What Life Was Really Like in the French Resistance | Boring History For Sleep

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Some stories begin with uniforms
and speeches. 

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This one begins with a door. 
Closing carefully. 

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A folded note hidden, too well. 
And someone trying not to look 

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nervous while doing something 
that mattered. 

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So come in gently my tired 
dumplings. 

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You don't have to hold the whole
story at once. for this episode,

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we have shaped the history of 
the French Resistance from real 

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accounts, but kept the pace low 
enough to rest with Will move 

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through the lives behind the 
secrecy. 

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Couriers safe houses, coded 
messages, ordinary errands and 

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small choices that became part 
of something much larger. 

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This is the kind of bed time 
history you like returning to. 

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You can save your place here, 
leave a thumbs up, review or 

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tell me what corner of the world
you're listening in from with us

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tonight. 
For now, let your body get 

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heavy, let the day lose its 
edges, and follow the first 

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small Footsteps in to the story.
Prompts in the summer of 1940 

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was a country that had in the 
space of six weeks been turned 

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into something. 
It's people no longer 

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recognized. 
German forces had pushed through

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the ardenne folded the French 
army back on itself and settled 

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into the streets of Paris with a
calm that suggested, they 

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intended to stay for some time. 
What followed was four years of 

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occupation? 
What also followed quietly 

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persistently and at Great 
personal cost was four years of 

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refusal. 
Your standing on a train 

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platform in Leon in the Autumn 
of 1941. 

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The platform smells of coal, 
smoke and damp wool. 

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Around you other passengers have
arranged their faces into the 

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careful blankness of people who 
have learned that showing too 

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much of anything surprise, or 
contempt or even relief is a 

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form of exposure. 
A German officer walks the full 

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length of the platform with his 
hands, clasp behind his back. 

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Not searching for anything in 
particular. everyone watches in 

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any way, and everyone pretends 
not to This was the texture of 

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occupation. 
Not a constant drum. 

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Beat of obvious violence though.
Violence was present too, folded

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into ordinary days, the way a 
splinter folds into a hand. 

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It was more the sensation of 
your own City being rearranged 

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around you without your 
permission. 

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Street signs appeared in German 
overnight. 

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Curfew meant the sidewalks went 
empty at 10:00 and the city 

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became a place. 
You had lived in for years but 

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no longer fully owned. 
Clocks Were reset to Berlin time

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which meant waking in what felt 
like the middle of the night to 

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a morning. 
That the light had not yet 

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accepted as real. 
France had signed its Armistice 

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with Germany in June of 1940 
inside a railway Carriage at 

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Campion and the choice of 
location. 

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Had been deliberate and 
precisely calculated. 

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That particular Carriage was the
same one in which Germany had 

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signed its own defeat in 1918 
and the German staging of the 

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ceremony communicated with the 
Precision of a knife inserted as

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a careful angle. 
Exactly what was meant by it. 

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The Armistice divided France 
into two zones, the northern and

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western regions, including Paris
in the entire. 

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Atlantic Coastline fell under 
direct German military 

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Administration. 
The southern Zone nominally 

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unoccupied until November 1942 
was governed, from the small Spa

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town of Vichy by martial, Felipe
pattern, whose government 

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pursued collaboration with the 
occupiers in ways that would 

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require Decades of honest 
accounting. 

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Daily life under occupational 
was exhausting in ways that 

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rarely made it into the cleaner 
accounts, written off to Wood. 

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Food rationing began almost 
immediately and by 1941 the 

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allocation to a genuinely an 
adequate. an adult in a French 

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city, was theoretically entitled
to roughly 1200 calories per day

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and in practice received less 
Bread was extended with ground 

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Acorn flour and sawdust in 
proportions that Bakers measured

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with a professional grimness. 
That said everything about the 

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current condition of their 
trade. 

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Butter appeared and vanished on 
a rhythm. 

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No one could predict. tobacco 
became so scarce that somehow 

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holds dried and smoked the 
leaves of plants, never 

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intended, for that purpose 
producing a smell, their 

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neighbor's diplomatically 
declined to describe in specific

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terms, The black market was not 
in any practical sense, a 

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criminal underworld. 
It was a parallel economy that 

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nearly the entire population 
touched in some form. 

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Farmer, who held back a portion 
of his eggs? 

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From the required delivery, 
quota, a butcher who added an 

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extra slice to the parcel of a 
regular customer a widow who 

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exchanged her late husband's 
watch, for a Winter's worth of 

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lard. 
All of these were technically 

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violation of Occupational law, 
and all of them were entirely 

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ordinary. 
The Vichy regime produced 

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substantial. 
Quantities of paper about civic 

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virtue and National renewal. 
A significant portion of that 

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paper was reused as wrapping in 
the same markets. 

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It was meant to regulate which 
was a form of editorial 

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commentary. 
Nobody had to say out loud You 

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walk out of the lion station 
onto a wide Boulevard where the 

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chestnut trees have been 
stripped bare by October wind. 

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Two German soldiers are sitting 
at a cafe across the street. 

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Their coffee growing cold, while
they read a newspaper from home.

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They are completely relaxed. 
That ease was one of the 

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stranger features of 
Occupational life. 

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The fact that the soldiers in 
the streets of most French 

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cities were not in the early 
years visibly menacing. 

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In the way the imagination tends
to picture Conquest, they were 

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young men who sometimes tried to
buy postcards in broken French 

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who photographed Cathedrals with
the earnestness of students on a

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cultural itinerary, who 
occasionally got lost in the 

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back streets of Bordeaux and 
asked directions with a genuine 

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awkwardness, that seemed 
incompatible with the fact of 

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the situation. 
The Machinery of systemic 

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Terror, operated on different 
tracks, in Police Headquarters 

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and detention basements. 
And the office is of the Middle 

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East, while the soldiers in the 
cafes looked almost like 

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visitors who had overstayed 
their welcome without fully 

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registering that the welcome had
been withdrawn almost The 

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occupations presence was mostly 
felt rather than seen directly. 

