support. 
The franco-american alliance of 

3128
02:42:13,600 --> 02:42:17,500
February. 1778 was one of the 
most unlikely diplomatic 

3129
02:42:17,500 --> 02:42:20,800
Partnerships. 
France was an absolute monarchy 

3130
02:42:20,800 --> 02:42:24,000
with a rigid class system. 
While America fought for 

3131
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:25,700
democracy and individual 
liberty. 

3132
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:28,600
They teamed up like a 
vegetarian, and a butcher who 

3133
02:42:28,600 --> 02:42:31,900
disliked the same restaurant, 
however, shared enemies, make 

3134
02:42:31,900 --> 02:42:34,700
strange bedfellows, and both 
countries wanted to lower 

3135
02:42:34,700 --> 02:42:37,000
Britain. 
France could avenge their 

3136
02:42:37,000 --> 02:42:40,400
humiliating defeat in the Seven 
Years War, while America gained 

3137
02:42:40,400 --> 02:42:42,900
a powerful Ally with a navy. 
That could challenged British 

3138
02:42:42,900 --> 02:42:46,400
control of the Seas as expected.
The British declared war on 

3139
02:42:46,400 --> 02:42:48,600
France. 
Turning the American Revolution 

3140
02:42:48,600 --> 02:42:53,700
into a global conflict Spain 
joined France in 1779 and the 

3141
02:42:53,700 --> 02:42:57,100
Dutch in 1780. 
Britain suddenly found itself 

3142
02:42:57,100 --> 02:43:00,300
fighting Colonial Rebels and 
most of Europe which was like 

3143
02:43:00,300 --> 02:43:02,500
fighting everyone at the bar in 
the 18th century. 

3144
02:43:03,700 --> 02:43:06,900
This Global expansion benefited 
America in unexpected ways 

3145
02:43:06,900 --> 02:43:10,300
British resources, allocated to 
crushing, the American 

3146
02:43:10,300 --> 02:43:13,800
Rebellion, had to be spread 
across theater's to defend 

3147
02:43:13,800 --> 02:43:16,900
British Caribbean, and 
Mediterranean possessions ships,

3148
02:43:16,900 --> 02:43:18,800
that could have blocked. 
American ports, were needed. 

3149
02:43:19,500 --> 02:43:22,600
The American war was a 
frustrating stalemate, British 

3150
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:25,600
forces abandoned the northern 
colonies after the Saratoga 

3151
02:43:25,600 --> 02:43:28,200
disaster. 
And focused on the south where 

3152
02:43:28,200 --> 02:43:31,700
loyalists support was Stronger, 
British strategy in the South 

3153
02:43:31,708 --> 02:43:34,100
started. 
Well over 5,000. 

3154
02:43:34,100 --> 02:43:39,200
Americans were captured in 1778 
and 1780 in Savannah and 

3155
02:43:39,200 --> 02:43:42,000
Charleston. 
Their new strategy seemed 

3156
02:43:42,000 --> 02:43:44,700
promising at first. 
However, like many invading 

3157
02:43:44,700 --> 02:43:46,600
armies. 
The British assumed that 

3158
02:43:46,600 --> 02:43:49,000
controlling cities meant, 
controlling the countryside. 

3159
02:43:49,800 --> 02:43:52,300
American militias and 
hit-and-run, Irregulars ruled 

3160
02:43:52,300 --> 02:43:54,100
the areas between British 
strongholds. 

3161
02:43:54,800 --> 02:43:56,500
Francis Marion known as the 
Swamp. 

3162
02:43:56,500 --> 02:43:59,700
Fox was famous for attacking 
British supply lines from the 

3163
02:43:59,700 --> 02:44:02,400
South Carolina Wetlands before 
retreating into terrain. 

3164
02:44:02,400 --> 02:44:06,500
Regular armies couldn't navigate
Before the term it was guerrilla

3165
02:44:06,500 --> 02:44:09,100
warfare and it played the 
British occupation of the South.

3166
02:44:09,100 --> 02:44:12,200
The British found their loyalist
supporters fewer and less 

3167
02:44:12,200 --> 02:44:15,900
reliable than expected. 
After British military rule, 

3168
02:44:15,900 --> 02:44:18,400
which often involved 
requisitioning supplies, 

3169
02:44:18,400 --> 02:44:22,500
quartering soldiers and treating
civilians as enemies, many 

3170
02:44:22,500 --> 02:44:25,500
colonists switch sides, the 
Battle of Kings Mountain in 

3171
02:44:25,500 --> 02:44:29,100
October, 1780 where American 
militia surrounded and defeated,

3172
02:44:29,100 --> 02:44:31,800
loyalist troops changed, the 
southern campaign. 

3173
02:44:33,000 --> 02:44:36,000
The victory showed that American
forces could win, decisive 

3174
02:44:36,000 --> 02:44:37,700
battles. 
Without continental army 

3175
02:44:37,700 --> 02:44:40,800
regulars, convincing many fence 
sitters to join the Rebellion. 

3176
02:44:41,800 --> 02:44:44,900
In late, 1780 General. 
Nathanael Greene took command of

3177
02:44:44,900 --> 02:44:48,500
American forces in the South and
devised a counter-intuitive but 

3178
02:44:48,500 --> 02:44:51,800
effective strategy. 
He used constant movement and 

3179
02:44:51,800 --> 02:44:54,800
carefully chosen battles to wear
down British forces instead of 

3180
02:44:54,800 --> 02:44:58,900
Defending territory. 
Green famously said we fight get

3181
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:04,300
beat rise and fight again. 
It wasn't a heroic military 

3182
02:45:04,300 --> 02:45:07,600
philosophy but it worked the 
British could win battles but 

3183
02:45:07,600 --> 02:45:10,100
not greens. 
Attrition War British General 

3184
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:13,200
Cornwallis chased American 
forces across the Carolinas in 

3185
02:45:13,200 --> 02:45:16,800
1781 in a few tile attempt to 
win a decisive battle. 

3186
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:19,900
His army was shrinking, due to 
casualties disease, and 

3187
02:45:19,900 --> 02:45:23,100
desertion while the Americans 
were multiplying with the feet. 

3188
02:45:23,800 --> 02:45:26,400
Cornwallis realized the South 
couldn't be pacified while 

3189
02:45:26,400 --> 02:45:28,500
Virginia supplied and reinforced
the Rebellion. 

3190
02:45:29,300 --> 02:45:32,100
He marched his army North into 
Virginia to cut off American 

3191
02:45:32,100 --> 02:45:34,500
supplies and force a final 
battle. 

3192
02:45:35,300 --> 02:45:38,600
Cornwallis established a base at
Yorktown Virginia to receive 

3193
02:45:38,600 --> 02:45:40,200
British Naval support for his 
army. 

3194
02:45:40,200 --> 02:45:44,500
This reasonable plan, relied on 
Britain, controlling the Seas, a

3195
02:45:44,500 --> 02:45:45,900
safer assumption for most of the
war. 

3196
02:45:46,800 --> 02:45:48,700
All of America's diplomatic 
patience. 

3197
02:45:48,700 --> 02:45:52,400
Paid off in 1781. 
The French Fleet under Admiral 

3198
02:45:52,400 --> 02:45:56,000
de Grasse arrived in American 
Waters to Aid, the final push 

3199
02:45:56,000 --> 02:45:59,100
for victory. 
Washington saw a rare 

3200
02:45:59,100 --> 02:46:01,600
opportunity when Cornwallis 
fortified Yorktown. 

3201
02:46:02,200 --> 02:46:04,300
Cornwallis would be trapped, 
like Burgoyne. 

3202
02:46:04,300 --> 02:46:08,000
At Saratoga, if the French navy 
controlled Chesapeake Bay while 

3203
02:46:08,000 --> 02:46:10,700
American and French Ground 
Forces, besieged Yorktown. 

3204
02:46:11,300 --> 02:46:14,200
Secretly transporting American 
and French forces from New York 

3205
02:46:14,200 --> 02:46:18,100
to Virginia was difficult, but 
it worked Cornwallis was 

3206
02:46:18,100 --> 02:46:21,500
surrounded by 16,000 American 
and French troops in late, 

3207
02:46:21,500 --> 02:46:24,500
September, 1781 and French 
ships. 

3208
02:46:24,500 --> 02:46:28,000
Controlled his Escape Route, The
American Revolution ended with 

3209
02:46:28,000 --> 02:46:31,200
the three weeks Siege of 
Yorktown Cornwallis surrendered,

3210
02:46:31,200 --> 02:46:34,600
his army on. 
October 19th, 1781 ending 

3211
02:46:34,600 --> 02:46:38,200
Britain's last major, American 
force, the British bands, 

3212
02:46:38,200 --> 02:46:40,700
supposedly played the world 
turned upside down during the 

3213
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:43,100
surrender ceremony, which would 
have been symbolic. 

3214
02:46:43,100 --> 02:46:46,400
They probably played something 
more conventional, but the 

3215
02:46:46,400 --> 02:46:49,700
sentiment was right war is often
easier to win than to end. 

3216
02:46:50,900 --> 02:46:53,400
After Yorktown, everyone knew 
British defeat was inevitable. 

3217
02:46:53,400 --> 02:46:57,800
A turning military Victory into 
Political Independence, required

3218
02:46:57,800 --> 02:47:01,300
delicate diplomatic, maneuvering
that made actual fighting seemed

3219
02:47:01,300 --> 02:47:04,400
easy. 
British political denial after 

3220
02:47:04,400 --> 02:47:06,700
cornwallis's surrender was 
masterful. 

3221
02:47:06,700 --> 02:47:10,400
The Prime Minister Lord, North 
said he felt like he had been 

3222
02:47:10,400 --> 02:47:12,200
shot in the chest after losing 
an army. 

3223
02:47:12,900 --> 02:47:15,100
British officials maintained the
war would continue. 

3224
02:47:15,100 --> 02:47:18,100
That optimism lasted about as 
long as expected. 

3225
02:47:18,800 --> 02:47:21,600
British public opinion which had
never supported the American 

3226
02:47:21,600 --> 02:47:24,200
war. 
Decisively opposed A losing War.

3227
02:47:25,100 --> 02:47:27,500
Members of parliament, asked 
uncomfortable questions about 

3228
02:47:27,500 --> 02:47:30,000
why they were spending so much 
to fight people who clearly 

3229
02:47:30,000 --> 02:47:31,500
didn't want to be Empire 
partners. 

3230
02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:36,800
Lord North's, government fell in
March 1782, by a peace minded 

3231
02:47:36,800 --> 02:47:39,500
Ministry. 
Negotiations were easier because

3232
02:47:39,500 --> 02:47:42,800
Lord Rockingham the new prime 
minister opposed, the American 

3233
02:47:42,800 --> 02:47:45,300
war from the start. 18th 
century. 

3234
02:47:45,300 --> 02:47:48,400
Peace talks were complicated. 
Making modern diplomatic 

3235
02:47:48,400 --> 02:47:49,800
negotiations. 
Seem simple. 

3236
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:52,800
France, Spain. 
And the Dutch also had 

3237
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:56,800
territorial demands and agendas.
France, sought Formal Wear 

3238
02:47:56,800 --> 02:48:00,000
territory, Spain wanted 
Gibraltar back from Britain and 

3239
02:48:00,000 --> 02:48:02,900
had North American Ambitions. 
That conflicted with American 

3240
02:48:02,900 --> 02:48:05,300
interests. 
Dutch Traders, wanted their 

3241
02:48:05,300 --> 02:48:07,700
rights back. 
Everyone wanted to gain from the

3242
02:48:07,700 --> 02:48:11,800
peace settlement Benjamin 
Franklin, John Adams and John 

3243
02:48:11,800 --> 02:48:15,300
Jay was smart people who agreed 
on the goal, a disagreed on, 

3244
02:48:15,308 --> 02:48:17,700
almost everything else. 
On the American negotiating 

3245
02:48:17,700 --> 02:48:20,300
team, franklyn wanted to work 
with France. 

3246
02:48:20,300 --> 02:48:24,200
Adams was suspicious of everyone
and Jay believed France was 

3247
02:48:24,200 --> 02:48:25,900
trying to limit American 
expansion. 

3248
02:48:26,800 --> 02:48:29,600
Americans benefited from these 
personality differences, 

3249
02:48:29,600 --> 02:48:32,900
European diplomats, never knew 
which American they would meet, 

3250
02:48:32,900 --> 02:48:36,000
which kept them off balance and 
prevented coalitions against 

3251
02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:39,900
American interests. 
Due to their complexity and 18th

3252
02:48:39,900 --> 02:48:43,200
century communication, the 
negotiations, took over a year. 

3253
02:48:44,100 --> 02:48:47,500
London, Paris messages took days
to arrive and government 

3254
02:48:47,500 --> 02:48:49,100
instructions. 
To negotiators. 

3255
02:48:49,100 --> 02:48:51,800
Often arrived after 
circumstances are changed 

3256
02:48:51,800 --> 02:48:55,000
American territorial boundaries 
were a major issue. 

3257
02:48:55,000 --> 02:48:57,800
The British were willing to 
recognize American independence,

3258
02:48:57,800 --> 02:49:01,500
but they weren't sure how much 
territory to include the 

3259
02:49:01,500 --> 02:49:03,900
British, thought, the Americans 
ambition, to control the 

3260
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:05,700
Atlantic Ocean. 
And Mississippi River was 

3261
02:49:05,700 --> 02:49:09,300
unusual for a former colony. 
The Americans got most of what 

3262
02:49:09,300 --> 02:49:12,300
they wanted through. 
Skillful negotiation, Britain's 

3263
02:49:12,300 --> 02:49:14,800
decision to Grant generous 
territorial concessions. 

3264
02:49:14,800 --> 02:49:16,800
To keep America friendly after 
the war. 

3265
02:49:16,800 --> 02:49:19,800
It was like giving someone a 
nice farewell Gift To Remember 

3266
02:49:19,800 --> 02:49:24,500
You, by On September 3rd, 1783 
the Treaty of Paris ended the 

3267
02:49:24,500 --> 02:49:28,500
American Revolution and 
recognized us independence from 

3268
02:49:28,500 --> 02:49:31,300
the Atlantic to the Mississippi 
river in Canada to Florida. 

3269
02:49:31,300 --> 02:49:34,400
The new nation was one of the 
world's largest on paper. 

3270
02:49:35,200 --> 02:49:37,700
Britain agreed to withdraw all 
its military forces from 

3271
02:49:37,700 --> 02:49:40,800
America. 
But it took years, Some British 

3272
02:49:40,800 --> 02:49:43,400
posts in the Northwest Territory
weren't evacuated until the 

3273
02:49:43,400 --> 02:49:47,000
1790s causing tensions, but not 
threatening American 

3274
02:49:47,000 --> 02:49:49,500
independence. 
The peace process was 

3275
02:49:49,500 --> 02:49:53,000
complicated by other issues. 
Addressed in the treaty repaying

3276
02:49:53,000 --> 02:49:55,500
American debts before the war, 
to British merchants was 

3277
02:49:55,500 --> 02:49:57,300
reasonable. 
But difficult to enforce, 

3278
02:49:58,300 --> 02:50:00,700
American state governments 
ignored the oath to treat 

3279
02:50:00,700 --> 02:50:04,300
wartime British loyalists fairly
The peace treaties announcement 

3280
02:50:04,300 --> 02:50:06,600
was celebrated but underwhelming
in America. 

3281
02:50:06,600 --> 02:50:10,100
Many people were used to war 
after eight years and didn't 

3282
02:50:10,100 --> 02:50:13,600
know what peace time was like 
the Continental Army was quickly

3283
02:50:13,600 --> 02:50:16,500
disbanded because Congress 
couldn't pay the soldiers and 

3284
02:50:16,500 --> 02:50:18,600
because Americans were wary of 
standing armies. 

3285
02:50:19,300 --> 02:50:23,300
Washington's emotional, farewell
to his officers at in New York, 

3286
02:50:23,300 --> 02:50:27,100
in did a shared experience that 
had United 13 colonies into one 

3287
02:50:27,100 --> 02:50:29,500
nation. 
In America and Europe, 

3288
02:50:29,500 --> 02:50:32,200
Washington's commission, 
resignation and returned to 

3289
02:50:32,208 --> 02:50:35,600
private life were notable. 
If Washington voluntarily gave 

3290
02:50:35,600 --> 02:50:38,200
up power he would be the 
greatest man in the world, 

3291
02:50:38,200 --> 02:50:41,300
according to King George, the 
third who had spent eight years 

3292
02:50:41,300 --> 02:50:45,400
trying to defeat him After the 
American Revolution, the hard 

3293
02:50:45,400 --> 02:50:49,600
work of nation, building began 
the 13, former colonies had won 

3294
02:50:49,600 --> 02:50:52,300
their independence, but they had
to figure out how to govern 

3295
02:50:52,300 --> 02:50:55,000
themselves. 
Pay their debts and build a 

3296
02:50:55,000 --> 02:50:58,400
society from the diverse regions
cultures and interests of the 

3297
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:02,500
new United States. 
After years of Roommates, the 

3298
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:04,900
end of the war was like moving 
into your own apartment, 

3299
02:51:04,900 --> 02:51:09,500
exciting and liberating but also
quiet and full of unanticipated 

3300
02:51:09,500 --> 02:51:12,700
responsibilities. 
The colonists were too busy 

3301
02:51:12,700 --> 02:51:14,600
fighting, British rule to plan 
ahead. 

3302
02:51:15,500 --> 02:51:18,000
Peacetime governance was failing
under the Articles of 

3303
02:51:18,000 --> 02:51:20,700
Confederation which had ruled 
the nation during the war. 

3304
02:51:21,700 --> 02:51:24,400
The federal government couldn't 
tax regulate or enforce its 

3305
02:51:24,400 --> 02:51:27,400
laws, it was like managing a 
household where no one agreed on

3306
02:51:27,408 --> 02:51:29,100
who paid the bills or made the 
rules. 

3307
02:51:29,100 --> 02:51:33,400
A story for another night. 
Rest and contemplate, how a 

3308
02:51:33,400 --> 02:51:36,400
group of colonial subjects, 
became citizens of an 

3309
02:51:36,400 --> 02:51:40,100
independent nation with only 
determination, good, government,

3310
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:43,600
ideas and stubborn persistence 
from believing your right? 

3311
02:51:44,800 --> 02:51:47,900
The revolution that began with 
tea tax debate, ended with the 

3312
02:51:47,900 --> 02:51:51,100
creation of a new nation. 
Based on the radical idea that 

3313
02:51:51,100 --> 02:51:54,100
people could govern themselves, 
it was imperfect. 

3314
02:51:54,100 --> 02:51:57,300
It would take generations to 
guarantee equality, to all of 

3315
02:51:57,300 --> 02:52:00,900
Americans, but it was a start. 
Sometimes starting is the 

3316
02:52:00,900 --> 02:52:08,700
hardest. 
Picture in England in the 1500s.

3317
02:52:08,700 --> 02:52:12,200
A damp sheep filled Kingdom 
sitting off the coast of Europe.

3318
02:52:12,200 --> 02:52:15,800
Watching, Spain Hall shiploads 
of gold back from the Americas. 

3319
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:19,900
While Spain was becoming 
incredibly from its New World 

3320
02:52:19,900 --> 02:52:21,900
Adventures. 
The English was still trying to 

3321
02:52:21,908 --> 02:52:25,000
figure out basic matters, such 
as not executing so many of 

3322
02:52:25,000 --> 02:52:27,900
their monarchs but sometimes 
underdogs are just getting 

3323
02:52:27,900 --> 02:52:31,600
warmed up. 
The Elizabeth, the first a woman

3324
02:52:31,600 --> 02:52:35,200
sat on the throne capable of 
engaging diplomatically in the 

3325
02:52:35,208 --> 02:52:37,000
morning and authorizing a pirate
raid. 

3326
02:52:37,000 --> 02:52:40,100
By tea time she looked at 
Spain's treasure Fleet sailing 

3327
02:52:40,100 --> 02:52:42,100
past and thought the English 
deserved to share of that 

3328
02:52:42,100 --> 02:52:44,800
wealth. 
Enter the Sea Dogs, which sounds

3329
02:52:44,800 --> 02:52:47,600
Innocent but was actually 
England's cheeky name for their 

3330
02:52:47,600 --> 02:52:51,200
officially unofficial Pirates. 
These were men such as Francis 

3331
02:52:51,200 --> 02:52:54,600
Drake who had the audacity to 
sail around the entire world. 

3332
02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:57,100
Just to prove. 
It could be done stopping along 

3333
02:52:57,100 --> 02:52:58,800
the way to liberate Spanish 
treasure. 

3334
02:52:59,500 --> 02:53:02,300
When Drake came home with a 
ship, so loaded with stolen 

3335
02:53:02,300 --> 02:53:05,600
Spanish gold, that it nearly 
sank, Elizabeth didn't arrest 

3336
02:53:05,600 --> 02:53:09,900
him, she knighted him, the 
Spanish understandably were 

3337
02:53:09,900 --> 02:53:14,000
getting tired of this Behavior. 
So in 1588 they decided to send 

3338
02:53:14,000 --> 02:53:18,000
a little reminder called the 
Spanish Armada 130 ships, packed

3339
02:53:18,000 --> 02:53:20,400
with soldiers heading straight 
for Englund Shores. 

3340
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:23,500
You might expect this to be 
where England gets its come up 

3341
02:53:23,500 --> 02:53:26,800
once. 
David vs Goliath except Goliath 

3342
02:53:26,800 --> 02:53:29,100
has canons and centuries of 
Naval experience. 

3343
02:53:30,000 --> 02:53:33,100
But here's where geography 
becomes Destiny and where 

3344
02:53:33,100 --> 02:53:35,700
England's, Terrible Weather. 
Finally worked in their favor. 

3345
02:53:36,300 --> 02:53:39,000
Picture the Spanish Admiral, who
had spent months planning this 

3346
02:53:39,000 --> 02:53:43,100
Invasion, his ships, loaded with
troops feeling confident, then 

3347
02:53:43,100 --> 02:53:46,200
he hits the English Channel and 
discovers that English weather 

3348
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:49,100
isn't just unpleasant. 
It's actively hostile. 

3349
02:53:49,100 --> 02:53:53,000
The wind starts howling. 
The seas turn nasty and 

3350
02:53:53,000 --> 02:53:55,800
suddenly, those massive proud 
warships are being tossed around

3351
02:53:55,800 --> 02:53:58,400
violently. 
The English meanwhile had 

3352
02:53:58,400 --> 02:54:01,600
smaller more, Nimble ships, that
danced around the Spanish Fleet 

3353
02:54:01,600 --> 02:54:05,300
they darted in fire, their 
cannons and zip away before the 

3354
02:54:05,300 --> 02:54:08,400
Spanish could respond. 
It was Naval guerrilla warfare 

3355
02:54:08,400 --> 02:54:10,100
and the Spanish weren't ready 
for it. 

3356
02:54:11,000 --> 02:54:13,600
But the real hero of this story 
wasn't English bravery or 

3357
02:54:13,608 --> 02:54:16,800
cunning it was the weather. 
A massive storm. 

3358
02:54:16,800 --> 02:54:19,600
Scattered the Spanish Fleet 
sending ships crashing into 

3359
02:54:19,600 --> 02:54:22,900
rocks, running a ground and 
generally having the worst day 

3360
02:54:22,900 --> 02:54:25,200
in Naval History. 
The Spanish called it. 

3361
02:54:25,200 --> 02:54:29,700
El viento protestante. 
Constant wind, even goddess 

3362
02:54:29,700 --> 02:54:33,800
seemed had picked sides. 
When the dust settled, Spain 

3363
02:54:33,800 --> 02:54:36,000
seemingly Invincible. 
Navy was in tatters. 

3364
02:54:36,000 --> 02:54:39,600
A little English had proven that
sometimes being small and 

3365
02:54:39,600 --> 02:54:43,000
Scrappy beats being big and 
powerful underweight, friend 

3366
02:54:43,000 --> 02:54:45,300
somehow winning an armrest 
wrestling contest to get the 

3367
02:54:45,300 --> 02:54:50,000
Jim's bodybuilder improbable but
undeniably impressive, This 

3368
02:54:50,000 --> 02:54:53,000
Victory, not only protected 
England from Invasion, but also 

3369
02:54:53,000 --> 02:54:56,400
signaled, the arrival of a new 
player in the global Arena, the 

3370
02:54:56,400 --> 02:54:59,300
Spanish Empire, which had seemed
as permanent as the Sunrise 

3371
02:54:59,300 --> 02:55:03,000
suddenly looked vulnerable and 
England that soggy little island

3372
02:55:03,000 --> 02:55:06,400
that nobody had taken, seriously
started getting some intriguing 

3373
02:55:06,400 --> 02:55:09,000
ideas about what it might 
accomplish on the world stage. 

3374
02:55:10,100 --> 02:55:12,500
The age of Spanish dominance was
beginning to crack. 

3375
02:55:12,500 --> 02:55:15,500
And through those cracks 
English, ambition was starting 

3376
02:55:15,500 --> 02:55:21,300
to grow persistent Unstoppable 
and surprisingly resilient The 

3377
02:55:21,300 --> 02:55:23,500
foundation was being laid for 
what would become the largest 

3378
02:55:23,500 --> 02:55:26,600
Empire in human history. 
After beating the Spanish Armada

3379
02:55:26,600 --> 02:55:30,200
England had confidence but still
relatively little money compared

3380
02:55:30,200 --> 02:55:33,600
to his European neighbors. 
They needed a business plan and 

3381
02:55:33,600 --> 02:55:37,700
unfortunately the business plan 
of the 1600s often involved. 

3382
02:55:37,700 --> 02:55:41,800
What we politely call morally 
questionable practices In to the

3383
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:45,300
merchant companies organizations
with grand names, such as the 

3384
02:55:45,300 --> 02:55:49,100
company of merchant adventurers,
these work, your typical Corner 

3385
02:55:49,100 --> 02:55:52,700
shops, they were massive trading
corporations with royal Charters

3386
02:55:52,700 --> 02:55:55,500
that basically said go forth and
make money. 

3387
02:55:55,500 --> 02:55:59,600
And don't ask too many questions
about how The East India Company

3388
02:55:59,600 --> 02:56:02,200
was the crown jewel of these 
operations and calling. 

3389
02:56:02,208 --> 02:56:05,100
It just a Trading Company under 
State's true nature. 

3390
02:56:06,000 --> 02:56:08,900
Founded in 1600, it started as a
simple idea. 

3391
02:56:09,700 --> 02:56:13,800
Sailed to Asia by spices and 
silk and sell them back home for

3392
02:56:13,800 --> 02:56:16,900
enormous profits. 
Became the world's first Global 

3393
02:56:16,900 --> 02:56:20,400
Corporation, except with more 
cannons and fewer HR 

3394
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:23,400
departments, you have to 
understand spices back then 

3395
02:56:23,400 --> 02:56:25,700
weren't just about making food 
taste better, they were 

3396
02:56:25,708 --> 02:56:29,300
incredibly valuable pepper was 
literally worth its weight in 

3397
02:56:29,308 --> 02:56:31,700
Silver. 
And Nutmeg was so precious that 

3398
02:56:31,700 --> 02:56:34,000
wars were fought over tiny 
islands that grew it. 

3399
02:56:34,700 --> 02:56:37,400
The Dutch had monopolized much 
of the spice trade charging 

3400
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:40,300
whatever they wanted, and the 
English decided they should get 

3401
02:56:40,300 --> 02:56:43,500
in on that business. 
But the East Indy company wasn't

3402
02:56:43,500 --> 02:56:46,300
content to just trade. 
They started hiring their own 

3403
02:56:46,300 --> 02:56:49,600
armies, making their own 
treaties and essentially running

3404
02:56:49,600 --> 02:56:53,300
their own foreign policy. 
A modern Corporation deciding to

3405
02:56:53,300 --> 02:56:55,200
start. 
Conquering countries that's 

3406
02:56:55,200 --> 02:56:58,700
basically what happened except 
with sailing ships and elaborate

3407
02:56:58,700 --> 02:57:01,500
uniforms, the company is 
expansion into India. 

3408
02:57:01,500 --> 02:57:04,600
Perfectly demonstrates how 
ambition can snowball Beyond 

3409
02:57:04,600 --> 02:57:08,600
anyone's original intentions. 
They'd started by just wanting 

3410
02:57:08,600 --> 02:57:11,800
to set up trading posts along 
the coast little fortified 

3411
02:57:11,800 --> 02:57:14,400
compounds where they could store
goods and conduct business. 

3412
02:57:14,400 --> 02:57:18,600
But in India, in the 1600s was a
complex Patchwork of competing 

3413
02:57:18,600 --> 02:57:21,300
kingdoms and the Mughal Empire 
which had been holding 

3414
02:57:21,300 --> 02:57:23,200
everything together was starting
to weaken. 

3415
02:57:23,800 --> 02:57:27,700
Into this power vacuum, step the
East India Company, they'd make 

3416
02:57:27,700 --> 02:57:30,900
alliances with local rulers, 
provide military support, and 

3417
02:57:30,900 --> 02:57:34,600
gradually become indispensable. 
Before anyone quite realized 

3418
02:57:34,600 --> 02:57:37,800
what was happening, the company 
wasn't just trading in India, it

3419
02:57:37,800 --> 02:57:39,300
was running. 
Large chunks of it. 

3420
02:57:40,300 --> 02:57:44,000
The Battle of Plassey in 1757 
was one of those moments that 

3421
02:57:44,000 --> 02:57:46,900
seemed minor at the time, but 
changed everything, Robert, 

3422
02:57:46,900 --> 02:57:49,800
Clive, accompany official, who'd
started as a clerk and worked 

3423
02:57:49,800 --> 02:57:53,000
his way up to general defeated. 
The nawab of Bengal with a much 

3424
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:55,400
smaller Force. 
This unexpected Victory. 

3425
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:57,300
Paved. 
The way for unprecedented power.

3426
02:57:58,400 --> 02:58:01,000
But Victory came with 
consequences, nobody had thought

3427
02:58:01,000 --> 02:58:02,900
through southernly the East. 
India. 

3428
02:58:02,900 --> 02:58:05,300
Company was responsible for 
governing millions of people 

3429
02:58:05,300 --> 02:58:09,200
across vast territories. 
They'd gone from being Merchants

3430
02:58:09,200 --> 02:58:12,800
to being rulers and they were 
completely unprepared for this 

3431
02:58:12,800 --> 02:58:16,300
transformation. 
The Wealth flowing back to 

3432
02:58:16,300 --> 02:58:20,200
Britain was staggering Bengal 
alone was generating revenues 

3433
02:58:20,200 --> 02:58:22,300
that dwarfed many European 
Kingdoms in. 

3434
02:58:22,300 --> 02:58:25,900
Entire budgets, the taxes that 
had previously benefited local 

3435
02:58:25,900 --> 02:58:29,000
rulers were now contributing 
significantly to British coffers

3436
02:58:29,000 --> 02:58:31,900
and the company shareholders 
were experiencing unprecedented 

3437
02:58:31,900 --> 02:58:34,600
wealth. 
Naturally, the foundation of 

3438
02:58:34,600 --> 02:58:37,200
this world rested on systems 
that were fundamentally 

3439
02:58:37,200 --> 02:58:41,100
extractive and frequently cruel.
The company exploited, their 

3440
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,800
territories prioritizing profit 
margins, over the well-being of 

3441
02:58:44,800 --> 02:58:48,600
the people, under their control.
Famines became more common and 

3442
02:58:48,600 --> 02:58:51,300
more deadly when local resources
were diverted to company 

3443
02:58:51,300 --> 02:58:53,100
profits, rather than local 
needs. 

3444
02:58:53,700 --> 02:58:56,100
Back in London. 
People were starting to notice 

3445
02:58:56,100 --> 02:58:59,000
that their little Trading 
Company had somehow acquired an 

3446
02:58:59,000 --> 02:59:02,600
Empire, the British government 
wasn't entirely sure what to do 

3447
02:59:02,600 --> 02:59:05,300
with this situation. 
The company was generating 

3448
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:09,000
enormous wealth for the country,
but it was also making decisions

3449
02:59:09,000 --> 02:59:11,600
that affected in international 
relations and the lives of 

3450
02:59:11,600 --> 02:59:14,500
millions of people. 
This was the beginning of a 

3451
02:59:14,508 --> 02:59:17,000
pattern that would define the 
British Empire for centuries. 

3452
02:59:17,000 --> 02:59:20,200
Private ambition leading to 
public responsibility. 

3453
02:59:20,200 --> 02:59:24,200
Commercial Ventures, growing 
into political control and a 

3454
02:59:24,200 --> 02:59:26,800
small island nation, finding 
itself, responsible for 

3455
02:59:26,800 --> 02:59:28,900
governing vast population across
the globe. 

3456
02:59:28,900 --> 02:59:31,700
Often without any clear plan for
how to do it. 

3457
02:59:31,700 --> 02:59:35,500
Ethically, or effectively. 
The stage was set for an Empire 

3458
02:59:35,500 --> 02:59:38,900
that would span continents and 
reshape the world built, not 

3459
02:59:38,900 --> 02:59:41,600
through Grand strategy, but 
through the accumulated 

3460
02:59:41,600 --> 02:59:45,100
decisions of merchants soldiers.
And administrators, who often 

3461
02:59:45,100 --> 02:59:49,200
had no idea what they were 
creating by the 1700s Britain 

3462
02:59:49,200 --> 02:59:52,500
had stumbled into something 
resembling a strategy though. 

3463
02:59:52,500 --> 02:59:54,400
Calling it a strategy might be 
generous. 

3464
02:59:54,400 --> 02:59:57,600
It was more organized 
opportunism with excellent Naval

3465
02:59:57,600 --> 03:00:01,100
support Britain had discovered 
that if you control the Seas, 

3466
03:00:01,100 --> 03:00:05,200
you could control global trade 
control, the highways and you 

3467
03:00:05,200 --> 03:00:07,900
don't need to own every town. 
You just need to control how 

3468
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:09,300
people and goods move between 
them. 

3469
03:00:09,300 --> 03:00:12,700
This is where the Royal Navy 
enters our story with full force

3470
03:00:12,700 --> 03:00:16,300
by the mid-1700s, Britain was 
building ships constantly 

3471
03:00:16,300 --> 03:00:19,500
everywhere with the assumption 
that you could never have too 

3472
03:00:19,500 --> 03:00:21,300
many. 
They had honed their Naval 

3473
03:00:21,300 --> 03:00:25,200
Warfare skills to such an extent
that any potential enemy found 

3474
03:00:25,200 --> 03:00:27,600
in countering a British Fleet to
be highly unwelcome. 

3475
03:00:27,600 --> 03:00:30,800
This Naval strategy. 
Truly demonstrated its 

3476
03:00:30,800 --> 03:00:37,300
Effectiveness during the Seven 
Years War, while 1,756 to 1,763.

3477
03:00:38,400 --> 03:00:40,800
While European powers engaged in
land battles. 

3478
03:00:40,800 --> 03:00:43,000
Britain pursued, a distinct 
strategy. 

3479
03:00:43,000 --> 03:00:47,500
He'd swoop in capture strategic 
ports, and Islands, disrupt, 

3480
03:00:47,500 --> 03:00:49,800
enemy trade routes and generally
make life. 

3481
03:00:49,800 --> 03:00:52,300
Miserable for anyone who 
depended on Maritime Commerce, 

3482
03:00:53,100 --> 03:00:56,300
take the capture of Quebec in 
1759, which sounds 

3483
03:00:56,300 --> 03:00:59,100
straightforward, but was 
actually extraordinarily daring.

3484
03:00:59,900 --> 03:01:01,800
General Wolfe. 
And his troops had to scale 

3485
03:01:01,800 --> 03:01:04,200
supposedly on climbable cliffs 
in the middle of the night. 

3486
03:01:04,200 --> 03:01:06,900
Surprise, the French Defenders 
and capture one of the most 

3487
03:01:06,900 --> 03:01:08,300
important cities in North 
America. 

3488
03:01:09,100 --> 03:01:11,300
It was the kind of plan that 
should have failed spectacularly

3489
03:01:11,300 --> 03:01:15,100
but somehow worked perfectly. 
They're both wolf and the French

3490
03:01:15,100 --> 03:01:18,300
Commander died in the Battle. 
The result of all this Naval 

3491
03:01:18,300 --> 03:01:21,100
dominance was that Britain 
started accumulating territories

3492
03:01:21,100 --> 03:01:24,700
at an unprecedented rate. 
Gibraltar controlled access to 

3493
03:01:24,700 --> 03:01:28,000
the Mediterranean Malta, was 
perfectly positioned for Middle 

3494
03:01:28,000 --> 03:01:30,500
Eastern trade routes. 
The Cape of Good. 

3495
03:01:30,500 --> 03:01:32,200
Hope controlled the sea route to
Asia. 

3496
03:01:32,200 --> 03:01:35,600
It was strategic positioning on 
a global scale with each 

3497
03:01:35,600 --> 03:01:37,200
acquisition. 
Making the next one more 

3498
03:01:37,200 --> 03:01:39,500
valuable from a logistical 
perspective. 

3499
03:01:39,500 --> 03:01:42,600
Governing, a global Empire with 
the sailing ship as your fastest

3500
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:45,500
communication method presents 
unique challenges. 

3501
03:01:46,300 --> 03:01:49,600
Messages between London and 
India, took months, which meant 

3502
03:01:49,600 --> 03:01:51,600
that by the time. 
Headquarters heard about a 

3503
03:01:51,600 --> 03:01:53,100
problem and sent back 
instructions. 

3504
03:01:53,100 --> 03:01:56,100
The situation had usually either
resolved itself, or gotten 

3505
03:01:56,100 --> 03:02:00,000
spectacularly worse, this 
communication delay, created a 

3506
03:02:00,000 --> 03:02:02,600
dynamic where British officials 
on the ground had enormous 

3507
03:02:02,600 --> 03:02:04,900
autonomy. 
They couldn't ask London for 

3508
03:02:04,900 --> 03:02:07,500
permission every time they 
needed to make a decision so 

3509
03:02:07,500 --> 03:02:09,800
they often just made it and 
hoped it would be approved. 

3510
03:02:09,800 --> 03:02:13,300
Retroactively Some of officials 
used this Freedom responsibly 

3511
03:02:13,300 --> 03:02:17,600
others, discovered that power 
exercised 8,000 miles away from 

3512
03:02:17,600 --> 03:02:20,000
any oversight can corrupts 
absolutely. 

3513
03:02:20,900 --> 03:02:23,300
You'd have company officials, 
essentially running their own 

3514
03:02:23,300 --> 03:02:27,600
kingdoms, making treaties waging
Wars and collecting taxes. 

3515
03:02:27,600 --> 03:02:30,900
All while technically being 
employees of a trading company 

3516
03:02:30,900 --> 03:02:34,400
based in London, the system 
worked when these officials were

3517
03:02:34,400 --> 03:02:37,500
competent and honest, but it 
created opportunities for abuse 

3518
03:02:37,500 --> 03:02:39,900
that were difficult to control 
from such distances. 

3519
03:02:41,300 --> 03:02:44,000
The American colonies served as 
a prime illustration of the 

3520
03:02:44,000 --> 03:02:45,600
potential pitfalls of this 
system. 

3521
03:02:46,500 --> 03:02:48,900
Strapped for cash after the 
costly 7 Years War. 

3522
03:02:49,500 --> 03:02:51,700
The British government decided 
that the American should 

3523
03:02:51,700 --> 03:02:53,400
contribute to their own defense 
costs. 

3524
03:02:54,400 --> 03:02:56,200
Seemed reasonable from London's 
perspective. 

3525
03:02:56,200 --> 03:02:58,800
After all, British troops are 
just spent years protecting 

3526
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:01,300
American colonists from French 
and Indian attacks. 

3527
03:03:02,500 --> 03:03:04,900
But the colonists had gotten 
used to manage their Affairs. 

3528
03:03:04,900 --> 03:03:08,600
And suddenly being asked to pay 
taxes, they'd had no say in 

3529
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:13,100
imposing felt fundamentally 
unfair, the famous no taxation 

3530
03:03:13,100 --> 03:03:16,100
without representation wasn't 
just a catchy slogan. 

3531
03:03:16,100 --> 03:03:19,400
It was a fundamental complained 
about the impossibility of 

3532
03:03:19,400 --> 03:03:21,900
governing and Empire when 
communication took months and 

3533
03:03:21,900 --> 03:03:25,800
local conditions changed daily, 
The British response to American

3534
03:03:25,800 --> 03:03:28,600
complaints, was essentially. 
We've been doing this 

3535
03:03:28,600 --> 03:03:31,300
successfully all over the world,
just go along with it. 

3536
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:35,000
But North America was different 
from India or the Caribbean. 

3537
03:03:35,000 --> 03:03:38,500
The colonists were mostly 
British, descended shared 

3538
03:03:38,500 --> 03:03:41,400
British legal traditions, and 
had enough economic independence

3539
03:03:41,400 --> 03:03:44,800
to cause real trouble if they 
organized When that trouble 

3540
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:48,400
finally came Britain, discovered
that Naval Supremacy while 

3541
03:03:48,400 --> 03:03:51,700
excellent for controlling trade 
routes and capturing Islands was

3542
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:54,800
less useful for fighting a land 
war against people who knew the 

3543
03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:57,200
terrain and had the support of 
the local population. 

3544
03:03:58,100 --> 03:04:01,000
You could control the coasts but
controlling the interior 

3545
03:04:01,000 --> 03:04:02,900
required different tactics. 
Entirely. 

3546
03:04:04,200 --> 03:04:06,600
The loss of the American 
colonies was Britain's first, 

3547
03:04:06,600 --> 03:04:09,400
major Imperial setback, but it 
wouldn't be the last. 

3548
03:04:09,400 --> 03:04:13,400
The lesson was clear Empires 
built on Naval power and 

3549
03:04:13,400 --> 03:04:14,900
Commercial Advantage. 
Were vulnerable. 

3550
03:04:14,900 --> 03:04:18,200
When local population's decided 
they no longer wanted to be 

3551
03:04:18,200 --> 03:04:21,300
governed by distant foreigners, 
no matter how powerful those 

3552
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:24,000
foreigners might be at Sea. 
After losing the American 

3553
03:04:24,000 --> 03:04:26,700
colonies, Britain was hurt and 
embarrassed, but determined to 

3554
03:04:26,700 --> 03:04:28,100
prove, they could do better 
elsewhere. 

