The Anne Boleyn Story You Never Learned | Boring History

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Hello my tired, bro. 
Tatos welcome on in Tonight, we 

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begin with the story where we 
travel back to Tudor England to 

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a time. 
When one woman's Presence at 

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court would reshape an entire 
nation's relationship with God 

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power and itself. 
This is not a story of villains 

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or Heroes, but of how personal 
desire collided with political 

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necessity and accidentally built
something that outlasted them 

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all. 
Now we're juggling different 

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time periods to try to fulfill 
all the requests we have been 

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receiving. 
If you are new here and enjoy 

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historical stories that allow 
you to learn a little while, you

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drift off to sleep, feel free to
follow us. 

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Leave a good review so that 
others can find their way here 

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and receive the same assistance 
as you. 

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And let me know where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is for you. 
It's always cool to see the 

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variety and where we all tuned 
in from now, sit back, relax. 

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Grab your comfy blanket and 
let's get her a rolling, shall 

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we? 
In the year 1500 England still 

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measured Time by church bells 
and harvest Seasons. 

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The Roman Catholic Church stood 
as the unquestioned authority 

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over spiritual life. 
While King's ruled, the Earthly 

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realm under its watchful eye No 
English Monarch had yet. 

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Dared a challenge Rome's 
Supremacy. 

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That world was about to crack 
open and at the center of the 

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earthquake stood, a young woman 
with dark eyes and a French 

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education who never set out to 
be a revolutionary. 

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You have to picture have a 
castle first because that's 

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where it begins. 
The castle sits in Kent, maybe 

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40 minutes from London. 
If you're riding hard on a 

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decent horse, it's not one of 
those massive fortresses that 

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make you feel small. 
It's more like a very ambitious,

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manor house that someone decided
to surround with a moat. the 

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stone is that warm gray color, 
that old, English building's get

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after a few centuries of rain, 
Ivy climbs the walls in summer, 

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the moat reflects, clouds, and 
occasionally ducks and Berlin 

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was born there. 
Probably in 1500 and won though.

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Nobody bothered to write down 
the exact date. 

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Daughter's didn't warrant the 
same record keeping his son's. 

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Her father, Thomas bin was doing
well for himself, not royalty. 

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But well connected, the kind of 
man who knew how to be useful to

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more powerful people without 
making them nervous about his 

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ambitions. 
Thomas, had married, Elizabeth 

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Howard, which was a smart move 
that his entire career would 

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prove Justified. 
The Howards were one of those 

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families that had been important
forever. 

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They had fought in the wars of 
the roses and come out on top. 

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They had the kind of pedigree 
that opened doors, your own 

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accomplishments could never 
reach. 

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And grew up knowing she came 
from somewhere even if that 

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somewhere wasn't quite the top. 
The childhood at Hever would 

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have been comfortable in the way
that mine and nobility 

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understood Comfort, Stone, 
floors in Winter that never 

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quite warmed up, but big fires 
in the main rooms where the 

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family actually lived. 
Servants. 

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Who knew your name and your 
temperament Gardens where you 

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could walk without worrying 
about much Beyond where you left

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your book or whether the cook 
would make those Honey Cakes, 

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you liked The castle itself, 
spoke of moderate Prosperity, 

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the Great Hall where the family 
dined was impressive without 

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being overwhelming, Oak, 
paneling on the walls, tapestry 

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showing hunting scenes and 
biblical stories. 

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A minstrel's gallery, where 
musicians played during feasts 

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windows with actual glass, which
was still expensive enough to 

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matter. 
The room smelled of wood smoke 

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and herbs and the beeswax, they 
used on furniture And shared 

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this childhood with her siblings
her sister, Mary was probably a 

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year or two older though. 
Again, the records of vague 

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about daughters. 
Her brother, George was younger,

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the precious male Heir, who got 
all the attention that 

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primogeniture demanded. 
They would have played together 

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as children, run through the 
gardens, gotten into minor 

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trouble at servants. 
Cleaned up the education and 

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received at Hever was typical 
for a girl of her class. 

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She learned to read and write, 
which not all women did. 

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She learned basic Latin for 
church. 

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She learned needlework and music
and dancing. 

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She learned to manage a 
household because someday she 

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would marry someone and need to 
run his estate. 

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These were the skills that made 
you marriageable. 

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What set on a part was what 
happened? 

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Next. 
Most English girls of her class 

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stayed home, learn to manage a 
household practice needlework 

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and waited to be married off to 
someone appropriate, who would 

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Advance the family, interests, 
and father had different ideas. 

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He was ambitious in that quiet. 
Way, that moves chess pieces. 

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You don't see until it's too 
late. 

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Thomas Berlin, had traveled, he 
had served on diplomatic 

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missions to burgundy and France,
he spoke French fluently which 

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was still the language of 
sophistication in European 

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courts. 
He understood that the world 

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Beyond England was larger and 
more refined. 

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And that connections, there 
could be valuable. 

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He also understood the 
daughter's could be assets if 

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you invested in the properly. 
In 1513 when Anne was maybe 12 

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years old, Thomas sent her to 
the Netherlands to serve in the 

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household of Margaret of 
Austria. 

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This was the European equivalent
of finishing school. 

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Except the lessons included 
actual power and how it worked. 

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Margaret was Regent of the 
Netherlands and aren't to the 

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Future. 
Holy Roman Emperor. 

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Charles the fifth, she ran 
things while he was too young to

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rule and she ran them. 
Well, and spent about a year, 

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there absorbing how a woman 
could wield Authority without 

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apology. 
She learned French until it 

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sounded natural. 
She picked up the courtly 

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manners. 
That would later make a stand 

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out in England, she learned to 
cut. 

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See it. 
Exactly the right depth for each

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rank of nobility. 
She learned which Fork to use. 

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And when she learned, how to 
enter a room. 

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So people noticed without 
seeming, like you wanted them to

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notice when you serve in a 
Region's household, you learned 

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to read rooms to gauge when 
someone important is angry 

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versus when they're testing you 
You learn the difference between

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a suggestion and a command 
phrased as a suggestion, you 

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learn who actually has power 
versus. 

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Who just has a title and was 12,
maybe 130 lessons that most 

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people never learn. 
The Netherlands in those years 

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was rich, the wool trade, the 
banking, the art cities like 

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Brussels and Antwerp hummed with
Commerce. 

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The buildings were taller and 
more ornate than their English 

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equivalents. 
The food was better. 

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Even the way people dressed had 
more style and was absorbing the

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idea that England was a bit 
provincial a bit behind a bit 

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less sophisticated than the 
continental courts, then came 

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the upgrade in 1514 and 
transferred to the French Court 

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to serve Queen Claude wife of 
King Francis, the first This was

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like going from a good 
University to the absolute top 

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of the academic world. 
The French Court made the 

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English Court. 
Look provincial and slightly 

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embarrassing. 
A Margaret's Court in the 

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Netherlands. 
Look, merely competent. 

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France in those years was where 
culture happened, the art, the 

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music, the fashion, the 
intellectual conversation, that 

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people would still be analyzing 
centuries later. 

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Everything in France fell more 
refined than its English 

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equivalent. 
The architecture was more 

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elegant. 
The food was better even the way

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people insulted each, other had 
more Style. 

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Francis. 
The first was building, Chateau 

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that looked like illustrations 
from illuminated manuscripts 

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brought to life. 
Chamboree Fontainebleau Ambler. 

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Places where every detail had 
been considered and perfected. 

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Stone carved like lace Gardens 
laid out in perfect geometric 

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patterns fountains that danced 
room so beautiful they made you 

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want to whisper and spent seven 
years in France seven years as 

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long enough to stop thinking in 
your native language. 

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First long enough that English 
Customs start to seem a bit 

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clumsy. 
When you come home long enough 

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that you dream in French and 
have to translate your thoughts 

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back to English. 
When you write letters to your 

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family, she would have walked 
through those shattered in the 

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morning. 
When the Dew was still on the 

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grass, she would have attended 
mass in chapels where the light 

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came through stained glass in 
colors. 

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You couldn't name, she would 
have heard music that hadn't 

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reached England yet. 
Seen fashions that wooden cross 

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the channel for another season. 
Tasted wines from Vineyards that

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had been perfecting their crafts
since Roman times, the French 

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taught her to dance with 
confidence. 

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Not the stiff English dances 
where everyone counted steps and

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tried not to step on each other,
but the flowing French style 

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where movement looked natural 
and spontaneous even though it 

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was carefully choreographed. 
They taught her that Whit 

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matters as much as beauty. 
That a clever remark could make 

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you memorable when Mia, 
prettiness would be forgotten by

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Mourning. 
They taught her. 

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That women could be powerful if 
they were clever about it. 

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Queen Claude was Pious and quiet
more interested in prayer than 

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politics. 
But around her swirled. 

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The real action of Court, life 
mistresses who influenced policy

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ladies in Waiting who passed 
information and shaped opinions 

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women, who understood that, 
direct power was forbidden. 

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But indirect power was 
everywhere, if you knew how to 

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grasp it, And learned to 
navigate these currents. 

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She learned to listen more than 
she spoke. 

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She learned, which conversations
were safe and which were being 

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monitored. 
She learned how to make allies 

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without making enemies, or at 
least how to make the right 

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enemies at the right time. 
She also absorbed something more

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dangerous than any of these 
courtly skills. 

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She absorbed the idea that 
questioning religious Authority,

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might not be heretical Madness. 
France was Catholic intensely. 

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So the eldest daughter of the 
church, French intellectuals 

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were reading new ideas from 
across Europe. 

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Martin, Luther's writings were 
circulating being debated making

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people think about whether the 
pope really spoke for God or 

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just for an institution that had
accumulated too much, gold and 

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Power. 
And was in France, when the 

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Protestant Reformation started 
gaining real momentum in 

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Germany, in Switzerland. 
She was there when educated 

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people began wondering out loud.
Whether maybe the Bible mattered

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more than the Pope's opinion, 
these were Radical thoughts. 

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The kind that got people burned 
at the stake in public squares, 

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but in certain French circles 
among certain educated Nobles. 

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You could discuss them quietly 
over wine after the official 

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entertainment had ended. 
French Court, had its own 

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relationship with Rome French 
Kings, something called gallican

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Liberties, which meant they 
controlled Church appointments 

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in France. 
More than the pope liked this 

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wasn't protestantism, but it was
a precedent for Royal Authority,

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trumping people Authority when 
it suited the crown. 

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And was absorbing these ideas at
an age. 

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When ideas stick, she was also 
reading The French Court valued,

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education for women, more than 
the English Court did learned 

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women were fashionable. 
Margaret of Navarre. 

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France is sister was writing 
poetry in theology. 

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An read her work. 
She read other reformist writing

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that was circulating in 
manuscript form. 

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She developed opinions about 
scripture and salvation and 

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whether the church needed 
reform, this is important for 

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later and didn't return to 
England as just, another pretty 

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girl who could dance. 
She came back, as someone who 

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had seen, a bigger world who 
spoke French better than most 

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English Nobles, who carried 
herself with French confidants? 

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She had also absorbed ideas that
would turn out to be explosively

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useful when a king needed 
theological justification for 

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doing something unprecedented. 
By 1521, an was back in England.

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She was maybe 20 years old 
depending on which birth year 

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you believe. 
Her sister Mary was already at 

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court and already in King Henry 
VIII's bed, which was less 

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scandalous than it sounds. 
Because Royal Mistresses were 

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basically an official position. 
But Anne was the one people 

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noticed when she arrived. 
She was not conventionally 

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Beautiful by Tudor standards. 
She was too dark too thin to 

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angular. 2 meant pale skin, like
milk, blonde hair, curves, that 

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suggested, fertility, and good 
breeding. 

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Think of Jane Seymour who would 
come later? 

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That was the ideal soft pale 
yielding maternal. 

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And had olive skin that 
suggested her mother's Howard. 

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00:11:43,700 --> 00:11:46,300
Blood might have included some 
less English ancestors of a few 

233
00:11:46,308 --> 00:11:48,800
Generations back. 
She had dark hair. 

234
00:11:48,800 --> 00:11:51,300
That was almost black. 
She had dark eyes. 

235
00:11:51,300 --> 00:11:53,900
She had what the victorians 
would later call? 

236
00:11:53,900 --> 00:11:57,200
Finite, which was code for not 
pretty, but something more 

237
00:11:57,200 --> 00:11:59,700
interesting. 
She was thin in an era that 

238
00:11:59,700 --> 00:12:02,200
valued plumpness as a sign of 
health and prosperity. 

239
00:12:03,300 --> 00:12:07,300
What she had was present. 
When an walked into a room, you 

240
00:12:07,300 --> 00:12:09,600
noticed part of it was the 
French training. 

241
00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:12,200
She moved differently than 
English girls. 

242
00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:16,100
She held herself straighter. 
Moved more deliberately took up 

243
00:12:16,100 --> 00:12:18,000
space without apologizing for 
it. 

244
00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:22,100
English girls had been taught to
be modest and retiring an had 

245
00:12:22,100 --> 00:12:25,200
been taught to be noticed, she 
dressed with that French Flair, 

246
00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:28,700
that made English fashion, look 
Dowdy and practical French hoods

247
00:12:28,700 --> 00:12:31,600
and of the Gable hoods. 
English women wore, those 

248
00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:33,700
French. 
Hoods showed more hair had a 

249
00:12:33,700 --> 00:12:37,000
more elegant line Looks 
sophisticated rather than pious.

250
00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:41,500
Her gowns had the cut and 
Draper, French design, Rich 

251
00:12:41,500 --> 00:12:44,200
Fabrics in colors that 
complemented, her, dark coloring

252
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,100
rather than fighting it. 
She looked foreign in the best 

253
00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:49,200
possible way. 
She could talk about books, 

254
00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:51,700
music, theology Court gossip 
from France. 

255
00:12:51,700 --> 00:12:55,000
She could match wits with the 
smartest men at court and make 

256
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:57,200
them enjoy the experience rather
than feel threatened. 

257
00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,800
She could discuss the latest 
writings from the continent, the

258
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,100
new ideas about church reform, 
the intellectual currents that 

259
00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:07,900
were starting to reshape Europe.
In an era when most women's 

260
00:13:07,900 --> 00:13:11,400
conversation was limited to 
domestic matters and piety and 

261
00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:13,000
could hold her own in any 
discussion. 

262
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:17,500
She also had something else. 
Something hardest to define a 

263
00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:19,900
kind of self-possession that 
suggested, she knew her own 

264
00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:23,100
worth, and wasn't particularly 
interested in apologizing for 

265
00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:25,000
it. 
In an era when women were 

266
00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:27,600
supposed to be demure and 
deferential, when the ideal 

267
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:31,200
woman was quiet and obedient and
had apparently, missed that memo

268
00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:34,400
entirely The king noticed her 
almost immediately. 

269
00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:37,800
How could he not? 
She was knew she was 

270
00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:41,000
interesting, she was completely 
unlike the English women, he was

271
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:44,600
used to and she had that 
tantalizing quality of seeming 

272
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:47,900
just slightly Out Of Reach like 
a book written in a language, 

273
00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:49,700
you almost but not quite 
understood. 

274
00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:53,400
Henry, the 8th Court was like a 
very expensive theater 

275
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,400
production that never stopped 
running and where everyone was 

276
00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,600
both actor and audience. 
You have to understand what 

277
00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:02,900
court meant in 1521. 
It wasn't just the place where 

278
00:14:02,900 --> 00:14:05,600
the king lived, it was the 
center of the entire political 

279
00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,500
Universe of England. 
Everything that mattered happen 

280
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:12,000
there or was decided there. 
If you want to court, you were 

281
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,900
essentially off stage waiting in
the wings, for someone to 

282
00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:18,300
remember you existed, your 
estate might be in Yorkshire or 

283
00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:20,200
Cornwall, but your career was at
court. 

284
00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:23,900
The court moved around 
constantly Hampton Court, 

285
00:14:23,900 --> 00:14:28,600
Greenwich, White Hall Windsor, 
sometimes smaller palaces, and 

286
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:32,100
hunting lodges. 
Wherever the king went, the 

287
00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:35,800
court followed like a small City
on Wheels, 100 of people 

288
00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:39,200
thousands of horses, cartloads 
of furniture and tapestries, and

289
00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:43,000
clothes, and kitchen equipment. 
Setting up Court somewhere was 

290
00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:45,900
like assembling a small City 
that specialized in ambition and

291
00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:48,700
intrigue. 
The logistics were staggering 

292
00:14:48,700 --> 00:14:51,500
when you think about it, the 
King traveled with his entire 

293
00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:54,000
household, his advisors his 
servants. 

294
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,300
His guards, his Cooks, his 
musicians, his doctors, his 

295
00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:01,100
priests, The queen had her own 
household that traveled with her

296
00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:03,700
important Nobles had their own 
servants. 

297
00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:07,800
Everyone needed somewhere to 
sleep, something to eat horses 

298
00:15:07,800 --> 00:15:12,100
to ride clothes, to change into 
the physical spaces, were 

299
00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:14,100
designed to overwhelm you into 
proper reverence. 

300
00:15:14,100 --> 00:15:16,900
Great halls with hammer beam, 
sealing so high. 

301
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:19,300
They made you feel properly 
insignificant before royal 

302
00:15:19,300 --> 00:15:21,800
power. 
The streets showing biblical 

303
00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:25,600
scene and classical Heroes, all 
woven in colors that cost more 

304
00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:27,100
than most people earned in a 
lifetime. 

305
00:15:27,900 --> 00:15:30,000
Blues. 
And reds, and Golds that hadn't 

306
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:32,600
faded because they were kept out
of direct sunlight, most of the 

307
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:35,900
time, Floors covered in. 
Russia's that smelled of herbs 

308
00:15:35,900 --> 00:15:37,900
when you stepped on them fresh 
rushes. 

309
00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:41,300
Meant the King was in Residence 
and cared about Impressions old.

310
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:43,400
Russia's meant you were 
somewhere less important or the 

311
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:46,600
king had left recently. 
Fireplace is big enough to roast

312
00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:49,300
an entire Ox which they 
sometimes did during major 

313
00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:53,500
feasts, the smell of wood. 
Smoke was constant mixed, with 

314
00:15:53,500 --> 00:15:56,800
cooking food and too many people
in close quarters and the herbs.

315
00:15:56,800 --> 00:16:00,200
They stood around to mask. 
Worse smells everything was 

316
00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:03,300
hierarchical and everyone knew 
exactly where they stood 

317
00:16:03,300 --> 00:16:06,000
relative to everyone else. 
The king at the center, 

318
00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,600
obviously, his immediate circle 
of advisors and favorites. 

319
00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:12,200
Then the Nobles ranked by title 
and favor. 

320
00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:16,400
Then the Lesser Nobles, then the
gentleman then the servants who 

321
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,800
had their own hierarchy. 
Your position determined where 

322
00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:23,000
you could go, what you could see
who might acknowledge Your 

323
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:25,800
Existence access to. 
The King was the current 

324
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:28,300
currency that mattered. 
Could you get into the presence 

325
00:16:28,300 --> 00:16:30,400
chamber? 
Could you catch his attention at

326
00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:32,500
the right moment? 
Could you walk with him in the 

327
00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:34,800
garden's? 
This determined, whether your 

328
00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:38,700
petition got heard, whether your
suited Vans to the, your career,

329
00:16:38,708 --> 00:16:42,600
flourished, or with everyone was
constantly jockeying for Access 

330
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:47,600
and favor, Henry himself was 30 
years old in 1521 and still in 

331
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:49,800
his prime. 
Later, he would become the 

332
00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:53,400
bloated Tyrant of the famous 
portraits, the massive figure in

333
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:57,200
elaborate dress, with tiny eyes 
and a suspicious expression. 

334
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:02,800
But in 1521, he was genuinely 
impressive by any standard tall 

335
00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:05,500
over six feet. 
When six feet was rare enough to

336
00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:09,400
be notable athletic good at 
jousting which was dangerous and

337
00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:13,500
required real skill. 
Hunting tennis, which he played 

338
00:17:13,500 --> 00:17:17,000
with competitive intensity. he 
could dance for hours without 

339
00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:20,400
seeming tired, he played musical
instruments multiple 

340
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,500
instruments, which was expected 
of a Renaissance Prints but 

341
00:17:23,500 --> 00:17:27,200
which he actually did well, He 
composed songs some of which 

342
00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:30,300
were actually good and not just 
praised because a king wrote, 

343
00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:33,900
the book defending Catholic 
Doctrine against Luther and 

344
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,400
Harris's for which the pope had 
given him, the title defender of

345
00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:39,900
the faith. 
The irony of that title would 

346
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:43,100
become apparent later. 
He was also smart, which people 

347
00:17:43,100 --> 00:17:45,100
forget when they focus on the 
later tyrant. 

348
00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:48,900
Henry had been educated for the 
church originally, since his 

349
00:17:48,900 --> 00:17:50,700
older brother. 
Arthur was supposed to be king. 

350
00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:54,200
When Arthur died suddenly in 
Henry became Heir. 

351
00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:56,700
He brought that theological 
training with him. 

352
00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:00,200
He could argue scripture with 
Bishops and hold his own new 

353
00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:02,800
Latin and some Greek. 
He could discuss Theology. 

354
00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:06,300
And philosophy, he was genuinely
intellectual in a way that many 

355
00:18:06,300 --> 00:18:10,300
kings were not, But for all that
intelligence Henry was also 

356
00:18:10,300 --> 00:18:12,600
deeply insecure about his 
legitimacy. 

357
00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:16,200
His father Henry, the seventh 
had won the throne in battle at 

358
00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:21,000
Bosworth field in 1485 that made
the Tudor dynasty less than 40 

359
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:24,200
years old in 1521. 
Other noble, families could 

360
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:27,200
trace their lineage back, 
centuries, the Tudors were 

361
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:29,200
upstarts who had gotten lucky in
a civil war. 

362
00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:33,700
This insecurity drove a lot of 
what Henry did he needed to be 

363
00:18:33,700 --> 00:18:36,800
the best at everything. 
The best jouster, the best 

364
00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:40,100
hunter, the best dancer, the 
best musician, the best 

365
00:18:40,100 --> 00:18:43,000
Theologian, he needed to prove 
that he deserve. 

366
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:45,500
The throne, not just by 
Conquest, but by personal 

367
00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:49,200
excellence and he needed a male 
heir, to continue the Dynasty 

368
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,900
and prevent another civil war 
when he died the court Henry 

369
00:18:52,900 --> 00:18:55,900
presided over in the early, 
1520s was still fundamentally 

370
00:18:55,900 --> 00:18:59,400
medieval in its worldview. 
God ordained the social order, 

371
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:03,300
the pope spoke for God, in 
spiritual matters, King's ruled 

372
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:05,600
by Divine, Right. 
But under the Pope's Spiritual 

373
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:09,300
Authority, everything had its 
proper place and questioning 

374
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:12,600
that structure was not just 
Rebellion, but sin against the 

375
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:15,700
natural order. 
The daily rhythm of Court, life 

376
00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:19,100
mixed piety with pleasure in 
ways that seem contradictory 

377
00:19:19,100 --> 00:19:21,200
now. 
But made sense in medieval 

378
00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:25,000
Christianity. you would attend 
mass in the morning, probably 

379
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:29,108
multiple masses because missing 
Mass was a sin Then you might 

380
00:19:29,116 --> 00:19:31,800
spend the afternoon watching. 
Brutal jousting matches, where 

381
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,300
men could be seriously injured 
or killed Entertainment and 

382
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:37,800
danger mixed freely. 
You would fast on the 

383
00:19:37,808 --> 00:19:41,000
appropriate days Fridays. 
And during Lent, eating only 

384
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:44,500
fish and vegetables, then you 
would Feast until you felt sick 

385
00:19:44,500 --> 00:19:48,000
on other days, eating multiple 
courses of meat and game. 

386
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:51,400
And elaborate dishes, the feast 
days were supposed to balance 

387
00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,500
the fast days in the economy of 
salvation. 

388
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:57,200
You would listen to sermons 
about virtue and the dangers of 

389
00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:01,000
sin, then you would pursue 
various decidedly non-virtuous 

390
00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:04,500
activities in the evening, 
gambling drinking, sexual 

391
00:20:04,500 --> 00:20:07,100
Affairs that everyone knew 
about, but politely ignored. 

392
00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:10,700
The church taught that humans 
were sinful and needed Grace 

393
00:20:10,700 --> 00:20:14,600
caught life, demonstrated, the 
sinful part thoroughly the 

394
00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:17,400
entertainment was constant 
because Borden was dangerous 

395
00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:20,900
Idol nobles with too much time 
and too many grievances could 

396
00:20:20,900 --> 00:20:23,600
start plotting. 
Keep them busy and entertained 

397
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:27,200
and they stayed manageable 
musicians played during meals 

398
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,300
poets. 
Recited verses masses where 

399
00:20:30,300 --> 00:20:32,600
everyone dressed up and 
pretended to be characters from 

400
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,500
mythology. 
Elaborate theatrical Productions

401
00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:38,900
with symbolic, meaning that 
everyone had to decode hunting 

402
00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:41,500
parties that lasted days 
sometimes weeks. 

403
00:20:42,300 --> 00:20:45,400
King loved hunting and kept vast
hunting Parks stocked with deer.

404
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,200
The actual hunting was maybe an 
hour or two of excitement, the 

405
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:51,900
rest was riding through woods 
and camping in an elaborate 

406
00:20:51,900 --> 00:20:54,900
Pavilions and drinking and 
socializing and conducting 

407
00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:57,000
business away from the formal 
setting of court. 

408
00:20:57,800 --> 00:21:01,300
Henry loved archery. 
So archery became important, he 

409
00:21:01,300 --> 00:21:04,000
would practice in the garden 
with Nobles competing to shoot 

410
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,900
well but not better than him. 
He loved tennis. 

411
00:21:06,900 --> 00:21:09,400
So tennis courts appeared 
wherever he stayed long enough. 

412
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:12,800
When the king developed an 
interest, the entire court, 

413
00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:15,300
scrambled to share that, 
interest convincingly enough to 

414
00:21:15,300 --> 00:21:17,800
be noticed, but not so well that
they outshine him. 

415
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,000
The women at court occupied a 
strange space. 

416
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:25,000
They were ornamental but also 
potentially powerful, a woman 

417
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:27,600
could not hold office or inherit
the crown in her own, right? 

418
00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:30,600
But she could influence the men 
who did hold power. 

419
00:21:31,300 --> 00:21:34,600
The Queen's household was its 
own Center of power, a separate 

420
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,800
court within the court. 
Being in favor with the queen 

421
00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:40,200
could make your career falling 
out of favor. 

422
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:42,700
Could end it. 
Catherine of Aragon was Queen 

423
00:21:42,700 --> 00:21:46,000
when an arrived back from 
France, Catherine was Spanish, 

424
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:47,900
daughter of Ferdinand and 
Isabella. 

425
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:50,900
The power couple who had funded 
Columbus and completed the 

426
00:21:50,908 --> 00:21:53,900
Reconquista driving. 
The last Muslims out of Spain. 

427
00:21:54,700 --> 00:21:57,000
She had been married first to 
Henry's older brother, Arthur. 

428
00:21:57,000 --> 00:22:00,000
When they were both teenagers, 
Arthur died within months. 

429
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:04,100
Then she married Henry after he 
became Heir, which required a 

430
00:22:04,100 --> 00:22:06,800
special papal. 
Dispensation because marrying, 

431
00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,100
your brother's widow was 
technically forbidden by Church 

432
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:11,600
law. 
This would matter enormously 

433
00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:15,700
later but in 1521 it just seemed
like ancient history. 

434
00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:18,900
Catherine and Henry had been 
married for 12 years. 

435
00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:22,500
She had given him several 
children though most had died in

436
00:22:22,508 --> 00:22:26,600
infancy or been stillborn. 
Only one survived past infancy. 

437
00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:28,900
A daughter. 
Mary born. 

438
00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:31,100
In 1516. 
No Sons. 

439
00:22:31,100 --> 00:22:32,200
No. 
Male heir. 

440
00:22:32,900 --> 00:22:35,300
This was already becoming a 
problem but not yet. 

441
00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:38,800
The old consuming crisis, it 
would become Catherine at 40 was

442
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,600
still dignified and Regal 
though, the years of pregnancy 

443
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,800
and loss of taking their toll. 
She dressed simply for a queen 

444
00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:48,800
preferring piety to display. 
She spent hours in prayer every 

445
00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:51,200
day. 
She attended Mass even when not 

446
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:55,100
required, she took her role as 
Queen seriously, which meant 

447
00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:57,200
being an example of virtue and 
piratey. 

448
00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:00,100
The court. 
Catherine presided over valued 

449
00:23:00,100 --> 00:23:04,300
traditional femininity. 
Modesty piety gentleness, 

450
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:07,900
obedience, women were supposed 
to be soft-spoken and 

451
00:23:07,900 --> 00:23:10,500
deferential. 
They could be educated but not 

452
00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:12,600
so learned that they threatened 
male Authority. 

453
00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:16,200
They could be beautiful but not 
so vain that they cared more 

454
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:19,800
about appearance than virtue, 
Catherine herself, embodied 

455
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,200
these ideals. 
She also accepted Henry's in 

456
00:23:22,208 --> 00:23:25,200
fidelities with public Grace, 
which was what queen's were 

457
00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:28,600
supposed to do. 
Kings had Mistresses, everyone 

458
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,500
knew this, a queen who made a 
fuss about, it was being 

459
00:23:31,500 --> 00:23:34,100
difficult and failing in her 
duty to maintain Harmony. 

460
00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:37,100
Catherine, knew the rules and 
followed them swallowing 

461
00:23:37,100 --> 00:23:39,600
whatever. 
She felt privately into this 

462
00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:42,500
world, walked and Berlin with 
her French manners, and French 

463
00:23:42,500 --> 00:23:46,100
ideas and French fashion, sense 
and complete, lack of interest. 

464
00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:50,000
In following any of the rules. 
She dressed differently, French 

465
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:52,000
hoods and of the Gable hoods 
English. 

466
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,700
Women wore those Gables were 
basically large headdresses that

467
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:58,800
covered most of your hair and 
made you look Pious and modest 

468
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:03,000
French Hood showed more hair had
a more elegant line looked 

469
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:07,400
sophisticated in stead of Dowdy.
Her gowns had the cut and flare 

470
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,200
of French design. 
More fitted showing her figure 

471
00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:13,700
using color in ways that English
women considered to bold. 

472
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,400
She talked differently English 
with a French accent that made 

473
00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:21,100
her sound exotic and educated. 
She would drop French phrases 

474
00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:24,200
into conversation naturally. 
Not showing off, but just 

475
00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:25,400
because that was how she 
thought. 

476
00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:28,700
After seven years in France, 
references to French culture, 

477
00:24:28,700 --> 00:24:32,600
French books, French music, that
most English courtiers hadn't 

478
00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:35,300
heard yet. 
She could discuss theology in 

479
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:37,400
ways that most Court women 
couldn't or wouldn't. 

480
00:24:38,300 --> 00:24:41,800
Women were expected to be Pious 
but not scholarly about religion

481
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:45,900
and had opinions about scripture
about church reform about 

482
00:24:45,900 --> 00:24:48,700
whether certain practices were 
actually biblical or just 

483
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:51,200
Traditions that had accumulated 
over centuries. 

484
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:55,500
These were dangerous discussions
for anyone doubly dangerous for 

485
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:57,900
a woman. 
The Other Woman at court, didn't

486
00:24:57,908 --> 00:25:01,100
quite know what to make of her, 
she was too confident too. 

487
00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:03,900
Foreign in manner, to willing to
compete with men in 

488
00:25:03,900 --> 00:25:06,700
conversation. 
She didn't defer to them, or 

489
00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:09,700
seek their approval. 
She seemed to genuinely not care

490
00:25:09,700 --> 00:25:12,600
what they thought of her. 
Some were fascinated, others 

491
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:15,300
were scandalized, most were 
probably both. 

492
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:20,100
The men noticed immediately. 
here was something new not just 

493
00:25:20,100 --> 00:25:22,600
another pretty face hoping to 
catch someone important and 

494
00:25:22,600 --> 00:25:26,300
improve her family's position 
but someone who seemed genuinely

495
00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:29,700
interesting Someone who could be
a companion, not just a 

496
00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:32,000
conquest. 
Someone who could talk about 

497
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:35,500
ideas and Books and Music. 
Someone with wit and 

498
00:25:35,500 --> 00:25:37,900
intelligence who made 
conversation feel like a game 

499
00:25:37,900 --> 00:25:42,100
worth playing. 
Henry noticed, most of all he 

500
00:25:42,100 --> 00:25:45,200
had noticed her sister Mary 
first which had resulted in the 

501
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:49,000
predictable affair. 
Mary was sweet and accommodating

502
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:51,500
and probably a little 
overwhelmed by the whole thing. 

503
00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:57,000
She was 19 or 20 when it started
the king wanted her, what were 

504
00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,300
you supposed to do? 
When the king wanted, you, you 

505
00:25:59,300 --> 00:26:02,800
submitted and felt honored by 
the attention, when that a fair 

506
00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:06,100
ran, its course, as Royal 
Affairs, always did Mary faded 

507
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:08,300
back to being. 
Just another Court lady who had 

508
00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:11,500
briefly warmed the Royal bed. 
And was different from the 

509
00:26:11,500 --> 00:26:13,500
start. 
When Henry started paying 

510
00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:17,500
attention to her, probably 
sometime around 1526, she did 

511
00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:21,200
something unusual. 
She said, no saying no to a King

512
00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:24,700
was not something people did 
especially women especially when

513
00:26:24,700 --> 00:26:26,600
the King was expressing romantic
interest. 

514
00:26:27,500 --> 00:26:29,600
You need to understand what 
Henry was used to. 

515
00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:33,100
He was the king. 
When he wanted something at 

516
00:26:33,100 --> 00:26:37,400
appeared when he wanted someone,
they complied his previous 

517
00:26:37,400 --> 00:26:39,000
Affairs and followed a simple 
pattern. 

518
00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:42,400
He expressed interest. 
The woman felt honored, they 

519
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:45,500
conducted a discrete Affair 
until he lost interest and 

520
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:48,600
everyone moved on. 
The woman usually got a nice 

521
00:26:48,608 --> 00:26:51,000
marriage to someone 
appropriately grateful. 

522
00:26:51,900 --> 00:26:55,000
And looked at this pattern and 
decided to reject the entire 

523
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:57,800
framework. 
The exact timeline is murky 

524
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:01,100
because Henry and Anne tried to 
keep things quiet at first, but 

525
00:27:01,100 --> 00:27:04,000
the evidence suggests Henry 
started pursuing and seriously 

526
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:09,100
around 1526. 
He was 335, she was maybe 25, he

527
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:11,700
was still married to Catherine. 
None of this was unusual in 

528
00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:14,600
Royal terms. 
What was unusual was Anne's 

529
00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:16,400
response. 
She refused to become his 

530
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:20,200
mistress just flatly refused. 
This was not how it worked. 

531
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:24,200
When a king wanted, you you 
submitted a honored by the 

532
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:26,900
attention? 
and instead suggested that 

533
00:27:26,900 --> 00:27:29,700
perhaps you should return to 
Hever for a while, perhaps the 

534
00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:32,700
king should focus on his wife, 
Henry's reaction was telling 

535
00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:36,500
instead of moving on to someone 
more compliant, he became more 

536
00:27:36,500 --> 00:27:39,700
interested. 
The Chase had always been part 

537
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:42,600
of the appeal for him but 
usually the chase lasted about 

538
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:44,900
five minutes and made him work 
for it. 

539
00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:49,700
We have letters from this period
Henry's letters to an Hers are 

540
00:27:49,700 --> 00:27:52,700
mostly lost, which is suspicious
and suggests someone later. 

541
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:55,700
Destroyed them, probably an 
herself or someone trying to 

542
00:27:55,700 --> 00:27:59,300
protect her reputation, but 
Henry's letters survived 17 of 

543
00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:02,500
them and they show a king 
transforming into a lovesick 

544
00:28:02,500 --> 00:28:05,000
teenager. 
The early letters of formal and 

545
00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:07,100
careful Henry writes and French 
showing off. 

546
00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:11,000
He talks about his devotion, his
desire to serve her, his hope 

547
00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:12,400
that she might consider his 
feelings. 

548
00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:16,200
The tone is almost courtly love 
the medieval tradition. 

549
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:20,000
When Knights Pine for 
unattainable ladies, accept this

550
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:23,100
night could have what every 
wanted by Royal Decree, which 

551
00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:27,100
made the pining genuinely novel,
it's time went on the letters, 

552
00:28:27,100 --> 00:28:30,500
got more desperate Henry was not
used to wanting something and 

553
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:33,000
not getting it. 
He wrote about how he couldn't 

554
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:35,300
sleep, how he thought about her 
constantly. 

555
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:38,200
How no other woman interested 
him anymore. 

556
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:42,000
He sent gifts, he wrote poems, 
which were adequate, but not 

557
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:44,700
great. 
He composed songs, which were 

558
00:28:44,700 --> 00:28:46,600
better because music was 
actually a strong suit. 

559
00:28:47,700 --> 00:28:50,600
And strategy was brilliant 
because it probably wasn't even 

560
00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:53,900
a strategy at first. 
She genuinely didn't want to be 

561
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:56,800
just another mistress. 
She had seen what happened to 

562
00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:59,400
Mistresses. 
They got used and discarded. 

563
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:02,400
They ended up married off to 
whoever the king decided to 

564
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:05,700
reward with their somewhat shop.
Warren presents their children 

565
00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:09,800
if any were bastards with no 
real prospects And wanted more 

566
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:13,400
than that, maybe she wanted to 
be Queen from the start though. 

567
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:16,400
It's hard to say. 
More likely, she just refused to

568
00:29:16,408 --> 00:29:19,400
settle for less than everything.
And when Henry kept pursuing her

569
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:23,400
a possibility of everything 
started to see achievable the 

570
00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:25,600
situation put Anne in an 
impossible position. 

571
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:29,700
He couldn't marry anyone else 
because the king wanted her she 

572
00:29:29,700 --> 00:29:31,800
couldn't become the king's 
mistress because that would 

573
00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,000
destroy any possibility of a 
better outcome. 

574
00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:37,000
She had to keep Henry interested
without giving him what he 

575
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:40,300
wanted this required. 
Walking a very fine line for 

576
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:43,100
years. 
The court watched this unfold 

577
00:29:43,100 --> 00:29:46,900
with Fascination and horror. 
Some people admire Dan's nerve, 

578
00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:48,300
others. 
Thought she was playing with 

579
00:29:48,300 --> 00:29:51,600
fire and would end up burned. 
Everyone had an opinion. 

580
00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:55,400
Nobody could look away, 
Catherine of Aragon watched too.

581
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:58,700
She knew her husband had 
affairs, she had endured them 

582
00:29:58,708 --> 00:30:00,800
with dignity because that was 
what Queens did. 

583
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:04,500
But this was different Henry 
wasn't just sleeping with Anne 

584
00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:06,800
Boleyn. 
He was courting her publicly 

585
00:30:06,800 --> 00:30:10,100
obsessively and an was holding 
out for marriage. 

586
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:15,700
Catherine was 41 by 1527, she 
had been beautiful once but 

587
00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:18,700
years of pregnancies and 
miscarriages and stillbirths are

588
00:30:18,700 --> 00:30:21,500
taking their toll, She had 
fulfilled her Duty by giving 

589
00:30:21,500 --> 00:30:25,100
Henry a surviving child but that
child was a daughter and 

590
00:30:25,100 --> 00:30:27,000
daughter's couldn't inherit the 
Throne of England. 

591
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:30,000
Everyone knew this Henry needed 
a son. 

592
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:33,200
The lack of a male Heir was 
becoming a genuine crisis, 

593
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:35,400
Henry's. 
Father Henry, the seventh, had 

594
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:38,600
won the throne in battle and 
spent his entire range trying to

595
00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:40,700
establish the Tudor dynasty, as 
legitimate. 

596
00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:45,300
One generational wasn't enough. 
Henry the 8th needed a son to 

597
00:30:45,300 --> 00:30:49,300
continue the line without one 
Englund face potential Civil War

598
00:30:49,300 --> 00:30:52,100
when he died. 
This is where and refusal to be 

599
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:53,600
a mistress became 
world-changing. 

600
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:57,000
If she had just left with Henry,
he might have had his father and

601
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,800
moved on but because she held 
out Henry started thinking 

602
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,700
seriously about marriage and 
because Catherine couldn't give 

603
00:31:02,700 --> 00:31:05,400
him a son married to someone 
else started seeming, not just 

604
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,100
desirable. 
But necessary, the problem was 

605
00:31:09,100 --> 00:31:10,700
that you couldn't just divorce a
Queen. 

606
00:31:10,708 --> 00:31:15,200
Mary was a sacrament. 
The pope himself had granted, 

607
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:18,000
the dispensation, allowing Henry
to marry Catherine in the first 

608
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,000
place. 
Since she had been his brother's

609
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,900
widow and church Lord generally 
forbade such marriages now, 

610
00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:26,700
Henry needed that same, Pope to 
declare the marriage invalid. 

611
00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:31,100
Henry's argument was clever, but
shaky, he pointed to Leviticus, 

612
00:31:31,100 --> 00:31:32,900
which forbids a man from 
marrying. 

613
00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:35,600
His brother's wife, and 
threatens childlessness as 

614
00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:38,400
punishment, he claimed that his 
lack of sons. 

615
00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:40,600
Proved God, disapproved of his 
marriage to Catherine, 

616
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:43,800
Therefore, the Pope's 
dispensation had been wronged 

617
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:47,400
the marriage was invalid and he 
was free to marry someone else. 

618
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:50,400
Never mind that, Catherine had 
given birth to multiple 

619
00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:52,300
children. 
Never mind that he had a 

620
00:31:52,300 --> 00:31:54,700
daughter. 
Henry, argued that only son's 

621
00:31:54,700 --> 00:31:57,900
counted for the biblical curse. 
It was the kind of theological 

622
00:31:57,900 --> 00:32:00,900
hair splitting that Scholars 
could debate forever, which they

623
00:32:00,900 --> 00:32:05,300
did. 
In 1527 Henry began the formal 

624
00:32:05,300 --> 00:32:09,100
process of seeking an annulment.
He expected it to take a few 

625
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:11,100
months. 
He was the defender of the 

626
00:32:11,100 --> 00:32:14,600
faith, he was loyal to Rome. 
Surely the pope would 

627
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:16,800
accommodate him. 
It would take six years. 

628
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:20,500
The pope who received Henry's 
request for an annulment was 

629
00:32:20,500 --> 00:32:22,500
Clement. 
The seventh and he had problems 

630
00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:27,100
Henry, didn't fully appreciate? 
Rome in 1527 was not in a strong

631
00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:29,600
position. 
The previous year troops of the 

632
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:32,100
Holy Roman Emperor, Charles the 
fifth had sacked, the city 

633
00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:36,700
sacked Rome, the Eternal City 
seat of Christendom brutalized 

634
00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:40,300
by nominally Christian Soldiers.
Clement had fled to Castel 

635
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:43,700
santangelo and watched his City 
burn, thousands died. 

636
00:32:43,700 --> 00:32:46,100
Churches were looted nuns were 
assaulted. 

637
00:32:46,100 --> 00:32:49,000
The Pope's Authority had never 
seen more fragile. 

638
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,500
Charles, the 5th, the man, whose
troops had done. 

639
00:32:51,500 --> 00:32:53,400
This was Catherine of Aragon's, 
nephew. 

640
00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:56,800
This was a problem Clemente, 
could not afford to offend 

641
00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:00,000
Charles who controlled most of 
Europe and whose armies are just

642
00:33:00,008 --> 00:33:02,100
demonstrated what happened when 
you made him angry. 

643
00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:05,800
But he also couldn't afford to 
completely alienate Henry who 

644
00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:08,200
ruled England and might be 
needed as a counterweight to 

645
00:33:08,208 --> 00:33:10,900
Charles's power. 
So Clement did what popes and 

646
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:12,700
difficult positions have done 
throughout history. 

647
00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:16,000
He stalled he appointed a 
commission to study the 

648
00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:18,100
question. 
He requested more information. 

649
00:33:18,100 --> 00:33:22,000
He delayed he hoped the problem 
would somehow resolve itself. 

650
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:26,500
Henry, waited with increasing 
impatience Han waited with him. 

651
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:31,300
The court weighted England, 
weighted The Waiting stretched 

652
00:33:31,300 --> 00:33:35,200
from months into years during 
this time and position, became 

653
00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:37,700
increasingly precarious, and 
Powerful simultaneously. 

654
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:41,000
She was not Queen but she lived 
like royalty. 

655
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:43,400
Henry gave her apartments at 
court. 

656
00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:47,000
He showered her with gifts. 
He consulted her on political 

657
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:50,300
matters, she sat in Council 
meetings, which no mere 

658
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:53,100
courteous should do, she was 
treated as if the marriage had 

659
00:33:53,100 --> 00:33:55,900
already happened. 
This enraged Catherine 

660
00:33:55,900 --> 00:33:59,200
supporters which included most 
of the old nobility and much of 

661
00:33:59,200 --> 00:34:01,500
the Common People. 
Catherine was popular. 

662
00:34:01,500 --> 00:34:05,000
She was Pious dignified, Spanish
royalty, the mother of Princess,

663
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,000
Mary, she had done, nothing 
wrong. 

664
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:09,199
Divorcing, her to marry some 
jumped up. 

665
00:34:09,199 --> 00:34:12,900
Courteous seemed monstrous and 
became the most hated woman in 

666
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:16,900
England, people spat when she 
passed preachers denounced her 

667
00:34:16,900 --> 00:34:20,300
from pulpits pamphlets. 
Circulated calling her a whore 

668
00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:23,500
and worse. 
The austi was so intense that 

669
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:25,100
she couldn't appear in public 
safely. 

670
00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:28,699
She was confined to court 
essentially under protective 

671
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:31,900
custody, waiting for a pope who 
wouldn't decide and a king who 

672
00:34:31,900 --> 00:34:36,300
wouldn't give up the stalemate 
Force Henry to consider options.

673
00:34:36,300 --> 00:34:37,900
He had never contemplated 
before. 

674
00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:40,500
What if he didn't need the 
Pope's permission? 

675
00:34:40,500 --> 00:34:43,100
What a finger could handle its 
own spiritual Affairs? 

676
00:34:43,100 --> 00:34:46,199
These were dangerous thoughts. 
The kind that led to 

677
00:34:46,199 --> 00:34:49,699
ex-communication impossibly 
Invasion from Catholic Powers, 

678
00:34:49,699 --> 00:34:53,400
but they were also liberating 
thoughts enter Tom Thomas 

679
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:57,400
Cromwell Cromwell was the son of
a blacksmith who had clawed his 

680
00:34:57,408 --> 00:35:00,600
way up through intelligence 
ruthlessness and an absolute 

681
00:35:00,600 --> 00:35:03,700
genius for administration. 
He had traveled in Italy, 

682
00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:07,200
absorbed Machiavelli's ideas, 
about power and returned to 

683
00:35:07,200 --> 00:35:10,600
England ready to apply them. 
He saw in Henry's matrimonial 

684
00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:13,200
crisis, an opportunity to 
completely, restructure, 

685
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:16,300
English, government and 
religion, Cromwell's plan was 

686
00:35:16,308 --> 00:35:20,200
elegant and radical make Henry 
head of the church in England 

687
00:35:20,200 --> 00:35:24,400
break from Rome entirely declare
the marriage to Catherine. 

688
00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:27,100
Invalid, not by people 
Authority, but by Royal and 

689
00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:30,400
parliamentary Authority, solve 
the immediate problem, while 

690
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:32,200
permanently increasing royal 
power. 

691
00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:34,600
This was not just about to 
divorce. 

692
00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:37,400
This was about ripping. 
England away from the religious 

693
00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:40,800
framework that had structured 
European civilization for 1000 

694
00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:43,300
Years. 
The Pope in Rome had always been

695
00:35:43,300 --> 00:35:45,300
the final Authority on spiritual
matters. 

696
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:49,900
Kings might be powerful, but the
church was eternal Cromwell was 

697
00:35:49,900 --> 00:35:53,200
proposing to end that the plan 
needed theological cover. 

698
00:35:53,900 --> 00:35:57,400
Fortunately and had spent years 
in France, absorbing Protestant 

699
00:35:57,400 --> 00:36:00,600
ideas about church Authority and
the Primacy of scripture. 

700
00:36:00,600 --> 00:36:04,500
She had Books, banned books. 
The kind that got people 

701
00:36:04,500 --> 00:36:08,200
executed, William tyndale's 
English translation of the New 

702
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:10,800
Testament. 
Works questioning papal, 

703
00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:13,300
Authority. 
She'd been reading and thinking 

704
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:16,600
about these ideas before they 
became politically useful and 

705
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,400
pushed these books on Henry. 
She convinced him, that 

706
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:22,100
reforming the church wasn't just
politically necessary, but 

707
00:36:22,100 --> 00:36:25,700
spiritually righteous, the 
church had become corrupt. 

708
00:36:25,700 --> 00:36:29,100
Monasteries, were wealthy and 
lazy, priests were more 

709
00:36:29,108 --> 00:36:32,500
interested in their own power 
than in Saving Souls returning 

710
00:36:32,500 --> 00:36:35,600
to biblical truth meant reducing
Church Authority and increasing 

711
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:38,600
Royal Authority. 
This was Protestant Reformation 

712
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:41,400
theology dressed up as loyal 
English Christianity. 

713
00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:45,700
Henry didn't think of himself as
a Protestant, he still believed 

714
00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:48,700
in most Catholic Doctrine, but 
he was willing to adopt 

715
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:51,000
Protestant arguments about 
Churchill Authority when they 

716
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:52,800
supported what he wanted to do 
anyway. 

717
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,300
In 1532, Cromwell began, pushing
legislation through Parliament. 

718
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:01,200
The actin Restraint of Appeals 
declare that England was an 

719
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:04,400
Empire Sovereign and complete 
with no higher authority, this 

720
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:08,000
cut legal ties with Rome the act
of Supremacy which would come 

721
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:11,000
later would formally declare 
Henry Supreme head of the church

722
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:13,400
in England. 
The church in England, fought 

723
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:16,700
back but without real 
conviction, many Bishops had 

724
00:37:16,700 --> 00:37:19,000
been appointed by the king and 
owed him, their positions. 

725
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,000
Many were genuinely sympathetic 
to reform ideas. 

726
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,000
Some were just cowards who 
valued their lives more than 

727
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:30,000
their principles the resistance 
crumbled in January 1533 Henry 

728
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:32,800
and Anne married secretly. 
She was already pregnant. 

729
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:36,400
The child had to be legitimate 
the timing was critical. 

730
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:40,300
They went public in May and was 
crowned Queen in June. 

731
00:37:40,300 --> 00:37:44,800
The ceremony was magnificent. 
An awkward the crowds watched in

732
00:37:44,800 --> 00:37:48,700
hostile silence and processed 
through London in cloth of gold,

733
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:51,900
while people refused to cheer. 
It was a coronation without 

734
00:37:51,900 --> 00:37:54,900
popular support, Royal 
Authority, imposed by Royal 

735
00:37:54,900 --> 00:37:58,000
Decree Catherine refused to 
accept any of it. 

736
00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,400
She insisted she was the true 
Queen until the day she died. 

737
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:04,300
She raised Princess Mary to 
believe Henry's. 

738
00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:07,200
Second marriage was bigamy and 
Mary was the legitimate Heir, 

739
00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:11,200
this the succession and 
guaranteed future conflict. 

740
00:38:12,300 --> 00:38:15,800
The pope finally excommunicated,
Henry, and 1538 after, 

741
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:19,700
everything had already happened.
The papal bull was too late to 

742
00:38:19,700 --> 00:38:22,000
matter. 
England had already broken away.

743
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:25,800
The Reformation was underway, 
and Berlin's pregnancy was the 

744
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:28,300
most politically significant 
pregnancy in English History. 

745
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:30,600
Everything depended on this 
child. 

746
00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:33,600
If and delivered a healthy son, 
she would be secure. 

747
00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:36,100
The break from Rome would be 
justified. 

748
00:38:36,100 --> 00:38:39,500
Henry's gamble would pay off the
succession would be settled. 

749
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:42,600
England would have a male Heir, 
and the Tudor dynasty would 

750
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:44,900
continue. 
All the upheaval all, the 

751
00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:47,900
hatred, she had endured all the 
religious transformation would 

752
00:38:47,900 --> 00:38:51,200
be Vindicated. 
The best physicians attended 

753
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:53,900
her, the Royal Physicians. 
The ones who had attended 

754
00:38:53,900 --> 00:38:56,100
Catherine through. 
So many fails pregnancies, 

755
00:38:56,100 --> 00:39:00,000
astrologers were consulted about
auspicious timing for the birth.

756
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:03,700
Prayers were said in every 
Church in England, even though 

757
00:39:03,700 --> 00:39:06,000
those churches were increasingly
confused about who. 

758
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:09,000
Exactly, they were praying to 
now that the Pope's Authority 

759
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:12,800
had been rejected, The Court 
held its Collective breath and 

760
00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:17,100
waited, and gave birth on 
September the 7th 1533 at 

761
00:39:17,100 --> 00:39:20,000
Greenwich Palace. 
The label was a straightforward,

762
00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:22,800
which was fortunate because 
Tudor medicine, could not do 

763
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:25,800
much, if things went wrong 
Beyond prayer and hope the 

764
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:28,300
midwife's new their craft. 
But their tools were limited, 

765
00:39:28,300 --> 00:39:31,900
the child arrived healthy and 
crying, which was the first 

766
00:39:31,900 --> 00:39:35,700
blessing, it was a girl, The 
disappointment was immediate and

767
00:39:35,700 --> 00:39:38,900
crushing. 
Not just for Henry though, his 

768
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:40,000
face apparently showed 
everything. 

769
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:42,800
But for everyone who had 
invested in this pregnancy 

770
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:46,500
producing a male heir, The 
letters announcing the birth had

771
00:39:46,500 --> 00:39:48,700
already been prepared with the 
word Prince written out. 

772
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:51,900
Someone had to add an S to make 
it princess. 

773
00:39:51,900 --> 00:39:55,700
That small addition told the 
whole story, they named her 

774
00:39:55,700 --> 00:39:58,400
Elisabeth. 
After both her grandmothers, the

775
00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:00,700
christening was appropriately 
magnificent because you had to 

776
00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:04,200
maintain appearances, regardless
of disappointment, You couldn't 

777
00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:07,100
admit publicly that a healthy 
royal baby was anything other 

778
00:40:07,100 --> 00:40:10,600
than a blessing. 
The ceremony at the church of 

779
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:12,900
the observant. 
Fryers at Greenwich was lavish 

780
00:40:12,900 --> 00:40:16,300
silver, fonts expensive, 
fabrics, and important, 

781
00:40:16,300 --> 00:40:20,700
godparents everything, proper 
and expensive Princess Maori, 

782
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:24,100
Henry's daughter from Catherine,
was demoted to Lady, Mary and 

783
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:26,300
forced to serve in baby 
Elizabeth's household. 

784
00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:29,100
This was both Petty and 
politically necessary. 

785
00:40:29,100 --> 00:40:32,800
You couldn't have two princesses
when one was supposedly a 

786
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:35,300
legitimate. 
Mary was 17 years old and 

787
00:40:35,300 --> 00:40:38,400
Furious. 
She refused to acknowledge an as

788
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,300
Queen or Elizabeth as Prince. 
This opened Defiance would cause

789
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:45,500
problems for years. 
Henry tried to hide his 

790
00:40:45,500 --> 00:40:47,000
disappointment and failed 
completely. 

791
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:50,000
He had been so certain the child
would be male. 

792
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:53,600
The astrologers had promised a 
son, their predictions had been 

793
00:40:53,608 --> 00:40:56,200
clear. 
God himself should have rewarded

794
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:58,000
Henry's righteousness with a 
male, Heir. 

795
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:01,300
He had broken with Rome. 
Risked excommunication. 

796
00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:05,100
Endured years of waiting. 
A daughter was not what anyone 

797
00:41:05,100 --> 00:41:09,100
wanted except possibly Anne, who
at least had produced a living 

798
00:41:09,100 --> 00:41:12,300
child and survived the birth. 
But a daughter, proved that an 

799
00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:14,900
could have children, which was 
something and they were both 

800
00:41:14,900 --> 00:41:18,000
young enough to try again. 
The next one would be a boy. 

801
00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:21,500
It had to be. 
The pressure on and to deliver a

802
00:41:21,500 --> 00:41:24,800
son became crushing she was 
Queen, but her position was 

803
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:27,200
entirely dependent on giving 
Henry what he needed. 

804
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:30,800
Catherine had failed at this 
over 12 years and lost her 

805
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:33,800
thrown because of it. 
And had to succeed where 

806
00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:38,100
Catherine had not, she had no 
margin for error, no, reserve of

807
00:41:38,100 --> 00:41:41,300
Goodwill know years of loyal 
service to fall back on. 

808
00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:44,400
She became pregnant again 
quickly. 

809
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:47,700
This was good. 
This meant she was fertile and 

810
00:41:47,700 --> 00:41:49,900
Henry was still interested 
enough to share her bed 

811
00:41:49,900 --> 00:41:53,400
regularly. 
But then she miscarried probably

812
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:57,500
in the summer of 1534. 
The details of vague because 

813
00:41:57,500 --> 00:42:00,700
miscarriages didn't warrant the 
record keeping that live births 

814
00:42:00,700 --> 00:42:02,800
received. 
Just another pregnancy that 

815
00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:05,700
failed. 
Another hope disappointed, she 

816
00:42:05,700 --> 00:42:09,400
became pregnant again. 
Miscarried again, each failed 

817
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:12,600
pregnancy weakened her position 
like water wearing away Stone. 

818
00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:15,700
Henry's patience. 
Never, his strongest quality 

819
00:42:15,700 --> 00:42:18,500
wore thin. 
He started to wonder if God was 

820
00:42:18,500 --> 00:42:22,100
sending him a message about this
marriage too, the court that had

821
00:42:22,100 --> 00:42:25,100
reluctantly accepted Anne, when 
she was the exciting new thing 

822
00:42:25,100 --> 00:42:26,900
began to turn against her more 
openly. 

823
00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:30,600
She had too many enemies and not
enough power to silence them. 

824
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:33,600
The old nobility resented, her 
common Origins, and her 

825
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:37,000
Protestant sympathies, they 
missed the old ways, the old 

826
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:41,300
church, the certainty of Rome's 
Authority, Catherine supporters 

827
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:44,200
hated her for placing their 
Queen and endangering princess 

828
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:47,600
Mary's position. the common 
people had never accepted her 

829
00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:52,600
and never would Now, even 
Henry's enthusiasm was cooling, 

830
00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:56,400
like, a fire burning down to 
Embers hands personality, didn't

831
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,700
help her cause she had never 
learned to be conciliatory or 

832
00:42:59,700 --> 00:43:02,500
deferential. 
French confidence that had made 

833
00:43:02,500 --> 00:43:05,300
her interesting during courtship
made her seem arrogant as Queen.

834
00:43:05,300 --> 00:43:09,300
She argued with Henry about 
policy about appointments about 

835
00:43:09,300 --> 00:43:12,000
everything. 
Queens were not supposed to do 

836
00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:14,500
this. 
Queen was supposed to be gentle 

837
00:43:14,500 --> 00:43:17,800
and supportive and quietly. 
Influential at most she had 

838
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:20,800
opinions on religious policy and
expressed them forcefully. 

839
00:43:21,600 --> 00:43:25,100
She wanted faster a form more 
Protestant measures the 

840
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:27,700
monasteries dissolved in their 
wealth redistributed. 

841
00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:30,900
She patronized reformist 
preachers and protected them 

842
00:43:30,900 --> 00:43:33,400
when conservatives tried to 
prosecute them for heresy. 

843
00:43:34,300 --> 00:43:36,600
This made enemies among the 
Bishops and Nobles, who were 

844
00:43:36,608 --> 00:43:38,700
nervous about how far the 
Reformation would go. 

845
00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:42,100
She was sharp tongued when she 
should have been diplomatic. 

846
00:43:42,100 --> 00:43:45,200
She made cutting remarks about 
people who then became her 

847
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:47,700
enemies. 
She couldn't resist winning an 

848
00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:49,700
argument even when losing 
gracefully would have served her

849
00:43:49,700 --> 00:43:52,800
better politically. 
These were the habits of someone

850
00:43:52,800 --> 00:43:54,900
who had always been clever and 
rewarded for it. 

851
00:43:54,900 --> 00:43:58,100
Not the habits of someone who's 
positioned depended on others. 

852
00:43:58,100 --> 00:44:01,300
Liking her Henry, meanwhile was 
getting older and the Aging was 

853
00:44:01,300 --> 00:44:04,900
not kind. 
He was 43 and 1534 still 

854
00:44:04,900 --> 00:44:07,700
vigorous in many ways, but not 
the athletic young king anymore.

855
00:44:08,600 --> 00:44:11,900
A jousting accident in 1536. 
Would leave him with a leg wound

856
00:44:11,900 --> 00:44:15,200
that never properly healed, an 
ulcer that fested and caused him

857
00:44:15,208 --> 00:44:18,500
pain for the rest of his life. 
He was starting to get heavy 

858
00:44:18,500 --> 00:44:21,300
around the middle. 
The famous portrait, from Lady 

859
00:44:21,300 --> 00:44:24,400
years, the massive Henry, and 
elaborate dress, with tiny 

860
00:44:24,400 --> 00:44:27,400
suspicious eyes, was beginning 
to emerge from the athletic 

861
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:30,000
prints. 
He was also noticing other women

862
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:32,900
in the way he always had Jane 
Seymour specifically. 

863
00:44:33,700 --> 00:44:36,400
Jane was one of Anne's ladies 
and waiting which was either 

864
00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:39,000
ironic or predictable, depending
on how you looked at it. 

865
00:44:39,700 --> 00:44:43,100
She was everything and wasn't 
pale, where Anne was dark 

866
00:44:43,100 --> 00:44:45,900
blonde, where Anne was brunette,
quiet. 

867
00:44:45,900 --> 00:44:49,400
Where Anne was sharp submissive?
Where Anne was argumentative 

868
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:53,600
English to the core with none of
Anne's foreign ways she was 

869
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:56,500
about as interesting as oatmeal,
but that was suddenly appealing 

870
00:44:56,500 --> 00:45:01,200
Henry was tired of interesting. 
He wanted compliant and saw what

871
00:45:01,200 --> 00:45:03,900
was happening. 
She had eyes, she had been at 

872
00:45:03,900 --> 00:45:05,700
court long enough to recognize 
the signs. 

873
00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:08,600
She had watched this exact 
scenario play out with 

874
00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:11,200
Catherine, The king's attention,
wandering. 

875
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:15,600
New woman being positioned the 
old Queen slowly being edged out

876
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:18,900
of favor. 
Now she was the old Queen and 

877
00:45:18,900 --> 00:45:21,500
some pale in sipping. 
English girl was being groomed 

878
00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:25,400
as her replacement. 
She became desperate, her 

879
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:27,600
responses, grew sharp, 
occasionally, hysterical. 

880
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:30,500
She accused Henry of infidelity,
which was true. 

881
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:35,100
But unwise to say she made 
scenes, she cried These 

882
00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:38,300
responses were understandable 
given what she was facing but 

883
00:45:38,300 --> 00:45:41,400
they were tactically, 
disastrous, they confirmed every

884
00:45:41,400 --> 00:45:43,800
negative thing. 
People said about her, they made

885
00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:46,600
Henry, see her as tiresome and 
difficult when he wanted. 

886
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:51,500
Peace and agreement. 
In January, 1536, Catherine of 

887
00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:53,000
Aragon died at kimballton 
Castle. 

888
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:56,400
She was 50 years old worn out, 
from years, of struggle, and 

889
00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:59,300
Exile, from power and grief over
her daughter's mistreatment. 

890
00:45:59,900 --> 00:46:03,100
Her death should have simplified
things with Catherine. 

891
00:46:03,100 --> 00:46:06,700
Gone, there was no rival Queen, 
no one could claim Henry should 

892
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:09,800
return to his first wife Ann's 
position should have been more 

893
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:14,300
secure Instead Catherine's death
freed Henry to consider options.

894
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:17,100
He hadn't had before. 
While Catherine lived. 

895
00:46:17,100 --> 00:46:20,000
Divorcing Anne mentored 
admitting the break from Rome 

896
00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:22,700
had been a mistake. 
He would have to beg the pope 

897
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:24,800
for forgiveness and possibly 
take Catherine back. 

898
00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:28,800
With Catherine dead Henry could 
claim his marriage to Anne had 

899
00:46:28,800 --> 00:46:30,700
been invalid from the start for 
different reasons. 

900
00:46:30,700 --> 00:46:34,100
He could marry Jane Seymour and 
start fresh with out looking 

901
00:46:34,100 --> 00:46:35,900
completely absurd or 
hypocritical. 

902
00:46:37,500 --> 00:46:42,100
On the same day Catherine died 
and miscarried she was about 15 

903
00:46:42,100 --> 00:46:45,700
weeks pregnant far enough along 
that the child sex could be 

904
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:48,500
determined. 
It was a boy The timing was 

905
00:46:48,500 --> 00:46:51,000
catastrophic. 
The one thing she needed to do. 

906
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:54,800
She had just failed at again? 
Henry, wanted to know why God 

907
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:58,700
kept denying him son's hands 
failure to produce a living male

908
00:46:58,700 --> 00:47:02,000
Heir, was starting to look less 
like bad luck and more like 

909
00:47:02,000 --> 00:47:05,200
Divine disapproval of this 
marriage, the same way, he had 

910
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:07,700
claimed Divine disapproval of 
the marriage to Catherine. 

911
00:47:08,500 --> 00:47:09,900
Cromwell saw where things were 
heading. 

912
00:47:09,900 --> 00:47:12,400
He was brilliant, at reading, 
political winds. 

913
00:47:12,400 --> 00:47:15,400
He had built his career on 
Anne's rise, it helped 

914
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:17,900
orchestrate. 
The break from Rome, he had 

915
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:20,000
pushed the Reformation 
legislation through Parliament. 

916
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:24,200
Her fall could mean his fault 
too, unless he managed, the full

917
00:47:24,200 --> 00:47:27,500
himself and showed Henry, he was
still useful, regardless of who 

918
00:47:27,500 --> 00:47:30,800
was Queen. 
He started collecting evidence 

919
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:34,200
of treason or rather. 
He started inventing evidence of

920
00:47:34,200 --> 00:47:37,500
treason because an had an 
actually committed any but 

921
00:47:37,500 --> 00:47:39,300
treason was whatever the king 
said it was. 

922
00:47:39,300 --> 00:47:42,300
And if the king wanted and gone 
then evidence, could be 

923
00:47:42,308 --> 00:47:46,300
manufactured the charges against
Anne were absurd on their face. 

924
00:47:46,300 --> 00:47:50,000
They accused of adultery with 
five men, including her own 

925
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:52,900
brother George, they claimed, 
she had plotted to murder the 

926
00:47:52,900 --> 00:47:54,900
king so she could marry one of 
her lovers. 

927
00:47:54,900 --> 00:47:57,900
The idea that a queen under 
constant surveillance 

928
00:47:57,900 --> 00:48:01,100
accompanied Everywhere. 
By ladies in Waiting could 

929
00:48:01,100 --> 00:48:04,300
conduct multiple simultaneous 
Affairs, including incest was 

930
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:06,700
laughable. 
But the charges didn't need to 

931
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:09,300
be believable, they just needed 
to be official. 

932
00:48:10,500 --> 00:48:13,200
The men accused with her were 
arrested, first in late April 

933
00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:17,900
marks meeting a court musician. 
Henry Norris, one of the king's 

934
00:48:17,900 --> 00:48:21,600
closest friends, William 
brereton, a group of the king's 

935
00:48:21,600 --> 00:48:26,800
chamber France's Western another
courtier and George Boleyn her 

936
00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:29,100
own brother. 
Some were tortured to extract 

937
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:32,900
confessions smeaton confessed 
probably under torture, though. 

938
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:35,700
The details are unclear. 
The others maintained their 

939
00:48:35,700 --> 00:48:38,200
innocence. 
It didn't matter, they were put 

940
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:40,900
on trial and convicted on 
basically, no evidence Beyond 

941
00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:45,000
coincidence and proximity. 
Then on May 2nd and herself was 

942
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:47,800
arrested at Greenwich and taken 
by barge to the Tower of London.

943
00:48:47,800 --> 00:48:51,000
She entered through the same. 
Watergate her father had helped 

944
00:48:51,008 --> 00:48:54,200
build during its renovation. 
She had processed through London

945
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:56,300
in Triumph as Queen 3 years 
earlier. 

946
00:48:57,300 --> 00:48:59,400
Now, she returned as a prisoner 
facing death. 

947
00:49:00,300 --> 00:49:02,700
She was terrified but also 
strangely calm. 

948
00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:05,200
Part of her must have known. 
This was coming. 

949
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:09,500
She had seen how quickly favor 
could turn into catastrophe, she

950
00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:12,600
had helped orchestrate 
Catherine's downfall, she knew 

951
00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:15,100
how easily the Machinery of 
power could be turned against 

952
00:49:15,100 --> 00:49:17,500
you. 
Now, the same mechanism was 

953
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:20,800
being used on her. 
A trial was a formality 

954
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:24,200
conducted with the appearance of
Justice, the verdict was 

955
00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:27,000
predetermined. 
She was convicted of adultery 

956
00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:30,800
with all five men of incest with
her brother of plotting to 

957
00:49:30,800 --> 00:49:33,700
murder the king. 
The sentence was death by 

958
00:49:33,700 --> 00:49:37,400
burning or beheading at the 
king's pleasure Henry generously

959
00:49:37,400 --> 00:49:39,200
commuted. 
Burning at the stake to be 

960
00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:41,300
heading by sword, which was 
considered a mercy. 

961
00:49:41,300 --> 00:49:45,100
The sword was the French method 
fast faster and cleaner than the

962
00:49:45,100 --> 00:49:47,500
English acts. 
A small concession to her years 

963
00:49:47,500 --> 00:49:51,000
in France. and spent her last 
days in the tower, in the same 

964
00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:54,500
room she had used before her 
coronation The irony was not 

965
00:49:54,500 --> 00:49:57,500
lost on her. 
She alternated between Karm 

966
00:49:57,500 --> 00:49:59,200
acceptance and moments of 
Hysteria. 

967
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:02,800
She prayed constantly. 
She asked if the execution would

968
00:50:02,800 --> 00:50:05,100
hurt, she was told it would be 
quick. 

969
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:08,300
She joked Darkly about having a 
little neck that would make The 

970
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:11,800
Executioner's job easier. 
She asked that the execution be 

971
00:50:11,800 --> 00:50:15,100
done by an expert swordsman from
France, rather than an English 

972
00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:17,300
axeman. 
And Henry, granted this request,

973
00:50:17,300 --> 00:50:20,200
he had already sent for the 
Executioner before her trial 

974
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:23,100
even began, which shows how 
predetermined the outcome was. 

975
00:50:23,100 --> 00:50:27,700
She wanted a clean death, she 
would get one The morning of May

976
00:50:27,700 --> 00:50:31,900
19th, 1536 dawned clear. 
Over London, the kind of spring 

977
00:50:31,900 --> 00:50:33,400
morning. 
That makes you grateful to be 

978
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:38,200
alive, which must have felt 
cruel to Amber Lynn And woke 

979
00:50:38,200 --> 00:50:40,900
early in her rooms in the tower.
She had slept surprisingly. 

980
00:50:40,900 --> 00:50:44,900
Well, considering what awaited, 
her The human body has limits to

981
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:48,400
how long it can maintain pure 
Terror, eventually exhaustion 

982
00:50:48,400 --> 00:50:50,700
wins. 
Eventually you sleep because you

983
00:50:50,700 --> 00:50:54,000
have to Its Consciousness is too
heavy to carry anymore. 

984
00:50:55,500 --> 00:50:58,600
She had been in the tower for 
just over two weeks waiting for 

985
00:50:58,600 --> 00:50:59,800
a death. 
She knew was coming. 

986
00:51:00,700 --> 00:51:02,200
She dressed carefully with the 
help of her. 

987
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:04,900
Ladies, you all your best 
clothes to your execution? 

988
00:51:04,900 --> 00:51:08,500
It was a kind of final 
performance the last chance to 

989
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:10,000
control how people remembered 
you. 

990
00:51:10,600 --> 00:51:13,900
She chose a dark gray, Damascus,
gown with a crimson curdle 

991
00:51:13,900 --> 00:51:17,400
underneath the colors were 
somber, but rich and Herman, 

992
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:19,400
mantle for her shoulders, 
despite the warmth of the 

993
00:51:19,400 --> 00:51:22,700
morning. 
Ermin was for royalty, she was 

994
00:51:22,700 --> 00:51:24,500
still technically Queen until 
the moment. 

995
00:51:24,500 --> 00:51:27,800
The sword fell a white linen. 
Headdress that covered her dark 

996
00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:32,400
hair, she looked dignified 
composed queenly in a way that 

997
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:36,500
must have taken enormous effort.
The Executioner had arrived from

998
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:40,300
Cali the previous night, he was 
an expert with a sword brought 

999
00:51:40,300 --> 00:51:44,200
in specialty because and had 
requested it, a sword was faster

1000
00:51:44,200 --> 00:51:46,900
and cleaner than an, if the 
execution in his business. 

1001
00:51:46,900 --> 00:51:49,800
It required skill to behead, 
someone with one stroke. 

1002
00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:53,100
The English executioner used 
knacks and sometimes needed 

1003
00:51:53,100 --> 00:51:56,900
multiple blows to finish the job
and wanted a clean death and 

1004
00:51:56,900 --> 00:51:58,700
Henry had granted her that small
Mercy. 

1005
00:52:00,000 --> 00:52:03,000
The execution was scheduled for 
9 in the morning, but there were

1006
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:05,500
delays. 
The kind of delays that stretch 

1007
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:07,500
minutes into hours when you're 
waiting to die. 

1008
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:10,700
The Swordsman needed time to 
prepare himself. 

1009
00:52:11,700 --> 00:52:14,600
Stance on the scaffold to make 
sure everything was positioned 

1010
00:52:14,600 --> 00:52:17,500
correctly. 
The scaffold itself needed to be

1011
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:19,800
checked. 
The crowd had to be assembled 

1012
00:52:19,800 --> 00:52:21,700
because executions were public 
events. 

1013
00:52:21,700 --> 00:52:24,000
You couldn't just quietly kill a
queen. 

1014
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:27,400
It had to be witnessed recorded 
made official. 

1015
00:52:28,500 --> 00:52:31,700
And waited with her ladies, four
of them had stayed with her 

1016
00:52:31,700 --> 00:52:35,500
through everything women who had
served her as Queen and now 

1017
00:52:35,500 --> 00:52:39,400
served her in her last hours. 
she talked with them normally or

1018
00:52:39,400 --> 00:52:42,600
as normally as anyone could 
under the circumstances, she 

1019
00:52:42,600 --> 00:52:45,500
even joked a little She made a 
comment about having a little 

1020
00:52:45,500 --> 00:52:48,200
neck which would make the 
executioners job easier. 

1021
00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:52,400
Dark humor was apparently a 
balloon family trait, something 

1022
00:52:52,400 --> 00:52:55,100
she shared with her brother who 
had died, two days early on the 

1023
00:52:55,100 --> 00:52:58,600
same charges, her ability, to 
maintain composure impressed, 

1024
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:01,400
even people who hated her and 
many people hated her. 

1025
00:53:02,400 --> 00:53:04,300
The witnesses, who would later 
describe this day? 

1026
00:53:04,300 --> 00:53:07,600
Talked about her calmness, her 
dignity, her courage. 

1027
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:10,800
These were not qualities. 
They expected from a woman, they

1028
00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:14,000
had been told was a scheming 
adulterous, but seeing someone 

1029
00:53:14,000 --> 00:53:17,300
face death, bravely made you 
reconsider your judgments or at 

1030
00:53:17,300 --> 00:53:18,700
least made you uncomfortable 
about them. 

1031
00:53:18,700 --> 00:53:21,500
The Constable of the tower, 
arrived to escort her to the 

1032
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:23,100
scaffold. 
It was time. 

1033
00:53:23,100 --> 00:53:24,900
She stood with without 
hesitation. 

1034
00:53:25,600 --> 00:53:28,300
She walked calmly through the 
tower, her ladies behind her. 

1035
00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:32,500
No stumbling, no pleading for 
more time, the scaffold was 

1036
00:53:32,500 --> 00:53:36,300
built on Tower green inside the 
tower walls rather than on Tower

1037
00:53:36,300 --> 00:53:37,800
Hill. 
Where common criminals died. 

1038
00:53:37,800 --> 00:53:41,800
This was a concession to her 
rank Queen's, didn't die in 

1039
00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:44,100
front of the general public like
traitors and thieves. 

1040
00:53:44,100 --> 00:53:48,300
Maybe a thousand people were 
there to watch, Mostly officials

1041
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:51,200
and Witnesses, required by law, 
to verify that Justice had been 

1042
00:53:51,208 --> 00:53:54,700
done the mayor of London, 
various Nobles caught officials,

1043
00:53:54,700 --> 00:53:58,500
some were there by invitation 
others had pulled strings to get

1044
00:53:58,508 --> 00:54:02,200
in a queen's execution, was 
history in the making. 

1045
00:54:02,900 --> 00:54:05,900
People wanted to be able to say 
they had seen it, they wanted to

1046
00:54:05,900 --> 00:54:08,300
tell their grandchildren about 
the day and Berlin died. 

1047
00:54:09,400 --> 00:54:12,300
A fold was raised about four 
feet off the ground high enough 

1048
00:54:12,300 --> 00:54:15,200
that everyone could see. 
Clearly it was covered in straw 

1049
00:54:15,200 --> 00:54:18,500
to soak up the blood that would 
come A wooden block was placed 

1050
00:54:18,500 --> 00:54:21,300
in the center though. 
Anne would Neil upright with the

1051
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:23,800
block because the sword required
a different position than the 

1052
00:54:23,800 --> 00:54:26,500
axe. 
The Executioner stood ready? 

1053
00:54:26,500 --> 00:54:28,600
His sword hidden under the 
straw. 

1054
00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:30,000
So Anna wouldn't see it in 
panic. 

1055
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:32,900
Professional executioners knew 
that are calmed. 

1056
00:54:32,900 --> 00:54:36,300
Victim, made their job easier. 
And climb the steps. 

1057
00:54:36,300 --> 00:54:39,600
Steadily 12 steps. 
Someone counted later. 

1058
00:54:39,600 --> 00:54:43,200
She addressed the crowd as was 
customary for The Condemned. 