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Every letter you wrote passed 
through a sensor who read it for

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anything worth flagging. 
Every meal in a restaurant 

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required, showing your ration 
card, every Journey between 

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cities required to travel pass 
and a travel pass required, a 

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stated purpose and some purposes
were accepted and someone not. 

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And the difference was not 
always predictable. 

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The countryside which had its 
own relationship with Central 

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Authority and any historical 
period adapted to these new 

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constraints with the flexibility
of places that have always 

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managed things in ways that do 
not appear in any official 

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record. 
In the market towns of the 

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Dourdan, and the lot Farmers 
discovered ancient talent for 

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productive, vagueness when 
German Supply officers arrived 

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to inventory livestock. 
Yes, there had been a certain 

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number of pigs. 
Several had died recently of 

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what He thinks the officer would
make a note and the truck would 

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pull away with fewer animals 
than the actual count would have

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supported and the farmer would 
watch it. 

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Go with the expression of a man 
who has been managing these 

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conversations since before, the 
office was born, this was not 

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yet resistance, it was the older
habit of rural France which had 

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been Under reporting its 
agricultural productivity to tax

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collectors since at least the 
Revolution and possibly since 

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the reign of Louis the 14th, But
something else was also 

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beginning. 
In the cities in University 

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rooms in the kitchens of 
Apartments, where the blackout 

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curtains were drawn tight 
against the night. 

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People were asking careful 
questions about what it might 

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mean to do something that 
actually mattered. 

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The process of becoming a 
resistor was rarely dramatic in 

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its early stages. 
Most people who eventually 

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joined networks or took on 
operational roles did not make a

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single decisive choice. 
They made a series of small ones

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each slightly larger than the 
last each one making the next 

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easier to say yes to. 
If a friend asked, if you would 

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hold a package for a few days. 
Package turned out to contain 

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documents, you held them and 
nothing happened and then you 

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are asked again. 
The cumulation of those small 

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yeses was how most people 
arrived at the larger 

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commitment. 
Not through a clarifying moment 

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of moral courage, but through 
the slow compounding of choices 

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that were already behind them 
before they fully understood 

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what they were building. 
Some people did know exactly 

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what they were doing from the 
first day. 

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Those people tended to already 
be embedded in particular 

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political or ideological 
communities in communist cells 

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in Catholic. 
Social networks, in the 

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organized sections of the labor 
movement where structures 

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existed and trusted had been 
partly pre-established. 

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But many of the most effective 
resistors came from no organized

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background at all. 
They were people who had simply 

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reached a point where the 
alternative felt worse than the 

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risk. 
There was also a social 

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Dimension to occupation that the
official history sometimes 

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passed over. 
Neighbors became unknowable in 

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new ways. 
A man who had lived next door 

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for 15 years and greeted you 
every morning with the same 

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mild. 
Pleasantry was now a person 

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whose calculations you could not
fully read, did he report 

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things? 
He said something to the housing

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authorities about the extra foot
traffic at the apartment 

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upstairs. 
The inability to answer these 

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questions did not mean the man 
was a collaborator. 

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It meant that trust the ordinary
everyday trust that makes a 

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neighborhood function. 
Had been replaced by a permanent

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low-level uncertainty. 
That was simply the condition of

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occupied life. 
People adjusted. 

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They spoke more carefully on 
staircases, they developed a 

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sensitivity to the presence of 
others in ways that had not been

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necessary before. 
The children of occupied France.

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Had a particular experience of 
this, many of them were old 

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enough to understand that 
something was wrong and young 

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enough that their parents tried 
to Shield them from the 

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specifics. 
The absorb the tension without 

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the context, which is a specific
form of childhood difficulty 

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that their generation carried in
ways that came out slowly over 

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subsequent decades. 
Some of them later became the 

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historians, who did the most 
important work on the occupation

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driven partly by the need to, 
finally understand what they had

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sensed without fully knowing as 
children. 

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The winter of 1941 was cold, and
the fuel rations were 

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insufficient. 
The city of Lyon, went to bed 

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early and lay in the dark with 
its thoughts. 

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In those thoughts. 
Something was beginning to stir 

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that had no good name yet but 
that would eventually be called 

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00:11:09,100 --> 00:11:13,200
in the newspapers being printed 
secretly in backrooms across the

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city, the resistance First Act 
of resistance that many Ordinary

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00:11:18,800 --> 00:11:21,900
People in occupied France, ever 
made was to read a piece of 

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paper. 
They were not supposed to have 

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not a weapon, not a radio set, 
not a dramatic meeting and a 

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forest. sheet of paper printed 
in somebody's kitchen, or 

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basement folded twice, and 
slipped under a door or tucked 

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into a coat pocket or left 
between the pages of a library 

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book for whoever came next, The 
underground press was among the 

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earliest and most persistent 
forms of organized, Defiance, 

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00:11:49,500 --> 00:11:52,800
and it took root in a country 
where the tradition of political

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argument and the love of print 
had centuries of experience 

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behind them. 
Occupying France and suppressing

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00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:02,900
French journalism turned out to 
be two different tasks. 

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00:12:02,900 --> 00:12:05,900
And the second one proved 
considerably harder than the 

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00:12:05,900 --> 00:12:09,800
occupies at anticipated. 
Your standing now in a narrow 

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00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:13,400
apartment, in Paris, somewhere 
in the 11th hour on this more in

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00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:17,500
the early months of 1941. 
Smell of ink is strong enough to

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taste at the back of your 
throat. 