3555
03:04:28,100 --> 03:04:31,500
They were lucky to have in 
India, which was becoming their 

3556
03:04:31,500 --> 03:04:35,200
most lucrative relationship, 
even if it was unexpectedly 

3557
03:04:35,200 --> 03:04:38,600
complex. 
By the 1800s calling in India. 

3558
03:04:38,600 --> 03:04:42,500
The jewel in the crown wasn't 
just poetic language, it was an 

3559
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:45,500
economic reality. 
The wealth flowing from the 

3560
03:04:45,500 --> 03:04:51,100
subcontinent was extraordinary 
cotton spices tea, opium and 

3561
03:04:51,100 --> 03:04:53,700
manufactured goods were 
generating revenues that made 

3562
03:04:53,700 --> 03:04:57,600
Britain, one of the wealthiest 
Nations on Earth but this wealth

3563
03:04:57,600 --> 03:05:00,400
came with responsibilities and 
complications that nobody had 

3564
03:05:00,400 --> 03:05:04,000
really planned for the thing 
about governing 300 million 

3565
03:05:04,000 --> 03:05:07,300
people across the subcontinent 
is that it's incredibly complex.

3566
03:05:08,100 --> 03:05:10,800
You're managing people who speak
dozens of different languages, 

3567
03:05:10,800 --> 03:05:14,500
follow different religions and 
have centuries of complicated 

3568
03:05:14,500 --> 03:05:17,500
relationships with each other 
and you're expected to make a 

3569
03:05:17,500 --> 03:05:20,200
profit while doing it. 
The East India Company, had 

3570
03:05:20,200 --> 03:05:22,800
grown from a trading 
organization into essentially, a

3571
03:05:22,800 --> 03:05:26,200
parallel government complete 
with its own armies, tax systems

3572
03:05:26,200 --> 03:05:29,400
and legal codes company 
officials lived, lavishly 

3573
03:05:29,400 --> 03:05:32,500
building, elaborate mansions, 
and hosting parties that would 

3574
03:05:32,500 --> 03:05:35,900
have impressed European royalty.
But they were all dealing with 

3575
03:05:35,900 --> 03:05:39,100
famines rebellions and the 
constant challenge of 

3576
03:05:39,100 --> 03:05:41,600
maintaining control over 
territories larger than most 

3577
03:05:41,600 --> 03:05:44,700
European countries. 
The Indian rebellion of 1857 

3578
03:05:44,700 --> 03:05:47,200
served as a significant 
Awakening. 

3579
03:05:47,900 --> 03:05:51,700
A mutiny among Indian soldiers, 
escalated into a wide-spread 

3580
03:05:51,700 --> 03:05:53,300
Uprising throughout Northern 
India. 

3581
03:05:53,300 --> 03:05:57,400
Thereby forcing the company to 
fight for its own Survival, The 

3582
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:00,200
immediate trigger was about 
ammunition cartridges, being 

3583
03:06:00,200 --> 03:06:03,600
greased with cow and pig fat. 
Offensive to both Hindu and 

3584
03:06:03,608 --> 03:06:06,800
Muslim soldiers, but the real 
cause is went much deeper. 

3585
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:10,100
The company had been gradually 
taking over more and more 

3586
03:06:10,100 --> 03:06:13,700
aspects of Indian life. 
Raising taxes changing 

3587
03:06:13,700 --> 03:06:16,600
traditional arrangements and 
generally making life more 

3588
03:06:16,600 --> 03:06:19,200
difficult for local populations 
while getting richer than 

3589
03:06:19,200 --> 03:06:21,900
themselves. 
Eventually, the changes created 

3590
03:06:21,900 --> 03:06:24,200
enough resentment to explode 
into open Rebellion. 

3591
03:06:24,900 --> 03:06:28,200
The rebellion was brutal on both
sides with the atrocities that 

3592
03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:29,800
shocked. 
Even people accustomed to 

3593
03:06:29,808 --> 03:06:32,300
Colonial violence. 
When British forces. 

3594
03:06:32,300 --> 03:06:35,300
Finally regained control the 
response was Swift and decisive 

3595
03:06:35,300 --> 03:06:38,100
East. 
India Company was dissolved and 

3596
03:06:38,100 --> 03:06:40,400
the British government took 
Direct Control of India. 

3597
03:06:41,100 --> 03:06:44,700
Someone responsible needed to 
take charge the new Arrangement 

3598
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:47,400
known as the British. 
Raj was supposed to be more 

3599
03:06:47,400 --> 03:06:49,700
professional and less extractive
than company rule. 

3600
03:06:50,300 --> 03:06:53,200
The idea was that government 
officials unlike company 

3601
03:06:53,200 --> 03:06:56,500
employees were prioritized 
beneficial governance over pure 

3602
03:06:56,500 --> 03:06:59,500
profit. 
In practice, it was more a 

3603
03:06:59,500 --> 03:07:02,500
change in management structure 
than a fundamental reform of a 

3604
03:07:02,500 --> 03:07:05,200
system designed to benefit 
Outsiders at the expense of 

3605
03:07:05,200 --> 03:07:07,900
locals. 
This period saw the construction

3606
03:07:07,900 --> 03:07:11,400
of massive infrastructure 
projects, Railways telegraphs, 

3607
03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:14,600
irrigation systems and 
administrative buildings that 

3608
03:07:14,600 --> 03:07:16,300
still got the Indian landscape 
today. 

3609
03:07:17,700 --> 03:07:20,700
The British built these not out 
of altruism but because 

3610
03:07:20,700 --> 03:07:24,300
effective extraction requires 
effective infrastructure, better

3611
03:07:24,300 --> 03:07:26,200
roads, and Railways, made 
everything work more 

3612
03:07:26,200 --> 03:07:29,200
efficiently, but the primary 
beneficiary was still Britain. 

3613
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:33,400
The railway system perfectly 
demonstrates, this Dynamic by 

3614
03:07:33,400 --> 03:07:35,800
1900. 
India had one of the largest 

3615
03:07:35,800 --> 03:07:39,000
railway networks in the world, 
which was genuinely, impressive 

3616
03:07:39,000 --> 03:07:43,300
and useful trains connected 
remote regions facilitated trade

3617
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:45,700
and made travel easier for 
millions of people. 

3618
03:07:45,700 --> 03:07:49,400
But the network was designed 
primarily to move raw materials,

3619
03:07:49,400 --> 03:07:52,900
from the interior to Coastal 
ports, and finished goods from 

3620
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:55,900
ports to markets a pattern that 
benefitted British 

3621
03:07:55,900 --> 03:07:58,400
manufacturers, much more than 
Indian ones. 

3622
03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:00,900
Imperial wealth was 
simultaneously. 

3623
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:05,100
Transforming British Society. 
Bengali fortunes enabled the 

3624
03:08:05,100 --> 03:08:07,500
construction of Grand Mansion in
the countryside. 

3625
03:08:07,500 --> 03:08:11,200
Entire families could live 
comfortably on the penchant of 

3626
03:08:11,200 --> 03:08:15,200
relatives, who'd served in 
India, in Indian textiles foods 

3627
03:08:15,200 --> 03:08:17,300
and ideas were influencing 
British culture. 

3628
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:21,500
Despite Britain, maintaining 
strict hierarchies that kept in 

3629
03:08:21,500 --> 03:08:23,400
Indian subordinate within their 
own country. 

3630
03:08:23,400 --> 03:08:27,600
Everyone recognized the irony, 
British officials in India, 

3631
03:08:27,600 --> 03:08:30,100
lived in luxury, while promoting
the civilizing mission of 

3632
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:32,500
Empire. 
Whereas back in Britain in 

3633
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:34,900
industrial cities were filled 
with workers enduring 

3634
03:08:34,900 --> 03:08:37,700
conditions, often worse than 
those faced by many Indians. 

3635
03:08:39,100 --> 03:08:41,800
The wealth that made Britain a 
global power was unevenly 

3636
03:08:41,800 --> 03:08:43,800
distributed, even among the 
British themselves. 

3637
03:08:44,800 --> 03:08:47,400
But perhaps the most significant
long-term impact was 

3638
03:08:47,400 --> 03:08:50,300
educational. 
The British introduced English 

3639
03:08:50,300 --> 03:08:53,300
language education partly to 
create a class of Indians who 

3640
03:08:53,308 --> 03:08:56,200
could serve as intermediaries 
between British administrators 

3641
03:08:56,200 --> 03:08:59,700
and the local population. the 
unintended consequence was 

3642
03:08:59,700 --> 03:09:02,800
creating a generation of Indian 
intellectuals who could read 

3643
03:09:02,800 --> 03:09:06,000
British political philosophy, 
including ideas, about democracy

3644
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:10,600
individual rights, and 
self-governance This educated 

3645
03:09:10,600 --> 03:09:12,700
class began to ask uncomfortable
questions. 

3646
03:09:12,700 --> 03:09:15,900
If these principles were 
beneficial enough for Britain. 

3647
03:09:15,900 --> 03:09:18,300
Why were they beneficial enough 
for in India? 

3648
03:09:18,300 --> 03:09:22,200
Ironically the British was 
sowing the seeds of Independence

3649
03:09:22,200 --> 03:09:23,800
through the very educational 
system. 

3650
03:09:23,800 --> 03:09:26,900
They had established to enhance 
the effectiveness of their rule 

3651
03:09:26,900 --> 03:09:30,100
by the mid-1800s. 
Britain had achieved something 

3652
03:09:30,100 --> 03:09:33,800
unprecedented in human history. 
They had become so globally 

3653
03:09:33,800 --> 03:09:36,400
dominant that they were 
essentially playing geopolitics 

3654
03:09:36,400 --> 03:09:39,500
alone at the top. 
But success brought its own 

3655
03:09:39,500 --> 03:09:42,000
problems. 
When you're the World's dominant

3656
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:44,900
power, everyone else starts 
looking for ways to knock you 

3657
03:09:44,900 --> 03:09:48,300
down, enter Russia with all the 
subtlety of a freight train. 

3658
03:09:49,600 --> 03:09:52,900
The Russians were expanding 
south and east, methodically 

3659
03:09:52,900 --> 03:09:54,500
acquiring Central Asian 
territories. 

3660
03:09:55,500 --> 03:09:58,700
From Britain's perspective such 
activity was deeply concerning 

3661
03:09:58,700 --> 03:10:02,000
because Russian expansion told 
Afghanistan meant Russian 

3662
03:10:02,000 --> 03:10:05,100
expansion toward India and 
nobody was allowed to threaten 

3663
03:10:05,100 --> 03:10:09,100
the jewel in the crown. 
Thus began what Rudyard Kipling 

3664
03:10:09,100 --> 03:10:12,600
called the great game. 
A decades long strategic 

3665
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:15,600
competition between Britain and 
Russia that played out across 

3666
03:10:15,600 --> 03:10:17,500
some of the most inhospitable 
terrain on Earth. 

3667
03:10:18,400 --> 03:10:21,800
It was expensive. 
Dangerous, geopolitics with real

3668
03:10:21,800 --> 03:10:23,700
consequences measured in 
Empires. 

3669
03:10:23,700 --> 03:10:27,400
The problem was geography. 
The distance between Russian 

3670
03:10:27,400 --> 03:10:29,800
territory and British in India 
was filled with mountains, 

3671
03:10:29,800 --> 03:10:33,800
deserts, and tribal territories 
that nobody really controlled 

3672
03:10:35,000 --> 03:10:38,100
Ganneston was the key piece 
whoever controlled Afghanistan. 

3673
03:10:38,100 --> 03:10:41,500
Could threaten India but 
Afghanistan Had An Inconvenient 

3674
03:10:41,500 --> 03:10:43,500
habit of being completely 
unconquerable. 

3675
03:10:44,600 --> 03:10:49,700
The first Afghan war 1839 to 
1842 was Britain's attempt to 

3676
03:10:49,708 --> 03:10:52,800
install a friendly ruler in 
Carvel and it went disastrously 

3677
03:10:52,800 --> 03:10:55,900
wrong. 
Involved, marching an army, 

3678
03:10:55,908 --> 03:10:58,800
through mountain passes to 
impose a government on people 

3679
03:10:58,800 --> 03:11:02,600
who really didn't want one. 
The Retreat from Kabul became 

3680
03:11:02,600 --> 03:11:06,300
legendary for all the wrong 
reasons of the roughly 16,000 

3681
03:11:06,300 --> 03:11:09,500
people who began the retreat. 
Only one British officer made it

3682
03:11:09,500 --> 03:11:12,700
back to tell the story. 
It was a military disaster that 

3683
03:11:12,700 --> 03:11:15,300
should have made everyone 
reconsider their entire approach

3684
03:11:15,300 --> 03:11:17,500
to foreign policy. 
But here's the thing about 

3685
03:11:17,500 --> 03:11:19,900
Imperial momentum. 
Once you're committed to 

3686
03:11:19,900 --> 03:11:22,800
defending everywhere, you can't 
really afford to look weak 

3687
03:11:22,800 --> 03:11:25,200
anywhere. 
So despite the Afghan disaster, 

3688
03:11:25,200 --> 03:11:29,000
Britain kept expanding building 
Naval bases, signing treaties, 

3689
03:11:29,000 --> 03:11:32,000
with local rulers, and getting 
drawn into conflicts, that seem 

3690
03:11:32,000 --> 03:11:38,100
to multiply endlessly. 
Crimean War 1853 to 1856 was 

3691
03:11:38,100 --> 03:11:40,900
officially presented as a 
conflict, to protect the Ottoman

3692
03:11:40,900 --> 03:11:45,000
Empire from Russian expansion. 
However, its true purpose was to

3693
03:11:45,000 --> 03:11:47,600
maintain the balance of power 
that secured Britain's Global 

3694
03:11:47,600 --> 03:11:50,000
position. 
Fighting in the Crimean. 

3695
03:11:50,000 --> 03:11:53,000
Peninsula was difficult and 
messy, and nobody looked 

3696
03:11:53,000 --> 03:11:56,200
particularly competent. 
This was all so the war that 

3697
03:11:56,208 --> 03:11:59,700
introduced the world to Florence
Nightingale and modern nursing 

3698
03:11:59,700 --> 03:12:03,000
which tells you something about 
how badly things were going. 

3699
03:12:03,000 --> 03:12:05,900
That the most memorable outcome 
was improvements in medical care

3700
03:12:05,900 --> 03:12:09,700
for wounded soldiers. 
The Charge of the Light Brigade 

3701
03:12:09,700 --> 03:12:13,700
became famous poetry, but it was
famous because 600 Cavalry, 

3702
03:12:13,700 --> 03:12:17,000
charging directly into Canon 
fire was such a spectacular, 

3703
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:20,200
example of military. 
Incompetence that people 

3704
03:12:20,200 --> 03:12:23,800
couldn't stop talking about it. 
meanwhile, the cost of 

3705
03:12:23,800 --> 03:12:26,500
maintaining this Global Empire 
was becoming astronomical 

3706
03:12:27,500 --> 03:12:30,900
Britain's Imperial commitments 
were accumulating steadily and 

3707
03:12:30,900 --> 03:12:34,400
each one required its Army and 
Navy to maintain the Royal Navy 

3708
03:12:34,400 --> 03:12:37,400
alone was larger than the next 
two navies combined and 

3709
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:40,600
maintaining that Supremacy meant
constantly building new ships to

3710
03:12:40,600 --> 03:12:42,300
keep up with technological 
advances. 

3711
03:12:43,400 --> 03:12:46,800
When Ironclad warships replaced,
wooden ones, Britain had to 

3712
03:12:46,800 --> 03:12:50,100
replace its entire fleet. 
When steam power became 

3713
03:12:50,100 --> 03:12:52,700
standard, they had to build 
coaling stations around the 

3714
03:12:52,700 --> 03:12:54,900
world. 
It was a never-ending cycle of 

3715
03:12:54,900 --> 03:12:58,200
expensive upgrades on land. 
Britain was maintaining 

3716
03:12:58,200 --> 03:13:01,400
Garrison's from Gibraltar Hong 
Kong, and each Garrison needed 

3717
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:03,800
supplies reinforcements and 
local support. 

3718
03:13:04,600 --> 03:13:07,600
The logistics of empire were 
mine, balling coordinating, 

3719
03:13:07,600 --> 03:13:10,000
military operations across 
multiple times zones. 

3720
03:13:10,000 --> 03:13:13,400
When your fastest communication 
was still limited by the speed 

3721
03:13:13,400 --> 03:13:15,800
of telegraph cables, that could 
be cut by anyone with 

3722
03:13:15,800 --> 03:13:20,000
determination and basic tools. 
When local populations decided 

3723
03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:22,900
they'd had enough of foreign 
rule, the Indian Mutiny had. 

3724
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:24,900
Demonstrated, how quickly things
could go wrong? 

3725
03:13:24,900 --> 03:13:28,400
Every British colony now, needs 
enough troops to maintain order 

3726
03:13:28,400 --> 03:13:30,900
but not so many that the cost 
becomes prohibitive. 

3727
03:13:32,100 --> 03:13:35,400
It was a delicate balance that 
required constant attention and 

3728
03:13:35,400 --> 03:13:39,800
enormous resources back home 
British Society was dealing with

3729
03:13:39,800 --> 03:13:42,900
the contradictions of empire in 
increasingly uncomfortable ways.

3730
03:13:43,700 --> 03:13:46,400
While the wealth from India and 
other colonies funded British 

3731
03:13:46,400 --> 03:13:49,000
Prosperity. 
It also raised moral questions 

3732
03:13:49,000 --> 03:13:52,900
that were difficult to dismiss 
How do you reconcile believing 

3733
03:13:52,900 --> 03:13:55,600
in Liberty and Justice with 
ruling over hundreds of millions

3734
03:13:55,600 --> 03:13:57,900
of people? 
But no say in their governance. 

3735
03:13:58,500 --> 03:14:01,200
Some British intellectuals 
convinced themselves that Empire

3736
03:14:01,200 --> 03:14:04,800
was actually beneficial for 
colonized, people's a civilizing

3737
03:14:04,800 --> 03:14:07,500
mission that brought progress in
Enlightenment to backward 

3738
03:14:07,500 --> 03:14:10,100
societies. 
Others were more honest about 

3739
03:14:10,100 --> 03:14:13,200
the economic motivations, but 
argued that the benefits justify

3740
03:14:13,200 --> 03:14:16,200
the costs. 
Still others, began questioning 

3741
03:14:16,200 --> 03:14:18,700
whether the whole Enterprise was
sustainable or ethical. 

3742
03:14:18,700 --> 03:14:21,700
These debates were mostly 
academic for ordinary British 

3743
03:14:21,700 --> 03:14:24,900
people who enjoyed Imperial 
Prosperity without having to 

3744
03:14:24,900 --> 03:14:26,700
think too deeply about where it 
came from. 

3745
03:14:27,700 --> 03:14:30,000
But they were becoming very real
for the growing number of 

3746
03:14:30,000 --> 03:14:33,400
educated Indians Africans and 
others who have been beginning 

3747
03:14:33,400 --> 03:14:37,400
to organize, and demand changes 
to the Colonial system by 1900. 

3748
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:40,100
Britain's Empire covered roughly
a quarter of the earth's land 

3749
03:14:40,100 --> 03:14:43,000
surface and ruled over 400 
million people. 

3750
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:46,600
Which sounds impressive, Until 
you realize that managing that 

3751
03:14:46,600 --> 03:14:49,700
many people across, that much 
territory was extraordinarily 

3752
03:14:49,700 --> 03:14:52,800
difficult trying to conduct an 
orchestra where half the 

3753
03:14:52,800 --> 03:14:55,200
musicians are in different 
buildings and none of them can 

3754
03:14:55,200 --> 03:14:58,200
hear the conductor. 
The first major crack in the 

3755
03:14:58,208 --> 03:15:00,800
Imperial facade came from an 
unexpected Direction. 

3756
03:15:01,600 --> 03:15:04,500
White settlers in South Africa 
who had the audacity to fight 

3757
03:15:04,500 --> 03:15:08,800
back. 
The bore War. 1899 to 1902 was 

3758
03:15:08,800 --> 03:15:11,200
supposed to be a quick 
demonstration of British power, 

3759
03:15:11,200 --> 03:15:14,100
but it turned into a grinding 
conflict that revealed some 

3760
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:16,500
uncomfortable truths about 
Imperial Warfare. 

3761
03:15:17,200 --> 03:15:20,000
Fighting Dutch farmers who knew 
the terrain and had good rifles 

3762
03:15:20,000 --> 03:15:22,300
turned out to be much harder 
than anyone had anticipated. 

3763
03:15:23,400 --> 03:15:26,400
The British response was to 
invent concentration camps, not 

3764
03:15:26,400 --> 03:15:30,400
the Nazi death camps but the 
original version where civilians

3765
03:15:30,400 --> 03:15:32,200
were confined to control 
guerrilla warfare. 

3766
03:15:32,200 --> 03:15:35,800
It worked from a military 
standpoint but the international

3767
03:15:35,800 --> 03:15:38,700
criticism was severe and the 
cost was enormous. 

3768
03:15:38,700 --> 03:15:41,700
Britain spent more money 
fighting a few thousand bore 

3769
03:15:41,700 --> 03:15:44,100
Farmers than they made spent on 
most previous colonial wars 

3770
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:46,900
combined. 
More troubling was what the war 

3771
03:15:46,900 --> 03:15:50,700
revealed about British Society 
itself. physical examinations of

3772
03:15:50,700 --> 03:15:53,300
our army recruits showed that a 
shocking percentage of young 

3773
03:15:53,300 --> 03:15:56,700
British men were unfit for 
military service, malnourished 

3774
03:15:56,700 --> 03:16:00,800
disease and physically 
underdeveloped The empire was so

3775
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:04,000
busy extracting well from other 
countries that it had neglected,

3776
03:16:04,000 --> 03:16:07,600
the health of its own population
World, War 1 was supposed to 

3777
03:16:07,600 --> 03:16:10,600
demonstrate the Empire's 
strength and unity and in some 

3778
03:16:10,608 --> 03:16:13,500
ways it did. 
Troops from India, Canada, 

3779
03:16:13,500 --> 03:16:17,200
Australia, New Zealand, and 
South Africa, fought alongside 

3780
03:16:17,200 --> 03:16:20,000
British forces. 
And the combined Imperial effort

3781
03:16:20,000 --> 03:16:23,700
was genuinely impressive. 
But the war also accelerated 

3782
03:16:23,700 --> 03:16:26,600
changes that would ultimately 
undermine Imperial Authority. 

3783
03:16:27,400 --> 03:16:30,500
The thing about asking people to
die for your cause is that it 

3784
03:16:30,500 --> 03:16:32,800
gives them certain moral 
authority to question it 

3785
03:16:32,800 --> 03:16:35,600
afterward. 
Indian soldiers who fought in 

3786
03:16:35,600 --> 03:16:38,400
Europe and Mesopotamia returned 
home with New Perspectives, on 

3787
03:16:38,400 --> 03:16:41,300
British power and new 
expectations about political 

3788
03:16:41,300 --> 03:16:43,700
rights. 
It's difficult to tell someone 

3789
03:16:43,700 --> 03:16:45,700
they're not ready for 
self-governance after they've 

3790
03:16:45,700 --> 03:16:48,800
spent four years fighting 
Germans in the trenches, the 

3791
03:16:48,800 --> 03:16:51,200
economic cost of world war one 
was staggering. 

3792
03:16:51,200 --> 03:16:54,100
Britain went from being the 
world's largest creditor to 

3793
03:16:54,100 --> 03:16:56,800
being deeply in debt, 
particularly to the United 

3794
03:16:56,800 --> 03:16:58,600
States. 
Running. 

3795
03:16:58,600 --> 03:17:01,900
A global Empire is expensive 
under the best circumstances but

3796
03:17:01,900 --> 03:17:04,200
trying to do it while 
simultaneously fighting the most

3797
03:17:04,200 --> 03:17:07,500
destructive war in human history
was financially devastating. 

3798
03:17:08,500 --> 03:17:11,100
The interwar period, saw Britain
trying to maintain Imperial 

3799
03:17:11,100 --> 03:17:14,000
prestige on a reduced budget 
which worked out as well as 

3800
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:16,700
you'd expect. 
Although the government of India

3801
03:17:16,700 --> 03:17:20,400
Act of 1919 promised in Indians 
greater self-governments, it's 

3802
03:17:20,400 --> 03:17:23,800
actual reforms were so limited 
that they fail to satisfy almost

3803
03:17:23,800 --> 03:17:27,400
anyone. 
Meanwhile a lawyer named Gandhi 

3804
03:17:27,400 --> 03:17:30,400
was developing new methods of 
resistance that was specifically

3805
03:17:30,400 --> 03:17:33,300
designed to make British rule 
look illegitimate and brutal 

3806
03:17:33,300 --> 03:17:35,500
Gandhi's. 
Genius was understanding that 

3807
03:17:35,500 --> 03:17:38,100
the moral Foundation of empire 
was already shaky. 

3808
03:17:39,000 --> 03:17:41,200
Most British people wanted to 
believe they were governing 

3809
03:17:41,200 --> 03:17:44,100
other countries for those 
countries benefit not just for 

3810
03:17:44,100 --> 03:17:46,900
British prophet. 
By organizing peaceful 

3811
03:17:46,900 --> 03:17:48,500
resistance. 
That provoked, violent 

3812
03:17:48,500 --> 03:17:51,700
responses, Gandhi, made it 
impossible to maintain that 

3813
03:17:51,700 --> 03:17:54,800
comfortable fiction. 
When British authorities beat 

3814
03:17:54,800 --> 03:17:58,700
peaceful protesters with clubs 
or opened fire on unarmed crowds

3815
03:17:58,700 --> 03:18:01,700
the civilizing. 
Mission started looking more 

3816
03:18:01,700 --> 03:18:06,000
like organized theft. 
In many ways, World War 2 was 

3817
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:09,500
Britain's greatest achievement. 
Standing alone against Nazi, 

3818
03:18:09,500 --> 03:18:13,100
Germany and 1940 required, 
genuine, courage, and 

3819
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:16,400
determination. 
At fighting that war required 

3820
03:18:16,400 --> 03:18:19,900
mobilizing every possible 
resource, including the empires.

3821
03:18:19,900 --> 03:18:23,100
And it became increasingly 
difficult to justify denying 

3822
03:18:23,100 --> 03:18:26,700
political rights to people whose
contributions were essential to 

3823
03:18:26,700 --> 03:18:31,000
British survival. 
The Bengal Famine of 1943, which

3824
03:18:31,000 --> 03:18:32,400
killed between two and three 
million. 

3825
03:18:32,400 --> 03:18:36,000
People was a particularly dark 
moment while Britain was 

3826
03:18:36,000 --> 03:18:37,300
fighting for freedom and 
democracy. 

3827
03:18:37,300 --> 03:18:40,800
In Europe Imperial policies were
contributing to mass starvation 

3828
03:18:40,800 --> 03:18:43,500
in India. 
Challenging to maintain that 

3829
03:18:43,500 --> 03:18:46,300
you're fighting for Universal 
human rights while 

3830
03:18:46,300 --> 03:18:49,700
simultaneously presiding over 
preventable famine in your most 

3831
03:18:49,700 --> 03:18:54,500
important colony. 
By 1945 Britain had won the war 

3832
03:18:54,500 --> 03:18:56,800
but lost the economic foundation
of the empire. 

3833
03:18:57,600 --> 03:19:01,500
The country was exhausted broke 
and dependent on American Aid. 

3834
03:19:02,100 --> 03:19:05,200
The Royal Navy which had been 
the backbone of Imperial power 

3835
03:19:05,200 --> 03:19:08,500
for centuries was increasingly 
obsolete, in an age of air 

3836
03:19:08,500 --> 03:19:12,000
power, and nuclear weapons. 
Maintaining global Military 

3837
03:19:12,000 --> 03:19:15,300
Supremacy was no longer 
affordable and frankly no longer

3838
03:19:15,308 --> 03:19:18,400
possible. 
The people running, Britain were

3839
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:20,100
stupid. 
They could see that. 

3840
03:19:20,100 --> 03:19:21,400
The old system was 
unsustainable. 

3841
03:19:21,400 --> 03:19:25,000
The question wasn't whether to 
end the Empire, but how to do it

3842
03:19:25,000 --> 03:19:28,400
in a way that preserved British 
influence and prevented complete

3843
03:19:28,400 --> 03:19:32,100
chaos in former colonies. 
Some British politicians hope 

3844
03:19:32,100 --> 03:19:35,300
they could transition to a new 
kind of relationship informal 

3845
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:38,700
influence instead of formal 
control economic Partnerships 

3846
03:19:38,700 --> 03:19:40,300
and stead of colonial 
extraction. 

3847
03:19:40,300 --> 03:19:43,800
The idea was to maintain the 
benefits of Empire without the 

3848
03:19:43,800 --> 03:19:46,300
costs and moral complications of
direct rule. 

3849
03:19:47,000 --> 03:19:49,700
It was an attractive Theory but 
it assumed that newly 

3850
03:19:49,700 --> 03:19:52,300
independent countries would want
to maintain close ties with 

3851
03:19:52,300 --> 03:19:55,000
their former Colonial Masters 
which turned out to be 

3852
03:19:55,000 --> 03:19:57,100
questionable. 
The end of the British Empire 

3853
03:19:57,100 --> 03:19:59,500
wasn't sudden. 
It was more of a very long, very

3854
03:19:59,500 --> 03:20:02,900
complicated process involving 
dozens of countries, hundreds of

3855
03:20:02,900 --> 03:20:05,700
treaties, and countless 
opportunities for things to go 

3856
03:20:05,700 --> 03:20:09,100
spectacularly wrong. 
Britain had spent centuries 

3857
03:20:09,100 --> 03:20:11,300
acquiring territories giving 
them back. 

3858
03:20:11,300 --> 03:20:13,600
Would prove to be almost as 
challenging as taking them in 

3859
03:20:13,600 --> 03:20:17,400
the first place. 
India's independence in 1947 was

3860
03:20:17,400 --> 03:20:21,000
both the inevitable beginning of
the end and a case study in how 

3861
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:23,100
decolonization could go horribly
wrong. 

3862
03:20:23,100 --> 03:20:26,100
Despite everyone's best 
intentions partition. 

3863
03:20:26,100 --> 03:20:29,700
The division of British India 
into India, and Pakistan was 

3864
03:20:29,700 --> 03:20:31,500
supposed to solve. 
The problem of religious 

3865
03:20:31,500 --> 03:20:33,600
tensions between Hindus and 
Muslims. 

3866
03:20:33,600 --> 03:20:37,500
Instead, he created one of the 
largest forced migrations in 

3867
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:40,000
human history. 
With millions of people fleeing 

3868
03:20:40,000 --> 03:20:44,000
their homes and somewhere 
between 200,000 and 2 million 

3869
03:20:44,000 --> 03:20:46,000
people dying in communal 
violence. 

3870
03:20:47,000 --> 03:20:49,500
The British government's role in
Partition was problematic. 

3871
03:20:50,400 --> 03:20:53,600
Lord mountbatten the last Vice 
Royal of India was in the 

3872
03:20:53,608 --> 03:20:56,300
impossible task of drawing 
boarders that would satisfy 

3873
03:20:56,300 --> 03:20:59,000
everyone. 
Which was roughly equivalent to 

3874
03:20:59,000 --> 03:21:02,400
being asked to divide a pizza in
a way that makes everyone happy 

3875
03:21:02,400 --> 03:21:07,300
when some people want pepperoni 
and others are vegetarian. the 

3876
03:21:07,300 --> 03:21:09,400
irony is that Britain's 
departure from India was 

3877
03:21:09,400 --> 03:21:12,700
probably about 50 years, too 
late to be graceful and about 

3878
03:21:12,700 --> 03:21:17,500
five years to early to be 
properly played By 1947 British 

3879
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:19,200
royal Authority. 
Had already collapsed in much of

3880
03:21:19,200 --> 03:21:22,300
the subcontinent, but the 
timeline for Independence was so

3881
03:21:22,300 --> 03:21:25,500
rushed that nobody had time to 
work out the Practical details 

3882
03:21:25,500 --> 03:21:27,600
of creating two new nations from
scratch. 

3883
03:21:28,600 --> 03:21:31,400
Meanwhile, other regions of the 
empire were coming to similar 

3884
03:21:31,400 --> 03:21:34,600
conclusions about British rule. 
Albeit through, different means 

3885
03:21:34,600 --> 03:21:37,700
in Palestine. 
Britain found itself, trying to 

3886
03:21:37,700 --> 03:21:40,900
balance promises made to the 
Jewish and Arab populations 

3887
03:21:40,900 --> 03:21:44,100
while dealing with increasingly 
violent resistance from both 

3888
03:21:44,100 --> 03:21:47,800
sides, the solution was to give 
up and hand the problem over to 

3889
03:21:47,800 --> 03:21:51,000
the newly created United 
Nations, which worked about as 

3890
03:21:51,000 --> 03:21:55,700
well as you'd expect. 
The Suez Crisis of 1956 was the 

3891
03:21:55,700 --> 03:21:58,400
moment when Britain discovered, 
that being a former superpower 

3892
03:21:58,400 --> 03:22:02,000
means you still think you 
deserve special treatment, but 

3893
03:22:02,000 --> 03:22:05,300
nobody else agrees. 
When Egypt nationalized, the 

3894
03:22:05,300 --> 03:22:09,200
Suez Canal, Britain and France, 
invaded to retake it assuming 

3895
03:22:09,200 --> 03:22:11,600
they could still act 
unilaterally on the world stage.

3896
03:22:11,600 --> 03:22:15,200
The United States, essentially 
told them to sit down and behave

3897
03:22:15,200 --> 03:22:18,000
themselves, and Britain 
discovered that their special 

3898
03:22:18,000 --> 03:22:21,200
relationship with America didn't
include permission to start wars

3899
03:22:21,200 --> 03:22:24,500
without asking Furst. 
The humiliation of Suez Mark, 

3900
03:22:24,500 --> 03:22:27,700
the psychological end of Empire.
Even though formal 

3901
03:22:27,700 --> 03:22:31,200
decolonization would continue 
for decades, Britain could no 

3902
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:33,100
longer pretend to be an 
independent Global power. 

3903
03:22:33,100 --> 03:22:36,700
They were now a regional power 
with global interests, the 

3904
03:22:36,700 --> 03:22:40,300
process of decolonization 
accelerated through the 1960s 

3905
03:22:40,300 --> 03:22:43,400
with African territories, 
gaining independence and Rapid 

3906
03:22:43,400 --> 03:22:46,300
succession. 
Some transitions were relatively

3907
03:22:46,300 --> 03:22:49,600
smooth. 
Gianna's Independence in 1957, 

3908
03:22:49,600 --> 03:22:53,600
was managed by Kwame nkrumah who
had been educated in British 

3909
03:22:53,600 --> 03:22:57,000
universities and understood how 
to work within British political

3910
03:22:57,000 --> 03:23:01,400
systems, others like Kenya 
experienced brutal, conflicts, 

3911
03:23:01,400 --> 03:23:05,900
that left lasting scars on both 
sides, The challenge for Britain

3912
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:09,600
was figuring out what came next 
having spent centuries telling 

3913
03:23:09,600 --> 03:23:11,700
themselves that they governed 
other countries for those 

3914
03:23:11,700 --> 03:23:14,500
countries benefit. 
How do you maintain any 

3915
03:23:14,500 --> 03:23:16,400
influence? 
Once those countries are free to

3916
03:23:16,400 --> 03:23:19,400
choose their relationships. 
The answer was the Commonwealth 

3917
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:22,300
of voluntary Association of 
Former colonies that would 

3918
03:23:22,300 --> 03:23:24,500
maintain cultural and economic 
ties with Britain. 

3919
03:23:25,800 --> 03:23:28,500
The Commonwealth was an attempt 
to preserve relationships after 

3920
03:23:28,500 --> 03:23:32,000
the formal Empire ended some 
countries such as Canada and 

3921
03:23:32,000 --> 03:23:35,500
Australia were pleased to 
maintain close ties, others, 

3922
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:38,900
such as Ireland, wanted nothing 
to do with Britain Beyond basic 

3923
03:23:38,900 --> 03:23:41,000
diplomatic relations. 
Still. 

3924
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:43,400
Others had more complex 
relationships that varied 

3925
03:23:43,400 --> 03:23:45,600
depending on who was in charge 
and what Britain had done 

3926
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:49,000
lately. 
By the 1970s, the transformation

3927
03:23:49,000 --> 03:23:52,700
was largely complete Britain had
gone from ruling a quarter of 

3928
03:23:52,708 --> 03:23:55,000
the world to being a 
medium-sized European country 

3929
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:58,300
with some overseas territories 
and a lot of historical baggage.

3930
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:02,500
Economic benefits of Empire, had
been replaced by the costs of 

3931
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:05,600
managing, decline, dealing with 
immigration from former 

3932
03:24:05,600 --> 03:24:09,100
colonies, maintaining expensive 
military commitments that no 

3933
03:24:09,100 --> 03:24:12,600
longer served clear purposes and
figuring out Britain's role in a

3934
03:24:12,600 --> 03:24:14,700
world where they were no longer 
automatically important. 

3935
03:24:15,600 --> 03:24:18,300
We are still working out how the
legacy of Empire continues to 

3936
03:24:18,308 --> 03:24:21,600
shape both Britain and its 
former colonies in Britain 

3937
03:24:21,600 --> 03:24:26,200
imperial history remains of both
pride and discomfort pride in 

3938
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:29,200
the achievements and Global 
influence and discomfort with 

3939
03:24:29,200 --> 03:24:33,300
the methods and consequences in 
former colonies, the impacts 

3940
03:24:33,300 --> 03:24:36,800
vary enormously but they include
everything from legal systems 

3941
03:24:36,800 --> 03:24:39,600
and languages to boarders and 
ethnic tensions that can be 

3942
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:41,500
traced directly to colonial 
policies. 

3943
03:24:41,500 --> 03:24:44,700
Perhaps the most lasting Legacy 
is the English language itself, 

3944
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:47,900
which became the global lingua 
Franca partly because the 

3945
03:24:47,900 --> 03:24:52,000
British Empire spreaded across 
the world, today more people 

3946
03:24:52,000 --> 03:24:54,300
speaking English as a second 
language than as a first 

3947
03:24:54,300 --> 03:24:57,500
language in the internet has 
made English fluency, essential 

3948
03:24:57,500 --> 03:25:00,600
for Global participation in ways
that the Builders of Empire 

3949
03:25:00,600 --> 03:25:03,900
never could have imagined So 
there you have it. 

3950
03:25:03,900 --> 03:25:08,100
The rise and fall of the British
Empire from soggy island with 

3951
03:25:08,100 --> 03:25:11,000
big Ambitions to a global 
superpower to Modern Nation. 

3952
03:25:11,000 --> 03:25:12,900
Still figuring out its place in 
the world. 

3953
03:25:13,600 --> 03:25:16,900
It's a story about how geography
technology and human ambition 

3954
03:25:16,900 --> 03:25:21,500
can combine to create something 
unprecedented and how even the 

3955
03:25:21,500 --> 03:25:24,500
most powerful systems eventually
face the limits of Their Own 

3956
03:25:24,500 --> 03:25:27,800
contradictions. 
Sweet dreams and remember 

3957
03:25:27,800 --> 03:25:31,800
Empires may come and go. 
The really good stories about 

3958
03:25:31,800 --> 03:25:32,900
them. 
Tend to stick around. 

3959
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:41,800
Eleanor Roosevelt's name, 
evokes, images of a dignified. 

3960
03:25:41,800 --> 03:25:45,400
First lady championing human 
rights and redefining the role 

3961
03:25:45,400 --> 03:25:48,700
of women in politics. 
Yet her Story begins in an era 

3962
03:25:48,700 --> 03:25:51,300
marked by hush to assumptions 
about what women could and 

3963
03:25:51,300 --> 03:25:54,600
should do and her journey from 
shy orphan to Global influence. 

3964
03:25:54,600 --> 03:25:55,900
So was no predictable 
progression. 

3965
03:25:56,900 --> 03:26:00,600
Born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt on 
October 11th 1884. 

3966
03:26:00,600 --> 03:26:04,100
She entered a family steeped in 
Prestige but also riddled with 

3967
03:26:04,100 --> 03:26:08,200
private, heartbreak her mother 
and a halt rows of elt was 

3968
03:26:08,200 --> 03:26:11,700
renowned for beauty and social 
graces while her father Elliott.

3969
03:26:11,700 --> 03:26:15,100
Roosevelt was the charismatic. 
But troubled, Young Brother, the

3970
03:26:15,100 --> 03:26:16,800
future president, Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

3971
03:26:17,700 --> 03:26:19,800
Some narratives cast her parents
in Stark. 

3972
03:26:19,800 --> 03:26:24,000
Contrasts her mother's alef 
Manor, her father's erratic 

3973
03:26:24,000 --> 03:26:26,200
Behavior yet Eleanor recalled 
them. 

3974
03:26:26,200 --> 03:26:29,100
Both with a child's longing, 
craving acceptance. 

3975
03:26:30,100 --> 03:26:32,500
Her mother's criticisms of her 
looks haunted her. 

3976
03:26:32,500 --> 03:26:36,200
And her father struggles with 
alcohol often overshadowed his 

3977
03:26:36,200 --> 03:26:39,600
tender devotion. 
These paradoxes shaped Eleanor's

3978
03:26:39,600 --> 03:26:41,300
earlier perceptions of 
self-worth. 

3979
03:26:41,700 --> 03:26:45,500
By age 10, she had lost both 
parents, her mother died of 

3980
03:26:45,500 --> 03:26:49,500
diphtheria and her father, long 
embroiled in personal turmoil 

3981
03:26:49,500 --> 03:26:52,100
passed away. 
Two years later left without 

3982
03:26:52,100 --> 03:26:55,200
their protective presence. 
Eleanor moved in with relatives,

3983
03:26:55,200 --> 03:26:57,600
who maintained the typical 
decorum of New York, High 

3984
03:26:57,600 --> 03:26:59,800
Society. 
She was a timid Child 

3985
03:26:59,800 --> 03:27:02,400
overshadowed by cousins, who 
found her seriousness 

3986
03:27:02,400 --> 03:27:06,000
perplexing, she found some 
solace in reading stories of 

3987
03:27:06,000 --> 03:27:09,200
Daring heroines and moral. 
Dilemmas her maternal, 

3988
03:27:09,200 --> 03:27:13,100
grandmother Mary Ludlow Hall 
insisted on conventional. 