1059
00:54:43,900 --> 00:54:47,500
People expected a final speech. 
Some use the opportunity to 

1060
00:54:47,500 --> 00:54:51,400
Proclaim innocence others, made 
political statements, some Just 

1061
00:54:51,400 --> 00:54:55,100
prayed and got it over with. 
And said nothing about her 

1062
00:54:55,100 --> 00:54:58,200
innocence, which disappointed 
those hoping for drama or 

1063
00:54:58,200 --> 00:55:00,800
confession. 
She said, she'd come here to die

1064
00:55:00,800 --> 00:55:03,500
according to law. 
She asked people to pray for the

1065
00:55:03,500 --> 00:55:07,100
king who had been good to her 
and treated her well, She asked 

1066
00:55:07,100 --> 00:55:10,600
for prayers for herself. 
The words, were careful neutral,

1067
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:13,200
giving nothing away. 
She was protecting Elizabeth. 

1068
00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:16,500
Maybe she was protecting herself
from charges that might extend 

1069
00:55:16,500 --> 00:55:19,000
beyond death. 
She was just getting through it.

1070
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:22,500
The best way she could, she 
forgave her execution of before,

1071
00:55:22,500 --> 00:55:25,700
he had done anything, this was 
traditional, the executional 

1072
00:55:25,700 --> 00:55:27,500
would Neil and ask for 
forgiveness, for what he was 

1073
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:31,100
about to do The Condemned 
person, would Grant it sparing 

1074
00:55:31,100 --> 00:55:33,600
him guilt and supposedly in a 
clean stroke? 

1075
00:55:34,400 --> 00:55:38,000
It was a small kindness in an 
unkind situation, a ritual that 

1076
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:40,300
made the unbearable slightly 
more bearable for everyone 

1077
00:55:40,300 --> 00:55:42,100
involved. 
She removed her. 

1078
00:55:42,100 --> 00:55:44,600
Headdress with her own hands. 
One of her ladies, stepped 

1079
00:55:44,600 --> 00:55:46,600
forward, and tied a blindfold 
around her eyes. 

1080
00:55:47,400 --> 00:55:50,500
Not a thick cloth but thin 
enough that light came through 

1081
00:55:50,500 --> 00:55:52,800
thick enough that she wouldn't 
see the blade coming. 

1082
00:55:53,700 --> 00:55:56,800
She knelt on the straw and 
positioned herself upright with 

1083
00:55:56,800 --> 00:56:00,100
without the block hands. 
Clasped She began praying 

1084
00:56:00,100 --> 00:56:03,100
quietly in English and possibly 
French to Christ. 

1085
00:56:03,100 --> 00:56:07,100
She commended her soul Jesus 
received my soul over and over 

1086
00:56:07,100 --> 00:56:10,800
like a mantra focusing on those 
words and of what was about to 

1087
00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:13,900
happen. 
The Executioner was professional

1088
00:56:13,900 --> 00:56:17,500
and practiced while and prayed. 
He made a show of stepping 

1089
00:56:17,500 --> 00:56:19,900
toward his assistant, and 
calling loudly for the sword, 

1090
00:56:19,900 --> 00:56:22,000
drawing her attention in that 
direction. 

1091
00:56:23,200 --> 00:56:25,300
While she turned her head 
slightly toward the sound 

1092
00:56:25,300 --> 00:56:28,700
tracking it instinctively, he 
retrieved the actual sword from 

1093
00:56:28,700 --> 00:56:30,100
the straw where it had been 
hidden. 

1094
00:56:30,900 --> 00:56:33,500
He took his position behind her.
He raised the blade. 

1095
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:36,500
He swung in one smooth, motion 
one stroke. 

1096
00:56:36,500 --> 00:56:41,300
Clean And died, instantly her 
body collapsing. 

1097
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:43,500
Forward before her mind could 
register what had happened. 

1098
00:56:43,500 --> 00:56:46,700
The head was caught in the 
cloth, her lady had prepared for

1099
00:56:46,700 --> 00:56:48,900
it. 
They had thought of everything. 

1100
00:56:48,900 --> 00:56:53,400
Even this final indignity, the 
body was lifted and placed in an

1101
00:56:53,400 --> 00:56:55,900
arrow chest because nobody had 
bothered to arrange a proper 

1102
00:56:55,900 --> 00:56:57,500
coffee. 
An arrow chest. 

1103
00:56:57,500 --> 00:57:01,700
The kind used to store weapons. 
That was what they could spare 

1104
00:57:01,700 --> 00:57:04,300
for a queen. 
She was buried that after noon, 

1105
00:57:04,300 --> 00:57:07,500
in the chapel of Saint Peter and
vinca within the tower, the 

1106
00:57:07,500 --> 00:57:09,800
chapel of Saint Peter in Chains 
and appropriate name. 

1107
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:14,100
No ceremony, no Monument, no 
more Memorial, just another body

1108
00:57:14,100 --> 00:57:17,000
in the ground. 
The king who had broken with 

1109
00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:19,400
Rome and shattered English 
religion for her was already 

1110
00:57:19,400 --> 00:57:22,700
betrothed to Jane Seymour. 
The betrothal had happened the 

1111
00:57:22,700 --> 00:57:26,000
day after Anne's execution, they
would marry 11 days later. 

1112
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:29,400
Everything moved quickly. 
When a king wanted it to and 

1113
00:57:29,400 --> 00:57:33,100
Berlin had been Queen for 1,000 
days, give or take 1,000 days 

1114
00:57:33,100 --> 00:57:35,000
that had changed England 
forever, though. 

1115
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:37,500
Nobody quite realized it yet, 
they thought they were 

1116
00:57:37,500 --> 00:57:38,900
witnessing. 
The end of a scandal. 

1117
00:57:38,900 --> 00:57:41,200
They didn't understand. 
They had witnessed the beginning

1118
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:43,800
of a revolution. 
The woman they buried in May, 

1119
00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:46,900
1536 would have been forgotten 
if history had followed the 

1120
00:57:46,900 --> 00:57:50,000
expected script. 
Jane Seymour would give Henry 

1121
00:57:50,000 --> 00:57:52,500
his son and Edward. 
The sixth would inherit the 

1122
00:57:52,508 --> 00:57:55,700
throne and rule for decades. 
Princess mayor and Princess 

1123
00:57:55,700 --> 00:57:57,500
Elizabeth would Fade Into 
footnotes. 

1124
00:57:57,500 --> 00:58:00,500
The break from Rome would be 
reversed or minimized. 

1125
00:58:00,500 --> 00:58:04,200
England would return to being 
Catholic and would be remembered

1126
00:58:04,200 --> 00:58:07,700
as a scheming temptress, who 
briefly confused a king, the 

1127
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:10,300
four Justice was served, none of
that happened. 

1128
00:58:11,200 --> 00:58:15,400
Jane Seymour did give Henry a 
son in 1537 and died. 12 Days. 

1129
00:58:15,400 --> 00:58:18,900
Later from complications. 
Edward was a sickly child. 

1130
00:58:18,900 --> 00:58:21,900
Who would inherit the throne at 
9 years old and die at 15? 

1131
00:58:21,900 --> 00:58:25,700
He never married. 
Never had children left No Air. 

1132
00:58:26,700 --> 00:58:29,700
Tudor line that Henry had broken
England's religion to secure 

1133
00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:32,900
died with him. 
Princess Mary, and herited next,

1134
00:58:32,900 --> 00:58:35,800
she tried desperately to return 
England to Catholicism. 

1135
00:58:35,800 --> 00:58:39,900
She married Philip of Spain. 
She burned Protestant Heretics, 

1136
00:58:39,900 --> 00:58:42,800
by the hundreds earning herself,
the nickname Bloody Mary. 

1137
00:58:43,500 --> 00:58:46,100
She was convinced God would 
reward her righteousness with a 

1138
00:58:46,100 --> 00:58:48,600
child. 
God apparently disagreed. 

1139
00:58:48,600 --> 00:58:52,000
She died. 
Childless in 1558, bitter and 

1140
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:56,200
failed the throne passed to 
Elizabeth and Berlin's daughter.

1141
00:58:56,200 --> 00:58:59,200
The child whose birth had been 
such a disappointment. 

1142
00:59:00,100 --> 00:59:03,100
Elizabeth became the greatest 
Monarch England at ever seen. 

1143
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:07,600
She reigned for 45 years, she 
established England as a 

1144
00:59:07,608 --> 00:59:11,300
Protestant Nation permanently 
She defeated the Spanish Armada.

1145
00:59:11,300 --> 00:59:14,700
She presided over a golden age 
of literature and exploration. 

1146
00:59:14,700 --> 00:59:18,800
Shakespeare wrote his plays 
during her Reign England became 

1147
00:59:18,800 --> 00:59:20,200
a world power under her 
guidance. 

1148
00:59:21,300 --> 00:59:23,300
Elizabeth understood. 
What her mother's life had 

1149
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:26,600
taught? 
Power was precarious favor could

1150
00:59:26,600 --> 00:59:29,900
turn to hatred overnight. 
The safest course, was to never 

1151
00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:32,200
marry. 
Never give anyone leverage over.

1152
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:35,500
You keep potential Rivals off 
balance and make yourself 

1153
00:59:35,500 --> 00:59:38,700
indispensable. 
She became the Virgin Queen 

1154
00:59:38,700 --> 00:59:42,000
married to England itself. 
She was also her mother's 

1155
00:59:42,000 --> 00:59:45,200
daughter in temperament 
quick-witted, sharp tongued, 

1156
00:59:45,200 --> 00:59:48,000
well-educated multilingual 
comfortable, with power. 

1157
00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:51,800
She inherited and intelligence 
and her refusal to be controlled

1158
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:55,300
the French confidence, and had 
absorbed Court lived on in 

1159
00:59:55,300 --> 00:59:58,400
Elizabeth reign. 
The Protestant Reformation that 

1160
00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:01,100
Anne had nudged into existence 
by giving Henry books. 

1161
01:00:01,100 --> 01:00:04,400
An ideas came the defining 
feature of English national 

1162
01:00:04,400 --> 01:00:07,900
identity, The Church of England 
that began as a legal 

1163
01:00:07,900 --> 01:00:10,600
technicality to enable a 
divorce, became the spiritual 

1164
01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:13,900
foundation of the nation. 
The break from Rome that seemed 

1165
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:15,900
like a personal whim turned out 
to be historically. 

1166
01:00:15,900 --> 01:00:19,500
Inevitable England separation 
from Catholic Europe shaped 

1167
01:00:19,500 --> 01:00:22,500
everything that followed it 
influenced, the English Civil 

1168
01:00:22,500 --> 01:00:25,800
War of the 1600s. 
Which shaped England's rivalry 

1169
01:00:25,800 --> 01:00:29,700
with Spain and later France, it 
affected colonization of North 

1170
01:00:29,700 --> 01:00:33,000
America since English colonists 
brought Protestant religion with

1171
01:00:33,000 --> 01:00:35,400
them. 
The America, you know, exists 

1172
01:00:35,400 --> 01:00:38,200
partly, because Anne Boleyn 
refused to be just another Royal

1173
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:41,500
mistress, the monasteries that 
Cromwell and Henry dissolved in 

1174
01:00:41,500 --> 01:00:45,100
the 1530s and never came back. 
Their lands were redistributed 

1175
01:00:45,100 --> 01:00:48,000
to Nobles and Merchants creating
a new class of wealthy 

1176
01:00:48,000 --> 01:00:50,800
landowners, loyal to the crown 
and the Protestant settlement. 

1177
01:00:51,600 --> 01:00:53,600
This changed England's economic 
structure. 

1178
01:00:53,600 --> 01:00:57,400
Permanently the Catholic church 
in England had owned about 1/6 

1179
01:00:57,400 --> 01:01:00,000
of all land. 
That wealth was transferred to 

1180
01:01:00,000 --> 01:01:02,900
secular hands and with it went 
the political power of the 

1181
01:01:02,900 --> 01:01:05,400
church. 
The English Bible that Tyndale 

1182
01:01:05,400 --> 01:01:07,900
had translated and an had 
promoted became the foundation 

1183
01:01:07,900 --> 01:01:11,500
of protestant worship. 
For the first time ordinary 

1184
01:01:11,500 --> 01:01:13,900
English, people could read 
scripture themselves rather than

1185
01:01:13,900 --> 01:01:16,000
relying on priests to interpret 
it for them. 

1186
01:01:16,000 --> 01:01:19,600
This was revolutionary. 
It meant people could form their

1187
01:01:19,600 --> 01:01:23,200
own theological opinions, it 
undermines the church's Monopoly

1188
01:01:23,200 --> 01:01:26,200
on religious truth. 
It planted seeds of intellectual

1189
01:01:26,200 --> 01:01:28,400
Independence, that would 
eventually grow into the 

1190
01:01:28,400 --> 01:01:31,400
enlightenment. 
And execution taught English, 

1191
01:01:31,400 --> 01:01:35,300
something about power and gender
a woman could be Queen in her 

1192
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:36,600
own right? 
Mary. 

1193
01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:40,100
Proved this even though her 
Reign was troubled, Elizabeth 

1194
01:01:40,100 --> 01:01:44,700
proved it gloriously The idea 
that women were inherently unfit

1195
01:01:44,700 --> 01:01:48,100
to rule died during Elizabeth's 
Reign killed by her obvious 

1196
01:01:48,100 --> 01:01:51,100
competence. 
Cultural memory of Anne herself 

1197
01:01:51,100 --> 01:01:54,500
became complicated. 
Flick writers portrayed her as a

1198
01:01:54,500 --> 01:01:57,500
scheming Hall who seduced a good
King into heresy. 

1199
01:01:58,300 --> 01:02:00,700
Protestant writers made her a 
martyr for reform. 

1200
01:02:01,500 --> 01:02:04,500
Neither version captured, the 
real person who was neither 

1201
01:02:04,500 --> 01:02:06,700
monster nor Saint, but something
more interesting. 

1202
01:02:06,700 --> 01:02:10,200
A clever woman navigating 
impossible circumstances with 

1203
01:02:10,200 --> 01:02:13,900
the tools available to her. 
Historians for centuries, 

1204
01:02:13,900 --> 01:02:17,000
struggled with an the victorians
found her morally troubling 

1205
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:19,200
because she had disrupted a 
marriage and seemed too 

1206
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:22,200
ambitious for their taste early.
Feminists tried to reclaim her 

1207
01:02:22,200 --> 01:02:24,500
as a proto-feminist crushed by 
patriarchy. 

1208
01:02:25,200 --> 01:02:28,100
Modern historians recognized. 
She was more complex than 

1209
01:02:28,100 --> 01:02:30,200
either. 
Portrayal allows what we know 

1210
01:02:30,200 --> 01:02:33,800
for certain is that her life 
intersected with vast historical

1211
01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:36,800
forces and channeled them in 
specific directions. 

1212
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:39,900
The Protestant Reformation was 
happening across Europe. 

1213
01:02:39,900 --> 01:02:42,700
England would likely have 
experienced it eventually 

1214
01:02:42,700 --> 01:02:45,300
regardless? 
But Anne's refusal to be a 

1215
01:02:45,300 --> 01:02:48,200
mistress meant Henry needed 
theological justification for 

1216
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:51,800
divorce which meant embracing 
reform ideas, which meant 

1217
01:02:51,800 --> 01:02:55,100
breaking from Rome, which meant 
England went Protestant decades 

1218
01:02:55,100 --> 01:02:58,200
earlier than it might have 
otherwise the reflection in 

1219
01:02:58,200 --> 01:03:01,500
England was peculiar because it 
came from the top down in 

1220
01:03:01,500 --> 01:03:03,800
Germany in Switzerland. 
It bubbled up from popular 

1221
01:03:03,800 --> 01:03:07,100
movements in England, it was 
imposed by Royal Decree. 

1222
01:03:07,100 --> 01:03:10,900
This gave English protestantism 
a different character, more 

1223
01:03:10,900 --> 01:03:15,000
conservative theologically more 
tied to national identity, more 

1224
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:17,700
willing to retain Catholic 
Traditions, that Continental 

1225
01:03:17,700 --> 01:03:21,100
Protestants rejected. 
And lived in an era when 

1226
01:03:21,100 --> 01:03:24,600
individual choices could still 
redirect history, the world was 

1227
01:03:24,600 --> 01:03:27,500
small enough and centralized 
enough, that one woman refusing,

1228
01:03:27,500 --> 01:03:30,000
one king could trigger 
consequences that rippled across

1229
01:03:30,000 --> 01:03:32,600
centuries. 
She didn't plan to start a 

1230
01:03:32,600 --> 01:03:35,400
Reformation, she just wanted to 
be Queen in stead of a 

1231
01:03:35,400 --> 01:03:38,100
discarded. 
Mistress history, used her 

1232
01:03:38,100 --> 01:03:40,100
personal ambition as a lever to 
move the world. 

1233
01:03:41,100 --> 01:03:45,300
The England of 1536 when Anne 
died was still fundamentally 

1234
01:03:45,300 --> 01:03:49,000
medieval in worldview, the 
England of 1600 when Elizabeth 

1235
01:03:49,000 --> 01:03:52,700
died was recognizably Modern. 
That transformation happened 

1236
01:03:52,700 --> 01:03:55,600
because of choices made during 
Ann's Lifetime and because of 

1237
01:03:55,608 --> 01:03:59,800
the daughter she left behind. 
So tonight as you drift towards 

1238
01:03:59,800 --> 01:04:03,200
sleep, you might think about 
Heather castle and the girl who 

1239
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:06,500
left for France, you might pick 
her learning to dance at the 

1240
01:04:06,500 --> 01:04:08,900
French. 
Court absorbing dangerous ideas 

1241
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:11,900
about church Authority, 
developing the confidence that 

1242
01:04:11,900 --> 01:04:15,200
would attract a king. 
You might imagine her saying no 

1243
01:04:15,200 --> 01:04:18,300
when saying no was Unthinkable 
and then waiting years for that 

1244
01:04:18,300 --> 01:04:21,200
note to turn into, yes, you 
might think about the thousand 

1245
01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:25,000
days she spent as Queen pregnant
and miscarrying watching her 

1246
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,200
position a road seeing her 
replacement being groomed, while

1247
01:04:28,200 --> 01:04:30,600
she struggled to produce the Sun
that would save her. 

1248
01:04:31,300 --> 01:04:32,700
You might imagine her last 
morning. 

1249
01:04:32,700 --> 01:04:36,000
Dressing carefully, walking 
steadily to the scaffold, 

1250
01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:39,600
commending her soul to Christ. 
While the Executioner prepared, 

1251
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:42,600
his sword And you might consider
that the daughter. 

1252
01:04:42,600 --> 01:04:45,600
She bore the disappointing girl,
who should have been a boy 

1253
01:04:45,600 --> 01:04:48,800
became the greatest Monarch, 
England ever produced and rules 

1254
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:52,200
over a golden age that the 
religious transformation and 

1255
01:04:52,200 --> 01:04:54,800
accidentally triggered by 
refusing, to be a mistress 

1256
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:59,400
defined England for centuries. 
That the modern world emerged 

1257
01:04:59,400 --> 01:05:01,200
partly. 
Because one woman, at one 

1258
01:05:01,200 --> 01:05:04,000
moment, decided she wanted more 
than what powerful men expected 

1259
01:05:04,000 --> 01:05:07,500
her to accept history is made of
accidents, and intentions 

1260
01:05:07,500 --> 01:05:09,900
tangling together in ways. 
Nobody predicts. 

1261
01:05:10,300 --> 01:05:13,700
And Berlin intended to be Queen.
She accidentally helped create 

1262
01:05:13,700 --> 01:05:16,700
Protestant England, which 
accidentally shaped the modern 

1263
01:05:16,700 --> 01:05:19,100
world. 
Not bad for someone who just 

1264
01:05:19,100 --> 01:05:21,500
wanted to avoid being forgotten 
like a sister Mary. 

1265
01:05:22,500 --> 01:05:25,000
If you found something in, 
tonight's story that resonated 

1266
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:27,800
with you, perhaps you might 
consider sharing it with someone

1267
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:29,700
who appreciates history, told 
with care. 

1268
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:33,300
The algorithm rewards 
engagement, our community of 

1269
01:05:33,300 --> 01:05:35,300
tired. 
Learners grows one thoughtful, 

1270
01:05:35,300 --> 01:05:39,100
share at a time. 
Elizabeth England, lost his 45 

1271
01:05:39,100 --> 01:05:41,800
years. 
Our Channel hopes to last, at 

1272
01:05:41,800 --> 01:05:45,900
least, as long one sleep 
friendly story at a time, sweet 

1273
01:05:45,900 --> 01:05:47,700
dreams. 
And may your tomorrow, be 

1274
01:05:47,700 --> 01:05:56,900
gentler than an thousand days. 
The sand has not been raped yet 

1275
01:05:56,900 --> 01:06:00,600
in a few hours, it will be white
and level, and precise, The 

1276
01:06:00,600 --> 01:06:03,300
Arena floor prepared, with the 
particular care, that roam 

1277
01:06:03,300 --> 01:06:06,800
reserves for spectacle, and the 
crowd will fill the tears, above

1278
01:06:06,800 --> 01:06:09,800
it in their tens of thousands, 
and the light will be different 

1279
01:06:09,800 --> 01:06:12,500
there. 
The full summer, light of a 

1280
01:06:12,500 --> 01:06:15,100
Roman afternoon, bouncing off 
Stone and sand in a way that 

1281
01:06:15,100 --> 01:06:17,500
makes everything inside. 
The oval impossibly bright. 

1282
01:06:18,500 --> 01:06:21,000
But right now the Colosseum is 
dark and empty. 

1283
01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:23,500
And the sand is still marked 
from whatever happened 

1284
01:06:23,500 --> 01:06:26,700
yesterday, and the only sound 
inside it is the sound of the 

1285
01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:30,500
city outside its walls, which 
has already moving already loud 

1286
01:06:30,500 --> 01:06:33,800
already building toward the day 
that is coming my tired, 

1287
01:06:33,800 --> 01:06:37,600
potatoes, the day that belongs 
in ways that the rest of Rome's 

1288
01:06:37,600 --> 01:06:41,900
days do not entirely to you, you
wake before the horn, the body 

1289
01:06:41,900 --> 01:06:44,700
already running its calculation.
Before the mind has assembled 

1290
01:06:44,700 --> 01:06:48,000
itself into the version that 
thinks in words rather than in 

1291
01:06:48,000 --> 01:06:50,400
the older and More Physical 
language of Readiness and 

1292
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:53,700
threat. 
The barracks are dark the room, 

1293
01:06:53,700 --> 01:06:57,800
you sleep in holds several men, 
the pallets close enough to the 

1294
01:06:57,800 --> 01:07:00,700
shared warmth is a practical 
necessity rather than a comfort 

1295
01:07:00,700 --> 01:07:03,300
and the breathing of the men 
around, you is the sound. 

1296
01:07:03,300 --> 01:07:05,700
You have woken, two more 
mornings than you can count in 

1297
01:07:05,700 --> 01:07:07,200
the years since you came to this
place. 

1298
01:07:07,200 --> 01:07:11,000
Some of them are already awake. 
You can tell by the quality of 

1299
01:07:11,000 --> 01:07:13,600
the breathing, the ones whose 
breath has the specific 

1300
01:07:13,600 --> 01:07:16,600
shallowness of people lying 
still on purpose, rather than 

1301
01:07:16,600 --> 01:07:19,800
the slower depth of actual 
sleep, the ones who are fighting

1302
01:07:19,800 --> 01:07:23,000
today, the ones whose bodies 
have done the same calculation, 

1303
01:07:23,000 --> 01:07:27,100
yours has and arrived at the 
same conclusion Before Dawn, you

1304
01:07:27,100 --> 01:07:28,000
lie. 
Still for a moment. 

1305
01:07:28,008 --> 01:07:31,700
Not from reluctant though, 
reluctant is present a 

1306
01:07:31,700 --> 01:07:34,100
reasonable and appropriate 
response to the information your

1307
01:07:34,100 --> 01:07:36,400
body's processing. 
But from The Habit that the 

1308
01:07:36,400 --> 01:07:40,200
lanista the trainer who runs 
this ludus has spent years 

1309
01:07:40,200 --> 01:07:43,100
building into the men who 
trained here, the habit of 

1310
01:07:43,108 --> 01:07:46,800
Stillness before movement of 
assessment before action of 

1311
01:07:46,800 --> 01:07:49,100
knowing, what is around you 
before you commit to move 

1312
01:07:49,108 --> 01:07:51,700
through it. 
The Habit was built for the 

1313
01:07:51,700 --> 01:07:53,300
arena but it lives in 
everything. 

1314
01:07:53,300 --> 01:07:57,000
Now the ludus Magnus the great 
training school attached to the 

1315
01:07:57,000 --> 01:08:00,500
Colosseum by a tunnel that runs 
beneath the street was not a 

1316
01:08:00,500 --> 01:08:03,000
comfortable place in the way 
that word implies softness or 

1317
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:06,000
ease. 
It was a practical Place built 

1318
01:08:06,000 --> 01:08:08,400
to the specifications of the 
work at housed. 

1319
01:08:08,400 --> 01:08:11,700
The training ground in its 
Center, open to the sky and 

1320
01:08:11,700 --> 01:08:15,200
surrounded by the tiered cells 
where the fighters lived, each 

1321
01:08:15,200 --> 01:08:18,200
cell small. 
And plain the window looking out

1322
01:08:18,200 --> 01:08:20,399
onto the training ground. 
So that the view from your 

1323
01:08:20,399 --> 01:08:23,200
sleeping space was always the 
place where the work happened. 

1324
01:08:24,000 --> 01:08:26,300
The sand already rake at this 
hour. 

1325
01:08:26,300 --> 01:08:28,700
The wooden post at the center of
the ground. 

1326
01:08:28,700 --> 01:08:31,500
Still carrying the marks of 
yesterday's practice on its 

1327
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:34,700
surface. 
The archaeological record of the

1328
01:08:34,700 --> 01:08:38,000
gladiatorial, barracks at 
Pompeii preserved by the same 

1329
01:08:38,000 --> 01:08:40,600
catastrophe. 
The ended, the city gives the 

1330
01:08:40,600 --> 01:08:43,399
bones of what this life looked 
like in physical terms. 

1331
01:08:44,899 --> 01:08:48,100
The rooms were small, the 
equipment stored and organized 

1332
01:08:48,100 --> 01:08:50,800
with the efficiency of people 
who understood that disorder in 

1333
01:08:50,800 --> 01:08:52,899
the things you depended on was a
form of danger. 

1334
01:08:52,899 --> 01:08:54,800
The food was better than 
popular. 

1335
01:08:54,800 --> 01:08:58,300
Imagination suggests the 
gladiatorial, diet documented, 

1336
01:08:58,300 --> 01:09:01,700
in osteological studies of 
gladiatorial remains as high in 

1337
01:09:01,700 --> 01:09:04,899
carbohydrates and protein, the 
body's of fighting men 

1338
01:09:04,899 --> 01:09:07,700
maintained with the serious 
attention that the Lannisters 

1339
01:09:07,700 --> 01:09:10,700
investment required, a 
gladiator, being an expensive 

1340
01:09:10,700 --> 01:09:12,399
asset. 
That the ludus had a practical 

1341
01:09:12,399 --> 01:09:16,700
interest in keeping functional. 
You are not always here the life

1342
01:09:16,700 --> 01:09:18,300
before. 
This one is present in you. 

1343
01:09:18,308 --> 01:09:21,899
The way early things are always 
present, not as memory, exactly.

1344
01:09:21,899 --> 01:09:25,500
But as the body that the early 
life, produced the particular 

1345
01:09:25,500 --> 01:09:28,100
way, you hold yourself that 
comes from before the training, 

1346
01:09:28,100 --> 01:09:31,500
the language that still moves in
your thoughts in the hours 

1347
01:09:31,500 --> 01:09:34,500
before sleeping the tongue, you 
spoke before Latin became the 

1348
01:09:34,508 --> 01:09:37,700
language of every waking hour. 
You came here by one of the 

1349
01:09:37,700 --> 01:09:39,200
roots that men came to the 
arena. 

1350
01:09:39,200 --> 01:09:42,500
Not the only route, not the most
common one, but one of the real 

1351
01:09:42,500 --> 01:09:45,800
ones and the root is yours and 
it is behind you now. 

1352
01:09:45,800 --> 01:09:50,600
And what is in front of you, is 
the day, the horn sounds across 

1353
01:09:50,600 --> 01:09:54,000
the barracks, the sound of men, 
Rising the particular efficiency

1354
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:57,900
of it, no wasted motion, the 
body going from horizontal to 

1355
01:09:57,900 --> 01:10:01,000
Vertical with the directness of 
people who have done this enough

1356
01:10:01,000 --> 01:10:04,100
times that the movement has been
stripped of everything. 

1357
01:10:04,100 --> 01:10:07,900
Unnecessary he dressed in the 
dark, The Familiar weight of the

1358
01:10:07,900 --> 01:10:11,400
tunic, the sandals lace with the
automatic attention of hands 

1359
01:10:11,400 --> 01:10:15,000
that have performed this task 
enough times that the Eyes, do 

1360
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:17,700
not need to supervise it. 
The morning is the time of 

1361
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:21,500
ritual and the rituals matter in
a way that is not superstitious,

1362
01:10:21,500 --> 01:10:25,300
not entirely. 
But practical, The Mind needing 

1363
01:10:25,300 --> 01:10:27,500
something to do with the hours 
before the fight. 

1364
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:30,800
That is neither dwelling on what
is coming, nor avoiding thinking

1365
01:10:30,800 --> 01:10:32,900
about it. 
The middle path, being the 

1366
01:10:32,900 --> 01:10:35,600
rituals that organized the time 
and give the body something to 

1367
01:10:35,600 --> 01:10:37,400
perform. 
While the Mind holds what it 

1368
01:10:37,400 --> 01:10:41,200
holds the Lannister understood 
this, the men who had been 

1369
01:10:41,200 --> 01:10:45,000
fighting longest understood this
The rituals were not imposed but

1370
01:10:45,000 --> 01:10:48,200
transmitted the newer Fighters 
absorbing the habits of the 

1371
01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:50,900
older ones through observation 
before they understood. 

1372
01:10:50,900 --> 01:10:54,400
Why the habits existed? 
You splash water on your face 

1373
01:10:54,400 --> 01:10:56,400
from the Basin in the corner of 
your cell. 

1374
01:10:56,400 --> 01:11:00,200
The water is cold and the cold 
is useful, the shock of it 

1375
01:11:00,200 --> 01:11:02,900
producing a Clarity that the 
slow waking of the body takes 

1376
01:11:02,900 --> 01:11:05,600
longer to achieve. 
You look at your hands. 

1377
01:11:05,600 --> 01:11:08,500
They are the hands of a man 
who's been doing this for years.

1378
01:11:08,500 --> 01:11:12,700
The knuckles thickened the grip 
strength in to the visibly. 

1379
01:11:12,700 --> 01:11:15,700
The specific calluses of the 
specific weapons. 

1380
01:11:15,700 --> 01:11:18,400
You have trained with since the 
day the Lannister sets, your 

1381
01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:22,100
build and your reflexes and your
temperament and decided what 

1382
01:11:22,100 --> 01:11:25,300
kind of fighter you are going to
become the hands are ready. 

1383
01:11:26,100 --> 01:11:29,400
They are always ready or they 
are as ready as hands can be for

1384
01:11:29,400 --> 01:11:32,200
what they are asked to do, which
is something that Readiness 

1385
01:11:32,200 --> 01:11:34,700
cannot fully account for. 
And the only, the moment itself 

1386
01:11:34,700 --> 01:11:37,700
will settle the men Gather in 
the common space before the 

1387
01:11:37,700 --> 01:11:40,700
morning meal, the Gathering has 
its own social texture. 

1388
01:11:40,700 --> 01:11:44,900
The fight is a range by unspoken
convention in the configuration 

1389
01:11:44,900 --> 01:11:46,400
that the years of living and 
training. 

1390
01:11:46,400 --> 01:11:48,700
Together. 
Have produced The Men Who are 

1391
01:11:48,700 --> 01:11:51,200
fighting today, slightly 
separate from the men who are 

1392
01:11:51,208 --> 01:11:54,800
not not excluded but give them 
the particular space that people

1393
01:11:54,800 --> 01:11:58,300
give to others who are facing 
something they are not facing A 

1394
01:11:58,300 --> 01:12:01,200
form of respect that does not 
require articulation. 

1395
01:12:01,200 --> 01:12:05,400
Seneca, who watched gladiatorial
combat with the ambivalent 

1396
01:12:05,400 --> 01:12:08,100
fascination of a man whose 
philosophy told him to be above 

1397
01:12:08,100 --> 01:12:09,700
spectacle, and whose human 
nature. 

1398
01:12:09,700 --> 01:12:11,100
Brought him to the arena. 
Anyway. 

1399
01:12:11,900 --> 01:12:15,300
Wrote about the Gladiators 
relationship with Death In terms

1400
01:12:15,300 --> 01:12:17,100
that describe the fear, not as 
weakness. 

1401
01:12:17,100 --> 01:12:20,600
But as the appropriate response 
of a rational being to a genuine

1402
01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:24,000
threat, the courage of the arena
being not the absence of fear, 

1403
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:27,100
but its management. 
The ability to do what the 

1404
01:12:27,100 --> 01:12:29,200
moment required. 
While the fear was present. 

1405
01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:32,200
Rather than resolved, he was 
describing something from the 

1406
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:34,500
outside that the men in this 
room lived from the inside. 

1407
01:12:34,500 --> 01:12:37,500
And the description was not 
wrong, even if the angle was 

1408
01:12:37,500 --> 01:12:39,900
different. 
You know, the man your fighting 

1409
01:12:39,900 --> 01:12:42,800
to today. 
You have seen him train, have 

1410
01:12:42,800 --> 01:12:44,400
assessed the way. 
He moves in the particular 

1411
01:12:44,400 --> 01:12:48,300
analytical way that the years in
the ludus produce The eye 

1412
01:12:48,300 --> 01:12:50,700
developing a gram of body 
mechanics and weapon handling 

1413
01:12:50,700 --> 01:12:54,000
and the tendencies that emerge 
Under Pressure, that is as 

1414
01:12:54,000 --> 01:12:56,800
precise as any language. 
What you know about him is 

1415
01:12:56,800 --> 01:12:59,000
useful? 
What you do not know about him? 

1416
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:02,400
Is what he will do in the 
specific conditions of today in 

1417
01:13:02,400 --> 01:13:05,900
this light and on this sand and 
in this particular state of 

1418
01:13:05,900 --> 01:13:09,900
Readiness or unreadiness, that 
neither of you can fully predict

1419
01:13:09,900 --> 01:13:12,900
until your standing in the arena
and the crowd is above you. 

1420
01:13:12,900 --> 01:13:15,100
And the fight is simply what is 
happening. 

1421
01:13:15,100 --> 01:13:19,700
The meal is brought in you eat. 
The eating is another ritual 

1422
01:13:19,700 --> 01:13:22,100
performed with the full 
attention, that the Lannister 

1423
01:13:22,100 --> 01:13:24,100
demanded of everything performed
in the place. 

1424
01:13:24,100 --> 01:13:28,000
Because the man who eats well 
before a fight, is the man who 

1425
01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:31,300
has understood that the body 
requires fuel, regardless of 

1426
01:13:31,300 --> 01:13:34,500
what the mind is doing with the 
fact of what is coming, and the 

1427
01:13:34,500 --> 01:13:37,600
man who cannot eat before a 
fight is, the man whose fear has

1428
01:13:37,600 --> 01:13:41,200
already begun to cost him. 
Something he will need You eat. 

1429
01:13:41,200 --> 01:13:45,600
The food is plain and adequate 
and you taste very little of it,

1430
01:13:45,600 --> 01:13:48,800
which is normal. 
The census narrowing slightly in

1431
01:13:48,800 --> 01:13:51,800
the hours before combat in the 
direction of the information. 

1432
01:13:51,800 --> 01:13:54,400
Label need rather than the 
information that is merely 

1433
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:56,000
present. 
The bread. 

1434
01:13:56,000 --> 01:13:59,800
The olive oil, The Barley that 
has been the gladiatorial diet 

1435
01:13:59,800 --> 01:14:03,300
since before anyone in this room
was born outside the barracks. 

1436
01:14:03,300 --> 01:14:06,400
The city is fully awake. 
Now, the sound of it through the

1437
01:14:06,400 --> 01:14:09,900
walls are constant presence that
has been the background to your 

1438
01:14:09,908 --> 01:14:14,000
life in this place for years. 
And that today, as on all fight 

1439
01:14:14,000 --> 01:14:17,000
days, carries a quality that 
ordinary days. 

1440
01:14:17,000 --> 01:14:21,500
Do not have The city already 
moving toward the arena already 

1441
01:14:21,500 --> 01:14:24,100
anticipating what you're only 
beginning to prepare for. 

1442
01:14:25,100 --> 01:14:29,400
The light is coming now. 
Through the window, the training

1443
01:14:29,400 --> 01:14:32,300
ground is visible in the great 
quality that precedes. 

1444
01:14:32,300 --> 01:14:36,300
The actual Sunrise, the wooden 
post at its Center, casting, no 

1445
01:14:36,300 --> 01:14:39,300
Shadow yet. 
Sand around it, pale and 

1446
01:14:39,300 --> 01:14:42,700
unmarked and ready for whatever 
the morning practice will ask of

1447
01:14:42,700 --> 01:14:45,200
it. 
The day as arrived in the way 

1448
01:14:45,200 --> 01:14:48,300
that the days, that matter, 
always arrive, not with drama. 

1449
01:14:48,300 --> 01:14:52,600
But with the simple fact of 
being there, the night over the 

1450
01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:56,100
hours ahead already in motion, 
Fight at the end of them as 

1451
01:14:56,100 --> 01:14:59,700
certain as anything in this life
can be certain not here. 

1452
01:14:59,700 --> 01:15:01,200
Exactly. 
Not the smiling with this 

1453
01:15:01,200 --> 01:15:03,900
opponent in this crowd and 
whatever this day will decide, 

1454
01:15:03,900 --> 01:15:07,300
but the shape of it, the waiting
and the ritual, and the meal and

1455
01:15:07,300 --> 01:15:09,300
the light coming through the 
window of the barracks. 

1456
01:15:09,300 --> 01:15:13,100
You have been here before and 
you are still here and that is 

1457
01:15:13,100 --> 01:15:15,000
the whole of what you know that 
is useful. 

1458
01:15:16,600 --> 01:15:20,200
The horn sounds again. 
The training ground is yours for

1459
01:15:20,200 --> 01:15:22,600
an hour before the rest of the 
city wakes fully. 

1460
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:26,500
The light is still low and 
indirect the sand cool 

1461
01:15:26,500 --> 01:15:29,300
underfoot. 
The are carrying the particular 

1462
01:15:29,300 --> 01:15:31,400
quality of a Roman morning and 
summer. 

1463
01:15:31,408 --> 01:15:33,800
Before the heat is built itself 
into the thing. 

1464
01:15:33,800 --> 01:15:36,700
It will become by midday. 
You move through the warm-up 

1465
01:15:36,700 --> 01:15:39,600
sequence that the years have 
made automatic the body. 

1466
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:42,900
Finding its range of motion with
the efficiency of Machinery that

1467
01:15:42,900 --> 01:15:46,000
has been well maintained each 
movement producing information 

1468
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:49,600
about the state of things today.
The shoulder that was stiff last

1469
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:52,800
week loosener now the knee that 
has opinions in cold weather 

1470
01:15:52,800 --> 01:15:56,300
silent in the summer warmth. 
The hand opening and closing 

1471
01:15:56,300 --> 01:15:59,300
around an imagine grip with the 
particular Readiness, that fight

1472
01:15:59,300 --> 01:16:01,800
days produce in the muscles, 
before any weapon has been 

1473
01:16:01,800 --> 01:16:04,200
touched. 
The wooden post at the center of

1474
01:16:04,200 --> 01:16:06,700
the training ground has been 
taking punishment since before 

1475
01:16:06,700 --> 01:16:09,900
you came to this ludus. 
Its surface is marked with the 

1476
01:16:09,908 --> 01:16:12,200
accumulated impacts of years of 
practice. 

1477
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:15,500
The would compressed and 
darkened in the areas that 

1478
01:16:15,500 --> 01:16:18,800
receive the most strikes, a 
record of the work that has 

1479
01:16:18,800 --> 01:16:21,100
happened in front of it, written
in the grain of the wood itself.

1480
01:16:21,100 --> 01:16:25,000
You work against it now not with
the intensity of actual training

1481
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:28,100
but with the focused ease of a 
man checking the instrument 

1482
01:16:28,100 --> 01:16:31,200
rather than playing it. 
The strikes Landing with enough 

1483
01:16:31,200 --> 01:16:34,600
Force to feel the feedback but 
not enough to cost anything that

1484
01:16:34,600 --> 01:16:37,900
the afternoon will need the 
other fighters who are on today,

1485
01:16:37,900 --> 01:16:40,500
move through their own 
preparations, around you, each 

1486
01:16:40,500 --> 01:16:42,600
in the particular ID of their 
own habits. 

1487
01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:45,600
The routines that years of 
fighting have produced in each 

1488
01:16:45,600 --> 01:16:48,000
of them. 
Cross the ground. 

1489
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:50,200
Who rolls his shoulders in the 
same sequence every morning, 

1490
01:16:50,200 --> 01:16:53,100
right then left. 
Then both together has been 

1491
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:55,700
doing it since. 
Before you knew his name, the 

1492
01:16:55,700 --> 01:16:58,100
mamillo near the wall, who 
closes his eyes for several 

1493
01:16:58,100 --> 01:17:00,900
minutes before he touches any 
equipment, standing perfectly 

1494
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:03,500
still with his hands at his 
sides in a Stillness. 

1495
01:17:03,500 --> 01:17:05,200
That is not the Stillness of 
intention. 

1496
01:17:05,200 --> 01:17:08,900
But of the most focused kind of 
attention turned entirely 

1497
01:17:08,900 --> 01:17:11,600
inward. 
You do not know what he is doing

1498
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:13,800
in those minutes. 
You know, that he has done it 

1499
01:17:13,800 --> 01:17:16,700
before every fight for as long 
as you have known him and that 

1500
01:17:16,700 --> 01:17:19,900
he is one of the most dangerous 
men in this ludus and the 

1501
01:17:19,908 --> 01:17:22,700
connection between those two 
facts is the only information 

1502
01:17:22,700 --> 01:17:26,700
you need about the practice. 
The gladiatorial games of 

1503
01:17:26,700 --> 01:17:29,300
Imperial Rome were not a 
spontaneous entertainment. 

1504
01:17:29,300 --> 01:17:34,000
They were a managed institution 
organized and administered with 

1505
01:17:34,000 --> 01:17:37,300
the bureaucratic thoroughness 
that roam applied to everything,

1506
01:17:37,300 --> 01:17:40,900
it considered important, which 
is to say everything that 

1507
01:17:40,900 --> 01:17:44,100
touched the management of public
attention and the demonstration 

1508
01:17:44,100 --> 01:17:47,100
of Imperial power. 
The editor, the person who 

1509
01:17:47,108 --> 01:17:51,200
funded and organized the games 
made decisions months in advance

1510
01:17:51,200 --> 01:17:53,600
about the pairings, the order of
bouts. 

1511
01:17:53,600 --> 01:17:57,700
The categories of Fighters to be
displayed, the decisions working

1512
01:17:57,700 --> 01:18:00,300
their way down through the 
administrative structure of the 

1513
01:18:00,300 --> 01:18:03,300
game's until they arrived some 
days or weeks before the event, 

1514
01:18:03,300 --> 01:18:07,500
at the linear, who received the 
information and began the 

1515
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:09,800
specific preparation that the 
pairing required. 

1516
01:18:10,700 --> 01:18:14,600
In New York before today. 
The lanista told you 10 days 

1517
01:18:14,600 --> 01:18:16,600
ago. 
The information delivered with 

1518
01:18:16,600 --> 01:18:19,000
the Practical directness of a 
man communicating. 

1519
01:18:19,000 --> 01:18:23,500
A logistical fact, rather than a
dramatic development, the name 

1520
01:18:23,500 --> 01:18:26,400
and the category and what was 
known about his recent record 

1521
01:18:26,400 --> 01:18:29,800
and his fighting style, the 
assessment clinical and useful. 

1522
01:18:29,800 --> 01:18:32,800
The kind of briefing that 
Commander gives before an 

1523
01:18:32,800 --> 01:18:35,600
engagement rather than the kind 
that a dramatist rights. 

1524
01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:39,000
You received at the same way 
filed it in the part of your 

1525
01:18:39,000 --> 01:18:42,200
mind that works on problems in 
the background returning to it 

1526
01:18:42,200 --> 01:18:45,700
in the training session and the 
quiet hours of the barracks not 

1527
01:18:45,700 --> 01:18:48,500
obsessively. 
But with the patient, analytical

1528
01:18:48,500 --> 01:18:51,200
attention of someone who 
understands that preparation is 

1529
01:18:51,200 --> 01:18:53,800
the only variable in the 
situation that you can control. 

1530
01:18:54,900 --> 01:19:00,100
He fights in the net and Trident
style the retiarius, which means

1531
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:03,200
he will try to keep distance and
use the net to disrupt your 

1532
01:19:03,208 --> 01:19:05,700
movement. 
Before the Trident comes the 

1533
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:09,000
style relying on the reach 
advantage of the Trident in the 

1534
01:19:09,000 --> 01:19:12,100
psychological effect of the net,
which is considerable. 

1535
01:19:12,900 --> 01:19:14,500
You have fought against the net 
before. 

1536
01:19:14,500 --> 01:19:16,700
You know the override is 
possible. 

1537
01:19:16,700 --> 01:19:19,200
That it requires a specific 
quality of calm. 

1538
01:19:19,200 --> 01:19:22,700
That is not the absence of the 
panic response but the 

1539
01:19:22,700 --> 01:19:24,900
maintenance of function 
alongside it. 

1540
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:27,400
The equipment is brought out by 
the attendance. 

1541
01:19:27,400 --> 01:19:30,700
After the warm-up, the piece is 
laid out with the systematic 

1542
01:19:30,700 --> 01:19:33,600
care of people who understand 
that equipment failure in the 

1543
01:19:33,608 --> 01:19:38,100
arena is not an inconvenience, 
but a category of problem with 

1544
01:19:38,100 --> 01:19:41,300
consequences that nobody in this
building wants to be responsible

1545
01:19:41,300 --> 01:19:43,800
for you. 
Check each piece yourself 

1546
01:19:43,800 --> 01:19:47,100
regardless the same. 
Check in the same order that you

1547
01:19:47,100 --> 01:19:49,500
have performed before every 
fight because the checking is 

1548
01:19:49,500 --> 01:19:52,500
yours. 
The helmet, first the cheek 

1549
01:19:52,500 --> 01:19:56,500
guards, the grill, the neck 
guard, the fit of the hole 

1550
01:19:56,500 --> 01:19:59,700
against your head, the vision 
through the grill assess not by 

1551
01:19:59,700 --> 01:20:03,100
looking at something specific. 
But by moving the eyes through 

1552
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:06,800
the full range of motion, and 
noting whether the grill 

1553
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:11,000
interrupts that range in any way
that it did not interrupt it 

1554
01:20:11,000 --> 01:20:17,000
last time it does The helmet is 
what it was, the shield its 

1555
01:20:17,000 --> 01:20:21,500
weight, it's balanced the grip. 
The way it sits against the 

1556
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:25,500
forearm and the hand together 
the edge condition, the surface,

1557
01:20:25,500 --> 01:20:28,800
The Shield is a tool and a 
weapon simultaneously. 

1558
01:20:28,800 --> 01:20:32,100
The Edge used for striking as 
well as the face used for 

1559
01:20:32,100 --> 01:20:35,400
blocking and a shield whose 
edges developed a problem. 

1560
01:20:35,400 --> 01:20:38,800
Since the last inspection is a 
shield that will communicate 

1561
01:20:38,800 --> 01:20:41,000
that problem to you in the worst
possible moment. 

1562
01:20:41,900 --> 01:20:46,200
It does not developed a problem.
The Shield is what it was the 

1563
01:20:46,200 --> 01:20:49,800
sword last drawn from the 
Scabbard, with the practice 

1564
01:20:49,800 --> 01:20:52,200
smoothness of a hand that has 
drawn it. 

1565
01:20:52,200 --> 01:20:56,100
So many times, the motion has 
become a single gesture rather 

1566
01:20:56,100 --> 01:21:00,700
than a sequence of smaller ones.
The weight of it is so familiar 

1567
01:21:00,700 --> 01:21:04,600
that unfamiliar would be the 
alarming, sensation, the heft 

1568
01:21:04,600 --> 01:21:08,400
and balance that your arm is 
calibrated itself to over years 

1569
01:21:08,400 --> 01:21:11,600
of use, now simply the extension
of your hand. 

1570
01:21:11,600 --> 01:21:14,400
That it feels like The edges 
sound. 

1571
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:17,000
The point is sound, the grip is 
secure. 

1572
01:21:17,000 --> 01:21:19,700
The assessment has been made 
through the systematic. 

1573
01:21:19,700 --> 01:21:21,200
Check of the things that can be 
checked. 

1574
01:21:21,200 --> 01:21:24,700
The unknown variables of the 
afternoon set aside because they

1575
01:21:24,700 --> 01:21:27,700
cannot be addressed here and the
variables that can be addressed 

1576
01:21:27,700 --> 01:21:31,200
have been addressed and that is 
the whole of what preparation 

1577
01:21:31,200 --> 01:21:34,100
can do. 
The city outside the barracks 

1578
01:21:34,100 --> 01:21:37,700
has found its full Voice by. 
Now, the sounds of the morning 

1579
01:21:37,700 --> 01:21:40,900
Market giving way to the sounds 
of a city moving toward an 

1580
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:43,800
event. 
Particular quality of crowd 

1581
01:21:43,800 --> 01:21:46,700
noise that builds across the 
hours before the games begin. 

1582
01:21:46,700 --> 01:21:51,000
Not yet the Roar of the Arena 
but the distributed anticipation

1583
01:21:51,000 --> 01:21:55,200
of 100,000 people organizing 
themselves, toward a single 

1584
01:21:55,200 --> 01:21:59,000
destination. 
Rome loved the games with an 

1585
01:21:59,000 --> 01:22:02,200
intensity that it's philosophers
found troubling, and its 

1586
01:22:02,200 --> 01:22:05,200
Emperors found useful the arena.
Being the place where the 

1587
01:22:05,200 --> 01:22:08,400
Empire's population was most 
fully assembled in one location 

1588
01:22:08,400 --> 01:22:12,000
most fully visible to itself, 
and to the power that 

1589
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:16,300
administered, it Marcus Aurelius
who attended the game, because 

1590
01:22:16,300 --> 01:22:19,100
the empress presents was 
expected, and who found them, 

1591
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:22,500
tedious and occasionally 
disgusting wrote in his private.

1592
01:22:22,500 --> 01:22:25,700
Meditations about the importance
of not being captured by 

1593
01:22:25,700 --> 01:22:28,900
spectacle. 
Of maintaining the interior life

1594
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:31,800
against the noise of the crowd 
and the pool of sensation. 

1595
01:22:32,800 --> 01:22:36,100
He was writing about himself and
about the crowd about the 

1596
01:22:36,100 --> 01:22:40,000
citizens of Rome who filled the 
tears of the Colosseum and gave 

1597
01:22:40,000 --> 01:22:42,400
themselves over to what was 
happening in the arena with a 

1598
01:22:42,408 --> 01:22:45,000
completeness that the emperor 
found philosophically 

1599
01:22:45,000 --> 01:22:48,200
undignified. 
He was not writing about you, 

1600
01:22:48,200 --> 01:22:51,700
the man in the arena does not 
have the option of maintaining 

1601
01:22:51,700 --> 01:22:55,800
philosophical distance, from the
spectacle, the man in the arena,

1602
01:22:55,800 --> 01:22:58,800
is the spectacle. 
And the question of dignity, is 

1603
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:01,100
organized differently from where
he stands. 

1604
01:23:01,100 --> 01:23:03,600
You have thought about this 
across the years. 

1605
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:06,600
In the particular way that men 
in your position, think about 

1606
01:23:06,600 --> 01:23:10,000
the framework that contains them
not with the Leisure of a 

1607
01:23:10,000 --> 01:23:12,600
philosopher. 
But with the Practical, urgency 

1608
01:23:12,600 --> 01:23:15,100
of someone who needs the 
framework to make sense in order

1609
01:23:15,100 --> 01:23:18,100
to function inside it. 
It is something more, like, the 

1610
01:23:18,100 --> 01:23:21,500
understanding that the task in 
front of you, is the task in 

1611
01:23:21,500 --> 01:23:24,900
front of you and the crowd and 
the politics, and the Imperial 

1612
01:23:24,900 --> 01:23:27,000
power. 
And the question of what it 

1613
01:23:27,000 --> 01:23:30,300
means that this is entertainment
for a city of a million. 

1614
01:23:30,300 --> 01:23:34,800
People are all real, and all 
present, and none of them are 

1615
01:23:34,800 --> 01:23:37,700
what you can think about between
now, and the end of the 

1616
01:23:37,700 --> 01:23:40,900
afternoon, the Lannister moves 
through the space, where the 

1617
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:44,100
fighters are completing their 
preparations saying, what he 

1618
01:23:44,100 --> 01:23:47,300
says on fight mornings, which is
not inspirational and not 

1619
01:23:47,300 --> 01:23:51,800
ceremonial, but practical, The 
last specific observations about

1620
01:23:51,800 --> 01:23:55,100
opponents and conditions and the
things that today requires that 

1621
01:23:55,100 --> 01:23:58,000
he is not already communicated 
in the preceding days of 

1622
01:23:58,000 --> 01:24:01,000
preparation. 
Stops at you. 

1623
01:24:01,000 --> 01:24:04,000
He looks at the equipment, he 
looks at you. 

1624
01:24:04,000 --> 01:24:07,100
He says what he has to say and 
moves on. 

1625
01:24:08,400 --> 01:24:11,700
The morning is nearly done the 
procession assembles soon. 

1626
01:24:11,700 --> 01:24:15,100
The city is waiting as it has 
been waiting since before you 

1627
01:24:15,100 --> 01:24:19,500
woke and the sand in the arena 
has been raped by now, white and

1628
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:22,500
level and precise. 
And the day that belongs to you 

1629
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,600
is about, to make its demands 
the street outside. 

1630
01:24:25,600 --> 01:24:28,700
The ludus is already lined. 
When the gates open, not the 

1631
01:24:28,700 --> 01:24:31,600
full crowd, not yet that 
assembles in the tears of the 

1632
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:34,800
Colosseum across the morning, 
and reaches, its full number, by

1633
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:38,000
the time, the afternoon bouts 
begin, but the people who come 

1634
01:24:38,000 --> 01:24:40,900
early to watch the procession, 
who want to see the fighters 

1635
01:24:40,900 --> 01:24:44,700
before the arena frames them in 
the street, at close range. 

1636
01:24:44,700 --> 01:24:48,200
Moving through the ordinary City
on their way to the place where 

1637
01:24:48,200 --> 01:24:52,100
the ordinary City stops applying
they press against the side of 

1638
01:24:52,100 --> 01:24:53,700
the street and they watch you 
pass. 

1639
01:24:53,700 --> 01:24:57,200
And the watching has a quality 
that you have felt many times 

1640
01:24:57,200 --> 01:25:00,300
and have not found a word for 
not admiration. 

1641
01:25:00,300 --> 01:25:03,500
Exactly. 
And not hostility exactly but 

1642
01:25:03,500 --> 01:25:06,300
something that contains both of 
those things and something else 

1643
01:25:06,300 --> 01:25:08,900
underneath them. 
The particular regard that 

1644
01:25:08,900 --> 01:25:11,400
people give to other people who 
are about to do something, they 

1645
01:25:11,400 --> 01:25:14,000
themselves would not do you 
walk? 

1646
01:25:14,000 --> 01:25:17,300
The procession moves at the pace
that processions move. 

1647
01:25:17,300 --> 01:25:20,900
Deliberate and visible. 
The purpose of it being as much 

1648
01:25:20,900 --> 01:25:22,700
the display as the 
transportation. 

1649
01:25:23,600 --> 01:25:26,500
Rome understanding that the 
movement of Fighters through the

1650
01:25:26,500 --> 01:25:31,000
city before the games was 
itself, a form of spectacle the 

1651
01:25:31,000 --> 01:25:33,700
anticipation built in the 
street, becoming part of the 

1652
01:25:33,700 --> 01:25:37,300
energy that the arena would 
later contain an amplify. 

1653
01:25:38,500 --> 01:25:41,400
The fighters around you move 
with the same deliberate 

1654
01:25:41,400 --> 01:25:44,100
quality. 
The training ground efficiency 

1655
01:25:44,100 --> 01:25:47,100
translated into something that 
reads differently in public. 

1656
01:25:47,100 --> 01:25:51,600
The same economy of motion 
producing in this context, the 

1657
01:25:51,600 --> 01:25:54,300
impression of Readiness, rather 
than merely the fact of it. 

1658
01:25:55,600 --> 01:25:59,300
The city smells of its self, the
bread from the bakery is that 

1659
01:25:59,300 --> 01:26:01,000
have been going since before 
Dawn. 

1660
01:26:01,000 --> 01:26:04,200
The animal smell of the cattle 
market somewhere to the north 

1661
01:26:04,900 --> 01:26:07,700
The sharp particular smell of 
the fullest shops, along the 

1662
01:26:07,700 --> 01:26:12,200
street where cloth is processed 
in the large Vats that require a

1663
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:16,200
substance that roam Source from 
the public latrines and that the

1664
01:26:16,200 --> 01:26:19,600
Fullers Street and announces its
presence with from a 

1665
01:26:19,600 --> 01:26:22,800
considerable distance. 
The ordinary City in all its 

1666
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:26,200
ordinary functions, the buying 
and selling and processing and 

1667
01:26:26,200 --> 01:26:30,200
arguing and living that fills 
every street in Rome on every 

1668
01:26:30,200 --> 01:26:32,500
morning. 
That is not fight day and on 

1669
01:26:32,500 --> 01:26:34,900
fight days too. 
Continuing alongside the 

1670
01:26:34,900 --> 01:26:38,300
procession with the indifference
that a city of a million people 

1671
01:26:38,300 --> 01:26:41,200
has toward any individual event 
occurring within it. 

1672
01:26:41,900 --> 01:26:44,400
However, significant that event 
is to the people. 

1673
01:26:44,400 --> 01:26:47,900
It contains the feet know this 
route the way feet, no roots 

1674
01:26:47,900 --> 01:26:51,600
that have been walked many times
not by conscious memory, but by 

1675
01:26:51,600 --> 01:26:54,600
something more physical, the 
turns arriving before the 

1676
01:26:54,600 --> 01:26:57,900
landmarks that announced them 
the body navigating without 

1677
01:26:57,900 --> 01:27:00,100
requiring the mind to direct the
navigation. 

1678
01:27:01,000 --> 01:27:04,600
What changes each time is the 
crowd, which has never exactly 

1679
01:27:04,600 --> 01:27:07,900
the same crowd twice. 
Faces different, though. 

1680
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:11,400
The quality of attention in them
is consistent and what changes 

1681
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:14,800
inside you which you do not 
spend time trying to describe 

1682
01:27:14,800 --> 01:27:17,500
because the describing of it is 
not useful in the way that the 

1683
01:27:17,500 --> 01:27:20,800
management of it is useful. 
It has been present since you 

1684
01:27:20,800 --> 01:27:24,100
woke running alongside the 
preparation and the ritual and 

1685
01:27:24,100 --> 01:27:27,100
the equipment check and the 
morning practice in the way that

1686
01:27:27,100 --> 01:27:31,000
A River Runs alongside a road. 
Not the same thing as the road. 

1687
01:27:31,000 --> 01:27:34,900
Not obstructing the road but 
present and audible if you stop 

1688
01:27:34,900 --> 01:27:38,300
moving and listen for it, you do
not stop moving. 

1689
01:27:38,300 --> 01:27:42,000
The fear is information. 
The same kind of information 

1690
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:45,100
that the shoulders loose nests 
and the niece silence and the 

1691
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:48,700
hands redness or information. 
The body's report on the current

1692
01:27:48,700 --> 01:27:51,500
state of things. 
An information is useful when it

1693
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:54,800
is used and not useful. 
When it dwelled upon and the 

1694
01:27:54,800 --> 01:27:57,700
difference between using it and 
dwelling on it is the work of 

1695
01:27:57,700 --> 01:28:00,000
years and is never entirely 
complete. 

1696
01:28:00,900 --> 01:28:04,000
Kathleen Coleman who scholarship
on the Roman spectacles, 

1697
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:07,400
examined, the gladiatorial games
as a cultural institution, 

1698
01:28:07,400 --> 01:28:10,700
rather than merely as 
entertainment describe the 

1699
01:28:10,708 --> 01:28:12,800
procession as a threshold 
ritual. 

1700
01:28:13,600 --> 01:28:16,300
The passage from the world of 
the ludus, to the world of the 

1701
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:18,200
Arena marked, by the public 
movement. 

1702
01:28:18,200 --> 01:28:22,100
Through the city's streets, the 
fighter becoming through the act

1703
01:28:22,100 --> 01:28:25,400
of being seen by the crowd in 
this way, something different 

1704
01:28:25,400 --> 01:28:29,800
from what he was inside the 
barracks walls, the threshold is

1705
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:33,400
real, you feel it in the street,
the way you would feel a change 

1706
01:28:33,400 --> 01:28:37,800
in temperature, not dramatic, 
but unmistakable, the Colosseum 

1707
01:28:37,800 --> 01:28:40,100
appears at the End of the 
Street, the way large things 

1708
01:28:40,100 --> 01:28:41,800
appear. 
When you've been moving towards 

1709
01:28:41,800 --> 01:28:45,900
them through smaller streets, 
not gradually but certainly the 

1710
01:28:45,900 --> 01:28:49,200
scale of it arriving all at once
when the street opened into the 

1711
01:28:49,200 --> 01:28:50,900
space around the structures 
base. 

1712
01:28:51,800 --> 01:28:55,200
You have seen it many times and 
the scale still lands the 

1713
01:28:55,200 --> 01:28:59,400
Colosseum close range, the 4 
tiers of arched opening above 

1714
01:28:59,400 --> 01:29:03,200
you, the stone that has been 
here for Generations already and

1715
01:29:03,200 --> 01:29:05,400
that will be here for 
Generations after everyone 

1716
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:08,900
currently entering it as God 
produces in the body are 

1717
01:29:08,900 --> 01:29:11,100
response. 
That is not fear and is not or 

1718
01:29:11,100 --> 01:29:13,900
exactly. 
But is the specific physical 

1719
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:18,000
sensation of smallness the body 
registering its own scale 

1720
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:21,300
against to scale at dwarfs. 
It, the structure was completed 

1721
01:29:21,300 --> 01:29:25,300
under the emperor Titus in 80 CE
built on the site of the 

1722
01:29:25,308 --> 01:29:27,500
artificial Lake of Nero's Golden
House. 

1723
01:29:28,400 --> 01:29:31,500
The Reclamation of the space 
itself are political statement 

1724
01:29:31,500 --> 01:29:34,300
about the difference between an 
emperor who took Land from the 

1725
01:29:34,308 --> 01:29:38,200
people for his private pleasure 
and an emperor who returned it 

1726
01:29:38,200 --> 01:29:42,800
as public spectacle. 
It could hold 50,000 people some

1727
01:29:42,800 --> 01:29:46,400
estimates, placing it higher, 
the tears arranged so that the 

1728
01:29:46,400 --> 01:29:50,100
crowds noise, which was 
considerable and which had a 

1729
01:29:50,100 --> 01:29:53,300
specific acoustic quality 
produced by the stone and the 

1730
01:29:53,308 --> 01:29:56,900
shape of the oval fell down into
the arena in a way that was 

1731
01:29:56,900 --> 01:29:59,500
different from how crowd noise 
felt in open air. 

1732
01:30:00,400 --> 01:30:04,300
More contained, more 
directional, pressing down from 

1733
01:30:04,300 --> 01:30:07,600
all sides, simultaneously. 
You have stood in that noise, 

1734
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:10,700
you know what it does to the 
body which is something that 

1735
01:30:10,700 --> 01:30:13,000
description approximates but 
does not reproduce. 

1736
01:30:14,000 --> 01:30:18,400
Sound less heard and felt the 
chest and the gut receiving it 

1737
01:30:18,400 --> 01:30:20,300
before the years of finished 
processing it. 

1738
01:30:21,200 --> 01:30:24,700
The crowds reaction to what is 
happening in the arena arriving 

1739
01:30:24,700 --> 01:30:27,500
in the bodies of the people in 
the arena before it arrives in 

1740
01:30:27,500 --> 01:30:29,400
their minds as understood 
sounds. 

1741
01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:32,900
This is one of the things about 
the arena that the people in the

1742
01:30:32,900 --> 01:30:36,700
tears do not know from the 
inside the particular quality of

1743
01:30:36,708 --> 01:30:39,300
being inside the noise, rather 
than producing it. 

1744
01:30:39,300 --> 01:30:43,000
The way the crowds energy is not
motivating in the way that 

1745
01:30:43,000 --> 01:30:45,400
popular accounts of gladiatorial
combat. 

1746
01:30:45,400 --> 01:30:50,000
Tend to suggest part is simply 
present a physical fact of the 

1747
01:30:50,000 --> 01:30:52,700
environment that the body has 
learned to incorporate into its 

1748
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:55,700
functioning the way to 
incorporates the heat, all the 

1749
01:30:55,700 --> 01:30:58,800
light. 
The entrance to the arena for 

1750
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:02,200
the fighters is not the 
entrance, the crowd users, you 

1751
01:31:02,200 --> 01:31:04,200
move through the passage beneath
the structure. 

1752
01:31:04,200 --> 01:31:07,200
The vomitoria that feed the 
crowd into the tears above 

1753
01:31:07,200 --> 01:31:11,200
reversed in Direction here, 
taking you down, rather than up 

1754
01:31:11,200 --> 01:31:14,700
through the hyper gear, the 
underground complex, Beneath The

1755
01:31:14,700 --> 01:31:17,500
Arena floor, that houses the 
mechanisms and the animals, and 

1756
01:31:17,500 --> 01:31:20,500
the fighters waiting for their 
bouts, and the equipment, and 

1757
01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:23,500
the attendance, and the priests 
and the administrative apparatus

1758
01:31:23,500 --> 01:31:25,900
of the games that the crowd 
above would never see. 

1759
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:30,300
The hyper GM smells of stone and
animals and the particular 

1760
01:31:30,300 --> 01:31:33,100
clothes are of underground 
spaces that do not fully 

1761
01:31:33,100 --> 01:31:34,700
exchange with the air above 
them. 

1762
01:31:35,600 --> 01:31:39,000
The light comes from torches set
in the walls at intervals that 

1763
01:31:39,000 --> 01:31:41,700
illuminate, the immediate space,
without connecting it to 

1764
01:31:41,700 --> 01:31:45,800
anything outside, the Torches 
producing a warm and slightly on

1765
01:31:45,800 --> 01:31:48,500
steady light. 
That makes the stone walls, look

1766
01:31:48,500 --> 01:31:50,300
different from how they look in 
daylight. 

1767
01:31:51,200 --> 01:31:54,000
The Shadows move moving in a way
that daylight Shadows do not 

1768
01:31:54,000 --> 01:31:56,600
move. 
Sounds from above a present. 

1769
01:31:56,600 --> 01:32:00,300
But muffled, the crowd noise 
that has been building since the

1770
01:32:00,300 --> 01:32:03,200
morning filtered through the 
stone of the Arena floor in to 

1771
01:32:03,200 --> 01:32:07,900
something that is more than 
heard a low vibration in the 

1772
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:10,300
walls and the floors. 
That tells you, the tears are 

1773
01:32:10,300 --> 01:32:12,600
feeling that the morning of 
events of begun. 

1774
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:17,300
The afternoon is arriving. 
You find your place in the space

1775
01:32:17,300 --> 01:32:19,800
beneath. 
The fighters, wait in the way 

1776
01:32:19,800 --> 01:32:22,700
that Fighters, wait with the 
internal management of 

1777
01:32:22,700 --> 01:32:26,900
everything that waiting before a
fight, produces, the sand above 

1778
01:32:26,900 --> 01:32:30,600
you has been raped. 
You know this without seeing it.

1779
01:32:30,600 --> 01:32:34,100
By now, the morning events will 
have marked it with whatever 

1780
01:32:34,100 --> 01:32:37,100
they marked it with and between 
now and your bout. 

1781
01:32:37,100 --> 01:32:40,600
The attendance will rake it, 
again returning it to the level 

1782
01:32:40,600 --> 01:32:44,400
White surface that each major 
fight begins on the surface, 

1783
01:32:44,400 --> 01:32:47,100
that you will be standing on in 
some number of hours, is being 

1784
01:32:47,100 --> 01:32:50,900
maintained above you by people. 
You cannot see in a space, you 

1785
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:54,500
cannot get access and all you 
can do with that information is 

1786
01:32:54,500 --> 01:32:56,900
what you have always done with 
the things you cannot affect 

1787
01:32:56,900 --> 01:33:01,500
which is set aside and return to
the things, you can, the torch 

1788
01:33:01,500 --> 01:33:05,500
on the wall, holds its light, 
the stone holds its cold, the 

1789
01:33:05,500 --> 01:33:09,900
crowd above holds its noise and 
you hold what you hold in. 

1790
01:33:09,900 --> 01:33:13,700
The particular way of a man who 
has learned across years of 

1791
01:33:13,700 --> 01:33:16,600
standing, in this place that 
holding is the whole of what the

1792
01:33:16,600 --> 01:33:20,400
waiting requires. 
Hyper GM holds time differently 

1793
01:33:20,400 --> 01:33:24,100
from the world of it. 
Not slowly, not the stretched 

1794
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:26,900
quality that anticipation 
produces in some people. 

1795
01:33:27,800 --> 01:33:31,500
But with a density that ordinary
time, does not have each minute,

1796
01:33:31,500 --> 01:33:33,600
containing more of itself than 
minutes. 

1797
01:33:33,600 --> 01:33:36,500
Usually contain, the awareness 
of what is coming. 

1798
01:33:36,500 --> 01:33:39,400
Pressing against the present 
moment from one side and the 

1799
01:33:39,400 --> 01:33:40,900
awareness of what is already 
been. 

1800
01:33:40,900 --> 01:33:44,600
Given up pressing from the 
other, The hyper-g is a world of

1801
01:33:44,600 --> 01:33:47,400
its own. 
The passage is connect chambers.

1802
01:33:47,400 --> 01:33:50,900
That each service specific 
function in the mechanics of the

1803
01:33:50,900 --> 01:33:53,100
games. 
The animal holding areas with 

1804
01:33:53,100 --> 01:33:56,300
their smell of hay, and large 
bodies, and the particular 

1805
01:33:56,300 --> 01:33:58,700
restlessness of creatures that 
know they are somewhere. 

1806
01:33:58,708 --> 01:34:01,700
They did not choose, the 
equipment storage with its 

1807
01:34:01,700 --> 01:34:06,100
organized racks of weapons and 
armor checked and rechecked by 

1808
01:34:06,100 --> 01:34:08,400
the attendance who are 
responsible for the physical 

1809
01:34:08,400 --> 01:34:11,500
condition of everything. 
That enters the arena, The 

1810
01:34:11,500 --> 01:34:14,500
Waiting areas, where the 
fighters, sit or stand or move 

1811
01:34:14,500 --> 01:34:18,500
through what ever preparation, 
the final hour requires the 

1812
01:34:18,500 --> 01:34:21,400
torches on the walls, produce a 
light that is warm but not 

1813
01:34:21,400 --> 01:34:24,900
generous Illuminating the 
immediate space and leaving the 

1814
01:34:24,900 --> 01:34:28,800
passage Beyond it in a darkness 
that the imagination populates 

1815
01:34:28,800 --> 01:34:32,100
differently, depending on the 
state of the person, doing the 

1816
01:34:32,100 --> 01:34:36,300
imagining You're sitting on a 
stone bench that has been Sat On

1817
01:34:36,300 --> 01:34:39,600
by Fighters before every bout in
this Arena since the structure 

1818
01:34:39,600 --> 01:34:43,200
was completed, which means it 
has been Sat On by men who went 

1819
01:34:43,200 --> 01:34:46,600
up through the gate above you, 
and came back and men who went 

1820
01:34:46,600 --> 01:34:48,600
up through the gate and did not 
come back. 

1821
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:52,400
And the stone of it does not 
record which was, which or care 

1822
01:34:52,400 --> 01:34:55,700
about the distinction, the stone
being indifferent to everything 

1823
01:34:55,700 --> 01:34:59,300
that happens on and around it. 
Which is one of the things that 

1824
01:34:59,300 --> 01:35:02,200
makes Stone useful to be near 
when the mine needs something 

1825
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:05,300
that will not be moved by what 
is moving it in the years. 

1826
01:35:05,300 --> 01:35:07,300
You've been doing this. 
You have developed an approach 

1827
01:35:07,300 --> 01:35:09,700
to the waiting. 
That is not a technique. 

1828
01:35:09,700 --> 01:35:12,400
Exactly. 
But a practice performed. 

1829
01:35:12,400 --> 01:35:16,300
Consistently enough, that the 
performance itself produces a 

1830
01:35:16,300 --> 01:35:19,900
state, rather than the state 
being required before, the 

1831
01:35:19,900 --> 01:35:23,600
performance can begin, You do 
not try to empty the mind of 

1832
01:35:23,600 --> 01:35:26,500
what it contains. 
The Mind contains what it 

1833
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:30,200
contains and the trying produces
struggle and struggle produces 

1834
01:35:30,200 --> 01:35:34,600
tension and tension is the thing
that costs you in the arena the 

1835
01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:37,400
body tightening around the fear 
rather than moving through it 

1836
01:35:38,300 --> 01:35:42,300
What you do instead is let the 
mind have what it has and direct

1837
01:35:42,300 --> 01:35:45,400
the attention to the body. 
The breath which has been 

1838
01:35:45,408 --> 01:35:48,800
slightly shallow since the 
procession began deliberately 

1839
01:35:48,800 --> 01:35:51,300
slowed. 
Now, the exhale longer than the 

1840
01:35:51,300 --> 01:35:54,900
inhale, the body's own system 
for managing the state that the 

1841
01:35:54,900 --> 01:35:58,300
nervous system produces under 
threat working when it is given 

1842
01:35:58,300 --> 01:36:01,400
the space to work rather than 
being overridden by the mines 

1843
01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:04,100
and systems on thinking about 
the things that is causing the 

1844
01:36:04,100 --> 01:36:07,800
threat. 
The hands which have a tendency 

1845
01:36:07,800 --> 01:36:10,000
on fight days to grip or 
whatever. 

1846
01:36:10,000 --> 01:36:13,300
They are holding with more Force
than the holding, requires 

1847
01:36:13,300 --> 01:36:17,400
deliberately loosened, the 
fingers opened and reclose 

1848
01:36:17,400 --> 01:36:20,200
closed at a tension that is 
Readiness without rigidity. 

1849
01:36:21,100 --> 01:36:24,400
The stoic philosophers whose 
ideas circulated through Roman. 

1850
01:36:24,400 --> 01:36:27,200
In this period would have 
recognized the practice without 

1851
01:36:27,200 --> 01:36:30,300
naming it epic. 
Titus, who knew something about 

1852
01:36:30,300 --> 01:36:32,700
constraint that most 
philosophers did not know from 

1853
01:36:32,700 --> 01:36:35,100
the inside. 
Having been a slave before. 

1854
01:36:35,100 --> 01:36:38,800
He was a teacher wrote about the
discipline of attention as the 

1855
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:41,500
primary tool of the person who 
cannot control their 

1856
01:36:41,500 --> 01:36:44,200
circumstances, but can control 
their relationship to those 

1857
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:48,300
circumstances, the Gladiator and
the philosopher had different 

1858
01:36:48,300 --> 01:36:50,500
relationships to the Roman power
structure. 

1859
01:36:51,200 --> 01:36:54,600
One of them considerably more 
lethal than the other, but the 

1860
01:36:54,600 --> 01:36:58,000
tool epic tetis described was 
the tool you were using and the 

1861
01:36:58,000 --> 01:37:00,700
using of it was the same 
regardless of who had named it. 

1862
01:37:00,700 --> 01:37:04,300
The sounds from above shift as 
the morning events. 

1863
01:37:04,300 --> 01:37:07,500
Give way to the afternoon 
program, you can read the crowd 

1864
01:37:07,500 --> 01:37:09,500
through the stone, the way, a 
sailor reads. 

1865
01:37:09,500 --> 01:37:12,900
Whether through the quality of 
light, the different registers 

1866
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:16,100
of the noise communicating 
information about what is 

1867
01:37:16,100 --> 01:37:19,300
happening in the arena that the 
walls and the floor. 

1868
01:37:19,300 --> 01:37:21,900
Translate into vibration and 
pressure rather than 

1869
01:37:21,900 --> 01:37:25,700
identifiable sound, the role 
that means something has 

1870
01:37:25,700 --> 01:37:28,700
happened suddenly The sustained 
noise. 

1871
01:37:28,700 --> 01:37:31,800
That means the crowd is engaged 
with something developing rather

1872
01:37:31,800 --> 01:37:33,600
than reacting to a single 
moment. 

1873
01:37:34,600 --> 01:37:38,000
The particular frequency, that 
means the tears of full rather 

1874
01:37:38,000 --> 01:37:41,300
than half full. 
The mass of 50,000 people 

1875
01:37:41,300 --> 01:37:44,800
producing a quality of vibration
that 30,000 does not. 

1876
01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:48,700
The bouts before, yours are 
proceeding in the sequence that 

1877
01:37:48,700 --> 01:37:53,100
the editor established each one,
bringing your moment nearer with

1878
01:37:53,100 --> 01:37:56,100
the same, indifference to your 
feelings about the proximity. 

1879
01:37:56,100 --> 01:37:58,400
That the stone bench brings to 
the waiting. 

1880
01:37:58,400 --> 01:38:01,700
The other fighters in the podium
are at different stages of their

1881
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:04,800
own preparation, some of them 
still in the early hours of the 

1882
01:38:04,800 --> 01:38:08,200
wait, some of them in the final 
minutes before the gate opens. 

1883
01:38:08,900 --> 01:38:11,800
The ones in the final minutes, 
carrying a quality of Stillness,

1884
01:38:11,800 --> 01:38:14,500
that is different from the 
Stillness of earlier waiting. 

1885
01:38:15,400 --> 01:38:18,400
More concentrated, the 
attention, having narrowed to 

1886
01:38:18,400 --> 01:38:20,900
the point where the peripheral 
world has largely stopped 

1887
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:23,500
registering. 
And what remains is the gate, 

1888
01:38:23,500 --> 01:38:27,900
and what is on the other side of
it. the narrowed state produces 

1889
01:38:27,900 --> 01:38:32,600
not fearlessness but a specific 
form of focus that operates 

1890
01:38:32,600 --> 01:38:36,700
independently of the emotional 
state it coexists with The body 

1891
01:38:36,700 --> 01:38:40,000
able to do what it needs to do 
because the attention has been 

1892
01:38:40,000 --> 01:38:43,800
directed entirely toward doing, 
it rather than toward the 

1893
01:38:43,800 --> 01:38:46,200
assessment of whether doing. 
It is a good idea. 