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A hand-operated duplicating 
machine is making a rhythmic 

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00:12:22,900 --> 00:12:26,300
mechanical sound. 
That seems to everyone in the 

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00:12:26,308 --> 00:12:29,100
room, like, it is being 
broadcast across the entire 

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00:12:29,100 --> 00:12:32,300
neighborhood, though. 
In fact, it is no louder than a 

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sewing machine running fast. 
Two people are bent over a table

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feeding paper through with the 
steady focus of people doing a 

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job that requires concentration 
and also happens to be 

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completely illegal. 
The newsletter they are printing

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00:12:46,500 --> 00:12:49,700
is called resistance. 
The name had been chosen with 

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what historians later described 
as an admirable lack of subtlety

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though. 
The people who chose it would 

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have pointed out that the 
situation was not one calling 

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for indirection. 
The underground newspapers of 

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00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:05,100
occupied, France were remarkable
objects, simply by virtue of 

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00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:07,600
existing. 
They Carried news that the 

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00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:10,100
official collaboration is 
pressed would not report. 

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Analysis of the actual progress 
of the war. 

234
00:13:13,500 --> 00:13:17,200
That contradicted, German 
military communicates and essays

235
00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:20,400
on what it might mean to remain 
French in any way that was not 

236
00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:24,200
entirely ceremonial. 
Publications such as combat. 

237
00:13:24,200 --> 00:13:28,600
Liberation defense De La France 
and France Tierra. 

238
00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:32,300
Circulated through channels that
were invisible to the German 

239
00:13:32,300 --> 00:13:35,400
Administration and deeply 
visible to everyone 

240
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:38,900
participating in them. 
Copies were passed from One Pair

241
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:42,000
of Hands to the next in offices 
and waiting rooms and libraries 

242
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:45,800
left on Metro seats. 
Tucked into shopping bags by 

243
00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:48,200
people who had agreed to pass 
them along, to three more 

244
00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:50,900
people, each of whom had agreed 
to do the same. 

245
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:55,600
Combat which became perhaps the 
most intellectually serious of 

246
00:13:55,600 --> 00:13:59,500
these Publications eventually, 
Drew into its editorial Circle. 

247
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:03,800
The philosopher and novelist 
Albert kamu Who contributed 

248
00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:07,400
under a false name and whose 
wartime pieces carried, the same

249
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:10,600
compressed moral weight. 
As the fiction, he was writing 

250
00:14:10,600 --> 00:14:15,300
simultaneously in the same city.
The experience of producing 

251
00:14:15,300 --> 00:14:18,300
honest, journalism in a 
situation, architecturally 

252
00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:22,400
designed to prevent honesty ran 
directly into his larger 

253
00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:25,200
thinking about Collective 
suffering and the ethics of 

254
00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:28,500
refusal. 
The threads between his occupied

255
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:32,300
Paris experience, and the work 
he published in the years that 

256
00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:35,500
followed are still being 
examined by Scholars who have 

257
00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:38,000
not exhausted them. 
Defense. 

258
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:41,300
Della France was begun by 
students at the sorbonne and 

259
00:14:41,300 --> 00:14:44,300
eventually achieved a print run,
that sounds invented until you 

260
00:14:44,300 --> 00:14:46,100
check the documentation behind 
it. 

261
00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:51,300
Hundreds of thousands of copies 
printed on Black Market paper 

262
00:14:51,300 --> 00:14:54,000
obtained through contacts who 
are asked no question's 

263
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,900
transported in baby carriages 
and false bottom suitcases. 

264
00:14:57,900 --> 00:15:01,600
And in Parcels that looked from 
the outside like bundles of 

265
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:04,600
cleaning supplies or packages of
dried Goods. 

266
00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:08,300
Distributed by hand, through 
chains of people who typically 

267
00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:10,300
did not know each other's actual
names. 

268
00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:14,000
The operational challenges of 
running an underground, press 

269
00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:17,900
accumulated in layers. 
Paper hat be obtained without 

270
00:15:17,900 --> 00:15:21,600
creating a traceable record. 
Different commercial inks, had 

271
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:24,500
compositional signatures 
specific enough to identify, 

272
00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:26,600
which supplier had provided 
them. 

273
00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:31,200
Meaning suppliers had to change 
regularly to avoid creating a 

274
00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:33,700
pattern that could be followed 
backward to the saws. 

275
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:37,400
Typewriting machines, produce 
slightly different Impressions, 

276
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:40,100
depending on their model and 
their mechanical condition, 

277
00:15:40,100 --> 00:15:44,800
meaning that a careful Analyst 
at gestapo headquarters could, 

278
00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:48,400
sometimes identify which 
specific machine had produced, a

279
00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:51,100
given document. 
Machines had to be moved 

280
00:15:51,100 --> 00:15:54,200
frequently or replaced when a 
network security situation 

281
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:58,300
deteriorated distribution was 
its own separate discipline. 

282
00:15:59,200 --> 00:16:02,300
Finished copies moved from the 
print location through a relay 

283
00:16:02,300 --> 00:16:04,900
of people who each held only a 
small piece of the picture. 

284
00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:08,200
The Courier who collected a 
bundle from the printer. 

285
00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:11,100
Did not know where those bundles
would ultimately end up. 

286
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:15,000
The people who received them 
knew only who had brought them 

287
00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:17,300
and who they were meant to go to
next. 