3989
03:27:13,100 --> 03:27:16,000
Decorum, with the hope that 
Eleanor would Bloom into a 

3990
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:20,300
proper debutant. instead the 
girl quietly internalized, a 

3991
03:27:20,300 --> 03:27:22,900
sense of Duty and 
self-consciousness, she learned 

3992
03:27:22,900 --> 03:27:26,300
how to host tease and navigate 
social niceties, but she also 

3993
03:27:26,300 --> 03:27:29,800
developed in a resolve The gulf 
between The Confident girls 

3994
03:27:29,800 --> 03:27:32,900
around her and her insecurities 
never fully disappeared. 

3995
03:27:32,900 --> 03:27:37,600
But she forged a methodical 
approach to self-improvement At 

3996
03:27:37,600 --> 03:27:40,000
age 15, she was shipped to 
Alan's would Academy. 

3997
03:27:40,000 --> 03:27:43,000
A boarding school outside London
there? 

3998
03:27:43,000 --> 03:27:46,700
Under the guidance of risu 
vestra and educator known for 

3999
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:49,400
fostering. 
Independent thought, Elinor 

4000
03:27:49,400 --> 03:27:51,900
found a nurturing environment 
for the first time since her 

4001
03:27:51,900 --> 03:27:55,500
parents deaths, souvestre saw 
potential in her seriousness and

4002
03:27:55,500 --> 03:27:58,800
urged her to speak her mind. 
Gone with a constraints of 

4003
03:27:58,808 --> 03:28:02,600
superficial Society. 
Gatherings instead classes 

4004
03:28:02,600 --> 03:28:05,900
focused on world affairs 
literature and critical thinking

4005
03:28:05,900 --> 03:28:10,000
Eleanor traveled across Europe 
absorbing cultural differences, 

4006
03:28:10,000 --> 03:28:12,700
forging friendships, and 
learning to question 

4007
03:28:12,700 --> 03:28:15,500
assumptions. 
The timid girl from New York 

4008
03:28:15,500 --> 03:28:19,300
high society was Awakening to 
the world's complexity returning

4009
03:28:19,300 --> 03:28:22,300
to the United States. 
At age 18, she struggled to 

4010
03:28:22,300 --> 03:28:25,200
react later to the rigid 
expectations of debutant life, 

4011
03:28:25,900 --> 03:28:30,300
Gowns balls and polite, suitors.
Filled her schedule yet. 

4012
03:28:30,300 --> 03:28:34,200
She yearned for deeper substance
family members urged her to 

4013
03:28:34,200 --> 03:28:38,500
embrace tradition Barry. 
Well, produced heirs and carry 

4014
03:28:38,500 --> 03:28:41,800
on the Rosevelt name with 
appropriate, decorum internally.

4015
03:28:41,800 --> 03:28:43,800
She felt her convictions 
hardening. 

4016
03:28:43,800 --> 03:28:46,300
There was a broader realm where 
she might be of use. 

4017
03:28:47,100 --> 03:28:50,200
She began volunteering and 
settlement houses, encountering 

4018
03:28:50,200 --> 03:28:52,300
immigrants grappling with 
poverty and discrimination. 

4019
03:28:53,400 --> 03:28:56,000
It was her first intimate brush 
with social injustice. 

4020
03:28:56,900 --> 03:28:59,400
Around this time, she 
reconnected with her distant 

4021
03:28:59,400 --> 03:29:01,000
cousin, Frank Franklin, Delano 
Roosevelt. 

4022
03:29:01,700 --> 03:29:05,200
A Dashing Young Man set on a 
political career, their shared 

4023
03:29:05,200 --> 03:29:08,200
family name and ties to Theodore
Roosevelt, added certain 

4024
03:29:08,200 --> 03:29:10,000
inevitability to their 
courtship. 

4025
03:29:10,000 --> 03:29:13,200
Yet their bond was more complex 
than a convenient match. 

4026
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:16,000
Franklyn, admired her 
seriousness and warmth. 

4027
03:29:16,000 --> 03:29:19,000
She found in him a lively 
optimism that promised 

4028
03:29:19,000 --> 03:29:21,500
Adventure. 
Despite concerns from his 

4029
03:29:21,500 --> 03:29:24,900
domineering mother. 
Sara Delano Roosevelt, they 

4030
03:29:24,900 --> 03:29:29,500
married in 1905, Theodore 
Roosevelt, then president gave 

4031
03:29:29,500 --> 03:29:32,600
away the bride and event that 
overshadowed the couples day 

4032
03:29:32,600 --> 03:29:35,800
with national headlines. 
Early married life plunged 

4033
03:29:35,800 --> 03:29:38,700
Eleanor into the complexities of
the extended Roosevelt Clan 

4034
03:29:38,700 --> 03:29:42,600
dominated by Sara strict ideas 
about how to hold and social 

4035
03:29:42,600 --> 03:29:47,000
status as she bought children. 
Eventually six one in infancy, 

4036
03:29:47,000 --> 03:29:49,500
Eleanor struggled to maintain 
her identity. 

4037
03:29:50,300 --> 03:29:53,000
She discovered that her new role
often felt like a performance, 

4038
03:29:53,000 --> 03:29:57,300
the shy orphan recast as the 
society Hostess and dutiful 

4039
03:29:57,300 --> 03:30:00,100
political wife. 
Yet beneath the formalities. 

4040
03:30:00,100 --> 03:30:04,500
She was observing learning and 
quietly resolving to find her 

4041
03:30:04,500 --> 03:30:06,800
voice. 
Her childhood taught her to 

4042
03:30:06,808 --> 03:30:09,900
survive loss. 
A isolation marriage would teach

4043
03:30:09,900 --> 03:30:13,800
her to navigate Duty and 
compromised by her mid-20s 

4044
03:30:13,800 --> 03:30:16,500
Eleanor Roosevelt. 
Stood at a Crossroads 

4045
03:30:16,500 --> 03:30:20,600
respectable wife in a prominent 
family yet, privately aware of 

4046
03:30:20,600 --> 03:30:22,600
how little she truly belonged to
herself. 

4047
03:30:23,500 --> 03:30:26,000
She endured tragedy and 
internalized criticism. 

4048
03:30:26,000 --> 03:30:29,100
And now balanced motherhood with
a sense that she was meant for 

4049
03:30:29,100 --> 03:30:31,800
more as her. 
Husband's political Ambitions 

4050
03:30:31,800 --> 03:30:35,200
gathered momentum, she would 
face new tests of resilience and

4051
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:39,300
discover just how profound her 
influence could become, In her 

4052
03:30:39,308 --> 03:30:42,300
first years of married life, 
Eleanor Roosevelt found her 

4053
03:30:42,300 --> 03:30:45,100
space and autonomy overshadowed 
by the imposing figure of her 

4054
03:30:45,100 --> 03:30:48,900
mother-in-law. 
Sara Delano Roosevelt, Sarah 

4055
03:30:48,900 --> 03:30:51,800
managed, the household finances 
and even designed a joining 

4056
03:30:51,800 --> 03:30:54,100
living quarters. 
So she could oversee Eleanor's 

4057
03:30:54,100 --> 03:30:57,300
management of the children. 
This Arrangement stifled 

4058
03:30:57,300 --> 03:31:00,500
Eleanor's Independence leaving 
her feeling perpetually 

4059
03:31:00,500 --> 03:31:03,500
monitored Franklin seemed 
comfortable with his mother's 

4060
03:31:03,500 --> 03:31:06,100
involvement and this tastic 
acceptance. 

4061
03:31:06,100 --> 03:31:09,500
Further isolated Eleanor, 
nevertheless, she made the best 

4062
03:31:09,500 --> 03:31:12,800
of her circumstances. 
She immersed herself in child. 

4063
03:31:12,800 --> 03:31:16,000
Rearing determined that her 
children would experience a 

4064
03:31:16,000 --> 03:31:17,400
warmth. 
She had too often lacked 

4065
03:31:17,400 --> 03:31:20,400
simultaneously. 
She sought outlets for her 

4066
03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:23,700
curiosity about social issues 
volunteering for the Junior 

4067
03:31:23,700 --> 03:31:25,800
League. 
She assisted in settlement work 

4068
03:31:25,800 --> 03:31:29,000
on Manhattan's Lower East Side. 
Coming face to face with poverty

4069
03:31:29,000 --> 03:31:32,500
and labor in Justice's observing
the hardships of immigrant 

4070
03:31:32,500 --> 03:31:35,900
families, Eleanor recognized, 
the start gap between her 

4071
03:31:35,900 --> 03:31:39,100
privilege Circle, and those 
struggling at America's margins 

4072
03:31:39,100 --> 03:31:44,100
around 1910 Franklins political 
career began elected to the New 

4073
03:31:44,100 --> 03:31:46,700
York State Senate. 
He moved the family to Albany, 

4074
03:31:46,700 --> 03:31:49,600
though, still reluctant to step 
into the public Spotlight, 

4075
03:31:49,600 --> 03:31:53,100
Eleanor gleaned, insights into 
legislative processes and 

4076
03:31:53,100 --> 03:31:56,200
networking. 
She watched as lawmakers engaged

4077
03:31:56,200 --> 03:31:59,100
in the negotiations. 
Formed alliances and face 

4078
03:31:59,100 --> 03:32:01,700
seemingly insurmountable 
challenges that social 

4079
03:32:01,700 --> 03:32:03,600
Gatherings. 
She was the dutiful wife 

4080
03:32:03,600 --> 03:32:06,400
exchanging pleasantries while 
quietly absorbing the 

4081
03:32:06,400 --> 03:32:09,600
undercurrents of power. 
Her Vantage Point revealed a 

4082
03:32:09,600 --> 03:32:12,800
system in dire need of 
empathetic leadership tragedy 

4083
03:32:12,800 --> 03:32:16,400
soon. 
Intervened in 1912 Ellen's world

4084
03:32:16,400 --> 03:32:17,800
was rocked when her eldest 
daughter. 

4085
03:32:17,800 --> 03:32:21,600
Anna nearly died of illness 
shortly thereafter. 

4086
03:32:21,600 --> 03:32:24,300
She endured her health scares 
and a complicated birth. 

4087
03:32:24,900 --> 03:32:27,700
The precariousness of life 
combined with the Relentless 

4088
03:32:27,700 --> 03:32:30,400
swirl of political obligations 
freed her nerves. 

4089
03:32:31,200 --> 03:32:33,500
Sarah's hovering presence. 
Exacerbated tensions. 

4090
03:32:33,500 --> 03:32:37,300
Yet adversity stirred in Eleanor
a growing resolve. 

4091
03:32:37,300 --> 03:32:41,300
She ventured Beyond polite Tea 
Room talk forging, links with 

4092
03:32:41,300 --> 03:32:44,000
Progressive women, seeking to 
address, glaring, social 

4093
03:32:44,000 --> 03:32:47,500
inequities, She admired Act of 
activists who battled for child 

4094
03:32:47,500 --> 03:32:52,100
labor laws and workplace, safety
reforms by 1913 Franklin was 

4095
03:32:52,100 --> 03:32:54,800
appointed assistant Secretary of
the Navy by President Woodrow 

4096
03:32:54,800 --> 03:32:58,100
Wilson prompting a move to 
Washington DC. 

4097
03:32:59,700 --> 03:33:02,700
The capitals Elite Social Scene 
revolved around, four more 

4098
03:33:02,700 --> 03:33:06,300
receptions and ranking protocols
neither of which thrilled their 

4099
03:33:06,300 --> 03:33:08,600
owner. 
Still, she recognized the city 

4100
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:10,500
as a crucible of national 
decision-making. 

4101
03:33:11,200 --> 03:33:14,000
She developed friendships with 
progressive-minded officials and

4102
03:33:14,000 --> 03:33:18,300
activists, exchanging ideas 
about wages education and 

4103
03:33:18,300 --> 03:33:22,700
women's suffrage. 
World War 1 broke out in 1914, 

4104
03:33:22,700 --> 03:33:27,400
drawing America, in by 1917, 
Washington became a hive of 

4105
03:33:27,408 --> 03:33:31,800
wartime mobilization hospitals, 
overflowed and soldiers returned

4106
03:33:31,800 --> 03:33:35,100
with devastating injuries. 
Eleanor volunteered at the Red 

4107
03:33:35,100 --> 03:33:38,100
Cross canteens and Naval 
hospitals and experience, that 

4108
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:40,800
brought her face to face with 
Wars human toll. 

4109
03:33:41,500 --> 03:33:44,100
She found it impossible to 
return to trivial chatter at 

4110
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:47,600
lavish parties after seeing 
wounded veterans struggled to 

4111
03:33:47,600 --> 03:33:50,700
rebuild their lives. 
Even as she navigated demands 

4112
03:33:50,700 --> 03:33:54,000
for appearances by Franklin 
side, she yearned to channel her

4113
03:33:54,000 --> 03:33:55,800
growing empathy into concrete 
action. 

4114
03:33:56,600 --> 03:34:01,300
Meanwhile, her personal life. 
Took a shocking, turn in 1918, 

4115
03:34:01,300 --> 03:34:03,800
she discovered Franklin's 
romantic letters to Lucy, 

4116
03:34:03,800 --> 03:34:07,400
Mercer, her social secretary, 
betrayal, Rockdale and has 

4117
03:34:07,400 --> 03:34:09,800
foundation's. 
She confronted her husband and 

4118
03:34:09,800 --> 03:34:12,700
while divorce was considered 
Sara, Rose felt threatened to 

4119
03:34:12,700 --> 03:34:16,300
cut off financial support. 
The Scandal never fully reached 

4120
03:34:16,300 --> 03:34:19,600
the public here but it jolted 
Eleanor into rethinking her 

4121
03:34:19,600 --> 03:34:21,900
marriage. 
Although she remained married 

4122
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:24,200
the emotional bond between them 
changed. 

4123
03:34:25,100 --> 03:34:27,300
He began cultivating her 
identity separate from him, 

4124
03:34:27,300 --> 03:34:30,300
forging alliances, and 
friendships that didn't revolve 

4125
03:34:30,300 --> 03:34:32,100
solely around, Franklin's 
ambitions. 

4126
03:34:33,000 --> 03:34:35,900
As the war ended, Washington 
shifted back to peacetime 

4127
03:34:35,900 --> 03:34:39,200
routines, the Roosevelt's 
returned to New York where 

4128
03:34:39,200 --> 03:34:40,900
Franklin resumed his political 
climb. 

4129
03:34:40,900 --> 03:34:45,400
However, Eleanor's worldview had
expanded no longer content to 

4130
03:34:45,400 --> 03:34:47,800
linger in the background. 
She immersed herself in 

4131
03:34:47,800 --> 03:34:51,100
political clubs, particularly 
the League of Women Voters and 

4132
03:34:51,100 --> 03:34:55,000
the women's Trade Union League. 
She devoured reports on social 

4133
03:34:55,000 --> 03:34:57,600
conditions labor rights and 
civil liberties. 

4134
03:34:58,500 --> 03:35:01,600
She overcame her shyness when 
speaking in public fueled by the

4135
03:35:01,600 --> 03:35:03,400
conviction that she had 
something to contribute. 

4136
03:35:04,400 --> 03:35:07,400
This Evolution coincided with 
the ratification of the 19th. 

4137
03:35:07,400 --> 03:35:10,700
Amendment in 1920, granting 
women, the right to vote. 

4138
03:35:11,900 --> 03:35:15,400
Energized by this Milestone, 
Eleanor campaigned for franklyn 

4139
03:35:15,400 --> 03:35:18,000
when he ran as the Democratic 
vice presidential candidate at 

4140
03:35:18,008 --> 03:35:20,800
that same year, though. 
They lost the experience 

4141
03:35:20,800 --> 03:35:22,300
broadened, her political 
Network. 

4142
03:35:23,300 --> 03:35:26,700
She saw how campaigns were 
orchestrated, how messages were 

4143
03:35:26,700 --> 03:35:30,700
spun and most importantly, how 
public opinion could be swayed 

4144
03:35:30,700 --> 03:35:34,200
toward Progressive ideals. 
If approached with authenticity,

4145
03:35:35,000 --> 03:35:38,400
By the early 1920s Eleanor 
Roosevelt had traversed, 

4146
03:35:38,400 --> 03:35:41,400
heartbreak War, volunteerism and
political initiation. 

4147
03:35:41,400 --> 03:35:44,700
She had begun. 
Forging her path shaped by the 

4148
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:47,600
direct encounters with suffering
and by her growing circle of 

4149
03:35:47,600 --> 03:35:50,200
reform-minded peers, her 
marriage. 

4150
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:54,200
Once the axis of her existence 
now became just one facet of a 

4151
03:35:54,200 --> 03:35:58,000
broader calling As she 
discovered adversity often 

4152
03:35:58,000 --> 03:36:01,600
planted the seeds of purpose. 
The once quiet shy girl. 

4153
03:36:01,600 --> 03:36:05,600
Now determined to stand on her 
own terms Guided by a conscience

4154
03:36:05,600 --> 03:36:08,100
that refused to stay silent was 
emerging. 

4155
03:36:08,800 --> 03:36:12,200
The 1920s brought both hardship 
and opportunity to Eleanor 

4156
03:36:12,200 --> 03:36:15,500
Rosevelt Franklin's political 
career stalled when he lost the 

4157
03:36:15,500 --> 03:36:19,200
vice presidential race in 1920, 
but his future seemed boundless 

4158
03:36:19,200 --> 03:36:24,200
until polio struck him in 1921 
that summer during a vacation in

4159
03:36:24,200 --> 03:36:26,000
Tampa. 
Bello, he suddenly found himself

4160
03:36:26,000 --> 03:36:29,700
paralyzed from the waist down. 
Doctors, offered little hope for

4161
03:36:29,700 --> 03:36:33,100
complete recovery. 
The family, rallied yet the 

4162
03:36:33,108 --> 03:36:36,500
crisis triggered, another shift 
in his life overnight. 

4163
03:36:36,500 --> 03:36:41,000
She transformed into Franklin's 
indispensable Ally, juggling 

4164
03:36:41,000 --> 03:36:44,600
therapy, regiments household, 
Logistics and public relations. 

4165
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:48,300
Many within the Roosevelt Clan 
believed Franklin's, political 

4166
03:36:48,300 --> 03:36:51,100
days were over. 
Sarah Delano Roosevelt. 

4167
03:36:51,100 --> 03:36:54,500
Pressed him to retire quietly. 
That Eleanor discerned, that 

4168
03:36:54,508 --> 03:36:56,900
relinquishing his Ambitions 
would crush his spirit. 

4169
03:36:57,700 --> 03:37:01,100
She supported his determination 
to regain Mobility, helping him 

4170
03:37:01,100 --> 03:37:04,600
navigate new routines. 
She also shouldered tasks 

4171
03:37:04,600 --> 03:37:06,400
Franklin. 
Previously handled from 

4172
03:37:06,400 --> 03:37:09,800
correspondence to scheduling 
Suddenly, she was more than a 

4173
03:37:09,800 --> 03:37:12,500
supportive spouse. 
She was a gatekeeper, an 

4174
03:37:12,500 --> 03:37:14,900
intermediary, and an architect 
of her husband's comeback. 

4175
03:37:15,700 --> 03:37:18,700
Her own organizational skills. 
Flourished, she managed 

4176
03:37:18,700 --> 03:37:21,700
Franklins Affairs, and dedicated
time to committees that advanced

4177
03:37:21,700 --> 03:37:24,100
her interests. 
She joined the women's division 

4178
03:37:24,100 --> 03:37:27,100
of the New York state democratic
committee, recruiting Women, 

4179
03:37:27,100 --> 03:37:29,900
Voters and championing issues 
that aligned with social 

4180
03:37:29,900 --> 03:37:33,300
reforms. 
This dual Role Family caretaker 

4181
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:35,700
and political operator, 
displayed an emerging 

4182
03:37:35,700 --> 03:37:38,500
confidence. 
She shared the last vestiges of 

4183
03:37:38,500 --> 03:37:41,300
social timidity. 
Speaking at rallies and forging 

4184
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:44,500
alliances with Party leaders. 
While some ridiculed her for 

4185
03:37:44,500 --> 03:37:47,700
lacking classic oratory Flair 
others appreciated, her 

4186
03:37:47,700 --> 03:37:51,500
sincerity 1924. 
Franklyn ventured back into 

4187
03:37:51,500 --> 03:37:53,600
politics by supporting Al Smith 
for the position. 

4188
03:37:53,600 --> 03:37:58,300
Of governor of New York behind 
the scenes, Eleanor vents wrote 

4189
03:37:58,300 --> 03:38:00,500
letters and networked on his 
behalf. 

4190
03:38:01,100 --> 03:38:04,200
She began to see how her 
initiatives merged with broader 

4191
03:38:04,200 --> 03:38:07,000
political Machinery, the women's
City Club and the League of 

4192
03:38:07,008 --> 03:38:10,000
Women Voters offered her 
platforms to discuss labor 

4193
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:13,200
issues and child welfare. 
Her voice carried an 

4194
03:38:13,200 --> 03:38:15,500
authenticity rooted in hands-on 
experience. 

4195
03:38:16,000 --> 03:38:18,300
And she found an audience eager 
for that perspective. 

4196
03:38:19,300 --> 03:38:21,600
Yet her personal Journey, wasn't
all smooth. 

4197
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:23,900
Living under the same roof as 
Sarah. 

4198
03:38:23,900 --> 03:38:27,200
She faced constant friction 
about how to manage Franklin's 

4199
03:38:27,200 --> 03:38:29,800
care. 
Moreover Echoes of the Lucy 

4200
03:38:29,800 --> 03:38:33,100
Mercer Affair, lingard 
complicating, the emotional bond

4201
03:38:33,100 --> 03:38:36,500
with her husband. 
Their married though stable in 

4202
03:38:36,500 --> 03:38:40,100
outward appearance evolved into 
more of a partnership than a 

4203
03:38:40,100 --> 03:38:43,000
traditional Romance. 
Trusted friends, such as 

4204
03:38:43,008 --> 03:38:45,300
journalists Lorena. 
Hickok, entered her life, 

4205
03:38:45,300 --> 03:38:49,000
providing emotional support. 
Speculation about the nature of 

4206
03:38:49,000 --> 03:38:52,300
these friendships arose later 
but at the time, they served as 

4207
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:55,500
life lines, hankering Ellen's 
sense of self-worth. 

4208
03:38:56,200 --> 03:38:59,500
As franklyn's Mobility, improved
incrementally supported by 

4209
03:38:59,500 --> 03:39:02,000
crutches braces, and daily 
exercises. 

4210
03:39:02,000 --> 03:39:05,700
His political aspirations 
reignited, he ran for governor 

4211
03:39:05,700 --> 03:39:11,000
of New York in 1928 and 1.00, 
had to navigate her new role as 

4212
03:39:11,000 --> 03:39:14,000
the governor's wife. she 
disliked the ceremonials of the 

4213
03:39:14,000 --> 03:39:17,500
executive mansion in Albany but 
she saw an Avenue to shape 

4214
03:39:17,500 --> 03:39:20,800
policy from within she was no 
longer content with simply 

4215
03:39:20,800 --> 03:39:24,000
greeting dignitaries at 
reception instead, she turned 

4216
03:39:24,000 --> 03:39:26,600
the governor's residence into a 
meeting point for activists and 

4217
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:30,800
policymakers Under her watch 
Progressive agendas on labor 

4218
03:39:30,800 --> 03:39:33,200
laws and social welfare found an
informal forum. 

4219
03:39:34,100 --> 03:39:37,200
Meanwhile, she continued 
building her own reputation, she

4220
03:39:37,200 --> 03:39:40,100
wrote articles, for women's 
magazines pushing readers to 

4221
03:39:40,100 --> 03:39:43,400
engage in Civic matters in one 
piece and she insisted that the 

4222
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:46,000
success of democracy depended on
informed citizens. 

4223
03:39:47,000 --> 03:39:50,100
Ashley newly and franchise 
women, a writing style was 

4224
03:39:50,100 --> 03:39:53,600
direct and personal resonating 
with readers tired of lofty 

4225
03:39:53,600 --> 03:39:56,900
rhetoric critically. 
She believed that compassion and

4226
03:39:56,900 --> 03:40:00,400
practical Solutions, not empty, 
slogans made politics 

4227
03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:04,500
meaningful, By the close of the 
1920s, the rows of belts have 

4228
03:40:04,500 --> 03:40:07,800
become a formidable team. 
Franklins charismatic optimism, 

4229
03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:11,300
Drew public admiration, while 
Ellen has growing expertise on 

4230
03:40:11,300 --> 03:40:14,600
social issues, injected 
substance in his political 

4231
03:40:14,600 --> 03:40:19,000
image, the 1929 stock market. 
Crash sent the nation reeling. 

4232
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:22,400
Intensifying scrutiny of 
legislative efforts to alleviate

4233
03:40:22,400 --> 03:40:26,000
economic despair as Governor. 
Frankling, grappled with the 

4234
03:40:26,000 --> 03:40:29,300
relief measures for the 
unemployed Eleanor for her part 

4235
03:40:29,300 --> 03:40:33,100
travel, the state for a visiting
factories tenaments and Rural 

4236
03:40:33,100 --> 03:40:35,100
communities to assess problems 
first town. 

4237
03:40:36,000 --> 03:40:39,700
Her dispatchers back to Albany 
shaped policy debates ensuring 

4238
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:42,200
that the voices of ordinary 
citizens, didn't get lost in the

4239
03:40:42,208 --> 03:40:45,300
shuffle of bureaucracy. 
It was during this period that 

4240
03:40:45,300 --> 03:40:48,100
Eleanor solidified her belief in
the potential of government to 

4241
03:40:48,100 --> 03:40:51,400
uplift the vulnerable. 
While critics accused her of 

4242
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:54,700
meddling in Affairs, Beyond a 
spouse's domain, she brushed off

4243
03:40:54,700 --> 03:40:57,700
the barbs. 
If democracy was to thrive, she 

4244
03:40:57,700 --> 03:41:01,300
reasoned it needed more than 
figureheads it needed. 

4245
03:41:01,300 --> 03:41:04,500
Informed Advocates willing to 
engage directly with citizens 

4246
03:41:04,500 --> 03:41:07,700
struggles. 
As the 1932 presidential 

4247
03:41:07,700 --> 03:41:10,700
election approached, franklyn 
emerged as the Democratic 

4248
03:41:10,700 --> 03:41:13,000
front-runner. 
With the Great Depression. 

4249
03:41:13,000 --> 03:41:16,400
Tightening its grip American's 
craved leadership that promised 

4250
03:41:16,400 --> 03:41:20,000
hope and decisive action. 
Eleanor steeled herself for the 

4251
03:41:20,008 --> 03:41:22,800
next stage. 
Little did she know the White 

4252
03:41:22,800 --> 03:41:25,100
House would offer an even 
broader platform yet? 

4253
03:41:25,100 --> 03:41:27,900
All to test her capacity to 
balance public influence with 

4254
03:41:27,900 --> 03:41:31,200
private conviction. 
When Franklin D Roosevelt won, 

4255
03:41:31,200 --> 03:41:35,000
the 1932 presidential election, 
America was in the throes of the

4256
03:41:35,000 --> 03:41:38,200
Great Depression of lines for 
bread and soup stretched across 

4257
03:41:38,200 --> 03:41:40,500
city. 
Blocks Farms were foreclosed and

4258
03:41:40,500 --> 03:41:43,800
unemployment soared. 
Millions looked to the incoming 

4259
03:41:43,800 --> 03:41:47,200
president for salvation. 
Amid the frenzied national 

4260
03:41:47,200 --> 03:41:50,400
attention, Eleanor Roosevelt, 
stepped into the role of first 

4261
03:41:50,400 --> 03:41:52,400
lady with an approach that 
defied convention. 

4262
03:41:53,200 --> 03:41:55,100
Rather than focusing on high 
society. 

4263
03:41:55,100 --> 03:41:58,000
Receptions, she resolved to 
become the eyes and ears of the 

4264
03:41:58,000 --> 03:42:01,200
administration. 
Traveling extensively to gauge 

4265
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:03,500
people's realities from the 
onset. 

4266
03:42:03,500 --> 03:42:06,200
She carved out, an unprecedented
public profile. 

4267
03:42:06,900 --> 03:42:08,900
She held weekly press 
conferences, for female 

4268
03:42:08,900 --> 03:42:12,200
reporters ensuring that women in
journalism retained access to 

4269
03:42:12,200 --> 03:42:13,500
the political heart of the 
nation. 

4270
03:42:14,400 --> 03:42:17,800
This move sparked controversy 
know, first lady had ever done 

4271
03:42:17,800 --> 03:42:20,700
something. 
So openly proactive critics 

4272
03:42:20,700 --> 03:42:24,200
labeled her a meddler but 
Eleanor persisted explaining 

4273
03:42:24,200 --> 03:42:27,000
that women's voices deserved 
inclusion in National discourse.

4274
03:42:27,900 --> 03:42:30,100
She believed that an 
Administration ignoring half the

4275
03:42:30,100 --> 03:42:32,400
population's perspective was 
doomed to fail. 

4276
03:42:33,300 --> 03:42:36,500
She also launched a syndicated 
newspaper column my day. 

4277
03:42:37,500 --> 03:42:39,300
In it. 
She chronicled her observation 

4278
03:42:39,300 --> 03:42:43,500
on policy, social conditions, 
and even personal Reflections, 

4279
03:42:43,500 --> 03:42:46,500
while some columns, offered 
daily glimpses in her travels or

4280
03:42:46,500 --> 03:42:48,900
family life. 
Others pushed readers to 

4281
03:42:48,900 --> 03:42:52,300
consider labor issues, civil 
rights, and youth programs. 

4282
03:42:53,200 --> 03:42:56,200
The column garnered a massive 
following American's. 

4283
03:42:56,200 --> 03:42:59,500
Specially women found an 
advocate in the White House who 

4284
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:03,400
spoke plainly about, societal 
injustice detractors, how old 

4285
03:43:03,400 --> 03:43:07,000
about an overstepping spouse? 
But she refused to see the 

4286
03:43:07,000 --> 03:43:09,900
platform. 
Her pain became a conduit for 

4287
03:43:09,900 --> 03:43:12,500
the unheard. 
Meanwhile, the Roosevelt 

4288
03:43:12,500 --> 03:43:15,700
administration rolled out the 
New Deal an array of programs 

4289
03:43:15,700 --> 03:43:17,900
aimed at relief recovery and 
reform. 

4290
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:21,500
While Franklin handled the 
sweeping political Maneuvers. 

4291
03:43:21,500 --> 03:43:25,900
Eleanor visited factories slums 
and Rural backwaters reporting 

4292
03:43:25,900 --> 03:43:28,700
her findings back to him and 
other officials her input 

4293
03:43:28,700 --> 03:43:30,900
influenced initiatives like the 
National Youth Administration 

4294
03:43:30,900 --> 03:43:33,600
which provided jobs and 
education for young. 

4295
03:43:33,600 --> 03:43:36,800
People Eleanor believed that 
social welfare wasn't about 

4296
03:43:36,800 --> 03:43:39,900
handouts but about giving people
the tools to regain dignity. 

4297
03:43:40,900 --> 03:43:43,600
She pressed agencies to ensure 
these programs reached women 

4298
03:43:43,600 --> 03:43:47,800
minorities and rural families 
often sidelined in bureaucratic 

4299
03:43:47,800 --> 03:43:50,800
distribution. 
Of activism caught attention 

4300
03:43:50,800 --> 03:43:53,800
outside Washington, Labor 
leaders, praised her empathy 

4301
03:43:53,800 --> 03:43:57,400
while some conservatives accuse,
Cerny of championing socialism 

4302
03:43:57,400 --> 03:43:59,700
unions. 
Specially the newly. 

4303
03:43:59,700 --> 03:44:02,500
Formed Congress of industrial 
organizations CIO. 

4304
03:44:03,500 --> 03:44:06,200
Saw her as an ally willing to 
bring work as grievances to her 

4305
03:44:06,200 --> 03:44:09,000
husband's ear. 
Civil rights groups led by 

4306
03:44:09,000 --> 03:44:12,500
African American leaders like 
Mary McLeod Bethune founded in 

4307
03:44:12,500 --> 03:44:15,200
Eleanor a rare White House. 
Allah who would openly address 

4308
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:18,800
racial Injustice? 
famously defied segregation 

4309
03:44:18,800 --> 03:44:22,800
Norms in 1938 by sitting in the 
middle aisle between black and 

4310
03:44:22,800 --> 03:44:26,300
white delegates at a Southern 
Conference critics deemed it a 

4311
03:44:26,300 --> 03:44:29,700
publicity stunt, but for many 
African-Americans it was a 

4312
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:33,200
symbolic stand by someone in 
power in private though, she 

4313
03:44:33,200 --> 03:44:36,300
battled frustration and 
loneliness Franklin's polio 

4314
03:44:36,300 --> 03:44:39,100
limited his mobility and the 
Relentless demands of the 

4315
03:44:39,108 --> 03:44:42,600
presidency deepened, the 
emotional Gulf between them The 

4316
03:44:42,600 --> 03:44:46,600
White House brimmed with staff 
and visitors leaving little time

4317
03:44:46,600 --> 03:44:49,700
for introspection. 
She relied on friendships with 

4318
03:44:49,700 --> 03:44:52,900
women like Lorena, Hickok, Who 
provided an emotional Outlet. 

4319
03:44:52,900 --> 03:44:54,300
She really found in her 
marriage. 

4320
03:44:55,100 --> 03:44:57,500
Historians later, scrutinized 
these relationships. 

4321
03:44:57,500 --> 03:45:00,900
But at the time, they served as 
islands of understanding and 

4322
03:45:00,900 --> 03:45:02,700
affection in a sea of political 
chaos. 

4323
03:45:03,700 --> 03:45:06,700
Despite the strain, Eleanor 
recognized her unique influence,

4324
03:45:06,700 --> 03:45:09,900
she championed the Arts through 
projects under the works 

4325
03:45:09,900 --> 03:45:13,500
progress administration. 
Believing creativity spurred. 

4326
03:45:13,500 --> 03:45:16,900
Hope she publicly supported 
Progressive, women in office, 

4327
03:45:16,900 --> 03:45:20,900
including Secretary of Labor, 
France's Perkins, the first 

4328
03:45:20,900 --> 03:45:24,800
woman to hold a US cabinet 
position, In doing so she 

4329
03:45:24,800 --> 03:45:27,400
Advanced the notion that women 
could excel in governance. 

4330
03:45:28,400 --> 03:45:31,800
Skeptic snared at the idea of 
female leadership, but Ellen has

4331
03:45:31,800 --> 03:45:33,900
Karma Assurance backed by real 
accomplishments. 

4332
03:45:33,900 --> 03:45:36,800
Counted their doubts. 
She also found herself. 

4333
03:45:36,800 --> 03:45:40,100
Entangled and controversies 
around housing, reforms, Rural 

4334
03:45:40,100 --> 03:45:42,300
electrification, and migrant 
labor camps. 

4335
03:45:42,300 --> 03:45:44,900
In each case. 
Her approach was consistent 

4336
03:45:44,900 --> 03:45:48,600
travel to the site, talk to 
affected families and push her 

4337
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:50,300
husband's advisors to craft 
Solutions. 

4338
03:45:50,300 --> 03:45:54,100
If she couldn't persuade through
formal channels, she sometimes 

4339
03:45:54,100 --> 03:45:56,900
appealed directly to the public 
through her column or radio 

4340
03:45:56,900 --> 03:45:59,400
addresses. 
She skillfully balanced between 

4341
03:45:59,400 --> 03:46:01,800
being a supportive first lady 
and being an independent 

4342
03:46:01,800 --> 03:46:04,700
political actor by the late 
1930s. 

4343
03:46:04,700 --> 03:46:07,700
The Rosevelt Administration, 
confronted new challenges, 

4344
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:11,300
Fashions and rising in Europe 
and are still wobbly economy at 

4345
03:46:11,308 --> 03:46:14,400
home through it. 
All Eleanor's, schedule remained

4346
03:46:14,400 --> 03:46:18,500
Relentless, she believed in 
direct engagement, convinced 

4347
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:21,300
that a leader, unaware of 
suffering, had no moral right to

4348
03:46:21,300 --> 03:46:24,200
shape policy though. 
She never held official office, 

4349
03:46:24,200 --> 03:46:27,200
Her counsel influenced 
decisions, that altered millions

4350
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:29,600
of lives. 
With war clouds gathering 

4351
03:46:29,600 --> 03:46:32,000
overseas. 
She would soon discover that her

4352
03:46:32,000 --> 03:46:35,600
role required, not just empathy,
but a Steely resolve to face a 

4353
03:46:35,600 --> 03:46:39,800
global crisis poised to test 
America's ideals as the 1930s 

4354
03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:43,500
ended and World War Two loomed. 
Eleanor, Roosevelt sensed a 

4355
03:46:43,500 --> 03:46:47,100
shifting Global landscape. 
She saw fascism trampling human 

4356
03:46:47,100 --> 03:46:49,800
rights in Europe and Asia. 
While America debated isolation 

4357
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:53,100
versus intervention. 
Though Franklin initially 

4358
03:46:53,100 --> 03:46:57,300
focused on domestic recovery by 
1940, it was clear the nation 

4359
03:46:57,300 --> 03:47:00,800
couldn't ignore International 
turmoil, Eleanor never shy about

4360
03:47:00,800 --> 03:47:04,800
voicing her stance argued, that 
America's moral responsibility 

4361
03:47:04,800 --> 03:47:08,300
extended Beyond its borders. 
She wrote passionately in my 

4362
03:47:08,300 --> 03:47:10,400
day. 
Warning readers, that Democratic

4363
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:12,500
Values. 
Needed defending lest they 

4364
03:47:12,500 --> 03:47:14,100
perish in the onslaught of 
tyranny? 

4365
03:47:14,700 --> 03:47:17,500
When Franklin won an 
unprecedented, third term, in 

4366
03:47:17,500 --> 03:47:20,800
1940, the Roosevelt steel 
themselves for a tumultuous 

4367
03:47:20,800 --> 03:47:23,800
period. 
Eleanor accelerated her advocacy

4368
03:47:23,800 --> 03:47:26,100
for civil rights and women's 
involvement in war preparedness 

4369
03:47:26,100 --> 03:47:29,600
with men, joining the military. 
She championed female workers to

4370
03:47:29,600 --> 03:47:33,200
fill industrial, roles touring 
factories, she highlighted the 

4371
03:47:33,200 --> 03:47:36,800
contributions of Rosie, the 
Riveter types, urging Americans 

4372
03:47:36,800 --> 03:47:39,200
to shed old prejudices about A 
Woman's Place. 

4373
03:47:40,100 --> 03:47:43,800
Her stance was pragmatic the 
nation required every capable 

4374
03:47:43,800 --> 03:47:47,100
hand to be looming threats yet. 
Pearl Harbor's bombing in 

4375
03:47:47,100 --> 03:47:51,300
December 1941, brought War to 
us, soil, igniting, frantic 

4376
03:47:51,300 --> 03:47:54,300
mobilization. 
Eleanor plunged into morale. 

4377
03:47:54,300 --> 03:47:57,700
Building efforts visiting troops
meeting with families of 

4378
03:47:57,700 --> 03:48:00,600
servicemen and pushing for 
improved conditions in military 

4379
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:03,900
camps, Eleanor believed that 
even small actions, like 

4380
03:48:03,900 --> 03:48:08,100
providing decent food, Medical 
Care and pay could demonstrate 

4381
03:48:08,100 --> 03:48:10,200
the country's commitment to 
those who served. 

4382
03:48:10,800 --> 03:48:13,000
Despite the water department, 
having its structures. 

4383
03:48:13,000 --> 03:48:17,200
Her personal visits, frequently 
revealed, areas of concern, such

4384
03:48:17,200 --> 03:48:20,700
as segregated facilities, 
limited Mental, Health Services 

4385
03:48:20,700 --> 03:48:23,700
or insufficient resources in 
remote training sites. 

4386
03:48:24,500 --> 03:48:26,900
She penned Frank memos to 
generals and even her husband 

4387
03:48:26,900 --> 03:48:30,800
demanding improvements on the 
homefront war fever, sometimes 

4388
03:48:30,800 --> 03:48:34,400
fueled racism Japanese-Americans
were forced into internment 

4389
03:48:34,400 --> 03:48:36,700
camps. 
A policy elided in a struggled 

4390
03:48:36,700 --> 03:48:39,900
to reconcile with her belief in 
Democratic principles, she 

4391
03:48:39,900 --> 03:48:42,900
quietly lobbied behind the 
scenes, but her opposition to 

4392
03:48:42,900 --> 03:48:45,300
the policy never gained enough 
traction to reverse. 

4393
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:48,800
It critics, later labeled her 
substance on internment as one 

4394
03:48:48,800 --> 03:48:52,300
of her greatest moral failures. 
Still she strove to mitigate 

4395
03:48:52,300 --> 03:48:55,000
conditions by visiting camps and
advocating for educational 

4396
03:48:55,000 --> 03:48:58,400
programs inside them. 
Mindful that these efforts fell 

4397
03:48:58,400 --> 03:49:02,500
short of outright Justice. 
Meanwhile, civil rights leaders 

4398
03:49:02,500 --> 03:49:05,000
urged, the administration to 
address discrimination in 

4399
03:49:05,000 --> 03:49:07,400
defense. 
Industries, Eleanor became their

4400
03:49:07,400 --> 03:49:10,900
conduit in the White House. 
Franklyn issued executive order 

4401
03:49:10,900 --> 03:49:14,000
8802, Banning racial 
discrimination, in defense 

4402
03:49:14,000 --> 03:49:16,800
contracts partly due to her 
persistent urging. 

4403
03:49:17,400 --> 03:49:19,900
Though enforcement was patchy it
set a precedent. 