1894
01:38:46,200 --> 01:38:50,700
The assessment was completed 
days ago, the training was 

1895
01:38:50,700 --> 01:38:55,400
completed years ago, what 
remains now is the execution and

1896
01:38:55,400 --> 01:38:59,000
the execution will be what it is
shaped by the preparation and 

1897
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:02,600
the opponent and the specific 
conditions of the afternoon and 

1898
01:39:02,600 --> 01:39:05,400
the variables that no amount of 
preparation can account for. 

1899
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:09,400
And the acceptance of that last 
category is the final piece of 

1900
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:11,800
the work. 
That the waiting allows, there 

1901
01:39:11,800 --> 01:39:14,200
is a man in the hippo who will 
not fight today. 

1902
01:39:15,000 --> 01:39:18,800
He's here in an administrative 
capacity, moving through the 

1903
01:39:18,800 --> 01:39:21,900
passages with the efficiency of 
someone managing a complex 

1904
01:39:21,908 --> 01:39:25,200
operation, checking on the 
fighters and the equipment and 

1905
01:39:25,200 --> 01:39:28,800
the animals, and the timing. 
The games being, as much, a 

1906
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:32,100
logistical achievement as an 
entertainment and requiring, The

1907
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:35,400
Continuous attention of people 
who understand the logistics. 

1908
01:39:35,400 --> 01:39:38,800
He pauses at the chamber where 
you're waiting and looks at you,

1909
01:39:38,800 --> 01:39:41,200
the way, the people who run the 
games, look at the fighters, 

1910
01:39:41,200 --> 01:39:44,600
which is the look of someone 
assessing an asset's Readiness 

1911
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:46,700
rather than considering a 
person's well-being. 

1912
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:51,000
The two things, not mutually 
exclusive but not identical 

1913
01:39:51,000 --> 01:39:52,900
either. 
You return. 

1914
01:39:52,900 --> 01:39:55,800
The look with the flatness that 
the years in this world have 

1915
01:39:55,800 --> 01:39:58,200
produced in you for this 
specific Exchange. 

1916
01:39:59,500 --> 01:40:03,800
The man moves on the passage 
resume its torch lit normalcy, 

1917
01:40:03,800 --> 01:40:06,900
the stone walls. 
Continued their indifference. 

1918
01:40:06,900 --> 01:40:10,800
The archaeological evidence from
the hyper GM of the Colosseum 

1919
01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:15,100
excavated and started across the
20th century shows, the 

1920
01:40:15,100 --> 01:40:18,700
mechanical sophistication of the
system that operated Beneath The

1921
01:40:18,700 --> 01:40:22,700
Arena floor, the lifts and the 
trap doors and the cage passages

1922
01:40:22,700 --> 01:40:24,100
through which animals were 
moved. 

1923
01:40:24,100 --> 01:40:27,500
From their holding areas to the 
arena surface, the whole 

1924
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:30,900
apparatus designed to produce 
surprise and spectacle From 

1925
01:40:30,900 --> 01:40:33,700
Below. 
Things appearing in the arena as

1926
01:40:33,700 --> 01:40:36,900
if from nowhere because the 
audience above could not see the

1927
01:40:36,900 --> 01:40:38,700
infrastructure that produce the 
appearance. 

1928
01:40:39,700 --> 01:40:42,700
The fighters did not come up 
through the lifts, they came up 

1929
01:40:42,700 --> 01:40:46,800
through the gates, the porter, 
Santa vivaria the Gate of life 

1930
01:40:46,800 --> 01:40:51,300
and the porter Libby to nancys 
the gate of the Dead name for 

1931
01:40:51,308 --> 01:40:54,400
the goddess associated with 
funerals, the naming of the 

1932
01:40:54,408 --> 01:40:56,500
gates. 
Being the Arena's most direct 

1933
01:40:56,500 --> 01:40:58,900
acknowledgment of the two 
outcomes that every bout 

1934
01:40:58,900 --> 01:41:01,900
contained you will come up 
through the gate of Life. 

1935
01:41:01,900 --> 01:41:05,900
The outcome you're preparing for
in the outcome, you intend and 

1936
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:09,400
the intending, and the preparing
are everything you have and they

1937
01:41:09,400 --> 01:41:12,800
are enough to stand on and 
standing on them is the whole of

1938
01:41:12,800 --> 01:41:16,600
what the waiting has been for. 
The gate above you is visible 

1939
01:41:16,600 --> 01:41:19,600
from the bench. 
It is a plain wooden structure, 

1940
01:41:19,600 --> 01:41:23,900
reinforced with iron functional 
rather than ceremonial the 

1941
01:41:23,900 --> 01:41:26,800
serenity reserved for the Arena,
floor above it, where the crowd 

1942
01:41:26,800 --> 01:41:29,400
can see Through the gaps in the 
wood. 

1943
01:41:29,400 --> 01:41:32,500
The light from above comes 
through in thin bright lines, 

1944
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:37,800
the afternoon son of Rome in 
summer sharp and direct entirely

1945
01:41:37,800 --> 01:41:41,400
different in quality from the 
torch light of their Podium and 

1946
01:41:41,400 --> 01:41:43,900
the brightness of those lines 
against the Dark of the 

1947
01:41:43,900 --> 01:41:47,300
underground space is the visual 
fact of what is waiting above. 

1948
01:41:48,200 --> 01:41:51,500
The world of the Arena present 
in the hypogeum is light through

1949
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:55,100
a gate that has not yet opened. 
The crowd noise is a constant. 

1950
01:41:55,100 --> 01:41:59,000
Now the tears full and the 
afternoon program engaged the 

1951
01:41:59,000 --> 01:42:02,000
sound of it coming through the 
floor as the particular pressure

1952
01:42:02,000 --> 01:42:05,600
that 50,000 people assembled in 
one place producers. 

1953
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:09,600
You've stopped passing it. 
The information it was carrying 

1954
01:42:09,600 --> 01:42:12,200
has been received and the 
remainder is simply environment,

1955
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:14,600
present the way, the Torchlight 
is present. 

1956
01:42:14,600 --> 01:42:18,500
The way, the cold of the stone 
is present, the way the smell of

1957
01:42:18,500 --> 01:42:21,300
the hippo. 
Jim is present background to the

1958
01:42:21,300 --> 01:42:24,800
foreground of your own body, in 
this moment, the breath, and the

1959
01:42:24,800 --> 01:42:27,600
hands, and the particular 
quality of Readiness that years 

1960
01:42:27,600 --> 01:42:31,800
of doing this have taught you to
recognize when it arrives, not 

1961
01:42:31,800 --> 01:42:34,500
announced, not decided simply 
present. 

1962
01:42:34,500 --> 01:42:37,400
In the way, the light through 
the gate is present, the 

1963
01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:40,700
preparation complete and the 
body ready and the afternoon 

1964
01:42:40,700 --> 01:42:43,700
above you doing, what the 
afternoon does waiting for, 

1965
01:42:43,700 --> 01:42:48,300
nothing different, to everything
proceeding with or without your 

1966
01:42:48,300 --> 01:42:51,700
participation toward the moment 
when the gate opens and the 

1967
01:42:51,700 --> 01:42:55,600
light comes down and the sand 
receives your weight and the 

1968
01:42:55,600 --> 01:42:58,800
crowd becomes the thing, it 
becomes when the fighters enter 

1969
01:42:58,800 --> 01:43:03,300
and the bout begins. 
The gate will open soon. 

1970
01:43:03,300 --> 01:43:06,400
You sit with that and let it be 
what it is. 

1971
01:43:06,400 --> 01:43:09,100
The light hits you before 
anything else. 

1972
01:43:10,200 --> 01:43:13,100
Coming up through the gate. 
From the hippodrome's torch-lit 

1973
01:43:13,100 --> 01:43:16,700
dark into the full afternoon. 
Son of the arena is a physical 

1974
01:43:16,700 --> 01:43:21,300
event, not a visual one. 
The like not seen so much as 

1975
01:43:21,300 --> 01:43:25,600
received by the whole surface of
the body at once the Heat and 

1976
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:29,400
the brightness arriving, 
simultaneously as a single 

1977
01:43:29,400 --> 01:43:32,700
Sensation that the eyes need a 
moment to resolve into the 

1978
01:43:32,700 --> 01:43:35,500
specific shape of the world 
above the sand. 

1979
01:43:35,500 --> 01:43:39,200
The walls, the tears Rising on 
all sides with their tens of 

1980
01:43:39,200 --> 01:43:42,600
thousands of people. 
The crowd becoming visible as a 

1981
01:43:42,600 --> 01:43:46,500
mass before it becomes visible. 
As individual faces, the sheer 

1982
01:43:46,500 --> 01:43:49,800
scale of the assembled attention
pressing down into the arena 

1983
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:53,700
from every direction. 
The body knows what to do with 

1984
01:43:53,700 --> 01:43:56,400
it. 
The eyes adjusting the breath. 

1985
01:43:56,400 --> 01:44:00,300
Finding its Rhythm the focus 
narrowing from the overwhelming 

1986
01:44:00,300 --> 01:44:03,900
totality of the Arena down to 
the ground in front of you, and 

1987
01:44:03,900 --> 01:44:06,900
the gate on the opposite side 
and the figure emerging from it,

1988
01:44:06,900 --> 01:44:09,700
which is the only thing in this 
space, that requires your 

1989
01:44:09,700 --> 01:44:12,700
attention. 
Now, the 50,000 people in the 

1990
01:44:12,700 --> 01:44:15,300
tears having ceased to be 
relevant from the moment, the 

1991
01:44:15,300 --> 01:44:19,600
gate opened He is larger than 
you expected, not dramatically, 

1992
01:44:19,600 --> 01:44:21,700
not in a way that changes 
anything. 

1993
01:44:21,700 --> 01:44:25,600
But the body assesses, these 
things automatically and files. 

1994
01:44:25,600 --> 01:44:29,500
The information before, the mind
has been consulted the 

1995
01:44:29,500 --> 01:44:32,500
adjustment already being made in
the weight distribution and the 

1996
01:44:32,500 --> 01:44:36,700
distance calculation and the 
first steps across the sand, he 

1997
01:44:36,700 --> 01:44:39,700
moves the way you expected from 
the assessments of the preceding

1998
01:44:39,700 --> 01:44:43,100
days, the retiarius carrying the
net in his left hand and the 

1999
01:44:43,108 --> 01:44:47,300
Trident in his right with the 
practice of a man whose body is 

2000
01:44:47,300 --> 01:44:49,300
organized itself around these 
implements for years. 

2001
01:44:50,200 --> 01:44:53,000
The net held slightly away from 
the body of the height and angle

2002
01:44:53,000 --> 01:44:56,900
that allows the fastest cars. 
The Trident trailing behind at 

2003
01:44:56,900 --> 01:44:59,400
the ready. 
He is reading you the same way 

2004
01:44:59,400 --> 01:45:02,300
you are reading him. 
Both of you have been doing this

2005
01:45:02,300 --> 01:45:04,700
long enough to know that the 
first exchange of information 

2006
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:06,700
happens before any weapon is 
moved. 

2007
01:45:07,400 --> 01:45:11,200
The sand is different from the 
training grounds and finer more 

2008
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:14,500
uniform rake to a level surface 
that receives the foot 

2009
01:45:14,500 --> 01:45:16,900
differently than the factor of 
the ludus training area. 

2010
01:45:16,900 --> 01:45:21,000
The slight give of it, changing 
the physics of movement in ways 

2011
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:24,300
small enough that the untrained 
body would not notice them and 

2012
01:45:24,300 --> 01:45:27,100
large enough, that the train 
body is already recalibrated. 

2013
01:45:28,100 --> 01:45:29,800
You have fought on this sand 
before. 

2014
01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:34,300
Calibration is automatic. 
He cast The Net at the range 

2015
01:45:34,300 --> 01:45:37,500
where most Fighters not yet 
expecting it which is the tell 

2016
01:45:37,500 --> 01:45:39,700
you identified in the 
assessments of his previous 

2017
01:45:39,700 --> 01:45:42,000
bouts. 
The early cast being is opening 

2018
01:45:42,000 --> 01:45:45,600
move when he reads confidence in
his opponent, the attempt to 

2019
01:45:45,600 --> 01:45:49,100
catch the adjustment off guard. 
You read the cast coming in the 

2020
01:45:49,100 --> 01:45:50,300
positioning of his left 
shoulder. 

2021
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:54,100
Three steps before the arm moved
and you moved left and the net 

2022
01:45:54,100 --> 01:45:56,800
pass to your right and opened on
the sand behind you. 

2023
01:45:56,800 --> 01:46:00,200
And he was already moving, 
closing the distance that the 

2024
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:04,000
fail cash should have bought 
him. the Trident coming forward 

2025
01:46:04,000 --> 01:46:06,900
at the angle, that was the 
natural follow to the net throw 

2026
01:46:06,900 --> 01:46:10,900
and you brought the shield up 
and the Trident points scraped 

2027
01:46:10,900 --> 01:46:13,700
across the face of it with a 
sound and a force that traveled 

2028
01:46:13,700 --> 01:46:17,400
from The Shield, through the 
forearm into the shoulder, which

2029
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:20,900
noted it and continued The crowd
made a sound. 

2030
01:46:20,900 --> 01:46:25,200
You did not hear it as a sound. 
It arrived as a change, in the 

2031
01:46:25,200 --> 01:46:28,500
pressure of the air, the 
collective response of 50,000 

2032
01:46:28,500 --> 01:46:32,100
people to a single moment 
registering in the body before 

2033
01:46:32,100 --> 01:46:35,900
it registered anywhere else. 
And then it was gone and there 

2034
01:46:35,900 --> 01:46:37,600
was only the opponent three feet
away. 

2035
01:46:37,600 --> 01:46:41,600
The Trident recovered the net 
already being gathered with, the

2036
01:46:41,600 --> 01:46:44,600
quick practice motion of a man 
who was thrown and missed 

2037
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:47,108
before. 
Who knows that a net on the 

2038
01:46:47,116 --> 01:46:49,400
ground is an anchor rather than 
a weapon. 

2039
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:53,000
And that recovering, it is the 
first priority after a failed, 

2040
01:46:53,000 --> 01:46:57,000
throw not the dense time of the 
apogem and not the ordinary time

2041
01:46:57,000 --> 01:47:00,300
of the morning and not the 
stretch time of the procession, 

2042
01:47:00,300 --> 01:47:04,800
but something specific to the 
state that combat produces a 

2043
01:47:04,800 --> 01:47:07,300
compression and an expansion 
simultaneously. 

2044
01:47:08,100 --> 01:47:11,400
The moments that require 
decision arriving with a 

2045
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:14,600
slowness that allows them to be 
seen clearly and the moments 

2046
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:17,500
between them passing with a 
speed that the Mind does not 

2047
01:47:17,500 --> 01:47:20,800
fully record. 
You will not be able to give a 

2048
01:47:20,800 --> 01:47:22,500
complete account of what 
happened afterward. 

2049
01:47:22,500 --> 01:47:26,000
This is normal. 
The fighters who described their

2050
01:47:26,000 --> 01:47:28,100
bouts and complete narrative 
sequence. 

2051
01:47:28,100 --> 01:47:31,300
A describing, something 
constructed after the fact from 

2052
01:47:31,300 --> 01:47:35,300
the fragments that the memory 
retained, the fragments are real

2053
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:39,800
but Sequences in position. 
The weight of The Shield is, you

2054
01:47:39,800 --> 01:47:42,600
drove it Forward into his 
reaching arm deflecting, the 

2055
01:47:42,600 --> 01:47:44,600
tridents line, rather than 
blocking it. 

2056
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:48,200
The deflection or requiring less
force and producing better 

2057
01:47:48,200 --> 01:47:51,900
positioning than the block. 
The sand under your right foot 

2058
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:55,200
at the moment of the drive, the 
slight Giver of it. 

2059
01:47:55,200 --> 01:47:59,100
The way, the foot found 
purchased anywhere The sound of 

2060
01:47:59,108 --> 01:48:03,100
his breathing at close range. 
The specific rhythm of a man 

2061
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:07,000
working hard and managing it 
different from the rhythm of a 

2062
01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:10,400
man beginning to fail, the 
moment is left foot slipped on 

2063
01:48:10,408 --> 01:48:13,700
the Disturbed, sand near the 
edge of the scattered net, the 

2064
01:48:13,700 --> 01:48:15,700
slip small, and immediately 
corrected. 

2065
01:48:15,700 --> 01:48:19,400
But present in his movement, for
the next several exchanges, as a

2066
01:48:19,400 --> 01:48:23,100
slightest symmetry the body 
compensating for a surface 

2067
01:48:23,100 --> 01:48:26,300
condition that the left foot had
filed away as a caution. 

2068
01:48:26,300 --> 01:48:31,000
You use that asymmetry The 
opportunity arrived when it 

2069
01:48:31,000 --> 01:48:35,800
arrived not manufactured, not 
forced, but recognized when it 

2070
01:48:35,808 --> 01:48:39,100
was present and acted on with 
without the deliberation, that 

2071
01:48:39,100 --> 01:48:42,200
would have let it pass. 
The body made the decision 

2072
01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:45,400
before the mind was consulted 
and the Minds review of the 

2073
01:48:45,400 --> 01:48:47,800
decision. 
Happening simultaneously in the 

2074
01:48:47,800 --> 01:48:51,900
background found its sound and 
the exchange that followed was 

2075
01:48:51,900 --> 01:48:55,200
the exchange that ended the 
first phase of the fight, his 

2076
01:48:55,200 --> 01:48:58,400
balance broken, and your 
advantage established and the 

2077
01:48:58,400 --> 01:49:02,200
geometry of the space between 
you shifted in a way that both 

2078
01:49:02,200 --> 01:49:03,800
of you understood 
simultaneously. 

2079
01:49:03,800 --> 01:49:06,700
No words required. 
He was good. 

2080
01:49:06,700 --> 01:49:09,900
He recovered from the balanced 
break with a speed that less 

2081
01:49:09,900 --> 01:49:14,000
experienced Fighters, would not 
have managed, The net recalled 

2082
01:49:14,000 --> 01:49:16,700
with a Precision that caught the
edge of your shield and wrapped 

2083
01:49:16,700 --> 01:49:18,600
it. 
The pull of it, testing the 

2084
01:49:18,600 --> 01:49:21,800
grip, and the shoulder 
simultaneously and you held both

2085
01:49:21,800 --> 01:49:24,400
and stepped into the pool rather
than against it. 

2086
01:49:24,400 --> 01:49:28,900
The move counterintuitive enough
that his body reading the grip 

2087
01:49:28,900 --> 01:49:32,300
and the shoulder. 
And expecting resistance was 

2088
01:49:32,300 --> 01:49:36,300
briefly ahead of where the 
actual confrontation was, That 

2089
01:49:36,300 --> 01:49:39,000
gap between where his body 
expected you to be and where you

2090
01:49:39,000 --> 01:49:40,700
were was the space, the fight 
gave you? 

2091
01:49:41,400 --> 01:49:46,700
Small specific present for the 
duration of a single exchange 

2092
01:49:46,700 --> 01:49:49,600
and gone after it, you put 
everything the morning in the 

2093
01:49:49,600 --> 01:49:53,000
Years, had prepared into that 
space And the tried and went 

2094
01:49:53,000 --> 01:49:55,700
down and his knee went to the 
sand and the fight was in that 

2095
01:49:55,700 --> 01:49:58,200
position of decision. 
That every bout reaches 

2096
01:49:58,200 --> 01:50:01,500
eventually the crowd making the 
sound, it makes when the 

2097
01:50:01,500 --> 01:50:05,100
position is clear, which is the 
sound of a question, being asked

2098
01:50:05,100 --> 01:50:09,600
to the editor in the tier above 
the thumb turned or not turned 

2099
01:50:09,600 --> 01:50:15,200
the decision not yours and not 
his The editor, turn the thumb. 

2100
01:50:16,200 --> 01:50:19,600
Crowds response, registered as 
pressure in the chest before it,

2101
01:50:19,600 --> 01:50:24,100
resolved into sound, and the 
sound was the sound of 50,000. 

2102
01:50:24,100 --> 01:50:28,000
People are proving of a life 
continuing and the man on the 

2103
01:50:28,000 --> 01:50:31,700
sand, heard it and understood 
what it meant and you stepped 

2104
01:50:31,700 --> 01:50:34,700
back, and let the attendance 
come forward, and the fight was 

2105
01:50:34,700 --> 01:50:37,900
done. 
The sand is marked now, the neat

2106
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:41,600
surface that the mornings raking
produced is gone replaced by the

2107
01:50:41,600 --> 01:50:45,100
record of what happened here, 
the scuffed areas and the furrow

2108
01:50:45,100 --> 01:50:48,100
where the net dragged and the 
darker patch were something was 

2109
01:50:48,100 --> 01:50:51,700
spilled and the Deep impressions
of feet that were working hard 

2110
01:50:51,700 --> 01:50:53,700
in a small space for several 
minutes. 

2111
01:50:53,700 --> 01:50:56,800
The Arena floor after a fight is
a document. 

2112
01:50:56,800 --> 01:50:59,200
The way the Arabian horses body 
is a document. 

2113
01:50:59,200 --> 01:51:03,900
Every Mark pointing somewhere 
recording the specific event 

2114
01:51:03,900 --> 01:51:06,800
that produced it your standing 
in the middle of it. 

2115
01:51:06,800 --> 01:51:10,300
The crowd is still making noise 
the approval, register neither 

2116
01:51:10,300 --> 01:51:13,400
warming or cooling, simply 
present is information. 

2117
01:51:14,400 --> 01:51:17,300
The attendance of moving around 
you and around the man who has 

2118
01:51:17,300 --> 01:51:19,700
been helped from the sand and 
the equipment is being gathered.

2119
01:51:19,700 --> 01:51:22,900
And the mechanisms of the games 
are proceeding with the 

2120
01:51:22,900 --> 01:51:26,700
efficiency of an institution 
that has done this many times, 

2121
01:51:26,700 --> 01:51:29,300
and will do it many more times 
after today. 

2122
01:51:30,700 --> 01:51:33,600
The editor in the tier above is 
already attending to the next 

2123
01:51:33,600 --> 01:51:35,900
bout. 
The crowd has already moving on 

2124
01:51:35,900 --> 01:51:39,600
the particular quality of being 
present in the world after a 

2125
01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:42,100
moment that contained the 
genuine possibility of not being

2126
01:51:42,100 --> 01:51:44,500
present in it registers 
differently. 

2127
01:51:44,500 --> 01:51:47,200
From any other. 
Aliveness the day has offered 

2128
01:51:47,200 --> 01:51:52,200
the sand under your feet, the 
sun on your face, the sound of 

2129
01:51:52,200 --> 01:51:55,100
the crowd already. 
Moving on to the next thing the 

2130
01:51:55,100 --> 01:51:58,700
breath, which has been doing its
work throughout still doing it 

2131
01:51:58,700 --> 01:52:03,000
now, steady and deep and present
the gate through which you will 

2132
01:52:03,000 --> 01:52:06,200
leave, the arena is the Gate of 
life and you're going through 

2133
01:52:06,200 --> 01:52:08,400
it. 
And the often noon light is full

2134
01:52:08,400 --> 01:52:12,300
and direct and indifferent and 
entirely on you and you walk 

2135
01:52:12,300 --> 01:52:15,500
towards the gate with the body 
that the morning gave you and 

2136
01:52:15,500 --> 01:52:19,300
the gate receives you and their 
Podium is cool and dark beneath 

2137
01:52:20,000 --> 01:52:23,900
And the torch light is the same 
Torchlight and the stone is the 

2138
01:52:23,900 --> 01:52:26,800
same stone. 
And you are through First thing,

2139
01:52:26,800 --> 01:52:29,600
the body does when the fight is 
over, is remember that it has 

2140
01:52:29,600 --> 01:52:32,700
other concerns. 
The narrowing of attention that 

2141
01:52:32,700 --> 01:52:36,200
combat produces the focus. 
So complete that the body's 

2142
01:52:36,200 --> 01:52:39,500
ordinary maintenance systems 
seed priority to the systems 

2143
01:52:39,500 --> 01:52:42,700
that are keeping you alive and 
functional in the immediate 

2144
01:52:42,700 --> 01:52:45,100
moment. 
Begins to release the moment. 

2145
01:52:45,100 --> 01:52:49,200
The gate closes behind you and 
the hypogeum receives you back 

2146
01:52:49,200 --> 01:52:53,200
into its torch-lit dark. 
The shoulder that took the 

2147
01:52:53,200 --> 01:52:56,100
tridents Force Through The 
Shield makes itself known. 

2148
01:52:57,100 --> 01:53:00,200
The right knee, which performed 
without complaint throughout 

2149
01:53:00,200 --> 01:53:03,200
now, offers a specific report on
the landing. 

2150
01:53:03,200 --> 01:53:04,900
That happened in the third 
exchange. 

2151
01:53:04,900 --> 01:53:08,800
The one where the sand shifted 
in the foot came down at an 

2152
01:53:08,800 --> 01:53:13,000
angle, that was not ideal. the 
hands which have been gripping 

2153
01:53:13,000 --> 01:53:16,400
The Sword and the shield, since 
the gator opened released their 

2154
01:53:16,400 --> 01:53:19,300
implements to the attendance and
the release produces in the 

2155
01:53:19,300 --> 01:53:23,800
fingers, a trembling that is not
weakness but the body's return 

2156
01:53:23,800 --> 01:53:28,000
from one state to another The 
sustained tension of grip giving

2157
01:53:28,000 --> 01:53:31,300
way to the ordinary relaxed 
state of hands, that are not 

2158
01:53:31,308 --> 01:53:34,600
holding anything, you sit on the
bench in the medical area of the

2159
01:53:34,600 --> 01:53:37,200
hyper GM. 
The Physician who works, the 

2160
01:53:37,200 --> 01:53:40,800
game's is not gentle, but his 
thorough the assessment of the 

2161
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:44,300
shoulder and the knee and the 
various minor impacts that the 

2162
01:53:44,300 --> 01:53:48,300
body absorbed during the fight 
conducted with the same clinical

2163
01:53:48,300 --> 01:53:49,900
efficiency as the equipment 
check. 

2164
01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:53,300
The Physician running through 
the inventory of damage with the

2165
01:53:53,300 --> 01:53:56,400
practice speed of someone who 
has done this after every bout 

2166
01:53:56,400 --> 01:54:00,200
in this arena for years and who 
was developed across the 

2167
01:54:00,200 --> 01:54:03,500
experience, a precise 
calibration of what requires 

2168
01:54:03,500 --> 01:54:07,000
immediate attention and what can
wait until the evening. 

2169
01:54:07,000 --> 01:54:12,300
The shoulder requires attention.
The tridents force transmitted 

2170
01:54:12,300 --> 01:54:15,500
through the shield in the 
forearm and into the joint has 

2171
01:54:15,500 --> 01:54:18,300
produced a strain that the 
physician identifies by pressing

2172
01:54:18,300 --> 01:54:22,000
with two fingers in a specific 
location and reading your 

2173
01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:25,300
response to the pressure. 
The response, involuntary enough

2174
01:54:25,300 --> 01:54:28,500
to be diagnostic regardless of 
any effort on your part to 

2175
01:54:28,508 --> 01:54:30,900
manage it. 
He wraps it with the efficiency 

2176
01:54:30,900 --> 01:54:34,700
of someone who has wrapped, many
shoulders, the bandage tight 

2177
01:54:34,700 --> 01:54:36,700
enough to provide support 
without restricting. 

2178
01:54:36,700 --> 01:54:39,900
The blood flow that the healing 
will require the technique 

2179
01:54:39,900 --> 01:54:42,900
practiced enough that the wrap 
is complete before the 

2180
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:45,300
discomfort of the pressing as 
fully registered. 

2181
01:54:46,300 --> 01:54:49,700
The systems that were elevated 
for the fight, the heart rate, 

2182
01:54:49,700 --> 01:54:53,500
the breath rate, the hormonal 
state, that sharpened 

2183
01:54:53,500 --> 01:54:57,300
perception, and narrows focus 
and producers the specific 

2184
01:54:57,300 --> 01:54:59,600
quality of time that the arena 
operates in. 

2185
01:54:59,600 --> 01:55:02,900
These do not simply switch off, 
when the immediate threat is 

2186
01:55:02,908 --> 01:55:08,000
resolved, they said across 
minutes and then hours through 

2187
01:55:08,000 --> 01:55:09,900
states that have their own 
qualities. 

2188
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:15,200
First being a kind of electrical
liveness, the body still running

2189
01:55:15,200 --> 01:55:18,700
on the chemistry of what it was 
just doing the census, still 

2190
01:55:18,700 --> 01:55:22,000
heightened and the mind still 
quick in the particular way that

2191
01:55:22,000 --> 01:55:25,500
the narrowed state produces, 
this is the state in which the 

2192
01:55:25,500 --> 01:55:29,500
fight is most fully present. 
The specific exchanges still 

2193
01:55:29,500 --> 01:55:33,000
accessible in the body's memory 
before the mind has begun the 

2194
01:55:33,000 --> 01:55:35,300
process of converting them into 
narrative. 

2195
01:55:36,100 --> 01:55:38,800
The weight of the shield and the
sound of the breathing and the 

2196
01:55:38,808 --> 01:55:42,400
sand under the foot of available
as sensation, rather than a 

2197
01:55:42,400 --> 01:55:45,100
story. 
Some of the men in the lewdest, 

2198
01:55:45,100 --> 01:55:48,500
talked extensively in this 
state, the alive finding 

2199
01:55:48,500 --> 01:55:52,500
expression in words, the account
of the fight, give to anyone who

2200
01:55:52,500 --> 01:55:55,000
will listen with a detail and a 
vividness that will not be 

2201
01:55:55,000 --> 01:55:57,900
available later. 
When the body is settled in the 

2202
01:55:57,900 --> 01:56:01,500
mind, as organized the material 
into something more orderly and 

2203
01:56:01,500 --> 01:56:04,600
less alive. 
The aliveness stays interior 

2204
01:56:04,600 --> 01:56:08,400
held rather than expressed 
moving through you. 

2205
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:11,400
The way, the fear moves through 
you this morning alongside 

2206
01:56:11,400 --> 01:56:15,100
rather than through, The medical
area of the Hippodrome is not 

2207
01:56:15,100 --> 01:56:17,400
quiet. 
The game's are still proceeding 

2208
01:56:17,400 --> 01:56:21,200
above the sound from The Arena 
floor coming through the stone 

2209
01:56:21,200 --> 01:56:24,300
in the same vibration that 
accompany your weight and the 

2210
01:56:24,300 --> 01:56:26,200
fighters who have completed 
their bouts. 

2211
01:56:26,200 --> 01:56:30,100
Move through the space with the 
very qualities of men who have 

2212
01:56:30,100 --> 01:56:31,700
come through different kinds of 
our afternoon. 

2213
01:56:32,900 --> 01:56:36,300
The ones who are unheard and 
one, carry a specific quality of

2214
01:56:36,300 --> 01:56:41,200
quiet that is not subdued, but 
contained the energy of the 

2215
01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:44,600
fight still present but no 
longer requiring expression. 

2216
01:56:45,300 --> 01:56:48,900
The ones who are injured and one
carried different quality, the 

2217
01:56:48,900 --> 01:56:52,200
pain, and the relief coexisting 
in a combination, that produces 

2218
01:56:52,200 --> 01:56:56,300
a particular kind of Stillness. 
The ones who lost and was 

2219
01:56:56,300 --> 01:56:59,900
spared, carry what they carry 
which is theirs and which you do

2220
01:56:59,908 --> 01:57:02,800
not look at directly. 
The Lannister comes through the 

2221
01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:05,000
medical air. 
After the physician has 

2222
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:08,300
finished, he moves with the 
efficiency of someone assessing 

2223
01:57:08,300 --> 01:57:10,700
the days result to cross 
multiple Investments 

2224
01:57:10,700 --> 01:57:13,800
simultaneously. 
His financial stake in the 

2225
01:57:13,800 --> 01:57:18,000
fighters he trains and rents to 
the game's making his interest 

2226
01:57:18,000 --> 01:57:22,300
in the aftermath not personal, 
but not impersonally either line

2227
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:25,300
between the two having blurred 
across years of working with the

2228
01:57:25,300 --> 01:57:27,900
same men. 
In the same instance, tuition, 

2229
01:57:27,900 --> 01:57:32,100
he looks at the shoulder. 
He asks the physician a 

2230
01:57:32,100 --> 01:57:35,700
question, he receives an answer.
He looks at you with the look 

2231
01:57:35,700 --> 01:57:39,400
that contains more information 
than it displays the compressed,

2232
01:57:39,400 --> 01:57:42,200
communication of a man who has 
been reading Fighters for a long

2233
01:57:42,208 --> 01:57:45,400
time and who has learned that 
the most important things about 

2234
01:57:45,400 --> 01:57:50,100
the state, a man is in, after a 
fight, I'm not the things. 

2235
01:57:50,100 --> 01:57:51,800
The man is likely to say about 
it. 

2236
01:57:51,800 --> 01:57:55,600
He says something brief, you say
something brief. 

2237
01:57:55,600 --> 01:58:00,300
He moves on is the idiom of the 
relationship shaped by years of 

2238
01:58:00,300 --> 01:58:03,100
exactly. 
This kind of Exchange. the 

2239
01:58:03,100 --> 01:58:05,600
professional compression of 
communication, between two 

2240
01:58:05,600 --> 01:58:08,900
people who have a specific 
function in each other's lives, 

2241
01:58:08,900 --> 01:58:12,600
and who have learned to conduct 
that function without the social

2242
01:58:12,600 --> 01:58:16,200
elaboration that other kinds of 
relationships require You 

2243
01:58:16,200 --> 01:58:19,400
understand what he said? 
He understood what you said. 

2244
01:58:19,400 --> 01:58:23,600
The exchange was complete. 
The food arrives in the early 

2245
01:58:23,600 --> 01:58:27,700
evening, after the games of 
ended and the Colosseum of has 

2246
01:58:27,700 --> 01:58:30,900
begun the process of emptying 
itself of the 50,000, people who

2247
01:58:30,900 --> 01:58:34,300
filled it for the afternoon. 
The sound of the crowds 

2248
01:58:34,300 --> 01:58:38,200
departure audible in the hyper 
GM as a different quality of 

2249
01:58:38,208 --> 01:58:41,800
vibration from the assembled 
crowd, dispersed and 

2250
01:58:41,800 --> 01:58:44,300
directional, rather than 
contained and Central. 

2251
01:58:44,300 --> 01:58:47,200
The food is what the 
gladiatorial diet. 

2252
01:58:47,200 --> 01:58:50,900
Has always been the barley and 
the legumes and the protein that

2253
01:58:50,900 --> 01:58:55,000
the osteological record of 
gladiatorial remains documents 

2254
01:58:55,000 --> 01:58:58,400
with the specificity of people 
who left their bones to the 

2255
01:58:58,400 --> 01:59:02,500
questions of later, centuries. 
You eat with the appetite that 

2256
01:59:02,500 --> 01:59:06,500
the body produces after Extreme 
exertion, which is different 

2257
01:59:06,500 --> 01:59:10,300
from ordinary hunger in the way 
that the alive after combat is 

2258
01:59:10,300 --> 01:59:14,400
different from ordinary alive, 
more fundamental or insistent 

2259
01:59:14,400 --> 01:59:17,700
the eating and act of 
Maintenance rather than 

2260
01:59:17,700 --> 01:59:22,100
enjoyment and valued as such. 
The men around you eat with the 

2261
01:59:22,100 --> 01:59:25,200
same quality of attention. 
The table. 

2262
01:59:25,200 --> 01:59:29,100
If the low surface on which the 
food is placed and around which 

2263
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:33,100
the fighters themselves can be 
called a table is not a social 

2264
01:59:33,100 --> 01:59:36,000
occasion in the way that meals 
in other contexts are social 

2265
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:39,400
occasions. 
It is a refueling conducted in 

2266
01:59:39,400 --> 01:59:42,100
the company of men who shared 
the afternoon's context without 

2267
01:59:42,100 --> 01:59:46,400
requiring it to be spoken about.
The shared understanding of what

2268
01:59:46,400 --> 01:59:49,300
the day contained making. 
Most of the words that would 

2269
01:59:49,300 --> 01:59:51,100
otherwise feel the meal 
unnecessary. 

2270
01:59:52,100 --> 01:59:55,800
Feek, Maya, whose history of the
gladiatorial games, Drew on the 

2271
01:59:55,800 --> 01:59:58,900
full range of ancient sources to
reconstruct. 

2272
01:59:58,900 --> 02:00:01,700
What the institution looked like
from the inside. 

2273
02:00:01,700 --> 02:00:04,500
Rather, than from the 
perspective of the spectators 

2274
02:00:04,500 --> 02:00:07,800
who have left, the more 
extensive record, describe the 

2275
02:00:07,808 --> 02:00:12,000
gladiatorial community as a, 
genuine Community men who lived 

2276
02:00:12,000 --> 02:00:16,000
and trained and ate and competed
together across years, the bonds

2277
02:00:16,000 --> 02:00:20,000
formed in the ludus, having the 
specific quality of bonds formed

2278
02:00:20,000 --> 02:00:24,700
in conditions of shared risk. 
Closer and less negotiable than 

2279
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:26,800
the bonds formed in ordinary 
social life. 

2280
02:00:27,700 --> 02:00:30,800
Because the conditions that 
produced them were not ordinary.

2281
02:00:30,800 --> 02:00:34,300
Social conditions, you know, the
man across the table from you, 

2282
02:00:34,300 --> 02:00:36,600
well enough to read his 
afternoon in the way he holds 

2283
02:00:36,600 --> 02:00:40,600
the cup in the specific set of 
his shoulders and whether he is 

2284
02:00:40,600 --> 02:00:43,300
eating with the appetite that 
the body produces after a good 

2285
02:00:43,308 --> 02:00:46,600
fight, or the appetite that it 
produces, after a fight that 

2286
02:00:46,600 --> 02:00:48,900
went wrong in ways that the body
is still processing. 

2287
02:00:49,900 --> 02:00:51,800
His often known went differently
from yours. 

2288
02:00:51,800 --> 02:00:55,300
You do not ask about it. 
You pass him the bread. 

2289
02:00:56,200 --> 02:00:58,900
Shoulder aches with the 
particular quality of a joint 

2290
02:00:58,900 --> 02:01:01,000
that has been strained rather 
than damaged. 

2291
02:01:01,000 --> 02:01:05,000
The ache deep and consistent 
rather than sharp and specific 

2292
02:01:06,000 --> 02:01:09,000
kind of pain that is information
rather than emergency. 

2293
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:13,600
The body reporting the cost of 
the afternoon, in the honest 

2294
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:16,400
accounting, that, it always 
presents when the narrowed state

2295
02:01:16,400 --> 02:01:19,600
is fully released and the 
ordinary maintenance systems of 

2296
02:01:19,600 --> 02:01:21,200
resumed, their regular 
operation. 

2297
02:01:21,900 --> 02:01:25,200
You have paid this kind of cost 
before the shoulder will be 

2298
02:01:25,200 --> 02:01:27,800
assessed again in the morning 
and the training will be 

2299
02:01:27,800 --> 02:01:31,800
adjusted for the days while it 
heals and in two weeks or three,

2300
02:01:31,800 --> 02:01:35,200
it will be what it was. 
The body's capacity for repair 

2301
02:01:35,200 --> 02:01:38,700
being one of the things that the
years in the ludus of torture 

2302
02:01:38,700 --> 02:01:41,600
rely on with a confidence that 
is based in evidence rather than

2303
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:44,100
not optimism. 
The knee is less than the 

2304
02:01:44,100 --> 02:01:46,800
shoulder. 
The specific reported in the 

2305
02:01:46,800 --> 02:01:50,600
medical area already quieter. 
Now the body having to decide 

2306
02:01:50,600 --> 02:01:53,000
that what happened there was 
within the range of things, it 

2307
02:01:53,000 --> 02:01:57,000
can handle without escalating. 
The afternoon is held in the 

2308
02:01:57,000 --> 02:01:59,900
body, the way, the days that 
matter are held not as 

2309
02:01:59,900 --> 02:02:04,100
narrative, not yet, but as 
physical memory, the specific 

2310
02:02:04,100 --> 02:02:06,500
Sensations. 
That the mind has not yet 

2311
02:02:06,500 --> 02:02:09,100
organized into story, still 
available as sensation. 

2312
02:02:09,900 --> 02:02:12,400
The weight of the shield and the
sound of the breathing and the 

2313
02:02:12,400 --> 02:02:15,800
sand giving under the foot. 
And the moment when the geometry

2314
02:02:15,800 --> 02:02:19,500
of the space shifted and both of
you knew simultaneously, what 

2315
02:02:19,500 --> 02:02:23,400
the afternoon had decided, the 
shoulder will heal the knee will

2316
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:26,000
quiet. 
The afternoon will become part 

2317
02:02:26,000 --> 02:02:28,800
of the record that the years in 
this place are writing in you 

2318
02:02:28,800 --> 02:02:31,700
one fight at a time without 
ceremony. 

2319
02:02:31,700 --> 02:02:35,300
And without conclusion, simply 
accumulating the way all things 

2320
02:02:35,300 --> 02:02:38,200
accumulate, when the days keep 
coming and the body keeps 

2321
02:02:38,200 --> 02:02:40,900
meeting them tomorrow. 
The training ground will be 

2322
02:02:40,908 --> 02:02:43,100
ready. 
The wooden post will be there. 

2323
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:47,000
The sand will be raked, the 
lanista will have something to 

2324
02:02:47,000 --> 02:02:50,000
say about the shoulder and about
the timing of the third 

2325
02:02:50,000 --> 02:02:53,100
exchange, and about the 
adjustment, the net defense, 

2326
02:02:53,100 --> 02:02:56,000
that will be required in the 
next bout, with a retirees of 

2327
02:02:56,000 --> 02:02:59,000
that quality. 
You will be there to hear it, 

2328
02:02:59,000 --> 02:03:02,500
and that is enough. 
The barracks at night. 

2329
02:03:02,500 --> 02:03:04,500
Sound different from the 
barracks in the morning. 

2330
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:08,400
In the morning, the sound is of 
men moving towards something, 

2331
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:12,200
the efficiency of bodies 
preparing for a known demand, 

2332
02:03:12,200 --> 02:03:16,800
the quiet purposeful noise of a 
place that has a direction at 

2333
02:03:16,800 --> 02:03:18,800
night. 
The sound is of men arriving 

2334
02:03:18,800 --> 02:03:21,100
somewhere. 
The particular quality of a 

2335
02:03:21,100 --> 02:03:24,800
space that has absorbed a day 
and is now receiving the people,

2336
02:03:24,800 --> 02:03:28,700
the day has returned to it, the 
breathing is deeper, the 

2337
02:03:28,700 --> 02:03:31,600
movements are slower. 
The conversations where they 

2338
02:03:31,600 --> 02:03:35,400
exist, have the low on hurried 
quality of people who are no 

2339
02:03:35,400 --> 02:03:38,500
longer managing anything. 
The management of the day 

2340
02:03:38,500 --> 02:03:40,700
complete and the evening asking 
nothing. 

2341
02:03:40,700 --> 02:03:43,900
That cannot wait until morning. 
You're on your palate. 

2342
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:47,400
The shoulder is wrapped and the 
knee has been seen to. 

2343
02:03:47,400 --> 02:03:51,500
The body has been fed, and the 
games are finished, and the 

2344
02:03:51,500 --> 02:03:54,000
Colosseum above the city has 
returned to the condition. 

2345
02:03:54,000 --> 02:03:57,600
It maintains between events, 
which is the condition of a very

2346
02:03:57,600 --> 02:04:00,200
large empty. 
Stone structure, that has seen a

2347
02:04:00,200 --> 02:04:02,500
great deal and is not in the 
habit of commenting on it. 

2348
02:04:02,500 --> 02:04:05,800
The city outside, the barracks 
is doing what the city does at 

2349
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:09,700
night, which is not sleeping. 
Exactly Rome being the kind of 

2350
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:13,900
city that does not fully sleep, 
but shifting registers the 

2351
02:04:13,900 --> 02:04:17,000
commercial noise of the day 
giving away to the social noise 

2352
02:04:17,000 --> 02:04:20,100
of the evening and then to the 
quieter and more particular 

2353
02:04:20,100 --> 02:04:22,100
sound of a city in its later 
hours. 

2354
02:04:23,100 --> 02:04:26,300
Footsteps on Stone and the 
distant music and the specific 

2355
02:04:26,300 --> 02:04:30,700
sounds of a place that is 
inhabited at every hour, but 

2356
02:04:30,700 --> 02:04:33,300
inhabited differently depending 
on which our it is. 

2357
02:04:34,300 --> 02:04:37,500
The day has been a day which 
covers more than it appears to 

2358
02:04:37,500 --> 02:04:39,200
cover. 
When the day in question has 

2359
02:04:39,200 --> 02:04:41,800
been this one. 
You woke before the horn in the 

2360
02:04:41,808 --> 02:04:45,400
dark, he ate and trained and 
dressed and walked through the 

2361
02:04:45,400 --> 02:04:47,200
city, under the eyes of 
strangers. 

2362
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:49,200
Who watched you? 
The way people watch things. 

2363
02:04:49,200 --> 02:04:51,800
They are not sure. 
They understand you stood in the

2364
02:04:51,808 --> 02:04:54,900
Hippodrome and managed what the 
Hippodrome required and then 

2365
02:04:54,900 --> 02:04:58,000
went up through the gate, into 
the full afternoon sun, and the 

2366
02:04:58,000 --> 02:05:02,300
sand, and the 50,000 people, and
the opponent, and the net, and 

2367
02:05:02,300 --> 02:05:05,700
the Trident, and the moment when
the geometry shifted, and the 

2368
02:05:05,700 --> 02:05:10,500
afternoon resolved And now you 
are on this palette in this room

2369
02:05:10,500 --> 02:05:15,200
with these men breathing around 
you and the shoals aching in its

2370
02:05:15,200 --> 02:05:19,500
consistent way and the knee 
quiet and the city outside, 

2371
02:05:19,500 --> 02:05:23,500
continuing its business and the 
wooden Post in the training, 

2372
02:05:23,500 --> 02:05:26,800
ground standing in the dark in 
the empty, Courtyard with the 

2373
02:05:26,800 --> 02:05:31,500
marks of years of practice on 
its surface waiting, with the 

2374
02:05:31,508 --> 02:05:35,500
particular patients of wood for 
whatever tomorrow will bring to 

2375
02:05:35,500 --> 02:05:38,000
it the hours before sleep on 
Fight Night. 

2376
02:05:38,000 --> 02:05:41,000
So the hours in which the days 
material is most fully present 

2377
02:05:41,000 --> 02:05:45,000
and most difficult to set down 
the body at rest and the mind 

2378
02:05:45,000 --> 02:05:48,600
still running on the chemistry. 
That the afternoon, produced the

2379
02:05:48,600 --> 02:05:52,000
specific exchanges of the fight 
returning not in sequence. 

2380
02:05:52,000 --> 02:05:55,900
But in the associative way that 
physical memory Works arriving 

2381
02:05:55,900 --> 02:05:58,800
without announcement and without
the narrative order that the 

2382
02:05:58,800 --> 02:06:01,000
waking analytical mind would 
prefer. 

2383
02:06:02,000 --> 02:06:04,800
The Trident scraping across the 
face of the shield arrives, 

2384
02:06:04,800 --> 02:06:08,300
first, the force of it traveling
through the forearm and into the

2385
02:06:08,308 --> 02:06:10,800
shoulder. 
The shoulder that is now wrapped

2386
02:06:10,800 --> 02:06:13,700
and aching the sand giving under
the right foot. 

2387
02:06:13,700 --> 02:06:17,100
In the third exchange, the 
breathing of the opponent at 

2388
02:06:17,100 --> 02:06:21,200
close range, the specific rhythm
of it, the information it 

2389
02:06:21,200 --> 02:06:23,700
carried. 
The moment of the slip and the 

2390
02:06:23,700 --> 02:06:27,600
recognition of the asymmetry and
the decision made faster than 

2391
02:06:27,600 --> 02:06:31,300
decision, usually operates, the 
body acting on what it perceived

2392
02:06:31,300 --> 02:06:34,700
before the perceiving was 
complete, the mind will work on 

2393
02:06:34,700 --> 02:06:37,700
the cross, the night. 
Processing them in the way that 

2394
02:06:37,700 --> 02:06:42,000
sleep processes experience. 
Converting, the raw sensation of

2395
02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:44,900
the day, into the integrated 
knowledge that tomorrow's body 

2396
02:06:44,900 --> 02:06:47,600
will carry without, knowing it 
is carrying it. 

2397
02:06:48,300 --> 02:06:50,800
The adjustment to the net 
defense happening in the body's 

2398
02:06:50,800 --> 02:06:54,000
understanding rather than in 
many conscious lesson plan. 

2399
02:06:54,800 --> 02:06:57,700
The shoulders memory of the 
tridents force stored alongside 

2400
02:06:57,700 --> 02:07:00,300
the adjustment. 
There would reduce that force in

2401
02:07:00,300 --> 02:07:03,600
a future Exchange. 
The sleep that is coming is not 

2402
02:07:03,600 --> 02:07:07,200
the absent of the day's work. 
It is the continuation of it, by

2403
02:07:07,200 --> 02:07:10,200
other means. 
The other men in the room are at

2404
02:07:10,200 --> 02:07:13,300
various stages of their own 
settling, the ones who fought 

2405
02:07:13,300 --> 02:07:16,900
today, carry the specific 
quality of post-fight. 

2406
02:07:16,900 --> 02:07:20,000
Exhaustion that is different 
from the exhaustion of training.

2407
02:07:20,900 --> 02:07:24,500
Per and more complete the body 
having spent something in the 

2408
02:07:24,500 --> 02:07:28,400
afternoon that training does not
fully spend the ones who did not

2409
02:07:28,400 --> 02:07:31,900
fight today, carry their own, 
kind of tiredness, the training 

2410
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:34,800
and the waiting and the watching
of other men, afternoons, having

2411
02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:37,900
their own cost different and 
kind, but present. 

2412
02:07:39,300 --> 02:07:41,700
The man across the room. 
Whose after noon went 

2413
02:07:41,700 --> 02:07:45,400
differently from yours is still 
He cannot see him clearly in the

2414
02:07:45,408 --> 02:07:47,800
dark but you know, the 
Stillness, the quality of 

2415
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:51,000
someone lying with their eyes 
open the mind working on 

2416
02:07:51,000 --> 02:07:53,500
materials that the body wants to
be done with and cannot yet 

2417
02:07:53,500 --> 02:07:56,100
release. 
You have been in that Stillness 

2418
02:07:56,100 --> 02:08:00,000
after difficult afternoons, and 
you will be in it again, the 

2419
02:08:00,000 --> 02:08:02,600
career in the arena being long 
enough, that the range of 

2420
02:08:02,600 --> 02:08:06,900
afternoon to contained his wide.
And the wide range, meaning that

2421
02:08:06,900 --> 02:08:10,200
the days that go well and the 
days that go badly are both part

2422
02:08:10,200 --> 02:08:12,800
of the record rather than either
of the being the whole of it, 

2423
02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:16,300
the silence between fighters who
have shared enough, afternoons 

2424
02:08:16,300 --> 02:08:19,300
to understand each other 
silence's is its own form of 

2425
02:08:19,300 --> 02:08:22,200
company. 
The presence of another person, 

2426
02:08:22,200 --> 02:08:25,500
who knows what the day contained
being sufficient without 

2427
02:08:25,500 --> 02:08:27,500
requiring the day to be spoken 
about? 

2428
02:08:28,300 --> 02:08:33,700
The Colosseum was completed in 
80 CE and held its last recorded

2429
02:08:33,700 --> 02:08:37,700
games in the 6th Century, which 
means it operated, as a venue 

2430
02:08:37,700 --> 02:08:42,000
for the gladiatorial games for 
approximately 400 years, a span 

2431
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:45,100
of time across which the 
institution changed and the 

2432
02:08:45,100 --> 02:08:49,000
politics around, it changed and 
the specific forms of Combat 

2433
02:08:49,000 --> 02:08:52,900
Evolved and the religious 
landscape of the Empire shifted 

2434
02:08:52,900 --> 02:08:56,100
in ways that eventually produce 
the conditions, for the game's 

2435
02:08:56,100 --> 02:08:59,700
end, across those 400 years on 
the afternoons. 

2436
02:08:59,700 --> 02:09:02,500
When the games were scheduled, 
men went up through the gate, 

2437
02:09:02,500 --> 02:09:05,700
from the hyper Gem and onto the 
sand in the full afternoon light

2438
02:09:05,700 --> 02:09:09,100
and did what you did today. 
And some of them came back 

2439
02:09:09,100 --> 02:09:12,000
through the gate of life, and 
some of them came back through 

2440
02:09:12,000 --> 02:09:16,100
the other gate, and the sand was
raped between bouts and the 

2441
02:09:16,100 --> 02:09:20,100
crowd noise changed registers 
and editor made decisions and 

2442
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:23,700
the Sun moved across the sky 
above the open top of the 

2443
02:09:23,700 --> 02:09:27,600
Colosseum, in the way that the 
sun moves across everything in 

2444
02:09:27,600 --> 02:09:30,300
differently. 
And on schedule, The record. 

2445
02:09:30,300 --> 02:09:32,900
Those men left is not primarily 
a written record. 

2446
02:09:32,900 --> 02:09:37,300
The Gladiators themselves did 
not leave Diaries, the written 

2447
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:40,800
record of the gladiatorial games
comes almost entirely from the 

2448
02:09:40,800 --> 02:09:44,500
outside from the people, in the 
tears who watched and the 

2449
02:09:44,500 --> 02:09:48,000
historians who recorded what the
Watchers described and the 

2450
02:09:48,008 --> 02:09:51,400
philosophers who argued about 
what it meant and the Emperors 

2451
02:09:51,400 --> 02:09:53,300
who used it as a tool of 
governance. 

2452
02:09:53,300 --> 02:09:56,700
And the latest Scholars who 
assembled all of these sources 

2453
02:09:56,700 --> 02:09:59,400
into the picture of the 
institution, that the presenters

2454
02:09:59,400 --> 02:10:02,700
inherited. 
The inside of the experience, 

2455
02:10:02,700 --> 02:10:06,200
the morning of the fight and the
procession, and the hyper GM, 

2456
02:10:06,200 --> 02:10:10,200
and the specific quality of time
in the arena and the physician 

2457
02:10:10,200 --> 02:10:13,800
pressing two fingers into the 
shoulder afterward and the bread

2458
02:10:13,800 --> 02:10:17,000
passed across the table and the 
night on the palette with the 

2459
02:10:17,000 --> 02:10:21,000
Mind, still working that record 
exists, primarily in the body's 

2460
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:23,900
of the men who lived it and 
those bodies along gone. 

2461
02:10:23,900 --> 02:10:25,900
And what they knew they took 
with them. 

2462
02:10:25,900 --> 02:10:29,600
The Colosseum is still there, 
which is not a metaphor in his 

2463
02:10:29,600 --> 02:10:33,100
not a comfort. 
It is simply a fact, the 

2464
02:10:33,100 --> 02:10:36,700
structure outlasting, by 15th 
centuries, the institution at 

2465
02:10:36,700 --> 02:10:40,900
household and the men who fought
in it and the city that built it

2466
02:10:40,900 --> 02:10:44,000
in its original form. 
And most of what that City 

2467
02:10:44,000 --> 02:10:48,000
believed about itself and the 
world, The stone holds the shape

2468
02:10:48,000 --> 02:10:52,200
of what happened in side, it the
way stonehold shapes without 

2469
02:10:52,200 --> 02:10:55,300
comment and without preference 
the arched openings and the 

2470
02:10:55,300 --> 02:10:59,800
tears and the hypergear The 
Arena floor present and document

2471
02:10:59,800 --> 02:11:03,400
and entirely silent about what 
it felt like to be inside them 

2472
02:11:03,400 --> 02:11:06,100
on a fight. 
After noon, in the first century

2473
02:11:06,100 --> 02:11:10,300
of the Common Era, you were 
inside them today, you are 

2474
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:13,300
inside them and the sand 
received your weight and the 

2475
02:11:13,308 --> 02:11:15,200
Gate of Life received you when 
it was over. 

2476
02:11:15,200 --> 02:11:19,900
And now you are here on this 
palette with this shoulder in 

2477
02:11:19,900 --> 02:11:22,400
this room. 
And the day is complete. 

2478
02:11:22,400 --> 02:11:25,500
In the way that only the days 
that asked everything of you are

2479
02:11:25,500 --> 02:11:30,400
complete, fully spent nothing 
held back the body and the mind 

2480
02:11:30,400 --> 02:11:32,900
both given over to what the 
afternoon required. 

2481
02:11:32,900 --> 02:11:36,300
And now being returned to the 
ordinary condition of a man who 

2482
02:11:36,300 --> 02:11:39,400
was done, what he came to do and
is still here to know it. 

2483
02:11:40,400 --> 02:11:42,100
The shoulder will be less 
tomorrow. 

2484
02:11:43,100 --> 02:11:45,500
You know, this with the 
confidence of a body that is 

2485
02:11:45,500 --> 02:11:49,100
healed before and will heal, 
again, the evidence of the past 

2486
02:11:49,100 --> 02:11:51,400
being the most reliable 
information of available about 

2487
02:11:51,400 --> 02:11:54,800
the future in this specific 
domain, the body's track record 

2488
02:11:54,800 --> 02:11:57,800
with its own repair being long 
enough to constitute a form of 

2489
02:11:57,800 --> 02:12:01,000
expertise. 
The knee is already less than it

2490
02:12:01,000 --> 02:12:03,900
was in the medical area. 
The mind will be less full of 

2491
02:12:03,908 --> 02:12:06,300
today. 
When today is further away, the 

2492
02:12:06,300 --> 02:12:09,600
processing that sleep is doing 
right now, converting the raw 

2493
02:12:09,600 --> 02:12:13,000
material of the afternoon into 
something that will be present 

2494
02:12:13,000 --> 02:12:16,400
in the body's knowledge without 
requiring, the mind's constant 

2495
02:12:16,400 --> 02:12:20,500
attention. 
The breath slows, this is not a 

2496
02:12:20,500 --> 02:12:22,800
decision. 
The body has been waiting for 

2497
02:12:22,800 --> 02:12:25,700
the permission that the palette 
and the dark and the completion 

2498
02:12:25,700 --> 02:12:29,200
of the days accounting provide 
and the breath Finds Its slower 

2499
02:12:29,200 --> 02:12:33,300
Rhythm the way it finds it, by 
finding it, the transition from 

2500
02:12:33,300 --> 02:12:37,000
the elevated state of the waking
Fight Night Minds to the 

2501
02:12:37,008 --> 02:12:39,400
beginning of the state that 
sleep requires happening 

2502
02:12:39,400 --> 02:12:43,200
gradually and without 
announcement the breath The 

2503
02:12:43,200 --> 02:12:44,900
leading indicator of the 
transition. 

2504
02:12:45,800 --> 02:12:48,600
The first thing to change in the
thing, whose changing allows, 

2505
02:12:48,600 --> 02:12:50,900
everything else to follow the 
training. 

2506
02:12:50,900 --> 02:12:52,400
Ground will be there in the 
morning. 

2507
02:12:52,400 --> 02:12:56,300
The wooden post will be there. 
Sand will be raped. 

2508
02:12:56,300 --> 02:12:59,600
The lanista will have his 
observations and the physician 

2509
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:02,300
will reassess the shoulder and 
the day will begin. 

2510
02:13:02,300 --> 02:13:06,000
Its ordinary construction from 
its ordinary materials and you 

2511
02:13:06,000 --> 02:13:09,200
will meet it the way you have 
met every day that the arena has

2512
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:12,300
returned you to. 
With the body that the day 

2513
02:13:12,300 --> 02:13:14,300
before left you and the 
knowledge that the years of 

2514
02:13:14,300 --> 02:13:17,300
built into that body in a 
particular quality of presence 

2515
02:13:17,300 --> 02:13:20,200
that belongs to a man who has 
stood on the sand, in the full 

2516
02:13:20,200 --> 02:13:24,200
afternoon sun, and done what the
afternoon required and is still 

2517
02:13:24,208 --> 02:13:28,700
here when the evening comes. 
The breath slows further, the 

2518
02:13:28,700 --> 02:13:31,400
shoulder holds its ache at a 
distance that is becoming 

2519
02:13:31,400 --> 02:13:33,900
manageable the room. 
Breathes around you. 

2520
02:13:33,900 --> 02:13:36,800
With the Deep rhythm of men who 
have spent the day completely 

2521
02:13:36,800 --> 02:13:40,500
and are now in the process of 
recovering it and the city 

2522
02:13:40,500 --> 02:13:44,600
outside continues, its business 
in its quieter to register and 

2523
02:13:44,600 --> 02:13:48,800
the Colosseum stands in the dark
of the Puja where the Torches of

2524
02:13:48,800 --> 02:13:52,600
burned low and the sand on the 
Arena floor is marked from the 

2525
02:13:52,600 --> 02:13:56,700
afternoon and will be raked 
before the next event and the 

2526
02:13:56,708 --> 02:13:59,600
wooden Post in the training 
ground weights with the patience

2527
02:13:59,600 --> 02:14:03,200
of wood and the night does what 
nights do, rest. 

2528
02:14:03,200 --> 02:14:08,000
Now my tired potatoes, You went 
into the arena today, not the 

2529
02:14:08,000 --> 02:14:12,600
stone one, not the sand, and the
Sun, and the 50,000 people, the 

2530
02:14:12,600 --> 02:14:16,100
one that the day built for you, 
whatever it contained, whatever 

2531
02:14:16,100 --> 02:14:20,000
it asked, whatever you brought 
to it, and whatever it took you 

2532
02:14:20,000 --> 02:14:22,900
went in, and you are still here 
and the Gate of Life received 

2533
02:14:22,900 --> 02:14:24,700
you. 
And that is the whole of what 

2534
02:14:24,700 --> 02:14:27,200
tonight requires you to know. 
Sleep. 

2535
02:14:27,200 --> 02:14:29,600
Now, the morning will have its 
own demands. 

2536
02:14:29,600 --> 02:14:38,700
They can wait. 
You have probably heard the 

2537
02:14:38,700 --> 02:14:42,200
claim before Vikings reached 
North America centuries before 

2538
02:14:42,200 --> 02:14:43,800
Columbus set foot in the 
Caribbean. 

2539
02:14:43,800 --> 02:14:46,400
The statement feels bold and 
revisionist. 

2540
02:14:46,400 --> 02:14:49,500
We kind of historical tidbit 
that gets mentioned at dinner 

2541
02:14:49,500 --> 02:14:52,000
parties or slips into 
documentary narration. 

2542
02:14:53,300 --> 02:14:55,700
But the evidence for Norse 
presence in the new world is not

2543
02:14:55,700 --> 02:14:59,100
speculation or wishful, thinking
it sits in the ground at the 

2544
02:14:59,108 --> 02:15:02,700
northern tip of Newfoundland in 
the form of iron nails and sod 

2545
02:15:02,700 --> 02:15:04,900
walls. 
And the unmistakable traces of 

2546
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:07,500
people who crossed an ocean and 
built something on the other 

2547
02:15:07,500 --> 02:15:10,400
side. 
The question is not where the 

2548
02:15:10,400 --> 02:15:12,900
Vikings arrived. 
The question is, what that 

2549
02:15:12,900 --> 02:15:16,600
arrival meant, how it happened, 
and why are thriving settlement 

2550
02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:20,000
lasted only a few years before 
being abandoned to the wind and 

2551
02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:22,500
the long grass. 
Your standing in your living 

2552
02:15:22,500 --> 02:15:26,300
room with a book in your hand. 
Book is about explorers and 

2553
02:15:26,300 --> 02:15:27,900
somewhere. 
In the middle chapter, there is 

2554
02:15:27,900 --> 02:15:31,600
a section on Leif Ericson and 
something called Vineland the 

2555
02:15:31,600 --> 02:15:34,600
author writes with confidence 
Vikings reached America around 

2556
02:15:34,600 --> 02:15:37,200
the year. 1000, they built 
structures. 

2557
02:15:37,200 --> 02:15:40,200
They interacted with indigenous 
people, then they left. 

2558
02:15:41,400 --> 02:15:44,700
The details feel sparse as if 
the author is summarizing a 

2559
02:15:44,700 --> 02:15:48,100
story, everyone already knows. 
But you do not know the story, 

2560
02:15:48,100 --> 02:15:51,300
not really. 
You know, Columbus sailed in 

2561
02:15:51,300 --> 02:15:54,800
1492 and you probably learned 
that date before you learn to 

2562
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:58,300
multiply fractions, the Viking 
claim feels like a footnote that

2563
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:00,400
never quite made it into the 
main narrative. 

2564
02:16:01,100 --> 02:16:03,100
The disconnect is not your 
fault. 

2565
02:16:03,100 --> 02:16:05,500
History. 
Education has a way of smoothing

2566
02:16:05,500 --> 02:16:07,600
edges and choosing convenient 
starting points. 

2567
02:16:08,400 --> 02:16:12,100
Columbus gets the credit because
his arrival sparked a connection

2568
02:16:12,100 --> 02:16:15,900
between Europe and the Americas 
a chain of events that were 

2569
02:16:15,900 --> 02:16:18,200
shaped continents and 
populations and trade routes. 

2570
02:16:19,100 --> 02:16:21,100
The Viking voyages, by contrast 
left. 

2571
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:23,600
Almost no lasting impact on 
either side of the Atlantic. 

2572
02:16:24,600 --> 02:16:27,100
The north did not return with 
gold or spices. 

2573
02:16:27,100 --> 02:16:30,300
They did not establish trade 
networks or launch follow-up 

2574
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,299
Expeditions. 
They came, they stayed briefly 

2575
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:36,299
and they vanished from the 
historical record for centuries.

2576
02:16:37,799 --> 02:16:40,799
That absence made it easy to 
dismiss the sargas as myth. 

2577
02:16:41,500 --> 02:16:44,500
To assume the stories of Western
lands were exaggerations or 

2578
02:16:44,500 --> 02:16:46,700
allegories. 
All the kind of Wishful fiction 

2579
02:16:46,700 --> 02:16:48,500
that seafaring cultures tend to 
produce. 

2580
02:16:49,500 --> 02:16:54,000
But then in 1960 a Norwegian, 
couple named Helga and Anne 

2581
02:16:54,000 --> 02:16:57,299
Stein began poking around the 
northern coast of Newfoundland. 

2582
02:16:57,299 --> 02:17:00,700
They were looking for ventolin. 
The place described in medieval 

2583
02:17:00,700 --> 02:17:04,299
Norse texts, they were not the 
first to search dozens of 

2584
02:17:04,308 --> 02:17:07,700
amateur historians and 
enthusiastic Scandinavians had 

2585
02:17:07,700 --> 02:17:10,500
combed shorelines and excavated 
promising sites. 

2586
02:17:10,500 --> 02:17:13,200
Convinced they would find The 
Smoking Gun that proved the 

2587
02:17:13,208 --> 02:17:15,900
sagas were real. 
Most came up empty. 

2588
02:17:15,900 --> 02:17:20,100
The inks were more methodical. 
They talked to locals, studied 

2589
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:23,000
the landscape and eventually 
zeroed in on a spot called 

2590
02:17:23,000 --> 02:17:26,400
Lawson Meadows. 
The name means jellyfish Cove, 

2591
02:17:26,400 --> 02:17:29,799
which Does not sound 
particularly heroic. but beneath

2592
02:17:29,799 --> 02:17:34,900
the grass they found the remains
of Norse buildings iron Nails a 

2593
02:17:34,900 --> 02:17:38,400
bronze pin Slag from Iron 
smelting. 

2594
02:17:39,400 --> 02:17:42,400
The evidence was unemp, 
ambiguous Vikings had been 

2595
02:17:42,400 --> 02:17:45,100
there. 
The discovery did not make front

2596
02:17:45,100 --> 02:17:48,400
pages news everywhere but it 
changed the conversation among 

2597
02:17:48,400 --> 02:17:52,600
historians and archaeologists. 
It moved the Viking voyages from

2598
02:17:52,600 --> 02:17:56,799
the realm of Legend in to the 
realm of documented fact. you 

2599
02:17:56,799 --> 02:17:59,600
could stand in Newfoundland and 
touch the foundations of a 

2600
02:17:59,600 --> 02:18:02,900
structure built by people who, 
sailed from Greenland a thousand

2601
02:18:02,900 --> 02:18:08,299
years ago, The question shifted 
it was no longer whether Vikings

2602
02:18:08,299 --> 02:18:12,799
reached America, it was how they
got there, what they did and why

2603
02:18:12,799 --> 02:18:16,200
they did not stay. 
You put the book down and stare 

2604
02:18:16,200 --> 02:18:19,700
out the window. 
Outside the world is dark and 

2605
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:22,700
still. 
Somewhere in that Darkness, if 

2606
02:18:22,700 --> 02:18:26,100
you sailed far enough East and 
then North, you would reach the 

2607
02:18:26,100 --> 02:18:28,500
same Waters, Leif Erikson 
crossed. 

2608
02:18:28,500 --> 02:18:32,500
The ocean is not changed much in
a millennium, it is still cold 

2609
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:35,900
and unpredictable, still capable
of swallowing ships and lives 

2610
02:18:35,900 --> 02:18:38,400
without a trace. 
The Vikings who made that 

2611
02:18:38,400 --> 02:18:41,900
Crossing were not superhuman. 
They were skilled sailors with 

2612
02:18:41,900 --> 02:18:44,400
good ships, and a practical 
understanding of wind and 

2613
02:18:44,400 --> 02:18:47,900
current but they were all gamble
as willing to push into the 

2614
02:18:47,900 --> 02:18:50,700
unknown on the strength of a 
rumor or a vague description 

2615
02:18:50,700 --> 02:18:53,000
from someone who claimed to have
seen land to the West. 

2616
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:56,400
That mix of skill and 
recklessness is what makes their

2617
02:18:56,400 --> 02:18:59,299
story compelling? 
They were not Mythic Heroes. 

2618
02:18:59,299 --> 02:19:02,400
They were farmers and Traders. 
Who happened to own boats? 

2619
02:19:02,400 --> 02:19:05,900
The question of Discovery is 
more complicated than it sounds.

2620
02:19:05,900 --> 02:19:09,600
When we say Vikings discovered 
America, we are using a very 

2621
02:19:09,600 --> 02:19:11,299
specific definition of 
discovery. 

2622
02:19:11,299 --> 02:19:14,900
We mean they were the first 
Europeans to arrive, but that 

2623
02:19:14,900 --> 02:19:17,400
framing ignores the fact that 
people had been living in North 

2624
02:19:17,400 --> 02:19:20,700
America for thousands of years 
before any North Ship appeared 

2625
02:19:20,700 --> 02:19:23,200
on the horizon. 
The term Discovery implies 

2626
02:19:23,200 --> 02:19:27,200
emptiness as if the land was 
waiting to be found, it was not,

2627
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:31,200
it was inhabited shaped and 
understood by indigenous 

2628
02:19:31,200 --> 02:19:33,900
communities, who had their own 
history and migration and 

2629
02:19:33,900 --> 02:19:37,000
stories about the world. 
The Viking arrival was an 

2630
02:19:37,000 --> 02:19:40,100
encounter, not revelation. 
It was a meeting between two 

2631
02:19:40,100 --> 02:19:43,600
groups who had no idea the other
existed, you sit down and 

2632
02:19:43,600 --> 02:19:46,799
imagine the moment, The North 
Ship rounding, a headland and 

2633
02:19:46,799 --> 02:19:48,800
spotting smoke from a fire on 
shore. 

2634
02:19:49,500 --> 02:19:51,800
The crew squinting to make out 
shapes on the beach. 

2635
02:19:52,700 --> 02:19:55,200
People on Shore watching a 
strange vessel with a square 

2636
02:19:55,200 --> 02:19:56,700
sail. 
And carved dragon head, 

2637
02:19:56,700 --> 02:20:00,200
approached their land. 
Neither group knows what to make

2638
02:20:00,200 --> 02:20:03,100
of the other. 
There is no shared language, no 

2639
02:20:03,100 --> 02:20:06,500
common frame of reference The 
encounter will be brief and 

2640
02:20:06,500 --> 02:20:10,000
confusing and within a few 
years, the Norse will leave the 

2641
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:12,400
indigenous. 
People will remain, that fact 

2642
02:20:12,400 --> 02:20:15,600
matters, it changes the weight 
of the word discovery. 

2643
02:20:16,700 --> 02:20:18,300
You're standing on a beach in 
Norway. 

2644
02:20:18,300 --> 02:20:22,700
The year is 900 and something. 
The sand is cold under your feet

2645
02:20:22,700 --> 02:20:26,200
and the wind smells like salt 
and fish and wet rope. 

2646
02:20:26,800 --> 02:20:29,000
Behind you. 
A small crowd, has gathered to 

2647
02:20:29,000 --> 02:20:31,300
watch a new ship, being pushed 
into the water for the first 

2648
02:20:31,300 --> 02:20:34,200
time. 
The ship is beautiful in a 

2649
02:20:34,200 --> 02:20:37,500
utilitarian way. 
It is about 70 feet long, 

2650
02:20:37,500 --> 02:20:41,100
clinker-built with overlapping 
planks that Flex slightly with 

2651
02:20:41,100 --> 02:20:44,800
the waves. 
The wood is Oak, chosen for its 

2652
02:20:44,800 --> 02:20:48,400
strength and resistance to rot. 
The planks are held together 

2653
02:20:48,400 --> 02:20:52,300
with Iron rivets. 
Thousands of them hammered into 

2654
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:55,200
place by a shipwright who learn 
the craft from his father. 

2655
02:20:56,100 --> 02:20:59,400
There is no key in the modern 
sense, but there is a long 

2656
02:20:59,408 --> 02:21:02,700
Central Timber, that runs the 
length of the ship and gives its

2657
02:21:02,700 --> 02:21:06,200
structure. 
The Master's Pine tall and 

2658
02:21:06,200 --> 02:21:11,300
straight and the sale is woven 
wool died, red or white or left 

2659
02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:14,700
natural Brown. 
This is not a warship though. 

2660
02:21:14,700 --> 02:21:16,400
It could serve that purpose, if 
needed. 

2661
02:21:16,400 --> 02:21:20,700
It is a Nar, a cargo vessel 
designed for long distance 

2662
02:21:20,700 --> 02:21:23,600
trade. 
The lines are broader than a 

2663
02:21:23,600 --> 02:21:25,500
long ship, the hole deeper and 
more stable. 

2664
02:21:25,500 --> 02:21:30,200
It can carry livestock Timber, 
barrels of dried, fish sacks of 

2665
02:21:30,208 --> 02:21:33,500
grain. 
It can also carry people if 

2666
02:21:33,500 --> 02:21:36,300
you're planning to cross the 
North Atlantic and establish a 

2667
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:38,700
new settlement. 
This is the ship you want. 

2668
02:21:38,700 --> 02:21:42,300
It is slow compared to a Sleek 
raiding vessel but it is 

2669
02:21:42,300 --> 02:21:44,600
seaworthy. 
It can handle, rough, weather 

2670
02:21:44,600 --> 02:21:48,200
and heavy loads without 
capsizing The Norse design the 

2671
02:21:48,200 --> 02:21:51,400
ships through trial and error. 
Refining the shape and 

2672
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:54,800
proportions over generations. 
And they had a vessel that could

2673
02:21:54,808 --> 02:21:59,100
survive the open ocean. 
The crowd watches as the ship 

2674
02:21:59,100 --> 02:22:01,600
floats. 
Free there is no champagne 

2675
02:22:01,600 --> 02:22:05,600
bottle, no, formal ceremony. 
Someone shout something you do 

2676
02:22:05,600 --> 02:22:08,300
not quite catch and the crew 
scrambles aboard. 

2677
02:22:09,400 --> 02:22:12,300
They lower the oils into the 
water and begin, rowing out past

2678
02:22:12,300 --> 02:22:14,900
the breakers. 
Once they're clear of the shore.

2679
02:22:14,900 --> 02:22:17,900
They raise the sail, the wind 
catches the wall and pulls the 

2680
02:22:17,900 --> 02:22:19,600
ship forward. 
You watch it. 

2681
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:23,300
Move across the water graceful 
and purposeful and you think 

2682
02:22:23,300 --> 02:22:27,500
about how fragile it looks the 
sea is vast and indifferent. 

2683
02:22:27,500 --> 02:22:30,800
The ship is a collection of 
wooden planks held together with

2684
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:33,800
Iron and tar and hope. 
But it works. 

2685
02:22:33,800 --> 02:22:37,700
It has always worked The north 
have been using ships like this 

2686
02:22:37,700 --> 02:22:39,600
to cross Open Water for 
centuries. 

2687
02:22:39,600 --> 02:22:43,000
The construction of Anar, takes 
months of careful work. 

2688
02:22:43,000 --> 02:22:47,100
The shipwrecks, with the Keel 
selecting a single Oak Timber 

2689
02:22:47,100 --> 02:22:49,000
that runs the entire length of 
the vessel. 

2690
02:22:49,000 --> 02:22:51,500
This Timber must be straight and
strong. 

2691
02:22:51,500 --> 02:22:53,400
Free of major knots or 
weaknesses. 

2692
02:22:54,200 --> 02:22:57,300
Once the Keel is laid the 
Builder, attaches the stem and 

2693
02:22:57,300 --> 02:23:00,100
Stern posts curved pieces that 
Rise Up from each end. 

2694
02:23:00,100 --> 02:23:03,600
Then comes the planking. 
Each plank is carefully shaped 

2695
02:23:03,600 --> 02:23:06,700
to overlap the one below. 
It creating a flexible Hull that

2696
02:23:06,700 --> 02:23:09,100
can bend with the ways rather 
than fight against them. 

2697
02:23:09,100 --> 02:23:12,800
The planks are fastened with 
iron rivets driven through from 

2698
02:23:12,800 --> 02:23:16,300
the outside and clenched over a 
metal washer on the inside the 

2699
02:23:16,300 --> 02:23:19,300
gaps between planks are sealed 
with tarde wool or animal hair 

2700
02:23:19,300 --> 02:23:21,700
pressed into the seams to keep 
water out. 

2701
02:23:21,700 --> 02:23:24,800
The result is a hole that is 
both light and strong. 

2702
02:23:24,800 --> 02:23:28,900
Now weighs far less than you 
would expect for a vessel of its

2703
02:23:28,900 --> 02:23:31,200
size. 
This matters when you're trying 

2704
02:23:31,200 --> 02:23:34,100
to beat the ship or drag it up 
onto Shore for repairs. 

2705
02:23:34,100 --> 02:23:36,900
The Norse do not build, docks or
Harbors. 