288
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:22,300
The design was Defensive if any 
single person was arrested and 

289
00:16:22,300 --> 00:16:25,900
questioned, they could describe 
only the links directly adjacent

290
00:16:25,900 --> 00:16:29,500
to the themselves and even that 
information went stale quickly 

291
00:16:29,500 --> 00:16:33,100
as the network adjusted. 
The people who carried finished 

292
00:16:33,100 --> 00:16:36,400
copies had to know their cover 
Stories the way, a practiced 

293
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:39,800
musician, knows, a difficult 
passage not as something 

294
00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:43,500
retrieved Under Pressure, but as
something, so fully absorbed it 

295
00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:46,700
came out naturally. 
The cover story had to account 

296
00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:49,100
for where you were going. 
What was in your bag? 

297
00:16:49,100 --> 00:16:52,000
Why you were in this particular 
part of the city at this 

298
00:16:52,008 --> 00:16:55,900
particular hour and it had to 
land with the specific gravity 

299
00:16:55,900 --> 00:16:58,600
of boredom that marks a person 
doing nothing remotely 

300
00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:02,600
interesting. some people turned 
out to have a remarkable gift 

301
00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:06,500
for this historians, researching
the period of collected accounts

302
00:17:06,500 --> 00:17:09,200
of couriers who stopped at 
checkpoints with deeply 

303
00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:12,800
compromising materials in their 
possession, responded to German 

304
00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,599
questioning with such fluid and 
unhurried plausibility that the 

305
00:17:16,599 --> 00:17:20,700
soldiers waved them through One 
Courier in the Toulouse region, 

306
00:17:20,700 --> 00:17:24,000
spent approximately 20 minutes 
as a checkpoint complaining, 

307
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,200
about the inadequacy of the 
winter, vegetable rash. 

308
00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:29,500
And while Seated on a Suitcase, 
containing a month's worth of 

309
00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:34,500
forged travel documents. the 
soldiers, perhaps, recognizing a

310
00:17:34,500 --> 00:17:37,200
conversational force of nature 
that nothing in their training, 

311
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:41,000
had prepared them for Eventually
decided they had somewhere else 

312
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,000
to be. 
Humor woven through the stories 

313
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:48,000
was not decoration. 
It was partly the mechanism by 

314
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,600
which people manage fear that 
had nowhere else to go and 

315
00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:55,000
partly because the situation 
genuinely produced its own 

316
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:59,000
mordant comedy. 
A population that had been told 

317
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,800
it was defeated that 
accommodation was the only 

318
00:18:01,800 --> 00:18:05,200
reasonable response that 
resistance was futile and 

319
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:08,500
probably made things worse for 
everyone was quietly printing 

320
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:11,900
newspapers on Black Market paper
and hiding them behind the. 

321
00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:14,900
Skirting Boards of perfectly 
ordinary Apartments. 

322
00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:18,800
There was something in that gap 
between the official story and 

323
00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:21,500
the actual one that a certain 
French temperament found 

324
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:25,900
specifically Darkly satisfying, 
The newspapers are all. 

325
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:28,300
So a form of evidence in the 
most basic sense. 

326
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,800
They demonstrated to the people 
who read them in these difficult

327
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:36,300
years that there were others 
somewhere, who had not decided 

328
00:18:36,300 --> 00:18:37,700
that accommodation was 
sufficient. 

329
00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:41,000
Reading one of those folded 
sheets in a kitchen with the 

330
00:18:41,008 --> 00:18:44,700
curtains closed was a reminder 
that the occupied City moved 

331
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:47,500
through every day, was not the 
only version of itself. 

332
00:18:48,900 --> 00:18:51,000
Behind it or perhaps underneath 
it. 

333
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:55,500
A parallel city was printing 
things by hand and leaving them 

334
00:18:55,500 --> 00:18:59,400
where strangers might find them.
By the time, the war ended 

335
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:02,800
historians estimate. 
That several hundred distinct 

336
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:05,800
underground Publications. 
Had circulated in occupied 

337
00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,400
France produced by networks 
spread across the entire 

338
00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:12,300
country. 
Most of whose participants never

339
00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:16,000
met the editors never knew the 
full scope of what they were 

340
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:19,900
part of and went back to their 
ordinary lives afterwards with a

341
00:19:19,900 --> 00:19:20,600
story. 
They would tell their 

342
00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:24,800
grandchildren in Peace's over 
many years. the experience of 

343
00:19:24,808 --> 00:19:27,400
reading, one of these 
Publications was itself, a 

344
00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:30,700
particular kind of event, It was
not reading a newspaper in the 

345
00:19:30,708 --> 00:19:33,700
usual sense. 
The Casual consumption of news 

346
00:19:33,700 --> 00:19:36,900
in a well-lit room. 
It was reading something that 

347
00:19:36,900 --> 00:19:41,200
had been produced at genuine 
risk transported, a genuine risk

348
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:44,500
and placed in Your Hands by 
someone who trusted you with it.

349
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:48,500
That chain of risk was present 
in the paper itself. 

350
00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:51,800
Some readers passed their copies
on after reading. 

351
00:19:52,600 --> 00:19:56,000
Some burn them carefully. 
After finishing, some kept them 

352
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,500
hidden tucked between the pages 
of approved books or in the 

353
00:19:59,500 --> 00:20:02,700
lining of coke Pockets, which 
was the decision that carried 

354
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:05,400
its own weight and said 
something about what the reading

355
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:09,500
had meant to them. forges who 
produced false identity, 

356
00:20:09,500 --> 00:20:12,700
documents worked in conditions 
adjacent to those of the 

357
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:16,000
newspaper networks facing 
similar challenges with 

358
00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:20,200
materials and security A 
convincingly forged identity 

359
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:23,100
card required. 
The right Paper, Stock the right

360
00:20:23,100 --> 00:20:26,900
ink, the right official stamps. 
And the right type of graphical 

361
00:20:26,900 --> 00:20:29,000
style for the period in the 
issuing authority. 