4404
03:49:19,900 --> 03:49:24,000
She continued, her bold stands 
like publicly supporting the 

4405
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:27,300
Tuskegee Airmen, and ensuring 
African-American nurses were 

4406
03:49:27,300 --> 03:49:29,100
integrated into the Army Nurse 
Corps. 

4407
03:49:29,100 --> 03:49:32,100
Each symbolic action fanned 
controversy among 

4408
03:49:32,100 --> 03:49:36,000
segregationists but to her the 
quality was non-negotiable 

4409
03:49:36,000 --> 03:49:39,400
especially in a warp. 
Reportedly fought for freedom. 

4410
03:49:40,400 --> 03:49:44,500
Abroad, Ellen is reach extended 
through her Goodwill tours, she 

4411
03:49:44,500 --> 03:49:47,200
traveled to Britain, and the 
South Pacific meeting soldiers, 

4412
03:49:47,200 --> 03:49:49,800
and Allied Leaders, her 
presence, was more than 

4413
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:52,100
ceremonial. 
She asked probing questions 

4414
03:49:52,100 --> 03:49:56,300
about troop morale, supply lines
and local tensions often she 

4415
03:49:56,300 --> 03:49:57,800
cabled. 
Back suggestions for 

4416
03:49:57,800 --> 03:50:00,500
improvements, British prime 
minister Winston, Churchill 

4417
03:50:00,500 --> 03:50:03,600
praised her empathy, even if 
some in his Entourage found her 

4418
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,300
activism unorthodox for a first 
lady. 

4419
03:50:07,100 --> 03:50:09,600
She reassured War weary 
civilians that American Aid, 

4420
03:50:09,600 --> 03:50:12,300
wasn't just strategic. 
It was driven by genuine 

4421
03:50:12,300 --> 03:50:14,700
commitment to Liberty. 
At home. 

4422
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:18,300
She confronted a personal 
heartbreak, her brother, Paul 

4423
03:50:18,300 --> 03:50:21,100
Rose of elt struggled with 
alcoholism echoing. 

4424
03:50:21,100 --> 03:50:24,600
The family's tragic Legacy. 
She tried to arrange support and

4425
03:50:24,600 --> 03:50:27,400
discreet care, balancing private
loyalties with public 

4426
03:50:27,400 --> 03:50:30,800
responsibilities, a circle of 
intimate friends, provided 

4427
03:50:30,800 --> 03:50:33,900
emotional ballast. 
Lorena Hickok, remained a 

4428
03:50:33,900 --> 03:50:36,500
confidant, the war Logistics 
limited their time together 

4429
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:38,800
through letters, Eleanor 
confided. 

4430
03:50:38,800 --> 03:50:42,500
Her exhaustion admitting that 
the Public's expectations, often

4431
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:46,800
felt insurmountable As the 
conflict raged on Franklin's 

4432
03:50:46,800 --> 03:50:49,800
Health, Wayne his blood 
pressure, Rose and stress 

4433
03:50:49,800 --> 03:50:52,100
weighed heavily. 
Eleanor stepped in more 

4434
03:50:52,100 --> 03:50:54,600
assertively bridging gaps in his
schedule. 

4435
03:50:55,400 --> 03:50:58,800
She delivered radio addresses, 
championing, war, bonds visited 

4436
03:50:58,800 --> 03:51:01,700
hospitals, treating wounded, 
veterans, and comforted, 

4437
03:51:01,700 --> 03:51:04,900
grieving families. 
Some cynics dismissed her as 

4438
03:51:04,900 --> 03:51:08,300
Madame do good but many others 
found solace in a leader 

4439
03:51:08,308 --> 03:51:10,200
unafraid to see suffering 
firsthand. 

4440
03:51:11,200 --> 03:51:15,400
By 1944, the Allied Forces were 
making significant progress yet.

4441
03:51:15,400 --> 03:51:17,200
Victory. 
Seemed a complicated Prospect. 

4442
03:51:17,200 --> 03:51:20,600
The war's Devastation would 
require not just triumph over 

4443
03:51:20,600 --> 03:51:23,000
Axis Powers but a blueprint for 
peace. 

4444
03:51:24,000 --> 03:51:27,800
Ellen has mined with questions 
about refugees post-war 

4445
03:51:27,800 --> 03:51:30,400
reconstruction, and a 
re-imagined global framework 

4446
03:51:30,400 --> 03:51:31,900
that might prevent future 
catastrophes. 

4447
03:51:31,900 --> 03:51:35,800
She saw glimpses of a potential 
role for the United States. 

4448
03:51:35,800 --> 03:51:38,800
As a moral leader though. 
She worried domestic politics 

4449
03:51:38,800 --> 03:51:41,900
might hamper that vision. 
In the final year of the war, 

4450
03:51:41,900 --> 03:51:45,000
she began hinting that the world
needed a robust International 

4451
03:51:45,000 --> 03:51:47,600
body to maintain peace for 
shadowing. 

4452
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:50,100
Her eventual pivotal role in the
United Nations. 

4453
03:51:50,900 --> 03:51:54,900
Franklin D, Roosevelt died, in 
April, 1945 mere weeks before 

4454
03:51:54,900 --> 03:51:58,300
Germany's surrender the nation 
mourned a four-term president, 

4455
03:51:58,300 --> 03:52:01,400
whose New Deal and wartime 
leadership had reshaped America 

4456
03:52:01,400 --> 03:52:04,800
for Eleanor Roosevelt. 
The loss was both intimate and 

4457
03:52:04,800 --> 03:52:07,500
public while she and Franklin 
had forged a practical 

4458
03:52:07,500 --> 03:52:10,600
partnership over the years, she 
grieved the passing of a 

4459
03:52:10,600 --> 03:52:13,100
companion who though, despite 
all their marital complexities 

4460
03:52:13,100 --> 03:52:16,600
had walked beside her through 
Monumental Transformations when 

4461
03:52:16,600 --> 03:52:18,700
Harry Truman succeeded to the 
presidency. 

4462
03:52:18,700 --> 03:52:22,200
He recognized Ellen as unique 
standing at first. 

4463
03:52:22,200 --> 03:52:24,500
Many assumed she would Retreat 
from public life. 

4464
03:52:24,500 --> 03:52:28,800
Instead, she showed no sign of 
Disappearing into widowhood She 

4465
03:52:28,808 --> 03:52:32,100
considered her husband's death, 
a passing of the Baton, a moment

4466
03:52:32,100 --> 03:52:36,500
demanding continued engagement, 
the war with Japan, still raged 

4467
03:52:36,500 --> 03:52:38,500
and global politics were in 
flux. 

4468
03:52:38,500 --> 03:52:42,600
She quietly rebuffed suggestions
to retire stating famously. 

4469
03:52:42,600 --> 03:52:45,200
The story is over but not the 
journey. 

4470
03:52:46,900 --> 03:52:50,300
In May 1945 v-day victory in 
Europe. 

4471
03:52:50,300 --> 03:52:53,300
Arrived overshadowed by the 
looming. 

4472
03:52:53,300 --> 03:52:56,800
Final battles against Japan. 
Eleanor immersed herself in 

4473
03:52:56,800 --> 03:53:00,100
relief, efforts focusing on 
wounded, veterans returning from

4474
03:53:00,100 --> 03:53:03,700
both theaters, she visited 
hospitals, consulted families, 

4475
03:53:03,700 --> 03:53:07,900
and championed bills aimed at 
their rehabilitation While 

4476
03:53:07,900 --> 03:53:10,600
Truman's Administration tackled 
the complexities of forming a 

4477
03:53:10,600 --> 03:53:12,900
post-war order. 
She used her platform to 

4478
03:53:12,900 --> 03:53:15,300
advocate for a strong 
Cooperative, International 

4479
03:53:15,300 --> 03:53:18,400
Community. 
One of Truman's defining acts 

4480
03:53:18,400 --> 03:53:21,100
was to appoint Eleanor to the 
first American delegation to the

4481
03:53:21,100 --> 03:53:25,300
United Nations in 1945. 
Many in Washington questioned. 

4482
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:28,500
The choice could a former first 
lady or be at well-traveled 

4483
03:53:28,500 --> 03:53:33,200
effectively navigate high stakes
diplomacy Truman saw something, 

4484
03:53:33,200 --> 03:53:37,500
others overlooked her blend of 
empathy and pragmatism the 

4485
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:39,300
appointment. 
Signaled, a fresh chapter for 

4486
03:53:39,300 --> 03:53:41,800
both the UN. 
And Eleanor she approached the 

4487
03:53:41,800 --> 03:53:45,000
role with disciplined, study 
brushing up, on parliamentary 

4488
03:53:45,000 --> 03:53:48,300
rules, international law, and 
economic recovery. 

4489
03:53:48,300 --> 03:53:51,700
Proposals attending the un's 
early session in London. 

4490
03:53:51,700 --> 03:53:53,900
And then at Lake Success, New 
York. 

4491
03:53:53,900 --> 03:53:56,800
She immersed herself in the 
complexities of post-war 

4492
03:53:56,800 --> 03:54:00,500
negotiations nation's wrestled 
with forming stable, governments

4493
03:54:00,500 --> 03:54:02,700
in war. 
Ravaged Region's setting up 

4494
03:54:02,700 --> 03:54:04,600
structures to prevent future 
conflicts. 

4495
03:54:04,600 --> 03:54:08,000
While seasoned diplomats haggled
over boundaries and reparations 

4496
03:54:08,000 --> 03:54:10,400
Eleanor centered her efforts on 
human rights. 

4497
03:54:10,400 --> 03:54:14,300
She found common cause with 
delegate is from smaller Nations

4498
03:54:14,300 --> 03:54:17,900
forging, Alliance is that 
transcended cold war lines just 

4499
03:54:17,900 --> 03:54:20,800
beginning to emerge. 
In 1946. 

4500
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:23,800
She chaired the newly formed un 
Commission on human rights. 

4501
03:54:24,600 --> 03:54:27,600
Initially, some delegates saw 
her as an American figurehead 

4502
03:54:27,600 --> 03:54:31,500
polite, but lacking intellectual
heft they swiftly learned 

4503
03:54:31,500 --> 03:54:34,400
otherwise she steered 
discussions with firmness, 

4504
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:38,300
ensuring smaller Nations had 
their say, She insisted the 

4505
03:54:38,300 --> 03:54:41,300
commission, draft, not just 
broad statements but actionable 

4506
03:54:41,300 --> 03:54:45,000
principles this laborious 
process required reconciling 

4507
03:54:45,000 --> 03:54:48,200
different cultural values, 
economic realities, and 

4508
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:51,900
political ideologies. 
Hours of debate tested. 

4509
03:54:51,900 --> 03:54:54,400
Her resolve. 
She found an ally in French 

4510
03:54:54,400 --> 03:54:58,200
philosopher, Rene Castle among 
others, who appreciated, her 

4511
03:54:58,200 --> 03:55:00,300
unwavering focus on practical 
outcomes. 

4512
03:55:01,300 --> 03:55:02,900
The commission's, most famous 
product. 

4513
03:55:02,900 --> 03:55:06,700
The universal Declaration of 
Human Rights, emerged as a 

4514
03:55:06,700 --> 03:55:09,400
collaborative Masterpiece though
it bore Ellen is imprint. 

4515
03:55:10,200 --> 03:55:13,100
She reminded delegates that 
lofty words meant little and 

4516
03:55:13,100 --> 03:55:14,900
less every day. 
People could understand them. 

4517
03:55:15,600 --> 03:55:18,900
She pushed for language, that 
was clear Universal and free 

4518
03:55:18,900 --> 03:55:22,300
from legalistic clutter. 
Late night session ended with 

4519
03:55:22,300 --> 03:55:25,200
her scribbling revision by 
Lamplight fueled by an 

4520
03:55:25,200 --> 03:55:27,800
unshakable belief. 
That each article mattered to 

4521
03:55:27,800 --> 03:55:31,000
someone's dignity. her 
experience among the poor and 

4522
03:55:31,000 --> 03:55:33,700
marginalized during the 
Depression shape, her commitment

4523
03:55:33,700 --> 03:55:37,200
to ensuring each Clause 
addressed Thunder, mental human 

4524
03:55:37,200 --> 03:55:41,300
needs, Throughout these intense 
negotiations, she maintained a 

4525
03:55:41,300 --> 03:55:43,900
public speaking schedule 
traveling to universities and 

4526
03:55:43,900 --> 03:55:45,800
women's clubs to explain the 
un's mission. 

4527
03:55:46,500 --> 03:55:50,100
Detractors at home accused her 
of naivete suggesting the Soviet

4528
03:55:50,100 --> 03:55:53,300
Union's, looming, power rendered
human rights talk meaningless. 

4529
03:55:54,100 --> 03:55:56,300
She counted that precisely 
because of geopolitical 

4530
03:55:56,300 --> 03:55:58,400
tensions. 
A moral framework was 

4531
03:55:58,400 --> 03:56:01,200
indispensable. 
She refused to let cynicism 

4532
03:56:01,200 --> 03:56:03,000
overshadow. 
The potential of collective 

4533
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:06,100
action. 
By 1948, the commission 

4534
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:08,600
finalized, the universal 
Declaration of Human Rights. 

4535
03:56:09,500 --> 03:56:11,400
The UN General Assembly is 
adoption of it. 

4536
03:56:11,400 --> 03:56:15,100
Marked a significant Milestone 
though, not legally binding, its

4537
03:56:15,100 --> 03:56:17,800
set a moral standard. 
Eleanor delivered speeches, 

4538
03:56:17,800 --> 03:56:21,300
describing it as a Magna Carta 
For All Mankind, ensuring the 

4539
03:56:21,308 --> 03:56:24,200
public, understood it as a tool 
to uplift the disenfranchise. 

4540
03:56:25,400 --> 03:56:28,300
International media, credited, 
her leadership, albeit, 

4541
03:56:28,300 --> 03:56:31,600
sometimes grudgingly as she had 
shattered prior assumptions 

4542
03:56:31,600 --> 03:56:33,200
about a first lady's 
capabilities. 

4543
03:56:33,900 --> 03:56:36,000
In the aftermath she found 
little time for rest. 

4544
03:56:36,000 --> 03:56:38,500
The world was shifting into the 
Cold War era. 

4545
03:56:39,600 --> 03:56:43,400
Economic reconstruction, 
decolonization and ideological 

4546
03:56:43,400 --> 03:56:45,700
battles. 
Now, to find global relations. 

4547
03:56:46,500 --> 03:56:49,200
Even as she stepped away from 
the commission, she continued to

4548
03:56:49,200 --> 03:56:52,800
serve as a roving ambassador of 
sorts championing human rights 

4549
03:56:52,800 --> 03:56:56,600
across continents. 
Elinor saw her late husband's 

4550
03:56:56,600 --> 03:56:59,900
passing as an opportunity to 
forge her own unique Legacy, 

4551
03:56:59,900 --> 03:57:03,800
rooted not in being a 
president's wife, but in shaping

4552
03:57:03,800 --> 03:57:07,600
International norms and a 
pivotal moment in history, In 

4553
03:57:07,600 --> 03:57:10,900
the final decade of her life. 
Eleanor Roosevelt, continued as 

4554
03:57:10,900 --> 03:57:14,400
an indefatigable voice for 
social justice, human rights and

4555
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,500
democratic ideals. 
The universal Declaration of 

4556
03:57:17,500 --> 03:57:21,400
Human Rights, adopted in 1948 
remained her crowning 

4557
03:57:21,400 --> 03:57:24,100
achievement. 
However, she refused to rest on 

4558
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:27,600
her past achievements with the 
onset of the Cold War critics, 

4559
03:57:27,600 --> 03:57:30,300
claimed the un's ideals would 
crumble under superpower 

4560
03:57:30,300 --> 03:57:32,600
rivalry. 
Eleanor believed otherwise 

4561
03:57:32,600 --> 03:57:35,200
maintaining that shared 
principles could mitigate 

4562
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:39,700
conflict even if progress 
unfolded slowly, She returned to

4563
03:57:39,700 --> 03:57:43,600
private citizenship in 1953, but
State active in public 

4564
03:57:43,600 --> 03:57:46,900
discourse. 
Writing, lecturing and 

4565
03:57:46,900 --> 03:57:49,200
advocating. 
She championed civil rights at 

4566
03:57:49,200 --> 03:57:51,600
home. 
When African-American students, 

4567
03:57:51,600 --> 03:57:54,600
integrated previously, all white
schools under court orders. 

4568
03:57:55,400 --> 03:57:58,500
She lent moral support, 
reminding Americans that 

4569
03:57:58,500 --> 03:58:00,300
equality was part of their 
National fabric. 

4570
03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:04,700
The Columns remained, 
unflinching calling out racism 

4571
03:58:04,700 --> 03:58:08,200
poverty and the complacency of 
those who benefited from the 

4572
03:58:08,200 --> 03:58:10,900
status quo. 
Some saw her as anachronistic 

4573
03:58:10,900 --> 03:58:14,100
others discovered in her words. 
A beacon for an America 

4574
03:58:14,100 --> 03:58:16,900
struggling to reconcile its 
ideals with its realities. 

4575
03:58:16,900 --> 03:58:20,400
Her personal network, still 
included political, heavyweights

4576
03:58:20,400 --> 03:58:23,200
enabling her to press for 
reforms behind the scenes. 

4577
03:58:23,200 --> 03:58:26,200
She served under President John 
F Kennedy as chair of the 

4578
03:58:26,200 --> 03:58:29,200
presidential commission on the 
status of women established in 

4579
03:58:29,200 --> 03:58:34,500
1961 at an age, when many retire
Elena dissected legal codes 

4580
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:38,100
Employment Practices and 
educational barriers hindering 

4581
03:58:38,100 --> 03:58:41,700
women, She demanded data case 
studies and policy 

4582
03:58:41,700 --> 03:58:45,100
recommendations aiming to 
transform rhetoric into tangible

4583
03:58:45,100 --> 03:58:48,700
steps that the commission's 
final report spurred legislative

4584
03:58:48,700 --> 03:58:52,500
changes under scored her ability
to channel, moral Vision into 

4585
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:56,000
legal Frameworks. 
Throughout the 1950s and early 

4586
03:58:56,000 --> 03:58:58,300
1960s. 
She traveled the globe. 

4587
03:58:58,300 --> 03:59:01,100
Invitations poured in, from 
countries, wanting to meet the 

4588
03:59:01,100 --> 03:59:02,900
woman behind the Declaration of 
Human Rights. 

4589
03:59:02,900 --> 03:59:06,200
In India, she walks through 
Villages discussing rural 

4590
03:59:06,200 --> 03:59:10,300
development in Israel. 
She Marvel's communities in 

4591
03:59:10,300 --> 03:59:13,500
Africa, she observed newly 
independent nations grappling 

4592
03:59:13,500 --> 03:59:16,500
with post-colonial 
reconstruction, where American 

4593
03:59:16,500 --> 03:59:19,800
ambassadors might exude, 
formality Elena, embraced 

4594
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:23,700
dialogues with every day people.
She returned from each Journey, 

4595
03:59:23,700 --> 03:59:27,300
energized writing extensive 
notes for policymakers, 

4596
03:59:27,300 --> 03:59:30,400
cautioning, against 
condescending attitudes toward 

4597
03:59:30,400 --> 03:59:33,400
emerging Nations. 
Her willingness to learn from 

4598
03:59:33,400 --> 03:59:36,200
other cultures, became a 
Hallmark of her diplomacy. 

4599
03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:39,000
Time. 
And again she confronted critics

4600
03:59:39,000 --> 03:59:42,700
who branded her a busy body. 
She was neither a scholar or a 

4601
03:59:42,700 --> 03:59:45,100
government official. 
Why should she meddle in foreign

4602
03:59:45,100 --> 03:59:48,200
or domestic affairs? 
She answered that democracy was 

4603
03:59:48,200 --> 03:59:51,700
every Citizens Business and 
moral responsibility didn't 

4604
03:59:51,700 --> 03:59:55,200
vanish with the end of official 
appointments observers noted, 

4605
03:59:55,200 --> 03:59:57,800
that her brand of activism 
hinged, on practical empathy 

4606
03:59:57,800 --> 04:00:01,500
nurtured from her earliest, 
volunteer days where the 

4607
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:03,800
lecturing at a university or 
chatting with a rural 

4608
04:00:03,800 --> 04:00:06,700
Cooperative. 
She asked questions and listened

4609
04:00:06,700 --> 04:00:10,700
her convictions were firm yet. 
She respected the complexity of 

4610
04:00:10,708 --> 04:00:13,400
local struggles. 
She also mentored Rising 

4611
04:00:13,400 --> 04:00:17,000
figures, both men and women 
urging them to wield compassion 

4612
04:00:17,000 --> 04:00:21,200
as a strength, not a weakness. 
From civil rights activists in 

4613
04:00:21,200 --> 04:00:23,600
the American South to Young 
diplomats in the US. 

4614
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:26,900
She encouraged them to merge 
policy with Humanity. 

4615
04:00:27,700 --> 04:00:30,800
People, she mentored often 
recalled her direct manner, no 

4616
04:00:30,800 --> 04:00:33,700
Idol flattery just pointed 
questions, that force them to 

4617
04:00:33,700 --> 04:00:37,200
clarify their own beliefs 
rarely, did she scold in public 

4618
04:00:37,200 --> 04:00:40,700
but in private she offered 
candid criticisms designed to 

4619
04:00:40,700 --> 04:00:44,200
Sharp and strategies. 
It's a health began to decline 

4620
04:00:44,200 --> 04:00:47,800
in the early 1960s. 
She scaled back her demanding 

4621
04:00:47,800 --> 04:00:50,100
itinerary though. 
Not her convictions. 

4622
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:53,100
President Kennedy valued her 
Council on international 

4623
04:00:53,100 --> 04:00:56,900
relations and domestic policy. 
She remained a fixture in press 

4624
04:00:56,900 --> 04:01:00,000
interviews, her voice steady 
even if her physical stamina 

4625
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:02,100
waned. 
She firmly believed in 

4626
04:01:02,100 --> 04:01:05,500
transferring the responsibility 
to the Next Generation in. 

4627
04:01:05,500 --> 04:01:08,700
One of her final interviews, she
expressed hope that the seeds 

4628
04:01:08,700 --> 04:01:11,200
planted by the universal 
declaration would bear fruit, 

4629
04:01:11,200 --> 04:01:14,600
even if it took centuries for 
Humanity to fully embrace the 

4630
04:01:14,600 --> 04:01:20,700
ideals of Justice, Liberty and 
equality Eleanor Roosevelt died 

4631
04:01:20,700 --> 04:01:25,500
on November the 7th 1962, 
tributes poured in from heads of

4632
04:01:25,500 --> 04:01:29,100
state and ordinary citizens 
alike, many lauded her as the 

4633
04:01:29,100 --> 04:01:32,600
first lady of the world, a title
first coined in recognition of 

4634
04:01:32,600 --> 04:01:36,400
her Global humanitarian work 
over the coming years, her 

4635
04:01:36,400 --> 04:01:40,100
Legacy would be Revisited by 
historians feminists diplomats 

4636
04:01:40,100 --> 04:01:43,600
and human rights advocates. 
Unlike fleeting political 

4637
04:01:43,600 --> 04:01:46,400
personalities, she left a 
lasting moral imprint that 

4638
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:50,100
transcended parties and ship and
geography today her words still 

4639
04:01:50,100 --> 04:01:54,200
resonate where after all do 
Universal human rights begin in 

4640
04:01:54,200 --> 04:01:58,500
small places close to home. 
Her famous advocacy statement, 

4641
04:01:58,500 --> 04:02:00,400
encapsulates, the essence of her
life. 

4642
04:02:01,000 --> 04:02:04,000
She believed real change took 
root in neighborhoods, schools 

4643
04:02:04,000 --> 04:02:07,900
and local governments only, then
scaling up to National and 

4644
04:02:07,900 --> 04:02:10,000
international levels. 
Born into privilege. 

4645
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:12,500
She grew into a figure who 
championed the powerless 

4646
04:02:12,500 --> 04:02:14,700
overcoming shyness and 
heartbreak. 

4647
04:02:14,700 --> 04:02:17,400
She constructed a role for 
herself that few imagined 

4648
04:02:17,400 --> 04:02:20,000
possible. 
And in that process, she altered

4649
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:23,200
the global Dialogue on rights 
dignity and what it means to 

4650
04:02:23,200 --> 04:02:33,700
serve Humanity, In yourself on a
Liverpool dock. 

4651
04:02:33,700 --> 04:02:37,000
In 1838 watching What appears to
be a sailing ship. 

4652
04:02:37,000 --> 04:02:40,500
Have an affair with a factory. 
Paddle Wheels, turn the water 

4653
04:02:40,500 --> 04:02:43,200
like enormous. 
Wooden washing machines smoke, 

4654
04:02:43,200 --> 04:02:46,200
billows, from tall funnels and 
somewhere deep within this 

4655
04:02:46,200 --> 04:02:49,200
mechanical way. 
Coal fires burn hot enough to 

4656
04:02:49,200 --> 04:02:51,700
convert water into the steam 
that will take you across the 

4657
04:02:51,700 --> 04:02:55,800
Atlantic Ocean in just 18 days, 
rather than the customary, 6 

4658
04:02:55,800 --> 04:02:59,200
weeks, this marks, the beginning
of the steamship era when 

4659
04:02:59,200 --> 04:03:01,600
traveling across the ocean's 
became more like following a 

4660
04:03:01,600 --> 04:03:03,900
schedule, rather than a prayer 
to the wind gods. 

4661
04:03:04,900 --> 04:03:07,400
One of the first specially 
designed steamships to 

4662
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:09,100
frequently Traverse the 
Atlantic. 

4663
04:03:09,100 --> 04:03:12,400
The Great Western was 
essentially a floating city with

4664
04:03:12,400 --> 04:03:15,400
a very particular issue. 
How do you feed hundreds of 

4665
04:03:15,408 --> 04:03:17,300
people? 
When the closest supermarket is 

4666
04:03:17,300 --> 04:03:20,500
thousands of miles away and 
won't be accessible for weeks, 

4667
04:03:20,500 --> 04:03:23,900
prior to steamships, traveling 
by sea, was similar to camping 

4668
04:03:23,900 --> 04:03:26,900
for wealthy people. 
You brought your own food, hoped

4669
04:03:26,900 --> 04:03:29,400
it wouldn't go bad. 
And accepted that meals would 

4670
04:03:29,400 --> 04:03:31,600
consist of whatever the ship's 
cook, could prepare using 

4671
04:03:31,600 --> 04:03:34,700
hardtack salt pork and anything 
that wasn't moldy. 

4672
04:03:35,800 --> 04:03:38,900
But everything changed with 
steamships these were luxury 

4673
04:03:38,900 --> 04:03:40,700
hotels. 
That just so happened to float 

4674
04:03:40,700 --> 04:03:43,500
and luxury hotels, require 
luxury dining. 

4675
04:03:44,300 --> 04:03:45,900
They were not merely transport 
ships. 

4676
04:03:45,900 --> 04:03:48,200
The difficulty of the task was 
magnificent. 

4677
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:51,600
Imagine attempting to stock a 
restaurant for three weeks. 

4678
04:03:51,600 --> 04:03:54,700
While your kitchen is always 
changing in three dimensions, 

4679
04:03:54,700 --> 04:03:58,400
you have limited storage space. 
No Refrigeration, other than 

4680
04:03:58,400 --> 04:04:01,700
what nature provides you are. 
Unable to go outside for fresh 

4681
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:04,400
ingredients. 
Oh, and your Patron's 

4682
04:04:04,400 --> 04:04:07,600
anticipate, the same level of 
quality that they would find at 

4683
04:04:07,600 --> 04:04:09,300
the best restaurants in New York
or London. 

4684
04:04:09,300 --> 04:04:12,400
This issue was resolved by ship 
designers using the same 

4685
04:04:12,400 --> 04:04:15,900
Victorian inventiveness that 
produced the sewers canal and 

4686
04:04:15,900 --> 04:04:19,600
the London sewer system. 
He developed dining systems 

4687
04:04:19,600 --> 04:04:23,200
invented preservation techniques
and floating pantries. 

4688
04:04:23,200 --> 04:04:26,000
That would make contemporary 
cruise ship designers swoon. 

4689
04:04:26,800 --> 04:04:29,400
In addition, to overcoming 
distance, the steamship was also

4690
04:04:29,400 --> 04:04:32,100
transforming the idea of what it
meant to eat healthily while 

4691
04:04:32,100 --> 04:04:36,000
traveling launched. 
In 1843, the SS Great Britain, 

4692
04:04:36,000 --> 04:04:38,900
resembled a mechanical, Marvel 
crossed with a floating palace. 

4693
04:04:39,600 --> 04:04:44,500
It was the world's largest ship 
measuring 322 feet in length and

4694
04:04:44,500 --> 04:04:47,300
its designers recognized that 
passengers were purchasing an 

4695
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:49,200
experience rather than merely a 
ticket. 

4696
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:52,700
In addition to reflecting the 
social structures of the era, 

4697
04:04:52,700 --> 04:04:56,500
the dining Arrangements on these
early steamships introduced new 

4698
04:04:56,500 --> 04:04:59,900
types of Maritime Hospitality 
that would shape Ocean Travel in

4699
04:04:59,900 --> 04:05:02,900
the century that followed the 
way that steamship dining 

4700
04:05:02,900 --> 04:05:05,300
addressed issues that a dogged 
Maritime travel ever. 

4701
04:05:05,300 --> 04:05:07,900
Since people first tied logs 
together and aimed them toward 

4702
04:05:07,900 --> 04:05:10,400
the Horizon was what made it so 
intriguing. 

4703
04:05:11,300 --> 04:05:14,200
Proper food storage and menu 
planning helped prevent scurvy. 

4704
04:05:14,200 --> 04:05:17,600
The vitamin deficit disease that
made Sailors teeth into loose 

4705
04:05:17,600 --> 04:05:20,900
accessories, multi-course meals.
That could compete with anything

4706
04:05:20,900 --> 04:05:24,100
so served on land replaced. 
The boring diet of ship biscuits

4707
04:05:24,100 --> 04:05:26,700
and salt beef. 
The true Revolution however, was

4708
04:05:26,700 --> 04:05:30,100
not in what people ate but 
rather in how dining became an 

4709
04:05:30,100 --> 04:05:32,000
integral part of the steamship 
experience. 

4710
04:05:32,900 --> 04:05:35,900
Like all communities, these 
ships were forming floating, 

4711
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:38,100
communities centered around 
communal meals. 

4712
04:05:38,100 --> 04:05:41,500
The ship's Dining Saloon 
developed into its Social Hub, 

4713
04:05:41,500 --> 04:05:45,000
where travelers from various 
backgrounds, interacted romances

4714
04:05:45,000 --> 04:05:48,100
blossomed, and the simple Act of
sharing meals, forged 

4715
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:50,800
relationships that persisted 
long after the ship docked. 

4716
04:05:50,800 --> 04:05:52,600
Imagine yourself standing on 
that. 

4717
04:05:52,600 --> 04:05:55,300
Liverpool doc, as you fall 
asleep tonight, watching, people

4718
04:05:55,300 --> 04:05:57,700
bored with their trunks and 
their expectations. 

4719
04:05:58,500 --> 04:06:01,200
The first meal service of a 
voyage that will redefine what 

4720
04:06:01,200 --> 04:06:03,200
it means to eat. 
While traveling is already 

4721
04:06:03,200 --> 04:06:06,100
underway somewhere in the ship's
barely as the whistle blows and 

4722
04:06:06,100 --> 04:06:08,000
the paddle Wheels start. 
Their rhythmic churning. 

4723
04:06:08,700 --> 04:06:11,500
You're about to learn how these 
floating eateries catered to 

4724
04:06:11,500 --> 04:06:14,000
their patrons, serving 
everything from the most 

4725
04:06:14,000 --> 04:06:18,200
elaborate first class Feast to 
the most basic steerage meal all

4726
04:06:18,200 --> 04:06:21,700
while navigating, the Atlanta 
Ocean's NeverEnding ways, you 

4727
04:06:21,700 --> 04:06:24,400
might not even realize you're on
a ship when you enter the SS 

4728
04:06:24,400 --> 04:06:28,100
Great Eastern's. 
Dining Saloon in 1816 Like a 

4729
04:06:28,100 --> 04:06:31,900
cathedral devoted to the art of 
eating the rooms sprawls out in 

4730
04:06:31,900 --> 04:06:34,500
front of you. 
Long tables covered in a 

4731
04:06:34,500 --> 04:06:37,500
macular, white linen, stretch 
into the distance, like a Royal 

4732
04:06:37,500 --> 04:06:40,700
Bank Witt. 
Crystal chandeliers sway softly 

4733
04:06:40,700 --> 04:06:43,100
with the motion of the ship and 
massive mirrors. 

4734
04:06:43,100 --> 04:06:46,200
Reflect Gaslight off polished 
mahogany during the Victorian 

4735
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:47,900
era. 
These dining saloons were the 

4736
04:06:47,900 --> 04:06:49,500
answer to a very specific 
question. 

4737
04:06:50,300 --> 04:06:53,900
Can you create an atmosphere of 
refined Elegance in a space? 

4738
04:06:53,900 --> 04:06:57,700
That is surrounded by thousands 
of tons of cold, sea water and 

4739
04:06:57,700 --> 04:07:01,200
is always in motion. 
Most people were unaware, that 

4740
04:07:01,200 --> 04:07:04,200
the answer required more 
theatrical stagecraft every 

4741
04:07:04,200 --> 04:07:07,300
component, including the 
substantial Furniture fastened 

4742
04:07:07,300 --> 04:07:10,700
to the deck, and the specially 
made fiddles those elevated 

4743
04:07:10,700 --> 04:07:12,600
edges, that prevented plates 
from slipping off. 

4744
04:07:12,600 --> 04:07:15,800
Tables was thoughtfully arranged
to preserve the appearance of 

4745
04:07:15,800 --> 04:07:19,500
stability and elegance with 400 
seats available at once. 

4746
04:07:19,500 --> 04:07:23,000
The great Easterns Dining Saloon
was larger than the majority of 

4747
04:07:23,000 --> 04:07:26,800
eateries in New York or London. 
This one, however, had to 

4748
04:07:26,800 --> 04:07:30,200
operate, while tilting rolling, 
and occasionally, lurching in 

4749
04:07:30,200 --> 04:07:32,700
ways that would cause a 
terrestrial Matrix D to go into 

4750
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:36,300
cardiac arrest in contrast to 
those land-based establishments.

4751
04:07:37,200 --> 04:07:39,900
Ship designers, used invention 
that combined engineering 

4752
04:07:39,900 --> 04:07:44,100
prowess and magical thinking to 
overcome these obstacles wide 

4753
04:07:44,100 --> 04:07:46,800
low tables with the 
characteristic, razed edges that

4754
04:07:46,800 --> 04:07:49,200
came to Define dining at Sea 
were constructed. 

4755
04:07:50,000 --> 04:07:52,200
Chairs were made to remain 
stationary in the event of 

4756
04:07:52,200 --> 04:07:55,100
choppy seas, and were heavier 
than their cousins on shore. 

4757
04:07:55,900 --> 04:07:58,600
Thick carpets, the absorbed 
sound and offered traction. 

4758
04:07:58,600 --> 04:08:01,800
Covered the floors, creating an 
acoustic space where diners 

4759
04:08:01,800 --> 04:08:04,400
could hear one another over the 
continuous harm of paddle, 

4760
04:08:04,400 --> 04:08:06,800
wheels and steam engines. 
Lighting post, special 

4761
04:08:06,800 --> 04:08:10,300
difficulties of its owning 
saloon's were reliant on oil, 

4762
04:08:10,300 --> 04:08:13,400
lamps and later gas fixtures 
which had to be built to be safe

4763
04:08:13,400 --> 04:08:16,200
even when the ship was pitching 
in severe weather because 

4764
04:08:16,200 --> 04:08:20,000
candles were fire hazards on 
Wooden Ships, As a result even 

4765
04:08:20,000 --> 04:08:23,400
basic meals, felt refined and 
sophisticated thanks to the warm

4766
04:08:23,400 --> 04:08:26,500
golden illumination. 
Many Travelers recalled the 

4767
04:08:26,508 --> 04:08:29,300
entire experience more vividly 
than the places they were 

4768
04:08:29,300 --> 04:08:32,400
sailing toward because the food 
and passengers looked better. 

4769
04:08:32,400 --> 04:08:35,700
And the whole thing took on an 
almost dreamlike quality, these 

4770
04:08:35,700 --> 04:08:39,000
dining saloons social dynamics 
were meticulously planned out 

4771
04:08:39,000 --> 04:08:41,800
like a ballet. 
Based on their social standing 

4772
04:08:41,800 --> 04:08:44,100
class of travel and occasionally
their nationality. 

4773
04:08:44,100 --> 04:08:48,200
Passengers were given seats. 
Prominent passengers might find 

4774
04:08:48,200 --> 04:08:50,700
themselves dining with the 
ship's officers and exchanging 

4775
04:08:50,700 --> 04:08:53,500
tales that would eventually 
become part of Maritime folklore

4776
04:08:53,500 --> 04:08:56,000
at the Captain's Table. 
The most prestigious seating 

4777
04:08:56,000 --> 04:08:58,800
arrangement, the way these 
dining saloons manage the 

4778
04:08:58,800 --> 04:09:01,400
straightforward Logistics of 
serving hundreds of meals at 

4779
04:09:01,400 --> 04:09:03,600
once. 
While the entire restaurant was 

4780
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:06,400
constantly moving was perhaps 
their most impressive feature. 

4781
04:09:07,400 --> 04:09:11,200
Waiters also known as Stuarts 
created methods that combined 

4782
04:09:11,200 --> 04:09:12,900
elements of martial arts and 
dance. 

4783
04:09:12,900 --> 04:09:16,100
They developed an almost 
Supernatural ability to carry 

4784
04:09:16,100 --> 04:09:19,300
loaded trays across a rolling 
deck without losing a single 

4785
04:09:19,300 --> 04:09:22,100
dinner role as they learned to 
anticipate the movement of the 

4786
04:09:22,100 --> 04:09:24,000
ship and time their steps to its
Rhythm. 

4787
04:09:24,000 --> 04:09:27,700
There was nothing like the sound
of a steamship Dining Saloon in 

4788
04:09:27,700 --> 04:09:31,200
full operation on land. 
The soft chatter of passengers, 

4789
04:09:31,200 --> 04:09:34,700
the clink of silverware, the 
rustle of stewards feet on the 

4790
04:09:34,700 --> 04:09:38,700
plush carpet, and beneath it all
the steady hum of the engines 

4791
04:09:38,700 --> 04:09:42,000
that powered this floating 
Eatery, as a reminder, that this

4792
04:09:42,000 --> 04:09:45,308
sophisticated social area was 
encircled by the vastness of the

4793
04:09:45,316 --> 04:09:47,300
ocean. 
You may occasionally hear the 

4794
04:09:47,300 --> 04:09:51,200
distant sound of waves against 
the hull or the Cry of seabirds 

4795
04:09:51,200 --> 04:09:53,900
meals in the evening were 
especially magical events. 

4796
04:09:54,600 --> 04:09:57,600
In the midst of the trackless 
sea, the Dining Saloon turned 

4797
04:09:57,600 --> 04:10:00,500
into a cozy Haven of 
civilization as the daylight 

4798
04:10:00,500 --> 04:10:03,900
dimmed and the lamps were lit. 
For a few hours, the 

4799
04:10:03,900 --> 04:10:07,200
difficulties and discomforts of 
sea travel would be replaced by 

4800
04:10:07,200 --> 04:10:11,700
conversation, delicious food and
the strange intimacy that arises

4801
04:10:11,700 --> 04:10:14,200
when strangers share an 
extraordinary experience. 

4802
04:10:15,100 --> 04:10:16,600
Passengers would dress to 
impress. 

4803
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:19,400
Formal, dining was expected on 
steamships. 

4804
04:10:19,400 --> 04:10:23,100
These dining swoons menu cards 
are poetic codes to Victorian. 

4805
04:10:23,100 --> 04:10:26,600
Plenty, each dish would be 
described in such a way that 

4806
04:10:26,600 --> 04:10:29,400
even the most basic preparations
would seem like culinary 

4807
04:10:29,400 --> 04:10:32,000
masterpieces. 
And course, after course, would 

4808
04:10:32,000 --> 04:10:35,800
be listed in intricate script. 
This theatrical presentation, 

4809
04:10:35,800 --> 04:10:38,500
however, was based on a 
sophisticated understanding of 

4810
04:10:38,500 --> 04:10:41,300
what worked in Maritime dining. 
Foods. 

4811
04:10:41,300 --> 04:10:43,300
That could be prepared ahead of 
time that traveled. 

4812
04:10:43,300 --> 04:10:46,100
Well, and that would retain 
their excellent flavor even 

4813
04:10:46,100 --> 04:10:48,400
after being served in a 
constantly moving room. 

4814
04:10:48,400 --> 04:10:51,800
Consider yourself in 1875 
sitting down to dinner. 

4815
04:10:51,800 --> 04:10:55,200
After becoming wealthy enough to
reserve first-class passage on 

4816
04:10:55,200 --> 04:10:58,500
the RMS Britannic. 
With dishes like turtle soup, 

4817
04:10:58,500 --> 04:11:01,700
salmon with lobster sauce, roast
beef, with your Yorkshire 

4818
04:11:01,700 --> 04:11:04,800
pudding, game pie, Charlotte, 
Russe, and fresh fruit. 

4819
04:11:04,800 --> 04:11:06,900
That somehow survived the 
journey from Mediterranean 

4820
04:11:06,900 --> 04:11:09,300
Groves to your plate. 
Without wilting in the Atlantic 

4821
04:11:09,300 --> 04:11:11,400
spray. 
The menu in front of you reads 

4822
04:11:11,400 --> 04:11:13,500
like a love letter to Victorian 
access. 

4823
04:11:13,500 --> 04:11:17,000
This was more than just dinner. 
It was a show of Humanity's 

4824
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:20,200
ability to overcome the inherent
constraints of Maritime travel. 