2706
02:23:36,900 --> 02:23:40,300
They pulled their ships right up
onto the sand or gravel. 

2707
02:23:41,600 --> 02:23:43,400
A lighter ship is easier to 
move. 

2708
02:23:44,400 --> 02:23:48,100
The flexibility of the clinker 
Bill also means the ship can 

2709
02:23:48,100 --> 02:23:50,100
handle rough Seas without 
breaking apart. 

2710
02:23:51,000 --> 02:23:54,800
The planks give slightly as the 
waves hit absorbing the impact 

2711
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:57,800
rather than transferring all the
stress to a rigid frame. 

2712
02:23:57,800 --> 02:24:02,300
It is an elegant solution to a 
complex problem, refined over 

2713
02:24:02,300 --> 02:24:06,600
generations of trial and error. 
Inside the ship, there is no 

2714
02:24:06,600 --> 02:24:10,700
deck and no real shelter. 
The cargo area is open to the 

2715
02:24:10,700 --> 02:24:14,600
sky when the weather turns bad, 
the crew huddles under leather 

2716
02:24:14,600 --> 02:24:16,400
or wool tarps trying to stay 
dry. 

2717
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:21,000
Everything gets wet eventually, 
the sea spray soaks through 

2718
02:24:21,000 --> 02:24:25,900
clothing rain, fills the bilge 
you bail constantly using wooden

2719
02:24:25,900 --> 02:24:28,400
Scoops or buckets to throw 
water, back over the side. 

2720
02:24:28,400 --> 02:24:31,900
Your hands are raw from the 
work, your back, aches, from 

2721
02:24:31,900 --> 02:24:34,200
bending over. 
But you keep bailing because the

2722
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:37,100
alternative is letting the ship 
fill with water and sink. 

2723
02:24:38,200 --> 02:24:40,500
Food on a long. 
Voyage is monotonous and often 

2724
02:24:40,500 --> 02:24:43,400
an appetizing you eat. 
Dried fish hard as wood and 

2725
02:24:43,400 --> 02:24:46,700
salty enough to make your mouth.
Pucker you eat flatbread that 

2726
02:24:46,700 --> 02:24:48,400
crumbles into dust when you bite
it? 

2727
02:24:48,400 --> 02:24:51,400
You eat dried meat. 
If you are lucky though, it is 

2728
02:24:51,400 --> 02:24:54,200
tough and stringy. 
Fresh food spoils quickly 

2729
02:24:54,200 --> 02:24:57,000
without Refrigeration. 
So most of what you carry has 

2730
02:24:57,000 --> 02:24:59,300
been preserved by salting 
smoking or drying. 

2731
02:25:00,100 --> 02:25:03,000
Water is stored in wooden 
barrels and it tastes like the 

2732
02:25:03,000 --> 02:25:05,600
barrel after a few days. 
You ration it. 

2733
02:25:05,600 --> 02:25:08,200
Carefully running out of water. 
Is a death sentence. 

2734
02:25:08,200 --> 02:25:11,900
You can survive for weeks 
without food if necessary, but 

2735
02:25:11,900 --> 02:25:14,100
without water, you will die in 
DayZ. 

2736
02:25:14,100 --> 02:25:18,400
Sleep is difficult the ship. 
Never stops moving the deck, 

2737
02:25:18,400 --> 02:25:21,800
pitches and rolls with the 
waves, you curl up on a pile of 

2738
02:25:21,800 --> 02:25:24,400
cargo or find a spot between the
ribs of the hull, where you can 

2739
02:25:24,400 --> 02:25:27,600
wedge yourself. 
In the wood is hard, the cold 

2740
02:25:27,600 --> 02:25:30,600
seeps through your clothes, you 
drift in and out of 

2741
02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:33,800
Consciousness, never quite 
getting the Deep Sleep, your 

2742
02:25:33,800 --> 02:25:37,300
body, craves days, blur 
together, you lose track of 

2743
02:25:37,300 --> 02:25:39,400
time. 
The only markers are sunrise and

2744
02:25:39,400 --> 02:25:42,400
sunset the rhythm of the oars, 
the changing direction of the 

2745
02:25:42,400 --> 02:25:44,800
wind navigation, is the tricky 
part. 

2746
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:49,100
There are no Maps, no compasses,
no GPS, coordinates to punch 

2747
02:25:49,100 --> 02:25:52,200
into a screen, the Norse 
navigate by observation and 

2748
02:25:52,200 --> 02:25:54,200
memory. 
They watched the Sun during the 

2749
02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:56,800
day. 
Noting its height and angle at 

2750
02:25:56,800 --> 02:25:59,600
night, they use the Stars, 
particularly the North Star to 

2751
02:25:59,600 --> 02:26:03,000
maintain their Heading, they pay
attention to wave, patterns wind

2752
02:26:03,000 --> 02:26:06,500
direction, the flight Paths of 
seabirds, if they see a gannet 

2753
02:26:06,500 --> 02:26:09,200
heading west in the evening, 
they know there is land in that 

2754
02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:11,600
direction. 
The bird is returning to its 

2755
02:26:11,600 --> 02:26:13,800
Roost. 
The Norse do not think of this 

2756
02:26:13,800 --> 02:26:16,700
as magic or guesswork. 
It is practical knowledge 

2757
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:19,600
accumulated over lifetime spent 
at sea. 

2758
02:26:20,500 --> 02:26:23,100
They know how to read the water,
the way a farmer, knows how to 

2759
02:26:23,100 --> 02:26:25,700
read the sky. 
One tool that might have been 

2760
02:26:25,708 --> 02:26:29,800
used as the Sunstone a piece of 
calcite or Iceland spa, the 

2761
02:26:29,800 --> 02:26:33,400
polarizes light and can help 
locate the sun even on overcast 

2762
02:26:33,400 --> 02:26:37,400
days. historians debate, whether
the Norse actually used this 

2763
02:26:37,400 --> 02:26:41,000
technique, but the physics 
checks out If you hold the 

2764
02:26:41,008 --> 02:26:44,300
crystal up to the sky and rotate
it, the light passing through 

2765
02:26:44,300 --> 02:26:46,500
will brighten and dim in 
predictable ways. 

2766
02:26:47,300 --> 02:26:50,600
You can use that information to 
figure out where the sun is even

2767
02:26:50,600 --> 02:26:54,600
if it is hidden behind clouds. 
It is not a full proof method 

2768
02:26:54,600 --> 02:26:58,400
but in an environment where fog 
and overcast skies are common, 

2769
02:26:58,400 --> 02:27:01,000
it could make the difference 
between holding your core and 

2770
02:27:01,000 --> 02:27:04,900
drifting off into empty ocean. 
The Crossing from Norway to 

2771
02:27:04,900 --> 02:27:08,400
Iceland takes about a week in 
good conditions from Iceland to 

2772
02:27:08,400 --> 02:27:11,800
Greenland another week from 
Greenland to the eastern coast 

2773
02:27:11,800 --> 02:27:13,800
of North America, maybe four or 
five days. 

2774
02:27:13,800 --> 02:27:16,800
If the wind is favorable, but 
conditions are rarely ideal 

2775
02:27:16,800 --> 02:27:21,100
storms blow in without warning 
fog blanket, the ocean for days 

2776
02:27:21,100 --> 02:27:25,300
at a time, The crew sits in the 
cold wet and miserable bailing 

2777
02:27:25,300 --> 02:27:26,700
water and trying to keep the 
ship. 

2778
02:27:26,700 --> 02:27:31,000
On course, there is no shelter, 
no place to get warm or dry, you

2779
02:27:31,000 --> 02:27:34,300
eat dried fish and stale bread. 
You drink, rain water collected 

2780
02:27:34,300 --> 02:27:38,100
in barrels or sea water, boiled 
down to reduce the salt content.

2781
02:27:38,100 --> 02:27:41,100
If you are lucky, you spot land 
before your supplies. 

2782
02:27:41,100 --> 02:27:43,100
Run out. 
If you are unlucky, you drift 

2783
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:46,700
off course and run out of food 
and water, ships, disappear, all

2784
02:27:46,700 --> 02:27:49,000
the time. 
The sagas are full of stories 

2785
02:27:49,000 --> 02:27:52,000
about vessels that sailed West 
and were never seen a game. 

2786
02:27:52,900 --> 02:27:55,700
For every successful Voyage, 
there are probably several that 

2787
02:27:55,700 --> 02:27:58,300
ended in disaster. 
You think about what it would 

2788
02:27:58,300 --> 02:28:01,100
feel like to be on that ship. 
Your three days out from 

2789
02:28:01,100 --> 02:28:04,500
Greenland, you have not seen 
land since you left the ocean 

2790
02:28:04,500 --> 02:28:08,900
stretches in every direction, 
gray and featureless the sale 

2791
02:28:08,900 --> 02:28:12,700
cracks in the wind, the ship 
Rises and falls with the swells 

2792
02:28:12,700 --> 02:28:15,000
and your stomach Rises and falls
with it. 

2793
02:28:15,000 --> 02:28:19,100
You are cold and wet and tired 
and you have started to wander 

2794
02:28:19,100 --> 02:28:22,400
if the stories about land to the
West are true or if you were 

2795
02:28:22,400 --> 02:28:26,400
sailing toward nothing. 
Then someone shouts you look up 

2796
02:28:26,400 --> 02:28:28,000
and see a dark line on the 
horizon. 

2797
02:28:28,000 --> 02:28:31,200
It could be a cloud. 
It could be a trick of the 

2798
02:28:31,200 --> 02:28:33,700
light. 
But as you get closer, the line 

2799
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:38,800
resolves into something solid 
trees, rocks, a coastline, you 

2800
02:28:38,800 --> 02:28:41,500
have made it. 
The Norse were not, the only 

2801
02:28:41,500 --> 02:28:44,600
seafarers in the medieval world 
but they were among the best. 

2802
02:28:44,600 --> 02:28:48,400
They understood that the ocean 
was not a barrier but a highway.

2803
02:28:49,200 --> 02:28:51,800
If you had a good ship in the 
skills to sail it, you could 

2804
02:28:51,800 --> 02:28:54,800
reach places that were 
inaccessible by land that 

2805
02:28:54,800 --> 02:28:58,700
mindset, drove their expansion 
Westward, they settled Iceland 

2806
02:28:58,700 --> 02:29:03,000
in the late 800s Greenland in 
the 980s and reached the coast 

2807
02:29:03,000 --> 02:29:05,900
of North America sometime around
the year 1000. 

2808
02:29:06,800 --> 02:29:10,200
Each step was a leap into the 
unknown, and each settlement was

2809
02:29:10,200 --> 02:29:13,000
a gamble against the harsh 
realities of climate and 

2810
02:29:13,000 --> 02:29:16,400
geography. 
Some gambles paid off, others 

2811
02:29:16,400 --> 02:29:19,900
did not. 
Your standing on a grassy slope 

2812
02:29:19,900 --> 02:29:23,600
in southern Greenland, the year 
is 985. 

2813
02:29:23,600 --> 02:29:26,900
And you are part of a group of 
settlers who have just arrived 

2814
02:29:26,900 --> 02:29:29,300
from Iceland. 
The journey took longer than 

2815
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:33,000
expected. 
A storm blew you off course, and

2816
02:29:33,000 --> 02:29:36,200
you spent two days bailing 
water, and praying to Thor or 

2817
02:29:36,200 --> 02:29:38,100
Christ or whoever might be 
listening. 

2818
02:29:39,000 --> 02:29:42,900
But you may made it, the ship is
pulled up on the beach below and

2819
02:29:42,900 --> 02:29:45,100
your belongings are scattered 
across the grass. 

2820
02:29:46,100 --> 02:29:49,000
Tent Flaps in the wind a cow 
loans. 

2821
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:52,600
Nervously unhappy about the sea 
Crossing and the unfamiliar 

2822
02:29:52,600 --> 02:29:55,400
surroundings. 
You look around and try to 

2823
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:58,800
assess your new home. 
The landscape is not what you 

2824
02:29:58,800 --> 02:30:01,600
expected. 
The name, Greenland suggested, 

2825
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:04,900
something Lush and inviting. 
And to be fair, the southern tip

2826
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:06,500
of the island is greener than 
Iceland. 

2827
02:30:07,300 --> 02:30:09,800
There is grass here. 
There are low shrubs and 

2828
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:12,200
wildflowers in the summer, but 
there are all. 

2829
02:30:12,200 --> 02:30:15,900
So, glaciers on the horizon. 
Vast sheets of ice that glow, 

2830
02:30:15,900 --> 02:30:18,700
blue white in the Sun. 
The winters will be brutal. 

2831
02:30:18,700 --> 02:30:20,700
The growing season will be 
short. 

2832
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:24,100
You will need to rely on hunting
and fishing to supplement 

2833
02:30:24,100 --> 02:30:26,500
whatever crops you can coats 
from the thin soil. 

2834
02:30:27,300 --> 02:30:30,900
This is not an easy place to 
live, but it is not impossible. 

2835
02:30:32,000 --> 02:30:35,800
The man who led this Expedition,
Eric the Red has been here 

2836
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:38,600
before. 
He spent three years, exploring 

2837
02:30:38,600 --> 02:30:42,100
the coast after being exiled 
from Iceland for killing a 

2838
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:44,800
neighbor in a dispute, over some
borrowed Timber. 

2839
02:30:45,800 --> 02:30:49,700
He knows where the best pasture 
land is where the fuels provide 

2840
02:30:49,700 --> 02:30:53,600
Shelter From The Wind, where the
seals and walrus congregate. 

2841
02:30:54,400 --> 02:30:56,000
He has chosen this spot 
carefully. 

2842
02:30:56,000 --> 02:31:00,400
Eric is a persuasive, man. 
He can convince several dozen 

2843
02:31:00,400 --> 02:31:02,800
families to leave Iceland and 
join him in Greenland. 

2844
02:31:02,800 --> 02:31:04,900
Promising them land and 
opportunity. 

2845
02:31:06,000 --> 02:31:09,000
The name Greenland itself is 
part of the sales pitch. 

2846
02:31:09,000 --> 02:31:12,800
It sounds more appealing than 
ice-covered rock or fueled full 

2847
02:31:12,800 --> 02:31:17,000
of icebergs Erik understands 
that branding matters even in 

2848
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:20,100
the 10th century. 
He needs people to come with him

2849
02:31:20,100 --> 02:31:22,500
because a settlement needs 
population to survive. 

2850
02:31:23,400 --> 02:31:26,400
You cannot Farm or hunt or build
houses by yourself. 

2851
02:31:27,100 --> 02:31:30,500
You need neighbors people to 
trade with and marry and help 

2852
02:31:30,500 --> 02:31:34,500
when things go wrong. 
Erica sold the vision and now he

2853
02:31:34,500 --> 02:31:38,000
has to make it work. 
The first few years are 

2854
02:31:38,000 --> 02:31:42,600
difficult, the settlers build 
sod houses, low structures with 

2855
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:46,300
Turf walls and Driftwood beams. 
The roofs are covered with more 

2856
02:31:46,300 --> 02:31:49,300
sod and the Interiors are dark 
and smoky. 

2857
02:31:50,200 --> 02:31:52,700
You burn Driftwood or dried 
Heather for Heat. 

2858
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:57,000
And the smoke has no good way to
escape your eyes. 

2859
02:31:57,000 --> 02:32:01,800
Sting your clothes smell, like 
smoke all the time, but the 

2860
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:03,500
house is warm and that is what 
matters. 

2861
02:32:03,500 --> 02:32:08,100
Outside the wind howls across 
the Fjord and the temperature 

2862
02:32:08,100 --> 02:32:11,800
drops. 
Well, below freezing inside, you

2863
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:14,700
are alive. 
The construction of a sod house 

2864
02:32:14,700 --> 02:32:18,400
is labor intensive, but 
practical, you start by digging 

2865
02:32:18,400 --> 02:32:21,700
shallow trenches to Mark, the 
outline of the walls then you 

2866
02:32:21,708 --> 02:32:25,300
cut blocks of turf from nearby 
Hillside each block about the 

2867
02:32:25,300 --> 02:32:28,300
size of a large brick. 
The turf is layered like 

2868
02:32:28,308 --> 02:32:30,900
masonry. 
Each block overlapping the one 

2869
02:32:30,900 --> 02:32:33,900
below. 
The walls grow slowly one block 

2870
02:32:33,900 --> 02:32:37,400
at a time until they reach about
five or six feet in height. 

2871
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:41,500
The turf is heavy when wet, 
which is most of the time and 

2872
02:32:41,500 --> 02:32:44,300
cutting it requires a sharp 
spade and strong shoulders. 

2873
02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:47,400
But Turf is also an excellent 
insulator. 

2874
02:32:47,400 --> 02:32:51,700
It keeps the heat in during 
winter and the cool airing 

2875
02:32:51,700 --> 02:32:55,200
during summer. the walls are 
thick, sometimes three feet 

2876
02:32:55,200 --> 02:32:58,500
across, providing a buffer 
against the brutal Greenland 

2877
02:32:58,500 --> 02:33:03,200
climate The roof requires 
Timber, which is scared, use 

2878
02:33:03,200 --> 02:33:06,200
whatever Driftwood, you can find
Scavenging along the beaches for

2879
02:33:06,200 --> 02:33:09,400
logs that have washed ashore 
from Siberia or Northern Canada.

2880
02:33:10,300 --> 02:33:13,100
The wood is often weathered and 
twisted not ideal for 

2881
02:33:13,100 --> 02:33:14,900
construction, but you may make 
it work. 

2882
02:33:15,700 --> 02:33:18,100
You lay the Timbers across the 
walls to create a frame. 

2883
02:33:18,100 --> 02:33:20,200
Then cover the frame with more 
turf. 

2884
02:33:20,900 --> 02:33:23,600
The result is a low squat 
building that blends into the 

2885
02:33:23,608 --> 02:33:26,800
landscape from a distance. 
It looks like a grass covered 

2886
02:33:26,800 --> 02:33:29,700
Mound. 
Only the smoke rising from the 

2887
02:33:29,700 --> 02:33:32,500
roof hole gives away human 
presence inside. 

2888
02:33:32,500 --> 02:33:34,200
The house is divided into 
sections. 

2889
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:36,700
The main hall is where you cook 
eat. 

2890
02:33:36,700 --> 02:33:40,000
And socialise there is a long 
half running down the center 

2891
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:44,300
line with stones, the fire burns
constantly during the winter 

2892
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:46,200
months fed with whatever fuel 
you can find. 

2893
02:33:47,200 --> 02:33:51,100
Driftwood is preferred but you 
also burn dried seaweed animal 

2894
02:33:51,100 --> 02:33:54,700
dung and Heather. 
Smoke Rises toward the roof, 

2895
02:33:54,700 --> 02:33:57,300
where some of it escapes through
a hole and the rest. 

2896
02:33:57,300 --> 02:34:00,800
Settles into the turf gradually,
turning the interior black the 

2897
02:34:00,800 --> 02:34:04,000
walls aligned with benches made 
of wood or stone covered with 

2898
02:34:04,000 --> 02:34:07,600
Furs and woven blankets. 
These benches serve as seats 

2899
02:34:07,600 --> 02:34:09,200
during the day and beds at 
night. 

2900
02:34:10,100 --> 02:34:14,100
Privacy is non-existent everyone
sleeps in the same room shoulder

2901
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:18,300
to shoulder sharing body heat. 
The smaller rooms are used for 

2902
02:34:18,300 --> 02:34:22,700
storage or for specific tasks. 
One room might hold barrels of 

2903
02:34:22,700 --> 02:34:26,300
preserved food, another might be
a workspace where you repair 

2904
02:34:26,300 --> 02:34:30,500
tools or process hides. 
The rooms are cold and dark lit.

2905
02:34:30,500 --> 02:34:34,500
Only by small oil lamps that 
burn seal fat and casted. 

2906
02:34:34,500 --> 02:34:38,400
Dim flickering light. 
You spend as little time in 

2907
02:34:38,400 --> 02:34:41,700
these spaces as possible, 
venturing in only, when 

2908
02:34:41,700 --> 02:34:44,400
necessary to retreat supplies or
complete tasks. 

2909
02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:49,600
Daily life in Greenland revolves
around survival in the summer. 

2910
02:34:49,600 --> 02:34:52,700
You work from dawn until dusk 
making the most of the long 

2911
02:34:52,700 --> 02:34:55,500
days. 
You plant barley and oats in the

2912
02:34:55,500 --> 02:34:58,500
thin soil though. 
The growing season is so short 

2913
02:34:58,500 --> 02:35:00,700
that the crops often do not 
ripen properly. 

2914
02:35:01,600 --> 02:35:04,300
You harvest, what? 
You can and store it for winter.

2915
02:35:04,300 --> 02:35:08,300
You cut hay from The Meadows. 
Endless hours of backbreaking 

2916
02:35:08,300 --> 02:35:12,300
work with a sigh The hay is 
dried and stored to feed the 

2917
02:35:12,300 --> 02:35:16,500
livestock through the winter 
without hey the animal starve 

2918
02:35:16,500 --> 02:35:19,100
without animals. 
You starve. 

2919
02:35:19,900 --> 02:35:22,000
The equation is simple and 
unforgiving. 

2920
02:35:22,000 --> 02:35:26,500
You also fish and hunt. 
The fjords are full of cotton 

2921
02:35:26,500 --> 02:35:28,600
Char. 
He catch them with lines and 

2922
02:35:28,600 --> 02:35:32,300
Nets then gut and dry them on 
wooden racks, the dried fish 

2923
02:35:32,300 --> 02:35:35,600
will keep for months providing 
protein when fresh food is 

2924
02:35:35,600 --> 02:35:38,200
unavailable. 
Seals are hunted along the 

2925
02:35:38,200 --> 02:35:41,500
coast, you watch for them, 
basking on rocks, or swimming 

2926
02:35:41,500 --> 02:35:44,600
near the ice. 
A successful seal hunt provides 

2927
02:35:44,600 --> 02:35:48,900
meat fat for lamps and skins for
clothing and boots. 

2928
02:35:48,900 --> 02:35:53,400
The fat is particularly 
valuable, you render it into oil

2929
02:35:53,400 --> 02:35:56,700
which burns clean and provides 
light during the dark winter 

2930
02:35:56,700 --> 02:35:59,700
months in the Autumn. 
You hunt Caribou inland. 

2931
02:36:00,700 --> 02:36:04,700
Caribou migrate through certain,
valleys at predictable times you

2932
02:36:04,700 --> 02:36:06,600
set up, Ambush points along 
their routes. 

2933
02:36:06,600 --> 02:36:10,300
A single Caribou provides enough
meat to feed a family for weeks,

2934
02:36:10,300 --> 02:36:13,200
the hives a tan and used for 
bedding or clothing. 

2935
02:36:13,200 --> 02:36:16,900
Nothing is wasted. 
Bones are carved into needles 

2936
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,300
and tools, antlers are fashioned
into handles for knives. 

2937
02:36:20,300 --> 02:36:23,000
Sinew is dried and used as 
thread. 

2938
02:36:23,000 --> 02:36:26,200
The Norse greenlanders 
developed, a deep appreciation 

2939
02:36:26,200 --> 02:36:29,700
for resourcefulness. 
When you live on the edge of the

2940
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:32,200
habitable World, waste is a 
luxury. 

2941
02:36:32,200 --> 02:36:35,600
You cannot afford the Greenland,
Norse developer mixed economy. 

2942
02:36:35,600 --> 02:36:39,100
They raise sheep and cattle, 
though, the animals are smaller 

2943
02:36:39,100 --> 02:36:43,200
and hardier than their European 
cousins, they fish for COD and 

2944
02:36:43,200 --> 02:36:47,500
seal and Hunt walrus for ivory. 
Walrus tusks are valuable. 

2945
02:36:47,500 --> 02:36:51,800
They can be traded in Norway or 
Iceland for grain and iron and 

2946
02:36:51,800 --> 02:36:53,900
other Goods. 
The greenlanders cannot produce 

2947
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:56,800
themselves. 
The ivory trade becomes the 

2948
02:36:56,800 --> 02:36:58,400
backbone of the Greenland 
economy. 

2949
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:02,200
A way to stay connected to the 
wider Norse world, even though 

2950
02:37:02,200 --> 02:37:06,500
you are living on the edge of 
the map, the settlements grow by

2951
02:37:06,500 --> 02:37:09,800
the year 1000, there are about 
2000 people living in Greenland 

2952
02:37:09,800 --> 02:37:13,400
spread across two main areas. 
The Eastern settlement is the 

2953
02:37:13,400 --> 02:37:16,600
larger and more prosperous 
located in the south-west. 

2954
02:37:17,500 --> 02:37:19,100
The Westin settlement is 
farther. 

2955
02:37:19,100 --> 02:37:23,600
North smaller and more isolated.
Life in both places is 

2956
02:37:23,600 --> 02:37:27,000
precarious. 
Climate is Harsh and the growing

2957
02:37:27,000 --> 02:37:30,300
season is short. 
If the hay Harvest fails, the 

2958
02:37:30,300 --> 02:37:33,600
livestock starve. 
If the hunting is poor people go

2959
02:37:33,600 --> 02:37:38,100
hungry There is no margin for 
error, every decision matters. 

2960
02:37:39,100 --> 02:37:40,700
But Greenland is not the end of 
the world. 

2961
02:37:40,700 --> 02:37:43,800
It is the edge of the Known 
World, which is different. 

2962
02:37:44,500 --> 02:37:47,300
The Norse of always been curious
about what lies Beyond the 

2963
02:37:47,308 --> 02:37:49,700
Horizon. 
They have always pushed father, 

2964
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:52,300
sailed longer taken bigger 
risks. 

2965
02:37:52,300 --> 02:37:55,700
So, when someone sailing along 
the Greenland Coast gets blown 

2966
02:37:55,700 --> 02:37:59,600
off course, and sees land to the
West, the new spreads quickly, 

2967
02:37:59,600 --> 02:38:03,800
the land is forested, which is 
exciting because Greenland has 

2968
02:38:03,800 --> 02:38:08,700
very few trees, Timber scarce. 
And valuable, if there is a 

2969
02:38:08,700 --> 02:38:12,200
source of wood across the water 
that changes the equation, it 

2970
02:38:12,200 --> 02:38:15,200
makes a western Voyage, not just
an adventure but a practical 

2971
02:38:15,200 --> 02:38:18,000
necessity. 
You hear the story from a Trader

2972
02:38:18,000 --> 02:38:19,300
who arrived from the Eastern 
settlement. 

2973
02:38:19,300 --> 02:38:23,700
He says a man named biyani hero 
of son was sailing to Greenland 

2974
02:38:23,700 --> 02:38:27,000
to visit his father. 
Beanie missed Greenland entirely

2975
02:38:27,000 --> 02:38:30,300
ended up too far, west and 
spotted a coastline. 

2976
02:38:30,300 --> 02:38:32,000
That did not match any known 
description. 

2977
02:38:32,000 --> 02:38:35,300
He did not land. 
He turned his ship around and 

2978
02:38:35,300 --> 02:38:38,400
sailed back to Greenland. 
But he talked about what he saw 

2979
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:41,900
and other people listened. 
One of those people was Leif 

2980
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:45,400
Ericson. 
The son of Eric, the Red Leaf is

2981
02:38:45,400 --> 02:38:48,400
Young and ambitious. 
And eager to prove himself, he 

2982
02:38:48,400 --> 02:38:51,100
hears about the western land and
decides to go looking for it. 

2983
02:38:51,100 --> 02:38:54,900
You think about what that 
decision means Leaf has no map. 

2984
02:38:54,900 --> 02:38:57,400
No detail description of where 
the land is or what it looks 

2985
02:38:57,400 --> 02:38:59,700
like. 
He has beanie's Vega count and 

2986
02:38:59,700 --> 02:39:03,100
his own skills as Navigator. 
He will be sailing into complete

2987
02:39:03,100 --> 02:39:06,900
uncertainty, with no guarantee 
of finding anything or making it

2988
02:39:06,900 --> 02:39:09,600
back. 
But he is going anyway. 

2989
02:39:10,400 --> 02:39:14,500
That combination of confidence 
and recklessness is what defines

2990
02:39:14,500 --> 02:39:17,800
the Norse expansion. 
They do not, wait for perfect 

2991
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:21,300
information, they act on 
incomplete data and figure 

2992
02:39:21,300 --> 02:39:24,500
things out as they go. 
You're standing on the deck of 

2993
02:39:24,500 --> 02:39:27,300
Leif Erikson ship. 
The year is somewhere around 

2994
02:39:27,300 --> 02:39:31,400
1,000, the exact date is fuzzy 
because the Norse do not keep 

2995
02:39:31,400 --> 02:39:35,000
detailed records and the sagas 
that describe, this Voyage were 

2996
02:39:35,000 --> 02:39:36,500
written down, two centuries 
later. 

2997
02:39:37,400 --> 02:39:41,400
But the basic outline is clear. 
Leaf has bought Johnny ship 

2998
02:39:41,400 --> 02:39:45,900
assembled, a crew of about 35 
men and set sail from Greenland.

2999
02:39:46,700 --> 02:39:50,100
You are heading west in to 
Waters, no one you know as ever 

3000
02:39:50,100 --> 02:39:54,300
explored the mood on the ship is
a mix of excitement and unease. 

3001
02:39:54,300 --> 02:39:58,100
Everyone is curious about what 
you will find, but everyone is 

3002
02:39:58,100 --> 02:40:02,400
also aware that this could go 
badly ship sink Cruise starve. 

3003
02:40:02,400 --> 02:40:04,700
The ocean does not care about 
your Ambitions. 

3004
02:40:04,700 --> 02:40:07,900
The first land you spot is not 
promising. 

3005
02:40:07,900 --> 02:40:12,900
It is Rocky and Barren with 
glaciers visible inland Leaf 

3006
02:40:12,900 --> 02:40:15,500
calls it. 
Helleland, which means flat 

3007
02:40:15,500 --> 02:40:17,800
stone land. 
Modern Scholars. 

3008
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:20,100
Think this is Baffin Island, 
though. 

3009
02:40:20,100 --> 02:40:23,300
The identification is not 
certain you do not linger. 

3010
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:26,900
There is nothing here. 
Worth settling you sail South 

3011
02:40:26,900 --> 02:40:28,800
along the coast looking for 
something better. 

3012
02:40:28,800 --> 02:40:31,500
The approach to hell, you land 
is cautious. 

3013
02:40:31,500 --> 02:40:35,700
The crew keeps the ship well 
offshore wary of hidden rocks 

3014
02:40:35,700 --> 02:40:38,400
and unexpected. 
Currents through the gray. 

3015
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:41,200
Mist, you see Cliffs Rising 
straight up from the water 

3016
02:40:41,200 --> 02:40:46,500
darkened, forbidding The stone 
is mostly Granite weathered and 

3017
02:40:46,500 --> 02:40:49,900
ancient. 
There are no trees, no signs of 

3018
02:40:49,900 --> 02:40:52,300
vegetation Beyond a few patches 
of lichen. 

3019
02:40:53,200 --> 02:40:56,500
Ice clings to the upper reaches 
of the cliffs, remnants of 

3020
02:40:56,500 --> 02:40:59,000
winter that never fully melt 
even in summer. 

3021
02:40:59,800 --> 02:41:03,400
You pass a glacier, the cars in 
to the Sea and the sound is like

3022
02:41:03,400 --> 02:41:05,100
thunder rolling across the 
water. 

3023
02:41:06,300 --> 02:41:10,700
Chunks of ice Bob in the ways. 
Some small, as your fist others,

3024
02:41:10,700 --> 02:41:14,700
the size of house is you give 
them a wide berth colliding with

3025
02:41:14,700 --> 02:41:16,600
ice at speed. 
Could punch a hole through the 

3026
02:41:16,600 --> 02:41:20,000
ship's Hull. 
Someone suggests going ashore to

3027
02:41:20,000 --> 02:41:21,600
explore, but Leaf shakes, his 
head? 

3028
02:41:21,600 --> 02:41:23,900
There is nothing to gain from 
Landing here. 

3029
02:41:23,900 --> 02:41:26,800
No, Timba. 
No game animals that you can see

3030
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:32,800
just rock and ice and wind. 
You continue South, the ship 

3031
02:41:32,800 --> 02:41:34,900
rising and falling with the 
swells. 

3032
02:41:34,900 --> 02:41:39,000
The crew is quiet. 
Everyone is scanning The Horizon

3033
02:41:39,000 --> 02:41:41,200
hoping for something more 
promising. 

3034
02:41:42,800 --> 02:41:44,700
The next landfall is more 
interesting. 

3035
02:41:45,500 --> 02:41:50,000
The coast is forested with long 
sandy beaches and shallow water.

3036
02:41:50,900 --> 02:41:53,600
Leaf names it Markland, meaning 
forestland. 

3037
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:58,200
This is probably Labrador. 
The crew goes ashore briefly and

3038
02:41:58,200 --> 02:42:01,600
you walk through the trees. 
The timber is good, quality 

3039
02:42:01,600 --> 02:42:06,700
tall, straight Pines and Spruce.
You could build houses with 

3040
02:42:06,700 --> 02:42:10,400
this, would you could build 
ships, but Leaf wants to keep 

3041
02:42:10,400 --> 02:42:14,200
going, he's looking for The 
Place Beyond, he described the 

3042
02:42:14,200 --> 02:42:16,600
place that sounded most fertile 
and promising. 

3043
02:42:17,500 --> 02:42:19,700
You get back on the ship and 
continue South. 

3044
02:42:19,700 --> 02:42:23,200
The Landing at Markland, is your
first chance to stretch your 

3045
02:42:23,200 --> 02:42:26,200
legs and days. 
The beaches covered with smooth 

3046
02:42:26,200 --> 02:42:30,500
Stones, worn around by the ways.
You walk up past, the high tide 

3047
02:42:30,500 --> 02:42:34,800
line and into the forest, the S 
Mel's different here, rich with 

3048
02:42:34,800 --> 02:42:36,700
the center of pine, resin and 
damper. 

3049
02:42:38,000 --> 02:42:41,100
The trees are tall and straight 
their bark rough under your 

3050
02:42:41,100 --> 02:42:43,800
fingers. 
You find animal tracks in the 

3051
02:42:43,800 --> 02:42:47,700
soft ground near a stream. 
Dear probably or something 

3052
02:42:47,700 --> 02:42:50,308
similar. 
The presence of game is a good 

3053
02:42:50,316 --> 02:42:52,900
sign. 
It means the land can support 

3054
02:42:52,900 --> 02:42:56,600
life beyond fish and seabirds. 
The crew spends a few hours 

3055
02:42:56,600 --> 02:42:59,800
exploring. 
Someone finds a beaver dam in a 

3056
02:42:59,800 --> 02:43:02,600
nearby Creek. 
Someone else discovers, a stand 

3057
02:43:02,600 --> 02:43:05,600
of birch trees which are 
valuable for making canoes or 

3058
02:43:05,600 --> 02:43:08,200
containers. 
There is a sense of excitement. 

3059
02:43:08,200 --> 02:43:12,400
This place has potential but 
Leaf is not satisfied. 

3060
02:43:12,400 --> 02:43:16,500
He wants to find the land beanie
described, the place with the 

3061
02:43:16,500 --> 02:43:20,500
mildest climate and the most 
resources, you load back onto 

3062
02:43:20,500 --> 02:43:21,900
the ship and push off from 
Shore. 

3063
02:43:21,900 --> 02:43:26,300
The forest recedes behind you as
you say sale South following the

3064
02:43:26,300 --> 02:43:30,300
coastline, after several more 
days of sailing, you reach a 

3065
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:34,000
spot that feels right. 
The coastline is sheltered with 

3066
02:43:34,000 --> 02:43:36,500
a Broad Bay and a river flowing 
into the sea. 

3067
02:43:36,500 --> 02:43:40,800
The land is green and rolling. 
There are berries, growing wild 

3068
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:44,300
and the crew finds grapes or 
something that resembles grapes.

3069
02:43:45,000 --> 02:43:49,200
Leaf calls the place Vineland 
meaning why land or Grapevine 

3070
02:43:49,200 --> 02:43:51,600
land? 
The name is caused endless 

3071
02:43:51,600 --> 02:43:55,600
debate among historians grapes. 
Do not grow that far north today

3072
02:43:55,600 --> 02:43:58,900
and it is unclear whether the 
climate was significantly warmer

3073
02:43:58,900 --> 02:44:01,500
a thousand years ago, Some 
Scholars. 

3074
02:44:01,500 --> 02:44:04,500
Think the crew found wild 
berries and mistook them for 

3075
02:44:04,500 --> 02:44:07,900
grapes, others think they found 
actual grapes at a more 

3076
02:44:07,900 --> 02:44:10,900
southerly latitude. 
The truth is probably buried 

3077
02:44:10,900 --> 02:44:14,000
somewhere in the imprecise 
language of the sagas, and the 

3078
02:44:14,008 --> 02:44:17,600
limits of Botanical evidence, 
the river is teeming with 

3079
02:44:17,600 --> 02:44:21,600
salmon, you can see them from 
the ship dark shapes moving 

3080
02:44:21,600 --> 02:44:23,900
through. 
The Clear Water, the crew Rose 

3081
02:44:23,900 --> 02:44:26,500
the ship up the river, a short 
distance, looking for a good 

3082
02:44:26,508 --> 02:44:29,700
place to Beat It. 
You find a spot where the bank 

3083
02:44:29,700 --> 02:44:33,400
is low in the ground is firm. 
The ship is pulled up onto the 

3084
02:44:33,400 --> 02:44:37,100
shore and you unload. 
The cargo everything is damp 

3085
02:44:37,100 --> 02:44:40,800
from The Voyage, you spread 
first and clothing out to dry in

3086
02:44:40,800 --> 02:44:43,800
the Sun. 
The feeling of solid ground 

3087
02:44:43,800 --> 02:44:47,300
under your feet is almost 
disorienting after so many days 

3088
02:44:47,300 --> 02:44:52,100
at sea. you walk in circles, 
stretching your legs working, 

3089
02:44:52,100 --> 02:44:55,400
the stiffness out of your 
joints, You spend the rest of 

3090
02:44:55,400 --> 02:44:58,100
the summer, exploring the area 
and building a small settlement,

3091
02:44:58,100 --> 02:45:02,500
the structures are simple. 
You dig, trenches and stacks sod

3092
02:45:02,500 --> 02:45:05,600
to create walls. 
You use Driftwood and Timber for

3093
02:45:05,600 --> 02:45:08,400
roof beams. 
The buildings are not meant to 

3094
02:45:08,400 --> 02:45:11,800
be permanent. 
They are shelter's places to 

3095
02:45:11,800 --> 02:45:15,300
sleep and store supplies. 
While you assess, whether this 

3096
02:45:15,300 --> 02:45:16,900
land is worth a larger 
investment. 

3097
02:45:18,200 --> 02:45:22,000
Crew, fishes and hunts. 
You find salmon in the river 

3098
02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:25,300
more abundant than anything you 
have seen in Greenland. 

3099
02:45:25,300 --> 02:45:29,000
The weather is mild. 
There is no snow yet and the 

3100
02:45:29,000 --> 02:45:31,700
days are long. 
This place feels like a gift. 

3101
02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:36,200
The crew falls into a routine in
the mornings you work on the 

3102
02:45:36,200 --> 02:45:39,100
buildings by midday the sun is 
warm enough. 

3103
02:45:39,100 --> 02:45:42,800
That you shed your outer layers.
You eat a simple meal of dried 

3104
02:45:42,800 --> 02:45:45,700
fish and whatever berries or 
greens you can forage. 

3105
02:45:46,500 --> 02:45:49,500
In the afternoon, some of the 
crew fish While others explore 

3106
02:45:49,500 --> 02:45:52,300
the surrounding area. 
You find wild game in the 

3107
02:45:52,308 --> 02:45:56,300
forest, deer a common and 
someone manages to kill one with

3108
02:45:56,300 --> 02:45:59,300
a spear. 
The venison is fresh and tender,

3109
02:45:59,300 --> 02:46:03,700
a welcome change from dried fish
and salted meat, you roasted 

3110
02:46:03,700 --> 02:46:05,900
over an open fire and the smell 
draws. 

3111
02:46:05,900 --> 02:46:08,800
Everyone to the fire pit. 
For a few hours. 

3112
02:46:08,800 --> 02:46:11,900
The mood is light. 
People laugh and tell stories. 

3113
02:46:11,900 --> 02:46:15,700
This place feels like home or at
least like it could become home 

3114
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:19,100
with enough time in effort. 
But the season is short. 

3115
02:46:20,000 --> 02:46:23,400
By Autumn Leaf, decides it is 
time to head back to Greenland. 

3116
02:46:23,400 --> 02:46:26,800
You load the ship with Tim and 
whatever other resources, you 

3117
02:46:26,800 --> 02:46:29,300
have gathered. 
The return Voyage is uneventful,

3118
02:46:29,300 --> 02:46:32,300
and when you arrived in 
Greenland Leaf, as greeted as a 

3119
02:46:32,300 --> 02:46:35,900
hero, he is found new land. 
He is brought back Timba. 

3120
02:46:35,900 --> 02:46:38,500
He has proven that the Western 
Voyage is possible. 

3121
02:46:38,500 --> 02:46:42,600
Other people will want to follow
and they do over the next few 

3122
02:46:42,600 --> 02:46:44,800
years. 
Several more expeditions set out

3123
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:47,700
for Vineland. 
Leafs brother thorville leads 

3124
02:46:47,700 --> 02:46:50,100
one. 
Another Expedition includes a 

3125
02:46:50,100 --> 02:46:53,100
man named thorfinn. 
Carl Seffner and his wife 

3126
02:46:53,100 --> 02:46:58,300
goodread This Voyage is larger 
with multiple ships and plans to

3127
02:46:58,300 --> 02:47:01,600
establish a permanent 
settlement, they bring livestock

3128
02:47:01,600 --> 02:47:04,200
tools, everything needed to 
start a new life. 

3129
02:47:04,900 --> 02:47:06,800
But the settlement does not 
last. 

3130
02:47:07,600 --> 02:47:11,500
The sargas described conflicts 
with indigenous, people referred

3131
02:47:11,500 --> 02:47:15,600
to in the text as scrolling. the
term is vague and probably 

3132
02:47:15,600 --> 02:47:19,800
pejorative used by the Norse to 
describe anyone who was not 

3133
02:47:19,800 --> 02:47:24,700
Norse the encounters attempts 
and sometimes violent The Norse 

3134
02:47:24,700 --> 02:47:28,500
have Superior iron weapons that 
they have vastly outnumbered 

3135
02:47:28,500 --> 02:47:31,800
after a few years, the settlers 
decide the risks, outweigh, the 

3136
02:47:31,800 --> 02:47:33,700
benefits. 
They pack up and returned to 

3137
02:47:33,700 --> 02:47:36,700
Greenland. 
Expedition is particularly 

3138
02:47:36,700 --> 02:47:40,800
notable for its tragic end. 
The sauger describes, the crews 

3139
02:47:40,800 --> 02:47:44,100
sailing along the coast 
exploring inlets and Bays. 

3140
02:47:44,100 --> 02:47:47,700
They find a beautiful spot with 
sandy beaches and forests 

3141
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:51,600
reaching down to the water. 
Thorville declares that this is 

3142
02:47:51,600 --> 02:47:52,900
where he wants to build his 
house. 

3143
02:47:53,800 --> 02:47:57,500
The crew goes ashore to explore.
They find three skin boats, 

3144
02:47:57,500 --> 02:48:00,700
pulled up on the beach. 
An under each boat to three men.

3145
02:48:01,500 --> 02:48:03,800
The Norse call these people 
scrolling. 

3146
02:48:04,800 --> 02:48:08,700
The encounter turns violent, the
Norse kill eight of the nine 

3147
02:48:08,700 --> 02:48:13,500
men, one Escapes in a boat. 
Thorvald and his crew returned 

3148
02:48:13,500 --> 02:48:16,100
to their ship. 
But soon they see a fleet of 

3149
02:48:16,108 --> 02:48:18,700
skin boats. 
Approaching the indigenous 

3150
02:48:18,700 --> 02:48:21,800
people attack with arrows 
thorvald is struck in the armpit

3151
02:48:21,800 --> 02:48:24,700
by an arrow. 
The wound is fatal, he asked to 

3152
02:48:24,700 --> 02:48:27,400
be buried on the Headland, he 
had chosen for his home site, 

3153
02:48:27,400 --> 02:48:30,300
the crew, buries him there and 
returns to Greenland with the 

3154
02:48:30,308 --> 02:48:32,000
news thorfinn. 
Kyle. 

3155
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:34,000
Stephanie's Expedition is more 
ambitious. 

3156
02:48:34,000 --> 02:48:38,700
He brings three ships and about 
160 people including women and 

3157
02:48:38,700 --> 02:48:41,000
children. 
If you plan to establish a 

3158
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:44,700
permanent Colony, they bring 
cattle sheep and everything 

3159
02:48:44,700 --> 02:48:48,400
needed for farming. 
The group settles in Vineland 

3160
02:48:48,400 --> 02:48:51,600
and spent the first winter 
there, the winter is mild 

3161
02:48:51,600 --> 02:48:54,500
compared to Greenland. 
There is enough grazing for the 

3162
02:48:54,508 --> 02:48:58,400
livestock, the settlers are 
optimistic in the spring. 

3163
02:48:58,400 --> 02:49:00,400
They encounter the indigenous 
people. 

3164
02:49:00,400 --> 02:49:03,800
The first meeting is cautious 
but not hostile. 

3165
02:49:03,800 --> 02:49:08,300
The Indigenous people arrive in 
skin boats, staring at the North

3166
02:49:08,300 --> 02:49:11,400
with curiosity. 
The North and the indigenous. 

3167
02:49:11,400 --> 02:49:15,000
People try to communicate 
through gestures, eventually 

3168
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:19,600
they begin to trade, the Norse 
offer red cloth, which the 

3169
02:49:19,600 --> 02:49:21,400
indigenous people find 
fascinating. 

3170
02:49:21,400 --> 02:49:25,500
In exchange, they receive Furs 
and pelts. 

3171
02:49:26,400 --> 02:49:30,900
Trade goes, well. both sides 
seem satisfied, but the peace 

3172
02:49:30,900 --> 02:49:35,800
does not last The Saga describes
a bull belonging to the Norse 

3173
02:49:35,800 --> 02:49:37,300
running out of the woods and 
bellowing. 

3174
02:49:37,300 --> 02:49:40,600
The indigenous people are 
terrified by the noise and flea 

3175
02:49:40,600 --> 02:49:42,800
in their boats. 
They do not return for three 

3176
02:49:42,800 --> 02:49:47,400
weeks when they do return, they 
come in large numbers, the mood 

3177
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:49,600
is different. 
There is tension in the air. 

3178
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:53,300
The Norse realized something is 
wrong, the indigenous, people 

3179
02:49:53,300 --> 02:49:57,100
begin shooting arrows, the 
Norse, formed a defensive line, 

3180
02:49:57,100 --> 02:50:00,000
but they are outnumbered. 
Several Norse are wounded. 

3181
02:50:00,800 --> 02:50:04,200
The battle is chaotic and 
frightening, eventually the 

3182
02:50:04,200 --> 02:50:07,400
indigenous people withdraw, but 
the message is clear. 

3183
02:50:07,400 --> 02:50:12,000
The Norse are not welcome. 
Stephanie and his people discuss

3184
02:50:12,000 --> 02:50:15,300
their options, they could stay 
and fight, but the odds are 

3185
02:50:15,308 --> 02:50:19,100
against them, they could try to 
negotiate the language barrier, 

3186
02:50:19,100 --> 02:50:23,100
makes that nearly impossible. 
In the end, they decide to 

3187
02:50:23,100 --> 02:50:25,300
leave. 
They load their ships and 

3188
02:50:25,300 --> 02:50:28,800
returned to Greenland the dream 
of a permanent settlement in 

3189
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:30,400
Vineland dies with that 
decision. 

3190
02:50:31,300 --> 02:50:34,500
You think about why the 
settlement failed Vineland had 

3191
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:37,300
resources. 
It had Timber and fish and 

3192
02:50:37,300 --> 02:50:41,800
fertile land, but it was so far 
from Greenland, which was itself

3193
02:50:41,800 --> 02:50:45,900
far from Ice and Norway. 
The supply chain was stretched 

3194
02:50:45,900 --> 02:50:49,100
too thin, if something went 
wrong, there was no one to call 

3195
02:50:49,100 --> 02:50:51,800
for help. 
The indigenous presence added 

3196
02:50:51,800 --> 02:50:55,600
another layer of complication. 
The Norse were used to dealing 

3197
02:50:55,600 --> 02:50:57,800
with other Norse. 
Or with Christian Europeans, 

3198
02:50:57,800 --> 02:51:01,400
they had no framework for 
co-existing with a completely 

3199
02:51:01,400 --> 02:51:04,600
different culture. 
The language barrier alone would

3200
02:51:04,600 --> 02:51:08,200
have been insurmountable, add in
the threat of violence and the 

3201
02:51:08,200 --> 02:51:12,400
settlement becomes untenable The
Norse could have stayed if they 

3202
02:51:12,408 --> 02:51:15,100
had been willing to fight a 
long-term War over the land, 

3203
02:51:15,100 --> 02:51:18,700
that they were not. 
They were farmers and Traders 

3204
02:51:18,700 --> 02:51:22,900
not conquerors when it became 
clear, that staying in Vineland 

3205
02:51:22,900 --> 02:51:25,600
would require a constant 
conflict, they chose to leave 

3206
02:51:25,600 --> 02:51:28,700
the Voyages to Vineland do not 
stop immediately. 

3207
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:32,000
The sargas mentioned, occasional
trips to gather Timber. 

3208
02:51:32,000 --> 02:51:35,100
But there is no sustained effort
to re-establish a settlement 

3209
02:51:35,100 --> 02:51:37,600
over time. 
The voyage is become less 

3210
02:51:37,600 --> 02:51:39,300
frequent, and then stopped 
altogether. 

3211
02:51:40,200 --> 02:51:42,500
Vineland Fades from active North
Consciousness. 

3212
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:46,500
It becomes a story a place that 
existed once but no longer 

3213
02:51:46,500 --> 02:51:50,000
matters, Greenland itself, will 
eventually be abandoned. 

3214
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:53,500
The climate cools, the 
Greenland, North struggled to 

3215
02:51:53,500 --> 02:51:58,000
survive, By the 1500s, the 
settlements are empty. 

3216
02:51:58,800 --> 02:52:01,800
The descendants of Eric, the Red
and Leif Ericson are gone 

3217
02:52:01,800 --> 02:52:05,500
absorbed back into Iceland or 
dead from starvation and 

3218
02:52:05,500 --> 02:52:08,600
disease. 
The western expansion ends, not 

3219
02:52:08,600 --> 02:52:10,700
with a bang, but with a Quiet 
Retreat. 

3220
02:52:11,400 --> 02:52:13,700
You're standing in a field in 
Northern Newfoundland. 

3221
02:52:13,700 --> 02:52:17,100
The year is 1960. 
And you're holding a shovel. 

3222
02:52:18,100 --> 02:52:24,000
Feel is unremarkable covered in 
low grass and wildflowers to the

3223
02:52:24,000 --> 02:52:26,200
east. 
You can see the ocean to the 

3224
02:52:26,200 --> 02:52:28,000
West. 
There are low Hills and more 

3225
02:52:28,000 --> 02:52:31,000
grass. 
This does not look like a place 

3226
02:52:31,000 --> 02:52:34,000
where history was made but Helga
ingstad thinks. 

3227
02:52:34,000 --> 02:52:37,900
Otherwise he's been searching 
for Vineland for years and this 

3228
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:41,200
spot matches the description in 
the sagas better than anywhere 

3229
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:42,200
else. 
He is examined. 

3230
02:52:43,100 --> 02:52:47,600
There is a sheltered Bay, there 
was a river, the landscape fits 

3231
02:52:47,600 --> 02:52:51,700
he is convinced the local 
landowner to let him dig and now

3232
02:52:51,700 --> 02:52:55,400
he is carefully removing layers 
of turf and soil looking for 

3233
02:52:55,400 --> 02:52:57,800
anything that might indicate 
human activity. 

3234
02:52:58,800 --> 02:53:03,200
The first finds a subtle. 
Cheers of discolored soil, that 

3235
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:05,600
suggests old walls or post 
holes. 

3236
02:53:06,500 --> 02:53:09,700
Fragments of charcoal that 
indicate fires were once lit 

3237
02:53:09,700 --> 02:53:12,100
here. 
Then something more definitive 

3238
02:53:12,100 --> 02:53:17,500
appears an iron nail corroded 
and bent, but unmistakably Norse

3239
02:53:17,500 --> 02:53:20,400
in style. 
The Norse used iron Nails in 

3240
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:23,700
their buildings and ships. 
The indigenous people of this 

3241
02:53:23,700 --> 02:53:27,500
region did not smell iron. 
If there is an iron nail in the 

3242
02:53:27,508 --> 02:53:30,300
ground, someone from across the 
ocean, put it there. 

3243
02:53:31,000 --> 02:53:35,000
The nail is small, maybe three 
inches long, its surface rough 

3244
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:37,900
with rust. 
But its presence changes, 

3245
02:53:37,900 --> 02:53:41,700
everything it is, physical 
proof, tangible evidence. 

3246
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:44,700
That cannot be dismissed as 
coincidence or contamination. 

3247
02:53:45,800 --> 02:53:49,200
Ingstad holds it carefully, 
turning it over in his palm. 

3248
02:53:49,200 --> 02:53:51,300
This is what he's been searching
for. 

3249
02:53:51,300 --> 02:53:54,900
This is the connection between 
the medieval sagas and the 

3250
02:53:54,900 --> 02:53:58,100
physical world. 
The nail is not alone as the 

3251
02:53:58,100 --> 02:54:02,700
excavation continues more iron 
objects appear, another nail a 

3252
02:54:02,700 --> 02:54:06,800
rivet fragment of work die. 
And that suggested metalworking 

3253
02:54:06,800 --> 02:54:09,800
took place here. 
Each find his documented 

3254
02:54:09,800 --> 02:54:14,100
photographed and cataloged The 
Teamworks slowly and 

3255
02:54:14,100 --> 02:54:17,000
methodically aware that they are
uncovering something 

3256
02:54:17,000 --> 02:54:20,600
significant. 
Things that calls in his wife. 

3257
02:54:21,400 --> 02:54:24,500
And stina ingstad, who is an 
archaeologist? 

3258
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:27,200
Together. 
They organized a proper 

3259
02:54:27,200 --> 02:54:30,100
excavation. 
Over the next several years, 

3260
02:54:30,100 --> 02:54:33,000
they uncover the foundations of 
eight buildings. 

3261
02:54:33,000 --> 02:54:36,900
The structures are arranged in a
small cluster near the water. 

3262
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:41,400
The walls are made of sod and 
the layout matches Norse 

3263
02:54:41,400 --> 02:54:43,800
construction techniques 
documented in Iceland. 

3264
02:54:43,800 --> 02:54:47,000
And Greenland, the buildings 
include what appears to be a 

3265
02:54:47,000 --> 02:54:49,800
large Hall, several smaller 
dwellings and a workshop. 

3266
02:54:50,600 --> 02:54:52,800
In the workshop. 
They find evidence of iron 

3267
02:54:52,800 --> 02:54:57,000
smelting, there are pieces of 
slag, the waste material 

3268
02:54:57,000 --> 02:55:00,100
leftover from heating, iron, 
ore, and extracting the metal 

3269
02:55:01,000 --> 02:55:03,700
The indigenous people of North 
America did not smell iron. 

3270
02:55:04,500 --> 02:55:06,200
This is Norse work. 
No question. 

3271
02:55:07,000 --> 02:55:10,900
The excavation reveals layers of
history at the lowest level. 

3272
02:55:10,900 --> 02:55:14,500
There are the foundations and 
artifacts left by the Norse. 

3273
02:55:15,300 --> 02:55:18,400
Above that centuries of 
accumulated soil and organic 

3274
02:55:18,400 --> 02:55:21,300
matter. 
The site was abandoned and left 

3275
02:55:21,300 --> 02:55:24,800
undisturbed allowing, the 
archaeological record to remain 

3276
02:55:24,800 --> 02:55:28,600
intact. 
This is rare Most historical 

3277
02:55:28,600 --> 02:55:31,200
sights are disturbed by 
subsequent occupational. 

3278
02:55:31,200 --> 02:55:34,900
Natural processes. 
But Alonso Meadows, sat 

3279
02:55:34,900 --> 02:55:38,600
untouched for 900 years 
preserving the evidence in 

3280
02:55:38,600 --> 02:55:41,200
place. 
The team finds a bronze pin. 

3281
02:55:41,200 --> 02:55:45,300
The kind used to fasten cloaks. 
The pin is small and delicate 

3282
02:55:45,300 --> 02:55:49,300
with a simple design, it is 
definitely in origin. 

3283
02:55:49,300 --> 02:55:53,100
Similar pins, have been found in
Iceland and Greenland and the 

3284
02:55:53,100 --> 02:55:56,500
style matches artifacts from the
10th and 11th centuries. 

3285
02:55:57,100 --> 02:56:00,500
The pin is a personal item, 
something that belonged to an 

3286
02:56:00,500 --> 02:56:02,800
individual. 
You can imagine someone wearing 

3287
02:56:02,800 --> 02:56:06,400
it fastening their cloak against
the wind going about their daily

3288
02:56:06,400 --> 02:56:10,500
tasks, then losing it the pin, 
falling into the grass and 

3289
02:56:10,500 --> 02:56:14,500
disappearing. 
Nine centuries later an 

3290
02:56:14,500 --> 02:56:17,200
archaeologist brushes away the 
soil, and find it again. 

3291
02:56:18,300 --> 02:56:22,000
Other artifacts include a 
soapstone spindle World used for

3292
02:56:22,000 --> 02:56:25,300
spinning wool into thread. 
This suggests that women were 

3293
02:56:25,300 --> 02:56:28,700
part of the Expedition or at 
least that domestic activities. 

3294
02:56:28,700 --> 02:56:31,200
Like textile production were 
taking place at the site. 

3295
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:36,200
The Norse did not Travel Lite. 
They brought tools and supplies 

3296
02:56:36,200 --> 02:56:37,700
in the means to produce the 
things. 

3297
02:56:37,700 --> 02:56:40,700
They needed. 
The spindle world is evidence of

3298
02:56:40,708 --> 02:56:42,800
a community trying to establish 
itself. 

3299
02:56:42,800 --> 02:56:47,800
Not just a temporary camp. 
The buildings themselves, tell a

3300
02:56:47,800 --> 02:56:51,900
story, the largest structure as 
a whole about 70 feet long and 

3301
02:56:51,900 --> 02:56:54,600
50 feet wide. 
This would have been the 

3302
02:56:54,600 --> 02:56:58,500
communal space where people ate 
socialized and slept. 

3303
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:02,900
The walls are thick sod and the 
roof was supported by wooden 

3304
02:57:02,900 --> 02:57:05,800
posts. 
The interior was divided into 

3305
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:08,700
sections with a long half 
running down the center. 

3306
02:57:09,500 --> 02:57:12,400
The hearth stones are still in 
place blackened by countless 

3307
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:16,100
fires, you can see where people 
sat on benches along the walls 

3308
02:57:16,100 --> 02:57:19,300
where they cook their meals, 
where they gathered for warmth 

3309
02:57:19,300 --> 02:57:22,400
and companionship. 
The smaller buildings, serve 

3310
02:57:22,400 --> 02:57:25,400
different purposes. 
One appears to be a workshop 

3311
02:57:25,400 --> 02:57:29,700
where iron was smelted. 
Floor is littered with slag and 

3312
02:57:29,700 --> 02:57:32,400
charcoal. 
There are remnants of a furnace 

3313
02:57:32,400 --> 02:57:36,400
built from Stone and clay. 
The Norse was killed 

3314
02:57:36,400 --> 02:57:39,300
metalworkers and they brought 
that knowledge with them to the 

3315
02:57:39,300 --> 02:57:42,700
new world. 
Iron was essential for tools and

3316
02:57:42,700 --> 02:57:46,600
weapons being able to produce it
on site meant they did not have 

3317
02:57:46,600 --> 02:57:50,200
to rely entirely on Supply's 
brought from Greenland, another 

3318
02:57:50,200 --> 02:57:53,600
building might have been a boat 
repair shed the location near 

3319
02:57:53,600 --> 02:57:55,500
the water and the presence of 
iron Nails. 

3320
02:57:55,500 --> 02:57:57,600
Suggested it was used for 
maintaining ship's. 

3321
02:57:58,400 --> 02:58:01,000
The north ships required 
constant upkeep. 

3322
02:58:01,800 --> 02:58:05,500
Planks needed to be replaced 
rivets needed to be tightened 

3323
02:58:05,500 --> 02:58:10,400
sales needed to be repaired. 
A dedicated space for this work 

3324
02:58:10,400 --> 02:58:12,700
would have been essential for 
any long-term settlement. 

3325
02:58:13,600 --> 02:58:17,200
The radiocarbon dating of 
charcoal and organic materials 

3326
02:58:17,200 --> 02:58:21,800
from the site confirms the Norse
presence the dates cluster 

3327
02:58:21,800 --> 02:58:25,200
around the year 1000 give or 
take a few decades. 

3328
02:58:25,200 --> 02:58:29,200
This matches, the timeline 
described in the sagas, the 

3329
02:58:29,200 --> 02:58:31,300
archaeological evidence of the 
written sources. 

3330
02:58:31,300 --> 02:58:36,200
Align the sagas were not myths, 
they were based on real events. 

3331
02:58:36,200 --> 02:58:39,200
Real voyage's. 
Real people who crossed an ocean

3332
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:40,500
and built something on the other
side. 

3333
02:58:41,700 --> 02:58:44,800
Finds are exciting, but they 
also raise questions. 

3334
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:47,000
How long were people living 
here? 

3335
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:50,100
Was this a permanent settlement 
or a temporary Camp. 

3336
02:58:50,100 --> 02:58:53,800
How many people were involved? 
The archaeological evidence 

3337
02:58:53,800 --> 02:58:56,800
suggests a small group. 
Maybe a few dozen individuals 

3338
02:58:56,800 --> 02:59:00,100
staying for a few years at most.
The building's are well 

3339
02:59:00,100 --> 02:59:03,900
constructed but not elaborate, 
this was not a thriving Colony. 

3340
02:59:03,900 --> 02:59:08,300
It was a toehold a test run, the
Norse came. 

3341
02:59:08,300 --> 02:59:12,400
They built they stayed for a 
while and then they left. 

3342
02:59:12,400 --> 02:59:17,500
The site was never reoccupied. 
The building's fell into ruin 

3343
02:59:17,500 --> 02:59:22,100
the sod walls, collapsed grass 
grew over everything. 

3344
02:59:23,100 --> 02:59:27,200
For 900 years, the site set 
undisturbed quietly holding 

3345
02:59:27,200 --> 02:59:30,300
evidence of one of the most 
remarkable voyages in human 

3346
02:59:30,300 --> 02:59:33,100
history. 
You crouched down and look at 

3347
02:59:33,108 --> 02:59:37,100
the remains of a post hole, 
someone cut a tree shaped it 

3348
02:59:37,100 --> 02:59:40,600
into a post and drove it into 
the ground to support a roof 

3349
02:59:40,600 --> 02:59:43,200
beam. 
That person lived here. 

3350
02:59:44,100 --> 02:59:48,700
They woke up in this place. 
Eight meals did chores, talk to 

3351
02:59:48,700 --> 02:59:52,100
their companions looked out at 
the ocean and wondered if they 

3352
02:59:52,108 --> 02:59:57,000
would ever see Greenland again. 
Human connection feels tangible.

3353
02:59:58,000 --> 03:00:01,800
This is not abstract history. 
This is the physical trace of 

3354
03:00:01,800 --> 03:00:05,100
people who crossed an ocean in a
wooden ship and built something 

3355
03:00:05,100 --> 03:00:08,500
on the other side. 
The Discovery at Lonzo Meadows. 

3356
03:00:08,500 --> 03:00:11,400
Settles the debate about whether
Vikings reach North, America, 

3357
03:00:11,400 --> 03:00:14,500
they did. 
The evidence is in the ground, 

3358
03:00:14,500 --> 03:00:19,300
but it also complicates The 
Narrative, he sargas describe 

3359
03:00:19,300 --> 03:00:22,900
multiple voyages and multiple 
Landing sights, they mentioned 

3360
03:00:22,900 --> 03:00:27,900
Vinland Markland. 
So Meadows is clearly a Norse 

3361
03:00:27,900 --> 03:00:31,300
site but is it Vinland? 
The sargas say Vineland had 

3362
03:00:31,300 --> 03:00:34,300
greats greats, do not grow this 
far. 

3363
03:00:34,300 --> 03:00:39,600
North Some Scholars think Lotso 
Meadows was a base camp, a place

3364
03:00:39,600 --> 03:00:42,300
to repair ships, and gather 
supplies before heading farther 

3365
03:00:42,300 --> 03:00:45,900
south. others think the great 
detail in the sagas is 

3366
03:00:45,908 --> 03:00:51,400
exaggerated or misunderstood the
truth is murky. the sagas are 

3367
03:00:51,408 --> 03:00:55,700
not precise historical documents
their stories shaped by the 

3368
03:00:55,700 --> 03:00:59,700
people who told them and the 
audiences who listened Details 

3369
03:00:59,700 --> 03:01:04,400
shift events are compressed or 
expanded names are embellished 

3370
03:01:04,400 --> 03:01:07,500
trying to match Saga 
descriptions to Modern geography

3371
03:01:07,500 --> 03:01:09,400
is like trying to reconstruct a 
photograph. 

3372
03:01:09,400 --> 03:01:10,900
From someone's verbal 
description. 

3373
03:01:10,900 --> 03:01:14,700
You can get close, but you will 
never have perfect clarity. 

3374
03:01:15,700 --> 03:01:20,400
Dillons is enough. 
It proves the Norse were here. 

3375
03:01:20,400 --> 03:01:24,800
It gives the sargas credibility.
For decades Scholars. 

3376
03:01:24,800 --> 03:01:28,100
Dismissed, the Vinland stories 
as legend or wishful thinking 

3377
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:31,500
the Inkster excavation forced to
reassessment. 

3378
03:01:32,400 --> 03:01:36,300
The Norse were capable Sailors 
and explorers they reached North

3379
03:01:36,300 --> 03:01:40,200
America 500 years before 
Columbus that fact is no longer 

3380
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:42,700
in dispute. 
He think about the families who 

3381
03:01:42,700 --> 03:01:46,200
lived at long so Meadows they 
were not heroes in the Epic 

3382
03:01:46,200 --> 03:01:48,500
sense. 
They were ordinary people doing 

3383
03:01:48,500 --> 03:01:50,700
difficult work in an unfamiliar 
place. 

3384
03:01:50,700 --> 03:01:54,000
They missed home. 
They worried about supplies, 

3385
03:01:54,000 --> 03:01:57,300
they are argued about decisions,
they got sick and tired and 

3386
03:01:57,300 --> 03:02:02,100
scared and then they left. 
The settlement did not fail 

3387
03:02:02,100 --> 03:02:05,200
because the land was bad or 
because the Norse lacked skill 

3388
03:02:05,200 --> 03:02:08,200
it, because the circumstances 
were wrong. 

3389
03:02:08,200 --> 03:02:12,600
The distance was too great. 
The support network was too 

3390
03:02:12,600 --> 03:02:14,600
thin. 
The presence of indigenous 

3391
03:02:14,600 --> 03:02:18,400
people made co-existence 
difficult, the Norse made a 

3392
03:02:18,400 --> 03:02:20,600
rational decision to cut their 
losses and returned to 

3393
03:02:20,600 --> 03:02:23,800
Greenland. 
That decision has shaped how we 

3394
03:02:23,800 --> 03:02:27,300
understand their legacy. 
They discovered America. 

3395
03:02:28,100 --> 03:02:31,600
But they did not stay. 
The discovery mattered less than

3396
03:02:31,600 --> 03:02:34,600
we might think. 
Your city in a monastery in 

3397
03:02:34,600 --> 03:02:37,600
Iceland. 
The year is 1200 and something. 

3398
03:02:38,700 --> 03:02:41,600
Outside the wind house across 
the lava Fields. 

3399
03:02:41,600 --> 03:02:46,200
Inside the room is dim and cold.
You're a scribe. 

3400
03:02:46,200 --> 03:02:48,700
And your job is to write down 
the stories that people tell. 

3401
03:02:49,500 --> 03:02:52,100
These stories have been passed 
down, orally for Generations, 

3402
03:02:52,100 --> 03:02:54,900
shifting slightly with each 
retelling. 

3403
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:59,700
Your task is to fix them in 
writing to create a permanent 

3404
03:02:59,700 --> 03:03:03,300
record before the old 
storytellers die and the stories

3405
03:03:03,300 --> 03:03:06,000
die with them. 
The story you're working on 

3406
03:03:06,000 --> 03:03:09,300
today is about Leif Ericson and 
his journey to Vineland. 

3407
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:13,000
You have heard the story many 
times different versions, 

3408
03:03:13,000 --> 03:03:16,600
emphasized different details. 
Some say Leaf was blown off 

3409
03:03:16,600 --> 03:03:20,100
course and stumbled onto 
Vineland by accident others. 

3410
03:03:20,100 --> 03:03:22,300
Say he went looking for. 
It deliberately following 

3411
03:03:22,300 --> 03:03:24,100
biyani. 
Hey, Olson's description. 

3412
03:03:24,100 --> 03:03:26,400
You're not sure which version is
correct. 

3413
03:03:26,400 --> 03:03:31,500
So you include both, Your job is
to record what people say not to

3414
03:03:31,500 --> 03:03:32,900
judge. 
Whether it is true. 

3415
03:03:32,900 --> 03:03:36,400
The process of writing is slow 
and painstaking. 

3416
03:03:36,400 --> 03:03:40,400
You use a quill made from a 
goose feather dipped in ink made

3417
03:03:40,400 --> 03:03:44,200
from soot and water. 
The parchment is expensive made 

3418
03:03:44,200 --> 03:03:46,500
from calf skin. 
That has been scraped thin and 

3419
03:03:46,500 --> 03:03:49,500
stretched smooth. 
You cannot afford to waste it. 

3420
03:03:49,500 --> 03:03:53,700
Each word must be carefully, 
formed each line straight and 

3421
03:03:53,700 --> 03:03:58,400
even your hand cramps after an 
hour of writing, you flex your 

3422
03:03:58,400 --> 03:04:02,200
fingers and continue. 
The story must be preserved. 

3423
03:04:03,100 --> 03:04:06,400
The old men who remember the 
voyage is a dying once they are 

3424
03:04:06,400 --> 03:04:09,300
gone, the knowledge dies with 
them unless it is written down. 

3425
03:04:10,200 --> 03:04:14,400
You write in Old Norse, the 
language of your ancestors, the 

3426
03:04:14,400 --> 03:04:17,300
words flow onto the page in a 
script that is both functional 

3427
03:04:17,300 --> 03:04:20,600
and elegant. 
You described Leafs departure 

3428
03:04:20,600 --> 03:04:24,500
from Greenland, the crew loading
the ship with supplies the 

3429
03:04:24,500 --> 03:04:27,900
farewells on the beach. 
You describe, the voyage West, 

3430
03:04:27,900 --> 03:04:32,100
the days at Sea with nothing, 
but water, and sky in every 

3431
03:04:32,100 --> 03:04:35,100
direction. 
You describe the sighting of 

3432
03:04:35,100 --> 03:04:39,500
land first, hello? 
And then Markland finally 

3433
03:04:39,500 --> 03:04:43,700
Vineland, you try to capture the
sense of wonder and apprehension

3434
03:04:43,700 --> 03:04:46,000
that must have accompanied these
discoveries. 

3435
03:04:46,900 --> 03:04:49,700
The Norse was sailing into the 
unknown and the new it. 

3436
03:04:50,500 --> 03:04:55,000
The sagas are not dry historical
accounts, they are stories meant

3437
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:59,000
to entertain and instruct. 
They include dialogue, dramatic 

3438
03:04:59,000 --> 03:05:01,400
moments conflicts between 
characters. 

3439
03:05:01,400 --> 03:05:04,900
The scribes who wrote them, down
added literary flourishes, 

3440
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:08,200
descriptions of weather and 
Landscape interior. 

3441
03:05:08,200 --> 03:05:12,500
Thoughts of the protagonists. 
These additions make the sargas 

3442
03:05:12,500 --> 03:05:15,800
more engaging, but they also 
make them harder to trust as 

3443
03:05:15,800 --> 03:05:18,500
factual records. 
How much of the dialogue 

3444
03:05:18,500 --> 03:05:21,100
actually happened? 
How much was invented to make 

3445
03:05:21,100 --> 03:05:24,400
the story more compelling? 
The line between history and 

3446
03:05:24,400 --> 03:05:27,600
literature is blurry. 
One passage you write to 

3447
03:05:27,600 --> 03:05:30,100
describes Leafs discovery of 
greats in Vineland. 

3448
03:05:30,100 --> 03:05:34,200
The sargas says that a German 
member of the crew, a man named 

3449
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:37,300
turkey and went exploring and 
came back excited. 

3450
03:05:38,100 --> 03:05:41,000
He had found Vine's growing wild
heavy with fruit. 

3451
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:45,600
Tier spoke in his native 
language at first, two excited 

3452
03:05:45,600 --> 03:05:48,700
to remember his Norse. 
When he calmed down, he 

3453
03:05:48,700 --> 03:05:53,400
explained what he had found Leaf
was pleased grapes, meant wine 

3454
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:55,600
and wine was a luxury in 
Greenland. 

3455
03:05:56,500 --> 03:05:59,500
The crew harvested, the greats, 
and filled the ship's boat with 

3456
03:05:59,500 --> 03:06:01,400
them. 
They also loaded Timber. 

3457
03:06:01,400 --> 03:06:04,700
As much as the ship could carry 
when they returned to Greenland.

3458
03:06:04,700 --> 03:06:11,300
Leaf gave the land. 
Its name Vineland windland The 

3459
03:06:11,300 --> 03:06:14,700
passage is vivid and specific. 
But is it true? 

3460
03:06:14,700 --> 03:06:17,400
Did turkey? 
Really find grapes? 

3461
03:06:17,400 --> 03:06:20,100
Or did he find something else 
that the Norse mistook for 

3462
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:23,100
grapes? 
Did he speak excitedly in German

3463
03:06:23,100 --> 03:06:26,300
or is that a detail added to 
make the moment more dramatic? 

3464
03:06:26,300 --> 03:06:30,600
You do not know you write what 
you've heard and you trust that 

3465
03:06:30,600 --> 03:06:33,300
future readers will understand 
the nature of the text. 

3466
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:38,600
The sagas are not gospels, their
stories shaped by memory and 

3467
03:06:38,600 --> 03:06:41,500
Imagination. 
This is how the sagas were 

3468
03:06:41,500 --> 03:06:43,600
created. 
They are not historical 

3469
03:06:43,600 --> 03:06:47,300
documents in the modern sense. 
They are stories shaped by the 

3470
03:06:47,300 --> 03:06:49,500
culture and values of the people
who told them. 

3471
03:06:50,200 --> 03:06:54,200
The sagas emphasize bravery 
honor and the Deeds of Great 

3472
03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:56,600
Men. 
They are less interested in 

3473
03:06:56,600 --> 03:06:59,700
mundane details, like how many 
nails were used to build a house

3474
03:06:59,700 --> 03:07:01,500
or what people ate for 
breakfast. 

3475
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:05,100
The result is a body of 
literature that is rich in 

3476
03:07:05,100 --> 03:07:08,200
narrative, but frustratingly, 
vague on specifics. 

3477
03:07:09,300 --> 03:07:12,600
When historians try to use the 
sargas to reconstruct events, 

3478
03:07:12,600 --> 03:07:16,200
they have to navigate layers of 
embellishment and compression. 

3479
03:07:17,200 --> 03:07:20,000
Names might be wrong. 
Dates are almost never give him.

3480
03:07:20,600 --> 03:07:24,600
Distances are described in terms
of sailing time which varies 

3481
03:07:24,600 --> 03:07:28,100
depending on wind and weather. 
The sagas are valuable sources 

3482
03:07:28,100 --> 03:07:30,200
but they require careful 
interpretation. 

3483
03:07:31,100 --> 03:07:33,700
Two sagas describe the Voyages 
to Vinland. 

3484
03:07:34,400 --> 03:07:37,300
Saga of Erik the Red and The 
Saga of the greenlanders. 

3485
03:07:38,500 --> 03:07:42,200
They were written down in the 
13th century, about 200 years 

3486
03:07:42,200 --> 03:07:46,400
after the events they describe. 
The two sagas do not always 

3487
03:07:46,400 --> 03:07:48,900
agree. 
They present different sequences

3488
03:07:48,900 --> 03:07:50,800
of events. 
Different characters. 

3489
03:07:50,800 --> 03:07:54,300
Playing key roles different 
reasons for why the settlements 

3490
03:07:54,300 --> 03:07:57,800
were abandoned historians have 
spent careers, trying to 

3491
03:07:57,800 --> 03:08:01,200
reconcile the discrepancies to 
figure out, which version is 

3492
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:04,300
more reliable. 
The consensus is that both 

3493
03:08:04,300 --> 03:08:07,600
sagars contain elements of 
truth, but neither is a 

3494
03:08:07,600 --> 03:08:12,000
perfectly accurate account. 
They are approximations memory 

3495
03:08:12,000 --> 03:08:14,700
filtered through time and 
reshaped by the needs of 

3496
03:08:14,700 --> 03:08:18,300
Storytelling. 
The sargas describe Vineland in 

3497
03:08:18,300 --> 03:08:21,200
glowing terms. 
The land is fertile. 

3498
03:08:21,200 --> 03:08:24,700
The grass is thick. 
The rivers are full of salmon. 

3499
03:08:24,700 --> 03:08:28,300
The winters are Miles. 
This description has led 

3500
03:08:28,300 --> 03:08:30,800
Scholars to speculate about 
where Vineland was located. 

3501
03:08:30,800 --> 03:08:34,300
If greats were growing wild 
Finland must have been farther 

3502
03:08:34,300 --> 03:08:37,700
south than the Newfoundland, 
maybe it was Nova Scotia or New 

3503
03:08:37,700 --> 03:08:40,900
England, but the great detail 
could also be a literary. 

3504
03:08:40,900 --> 03:08:44,000
Flourish, a way to make the new 
land sound appealing. 

3505
03:08:45,200 --> 03:08:48,900
The Norse loved wine and a land 
where wine grapes grew would 

3506
03:08:48,900 --> 03:08:51,000
have been seen as particularly 
desirable. 

3507
03:08:52,000 --> 03:08:56,100
Whether the grapes were real or 
metaphorical is hard to say the 

3508
03:08:56,100 --> 03:08:58,200
sagas. 
Also, describing counters with 

3509
03:08:58,200 --> 03:09:03,200
indigenous people, the Norse 
called them scrolling, A term 

3510
03:09:03,200 --> 03:09:05,800
that carries a dismissive or 
derogatory tone. 