362
00:20:30,500 --> 00:20:33,000
The stamp problem was 
particularly challenging. 

363
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:37,600
German and Vichy bureaucratic 
documents used a variety of 

364
00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:39,500
stamps whose Impressions had to 
match. 

365
00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:44,000
Not just in design, but in where
patterns because a stamp used 

366
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,600
daily in a real office develops.
A characteristic degradation 

367
00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:52,700
that a newly made stamp does not
have Some forges solve, this by 

368
00:20:52,700 --> 00:20:55,500
aging, their stamps, 
deliberately pressing them 

369
00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:59,300
repeatedly into scrap paper at 
varying pressures until the 

370
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:01,000
impression matched what they 
needed. 

371
00:21:01,900 --> 00:21:03,700
The attention to that level of 
detail. 

372
00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:07,100
Under those conditions was its 
own kind of art. 

373
00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:11,900
At 9 in the evening, you press 
your ear against a radio set 

374
00:21:11,900 --> 00:21:14,400
that has been hidden behind a 
row of preserved jars on the 

375
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,600
kitchen Shelf. 
The aerial wire runs up behind 

376
00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:20,600
the cabinet and disappears into 
the wall at an angle that 

377
00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:22,200
suggests, someone spent 
considerable time. 

378
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:23,900
Making it look like a natural 
crack in. 

379
00:21:23,900 --> 00:21:28,100
The plaster, what you're waiting
for is a specific sequence in 

380
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:31,700
the BBC, French service 
broadcast from London the 

381
00:21:31,700 --> 00:21:35,300
stretch of programming that 
comes after the regular news and

382
00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:40,300
consists of nothing that sounds 
on the surface like news at all.

383
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:43,900
The personal messages section of
the BBC. 

384
00:21:43,900 --> 00:21:47,600
French service was one of the 
more genuinely peculiar 

385
00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:49,300
phenomena of the entire 
conflict. 

386
00:21:50,300 --> 00:21:54,300
Every evening and announces calm
unhurried voice delivered. 

387
00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:57,000
A stream of phrases that sounded
like the contents of a 

388
00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:59,700
collective dream being read at 
dictation speed. 

389
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:02,500
The horse has eaten the Red 
Apple. 

390
00:22:02,500 --> 00:22:05,400
Great. 
Aunt Josephine is fond of 

391
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:08,700
artichokes. 
The long sobs of the violins of 

392
00:22:08,708 --> 00:22:11,400
autumn wound, my heart with a 
monotonous languor. 

393
00:22:12,100 --> 00:22:16,100
That last example was not 
invented here for atmosphere, it

394
00:22:16,100 --> 00:22:21,200
was transmitted on the 5th and 
6th of June 1944 and its meaning

395
00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:24,500
to the resistance networks in 
Normandy who had been told in 

396
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:26,100
advance what phrase to listen 
for. 

397
00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:29,300
Was that the Allied Landings 
were beginning on the coast 

398
00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:31,600
below them. 
To a casual listener. 

399
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:35,100
The personal message is were 
impenetrable, which was exactly 

400
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:38,400
their purpose. 
To the Germans, monitoring the 

401
00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:41,100
broadcasts who understood 
completely what was happening. 

402
00:22:41,100 --> 00:22:45,100
They were a source of genuine 
operational frustration because 

403
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:48,100
cracking any given message 
required knowing in advance what

404
00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:52,500
the pre-agreed signal was There 
was no consistent Cypher to 

405
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:55,200
attack. 
Each phrase was a unique key 

406
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,500
existing only in the heads of 
the sender and the specific 

407
00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:01,700
recipient. 
And the total number of possible

408
00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:03,600
signals was effectively 
Limitless. 

409
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:08,300
Beyond their operational 
function, the BBC broadcasts 

410
00:23:08,300 --> 00:23:11,200
served as the emotional 
connection between occupied 

411
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,900
France and The Wider world. 
Millions of French people. 

412
00:23:14,900 --> 00:23:18,300
Listen to them in secret 
gathered around radio sets that 

413
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:21,000
a technically been required to 
be surrendered to the German 

414
00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:25,600
Authority in 1940. 
The actual rate of surrender had

415
00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:30,600
been remarkably low, the sets 
were hidden in attics buried in 

416
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:33,900
gardens, inside waterproof 
containers, concealed behind 

417
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:36,700
false walls, and inside hallowed
pieces of furniture. 

418
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:40,900
Listening to London was a 
criminal offense and a near 

419
00:23:40,908 --> 00:23:45,000
Universal practice which is the 
kind of combination that reveals

420
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,200
something useful about the 
limits of administrative 

421
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:50,700
prohibition, when the prohibited
thing is sufficiently valued. 

422
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,200
The wireless operators who 
transmitted information back to 

423
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:57,500
London, worked under constraints
that compressed everything about

424
00:23:57,500 --> 00:24:01,100
their daily existence into a 
constant calculation of 

425
00:24:01,100 --> 00:24:04,500
exposure. 
The fundamental technical 

426
00:24:04,500 --> 00:24:06,200
problem. 
Was that German direction 

427
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:10,400
finding units operating from 
unmarked van vans equipped with 

428
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:14,200
sensitive listening equipment, 
could locate a transmitting 

429
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:17,700
radio within roughly 30 minutes 
of it going on the air under 

430
00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:21,800
favorable conditions. 
Operators were advised to keep 

431
00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:25,800
each Transmissions under 15 
minutes change their location 

432
00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:29,200
after every session, and never 
broadcast twice from the same 

433
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:32,200
address. 
These guidelines existed in 

434
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,700
permanent tension with 
operational necessity. the 

435
00:24:35,700 --> 00:24:38,400
volume of intelligence needing 
to move between France and 

436
00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:41,400
London regularly, demanded 
longer Transmissions than the 

437
00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:44,900
safety arithmetic supported An 
operator's equipment. 