4825
04:11:21,200 --> 04:11:24,400
Every component on your plate. 
Symbolized a triumph over 

4826
04:11:24,400 --> 04:11:27,900
spoiling and each expertly 
prepared dish was a protest 

4827
04:11:27,900 --> 04:11:30,900
against the ocean's attempt to 
turn your food into salted, meat

4828
04:11:30,900 --> 04:11:33,500
and hardtack. 
First class passengers were 

4829
04:11:33,500 --> 04:11:36,700
purchasing temporary protection 
from the harsh reality of Life 

4830
04:11:36,700 --> 04:11:38,700
at Sea. 
Not just a means of 

4831
04:11:38,700 --> 04:11:41,900
transportation a contemporary 
supply chain manager would have 

4832
04:11:41,908 --> 04:11:44,600
been impressed by the logistics 
of these elaborate meals. 

4833
04:11:44,600 --> 04:11:49,000
Consider that fresh fruit, the 
rightness of Spanish oranges, 

4834
04:11:49,000 --> 04:11:52,300
English, Apple's and French 
grapes had to be careful, chose 

4835
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:55,800
and packed to protect them from 
ship motion, and kept in. 

4836
04:11:55,808 --> 04:11:58,300
Specially, ventilated 
compartments that allowed just 

4837
04:11:58,300 --> 04:12:01,700
enough air circulation to keep 
wrote of bay without allowing in

4838
04:12:01,700 --> 04:12:03,400
the sultan air that would 
destroy everything. 

4839
04:12:03,400 --> 04:12:05,900
The problems with meat were even
worse. 

4840
04:12:06,600 --> 04:12:09,000
They didn't just throw that 
roast beef in the ship's pantry 

4841
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:11,800
and hope for the best. 
It was a component of a 

4842
04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:14,200
well-planned system. 
That also included, traditional 

4843
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:17,500
salt preserved Meats for longer 
voyages, live cattle. 

4844
04:12:17,500 --> 04:12:20,200
Kept in, pens on deck and 
cutting-edge preservation, 

4845
04:12:20,200 --> 04:12:23,000
methods that stretched. 
The limits of 19th century, food

4846
04:12:23,000 --> 04:12:25,600
science. 
Some ships even had their own 

4847
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:27,900
ice houses which were 
essentially floating 

4848
04:12:27,900 --> 04:12:30,800
refrigerators that allowed 
perishables to last far longer 

4849
04:12:30,800 --> 04:12:32,500
than they could have a 
generation ago. 

4850
04:12:32,500 --> 04:12:36,000
These looks Furious steamships 
had wine cellars that were Feats

4851
04:12:36,000 --> 04:12:39,100
of engineering and taste in 
order to maintain appropriate 

4852
04:12:39,100 --> 04:12:42,100
storage conditions bottles 
needed to be fastened against 

4853
04:12:42,100 --> 04:12:45,900
the ship's continuous motion. 
The wine Steward who frequently 

4854
04:12:45,900 --> 04:12:49,200
held a highly esteemed position 
on Border ship was knowledgeable

4855
04:12:49,200 --> 04:12:52,100
about both wine and the unique 
difficulties of serving them in 

4856
04:12:52,100 --> 04:12:53,700
a constantly tilting 
environment. 

4857
04:12:54,600 --> 04:12:57,900
If handled improperly a vintage 
Bordeaux that was excellent on 

4858
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:00,500
land could become unfit for 
consumption, while traveling 

4859
04:13:00,500 --> 04:13:03,900
across the Atlantic first class 
for breakfast, which catered to 

4860
04:13:03,900 --> 04:13:06,700
the international character of 
steamship travel range from 

4861
04:13:06,700 --> 04:13:09,900
traditional English, fair to 
Continental Delicacies, and 

4862
04:13:09,900 --> 04:13:13,300
could last for hours. 
The ships ovens which had to 

4863
04:13:13,308 --> 04:13:15,000
work. 
While the entire kitchen was 

4864
04:13:15,000 --> 04:13:18,200
rolling through ocean swells. 
Baked fresh bread, every day, 

4865
04:13:18,200 --> 04:13:21,300
every morning, the first class 
corridors would fill with the 

4866
04:13:21,308 --> 04:13:25,100
aroma of Freshly Baked Goods, a 
homely comfort that transformed 

4867
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:28,000
the ship from a mechanical 
vehicle into a floating 

4868
04:13:28,000 --> 04:13:30,600
residence. 
However, the way first-class 

4869
04:13:30,600 --> 04:13:33,300
dining accommodated, special 
dietary requirements and 

4870
04:13:33,300 --> 04:13:38,000
preferences was arguably, its 
most remarkable feature Wealthy 

4871
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:40,100
passengers. 
Expected their shipboard meals 

4872
04:13:40,100 --> 04:13:42,900
to reflect the increasingly 
complex ideas about nutrition 

4873
04:13:42,900 --> 04:13:46,500
and health, that were emerging 
in Victorian society for 

4874
04:13:46,500 --> 04:13:49,000
passengers, who were worried 
about their health ships 

4875
04:13:49,000 --> 04:13:52,200
carried, special preparations 
for invalids, kid-friendly 

4876
04:13:52,200 --> 04:13:55,400
meals, and even the earliest 
iterations of what we might now 

4877
04:13:55,400 --> 04:13:57,900
know. 
As spark was in first class food

4878
04:13:57,900 --> 04:13:59,800
was presented in a theatrical 
fashion. 

4879
04:13:59,800 --> 04:14:02,100
Each course became a miniature 
performance. 

4880
04:14:02,100 --> 04:14:05,400
The silver covered dishes 
arrived at tables and was 

4881
04:14:05,400 --> 04:14:07,500
simultaneously lifted by white 
gloved. 

4882
04:14:07,500 --> 04:14:10,200
Stewards resulting in dramatic 
reveals. 

4883
04:14:11,100 --> 04:14:14,700
At Sea, hundreds of passengers 
were served meal after meal with

4884
04:14:14,700 --> 04:14:17,100
the finest China. 
Crystal and silverware. 

4885
04:14:17,100 --> 04:14:20,100
That would have been reserved 
for the most aristocratic homes 

4886
04:14:20,100 --> 04:14:22,400
on land. 
Protocols in the first class. 

4887
04:14:22,400 --> 04:14:25,200
Dining Saloon were a strict as 
those in the best hotels. 

4888
04:14:25,200 --> 04:14:28,300
In London, the social graces 
that affluent passengers 

4889
04:14:28,300 --> 04:14:31,400
expected were taught to Stuarts 
in addition to Food Service. 

4890
04:14:32,100 --> 04:14:35,100
The new how to clear courses in 
the right order how to serve 

4891
04:14:35,100 --> 04:14:38,200
wine properly and the delicate 
art of paying attention without 

4892
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:40,800
being obtrusive. 
Many of these men brought 

4893
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:43,600
land-based experience to the 
particular difficulties of 

4894
04:14:43,600 --> 04:14:46,300
Maritime service. 
Having previously, worked in 

4895
04:14:46,300 --> 04:14:49,300
upscale homes or restaurants. 
First class, meals were 

4896
04:14:49,300 --> 04:14:50,800
scheduled. 
According to patterns that 

4897
04:14:50,800 --> 04:14:54,800
represented both practical needs
and social expectations in order

4898
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:57,100
to allow passengers to wake up 
at their own pace. 

4899
04:14:57,100 --> 04:15:01,000
Breakfast, may be served from 8 
to 10 Light Affair was usually 

4900
04:15:01,000 --> 04:15:04,800
served at lunchtime. 
However dinner ah dinner was the

4901
04:15:04,800 --> 04:15:08,300
focal point of the day presented
with such Grandeur and ceremony 

4902
04:15:08,300 --> 04:15:11,000
that it was The Culinary and 
social high point of life. 

4903
04:15:11,000 --> 04:15:14,400
Aboard ship passengers had to 
pack formal attire for what was 

4904
04:15:14,400 --> 04:15:17,400
effectively camping on water 
because first class dinner 

4905
04:15:17,400 --> 04:15:21,300
required evening, dress. 
Women wore ornate gowns that had

4906
04:15:21,300 --> 04:15:23,700
to be made to look elegant while
taking into account the 

4907
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:26,800
practicalities of life on a 
moving ship, while men showed up

4908
04:15:26,800 --> 04:15:30,300
wearing white tie and Tails, the
end result was a fashion show 

4909
04:15:30,300 --> 04:15:32,100
every night. 
That was on par with anything. 

4910
04:15:32,100 --> 04:15:34,200
You might see at a grand ball of
the Opera. 

4911
04:15:34,200 --> 04:15:37,100
These sophisticated meals could 
become Applied Physics 

4912
04:15:37,100 --> 04:15:39,700
Adventures, depending on the 
weather, even the most 

4913
04:15:39,700 --> 04:15:43,100
meticulously planned service 
could devolve into chaos, when 

4914
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:44,700
the ship encountered choppy 
Waters. 

4915
04:15:45,700 --> 04:15:48,500
While novices frequently found 
themselves chasing their dinner 

4916
04:15:48,500 --> 04:15:50,300
rolls across the table or 
wearing their soup. 

4917
04:15:51,000 --> 04:15:53,500
Seasoned Travelers learned to 
time their movements to the 

4918
04:15:53,500 --> 04:15:56,600
ship's Rhythm. 
However, even when the laws of 

4919
04:15:56,600 --> 04:15:59,600
gravity were momentarily 
suspended the staff always 

4920
04:15:59,600 --> 04:16:02,100
managed to preserve an air of 
refinement and dignity. 

4921
04:16:02,100 --> 04:16:04,700
The lower levels of the ship 
were a different culinary 

4922
04:16:04,700 --> 04:16:08,000
Universe where the majority of 
passengers emigrants 

4923
04:16:08,000 --> 04:16:11,100
working-class Travelers and 
those seeking their Fortunes in 

4924
04:16:11,100 --> 04:16:14,000
new lands. 
Experience steamship dining in 

4925
04:16:14,000 --> 04:16:18,100
ways that were both more basic 
and in some ways more authentic 

4926
04:16:18,100 --> 04:16:21,200
to the maritime experience. 
While first class passengers 

4927
04:16:21,200 --> 04:16:24,500
were enjoying turtle soup, and 
Vintage Wines steerage. 

4928
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:27,300
Passengers had to eating 
cramped, utilitarian, rather 

4929
04:16:27,300 --> 04:16:29,200
than aesthetically pleasing 
compartments. 

4930
04:16:29,200 --> 04:16:31,400
That would have made 
contemporary Airline seats 

4931
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:34,500
appear. 
Roomy, Passengers used pewter 

4932
04:16:34,500 --> 04:16:36,900
utensils, that could survive the
rough treatment of shipboard, 

4933
04:16:36,900 --> 04:16:40,700
Life, ate from metal plates, 
rather than China and sat on 

4934
04:16:40,700 --> 04:16:43,400
benches rather than chairs. 
In communal, dining areas, 

4935
04:16:43,400 --> 04:16:45,100
crowded with long, wooden 
tables. 

4936
04:16:45,100 --> 04:16:47,900
However, don't think of this as 
a depressing experience. 

4937
04:16:47,900 --> 04:16:51,700
Steerage meals were filling 
healthy and frequently more 

4938
04:16:51,700 --> 04:16:54,200
interesting than what many 
passengers had experienced back 

4939
04:16:54,200 --> 04:16:56,600
home. 
Good food became one of the few 

4940
04:16:56,600 --> 04:16:59,700
consistent Pleasures in their 
everyday routine and ship Cooks,

4941
04:16:59,700 --> 04:17:02,200
recognize that these Travelers 
were frequently dealing with 

4942
04:17:02,208 --> 04:17:06,400
weeks of uncertainty and 
discomfort the excuse freshly 

4943
04:17:06,400 --> 04:17:08,900
baked bread. 
Hearty meat dishes and 

4944
04:17:08,900 --> 04:17:11,000
straightforward desserts that 
were both comforting and 

4945
04:17:11,008 --> 04:17:14,100
nourishing with a focus. 
Not Elegance, typically 

4946
04:17:14,100 --> 04:17:17,700
steerage, passengers brick first
consisted of porridge, not the 

4947
04:17:17,700 --> 04:17:19,700
fancy oatmeal. 
You might find in first class 

4948
04:17:19,700 --> 04:17:22,700
but substantial filling 
preparations that could keep 

4949
04:17:22,700 --> 04:17:25,600
hard working people going for 
extended periods of inactivity. 

4950
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:30,800
Bread butter and occasionally 
salt pork or bacon was served 

4951
04:17:30,800 --> 04:17:34,900
with this coffee or tea offered 
caffeine, and warmth to 

4952
04:17:34,900 --> 04:17:36,700
Essentials. 
When your quarters may be cold 

4953
04:17:36,700 --> 04:17:39,800
and your sleep is regularly 
disturbed by ship motion. 

4954
04:17:39,800 --> 04:17:43,100
Steel lunches were typically 
thick broths made with barley 

4955
04:17:43,100 --> 04:17:47,400
vegetables, and whatever protein
was on hand In addition to being

4956
04:17:47,400 --> 04:17:50,700
nourishing and filling these 
soups could be made in bulk and 

4957
04:17:50,700 --> 04:17:53,300
were comparatively simple to 
serve an inclement weather. 

4958
04:17:53,300 --> 04:17:56,500
When maintaining liquids in 
bowls, became a skill and a 

4959
04:17:56,500 --> 04:17:59,800
matter of luck, The majority of 
meals were accompanied by ships 

4960
04:17:59,800 --> 04:18:03,500
biscuits, a hard tack that had 
been refined over centuries of 

4961
04:18:03,500 --> 04:18:06,300
seafaring and provided 
carbohydrates that could 

4962
04:18:06,300 --> 04:18:09,200
withstand any conditions. 
The ocean might present the 

4963
04:18:09,200 --> 04:18:12,100
substantial meal of the day for 
ordinary passengers was dinner. 

4964
04:18:12,100 --> 04:18:16,200
Which Frequently consisted of 
salt, pork or beef, variously 

4965
04:18:16,200 --> 04:18:19,900
prepared, potatoes, cabbage or 
other preserved, vegetables and 

4966
04:18:19,900 --> 04:18:22,600
occasionally fresh fish that the
ship's crew had caught while at 

4967
04:18:22,600 --> 04:18:24,800
sea. 
Passengers from various 

4968
04:18:24,800 --> 04:18:28,000
backgrounds gathered around 
tables, exchange stories and 

4969
04:18:28,000 --> 04:18:30,900
developed the odd bond that 
arises when people share a 

4970
04:18:30,900 --> 04:18:33,600
remarkable experience, during 
these communal meals in 

4971
04:18:33,600 --> 04:18:36,100
actuality serving. 
First class diners, was easier 

4972
04:18:36,100 --> 04:18:38,500
than the logistics of feeding 
stage passengers. 

4973
04:18:39,200 --> 04:18:41,100
Steerage, could accommodate 
hundreds of people. 

4974
04:18:41,100 --> 04:18:43,900
All of whom needed to be fed 
effectively and affordably 

4975
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:46,600
passengers. 
Might number in the dozens 

4976
04:18:46,600 --> 04:18:50,100
passengers rotated through the 
dining areas and groups that 

4977
04:18:50,100 --> 04:18:52,800
could fit the seating and 
serving Personnel available and 

4978
04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:55,300
meals were served in shifts in 
steerage. 

4979
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:58,200
Water was a valuable resource 
that was mostly utilized for 

4980
04:18:58,200 --> 04:19:01,300
cooking and drinking instead of 
the all night table settings 

4981
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:04,800
that were typical of first class
In order to make room for the 

4982
04:19:04,800 --> 04:19:08,000
next group of diners passengers,
learned how to eat efficiently 

4983
04:19:08,000 --> 04:19:09,500
and clean their utensils 
quickly. 

4984
04:19:10,300 --> 04:19:12,700
In contrast to the formal 
service upstairs, this 

4985
04:19:12,700 --> 04:19:14,900
established a communal. 
Dining Rhythm that was more 

4986
04:19:14,900 --> 04:19:18,000
personal and Democratic many 
steerage passengers brought 

4987
04:19:18,000 --> 04:19:20,700
extra foods. 
Such as nuts dried, fruits, 

4988
04:19:20,700 --> 04:19:24,400
preserved, meats and other 
non-perishables to add variety 

4989
04:19:24,400 --> 04:19:28,200
to the ship's regular meals. 
The international nature of 

4990
04:19:28,200 --> 04:19:31,200
steamship travel was reflected 
in the informal networks of 

4991
04:19:31,200 --> 04:19:34,100
culinary exchange that were 
formed when traveling companions

4992
04:19:34,100 --> 04:19:36,600
or new acquaintances shared 
these personal Provisions. 

4993
04:19:36,600 --> 04:19:39,400
Steerage, passengers had 
limited, but adequate cooking 

4994
04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:42,000
facilities. 
Some ships gave passengers 

4995
04:19:42,000 --> 04:19:45,200
access to basing, galleys, where
they could reheat food, they had

4996
04:19:45,200 --> 04:19:46,700
brought with them, or make hot 
beverages. 

4997
04:19:47,700 --> 04:19:50,800
These communal kitchens 
developed into social hubs where

4998
04:19:50,800 --> 04:19:54,400
people could exchange recipes, 
practice cooking and create 

4999
04:19:54,400 --> 04:19:56,800
improvised Fusion Cuisine by 
combining. 

5000
04:19:56,800 --> 04:19:59,800
The Culinary traditions of 
various cultures special 

5001
04:19:59,800 --> 04:20:02,600
attention was given to the 
feeding of children in steerage.

5002
04:20:02,600 --> 04:20:05,800
The ships Cooks were aware that 
young passengers had different 

5003
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:08,800
nutritional needs and were more 
prone to travel related 

5004
04:20:08,800 --> 04:20:11,300
illnesses. 
Like seasickness treats like 

5005
04:20:11,300 --> 04:20:14,100
sugar, cookies, or fruit 
preserves offered solids to 

5006
04:20:14,100 --> 04:20:16,200
homesick children. 
Who faced an uncertain future 

5007
04:20:16,200 --> 04:20:19,000
and foreign Nations. 
While simple Bland Foods were 

5008
04:20:19,000 --> 04:20:22,200
available for those with 
sensitive stomachs in steerage, 

5009
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:24,400
the serving crew hone their own 
unique abilities. 

5010
04:20:24,400 --> 04:20:27,500
In contrast to First Class 
formal stewards. 

5011
04:20:27,500 --> 04:20:31,500
These employees had to be 
amiable productive and able to 

5012
04:20:31,500 --> 04:20:36,000
oversee sizable dining parties 
in confined spaces by mediating 

5013
04:20:36,000 --> 04:20:38,100
between passengers who spoke 
different languages. 

5014
04:20:38,100 --> 04:20:42,300
Resolving small arguments over 
seating and upholding order in 

5015
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:44,800
areas where tension and 
uncertainty could quickly 

5016
04:20:44,800 --> 04:20:47,900
degenerate into conflict. 
They turned into amateur 

5017
04:20:47,900 --> 04:20:50,800
diplomats steerage. 
Dining was more significantly 

5018
04:20:50,800 --> 04:20:52,800
impacted by weather than first 
class service. 

5019
04:20:53,600 --> 04:20:56,900
Passengers would have to settle 
for cold food bread and whatever

5020
04:20:56,900 --> 04:20:59,500
could be distributed without 
running the risk of getting hurt

5021
04:20:59,500 --> 04:21:01,400
by flying plates or schooling 
liquids. 

5022
04:21:01,400 --> 04:21:04,600
When the Seas were rough as it 
might be impossible to serve, 

5023
04:21:04,600 --> 04:21:08,700
hot meals safely. 
Not only for Comfort, but also 

5024
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:11,300
as a practical measure to help 
passengers deal with the 

5025
04:21:11,300 --> 04:21:13,000
physical challenges of severe 
weather. 

5026
04:21:13,000 --> 04:21:16,200
The crew would frequently 
distribute extra rations of 

5027
04:21:16,200 --> 04:21:19,300
spirits during these times. 
Many steerage passengers had 

5028
04:21:19,300 --> 04:21:22,000
pleasant memories of their 
shipboard meals, despite the 

5029
04:21:22,000 --> 04:21:25,600
simpler, fare and more basic 
accommodations eating together 

5030
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:28,300
in that floating community and 
sharing food, while traveling 

5031
04:21:28,300 --> 04:21:30,600
across the ocean to start over 
with something. 

5032
04:21:30,600 --> 04:21:32,800
That forged lifelong friendships
and memories. 

5033
04:21:33,500 --> 04:21:35,800
Even though the meals were 
straightforward, they were 

5034
04:21:35,800 --> 04:21:39,600
infused with optimism excitement
and the unique taste that comes 

5035
04:21:39,600 --> 04:21:43,000
from eating as one Journeys 
toward an unknowable future. 

5036
04:21:43,000 --> 04:21:46,800
The true Center of Maritime 
dining was located deep within a

5037
04:21:46,800 --> 04:21:50,200
steamships belly, beneath the 
crowded steerage compartments 

5038
04:21:50,200 --> 04:21:53,900
and elegant dining saloons, the 
ship's kitchens or galleys as 

5039
04:21:53,900 --> 04:21:57,100
they were officially known 
combining, the functionality of 

5040
04:21:57,100 --> 04:21:59,000
a professional restaurant 
kitchen with the space 

5041
04:21:59,000 --> 04:22:02,100
limitations of a submarine, and 
the additional difficulty of 

5042
04:22:02,108 --> 04:22:05,900
functioning while continuously 
moving these areas were marvels 

5043
04:22:05,900 --> 04:22:08,900
of compact efficiently. 
Imagine a kitchen that is about 

5044
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:12,100
the size of a contemporary 
studio apartment and is set up 

5045
04:22:12,100 --> 04:22:16,700
to serve, 200 to 2000 people 
three meals a day for weeks at a

5046
04:22:16,700 --> 04:22:19,300
time. 
Every square inch was utilized 

5047
04:22:19,300 --> 04:22:23,300
with storage compartments built 
into walls cooking surfaces that

5048
04:22:23,300 --> 04:22:26,300
could be secured during rough 
weather and ingenious systems 

5049
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:29,100
for managing everything from 
fresh water to food waste. 

5050
04:22:29,800 --> 04:22:31,900
It was similar to watching 
someone create a restaurant 

5051
04:22:31,900 --> 04:22:34,700
inside a running, washing 
machine, on a large steamship, 

5052
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:37,200
the head, chef was a highly 
respected individual, who was 

5053
04:22:37,200 --> 04:22:39,100
respected by, both crew and 
passengers. 

5054
04:22:39,900 --> 04:22:44,300
An expert in food, preservation 
nutrition psychology and the odd

5055
04:22:44,300 --> 04:22:46,500
physics of cooking in a 
constantly changing environment.

5056
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:49,500
This person was more than just a
skilled chef. 

5057
04:22:50,300 --> 04:22:52,300
In order to address the 
particular difficulties of 

5058
04:22:52,308 --> 04:22:56,500
dining at Sea, many had chefs on
the great steamships were hired 

5059
04:22:56,500 --> 04:22:59,000
from the best restaurants in 
London Paris or New York. 

5060
04:22:59,000 --> 04:23:02,100
These galleys cooking 
apparatuses were the Pinnacle of

5061
04:23:02,100 --> 04:23:05,500
19th century technology. 
To avoid carbon monoxide 

5062
04:23:05,500 --> 04:23:08,400
poisoning Coal. 
Fired Rangers had to be built 

5063
04:23:08,400 --> 04:23:11,200
with a fishing combustion and 
adequate ventilation. 

5064
04:23:12,200 --> 04:23:15,200
Despite the ship's motion ovens 
had to keep their temperatures 

5065
04:23:15,200 --> 04:23:18,900
constant to keep prepared foods.
Warm, without overcooking them 

5066
04:23:18,900 --> 04:23:21,500
steam tables made use of the 
ship's power plant. 

5067
04:23:21,500 --> 04:23:25,500
Everything was designed to be 
safe workable and able to 

5068
04:23:25,500 --> 04:23:27,300
produce a lot of food in 
conditions. 

5069
04:23:27,300 --> 04:23:29,700
That would be difficult for even
the most seasoned chefs to 

5070
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:32,600
handle on steamships. 
Storing food was like playing 

5071
04:23:32,600 --> 04:23:35,200
three-dimensional chess. 
Compartments. 

5072
04:23:35,200 --> 04:23:38,100
That maximize air, circulation 
and minimized temperature. 

5073
04:23:38,100 --> 04:23:40,400
Fluctuations, were used to store
fresh provisions. 

5074
04:23:41,300 --> 04:23:44,300
Meets that had been salt 
preserved were hung in special 

5075
04:23:44,300 --> 04:23:46,600
areas that allowed for adequate 
ventilation without 

5076
04:23:46,600 --> 04:23:49,900
contaminating them. 
Containers used to store dry 

5077
04:23:49,900 --> 04:23:52,600
goods were made to withstand 
ship motion, while shielding 

5078
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:56,100
their contents from moisture and
rodents. in order to create 

5079
04:23:56,100 --> 04:23:58,900
floating Farms that supplied 
fresh meat and eggs throughout 

5080
04:23:58,900 --> 04:24:02,300
the journey, Some ships even 
carried live poultry and small 

5081
04:24:02,300 --> 04:24:05,300
livestock because feeding 
hundreds of people required 

5082
04:24:05,300 --> 04:24:08,600
constant preparation, the Food 
Service crew worked in shifts 

5083
04:24:08,600 --> 04:24:11,100
around the clock. 
While the majority of passengers

5084
04:24:11,100 --> 04:24:13,700
were still asleep. 
Baker's started working Before 

5085
04:24:13,700 --> 04:24:15,300
Dawn, making the bread for the 
day. 

5086
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:18,600
In order to prepare elaborate 
meals prep Cooks, had to spend 

5087
04:24:18,600 --> 04:24:21,700
hours chopping vegetables, 
making stocks and doing the 

5088
04:24:21,700 --> 04:24:25,300
innumerable little chores. 
Despite the ship's continuous 

5089
04:24:25,300 --> 04:24:28,700
motion, the gallery, as a whole 
transformed into a choreographed

5090
04:24:28,700 --> 04:24:32,500
dance of cooks servers and 
kitchen assistant, cooperating 

5091
04:24:32,500 --> 04:24:35,500
during meal service, there were 
particular difficulties in 

5092
04:24:35,500 --> 04:24:37,100
managing fresh water for 
cooking. 

5093
04:24:37,900 --> 04:24:40,700
Large amounts of fresh water 
were transported by steamships 

5094
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:43,600
for cooking and drinking. 
Each gallon needed to be 

5095
04:24:43,608 --> 04:24:47,100
carefully, rationed and used 
effectively systems for cleaning

5096
04:24:47,100 --> 04:24:49,800
utensils and dishes. 
Had to reduce waterways, while 

5097
04:24:49,800 --> 04:24:52,100
upholding the hygienic 
requirements needed to keep 

5098
04:24:52,100 --> 04:24:53,900
people healthy in a ship's, 
cramped quarters. 

5099
04:24:54,900 --> 04:24:57,300
To make the most of their 
valuable Fresh Water Resources. 

5100
04:24:57,300 --> 04:25:00,600
Some ships first cleaned with 
sea water and then rinsed with 

5101
04:25:00,608 --> 04:25:03,100
fresh water. 
Steamship galleys, Waste 

5102
04:25:03,100 --> 04:25:04,400
Management. 
Systems were engineering 

5103
04:25:04,400 --> 04:25:06,800
Marvels. 
Food scraps needed to be 

5104
04:25:06,808 --> 04:25:09,600
disposed of properly to avoid 
attracting rodents or causing 

5105
04:25:09,600 --> 04:25:13,100
sanitary issues to avoid 
contaminating, the ships water 

5106
04:25:13,100 --> 04:25:16,400
supply, grease, and cooking oils
needed to be handled carefully. 

5107
04:25:17,100 --> 04:25:19,300
Anything that could not be 
recycled or used. 

5108
04:25:19,300 --> 04:25:22,600
Again was either disposed of 
Overboard in ways that would not

5109
04:25:22,600 --> 04:25:25,300
interfere with the ship's 
ability to operate or fed to 

5110
04:25:25,300 --> 04:25:28,600
livestock. 
That was transported onboarding.

5111
04:25:28,600 --> 04:25:31,600
The galleys temperature was a 
never-ending struggle, these 

5112
04:25:31,600 --> 04:25:34,600
areas which were deep inside the
ship with little ventilation 

5113
04:25:34,600 --> 04:25:37,800
produced, massive amounts of 
heat from Steam systems and 

5114
04:25:37,800 --> 04:25:40,600
cooking fires. 
Working in conditions that would

5115
04:25:40,600 --> 04:25:43,500
make a contemporary restaurant. 
Kitchen, seem refreshingly, cool

5116
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:47,100
Cooks perspired in temperatures 
that could reach over 100 

5117
04:25:47,100 --> 04:25:49,600
degrees Fahrenheit. 
Even in moderate weather while 

5118
04:25:49,600 --> 04:25:51,700
donning, bulky, clothing to 
prevent Burns. 

5119
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:54,700
Steamship galleys, social 
structure, was a reflection of 

5120
04:25:54,700 --> 04:25:57,200
both practical necessity and 
Maritime tradition. 

5121
04:25:58,100 --> 04:26:01,300
The authority of a ship's 
officer the head, chef oversaw, 

5122
04:26:01,300 --> 04:26:05,000
the kitchen making choices about
menus, the use of ingredients 

5123
04:26:05,000 --> 04:26:08,000
and meal timing that had an 
impact on the entire Journey. 

5124
04:26:08,000 --> 04:26:12,100
One sous chef might specialize 
in roasted Meats, another, in 

5125
04:26:12,100 --> 04:26:15,200
soups, and stews, and a third in
the intricate desserts that are 

5126
04:26:15,200 --> 04:26:18,400
expected in first class service 
systems that could work. 

5127
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:21,000
In spite of the ship's noise and
the separation between the 

5128
04:26:21,000 --> 04:26:24,300
cooking and serving areas were 
needed for communication between

5129
04:26:24,300 --> 04:26:27,900
the galley and dining areas. 
The intricate Logistics of 

5130
04:26:27,900 --> 04:26:30,100
delivering hot food from the 
kitchen to the table. 

5131
04:26:30,100 --> 04:26:33,300
While upholding the passenger 
expected presentation standards 

5132
04:26:33,300 --> 04:26:36,900
were managed by hand signals, 
written notes and Timing 

5133
04:26:36,900 --> 04:26:39,900
Systems. 
This communication was even more

5134
04:26:39,900 --> 04:26:42,900
important during inclement 
weather because safety concerns 

5135
04:26:42,900 --> 04:26:46,700
impacted all facets of food 
service in steamship galleys. 

5136
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:50,700
The night shift, had a distinct 
personality Skeletal Crews, kept

5137
04:26:50,700 --> 04:26:53,700
the constant watchfulness needed
to safely manage coal fires 

5138
04:26:53,700 --> 04:26:56,200
throughout the night. 
Prepared the meals for the 

5139
04:26:56,200 --> 04:26:58,900
following day and attended to 
slow cooking dishes. 

5140
04:26:58,900 --> 04:26:59,900
That would be ready for 
breakfast. 

5141
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:03,600
While passengers, slept most 
intricate food, preparation 

5142
04:27:03,600 --> 04:27:06,900
frequently, took place during 
these quiet hours, including 

5143
04:27:06,900 --> 04:27:10,500
elaborate stocks that needed to 
simmer for hours, bread doughs. 

5144
04:27:10,500 --> 04:27:13,600
That needed to rise for a long 
time and desserts that needed to

5145
04:27:13,600 --> 04:27:16,400
set overnight steamship Galley 
menu planning. 

5146
04:27:16,400 --> 04:27:19,200
Struck a balance between 
passenger, expectations and real

5147
04:27:19,200 --> 04:27:22,100
world constraints. 
Using ingredients, that could 

5148
04:27:22,100 --> 04:27:25,800
withstand weeks at Sea efficient
rather than adaptable cooking 

5149
04:27:25,800 --> 04:27:29,100
equipment and storage systems. 
That prevented the last minute 

5150
04:27:29,100 --> 04:27:31,900
shopping that defined land-based
restaurants, chefs had to 

5151
04:27:31,908 --> 04:27:33,800
produce a variety of intriguing 
meals. 

5152
04:27:33,800 --> 04:27:37,500
This restriction frequently 
resulted in Creative pairings 

5153
04:27:37,500 --> 04:27:40,100
and methods that impacted 
culinary advancements. 

5154
04:27:40,100 --> 04:27:43,300
Well beyond the maritime realm 
steamship Galley crew members, 

5155
04:27:43,300 --> 04:27:45,800
acquired skills, that made them 
employable long, after their 

5156
04:27:45,800 --> 04:27:48,800
time, at Sea was over. 
They knew how to produce food on

5157
04:27:48,800 --> 04:27:50,900
a large scale. 
Managed resources, effectively, 

5158
04:27:50,900 --> 04:27:54,500
and collaborate under pressure. 
Many went on to become 

5159
04:27:54,500 --> 04:27:58,000
prosperous hotels, chefs Food, 
Service managers, or rest 

5160
04:27:58,000 --> 04:28:01,000
returns, bringing Maritime 
efficiency to hospitality 

5161
04:28:01,000 --> 04:28:04,500
Enterprise is on land, steamship
companies realized that special 

5162
04:28:04,500 --> 04:28:07,500
occasions could turn a simple 
journey into a lifelong memory, 

5163
04:28:07,500 --> 04:28:10,600
and there's something magical 
about celebrating while 

5164
04:28:10,600 --> 04:28:12,800
surrounded by the vast emptiness
of the ocean. 

5165
04:28:14,400 --> 04:28:17,500
These ships became floating 
stages for celebrations, that 

5166
04:28:17,500 --> 04:28:21,200
Blended Maritime tradition with 
the unique intimacy that arises 

5167
04:28:21,200 --> 04:28:23,700
among Travelers, sharing an 
extraordinary experience, 

5168
04:28:23,700 --> 04:28:27,100
whether it was a passenger's, 
birthday Christmas day in the 

5169
04:28:27,108 --> 04:28:30,100
middle of the Atlantic, or the 
customary ceremony of crossing 

5170
04:28:30,100 --> 04:28:33,500
the Equator on a steamship 
Christmas took months of 

5171
04:28:33,500 --> 04:28:35,300
preparation and a great deal of 
imagination. 

5172
04:28:35,300 --> 04:28:39,400
Imagine trying to create a 
traditional holiday feast when 

5173
04:28:39,400 --> 04:28:42,300
your ingredients had to be 
selected and preserved weeks 

5174
04:28:42,300 --> 04:28:45,400
before departure, your dining 
room was constantly in motion 

5175
04:28:45,400 --> 04:28:48,400
and your guests included people 
from dozens of different 

5176
04:28:48,400 --> 04:28:50,600
countries with their own holiday
traditions. 

5177
04:28:51,500 --> 04:28:54,600
In response to this challenge. 
The ship's chefs developed 

5178
04:28:54,600 --> 04:28:57,600
Innovation that would shape 
holiday dining for many years to

5179
04:28:57,600 --> 04:29:01,400
come in. 1875 the RMS, 
britannia's Christmas menu, 

5180
04:29:01,400 --> 04:29:04,600
sounded like a celebration of 
preservation methods Muskegon as

5181
04:29:04,600 --> 04:29:08,400
festive, plenty Mints pies made 
with fruits can lead and 

5182
04:29:08,400 --> 04:29:10,200
preserved using methods that 
stretched. 

5183
04:29:10,200 --> 04:29:13,300
The limits of Victorian food, 
science Plum, puddings that had 

5184
04:29:13,300 --> 04:29:16,600
been maturing in the ship stores
since before departure and roast

5185
04:29:16,600 --> 04:29:19,400
Goose that had been specially 
prepared and packed for the 

5186
04:29:19,400 --> 04:29:22,100
journey. 
The end product was a dish that 

5187
04:29:22,108 --> 04:29:24,800
represented outstanding 
accomplishments in Maritime 

5188
04:29:24,800 --> 04:29:27,600
Logistics and tasted 
traditionally familiar, modern 

5189
04:29:27,600 --> 04:29:30,000
party planners would be 
impressed by the inventiveness 

5190
04:29:30,000 --> 04:29:32,200
needed to decorate for Christmas
on a steamship. 

5191
04:29:33,000 --> 04:29:36,300
Since it was impossible to get 
fresh Greenery, decorations, had

5192
04:29:36,300 --> 04:29:39,000
to be made of materials that 
wouldn't Wilt or deteriorate 

5193
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:42,000
after weeks at sea. 
Despite being surrounded by 

5194
04:29:42,000 --> 04:29:45,700
thousands of miles of frigid, 
ocean sterile dining, saloons 

5195
04:29:45,700 --> 04:29:48,400
were transformed into festive 
spaces with paper flowers, 

5196
04:29:48,400 --> 04:29:51,800
fabric Bunting and creative 
arrangements made from the 

5197
04:29:51,800 --> 04:29:54,600
ship's own materials. 
Steamship New Year's Eve 

5198
04:29:54,600 --> 04:29:57,000
festivities develop their own 
distinctive customs. 

5199
04:29:57,700 --> 04:30:00,400
Because midnight is arbitrary 
when traveling across time zones

5200
04:30:00,400 --> 04:30:02,400
at Sea. 
People have come up with 

5201
04:30:02,400 --> 04:30:05,300
inventive ways to determine the 
exact start of the new year. 

5202
04:30:06,300 --> 04:30:08,700
While some ships, observe the 
New Year in accordance, with the

5203
04:30:08,700 --> 04:30:10,400
time zone of their departure 
Port. 

5204
04:30:10,400 --> 04:30:13,600
Others, celebrated several times
as they traveled across 

5205
04:30:13,600 --> 04:30:17,100
different meridians as a result 
passengers would frequently 

5206
04:30:17,100 --> 04:30:18,900
celebrate for hours on end 
sipping. 

5207
04:30:18,900 --> 04:30:22,200
Champagne that somehow managed 
to stay perfectly chilled in 

5208
04:30:22,200 --> 04:30:24,900
spite of the lack of modern 
refrigeration birthday is 

5209
04:30:24,900 --> 04:30:27,600
wedding anniversaries and other 
private festivities gained 

5210
04:30:27,600 --> 04:30:30,300
particular. 
Meaning on steamships individual

5211
04:30:30,300 --> 04:30:33,300
celebrations became shared 
experiences for all passengers 

5212
04:30:33,300 --> 04:30:36,800
due to the limited entertainment
options and the close-knit 

5213
04:30:36,800 --> 04:30:38,500
community. 
That formed during lengthy 

5214
04:30:38,500 --> 04:30:42,100
voyages, the ship's Bakers 
became skilled at making unique 

5215
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:45,600
cakes and desserts using few 
ingredients and other Travelers 

5216
04:30:45,600 --> 04:30:48,000
helped with the entertainment 
and decorations that turned 

5217
04:30:48,000 --> 04:30:51,300
these private milestones in to 
group festivities crossing. 

5218
04:30:51,300 --> 04:30:53,800
The Equator is a tradition that 
has its own culinary. 

5219
04:30:53,800 --> 04:30:57,400
Traditions, the celebration of 
King Neptune's Feast combined 

5220
04:30:57,400 --> 04:31:00,900
long-standing Maritime customs 
with the pragmatic requirement 

5221
04:31:00,900 --> 04:31:03,500
to Signal. 
The halfway point of protracted 

5222
04:31:03,500 --> 04:31:06,000
voyages to Asia Africa or South 
America. 

5223
04:31:07,000 --> 04:31:10,400
The majority of passengers found
these meals to be exotic with 

5224
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:12,200
dishes. 
That reflected the international

5225
04:31:12,200 --> 04:31:15,900
character of steamship travel 
fish, caught by the ship's crew 

5226
04:31:15,900 --> 04:31:19,500
and tropical fruits obtained 
during recent portals, when 

5227
04:31:19,500 --> 04:31:22,300
travelers from various nations 
were celebrating on the same 

5228
04:31:22,300 --> 04:31:26,100
ship during national holidays. 
It created intriguing problems. 

5229
04:31:26,800 --> 04:31:29,500
While British passengers 
expected the Queen's birthday to

5230
04:31:29,500 --> 04:31:32,800
be properly, recognized American
passengers, might want to 

5231
04:31:32,800 --> 04:31:36,700
observe the Fourth of July. 
Diplomatic meals, that respected

5232
04:31:36,700 --> 04:31:38,300
various Customs without 
favouring. 

5233
04:31:38,300 --> 04:31:41,900
Anyone nationality taught ships 
officers how to handle these 

5234
04:31:41,900 --> 04:31:45,500
potentially delicate situations.
One of the most, eagerly awaited

5235
04:31:45,500 --> 04:31:48,900
aspects of any steamship Journey
was the farewell dinner, which 

5236
04:31:48,900 --> 04:31:51,100
was served the final night 
before arriving at the 

5237
04:31:51,108 --> 04:31:54,500
destination port. 
In order to create memorable, 

5238
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:57,000
fair for passengers who had 
become temporary communities. 

5239
04:31:57,000 --> 04:32:00,000
During their time at Sea, the 
crew had the chance to 

5240
04:32:00,000 --> 04:32:03,200
demonstrate their best abilities
by using up perishable 

5241
04:32:03,200 --> 04:32:05,500
ingredients, that wouldn't 
survive to the next voyage. 

5242
04:32:06,500 --> 04:32:09,400
These meals frequently included 
fair that had been unattainable 

5243
04:32:09,400 --> 04:32:11,600
early in the journey. 
New Goods. 

5244
04:32:11,600 --> 04:32:15,000
Brought in at recent portals 
complex dishes, that could only 

5245
04:32:15,000 --> 04:32:17,700
be tried when the galley didn't 
have to budget for more days at 

5246
04:32:17,700 --> 04:32:19,200
Sea. 
Although, it may sound 

5247
04:32:19,200 --> 04:32:23,100
contradictory seasoned steamship
passengers, created Customs for 

5248
04:32:23,100 --> 04:32:26,300
commemorating the survival of 
exceptionally harsh weather. 