3511
03:09:06,600 --> 03:09:10,300
The encounters are not friendly.
The sagas described trading 

3512
03:09:10,300 --> 03:09:13,800
sessions that go well initially,
but then devolve into violence 

3513
03:09:13,800 --> 03:09:17,400
in one account the Norse trade 
red cloth for furs. 

3514
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:20,900
The indigenous people are happy 
with the deal until the Norse, 

3515
03:09:20,900 --> 03:09:23,400
run out of cloth. 
Tensions rise. 

3516
03:09:23,400 --> 03:09:27,800
A fight breaks out. 
He pulled die, the Norse 

3517
03:09:27,800 --> 03:09:30,100
Retreat, to their settlement and
fortified it. 

3518
03:09:30,800 --> 03:09:34,500
More skirmishes, follow. 
The eventually the north side 

3519
03:09:34,500 --> 03:09:36,300
situation is untenable and 
leave. 

3520
03:09:36,300 --> 03:09:39,300
You think about what these 
encounters must have been like 

3521
03:09:39,300 --> 03:09:42,800
from the indigenous perspective,
imagine you are living on the 

3522
03:09:42,800 --> 03:09:47,200
coast and one day a strange ship
appears the people on the ship. 

3523
03:09:47,200 --> 03:09:51,400
Look different speaker language.
You do not understand and carry 

3524
03:09:51,400 --> 03:09:55,400
weapons made of a material you 
have never seen they are not 

3525
03:09:55,400 --> 03:09:59,500
hostile at first but they are 
clearly weary They build 

3526
03:09:59,500 --> 03:10:01,800
structures and start cutting 
down trees. 

3527
03:10:02,600 --> 03:10:05,800
They act as if the land is 
theirs even though you and your 

3528
03:10:05,800 --> 03:10:07,600
community have been living here 
for Generations. 

3529
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:11,300
The situation is confusing and 
threatening. 

3530
03:10:12,100 --> 03:10:15,200
When the strangers offered to 
trade, you go along hoping to 

3531
03:10:15,200 --> 03:10:18,000
learn more about them. 
But the strangers are 

3532
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:21,300
unpredictable. 
Small disputes escalate into 

3533
03:10:21,300 --> 03:10:24,500
violence, eventually you and 
your community decide. 

3534
03:10:24,500 --> 03:10:28,500
These people need to leave you 
outnumber them and you know, the

3535
03:10:28,500 --> 03:10:31,200
land better than they do. 
You make it clear? 

3536
03:10:31,200 --> 03:10:33,400
They are not welcome. 
They leave. 

3537
03:10:34,400 --> 03:10:36,900
Sagas do not give the indigenous
perspective. 

3538
03:10:36,900 --> 03:10:41,600
There are no scribes for Norse 
audience is the indigenous. 

3539
03:10:41,600 --> 03:10:45,100
People are background characters
obstacles to be overcome or 

3540
03:10:45,100 --> 03:10:47,900
enemies to be fought. 
But their presence is 

3541
03:10:47,900 --> 03:10:50,600
undeniable. 
The other reason, the Norse 

3542
03:10:50,600 --> 03:10:53,800
settlements fail. 
If the land had been empty the 

3543
03:10:53,800 --> 03:10:56,700
Norse might have stayed but it 
was not empty. 

3544
03:10:56,700 --> 03:11:00,100
It was home to people who had 
their own claims and their own 

3545
03:11:00,100 --> 03:11:03,700
reasons to defend it. 
The sargas also mentioned, 

3546
03:11:03,700 --> 03:11:07,300
subsequent voyages to Markland 
the forest land to gather 

3547
03:11:07,300 --> 03:11:11,200
Timber. these voyages continued 
for several decades, after the 

3548
03:11:11,200 --> 03:11:14,500
Vineland settlements were 
abandoned, Timber is valuable 

3549
03:11:14,500 --> 03:11:18,700
and Greenland has almost none. 
Avoid to Markland takes a week 

3550
03:11:18,700 --> 03:11:22,700
or two depending on whether it 
is risky, but the reward is 

3551
03:11:22,700 --> 03:11:25,900
worth it. 
Eventually these voyages stop as

3552
03:11:25,900 --> 03:11:29,000
well. 
The reasons are not clear, maybe

3553
03:11:29,000 --> 03:11:32,800
the risks became too great. 
Maybe the Greenland Norse found 

3554
03:11:32,800 --> 03:11:36,100
other sources of Timber 
Driftwood washed ashore from 

3555
03:11:36,100 --> 03:11:38,400
Siberia. 
Maybe the knowledge of how to 

3556
03:11:38,400 --> 03:11:41,000
reach Markland was lost when key
Navigators died. 

3557
03:11:41,900 --> 03:11:45,700
The sargas do not say you closed
the book and think about what 

3558
03:11:45,700 --> 03:11:49,300
the sagar's reveal, they confirm
that the Norse reached North 

3559
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:51,900
America. 
They provide names and rough 

3560
03:11:51,900 --> 03:11:55,300
chronologies they describe the 
geography in enough detail that 

3561
03:11:55,300 --> 03:11:58,100
modern Scholars, can make 
educated guesses about where the

3562
03:11:58,100 --> 03:12:01,000
north went. 
But they do not answer every 

3563
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:04,400
question. 
They leave gaps contradictions 

3564
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:07,900
and ambiguity that is the nature
of oral tradition. 

3565
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:12,300
Stories evolve details are 
forgotten or invented. 

3566
03:12:12,300 --> 03:12:16,000
The sargas are not perfect but 
they are what we have. 

3567
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:19,500
Combined with the archaeological
evidence at long. 

3568
03:12:19,500 --> 03:12:22,200
So Meadows, they give us a 
picture of Norse. 

3569
03:12:22,200 --> 03:12:26,600
Exploration that is incomplete. 
But compelling the Norse crossed

3570
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:30,400
the Atlantic, they built 
settlements they interacted with

3571
03:12:30,400 --> 03:12:32,400
indigenous people. 
They left. 

3572
03:12:32,400 --> 03:12:36,400
That is the story. 
You are sitting at your kitchen 

3573
03:12:36,400 --> 03:12:39,000
table with a cup of tea. 
Outside. 

3574
03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:42,100
The evening is settling in. 
You have been thinking about the

3575
03:12:42,100 --> 03:12:45,900
Viking voyages all night, 
turning the details over in your

3576
03:12:45,908 --> 03:12:48,100
mind. 
The question that brought you 

3577
03:12:48,100 --> 03:12:52,300
here was simple, did Vikings 
really discover America first. 

3578
03:12:53,100 --> 03:12:54,900
But the answer turns out to be 
complicated. 

3579
03:12:56,000 --> 03:12:58,400
Depends on what you mean by 
discover and what you mean by 

3580
03:12:58,400 --> 03:13:01,200
first. 
If we Define Discovery as the 

3581
03:13:01,208 --> 03:13:04,800
first time someone set foot on a
land mass then the answer goes 

3582
03:13:04,800 --> 03:13:07,800
back. 
Thousands of years The first 

3583
03:13:07,800 --> 03:13:10,800
people to discover America, 
where the ancestors of modern 

3584
03:13:10,800 --> 03:13:14,800
indigenous communities, who 
migrated from Asia across the 

3585
03:13:14,800 --> 03:13:17,000
Bering land bridge during the 
last ice age. 

3586
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:21,600
They were the true discoverers, 
the one who explored and empty 

3587
03:13:21,600 --> 03:13:25,400
continent and made it home. 
By the time, the north arrived 

3588
03:13:25,400 --> 03:13:28,400
America had been discovered 
settled and shaped by human 

3589
03:13:28,400 --> 03:13:32,500
hands for millennia. 
If we narrow the definition to 

3590
03:13:32,500 --> 03:13:37,300
the first Europeans to arrive, 
then yes, the Vikings discovered

3591
03:13:37,300 --> 03:13:39,900
America. 
They reached the continent 

3592
03:13:39,900 --> 03:13:43,700
around the year, 1,000 nearly 
five centuries before Columbus, 

3593
03:13:43,700 --> 03:13:48,100
that is a significant fact. 
It challenges, the Euro Centric 

3594
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:51,000
narrative, that places Columbus 
at the center of the story. 

3595
03:13:51,800 --> 03:13:55,300
It reminds us that the Atlantic 
was not an impossible barrier. 

3596
03:13:56,200 --> 03:14:00,000
People crossed it long before 
the age of exploration driven by

3597
03:14:00,000 --> 03:14:04,100
curiosity and necessity and the 
simple desire to see what was on

3598
03:14:04,100 --> 03:14:08,200
the other side. 
But the Viking voyages did not 

3599
03:14:08,200 --> 03:14:10,600
change history in the way 
Columbus's voyages. 

3600
03:14:10,600 --> 03:14:14,500
Did the Norse came and left. 
They established. 

3601
03:14:14,500 --> 03:14:17,800
No lasting presence. 
They did not start trade 

3602
03:14:17,800 --> 03:14:21,000
networks or launch, follow-up 
Expeditions the knowledge of 

3603
03:14:21,000 --> 03:14:23,300
Vineland faded from European 
consciousness. 

3604
03:14:24,600 --> 03:14:29,000
By the time Columbus sailed in 
1492, the Norse voyages were 

3605
03:14:29,000 --> 03:14:33,600
forgotten or dismissed as myth. 
Columbus's arrival by contrast 

3606
03:14:33,600 --> 03:14:36,700
triggered a sustained connection
between Europe and the Americas.

3607
03:14:36,700 --> 03:14:42,200
It set in motion colonization 
conquest and the exchange of 

3608
03:14:42,200 --> 03:14:46,900
plants, animals diseases and 
ideas that reshaped both 

3609
03:14:46,900 --> 03:14:50,500
continents. 
Norse Discovery was real, but it

3610
03:14:50,508 --> 03:14:54,300
was a femoral did not matter in 
the way we usually mean, when we

3611
03:14:54,300 --> 03:14:57,500
talk about historical events, 
that matter the distinction 

3612
03:14:57,500 --> 03:15:00,300
between Discovery and encounter 
his important. 

3613
03:15:01,200 --> 03:15:04,500
Discovery implies that something
was lost or hidden and then 

3614
03:15:04,500 --> 03:15:07,300
found But America was never 
lost. 

3615
03:15:07,300 --> 03:15:11,200
It was always here inhabited by 
people who knew it intimately. 

3616
03:15:12,200 --> 03:15:14,900
When the Norse arrived, they did
not discover a new world. 

3617
03:15:14,900 --> 03:15:19,400
They encountered an existing one
that encounter was brief and 

3618
03:15:19,400 --> 03:15:23,900
ultimately inconsequential for 
both sides, the Norse left the 

3619
03:15:23,900 --> 03:15:27,000
indigenous. 
People remained life continued 

3620
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:30,600
the encounter did not reshape 
the culture in any meaningful 

3621
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:33,300
way. 
You think about what the Norse 

3622
03:15:33,300 --> 03:15:34,200
voyages? 
Teach us. 

3623
03:15:34,200 --> 03:15:37,600
They teach us that human beings 
are curious and Restless. 

3624
03:15:37,600 --> 03:15:39,900
We push boundaries. 
We explore. 

3625
03:15:39,900 --> 03:15:43,100
We take risks. 
The Norse were not superhuman. 

3626
03:15:43,100 --> 03:15:46,900
They were ordinary people with 
extraordinary skills and a 

3627
03:15:46,900 --> 03:15:50,300
willingness to sail into the 
unknown, they built ships, that 

3628
03:15:50,300 --> 03:15:53,800
could cross oceans, they 
navigated by the stars and the 

3629
03:15:53,800 --> 03:15:56,900
Sun and the flight of birds. 
They survived in harsh 

3630
03:15:56,900 --> 03:16:00,400
environments because they were 
adaptable and resourceful those 

3631
03:16:00,400 --> 03:16:04,500
qualities are worth celebrating.
The Norse approached to 

3632
03:16:04,500 --> 03:16:06,900
exploration was fundamentally 
practical. 

3633
03:16:06,900 --> 03:16:11,200
They were not driven by abstract
ideals of Discovery or Conquest.

3634
03:16:11,200 --> 03:16:15,100
They were looking for resources,
timber for building land for 

3635
03:16:15,100 --> 03:16:19,700
farming opportunities for trade.
When they found Vinland, they 

3636
03:16:19,700 --> 03:16:21,700
assess it the way a farmer 
assesses. 

3637
03:16:21,700 --> 03:16:25,000
A field is the soil. 
Good is their fresh water. 

3638
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:28,200
Can we grow crops? 
Here, can we survive the winter?

3639
03:16:29,300 --> 03:16:32,000
The answers were mostly. 
Yes, but the presence of 

3640
03:16:32,000 --> 03:16:35,400
indigenous people complicated, 
everything the Norse were not 

3641
03:16:35,408 --> 03:16:37,400
equipped to handle prolonged 
conflict. 

3642
03:16:37,400 --> 03:16:41,600
They were settlers not soldiers.
When it became clear that 

3643
03:16:41,600 --> 03:16:44,200
staying would require fighting 
they chose to leave. 

3644
03:16:44,900 --> 03:16:48,400
This pragmatism extends to how 
they remembered the Voyages. 

3645
03:16:49,300 --> 03:16:52,900
The sargas Do Not glorify 
failure, they do not pretend 

3646
03:16:52,900 --> 03:16:54,700
that Vineland was a great 
success. 

3647
03:16:54,700 --> 03:16:58,300
They acknowledge that the 
settlements were abandoned, they

3648
03:16:58,300 --> 03:17:00,400
described the conflicts and the 
difficulties. 

3649
03:17:01,300 --> 03:17:03,200
The Norse were honest about 
their limitations. 

3650
03:17:03,200 --> 03:17:06,400
They knew they had reached the 
edge of what was possible with 

3651
03:17:06,400 --> 03:17:10,000
their resources and Technology. 
That honesty is rare. 

3652
03:17:10,000 --> 03:17:13,400
In historical accounts, most 
cultures prefer to focus on 

3653
03:17:13,400 --> 03:17:15,600
their triumphs and downplay 
their setbacks. 

3654
03:17:16,300 --> 03:17:20,500
The north did both. they 
celebrated Leafs Discovery, but 

3655
03:17:20,500 --> 03:17:24,100
they also admitted that the 
discovery LED know where The 

3656
03:17:24,108 --> 03:17:26,000
Voyage is all so teachers 
humility. 

3657
03:17:26,000 --> 03:17:30,000
The Norse was skilled sailors 
but they were not conquerors 

3658
03:17:30,000 --> 03:17:33,200
they could not impose their will
on a land that was already 

3659
03:17:33,200 --> 03:17:35,300
occupied. 
The tried to establish 

3660
03:17:35,300 --> 03:17:40,200
settlements and Fail. 
That failure is instructive as 

3661
03:17:40,200 --> 03:17:44,000
the Voyages themselves. 
It reminds us that exploration 

3662
03:17:44,000 --> 03:17:48,000
is not the same as domination. 
Arriving somewhere does not give

3663
03:17:48,000 --> 03:17:50,700
you ownership. 
The Norse learned that lesson 

3664
03:17:50,700 --> 03:17:54,000
the hard way they left Finland. 
Not because they lacked courage 

3665
03:17:54,000 --> 03:17:56,500
or determination, but because 
they were pragmatic. 

3666
03:17:57,400 --> 03:18:00,100
They recognized that the costs 
outweighed the benefits. 

3667
03:18:00,900 --> 03:18:02,600
A pragmatism is a kind of 
wisdom. 

3668
03:18:02,600 --> 03:18:07,000
The story of Viking, exploration
is often told as an adventure 

3669
03:18:07,000 --> 03:18:11,900
Tale, full of Brave Sailors and 
dramatic voyages, and it is that

3670
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:15,000
But it is all a story about 
limits. 

3671
03:18:15,800 --> 03:18:19,200
The Norse pushed as far as they 
could, and then they stopped, 

3672
03:18:19,200 --> 03:18:21,800
they reached the edge of what 
was possible with their 

3673
03:18:21,800 --> 03:18:25,900
technology and their resources. 
They could cross the ocean but 

3674
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:28,600
they could not sustain a 
settlement on the other side 

3675
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:34,100
that limit Define their legacy, 
They discovered America but they

3676
03:18:34,108 --> 03:18:37,100
did not change it. 
They left footprints that were 

3677
03:18:37,100 --> 03:18:39,400
buried under grass for 900 
years. 

3678
03:18:39,400 --> 03:18:43,000
When those Footprints were 
finally uncovered, they told us 

3679
03:18:43,000 --> 03:18:47,900
a story of human ambition and 
human limitation bound together 

3680
03:18:47,900 --> 03:18:50,600
in a way that feels both 
humbling and inspiring. 

3681
03:18:52,400 --> 03:18:54,800
You finish your tea and set the 
cup down. 

3682
03:18:54,800 --> 03:18:57,500
The question you started with 
has been answered. 

3683
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:02,000
Sort of. 
Yes, Vikings discovered America 

3684
03:19:02,000 --> 03:19:03,600
first. 
If we are talking about 

3685
03:19:03,600 --> 03:19:08,400
Europeans But the discovery was 
fleeting it mattered less than 

3686
03:19:08,400 --> 03:19:12,200
we might hope. 
The Norse came they saw and they

3687
03:19:12,200 --> 03:19:14,800
left. 
The land they found was not 

3688
03:19:14,800 --> 03:19:17,200
empty. 
It was home to people who had 

3689
03:19:17,200 --> 03:19:19,000
their own histories and their 
own claims. 

3690
03:19:19,800 --> 03:19:22,900
The encounter between north and 
in indigenous, people was brief 

3691
03:19:22,900 --> 03:19:25,500
and inconclusive. 
It did not lead to Lasting 

3692
03:19:25,500 --> 03:19:29,000
change for either group. 
In that sense, the Viking 

3693
03:19:29,000 --> 03:19:32,400
voyages are a footnote an 
interesting detail in the 

3694
03:19:32,400 --> 03:19:35,800
largest story of human migration
and exploration. 

3695
03:19:37,400 --> 03:19:41,200
Footnotes matter, the add 
texture, the complicate, the 

3696
03:19:41,200 --> 03:19:44,000
narrative. 
Fact, that Vikings reached 

3697
03:19:44,000 --> 03:19:47,600
America before Columbus does not
diminished Columbus's voyages. 

3698
03:19:48,500 --> 03:19:50,300
It just puts them in a different
context. 

3699
03:19:50,300 --> 03:19:53,900
It reminds us that history is 
messy and non-linear. 

3700
03:19:54,600 --> 03:19:57,100
Discoveries are not always 
followed by consequences. 

3701
03:19:58,200 --> 03:20:00,700
Exploration does not always lead
to Conquest. 

3702
03:20:00,700 --> 03:20:05,100
Sometimes people cross an ocean,
build, a few houses and go home.

3703
03:20:05,100 --> 03:20:09,500
That is what the Norse did. it 
is not the story, we were taught

3704
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:13,500
in school but it is the story, 
the evidence supports And there 

3705
03:20:13,500 --> 03:20:15,300
is something satisfying about 
that. 

3706
03:20:15,300 --> 03:20:19,500
The sagas were not myths. 
The Norse really did sale to 

3707
03:20:19,500 --> 03:20:21,600
Finland. 
They left traces in the ground 

3708
03:20:21,600 --> 03:20:25,000
that we can still see today. 
Those traces are small and 

3709
03:20:25,000 --> 03:20:28,800
unassuming but they are real. 
They connect us to a moment 

3710
03:20:28,800 --> 03:20:32,100
years ago when someone stood on 
a beach in Newfoundland and 

3711
03:20:32,100 --> 03:20:33,700
wondered what it would be like 
to live there. 

3712
03:20:34,400 --> 03:20:37,800
The answer it turned out was 
that it was too hard, so they 

3713
03:20:37,800 --> 03:20:39,900
left. 
And that is okay. 

3714
03:20:39,900 --> 03:20:42,700
Not every story ends with 
Triumph. 

3715
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:48,200
Some end with a Quiet Retreat. 
A return to familiar Shores a 

3716
03:20:48,200 --> 03:20:50,900
decision to let the unknown for 
a while longer. 

3717
03:20:51,800 --> 03:20:56,200
So there you have it, my tired 
broken toes, Viking's reached 

3718
03:20:56,200 --> 03:21:00,300
America five centuries before 
Columbus built structures at Los

3719
03:21:00,300 --> 03:21:01,800
omeros. 
And left. 

3720
03:21:01,800 --> 03:21:05,200
When the challenges outweighed 
the rewards, the discovery was 

3721
03:21:05,200 --> 03:21:09,600
real, but it was also fleeting 
Sargas preserved the memory and 

3722
03:21:09,600 --> 03:21:14,000
modern archaeology confirmed it.
The story does not have a tidy 

3723
03:21:14,000 --> 03:21:17,800
ending, but history rarely does.
If you enjoyed this journey 

3724
03:21:17,800 --> 03:21:21,000
through nors exploration, 
consider sharing it with someone

3725
03:21:21,000 --> 03:21:23,800
who might appreciate a different
take on the Discovery narrative.

3726
03:21:24,700 --> 03:21:27,000
Until next time rest. 
Well. 

3727
03:21:27,900 --> 03:21:31,900
The ocean is wide, the stars are
bright and the Vikings made it 

3728
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:33,700
across. 
That is enough. 

3729
03:21:39,600 --> 03:21:43,100
The year is 1453 and 
Constantinople has stood for 

3730
03:21:43,108 --> 03:21:45,700
more than a millennium as the 
Jewel of the Byzantine Empire. 

3731
03:21:45,700 --> 03:21:49,800
Its massive walls of turned back
armies for centuries, but this 

3732
03:21:49,800 --> 03:21:53,400
spring will be different. 
A young ottoman Sultan named 

3733
03:21:53,400 --> 03:21:56,100
mehmed the second has brought 
something new to these ancient 

3734
03:21:56,100 --> 03:21:58,600
stones. 
And the city's long story is 

3735
03:21:58,600 --> 03:22:02,400
about to reach its final chapter
You stand on the land walls of 

3736
03:22:02,400 --> 03:22:05,600
Constantinople on a morning in 
early April and the stone 

3737
03:22:05,600 --> 03:22:07,900
Beneath Your Hands still holds 
the chill of winter. 

3738
03:22:08,900 --> 03:22:12,000
The sun rises over Asia behind 
you warming the back of your 

3739
03:22:12,000 --> 03:22:14,300
neck, while the Western Horizon 
stays dim. 

3740
03:22:15,200 --> 03:22:17,400
These walls have been here 
longer than most kingdoms. 

3741
03:22:17,400 --> 03:22:20,600
They were already ancient when 
your grandparents were young. 

3742
03:22:20,600 --> 03:22:23,900
The triple line of 
fortifications runs from the sea

3743
03:22:23,900 --> 03:22:27,200
of marmara to the Golden Horn, 
cutting across the peninsula, 

3744
03:22:27,200 --> 03:22:29,000
like a promise carved, in 
limestone. 

3745
03:22:29,800 --> 03:22:33,500
The outermost wall stands low 
and thick meant to slow 

3746
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:36,700
attackers and keep Siege engines
at a distance behind it. 

3747
03:22:36,700 --> 03:22:39,600
Rises a second, wall taller and 
more substantial. 

3748
03:22:40,300 --> 03:22:44,400
Behind that the great inner wall
Towers 40 feet high studded with

3749
03:22:44,400 --> 03:22:48,900
96 towers that catch the Morning
Light each Tower, could hold a 

3750
03:22:48,900 --> 03:22:51,600
small Garrison. 
Each section of wall could stop 

3751
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:54,400
an army. 
The entire system is nearly four

3752
03:22:54,400 --> 03:22:57,100
miles long and every inch of it 
has a story. 

3753
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:01,000
You have walked these walls, 
your entire life, you know which

3754
03:23:01,000 --> 03:23:03,600
stones are original laid down by
the emperor. 

3755
03:23:03,600 --> 03:23:07,100
Theodosius almost 1000 years 
ago, you know, which sections 

3756
03:23:07,100 --> 03:23:10,500
were prepared after earthquakes,
after sieges, after the simpler 

3757
03:23:10,500 --> 03:23:13,600
erosion of centuries. 
The mortar between some Stones 

3758
03:23:13,600 --> 03:23:15,700
is Roman. 
The patches on others are 

3759
03:23:15,700 --> 03:23:18,600
presented. 
Some repairs are so recent do 

3760
03:23:18,600 --> 03:23:20,700
you remember what watching the 
Masons at work their hammers? 

3761
03:23:20,700 --> 03:23:24,000
Tapping steadily in the 
afternoon Heat the towers rise 

3762
03:23:24,000 --> 03:23:26,800
at regular intervals, each one 
slightly different from its 

3763
03:23:26,800 --> 03:23:29,400
neighbors, some are square, some
rock. 

3764
03:23:29,400 --> 03:23:32,400
And all each has firing slits at
different heights. 

3765
03:23:32,400 --> 03:23:35,500
Arrow Loops that look out over 
the killing ground between the 

3766
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:37,700
walls. 
You know, which Towers have the 

3767
03:23:37,700 --> 03:23:41,200
best views, you know which ones 
leak when it rains you know 

3768
03:23:41,208 --> 03:23:44,500
which ones have pigeons nesting 
in the upper chambers the city 

3769
03:23:44,500 --> 03:23:46,800
behind you holds perhaps 50,000 
people. 

3770
03:23:46,800 --> 03:23:51,500
Now, once it held half a million
Population has been dropping for

3771
03:23:51,500 --> 03:23:55,100
Generations as Byzantine 
territory shrank as trade routes

3772
03:23:55,100 --> 03:23:57,400
shifted, as the Empire, that 
once, controlled the 

3773
03:23:57,400 --> 03:24:00,600
Mediterranean became the Empire 
that controlled 14 miles of wall

3774
03:24:00,600 --> 03:24:03,900
and whatever lay inside them. 
But the walls remain the same 

3775
03:24:03,900 --> 03:24:07,100
size and closing neighborhoods 
that have returned to Gardens 

3776
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:11,400
and orchards in some quarters, 
you can walk for blocks and see 

3777
03:24:11,400 --> 03:24:15,500
only ruins churches with their 
roofs gone, palaces empty, 

3778
03:24:15,500 --> 03:24:18,500
except for birds. 
Other neighborhoods are crowded 

3779
03:24:18,500 --> 03:24:22,600
and vital markets, full of 
noise, workshops producing silk 

3780
03:24:22,600 --> 03:24:26,300
and metal work, and the things a
city needs to survive the messy,

3781
03:24:26,300 --> 03:24:28,700
the Great Central Street runs, 
from the Golden Gate to the 

3782
03:24:28,700 --> 03:24:31,600
Imperial Palace. 
It was once line with columns 

3783
03:24:31,600 --> 03:24:35,400
and statues shops selling goods 
from three continents crowd. 

3784
03:24:35,400 --> 03:24:38,900
So thick, you could barely move 
now, sections of it, nearly 

3785
03:24:38,900 --> 03:24:41,000
empty. 
Some of the columns remain 

3786
03:24:41,000 --> 03:24:44,100
whether and leaning slightly, 
some of the shops are still 

3787
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:46,800
open, but others have wooden 
shutters Nails across their 

3788
03:24:46,800 --> 03:24:50,000
doors. 
Locked for years or decades yet 

3789
03:24:50,000 --> 03:24:53,400
the Macy still functions. 
People still walk it Market 

3790
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:56,300
still operate. 
A city finds ways to continue 

3791
03:24:56,300 --> 03:24:59,600
even as it shrinks, you can see 
the Golden Horn from your 

3792
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:02,400
position on the wall that 
perfect natural, Harbours that 

3793
03:25:02,400 --> 03:25:05,000
curves along the northern edge 
of the city, like a scythe. 

3794
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:09,200
The water is calm this morning, 
reflecting the pale Sky a 

3795
03:25:09,200 --> 03:25:12,400
massive chain stretches across 
the Harbour mouth supported by 

3796
03:25:12,400 --> 03:25:15,100
floating logs. 
Each link is thick as a man's 

3797
03:25:15,108 --> 03:25:17,800
thigh. 
The chain has been there for 

3798
03:25:17,800 --> 03:25:21,100
weeks now, ever since word came 
that the Ottomans were preparing

3799
03:25:21,100 --> 03:25:23,000
for war. 
It is thick enough that you 

3800
03:25:23,000 --> 03:25:25,400
could walk across it. 
If you had good balance and no 

3801
03:25:25,400 --> 03:25:28,700
sense of self-preservation, it 
is the sort of defensive measure

3802
03:25:28,700 --> 03:25:31,200
that makes perfect sense until 
you think about what it means, 

3803
03:25:31,200 --> 03:25:35,200
if you need a chain that large 
to keep enemies out, you are 

3804
03:25:35,200 --> 03:25:39,300
expecting serious enemies. 
The generous colony of Galata 

3805
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:42,000
sits across the Golden Horn from
Constantinople proper 

3806
03:25:42,000 --> 03:25:45,800
technically neutral, practically
useful to whoever pays the 

3807
03:25:45,800 --> 03:25:49,900
customs fees, the genoise are 
merchants of all else they will 

3808
03:25:49,900 --> 03:25:52,000
trade with prezentium. 
They will trade with the 

3809
03:25:52,000 --> 03:25:54,900
Ottomans, they will trade with 
anyone who has gold and goods. 

3810
03:25:56,000 --> 03:25:58,800
Right now, they are maintaining 
a polite fiction of neutrality 

3811
03:25:58,800 --> 03:26:02,100
while fortifying their own walls
and watching to see which way 

3812
03:26:02,100 --> 03:26:04,900
the wind blows. 
You can see their watch Towers 

3813
03:26:04,900 --> 03:26:07,700
from here. 
New construction, the stone 

3814
03:26:07,700 --> 03:26:10,700
still pale where it is, not yet,
whether your Emperor is 

3815
03:26:10,708 --> 03:26:14,700
Constantine, the 11th a man in 
his forties, who inherited a 

3816
03:26:14,700 --> 03:26:17,600
throne that once ruled the 
Mediterranean, but now rules 

3817
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:22,000
those 14 miles of wall, He's the
last of a dynasty that traces 

3818
03:26:22,000 --> 03:26:25,400
back more than 1,000 years 
through Byzantine emperors to 

3819
03:26:25,400 --> 03:26:29,300
the Roman Caesars themselves. 
The weight of that history sits 

3820
03:26:29,300 --> 03:26:32,600
on his shoulders like a physical
thing, he is not a bad Emperor, 

3821
03:26:32,600 --> 03:26:35,200
he is simply the Emperor of not 
very much. 

3822
03:26:35,200 --> 03:26:39,800
He has perhaps 7,000 Defenders, 
a mix of Byzantine citizens who 

3823
03:26:39,800 --> 03:26:43,000
can hold a spear genoise 
volunteers under the command of 

3824
03:26:43,000 --> 03:26:46,500
Giovanni justiniani and a few 
hundred trained soldiers who 

3825
03:26:46,500 --> 03:26:49,400
have seen real Combat. 
Against what is coming? 

3826
03:26:49,400 --> 03:26:53,100
It will not be enough. 
Everyone knows this, the math is

3827
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:56,300
simple and brutal but nobody 
says it out loud because saying 

3828
03:26:56,300 --> 03:27:00,600
it makes it real The harbor 
smells of salt and tar and fish 

3829
03:27:00,600 --> 03:27:04,000
guts, drying on the docks, the 
city smells of bread baking in 

3830
03:27:04,000 --> 03:27:07,000
communal. 
Ovens of charcoal, fires of 

3831
03:27:07,000 --> 03:27:10,500
horse, dung, and human waste. 
And the particular Center of Old

3832
03:27:10,500 --> 03:27:15,100
Stone has absorbed a 1000 years 
of human life incense drifts 

3833
03:27:15,100 --> 03:27:17,100
from churches. 
Where Services have been held 

3834
03:27:17,100 --> 03:27:20,300
every day since the buildings 
were consecrated, Some of these 

3835
03:27:20,300 --> 03:27:23,100
churches are 600 years old, some
a newer. 

3836
03:27:23,100 --> 03:27:26,600
All of them smell the same 
beeswax and Mer and the 

3837
03:27:26,608 --> 03:27:28,500
accumulated prayers of 
centuries. 

3838
03:27:29,600 --> 03:27:33,700
The Hagia Sophia dominates the 
skyline, it's great Dome visible

3839
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:36,400
from anywhere in the city. 
A reminder of what 

3840
03:27:36,400 --> 03:27:39,900
Constantinople wants was and 
what it still believes itself to

3841
03:27:39,900 --> 03:27:42,600
be. 
The church was built by the 

3842
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:44,600
emperor, Justinian, 900 years 
ago. 

3843
03:27:44,600 --> 03:27:48,100
And The Story Goes that when it 
was completed Justine and looked

3844
03:27:48,100 --> 03:27:50,300
up at the Dome and said he had 
surpassed Solomon. 

3845
03:27:51,100 --> 03:27:53,800
Whether or not that happened, 
the Dome is remarkable. 

3846
03:27:54,600 --> 03:27:58,100
It seems to float above the 
Interior Space held up by light 

3847
03:27:58,100 --> 03:28:01,200
rather than Stone on sunny days.
The light from the windows 

3848
03:28:01,200 --> 03:28:03,500
circles, the base of the Dome 
like a crown of Fire. 

3849
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:05,800
You have heard the stories, all 
your life. 

3850
03:28:05,800 --> 03:28:09,400
How the city has been besieged? 
More than 20 times and has never

3851
03:28:09,400 --> 03:28:12,800
fallen how the Virgin Mary 
herself protects these walls, 

3852
03:28:12,800 --> 03:28:16,100
how the Arab armies tried for 
years to take Constantinople and

3853
03:28:16,100 --> 03:28:20,000
fail every time how previous 
ottoman Sultans laid Siege and 

3854
03:28:20,000 --> 03:28:24,200
gave up how the walls are 
impregnable blessed invincible. 

3855
03:28:25,100 --> 03:28:28,000
The older people tell these 
stories with confidence, their 

3856
03:28:28,000 --> 03:28:30,400
voices steady, their faith 
unshakable. 

3857
03:28:31,200 --> 03:28:34,400
The younger ones, Liston and 
wonder, and try to believe. 

3858
03:28:35,400 --> 03:28:37,600
Farms outside, the walls are 
being abandoned now. 

3859
03:28:37,600 --> 03:28:40,600
Families are moving inside, 
bringing what they can carry 

3860
03:28:40,600 --> 03:28:42,100
driving their animals ahead of 
them. 

3861
03:28:42,100 --> 03:28:46,300
You watch them arrive every day.
A farmer with two cows and a 

3862
03:28:46,300 --> 03:28:49,200
cart full of belongings, a 
family, carrying bundled 

3863
03:28:49,200 --> 03:28:53,100
possession on their backs, an 
old woman leading a donkey, they

3864
03:28:53,100 --> 03:28:56,400
come through the gates, looking 
exhausted and frightened and 

3865
03:28:56,400 --> 03:28:58,900
soldiers, direct them to empty 
buildings where they can 

3866
03:28:58,900 --> 03:29:02,800
shelter. 
Suburbs are emptying everyone 

3867
03:29:02,800 --> 03:29:04,600
who can reach the walls is 
coming inside. 

3868
03:29:04,600 --> 03:29:07,000
Because staying outside means 
being in the path of what 

3869
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:10,000
approaches from the West, you 
can feel it coming even though 

3870
03:29:10,000 --> 03:29:13,400
you cannot see it yet, the roads
are too quiet, the normal 

3871
03:29:13,400 --> 03:29:15,900
traffic of merchants and 
travelers has stopped completely

3872
03:29:15,900 --> 03:29:17,700
no. 
Caravans arrived from the 

3873
03:29:17,700 --> 03:29:21,000
interior know, farmers bring 
produce from the countryside. 

3874
03:29:21,000 --> 03:29:24,100
The world beyond the walls has 
gone silent in a way that makes 

3875
03:29:24,100 --> 03:29:27,200
your skin prickle. 
The genoese merchants arrives, 

3876
03:29:27,200 --> 03:29:30,300
one evening, his horse lather 
and blowing hard. 

3877
03:29:31,000 --> 03:29:34,100
He tells you, he has seen the 
ottoman camping miles to the 

3878
03:29:34,100 --> 03:29:36,300
West near the village of diploma
in. 

3879
03:29:36,300 --> 03:29:39,500
He says, the tent stretch 
further than you can see, in one

3880
03:29:39,500 --> 03:29:42,200
glance, he says there are more 
soldiers than he can count. 

3881
03:29:42,200 --> 03:29:45,700
He says, they have brought 
cannons larger than any he has 

3882
03:29:45,700 --> 03:29:48,100
seen before. 
Canon's, that required special 

3883
03:29:48,100 --> 03:29:50,200
roads to be built, just to 
transport them. 

3884
03:29:50,200 --> 03:29:53,100
You listen and try not to let 
your face show. 

3885
03:29:53,100 --> 03:29:55,700
What you're thinking the 
merchant sees through you 

3886
03:29:55,700 --> 03:29:58,300
anyway. 
He puts a hand on your shoulder 

3887
03:29:58,300 --> 03:30:00,800
and says nothing else, because 
there is nothing else to say. 

3888
03:30:01,800 --> 03:30:05,500
Your job is to watch a section 
of wall near the Curious gate to

3889
03:30:05,500 --> 03:30:08,500
report any problems to help 
coordinate the defense of your 

3890
03:30:08,500 --> 03:30:11,500
assigned Towers. 
It is not complicated work but 

3891
03:30:11,500 --> 03:30:14,000
it matters. 
These walls are all that stand 

3892
03:30:14,000 --> 03:30:16,900
between the city and whatever 
comes next, you know, every 

3893
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:20,000
stone in your section, you know,
where the mortar is, we kissed 

3894
03:30:20,000 --> 03:30:23,500
where water damage has made 
repairs necessary with a facing 

3895
03:30:23,500 --> 03:30:25,600
stones of spool away from the 
rubble core. 

3896
03:30:26,200 --> 03:30:29,000
You know which sections drain 
properly when it rains and which

3897
03:30:29,000 --> 03:30:31,600
ones collect water and pulls 
that freeze in Winter and crack 

3898
03:30:31,600 --> 03:30:34,000
the stone at night. 
You can see fires in the 

3899
03:30:34,008 --> 03:30:36,400
distance. 
Now, campfires spreading across 

3900
03:30:36,400 --> 03:30:39,400
the Western approaches like a 
constellation fall into Earth 

3901
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:43,600
Each fire marks a group of 
soldiers each group of soldiers 

3902
03:30:43,600 --> 03:30:46,300
represents men who are preparing
to kill you or Die. 

3903
03:30:46,300 --> 03:30:50,100
Tryin the ottoman Army is here 
the mood in the city, shifts 

3904
03:30:50,100 --> 03:30:53,600
markets, continued people buy 
bread and oil and whatever else 

3905
03:30:53,600 --> 03:30:56,300
they need, but the conversations
are different. 

3906
03:30:56,300 --> 03:31:00,900
Now, quieter more tense, People 
glanced toward the walls more 

3907
03:31:00,900 --> 03:31:03,400
often mothers, keep their 
children closer. 

3908
03:31:03,400 --> 03:31:06,600
There is a sense of waiting of 
something poised to break. 

3909
03:31:07,500 --> 03:31:10,500
Constantine visits the walls 
regularly, he walks. 

3910
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:14,100
The circuit talks to Defenders 
asks, questions about supplies 

3911
03:31:14,100 --> 03:31:17,500
and morale, he's a good emperor 
in the ways that matter at the 

3912
03:31:17,508 --> 03:31:21,500
end, he cares about his people. 
He does not hide in his Palace. 

3913
03:31:21,500 --> 03:31:25,200
He shares the danger when he 
speaks to you, he remembers your

3914
03:31:25,200 --> 03:31:28,200
name from previous visits. 
He asks about your family. 

3915
03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:31,300
He makes you feel like your 
section of wall matters as much 

3916
03:31:31,300 --> 03:31:33,600
as any other. 
You're not sure if this is 

3917
03:31:33,600 --> 03:31:36,700
genuine or performance and you 
decide it does not matter. 

3918
03:31:36,700 --> 03:31:40,800
The effect is the same. 
Either way just in the Army, the

3919
03:31:40,800 --> 03:31:43,400
genoese commander is different. 
He is all business. 

3920
03:31:43,400 --> 03:31:45,800
No warmth, but extremely 
competent. 

3921
03:31:46,600 --> 03:31:49,400
He walks the walls with 
engineers and makes notes, he 

3922
03:31:49,400 --> 03:31:52,700
orders repairs to weak sections,
he positions reserves. 

3923
03:31:52,700 --> 03:31:55,700
He calculates angles of fire and
Fields of view. 

3924
03:31:55,700 --> 03:31:59,200
He knows what he is doing, in a 
way that is both reassuring and 

3925
03:31:59,200 --> 03:32:02,700
terrifying because it means he 
understands exactly how bad the 

3926
03:32:02,700 --> 03:32:05,500
situation is food is still 
plentiful for now. 

3927
03:32:05,500 --> 03:32:08,800
The Granary is hold enough wheat
for months if rationed properly.

3928
03:32:09,500 --> 03:32:12,200
fish boats, go out into the sea 
of marmara every morning and 

3929
03:32:12,200 --> 03:32:16,100
return with captures of mackerel
and anchovy Gardens inside the 

3930
03:32:16,100 --> 03:32:20,400
walls, produce onions, cabbages 
herbs a few cows and goats 

3931
03:32:20,400 --> 03:32:25,100
provide, milk chickens lay eggs,
it is not abundant, but it is 

3932
03:32:25,100 --> 03:32:27,300
adequate. 
You eat bread and cheese and 

3933
03:32:27,300 --> 03:32:29,600
fish. 
The same thing you have always 

3934
03:32:29,600 --> 03:32:32,000
eaten. 
For now, hunger is not the 

3935
03:32:32,000 --> 03:32:34,300
problem. 
Water is not a problem either. 

3936
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:38,700
Constantinople has excellent 
systems vast underground. 

3937
03:32:38,700 --> 03:32:42,000
Chambers that store rainwater 
collected from roofs the city 

3938
03:32:42,800 --> 03:32:46,300
The largest, the Basilica sister
holds enough water for months, 

3939
03:32:46,300 --> 03:32:50,400
you've been down into it once 
years ago, walking carefully on 

3940
03:32:50,400 --> 03:32:52,200
the Rays. 
Walkways between pools of 

3941
03:32:52,200 --> 03:32:54,600
Darkwater. 
The ceiling is held up by 

3942
03:32:54,600 --> 03:32:58,300
hundreds of columns, each one 
Salvage from some early Roman 

3943
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:01,500
building, Some of the column 
capitals are carved with 

3944
03:33:01,500 --> 03:33:04,700
elaborate designs. 
Some have faces looking down at 

3945
03:33:04,700 --> 03:33:06,800
you. 
The whole Space feels like a 

3946
03:33:06,800 --> 03:33:09,000
temple. 
To some forgotten, god of water 

3947
03:33:09,000 --> 03:33:12,600
and darkness, April continues, 
the weather improves slightly. 

3948
03:33:13,500 --> 03:33:16,800
Chill of early spring, gives way
to milder days, fruit, trees, in

3949
03:33:16,800 --> 03:33:19,600
the gardens Bloom, pink and 
white blossoms against 

3950
03:33:19,600 --> 03:33:22,300
Greystone. 
Birds returned from wherever 

3951
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:26,100
they spent the winter building 
nests in Tower crevices, life 

3952
03:33:26,100 --> 03:33:29,100
continues its Cycles. 
Regardless of human Wars you 

3953
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:32,100
develop routines morning 
inspection of your wall section.

3954
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:35,600
Checking for new cracks or loose
Stones supervising. 

3955
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:38,900
A crew of workers who carry 
stones and mixed mortar after 

3956
03:33:38,900 --> 03:33:41,400
noon meeting where different 
section commanders, share 

3957
03:33:41,400 --> 03:33:44,800
information, evening, rounds to 
make sure centuries are posted 

3958
03:33:45,700 --> 03:33:47,800
Sleep when you can, which is 
never quite enough. 

3959
03:33:48,600 --> 03:33:51,900
The ottoman Camp grows, larger 
each day, more tense appear, 

3960
03:33:51,900 --> 03:33:55,300
more Fires at night. 
The forces Gathering to the west

3961
03:33:55,300 --> 03:33:57,700
of vast, in a way that makes 
your mind, struggle to 

3962
03:33:57,700 --> 03:34:00,100
comprehend. 
You have never seen an army 

3963
03:34:00,100 --> 03:34:02,300
before this. 
Now, you're about to see the 

3964
03:34:02,300 --> 03:34:06,500
largest army or generation has 
faced On April 6th, the 

3965
03:34:06,500 --> 03:34:10,300
bombardment begins. 
Mimic the second is 21 years old

3966
03:34:10,300 --> 03:34:13,500
and has been salted for two 
years in his second Reign. 

3967
03:34:13,500 --> 03:34:17,000
This is actually his second time
being Sultan, which is unusual. 

3968
03:34:17,000 --> 03:34:21,200
He was Sultan briefly as a boy 
of 12, then his father Morad 

3969
03:34:21,200 --> 03:34:23,700
decided, being retired was 
boring and took the throne back 

3970
03:34:23,700 --> 03:34:27,000
then, Murad died. 
And now Met-Ed is Sultan again 

3971
03:34:27,000 --> 03:34:29,400
for real this time. 
No, take backs. 

3972
03:34:30,100 --> 03:34:32,700
This history has given him some 
interesting ideas about proving 

3973
03:34:32,700 --> 03:34:34,100
himself and securing his 
position. 

3974
03:34:34,100 --> 03:34:38,300
He's not particularly tall the 
Venetian painters who will later

3975
03:34:38,300 --> 03:34:39,900
depict him? 
Show a man of average height 

3976
03:34:39,900 --> 03:34:43,700
perhaps five feet six or seven 
with a prominent nose, and dark 

3977
03:34:43,700 --> 03:34:46,800
eyes that seem to miss nothing. 
He is not particularly 

3978
03:34:46,800 --> 03:34:50,200
intimidating in the normal ways.
He does not have the physical 

3979
03:34:50,200 --> 03:34:53,700
presence of a warrior. 
What he has is intelligence and 

3980
03:34:53,700 --> 03:34:57,400
absolute certainly, he has been 
planning to take Constantinople 

3981
03:34:57,400 --> 03:35:00,800
since he was a child. 
He has studied every previous 

3982
03:35:00,800 --> 03:35:03,700
sea, he knows exactly why they 
all failed. 

3983
03:35:03,700 --> 03:35:08,200
He believes he has a solution. 
The solution involves a man 

3984
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:12,600
named Urban is a Hungarian, 
Canon founder, who showed up at 

3985
03:35:12,600 --> 03:35:16,400
Constantinople, first offering 
his services to the bazan teams.

3986
03:35:16,400 --> 03:35:19,100
He told them he could build a 
cannon that would knock down, 

3987
03:35:19,100 --> 03:35:22,100
any wall in the world, 
Constantine listened, politely, 

3988
03:35:22,100 --> 03:35:24,800
and then explained that 
Byzantium could not afford 

3989
03:35:24,800 --> 03:35:27,400
Urban's fees. 
So, Urban crossed the boss for 

3990
03:35:27,400 --> 03:35:31,800
us to the ottoman court and made
the same offer to mehmed Mermaid

3991
03:35:31,800 --> 03:35:33,900
said, yes, immediately and gave 
Urban everything he needed. 

3992
03:35:33,900 --> 03:35:39,200
Unlimited funds workers 
materials Workshop time. 

3993
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:44,300
The canon Urban built is 27 feet
long and weighs nearly 20, tons.

3994
03:35:44,300 --> 03:35:48,200
The barrel is cast bronze, 30 
inches across at the mouth. 

3995
03:35:48,900 --> 03:35:52,300
It can fire a stone ball that 
weighs 1200 pounds loading. 

3996
03:35:52,300 --> 03:35:54,100
It requires 200 pounds of 
gunpowder. 

3997
03:35:54,100 --> 03:35:58,000
Nobody has ever built anything 
like it before the technology 

3998
03:35:58,000 --> 03:35:59,400
barely exists. 
To make something. 

3999
03:35:59,400 --> 03:36:02,600
This large, the metal allergy is
at the absolute edge of what is 

4000
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:04,600
possible. 
Getting it to Constantinople 

4001
03:36:04,600 --> 03:36:08,500
required, 60, ox, and 700 men, 
just to move it along. 

4002
03:36:08,500 --> 03:36:11,400
The roads, they had to reinforce
Bridges ahead of it. 

4003
03:36:11,400 --> 03:36:14,900
Replacing wooden beams with 
stone because the wait would 

4004
03:36:14,900 --> 03:36:16,500
have collapsed normal Bridge 
construction. 

4005
03:36:16,500 --> 03:36:19,900
They had to fill in ditches and 
level Hills, where the gradient 

4006
03:36:19,900 --> 03:36:22,800
was too steep. 
The journey from Adrian, opal 

4007
03:36:22,800 --> 03:36:25,700
took two months, moving perhaps 
three miles per day. 

4008
03:36:26,600 --> 03:36:30,300
The gun itself became a kind of 
mobile Fortress proceeded by 

4009
03:36:30,300 --> 03:36:34,000
Engineers, followed by Supply, 
wagons visible from miles away. 

4010
03:36:34,900 --> 03:36:37,000
Mermaid has more than one of 
these enormous. 

4011
03:36:37,000 --> 03:36:41,600
He has three of the truly, 
massive ones, plus 60 or 70 

4012
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:45,300
smaller cannons ranging from 
respectable to enormous by 

4013
03:36:45,300 --> 03:36:48,000
previous standards. 
He has possibly the most 

4014
03:36:48,000 --> 03:36:50,500
powerful artillery train ever 
assembled up. 

4015
03:36:50,500 --> 03:36:53,300
To this point in history, he 
also has somewhere between 

4016
03:36:53,300 --> 03:36:57,700
80,000 and 150,000 soldiers, 
depending on which sources you 

4017
03:36:57,700 --> 03:37:00,200
believe and how you counter 
regulars and support Personnel 

4018
03:37:00,200 --> 03:37:03,800
the Exact number matters, less 
than the basic fact that he has 

4019
03:37:03,800 --> 03:37:07,000
many many more people than 
Constantinople has. 

4020
03:37:07,900 --> 03:37:10,800
His Camp sprawls Across the 
Western approaches to the city 

4021
03:37:10,800 --> 03:37:13,500
from the sea of marmara to the 
Golden Horn. 

4022
03:37:14,200 --> 03:37:18,000
The tents are organized by unit.
And by function, there are areas

4023
03:37:18,000 --> 03:37:20,500
for the janissaries. 
The elite infantry Corps 

4024
03:37:20,500 --> 03:37:23,400
recruited as boys and trained 
their entire lives for war. 

4025
03:37:23,900 --> 03:37:27,400
Areas for the Anatolian 
provincial troops experienced 

4026
03:37:27,400 --> 03:37:31,400
soldiers but not quite Elite 
areas for the Romanian forces 

4027
03:37:31,400 --> 03:37:33,800
from ottoman. 
Europe areas for a regular 

4028
03:37:33,800 --> 03:37:36,400
troops adventurers and 
volunteers hoping for plunder 

4029
03:37:36,400 --> 03:37:39,900
areas for the engineers and 
sappers who will dig tunnels and

4030
03:37:39,900 --> 03:37:43,400
build Siege Towers areas for the
Cannons and their enormous 

4031
03:37:43,400 --> 03:37:47,700
surprise of powder and shot. 
Areas for food, storage areas 

4032
03:37:47,700 --> 03:37:51,400
for horses by the thousands 
areas for Smiths and carpenters 

4033
03:37:51,400 --> 03:37:53,200
and all the Craftsmen and army 
needs. 

4034
03:37:53,200 --> 03:37:57,300
It is a city made of canvas and 
wood but it has streets and 

4035
03:37:57,300 --> 03:38:00,100
neighborhoods and its own logic 
mehmed. 

4036
03:38:00,100 --> 03:38:03,100
Sets up his own tent opposite, 
the Roman escape, the 

4037
03:38:03,100 --> 03:38:05,700
traditional weak point in 
constantinople's defenses. 

4038
03:38:06,600 --> 03:38:09,500
The land here, slopes slightly 
in the wall crosses a small 

4039
03:38:09,500 --> 03:38:11,900
Valley Where the leica's River 
once flowed. 

4040
03:38:11,900 --> 03:38:15,300
Now, reduced to a sewer that 
runs in a culvert under the 

4041
03:38:15,300 --> 03:38:19,100
fortifications, every previous 
seed has focused its main 

4042
03:38:19,100 --> 03:38:21,500
effort. 
Here mehmed is not particularly 

4043
03:38:21,500 --> 03:38:23,600
interested. 
In Innovation for its own sake. 

4044
03:38:23,600 --> 03:38:27,600
He has studied what worked and 
what did not work, he is going 

4045
03:38:27,600 --> 03:38:30,100
to do what worked but with 
overwhelming Force. 

4046
03:38:30,800 --> 03:38:32,900
Cannons are positioned with 
enormous care. 

4047
03:38:32,900 --> 03:38:35,000
The really big ones cannot be 
moved. 

4048
03:38:35,000 --> 03:38:37,400
Easily once they are placed. 
So their positioning matters 

4049
03:38:37,400 --> 03:38:41,900
enormously, Mehmed Engineers, 
spend days on calculations they 

4050
03:38:41,900 --> 03:38:44,600
measure distances. 
They test fire at dummy. 

4051
03:38:44,600 --> 03:38:46,900
Walls built for the purpose, 
they make adjustments. 

4052
03:38:47,900 --> 03:38:50,900
The science of ballistics is 
still more art Than Mathematics 

4053
03:38:50,900 --> 03:38:54,200
but they are learning fast and 
they have something previous 

4054
03:38:54,200 --> 03:38:55,600
procedures. 
Did not have. 

4055
03:38:55,600 --> 03:38:58,700
They have guns large enough, 
that Precision matters less than

4056
03:38:58,700 --> 03:39:01,600
raw destructive power. 
Each of the great cannons 

4057
03:39:01,600 --> 03:39:05,200
requires its own fortification. 
The gun is positioned in a pit 

4058
03:39:05,200 --> 03:39:08,900
lined with stones to absorb 
recoil Earthworks are piled up 

4059
03:39:08,908 --> 03:39:11,300
around it to protect the crew 
from defensive fire. 

4060
03:39:12,100 --> 03:39:14,600
Supplied dumps nearby. 
Hold the enormous quantities of 

4061
03:39:14,608 --> 03:39:18,800
powder and shot each gun. 
Consumes a single shot from 

4062
03:39:18,800 --> 03:39:22,800
Urban's monster requires, 200 
pounds of power that powder has 

4063
03:39:22,800 --> 03:39:25,800
to be stored safely. 
Kept dry measured carefully. 

4064
03:39:26,800 --> 03:39:31,600
The logistics are staggering. 
On April 6th 1453. 

4065
03:39:31,600 --> 03:39:36,700
The bombardment Begins, the 
sound is extraordinary, you have

4066
03:39:36,708 --> 03:39:40,200
never heard anything like it and
your mind struggles to process 

4067
03:39:40,200 --> 03:39:42,900
what your ears report. 
The great cannons. 

4068
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:45,400
Make a noise that you feel in 
your chest before you hear it 

4069
03:39:45,400 --> 03:39:48,000
with your ears. 
It is not just loud. 

4070
03:39:48,000 --> 03:39:51,000
It is a physical force that 
ripples through the air and 

4071
03:39:51,000 --> 03:39:53,100
Shakes, the ground and makes 
your teeth ache. 

4072
03:39:53,100 --> 03:39:56,200
When the shot leaves the barrel,
the explosion, produces a flash 

4073
03:39:56,200 --> 03:39:58,800
of fire and a cloud of smoke 
that takes minutes to clear. 

4074
03:39:59,600 --> 03:40:02,800
When the stone ball hits the 
walls, the impact sends dust and

4075
03:40:02,800 --> 03:40:04,900
rock fragments flying in all 
directions. 

4076
03:40:04,900 --> 03:40:08,500
Birds explode from trees, half a
mile away dogs. 

4077
03:40:08,500 --> 03:40:10,900
Howl, horses panic in their 
Stables. 

4078
03:40:10,900 --> 03:40:13,500
The walls were built to 
withstand battering rams and 

4079
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:16,500
Siege towers and catapults. 
They were not built for this. 

4080
03:40:16,500 --> 03:40:20,300
Each impact from the Great Guns,
cracks the facing stones and 

4081
03:40:20,300 --> 03:40:22,100
send shockwaves through the 
rubble core. 

4082
03:40:22,700 --> 03:40:24,300
The walls do not collapse 
immediately. 

4083
03:40:24,300 --> 03:40:27,400
There are two well-built for 
that, but each impact weakens 

4084
03:40:27,400 --> 03:40:31,700
them cracks spread mortar, 
crumbles sections of wool 

4085
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:35,000
shudder and shift. 
After each impact repair Crews 

4086
03:40:35,000 --> 03:40:37,600
Rush forward during the brief 
silence while the Cannons cool 

4087
03:40:37,600 --> 03:40:40,000
and are reloaded. 
They stuff, the gaps with 

4088
03:40:40,000 --> 03:40:43,500
whatever they can find barrels. 
Filled with Earth to absorb 

4089
03:40:43,500 --> 03:40:46,900
impacts bales of wool that 
compress rather than shatter 

4090
03:40:46,900 --> 03:40:50,700
Timber beams to shore up. 
We can sections rubble from 

4091
03:40:50,700 --> 03:40:52,700
previous hits packed back into 
holes. 

4092
03:40:52,700 --> 03:40:54,900
The work is frantic and 
dangerous. 

4093
03:40:54,900 --> 03:40:57,100
You never know when the next 
shot will fire. 

4094
03:40:57,100 --> 03:41:00,000
The giant cannons can fire 
perhaps seven times a day. 

4095
03:41:00,008 --> 03:41:03,300
They heat up too much to fire 
more frequently, the metal 

4096
03:41:03,300 --> 03:41:06,500
barrels expand from the 
explosive force and if they fire

4097
03:41:06,500 --> 03:41:09,400
too often the barrels can crack 
or split catastrophically. 

4098
03:41:09,400 --> 03:41:13,500
So there is a rhythm to the 
seed, the Canon's fire, the 

4099
03:41:13,500 --> 03:41:16,600
repair Crews rushed forward. 
The Defenders work frantically 

4100
03:41:16,600 --> 03:41:18,700
for an hour or two the Canon's 
cool. 

4101
03:41:18,700 --> 03:41:22,100
The Gunners swap out the barrels
with wet cloths to remove powder

4102
03:41:22,100 --> 03:41:25,900
residue And cool, the metal they
reload, which is a production in

4103
03:41:25,900 --> 03:41:29,200
itself. 
The process takes hours, then it

4104
03:41:29,200 --> 03:41:32,100
happens again. 
Between the great cannons 

4105
03:41:32,100 --> 03:41:34,000
smaller guns, fire, more 
frequently. 

4106
03:41:34,000 --> 03:41:38,000
These are still substantial 
pieces capable of knocking down 

4107
03:41:38,000 --> 03:41:41,400
a wall if given time but they 
can fire every hour or two. 

4108
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:44,900
Instead of every few hours, they
keep up a steady harassment, 

4109
03:41:44,900 --> 03:41:48,500
forcing Defenders to stay alert.
Preventing effective, repairs, 

4110
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:52,700
gradually chipping away at the 
fortifications, the byzantines 

4111
03:41:52,700 --> 03:41:55,900
have some cannons, too. 
But not many and not as large. 

4112
03:41:55,900 --> 03:41:59,000
They have perhaps 15 guns of 
various sizes. 

4113
03:41:59,000 --> 03:42:02,600
Most of them old and unreliable.
They fire back when they can. 

4114
03:42:03,300 --> 03:42:05,800
Sometimes they hit ottoman 
positions and kill Gunners or 

4115
03:42:05,808 --> 03:42:09,100
damaged equipment more often, 
they waste power and shot on 

4116
03:42:09,100 --> 03:42:11,000
targets, that are too far away 
or too. 

4117
03:42:11,000 --> 03:42:14,100
Well protected Byzantine 
Metallurgy is not what it used 

4118
03:42:14,100 --> 03:42:16,300
to be some of their guns crack 
off. 

4119
03:42:16,300 --> 03:42:19,300
After a few shots, one exploded 
and kills its own crew. 

4120
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:23,700
Members mining operations to 
begin Crews of sappers. 

4121
03:42:23,700 --> 03:42:26,700
Start digging tunnels toward the
walls planning to undermine the 

4122
03:42:26,700 --> 03:42:29,400
foundations and collapse 
sections with explosives or 

4123
03:42:29,400 --> 03:42:31,700
fire. 
The work is slow and dangerous. 

4124
03:42:31,700 --> 03:42:35,400
The tunnels have to be showed up
as they advance, or they will 

4125
03:42:35,400 --> 03:42:38,100
collapse on their own, the 
miners working shifts. 

4126
03:42:38,100 --> 03:42:41,600
Digging in darkness by the light
of oil lamps carrying out spoil 

4127
03:42:41,600 --> 03:42:44,100
in baskets. 
The bazan teens counter with 

4128
03:42:44,100 --> 03:42:46,600
their own tunnels. 
Trying to intercept the ottoman 

4129
03:42:46,600 --> 03:42:49,500
miners Underground. 
They have an engineer named 

4130
03:42:49,500 --> 03:42:52,000
Johannes. 
Grant a German or possibly 

4131
03:42:52,000 --> 03:42:55,100
Scottish specialist in Siege 
Warfare who supervises the 

4132
03:42:55,100 --> 03:42:57,700
counter mining. 
Grant has good instincts. 

4133
03:42:57,700 --> 03:43:00,000
He can hear the ottoman tunnels 
advancing. 

4134
03:43:00,000 --> 03:43:03,100
He can calculate where they are 
from the sound of pixon stone. 

4135
03:43:03,100 --> 03:43:05,800
He directs Byzantine miners to 
intercept them. 

4136
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:08,300
When two tunnels meet 
underground, the fighting is 

4137
03:43:08,300 --> 03:43:11,200
desperate and strange. 
There is no room to swing a 

4138
03:43:11,200 --> 03:43:14,600
sword properly, men fight with 
knives and short Spears and 

4139
03:43:14,600 --> 03:43:17,900
their fists, in absolute 
Darkness, the only light from 

4140
03:43:17,900 --> 03:43:20,200
dropped lamps that gutter out in
the bad air. 

4141
03:43:21,100 --> 03:43:23,700
Sometimes one side breaks 
through into the others tunnel 

4142
03:43:23,700 --> 03:43:27,200
and sets off, explosives or 
lights fires, that fill the 

4143
03:43:27,200 --> 03:43:30,500
space with smoke. 
Men pass from Suffocation as 

4144
03:43:30,500 --> 03:43:33,500
often as from violence at Sea. 
The ottoman Fleet. 

4145
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:36,600
Tries to force its way into the 
golden horn, but the great chain

4146
03:43:36,600 --> 03:43:39,400
holds ships cannot simply sail 
over it. 

4147
03:43:39,400 --> 03:43:43,000
They cannot easily cut it. 
Some captains, try ramming it. 

4148
03:43:43,000 --> 03:43:46,800
But the chain stretches and then
snaps back, damaging the ships 

4149
03:43:46,800 --> 03:43:49,300
that hit it. 
It is a remarkable piece of 

4150
03:43:49,300 --> 03:43:52,000
defensive engineering that chain
and it frustrates. 

4151
03:43:52,000 --> 03:43:55,600
Every Naval attempt to break 
through the Byzantine Fleet is 

4152
03:43:55,600 --> 03:43:57,800
small. 
But determined a few galleys 

4153
03:43:57,800 --> 03:44:00,800
patrolling inside the harbor, 
the Consortium out through small

4154
03:44:00,800 --> 03:44:03,100
breaks in the chain, that can be
opened and closed. 

4155
03:44:03,100 --> 03:44:07,000
They harassed ottoman ships. 
They sink a few smaller vessels.

4156
03:44:07,000 --> 03:44:10,300
It is not enough to change 
anything, but it helps morale. 

4157
03:44:11,600 --> 03:44:13,700
Mehmed watches all of this from 
his tent. 

4158
03:44:13,700 --> 03:44:17,400
He receives reports constantly, 
commanders come and go 

4159
03:44:17,400 --> 03:44:21,800
Engineers, present problems and 
solutions Supply officers report

4160
03:44:21,800 --> 03:44:23,900
on ammunition expenditure and 
food stocks. 

4161
03:44:24,600 --> 03:44:28,100
Mehmed listens to everything and
issues orders with a calmness 

4162
03:44:28,100 --> 03:44:29,700
that unnerves some of his 
commanders. 

4163
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:33,800
His patient in a way that 21 
year olds rarely are he knows 

4164
03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:36,400
this will take time, he has 
brought enough supplies for 

4165
03:44:36,408 --> 03:44:39,700
months if necessary. 
He's not going anywhere until 

4166
03:44:39,700 --> 03:44:43,900
Constantinople Falls. 
Inside the city, Constantine, 

4167
03:44:43,900 --> 03:44:46,300
the 11th does everything a good 
Emperor should do? 

4168
03:44:46,300 --> 03:44:50,500
He visits the walls daily? 
He talks to Defenders learning 

4169
03:44:50,500 --> 03:44:55,100
names asking about families 
making himself present, he 

4170
03:44:55,100 --> 03:44:58,300
oversees repairs personally, 
sometimes helping to carry 

4171
03:44:58,300 --> 03:45:01,100
Stones, he rations food 
carefully. 

4172
03:45:01,100 --> 03:45:04,300
Making sure supplies will. 
Last he sends messages to 

4173
03:45:04,300 --> 03:45:05,700
Western Europe, begging for 
help. 

4174
03:45:05,700 --> 03:45:09,300
Promising religious concessions,
to the pope offering anything, 

4175
03:45:09,300 --> 03:45:12,100
he can think of, to get ships 
and soldiers sent to relieve The

4176
03:45:12,100 --> 03:45:16,200
Siege, a few ships arrived, 
Never Enough, never nearly 

4177
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:20,200
enough the bombardment continues
day after day, the sound 

4178
03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:23,600
becomes, almost normal, which is
a strange thing to realize your 

4179
03:45:23,600 --> 03:45:26,100
mind adapts. 
You learn to work during the 

4180
03:45:26,100 --> 03:45:29,100
intervals between shots. 
You learned to distinguish the 

4181
03:45:29,100 --> 03:45:31,600
sound of different guns. 
You know, how much time you have

4182
03:45:31,600 --> 03:45:32,600
before? 
The next impact? 

4183
03:45:32,600 --> 03:45:37,300
The Great Guns, boom, like 
thunder, the medium guns, crack 

4184
03:45:37,300 --> 03:45:41,600
sharply, the small guns pop, 
almost cheerfully each has its 

4185
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:46,400
Rhythm the walls, hold but they 
are being ground down each day. 

4186
03:45:46,400 --> 03:45:48,200
They are a little weaker than 
the day before. 

4187
03:45:49,100 --> 03:45:52,700
The facing stones of pockmarked 
and cracked the towers of lost 

4188
03:45:52,700 --> 03:45:55,300
their clean lines. 
Everything looks battered and 

4189
03:45:55,300 --> 03:45:58,200
tired. 
Like the Defenders, you learn to

4190
03:45:58,200 --> 03:46:01,400
sleep through the cannon fire 
after a few days this surprises,

4191
03:46:01,400 --> 03:46:04,200
you initially but human beings 
are adaptable creatures. 

4192
03:46:04,200 --> 03:46:06,800
And you cannot stay alert every 
hour of every day. 

4193
03:46:07,800 --> 03:46:10,000
The bombardment happens during 
daylight mostly. 

4194
03:46:10,900 --> 03:46:13,600
The Ottomans do not waste powder
shooting at targets, they cannot

4195
03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:16,900
see clearly at night, the guns, 
fall, silent and the cruise 

4196
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:19,300
rest. 
So you sleep at night when you 

4197
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:22,400
can and during the day you 
alternate between frantic 

4198
03:46:22,400 --> 03:46:25,300
activity and long periods of 
boredom, while the guns reload 

4199
03:46:25,300 --> 03:46:27,100
food is rationed. 
But not yet. 

4200
03:46:27,100 --> 03:46:30,400
Scarce the city's granaries. 
Hold enough wheat for several 

4201
03:46:30,400 --> 03:46:32,300
months. 
If nobody panics and the 

4202
03:46:32,300 --> 03:46:33,500
distribution is managed 
properly. 

4203
03:46:33,500 --> 03:46:37,700
Constantine points officials to 
oversee, rationing each 

4204
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:40,300
household receives a weekly 
allotment based on the number of

4205
03:46:40,308 --> 03:46:42,500
people. 
The amounts are adequate. 

4206
03:46:42,500 --> 03:46:46,000
If not generous bread remains 
available though, the loaves are

4207
03:46:46,008 --> 03:46:48,100
smaller than they used to be 
fish. 

4208
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:51,000
Still come from the sea of 
marmara boats, go out before, 

4209
03:46:51,000 --> 03:46:54,200
Dawn, and return by mid-morning 
with catchers of macro and 

4210
03:46:54,200 --> 03:46:57,300
showing and whatever else the 
Nets bring up, The fisherman, 

4211
03:46:57,300 --> 03:47:00,200
take risks every day. 
Ottoman ships. 

4212
03:47:00,200 --> 03:47:03,200
Patrol the waters and getting 
caught outside the Harbour could

4213
03:47:03,200 --> 03:47:06,800
mean death or capture. 
But the fishermen keep going 

4214
03:47:06,800 --> 03:47:09,300
because the city needs food and 
fishing is what they know 

4215
03:47:09,300 --> 03:47:12,000
Garden's inside the walls 
produce vegetables. 

4216
03:47:12,000 --> 03:47:16,400
Constantinople has always had 
Garden's even during its peak 

4217
03:47:16,400 --> 03:47:19,800
when the population was dead. 
Every available piece of land. 

4218
03:47:19,800 --> 03:47:24,800
Gross, something, onions, 
cabbages leaks herbs, some 

4219
03:47:24,800 --> 03:47:26,400
families. 
Keep a few chickens for eggs. 

4220
03:47:26,400 --> 03:47:28,700
A few lucky ones. 
Have a goat for milk. 

4221
03:47:29,400 --> 03:47:32,800
The city is not self-sufficient 
but it is less dependent on 

4222
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:35,000
outside supplies than many Urban
centers. 

4223
03:47:35,000 --> 03:47:39,200
Water is not a problem at all, 
the systems were filled during 

4224
03:47:39,208 --> 03:47:42,100
the winter rains and 
constantinople's water supply 

4225
03:47:42,100 --> 03:47:44,400
system is one of the marvels of 
the ancient world. 

4226
03:47:45,100 --> 03:47:47,800
The Basilica cistern alone. 
Holds enough water for months. 

4227
03:47:47,800 --> 03:47:51,000
Other smaller systems are 
scattered throughout the city. 

4228
03:47:51,000 --> 03:47:54,400
Some are open reservoirs. 
Some are covered Chambers 

4229
03:47:54,400 --> 03:47:58,200
supported by columns, the water 
is clean and cool collected from

4230
03:47:58,200 --> 03:48:00,900
rain rather than drawn from 
potentially contaminated 

4231
03:48:00,900 --> 03:48:03,400
sources. 
You fill your water jar each 

4232
03:48:03,400 --> 03:48:05,800
morning from a neighborhood 
system and never worry about 

4233
03:48:05,800 --> 03:48:08,800
running out. 
The mood in the city shifts day 

4234
03:48:08,800 --> 03:48:12,000
by day, sometimes hour by hour. 
Some days. 

4235
03:48:12,000 --> 03:48:15,400
People are confident convinced 
that relief will come that the 

4236
03:48:15,400 --> 03:48:18,000
walls will hold that. 
God will provide a miracle. 

4237
03:48:18,000 --> 03:48:20,000
The priests encourage this 
belief. 

4238
03:48:20,900 --> 03:48:23,800
Services at churches, emphasize 
constantinople's Divine 

4239
03:48:23,800 --> 03:48:26,200
protection. 
The many times, the city has 

4240
03:48:26,200 --> 03:48:29,800
been saved at the last moment. 
People cling to these stories, 

4241
03:48:29,800 --> 03:48:33,000
other days are kind of hollow, 
fear, settles over everything 

4242
03:48:33,000 --> 03:48:34,800
and people move through the 
streets. 

4243
03:48:34,800 --> 03:48:39,000
Quietly of each other's eyes, 
each person alone with thoughts.

4244
03:48:39,000 --> 03:48:42,200
They do not want to share. 
See it in phases. 

4245
03:48:42,200 --> 03:48:45,400
In the way people hold 
themselves in the two quick, 

4246
03:48:45,400 --> 03:48:46,800
movements of those who are 
trying. 

4247
03:48:46,800 --> 03:48:50,000
Not to think about, what might 
be coming children, still play 

4248
03:48:50,000 --> 03:48:53,000
because children always do, but 
their games are quieter than 

4249
03:48:53,008 --> 03:48:55,600
they used to be. 
They play at defending walls and

4250
03:48:55,600 --> 03:48:58,100
Manning Towers. 
They turn War into something 

4251
03:48:58,100 --> 03:49:01,700
manageable something with rules.
They can understand you. 

4252
03:49:01,700 --> 03:49:04,400
Watch them sometimes and wonder 
what kind of adults they will 

4253
03:49:04,400 --> 03:49:06,700
become. 
If they survive, this religious 

4254
03:49:06,700 --> 03:49:08,200
processions move through the 
streets. 

4255
03:49:08,200 --> 03:49:11,400
Carrying icons the most holy 
relics are brought out from 

4256
03:49:11,400 --> 03:49:13,900
their normal resting places and 
carried along the walls 

4257
03:49:13,900 --> 03:49:16,700
blessing, the stones asking for 
protection. 

4258
03:49:17,800 --> 03:49:21,100
The icon of the Virgin Mary 
believed to have been painted by

4259
03:49:21,100 --> 03:49:23,000
Saint. 
Luke himself is carried in 

4260
03:49:23,000 --> 03:49:26,200
solemn procession. 
People press forward to touch it

4261
03:49:26,200 --> 03:49:29,200
to feel some connection to the 
Divine protection. 

4262
03:49:29,200 --> 03:49:32,300
They hope will save them. 
Service is at the Hagia. 

4263
03:49:32,300 --> 03:49:35,200
Sophia are packed. 
People pray in shifts because 

4264
03:49:35,200 --> 03:49:38,900
the church enormous as it is 
cannot hold everyone at once. 

4265
03:49:39,800 --> 03:49:42,200
Chanting of him's drifts across 
the city at all hours. 

4266
03:49:42,200 --> 03:49:45,400
The sound is beautiful and sad 
voices. 

4267
03:49:45,400 --> 03:49:48,100
Raised in praise and 
supplication asking for 

4268
03:49:48,100 --> 03:49:50,200
deliverance, that may or may not
come. 

4269
03:49:51,100 --> 03:49:53,600
There are moments of absurdity 
that break the tension in 

4270
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:57,500
unexpected ways one afternoon a 
section of wall, collapses from 

4271
03:49:57,500 --> 03:49:59,400
a direct hit by one of the Great
Guns. 

4272
03:49:59,400 --> 03:50:02,500
When the repair Crews, rushed 
forward to fill the Gap, they 

4273
03:50:02,500 --> 03:50:05,800
find an ancient wine jar in the 
rubble, somehow surviving 

4274
03:50:05,800 --> 03:50:08,700
intact, despite being buried in 
the wall, for who knows how long

4275
03:50:08,700 --> 03:50:11,500
someone suggests opening it. 
Why not? 

4276
03:50:11,500 --> 03:50:14,100
What is the worst that could 
happen at this point? 

4277
03:50:15,200 --> 03:50:17,600
The wine turns out to be 
spectacularly, bad. 

4278
03:50:17,600 --> 03:50:21,400
So vinegary and sharp that it 
makes your eyes water, but 

4279
03:50:21,400 --> 03:50:24,100
everyone takes a sip. 
Anyway, passing the jar around, 

4280
03:50:24,100 --> 03:50:27,000
laughing at how terrible it is 
for a few minutes. 

4281
03:50:27,000 --> 03:50:30,100
The Siege does not matter. 
There is just a group of people 

4282
03:50:30,100 --> 03:50:32,200
sharing awful wine and laughing 
about it. 

4283
03:50:33,000 --> 03:50:35,300
Then the moment passes and 
everyone goes back to work. 

4284
03:50:36,200 --> 03:50:39,400
Cat adopts, your section of wall
and refuses to leave. 

4285
03:50:39,400 --> 03:50:43,700
Despite the Canon fire, it is a 
great Tabby skinny and scarred 

4286
03:50:43,700 --> 03:50:45,300
from previous battles with other
cats. 

4287
03:50:45,300 --> 03:50:48,800
It's sleeps in a gap between 
Stones, where it is, partially 

4288
03:50:48,800 --> 03:50:52,600
protected from debris at night. 
It hunts rats with impressive 

4289
03:50:52,600 --> 03:50:56,300
efficiency during bombardments, 
it simply curls up and sleeps, 

4290
03:50:56,300 --> 03:50:59,100
apparently, convinced that the 
walls will hold because they 

4291
03:50:59,100 --> 03:51:03,000
always have someone named the 
cat theodosius after the Emperor

4292
03:51:03,000 --> 03:51:05,700
who built the walls. 
The cat does not seem to care 

4293
03:51:05,700 --> 03:51:08,600
what it is called, but accepts 
offerings of fish craps with 

4294
03:51:08,600 --> 03:51:12,200
Regal indifference, it becomes a
kind of mascot for your sexual. 

4295
03:51:12,200 --> 03:51:15,600
People check on it every morning
when it survives another day. 

4296
03:51:15,600 --> 03:51:19,400
It feels like good omen. 
The genoese Defenders are 

4297
03:51:19,400 --> 03:51:21,600
professionals. 
Mostly many of them have fought 

4298
03:51:21,600 --> 03:51:24,000
in sieges before they know what 
they're doing. 

4299
03:51:24,008 --> 03:51:27,400
In a way that most Byzantine 
militia do not they show the 

4300
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:30,300
Byzantine Defenders how to shore
up damaged sections properly, 

4301
03:51:30,300 --> 03:51:34,400
how to create firing positions 
that provide cover, how to time 

4302
03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:37,300
counter-attacks, how to survive 
this kind of warfare. 

4303
03:51:37,300 --> 03:51:39,900
Their experience is valuable 
beyond measure. 

4304
03:51:39,900 --> 03:51:42,900
Giovanni. 
Justiniani becomes the de facto 

4305
03:51:42,900 --> 03:51:46,300
military commander of the entire
defense Constantine gives him 

4306
03:51:46,300 --> 03:51:48,900
Authority, gladly because 
justiniani knows what he is 

4307
03:51:48,900 --> 03:51:52,300
doing and Constantine is wise 
enough to delegate to experts. 