438
00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:48,500
Filled a case, roughly the size 
of a large briefcase which meant

439
00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:52,000
it had to be carried and moved 
and hidden like luggage while 

440
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:54,000
also being technically delicate 
enough. 

441
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:57,300
That rough handling could not 
crystals out of alignment and 

442
00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,900
make transmission impossible. 
A precisely the moment when it 

443
00:25:00,900 --> 00:25:04,900
was most urgently needed. 
The crystals controlling 

444
00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:07,800
transmission frequency were not 
available through any normal 

445
00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:11,200
commercial. 
Power supply, in urban settings 

446
00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:15,200
required improvisation with the 
local electrical systems in ways

447
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:18,000
that occasionally produce 
conversations with unsuspecting 

448
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:21,000
landlords that required 
considerable creativity to 

449
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,900
conclude satisfactorily. 
Every experienced, operator 

450
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:28,600
developed, a personal keying 
style, a specific Rhythm and 

451
00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:31,600
pressure in the way individual 
letters and numbers were 

452
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:34,600
transmitted in Morse code. 
That was as individual as a 

453
00:25:34,608 --> 00:25:37,800
signature. 
London's operators came to 

454
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:41,400
recognize their counterparts and
France by these invisible habits

455
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,500
which mattered because the 
Germans occasionally captured 

456
00:25:44,500 --> 00:25:48,100
operators, and attempted to 
continue running their networks 

457
00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:52,000
using captured codes and hoping 
London would not detect the 

458
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:56,300
substitution. 
London's ability to identify the

459
00:25:56,300 --> 00:25:58,400
absence of a familiar keying 
signature. 

460
00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:02,000
Sometimes expose these 
deceptions before they could do 

461
00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:06,100
further damage. 
Sometimes it did not a networks 

462
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:09,300
ran for weeks on signals, coming
from rooms, where the original 

463
00:26:09,300 --> 00:26:11,000
operators were no longer 
present. 

464
00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:14,700
The agents trained by the 
British Special Operations. 

465
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:18,500
Executive came from a genuinely 
diverse range of backgrounds 

466
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:21,800
people recruited. 
Because they spoke fluent French

467
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,800
because they had personal 
knowledge of French geography, 

468
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:28,200
and social Customs because they 
had some particular technical 

469
00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:31,700
skill or simply because they had
a quality that the selection 

470
00:26:31,700 --> 00:26:34,300
process could recognize but not 
easily name. 

471
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:38,800
Many were in their mid-20s, some
were considerably younger. 

472
00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:42,500
One of the most remarkable 
operators working in France 

473
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:45,600
during the period, was a British
officer of Indian descent named 

474
00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:49,500
Noor Inayat Khan. 
Trained by the Special 

475
00:26:49,500 --> 00:26:52,900
Operations executive. 
She was inserted into France in 

476
00:26:52,900 --> 00:26:57,200
June 1943 arriving in to a 
situation that was already 

477
00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:01,000
deteriorating badly. 
She transmitted from Paris 

478
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:04,200
through months, when virtually 
every other network, in the city

479
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:08,400
had been penetrated or 
dismantled, A security position 

480
00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:12,100
was precarious from the 
beginning and worsened steadily.

481
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:15,800
She moved between addresses, 
altered, her appearance, 

482
00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:19,900
continued, transmitting and 
maintained contact with London 

483
00:27:19,900 --> 00:27:22,000
through a period. 
When extraction would have been 

484
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:23,500
the rationale operational 
choice. 

485
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:27,600
She was eventually betrayed by 
an informant and arrested by the

486
00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:32,600
Gestapo in October of that year.
She did not survive the war she 

487
00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:35,100
was posthumously. 
Awarded the George cross and the

488
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:38,900
quad de Gea recognition that 
arrived too late and meant 

489
00:27:38,900 --> 00:27:42,000
exactly as much as anything can 
when it arrives, too late. 

490
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:45,600
The radio operators understood 
the mathematics of their 

491
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:48,900
situation without needing to 
have it explained to them. 

492
00:27:48,900 --> 00:27:51,500
Every day of continued 
transmission. 

493
00:27:51,500 --> 00:27:54,300
Added another increment to the 
proper ability that the 

494
00:27:54,308 --> 00:27:56,600
direction finding equipment 
would find them. 

495
00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:00,400
They kept working because 
silence meant London, went, deaf

496
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:04,600
and London going deaf, had 
consequences that extended well 

497
00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:08,700
beyond any single person 
situation into the larger 

498
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:11,800
question of whether the networks
could hold together long enough 

499
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:16,600
to do what needed to be done. 
Holding together was in those 

500
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:21,300
years, its own form of active 
resistance, it required, a 

501
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:24,100
specific daily decision that the
operational history. 

502
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:28,000
Do not always fully capture. the
decision to keep going, when 

503
00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:30,808
stopping was also unavailable 
option, and would have been 

504
00:28:30,816 --> 00:28:35,300
difficult to argue against The 
men and women who transmitted 

505
00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:39,300
kept notebooks of one-time codes
and message schedules that they 

506
00:28:39,300 --> 00:28:43,100
had memorized and then destroyed
since the paper versions could 

507
00:28:43,100 --> 00:28:47,500
not be kept safely. 
The act of memorization itself 

508
00:28:47,500 --> 00:28:50,900
was a form of discipline. 
Holding large amounts of 

509
00:28:50,900 --> 00:28:52,500
structured information in your 
head. 