5249
04:32:27,200 --> 04:32:29,400
Passengers and crew would 
assemble for meals that 

5250
04:32:29,400 --> 04:32:31,700
commemorated. 
Their common experience of 

5251
04:32:31,700 --> 04:32:35,300
confronting Nature's might and 
escaping safely once the threat 

5252
04:32:35,300 --> 04:32:37,700
had passed and the ship had 
returned to Karma Waters. 

5253
04:32:39,100 --> 04:32:41,800
These were frequently, 
straightforward events, hot 

5254
04:32:41,800 --> 04:32:45,200
soup, freshly baked bread and 
anything else that could be made

5255
04:32:45,200 --> 04:32:48,200
fast, but They Carried. 
Emotional significance. 

5256
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:51,300
That went well beyond their 
culinary complexity steamships 

5257
04:32:51,300 --> 04:32:53,600
had to be considerate of the 
various religious beliefs of 

5258
04:32:53,608 --> 04:32:56,300
their International passengers. 
When it came to religious 

5259
04:32:56,300 --> 04:33:00,000
observances, the ship's chefs 
developed the ability to create 

5260
04:33:00,000 --> 04:33:02,600
festive settings. 
That could accommodate diverse 

5261
04:33:02,600 --> 04:33:05,200
worship, Customs, while 
preparing meals, that respected,

5262
04:33:05,200 --> 04:33:08,500
a range of dietary restrictions.
The intricate cultural 

5263
04:33:08,500 --> 04:33:11,000
navigation needed on board. 
These floating communities 

5264
04:33:11,000 --> 04:33:15,200
included Friday, fish dinners 
for Catholic passengers, special

5265
04:33:15,200 --> 04:33:17,900
preparations for Jewish 
Travelers at hearing to kosher 

5266
04:33:17,900 --> 04:33:20,400
dietary laws. 
And acknowledgment, of Eastern 

5267
04:33:20,400 --> 04:33:24,099
Orthodox fasting periods on 
steamships, crew, and fellow 

5268
04:33:24,099 --> 04:33:26,400
passengers paid particular 
attention to the birthday 

5269
04:33:26,400 --> 04:33:29,800
celebration of children. 
These young passengers, who 

5270
04:33:29,800 --> 04:33:31,400
frequently left home with their 
families. 

5271
04:33:31,400 --> 04:33:34,700
In search of Uncertain, Futures 
were surrounded by a transient 

5272
04:33:34,700 --> 04:33:37,500
extended family of fellow 
Travelers who helped to make 

5273
04:33:37,500 --> 04:33:41,200
their memorable special days. 
Ship Bakers developed a skill 

5274
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:43,200
for making easy at, delicious 
treats. 

5275
04:33:43,200 --> 04:33:45,900
That could cheer up homesick 
kids, who are struggling with 

5276
04:33:45,900 --> 04:33:49,500
life at Sea on steamships, the 
entertainment that went with 

5277
04:33:49,500 --> 04:33:51,900
special occasion, meals 
represented the potential and 

5278
04:33:51,900 --> 04:33:56,000
constraints of Life on board. in
order to turn dining saloons 

5279
04:33:56,000 --> 04:33:58,700
into make shift, theaters 
passengers stage, their own 

5280
04:33:58,700 --> 04:34:03,099
musical performances, recited 
poetry told stories and invented

5281
04:34:03,099 --> 04:34:07,500
diversions These areas Acoustics
which were largely intended for 

5282
04:34:07,500 --> 04:34:09,599
conversation during meals 
frequently. 

5283
04:34:09,599 --> 04:34:12,700
Produced surprisingly small 
performance spaces where 

5284
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:15,599
unprofessional performers could 
showcase their skills to 

5285
04:34:15,599 --> 04:34:18,900
Grateful audiences celebrations 
at ports, celebrated the 

5286
04:34:18,900 --> 04:34:22,400
successful completion of ocean 
Crossings and gave Travelers a 

5287
04:34:22,400 --> 04:34:24,800
chance to talk about their 
experiences with newcomers 

5288
04:34:24,800 --> 04:34:26,599
getting ready for their own 
Journeys. 

5289
04:34:27,700 --> 04:34:30,500
Major port cities like Liverpool
New York and Hamburg were 

5290
04:34:30,500 --> 04:34:33,500
transformed into stages for 
continuous Maritime festivals 

5291
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:36,700
but the conclusion of one Voyage
served as the impetus for the 

5292
04:34:36,707 --> 04:34:41,000
next thanks to these transitions
which produced an endless cycle 

5293
04:34:41,000 --> 04:34:44,300
of Celebration and expectation. 
It's worthwhile to think about 

5294
04:34:44,300 --> 04:34:46,500
how those early steamships, not 
only revolutionized 

5295
04:34:46,500 --> 04:34:49,700
Transportation but also 
profoundly changed how people 

5296
04:34:49,700 --> 04:34:53,400
relate to food dining and the 
idea of eating while traveling, 

5297
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:56,400
as you, curl up with your 
blanket and maybe take one last 

5298
04:34:56,400 --> 04:34:59,900
tip of tea, the necessity of 
feeding, hundreds of people in 

5299
04:34:59,900 --> 04:35:02,900
floating metal boxes, led to 
innovations that would 

5300
04:35:02,900 --> 04:35:06,000
eventually impact everything 
from Airline meals to 

5301
04:35:06,000 --> 04:35:09,000
contemporary cruise ships from 
restaurants service procedures 

5302
04:35:09,000 --> 04:35:12,000
to food preservation methods. 
The idea that meals on 

5303
04:35:12,000 --> 04:35:15,300
steamships could be more than 
just a means of subsistence was 

5304
04:35:15,300 --> 04:35:17,800
the most direct Legacy of 
steamship dining. 

5305
04:35:18,400 --> 04:35:21,400
Eating while traveling was a 
survival strategy prior to the 

5306
04:35:21,400 --> 04:35:24,400
great steamships. 
You packed what you could hoped 

5307
04:35:24,400 --> 04:35:27,099
it wouldn't spoil and accepted, 
that meals would be basic 

5308
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:28,900
repetitive and frequently 
unpleasant. 

5309
04:35:29,700 --> 04:35:32,400
The groundbreaking notion that 
eating could be one of the joys 

5310
04:35:32,400 --> 04:35:35,300
of travel rather than one of its
challenges was made possible by 

5311
04:35:35,300 --> 04:35:38,400
steamships this changed laid, 
the groundwork for the modern 

5312
04:35:38,400 --> 04:35:41,800
field of hospitality management 
companies, that operated 

5313
04:35:41,800 --> 04:35:44,599
steamships were among the first 
to realize that the customer 

5314
04:35:44,599 --> 04:35:48,599
experience, encompassed, all 
facets of service from the time 

5315
04:35:48,599 --> 04:35:51,200
passengers boarded until they 
arrived at their destination. 

5316
04:35:52,099 --> 04:35:55,200
Hotel dining rooms restaurants 
service standards, the 

5317
04:35:55,200 --> 04:35:57,700
burgeoning tourism industry. 
That would thrive in the late. 

5318
04:35:57,700 --> 04:36:01,099
19th, and early 20th centuries 
were all impacted by the 

5319
04:36:01,099 --> 04:36:03,400
complex, dining protocols 
established aboard. 

5320
04:36:03,400 --> 04:36:06,599
The ship's, the uses of food 
preservation methods developed 

5321
04:36:06,599 --> 04:36:09,300
on steamships extended. 
Well, beyond dining on board. 

5322
04:36:10,300 --> 04:36:12,900
In order to transport produce 
over longer distances and 

5323
04:36:12,900 --> 04:36:15,700
prolonged growing Seasons By 
shipping foods from different 

5324
04:36:15,700 --> 04:36:19,000
climates zones, techniques for 
storing fresh fruits, and 

5325
04:36:19,000 --> 04:36:21,000
vegetables. 
During lengthy ocean Crossings 

5326
04:36:21,000 --> 04:36:24,000
had an impact on agricultural 
Distribution Systems. 

5327
04:36:24,800 --> 04:36:27,900
The globalization of food that 
defines contemporary Cuisine was

5328
04:36:27,900 --> 04:36:31,599
facilitated by these inventions,
the schedule and format of meals

5329
04:36:31,599 --> 04:36:33,900
on steamships. 
Created trends that affected 

5330
04:36:33,900 --> 04:36:36,500
dining habits in newly popular 
tourist locations. 

5331
04:36:37,200 --> 04:36:40,900
Early Airlines resort hotels and
railroad dining cars. 

5332
04:36:40,900 --> 04:36:43,400
All adopted aspects of steamship
meal service. 

5333
04:36:43,400 --> 04:36:46,800
Resulting in standardized 
methods for effectively serving 

5334
04:36:46,800 --> 04:36:49,900
large numbers of passengers 
while upholding standards for 

5335
04:36:49,900 --> 04:36:52,300
quality and presentation? 
What historians? 

5336
04:36:52,300 --> 04:36:54,900
Now, acknowledged as one of the 
first truly global fusion 

5337
04:36:54,900 --> 04:36:58,000
Cuisines was influenced by the 
international nature of 

5338
04:36:58,000 --> 04:37:01,500
steamship dining. 
Recipes were shared among crew, 

5339
04:37:01,500 --> 04:37:03,800
members from different 
countries, passengers from 

5340
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:06,800
different countries, shared 
tables and menu planning had to 

5341
04:37:06,808 --> 04:37:09,000
take into account of cultural 
preferences. 

5342
04:37:09,900 --> 04:37:13,099
Immigrant food, Customs, Port 
City eateries, and the slow, 

5343
04:37:13,099 --> 04:37:16,300
internationalization of urban 
dining, which would pick up 

5344
04:37:16,308 --> 04:37:18,599
speed throughout. 
The 20th century were all 

5345
04:37:18,608 --> 04:37:21,900
impacted by this cross-cultural 
culinary interchange for 

5346
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:23,900
Generations. 
The hospitality industry was 

5347
04:37:23,900 --> 04:37:26,800
impacted by the Professional 
Standards established by staff 

5348
04:37:26,800 --> 04:37:30,099
training programs created for 
steamship dining service. 

5349
04:37:31,000 --> 04:37:33,900
Specialized skills were needed 
to manage large groups of diners

5350
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:37,200
with different expectations, 
serve meals, efficiently in 

5351
04:37:37,200 --> 04:37:40,500
constantly moving environments 
and maintained service quality 

5352
04:37:40,500 --> 04:37:44,300
under difficult circumstances. 
These skills led to workers 

5353
04:37:44,300 --> 04:37:47,900
becoming valuable employees in 
restaurants hotels and other 

5354
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:50,700
service Industries. 
Early models for modern Supply 

5355
04:37:50,700 --> 04:37:53,000
Chain management were 
established by the logistics 

5356
04:37:53,000 --> 04:37:55,599
systems developed to provide 
food to steamships. 

5357
04:37:56,400 --> 04:37:59,200
It took organizational abilities
and methodical, thinking to 

5358
04:37:59,200 --> 04:38:01,800
coordinate the procurement 
storage and distribution of 

5359
04:38:01,800 --> 04:38:05,099
thousands of ingredients across 
several ports, which had an 

5360
04:38:05,099 --> 04:38:07,300
impact on more General 
advancements in commercial food,

5361
04:38:07,300 --> 04:38:10,700
distribution and inventory 
control long into the modern 

5362
04:38:10,700 --> 04:38:13,300
era, commercial kitchen 
development, was impacted by the

5363
04:38:13,300 --> 04:38:16,200
kitchen design innovations that 
were first introduced aboard 

5364
04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:19,200
steamships. 
Advances in restaurant and 

5365
04:38:19,200 --> 04:38:21,500
institutional. 
Kitchen design were influenced 

5366
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:23,500
by the need for small effective 
layouts. 

5367
04:38:23,500 --> 04:38:26,800
Due to space constraints. 
Specialized equipment developed 

5368
04:38:26,800 --> 04:38:30,200
for cooking on ships and the 
workflow patterns developed for 

5369
04:38:30,200 --> 04:38:33,099
producing large quantities of 
food under difficult conditions.

5370
04:38:33,099 --> 04:38:36,500
The menu planning methods, 
created for steamship dining 

5371
04:38:36,500 --> 04:38:39,800
created models for large scale 
Food Service that affected 

5372
04:38:39,800 --> 04:38:42,300
institutional dining in schools 
hospitals. 

5373
04:38:42,300 --> 04:38:45,599
And other places where a lot of 
people needed to be fed in an 

5374
04:38:45,599 --> 04:38:49,000
economical and efficient manner.
Models that maintain their 

5375
04:38:49,000 --> 04:38:52,099
relevant long after steam, power
was replaced by diesel engines 

5376
04:38:52,099 --> 04:38:54,200
and jet. 
Aircraft were produced by 

5377
04:38:54,200 --> 04:38:56,900
striking a balance between 
variety and practicality. 

5378
04:38:56,900 --> 04:39:00,400
As well as between passenger 
expectations and operational, 

5379
04:39:00,400 --> 04:39:03,800
constraints cross-class, social 
mixing and attitudes toward 

5380
04:39:03,800 --> 04:39:06,900
public dining have changed as a 
result of the social aspects of 

5381
04:39:06,900 --> 04:39:09,900
steamship dining. 
Even though these ships upheld 

5382
04:39:09,900 --> 04:39:13,000
rigid social hierarchies, they 
also made it possible for 

5383
04:39:13,000 --> 04:39:15,900
members of various social groups
to interact in ways that were 

5384
04:39:15,900 --> 04:39:18,200
not feasible in more 
conventional contexts. 

5385
04:39:18,800 --> 04:39:21,599
The modern era is broader, 
social changes were influenced 

5386
04:39:21,599 --> 04:39:25,700
by the slow democratization of 
dining experiences with its 

5387
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:28,800
lavish buffets specialty 
eateries and 24-hour food 

5388
04:39:28,800 --> 04:39:31,400
service. 
Modern cruise ship dining has 

5389
04:39:31,400 --> 04:39:34,200
its roots in the inventions made
on the great steamships of the 

5390
04:39:34,200 --> 04:39:36,900
19th century. 
The idea that a ship could 

5391
04:39:36,900 --> 04:39:40,100
function as a floating resort 
with dining experiences. 

5392
04:39:40,100 --> 04:39:42,800
As a major component of the 
total entertainment value, 

5393
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:46,100
created trends that still affect
leisure travel on the Seas 

5394
04:39:46,100 --> 04:39:49,700
today, despite its Infamous 
reputation airline meal. 

5395
04:39:49,700 --> 04:39:52,800
Service also adheres to the same
standard set forth on those 

5396
04:39:52,800 --> 04:39:56,600
early steamships, whether your 
flying at 35,000 feet or 

5397
04:39:56,600 --> 04:39:59,900
steaming across the Atlantic the
difficulties of serving a large 

5398
04:39:59,908 --> 04:40:02,900
number of passengers, 
effectively safely and palatable

5399
04:40:02,900 --> 04:40:05,700
in a small space. 
While traversing, a potentially 

5400
04:40:05,700 --> 04:40:09,400
hostile environment are 
essentially the same early forms

5401
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:12,200
of hospitality industry research
that would later develop into 

5402
04:40:12,200 --> 04:40:14,500
contemporary customer service 
analysis and menu. 

5403
04:40:14,500 --> 04:40:17,800
Engineering were established by 
the documentation practices 

5404
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:21,300
developed aboard steamships 
including details menu records, 

5405
04:40:21,300 --> 04:40:24,600
passenger, feedback systems and 
operational reports. 

5406
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:27,300
These ships were some of the 
first companies to 

5407
04:40:27,300 --> 04:40:30,500
systematically research what 
their customers wanted, and how 

5408
04:40:30,500 --> 04:40:32,200
to provide it on a regular 
basis. 

5409
04:40:32,200 --> 04:40:35,100
International maritime, law, 
regarding food, safety, 

5410
04:40:35,100 --> 04:40:38,700
passenger, welfare and crew, 
working conditions traces. 

5411
04:40:38,700 --> 04:40:41,600
Its Origins to regulations 
developed during the steamship 

5412
04:40:41,600 --> 04:40:44,400
era legal. 
Precedence, that still have an 

5413
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:47,100
impact on Maritime. 
Commerce, were established as a 

5414
04:40:47,100 --> 04:40:48,600
result of the difficulty of 
overseeing food. 

5415
04:40:48,600 --> 04:40:51,900
Service in international waters,
across multiple legal 

5416
04:40:51,900 --> 04:40:54,600
jurisdictions and for passengers
of different nationalities 

5417
04:40:54,600 --> 04:40:58,400
dining on steamships. 
Had a profound cultural impact 

5418
04:40:58,400 --> 04:41:00,000
that went well beyond the ships 
themselves. 

5419
04:41:01,200 --> 04:41:04,000
When immigrants crossed the 
Atlantic with sophisticated meal

5420
04:41:04,000 --> 04:41:07,500
service, they returned home with
higher standards and a wider 

5421
04:41:07,500 --> 04:41:10,300
understanding of cooking. 
Because of the cross-cultural 

5422
04:41:10,300 --> 04:41:11,900
interactions that took place on 
board. 

5423
04:41:11,900 --> 04:41:15,200
These floating communities port 
cities where these ships, docked

5424
04:41:15,200 --> 04:41:17,500
developed dining scenes and 
Cullen, recused Customs. 

5425
04:41:17,500 --> 04:41:20,100
That reflected, the 
international nature of Maritime

5426
04:41:20,100 --> 04:41:22,500
travel. 
The cycle foundation for 

5427
04:41:22,500 --> 04:41:25,800
contemporary travel dining, the 
notion that meals eaten while 

5428
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:29,200
traveling should be experiences 
that enrich rather than merely 

5429
04:41:29,200 --> 04:41:31,700
prolong. 
The trip was arguably most 

5430
04:41:31,700 --> 04:41:33,900
significantly established by 
steamships. 

5431
04:41:34,700 --> 04:41:37,700
The elaborate dining cars of 
luxury trains, the themed 

5432
04:41:37,700 --> 04:41:40,700
restaurants of contemporary 
theme parks the celebrity chef 

5433
04:41:40,700 --> 04:41:43,800
venues aboard, modern cruise 
ships and the artisanal food 

5434
04:41:43,800 --> 04:41:47,100
courts in contemporary airports 
were all impacted by this idea. 

5435
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:51,100
The need to reduce waste 
increase efficiency and use all 

5436
04:41:51,100 --> 04:41:54,000
available, resources, the 
environmental Consciousness That

5437
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:56,900
Grew on steamships. 
Established early models for 

5438
04:41:56,900 --> 04:42:00,300
sustainable Food, Service that 
are now more relevant than ever 

5439
04:42:00,300 --> 04:42:02,000
in our current environmental 
era. 

5440
04:42:02,800 --> 04:42:05,200
Modern food service operations, 
looking to lessen. 

5441
04:42:05,200 --> 04:42:07,800
Their environmental impact can 
learn from the closed system 

5442
04:42:07,800 --> 04:42:10,900
thinking needed to run a ship's 
Galley, effectively, labor 

5443
04:42:10,900 --> 04:42:13,900
organization in the hospitality 
sector was impacted by the 

5444
04:42:13,900 --> 04:42:16,600
professional development, 
programs and staff hierarchies 

5445
04:42:16,600 --> 04:42:19,000
that were first implemented on 
steamships. 

5446
04:42:19,800 --> 04:42:22,500
Professional Standards that 
influenced restaurant and hotel 

5447
04:42:22,500 --> 04:42:25,300
operations for Generations were 
established by the carer 

5448
04:42:25,300 --> 04:42:27,000
progression from Galley hand to 
head, chef. 

5449
04:42:27,000 --> 04:42:30,700
The specific training needed for
various roles and the emphasis 

5450
04:42:30,700 --> 04:42:33,700
on teamwork Under Pressure, the 
early forms of hospitality 

5451
04:42:33,700 --> 04:42:37,000
industry economics, that 
impacted pricing strategies and 

5452
04:42:37,000 --> 04:42:39,900
profit management. 
Across the service sector were 

5453
04:42:39,900 --> 04:42:42,500
established by the financial 
models created for steamship 

5454
04:42:42,500 --> 04:42:46,100
dining, which included 
inventory, management food cost 

5455
04:42:46,100 --> 04:42:49,100
calculations and balancing 
passenger, expectations with 

5456
04:42:49,100 --> 04:42:52,600
operational, constraints. 
Among the first companies to 

5457
04:42:52,600 --> 04:42:55,200
systematically examine the 
connection between customer 

5458
04:42:55,200 --> 04:42:58,500
satisfaction and service quality
in a way that could be 

5459
04:42:58,508 --> 04:43:00,500
Quantified and enhanced with 
these ships. 

5460
04:43:00,500 --> 04:43:04,500
Their dining Innovations, moved 
to New locations and uses a 

5461
04:43:04,500 --> 04:43:07,200
steamships changed and 
eventually made way for quicker,

5462
04:43:07,200 --> 04:43:09,200
more effective modes of 
transportation. 

5463
04:43:10,200 --> 04:43:13,400
Steamship dining was transformed
into even more intricate forms 

5464
04:43:13,400 --> 04:43:16,100
of hospitality theater by the 
great ocean. 

5465
04:43:16,100 --> 04:43:17,900
Liners of the early 20th 
century. 

5466
04:43:19,500 --> 04:43:22,000
These Customs have been turned 
into floating entertainment, 

5467
04:43:22,000 --> 04:43:25,900
complexes by contemporary cruise
ships where meals are expertly. 

5468
04:43:25,900 --> 04:43:27,700
Planned. 
Performance is meant to leave a 

5469
04:43:27,708 --> 04:43:30,600
lasting impression, even the 
most common place elements of 

5470
04:43:30,600 --> 04:43:33,400
contemporary travel dining have 
their roots in invention's made 

5471
04:43:33,400 --> 04:43:37,000
on these first steamships. 
Solution initially created to 

5472
04:43:37,000 --> 04:43:40,000
feed passengers travelling 
across the Atlantic under steam 

5473
04:43:40,000 --> 04:43:42,200
power. 
Gave rise to pre-plan meals 

5474
04:43:42,200 --> 04:43:45,900
standardized portion sizes, 
specialized serving utensils 

5475
04:43:45,900 --> 04:43:49,600
coordinated meal service, and 
methodical approaches to meeting

5476
04:43:49,600 --> 04:43:52,600
dietary requirements, the 
cultural exchange that took 

5477
04:43:52,600 --> 04:43:55,100
place on steamships is largely 
responsible for the 

5478
04:43:55,100 --> 04:43:58,500
globalization of food culture 
that defines contemporary 

5479
04:43:58,500 --> 04:44:00,700
dining. 
Food barriers that had 

5480
04:44:00,700 --> 04:44:04,300
previously kept National Cuisine
separate and distinct began to 

5481
04:44:04,300 --> 04:44:07,200
gradually dissolve as a result 
of international passengers, 

5482
04:44:07,200 --> 04:44:10,800
sharing meals, crew members from
different countries, cooperating

5483
04:44:10,800 --> 04:44:13,700
and ship galleys and port 
cities, modifying, their 

5484
04:44:13,700 --> 04:44:16,900
restaurants to accommodate 
foreign visitors, the importance

5485
04:44:16,900 --> 04:44:20,100
of ambience in dining areas, the
use of lighting and Decor to 

5486
04:44:20,108 --> 04:44:23,300
improve the meal experience and 
the timing of service to create 

5487
04:44:23,300 --> 04:44:25,500
seamless. 
Dining experiences are all 

5488
04:44:25,500 --> 04:44:28,800
examples of restaurant Design 
Concepts that started out as 

5489
04:44:28,800 --> 04:44:31,600
ways to make dining on ships 
which were essentially floating 

5490
04:44:31,600 --> 04:44:34,600
restaurants that catered to 
captive audiences for weeks at a

5491
04:44:34,600 --> 04:44:37,600
time more enjoyable. 
The customers experience is 

5492
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:41,300
crucial attention to detail 
distinguishes between adequate 

5493
04:44:41,300 --> 04:44:44,300
and memorable, service and 
successful operations, and 

5494
04:44:44,300 --> 04:44:48,400
necessitate coordination between
front of house presentation and 

5495
04:44:48,400 --> 04:44:51,900
back of house efficiently, all 
of which are reflected in the 

5496
04:44:51,900 --> 04:44:54,600
customer service philosophies 
that rule contemporary 

5497
04:44:54,600 --> 04:44:57,800
hospitality industries. 
These principles were first 

5498
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:01,900
established aboard steamships, 
These ideas which originated 

5499
04:45:01,900 --> 04:45:04,800
from the need to ensure 
passenger satisfaction during 

5500
04:45:04,800 --> 04:45:06,600
link. 
The ocean voyages became the 

5501
04:45:06,600 --> 04:45:09,400
Cornerstone of the service 
economy as a whole Lessons 

5502
04:45:09,400 --> 04:45:11,000
Learned aboard. 
Steamships are still 

5503
04:45:11,000 --> 04:45:13,500
incorporated into training 
programs for contemporary 

5504
04:45:13,500 --> 04:45:17,000
Hospitality workers. 
These lessons include how to 

5505
04:45:17,000 --> 04:45:19,200
remain composed and productive 
under pressure. 

5506
04:45:19,900 --> 04:45:22,300
How to serve a variety of 
populations with different 

5507
04:45:22,300 --> 04:45:24,200
expectations and cultural 
backgrounds. 

5508
04:45:24,200 --> 04:45:27,700
How to collaborate well, in 
cramped spaces and how to come 

5509
04:45:27,700 --> 04:45:30,200
up with innovative solutions. 
When traditional ones aren't 

5510
04:45:30,200 --> 04:45:32,600
available the measurement and 
Analysis, tools. 

5511
04:45:32,600 --> 04:45:35,500
Used by contemporary restaurants
to monitor menu, performance 

5512
04:45:35,500 --> 04:45:38,600
customer satisfaction and 
operational efficiency 

5513
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:42,500
originated with steamships, 
where precise documentation was 

5514
04:45:42,500 --> 04:45:46,000
crucial for overseeing intricate
food, service, operations for 

5515
04:45:46,000 --> 04:45:48,500
extended periods of time. 
Without the possibility of 

5516
04:45:48,500 --> 04:45:52,300
outside Assistance or resupply 
while passenger traffic weather 

5517
04:45:52,300 --> 04:45:55,300
and supply, chain Logistics, 
created predictable patterns of 

5518
04:45:55,300 --> 04:45:58,000
busy and slow periods. 
That required different 

5519
04:45:58,000 --> 04:46:00,200
operational, approaches and 
Staffing strategies. 

5520
04:46:00,200 --> 04:46:03,800
Even the seasonal and cyclical 
patterns that Define modern 

5521
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:05,900
Hospitality. 
Businesses are reminiscent of 

5522
04:46:05,900 --> 04:46:09,100
rhythms established during the 
steamship era as the gentle 

5523
04:46:09,100 --> 04:46:11,600
rocking of our imaginary 
steamship lulls you towards 

5524
04:46:11,600 --> 04:46:14,000
Sleek. 
Take a moment to appreciate the 

5525
04:46:14,000 --> 04:46:17,000
remarkable human achievement 
represented by those floating 

5526
04:46:17,000 --> 04:46:21,200
restaurants of the 19th century.
Every time you take for granted 

5527
04:46:21,200 --> 04:46:24,500
the variety and quality of food 
available in Modern Life, every 

5528
04:46:24,500 --> 04:46:27,200
time you Savor a thoughtfully 
prepared meal while traveling, 

5529
04:46:27,200 --> 04:46:30,400
or every time you appreciate 
thoughtful service in a 

5530
04:46:30,400 --> 04:46:33,100
restaurant, you are reaping the 
benefits of Innovations. 

5531
04:46:33,100 --> 04:46:35,400
Initially, pioneered by 
individuals, who refuse to 

5532
04:46:35,400 --> 04:46:38,100
accept that traveling meant for 
going the pleasures of fine 

5533
04:46:38,100 --> 04:46:40,300
dining. 
Imagine the SS Great Western 

5534
04:46:40,300 --> 04:46:43,400
approaching New York Harbor 
after 18 days at Sea with the 

5535
04:46:43,400 --> 04:46:45,700
sound of her final Dinner. 
Bell resonating through the 

5536
04:46:45,700 --> 04:46:48,200
ship's. 
Corridors the Dining Saloon 

5537
04:46:48,200 --> 04:46:50,200
which served as the passenger's 
Social Hub. 

5538
04:46:51,000 --> 04:46:53,900
Entertainment venue and daily 
meeting spot during the crossing

5539
04:46:53,900 --> 04:46:55,900
is where they come together one 
last time. 

5540
04:46:56,700 --> 04:46:58,100
A celebration of human 
Ingenuity. 

5541
04:46:58,100 --> 04:47:01,600
A demonstration of the ability 
of hospitality to Foster 

5542
04:47:01,600 --> 04:47:04,500
Community among strangers. 
And a reminder that some of our 

5543
04:47:04,500 --> 04:47:06,500
greatest inventions stem from 
resolving. 

5544
04:47:06,500 --> 04:47:09,000
The straightforward issue of how
to meet one another's basic 

5545
04:47:09,000 --> 04:47:11,600
needs. 
The meal they share is more than

5546
04:47:11,600 --> 04:47:13,900
just food. 
The multi-lingual discussion 

5547
04:47:13,900 --> 04:47:17,200
that took place around those 
tables representing dozens of 

5548
04:47:17,200 --> 04:47:20,600
distinct cultural backgrounds 
for shadowed, the increasingly 

5549
04:47:20,600 --> 04:47:23,800
interconnected world. 
We live in today The methods 

5550
04:47:23,800 --> 04:47:26,800
created to prepare serve and 
preserve those Foods. 

5551
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:29,900
Created habits that still affect
our eating habits today. 

5552
04:47:30,900 --> 04:47:33,900
The hospitality Customs that are
still practiced in contemporary 

5553
04:47:33,900 --> 04:47:36,300
hotels restaurants and 
entertainment. 

5554
04:47:36,300 --> 04:47:39,800
Venues were established by the 
service standards designed to 

5555
04:47:39,800 --> 04:47:41,400
oversee. 
Those floating communities. 

5556
04:47:41,400 --> 04:47:44,800
Perhaps more significantly, 
though, those steamship dining 

5557
04:47:44,800 --> 04:47:46,800
experiences, created the 
expectation. 

5558
04:47:46,800 --> 04:47:49,800
That travel should improve 
rather than lower our quality of

5559
04:47:49,808 --> 04:47:51,800
life. 
That transient groups of 

5560
04:47:51,808 --> 04:47:55,200
strangers could unite around 
shared meals and that human 

5561
04:47:55,200 --> 04:47:58,100
Ingenuity could overcome 
logistical obstacles that seemed

5562
04:47:58,100 --> 04:48:00,900
insurmountable to create 
experiences that fed the body 

5563
04:48:00,900 --> 04:48:03,800
and the Soul, when you pour your
coffee tomorrow morning and make

5564
04:48:03,800 --> 04:48:07,200
plans for the day, keep in mind 
that the coffee in your mug, may

5565
04:48:07,200 --> 04:48:10,200
contain beans that were 
transported across Ocean's using

5566
04:48:10,200 --> 04:48:14,600
Transportation Systems developed
from steamship innovations that 

5567
04:48:14,600 --> 04:48:17,100
the breakfast you eat represents
food preparation and 

5568
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:20,900
preservation technique initially
perfected in ship's galleys and 

5569
04:48:20,900 --> 04:48:23,800
that the very idea of beginning 
your day with a satisfying meal.

5570
04:48:23,800 --> 04:48:26,800
Oh, something to those Victorian
Travelers, who maintain That 

5571
04:48:26,800 --> 04:48:29,900
civilization was portable. 
That Comfort could be created 

5572
04:48:29,900 --> 04:48:32,100
anywhere. 
And that a good meal shared with

5573
04:48:32,100 --> 04:48:34,200
fellow humans was worth, 
whatever effort. 

5574
04:48:34,200 --> 04:48:37,400
It took to make it possible. 
These days steamships have been 

5575
04:48:37,408 --> 04:48:39,900
replaced by container ships, 
that transport cargo more 

5576
04:48:39,900 --> 04:48:43,400
effectively, but disregard the 
comfort of their passengers and 

5577
04:48:43,400 --> 04:48:45,900
buy airline, is that travel 
across Ocean's in a matter of 

5578
04:48:45,908 --> 04:48:49,000
hours rather than weeks? 
But serve meals that are 

5579
04:48:49,000 --> 04:48:51,600
insignificant in comparison to 
what those floating restaurants 

5580
04:48:51,600 --> 04:48:53,600
were able to accomplish with 
much less funding. 

5581
04:48:54,600 --> 04:48:58,300
However, their legacy endures. 
Each time, we assemble around a 

5582
04:48:58,300 --> 04:49:02,500
table Transformer meal into a 
social Gathering and use food to

5583
04:49:02,500 --> 04:49:05,200
Foster community and make 
memories that endure long after 

5584
04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:08,200
the dishes are cleared away. 
Sweet dreams of paddle Wheels, 

5585
04:49:08,200 --> 04:49:12,000
churning through Atlantic, 
swells of dining, saloons lit by

5586
04:49:12,000 --> 04:49:15,000
Gaslight and warmed. 
By human conversation of Galley 

5587
04:49:15,000 --> 04:49:17,600
is where skilled Cooks. 
Worked miracles with limited 

5588
04:49:17,600 --> 04:49:21,700
ingredients and unlimited 
creativity, Imagine a time when 

5589
04:49:21,700 --> 04:49:23,900
eating together, could turn a 
group of strangers into a 

5590
04:49:23,908 --> 04:49:27,200
transient family Bound by their 
common quest for New 

5591
04:49:27,200 --> 04:49:30,000
Opportunities. 
When traveling across the ocean 

5592
04:49:30,000 --> 04:49:32,000
was an adventure rather than a 
hassle. 

5593
04:49:32,000 --> 04:49:35,200
And when meals were occasions 
rather than stops for fuel. 

5594
04:49:35,200 --> 04:49:39,100
The final dinner service Bell as
rang, the great ship is steaming

5595
04:49:39,100 --> 04:49:41,600
through the night toward port 
and the end of another amazing 

5596
04:49:41,600 --> 04:49:44,100
journey. 
The tables have been cleared and

5597
04:49:44,100 --> 04:49:45,800
the passengers have gone to 
their cabinets. 

5598
04:49:46,600 --> 04:49:50,200
However, the invention's customs
and uncomplicated human warmth 

5599
04:49:50,200 --> 04:49:53,800
that made those meals special on
their own path through time 

5600
04:49:53,800 --> 04:49:58,100
impacting our eating habits 
travel habits and interpersonal 

5601
04:49:58,100 --> 04:50:00,400
care in both significant and 
minor ways. 

5602
04:50:00,400 --> 04:50:03,100
Take comfort in the knowledge 
that you are carrying on a 

5603
04:50:03,100 --> 04:50:06,300
tradition that dates back to the
first Travelers who demanded 

5604
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:09,900
that Pleasant company. 
Excellent Cuisine, and courteous

5605
04:50:09,900 --> 04:50:12,500
service could co-exist 
peacefully in the middle of the 

5606
04:50:12,500 --> 04:50:16,100
vast frigid ocean. 
Every time we decide to make a 

5607
04:50:16,108 --> 04:50:20,100
meal, special invite strangers 
to our table or reject, the idea

5608
04:50:20,100 --> 04:50:23,400
that Civilization and comfort 
are extravagances, that can only

5609
04:50:23,400 --> 04:50:26,400
be enjoyed in ideal 
circumstances, their legacy 

5610
04:50:26,400 --> 04:50:29,700
endures in every Kitchen 
restaurant and home, where 

5611
04:50:29,700 --> 04:50:32,800
people come together to elevate 
the simple Act of eating into 

5612
04:50:32,800 --> 04:50:37,000
something far more meaningful. 
Celebration of human Community 

5613
04:50:37,000 --> 04:50:40,600
creativity and the Limitless 
possibility that tomorrow's meal

5614
04:50:40,600 --> 04:50:42,000
might just be the best one. 
Yet. 

5615
04:50:42,000 --> 04:50:46,300
The steamship dining Bell has 
gone silent, but it's called to 

5616
04:50:46,300 --> 04:50:49,800
gather to share and to turn 
necessity into pleasure still 

5617
04:50:49,800 --> 04:51:01,200
reverberates. 
During the summer of 1962 when 

5618
04:51:01,200 --> 04:51:03,600
Kennedy was the president and 
the Beatles were still unknown 

5619
04:51:03,600 --> 04:51:05,400
young men in Liverpool, three 
men. 

5620
04:51:05,400 --> 04:51:08,800
Each nursing dreams as vast as 
the Pacific that surrounded, 

5621
04:51:08,800 --> 04:51:11,700
their concrete cage, sat in the 
heart of America's most 

5622
04:51:11,700 --> 04:51:16,300
notorious prison Alcatraz 
Federal Penitentiary, The Rock 

5623
04:51:16,300 --> 04:51:18,600
to those. 
Who knew her intimately perched,

5624
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:22,200
like a medieval fortress on her 
Island, Throne, 22 Acres of 

5625
04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:24,300
hubris in fog and federal 
Authority. 

5626
04:51:25,600 --> 04:51:30,500
Frank Morris, inmate as 1441 
possessed, the kind of mind that

5627
04:51:30,500 --> 04:51:34,500
could unravel a Rubik's cube 
blindfolded, if such puzzles had

5628
04:51:34,500 --> 04:51:39,000
existed. 
Then His IQ of 133, made him the

5629
04:51:39,008 --> 04:51:41,700
prisons unofficial genius, 
though. 

5630
04:51:41,700 --> 04:51:44,300
His criminal resumes suggested 
he'd been applying his 

5631
04:51:44,300 --> 04:51:46,600
considerable, intellect to all 
the wrong equations. 

5632
04:51:46,600 --> 04:51:50,600
Frank had collected felony such 
as bank robbery, car theft and 

5633
04:51:50,600 --> 04:51:53,400
armed robbery, similar to how 
other men click baseball cards, 

5634
04:51:53,400 --> 04:51:55,700
and he did. 
So with about as much long-term 

5635
04:51:55,700 --> 04:51:58,700
planning, In the cell. 
Next to Frank's Metropolitan 

5636
04:51:58,700 --> 04:52:04,100
headquarters, sat John Anglin as
1476 a man, whose southern ruled

5637
04:52:04,100 --> 04:52:07,300
could charm honey from a hive. 
But who Sticky Fingers had 

5638
04:52:07,300 --> 04:52:09,600
landed him in more trouble than 
a cat in a yarn Factory. 

5639
04:52:10,500 --> 04:52:12,800
John and his brother Clarence 
had been robbing banks. 

5640
04:52:12,800 --> 04:52:15,500
Since they were old enough to 
reach the telur Windows though 

5641
04:52:15,500 --> 04:52:17,700
their methods lack, the 
sophisticated planning that 

5642
04:52:17,700 --> 04:52:20,700
Frank brought to his Endeavors. 
They were the kind of criminals 

5643
04:52:20,700 --> 04:52:22,700
who robbed a bank and then 
stopped for ice cream on the way

5644
04:52:22,708 --> 04:52:24,600
home. 
Not realizing that mint 

5645
04:52:24,600 --> 04:52:26,700
chocolate chip doesn't provide 
much of an alibi. 

5646
04:52:28,200 --> 04:52:32,500
Clarence Anglin as 1485 
completed, this Unholy Trio of 

5647
04:52:32,500 --> 04:52:34,900
criminals. 
If John was the charmer and 

5648
04:52:34,900 --> 04:52:38,700
Frank was the brain, Clarence 
was the Steady Hand, the man who

5649
04:52:38,700 --> 04:52:40,800
could keep his cool. 
When the heat was on the law was

5650
04:52:40,800 --> 04:52:42,600
closing in. 
Together. 

5651
04:52:42,600 --> 04:52:46,300
The three had accumulated enough
time Behind Bars to spend 

5652
04:52:46,300 --> 04:52:49,700
several geological, epochs their
sentences stretching into a 

5653
04:52:49,700 --> 04:52:52,500
future where flying cars and 
moon colonies, seemed more 

5654
04:52:52,500 --> 04:52:55,400
plausible than parole. 
The Rock had earned her 

5655
04:52:55,400 --> 04:52:57,800
reputation through careful 
cultivation of despair. 

5656
04:52:58,600 --> 04:53:01,000
Alcatraz surrounded by Waters so
cold. 

5657
04:53:01,000 --> 04:53:03,000
They could freeze a man's Soul 
before his body. 

5658
04:53:03,000 --> 04:53:06,700
Hit the bay was designed by men 
who understood that sometimes 

5659
04:53:06,700 --> 04:53:09,300
the most effective prison bars 
are made of saltwater and 

5660
04:53:09,300 --> 04:53:12,600
hyperthermia. 
Swift and unforgiving currents 

5661
04:53:12,600 --> 04:53:14,500
around the island. 
Carried the dreams of would be 

5662
04:53:14,508 --> 04:53:16,300
escapes towards the Golden Gate 
Bridge. 

5663
04:53:16,300 --> 04:53:19,500
And towards the sea Warden Olin 
Blackwell, ran the prison with 

5664
04:53:19,500 --> 04:53:22,100
the Precision of a Swiss 
timepiece in the warmth of a 

5665
04:53:22,100 --> 04:53:25,200
January morning, in Siberia. 
He'd inherited Alcatraz from his

5666
04:53:25,200 --> 04:53:28,400
predecessor like a family curse.
This description includes the 

5667
04:53:28,400 --> 04:53:31,700
mythology of impregnates, 
America's most creative 

5668
04:53:31,700 --> 04:53:36,300
criminals, Under his watch 23 
men had attempted to escape in 

5669
04:53:36,300 --> 04:53:39,000
14. 
Separate trees, all had been 

5670
04:53:39,000 --> 04:53:43,900
recaptured shot or drowned, a 
track record that would make any

5671
04:53:43,900 --> 04:53:47,400
Warden proud and any inmate 
thoughtful, the daily routine at

5672
04:53:47,400 --> 04:53:50,200
Alcatraz followed a rhythm as 
predictable as a metronome. 