4308
03:51:53,100 --> 03:51:56,500
justiniani is everywhere, 
inspecting positions, directing 

4309
03:51:56,500 --> 03:52:00,000
repairs, moving reserves 
planning for assaults that have 

4310
03:52:00,000 --> 03:52:03,700
not happened yet but will He 
sleeps, perhaps three hours a 

4311
03:52:03,700 --> 03:52:06,800
night, he drives himself 
relentlessly and expects the 

4312
03:52:06,800 --> 03:52:08,600
same from everyone under his 
command. 

4313
03:52:09,500 --> 03:52:12,400
At night, you can hear music 
from the ottoman Camp, sometimes

4314
03:52:12,400 --> 03:52:17,200
drums and horns and singing. 
Sound carries across the empty 

4315
03:52:17,200 --> 03:52:19,100
ground between the camp and the 
walls. 

4316
03:52:19,100 --> 03:52:22,600
It is strange to think of the 
besiegers having normal evenings

4317
03:52:22,600 --> 03:52:26,300
making music cooking meals, 
living their lives, while 

4318
03:52:26,300 --> 03:52:29,400
preparing to kill you. 
Wore makes neighbors of enemies 

4319
03:52:29,400 --> 03:52:32,000
in odd ways. 
There are occasional assaults, 

4320
03:52:32,000 --> 03:52:34,800
small probing attacks where 
ottoman soldiers, rushed the 

4321
03:52:34,808 --> 03:52:37,900
walls with ladders trying to 
force their way over damaged 

4322
03:52:37,900 --> 03:52:40,700
sections. 
These are not serious attempts 

4323
03:52:40,700 --> 03:52:43,500
to take the city. 
They are tests probing for 

4324
03:52:43,500 --> 03:52:45,900
weaknesses. 
Forcing Defenders to react 

4325
03:52:45,900 --> 03:52:50,400
keeping everyone exhausted. 
When the alarm sounds you rush 

4326
03:52:50,400 --> 03:52:53,600
to your post, ottoman soldiers, 
appear at the base of the wall 

4327
03:52:53,600 --> 03:52:56,000
carrying ladders. 
They prop them against the 

4328
03:52:56,000 --> 03:52:59,300
stones and start climbing, you 
and other Defenders, throw down,

4329
03:52:59,300 --> 03:53:01,800
whatever. 
You can find rocks, broken 

4330
03:53:01,800 --> 03:53:05,800
Stones, pots of boiling water, 
heated, on braziers for exactly 

4331
03:53:05,800 --> 03:53:09,300
this purpose, arrows, and 
crossbow Bolts, from those who 

4332
03:53:09,300 --> 03:53:12,500
have ranged weapons, the ladders
are pushed away from the wall, 

4333
03:53:12,500 --> 03:53:16,000
they toppled backward, carrying 
men with them, the attackers 

4334
03:53:16,000 --> 03:53:18,500
retreat. 
Sometimes they take their dead 

4335
03:53:18,500 --> 03:53:21,700
with them, sometimes they leave 
bodies at the base of the wall 

4336
03:53:21,700 --> 03:53:23,800
until Nightfall when they can 
retrieve them safely. 

4337
03:53:23,800 --> 03:53:28,200
The whole thing might last 20 
minutes then it is over and you 

4338
03:53:28,200 --> 03:53:30,500
go back to waiting your hands, 
develop thick. 

4339
03:53:30,500 --> 03:53:33,000
Calluses from handling Stone and
Timber all day. 

4340
03:53:33,700 --> 03:53:36,800
Your shoulders ache constantly 
from lifting, Rubble your back 

4341
03:53:36,800 --> 03:53:39,600
hurts, from bending over. 
Repairs, you have lost weight. 

4342
03:53:39,600 --> 03:53:43,900
Everyone has the rations are 
adequate but not generous and 

4343
03:53:43,900 --> 03:53:46,500
you are burning more energy than
usual from the physical labor, 

4344
03:53:46,500 --> 03:53:49,600
and the constant tension. 
You learn to recognize the sound

4345
03:53:49,600 --> 03:53:51,700
of different canons by their 
reporter loan. 

4346
03:53:51,700 --> 03:53:55,400
The truly massive guns, make a 
deep, boom that you feel in your

4347
03:53:55,408 --> 03:53:57,700
chest before your ears process, 
it as sound. 

4348
03:53:58,500 --> 03:54:01,800
The medium cannons, crack 
sharply a sound that makes you 

4349
03:54:01,800 --> 03:54:03,700
Flinch even when you're 
expecting it. 

4350
03:54:03,700 --> 03:54:07,300
The smaller guns, make an almost
cheerful pop that seems out of 

4351
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:10,900
proportion to the damage they 
cause News arrives, occasionally

4352
03:54:10,900 --> 03:54:14,000
from the outside world brought 
by the few ships that managed to

4353
03:54:14,000 --> 03:54:15,800
slip through the ottoman Naval 
blockade. 

4354
03:54:15,800 --> 03:54:20,100
The news is always a mix of Hope
and disappointment, then this is

4355
03:54:20,108 --> 03:54:23,300
debating whether to send help 
the debate has been going on for

4356
03:54:23,300 --> 03:54:25,400
weeks. 
The pope is calling for a 

4357
03:54:25,400 --> 03:54:28,700
crusade, which is inspiring 
except the Crusades take months 

4358
03:54:28,700 --> 03:54:31,300
to organize and Constantinople 
needs help. 

4359
03:54:31,300 --> 03:54:34,900
Now, the Hungarian region is 
considering an attack on ottoman

4360
03:54:34,900 --> 03:54:38,000
positions in the Balkans to draw
off forces which would be 

4361
03:54:38,000 --> 03:54:39,800
wonderful. 
Except that considering is not 

4362
03:54:39,800 --> 03:54:42,800
the same as doing. 
None of this translates into 

4363
03:54:42,800 --> 03:54:46,100
actual soldiers or ships 
arriving at Constantinople, it 

4364
03:54:46,100 --> 03:54:48,000
is all very interesting and 
entirely useless. 

4365
03:54:48,000 --> 03:54:51,300
You listen to the news and try 
not to let your face show what 

4366
03:54:51,300 --> 03:54:53,900
you're thinking. 
Hope is important for morale, 

4367
03:54:53,900 --> 03:54:56,600
but too much hope can be as 
dangerous as despair. 

4368
03:54:57,600 --> 03:55:01,200
April becomes May. 
The weather improves the days 

4369
03:55:01,200 --> 03:55:04,900
grow longer and warmer spring, 
flowers bloom in gardens, that 

4370
03:55:04,900 --> 03:55:07,900
somehow continue their Cycles. 
Regardless of human violence. 

4371
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:12,000
The sky is blue and clear, the 
kind of weather that would be 

4372
03:55:12,008 --> 03:55:16,000
perfect for anything, except to 
Siege the bombardment continues.

4373
03:55:16,000 --> 03:55:19,500
Without pause the Great. 
Guns fire 7 or 8 times per day. 

4374
03:55:19,500 --> 03:55:23,000
The smaller guns fire more 
often, the walls continued to 

4375
03:55:23,000 --> 03:55:26,200
hold, but barely each day, The 
Defenders patch and repair, 

4376
03:55:26,200 --> 03:55:28,600
stuffing gaps with whatever 
material they can find. 

4377
03:55:28,600 --> 03:55:31,200
And each day the Cannons tear 
open new holes. 

4378
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:34,200
Constantine continues his daily 
visits. 

4379
03:55:34,200 --> 03:55:38,100
He has lost weight, too. 
His face is thinner more line. 

4380
03:55:38,100 --> 03:55:42,200
He looks older than he did two 
months ago, but he never misses 

4381
03:55:42,200 --> 03:55:44,900
a day. 
He walks the entire Circuit of 

4382
03:55:44,900 --> 03:55:48,700
walls talks to every section. 
Commander asks questions 

4383
03:55:48,700 --> 03:55:52,800
remember details from previous 
visits his presence matters, 

4384
03:55:52,800 --> 03:55:56,800
more than any tactical decision.
He makes you realize one evening

4385
03:55:56,800 --> 03:56:00,100
that you have stopped thinking 
about after there is only now, 

4386
03:56:00,100 --> 03:56:03,900
only the next day, the next 
repair, the next bombardment, 

4387
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:07,100
The Future Has compressed to 
hours and of years. 

4388
03:56:07,100 --> 03:56:10,400
This is probably not healthy, 
but it gets you through each 

4389
03:56:10,400 --> 03:56:12,900
day. 
The Golden Horn is the key to 

4390
03:56:12,900 --> 03:56:14,700
everything and everyone knows 
it. 

4391
03:56:15,500 --> 03:56:19,000
The harbor is perfect for 
defense a narrow inlet 7 miles 

4392
03:56:19,000 --> 03:56:21,800
long that curves along the 
northern shore of Constantinople

4393
03:56:21,800 --> 03:56:24,800
like a natural moat. 
It is deep enough for large 

4394
03:56:24,800 --> 03:56:28,200
ships protected from storms, by 
the surrounding Hills and easily

4395
03:56:28,200 --> 03:56:30,700
defensible with that massive 
chain stretched across its 

4396
03:56:30,700 --> 03:56:32,700
mouth. 
The chain itself is an 

4397
03:56:32,700 --> 03:56:35,500
engineering Marvel. 
Each link is as thick as a man's

4398
03:56:35,500 --> 03:56:39,200
thigh, forged from Iron 
connected in a continuous line 

4399
03:56:39,200 --> 03:56:42,000
that stretches nearly half a 
mile from Constantinople to the 

4400
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:44,900
Galata Shore. 
The chain is supported by 

4401
03:56:44,900 --> 03:56:48,200
floating logs, that keep it at 
the right depth, low enough? 

4402
03:56:48,200 --> 03:56:51,100
That ship's cannot sail over it 
high enough that they cannot 

4403
03:56:51,100 --> 03:56:54,300
easily dive under it. 
The ends are anchored to massive

4404
03:56:54,300 --> 03:56:58,000
Stone Towers on both Shores 
found around capstone's that can

4405
03:56:58,000 --> 03:56:59,800
tighten or loosen the chain as 
needed. 

4406
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:03,400
As long as the byzantines 
control the horn, they can 

4407
03:57:03,400 --> 03:57:06,300
receive supplies by C from any 
ships that managed to break 

4408
03:57:06,300 --> 03:57:07,800
through the ottoman Naval 
blockade. 

4409
03:57:07,800 --> 03:57:10,100
The docks on the Northern side 
of the city. 

4410
03:57:10,100 --> 03:57:14,700
Remained functional ships, can 
unload cargo, the defense has a 

4411
03:57:14,700 --> 03:57:17,400
Lifeline. 
However, tenuous emed 

4412
03:57:17,400 --> 03:57:20,400
understands this perfectly, he 
has tried multiple times to 

4413
03:57:20,400 --> 03:57:22,300
force the Chain by direct Naval 
assault. 

4414
03:57:22,300 --> 03:57:26,000
Ottoman War galleys row up to it
at full speed attempting to 

4415
03:57:26,000 --> 03:57:29,400
break through by sheer force. 
The results are uniformly, 

4416
03:57:29,400 --> 03:57:32,200
unsuccessful, the change 
stretches, but does not break 

4417
03:57:32,200 --> 03:57:35,300
ships, that hit it too. 
Hard damage their own hulls. 

4418
03:57:35,300 --> 03:57:38,200
The byzantines have cannons, 
positioned on the walls, 

4419
03:57:38,200 --> 03:57:41,100
overlooking the horn and they 
sink several ottoman vessels. 

4420
03:57:41,100 --> 03:57:44,500
During these attempts, one 
particularly ambitious, attack 

4421
03:57:44,500 --> 03:57:48,100
involves fire-ships vessels 
loaded with flammable material 

4422
03:57:48,100 --> 03:57:51,300
and set a light, steered toward 
the chain in hopes that the heat

4423
03:57:51,300 --> 03:57:55,600
will weaken the iron. 
The plan fails, the chain is too

4424
03:57:55,600 --> 03:57:58,800
massive, the fire ships burn 
themselves out without doing 

4425
03:57:58,800 --> 03:58:01,900
significant damage. 
The byzantines capture a few 

4426
03:58:01,908 --> 03:58:04,300
ottoman Sailors from the 
rectifier ships, and hang them 

4427
03:58:04,300 --> 03:58:06,500
from the walls in full view of 
the Ottoman camp. 

4428
03:58:07,300 --> 03:58:10,700
Mehmed orders his own prisoners 
executed in response, it is an 

4429
03:58:10,700 --> 03:58:13,600
ugly escalation that helps 
nobody but seems necessary to 

4430
03:58:13,600 --> 03:58:15,900
both sides. 
So mehmed decides to try 

4431
03:58:15,900 --> 03:58:18,200
something different. 
If he cannot go through the 

4432
03:58:18,200 --> 03:58:22,300
chain, he will go around it. 
North of Galata the land rises 

4433
03:58:22,300 --> 03:58:25,000
in gentle Hills covered with 
olive Groves and Vineyards. 

4434
03:58:25,000 --> 03:58:28,500
The hills are not particularly 
steep, but they are steep enough

4435
03:58:28,500 --> 03:58:31,000
that nobody has ever. 
Seriously considered them as a 

4436
03:58:31,000 --> 03:58:33,600
route for ships. 
Mehmed looks at those Hills and 

4437
03:58:33,600 --> 03:58:36,000
decides, they are steep enough 
to be considered impossible, 

4438
03:58:36,000 --> 03:58:38,400
which means nobody will be 
defending against the 

4439
03:58:38,400 --> 03:58:41,000
possibility. 
The orders, his Engineers to 

4440
03:58:41,000 --> 03:58:43,700
build a road over the hills from
the Bosphorus to the Golden Horn

4441
03:58:43,700 --> 03:58:47,700
behind Galata, not a road for 
people or horses a road for 

4442
03:58:47,708 --> 03:58:50,100
ships. 
The engineers think he has lost 

4443
03:58:50,100 --> 03:58:53,700
his mind but they follow orders,
they cut trees and lay them as 

4444
03:58:53,700 --> 03:58:56,100
cross beams. 
They Place Long Planks on top of

4445
03:58:56,100 --> 03:58:59,200
the Cross beams to create a 
smooth surface, the grease. 

4446
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:01,900
The planks with animal fat and 
soft soap to reduce friction, 

4447
03:59:01,900 --> 03:59:05,300
then they build rolling. 
Cradles enormous wooden 

4448
03:59:05,300 --> 03:59:07,600
structures that can support the 
weight of a war Galley. 

4449
03:59:07,600 --> 03:59:10,600
The cradles have rollers that 
run on the grease planks. 

4450
03:59:10,600 --> 03:59:13,900
A ship can be positioned in a 
cradle and then pulled or pushed

4451
03:59:13,900 --> 03:59:17,000
across the road by teams of oxen
and hundreds of men, the 

4452
03:59:17,000 --> 03:59:19,700
logistics are staggering each 
ship weighs tons. 

4453
03:59:19,700 --> 03:59:22,700
The road has to be strong enough
to support that weight without 

4454
03:59:22,700 --> 03:59:25,000
collapsing. 
The grade has to be carefully, 

4455
03:59:25,000 --> 03:59:28,300
calculated too steep and the 
ships will roll out of control 

4456
03:59:28,300 --> 03:59:31,400
to gradual and the effort to 
move them becomes impossible. 

4457
03:59:32,600 --> 03:59:36,700
On the night of April, the 22nd 
the operation begins ottoman. 

4458
03:59:36,700 --> 03:59:39,200
Cruise position their ships at 
the Bosphorus End of the Road 

4459
03:59:39,200 --> 03:59:43,100
teams of Oxnard hitched, to the 
cradles, hundreds of men, take 

4460
03:59:43,100 --> 03:59:46,400
up positions to push and guide. 
The first ship begins to move. 

4461
03:59:46,400 --> 03:59:48,400
You hear about this before you 
see it. 

4462
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:51,800
A messenger arrives at your 
section of wall in the early 

4463
03:59:51,800 --> 03:59:55,000
morning out of breath, from 
running, he's saying something 

4464
03:59:55,000 --> 03:59:57,500
impossible. 
Ships are being dragged over the

4465
03:59:57,500 --> 03:59:59,600
hills. 
You think he's had too much sun 

4466
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:02,600
or has lost his mind from 
stress, but other Messengers 

4467
04:00:02,600 --> 04:00:05,700
arrive, saying the same thing. 
Then, Constantine himself, 

4468
04:00:05,700 --> 04:00:09,100
appears climbing to the top of 
your section to see for himself.

4469
04:00:09,100 --> 04:00:13,200
You join him on the tower top. 
You look northward Galata and 

4470
04:00:13,200 --> 04:00:16,300
the hills beyond their moving 
across the landscape. 

4471
04:00:16,300 --> 04:00:19,700
In the Dorne lighter ship's, 
ottoman War galleys, moving 

4472
04:00:19,700 --> 04:00:23,500
across dry land, like some kind 
of fever dream, teams of oxen 

4473
04:00:23,500 --> 04:00:27,600
pulled them hundreds of men. 
Push from behind the ship's roll

4474
04:00:27,600 --> 04:00:29,500
on their cradles across the 
grease Road. 

4475
04:00:29,500 --> 04:00:33,600
Their hulls, gleaming Wars 
shipped neatly along their sides

4476
04:00:33,600 --> 04:00:38,100
moving slowly but definitely 
moving It looks like the world 

4477
04:00:38,100 --> 04:00:41,000
has lost its mind. 
It looks like someone has 

4478
04:00:41,000 --> 04:00:43,800
decided the normal rules of 
reality, no longer, apply. 

4479
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:48,600
Ships belong on water. 
Everyone knows this but there 

4480
04:00:48,600 --> 04:00:52,300
they are moving across Hills. 
Dozens of them one after 

4481
04:00:52,300 --> 04:00:55,700
another. 
Constantin watches and silence 

4482
04:00:55,700 --> 04:00:59,000
for a long time. 
Finally, he speaks his voice 

4483
04:00:59,000 --> 04:01:01,900
very quiet. 
He says something about mehmed 

4484
04:01:01,900 --> 04:01:04,100
being more clever than anyone 
gave him credit for. 

4485
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:08,900
Then he climbs down and begins 
issuing orders, the seawalls 

4486
04:01:08,900 --> 04:01:12,200
along the Golden Horn, need to 
be manned, immediately reserves 

4487
04:01:12,200 --> 04:01:15,900
need to be shifted. 
Everything Has Changed By the 

4488
04:01:15,900 --> 04:01:19,300
time, the sun is fully up. 
More than 70 ships are in the 

4489
04:01:19,300 --> 04:01:22,500
Golden Horn behind the chain 
inside the harbor. 

4490
04:01:22,500 --> 04:01:25,800
That was supposed to be 
completely safe. the Strategic 

4491
04:01:25,800 --> 04:01:29,800
situation changes in an instant 
Now, the byzantines have to 

4492
04:01:29,800 --> 04:01:32,700
defend the sea walls, along the 
horn walls that are lower and 

4493
04:01:32,700 --> 04:01:35,400
weaker than the, landlords 
because they were never supposed

4494
04:01:35,400 --> 04:01:39,300
to face a serious threat. 
Now, the Defenders have to split

4495
04:01:39,300 --> 04:01:41,500
their already inadequate forces 
to cover more ground. 

4496
04:01:41,500 --> 04:01:44,100
Now, there is no safe quarter of
the city. 

4497
04:01:44,100 --> 04:01:47,900
Everywhere is the front line, 
the sea walls, along the horn 

4498
04:01:47,900 --> 04:01:51,300
and nothing like the great 
landlords they perhaps 15 feet 

4499
04:01:51,300 --> 04:01:54,600
high in most places made of 
simple stone without the triple 

4500
04:01:54,600 --> 04:01:58,300
line of defense's protect 
against Smugglers and Pirates. 

4501
04:01:58,300 --> 04:02:00,700
Not against organized military 
assault. 

4502
04:02:01,500 --> 04:02:05,100
Some sections are in poor repair
the stones crumbling gaps. 

4503
04:02:05,100 --> 04:02:08,300
Never properly filled just in 
the Army has, to shift, nearly 

4504
04:02:08,300 --> 04:02:11,400
1000 Defenders to cover the 
horn, which means taking them 

4505
04:02:11,400 --> 04:02:13,600
from the land walls where 
they're desperately needed. 

4506
04:02:13,600 --> 04:02:17,400
It is a nightmare of logistics. 
Every Defender matters. 

4507
04:02:17,400 --> 04:02:20,100
Every section of wall is already
stretched too thin. 

4508
04:02:20,700 --> 04:02:22,600
Now, the forces have to be 
spread even thinner. 

4509
04:02:23,300 --> 04:02:25,800
The byzantines attempt to 
counter attack with fire ships 

4510
04:02:25,800 --> 04:02:28,100
of their own. 
Small vessels are loaded with 

4511
04:02:28,100 --> 04:02:30,500
pitch tar and anything else that
burns. 

4512
04:02:30,500 --> 04:02:33,700
They are set a light and steered
toward the ottoman Fleet now, 

4513
04:02:33,700 --> 04:02:38,000
anchored in the horn, Is to 
create chaos to destroy as many 

4514
04:02:38,000 --> 04:02:41,100
ships as possible to drive the 
Ottomans back out of the harbor.

4515
04:02:42,000 --> 04:02:45,300
The attack on most works the 
fire ships calls, genuine Panic.

4516
04:02:45,300 --> 04:02:49,000
Several ottoman galleys are 
damaged or destroyed flame. 

4517
04:02:49,000 --> 04:02:51,300
Spread from ship to ship in the 
crowded Harbor. 

4518
04:02:52,100 --> 04:02:54,600
For a few hours, it seems like 
the bazan teams might actually 

4519
04:02:54,600 --> 04:02:56,900
succeed. 
But the attack is not 

4520
04:02:56,900 --> 04:02:59,600
coordinated. 
Well, enough, some fire-ships 

4521
04:02:59,600 --> 04:03:01,800
launched two early others too 
late. 

4522
04:03:01,800 --> 04:03:04,700
The ottoman Fleet recovers more 
quickly than expected. 

4523
04:03:04,700 --> 04:03:07,700
They capture some of the 
fire-ship cruise before the men 

4524
04:03:07,700 --> 04:03:10,700
can escape, the execution has 
happened the next morning 

4525
04:03:10,700 --> 04:03:14,100
visible from the city walls 
Medford, make sure of that 

4526
04:03:14,100 --> 04:03:16,700
bodies are displayed the 
messages, clear? 

4527
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:18,900
This is what happens to those 
who resist. 

4528
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:22,800
Psychological impact of the 
ships in the horn is enormous. 

4529
04:03:22,800 --> 04:03:26,500
The Defenders thought they had 
at least one advantage, one area

4530
04:03:26,500 --> 04:03:29,900
where they were secure. 
Now, that is gone, there is no 

4531
04:03:29,900 --> 04:03:32,900
safe area anymore. 
The sense of being completely 

4532
04:03:32,900 --> 04:03:36,400
surrounded, completely besieged.
Settles over the city, like a 

4533
04:03:36,408 --> 04:03:40,200
weight Constantine orders 
church, bells, melted down to 

4534
04:03:40,200 --> 04:03:43,300
cast into cannonballs. 
It is a practical decision and 

4535
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:46,300
also a deeply symbolic one. 
The bells that have called the 

4536
04:03:46,300 --> 04:03:49,000
faithful to prayer for centuries
of being turned into ammunition,

4537
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:52,600
some people protest. 
How can you melt holy objects 

4538
04:03:52,600 --> 04:03:55,700
into weapons of war? 
Constantine explains that 

4539
04:03:55,700 --> 04:03:58,800
defending the city is itself. 
Holy work and the bells will 

4540
04:03:58,800 --> 04:04:01,500
serve, God better as projectiles
than a silent ornaments. 

4541
04:04:01,500 --> 04:04:05,400
If Constantinople Falls The 
metal from Bells is not ideal 

4542
04:04:05,400 --> 04:04:08,500
for this purpose, bronze is 
softer than iron and does not 

4543
04:04:08,500 --> 04:04:11,000
fly as true, but it is better 
than nothing. 

4544
04:04:11,000 --> 04:04:12,800
And nothing is what the 
Defenders. 

4545
04:04:12,800 --> 04:04:16,600
Have, plenty of the foundries 
work day and night, melting 

4546
04:04:16,600 --> 04:04:19,100
bells, and casting Spears of 
various sizes. 

4547
04:04:19,100 --> 04:04:23,600
The work is hot and dangerous, 
more than one Foundry, man is 

4548
04:04:23,600 --> 04:04:26,600
burned. 
When molten metal splashes Food 

4549
04:04:26,600 --> 04:04:28,400
starts to become genuinely 
scarce. 

4550
04:04:28,400 --> 04:04:32,000
Now, the fish catch from the 
mara drops because boats cannot 

4551
04:04:32,000 --> 04:04:35,300
go far from shore without being 
intercepted by ottoman ships. 

4552
04:04:36,100 --> 04:04:39,300
The Russians are cut again. 
People begin to look gaunt 

4553
04:04:39,300 --> 04:04:43,400
cheekbones become prominent. 
I seem larger and thinning faces

4554
04:04:43,400 --> 04:04:45,600
Children. 
Cry from Hunger, more, often 

4555
04:04:45,600 --> 04:04:47,900
fights break out occasionally 
over food. 

4556
04:04:47,900 --> 04:04:50,600
Someone accuses, a neighbor of 
hoarding supplies. 

4557
04:04:50,600 --> 04:04:53,800
The accusation is probably 
false, but hungry. 

4558
04:04:53,800 --> 04:04:56,900
People are not always rational 
the city watch has to intervene,

4559
04:04:56,900 --> 04:05:00,600
Constantine issues orders that 
anyone caught hoarding will have

4560
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:03,000
their supplies confiscated and 
redistributed. 

4561
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:06,800
This stops the worst of it but 
the underlying tension remains 

4562
04:05:06,800 --> 04:05:09,500
there are quiet to discussions 
about surrender. 

4563
04:05:09,500 --> 04:05:13,200
They happen in Corners. 
In Whispers people testing 

4564
04:05:13,200 --> 04:05:14,600
whether others feel the same 
way. 

4565
04:05:14,600 --> 04:05:18,000
Their meters sense. 
Several offers by now, he will 

4566
04:05:18,000 --> 04:05:21,100
let the population leave freely.
If they open the gates, you will

4567
04:05:21,100 --> 04:05:24,200
guarantee the safety of those 
who yield you will spare the 

4568
04:05:24,200 --> 04:05:26,200
city from sacking if they 
surrender now. 

4569
04:05:27,400 --> 04:05:30,300
Constantine listens to these 
proposals when they are related 

4570
04:05:30,300 --> 04:05:33,900
to him, he always refuses. 
He cannot surrender constant 

4571
04:05:33,900 --> 04:05:35,900
Noble the weight of History 
prevents it. 

4572
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:39,400
He is the heir to an Empire that
stretches back more than 1,000 

4573
04:05:39,400 --> 04:05:43,300
years to Rome itself to Emperors
who rule the known world. 

4574
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:47,000
That Heritage means he cannot 
simply open the gates and walk 

4575
04:05:47,000 --> 04:05:51,100
away, no matter how hopeless, 
the situation becomes, some 

4576
04:05:51,100 --> 04:05:54,200
people start to leave. 
Anyway, Slip out through small 

4577
04:05:54,200 --> 04:05:56,300
gates at night. 
When guards are distracted, or 

4578
04:05:56,300 --> 04:05:58,700
can be bribed. 
They swim across the Golden 

4579
04:05:58,700 --> 04:06:01,600
Horn, which is dangerous, but 
possible if you're desperate 

4580
04:06:01,600 --> 04:06:05,000
enough, They find other ways to 
escape because people always do 

4581
04:06:05,000 --> 04:06:07,900
when they are sufficiently 
motivated, those who escaped 

4582
04:06:07,900 --> 04:06:11,300
head for Galata hoping the 
genoes will shelter them, some 

4583
04:06:11,300 --> 04:06:13,100
are welcomed, some are turned 
away. 

4584
04:06:13,100 --> 04:06:16,600
The genoise are trying to 
maintain their neutrality, which

4585
04:06:16,600 --> 04:06:19,400
means not taking sides, which 
means being unhelpful to 

4586
04:06:19,400 --> 04:06:22,400
everyone equally Some refugees, 
make it further. 

4587
04:06:22,400 --> 04:06:25,600
Finding ships willing to take 
them away heading for Greek 

4588
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:28,000
Islands or Italian ports or 
anywhere. 

4589
04:06:28,000 --> 04:06:31,000
That is not here, the Defenders 
Who Remain grow harder. 

4590
04:06:31,000 --> 04:06:34,700
They know they are probably 
going to lose this knowledge 

4591
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:36,200
changes people in different 
ways. 

4592
04:06:36,200 --> 04:06:40,400
Some become Reckless, taking 
unnecessary risks, almost 

4593
04:06:40,400 --> 04:06:43,600
welcoming the chance to go down,
fighting better to lose with a 

4594
04:06:43,608 --> 04:06:45,500
weapon in hand than to wait for 
the inevitable. 

4595
04:06:46,300 --> 04:06:49,000
Others become more careful 
husbanding their strength 

4596
04:06:49,000 --> 04:06:51,100
determined to survive as long as
possible. 

4597
04:06:52,000 --> 04:06:54,900
Few become very quiet and 
withdrawn moving through their 

4598
04:06:54,900 --> 04:06:58,100
duties like ghosts present but 
not really there. 

4599
04:06:59,500 --> 04:07:02,200
You find yourself thinking about
strange things at odd moments, 

4600
04:07:02,200 --> 04:07:05,700
the way after noon, light falls 
on Old Stone, turning it gold 

4601
04:07:05,700 --> 04:07:09,900
and Amber the taste of good wine
which you have not had in weeks.

4602
04:07:09,900 --> 04:07:13,400
The sound, your mother's voice 
made when she sang years ago 

4603
04:07:13,400 --> 04:07:16,700
before she passed. 
These memories come unbidden, 

4604
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:19,100
while you're holding Rubble or 
standing, watch or trying to 

4605
04:07:19,100 --> 04:07:21,900
sleep new, let them come. 
Because they are better than 

4606
04:07:21,900 --> 04:07:25,500
thinking about what tomorrow 
might bring May continues the 

4607
04:07:25,500 --> 04:07:28,900
ottoman news Titans day by day 
the walls continued to hold. 

4608
04:07:28,900 --> 04:07:31,400
But everyone can see, they will 
not hold forever. 

4609
04:07:31,400 --> 04:07:35,000
It is only a matter of time. 
Now, the question is not if 

4610
04:07:35,000 --> 04:07:38,900
Constantinople will fall but 
when and whether any of you will

4611
04:07:38,900 --> 04:07:44,000
survive to see what comes after,
By late May the entire world has

4612
04:07:44,000 --> 04:07:47,600
narrowed to a very small space 
containing Stone cannon, fire 

4613
04:07:47,600 --> 04:07:50,200
exhaustion and the AK of 
insufficient food. 

4614
04:07:51,100 --> 04:07:52,300
You have lost significant 
weight. 

4615
04:07:52,300 --> 04:07:56,100
Everyone has your clothes hang 
loose on a frame that was never 

4616
04:07:56,100 --> 04:07:57,600
particularly large to begin 
with. 

4617
04:07:58,500 --> 04:08:01,800
Face, you see reflected in 
Stillwater looks older than it. 

4618
04:08:01,800 --> 04:08:06,200
Did three months ago, the skin 
drawn tight over bones Shadows 

4619
04:08:06,200 --> 04:08:07,800
under eyes that do not get 
enough sleep. 

4620
04:08:08,700 --> 04:08:11,500
The big ottoman Cannon's have 
been firing steadily for nearly 

4621
04:08:11,500 --> 04:08:14,800
two months. 
Now, Urban's greatest gun, that 

4622
04:08:14,800 --> 04:08:18,800
enormous 27 foot monster 
develops a crack in its Barrel 

4623
04:08:18,800 --> 04:08:21,800
on May 20th. 
The ottoman Engineers try to 

4624
04:08:21,800 --> 04:08:24,900
reinforce it with iron bands 
wrapping the barrel to contain 

4625
04:08:24,900 --> 04:08:27,500
the stress. 
The works for two more days on 

4626
04:08:27,500 --> 04:08:30,900
May 22nd the gun fires, its 
final shot, the barrels 

4627
04:08:30,900 --> 04:08:34,700
catastrophically, The explosion 
kills, Urban himself. 

4628
04:08:34,700 --> 04:08:38,400
And most of his crew when word 
reaches the city, The Defenders 

4629
04:08:38,400 --> 04:08:41,200
cheer, you find yourself 
cheering along with everyone 

4630
04:08:41,200 --> 04:08:45,200
else and feel strange about it. 
You're celebrating a man's death

4631
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:47,100
which should bother you more 
than it does. 

4632
04:08:47,100 --> 04:08:50,400
But one less super weapon is one
less thing trying to kill you 

4633
04:08:50,400 --> 04:08:53,300
and that matters more than 
philosophical questions about 

4634
04:08:53,300 --> 04:08:56,300
the value of human life. 
The cheering dies down quickly 

4635
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:58,600
anyway because mehmed has plenty
of other canons. 

4636
04:08:58,600 --> 04:09:02,900
The bombardment continues almost
without pause the Great Guns 

4637
04:09:02,900 --> 04:09:04,600
fire. 
Perhaps six times per day. 

4638
04:09:04,600 --> 04:09:07,700
Now in stead of seven because 
some are showing signs of metal 

4639
04:09:07,700 --> 04:09:10,700
fatigue and the engineers want 
them to last, the medium 

4640
04:09:10,700 --> 04:09:14,700
cannons, fire more frequently, 
the small guns fire constantly, 

4641
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:17,300
a steady harassment. 
That never lets defend his 

4642
04:09:17,300 --> 04:09:20,200
relaxed, the walls. 
Develop a patchwork appearance. 

4643
04:09:20,200 --> 04:09:22,700
That would be fascinating if it 
were not so terrifying. 

4644
04:09:23,500 --> 04:09:26,300
Original theodosian stonework 
from 1,000 years ago. 

4645
04:09:26,300 --> 04:09:30,100
Sits next to repairs made last 
week, some sections have been 

4646
04:09:30,100 --> 04:09:33,500
rebuilt three or four times the 
Masons work with whatever 

4647
04:09:33,500 --> 04:09:37,100
material they can find in places
the repairs incorporate, 

4648
04:09:37,100 --> 04:09:40,200
gravestones, pulled from 
cemeteries column capitals from 

4649
04:09:40,200 --> 04:09:42,900
ruined buildings. 
Ornamental, stonework, from 

4650
04:09:42,900 --> 04:09:45,100
churches that are themselves 
falling apart. 

4651
04:09:45,900 --> 04:09:48,300
The walls become an 
archaeological record of their 

4652
04:09:48,300 --> 04:09:51,500
own destruction and rebuilding 
each layer telling the story of 

4653
04:09:51,500 --> 04:09:54,600
a different days damage, 
Constantine, the 11th is 

4654
04:09:54,600 --> 04:09:58,700
everywhere, he sleeps, perhaps, 
three hours a night, maybe less 

4655
04:09:58,700 --> 04:10:02,700
he visits every section of wall,
at least once per day, often 

4656
04:10:02,700 --> 04:10:05,200
twice, he knows every Defender 
by name. 

4657
04:10:05,200 --> 04:10:08,700
Now, he shares food from his own
rations with soldiers who look 

4658
04:10:08,700 --> 04:10:11,400
ready to collapse. 
He is not a brilliant military 

4659
04:10:11,400 --> 04:10:14,600
mind, he is not a political 
genius, who can negotiate his 

4660
04:10:14,600 --> 04:10:17,500
way out of this. 
What he is, is a man who 

4661
04:10:17,500 --> 04:10:20,400
absolutely refuses to quit the 
Defenders. 

4662
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:22,200
Love him for it. 
In a way that is both 

4663
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:25,400
heartbreaking and inspiring. 
Justiniani. 

4664
04:10:25,400 --> 04:10:28,200
The generous Commander is the 
Tactical brain of the operation.

4665
04:10:28,200 --> 04:10:32,000
He understands Siege Warfare in 
ways that Constantine does not 

4666
04:10:32,000 --> 04:10:34,500
in ways that most of the 
Defenders do not. 

4667
04:10:34,500 --> 04:10:37,500
He knows where to place 
reserves, so they can respond 

4668
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:40,400
quickly to multiple threats. 
He knows how to time 

4669
04:10:40,400 --> 04:10:43,600
counter-attacks to throw 
assaults off balance, he knows 

4670
04:10:43,600 --> 04:10:45,200
when to fall back, to save 
lives. 

4671
04:10:45,200 --> 04:10:47,500
And when to hold, because, 
giving up, ground will Cascade 

4672
04:10:47,500 --> 04:10:51,900
into disaster, he is wounded 
twice in early May once by a 

4673
04:10:51,900 --> 04:10:54,600
crossbow bolt that goes through 
his shoulder once by Falling 

4674
04:10:54,600 --> 04:10:58,400
stones from a Canon impact, Both
times he refuses to leave the 

4675
04:10:58,400 --> 04:11:01,200
walls for more than the time. 
Absolutely necessary to bandage 

4676
04:11:01,200 --> 04:11:04,800
the wounds, he keeps working. 
He keeps planning, he keeps 

4677
04:11:04,800 --> 04:11:07,500
moving reserves and directing 
repairs and doing all the things

4678
04:11:07,500 --> 04:11:08,800
that keep the defense 
functional. 

4679
04:11:08,800 --> 04:11:12,200
The weather turns properly hot 
as May progress to toward June 

4680
04:11:12,200 --> 04:11:15,100
summer. 
Has arriving the smell of the 

4681
04:11:15,100 --> 04:11:17,100
city changes in ways that are 
not pleasant. 

4682
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:20,800
Sanitation becomes difficult 
with so many people crowded 

4683
04:11:20,800 --> 04:11:24,700
inside the walls supplies, 
limited normal systems breaking 

4684
04:11:24,700 --> 04:11:27,000
down. 
Disease starts to spread. 

4685
04:11:27,000 --> 04:11:30,800
Nothing epidemic yet but 
dysentery appears minor fevers 

4686
04:11:30,800 --> 04:11:34,000
that could become serious 
infections from wounds that do 

4687
04:11:34,000 --> 04:11:36,400
not heal properly because people
are not getting enough food to 

4688
04:11:36,400 --> 04:11:39,700
recover the systems remained 
full so clean water is 

4689
04:11:39,700 --> 04:11:41,700
available. 
This saves the city from the 

4690
04:11:41,700 --> 04:11:44,500
worst of it. 
Dysentery and typhoid spread 

4691
04:11:44,500 --> 04:11:47,600
through contaminated water. 
And constantinople's ancient 

4692
04:11:47,600 --> 04:11:50,900
water supply system prevents 
that particular disaster. 

4693
04:11:50,900 --> 04:11:55,100
People can still drink without 
fear, they can still wash at 

4694
04:11:55,100 --> 04:11:58,100
least after a fashion. 
This one piece of functioning 

4695
04:11:58,100 --> 04:12:00,400
infrastructure matters, more 
than you would think possible. 

4696
04:12:00,400 --> 04:12:03,500
There are still moments of 
ordinary life scattered through 

4697
04:12:03,500 --> 04:12:06,700
the seed, like Unexpected Grace 
notes in a funeral March. 

4698
04:12:07,500 --> 04:12:09,800
A baker somehow manages to 
produce bread. 

4699
04:12:09,800 --> 04:12:13,000
That is actually good. 
Not just adequate and people 

4700
04:12:13,000 --> 04:12:16,400
line up for hours to buy it. 
The line stretches down the 

4701
04:12:16,400 --> 04:12:20,800
street people wait patiently not
talking much just standing 

4702
04:12:20,800 --> 04:12:22,900
together in something that feels
almost normal. 

4703
04:12:23,600 --> 04:12:26,800
Someone organizes a wedding in a
small Church near the cherishes 

4704
04:12:26,800 --> 04:12:28,700
gate. 
The couple looks impossibly 

4705
04:12:28,700 --> 04:12:32,300
young, the bride, perhaps 17, 
the groom may be 19. 

4706
04:12:33,200 --> 04:12:36,900
They look terrified and happy in
equal measure, life continues. 

4707
04:12:36,900 --> 04:12:40,300
Even during sieges people make 
promises to each other about 

4708
04:12:40,300 --> 04:12:44,300
Futures, that may not exist. 
The church is full people cried.

4709
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:47,000
During the ceremony their 
weather from Joy or sorrow is 

4710
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:49,600
unclear. 
Children can continue to play in

4711
04:12:49,600 --> 04:12:51,800
the streets though. 
They games have changed. 

4712
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:55,900
They play it defending walls and
firing cannons and being brave 

4713
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:57,900
Soldiers. 
They turn the siege into 

4714
04:12:57,908 --> 04:13:00,000
something with rules. 
They can understand something 

4715
04:13:00,000 --> 04:13:02,600
manageable. 
You watch them sometimes and 

4716
04:13:02,600 --> 04:13:05,000
wonder what kind of adults they 
will become if they survive 

4717
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:06,800
this, what scars? 
They will carry. 

4718
04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:08,400
That will not be visible to 
anyone. 

4719
04:13:09,900 --> 04:13:11,400
The nightly religious 
processions. 

4720
04:13:11,400 --> 04:13:14,900
Continue icons are carried 
through the streets with candles

4721
04:13:14,900 --> 04:13:18,500
and chanting the hardiest of 
fear holds services that go on 

4722
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:21,500
for hours, people, praying and 
shifts, because there is always 

4723
04:13:21,500 --> 04:13:25,000
someone who needs to pray. 
Faith becomes both comfort and 

4724
04:13:25,000 --> 04:13:27,400
weapon a way to keep going when 
nothing else. 

4725
04:13:27,400 --> 04:13:29,600
Makes sense. 
Some people pray for 

4726
04:13:29,608 --> 04:13:33,400
deliverance, some pray for 
courage, some just pray because 

4727
04:13:33,400 --> 04:13:35,900
the alternative is to sit in 
darkness with their thoughts. 

4728
04:13:36,700 --> 04:13:39,600
Mehmed sends envoys, 
periodically, with new surrender

4729
04:13:39,600 --> 04:13:43,600
offers the terms shifts slightly
each time, becoming marginally 

4730
04:13:43,600 --> 04:13:45,400
less generous as The Siege 
continues. 

4731
04:13:45,400 --> 04:13:48,300
He will spare the population. 
If they surrender immediately, 

4732
04:13:48,300 --> 04:13:50,700
he will let people keep some of 
their property. 

4733
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:53,000
He will guarantee the safety of 
churches. 

4734
04:13:53,000 --> 04:13:56,300
Each offer a slightly worse than
the last because mermaids 

4735
04:13:56,300 --> 04:13:59,700
position improves daily while 
constantinople's deteriorate 

4736
04:13:59,700 --> 04:14:03,900
Constantine listens politely and
always says, no, there is a 

4737
04:14:03,908 --> 04:14:07,300
dance to these negotiations, 
both sides knowing their going 

4738
04:14:07,300 --> 04:14:10,300
through motions saying, words 
that need to be said, even 

4739
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:13,500
though nothing will change the 
envoys are always treated with 

4740
04:14:13,500 --> 04:14:15,700
curtisy. 
They give him food, and water, 

4741
04:14:15,700 --> 04:14:19,700
allowed to rest, sent back with 
respectful messages, but the 

4742
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:23,200
answer is always the same know, 
the ottoman assaults, become 

4743
04:14:23,200 --> 04:14:26,500
more frequent and more serious. 
They are no longer just probes 

4744
04:14:26,500 --> 04:14:30,000
here, genuine attempts, to force
a breach, to find the breaking 

4745
04:14:30,000 --> 04:14:32,400
point. 
One night, they attack three 

4746
04:14:32,400 --> 04:14:35,000
different sections 
simultaneously heating the 

4747
04:14:35,000 --> 04:14:37,600
Romanus gate. 
The krishnas gate and the Sea 

4748
04:14:37,600 --> 04:14:39,600
walls along the horn all at 
once. 

4749
04:14:40,400 --> 04:14:42,000
Several hours. 
It seems they might actually 

4750
04:14:42,000 --> 04:14:44,800
break through at the Romanus 
gate, where the walls are most 

4751
04:14:44,808 --> 04:14:47,200
damaged. 
Just in the Army leads a 

4752
04:14:47,200 --> 04:14:49,500
counter-attack. 
Personally, he takes every 

4753
04:14:49,500 --> 04:14:52,000
Reserve, he has and hits the 
Ottomans in the flank while they

4754
04:14:52,008 --> 04:14:55,300
are climbing, ladders. 
Fighting is desperate and 

4755
04:14:55,300 --> 04:14:58,100
closed. 
Men grapple on top of walls 

4756
04:14:58,100 --> 04:15:00,600
knives. 
Work better than swords in the 

4757
04:15:00,600 --> 04:15:03,700
confined space. 
The counterattacks exceeds the 

4758
04:15:03,700 --> 04:15:07,300
ottomans are thrown back but it 
is close closer than anyone 

4759
04:15:07,300 --> 04:15:10,400
wants to admit you learn things 
about yourself during these 

4760
04:15:10,400 --> 04:15:13,100
weeks that you never wanted to 
know you learn that you can 

4761
04:15:13,100 --> 04:15:15,600
function on three hours of sleep
per night for weeks. 

4762
04:15:15,600 --> 04:15:19,100
At a time, you learn how to spot
which stones and a wall are 

4763
04:15:19,100 --> 04:15:21,500
about to fail by tiny 
differences in the way they 

4764
04:15:21,500 --> 04:15:23,800
sound. 
When taped You learn how to 

4765
04:15:23,808 --> 04:15:27,400
sleep standing up for 10 minutes
at a time leaning against a wall

4766
04:15:27,400 --> 04:15:29,400
jerking awake. 
When your knees start to buckle,

4767
04:15:29,400 --> 04:15:32,400
you learn how to keep working 
when your hands are bleeding and

4768
04:15:32,400 --> 04:15:35,500
you're so tired, you can barely 
form coherent thoughts, you 

4769
04:15:35,500 --> 04:15:38,000
learn how to watch men lose and 
then go back to your post 

4770
04:15:38,000 --> 04:15:40,900
because that is what you do. 
That is what everyone does. 

4771
04:15:40,900 --> 04:15:44,800
There is no alternative some of 
the younger Defenders have never

4772
04:15:44,800 --> 04:15:47,100
seen combat. 
Before this Siege, they learn 

4773
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:50,200
fast or they pass. 
There is not much Middle Ground.

4774
04:15:50,200 --> 04:15:53,800
A boy of perhaps 17 is posted 
near you when the siege begins 

4775
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:57,500
on his first day, he vomits from
Fear before an assault even 

4776
04:15:57,500 --> 04:16:00,500
starts by week 3. 
He is steadier than soldiers 

4777
04:16:00,500 --> 04:16:03,900
twice his age by week. 
Six years, dead crushed by 

4778
04:16:03,900 --> 04:16:06,400
Falling masonry. 
When a cannonball hits the tower

4779
04:16:06,400 --> 04:16:09,700
above him, you help his body 
from the rubble and realize you 

4780
04:16:09,700 --> 04:16:12,100
never learned his name. 
This bothers you more than it, 

4781
04:16:12,100 --> 04:16:14,600
probably should. 
But there is no time to dwell on

4782
04:16:14,600 --> 04:16:17,200
it because the Cannons are still
firing and there is more work to

4783
04:16:17,200 --> 04:16:20,400
do. 
At night, the ottoman campfires 

4784
04:16:20,400 --> 04:16:23,400
stretch across the Western 
approaches like a Galaxy they 

4785
04:16:23,400 --> 04:16:26,300
spread in every direction. 
As far as you can see, thousands

4786
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:29,500
of fires tens of thousands and 
you know each fire represents 

4787
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:32,400
men who are eating better than 
you are who have supplies and 

4788
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:36,100
reinforcements who have time on 
their side, you try not to think

4789
04:16:36,100 --> 04:16:39,700
about it too much thinking 
about, it does not help food is 

4790
04:16:39,700 --> 04:16:42,900
now genuinely scarce in ways 
that affect everything, the 

4791
04:16:42,900 --> 04:16:44,400
rations are cut. 
A third time. 

4792
04:16:44,400 --> 04:16:47,900
People begin to look skeletal 
the very young and the Very Old 

4793
04:16:47,900 --> 04:16:50,400
suffer. 
Most some of the elderly simply 

4794
04:16:50,400 --> 04:16:51,900
sit down one day and do not get 
up. 

4795
04:16:51,900 --> 04:16:54,900
They are not injured, they are 
not sick in any conventional 

4796
04:16:54,900 --> 04:16:57,500
sense. 
They're just done, their bodies 

4797
04:16:57,500 --> 04:16:59,900
have run out of what ever 
reserves people have and they 

4798
04:16:59,900 --> 04:17:02,000
pass quietly often in their 
sleep. 

4799
04:17:02,800 --> 04:17:05,600
There are quiet conversations at
night about how long the stores 

4800
04:17:05,600 --> 04:17:08,000
will last. 
Different people have different 

4801
04:17:08,000 --> 04:17:11,300
estimates depending on what they
know about the grain is and how 

4802
04:17:11,300 --> 04:17:14,400
they calculate consumption. 
None of the numbers are good. 

4803
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:17,300
Best case the city can hold out 
another six weeks. 

4804
04:17:17,300 --> 04:17:20,400
Worst case, three weeks before 
people start Starving in 

4805
04:17:20,400 --> 04:17:24,300
earnest, Truth is probably 
somewhere in between mehmed 

4806
04:17:24,300 --> 04:17:26,300
knows this. 
He can see it from his ten. 

4807
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:29,100
Spies and deserters bring him 
information. 

4808
04:17:29,100 --> 04:17:32,600
He knows the food situation. 
He knows the Defenders are 

4809
04:17:32,608 --> 04:17:34,500
exhausted. 
He knows the walls have been 

4810
04:17:34,508 --> 04:17:37,500
pounded for nearly two months 
and are more patched than 

4811
04:17:37,500 --> 04:17:39,500
original Stone in critical 
sections. 

4812
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:43,000
He begins preparing for a final,
massive assault. 

4813
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:45,600
The preparations are visible 
from the walls. 

4814
04:17:45,600 --> 04:17:48,300
Ottoman forces start 
concentrating opposite. 

4815
04:17:48,300 --> 04:17:51,200
The Romanus gate Supply dumps 
grow larger. 

4816
04:17:52,000 --> 04:17:53,900
Such ladders are constructed by 
the hundreds. 

4817
04:17:53,900 --> 04:17:57,700
Everyone knows what is coming. 
June approaches. 

4818
04:17:57,700 --> 04:18:00,100
The Siege is entering its third 
month. 

4819
04:18:00,100 --> 04:18:03,600
Everyone is exhausted. 
The walls are holding by a 

4820
04:18:03,600 --> 04:18:07,500
combination of constant, repairs
and sheer stubbornness The 

4821
04:18:07,500 --> 04:18:10,500
Defenders are running on 
Willpower and not much else, the

4822
04:18:10,500 --> 04:18:13,500
end is approaching. 
You can feel it in the air in 

4823
04:18:13,500 --> 04:18:16,400
the way people move in the 
conversations that trail off 

4824
04:18:16,400 --> 04:18:21,000
into silence the night of May 
28th to May 29th, is the 

4825
04:18:21,000 --> 04:18:23,200
quietest night of the entire 
Siege. 

4826
04:18:23,200 --> 04:18:25,400
The ottoman Camp, is almost 
silent. 

4827
04:18:25,400 --> 04:18:30,600
No music, no shouting, just the 
Loma of perhaps 100,000 men 

4828
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:31,900
preparing for something 
enormous. 

4829
04:18:33,000 --> 04:18:36,200
Inside Constantinople. 
Everyone knows what the silence 

4830
04:18:36,200 --> 04:18:38,400
means. 
This is not a mystery that 

4831
04:18:38,400 --> 04:18:41,900
requires explanation when an 
army goes quiet after months, of

4832
04:18:41,908 --> 04:18:45,800
noise, when campfires burn low, 
when the usual, sounds of Camp. 

4833
04:18:45,800 --> 04:18:48,000
Life disappear. 
It means preparation. 

4834
04:18:48,000 --> 04:18:52,100
It means tomorrow. 
Constantine calls his commanders

4835
04:18:52,100 --> 04:18:55,000
together in the evening, the 
meeting is held in a room near 

4836
04:18:55,000 --> 04:18:57,700
the Romanus gate. 
There is no formal speech 

4837
04:18:57,700 --> 04:18:59,200
because everyone knows what 
needs to be. 

4838
04:18:59,208 --> 04:19:01,900
Said the emperor. 
Thanks his commanders for their 

4839
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:05,200
service, he apologizes for not 
having more resources to give 

4840
04:19:05,208 --> 04:19:07,300
them. 
He says that whatever happens 

4841
04:19:07,300 --> 04:19:10,000
tomorrow they have already 
proven themselves, they have 

4842
04:19:10,008 --> 04:19:11,800
held far longer than anyone 
expected. 

4843
04:19:11,800 --> 04:19:16,200
They have an everything asked of
them and more justiniani takes 

4844
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:17,900
command of the Romanus gate 
section. 

4845
04:19:17,900 --> 04:19:20,600
Where the main assault will 
almost certainly fall. 

4846
04:19:21,300 --> 04:19:23,200
Other commanders spread out 
along the walls. 

4847
04:19:23,200 --> 04:19:27,500
Byzantine soldiers generous 
volunteers, whoever can stand 

4848
04:19:27,500 --> 04:19:30,500
and hold a weapon is a signed, a
post every Defender. 

4849
04:19:30,500 --> 04:19:33,500
Who can possibly fight his at 
his position, there are no 

4850
04:19:33,508 --> 04:19:36,400
reserves left, everything is 
committed to the walls. 

4851
04:19:36,400 --> 04:19:39,500
The city empties in to the 
hockey Sophia for a final 

4852
04:19:39,500 --> 04:19:43,400
service Orthodox and Catholic 
pray together, setting aside 

4853
04:19:43,400 --> 04:19:46,600
months of theological arguments 
about philiac Clauses and people

4854
04:19:46,600 --> 04:19:48,800
Authority because none of it 
matters anymore. 

4855
04:19:49,600 --> 04:19:53,600
The great Dome Echoes with hymns
in Greek and Latin candles, fill

4856
04:19:53,600 --> 04:19:56,000
the interior with wavering 
light, that makes the Mosaic 

4857
04:19:56,000 --> 04:19:58,000
seem to move. 
Saints. 

4858
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:01,500
Look down from the walls with 
calm faces, as if violence and 

4859
04:20:01,500 --> 04:20:03,300
death, a temporary concerns 
beneath. 

4860
04:20:03,300 --> 04:20:06,400
Their notice Constantine is 
there praying with his people 

4861
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:09,900
kneeling on Stone that has been 
worn Smooth by 1000 years of 

4862
04:20:09,900 --> 04:20:13,100
pilgrims, then he rises and 
leaves to take his place on the 

4863
04:20:13,100 --> 04:20:15,300
walls. 
He removes some of his Imperial 

4864
04:20:15,300 --> 04:20:18,400
regalia The heavy Crown is Left 
Behind. 

4865
04:20:18,400 --> 04:20:21,300
The ornamental robes are 
exchanged for armor. 

4866
04:20:21,300 --> 04:20:24,000
He will fight as a soldier, not 
as a symbol. 

4867
04:20:24,700 --> 04:20:27,100
You stand at your post and watch
the East for Dawn. 

4868
04:20:27,100 --> 04:20:29,500
The stone Beneath Your Hands is 
cool. 

4869
04:20:29,500 --> 04:20:32,500
The air smells of the sea and 
smoke and something else. 

4870
04:20:32,500 --> 04:20:35,600
Something sharp that might be 
fear, or might be the particular

4871
04:20:35,600 --> 04:20:38,100
smell of a city that knows it is
about to change. 

4872
04:20:38,800 --> 04:20:42,900
Other Defenders stand nearby. 
Not talking, just present, there

4873
04:20:42,900 --> 04:20:43,900
is nothing. 
Left to say. 

4874
04:20:43,900 --> 04:20:47,600
That has not been said already. 
The assault begins in the 

4875
04:20:47,600 --> 04:20:50,400
pre-dawn darkness when the light
is just strong enough to see 

4876
04:20:50,400 --> 04:20:52,500
shapes but not strong enough to 
aim. 

4877
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:56,600
Well, The ottoman Irregulars. 
Come first, thousands of them 

4878
04:20:56,600 --> 04:20:59,300
wave, after wave of poorly 
equipped men. 

4879
04:20:59,300 --> 04:21:02,000
Given simple orders, go. 
Forward carry. 

4880
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:04,600
Ladders get over the walls or 
lose trying. 

4881
04:21:04,600 --> 04:21:06,500
They are not expected to 
succeed. 

4882
04:21:06,500 --> 04:21:10,500
Their expected to exhaust The 
Defenders to use up arrows and 

4883
04:21:10,500 --> 04:21:13,700
bolts to identify weak points by
dying at them. 

4884
04:21:13,700 --> 04:21:17,500
They pass in enormous numbers, 
the ladders go up against the 

4885
04:21:17,500 --> 04:21:21,500
walls Defenders, push them away,
the ladders fall backward, 

4886
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:25,800
carrying men with them, other 
ladders go up attackers, climb 

4887
04:21:25,800 --> 04:21:29,800
frantically Defenders Throw Down
rocks, pour down containers of 

4888
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:32,700
boiling water that has been 
heated on braziers for exactly 

4889
04:21:32,700 --> 04:21:35,600
this purpose. 
Shoot down, arrows and crossbow 

4890
04:21:35,600 --> 04:21:37,500
bolts. 
The attackers keep coming 

4891
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:40,700
because they have no choice. 
Their own officers are behind 

4892
04:21:40,700 --> 04:21:43,100
them with orders to execute. 
Anyone who retreats? 

4893
04:21:43,800 --> 04:21:48,100
This goes on for two hours, 
bodies pile up at the base of 

4894
04:21:48,100 --> 04:21:51,300
the walls, some sections have 
mounds of dead three or four 

4895
04:21:51,300 --> 04:21:53,400
deep. 
The ladders are slippery with 

4896
04:21:53,400 --> 04:21:56,900
blood men, climb over corpses to
reach the next ladder. 

4897
04:21:56,900 --> 04:21:59,000
The Defenders are already 
exhausted. 

4898
04:21:59,000 --> 04:22:02,300
When the second wave comes the 
second wave consists of better 

4899
04:22:02,300 --> 04:22:04,500
trained troops. 
Provincial soldiers from 

4900
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:07,800
Anatolia men who actually know 
what they're doing, they 

4901
04:22:07,800 --> 04:22:10,800
coordinate their attacks better.
They hit multiple points 

4902
04:22:10,800 --> 04:22:13,800
simultaneously, they push harder
and more intelligently. 

4903
04:22:13,800 --> 04:22:17,100
The fighting becomes desperate 
in ways the first wave was not 

4904
04:22:17,900 --> 04:22:21,500
Sections of wall, change hands, 
briefly Defenders, push the 

4905
04:22:21,500 --> 04:22:24,500
Ottomans back, the Ottomans 
surged forward again, it is 

4906
04:22:24,508 --> 04:22:27,500
chaos and violence and noise 
beyond anything you've 

4907
04:22:27,500 --> 04:22:30,700
experienced in your life. 
Then the janissaries come the 

4908
04:22:30,700 --> 04:22:33,900
elite corps, the best soldiers 
in the ottoman Army, fresh and 

4909
04:22:33,900 --> 04:22:35,800
rested. 
While the Defenders are falling 

4910
04:22:35,800 --> 04:22:37,800
over from exhaustion. 
They hit. 

4911
04:22:37,808 --> 04:22:39,900
The Romanus gate with 
overwhelming Force. 

4912
04:22:39,900 --> 04:22:42,600
They come with discipline and 
coordination that the previous 

4913
04:22:42,600 --> 04:22:45,700
waves lacked. 
They work in units, they support

4914
04:22:45,700 --> 04:22:47,500
each other. 
They press advantages, 

4915
04:22:47,500 --> 04:22:50,800
immediately justiniani fights 
like something from Legend. 

4916
04:22:50,800 --> 04:22:54,300
He is everywhere at once. 
Organizing counter-attacks 

4917
04:22:54,300 --> 04:22:56,500
directing reserves to threatened
points. 

4918
04:22:56,500 --> 04:22:59,900
Personally, fighting in the 
worst of the combat, he kills 

4919
04:22:59,900 --> 04:23:03,500
several attackers himself. 
He inspires Defenders by pure 

4920
04:23:03,500 --> 04:23:05,900
presence. 
This is what competence looks 

4921
04:23:05,900 --> 04:23:07,700
like. 
This is what leadership means, 

4922
04:23:07,700 --> 04:23:12,300
but competence has limits when 
facing over numbers across boat 

4923
04:23:12,300 --> 04:23:15,000
hits, just anywhere in the chest
or shoulder. 

4924
04:23:15,000 --> 04:23:18,200
The exact location is never 
entirely clear in the confusion.

4925
04:23:18,200 --> 04:23:21,900
The wound is serious. 
Goes down his men carry him from

4926
04:23:21,900 --> 04:23:23,600
the walls trying to get him to 
safety. 

4927
04:23:23,600 --> 04:23:26,100
Trying to save him, his 
departure breaks something, 

4928
04:23:26,100 --> 04:23:29,300
fundamental The Defenders see 
their Commander being Carried 

4929
04:23:29,300 --> 04:23:31,400
away. 
Blood soaking through bandages, 

4930
04:23:31,400 --> 04:23:35,000
possibly dying and something in 
the collective will cracks. 

4931
04:23:35,000 --> 04:23:38,500
It is not a complete collapse. 
It is not cowardice. 

4932
04:23:38,500 --> 04:23:42,200
It is just the recognition that 
the situation is hopeless and 

4933
04:23:42,200 --> 04:23:45,700
continuing to fight changes 
nothing, the janissary sensitive

4934
04:23:45,700 --> 04:23:49,000
instantly, they push harder. 
More ladders, go up, more men 

4935
04:23:49,000 --> 04:23:52,900
climb Defenders, try to hold but
there are too many attackers and

4936
04:23:52,900 --> 04:23:55,900
too few Defenders, and everyone 
is beyond exhausted. 

4937
04:23:57,000 --> 04:24:00,000
A small group of Janice series 
finds a small gate called the 

4938
04:24:00,000 --> 04:24:03,000
krka porter near the Northern 
end of the land walls. 

4939
04:24:03,700 --> 04:24:06,100
Someone forgot to lock it 
properly or perhaps it was 

4940
04:24:06,108 --> 04:24:09,700
damaged in the bombardment and 
would not lock accounts differ. 

4941
04:24:10,500 --> 04:24:12,800
What matters is that? 
The gate is not secured. 

4942
04:24:12,800 --> 04:24:15,300
A few dozen janissaries. 
Get inside. 

4943
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:19,300
It is not a huge breach. 
It is not a flood of attack as 

4944
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:21,900
pouring through. 
It is just a few dozen men in a 

4945
04:24:21,900 --> 04:24:24,200
place, they should not be. 
But it is enough. 

4946
04:24:24,200 --> 04:24:28,300
They open a larger gate from the
inside, more ottoman forces. 

4947
04:24:28,300 --> 04:24:31,300
Pull through. 
The defense begins to collapse 

4948
04:24:31,300 --> 04:24:34,400
not all at once, but in sections
different parts Holding Out for 

4949
04:24:34,400 --> 04:24:37,500
different lengths of time, some 
fighting until they are all dead

4950
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:40,400
others surrendering, when 
continuation becomes clearly 

4951
04:24:40,400 --> 04:24:43,400
pointless. 
Constantine here is that the 

4952
04:24:43,400 --> 04:24:45,800
walls are breached. 
Multiple Messengers. 

4953
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:49,400
Bring the news. 
The ottomans are inside the city

4954
04:24:49,400 --> 04:24:52,500
is lost, Constantine, removes 
his Imperial regalia. 

4955
04:24:52,500 --> 04:24:54,900
So, he will not be recognized 
and possibly captured. 

4956
04:24:54,900 --> 04:24:59,000
He takes his sword and goes to 
the breach, to fight his last 

4957
04:24:59,000 --> 04:25:01,400
seen fighting in the Press of 
men near the krka porter. 

4958
04:25:01,400 --> 04:25:03,900
Then there are no more Reliable 
Reports. 

4959
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:06,400
It is never definitively 
established. 

4960
04:25:06,400 --> 04:25:09,900
Whether he dies fighting is 
killed afterward, or managers to

4961
04:25:09,900 --> 04:25:12,600
escape. 
His body is never identified. 

4962
04:25:12,600 --> 04:25:15,800
With certainly, the fighting 
continues through the morning, 

4963
04:25:15,800 --> 04:25:17,700
but the outcome is no longer 
endowed. 

4964
04:25:17,700 --> 04:25:21,500
Ottoman soldiers, pour through 
breaches in multiple locations. 

4965
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:25,700
They open gates from the inside 
allowing more forces to flood 

4966
04:25:25,700 --> 04:25:28,400
in. 
The defense collapses in pieces,

4967
04:25:28,400 --> 04:25:32,200
each section fighting its own 
small battle, each section of 

4968
04:25:32,200 --> 04:25:37,600
eventually overwhelmed. 
By noon on May 29th, 1453 

4969
04:25:37,600 --> 04:25:42,700
Constantinople Has Fallen The 
sack begins immediately as it 

4970
04:25:42,700 --> 04:25:45,000
traditionally does. 
When a city is taking by storm. 

4971
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:48,600
The first hours of violent and 
chaotic soldiers, loot, 

4972
04:25:48,600 --> 04:25:51,700
whatever, they can find, there 
is violence in the streets. 

4973
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:54,900
People hide in churches and 
homes hoping to be spared 

4974
04:25:54,900 --> 04:25:59,300
hoping, the storm will pass. 
Mehmed enters the city in the 

4975
04:25:59,300 --> 04:26:01,900
afternoon riding through the 
Curious gate. 

4976
04:26:01,900 --> 04:26:05,900
He rides directly to the Hagia. 
Sophia the Great church is 

4977
04:26:05,900 --> 04:26:10,200
packed with people who fled 
their seeking sanctuary Mehmed 

4978
04:26:10,200 --> 04:26:13,800
Dismounts and walks inside. 
He looks around at the Dome at 

4979
04:26:13,800 --> 04:26:17,200
the mosaics at the architecture 
that has stood for almost 1000 

4980
04:26:17,200 --> 04:26:19,400
years. 
He orders The Killing to stop. 

4981
04:26:19,400 --> 04:26:22,100
He declares that the people in 
the churches are under his 

4982
04:26:22,108 --> 04:26:24,800
protection. 
He announces that the city is 

4983
04:26:24,800 --> 04:26:27,200
now his capital and he wants it 
intact. 

4984
04:26:27,200 --> 04:26:31,200
The sack is effectively over by 
evening at least the violent 

4985
04:26:31,200 --> 04:26:33,700
part. 
It has lasted perhaps six hours 

4986
04:26:33,700 --> 04:26:38,000
which is remarkably short by 
medieval standards soldiers are 

4987
04:26:38,000 --> 04:26:40,700
allowed three days of plunder as
his traditional after a 

4988
04:26:40,700 --> 04:26:43,300
successful assault but the 
violence is constrained. 

4989
04:26:43,300 --> 04:26:47,600
Property can be taken objects, 
can be looted, people cannot be 

4990
04:26:47,600 --> 04:26:51,200
killed without cause there are 
violation of this order because 

4991
04:26:51,200 --> 04:26:53,200
they're all always are, but they
are punished. 

4992
04:26:53,200 --> 04:26:56,300
When discovered it is still 
traumatic for the population. 

4993
04:26:56,300 --> 04:26:59,900
It is still terrifying but it is
not the massacre. 

4994
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:03,200
It could have been the city that
wakes up on May 30th has a 

4995
04:27:03,208 --> 04:27:06,700
different atmosphere entirely 
the same Stone's line the same 

4996
04:27:06,700 --> 04:27:09,200
streets but something 
fundamental has changed. 

4997
04:27:10,100 --> 04:27:12,200
The flag flying from the walls 
is ottoman. 

4998
04:27:12,200 --> 04:27:14,900
Now the guards at the gates, 
answer to mehmed. 

4999
04:27:14,900 --> 04:27:18,300
Not to Constantine, 
Constantinople has become 

5000
04:27:18,300 --> 04:27:21,000
something else, though. 
What that's something is remains

5001
04:27:21,000 --> 04:27:24,200
unclear, you survive this 
surprises? 

5002
04:27:24,200 --> 04:27:26,700
You slightly. 
You expected to lose during the 

5003
04:27:26,700 --> 04:27:28,300
final assault. 
You did not. 

5004
04:27:29,200 --> 04:27:32,000
Most people survive actually. 
The stories about 

5005
04:27:32,000 --> 04:27:35,200
constantinople's fall. 
Often focus on dramatic violence

5006
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:37,200
and tragedy which certainly 
happened. 

5007
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:40,300
But the mundane reality is that 
the majority of the population 

5008
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:43,100
lives through it. 
They hide during the sack, they 

5009
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:46,100
emerge off afterward, they begin
figuring out how to continue 

5010
04:27:46,100 --> 04:27:49,200
existing, you're no longer a 
defender of Byzantium. 

5011
04:27:49,200 --> 04:27:51,400
You're now a resident of an 
ottoman City. 

5012
04:27:51,400 --> 04:27:54,400
The Adjustment is disorienting 
the work. 

5013
04:27:54,400 --> 04:27:57,100
You did for Constantine's 
government no longer exists. 

5014
04:27:57,100 --> 04:28:00,600
But the city still needs, people
who know things, who can help 

5015
04:28:00,600 --> 04:28:03,500
organize who can serve as 
Bridges between the ottoman 

5016
04:28:03,500 --> 04:28:05,300
administrators and the local 
population. 

5017
04:28:06,300 --> 04:28:09,000
You find yourself doing similar 
work for different Masters. 

5018
04:28:09,000 --> 04:28:13,200
Mermaid is 21 years old, and has
just conquered one of the most 

5019
04:28:13,208 --> 04:28:16,500
famous cities in the world. 
He could be forgiven for letting

5020
04:28:16,500 --> 04:28:18,700
the victory. 
Go to his head for treating the 

5021
04:28:18,700 --> 04:28:22,700
city as a prize to be stripped. 
Instead, he is remarkably 

5022
04:28:22,700 --> 04:28:26,200
practical, he needs 
Constantinople to function, he 

5023
04:28:26,200 --> 04:28:28,800
needs people to stay and work 
and keep the economy running. 

5024
04:28:29,600 --> 04:28:32,900
Empty cities do not generate tax
revenue or serve as effective 

5025
04:28:32,900 --> 04:28:35,400
capitals. 
So he offers terms that are 

5026
04:28:35,400 --> 04:28:38,600
better than many expected people
who fled during The Siege, can 

5027
04:28:38,600 --> 04:28:41,900
return safely property rights, 
will be generally respected with

5028
04:28:41,900 --> 04:28:45,600
some notable exceptions, 
Christians and Jews can continue

5029
04:28:45,600 --> 04:28:48,900
practicing their faiths. 
The Orthodox Church will be 

5030
04:28:48,900 --> 04:28:51,900
allowed to continue operating 
under a new patriarch appointed 

5031
04:28:51,900 --> 04:28:55,400
with ottoman approval. 
There will be new taxes but 

5032
04:28:55,400 --> 04:28:57,700
there would have been taxes 
under Byzantine rule 2. 

5033
04:28:58,500 --> 04:29:00,100
Life can continue with the 
adjustments. 

5034
04:29:00,100 --> 04:29:03,400
The Hagia Sophia is converted to
a mosque within days. 

5035
04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:07,400
The great cross is removed from 
the Dome, the Mosaic depicting 

5036
04:29:07,400 --> 04:29:10,500
Christ and Christian Saints are 
covered with plaster, not 

5037
04:29:10,500 --> 04:29:14,200
destroyed just covered hiten 
rather than obliterated. 

5038
04:29:15,000 --> 04:29:17,700
A mirror is in stalled in the 
appropriate place to show the 

5039
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:20,900
direction of Mecca. 
A minbar is constructed for the 

5040
04:29:20,900 --> 04:29:24,200
Imam to deliver sermons. 
The Great church becomes the 

5041
04:29:24,200 --> 04:29:27,600
ayasofya mosque. 
Structure itself remains exactly

5042
04:29:27,600 --> 04:29:31,800
the same, the Dome still saws, 
the light still falls through 

5043
04:29:31,800 --> 04:29:35,000
the high windows in shafts of 
gold and Amber the acoustic 

5044
04:29:35,000 --> 04:29:37,600
still carry sound in ways that 
make prayers and calls to 

5045
04:29:37,600 --> 04:29:41,000
worship seem to float. 
You attend the first Friday 

5046
04:29:41,000 --> 04:29:44,800
prayers out of curiosity and I 
kind of cautious pragmatism. 

5047
04:29:45,700 --> 04:29:48,300
The interior looks different 
with its Christian imagery 

5048
04:29:48,300 --> 04:29:51,900
covered but also strangely 
similar, it is still a vast 

5049
04:29:51,900 --> 04:29:54,600
space designed to make humans 
feel small before something. 

5050
04:29:54,600 --> 04:29:58,300
Greater Whether that greater 
thing is, the Christian God or 

5051
04:29:58,300 --> 04:30:00,800
Allah, seems less important than
you thought it would. 

5052
04:30:00,800 --> 04:30:03,400
The prayers are in Arabic, which
you do not understand. 

5053
04:30:03,400 --> 04:30:07,200
The ritual is unfamiliar. 
But the essential quality of the

5054
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:10,800
space remains unchanged, you 
find work doing what you did 

5055
04:30:10,800 --> 04:30:14,200
before or less the new ottoman 
Administration needs. 

5056
04:30:14,200 --> 04:30:17,500
People who know the city who can
help organize districts, who can

5057
04:30:17,500 --> 04:30:20,700
serve as intermediaries between 
ottoman officials, who do not 

5058
04:30:20,700 --> 04:30:24,100
speak Greek, and Greek residents
who do not speak Turkish. 

5059
04:30:24,900 --> 04:30:28,800
You become useful in small ways,
the days of a routine. 

5060
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:32,200
Again, the walls remain standing
there reply. 

5061
04:30:32,200 --> 04:30:34,800
Now with resources, the business
in Empire, no longer. 

5062
04:30:34,808 --> 04:30:37,800
Had the Ottoman Empire is 
wealthy and Powerful. 

5063
04:30:37,800 --> 04:30:41,500
In ways, present, him was not 
the broken sections are rebuilt.

5064
04:30:41,500 --> 04:30:45,300
The towers are restored, the 
gates of strength, and the 

5065
04:30:45,300 --> 04:30:48,300
fortifications endure protecting
a different Empire now, but 

5066
04:30:48,300 --> 04:30:51,600
protecting nonetheless, some 
things change immediately. 

5067
04:30:51,600 --> 04:30:54,400
The language of administration 
shifts to ottoman. 

5068
04:30:54,400 --> 04:30:56,800
Turkish Court ceremony is follow
new. 

5069
04:30:56,800 --> 04:30:59,100
Protocols, the palace becomes 
ottoman. 

5070
04:30:59,100 --> 04:31:02,200
Property mehmed makes it clear. 
He intends to rule from 

5071
04:31:02,200 --> 04:31:04,500
Constantinople not just conquer 
it. 

5072
04:31:05,300 --> 04:31:07,000
Churches that were centers of 
Orthodox. 

5073
04:31:07,000 --> 04:31:10,500
Christianity become mosques or 
remain churches, Under New 

5074
04:31:10,500 --> 04:31:11,400
Management with new 
restrictions. 

5075
04:31:12,500 --> 04:31:15,900
The demographic, mix of the city
begins to shift as Ottomans move

5076
04:31:15,900 --> 04:31:19,200
in and some Greeks leave for 
Italian ports or Greek Islands. 

5077
04:31:20,000 --> 04:31:23,000
Other things change slowly or 
not at all the market. 

5078
04:31:23,000 --> 04:31:26,200
Still sell fish and bread 
Artisans still work in their 

5079
04:31:26,200 --> 04:31:29,300
traditional crafts producing 
silk, and metal work and 

5080
04:31:29,308 --> 04:31:33,300
Ceramics, the system still hold 
water, the harbors still 

5081
04:31:33,300 --> 04:31:36,200
accommodate ships, the sea still
smells of salt. 

5082
04:31:37,400 --> 04:31:40,300
Streets have new names but run 
in the same direction as they 

5083
04:31:40,300 --> 04:31:43,100
always have a city as more than 
its government. 

5084
04:31:43,100 --> 04:31:46,800
It is the accumulation of 
centuries of human life and that

5085
04:31:46,800 --> 04:31:50,900
does not vanish overnight. 
The story of constantinople's 

5086
04:31:50,900 --> 04:31:54,800
fall becomes Legend, almost 
immediately in Western Europe. 

5087
04:31:54,800 --> 04:31:58,700
It is told as tragedy The Last 
Remnant of Rome finally, 

5088
04:31:58,700 --> 04:32:02,400
extinguished poets, write 
laments Scholars mourn. 

5089
04:32:02,400 --> 04:32:05,200
The Lost library's though, most 
of the important manuscripts 

5090
04:32:05,200 --> 04:32:07,000
were removed to Italy before The
Siege. 

5091
04:32:07,000 --> 04:32:09,600
It becomes a rallying cry for 
Crusades. 

5092
04:32:09,600 --> 04:32:12,600
That will never actually 
materialized in the ottoman 

5093
04:32:12,600 --> 04:32:14,900
world. 
It is told as Triumph the young 

5094
04:32:14,900 --> 04:32:17,200
Sultan achieving what his 
predecessors could not. 

5095
04:32:18,000 --> 04:32:21,800
Fulfilling prophecies 
establishing legitimacy songs 

5096
04:32:21,800 --> 04:32:25,300
are written, histories are 
compiled mehmed, becomes known 

5097
04:32:25,300 --> 04:32:28,400
as farty the Conqueror. 
The story enters ottoman, 

5098
04:32:28,400 --> 04:32:30,000
cultural memory as a 
foundational moment. 

5099
04:32:30,000 --> 04:32:33,400
Both stories are true, both 
stories are incomplete. 

5100
04:32:33,400 --> 04:32:36,600
What actually happened is more 
complicated than either 

5101
04:32:36,600 --> 04:32:40,100
narrative allows an exhausted 
City with too. 

5102
04:32:40,100 --> 04:32:43,900
Few Defenders faced an enormous 
army with powerful new weapons, 

5103
04:32:43,900 --> 04:32:47,100
the walls that had stood for 
1,000 years finally met 

5104
04:32:47,100 --> 04:32:49,600
something. 
They could not stop in 

5105
04:32:49,600 --> 04:32:54,600
definitely, a dynasty ended. 
A new Empire inherited the same 

5106
04:32:54,600 --> 04:32:57,800
Stones life continued in Altered
forms. 