510
00:28:52,500 --> 00:28:57,400
Reliably under conditions of 
stress required practice that 

511
00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:00,200
had to continue. 
Even when everything else in 

512
00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:02,500
your daily routine was also 
consuming attention. 

513
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:07,800
Former operators interviewed in 
the postwar decades often 

514
00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:10,100
described the discipline of that
mental work. 

515
00:29:10,100 --> 00:29:12,200
As something they found 
unexpectedly. 

516
00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:15,500
Stabilizing It gave the days of 
structure. 

517
00:29:15,500 --> 00:29:16,900
They would. 
Otherwise have lacked. 

518
00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:20,900
The people who hosted operators 
were taking on a substantial 

519
00:29:20,900 --> 00:29:24,100
share of the risk, without any 
of the sense of agency that the 

520
00:29:24,100 --> 00:29:27,800
operator had the operator at 
least, had something to do 

521
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:30,800
something that required skill 
and concentration. 

522
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:36,500
The person in the Next Room. 
Reading a book or pretending to 

523
00:29:36,500 --> 00:29:39,500
read a book. 
Knew only that the suitcase was 

524
00:29:39,500 --> 00:29:42,500
in the wardrobe and the van 
could be anywhere on any of the 

525
00:29:42,500 --> 00:29:45,400
streets outside. 
They had nothing to do with 

526
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:49,400
their hands and all of their 
attention focused on sounds. 

527
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:52,800
They could not control. 
That particular combination of 

528
00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:57,000
helplessness and proximity to 
Danger was something, no one had

529
00:29:57,000 --> 00:30:00,100
trained them for and something 
that the history is not always 

530
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:04,500
adequately acknowledged. 
You are watching a woman border 

531
00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:08,100
train at the party or station in
Lyon on a gray morning in the 

532
00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:12,000
spring of 1943. 
She is carrying a Market Basket 

533
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,100
over one arm covered with a 
cloth. 

534
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:18,600
Under the cloth, easily visible 
to anyone glancing at the 

535
00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:21,000
basket. 
In a passing way, our two 

536
00:30:21,008 --> 00:30:25,200
cabbages, a bunch of leaks and 
what appears to be a paper pass 

537
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:29,800
of dried beans. 
Under the vegetables accessible 

538
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:33,100
only through a false bottom 
fitted by someone with a 

539
00:30:33,100 --> 00:30:34,900
particular talent, for cabinet 
work. 

540
00:30:34,900 --> 00:30:39,500
Her identity documents forged 
for 14 people along with 

541
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:42,500
transfer orders for three 
agents, who need to move from 

542
00:30:42,500 --> 00:30:45,100
Leon to Marseille without their 
actual names. 

543
00:30:45,100 --> 00:30:47,600
Appearing, in any German 
administrative record. 

544
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:52,200
She finds a window seat places. 
The basket on her lap. 

545
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:55,400
Opens a novel to a page. 
She's already read three times 

546
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:59,000
without absorbing a word and 
settles in for the two-hour 

547
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:03,000
Journey as though she has done 
this particular trip, many times

548
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:08,200
which she has, she's 23 years 
old, The Courier networks of the

549
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:10,600
French Resistance was staffed 
heavily by women. 

550
00:31:11,300 --> 00:31:15,000
And the reasons ran deeper than 
simple practicality though. 

551
00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:18,500
The Practical logic was real and
it would be wrong to minimize 

552
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:21,400
it. 
Women in occupied France, were 

553
00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:24,300
in the early years of the 
occupation substantially less 

554
00:31:24,300 --> 00:31:27,700
likely to be stopped and 
searched at checkpoints, the men

555
00:31:27,700 --> 00:31:31,500
of military age. 
The German security apparatus 

556
00:31:31,500 --> 00:31:34,900
reflecting, the assumptions of 
the era and the culture that had

557
00:31:34,900 --> 00:31:38,500
shaped it directed, its primary 
attention toward men. 

558
00:31:39,300 --> 00:31:42,300
A young woman moving through the
city with domestic Goods, 

559
00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:47,100
dressed for an unremarkable day,
registered as background noise 

560
00:31:47,100 --> 00:31:49,800
rather than as a subject 
requiring scrutiny. 

561
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:54,000
At underestimation was a 
significant operational asset 

562
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,800
and the networks that understood
it used it deliberately and 

563
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:00,800
consistently. 
The women who fill these roles 

564
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:04,400
came from every social 
background, some were students 

565
00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:08,000
recruited through University 
connections, some were Factory 

566
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:10,900
workers. 
Some were women in their 30s and

567
00:32:10,900 --> 00:32:14,500
40s who had legitimate 
unavoidable reasons to move 

568
00:32:14,500 --> 00:32:17,300
through their neighborhoods. 
Daily managing household 

569
00:32:17,300 --> 00:32:22,000
supplies, visiting neighbors, 
collecting Goods, running the 

570
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:25,300
ordinary errands that are not 
occupied City, still required, 

571
00:32:25,300 --> 00:32:28,600
and who used those natural 
circuits as cover for movement 

572
00:32:28,600 --> 00:32:32,500
that was entirely other than 
ordinary one career operating in

573
00:32:32,508 --> 00:32:35,700
the Bordeaux region became so 
familiar to the German officers 

574
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:39,700
at a particular checkpoint as a 
cheerful and modestly, tedious 

575
00:32:39,700 --> 00:32:43,000
neighbor, who arrived at the 
market every week that she was 

576
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:46,000
eventually waved through without
her papers being examined at 

577
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:48,400
all. 
She later described this as 

578
00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:52,000
simultaneously, the most useful 
thing that had happened to all 

579
00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:57,000
year and from a personal dignity
standpoint, a bit of a mixed 

580
00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,400
blessing. 
Physical courage. 