5673
04:53:50,900 --> 04:53:53,900
Wake at 6:30 to the sound of a 
bell that have been imported 

5674
04:53:53,900 --> 04:53:58,200
from a defunct Monastery to add 
a touch of ironic spirituality 

5675
04:53:58,200 --> 04:54:01,000
to the proceedings. 
The kitchen staff prepared, 

5676
04:54:01,000 --> 04:54:05,000
breakfast leaving no room for 
weapons tools or hope the meals 

5677
04:54:05,000 --> 04:54:07,200
were nutritionally adequate and 
gastronomically. 

5678
04:54:07,200 --> 04:54:10,400
Devastating a combination that 
seemed designed to break the 

5679
04:54:10,400 --> 04:54:12,800
spirit while preserving the body
for future punishment. 

5680
04:54:13,600 --> 04:54:16,600
Work assignments, varied from 
the mundane to the mind-numbing.

5681
04:54:17,300 --> 04:54:20,100
Some inmates worked in the 
prison laundry where they could 

5682
04:54:20,100 --> 04:54:22,300
contemplate the cleanliness, 
they were providing to the 

5683
04:54:22,300 --> 04:54:25,100
outside world while wearing 
uniforms that made them look 

5684
04:54:25,100 --> 04:54:27,300
like extra in a particularly 
Grim musical. 

5685
04:54:27,300 --> 04:54:30,500
Others worked in the kitchen, 
where they learned to create 

5686
04:54:30,500 --> 04:54:33,200
meals, that would make a 
medieval peasant grateful for 

5687
04:54:33,200 --> 04:54:36,500
gruel The most fortunate were 
employed in the prison Library 

5688
04:54:36,500 --> 04:54:38,800
where they could immerse 
themselves in Tales of 

5689
04:54:38,800 --> 04:54:41,300
locations, where the walls 
remained, free of condensation, 

5690
04:54:41,300 --> 04:54:43,600
and the Sea did not talk them 
with its close proximity. 

5691
04:54:44,800 --> 04:54:46,800
But it was in the industrial 
Workshop that are three 

5692
04:54:46,800 --> 04:54:50,300
protagonists found themselves. 
Assigned surrounded by tools, 

5693
04:54:50,300 --> 04:54:52,700
that were counted more carefully
than votes in a contested 

5694
04:54:52,700 --> 04:54:55,600
election. 
Amid the center of machine oil 

5695
04:54:55,600 --> 04:54:57,300
and the rhythm of industrial 
equipment. 

5696
04:54:57,300 --> 04:55:01,800
Frank Morris began to notice 
details Frank Morris observed, 

5697
04:55:01,800 --> 04:55:04,200
the gradual settling of the 
concrete walls, over the 

5698
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:06,900
decades. 
Patterns of condensation, 

5699
04:55:06,900 --> 04:55:09,400
suggested different densities in
the construction. 

5700
04:55:09,400 --> 04:55:12,700
Materials, The sound traveled 
through the ventilation system 

5701
04:55:12,700 --> 04:55:16,100
like whispered secrets. 
Every evening as the sun 

5702
04:55:16,100 --> 04:55:19,100
painted, the bay and shades of 
Freedom, the three men would 

5703
04:55:19,100 --> 04:55:22,400
return to their cells. 
Six feet by nine feet of 

5704
04:55:22,400 --> 04:55:25,800
government issued solitude, but 
while their bodies were 

5705
04:55:25,800 --> 04:55:29,100
confined, their minds began to 
wander down paths, that would 

5706
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:32,600
have made who Deanie himself, 
Nord with approval. they started

5707
04:55:32,600 --> 04:55:36,000
to see Alcatraz, not as an 
impregnable Fortress, but as a 

5708
04:55:36,000 --> 04:55:40,300
very, elaborate puzzle waiting 
to be sold, As the darkness in 

5709
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:43,200
their cells grew and the fog 
rolled in from the Pacific like 

5710
04:55:43,200 --> 04:55:46,100
a protective blanket. 
Three men began to dream of a 

5711
04:55:46,108 --> 04:55:49,400
morning when they would awaken 
in a different place Ventura 

5712
04:55:49,400 --> 04:55:53,000
arrived at Alcatraz like an 
unwelcome relative settling in 

5713
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:55,700
for a long stay and making 
everyone miserable with its 

5714
04:55:55,700 --> 04:55:59,000
presence. 
The fog grew thicker, the winds 

5715
04:55:59,000 --> 04:56:02,300
intensified, and the concrete 
walls appear to radiate despair.

5716
04:56:02,300 --> 04:56:05,800
It was during these gray months,
that Frank Morris began to study

5717
04:56:05,800 --> 04:56:08,200
the prison with the dedication 
of a doctoral candidate whose 

5718
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:11,600
thesis was titled, creative 
applications of Structural 

5719
04:56:11,600 --> 04:56:14,900
Engineering. 
The beauty of Frank's mind, lay 

5720
04:56:14,900 --> 04:56:17,300
not in its criminal applications
though, those had been 

5721
04:56:17,308 --> 04:56:20,400
impressive in their own 
misguided way but in its ability

5722
04:56:20,400 --> 04:56:22,900
to see patterns where others saw
only chaos. 

5723
04:56:23,600 --> 04:56:26,300
While his fellow inmates, 
counted days until release dates

5724
04:56:26,300 --> 04:56:29,800
that existed only in their most 
optimistic, fantasies Frank, 

5725
04:56:29,800 --> 04:56:33,400
counted rivets, measured shadows
and calculated the thermal 

5726
04:56:33,400 --> 04:56:36,800
expansion of Aging concrete. 
The Revelation came to him 

5727
04:56:36,800 --> 04:56:39,900
during a, particularly tedious 
afternoon in the workshop while 

5728
04:56:39,900 --> 04:56:42,300
he was a signed to repair, a 
ventilation great that had been 

5729
04:56:42,308 --> 04:56:44,300
damaged by the previous winter 
storms. 

5730
04:56:44,300 --> 04:56:47,700
As he worked, Frank noticed that
the concrete around the vent 

5731
04:56:47,700 --> 04:56:51,500
developed small cracks hairline,
fractures that spoke of a 

5732
04:56:51,500 --> 04:56:53,200
building settling into middle 
age. 

5733
04:56:53,200 --> 04:56:56,900
The Salt Air had been working at
slow chemistry on the structure 

5734
04:56:56,900 --> 04:57:00,300
for decades and even the mighty 
Alcatraz was not immune to the 

5735
04:57:00,300 --> 04:57:03,800
patient Persistence of time. 
That evening, as the lights 

5736
04:57:03,800 --> 04:57:07,400
dimmed and the prison settled in
to its nightly routine of fourth

5737
04:57:07,400 --> 04:57:11,000
contemplation, Frank shared his 
observation with the Anglin 

5738
04:57:11,000 --> 04:57:14,200
Brothers, their cell Block, B 
Block had been constructed in 

5739
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:18,200
the 1910s when concrete was more
an art than a science and 

5740
04:57:18,200 --> 04:57:21,600
building codes were suggestions,
rather than Commandments the 

5741
04:57:21,600 --> 04:57:23,900
walls, that held them with thick
enough to contain their bodies, 

5742
04:57:23,900 --> 04:57:27,000
but Frank suspected, not 
necessarily their Ingenuity, 

5743
04:57:27,000 --> 04:57:30,200
John Anglin, despite his 
reputation for impulsive 

5744
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:33,300
decision-making, possessed, a 
Craftsman's, understanding of 

5745
04:57:33,300 --> 04:57:37,100
tools and materials years of 
breaking into places, had taught

5746
04:57:37,100 --> 04:57:40,400
him to read the language of 
locks hinges and structural weak

5747
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:42,600
points. 
When Frank described the 

5748
04:57:42,600 --> 04:57:45,900
condition of the concrete around
the ventilation systems, John's 

5749
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:47,900
eyes lit up with the kind of 
enthusiasm. 

5750
04:57:47,900 --> 04:57:51,400
Usually reserved for surprise 
inheritances or unexpected 

5751
04:57:51,400 --> 04:57:54,800
pardons Clarence. 
Brought a different skill set to

5752
04:57:54,800 --> 04:57:57,500
their growing conspiracy. 
His years of incarceration. 

5753
04:57:57,500 --> 04:57:59,400
Had taught him The rhythms of 
prison life. 

5754
04:57:59,400 --> 04:58:03,000
When guards changed shifts which
routes the security, patrols, 

5755
04:58:03,000 --> 04:58:05,600
followed, and how to move 
through the institutional 

5756
04:58:05,600 --> 04:58:07,400
routine without attracting 
attention. 

5757
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:11,000
If Frank acted as the architect 
and John as the engineer 

5758
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:13,500
Clarence took on the role of the
choreographer. 

5759
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:16,000
In their Evermore, intricate 
Dance With Disaster. 

5760
04:58:16,800 --> 04:58:18,900
The plan began to take shape 
during their evening 

5761
04:58:18,900 --> 04:58:22,100
conversations whispered through 
the ventilation system that 

5762
04:58:22,100 --> 04:58:24,500
connected their cells Like A 
Primitive telephone Network. 

5763
04:58:25,600 --> 04:58:28,200
They would begin by widening. 
The ventilation greats in their 

5764
04:58:28,200 --> 04:58:31,000
individual cells, not enough to 
escape immediately. 

5765
04:58:31,000 --> 04:58:34,400
But enough to create passage to 
the utility Corridor that ran 

5766
04:58:34,400 --> 04:58:37,400
behind the cell block. 
From there, they could access 

5767
04:58:37,400 --> 04:58:40,400
the roof and theoretically find 
a way to reach the water. 

5768
04:58:41,500 --> 04:58:44,100
The word theoretically held 
significant weight in their 

5769
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:46,800
discussion. 
The distance from Alcatraz to 

5770
04:58:46,800 --> 04:58:49,700
Angel Island was about two miles
of water, that had more 

5771
04:58:49,700 --> 04:58:51,300
experienced swimmers than any of
them. 

5772
04:58:52,100 --> 04:58:54,800
The currents were unpredictable,
the water temperature, rarely 

5773
04:58:54,800 --> 04:58:58,200
Rose above 55 degrees and the 
Coast Guard maintained regular 

5774
04:58:58,200 --> 04:59:00,800
patrols specifically to 
discourage the kind of Maritime 

5775
04:59:00,800 --> 04:59:03,400
Adventure. 
They were contemplating But 

5776
04:59:03,400 --> 04:59:05,700
Frank had been studying the 
tides and currents with the 

5777
04:59:05,700 --> 04:59:07,200
dedication of a marine 
biologist. 

5778
04:59:08,000 --> 04:59:11,400
He'd noticed that during certain
tidal conditions debris from the

5779
04:59:11,400 --> 04:59:15,100
prison would wash up on Angel. 
They set out to reach the 

5780
04:59:15,100 --> 04:59:17,100
island. 
Determine not to let the sea 

5781
04:59:17,100 --> 04:59:19,600
sweep them away. 
If they could time their escape 

5782
04:59:19,600 --> 04:59:22,700
properly, the same current. 
That doomed previous attempts. 

5783
04:59:22,700 --> 04:59:24,100
Might actually carry them to 
safety. 

5784
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:26,900
Frank had been modifying and 
hiding tools in the prison 

5785
04:59:26,900 --> 04:59:29,800
Workshop that could be used to 
chip away at the concrete, Frank

5786
04:59:29,800 --> 04:59:33,600
meticulously sharpened and 
hardened, the spoon handle Frank

5787
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:36,100
had broken off a piece of the 
saw blade and concealed it in 

5788
04:59:36,100 --> 04:59:39,000
the soul of his shoe. 
Small tools that would do small 

5789
04:59:39,000 --> 04:59:42,100
work over a long time, the kind 
of patient progress that builds 

5790
04:59:42,100 --> 04:59:43,300
pyramids and topples 
governments. 

5791
04:59:43,300 --> 04:59:45,500
But tools alone wouldn't be 
enough. 

5792
04:59:45,500 --> 04:59:48,400
They would need to conceal their
work from the daily sell 

5793
04:59:48,400 --> 04:59:51,100
inspections which meant creating
dummy walls. 

5794
04:59:51,100 --> 04:59:53,400
That would hide the growing 
holes while appearing completely

5795
04:59:53,400 --> 04:59:57,000
normal to casuals of nation. 
This required materials, that 

5796
04:59:57,000 --> 04:59:59,300
weren't exactly available 
through the prison commissary. 

5797
05:00:00,200 --> 05:00:02,800
Paint that matched, the cell 
walls cardboard that could be 

5798
05:00:02,800 --> 05:00:06,300
shaped and colored to look like 
concrete and some way to hold it

5799
05:00:06,300 --> 05:00:09,500
all in place. 
John anglins, artistic talents, 

5800
05:00:09,500 --> 05:00:12,400
previously, applied only to 
forging signatures and 

5801
05:00:12,400 --> 05:00:14,700
identification. 
Documents would be put to more 

5802
05:00:14,700 --> 05:00:17,600
constructive use. 
He began experimenting with 

5803
05:00:17,600 --> 05:00:20,200
soap, paint chips, and hair 
clippings to create a mixture. 

5804
05:00:20,200 --> 05:00:22,900
That could be molded into shapes
and painted to match the cell 

5805
05:00:22,900 --> 05:00:25,100
walls. 
The results wouldn't fool a 

5806
05:00:25,100 --> 05:00:26,900
detailed inspection but they 
might survive. 

5807
05:00:26,900 --> 05:00:29,300
The cursory glances that were 
part of the daily routine. 

5808
05:00:30,300 --> 05:00:33,200
Meanwhile Clarence had been 
mapping the guard schedules with

5809
05:00:33,200 --> 05:00:34,900
the Precision of a railroad 
timetable. 

5810
05:00:35,600 --> 05:00:38,700
He knew which guards were 
thorough, which were lazy and 

5811
05:00:38,700 --> 05:00:41,600
which were easily distracted by 
conversation about sports or 

5812
05:00:41,600 --> 05:00:45,300
whether more importantly, he'd 
identified the 15-minute window 

5813
05:00:45,300 --> 05:00:48,400
each evening when the cell block
was essentially unguarded while 

5814
05:00:48,400 --> 05:00:50,200
the guards changed shifts and 
counted heads. 

5815
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:54,100
As winter deepened into spring, 
their plan evolved from wishful 

5816
05:00:54,100 --> 05:00:57,900
thinking to genuine possibility,
they would work at night when 

5817
05:00:57,900 --> 05:01:00,300
the prison settling sounds would
cover the scraping. 

5818
05:01:01,400 --> 05:01:04,100
They would take turns keeping 
watch communicating through 

5819
05:01:04,100 --> 05:01:07,200
their improvised, telephone 
system, and carefully disposing 

5820
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:11,100
of the concrete dust and debris.
The timeline was ambitious. 

5821
05:01:11,100 --> 05:01:14,600
They hoped to complete their 
excavation by early summer when 

5822
05:01:14,600 --> 05:01:16,700
the water temperatures would be 
at their warmest and the 

5823
05:01:16,700 --> 05:01:19,100
weather, most favorable for 
their aquatic Adventure. 

5824
05:01:19,900 --> 05:01:22,400
But even as they refine their 
plans and gather their 

5825
05:01:22,400 --> 05:01:25,300
materials, each man understood 
that they were essentially 

5826
05:01:25,300 --> 05:01:28,800
planning an elaborate form of 
suicide with a slim chance of 

5827
05:01:28,800 --> 05:01:31,900
success. 
Yet somehow the impossibility of

5828
05:01:31,900 --> 05:01:35,400
their scheme, made it more 
appealing rather than less after

5829
05:01:35,400 --> 05:01:38,500
years of being told what to do 
when to wake up and what to eat 

5830
05:01:38,500 --> 05:01:41,400
planning, anything felt like a 
rebellion against the cosmic 

5831
05:01:41,400 --> 05:01:44,000
forces that had deposited them 
on this rock in the middle of 

5832
05:01:44,000 --> 05:01:48,000
the Bay Spring of 1962 brought 
New Hope to Alcatraz in the form

5833
05:01:48,000 --> 05:01:50,100
of fresh paint and 
administrative optimism. 

5834
05:01:50,100 --> 05:01:53,400
The Bureau of Prisons had 
decided that a little color 

5835
05:01:53,400 --> 05:01:56,100
might improve morale. 
Apparently operating under the 

5836
05:01:56,100 --> 05:01:58,700
theory that sage green Walls 
would somehow make Federal 

5837
05:01:58,700 --> 05:02:02,200
incarceration more palatable 
While painters applied their 

5838
05:02:02,200 --> 05:02:05,700
cheerful coats of institutional 
Improvement three inmates had 

5839
05:02:05,700 --> 05:02:08,700
begun their renovation project 
working with tools that wouldn't

5840
05:02:08,700 --> 05:02:10,900
have impressed the most 
desperate Home Improvement in 

5841
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:13,800
enthusiast. 
Frank Morris had perfected the 

5842
05:02:13,808 --> 05:02:18,200
art of productive insomnia each 
night after the 9:30 lights out.

5843
05:02:18,200 --> 05:02:21,800
You would wait exactly 40 
minutes for the sound of the 

5844
05:02:21,800 --> 05:02:23,900
prison to settle in to their 
nocturnal Rhythm. 

5845
05:02:23,900 --> 05:02:27,200
Then with the dedication of a 
medieval monk, Illuminating 

5846
05:02:27,200 --> 05:02:30,400
manuscripts, he would begin his 
careful destruction of federal 

5847
05:02:30,400 --> 05:02:33,200
property. 
The concrete around his sells 

5848
05:02:33,200 --> 05:02:35,800
ventilation, great had revealed 
itself to be surprisingly, 

5849
05:02:35,800 --> 05:02:39,500
Cooperative crumbling away in 
small satisfying chunks under 

5850
05:02:39,500 --> 05:02:42,100
the persistent attention of his 
modified spoon handle. 

5851
05:02:42,800 --> 05:02:45,100
The work required, a level of 
patience, that would have 

5852
05:02:45,100 --> 05:02:48,200
challenged a Buddhist monk. 
Each scrape of the improvised 

5853
05:02:48,200 --> 05:02:51,000
chisel, had to be gentled enough
to avoid detection, but 

5854
05:02:51,000 --> 05:02:53,700
persistent enough to make 
progress, too aggressive. 

5855
05:02:53,700 --> 05:02:56,000
And the sound would carry 
through the cell block like a 

5856
05:02:56,000 --> 05:02:58,400
dinner bell. 
If he was too tentative, he 

5857
05:02:58,400 --> 05:03:00,600
would still be chipping away 
when the next ice age arrived. 

5858
05:03:01,400 --> 05:03:04,500
Frank developed, a rhythm, three
gentle scrapes, Paul's to listen

5859
05:03:04,500 --> 05:03:09,300
three more scrapes pause to 
dispose of debris. it was 

5860
05:03:09,300 --> 05:03:12,800
meditation, through demolition 
Zen approached to jailbreaking, 

5861
05:03:14,000 --> 05:03:17,000
John Anglin had discovered an 
unexpected talent for forgery 

5862
05:03:17,000 --> 05:03:20,000
that extended Beyond signatures 
and identification cards. 

5863
05:03:20,000 --> 05:03:23,900
His dummy ventilation great 
crafted from cardboard and 

5864
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:27,000
painted with a mixture that 
included soap, shavings paint 

5865
05:03:27,000 --> 05:03:29,000
chips. 
And what he optimistically 

5866
05:03:29,000 --> 05:03:31,700
called? 
Artistic license was becoming a 

5867
05:03:31,700 --> 05:03:33,500
masterpiece of deceptive 
craftsmanship. 

5868
05:03:34,400 --> 05:03:37,000
The challenge wasn't just making
it look like concrete and metal.

5869
05:03:37,000 --> 05:03:40,300
It had to look like old concrete
and metal complete with the 

5870
05:03:40,308 --> 05:03:44,400
stains scratches and accumulated
Grime of Decades of neglect. 

5871
05:03:44,400 --> 05:03:48,900
The paint mixture had required 
considerable experimentation too

5872
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:50,700
much soap. 
And it looked like what it was 

5873
05:03:50,700 --> 05:03:54,800
soap too little and it wouldn't 
hold together long enough to be 

5874
05:03:54,800 --> 05:03:57,500
useful. 
John had finally achieved the 

5875
05:03:57,500 --> 05:03:59,600
right consistency by adding hair
clippings. 

5876
05:03:59,600 --> 05:04:03,100
His own collected from monthly 
haircuts and Tiny fragments of 

5877
05:04:03,100 --> 05:04:04,900
concrete dust from Frank's 
excavation. 

5878
05:04:05,700 --> 05:04:09,000
The result was a substance that 
could be molded painted and 

5879
05:04:09,000 --> 05:04:11,600
positioned to fool. 
Anyone who wasn't looking too 

5880
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:14,000
carefully. 
Clarence Anglin had appointed 

5881
05:04:14,000 --> 05:04:16,900
himself, the Expeditions 
intelligence officer maintaining

5882
05:04:16,900 --> 05:04:19,500
surveillance schedules, that 
would have impressed the CIA. 

5883
05:04:20,200 --> 05:04:23,000
He'd identified guard Paterson 
as their most dangerous threat. 

5884
05:04:23,000 --> 05:04:25,900
A man who approached sell 
inspections with the 

5885
05:04:25,900 --> 05:04:29,000
thoroughness of attacks auditor 
and the suspicion of a jealous 

5886
05:04:29,000 --> 05:04:32,400
husband. 
Susan, counted, rivets, checked 

5887
05:04:32,400 --> 05:04:35,000
shadows. 
And once discovered a Contraband

5888
05:04:35,000 --> 05:04:37,100
cigarette hidden, inside a 
hollowed out bar of soap. 

5889
05:04:37,100 --> 05:04:40,400
If they are deception was going 
to fail, Patterson would be the 

5890
05:04:40,400 --> 05:04:43,200
one to expose it. 
But even Patterson had 

5891
05:04:43,200 --> 05:04:46,800
weaknesses, he was diabetic and 
his blood sugar crashes, made 

5892
05:04:46,800 --> 05:04:50,400
him irritable and hurried during
evening inspections, he was also

5893
05:04:50,400 --> 05:04:53,200
a creature of habit following 
the same route through the cell 

5894
05:04:53,200 --> 05:04:57,200
block every night spending. 
Exactly 45 seconds in each cell 

5895
05:04:57,200 --> 05:04:59,900
before. 
Moving on, if they could predict

5896
05:04:59,900 --> 05:05:02,300
his timing and mood, they could 
ensure their dummy. 

5897
05:05:02,300 --> 05:05:05,200
Walls were in place when he 
looked and removed when they 

5898
05:05:05,200 --> 05:05:08,800
needed to work the disposal of 
excavated concrete presented, 

5899
05:05:08,800 --> 05:05:12,600
its challenges simply dumping, 
it would create suspicious piles

5900
05:05:12,600 --> 05:05:15,300
of debris that even the most 
inattentive guard would notice 

5901
05:05:16,200 --> 05:05:18,900
Instead they developed a 
distribution system, that would 

5902
05:05:18,900 --> 05:05:23,500
have impressed a drug cartel. 
They make small amounts of 

5903
05:05:23,500 --> 05:05:26,400
concrete dust with soap and 
washed it down the drains during

5904
05:05:26,400 --> 05:05:29,900
their evening washing routine. 
They concealed larger chunks in 

5905
05:05:29,900 --> 05:05:32,300
the seams of their mattresses 
Distributing them. 

5906
05:05:32,300 --> 05:05:35,000
So gradually that the changes in
weight and texture were 

5907
05:05:35,000 --> 05:05:38,500
undetectable They scattered some
in the workshop, allowing it to 

5908
05:05:38,500 --> 05:05:41,400
blend with the dust and debris 
of daily industrial activity. 

5909
05:05:42,200 --> 05:05:45,800
They had recruited Alan West. 
Another inmate who sells was 

5910
05:05:45,800 --> 05:05:49,000
adjacent to their operation as 
both the lookout and a 

5911
05:05:49,000 --> 05:05:51,500
participant. 
West sell required the same 

5912
05:05:51,500 --> 05:05:54,400
treatment as the others and his 
Escape would help provide cover 

5913
05:05:54,400 --> 05:05:57,400
for the main operation. 
However, West brought a level of

5914
05:05:57,400 --> 05:06:01,100
enthusiasm, that sometimes 
exceeded his competence while 

5915
05:06:01,100 --> 05:06:04,000
Frank approached the work with 
surgical precision and the 

5916
05:06:04,000 --> 05:06:06,600
Anglin Brothers, contributed 
their specialized skills. 

5917
05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:09,600
West attacked, his concrete with
the subtlety of a demolition 

5918
05:06:09,600 --> 05:06:12,400
crew. 
West scraping was audible from 

5919
05:06:12,400 --> 05:06:15,300
three cells away and his Moc 
wall resembled. 

5920
05:06:15,300 --> 05:06:17,600
Something a child might 
construct during a particularly 

5921
05:06:17,600 --> 05:06:21,200
unsuccessful art project. the 
work progressed through spring 

5922
05:06:21,200 --> 05:06:25,600
with the slowest, steady pace of
erosion, carving Canyon's By Mae

5923
05:06:25,600 --> 05:06:28,600
Frank had created an opening 
large enough to squeeze through 

5924
05:06:28,600 --> 05:06:32,000
though, he tested it only with 
careful measurements rather than

5925
05:06:32,000 --> 05:06:35,000
actual human trials. 
The Anglin Brothers had 

5926
05:06:35,000 --> 05:06:36,700
achieved. 
Similar progress though. 

5927
05:06:36,700 --> 05:06:38,600
John's perfectionist Tendencies 
meant? 

5928
05:06:38,600 --> 05:06:41,200
He spent almost as much time. 
Improving his dummy wall. 

5929
05:06:41,200 --> 05:06:45,400
As he did enlarging his opening.
The psychological toll of the 

5930
05:06:45,408 --> 05:06:48,900
work was as challenging as the 
physical demands each night, 

5931
05:06:48,900 --> 05:06:51,400
brought the possibility of 
Discovery and each morning, 

5932
05:06:51,400 --> 05:06:54,000
required them to resume their 
roles as model prisoners. 

5933
05:06:54,000 --> 05:06:57,400
While concealing their growing 
excessive excitement and 

5934
05:06:57,400 --> 05:06:59,600
anxiety. 
They had to maintain their 

5935
05:06:59,600 --> 05:07:03,300
routines participate in work. 
Assignments and interact with 

5936
05:07:03,300 --> 05:07:06,400
guards and fellow inmates as if 
there are only concerns were the

5937
05:07:06,408 --> 05:07:09,900
quality of the evening meal and 
the possibility of mail call. 

5938
05:07:10,900 --> 05:07:14,300
Frank found himself studying the
guards with new intensity, not 

5939
05:07:14,300 --> 05:07:17,600
just for security purposes but 
to understand how normal people 

5940
05:07:17,600 --> 05:07:19,900
behaved when they were not 
planning impossible. 

5941
05:07:19,900 --> 05:07:23,400
Escape, God Morris and had a 
habit of humming as he made his 

5942
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:26,400
rounds guard Peterson. 
Had a habit of pausing at 

5943
05:07:26,400 --> 05:07:29,100
specific cells to engage in 
conversation with the inmates, 

5944
05:07:29,100 --> 05:07:31,500
he held a particular dislike for
guard. 

5945
05:07:31,500 --> 05:07:34,300
Colins developed a nervous, 
habit of jingling his keys 

5946
05:07:34,300 --> 05:07:37,600
whenever he felt anxious about 
something. these details would 

5947
05:07:37,600 --> 05:07:40,000
be crucial when the time came to
move through the prison and 

5948
05:07:40,000 --> 05:07:43,500
detected The weather had begun 
to cooperate with their plans. 

5949
05:07:43,500 --> 05:07:47,000
The fog that rolled in each 
evening, provided natural cover,

5950
05:07:47,000 --> 05:07:49,800
and the spring tides were 
creating current patterns that 

5951
05:07:49,800 --> 05:07:52,600
might actually help rather than 
hinder, their water Escape. 

5952
05:07:53,800 --> 05:07:56,800
Frank had been studying the 
movements of debris and seaweed 

5953
05:07:56,800 --> 05:08:00,200
noting, which pieces ended up on
Angel Island and which 

5954
05:08:00,200 --> 05:08:03,600
disappeared into the Pacific. 
Their window of opportunity was 

5955
05:08:03,600 --> 05:08:06,000
approaching. 
But so was the increased risk 

5956
05:08:06,000 --> 05:08:08,500
that came with each passing day 
of their secret construction 

5957
05:08:08,500 --> 05:08:11,500
project. 
As May progress toward June 

5958
05:08:11,500 --> 05:08:14,900
three men continued their 
nightly routine of carefully 

5959
05:08:14,900 --> 05:08:18,200
destroying their prison cells, 
while maintaining the facade of 

5960
05:08:18,208 --> 05:08:21,300
resigned acceptance. 
They had committed themselves to

5961
05:08:21,300 --> 05:08:25,300
a plan that required perfect 
timing, Flawless execution, and 

5962
05:08:25,300 --> 05:08:29,100
a considerable amount of luck. 
The alternative spending the 

5963
05:08:29,100 --> 05:08:32,100
remainder of their lives in six 
by nine foot concrete boxes 

5964
05:08:32,100 --> 05:08:35,200
provided all the motivation, 
they needed to continue their 

5965
05:08:35,200 --> 05:08:38,700
invisible demolition project, 
June arrived at Alcatraz with 

5966
05:08:38,700 --> 05:08:42,600
unusual warmth as if the Pacific
had decided to offer a brief 

5967
05:08:42,600 --> 05:08:45,600
respite from its customary, 
indifference to human comfort. 

5968
05:08:46,400 --> 05:08:49,100
The unseasonably Pleasant 
weather felt like a cosmic wink 

5969
05:08:49,100 --> 05:08:51,200
to three men who had been 
planning their departure for 

5970
05:08:51,200 --> 05:08:53,300
months though. 
They maintained the prison's 

5971
05:08:53,300 --> 05:08:55,900
routine with the dedication of 
method actors preparing for the 

5972
05:08:55,900 --> 05:08:59,100
performance of their lives. 
Frank Morris had discovered that

5973
05:08:59,100 --> 05:09:02,600
escaping from Alcatraz required 
skills, not typically taught in 

5974
05:09:02,600 --> 05:09:05,800
criminal Enterprise's. 
Take navigation as an example. 

5975
05:09:06,600 --> 05:09:09,000
The waters around the island 
moved with currents that 

5976
05:09:09,000 --> 05:09:12,900
followed patterns more complex 
than Advanced calculus a 

5977
05:09:12,900 --> 05:09:15,400
miscalculating. 
Their timing could result in a 

5978
05:09:15,400 --> 05:09:18,500
one-way trip to the Farallon 
Islands or more likely the 

5979
05:09:18,500 --> 05:09:21,600
bottom of the Bay. 
Frank had been studying the 

5980
05:09:21,600 --> 05:09:24,400
movement of everything from 
seagull formations to sandwich 

5981
05:09:24,400 --> 05:09:27,900
wrappers thrown overboard by the
weekly supply boat building a 

5982
05:09:27,900 --> 05:09:31,400
mental map of how the water 
moved and when The Breakthrough 

5983
05:09:31,400 --> 05:09:34,300
came when he noticed that prison
garbage thrown into the bay 

5984
05:09:34,300 --> 05:09:37,200
during certain tidal, conditions
would wash up on Angel Island 

5985
05:09:37,200 --> 05:09:39,800
within hours. 
If they could time their escape 

5986
05:09:39,800 --> 05:09:42,600
to coincide with those same 
conditions, the treacherous 

5987
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:44,900
currents that are doomed. 
Previous attempts might actually

5988
05:09:44,900 --> 05:09:47,600
carry them to safety. 
It was a theory that sounded 

5989
05:09:47,600 --> 05:09:50,600
plausible in whispered sell 
bought conversations but would 

5990
05:09:50,600 --> 05:09:53,000
require testing their hypothesis
with their lives. 

5991
05:09:53,800 --> 05:09:56,400
John Anglin had been perfecting 
what he called, the Great 

5992
05:09:56,400 --> 05:09:58,800
deception, a collection of 
dummy. 

5993
05:09:58,800 --> 05:10:01,200
Heads that would occupy their 
beds during The crucial hours 

5994
05:10:01,200 --> 05:10:02,800
when guards conducted Knight 
counts. 

5995
05:10:03,500 --> 05:10:07,200
Using a mixture of soap, toilet 
paper, paint and hair collected 

5996
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:08,500
from the prison. 
Barber Shop floor. 

5997
05:10:08,500 --> 05:10:12,100
John had created sculptures that
bore a reasonable resemblance to

5998
05:10:12,100 --> 05:10:14,700
sleep in mate. 
Assuming the guards didn't look 

5999
05:10:14,700 --> 05:10:17,900
too closely and the lighting 
remained appropriately dim. 

6000
05:10:18,800 --> 05:10:21,300
The heads will works of inspired
improvisation. 

6001
05:10:22,000 --> 05:10:25,200
John used real hair, which he 
carefully arranged to match the 

6002
05:10:25,200 --> 05:10:27,100
individual hairstyles of the 
sculptures. 

6003
05:10:27,100 --> 05:10:31,000
The features were molded from 
soap painted with pigments, 

6004
05:10:31,000 --> 05:10:34,500
extracted from magazine pages 
and mixed with substances that 

6005
05:10:34,500 --> 05:10:37,200
John preferred not to identify 
two specifically. 

6006
05:10:37,900 --> 05:10:40,800
The ears were particularly 
challenging apparently creating 

6007
05:10:40,800 --> 05:10:43,100
believable is from soap, 
required, and artistic, 

6008
05:10:43,100 --> 05:10:46,000
sensibility, that John had never
previously applied to anything 

6009
05:10:46,000 --> 05:10:48,000
more ambitious than forging 
signatures. 

6010
05:10:48,900 --> 05:10:51,700
Clarence Anglin had graduated 
from intelligence gathering to 

6011
05:10:51,700 --> 05:10:55,100
operational planning. 
He'd identified, the exact route

6012
05:10:55,100 --> 05:10:58,400
they would take from their cells
to the roof through the utility 

6013
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:00,200
Corridor. 
Behind the cell block up of 

6014
05:11:00,200 --> 05:11:01,900
ventilation shaft that led to 
the roof. 

6015
05:11:01,900 --> 05:11:04,900
And then across the prison roof,
top to a point where they could 

6016
05:11:04,900 --> 05:11:07,300
descent to the water without 
being seen from the guard 

6017
05:11:07,300 --> 05:11:09,500
towers. 
The journey would require them 

6018
05:11:09,500 --> 05:11:11,900
to navigate in complete 
darkness, through spaces that 

6019
05:11:11,900 --> 05:11:13,400
were barely large enough. 
For human. 

6020
05:11:13,400 --> 05:11:17,400
Passage carrying equipment that 
couldn't be left behind, Alan 

6021
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:19,700
West had become their weakling 
in ways that were both 

6022
05:11:19,700 --> 05:11:22,100
predictable and frustrating. 
While the other three had been 

6023
05:11:22,100 --> 05:11:25,600
methodically preparing for every
aspect of their escape West had 

6024
05:11:25,600 --> 05:11:28,300
been treating the project like 
an extended hobby rather than a 

6025
05:11:28,300 --> 05:11:31,100
life or death endeavor. 
His concrete removal had been 

6026
05:11:31,108 --> 05:11:34,800
inconsistent, his dummy wall was
unconvincing and his security 

6027
05:11:34,800 --> 05:11:37,600
awareness was approximately 
equivalent to that of a tourist 

6028
05:11:37,600 --> 05:11:39,200
taking photos at a military 
installation. 

6029
05:11:40,400 --> 05:11:42,700
The tools and materials for 
their water Escape had been 

6030
05:11:42,708 --> 05:11:46,000
accumulated through a 
combination of theft creativity 

6031
05:11:46,000 --> 05:11:49,200
and what Frank called adaptive 
resource acquisition. 

6032
05:11:50,300 --> 05:11:53,000
Prison raincoats had been sewn 
together to create a makeshift 

6033
05:11:53,000 --> 05:11:55,200
raft and life. 
Preservers it. 

6034
05:11:55,200 --> 05:11:57,200
Sowed the raft together. 
Using thread from prison 

6035
05:11:57,200 --> 05:11:59,300
clothing. 
And needles, fashioned from a 

6036
05:11:59,300 --> 05:12:00,700
metal scraps found in the 
workshop. 

6037
05:12:01,600 --> 05:12:04,200
The result looked like something
that might have been rejected by

6038
05:12:04,200 --> 05:12:06,300
particularly undermining Coast 
Guard inspection. 

6039
05:12:06,300 --> 05:12:09,100
But it would hopefully provide 
enough buoyancy to keep them 

6040
05:12:09,100 --> 05:12:12,600
alive until they reached land. 
Paddles had been carved from 

6041
05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:15,100
wooden pieces, found in the 
workshop, shape and smooth 

6042
05:12:15,100 --> 05:12:17,100
during lunch breaks and stole 
and moments. 

6043
05:12:17,100 --> 05:12:20,200
When guards were distracted, The
paddles were crude but 

6044
05:12:20,200 --> 05:12:22,800
functional assuming they didn't 
encounter waves larger than 

6045
05:12:22,800 --> 05:12:24,300
those found in an average 
bathtub. 

6046
05:12:25,600 --> 05:12:27,500
Frank had calculated that they 
would need to cover 

6047
05:12:27,500 --> 05:12:31,100
approximately two miles of Open 
Water, probably in fog, while 

6048
05:12:31,100 --> 05:12:33,500
being sought by every law 
enforcement agency in Northern 

6049
05:12:33,500 --> 05:12:36,500
California, the Escape timeline 
had been planned with the 

6050
05:12:36,500 --> 05:12:39,400
Precision of a military 
operation with significantly 

6051
05:12:39,400 --> 05:12:42,700
less reliable equipment. 
They would begin their departure

6052
05:12:42,700 --> 05:12:47,400
at 9:45 p.m. 15 minutes after 
lights out when the cell blocks 

6053
05:12:47,400 --> 05:12:48,700
settled into its evening 
routine. 

6054
05:12:49,500 --> 05:12:52,100
The dummy heads would be 
positioned in their beds, the 

6055
05:12:52,100 --> 05:12:54,700
fake walls would be put in place
behind their ventilation grates,

6056
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:57,500
and they would begin their 
Journey Through the utility 

6057
05:12:57,500 --> 05:13:00,300
corridor. 
The climb to the roof would be 

6058
05:13:00,308 --> 05:13:02,600
the most dangerous part of their
internal navigation. 

6059
05:13:03,500 --> 05:13:06,600
The ventilation shaft was barely
wide enough for human passage 

6060
05:13:06,600 --> 05:13:09,300
and any noise during the ascent 
could alert guards to their 

6061
05:13:09,300 --> 05:13:11,500
escape attempt. 
They would have to climb 

6062
05:13:11,500 --> 05:13:13,800
approximately 30 feet in 
complete darkness. 

6063
05:13:13,800 --> 05:13:16,900
Carrying their makeshift 
equipment while remaining 

6064
05:13:16,900 --> 05:13:21,000
absolutely silent. 
Frank had rehearsed the climb in

6065
05:13:21,008 --> 05:13:23,300
previous reconnaissance 
mission's, but the actual 

6066
05:13:23,300 --> 05:13:25,400
performance was a completely 
different matter. 

6067
05:13:25,400 --> 05:13:28,600
Once on the roof, they would 
have to cross approximately 60 

6068
05:13:28,600 --> 05:13:30,600
yards of open space to reach 
their descent Point. 

6069
05:13:30,600 --> 05:13:33,700
Moving carefully to avoid being 
seen by guards in the towers. 

6070
05:13:34,600 --> 05:13:36,400
The guard towers had searched 
like that. 

6071
05:13:36,400 --> 05:13:39,600
Swept, the prison grounds on 
irregular, schedules and being 

6072
05:13:39,600 --> 05:13:40,300
caught in. 
One of those. 

6073
05:13:40,300 --> 05:13:43,300
Beams would end their escape 
attempt in a Halo of gunfire and

6074
05:13:43,300 --> 05:13:46,600
official disappointment. 
The Descent the water would 

6075
05:13:46,600 --> 05:13:49,100
require them to climb down the 
outside of the prison building 

6076
05:13:49,100 --> 05:13:52,100
using makeshift ropes created 
from sheets and towels, stolen 

6077
05:13:52,100 --> 05:13:55,400
from the laundry, the drop was 
approximately 50 feet and the 

6078
05:13:55,400 --> 05:13:57,700
improvised climbing equipment 
would have to support their 

6079
05:13:57,700 --> 05:13:59,700
weight, plus the weight of their
escape materials. 

6080
05:14:00,500 --> 05:14:02,600
Franka tested, the Rope strength
using methods. 

6081
05:14:02,600 --> 05:14:05,600
He preferred not to describe in 
detail but the results had been 

6082
05:14:05,600 --> 05:14:09,900
marginally encouraging as June 
progressed, their preparations 

6083
05:14:09,900 --> 05:14:12,900
entered, the Final Phase. 
The concrete removal was 

6084
05:14:12,900 --> 05:14:16,300
essentially complete but West 
continued to struggle with 

6085
05:14:16,300 --> 05:14:19,300
opening his act. 
The dummy heads were ready for 

6086
05:14:19,300 --> 05:14:22,300
their theatrical debut. 
The Escape equipment was as 

6087
05:14:22,300 --> 05:14:25,100
prepared as prison resources 
would allow where the conditions

6088
05:14:25,100 --> 05:14:27,700
were favorable with fog, 
predicted for the evening, they 

6089
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:31,200
had chosen for their departure. 
But perhaps most importantly, 

6090
05:14:31,200 --> 05:14:34,300
three men had committed 
themselves psychologically to an

6091
05:14:34,300 --> 05:14:36,800
undertaking that required them 
to bet their lives on the 

6092
05:14:36,800 --> 05:14:39,700
accuracy of their planning and 
the reliability of their 

6093
05:14:39,700 --> 05:14:42,600
improvised equipment. 
They had reached the point where

6094
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:45,100
backing down was no longer 
possible, not because of 

6095
05:14:45,100 --> 05:14:47,600
external pressure, but because 
they had convinced themselves 

6096
05:14:47,600 --> 05:14:51,100
that freedom was worth the 
considerable risk of death. 