5107
04:32:57,800 --> 04:33:00,000
You grow old in the city now 
called Istanbul. 

5108
04:33:00,000 --> 04:33:04,099
The name takes decades to become
official, but it is what people 

5109
04:33:04,099 --> 04:33:07,000
say, you, watch the city rebuild
and expand. 

5110
04:33:07,000 --> 04:33:10,700
You see the Ottoman Empire at 
its height ships from three 

5111
04:33:10,700 --> 04:33:14,400
continents docking in the harbor
Moss Rising next to churches. 

5112
04:33:14,400 --> 04:33:17,700
The city becoming wealthy and 
Cosmopolitan in new ways. 

5113
04:33:18,500 --> 04:33:21,400
You tell stories to 
grandchildren about the sea and 

5114
04:33:21,400 --> 04:33:23,800
you leave out the worst part 
because children do not need 

5115
04:33:23,800 --> 04:33:25,900
nightmares. 
You remember the fear and the 

5116
04:33:25,908 --> 04:33:29,000
exhaustion and the strange 
moments of beauty that happened,

5117
04:33:29,000 --> 04:33:33,400
even during the worst of it. 
The way Dawn looked on May 29th.

5118
04:33:33,400 --> 04:33:37,300
The sound of hymns, echoing from
the Hagia, Sophia, the 

5119
04:33:37,300 --> 04:33:40,200
determined face of Constantine 
before the final assault. 

5120
04:33:41,099 --> 04:33:43,700
The resilience of people who 
kept going, when continuing 

5121
04:33:43,700 --> 04:33:46,099
seemed impossible, the walls are
still there. 

5122
04:33:46,099 --> 04:33:49,200
When your time comes decades 
later, they will be there for 

5123
04:33:49,200 --> 04:33:51,500
centuries. 
More parts of them are still 

5124
04:33:51,508 --> 04:33:54,700
standing in the 21st century. 
Nearly 600 years after the 

5125
04:33:54,700 --> 04:33:58,800
siege, whether and damaged, but 
recognizable, the city has 

5126
04:33:58,800 --> 04:34:02,300
changed names and governments 
many times in its long history. 

5127
04:34:02,300 --> 04:34:06,400
It will change more time. 
Still What endures is the place 

5128
04:34:06,400 --> 04:34:10,400
itself, the stones and the water
and the endless, human drama of 

5129
04:34:10,400 --> 04:34:12,700
people trying to live their 
lives in one of the world's 

5130
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:17,400
great cities. 
Constantinople fell in 1453 but 

5131
04:34:17,400 --> 04:34:20,500
the story did not end there. 
Stories never really end. 

5132
04:34:20,500 --> 04:34:24,000
They just turn into different 
stories, new chapters in a 

5133
04:34:24,000 --> 04:34:27,200
narrative that stretches, back 
to Antiquity and forward to 

5134
04:34:27,200 --> 04:34:30,800
wherever human cities. 
Go next, the walls Remain, the 

5135
04:34:30,800 --> 04:34:34,200
water Remains the stones, 
remember everything and nothing 

5136
04:34:34,200 --> 04:34:38,000
history moves on. 
So there you have it, my tired 

5137
04:34:38,000 --> 04:34:41,400
dumpling's. 
Fall of Constantinople told 

5138
04:34:41,400 --> 04:34:44,099
slowly enough for sleep, but 
thoroughly enough to understand 

5139
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:46,900
what actually happened. 
The walls are still there. 

5140
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:50,000
If you ever visit Istanbul, you 
can walk along them and put your

5141
04:34:50,000 --> 04:34:54,200
hands on the same stones that 
felt cannon fire in 1453 history

5142
04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:56,700
leaves traces. 
If you know where to look if you

5143
04:34:56,700 --> 04:35:00,099
enjoyed this story and want more
like it, consider leaving a like

5144
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:03,300
or subscribing. 
New, historical bedtime stories,

5145
04:35:03,300 --> 04:35:05,599
arrive regularly. 
The each one designed to help 

5146
04:35:05,599 --> 04:35:08,200
you drift off while learning 
something real about the world 

5147
04:35:08,200 --> 04:35:10,200
that came before us. 
Sleep. 

5148
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:18,500
Well. 
Imagine yourself curled up in a 

5149
04:35:18,500 --> 04:35:20,800
cozy, chair, with a mug of 
something warm, because we're 

5150
04:35:20,800 --> 04:35:23,000
going to meet one of the most 
misunderstood figures in 

5151
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:25,900
American history. 
Perhaps, you and your parents, 

5152
04:35:25,900 --> 04:35:27,800
whom the Disney song About Davy 
Crockett. 

5153
04:35:28,500 --> 04:35:30,400
The frontier hero with the 
coonskin cap. 

5154
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:34,599
Instead of starting with bare 
wrestling or political speeches,

5155
04:35:34,599 --> 04:35:38,099
the true tale of David Crockett 
begins with the Restless lab who

5156
04:35:38,099 --> 04:35:41,200
couldn't settle into anything 
and he was far more fascinating 

5157
04:35:41,200 --> 04:35:44,900
than any myth. 
David sometimes known as Davey 

5158
04:35:44,900 --> 04:35:49,500
until the politicians had their 
hands on him was born in 1786 in

5159
04:35:49,500 --> 04:35:52,000
to anatomic family and a 
one-room cabin in. 

5160
04:35:52,000 --> 04:35:53,400
What is now Eastern? 
Tennessee. 

5161
04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:57,900
John his father was the type of 
man who would constantly look to

5162
04:35:57,900 --> 04:35:59,599
the adjacent Valley for 
brighter. 

5163
04:35:59,599 --> 04:36:02,700
Prospects, young David likely 
assumed that having a permanent 

5164
04:36:02,700 --> 04:36:05,300
address was something that only 
other people experience because 

5165
04:36:05,300 --> 04:36:06,800
the Crockett's packed up and 
moved. 

5166
04:36:06,800 --> 04:36:10,800
So frequently, now it's easy to 
picture rugged outdoorsy kids 

5167
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:13,700
growing up on the frontier, but 
David was really quite The 

5168
04:36:13,700 --> 04:36:17,099
Eccentric. 
Unlike his peers, David appeared

5169
04:36:17,099 --> 04:36:19,700
to have an aversion to sitting 
still even though they were 

5170
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:21,700
learning to plow fields, and 
tend to livestock. 

5171
04:36:22,300 --> 04:36:24,500
School is new. 
It seemed to snug as a pair of 

5172
04:36:24,500 --> 04:36:27,800
pine box shoes, and his thoughts
ran a muck like a free chicken. 

5173
04:36:28,800 --> 04:36:30,200
Formal educational wasn't for 
him. 

5174
04:36:30,200 --> 04:36:33,700
After only four days of class, 
this decision would come back to

5175
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:36,800
haunt him years later when he 
struggled to sound adult in 

5176
04:36:36,800 --> 04:36:41,800
letters to his wife. at the 
tender age of 13 David's father,

5177
04:36:41,800 --> 04:36:46,200
likely destroyed rented him out 
to a cattle driver Envision 

5178
04:36:46,200 --> 04:36:49,300
yourself as a 13 year old, who 
is unexpectedly tasked with 

5179
04:36:49,300 --> 04:36:52,200
transporting, hundreds of 
finicky cows over Uncharted 

5180
04:36:52,200 --> 04:36:55,400
land. 
David learned that cows had 0 

5181
04:36:55,400 --> 04:36:59,000
regardless person's timetable or
dignity as he trudged through 

5182
04:36:59,000 --> 04:37:01,200
muck for months while sleeping 
under the stars. 

5183
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:04,500
However, he felt a connection to
that trip. 

5184
04:37:05,300 --> 04:37:08,200
Because of his Restless 
personality, he thrived on the 

5185
04:37:08,200 --> 04:37:11,700
wide Road where he was always 
moving and had to tackle 

5186
04:37:11,700 --> 04:37:14,800
difficulties as they arose. 
David had gained the 

5187
04:37:14,800 --> 04:37:17,800
self-assurance that comes from 
facing adversity, head-on and 

5188
04:37:17,800 --> 04:37:20,200
had grown three inches. 
By the time he reached home, 

5189
04:37:21,099 --> 04:37:24,500
However, he still had issues 
with his studies in a family 

5190
04:37:24,500 --> 04:37:26,000
where everyone could write their
names. 

5191
04:37:26,000 --> 04:37:29,000
He felt like the outcast because
he still couldn't read past 

5192
04:37:29,000 --> 04:37:30,500
first grade when he was 15 years
old. 

5193
04:37:31,500 --> 04:37:33,099
So he struck a bargain with his 
dad. 

5194
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:35,400
Pay off the family's 
obligations. 

5195
04:37:35,400 --> 04:37:38,599
If he could go back to school. 
Imagine a classroom full of 

5196
04:37:38,599 --> 04:37:42,700
seven year olds with 15 year old
David crammed in his knees. 

5197
04:37:42,700 --> 04:37:46,099
Banging the small desk trying to
learn his letters at a time when

5198
04:37:46,099 --> 04:37:48,500
other boys is age or already 
planning marriage and starting 

5199
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:51,000
families. 
All though, it must have been 

5200
04:37:51,000 --> 04:37:53,700
difficult for his pride. 
David persisted for a few 

5201
04:37:53,700 --> 04:37:56,400
months, as a gradually acquired.
The fundamental abilities 

5202
04:37:56,400 --> 04:37:59,099
necessary for the complex life 
that lay ahead. 

5203
04:38:00,200 --> 04:38:03,400
Like many other youngsters David
found himself thrust into 

5204
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:07,000
manhood on the frontier before 
he was ready at the age of 16. 

5205
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:10,400
He had found a job with a nearby
farmer where he could support 

5206
04:38:10,400 --> 04:38:13,700
his family and begin to shape 
his future even when things 

5207
04:38:13,700 --> 04:38:15,900
became rough. 
He had a way of making people 

5208
04:38:15,900 --> 04:38:18,900
laugh and his stubborn streak 
would keep them going long after

5209
04:38:18,900 --> 04:38:21,599
they gave up. 
He wasn't the brightest student 

5210
04:38:21,599 --> 04:38:25,300
or the toughest worker, but he 
had something else in those 

5211
04:38:25,300 --> 04:38:28,099
formative years. 
He virtually appears as a 

5212
04:38:28,099 --> 04:38:31,099
towering lanky boy with enormous
hands and a wicked grin. 

5213
04:38:31,099 --> 04:38:32,900
That seems to be perpetually 
hatching. 

5214
04:38:32,900 --> 04:38:36,599
A plot parents were first 
frightened by his Boundless 

5215
04:38:36,599 --> 04:38:40,099
Energy, but they eventually came
to forgive him for his charisma.

5216
04:38:41,000 --> 04:38:43,900
Years would pass before he 
became the renowned frontiersmen

5217
04:38:43,900 --> 04:38:47,700
but he had all the makings of an
outlaw, an innate desire to 

5218
04:38:47,700 --> 04:38:51,000
strike off on his own and the 
growing suspicion that the easy 

5219
04:38:51,000 --> 04:38:52,800
way out might not be the best 
choice. 

5220
04:38:54,000 --> 04:38:55,599
Delving, further into our 
narrative. 

5221
04:38:55,599 --> 04:38:58,900
Let us discuss how a young, 
David discovered, a profound 

5222
04:38:58,900 --> 04:39:01,400
truth. 
The ability to bring joy to 

5223
04:39:01,400 --> 04:39:04,800
another person's life is nearly 
as valuable as their material 

5224
04:39:04,800 --> 04:39:08,300
needs. 
Almost there, David was smitten 

5225
04:39:08,300 --> 04:39:10,300
with a girl from the 
neighborhood named Polly Finley.

5226
04:39:10,300 --> 04:39:13,700
When he was 19 years old. 
Polly the daughter of a fairly 

5227
04:39:13,700 --> 04:39:15,900
well-off farmer. 
Had her misgiving about this 

5228
04:39:15,900 --> 04:39:18,700
clumsy young man who couldn't 
seem to commit to a career. 

5229
04:39:19,500 --> 04:39:22,599
She wasn't your typical Frontier
woman though by local standards.

5230
04:39:22,599 --> 04:39:26,900
She was actually quite refined. 
As a charmingly awkward, wooing 

5231
04:39:26,900 --> 04:39:29,300
tactic. 
David would attend social events

5232
04:39:29,300 --> 04:39:31,500
in the hopes of winning her over
with his impressive, 

5233
04:39:31,500 --> 04:39:34,400
storytelling, abilities. 
And more importantly, his still 

5234
04:39:34,400 --> 04:39:36,099
developing practical 
capabilities. 

5235
04:39:36,900 --> 04:39:39,900
The catch was that David had 
never mastered accurate shooting

5236
04:39:39,900 --> 04:39:42,000
to you. 
This may not appear significant 

5237
04:39:42,000 --> 04:39:46,500
but in 1805 Tennessee, a guy who
fail to strike his Target was as

5238
04:39:46,500 --> 04:39:50,300
valuable as a chocolate teapot. 
David realized he was in over 

5239
04:39:50,300 --> 04:39:51,900
his head. 
When Polly's, father proposed 

5240
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:54,400
they go hunting together. 
It was a test of David 

5241
04:39:54,400 --> 04:39:57,300
suitability as a possible son in
law thereafter. 

5242
04:39:57,300 --> 04:40:00,000
He did what any reasonable young
man in love would do. 

5243
04:40:00,000 --> 04:40:04,000
He practiced until his ears, 
rang Non-Stop and his shoulder 

5244
04:40:04,000 --> 04:40:07,400
turned purple from overuse 
whenever he had a spare moment. 

5245
04:40:07,400 --> 04:40:10,700
He would borrow rifles beg for 
ammunition and shoot at anything

5246
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:12,000
that would remain still long 
enough. 

5247
04:40:12,800 --> 04:40:15,300
David transformed, the entire 
County into his own private 

5248
04:40:15,300 --> 04:40:19,100
range by using objects, such as 
tin cans, fence, posts, and 

5249
04:40:19,100 --> 04:40:21,800
trees. 
He was able to thread a 50, yard

5250
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:24,400
musket ball needle. 
By the time, he wed Polly in 

5251
04:40:24,400 --> 04:40:26,800
1806, a testament to his 
perseverance. 

5252
04:40:26,800 --> 04:40:29,900
I mean, not exactly, but it's 
near enough. 

5253
04:40:30,700 --> 04:40:33,800
Marriage was both a blessing and
a curse for David though. 

5254
04:40:33,800 --> 04:40:37,100
She brought stability Polly. 
Also introduced expectations to 

5255
04:40:37,100 --> 04:40:40,100
his Restless temperament. 
No one should live in a tent 

5256
04:40:40,100 --> 04:40:42,500
with a wife. 
It wasn't enough to just eat 

5257
04:40:42,500 --> 04:40:45,700
whatever the kids caught or 
forage, they required regular 

5258
04:40:45,700 --> 04:40:48,100
meals. 
The age-old conundrum of how to 

5259
04:40:48,108 --> 04:40:51,100
reconcile risk-taking with one's
responsibilities was before 

5260
04:40:51,100 --> 04:40:54,000
David. 
His response was as imaginative 

5261
04:40:54,000 --> 04:40:56,400
as usual. 
He would go on hunting trips for

5262
04:40:56,400 --> 04:40:59,800
weeks of distraction returning, 
with a bounty of wild turkey 

5263
04:40:59,800 --> 04:41:03,100
bare and deer that would feed 
the family and be sold off. 

5264
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:07,900
These were no ordinary camping. 
Excursions, rather David would 

5265
04:41:07,900 --> 04:41:11,800
go far into Uncharted Territory.
Often more than 100 miles from 

5266
04:41:11,800 --> 04:41:14,900
civilization. 
Subsisting only on wild foods 

5267
04:41:14,900 --> 04:41:16,400
and his ever improving 
Marksmanship. 

5268
04:41:17,600 --> 04:41:20,700
The remarkable thing about David
hunting skills is that they came

5269
04:41:20,700 --> 04:41:24,200
about almost unintentionally. 
He had no aspirations of 

5270
04:41:24,200 --> 04:41:27,500
becoming a world-renowned 
marksman, his only goals were to

5271
04:41:27,500 --> 04:41:30,100
provide for his family and on 
occasion, treat Polly to a 

5272
04:41:30,100 --> 04:41:34,200
store-bought dress. 
But David became someone special

5273
04:41:34,200 --> 04:41:37,000
over those countless hours of 
tracking animals through dense 

5274
04:41:37,000 --> 04:41:41,100
forests and Crossing streams. 
He had an almost miraculous 

5275
04:41:41,100 --> 04:41:44,700
knack for reading the forest for
seeing when and where animals 

5276
04:41:44,700 --> 04:41:48,500
would be and how they would act.
When David returned from hunting

5277
04:41:48,500 --> 04:41:51,100
trips with tails that were too 
fantastic to be true. 

5278
04:41:51,100 --> 04:41:55,100
His neighbors started, taking 
note, Bears that he had pursued 

5279
04:41:55,100 --> 04:41:57,300
for several days. 
Prior to, obtaining, the ideal 

5280
04:41:57,300 --> 04:42:00,400
photograph using, just his 
patients and knowledge of the 

5281
04:42:00,400 --> 04:42:02,900
deers habits. 
He had successfully brought them

5282
04:42:02,900 --> 04:42:05,600
within Arms, Reach. 
He seemed to have the power to 

5283
04:42:05,600 --> 04:42:08,100
hypnotize, wild turkeys with his
turkey calls. 

5284
04:42:08,100 --> 04:42:11,100
The unintended consequence of 
David's Rising profile. 

5285
04:42:11,100 --> 04:42:14,000
As a hunter though, was that 
others began looking to him to 

5286
04:42:14,000 --> 04:42:17,800
fix their own issues as well. 
Animals in Danger from a wolf 

5287
04:42:17,808 --> 04:42:19,700
pack. 
Dave Crockett should be 

5288
04:42:19,708 --> 04:42:22,900
summoned, strange Footprints, 
surrounding the chicken coop, 

5289
04:42:22,900 --> 04:42:26,600
he'll take care of it. 
Unidentified rumbling in the 

5290
04:42:26,600 --> 04:42:29,600
forest, late at night. 
Hopefully, my point is clear. 

5291
04:42:30,200 --> 04:42:33,200
The ability to narrate stories 
was what set David apart from 

5292
04:42:33,200 --> 04:42:35,600
other Adept Hunters along with 
the meat. 

5293
04:42:35,600 --> 04:42:39,300
He brought home exciting new 
experiences even a mundane 

5294
04:42:39,300 --> 04:42:41,900
hunting trip would seem like an 
epic adventure when he was in 

5295
04:42:41,900 --> 04:42:43,100
his element. 
What? 

5296
04:42:43,100 --> 04:42:45,600
With all the close calls flashes
of Genius planning. 

5297
04:42:45,600 --> 04:42:48,600
And of course, the occasional 
somewhat idiotic move that 

5298
04:42:48,600 --> 04:42:51,800
almost cost him his life. 
David had a talent for making 

5299
04:42:51,800 --> 04:42:54,000
even old Tales sound thrilling 
and new. 

5300
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:56,500
So even though Polly would roll 
her eyes, she would listen 

5301
04:42:56,500 --> 04:43:00,800
intently. 
When David was in his mid-20s he

5302
04:43:00,800 --> 04:43:05,400
had settled into a routine hunt.
Provide tell stories, repeat. 

5303
04:43:06,700 --> 04:43:09,100
While he was still a young 
husband attempting to master the

5304
04:43:09,100 --> 04:43:12,600
most important role of his life.
He was laying the groundwork for

5305
04:43:12,600 --> 04:43:13,900
the fame. 
That would come later. 

5306
04:43:14,700 --> 04:43:16,900
You would think, David's issues 
would go away if he just 

5307
04:43:16,900 --> 04:43:19,200
mastered hunting? 
But surprises are a part of 

5308
04:43:19,200 --> 04:43:21,700
life. 
David learned the hard way that 

5309
04:43:21,700 --> 04:43:24,500
not even his famed. 
Hunting abilities, could ensure 

5310
04:43:24,500 --> 04:43:27,400
Financial stability on the 
frontier as his family expanded.

5311
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:31,200
Polly had bestowed upon him. 
Two boys, John Wesley and 

5312
04:43:31,200 --> 04:43:33,600
William. 
Modifications. 

5313
04:43:33,600 --> 04:43:36,800
That would radically all to 
David's life occurred in 1813. 

5314
04:43:36,800 --> 04:43:39,700
David joined. 
The Tennessee militia as a Scout

5315
04:43:39,700 --> 04:43:43,400
during the creek War which broke
out in Alabama, along with many 

5316
04:43:43,400 --> 04:43:46,400
other young, men seeking 
excitement, stable employment 

5317
04:43:46,400 --> 04:43:48,800
and an opportunity to serve 
their Nation. 

5318
04:43:49,800 --> 04:43:52,900
Unlike in the movies, this 
wasn't some idyllic military 

5319
04:43:52,900 --> 04:43:56,100
Expedition. 
David devoted most of his time 

5320
04:43:56,100 --> 04:43:59,200
to slogging through marshes 
searching, for Creek, fighters 

5321
04:43:59,200 --> 04:44:02,500
who were more familiar with the 
area than he was and discovering

5322
04:44:02,500 --> 04:44:05,200
that military food was 
infinitely worse than anything. 

5323
04:44:05,200 --> 04:44:09,100
He had ever prepared himself. 
However, David learned, an 

5324
04:44:09,100 --> 04:44:12,000
important lesson, during his 
time in the military, he was 

5325
04:44:12,000 --> 04:44:15,700
born with leadership skills. 
His fellow troops, relied on him

5326
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:19,000
for guidance confidence in his 
judgment, in high stakes 

5327
04:44:19,000 --> 04:44:23,600
situations, and inspiration when
time seemed bleacked As a 

5328
04:44:23,608 --> 04:44:26,900
leader, he didn't believe in 
barking out commands and 

5329
04:44:26,900 --> 04:44:30,500
expecting followers to follow 
suit, instead, he set a good 

5330
04:44:30,500 --> 04:44:33,900
example by treating everyone 
with the same laid back respect,

5331
04:44:33,900 --> 04:44:38,000
he'd learned to value in a world
where acting superficially may 

5332
04:44:38,000 --> 04:44:41,900
result in death. 
After serving his Country, David

5333
04:44:41,900 --> 04:44:45,200
came home to discover that his 
Fame had expanded Beyond Tales 

5334
04:44:45,200 --> 04:44:47,700
of hunting. 
He had a reputation for being 

5335
04:44:47,700 --> 04:44:50,500
calm Under Pressure. 
Able to make tough calls without

5336
04:44:50,500 --> 04:44:53,300
letting his humor get in the way
and someone who could handle 

5337
04:44:53,300 --> 04:44:57,200
himself in Risky situations. 
These traits would be crucial 

5338
04:44:57,200 --> 04:44:59,800
for David as he approached. 
What he would later refer to as 

5339
04:44:59,800 --> 04:45:02,300
his bare period. 
To make matters. 

5340
04:45:02,300 --> 04:45:04,600
Worse bears in early 19th 
century. 

5341
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:08,900
Tennessee, were enormous common 
and completely disrespectful of 

5342
04:45:08,900 --> 04:45:12,400
human property rights. 
When bears came into towns in 

5343
04:45:12,400 --> 04:45:16,100
search of food, they would rip 
apart huts and generally make 

5344
04:45:16,100 --> 04:45:19,200
life difficult for the people 
who had managed to establish a 

5345
04:45:19,200 --> 04:45:22,300
civilized society. 
When confronted with a problem 

5346
04:45:22,300 --> 04:45:26,000
there, most people either hoped 
it would go away or summoned a 

5347
04:45:26,000 --> 04:45:27,800
more courageous friend or 
relative for assistance. 

5348
04:45:28,800 --> 04:45:31,900
When others saw obstacles, David
saw opportunity. 

5349
04:45:32,500 --> 04:45:34,400
Bear hunting. 
He came to see, may be more than

5350
04:45:34,400 --> 04:45:36,600
simply a hobby. 
It could be a full-fledged 

5351
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:41,100
Enterprise, The meat from bears 
was highly prized their fat 

5352
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:44,400
could be processed into oil for 
use in cooking and lighting and 

5353
04:45:44,400 --> 04:45:46,400
their fur was constantly sought 
after. 

5354
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:50,400
So when farms and municipalities
needed help with a bear problem,

5355
04:45:50,400 --> 04:45:53,600
they would call David, who 
became something of a specialist

5356
04:45:53,600 --> 04:45:56,800
in the field. 
He was meticulous and to be 

5357
04:45:56,808 --> 04:45:59,700
honest, slightly obsessed when 
it came to hunting bears. 

5358
04:46:00,800 --> 04:46:03,600
David would take on the role of 
a naturalist studying certain 

5359
04:46:03,600 --> 04:46:06,800
Bears, observing and studying 
their behaviors for several days

5360
04:46:06,800 --> 04:46:10,100
or weeks before devising tactics
that were adapted to their 

5361
04:46:10,100 --> 04:46:13,300
unique personalities. 
Yes, the Bears personalities. 

5362
04:46:13,300 --> 04:46:16,300
David maintained. 
The each one was unique with its

5363
04:46:16,300 --> 04:46:19,400
own set of peculiarities tastes 
and degrees of brainpower. 

5364
04:46:20,200 --> 04:46:23,800
The outcomes were remarkable 
David killed. 58 bears in one. 

5365
04:46:23,800 --> 04:46:28,200
Very fruitful winter, Just one 
season not across a number of 

5366
04:46:28,200 --> 04:46:30,300
years. 
He was able to become so 

5367
04:46:30,300 --> 04:46:34,000
proficient at hunting bears that
he could find kill and prepare 

5368
04:46:34,000 --> 04:46:36,300
one in a day or less before 
moving onto the next. 

5369
04:46:37,200 --> 04:46:39,400
A title, that David felt 
somewhat humiliating yet 

5370
04:46:39,400 --> 04:46:43,100
gratifying was bear hunter of 
the district and Monica that his

5371
04:46:43,100 --> 04:46:44,600
neighbor's began to use about 
him. 

5372
04:46:44,600 --> 04:46:48,400
However, there were unforeseen 
obstacles on the path to success

5373
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:51,200
in the bear in the history. 
David's hunting trips became 

5374
04:46:51,200 --> 04:46:54,700
increasingly longer and more 
frequent often lost in weeks. 

5375
04:46:54,700 --> 04:46:58,000
It must have been incredibly 
challenging for to manage their 

5376
04:46:58,000 --> 04:47:00,600
household and raise their 
children, all by herself. 

5377
04:47:00,600 --> 04:47:03,600
The more muddy and wild smelling
David would come home. 

5378
04:47:03,600 --> 04:47:06,600
After his bare exploits, the 
more varied feeling's pollywood 

5379
04:47:06,600 --> 04:47:10,900
have During his time, spent 
hunting bears, David also began 

5380
04:47:10,900 --> 04:47:14,200
to rise from the status of Local
Hero to that of legendary figure

5381
04:47:14,200 --> 04:47:17,100
in his own right. 
His extraordinary success and 

5382
04:47:17,100 --> 04:47:19,200
amusing anecdotes made him a 
popular speaker. 

5383
04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:22,700
And people started asking him to
parties only to hear about his 

5384
04:47:22,700 --> 04:47:25,300
travels. 
When David realized, he could 

5385
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:27,900
take his life's events and 
transform them into stories. 

5386
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:29,300
That could Captivate an 
audience. 

5387
04:47:29,300 --> 04:47:32,200
He knew he had a great aptitude 
for performing. 

5388
04:47:33,000 --> 04:47:35,200
David never felt the need to 
embellish his hunting 

5389
04:47:35,200 --> 04:47:37,700
achievements, which is an 
intriguing aspect. 

5390
04:47:37,700 --> 04:47:40,200
It was astonishing enough that 
it was true. 

5391
04:47:40,200 --> 04:47:44,100
However, he did hone an ability 
to paint vivid pictures of Every

5392
04:47:44,100 --> 04:47:46,600
Day. 
Life bringing drama and humor to

5393
04:47:46,600 --> 04:47:48,600
what others might perceive as 
dull happening. 

5394
04:47:49,900 --> 04:47:53,200
An ordinary bear hunt devolved 
into a Titanic, showdown between

5395
04:47:53,200 --> 04:47:56,300
humanity and the natural world. 
Replete with terrifying, 

5396
04:47:56,300 --> 04:47:57,900
moments. 
Brilliant moments. 

5397
04:47:57,900 --> 04:48:02,000
And more often than not at least
one instance of David's actions 

5398
04:48:02,000 --> 04:48:04,700
that were ingenious at the 
moment, but almost cost him his 

5399
04:48:04,700 --> 04:48:07,200
life. 
As we wind down for the next 

5400
04:48:07,200 --> 04:48:10,800
chapter, it's important to 
discuss how sometimes we have no

5401
04:48:10,800 --> 04:48:13,800
choice but to start over 
regardless of how prepared we 

5402
04:48:13,800 --> 04:48:16,000
are. 
While David was expecting to 

5403
04:48:16,000 --> 04:48:18,900
become famous in his hometown 
for his bear hunting exploits, 

5404
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:21,800
yone expectedly gained a 
reputation as someone who could 

5405
04:48:21,800 --> 04:48:23,400
solve problems and get things 
done. 

5406
04:48:24,200 --> 04:48:27,100
Because of his Stellar 
reputation is Neighbors elected 

5407
04:48:27,100 --> 04:48:29,600
him to the position of 
magistrate in 1817. 

5408
04:48:29,600 --> 04:48:32,900
A magistrate was effectively a 
municipal judge who presided 

5409
04:48:32,900 --> 04:48:34,800
over smaller cases and 
disagreements. 

5410
04:48:35,600 --> 04:48:38,600
Just to refresh your memory, 
David's official education was 

5411
04:48:38,600 --> 04:48:41,000
limited to a few months in a 
one-room schoolhouse. 

5412
04:48:41,000 --> 04:48:44,500
So when he was suddenly tasked 
with interpreting laws and 

5413
04:48:44,500 --> 04:48:47,600
administering Justice, it was 
like expecting someone who had 

5414
04:48:47,600 --> 04:48:49,600
never piloted an airplane to 
ride horses. 

5415
04:48:50,400 --> 04:48:53,800
However, David brought his usual
mix of modesty and common sense 

5416
04:48:53,800 --> 04:48:56,200
to the task. 
He had a really relaxed demeanor

5417
04:48:56,200 --> 04:49:00,400
in court fairness practical 
Solutions and David skill in 

5418
04:49:00,400 --> 04:49:02,700
mediating disputes amongst 
squabbling. 

5419
04:49:02,700 --> 04:49:05,400
Neighbors were more important 
than complicated procedures and 

5420
04:49:05,400 --> 04:49:08,600
legal presses. 
David would advise the disputing

5421
04:49:08,600 --> 04:49:11,700
Farmers to go for a walk over 
the contested ground and try to 

5422
04:49:11,708 --> 04:49:14,200
come to an agreement where they 
were arguing over, who owned? 

5423
04:49:14,200 --> 04:49:18,100
What David may substitute 
Community work for a fine where 

5424
04:49:18,100 --> 04:49:20,200
the offender is unable to pay 
the original amount. 

5425
04:49:21,000 --> 04:49:23,200
His ruling were, mostly 
reasonable and Equitable, 

5426
04:49:23,200 --> 04:49:25,600
however, they lacked legal 
sophistication. 

5427
04:49:27,000 --> 04:49:28,700
Greater political prospects 
arose. 

5428
04:49:28,700 --> 04:49:30,200
As a result of the Magistrate 
Office. 

5429
04:49:30,200 --> 04:49:33,400
No one could have been more 
surprised than David when he was

5430
04:49:33,400 --> 04:49:36,900
elected to the Tennessee State 
Assembly in 1821. 

5431
04:49:38,400 --> 04:49:40,800
Present in the state. 
Capital was a man whose 

5432
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:43,600
constituency was represented by 
someone who continued to 

5433
04:49:43,600 --> 04:49:45,000
struggle with language and 
spelling. 

5434
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:49,000
However, David's political 
ideology was surprisingly 

5435
04:49:49,000 --> 04:49:51,600
uncomplicated. 
The government had to assist 

5436
04:49:51,600 --> 04:49:53,500
common people in resolving 
actual issues. 

5437
04:49:53,500 --> 04:49:55,800
Not add further burdens to their
lives. 

5438
04:49:55,800 --> 04:50:00,400
His character was congruent with
his approach to legislation in 

5439
04:50:00,400 --> 04:50:03,300
contrast to his fellow 
legislators, David spoke frankly

5440
04:50:03,300 --> 04:50:06,700
about the issues at hand rather 
than delivering, lengthy 

5441
04:50:06,700 --> 04:50:08,800
ceremonial speeches. 
Replete with allusions to 

5442
04:50:08,800 --> 04:50:12,500
classical figures and legalese 
Regardless of party pressure. 

5443
04:50:12,500 --> 04:50:16,000
He usually voted according to 
his conscience, which included 

5444
04:50:16,000 --> 04:50:18,800
supporting legislation that 
would help low income households

5445
04:50:18,800 --> 04:50:21,700
purchase land and opposing 
policies that appeared to 

5446
04:50:21,700 --> 04:50:26,500
benefit primarily the wealthy 
However, everything changed when

5447
04:50:26,500 --> 04:50:29,800
a tragic event occurred, David 
was left to raise their three 

5448
04:50:29,800 --> 04:50:32,500
children alone after Polly 
passed away in 1815. 

5449
04:50:33,500 --> 04:50:36,700
A devastating loss befell him 
with Polly as his Rock. 

5450
04:50:36,700 --> 04:50:39,200
He was able to channel his 
Restless Spirit while keeping 

5451
04:50:39,200 --> 04:50:42,000
the peace at home. 
David felt completely 

5452
04:50:42,000 --> 04:50:44,800
disoriented without her and it 
had nothing to do with 

5453
04:50:44,800 --> 04:50:48,700
navigating the terrain hunting 
farming, raising children and 

5454
04:50:48,700 --> 04:50:50,700
attending to his political 
responsibilities. 

5455
04:50:50,700 --> 04:50:53,500
All things that David attempted 
to handle on his own for 

5456
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:55,700
appeared. 
It was a hopeless predicament. 

5457
04:50:56,500 --> 04:50:59,200
David sought assistance after 
realizing, he couldn't give his 

5458
04:50:59,200 --> 04:51:01,400
children, the attention, they 
required due to his busy 

5459
04:51:01,400 --> 04:51:04,400
lifestyle. 
Elizabeth Patton was a widow 

5460
04:51:04,400 --> 04:51:06,600
with two children when he wed 
her in 1816. 

5461
04:51:07,500 --> 04:51:10,500
Elizabeth had the patience 
competence and practicality to 

5462
04:51:10,500 --> 04:51:12,400
manage. 
David's unorthodox, professional

5463
04:51:12,400 --> 04:51:15,600
trajectory. 
While the blended family Dynamic

5464
04:51:15,600 --> 04:51:18,200
was harmonious. 
David's aspirations for public 

5465
04:51:18,200 --> 04:51:21,200
office were intensifying. 
He became a United States 

5466
04:51:21,200 --> 04:51:25,500
senator in 1827 David Crockett, 
who had spent his whole life in 

5467
04:51:25,500 --> 04:51:28,200
the woods and small. 
Frontier towns, suddenly found 

5468
04:51:28,200 --> 04:51:31,600
himself navigating the complex 
political landscape of the 

5469
04:51:31,600 --> 04:51:33,800
nation's capital when he was 
elected to the House of 

5470
04:51:33,800 --> 04:51:36,800
Representatives, which required 
him to leave Tennessee for 

5471
04:51:36,800 --> 04:51:40,700
extended periods of time to 
serve in Washington DC, At 

5472
04:51:40,700 --> 04:51:44,100
dinner parties this towering 
unassuming Congressman would 

5473
04:51:44,100 --> 04:51:46,800
tell tales about his bear hunts 
and appeared genuinely 

5474
04:51:46,800 --> 04:51:50,100
bewildered by the complex, 
social conventions that dictated

5475
04:51:50,100 --> 04:51:52,500
political life. 
The members of Washington 

5476
04:51:52,500 --> 04:51:54,700
Society were at a lost to 
understand him. 

5477
04:51:55,500 --> 04:51:58,200
The folksy demeanor of David 
belied his acute intellect and 

5478
04:51:58,200 --> 04:52:00,900
strong ideals. 
His colleague had assumed, he 

5479
04:52:00,900 --> 04:52:03,500
was alive Frontiersman, who was 
easily influenced. 

5480
04:52:04,300 --> 04:52:07,000
Land policy was the central 
political problem for David. 

5481
04:52:07,800 --> 04:52:10,200
Poor households were having a 
hard time getting Farmland. 

5482
04:52:10,200 --> 04:52:13,100
He thought while Rich 
speculators were buying up large

5483
04:52:13,100 --> 04:52:17,000
tracks for investment People who
had been living on and improving

5484
04:52:17,000 --> 04:52:20,800
land without legal title known 
as squatters would be granted 

5485
04:52:20,800 --> 04:52:23,400
the right to acquire that land 
at reasonable prices through the

5486
04:52:23,400 --> 04:52:24,400
law. 
He suggested. 

5487
04:52:25,300 --> 04:52:28,700
Although David saw it as a 
matter of basic Justice, it 

5488
04:52:28,700 --> 04:52:31,400
pitted him against influential 
groups that favored the status 

5489
04:52:31,400 --> 04:52:34,200
quo. 
David won over voters, but 

5490
04:52:34,200 --> 04:52:37,100
alienated powerful politicians 
with his support for common 

5491
04:52:37,100 --> 04:52:39,500
settlers. 
David became more and more 

5492
04:52:39,508 --> 04:52:41,600
alienated within his own 
political party. 

5493
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:44,500
As he fought against certain of 
President, Andrew Jackson's 

5494
04:52:44,500 --> 04:52:48,200
policies, especially the Indian 
Removal Act which he believed to

5495
04:52:48,200 --> 04:52:52,100
be morally, reprehensible, 
Ironically, David actually had 

5496
04:52:52,100 --> 04:52:55,700
very complex political ideas 
despite how simple they appeared

5497
04:52:55,700 --> 04:52:58,800
to him. 
Democracy he realized entails 

5498
04:52:58,800 --> 04:53:02,100
more than just majority rule. 
It also entailed defending the 

5499
04:53:02,100 --> 04:53:05,000
rights of the defenseless. 
He thought the government should

5500
04:53:05,000 --> 04:53:06,700
look out for everyone's best 
interests. 

5501
04:53:06,700 --> 04:53:08,200
Not just the wealthy and 
Powerful. 

5502
04:53:09,200 --> 04:53:11,300
A politicians who favored easier
Arrangements. 

5503
04:53:11,300 --> 04:53:13,900
They were not novel, Notions but
they were uncomfortable. 

5504
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:17,400
David came to terms with the 
fact that his time as Tennessee 

5505
04:53:17,400 --> 04:53:21,600
politician, was likely numbered 
by the early 1830s. he lost 

5506
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:25,400
popularity due to his rejection 
of popular ideas and amassed, an

5507
04:53:25,400 --> 04:53:27,700
army of foes, due to his 
unwavering adherence to his 

5508
04:53:27,708 --> 04:53:32,100
principles adapting to political
reality or forging, a new route 

5509
04:53:32,100 --> 04:53:36,700
entirely would shape the 
remainder of his life. as you 

5510
04:53:36,700 --> 04:53:39,900
settle in, for this section of 
David's Journey, you'll find out

5511
04:53:39,900 --> 04:53:44,100
how at the same time, it can be 
freeing and terrible to stand up

5512
04:53:44,100 --> 04:53:46,500
for your beliefs, even if it 
means losing everything you've 

5513
04:53:46,500 --> 04:53:50,700
worked for David stay in the 
nation's capital was as 

5514
04:53:50,700 --> 04:53:52,700
entertaining as watching a fish 
scale, a tree. 

5515
04:53:52,700 --> 04:53:56,800
It was his job to represent his 
constituents vote on legislation

5516
04:53:56,800 --> 04:54:00,700
and serve on committees. 
He felt like he was speaking a 

5517
04:54:00,700 --> 04:54:02,900
different language when it came 
to the culture of political 

5518
04:54:02,900 --> 04:54:06,400
manipulation. 
David adamantly refused to let 

5519
04:54:06,400 --> 04:54:09,300
the political ramifications of 
his votes, influences 

5520
04:54:09,300 --> 04:54:11,900
decision-making. 
In contrast to his fellow 

5521
04:54:11,900 --> 04:54:15,300
lawmakers who established 
coalitions and traded votes like

5522
04:54:15,300 --> 04:54:18,100
poker chips. 
When David's beliefs were in 

5523
04:54:18,100 --> 04:54:20,900
line with public opinion, this 
strategy was effective. 

5524
04:54:20,900 --> 04:54:23,600
Nevertheless, it proved 
Troublesome when they were not 

5525
04:54:24,600 --> 04:54:27,000
Most of his Tennessee 
constituents wanted Native 

5526
04:54:27,000 --> 04:54:29,500
American, territories opened for
white colonization. 

5527
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:32,600
Therefore they supported the 
Indian Removal Act of 1830. 

5528
04:54:33,800 --> 04:54:36,500
Not because he was a specially 
Progressive on racial Problems 

5529
04:54:36,500 --> 04:54:39,600
by today's standards but because
David had met and respected 

5530
04:54:39,600 --> 04:54:42,500
Native Americans as individuals,
he was opposed to it. 

5531
04:54:43,300 --> 04:54:45,700
He thought it was morally, 
reprehensible to forcefully, 

5532
04:54:45,700 --> 04:54:48,500
uproot entire communities from 
their ancient homelands. 

5533
04:54:49,200 --> 04:54:53,400
Classic David Crockett, 
passionate direct and totally at

5534
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:56,300
variants with political Acumen. 
That was his opposition speech 

5535
04:54:56,300 --> 04:54:59,200
in Congress. 
Concerning the distinction 

5536
04:54:59,200 --> 04:55:02,500
between what is legally required
and what is morally acceptable. 

5537
04:55:02,500 --> 04:55:04,900
He spoke about Cherokee 
families. 

5538
04:55:04,900 --> 04:55:07,700
He had known as well as 
Government dishonesty and broken

5539
04:55:07,700 --> 04:55:10,200
promises. 
Despite his colleague's 

5540
04:55:10,200 --> 04:55:12,900
courteous listening. 
They ultimately voted to have 

5541
04:55:12,908 --> 04:55:16,300
him removed from office even 
while David's vote, didn't sway.

5542
04:55:16,300 --> 04:55:18,500
The result. 
It did demonstrate the he was 

5543
04:55:18,508 --> 04:55:21,000
unreliable when it came to 
supporting party policies. 

5544
04:55:21,800 --> 04:55:24,500
There were covert, but effective
efforts by the political Elite 

5545
04:55:24,500 --> 04:55:27,700
to undermine David. 
More trustworthy party members 

5546
04:55:27,700 --> 04:55:29,100
were giving committee 
assignments. 

5547
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:33,200
In Portland meeting invitations 
were misplaced his colleagues 

5548
04:55:33,200 --> 04:55:35,900
and Congress no longer sought 
his advice on proposed laws. 

5549
04:55:37,000 --> 04:55:39,700
As he continued to serve as a 
representative for his area. 

5550
04:55:39,700 --> 04:55:42,800
David felt further and further 
removed from the political 

5551
04:55:42,800 --> 04:55:45,500
process. 
David faced political 

5552
04:55:45,500 --> 04:55:49,100
persecution in his home state of
Tennessee due to his stance 

5553
04:55:49,100 --> 04:55:52,400
against Indian relocation. 
His detractors said, he'd been 

5554
04:55:52,408 --> 04:55:55,200
entangled in the corruption of 
Washington politics and had lost

5555
04:55:55,200 --> 04:55:58,300
touch with his Heritage and that
he cared more about Indians than

5556
04:55:58,300 --> 04:56:02,300
his own constituency. although 
David had changed while serving 

5557
04:56:02,300 --> 04:56:05,200
in Congress, it was not in the 
manner, his detractors had 

5558
04:56:05,200 --> 04:56:08,200
envisioned and this fact made 
the criticism all the more 

5559
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:11,600
hurtful David had grown 
increasingly certain that much 

5560
04:56:11,600 --> 04:56:14,500
political expertise was nothing 
more than a pretense to escape 

5561
04:56:14,500 --> 04:56:17,400
moral accountability. 
Rather than being politically 

5562
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:20,100
intelligent. 
He has seen co-workers vote for 

5563
04:56:20,100 --> 04:56:22,600
initiatives, they were 
personally against just because 

5564
04:56:22,600 --> 04:56:24,300
it suited their political 
agenda. 

5565
04:56:25,000 --> 04:56:27,500
He was witnessed to the manner 
in which powerful people's 

5566
04:56:27,500 --> 04:56:31,400
pockets dictated laws that were 
ill-suited to the common welfare

5567
04:56:31,400 --> 04:56:35,200
rather than turning him cynical,
The Experience had helped him 

5568
04:56:35,208 --> 04:56:39,100
better understand what was 
important to him. as usual David

5569
04:56:39,100 --> 04:56:42,400
remained unyielding in the face 
of political pressure, He did 

5570
04:56:42,400 --> 04:56:45,300
not learn to moderate his views 
or compromise, more skillfully. 

5571
04:56:45,300 --> 04:56:49,100
Rather, he got more vocal he 
started traveling around 

5572
04:56:49,100 --> 04:56:52,200
Tennessee, giving talks in which
he details, his voting record. 

5573
04:56:52,200 --> 04:56:55,700
The reasons for his opposition 
to popular ideas and his 

5574
04:56:55,700 --> 04:56:57,900
Newfound, knowledge of the inner
workings of government. 

5575
04:56:59,000 --> 04:57:02,100
Though, entertaining David had a
natural talent for storytelling.

5576
04:57:02,100 --> 04:57:04,800
These remarks were political 
suicide. 

5577
04:57:05,700 --> 04:57:08,800
Campaigning for the 1833. 
Election was a bloodbath. 

5578
04:57:08,800 --> 04:57:11,700
There was no shortage of 
ammunition for David's 

5579
04:57:11,700 --> 04:57:14,400
detractors, this stance against 
popular initiatives. 

5580
04:57:14,400 --> 04:57:18,200
His many trips out of Tennessee,
while in Congress, and his ties 

5581
04:57:18,200 --> 04:57:22,100
to controversial causes For 
someone whose whole sense of 

5582
04:57:22,100 --> 04:57:25,000
self was based on serving the 
people being portrayed, as an 

5583
04:57:25,000 --> 04:57:27,200
alien who had become 
disconnected from everyday, life

5584
04:57:27,200 --> 04:57:29,100
must have been extremely 
hurtful. 

5585
04:57:29,900 --> 04:57:33,500
David retaliated with Candor and
humor, which proved in effective

5586
04:57:33,500 --> 04:57:36,400
against a well-organized, 
political enemy, no matter, the 

5587
04:57:36,400 --> 04:57:39,700
political Fallout, he pledged to
keep voting, his conscience and 

5588
04:57:39,700 --> 04:57:42,700
told voters, just how he felt 
about a variety of subjects. 

5589
04:57:43,400 --> 04:57:46,900
It was Noble based on principles
and destined to fail. 

5590
04:57:47,800 --> 04:57:50,800
As the votes were tallied, David
congressional seat was vacated, 

5591
04:57:50,800 --> 04:57:54,600
he was out of politics and faced
an uncertain future after years 

5592
04:57:54,600 --> 04:57:58,900
of Public Service, he was at the
age of 47 which was neither two 

5593
04:57:58,900 --> 04:58:02,300
young, nor too old to retire 
gracefully but two old to start 

5594
04:58:02,300 --> 04:58:05,100
over comfortably. 
David was aware that he needed 

5595
04:58:05,100 --> 04:58:06,700
to find his life's purpose 
while. 

5596
04:58:07,900 --> 04:58:10,300
Elizabeth remained patient 
regarding their financial 

5597
04:58:10,300 --> 04:58:12,300
condition. 
All though David was 

5598
04:58:12,300 --> 04:58:14,700
disappointed. 
He was liberated from 

5599
04:58:14,700 --> 04:58:17,400
unattainable expectations, as a 
result of his loss. 

5600
04:58:18,300 --> 04:58:20,700
He was free from the burden of 
considering the potential 

5601
04:58:20,700 --> 04:58:23,900
political repercussions of his 
statements and the impact they 

5602
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:27,100
could have on his career. 
It had been years since he could

5603
04:58:27,100 --> 04:58:30,000
do or say anything he wanted 
without worrying about how it 

5604
04:58:30,000 --> 04:58:32,400
might affect his chances of 
winning the next election. 

5605
04:58:32,400 --> 04:58:35,800
The price he had to pay for this
Independence, was Financial 

5606
04:58:35,800 --> 04:58:38,800
instability public 
disillusionment, and the 

5607
04:58:38,800 --> 04:58:41,900
realization that his time in 
politics was essentially over. 

5608
04:58:42,800 --> 04:58:45,200
It did, however, bring with it 
opportunities. 

5609
04:58:45,900 --> 04:58:49,000
Texas that enormous Western 
territory where independence 

5610
04:58:49,000 --> 04:58:52,400
from Mexico was being discussed 
started to play on David's mind.

5611
04:58:53,300 --> 04:58:55,800
To all appearances. 
It was the type of community 

5612
04:58:55,800 --> 04:58:58,500
where a guy could start over 
where values might take 

5613
04:58:58,500 --> 04:59:02,200
precedence over party, 
affiliation As we settle in, for

5614
04:59:02,200 --> 04:59:05,400
the last stretch of David's 
Journey will witness first-hand 

5615
04:59:05,400 --> 04:59:08,600
how the conclusion of one dream 
may pave the way for a new and 

5616
04:59:08,600 --> 04:59:13,200
perhaps more significant one. 
David pondered his next move for

5617
04:59:13,200 --> 04:59:15,500
months. 
After his electoral loss, his 

5618
04:59:15,500 --> 04:59:18,300
life had been organized and 
directed by politics for more 

5619
04:59:18,300 --> 04:59:21,100
than 10 years and now it was all
gone. 

5620
04:59:21,900 --> 04:59:24,800
He resembled a river that had 
been blocked for a long time and

5621
04:59:24,800 --> 04:59:28,200
suddenly the barrier had broken 
releasing him but also leaving 

5622
04:59:28,200 --> 04:59:31,900
him with no idea where to go. 
Evidently suffering with what 

5623
04:59:31,900 --> 04:59:35,200
felt like early retirement from 
the only work that had ever 

5624
04:59:35,200 --> 04:59:38,400
truly suited him. 
Elizabeth observed as Peter 

5625
04:59:38,400 --> 04:59:41,400
paced around their cabin 
starting and then abandoning 

5626
04:59:41,400 --> 04:59:44,200
projects. 
David usually came up with the 

5627
04:59:44,200 --> 04:59:47,100
solution if Tennessee wasn't 
interested in him. 

5628
04:59:47,100 --> 04:59:50,400
He'd look for another place. 
That was when Americans were 

5629
04:59:50,400 --> 04:59:53,800
looking for a location to start 
over where land was inexpensive 

5630
04:59:53,800 --> 04:59:57,000
and Prospects were endless. 
Many began to hear stories of 

5631
04:59:57,000 --> 04:59:59,300
Texas. 
The Mexican government was 

5632
04:59:59,300 --> 05:00:02,800
actively courting American 
settlers by Distributing large, 

5633
05:00:02,800 --> 05:00:06,000
tracts of land to those families
who were ready to uproot and go.

5634
05:00:06,700 --> 05:00:10,200
Texas was the Pinnacle of new 
beginnings for David who lived 

5635
05:00:10,200 --> 05:00:12,000
his whole life seeking 
opportunity. 

5636
05:00:12,900 --> 05:00:15,900
It wasn't just personal reasons,
that led David to textus. 

5637
05:00:15,900 --> 05:00:18,000
Something major was about to 
happen. 

5638
05:00:18,000 --> 05:00:20,600
According to his political 
instincts, and he had been 

5639
05:00:20,600 --> 05:00:23,400
keeping up with the news about 
the escalating tensions, between

5640
05:00:23,400 --> 05:00:25,300
the Mexican Government and 
American settlers. 

5641
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:29,000
The settlers dissatisfaction 
with Mexican policies. 

5642
05:00:29,000 --> 05:00:33,300
Such as those that limited local
autonomy, mandated Catholicism 

5643
05:00:33,300 --> 05:00:36,800
among settlers and restricted 
immigration was growing. 

5644
05:00:37,800 --> 05:00:40,100
Conflicts where regular people 
were caught between their 

5645
05:00:40,100 --> 05:00:42,600
everyday demands and Far Away 
government policies. 

5646
05:00:42,600 --> 05:00:45,500
Were Echoes of those that have 
molded David's own political 

5647
05:00:45,500 --> 05:00:49,500
career. 
He saw In late 1835, David set 

5648
05:00:49,500 --> 05:00:51,600
off for Texas on an exploratory 
Mission. 

5649
05:00:51,600 --> 05:00:56,300
He intended to serve the area 
perhaps purchased some land and 

5650
05:00:56,300 --> 05:00:58,900
then returned to Tennessee to 
finalize his plans to move. 

5651
05:00:59,700 --> 05:01:02,200
nevertheless, he was also 
cognizant of the fact that 

5652
05:01:02,200 --> 05:01:06,400
regardless of his intentions, he
might find himself, embroiled if

5653
05:01:06,400 --> 05:01:10,200
political events in Texas were 
to escalate When faced with 

5654
05:01:10,208 --> 05:01:13,200
disagreements about right and 
wrong David had never been Adept

5655
05:01:13,200 --> 05:01:16,500
at maintaining objectivity. 
By traveling through Arkansas 

5656
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:19,500
and into Texas, with a small 
band of followers, David was 

5657
05:01:19,500 --> 05:01:22,100
able to learn about the local 
conditions and interact with 

5658
05:01:22,100 --> 05:01:24,000
American settlers on multiple 
occasions. 

5659
05:01:24,000 --> 05:01:27,400
What he discovered was a people 
who were both Mexican and 

5660
05:01:27,400 --> 05:01:30,500
American in their cultural and 
practical identities. 

5661
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:33,700
They were attempting to form 
communities based on familiar 

5662
05:01:33,700 --> 05:01:36,800
Traditions, while also adjusting
to new rules and expectations, 

5663
05:01:36,800 --> 05:01:40,200
hardworking, couples wanting a 
better life for their children. 

5664
05:01:40,200 --> 05:01:43,500
The settlers David met mirrored,
his neighbor's in Tennessee. 

5665
05:01:43,500 --> 05:01:47,600
They want Solitude to cultivate 
land in trade and Rule 

5666
05:01:47,600 --> 05:01:51,500
themselves rationally. 
However, Mexico policies that 

5667
05:01:51,500 --> 05:01:54,200
appeared more intent on 
controlling them and helping 

5668
05:01:54,200 --> 05:01:56,200
them. 
Grow were becoming more and more

5669
05:01:56,200 --> 05:02:00,600
frustrating for them. 
David came away from his talks 

5670
05:02:00,600 --> 05:02:03,600
with these families with the 
conviction that the settlers 

5671
05:02:03,600 --> 05:02:06,200
would require Leaders with 
expertise in both military 

5672
05:02:06,200 --> 05:02:10,000
strategy and political reality 
in the event of an impending 

5673
05:02:10,000 --> 05:02:12,900
battle. 
The timing of David's arrival. 

5674
05:02:12,900 --> 05:02:16,000
In Texas was impeccable, though,
he could not have predicted it. 

5675
05:02:16,800 --> 05:02:19,400
The tense situation had quickly 
developed between the Mexican 

5676
05:02:19,400 --> 05:02:22,700
authorities and the settlers 
dissolving, the Mexican Congress

5677
05:02:22,700 --> 05:02:25,200
and advancing for total control 
General. 

5678
05:02:25,200 --> 05:02:28,300
Santa Anna jeopardized the 
minimal autonomy that had 

5679
05:02:28,300 --> 05:02:30,200
initially attracted American 
Immigration. 

5680
05:02:31,100 --> 05:02:34,400
The Texans who had just begun to
organize resistance, were in 

5681
05:02:34,400 --> 05:02:36,500
need of prominent, political and
Military personalities. 

5682
05:02:36,500 --> 05:02:40,900
You might provide credibility to
their cause the scenario seemed 

5683
05:02:40,900 --> 05:02:44,900
like an opportunity for David to
put his political experience and

5684
05:02:44,900 --> 05:02:47,600
knowledge to use for causes in 
which he truly believed. 

5685
05:02:48,300 --> 05:02:50,300
The Texas settlers weren't 
demanding much. 

5686
05:02:50,300 --> 05:02:53,600
They simply wanted to be able to
follow their own Traditions when

5687
05:02:53,600 --> 05:02:56,800
it came to government freely, 
practice their religion and have

5688
05:02:56,800 --> 05:03:00,700
a say in matters that directly 
touch the Now that he was away 

5689
05:03:00,700 --> 05:03:04,000
from home politics, David could 
endorse the same causes. 

5690
05:03:04,000 --> 05:03:07,900
He had fought for in Congress. 
San Antonio was Under Siege when

5691
05:03:07,900 --> 05:03:11,300
David arrived in February 1836 
as general. 

5692
05:03:11,300 --> 05:03:14,900
Santa Anna's, Mexican Army is 
closed in the small garrisons 

5693
05:03:14,900 --> 05:03:17,400
sought sanctuary in the Alamo. 
A former mission. 

5694
05:03:18,100 --> 05:03:21,100
With only 200 Defenders up 
against thousands of Mexican 

5695
05:03:21,100 --> 05:03:25,100
forces, the situation was Dire. 
However, David knew from his 

5696
05:03:25,100 --> 05:03:28,400
military experience that with 
persistence and cunning, even in

5697
05:03:28,400 --> 05:03:31,400
the face of overwhelming odds, 
victory was possible. 

5698
05:03:32,200 --> 05:03:35,000
For David, staying in the Alamo 
wasn't a choice at all. 

5699
05:03:35,000 --> 05:03:37,900
Everything he had ever done up 
to this point had been leading 

5700
05:03:37,900 --> 05:03:40,700
up to this point. 
His years spent hunting alone 

5701
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:43,700
in, perilous Wilderness his 
lessons in leadership, under 

5702
05:03:43,700 --> 05:03:46,900
duress, from military duty, and 
the lessons he had learned about

5703
05:03:46,900 --> 05:03:50,000
the value of sticking up for 
beliefs, no matter the cost from

5704
05:03:50,000 --> 05:03:53,800
his political career 50 years 
old, and still clinging to the 

5705
05:03:53,800 --> 05:03:56,200
belief that certain conflicts 
were worth fighting for. 

5706
05:03:56,200 --> 05:04:00,500
He had a wife and children back 
in Tennessee, the symbolic and 

5707
05:04:00,500 --> 05:04:03,200
Military significance of David's
Presence at the Alamo. 

5708
05:04:03,200 --> 05:04:06,000
Cannot be overstated. 
He was willing to put his 

5709
05:04:06,000 --> 05:04:09,300
reputation on the line for 
Texas's Independence, and he had

5710
05:04:09,300 --> 05:04:11,400
served as a congressman in the 
United States. 

5711
05:04:12,300 --> 05:04:15,800
His ruling bolstered support for
the Texas scores and showed that

5712
05:04:15,800 --> 05:04:18,500
the war was about National 
issues of self-governance and 

5713
05:04:18,500 --> 05:04:21,700
personal freedom, rather than 
Petty Regional disputes. 

5714
05:04:22,500 --> 05:04:25,400
David had to have understood his
chances of survival were limited

5715
05:04:25,400 --> 05:04:28,900
as the Mexican Army, and circle 
the Alamo, but he was also wise 

5716
05:04:28,900 --> 05:04:32,400
enough to know that values. 
Not survival are often more 

5717
05:04:32,400 --> 05:04:35,400
essential and that it's better 
to lose a battle than to lose a 

5718
05:04:35,400 --> 05:04:38,900
life for a greater cause The 
Restless youngster suddenly had 

5719
05:04:38,900 --> 05:04:41,500
something to stand for. 
I'll link the evening together. 

5720
05:04:41,500 --> 05:04:45,000
Is coming to a close and with 
it, we reach the beginning and 

5721
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:48,200
finish of David's Story. 
The moment when a Restless 

5722
05:04:48,200 --> 05:04:51,108
politician from the frontier 
became an enduring emblem of the

5723
05:04:51,116 --> 05:04:52,800
American bravery and 
Independence. 

5724
05:04:53,500 --> 05:04:58,700
From February 23rd until March 
6th. 1836 the Alamo was besieged

5725
05:04:58,700 --> 05:05:01,800
for 13 days. 
A former Congressman seeking A 

5726
05:05:01,800 --> 05:05:04,900
New Beginning, David Crockett 
became a symbol of Common People

5727
05:05:04,900 --> 05:05:08,200
prepared to give their all for 
the idea of self-determination 

5728
05:05:08,200 --> 05:05:12,100
during those two weeks. 
A complicated man who had spent 

5729
05:05:12,100 --> 05:05:15,100
50 years trying to balance 
practical demands with moral 

5730
05:05:15,100 --> 05:05:17,100
beliefs. 
The David who fought at the 

5731
05:05:17,100 --> 05:05:19,700
Alamo was nothing like the 
legendary figure with the 

5732
05:05:19,700 --> 05:05:22,500
coonskin cap. 
Inside the Alamo. 

5733
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:26,000
David had a dual purpose 
bolstering morale and providing 

5734
05:05:26,000 --> 05:05:29,100
Military Support. 
His background as a scout in the

5735
05:05:29,100 --> 05:05:32,600
creek war made him an asset for 
planning and reconnaissance, but

5736
05:05:32,600 --> 05:05:35,400
more significantly, his 
storytelling skills, lifted 

5737
05:05:35,400 --> 05:05:37,500
morale. 
In, what everyone knew would be 

5738
05:05:37,508 --> 05:05:41,100
their last days. 
Picture, this David was keeping 

5739
05:05:41,100 --> 05:05:43,700
his fellow Defenders motivated, 
during those long hours of 

5740
05:05:43,700 --> 05:05:46,900
waiting for the last attack by 
telling stories about his bear 

5741
05:05:46,900 --> 05:05:50,900
hunts and political experiences.
In the Mayhem of the last 

5742
05:05:50,900 --> 05:05:54,200
conflict, the precise 
circumstances of David's demise 

5743
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:57,100
are murky at best. 
A generation of Americans was 

5744
05:05:57,100 --> 05:06:00,400
inspired by his presence at the 
Alamo and considered his death 

5745
05:06:00,400 --> 05:06:04,300
as proof that Democratic ideas 
were worth dying for We also 

5746
05:06:04,300 --> 05:06:06,500
know that he died fighting and 
never surrendered. 

5747
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:09,700
The defeated Congressman had 
figured out how to cast the most

5748
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:13,000
consequential vote of his life. 
Fascinatingly, though. 

5749
05:06:13,000 --> 05:06:16,700
The real David Crockett started 
Fading Into Oblivion shortly 

5750
05:06:16,700 --> 05:06:20,100
after he passed away, and that 
is what truly defines his 

5751
05:06:20,100 --> 05:06:22,600
legacy. 
Newspapers began reporting 

5752
05:06:22,600 --> 05:06:25,600
greatly embellished accounts of 
his Frontier Adventures within a

5753
05:06:25,600 --> 05:06:27,600
few months, in a matter of 
years. 

5754
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:31,200
He went from being portrayed as 
a mere mortal to a superhero who

5755
05:06:31,200 --> 05:06:34,200
could drink the Mississippi 
River dry, and beat his weight 

5756
05:06:34,200 --> 05:06:38,200
in Wildcats and cheap novels. 
Even though the real David, most

5757
05:06:38,200 --> 05:06:41,000
likely, never sported, a 
coonskin cap, it came to 

5758
05:06:41,000 --> 05:06:43,800
symbolize him. 
A meticulous and principled, 

5759
05:06:43,800 --> 05:06:45,800
politician became a naive 
Frontiersman. 

5760
05:06:46,700 --> 05:06:49,000
What this change reveals about 
the way Americans have 

5761
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:51,300
historically treated their 
Heroes as significant. 

5762
05:06:52,100 --> 05:06:55,000
A Heroes should be simple and 
are symbols, should be obvious, 

5763
05:06:55,000 --> 05:06:58,700
the complicated real life. 
David Crockett who had 

5764
05:06:58,708 --> 05:07:02,300
difficulty spelling but had 
strong moral convictions was an 

5765
05:07:02,300 --> 05:07:05,500
accomplished Hunter and a 
brilliant political thinker and 

5766
05:07:05,500 --> 05:07:07,700
was too complicated for 
simplistic mythology. 

5767
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:11,800
Because of this, he became a 
cartoon character in popular 

5768
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:15,700
culture which oversimplified 
him, despite this a crucial 

5769
05:07:15,700 --> 05:07:18,800
aspect of the historical, David 
managed to evade the myths 

5770
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:21,900
regardless of the numerous urban
legends surrounding him. 

5771
05:07:21,900 --> 05:07:24,800
The fundamental truths that 
captivated audiences. 

5772
05:07:24,800 --> 05:07:28,200
The common people are capable of
extraordinary Deeds that 

5773
05:07:28,200 --> 05:07:30,300
principles. 
Take precedence over political 

5774
05:07:30,300 --> 05:07:33,800
expediency and that at times 
during the right thing demands 

5775
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:36,100
giving up everything remain 
powerful. 

5776
05:07:37,300 --> 05:07:40,200
The impact that David had on 
American society did not see 

5777
05:07:40,200 --> 05:07:42,800
with his death. 
A regular guy thrown into 

5778
05:07:42,800 --> 05:07:46,700
extraordinary circumstances who 
Rises to the occasion, he became

5779
05:07:46,700 --> 05:07:48,500
an architect of the reluctant 
hero. 

5780
05:07:49,500 --> 05:07:51,900
Throughout American story 
telling for over two centuries 

5781
05:07:51,900 --> 05:07:55,600
characters like Jimmy Stewart 
from Frank, Capra, films, and 

5782
05:07:55,600 --> 05:07:58,000
contemporary politicians. 
Who highlight their humble 

5783
05:07:58,000 --> 05:08:00,400
Origins have repeated. 
David's example of honest 

5784
05:08:00,400 --> 05:08:02,800
leadership. 
The way, David dealt with the 

5785
05:08:02,800 --> 05:08:05,600
conflict between pragmatic 
politics and moral convictions 

5786
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:08,300
is what gives his story modern 
relevance? 

5787
05:08:09,200 --> 05:08:12,500
Compromises, inevitable in 
effective leadership, but he was

5788
05:08:12,500 --> 05:08:15,100
also aware that there are 
certain beliefs that must never 

5789
05:08:15,100 --> 05:08:18,200
be compromised. 
The ups and downs of striving 

5790
05:08:18,200 --> 05:08:20,700
for moral Integrity. 
In intricate, political 

5791
05:08:20,700 --> 05:08:23,400
institutions are laid bare by 
his political career. 

5792
05:08:24,300 --> 05:08:27,200
The lesson we may learn from 
David's tragic political career 

5793
05:08:27,200 --> 05:08:30,600
is that he was never effective 
because he refused to compromise

5794
05:08:30,600 --> 05:08:33,000
his ideals. 
That seeming failure. 

5795
05:08:33,000 --> 05:08:36,300
However, became something far 
more substantial when he died at

5796
05:08:36,300 --> 05:08:39,700
the Alamo David by laying down 
his life, for the independence 

5797
05:08:39,700 --> 05:08:43,200
of Texas demonstrated that there
are values higher than political

5798
05:08:43,200 --> 05:08:45,500
power. 
And that true citizens of a 

5799
05:08:45,500 --> 05:08:48,600
Democratic Society are willing 
to put their personal interest 

5800
05:08:48,600 --> 05:08:51,500
on a back burner in order to 
uphold greater ideals. 

5801
05:08:52,800 --> 05:08:56,200
Think about David's rise from a 
fidgety youngster to an American

5802
05:08:56,200 --> 05:08:58,100
icon as you drift off to sleep 
tonight. 

5803
05:08:58,900 --> 05:09:03,000
He was never able to settle down
become politically powerful or a

5804
05:09:03,000 --> 05:09:06,300
massive substantial riches. 
The knowledge that he had spent 

5805
05:09:06,300 --> 05:09:09,300
his life in accordance with his 
own, moral compass that he'd 

5806
05:09:09,300 --> 05:09:12,600
utilized his talents for causes,
he believed in, and that he had 

5807
05:09:12,600 --> 05:09:14,800
not backed down. 
When faced with the final test 

5808
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:16,500
was something more significant 
to him. 

5809
05:09:17,200 --> 05:09:19,800
Instead of being the heroic 
frontiersmen, portrayed in 

5810
05:09:19,808 --> 05:09:23,500
popular culture, the real David 
Crockett was a multi-faceted 

5811
05:09:23,500 --> 05:09:26,700
imperfect human being who 
demonstrated that regular 

5812
05:09:26,700 --> 05:09:29,600
individuals are capable of 
remarkable acts of moral 

5813
05:09:29,600 --> 05:09:32,300
bravery. 
Being heroic isn't about having 

5814
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:34,600
it all together. 
It's about having the courage to

5815
05:09:34,600 --> 05:09:36,100
fight for what you think is, 
right? 

5816
05:09:36,100 --> 05:09:39,900
No matter the cost. 
His narrative serves as a 

5817
05:09:39,900 --> 05:09:42,300
reminder of this. 
As we wrap up our evening 

5818
05:09:42,300 --> 05:09:45,300
together, it's worth reflecting 
on how we all encounter 

5819
05:09:45,300 --> 05:09:48,300
situations where we have to 
decide between doing what's 

5820
05:09:48,300 --> 05:09:49,100
easy. 
And what's right? 

5821
05:09:49,100 --> 05:09:53,000
Or putting our own interests 
ahead of our moral compass, the 

5822
05:09:53,000 --> 05:09:55,900
moral decisions made by average 
citizens form, the Bedrock of 

5823
05:09:55,900 --> 05:09:59,500
our Democratic and free society 
as David Crockett's account 

5824
05:09:59,500 --> 05:10:02,700
hints, rest easy. 
And always keep in mind that 

5825
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:05,200
being heroic does not 
necessitate a coonskin cap. 

5826
05:10:05,200 --> 05:10:08,500
No matter the cost must have the
guts to follow your own moral. 

5827
05:10:08,500 --> 05:10:16,600
Compass. 
You are settling into a story 

5828
05:10:16,600 --> 05:10:19,700
from thousands of years ago when
people first began to stay in 

5829
05:10:19,708 --> 05:10:22,600
one place long enough to plant 
seeds and store grain. 

5830
05:10:23,600 --> 05:10:27,000
In those early Villages, warmth 
and shelter, Drew not only 

5831
05:10:27,000 --> 05:10:30,700
people together but also small 
animals who noticed the steady 

5832
05:10:30,700 --> 05:10:33,300
routines and learned that 
nearness could mean safety. 

5833
05:10:34,600 --> 05:10:38,600
This is the story of how cats 
made that choice quietly and on 

5834
05:10:38,600 --> 05:10:42,600
their own terms. 
Awaken a settlement along a 

5835
05:10:42,600 --> 05:10:45,800
river valley where the soil 
holds water and the sun warms 

5836
05:10:45,800 --> 05:10:49,800
clay Walls by mid-morning. 
The S males of dust and dry 

5837
05:10:49,800 --> 05:10:52,100
grass. 
People move through familiar 

5838
05:10:52,100 --> 05:10:56,000
patterns carrying baskets of 
barley, sweeping dirt, floors 

5839
05:10:56,000 --> 05:10:59,400
and stacking bundles of reads 
against low stone walls. 

5840
05:11:00,100 --> 05:11:03,400
Everything happens slowly shaped
by heat and habit. 

5841
05:11:04,100 --> 05:11:08,700
Grain Stores sit in ceramic jars
with flat Lids stacked in shaded

5842
05:11:08,700 --> 05:11:11,300
corners of courtyards. 
The jars. 

5843
05:11:11,300 --> 05:11:13,900
Hold enough to last through 
Seasons, when nothing grows 

5844
05:11:13,900 --> 05:11:16,900
people. 
Check them daily brushing away, 

5845
05:11:16,900 --> 05:11:21,100
insects and tilting, the lids to
appear inside the grain, shifts 

5846
05:11:21,100 --> 05:11:22,900
with a soft whisper when 
Disturbed. 

5847
05:11:23,600 --> 05:11:27,600
Mice noticed this abundance, 
they arrived in the cool hours 

5848
05:11:27,600 --> 05:11:31,800
before Dawn slipping through 
gaps in woven fence's following 

5849
05:11:31,800 --> 05:11:34,800
the scent of Sword seeds cats 
noticed. 

5850
05:11:34,800 --> 05:11:38,200
The mice They move into the edge
of the settlement without 

5851
05:11:38,200 --> 05:11:42,000
ceremony stepping lightly along 
the perimeter where walls meet 

5852
05:11:42,000 --> 05:11:45,200
open ground. 
They do not announce themselves,

5853
05:11:45,200 --> 05:11:50,000
they find places to rest in the 
shade of overhangs behind stacks

5854
05:11:50,000 --> 05:11:53,400
of clay bricks and under benches
where the crown stays cool. 

5855
05:11:54,300 --> 05:11:57,000
They watched the movement of 
people and animals, with calm, 

5856
05:11:57,000 --> 05:11:59,500
attention, learning, the rhythm 
of the day. 

5857
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:04,100
Mourning's begin with the scrape
of wooden tools against Stone. 

5858
05:12:04,100 --> 05:12:07,600
The rustle of baskets being 
filled and the low hum of 

5859
05:12:07,608 --> 05:12:12,400
voices, discussing tasks. 
People work steadily pausing to 

5860
05:12:12,408 --> 05:12:15,000
drink water from shallow bowls 
wiping. 

5861
05:12:15,000 --> 05:12:19,200
Sweat from their foreheads. 
The settlement feels orderly and

5862
05:12:19,200 --> 05:12:22,400
predictable. 
Courtyards fill with sunlight. 

5863
05:12:23,200 --> 05:12:27,800
Shadows, shrink toward midday. 
Cats settle into spots where 

5864
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:32,100
they can see without being seen.
A LED above a doorway, a gap 

5865
05:12:32,100 --> 05:12:36,400
between two storage jars, the 
top of a wall warmed by Morning,

5866
05:12:36,400 --> 05:12:39,400
Sun. 
They rest with eyes, half closed

5867
05:12:39,400 --> 05:12:42,600
and Tails curled around their 
bodies breathing, slowly. 

5868
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:47,200
They do not seek attention. 
They simply occupy space that 

5869
05:12:47,200 --> 05:12:51,300
offers both comfort and Vantage.
Children scatter grain for 

5870
05:12:51,300 --> 05:12:54,900
chickens in the courtyard. 
The birds Peck and flutter 

5871
05:12:54,900 --> 05:12:57,300
kicking up, small clouds of 
dust. 

5872
05:12:58,300 --> 05:13:02,100
Cats, watch this activity from a
distance, noting, the movement, 

5873
05:13:02,100 --> 05:13:06,000
the sound, and the predictable 
timing, they learn when the 

5874
05:13:06,008 --> 05:13:09,000
courtyard fills. 
And when it is they learned 

5875
05:13:09,000 --> 05:13:11,800
which paths people take most 
often in which Corners remain 

5876
05:13:11,800 --> 05:13:16,700
undisturbed, By midday the heat 
presses down and movement slows 

5877
05:13:16,700 --> 05:13:21,000
people Retreat indoors or into 
the deepest shade, the 

5878
05:13:21,000 --> 05:13:24,300
settlement grows quiet. 
Even the chickens settle in to 

5879
05:13:24,300 --> 05:13:27,300
dust baths fluffing, their 
feathers, and closing their 

5880
05:13:27,300 --> 05:13:30,800
eyes. 
Cats remain still conserving 

5881
05:13:30,800 --> 05:13:33,100
energy. 
Letting the hours pass without 

5882
05:13:33,100 --> 05:13:36,400
effort. 
There is no urgency here time 

5883
05:13:36,400 --> 05:13:38,300
moves in Long unhurried 
stretches. 

5884
05:13:39,300 --> 05:13:42,900
Late afternoon, brings a shift 
in temperature, breezes begin to

5885
05:13:42,900 --> 05:13:45,000
move through the spaces between 
buildings. 

5886
05:13:45,700 --> 05:13:49,000
People emerged to continue their
work, they grind grain with 

5887
05:13:49,000 --> 05:13:52,000
heavy Stones, The Sound rhythmic
and steady. 

5888
05:13:53,000 --> 05:13:56,600
They weave mats from reads. 
Their hands moving in practice 

5889
05:13:56,600 --> 05:14:00,100
patterns. 
They meant Baskits repair tools 

5890
05:14:00,100 --> 05:14:02,700
and 10, small Fires for evening 
meals. 

5891
05:14:03,800 --> 05:14:07,700
Cats stretch and shift positions
following the retreating patches

5892
05:14:07,700 --> 05:14:09,800
of sunlight. 
They groom themselves. 

5893
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:13,600
With careful attention smoothing
fur and cleaning pause. 

5894
05:14:13,600 --> 05:14:18,000
They yawn widely showing sharp 
teeth then settle again. 

5895
05:14:18,900 --> 05:14:22,400
Their presence becomes part of 
the landscape, unremarkable and 

5896
05:14:22,400 --> 05:14:25,400
accepted. 
Mice venture out of Shadows, 

5897
05:14:25,400 --> 05:14:28,300
length and emboldened by the 
approaching dusk. 

5898
05:14:28,300 --> 05:14:31,900
They moved quickly darting from 
one hiding spot to another 

5899
05:14:31,900 --> 05:14:35,800
always alert. 
Cats track this movement with 

5900
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:41,000
Focus Stillness, bodies low ears
forward, sometimes they move, 

5901
05:14:41,000 --> 05:14:45,500
sometimes they simply watch. 
The settlement provides more 

5902
05:14:45,500 --> 05:14:48,500
than enough opportunity. 
There is no need to rush. 

5903
05:14:48,500 --> 05:14:53,900
People notice the cats and 
passing a shape on a wall, a 

5904
05:14:53,900 --> 05:14:55,600
flicker of movement in 
peripheral vision. 

5905
05:14:55,600 --> 05:14:58,700
No one reacts with surprise or 
concern. 

5906
05:14:58,700 --> 05:15:02,900
The cats are simply there as the
chickens are there, as the 

5907
05:15:02,900 --> 05:15:06,200
insects are there. 
They belong to the rhythm of the

5908
05:15:06,200 --> 05:15:08,200
place without requiring 
acknowledgment. 

5909
05:15:09,000 --> 05:15:11,900
Evening approaches and the 
quality of light changes turning

5910
05:15:11,900 --> 05:15:15,600
golden and soft. 
Cooking fires, begin to Glow in 

5911
05:15:15,600 --> 05:15:18,800
halves. the smell of baking 
bread drifts through the 

5912
05:15:18,800 --> 05:15:22,900
settlement, people gather near 
doorways sitting on low stools, 

5913
05:15:22,900 --> 05:15:26,400
talking quietly, as they eat, 
Cats remain at a distance 

5914
05:15:26,400 --> 05:15:30,000
observing. 
They do not approach the fires 

5915
05:15:30,000 --> 05:15:34,000
or the food, they maintain their
own routines independent. 

5916
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:38,400
But aware as Darkness settles 
the settlement grows quieter 

5917
05:15:38,400 --> 05:15:42,200
still People move in doors 
fires, burn lower. 

5918
05:15:43,200 --> 05:15:46,000
Sound of the day Fade Into The 
Sound Of Night. 

5919
05:15:46,900 --> 05:15:50,700
Distant animal calls the rustle 
of wind through Reeds. 

5920
05:15:50,700 --> 05:15:55,000
And the occasional crack of 
settling would Cats navigate 

5921
05:15:55,000 --> 05:15:59,600
this Darkness with ease, their 
eyes catching faint light, their

5922
05:15:59,600 --> 05:16:03,500
movement silent and assured. 
The daily life of the settlement

5923
05:16:03,500 --> 05:16:06,900
continues this way, day after 
day, season after season. 

5924
05:16:07,700 --> 05:16:11,000
Patterns, repeat, cats, learn 
them thoroughly. 

5925
05:16:11,000 --> 05:16:15,000
They understand when grain is 
poured when Courtyards are swept

5926
05:16:15,000 --> 05:16:20,100
when people rest, and when they 
work, This knowledge allows them

5927
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:23,700
to exist, comfortably within the
human world without disrupting 

5928
05:16:23,700 --> 05:16:28,100
it or being disrupted by it. 
The relationship begins not 

5929
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:32,400
through intention but through 
simple proximity and the gradual

5930
05:16:32,400 --> 05:16:36,700
recognition of mutual benefit. 
You watch as people build and 

5931
05:16:36,700 --> 05:16:38,700
repair the structures that 
Define their lives. 

5932
05:16:39,400 --> 05:16:43,700
Walls rise from mud-bricks dried
in the sun, stacked carefully 

5933
05:16:43,700 --> 05:16:46,900
and mortared with clay. 
Roofs are formed from wooden 

5934
05:16:46,900 --> 05:16:49,300
beams, layered with reeds and 
packed Earth. 

5935
05:16:50,100 --> 05:16:53,600
Each structure takes shape 
through repetition lifting 

5936
05:16:53,600 --> 05:16:58,600
placing smoothie and waiting for
materials to set and Harden. 

5937
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:03,000
Cats, observe this construction 
from nearby Vantage points. 

5938
05:17:03,800 --> 05:17:07,300
They note the appearance of new 
walls that create Shade New 

5939
05:17:07,300 --> 05:17:11,100
overhangs that block rain a new 
corners that hold warmth. 

5940
05:17:12,000 --> 05:17:15,700
As people work cats test, these 
spaces, stepping carefully onto 

5941
05:17:15,700 --> 05:17:18,800
fresh, surfaces, sniffing at new
materials and deciding which 

5942
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:22,100
spots suit them. 
A beam positioned at just the 

5943
05:17:22,100 --> 05:17:23,600
right height becomes a resting 
place. 

5944
05:17:23,600 --> 05:17:28,400
A gap between two walls becomes 
a passage the cats adapt to the 

5945
05:17:28,408 --> 05:17:31,500
changing landscape as it. 
Develops people sweep 

5946
05:17:31,500 --> 05:17:35,000
Courtyards, daily using bundles 
of Twigs tied with cord. 

5947
05:17:35,000 --> 05:17:39,000
They push dust and debris toward
the edges, clearing paths and 

5948
05:17:39,008 --> 05:17:42,600
Gathering areas. 
This sweeping creates clean Open

5949
05:17:42,600 --> 05:17:45,700
Spaces where movement is easy. 
And visibility is clear. 

5950
05:17:46,800 --> 05:17:50,200
Cats move through the swept 
areas with confidence, their 

5951
05:17:50,200 --> 05:17:54,100
paws finding smooth ground, 
their approach, unhindered by 

5952
05:17:54,100 --> 05:17:57,100
clutter. 
The maintenance of order serves 

5953
05:17:57,100 --> 05:18:00,900
both species without either one 
planning for the other storage 

5954
05:18:00,900 --> 05:18:02,700
areas. 
Require constant attention 

5955
05:18:02,700 --> 05:18:07,400
baskets need mending. 
When reads crack and split clay 

5956
05:18:07,400 --> 05:18:10,200
jars, develop hairline fractures
that must be sealed with fresh 

5957
05:18:10,200 --> 05:18:13,200
clay. 
Wooden Lids warp in the Heat and

5958
05:18:13,200 --> 05:18:16,800
must be replaced. 
People work steadily to keep 

5959
05:18:16,808 --> 05:18:20,700
these containers, functional 
knowing that grain left exposed 

5960
05:18:20,700 --> 05:18:25,900
attracts more than just mice. 
Insects swarm, Birds descend 

5961
05:18:25,900 --> 05:18:30,100
larger animals investigate, the 
effort to maintain sealed 

5962
05:18:30,100 --> 05:18:34,500
storage becomes a daily priority
cats benefit from this vigilance

5963
05:18:34,500 --> 05:18:37,000
sealed. 
Storage means concentrated 

5964
05:18:37,000 --> 05:18:40,600
populations of mice and rats 
drawn to the few accessible 

5965
05:18:40,600 --> 05:18:43,500
points of Entry the cats, learn 
these points. 

5966
05:18:43,500 --> 05:18:47,800
They position themselves near 
the bases of storage jars, near 

5967
05:18:47,800 --> 05:18:51,500
the seams of woven Baskits a 
near the gaps where wooden 

5968
05:18:51,500 --> 05:18:55,300
platforms meet walls. 
They wait with extraordinary, 

5969
05:18:55,300 --> 05:18:58,600
patience bodies. 
Still breathing slow. 

5970
05:18:59,700 --> 05:19:02,800
When movement occurs, they 
respond with sudden Precision, 

5971
05:19:02,800 --> 05:19:06,800
then they settle again, waiting 
for the next opportunity 

5972
05:19:06,800 --> 05:19:09,300
Pathways develop through 
repeated. 

5973
05:19:09,300 --> 05:19:12,800
Use people walk. 
The same route between buildings

5974
05:19:12,800 --> 05:19:16,200
between work, areas and water 
sources, and between homes and 

5975
05:19:16,200 --> 05:19:19,000
Fields. 
A footsteps, where the ground 

5976
05:19:19,000 --> 05:19:23,500
smooth? 
Creating defiant Trails cats. 

5977
05:19:23,500 --> 05:19:27,500
Use the same paths finding them 
easier to navigate than rough 

5978
05:19:27,500 --> 05:19:31,100
Terrain. 
Shared Roots become familiar to 

5979
05:19:31,100 --> 05:19:33,900
both marked by Mutual passage 
though. 

5980
05:19:33,900 --> 05:19:37,200
Never by agreement. 
Repairs happened. 

5981
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:41,900
Constantly Section of wall, 
crumbles and must be rebuilt. 

5982
05:19:42,600 --> 05:19:46,100
A roof develops, a leak and 
requires new layers of thatch. 

5983
05:19:46,800 --> 05:19:49,400
Doorway sags and needs 
reinforcements. 

5984
05:19:50,200 --> 05:19:54,100
People approach these tasks 
methodically Gathering materials

5985
05:19:54,100 --> 05:19:57,400
working in the cooler hours and 
testing their repairs before 

5986
05:19:57,400 --> 05:20:01,100
considering them complete. 
Cats are just to the temporary 

5987
05:20:01,100 --> 05:20:05,300
disruption moving to adjacent. 
Space is watching the work with 

5988
05:20:05,300 --> 05:20:09,100
calm interest and returning once
stability is restored. 

5989
05:20:10,000 --> 05:20:12,000
Courtyards become centers of 
activity. 

5990
05:20:13,000 --> 05:20:16,000
People gather there to work on 
tasks that require space, 

5991
05:20:16,000 --> 05:20:21,300
spreading grain to dry sorting 
harvested crops and preparing 

5992
05:20:21,300 --> 05:20:24,900
materials for building. 
The ground is packed, hard from 

5993
05:20:24,900 --> 05:20:29,800
constant, use low walls, Define 
the edges benches and platforms.

5994
05:20:29,800 --> 05:20:34,300
Provide places to sit and rest. 
Cats navigate the margins of the

5995
05:20:34,308 --> 05:20:38,100
spaces, staying clear of active 
work, but remaining close enough

5996
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:40,800
to observe. 
Water channels require 

5997
05:20:40,800 --> 05:20:44,200
maintenance. 
Clay lined, trenches carry water

5998
05:20:44,200 --> 05:20:45,500
from the river to the 
settlement. 

5999
05:20:46,400 --> 05:20:50,900
Sediment accumulates and must be
cleared, cracks develop and need

6000
05:20:50,900 --> 05:20:53,800
patching. 
People weighed into the shallow 

6001
05:20:53,800 --> 05:20:55,800
Channels with tools. 
Scraping away. 

6002
05:20:55,800 --> 05:21:00,300
Build-ups smoothing, surfaces 
and ensuring steady flow Cats 

6003
05:21:00,300 --> 05:21:03,400
watch from the banks, 
occasionally lapping water from 

6004
05:21:03,400 --> 05:21:06,700
the edges, taking advantage of 
the accessible moisture without 

6005
05:21:06,700 --> 05:21:08,300
venturing into the channels 
themselves. 

6006
05:21:09,400 --> 05:21:13,200
Building materials accumulate in
designated areas stacks, of 

6007
05:21:13,200 --> 05:21:18,000
reeds piles of clay bricks 
bundles of wooden poles these 

6008
05:21:18,000 --> 05:21:21,300
collections create sheltered 
nooks and elevated platforms. 

6009
05:21:22,100 --> 05:21:25,600
Cats, explore these spaces, 
thoroughly discovering, which 

6010
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:29,500
Stacks are stable enough to 
climb which gaps provide shelter

6011
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:32,200
from wind and which Heights 
offer the best view. 

6012
05:21:33,800 --> 05:21:37,100
The unintended architecture of 
stored materials becomes a 

6013
05:21:37,100 --> 05:21:40,800
landscape of opportunity. 
People build low walls to Define

6014
05:21:40,800 --> 05:21:44,700
property and create boundaries. 
These walls are not high just 

6015
05:21:44,700 --> 05:21:47,200
enough to Mark separation and 
provide modest privacy. 

6016
05:21:48,300 --> 05:21:51,700
Cats used the tops of these 
walls as highways moving through

6017
05:21:51,700 --> 05:21:54,000
the settlement with elevation 
and speed. 

6018
05:21:55,000 --> 05:21:56,900
The walls become connective 
tissue. 

6019
05:21:56,900 --> 05:22:00,800
Linking different areas allowing
cats to travel without 

6020
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:04,400
descending to ground level where
people and other animals, move 

6021
05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:08,400
more densely. 
Halves are built with care using

6022
05:22:08,400 --> 05:22:10,200
stones. 
That can withstand Heat 

6023
05:22:11,100 --> 05:22:14,300
Positioned to allow smoke to 
rise and Escape through roof 

6024
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:17,500
openings. 
She is accumulate in a removed 

6025
05:22:17,500 --> 05:22:21,200
regularly, carried away to be 
used in gardens or mixed with 

6026
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:24,700
clay for building. 
Cats avoid active fires, but 

6027
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:28,000
appreciate the residual, warmth 
of stones, that have held heat 

6028
05:22:28,000 --> 05:22:31,400
through the day. they rest near 
these spots in the evening 

6029
05:22:31,400 --> 05:22:35,300
absorbing warmth as 
temperatures, drop The act of 

6030
05:22:35,300 --> 05:22:38,300
maintaining shared spaces 
creates a rhythm that cats can 

6031
05:22:38,300 --> 05:22:40,200
anticipate. 
Mourning. 

6032
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:43,500
Sweeping midday repairs evening 
cooking. 

6033
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:47,000
Each activity signals. 
Something about the state of the

6034
05:22:47,000 --> 05:22:49,800
settlement about where people 
will be and what they will be 

6035
05:22:49,800 --> 05:22:52,600
doing. 
Cats, do not participate in this

6036
05:22:52,600 --> 05:22:55,400
maintenance, but they benefit 
from its results. 

6037
05:22:56,300 --> 05:22:59,800
Clean paths. 
Stable structures, concentrated 

6038
05:22:59,800 --> 05:23:01,900
resources and predictable 
patterns. 

6039
05:23:03,000 --> 05:23:06,700
Shared environment becomes 
gradually, a truly shared space.

6040
05:23:06,700 --> 05:23:10,800
You notice the way presents 
becomes acceptance without ever 

6041
05:23:10,800 --> 05:23:14,300
becoming partnership. 
People and cats occupy the same 

6042
05:23:14,300 --> 05:23:16,800
settlement. 
Moving through the same days 

6043
05:23:16,800 --> 05:23:19,500
yet, maintaining separate 
rhythms that occasionally 

6044
05:23:19,500 --> 05:23:23,900
intersect without Collision. 
Cat rests on a sunwarmed wall. 

6045
05:23:23,900 --> 05:23:26,700
A person walks past, carrying a 
basket. 

6046
05:23:26,700 --> 05:23:29,500
Neither acknowledges, the other 
directly. 

6047
05:23:30,400 --> 05:23:32,200
Person does not stop to observe 
the cat. 

6048
05:23:33,000 --> 05:23:34,900
The cat does not startle or 
flee. 

6049
05:23:35,600 --> 05:23:39,000
Both continue with their own 
concerns, their proximity 

6050
05:23:39,000 --> 05:23:42,300
unremarkable. 
This happens dozens of times 

6051
05:23:42,300 --> 05:23:46,200
each day and accumulation of 
neutral encounters that builds 

6052
05:23:46,200 --> 05:23:48,200
familiarity through sheer 
repetition. 

6053
05:23:50,100 --> 05:23:53,900
Children are the first to show 
interest, they notice cats more 

6054
05:23:53,900 --> 05:23:57,300
readily than adults. 
Do pointing them out, watching 

6055
05:23:57,300 --> 05:24:00,600
them groom or stretch or move 
along the tops of walls. 

6056
05:24:01,800 --> 05:24:05,200
Occasionally, a child reaches 
out, a tempting to touch a cat 

6057
05:24:05,200 --> 05:24:09,300
that Ventures near. 
Most cats step away, maintaining

6058
05:24:09,300 --> 05:24:13,500
distance unwilling to engage. 
Few allow brief contact 

6059
05:24:13,500 --> 05:24:18,000
tolerating a gentle hand before 
moving on. the children, learn 

6060
05:24:18,000 --> 05:24:21,100
gradually, which cats accept 
this attention and which do not 

6061
05:24:21,900 --> 05:24:24,100
No one teaches them. 
This they learned through 

6062
05:24:24,100 --> 05:24:27,400
observation and mine and 
disappointment, adults focus on 

6063
05:24:27,400 --> 05:24:30,200
work and allow cats to exist 
without interference. 

6064
05:24:31,000 --> 05:24:34,500
A woman grinding grain notices, 
a cat sleeping in the shade of 

6065
05:24:34,500 --> 05:24:37,900
her workspace. 
She continues grinding, the 

6066
05:24:37,900 --> 05:24:41,800
rhythmic sound unchanging, the 
cat continues sleeping, 

6067
05:24:41,800 --> 05:24:45,200
undisturbed by the noise, they 
share the space for hours 

6068
05:24:45,200 --> 05:24:48,500
without interaction. 
When the woman finishes and 

6069
05:24:48,500 --> 05:24:52,600
moves away the cat remains, when
the cat eventually wakes and 

6070
05:24:52,600 --> 05:24:54,500
leaves the woman does not 
notice. 

6071
05:24:54,500 --> 05:24:58,900
Its absence Tolerance becomes 
the foundation of coexistence 

6072
05:24:58,900 --> 05:25:02,500
people tolerate cats in their 
storage areas because the cats 

6073
05:25:02,500 --> 05:25:05,900
reduce vermin. 
Cats, tolerate people because 

6074
05:25:05,900 --> 05:25:09,400
the settlement provides a 
resources and safety, neither 

6075
05:25:09,400 --> 05:25:13,200
species seeks deeper connection.
The relationship remains 

6076
05:25:13,200 --> 05:25:17,200
practical grounded in, mutual 
benefit that requires no effect 

6077
05:25:17,200 --> 05:25:20,900
or loyalty. 
Some cats become more visible 

6078
05:25:20,900 --> 05:25:23,500
than others. 
A particular individual, might 

6079
05:25:23,500 --> 05:25:25,800
use a favorite resting spot in a
frequently. 

6080
05:25:25,800 --> 05:25:28,400
Traveled area becoming a 
familiar sight. 

6081
05:25:29,400 --> 05:25:32,700
People begin to recognize this 
cat by its marketing or 

6082
05:25:32,700 --> 05:25:35,500
behavior. 
They do not name it or claim it,

6083
05:25:35,500 --> 05:25:38,800
but they notice when it is 
present and when it is absent, 

6084
05:25:39,800 --> 05:25:43,800
This recognition is passive a 
byproduct of routine rather than

6085
05:25:43,800 --> 05:25:47,300
intention. 
Meals are eaten in Courtyards or

6086
05:25:47,300 --> 05:25:50,600
near doorways, people sit 
together, sharing food from 

6087
05:25:50,600 --> 05:25:53,800
common vessels. 
Small amounts fall to the ground

6088
05:25:53,800 --> 05:25:58,500
crumbs of bread fragments of 
cooked grain bits of dried fish.

6089
05:25:59,400 --> 05:26:02,900
Cats observe from a distance 
waiting until people dispersed 

6090
05:26:02,900 --> 05:26:04,400
before approaching to 
investigate. 

6091
05:26:04,400 --> 05:26:07,300
What remains they eat? 
What interests them. 

6092
05:26:07,300 --> 05:26:10,800
And ignore the rest. 
You do not set food out 

6093
05:26:10,800 --> 05:26:14,100
deliberately for cats, but they 
do not prevent cats from taking 

6094
05:26:14,100 --> 05:26:15,800
what has been dropped or 
discarded. 

6095
05:26:16,700 --> 05:26:19,100
Seasonal changes affect both 
humans and cats. 

6096
05:26:19,800 --> 05:26:23,500
When rains come people seek 
shelter indoors and cats find 

6097
05:26:23,500 --> 05:26:27,400
dry spaces beneath overhangs or 
inside partially open 

6098
05:26:27,400 --> 05:26:30,600
structures. 
When heating tents of fires, 

6099
05:26:30,600 --> 05:26:35,100
both species, move more slowly 
seeking shade and resting 

6100
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:38,900
through the hottest hours. 
When cooler weather arrives, 

6101
05:26:38,900 --> 05:26:43,000
both become more active working 
or hunting during longer 

6102
05:26:43,000 --> 05:26:46,200
portions of the day. 
The shared response to 

6103
05:26:46,200 --> 05:26:49,500
environmental conditions, create
parallel patterns of behavior. 

6104
05:26:50,300 --> 05:26:53,900
Boundaries develop, naturally 
cats, learn, which buildings are

6105
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:57,800
occupied and which stand empty. 
They avoid entering active, 

6106
05:26:57,800 --> 05:27:01,400
Living Spaces where people sleep
and gather they prefer storage 

6107
05:27:01,400 --> 05:27:03,900
areas. 
Workshops and Courtyards where 

6108
05:27:03,900 --> 05:27:06,200
human presence is intermittent 
and predictable. 

6109
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:10,500
People in turn do not attempt to
control where cats go or how 

6110
05:27:10,500 --> 05:27:13,500
they spend their time. 
The settlement is large enough 

6111
05:27:13,500 --> 05:27:15,900
to accommodate both without 
crowding or conflict. 

6112
05:27:16,700 --> 05:27:19,600
Illness and injury occur among 
cats as they do among all 

6113
05:27:19,600 --> 05:27:22,400
animals. 
A cat limps from a strained, 

6114
05:27:22,400 --> 05:27:25,700
poor moving more slowly for 
several days before recovering. 

6115
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:29,100
A cat develops, a wound that 
gradually heals. 

6116
05:27:29,100 --> 05:27:33,100
People noticed these conditions 
in passing but do not intervene.

6117
05:27:33,900 --> 05:27:37,700
cats manage their health resting
when needed, and continuing to 

6118
05:27:37,700 --> 05:27:42,000
hunt and explore when able There
is no expectation of care and no

6119
05:27:42,000 --> 05:27:45,000
provision of it. 
New cats arrived, occasionally 

6120
05:27:45,000 --> 05:27:48,900
drawn by the same resources that
sustain the existing population.

6121
05:27:48,900 --> 05:27:52,900
These newcomers navigate the 
social landscape of the resident

6122
05:27:52,900 --> 05:27:57,300
cats finding their own 
territories and routines people.

6123
05:27:57,300 --> 05:28:00,600
Observe this process with mild 
interest but do not interfere. 

6124
05:28:00,600 --> 05:28:05,000
The cat population fluctuates 
naturally shaped by available 

6125
05:28:05,000 --> 05:28:07,700
resources and the caring 
capacity of the settlement 

6126
05:28:07,700 --> 05:28:11,900
rather than by human management.
Some cats leave. 

6127
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:14,500
They want to be on the 
settlements boundaries and do 

6128
05:28:14,500 --> 05:28:17,400
not return. 
People do not search for them or

6129
05:28:17,400 --> 05:28:20,400
wonder where they have gone, 
other cats appear to replace 

6130
05:28:20,400 --> 05:28:22,900
them and life continues without 
interruption. 

6131
05:28:24,000 --> 05:28:27,300
The fluidity of the cat 
population mirrors, the fluidity

6132
05:28:27,300 --> 05:28:30,600
of human life in the settlement 
where people also come and go 

6133
05:28:30,600 --> 05:28:34,000
arriving from other places or 
departing to establish new 

6134
05:28:34,000 --> 05:28:36,900
homes. 
The co-existence Remains 

6135
05:28:36,900 --> 05:28:39,100
unmarked by ceremony or 
acknowledgment. 

6136
05:28:39,100 --> 05:28:43,400
There are no ritual celebrating 
the presence of cats know 

6137
05:28:43,400 --> 05:28:46,800
stories told about particular 
individuals and no attempts to 

6138
05:28:46,800 --> 05:28:51,000
formalize the relationship. 
Cats and humans simply live near

6139
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:54,700
one, another sharing space and 
resources in ways that require 

6140
05:28:54,700 --> 05:28:59,200
minimal effort from either side.
This implicitly, this lack of 

6141
05:28:59,200 --> 05:29:02,500
complication allows the 
arrangement to endure without 

6142
05:29:02,500 --> 05:29:06,400
strain or expectation. 
You feel the weight of midday 

6143
05:29:06,400 --> 05:29:08,700
heat settling over the 
settlement, like a thick 

6144
05:29:08,700 --> 05:29:12,000
blanket? 
Movement slows until it nearly 

6145
05:29:12,000 --> 05:29:15,200
stops people Retreat. 
To the coolest spaces. 

6146
05:29:15,200 --> 05:29:19,500
They can find sitting in deep 
shade or lying on Floors inside 

6147
05:29:19,500 --> 05:29:21,800
building where wolves block the 
Sun. 

6148
05:29:22,500 --> 05:29:25,100
They're breathing deepens their 
eyes closed. 

6149
05:29:25,100 --> 05:29:30,200
Time stretches and softens. 
Cats respond to the same heat 

6150
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:32,100
with the same Instinct for 
Stillness. 

6151
05:29:32,900 --> 05:29:36,700
They find their own cool spots 
beneath carts, where air, 

6152
05:29:36,700 --> 05:29:39,800
circulates in the shadow of 
walls that face away from the 

6153
05:29:39,800 --> 05:29:42,500
Sun. 
And on Stone floors inside empty

6154
05:29:42,500 --> 05:29:46,200
storage rooms, where the 
temperature stays even They curl

6155
05:29:46,200 --> 05:29:50,300
into compact shapes or sprawl, 
with legs extended, whatever 

6156
05:29:50,300 --> 05:29:51,900
position offers the most 
comfort. 

6157
05:29:52,600 --> 05:29:57,400
Their bodies relax completely 
muscles, loose Tails motionless,

6158
05:29:57,400 --> 05:30:01,500
the settlement enters a state of
collective pause even the 

6159
05:30:01,500 --> 05:30:05,000
chickens stop, their constant 
movement settling into Hollows. 

6160
05:30:05,000 --> 05:30:08,600
They have scratched in the dirt 
panting softly with beaks open 

6161
05:30:09,500 --> 05:30:14,000
dogs sprawl in the shade tongues
lolling sides rising and falling

6162
05:30:14,000 --> 05:30:16,800
with each breath. 
The entire community of 

6163
05:30:16,800 --> 05:30:20,300
creatures acknowledges the same 
need for rest, the same 

6164
05:30:20,300 --> 05:30:23,400
surrender to conditions that 
cannot be changed or hurried, 

6165
05:30:24,300 --> 05:30:27,600
Cats, sleep in short Cycles, 
waking briefly to shift 

6166
05:30:27,600 --> 05:30:29,900
position, or groom before 
settling again. 

6167
05:30:30,800 --> 05:30:33,000
Their sleep is light enough that
they remain aware of their 

6168
05:30:33,000 --> 05:30:36,900
surroundings ears. 
Swiveling towards sounds eyes, 

6169
05:30:36,900 --> 05:30:39,600
opening to slits when something 
moves nearby. 

6170
05:30:40,500 --> 05:30:43,400
They do not dream in ways that 
show outwardly. 

6171
05:30:44,300 --> 05:30:47,800
They simply rest allowing their 
bodies to recover from the 

6172
05:30:47,800 --> 05:30:50,900
energy spent hunting and 
exploring during cooler hours. 

6173
05:30:52,600 --> 05:30:54,500
People wake from their own, rest
more gradually. 

6174
05:30:54,500 --> 05:30:58,500
They sit up slowly, rubbing 
their faces drinking water, from

6175
05:30:58,500 --> 05:31:01,300
clay vessels, and preparing to 
resume work. 

6176
05:31:01,300 --> 05:31:04,800
As the day cools, their 
movements are unhurried still 

6177
05:31:04,800 --> 05:31:06,400
heavy with the remnants of 
sleep. 

6178
05:31:06,400 --> 05:31:09,600
They talk quietly. 
If they talk at all conserving 

6179
05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:13,500
energy for the tasks ahead, 
Later after noon, brings a shift

6180
05:31:13,500 --> 05:31:16,800
in energy Shadows length. 
And the air begins to move 

6181
05:31:17,600 --> 05:31:20,800
People emerge from buildings, 
stretching Gathering tools and 

6182
05:31:20,800 --> 05:31:25,400
returning to interrupted work 
cats, wake too rising from their

6183
05:31:25,400 --> 05:31:29,300
resting places arching, their 
backs and extending their legs. 

6184
05:31:29,300 --> 05:31:33,100
One at a time, they groomed 
thoroughly attending to every 

6185
05:31:33,100 --> 05:31:35,000
part of their bodies with 
focused care. 

6186
05:31:36,000 --> 05:31:38,700
This grooming marks the 
transition from rest to 

6187
05:31:38,700 --> 05:31:43,000
activity, evening approaches, 
and both humans and cats become 

6188
05:31:43,000 --> 05:31:46,200
more animated. 
People work steadily making 

6189
05:31:46,200 --> 05:31:49,400
progress, while conditions allow
Cats. 

6190
05:31:49,400 --> 05:31:51,300
Begin to move through their 
territories. 

6191
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:56,100
Checking familiar spots watching
for signs of mice or other small

6192
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:58,700
animals. 
The settlement fills with 

6193
05:31:58,708 --> 05:32:02,200
purposeful activity. 
Each creature, following its own

6194
05:32:02,200 --> 05:32:05,200
routine. 
As Darkness Falls patterns of 

6195
05:32:05,200 --> 05:32:08,100
rest shift again. 
People gather near Fires for 

6196
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:11,500
evening meals, then gradually 
dispersed to sleeping areas. 

6197
05:32:11,500 --> 05:32:15,900
They lie down on woven mats or 
simple beds of gathered reads 

6198
05:32:15,900 --> 05:32:19,000
pulling like coverings over the 
cells as air cools. 

6199
05:32:19,000 --> 05:32:23,000
Their breathing slows 
conversations fade, the 

6200
05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:26,400
settlement quiets. 
Cats remain active longer, 

6201
05:32:26,400 --> 05:32:30,500
navigating Darkness with ease. 
They move through the settlement

6202
05:32:30,500 --> 05:32:33,500
on silent. 
Pause their eyes reflecting any 

6203
05:32:33,500 --> 05:32:36,600
of available light. 
They hunt when opportunity 

6204
05:32:36,600 --> 05:32:39,200
presents itself and rest when it
does not. 

6205
05:32:40,500 --> 05:32:44,400
As the night deepens, they find 
warm spots to settle near 

6206
05:32:44,400 --> 05:32:48,300
hearths, where coals still hold 
heat in corners of buildings, 

6207
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:52,000
where warmth collects a next to 
walls, that radiates the days 

6208
05:32:52,000 --> 05:32:55,400
absorbed son. 
Some cats choose to rest 

6209
05:32:55,400 --> 05:32:58,000
nissley, pink humans drawn by 
warmth. 

6210
05:32:58,800 --> 05:33:01,600
The sense of safety that comes 
from proximity to larger 

6211
05:33:01,600 --> 05:33:05,600
creatures who pose no threat. 
They settle at a respectful 

6212
05:33:05,600 --> 05:33:09,200
distance, maintaining their 
independence even as they share 

6213
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:12,300
space. 
People sleep unaware of this 

6214
05:33:12,300 --> 05:33:16,700
nearness or aware, but 
unconcerned accepting the cat's 

6215
05:33:16,700 --> 05:33:18,300
presence as part of the night, 
Stillness. 

6216
05:33:19,500 --> 05:33:23,200
The rhythm of rest becomes a 
shared language both species, 

6217
05:33:23,200 --> 05:33:26,900
understand the necessity of 
pausing, the value of conserving

6218
05:33:26,900 --> 05:33:30,600
energy and the importance of 
responding to environmental cues

6219
05:33:30,600 --> 05:33:33,100
that signal went to move and 
went to be still. 

6220
05:33:33,900 --> 05:33:38,000
This understanding requires no 
communication, it exists in the 

6221
05:33:38,000 --> 05:33:40,800
body's wisdom in the instinct to
rest. 

6222
05:33:40,800 --> 05:33:45,500
When rest is needed and to wake 
when conditions improve Mornings

6223
05:33:45,500 --> 05:33:49,300
begin with gradual stirring, 
people wake to the first light 

6224
05:33:49,300 --> 05:33:53,300
Rising slowly moving quietly. 
So as not to disturb others who 

6225
05:33:53,308 --> 05:33:56,500
still sleep. 
Cats, wake to stretching, 

6226
05:33:56,500 --> 05:33:59,600
elaborately yawning, and 
beginning to groom, before 

6227
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:03,200
setting out to explore. 
The settlement transitions from 

6228
05:34:03,200 --> 05:34:06,400
Knight Stillness to days, 
activity through a gentle 

6229
05:34:06,400 --> 05:34:08,900
progression, that honors. 
The need for both rest and 

6230
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:13,100
wakefulness. throughout Seasons 
the specific timing shifts, but 

6231
05:34:13,100 --> 05:34:17,200
the pattern remains Some day's 
bring longer periods of midday 

6232
05:34:17,200 --> 05:34:21,300
rest and shorter cooler periods 
of activity, winter days. 

6233
05:34:21,300 --> 05:34:24,100
Allow more sustained work with 
less need for heat driven 

6234
05:34:24,100 --> 05:34:26,900
pauses. 
Cats and humans are just their 

6235
05:34:26,908 --> 05:34:29,800
rhythms accordingly. 
Both responding to the same 

6236
05:34:29,800 --> 05:34:33,400
environmental pressures and both
finding balance between effort 

6237
05:34:33,400 --> 05:34:36,600
and recuperation. 
Rest becomes a form of 

6238
05:34:36,608 --> 05:34:39,000
coexistence as meaningful as any
other. 

6239
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:42,800
In the shared need for 
Stillness, in the parallel 

6240
05:34:42,800 --> 05:34:46,700
patterns of sleep, and waking 
humans and cats, find common 

6241
05:34:46,700 --> 05:34:49,100
ground that requires no 
negotiation. 

6242
05:34:49,900 --> 05:34:54,200
They simply rest when rest is 
needed side by side in the same 

6243
05:34:54,200 --> 05:34:58,300
settlement, under the same Sun, 
part of the same Rhythm that 

6244
05:34:58,300 --> 05:34:59,200
governs. 
All life. 

6245
05:35:00,100 --> 05:35:02,800
You observe how nourishment 
shapes the daily patterns of 

6246
05:35:02,800 --> 05:35:06,800
both humans and cats? 
Food is not abundant but it is 

6247
05:35:06,800 --> 05:35:09,700
reliable. 
The settlement stores, hold 

6248
05:35:09,700 --> 05:35:12,200
grain harvested, from nearby 
fields. 

6249
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:16,700
People portions grain carefully,
grinding it as needed, baking it

6250
05:35:16,700 --> 05:35:20,700
into bread and cooking it into 
simple porridges, the work of 

6251
05:35:20,700 --> 05:35:24,300
preparing, food happens daily, 
creating regular, scraps and 

6252
05:35:24,300 --> 05:35:26,800
spillage. 
Grain scattered during 

6253
05:35:26,800 --> 05:35:30,600
processing a tracked mice. 
They emerge at dawn and dusk 

6254
05:35:30,600 --> 05:35:33,500
moving quickly. 
Through Shadows Gathering Fallen

6255
05:35:33,500 --> 05:35:37,100
seeds and retreating to Hidden 
Burrows between the settlements 

6256
05:35:37,100 --> 05:35:40,100
walls. 
The presence is constant 

6257
05:35:40,100 --> 05:35:43,600
sustained by the same resources 
that feed the human population. 

6258
05:35:43,600 --> 05:35:47,100
The mice Thrive, wherever grain 
is stored or handled. 

6259
05:35:47,900 --> 05:35:51,500
Cat's position themselves near 
these areas of activity, they 

6260
05:35:51,500 --> 05:35:55,100
learn the locations where grain 
is most often spilled near 

6261
05:35:55,100 --> 05:35:59,500
grinding, Stones around storage 
jars and in Corners where 

6262
05:35:59,500 --> 05:36:03,500
baskets are emptied and filled. 
They wait with focused patients,

6263
05:36:03,500 --> 05:36:07,100
bodies low eyes fixed on Spaces 
where mice are likely to appear.

6264
05:36:07,900 --> 05:36:11,200
Sometimes they wait for hours. 
Sometimes they wait through 

6265
05:36:11,200 --> 05:36:14,600
entire days, they're willingness
to remain still makes their 

6266
05:36:14,600 --> 05:36:18,100
hunting possible when a cat 
catches a mouse, it does so 

6267
05:36:18,100 --> 05:36:20,800
quickly. 
There is a brief moment of 

6268
05:36:20,800 --> 05:36:23,200
sudden movement, then Stillness 
again. 

6269
05:36:24,100 --> 05:36:27,600
A cat carries, its catch to a 
quiet spot, consumes it 

6270
05:36:27,600 --> 05:36:29,700
officially and returns to 
waiting. 

6271
05:36:31,500 --> 05:36:35,000
Pattern repeats throughout the 
day and night, providing the cat

6272
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:37,300
with the regular meals with 
without requiring human 

6273
05:36:37,300 --> 05:36:40,900
intervention or provision. 
People prepare food Outdoors, 

6274
05:36:40,900 --> 05:36:44,400
when weather permits working in 
Courtyards, where smoke from 

6275
05:36:44,400 --> 05:36:48,100
cooking fires can disperse. 
They got fish caught from the 

6276
05:36:48,100 --> 05:36:50,600
river trimming away Parts. 
They do not eat. 

6277
05:36:51,300 --> 05:36:53,900
They pluck birds, discarding 
feathers and awful. 

6278
05:36:53,900 --> 05:36:58,700
They shall nuts and legumes 
leaving husks and piles these 

6279
05:36:58,700 --> 05:37:02,500
by-products accumulate in 
designated areas and a later 

6280
05:37:02,500 --> 05:37:04,300
carried away to be buried or 
burned. 

6281
05:37:05,300 --> 05:37:09,000
Before these scraps are cleared 
cats investigate them, they are 

6282
05:37:09,008 --> 05:37:11,300
drawn by the smell of fishing 
trails and the sight of 

6283
05:37:11,308 --> 05:37:14,800
discarded meat. 
They approached cautiously aware

6284
05:37:14,800 --> 05:37:18,200
that people are nearby ready to 
retreat of necessary. 

6285
05:37:19,100 --> 05:37:23,000
Most often people ignore the 
cats, sometimes a person, waves,

6286
05:37:23,000 --> 05:37:25,500
a hand. 
Sure cat away from fresh scraps.

6287
05:37:25,500 --> 05:37:29,400
They still intend to use the cat
moves back, a short distance and

6288
05:37:29,400 --> 05:37:31,900
waits. 
When the person finishes and 

6289
05:37:31,900 --> 05:37:35,500
walks away the cat returns 
certain foods, interest cats, 

6290
05:37:35,500 --> 05:37:38,700
more than others raw fish, hold 
strong appeal. 

6291
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:43,000
So do the organs and Bones of 
birds, catch show little 

6292
05:37:43,000 --> 05:37:44,900
interest in green or bread 
though. 

6293
05:37:44,900 --> 05:37:47,600
They occasionally sniff at these
items before turning away. 

6294
05:37:48,600 --> 05:37:52,100
Their diet remains primarily 
meet obtained through hunting or

6295
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:55,200
Scavenging shaped by their own 
preference and instincts. 

6296
05:37:56,000 --> 05:37:59,100
Opportunity appears in Cycles 
tied to human activity. 

6297
05:37:59,700 --> 05:38:02,400
Morning food, preparation 
creates one set of possibilities

6298
05:38:02,400 --> 05:38:06,300
evening, meals. 
Create another Seasonal harvests

6299
05:38:06,300 --> 05:38:08,800
spring temporary, abundance. 
When grain is threshed, and 

6300
05:38:08,800 --> 05:38:12,400
winnowed sending up clouds of 
chaff and scattering seeds. 

6301
05:38:12,400 --> 05:38:16,700
Widely Cats do not eat this 
grain but they hunt the mice 

6302
05:38:16,700 --> 05:38:20,700
drawn to, it benefiting indirect
from the Harvest plenty. 

6303
05:38:21,400 --> 05:38:23,700
Water is available in the 
settlements channels and 

6304
05:38:23,708 --> 05:38:27,600
collection vessels cats drink 
from the sources when they are 

6305
05:38:27,600 --> 05:38:30,200
thirsty. 
Lapping from the edges of clay 

6306
05:38:30,200 --> 05:38:33,000
bowls or from shallow portions 
of the water channels. 

6307
05:38:33,900 --> 05:38:36,400
People do not prevent this water
flows. 

6308
05:38:36,400 --> 05:38:38,300
Steadily enough that sharing it 
costs. 

6309
05:38:38,300 --> 05:38:41,000
Nothing. 
Some cats, prove more skilled at

6310
05:38:41,000 --> 05:38:43,800
hunting than others, a 
particularly Adept cat. 

6311
05:38:43,800 --> 05:38:47,300
Might catch several mice in a 
day eating what it needs and 

6312
05:38:47,300 --> 05:38:50,000
leaving the rest. 
Other cats hunt, less 

6313
05:38:50,000 --> 05:38:54,000
successfully going longer 
between meals appearing, thin 

6314
05:38:54,000 --> 05:38:57,900
and sharp bones. 
The settlement supports a 

6315
05:38:57,900 --> 05:39:00,600
population of cats roughly 
proportional to the available 

6316
05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:04,300
prey with natural fluctuations, 
that balance of availability 

6317
05:39:04,300 --> 05:39:07,900
against need. 
Birds nest in the settlement 

6318
05:39:07,900 --> 05:39:12,600
structures, tucking nest in to 
crevasses and overhangs these 

6319
05:39:12,600 --> 05:39:14,900
nests sometimes, hold eggs, or 
fledgling's. 

6320
05:39:16,000 --> 05:39:19,400
Occasionally discover and raid 
these nests climbing to reach 

6321
05:39:19,400 --> 05:39:21,300
them and consuming the contents 
quickly. 

6322
05:39:21,300 --> 05:39:25,300
People do not intervene birds 
are not domesticated or 

6323
05:39:25,300 --> 05:39:27,800
protected. 
Their losses to cats are simply 

6324
05:39:27,808 --> 05:39:30,900
part of the ecosystem cats. 
Do not beg for food. 

6325
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:35,300
They do not approach people with
expectation or demand, their 

6326
05:39:35,300 --> 05:39:37,700
entire relationship, with 
nourishment remains independent 

6327
05:39:37,700 --> 05:39:42,000
based on their own efforts and 
the incidental Bounty created by

6328
05:39:42,000 --> 05:39:45,600
human activity. 
This Independence, preserves the

6329
05:39:45,600 --> 05:39:48,700
essential nature of the 
relationship cats, choose to 

6330
05:39:48,700 --> 05:39:52,000
stay because staying offers 
Advantage, not because they 

6331
05:39:52,000 --> 05:39:56,600
depend on human generosity. 
Lean times affect both species. 

6332
05:39:57,600 --> 05:40:00,400
And harvest fail or stores. 
Run low people. 

6333
05:40:00,400 --> 05:40:04,000
Rational, grain more carefully 
reducing spillage and guarding 

6334
05:40:04,000 --> 05:40:07,200
resources more closely Fewer 
scraps appear. 

6335
05:40:08,000 --> 05:40:10,900
Mice population's declined, with
less available food. 

6336
05:40:11,800 --> 05:40:13,400
Cats, find hunting more 
difficult. 

6337
05:40:14,400 --> 05:40:16,500
Some leave the settlement to 
search for opportunities 

6338
05:40:16,500 --> 05:40:20,100
elsewhere. 
Others persist growing, thinner 

6339
05:40:20,100 --> 05:40:22,900
moving more carefully and 
conserving energy. 

6340
05:40:23,800 --> 05:40:27,900
When conditions improve the cat 
population, gradually, recovers 

6341
05:40:27,900 --> 05:40:31,100
the food relationship remains 
transactional, but not 

6342
05:40:31,100 --> 05:40:34,100
contractual. 
Humans, create conditions that 

6343
05:40:34,100 --> 05:40:36,100
produce prey and occasional 
scraps? 

6344
05:40:36,800 --> 05:40:39,300
Cats, reduce Vermin and ask for 
nothing else. 

6345
05:40:40,100 --> 05:40:43,200
Both sides benefit from this 
Arrangement without obligation 

6346
05:40:43,200 --> 05:40:46,100
or expectation. 
Food provides the Practical 

6347
05:40:46,100 --> 05:40:50,300
foundation for coexistence, but 
it does not create dependency or

6348
05:40:50,300 --> 05:40:53,300
sentiment. 
Cats remain free to leave if 

6349
05:40:53,300 --> 05:40:57,100
resources disappear, they stay 
because most of the time, 

6350
05:40:57,100 --> 05:41:00,200
resources continue to appear 
with reliable regularity. 

6351
05:41:01,100 --> 05:41:03,400
You watch the sun? 
Descends toward the Horizon. 

6352
05:41:03,400 --> 05:41:05,800
Painting the settlement. 
In amber light. 

6353
05:41:06,600 --> 05:41:09,300
The heat of the day gradually 
releases its grip. 

6354
05:41:09,300 --> 05:41:13,500
Air begins to move more freely 
carrying the scent of cooking 

6355
05:41:13,500 --> 05:41:17,500
fires and distant fields. 
People's movement shift from the

6356
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:21,200
focused intense of afternoon 
work to the gentler rhythms of 

6357
05:41:21,200 --> 05:41:24,900
evening preparation. 
Fires a little in halves and 

6358
05:41:24,908 --> 05:41:27,600
outdoor pits. 
Women and men ten. 

6359
05:41:27,600 --> 05:41:30,100
These Flames adding would 
carefully. 

6360
05:41:30,100 --> 05:41:33,600
Adjusting the size of the fire 
to match the need for cooking? 

6361
05:41:34,700 --> 05:41:38,200
Clay pots are positioned over 
Flames filled with grain and 

6362
05:41:38,200 --> 05:41:42,200
water and stirred occasionally 
as the content, soften and warm.

6363
05:41:43,100 --> 05:41:45,400
The smell of cooking spreads 
through the settlement. 

6364
05:41:46,300 --> 05:41:50,400
A familiar marker of the day's 
progression. children finish 

6365
05:41:50,400 --> 05:41:54,300
their tasks and begin to gather 
in open areas their energy still

6366
05:41:54,308 --> 05:41:57,900
present, but channeled now, into
games and conversation rather 

6367
05:41:57,900 --> 05:42:01,900
than work, Their voices carry 
through the settling dusk 

6368
05:42:01,900 --> 05:42:06,100
punctuated by laughter and the 
sounds of running feet. 

6369
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:10,100
They are more relaxed now, 
released from the discipline of 

6370
05:42:10,100 --> 05:42:12,000
contributing, to the households 
labor. 

6371
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:15,600
Cats emerge from their resting 
places beginning their evening 

6372
05:42:15,600 --> 05:42:18,500
routines. 
They move along familiar paths. 

6373
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:21,300
Checking the spots where they 
have found food before 

6374
05:42:21,300 --> 05:42:25,000
investigating any changes in the
settlements landscape. 

6375
05:42:25,900 --> 05:42:28,100
Their movements are purposeful, 
but unhurried. 

6376
05:42:28,800 --> 05:42:32,700
Evening offers, optimal hunting 
conditions fading light, that 

6377
05:42:32,700 --> 05:42:36,600
still allows Vision cooling, air
that brings mice out to forage 

6378
05:42:36,600 --> 05:42:39,000
and the distraction of human 
activity. 

6379
05:42:39,000 --> 05:42:42,900
That makes prey less cautious. 
People gather near their homes 

6380
05:42:42,900 --> 05:42:46,200
as meals, finish cooking. 
They sit on stools or on the 

6381
05:42:46,200 --> 05:42:49,400
ground arranging themselves in 
loose circles or facing 

6382
05:42:49,400 --> 05:42:52,400
doorways. 
Food is served from communal 

6383
05:42:52,400 --> 05:42:57,200
pots, ladled into individual 
bowls and eaten with fingers or 

6384
05:42:57,200 --> 05:43:00,600
simple tools. 
Conversations happen in low 

6385
05:43:00,600 --> 05:43:04,000
voices punctuated by comfortable
silences. 

6386
05:43:05,200 --> 05:43:09,900
The days work is discussed plans
for tomorrow are mentioned, a 

6387
05:43:09,900 --> 05:43:12,900
news is shared about neighbors 
or family members in distant 

6388
05:43:12,900 --> 05:43:15,900
settlements. 
Cats, observe these gatherings 

6389
05:43:15,900 --> 05:43:19,800
from the periphery, they rest on
walls or under carts watching 

6390
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:21,700
the movement of people without 
approaching. 

6391
05:43:22,500 --> 05:43:25,500
They are not excluded, but 
neither are they invited? 

6392
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:29,400
The position remains that of 
witness present but separate 

6393
05:43:29,400 --> 05:43:32,600
sharing the space with out 
sharing the activity. 

6394
05:43:33,300 --> 05:43:37,500
As people eat small amounts of 
food, inevitably fall, a child 

6395
05:43:37,500 --> 05:43:40,800
drops, a piece of bread and 
adult tips, a bowl slightly and 

6396
05:43:40,800 --> 05:43:44,500
liquid spills. 
These small losses accumulating 

6397
05:43:44,500 --> 05:43:48,100
the dust around the eating area.
Cats note, these occurrences 

6398
05:43:48,100 --> 05:43:51,300
patient in their awareness. 
That opportunities will come 

6399
05:43:51,300 --> 05:43:55,300
when people dispersed The light 
continues to fade, deepening 

6400
05:43:55,300 --> 05:43:59,600
from gold to Rose, to purple 
Shadows, merge, and blend losing

6401
05:43:59,600 --> 05:44:02,900
their sharp edges. 
The settlement structures become

6402
05:44:02,900 --> 05:44:04,700
Silhouettes against the dimming 
sky. 

6403
05:44:05,500 --> 05:44:08,700
Fires grow brighter, in 
contrast, their Flames more 

6404
05:44:08,700 --> 05:44:12,100
visible as ambient. 
Light decreases, the visual 

6405
05:44:12,100 --> 05:44:15,700
World. 
Simplifies defined Now by points

6406
05:44:15,700 --> 05:44:18,400
of warmth and light against 
Gathering Darkness. 

6407
05:44:19,400 --> 05:44:21,200
People begin to move towards 
sleep. 

6408
05:44:21,200 --> 05:44:25,300
They rise from their gathering 
places Bank fires to hold coals 

6409
05:44:25,300 --> 05:44:27,900
through the night and carry 
empty vessels back into 

6410
05:44:27,900 --> 05:44:30,900
buildings. 
Children are called inside or 

6411
05:44:30,900 --> 05:44:34,500
guided towards sleeping areas. 
The sounds of the settlement 

6412
05:44:34,500 --> 05:44:37,200
change. 
If you a voice is more footsteps

6413
05:44:37,200 --> 05:44:40,800
and the rustle of mats being 
unrolled and blankets being 

6414
05:44:40,800 --> 05:44:43,900
arranged. 
Cats move into the spaces people

6415
05:44:43,900 --> 05:44:47,700
of vacated, they investigate 
dropped, food, consuming what 

6416
05:44:47,700 --> 05:44:49,300
appeals to them and ignoring the
rest. 

6417
05:44:50,200 --> 05:44:53,100
They groom themselves in the 
residual warmth of the areas 

6418
05:44:53,100 --> 05:44:55,800
where people sat. 
They Mark the evening's 

6419
05:44:55,800 --> 05:44:58,900
territory with their presence, 
claiming the night shift of the 

6420
05:44:58,900 --> 05:45:00,900
settlement continuous 
occupation. 

6421
05:45:01,900 --> 05:45:05,600
Some people remain outside 
longer sitting by dying fires, 

6422
05:45:05,600 --> 05:45:10,000
reluctant to end the day. they 
stare into the coals, their 

6423
05:45:10,000 --> 05:45:13,500
faces lit by the Warm Glow, 
their thoughts private and 

6424
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:17,800
unspoken cats sometimes 
approach, the solitary figures 

6425
05:45:17,800 --> 05:45:20,600
settling nearby, but not near 
enough for contact. 

6426
05:45:21,600 --> 05:45:25,500
The two species, share the quiet
in parallel, each absorbed in 

6427
05:45:25,508 --> 05:45:27,700
their own relationship with the 
approaching Knight. 

6428
05:45:28,700 --> 05:45:32,500
Stars appear overhead first, a 
few bright points, then 

6429
05:45:32,500 --> 05:45:34,400
countless more as Darkness 
deepens. 

6430
05:45:35,300 --> 05:45:39,800
The sky transforms into a vast 
field of light familiar to all 

6431
05:45:39,808 --> 05:45:41,900
who live without walls blocking 
their View. 

6432
05:45:42,600 --> 05:45:45,400
People glanced upward 
occasionally noting the 

6433
05:45:45,400 --> 05:45:48,500
positions of known 
constellations using them to 

6434
05:45:48,500 --> 05:45:50,800
Mark the season and passage of 
time. 

6435
05:45:51,500 --> 05:45:53,400
Cats navigate by different 
markers. 

6436
05:45:53,400 --> 05:45:57,500
They know the settlement by 
scent and touch and Sound by the

6437
05:45:57,500 --> 05:45:59,900
memory of Pathways. 
And the location of shelter, 

6438
05:45:59,900 --> 05:46:03,700
they move confidently through 
darkness, that would slow or 

6439
05:46:03,700 --> 05:46:07,200
stop human movement. 
Their eyes Gathering available 

6440
05:46:07,200 --> 05:46:11,900
light, their whiskers, sensing 
obstacles and their paws finding

6441
05:46:11,900 --> 05:46:16,100
purchase on familiar surfaces. 
The settlement do not sleep all 

6442
05:46:16,100 --> 05:46:19,000
at once. 
It transitions, gradually with 

6443
05:46:19,000 --> 05:46:21,800
different households and 
individuals moving toward rest 

6444
05:46:21,800 --> 05:46:25,900
of their own pace. 
This staggered settling creates 

6445
05:46:25,900 --> 05:46:30,000
a long period of quiet. 
Transition hours when some sleep

6446
05:46:30,000 --> 05:46:33,400
while others remain wakeful, 
when the boundary between day 

6447
05:46:33,400 --> 05:46:36,800
and night stretches and blurs, 
Fires burn lower. 

6448
05:46:36,800 --> 05:46:41,200
The last voice is fade doorways 
dark and as people moved deeper 

6449
05:46:41,200 --> 05:46:44,400
into their dwellings, the 
settlement achieves, a state of 

6450
05:46:44,400 --> 05:46:48,400
Deep Quiet, broken only by 
occasional sounds. 

6451
05:46:48,400 --> 05:46:52,800
The crack of a settling in a 
banked fire, the call of a 

6452
05:46:52,800 --> 05:46:56,500
distant animal and the soft 
footfalls of a cat on patrol. 

6453
05:46:57,600 --> 05:47:01,700
Evening becomes night the day 
releases, its hold the 

6454
05:47:01,700 --> 05:47:03,600
settlement rests in the cool 
Darkness. 

6455
05:47:03,600 --> 05:47:08,400
Its inhabitants human and 
Feline, finding their own forms 

6456
05:47:08,400 --> 05:47:12,600
of rest, their own corners of 
Peace, the bond between them 

6457
05:47:12,600 --> 05:47:16,700
remains unspoken, but it 
continues woven into the fabric 

6458
05:47:16,700 --> 05:47:21,200
of daily life, as reliable as 
the sun setting and Rising as 

6459
05:47:21,200 --> 05:47:23,600
constant as the Turning of 
seasons. 

6460
05:47:25,000 --> 05:47:28,500
You find yourself in the deepest
part of night, when darkness is 

6461
05:47:28,500 --> 05:47:31,500
complete and the settlement, 
rests and Stillness. 

6462
05:47:32,500 --> 05:47:35,900
The moon may be present or 
absent Waxing or Waning. 

6463
05:47:35,900 --> 05:47:39,500
It's like transforming the 
landscape or leaving it to Pure 

6464
05:47:39,500 --> 05:47:41,100
Shadow. 
Either way. 

6465
05:47:41,100 --> 05:47:44,500
The night has its own quality 
distinct from day governed by 

6466
05:47:44,500 --> 05:47:47,700
different rules and rhythms 
People sleep inside their 

6467
05:47:47,700 --> 05:47:52,200
dwelling on mats or simple. 
Beds, body's relaxed in 

6468
05:47:52,200 --> 05:47:56,800
unconsciousness, their breathing
is deep and regular some snore, 

6469
05:47:56,800 --> 05:48:00,600
softly other shift position 
occasionally, turning to find 

6470
05:48:00,600 --> 05:48:03,700
comfort that these movements are
minimal and unconscious. 

6471
05:48:04,700 --> 05:48:08,200
Sleep claims them thoroughly 
providing necessary restoration 

6472
05:48:08,200 --> 05:48:12,400
after the day's exertion cats 
remain more wakeful, their 

6473
05:48:12,400 --> 05:48:15,200
biology suits them to nocturnal 
activity though. 

6474
05:48:15,200 --> 05:48:18,100
They have adapted to also move 
during daylight hours in 

6475
05:48:18,100 --> 05:48:19,900
response to the settlements 
rhythms. 

6476
05:48:20,900 --> 05:48:25,000
At night, they returned to more 
ancient patterns becoming alert 

6477
05:48:25,000 --> 05:48:29,200
and active using census honed 
for Darkness to navigate and 

6478
05:48:29,200 --> 05:48:32,000
hunt. 
Settlement at night is not 

6479
05:48:32,000 --> 05:48:37,100
silent but the sounds are 
different, no voices, no tools 

6480
05:48:37,100 --> 05:48:42,200
striking Stone no footsteps on 
swept paths instead there are 

6481
05:48:42,200 --> 05:48:46,300
subtler sounds The Whisper Of 
Wind Through Red Roofs. 

6482
05:48:46,300 --> 05:48:51,100
The rustle of small animals in 
Grain Stores, the distant call 

6483
05:48:51,100 --> 05:48:54,700
of a knight bird and the 
settling of mud brick walls as 

6484
05:48:54,700 --> 05:48:58,500
they released the days Heat. 
Cats move through the soundscape

6485
05:48:58,500 --> 05:49:00,900
with awareness and caution their
paws. 

6486
05:49:00,900 --> 05:49:04,200
Make no noise on packed Earth. 
their bodies slip through 

6487
05:49:04,200 --> 05:49:07,400
Shadows without disturbing them,
they pulls frequently, to 

6488
05:49:07,400 --> 05:49:11,400
listen, head tilted ears, 
rotating to capture sound from 

6489
05:49:11,400 --> 05:49:15,400
different directions, They 
process information, constantly 

6490
05:49:15,400 --> 05:49:19,600
wind direction, temperature 
changes, the presence of other 

6491
05:49:19,600 --> 05:49:23,600
animals, and the state of the 
night around them, some cats 

6492
05:49:23,600 --> 05:49:26,900
hunt during these hours. 
They position themselves near 

6493
05:49:26,900 --> 05:49:30,200
Grain Stores near animal pen 
pens near anywhere. 

6494
05:49:30,200 --> 05:49:33,700
Mice might venture they wait 
with the same patients, they 

6495
05:49:33,700 --> 05:49:37,100
showed during daylight but now, 
enhance by the cover of 

6496
05:49:37,100 --> 05:49:39,600
Darkness, that makes them nearly
invisible to pray. 

6497
05:49:40,800 --> 05:49:45,200
When they move it is with sudden
explosive speed and then an 

6498
05:49:45,200 --> 05:49:49,400
immediate return to Stillness? 
Other cats simply Patrol their 

6499
05:49:49,400 --> 05:49:52,400
territories walking the 
boundaries marking their 

6500
05:49:52,400 --> 05:49:55,600
presence through scent and 
checking familiar spots for 

6501
05:49:55,600 --> 05:49:59,500
changes or intrusions. 
This patrolling serves no 

6502
05:49:59,500 --> 05:50:02,400
obvious purpose, Beyond 
maintenance of familiarity. 

6503
05:50:03,200 --> 05:50:06,400
But it seems to satisfy some 
internal need for order and 

6504
05:50:06,400 --> 05:50:09,800
control. 
Fire still burn in some haves 

6505
05:50:09,800 --> 05:50:13,300
reduced to beds of glowing. 
Coals that pulse gently with 

6506
05:50:13,300 --> 05:50:16,600
residual Heat. 
These coals provide the only 

6507
05:50:16,600 --> 05:50:19,900
light in many buildings, a soft 
red glow. 

6508
05:50:19,900 --> 05:50:22,400
That barely illuminates, the 
immediate space. 

6509
05:50:23,300 --> 05:50:27,000
Cats are drawn to this warmth. 
Settling near halves when 

6510
05:50:27,000 --> 05:50:30,400
they're activity permits 
absorbing heat into their bodies

6511
05:50:30,400 --> 05:50:34,000
and resting in brief Cycles. 
Before resuming movement. 

6512
05:50:34,900 --> 05:50:37,600
The settlements buildings, 
create complex, shadows and 

6513
05:50:37,600 --> 05:50:41,300
sheltered spaces, cats know, all
of these intimately. 

6514
05:50:41,300 --> 05:50:45,000
They know which wall has a gap 
that allows passage from one 

6515
05:50:45,000 --> 05:50:48,100
Courtyard to another. 
They know which roof beam 

6516
05:50:48,100 --> 05:50:51,000
provides a root above ground 
level, they know which corner 

6517
05:50:51,000 --> 05:50:54,200
holds warmth longest and which 
drains heat most quickly. 

6518
05:50:55,000 --> 05:50:56,800
Safety at Night comes from 
awareness. 

6519
05:50:56,800 --> 05:51:00,500
Rather than barriers, the 
settlement has no walls tall 

6520
05:51:00,500 --> 05:51:03,800
enough to prevent animals from 
entering and no guards posted to

6521
05:51:03,800 --> 05:51:07,400
watch for threats. 
Instead, safety comes from the 

6522
05:51:07,400 --> 05:51:11,100
collective presence of humans 
and animals together. from the 

6523
05:51:11,100 --> 05:51:14,200
fact that the settlement is 
occupied and active enough to 

6524
05:51:14,200 --> 05:51:19,000
discourage larger Predators from
approaching Cats, contribute to 

6525
05:51:19,008 --> 05:51:22,300
this sense of occupied presence.
Their movement through the 

6526
05:51:22,300 --> 05:51:25,900
night, their watchfulness and 
their responses to unusual 

6527
05:51:25,900 --> 05:51:29,800
sounds, or smells all create an 
atmosphere of vigilance. 

6528
05:51:30,700 --> 05:51:32,900
They're not protecting the 
settlement deliberately, but 

6529
05:51:32,900 --> 05:51:36,600
their behavior has that effect 
adding to the web of awareness. 

6530
05:51:36,600 --> 05:51:38,300
That makes the space feel 
defended. 

6531
05:51:39,200 --> 05:51:42,200
Sometimes a cat encounters, 
another cat during night time. 

6532
05:51:42,200 --> 05:51:46,100
Wandering, they may approach 
each other with caution touching

6533
05:51:46,100 --> 05:51:50,200
noses, briefly or they may have 
avoid contact entirely each 

6534
05:51:50,200 --> 05:51:53,600
giving the other space. 
Their interactions are quiet and

6535
05:51:53,600 --> 05:51:56,300
brief. 
There is no aggression, just 

6536
05:51:56,300 --> 05:51:59,300
acknowledgment and continuation 
of separate paths. 

6537
05:52:00,600 --> 05:52:03,900
Dog sometimes stir in the night,
lifting their heads to 

6538
05:52:03,900 --> 05:52:08,300
investigate sounds or movements,
they notice cats passing nearby.

6539
05:52:09,100 --> 05:52:11,300
Sometimes they watch with mild 
interest. 

6540
05:52:11,300 --> 05:52:14,200
Sometimes they ignore the cats 
completely. 

6541
05:52:15,500 --> 05:52:19,300
The two species have reached an 
understanding dogs guard, the 

6542
05:52:19,300 --> 05:52:22,500
settlement more actively 
responding to larger threats, 

6543
05:52:22,500 --> 05:52:25,400
while cats focus on smaller 
concerns. 

6544
05:52:26,200 --> 05:52:28,600
Their roles complement each 
other without overlapping? 

6545
05:52:29,700 --> 05:52:33,200
As night, progresses toward 
Dawn, the quality of Darkness 

6546
05:52:33,200 --> 05:52:36,800
begins to change. 
The black Sky softens almost 

6547
05:52:36,800 --> 05:52:41,200
imperceptibly toward Deep Blue. 
Stars remain visible, but lose 

6548
05:52:41,200 --> 05:52:44,700
some of their intensity. 
The egg Rose, slightly cooler in

6549
05:52:44,700 --> 05:52:47,800
the hour before Sunrise the 
temperature dropping to its 

6550
05:52:47,800 --> 05:52:51,700
lowest point. 
Both humans and cats respond to 

6551
05:52:51,700 --> 05:52:54,900
this Cooling. 
People pull coverings closer in 

6552
05:52:54,900 --> 05:52:57,800
their sleep. 
Cats seek the warmest spots of 

6553
05:52:57,800 --> 05:53:00,700
available. 
Curling tighter to conserve 

6554
05:53:00,700 --> 05:53:03,500
Heat. 
The transition from night to day

6555
05:53:03,500 --> 05:53:05,500
happens gradually, but in 
Everly. 

6556
05:53:06,400 --> 05:53:09,800
Cats sensitive before people. 
Wait their internal rhythms 

6557
05:53:09,800 --> 05:53:11,500
attuned to the approaching 
change. 

6558
05:53:12,200 --> 05:53:16,100
Some settle into final resting 
spots preparing to sleep through

6559
05:53:16,100 --> 05:53:19,500
the morning. 
Others remain alert ready to 

6560
05:53:19,500 --> 05:53:22,500
continue their activity into 
daylight hours depending on 

6561
05:53:22,500 --> 05:53:26,500
opportunity and inclination. 
Knight provides a different 

6562
05:53:26,500 --> 05:53:29,300
dimension to the relationship 
between humans and cats. 

6563
05:53:30,100 --> 05:53:34,500
While people sleep cats remain 
aware moving through the shared 

6564
05:53:34,500 --> 05:53:38,200
space with familiarity and 
purpose, they do not guard, the 

6565
05:53:38,200 --> 05:53:42,100
humans deliberately, but their 
presence adds to the sense that 

6566
05:53:42,100 --> 05:53:46,900
the settlement is not abandoned,
not empty and not vulnerable. 

6567
05:53:47,900 --> 05:53:51,400
Life continues through all 
hours, maintained by different 

6568
05:53:51,400 --> 05:53:54,900
actors at different times. 
Creating continuity that 

6569
05:53:54,900 --> 05:53:57,000
requires no coordination or 
agreement. 

6570
05:53:57,800 --> 05:54:00,400
The settlement breathe through 
day and night. 

6571
05:54:00,400 --> 05:54:06,200
Its pulse steady, its Rhythm 
Unchained, its coexistence As 

6572
05:54:06,200 --> 05:54:11,000
Natural in darkness as in light.
You witness how patterns 

6573
05:54:11,000 --> 05:54:15,800
established over days extended 
into weeks months years and 

6574
05:54:15,800 --> 05:54:19,500
eventually Generations. 
The relationship between humans 

6575
05:54:19,500 --> 05:54:22,500
and cats does not deep and 
through dramatic moments or 

6576
05:54:22,500 --> 05:54:26,400
significant events. 
It simply continues reinforced 

6577
05:54:26,400 --> 05:54:30,700
by repetition, shaped by 
practical benefit, and sustained

6578
05:54:30,700 --> 05:54:34,700
by the absence of conflict. 
Children grow up seeing cats as 

6579
05:54:34,700 --> 05:54:36,400
part of the settlements 
landscape. 

6580
05:54:36,400 --> 05:54:40,500
They do not remember a time 
before cats were present. to 

6581
05:54:40,500 --> 05:54:44,600
them cats, simply exist as 
chickens exist, as the river 

6582
05:54:44,600 --> 05:54:49,200
exists as the sun exists, they 
learn through observation which 

6583
05:54:49,200 --> 05:54:53,500
cats tolerate approach and which
prefer distance this knowledge 

6584
05:54:53,500 --> 05:54:55,600
becomes part of their 
understanding of the world 

6585
05:54:55,600 --> 05:55:00,100
unremarkable and assumed, These 
children become adults, who 

6586
05:55:00,100 --> 05:55:01,500
maintained the same 
relationship. 

6587
05:55:01,500 --> 05:55:05,000
Their parents had with cats. 
They do not formalize it or 

6588
05:55:05,000 --> 05:55:07,500
change it. 
They allow cats to move through 

6589
05:55:07,500 --> 05:55:10,400
storage areas. 
The tolerate, their presence and

6590
05:55:10,400 --> 05:55:14,200
Courtyards and on walls they 
benefit from reduced Vermin 

6591
05:55:14,200 --> 05:55:15,900
without acknowledging debt or 
gratitude. 

6592
05:55:17,200 --> 05:55:20,100
Pattern perpetuates through 
cultural transmission that 

6593
05:55:20,100 --> 05:55:23,700
requires, no instruction because
it involves no active teaching 

6594
05:55:23,700 --> 05:55:28,100
only passive modeling cats 
produce new generations within 

6595
05:55:28,100 --> 05:55:31,300
the settlement. 
Female cat finds a sheltered 

6596
05:55:31,300 --> 05:55:36,200
spot away from heavy traffic. 
Behind stacked grain jars under 

6597
05:55:36,200 --> 05:55:39,800
a rarely used cars or in a 
corner of an abandoned building.

6598
05:55:40,800 --> 05:55:44,300
She gives birth to several 
kittens, nursing them through 

6599
05:55:44,300 --> 05:55:47,200
their first weeks. 
Teaching them to hunt and 

6600
05:55:47,200 --> 05:55:49,000
navigate once they can walk 
steadily. 

6601
05:55:50,300 --> 05:55:53,000
These kittens grow up knowing 
the settlement as their home 

6602
05:55:53,000 --> 05:55:56,000
territory. 
Some of these young cats remain 

6603
05:55:56,000 --> 05:55:57,600
in the settlement throughout 
their lives. 

6604
05:55:57,600 --> 05:56:00,600
Others wander away. 
Seeking new territories, 

6605
05:56:00,600 --> 05:56:03,900
following instincts, toward 
dispersal and exploration. 

6606
05:56:03,900 --> 05:56:07,900
The settlements cat population 
remains relatively stable, 

6607
05:56:07,900 --> 05:56:12,500
despite this turnover regulated 
by available resources and the 

6608
05:56:12,500 --> 05:56:13,700
carrying capacity of the 
environment. 

6609
05:56:14,900 --> 05:56:18,100
People notice when a familiar 
cap disappears and a new cat 

6610
05:56:18,100 --> 05:56:21,100
appears, but they make no 
attempt to track or control this

6611
05:56:21,100 --> 05:56:25,400
turnover The specific identity 
of individual cats matters. 

6612
05:56:25,400 --> 05:56:28,500
Little what matters is the 
presence of cats. 

6613
05:56:28,500 --> 05:56:32,600
Generally, the continuation of 
their role in controlling Vermin

6614
05:56:32,600 --> 05:56:36,200
and the maintenance of the 
established pattern Seasonal 

6615
05:56:36,200 --> 05:56:38,800
Cycles. 
Repeat each bringing the same 

6616
05:56:38,800 --> 05:56:42,000
challenges and opportunities 
Harvest times. 

6617
05:56:42,000 --> 05:56:44,000
Bring abundant mice, and easier 
hunting. 

6618
05:56:44,700 --> 05:56:48,300
Lean, winter months, reduce prey
populations and makes survival 

6619
05:56:48,300 --> 05:56:51,700
more difficult. 
Cats and due these fluctuations 

6620
05:56:51,700 --> 05:56:55,200
through the same adaptations 
that allow Wildcats to persist 

6621
05:56:55,200 --> 05:56:59,800
in variable environments. 
Efficient hunting opportunistic,

6622
05:56:59,800 --> 05:57:03,500
feeding and the ability to 
reduce activity when resources 

6623
05:57:03,500 --> 05:57:07,400
are scare. 
The settlement itself changes, 

6624
05:57:07,400 --> 05:57:10,200
slowly, building buildings are 
repaired and eventually 

6625
05:57:10,200 --> 05:57:12,900
replaced. 
New structures are added as the 

6626
05:57:12,900 --> 05:57:18,200
population grows or needs shift.
Storage methods improve tools 

6627
05:57:18,200 --> 05:57:21,900
become more refined. 
Through all these changes, the 

6628
05:57:21,900 --> 05:57:23,700
relationship with cats remains 
constant. 

6629
05:57:24,400 --> 05:57:27,000
New buildings, provide new 
purchases and shelters. 

6630
05:57:27,000 --> 05:57:30,900
Improved storage, still requires
protection from vermin. 

6631
05:57:31,600 --> 05:57:34,100
Better tools still creates 
scraps and spillage. 

6632
05:57:35,000 --> 05:57:37,100
Fundamental Dynamic. 
Persists. 

6633
05:57:37,100 --> 05:57:42,300
Despite surface changes. 
Generations of humans, pass old 

6634
05:57:42,300 --> 05:57:45,800
people die and a buried. 
Children are born and grow into 

6635
05:57:45,800 --> 05:57:47,300
adults who have children of 
Their Own. 

6636
05:57:48,100 --> 05:57:50,800
Collective memory of the 
settlement shifts and evolves 

6637
05:57:50,800 --> 05:57:54,900
that certain patterns remain. 
So consistently becoming visible

6638
05:57:54,900 --> 05:57:58,800
part of the assumed background 
of life rather than notable 

6639
05:57:58,800 --> 05:58:03,000
features requiring attention. 
Cats live shorter lives than 

6640
05:58:03,000 --> 05:58:05,600
humans. 
Their Generations turning over 

6641
05:58:05,600 --> 05:58:09,100
more quickly. 
Human child might see dozens of 

6642
05:58:09,100 --> 05:58:12,800
individual cats come and go 
during their own life span yet. 

6643
05:58:12,800 --> 05:58:17,300
Despite this rapid turnover cat 
behavior, remains remarkably 

6644
05:58:17,300 --> 05:58:22,200
consistent, Each new cat learns,
the same lessons finds the same 

6645
05:58:22,200 --> 05:58:26,000
opportunities, and settles into 
the same patterns as those who 

6646
05:58:26,000 --> 05:58:29,300
came before. 
The relationship reproduces 

6647
05:58:29,300 --> 05:58:31,700
itself, naturally without 
requiring teaching or 

6648
05:58:31,700 --> 05:58:34,400
enforcement. 
Other settlements developed 

6649
05:58:34,400 --> 05:58:37,800
similar relationships with cats?
People traveling between 

6650
05:58:37,800 --> 05:58:40,300
communities, observe cats living
in the same way. 

6651
05:58:40,300 --> 05:58:45,600
Elsewhere, tolerated useful, 
independent present but not 

6652
05:58:45,600 --> 05:58:48,600
possessed. 
This parallel Development Across

6653
05:58:48,600 --> 05:58:51,500
different human groups. 
Suggest the arrangements serves 

6654
05:58:51,500 --> 05:58:53,600
fundamental needs for both 
species. 

6655
05:58:53,600 --> 05:58:58,200
Needs that arise naturally 
wherever humans store grain and 

6656
05:58:58,200 --> 05:59:02,300
build permanent structures. 
The absence of formalization 

6657
05:59:02,300 --> 05:59:05,200
protects the relationship from 
the problems that plague more 

6658
05:59:05,200 --> 05:59:08,300
structured Arrangements. 
There are no rules to break. 

6659
05:59:08,300 --> 05:59:12,900
No expectations to disappoint 
and no obligations to resent. 

6660
05:59:14,000 --> 05:59:17,500
Cats and humans simply coexist 
in ways that benefit both. 

6661
05:59:18,300 --> 05:59:21,200
This flexibility allows the 
relationship to adapt to 

6662
05:59:21,200 --> 05:59:25,700
changing circumstances without 
requiring renegotiation or 

6663
05:59:25,700 --> 05:59:30,200
conscious adjustment. stories, 
begin to accumulate, not Grand 

6664
05:59:30,200 --> 05:59:32,700
narrative, but small 
observations passed between 

6665
05:59:32,700 --> 05:59:36,700
people Someone mentions a cat 
that was particularly skilled at

6666
05:59:36,700 --> 05:59:39,300
hunting. 
Another recalls a cat that 

6667
05:59:39,300 --> 05:59:41,900
preferred a specific Sunny Spot 
for years. 

6668
05:59:42,800 --> 05:59:45,400
These stories are brief and 
factual told without 

6669
05:59:45,400 --> 05:59:48,700
embellishment and forgotten as 
quickly as they are shared. 

6670
05:59:49,400 --> 05:59:52,200
They do not accumulate into 
mythology or meaning. 

6671
05:59:52,200 --> 05:59:56,000
They simply reflect the reality 
of shared space and accumulated 

6672
05:59:56,000 --> 05:59:58,800
observation. 
The settlement continues through

6673
05:59:58,800 --> 06:00:02,500
generations, it's basic 
character, maintained even a 

6674
06:00:02,500 --> 06:00:05,200
specific detail shift. 
Cats. 

6675
06:00:05,200 --> 06:00:08,500
Continue to move through its 
spaces, hunting its Vermin, 

6676
06:00:08,500 --> 06:00:12,500
resting in its shade and 
drinking from its water sources.

6677
06:00:13,600 --> 06:00:17,900
People can continue to build and
repair, plant and harvest raised

6678
06:00:17,900 --> 06:00:22,100
children and age in to elders. 
The two species remain 

6679
06:00:22,100 --> 06:00:25,900
intertwined, not through bonds 
of affection or formal 

6680
06:00:25,900 --> 06:00:30,200
agreement, but through the 
simple durable, logic of mutual 

6681
06:00:30,200 --> 06:00:31,700
benefit and peaceful 
co-existence. 

6682
06:00:31,700 --> 06:00:35,100
You see, now how this 
relationship emerged and 

6683
06:00:35,100 --> 06:00:39,900
persisted, not through moments 
of decision or acts of will, but

6684
06:00:39,900 --> 06:00:42,600
through the accumulation of 
small choices and repeated 

6685
06:00:42,600 --> 06:00:47,100
patterns Cats chose to stay in a
humans because staying offered 

6686
06:00:47,100 --> 06:00:50,100
an advantage. 
Humans allowed cats to stay 

6687
06:00:50,100 --> 06:00:52,100
because their presence reduced 
problems. 

6688
06:00:52,100 --> 06:00:56,000
Neither species set out to 
create a partnership yet. 

6689
06:00:56,000 --> 06:00:59,300
A partnership formed 
nonetheless, one that would 

6690
06:00:59,300 --> 06:01:03,500
continue for thousands of years 
changing in certain ways, but 

6691
06:01:03,500 --> 06:01:06,800
remaining fundamentally 
unchanged in others as evening 

6692
06:01:06,800 --> 06:01:10,400
settles over the settlement. 
Once more fires glow in halves 

6693
06:01:10,400 --> 06:01:15,500
and cats settle into familiar 
resting places, The day ends as 

6694
06:01:15,500 --> 06:01:19,500
countless days of ended before 
and as countless days will end 

6695
06:01:19,500 --> 06:01:23,500
in the future, the pattern, 
holds the relationship in dues. 

6696
06:01:23,500 --> 06:01:27,700
The quiet companionship 
continues asking nothing more 

6697
06:01:27,700 --> 06:01:31,700
than what it is. 
Always asked proximity tolerance

6698
06:01:31,700 --> 06:01:35,300
and the shared recognition that 
some of the best Arrangements in

6699
06:01:35,300 --> 06:01:37,300
life. 
Are those that require the least

6700
06:01:37,300 --> 06:01:41,500
effort to maintain You rest now 
in this knowledge in the comfort

6701
06:01:41,500 --> 06:01:44,900
of understanding, how connection
can exist without complication 

6702
06:01:44,900 --> 06:01:49,100
how shared space can create 
shared benefit and how the 

6703
06:01:49,100 --> 06:01:51,900
simplest relationships often 
proved the most enduring. 

6704
06:01:52,800 --> 06:01:57,000
The story ends here but the 
pattern it describes continues 

6705
06:01:57,000 --> 06:02:01,100
as reliable as Sunrise as 
constant as the Turning of 

6706
06:02:01,100 --> 06:02:04,200
seasons and as peaceful as sleep
itself.