6097
05:14:52,300 --> 05:14:57,100
The date was set. 
June 11th 1962 in less than 48 

6098
05:14:57,100 --> 05:14:58,600
hours. 
They would discover whether 

6099
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:01,300
months of planning and 
preparation had created a viable

6100
05:15:01,300 --> 05:15:04,000
escape plan or an elaborate form
of suicide. 

6101
05:15:05,100 --> 05:15:07,800
The Pacific Ocean would render 
its verdict with the finality 

6102
05:15:07,800 --> 05:15:11,300
that only nature can provide the
morning, sun painted, San 

6103
05:15:11,300 --> 05:15:13,500
Francisco Bay in shades of gold 
and promise. 

6104
05:15:13,500 --> 05:15:16,900
While inside Alcatraz 3 men, 
move through their daily 

6105
05:15:16,900 --> 05:15:20,000
routines with the focused calm 
of actors preparing for opening 

6106
05:15:20,000 --> 05:15:22,400
night. 
Each Monday night activity 

6107
05:15:22,400 --> 05:15:26,800
breakfast work detail afternoon 
Recreation carried the weight of

6108
05:15:26,808 --> 05:15:29,400
finality. 
As if they were participating in

6109
05:15:29,400 --> 05:15:31,600
a farewell tour of institutional
life. 

6110
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:35,000
Frank Morris spent the morning 
in the workshop with unusual 

6111
05:15:35,000 --> 05:15:38,600
attention to his assigned, tasks
repairing, ventilation equipment

6112
05:15:38,600 --> 05:15:41,200
with the ironic dedication of a 
man who had spent months 

6113
05:15:41,200 --> 05:15:43,600
systematically dismantling 
similar fixtures. 

6114
05:15:44,600 --> 05:15:48,000
His hands worked automatically, 
while his mind ran through, the 

6115
05:15:48,000 --> 05:15:50,800
evening's timeline like a 
conductor, rehearsing a complex 

6116
05:15:50,800 --> 05:15:53,100
Symphony. 
Every movement had been 

6117
05:15:53,100 --> 05:15:57,500
choreographed every contingency 
considered yet the fundamental 

6118
05:15:57,500 --> 05:16:00,300
uncertainty remained. 
With their months of 

6119
05:16:00,300 --> 05:16:03,300
preparation, prove, sufficient, 
or would they join the ranks of 

6120
05:16:03,300 --> 05:16:05,300
Alcatraz fail to escape 
attempts? 

6121
05:16:06,000 --> 05:16:08,600
The Anglin Brothers maintained, 
their customary routine, with 

6122
05:16:08,600 --> 05:16:11,400
study normalcy, though. 
John found himself paying 

6123
05:16:11,400 --> 05:16:14,500
unusual attention to details. 
He might never see again. 

6124
05:16:15,600 --> 05:16:18,200
The afternoon, like dance 
Through the Windows of the cell 

6125
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:20,100
block. 
The sound of fog horns, 

6126
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:23,500
beginning their evening chorus 
years of daily interaction had 

6127
05:16:23,500 --> 05:16:26,000
made the guards familiar faces 
as predictable as sunrise. 

6128
05:16:26,900 --> 05:16:29,800
These observations didn't stem 
from sentiment as they couldn't 

6129
05:16:29,800 --> 05:16:32,000
afford it. 
But rather from the sharper, 

6130
05:16:32,000 --> 05:16:36,500
when the company of reversible 
decision, Alan West had been 

6131
05:16:36,508 --> 05:16:39,200
struggling with his concrete 
removal for weeks working with 

6132
05:16:39,200 --> 05:16:42,000
the Frantic energy of a student 
cramming for final exams. 

6133
05:16:42,000 --> 05:16:44,700
Although his opening was still 
slightly too small for 

6134
05:16:44,700 --> 05:16:47,800
comfortable, passage his 
perfectionist Tendencies had run

6135
05:16:47,800 --> 05:16:50,500
out of time. 
The tides would be favorable to 

6136
05:16:50,500 --> 05:16:52,100
night. 
The guards schedules were 

6137
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:54,900
optimal and weather forecasts 
predicted the fog cover. 

6138
05:16:54,900 --> 05:16:58,200
They needed Westward, have to 
make his existing opening work 

6139
05:16:58,200 --> 05:17:00,500
or risk compromising the entire 
operation. 

6140
05:17:01,400 --> 05:17:04,500
As evening approached, the 
prison settled into its familiar

6141
05:17:04,500 --> 05:17:08,100
rhythm of enforced routine. 
Dino was consumed with the usual

6142
05:17:08,100 --> 05:17:11,000
institutional, efficiency food 
that was nutritionally. 

6143
05:17:11,000 --> 05:17:14,400
Adequate and gastronomically. 
Forgettable served by kitchen 

6144
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:15,600
staff. 
Who had perfected? 

6145
05:17:15,600 --> 05:17:17,000
The art of culinary. 
Indifference. 

6146
05:17:18,000 --> 05:17:20,900
Conversation, followed the 
approved patterns complaints 

6147
05:17:20,900 --> 05:17:24,200
about food quality speculation 
about guard, Personnel changes 

6148
05:17:24,200 --> 05:17:27,600
and discussions of shit scores 
from newspapers that arrived 

6149
05:17:27,600 --> 05:17:31,000
days late and already obsolete. 
But beneath this surface 

6150
05:17:31,000 --> 05:17:34,100
normalcy three, men were 
conducting final equipment 

6151
05:17:34,100 --> 05:17:37,000
checks with the thoroughness of 
astronauts preparing for launch.

6152
05:17:37,800 --> 05:17:39,600
The dummy heads were positioned 
and ready. 

6153
05:17:39,600 --> 05:17:43,000
The makeshift flotation devices 
were concealed and accessible. 

6154
05:17:43,800 --> 05:17:47,100
We tested the improvised ropes, 
one final time, employing 

6155
05:17:47,100 --> 05:17:50,100
methods, that would not draw the
attention of casual observers. 

6156
05:17:50,100 --> 05:17:54,300
Everything was ready as months 
of prison-based, preparation 

6157
05:17:54,300 --> 05:17:58,800
could make it At 9:30 p.m. the 
lights went out on schedule and 

6158
05:17:58,800 --> 05:18:01,000
Alcatraz began. 
Its transition to nighttime 

6159
05:18:01,000 --> 05:18:02,900
security. 
Protocols the three 

6160
05:18:02,900 --> 05:18:05,600
conspirators, waited in their 
cells, with the patience of 

6161
05:18:05,608 --> 05:18:08,100
experienced criminals, who 
understood that timing was 

6162
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:10,500
everything. 
If they arrived to early the 

6163
05:18:10,500 --> 05:18:12,900
guards, would still be 
conducting their initial counts.

6164
05:18:13,600 --> 05:18:16,700
Too late and they would miss the
title conditions that could mean

6165
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:19,800
the difference between reaching 
Angel Island and disappearing 

6166
05:18:19,800 --> 05:18:25,400
into the Pacific. 945 PM arrived
with astronomical precision. 

6167
05:18:26,800 --> 05:18:29,900
Frank Morris began the delicate 
process of removing his dummy 

6168
05:18:29,900 --> 05:18:32,100
ventilation, great. 
And positioning, his soap 

6169
05:18:32,100 --> 05:18:35,200
sculpture head in his bed, the 
head looked reasonably 

6170
05:18:35,200 --> 05:18:38,200
convincing in the dim light. 
Certainly, convincing enough to 

6171
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:40,500
fool a guard. 
Conducting a routine count from 

6172
05:18:40,500 --> 05:18:43,300
the cell block corridor. 
The real test would come at 

6173
05:18:43,308 --> 05:18:46,000
midnight when guards would 
conduct their more thorough 

6174
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:49,000
inspection. 
But by then, the Escape artists 

6175
05:18:49,000 --> 05:18:52,000
would either be safely away or 
Beyond caring about Garden 

6176
05:18:52,000 --> 05:18:54,900
spectrums, utility Corridor 
behind the cell block, was 

6177
05:18:54,900 --> 05:18:57,400
everything Frank at expected and
several things. 

6178
05:18:57,400 --> 05:19:01,200
He hadn't the space was cramped 
filled with pipes and electrical

6179
05:19:01,200 --> 05:19:03,000
conduits. 
That seemed determined to catch 

6180
05:19:03,000 --> 05:19:06,200
on clothing and equipment. 
The air was thick with Decades 

6181
05:19:06,200 --> 05:19:08,500
of accumulated dust and the 
metallic smell of Aging 

6182
05:19:08,500 --> 05:19:11,300
infrastructure. 
Moving through the corridor 

6183
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:13,800
required, a combination of 
athletic ability and 

6184
05:19:13,800 --> 05:19:17,100
contortionist skills Complicated
by the need to remain absolutely

6185
05:19:17,100 --> 05:19:19,600
silent while carrying an 
equipment that seem designed to 

6186
05:19:19,600 --> 05:19:23,000
make noise at the worst possible
moments with the grace of a man 

6187
05:19:23,000 --> 05:19:26,400
who had spent considerable time.
Practicing the movement, John 

6188
05:19:26,400 --> 05:19:28,600
Anglin emerged, from his cell 
into the corridor. 

6189
05:19:28,600 --> 05:19:32,700
His dummy head was positioned 
his fake wall, was in place and 

6190
05:19:32,700 --> 05:19:35,000
his portion of the Escape 
equipment was secured and ready 

6191
05:19:35,000 --> 05:19:37,900
for transport. 
The months of preparation had 

6192
05:19:37,900 --> 05:19:40,500
honed a level of coordination, 
that would have impressed, 

6193
05:19:40,500 --> 05:19:43,500
professional dancers, despite 
the significant risk of missing 

6194
05:19:43,500 --> 05:19:47,400
a cue compared to audience to 
prove all Clarence followed with

6195
05:19:47,400 --> 05:19:49,100
the steady competence that had 
made him. 

6196
05:19:49,100 --> 05:19:50,800
The Operations Logistics 
coordinator. 

6197
05:19:51,600 --> 05:19:54,600
Everything that could be played 
had been planned and everything 

6198
05:19:54,600 --> 05:19:57,500
else would have to be improvised
on principles of creative 

6199
05:19:57,500 --> 05:19:59,300
problem, solving and desperate 
innovation. 

6200
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:03,500
The utility Corridor evoke the 
atmosphere of a theater's 

6201
05:20:03,500 --> 05:20:06,600
backstage area where the 
performance held Paramount in 

6202
05:20:06,600 --> 05:20:09,400
the audience. 
Consisted solely of armed 

6203
05:20:09,400 --> 05:20:13,200
critics, Alan West in countered.
His first major crisis at 

6204
05:20:13,200 --> 05:20:17,700
exactly 9:52 p.m. 
His ventilation opening some way

6205
05:20:17,700 --> 05:20:21,400
despite weeks of enlargement 
efforts remained slightly too 

6206
05:20:21,400 --> 05:20:24,500
small for comfortable Passage. 
What it seemed like a minor 

6207
05:20:24,500 --> 05:20:26,900
issue during planning. 
Now revealed itself as a 

6208
05:20:26,900 --> 05:20:30,200
potentially catastrophic 
problem, West struggled with his

6209
05:20:30,200 --> 05:20:33,100
opening while his Partners 
waited in the corridor precious 

6210
05:20:33,100 --> 05:20:35,300
minutes ticking away like a 
countdown to a launch that 

6211
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:38,300
couldn't be postponed. 
The decision was made with the 

6212
05:20:38,308 --> 05:20:42,400
brutal efficiency that emergency
situations demand Westwood, 

6213
05:20:42,400 --> 05:20:44,600
continue working on his opening 
and follow when he could. 

6214
05:20:45,400 --> 05:20:48,000
The others would proceed with 
the Escape rather than risk the 

6215
05:20:48,000 --> 05:20:50,800
entire operation for one 
person's preparation problems. 

6216
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:54,400
It was a calculated decision, 
but prison had taught all of 

6217
05:20:54,400 --> 05:20:56,600
them that survival. 
Sometimes necessitated 

6218
05:20:56,600 --> 05:20:59,200
abandoning those who couldn't 
keep up the climb to the roof 

6219
05:20:59,200 --> 05:21:02,700
began at 10:03 p.m. 13 minutes 
behind schedule. 

6220
05:21:02,700 --> 05:21:04,500
But still within acceptable 
parameters. 

6221
05:21:05,600 --> 05:21:08,100
The ventilation shaft was as 
challenging as reconnaissance 

6222
05:21:08,100 --> 05:21:11,500
had suggested narrow dark and 
filled with obstacles that 

6223
05:21:11,500 --> 05:21:14,000
seemed designed by someone with 
a sadistic sense of humor. 

6224
05:21:14,900 --> 05:21:18,200
Frank led the climb followed by 
John and Clarence each man 

6225
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:20,900
carrying equipment that made the
ascent more difficult than 

6226
05:21:20,900 --> 05:21:23,300
climbing a ladder while juggling
flaming torches. 

6227
05:21:24,100 --> 05:21:26,600
The roof of Alcatraz stretched 
before them like a concrete. 

6228
05:21:26,600 --> 05:21:29,900
Ocean bathed in fog that 
provided both concealment and 

6229
05:21:29,900 --> 05:21:32,600
navigation. 
Challenges the guard towers were

6230
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:35,200
visible as points of light in 
the Mist, their searchlights 

6231
05:21:35,200 --> 05:21:37,800
creating moving patterns that 
had to be avoided with the 

6232
05:21:37,808 --> 05:21:40,300
Precision of Dance AS performing
a deadly choreography. 

6233
05:21:41,500 --> 05:21:44,800
The three men moved across the 
roof with careful steps, where 

6234
05:21:44,800 --> 05:21:47,200
there's a single misstep, could 
result in noise that would bring

6235
05:21:47,200 --> 05:21:51,000
guards running from all 
directions, 1047 PM, they reach 

6236
05:21:51,000 --> 05:21:53,500
their descent point and began 
the repel to The Waters Edge, 

6237
05:21:53,500 --> 05:21:56,000
the improvised rope supported 
the men's weight. 

6238
05:21:56,000 --> 05:21:58,700
But they creaked and stretched 
in a way that made each man 

6239
05:21:58,700 --> 05:22:00,300
questioned whether he would 
successfully complete The 

6240
05:22:00,308 --> 05:22:03,300
Descent or become an unwilling 
test of gravity's reliability. 

6241
05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:07,900
The water below was dark cold 
and moving with current that 

6242
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:10,300
would determine whether their 
months of planning would result 

6243
05:22:10,300 --> 05:22:13,500
in Freedom or tragedy. 
As they prepare to enter the bay

6244
05:22:13,500 --> 05:22:16,600
three men stood at the edge of 
the Pacific Ocean with equipment

6245
05:22:16,600 --> 05:22:18,900
that looked like, it had been 
designed by optimistic children 

6246
05:22:18,900 --> 05:22:21,700
and fate that had been tested by
months of impossible. 

6247
05:22:21,700 --> 05:22:24,600
Preparation. 
Behind them late, Alcatraz 

6248
05:22:24,600 --> 05:22:27,000
ahead, lay the unknown and all 
around them. 

6249
05:22:27,000 --> 05:22:29,900
Lay water that had claimed 
previous Escape attempts with 

6250
05:22:29,900 --> 05:22:31,800
the indifference of natural 
forces operating. 

6251
05:22:31,800 --> 05:22:34,600
According to laws, that didn't 
recognize human ambition. 

6252
05:22:35,700 --> 05:22:37,400
The moment of commitment had 
arrived. 

6253
05:22:37,400 --> 05:22:40,400
There would be no more planning,
no, more preparation, no more 

6254
05:22:40,400 --> 05:22:42,600
rehearsals. 
All they had was the water, the 

6255
05:22:42,600 --> 05:22:45,300
darkness, and the hope that 
their months of diligent labor 

6256
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:47,000
had yielded. 
Something capable of guiding 

6257
05:22:47,000 --> 05:22:53,200
them towards Liberation at 11:23
p.m. on June 11th, 1962 three 

6258
05:22:53,200 --> 05:22:56,400
men slipped into San Francisco 
Bay with the quiet desperation 

6259
05:22:56,400 --> 05:23:00,000
of souls entering Purgatory. 
The waters coldness was the 

6260
05:23:00,000 --> 05:23:02,600
liquid embodiment of all their 
doubts, after months of 

6261
05:23:02,600 --> 05:23:05,200
planning. 
Frank Morris The Mastermind 

6262
05:23:05,200 --> 05:23:08,000
whose IQ had crafted. 
Their escape found himself 

6263
05:23:08,000 --> 05:23:11,800
wondering if intelligence was 
any match for the Primal forces 

6264
05:23:11,800 --> 05:23:14,300
of tide and current that now 
controlled their destiny. 

6265
05:23:15,000 --> 05:23:18,200
The makeshift raft, cobbled 
together from prison raincoats 

6266
05:23:18,200 --> 05:23:20,800
and sustained by faith rather 
than engineering principles. 

6267
05:23:21,700 --> 05:23:25,100
Settled into the water with all 
the buoyancy of a concrete life 

6268
05:23:25,100 --> 05:23:27,400
preserver. 
What had appeared relatively 

6269
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:29,900
seaworthy during their cell 
block planning sessions now, 

6270
05:23:29,900 --> 05:23:32,600
stood as a testament, to the 
victory of Hope, over Hydro 

6271
05:23:32,600 --> 05:23:36,200
Dynamics. 
The improvised paddles carved 

6272
05:23:36,200 --> 05:23:39,300
from Workshop scraps in felt 
about as effective as using 

6273
05:23:39,300 --> 05:23:43,100
spoons to navigate the Atlantic.
John Anglin whose artistic 

6274
05:23:43,100 --> 05:23:45,200
talents had created their 
deceptive dummy. 

6275
05:23:45,200 --> 05:23:48,400
Heads discovered that artistic 
Vision, didn't translate to 

6276
05:23:48,400 --> 05:23:51,300
Maritime navigation. 
The fog that had seemed like 

6277
05:23:51,308 --> 05:23:52,800
providential cover from the 
shore. 

6278
05:23:52,800 --> 05:23:56,600
Now surrounded like a living 
entity reducing visibility to 

6279
05:23:56,600 --> 05:23:58,400
approximately the length of 
their inadequate. 

6280
05:23:58,400 --> 05:24:02,400
Roth every direction looked 
identical, Dark Water Fading 

6281
05:24:02,400 --> 05:24:04,800
Into Dark Mist with no landmarks
visible. 

6282
05:24:04,800 --> 05:24:08,400
And no clear indication of which
way LED to Angel Island versus 

6283
05:24:08,400 --> 05:24:10,400
Witch Way. 
Led to the Farallon islands and 

6284
05:24:10,400 --> 05:24:14,000
certain death. 
Clarence Anglin, the Steady Hand

6285
05:24:14,000 --> 05:24:16,000
who had mapped guards, 
schedule's with military, 

6286
05:24:16,000 --> 05:24:18,900
Precision, found himself trying 
to apply that same. 

6287
05:24:18,900 --> 05:24:21,500
Follicle approach to reading 
water currents and complete 

6288
05:24:21,500 --> 05:24:24,300
darkness. 
The bay moved around them with 

6289
05:24:24,300 --> 05:24:28,600
liquid complexity streams within
streams, Eddie's and flows. 

6290
05:24:28,600 --> 05:24:31,000
That seem to follow patterns 
that were comprehensible only to

6291
05:24:31,000 --> 05:24:34,000
marine biologists in the sword 
spirits of drowned sailors. 

6292
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,200
Every paddle stroke was a 
calculated guess and every 

6293
05:24:38,200 --> 05:24:40,900
navigational decision, carried a
risk of hyperthermia and 

6294
05:24:40,900 --> 05:24:43,800
drowning. 
The sound of their escape had 

6295
05:24:43,800 --> 05:24:46,600
been swallowed by fog and 
distance but somewhere behind 

6296
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:50,100
them Alcatraz continued. 
Its nightly routine unaware that

6297
05:24:50,100 --> 05:24:52,900
three of its most reluctant 
residents had departed without 

6298
05:24:52,900 --> 05:24:56,700
filing, the proper paperwork. 
Alan West remained in his cell. 

6299
05:24:56,700 --> 05:24:59,500
Still struggling with his 
ventilation, opening his escape 

6300
05:24:59,500 --> 05:25:02,400
attempt to ban in favor of not 
alerting guards to the absence 

6301
05:25:02,400 --> 05:25:05,300
of his cellmates. 
His failure to join them was 

6302
05:25:05,300 --> 05:25:07,600
both a personal tragedy and a 
tactical Advantage. 

6303
05:25:07,600 --> 05:25:10,500
One fewer person to crowd their 
inadequate Raft. 

6304
05:25:10,500 --> 05:25:14,100
One More dummy, head in place to
maintain the illusion of normal 

6305
05:25:14,100 --> 05:25:16,800
occupancy. 
The Pacific Ocean began its 

6306
05:25:16,800 --> 05:25:19,700
examination of their escape plan
with the thoroughness of a 

6307
05:25:19,700 --> 05:25:21,500
federal prosecutor reviewing 
evidence. 

6308
05:25:22,500 --> 05:25:25,300
Every weakness in their 
preparation was tested by waves,

6309
05:25:25,300 --> 05:25:28,200
that seemed larger than physics,
should have allowed currents 

6310
05:25:28,200 --> 05:25:31,200
that pulled them in directions. 
They could not identify and 

6311
05:25:31,200 --> 05:25:33,500
water temperatures that made 
their improvised life, 

6312
05:25:33,500 --> 05:25:37,800
preservers feel like ice cubes 
with straps the raft designed by

6313
05:25:37,800 --> 05:25:40,800
hope and constructed. 
By necessity began to show signs

6314
05:25:40,800 --> 05:25:43,700
of structural anxiety as 
saltwater found every seam and 

6315
05:25:43,700 --> 05:25:47,400
tested every improvised repair. 
Frank had calculated that they 

6316
05:25:47,400 --> 05:25:50,100
needed to cover approximately 
two miles to reach Angel Island,

6317
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:53,000
the calculations assume, 
knowledge of the starting point 

6318
05:25:53,000 --> 05:25:56,500
destination and Direction, all 
of which had become theoretical 

6319
05:25:56,500 --> 05:26:00,400
Concepts in the fog wrapped 
Darkness The lights of San 

6320
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:03,600
Francisco were obscured by The 
Mists and Angel Island felt as 

6321
05:26:03,608 --> 05:26:06,700
distant as another continent. 
Their navigation equipment, 

6322
05:26:06,700 --> 05:26:10,500
relied on Instinct desperation 
and three waterlogged paddles 

6323
05:26:10,500 --> 05:26:13,000
that were starting to show their
own structural issues. 

6324
05:26:13,000 --> 05:26:16,400
The cold was becoming a factor 
that no amount of planning had 

6325
05:26:16,400 --> 05:26:19,600
adequately addressed Prison 
uniforms were designed for 

6326
05:26:19,600 --> 05:26:22,600
aquatic adventures and the 
improvised flotation devices 

6327
05:26:22,600 --> 05:26:26,300
provided buoyancy, but no 
insulation, each man could feel 

6328
05:26:26,300 --> 05:26:29,100
his body a temperature dropping 
with the systematic efficiency 

6329
05:26:29,100 --> 05:26:31,800
of a thermometer in a freezer 
and their paddling became less 

6330
05:26:31,800 --> 05:26:34,500
about navigation and more about 
generating enough movement to 

6331
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:37,700
maintain circulation. 
But the most dangerous enemy 

6332
05:26:37,700 --> 05:26:41,300
wasn't cold or current. 
It was doubt every minute in the

6333
05:26:41,300 --> 05:26:43,900
water brought new evidence. 
That their plan had been created

6334
05:26:43,900 --> 05:26:45,600
by optimism. 
Rather than reality. 

6335
05:26:46,500 --> 05:26:49,100
The raft was too small, the 
equipment to improvise the 

6336
05:26:49,100 --> 05:26:51,600
distance too far and the 
conditions too hostile. 

6337
05:26:51,600 --> 05:26:55,300
Each wave that washed over their
makeshift vessel, carried the 

6338
05:26:55,300 --> 05:26:57,500
whispered suggestion that they 
should have stayed in their 

6339
05:26:57,500 --> 05:27:01,500
cells, accepted their sentences 
and grown old Behind Bars, 

6340
05:27:01,500 --> 05:27:02,900
rather than young beneath the 
bay. 

6341
05:27:02,900 --> 05:27:04,600
Yet something kept them 
paddling. 

6342
05:27:05,300 --> 05:27:06,800
Perhaps it was the months of 
investment. 

6343
05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:09,400
They had made in the Escape 
Plan, perhaps it was the 

6344
05:27:09,400 --> 05:27:11,800
knowledge that returned to 
Alcatraz would mean solitary 

6345
05:27:11,800 --> 05:27:14,100
confinement and the kind of 
official attention that makes 

6346
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:16,100
prison life considerably more 
unpleasant. 

6347
05:27:16,800 --> 05:27:19,100
Or perhaps it was the simple 
human refusal to surrender. 

6348
05:27:19,100 --> 05:27:22,600
When surrender means death, even
when the alternative seems 

6349
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:25,800
equally terminal. 
The fog began to thin around 

6350
05:27:25,800 --> 05:27:29,700
130, mm, revealing patches of 
Starlit sky that provided their 

6351
05:27:29,700 --> 05:27:31,900
first reliable navigation, 
reference in hours. 

6352
05:27:32,700 --> 05:27:34,900
Frank oriented himself using 
constellation. 

6353
05:27:34,900 --> 05:27:37,700
He remembered from childhood 
camping trips before his life, 

6354
05:27:37,700 --> 05:27:40,200
had taken the series of Wrong 
Turns that led to Federal 

6355
05:27:40,200 --> 05:27:43,100
incarceration. 
The North Star steady, and 

6356
05:27:43,100 --> 05:27:45,500
reliable helped him. 
Establish Direction though 

6357
05:27:45,500 --> 05:27:47,100
establishing their location 
remained. 

6358
05:27:47,100 --> 05:27:49,500
A matter of educated, guesswork 
and Maritime prayer. 

6359
05:27:50,500 --> 05:27:53,400
As a visibility improved, they 
could make out the darker mass 

6360
05:27:53,400 --> 05:27:56,100
of land ahead. 
Whether Angel Island, Alcatraz, 

6361
05:27:56,100 --> 05:27:58,900
or some previously, undiscovered
piece of real estate remained to

6362
05:27:58,900 --> 05:28:02,200
be determined, their paddling 
had become automatic their arms.

6363
05:28:02,208 --> 05:28:04,800
Moving with the mechanical 
Persistence of men who had 

6364
05:28:04,800 --> 05:28:08,200
discovered that stopping mint 
sinking, the raft structural 

6365
05:28:08,200 --> 05:28:10,900
Integrity had degraded into the 
point where it was more of a 

6366
05:28:10,900 --> 05:28:14,400
flotation suggestion and an 
actual watercraft held together 

6367
05:28:14,400 --> 05:28:16,700
by determination and rapidly 
failing adhesive. 

6368
05:28:16,700 --> 05:28:20,100
The current had been carrying 
them steadily but it remained 

6369
05:28:20,100 --> 05:28:22,300
unclear whether they were 
heading towards salvation or 

6370
05:28:22,300 --> 05:28:24,700
destruction and until they felt 
their improvised paddles, 

6371
05:28:24,700 --> 05:28:26,100
scraping against something 
solid. 

6372
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:30,500
Sand rock. 
The Blessed resistance of land 

6373
05:28:30,500 --> 05:28:34,200
meeting water was evident. 
They had reached Shore though 

6374
05:28:34,200 --> 05:28:37,200
whether they had traveled two 
miles to ancient island or 200 

6375
05:28:37,200 --> 05:28:39,700
yards in a circle back to 
Alcatraz would be determined 

6376
05:28:39,700 --> 05:28:41,800
when they could see their 
surroundings in daylight. 

6377
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:44,700
Dragging themselves onto the 
beach with the grace of 

6378
05:28:44,708 --> 05:28:47,300
exhausted. 
Seals three, men collapsed onto 

6379
05:28:47,300 --> 05:28:49,100
Solid Ground. 
For the first time in hours, 

6380
05:28:49,100 --> 05:28:52,200
there are Escape equipment. 
What remained of it was 

6381
05:28:52,200 --> 05:28:55,300
abandoned to the tide? 
Their prison uniforms were 

6382
05:28:55,300 --> 05:28:58,700
soaked, torn and decorated with 
seaweed in ways that wouldn't 

6383
05:28:58,700 --> 05:29:02,200
have impressed any fashion 
critics, but they were alive on 

6384
05:29:02,200 --> 05:29:05,000
land and no longer inmates of 
Alcatraz federal. 

6385
05:29:05,000 --> 05:29:08,400
Penitentiary Dornwood reveal 
their location, and determine 

6386
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:11,400
their next moves. 
Until then, they lay on an 

6387
05:29:11,400 --> 05:29:14,600
unknown Beach, watching the fog 
roll back across the bay, 

6388
05:29:14,600 --> 05:29:17,900
listening to the sound of waves 
that had carried them to Freedom

6389
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:19,500
or to a different kind of 
captivity. 

6390
05:29:19,500 --> 05:29:23,400
The Pacific had rendered its 
verdict, but the final judgment 

6391
05:29:23,400 --> 05:29:26,700
remained to be written by 
daylight luck and the ability of

6392
05:29:26,700 --> 05:29:29,400
three exhausted fugitives to 
continue their improvised 

6393
05:29:29,400 --> 05:29:31,800
journey to wherever escaped 
convicts. 

6394
05:29:31,800 --> 05:29:33,100
Go. 
When the impossible becomes 

6395
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:38,200
merely improbable Dawn arrived 
on June 12th 1962 with the cruel

6396
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:42,100
Clarity that daylight brings to 
midnight decision, three men who

6397
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:44,200
had spent the night discovering 
where the desperation could 

6398
05:29:44,200 --> 05:29:46,400
overcome physics. 
Now face, the morning's harsh 

6399
05:29:46,400 --> 05:29:49,800
accounting of their aquatic 
Adventure The beach beneath them

6400
05:29:49,800 --> 05:29:51,800
was real. 
The water behind them was real 

6401
05:29:51,800 --> 05:29:55,000
but their location remained a 
mystery that would be sold by 

6402
05:29:55,000 --> 05:29:58,900
geography rather than hope. 
Frank Morris opened his eyes to 

6403
05:29:58,908 --> 05:30:01,100
find himself staring at a 
landscape that looked 

6404
05:30:01,100 --> 05:30:03,600
suspiciously like the California
coast. 

6405
05:30:04,300 --> 05:30:06,800
Though, whether they had reached
Angel Island returned to 

6406
05:30:06,808 --> 05:30:10,400
Alcatraz or washed up on some 
entirely different piece of real

6407
05:30:10,400 --> 05:30:11,700
estate remained to be 
determined. 

6408
05:30:12,500 --> 05:30:15,300
His body ached with the specific
pain that comes from spending 

6409
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:16,800
hours. 
In cold water, while wearing 

6410
05:30:16,800 --> 05:30:20,000
clothes, designed for indoor 
prison use rather than Maritime 

6411
05:30:20,000 --> 05:30:24,800
Adventures The brilliant Escape 
player so carefully crafted 

6412
05:30:24,800 --> 05:30:28,200
during months of cell block 
conspiracies, had deposited them

6413
05:30:28,200 --> 05:30:29,900
on an unknown Shore with no 
equipment. 

6414
05:30:29,900 --> 05:30:33,400
No identification. 
And no clear idea of what to do 

6415
05:30:33,400 --> 05:30:35,700
next. 
The Anglin Brothers moved 

6416
05:30:35,700 --> 05:30:38,800
cautiously like, men testing 
which parts of their body still 

6417
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:41,100
functioned after spending a 
night in the ocean. 

6418
05:30:42,000 --> 05:30:45,300
John's artistic talents. 
So useful for creating dummy, 

6419
05:30:45,300 --> 05:30:47,900
heads and fake walls. 
Seemed less applicable to their 

6420
05:30:47,900 --> 05:30:50,800
current situation which called 
for skills, more, commonly 

6421
05:30:50,800 --> 05:30:53,700
associated with survival 
training than creative forgery. 

6422
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:57,000
Circumstances that are 
transcended the predictable 

6423
05:30:57,000 --> 05:30:59,600
routines of prison life. 
Similarly challenged clarence's 

6424
05:30:59,600 --> 05:31:03,600
systematic approach to planning 
The first priority was to 

6425
05:31:03,600 --> 05:31:06,900
pinpoint their location. 
A task that necessitated a level

6426
05:31:06,900 --> 05:31:09,000
of urgency in their 
reconnaissance compared to their

6427
05:31:09,000 --> 05:31:12,500
earlier intelligence gathering. 
If they had somehow managed to 

6428
05:31:12,500 --> 05:31:15,700
Circle back to Alcatraz, their 
escape attempt, would become a 

6429
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:17,600
very short story with an unhappy
ending. 

6430
05:31:18,500 --> 05:31:21,000
If they had reached Angel 
Island, they would need to find 

6431
05:31:21,000 --> 05:31:23,700
a way off the island before Park
Rangers or Coast Guard. 

6432
05:31:23,700 --> 05:31:25,100
Patrols discovered their 
presence. 

6433
05:31:25,100 --> 05:31:27,900
If they had been taken 
elsewhere, they would have to 

6434
05:31:27,900 --> 05:31:30,200
find their bearings and continue
their journey to Freedom. 

6435
05:31:31,000 --> 05:31:34,300
The coastline revealed itself as
they explored, and the News was 

6436
05:31:34,300 --> 05:31:37,600
both good and problematic, they 
had indeed reached Angel Island,

6437
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:41,100
their intended destination, 
which meant their navigation had

6438
05:31:41,100 --> 05:31:43,200
been more accurate than the 
conditions had suggested. 

6439
05:31:44,000 --> 05:31:46,600
However, Angel Island was not 
exactly a launching pad to 

6440
05:31:46,600 --> 05:31:49,000
Freedom. 
It was a state park regularly, 

6441
05:31:49,000 --> 05:31:51,600
patrolled and connected to the 
mainland only by ferry service. 

6442
05:31:51,600 --> 05:31:54,900
That required tickets 
identification and the kind of 

6443
05:31:54,908 --> 05:31:57,300
paperwork. 
They were unlikely to possess 

6444
05:31:58,100 --> 05:32:01,300
But they were no longer inmates 
of Alcatraz which represented 

6445
05:32:01,300 --> 05:32:05,400
progress of a sort. 
Their legal status, had evolved 

6446
05:32:05,400 --> 05:32:09,400
from incarcerated to escaped 
fugitives, which was arguably an

6447
05:32:09,400 --> 05:32:12,500
improvement in terms of personal
autonomy, though it came with 

6448
05:32:12,500 --> 05:32:16,200
its set of challenges. 
The FBI would shortly be genuine

6449
05:32:16,200 --> 05:32:17,900
Dolly interested in their 
whereabouts. 

6450
05:32:17,900 --> 05:32:21,200
The US Marshals would be 
updating their wanted posters 

6451
05:32:21,200 --> 05:32:24,700
and every law enforcement agency
in Northern California would be 

6452
05:32:24,700 --> 05:32:27,400
looking for three men, whose 
descriptions would be circulated

6453
05:32:27,400 --> 05:32:29,000
with the efficiency of a chain 
letter. 

6454
05:32:30,100 --> 05:32:32,400
The immediate challenge was 
getting off Angel Island before 

6455
05:32:32,400 --> 05:32:35,500
their presence was discovered. 
Very service was out of the 

6456
05:32:35,500 --> 05:32:37,600
question. 
Swimming was no longer appealing

6457
05:32:37,600 --> 05:32:41,100
after their previous aquatic 
experience and commandeering a 

6458
05:32:41,100 --> 05:32:43,600
boat would add Maritime theft to
their growing list of federal 

6459
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:46,400
charges, they needed 
transportation, that was both 

6460
05:32:46,400 --> 05:32:49,800
available and inconspicuous 
which narrowed their options to 

6461
05:32:49,800 --> 05:32:52,600
Creative Solutions, that would 
have tested the Ingenuity of a 

6462
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:56,500
professional escape artist Their
prison uniforms had to be 

6463
05:32:56,500 --> 05:32:58,900
addressed before they could move
in public without attracting 

6464
05:32:58,900 --> 05:33:01,800
attention. 
The site of three men in 

6465
05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:03,200
drenched federal prison 
clothing. 

6466
05:33:03,200 --> 05:33:07,100
Was likely to spark curiosity, 
leading to calls to authorities 

6467
05:33:07,100 --> 05:33:09,600
in a swift end to their fleeting
moment of Freedom. 

6468
05:33:09,600 --> 05:33:13,100
They needed civilian clothes, 
which meant finding them through

6469
05:33:13,100 --> 05:33:15,800
methods that were available to 
escaped convicts with no money, 

6470
05:33:15,800 --> 05:33:19,300
no connections, and no 
legitimate means of acquisition.

6471
05:33:20,500 --> 05:33:23,200
The morning progressed with the 
methodical problem solving that 

6472
05:33:23,200 --> 05:33:24,600
had characterized their Escape 
Plan. 

6473
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:29,200
Frank's intelligence, John's 
creative resourcefulness and 

6474
05:33:29,200 --> 05:33:32,200
clarence's systematic approach 
were applied to challenges that 

6475
05:33:32,200 --> 05:33:37,200
were immediate and practical. 
Food clothing, transportation 

6476
05:33:37,200 --> 05:33:40,200
and avoiding recapture long 
enough to establish some kind of

6477
05:33:40,200 --> 05:33:43,500
sustainable existence outside 
Federal custody, but even as 

6478
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:46,500
they plan their next moves each 
manner, understood that their 

6479
05:33:46,500 --> 05:33:49,300
escape from Alcatraz was only 
the beginning of a much longer 

6480
05:33:49,300 --> 05:33:51,400
Journey. 
They had proved that the 

6481
05:33:51,400 --> 05:33:53,300
inescapable prison could be 
escaped. 

6482
05:33:53,900 --> 05:33:56,600
But they had also committed 
themselves to lives as permanent

6483
05:33:56,600 --> 05:33:59,400
fugitives in a country where 
their faces would be known to 

6484
05:33:59,400 --> 05:34:01,900
every law enforcement officer 
from coast to coast. 

6485
05:34:02,900 --> 05:34:05,500
The morning sun illuminated, the
Paradox of their success 

6486
05:34:05,500 --> 05:34:08,300
warming. 
Their salt stiffened clothes and

6487
05:34:08,300 --> 05:34:10,700
revealing the California 
Landscaping shop detail. 

6488
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:15,300
They had the impossible escaping
from Alcatraz Federal 

6489
05:34:15,300 --> 05:34:20,000
Penitentiary, using improvised 
tools, handmade equipment and 

6490
05:34:20,000 --> 05:34:22,800
planning that had been conducted
entirely within the most secure 

6491
05:34:22,800 --> 05:34:26,100
prison in America yet their 
triumphs for delivered them, not

6492
05:34:26,100 --> 05:34:28,700
to free them, but to a different
kind of captivity. 

6493
05:34:28,700 --> 05:34:32,100
The hunted existence of men who 
could never again live under 

6494
05:34:32,100 --> 05:34:34,700
their names or returned to the 
places, they had known. 

6495
05:34:35,600 --> 05:34:38,300
As they prepared to leave Angel 
Island and begin the next 

6496
05:34:38,308 --> 05:34:40,500
chapter of their story. 
Three men stood at the 

6497
05:34:40,500 --> 05:34:43,800
intersection of Legend and 
reality they had become part of 

6498
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:47,400
Alcatraz mythology, their escape
joining the annals of impossible

6499
05:34:47,400 --> 05:34:50,000
achievements that Inspire others
to attempt the improbable. 

6500
05:34:50,800 --> 05:34:53,600
But they had also learned that 
escaping from prison is only the

6501
05:34:53,600 --> 05:34:56,600
first step in a journey that 
continues for the rest of their 

6502
05:34:56,600 --> 05:34:59,100
lives. 
However, long those lives might 

6503
05:34:59,100 --> 05:35:03,500
prove to be The Pacific Ocean 
which had tested their resolve 

6504
05:35:03,500 --> 05:35:06,600
and nearly claimed their lives 
stretched behind them like, a 

6505
05:35:06,600 --> 05:35:10,300
liquid barrier between their 
past and their future ahead, lay

6506
05:35:10,300 --> 05:35:13,600
the mainland, with its 
opportunities, and dangers, its 

6507
05:35:13,600 --> 05:35:16,900
promise of freedom, and its 
guarantee of Perpetual Pursuit. 

6508
05:35:18,000 --> 05:35:20,500
Three men who had started. 
As inmate said, become fugitives

6509
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:23,700
and the story was no longer 
about escaping from Alcatraz. 

6510
05:35:23,700 --> 05:35:26,500
It was about learning to live 
with the consequences of having 

6511
05:35:26,500 --> 05:35:29,800
done the impossible. whether 
Frank Morris and the Anglin 

6512
05:35:29,800 --> 05:35:33,300
Brothers survived their escape 
established new identities and 

6513
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:36,000
lived out, their days in an 
anonymous Freedom, or whether 

6514
05:35:36,000 --> 05:35:39,200
they perished in the bay that 
night remains, one of America's 

6515
05:35:39,200 --> 05:35:45,300
most enduring Mysteries, On June
of the 11th 1962 three men 

6516
05:35:45,300 --> 05:35:47,400
showed that. 
Even the most secure prison is 

6517
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:50,400
only a strong as the imagination
of those seeks to contain. 

6518
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:54,700
They transform themselves from 
criminals into legends from 

6519
05:35:54,700 --> 05:35:58,200
prisoners into symbols of the 
Eternal human desire to be free.

6520
05:35:59,200 --> 05:36:01,100
And somewhere in the Morning, 
Mist rolling off. 

6521
05:36:01,100 --> 05:36:05,200
San Francisco Bay their story 
continues, not as history, but 

6522
05:36:05,200 --> 05:36:09,000
as possibility, not as fact but 
as the kind of truth that grows 

6523
05:36:09,000 --> 05:36:12,100
stronger with each telling 
reminding us that sometimes the 

6524
05:36:12,100 --> 05:36:14,600
most impossible Dreams are the 
ones most worth pursuing.