581
00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:02,700
The work demanded was different 
in texture from Battlefield, 

582
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:07,300
courage but not smaller. 
A courier carrying forged 

583
00:33:07,300 --> 00:33:11,800
documents or coded messages or 
components of a radio set 

584
00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:15,400
distributed through her clothing
and Luggage lived with a fear 

585
00:33:15,400 --> 00:33:17,400
that had known natural point of 
discharge. 

586
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:21,700
There was no single thing to get
through the work did not build 

587
00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:24,800
toward a moment of resolution 
after which you could breathe 

588
00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:27,500
differently. 
It was a sustained performance 

589
00:33:27,500 --> 00:33:31,600
of normalcy across every 
interaction in every Ordinary 

590
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:33,900
Day. 
Each one, requiring the same 

591
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:38,300
sustained presentation, each one
carrying the same potential for 

592
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:41,300
catastrophe. 
That was always just beneath the

593
00:33:41,300 --> 00:33:44,600
surface of things. 
Some of the most operationally 

594
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:47,700
significant figures in the 
history of the resistance where 

595
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:52,200
women whose proper recognition 
arrived decades after the fact, 

596
00:33:53,100 --> 00:33:57,600
Mary Madeline. 4K ran a network 
called Alliance which grew to 

597
00:33:57,600 --> 00:34:01,000
include several hundred agents, 
spread across France and 

598
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,000
provided British intelligence 
with substantial information 

599
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:08,100
about German military, positions
and movements. she ran it with 

600
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:11,800
an organizational Clarity that 
her handlers at MI6 in London, 

601
00:34:11,800 --> 00:34:15,500
found impressive and 
occasionally disconcerting in 

602
00:34:15,500 --> 00:34:18,699
the way that extremely competent
people working under impossible,

603
00:34:18,699 --> 00:34:22,000
conditions can sometimes 
disconcert, those nominally 

604
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:26,300
directing them When colleague's 
were arrested in succession, she

605
00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:28,400
reorganized around the gaps and 
kept going. 

606
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:31,800
When her own covered 
deteriorated and she was 

607
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:34,699
arrested herself. 
She escaped from a German prison

608
00:34:34,699 --> 00:34:36,600
cell by squeezing through its 
bars. 

609
00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:39,600
In a feature later attributed 
when pressed for an explanation 

610
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:43,000
to stubbornness rather than 
anything more technically 

611
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:46,300
impressive. 
Lucio Brack worked in Lyon 

612
00:34:46,300 --> 00:34:49,500
alongside her husband Raymond, 
who was a leading figure in one 

613
00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:53,199
of the major Southern resistance
movements, When Raymond was 

614
00:34:53,208 --> 00:34:57,500
arrested by the Gestapo, in 
1943, she organized, his rescue 

615
00:34:57,500 --> 00:35:00,300
with a Precision that the 
historical documentation fully 

616
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:03,100
supports. 
Even though it sounds told 

617
00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:05,700
briefly like something 
compressed from a novel. 

618
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:10,300
The operation involved forged 
papers a team of armed Fighters 

619
00:35:10,300 --> 00:35:14,200
and a sequence of moving parts 
that required multiple things to

620
00:35:14,200 --> 00:35:18,000
go right at the same moment. 
Lucy was in the final months of 

621
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:21,700
pregnancy at the time of the 
operation. the popular accounts 

622
00:35:21,700 --> 00:35:24,100
written after attended, to 
foreground the Romantic 

623
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,300
dimensions of a wife, rescuing 
her husband, which was true and 

624
00:35:28,300 --> 00:35:31,000
to underemphasize, the 
organizational competence that 

625
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:34,400
made it actually possible, which
was where the real story lived, 

626
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:38,400
She spent considerable time in 
postwar interviews, redirecting 

627
00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:40,200
journalist toward the second 
part. 

628
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,200
The safe house is these networks
depended on were often 

629
00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,300
maintained by women who held no 
other operational role. 

630
00:35:48,300 --> 00:35:51,700
A safe house was any address 
where an agent or Courier could 

631
00:35:51,700 --> 00:35:54,500
sleep recover from stress or 
injury? 

632
00:35:54,500 --> 00:35:59,300
Wait out a period of heightened.
Danger receive forged documents 

633
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:02,800
or pass messages without using 
more exposed channels. 

634
00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:05,700
The person maintaining a safe 
house. 

635
00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:09,100
Bore a risk that was arguably 
more constant than anyone doing 

636
00:36:09,100 --> 00:36:12,700
discrete operational work. 
Because the house itself was the

637
00:36:12,700 --> 00:36:15,800
liability. 
There was no single dangerous 

638
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:19,700
day after which she could ease 
her vigilance every day was the 

639
00:36:19,700 --> 00:36:22,600
dangerous day. 
Every knock at the door was a 

640
00:36:22,608 --> 00:36:24,500
question without a reliable 
answer. 

641
00:36:24,500 --> 00:36:28,100
Every neighbor who watched too 
carefully as people arrived or 

642
00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:30,400
left was a thread that could not
afford to be pulled. 

643
00:36:31,300 --> 00:36:34,000
The women who ran these houses, 
were often extraordinary in 

644
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,100
their composure under that. 
Sustained pressure. 

645
00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:40,200
Historical accounts describe how
households that operated with 

646
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:42,900
something like institutional, 
calm even during difficult 

647
00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:47,300
periods, where arriving agents 
were fed and clean clothing 

648
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:51,200
provided with prepared documents
and sent on their way with 

649
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:54,300
instructions. 
All while the household maintain

650
00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:57,400
the outward appearance of an 
ordinary domestic situation for 

651
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:02,500
anyone who might be observing. 
the capacity to project normalcy

652
00:37:02,500 --> 00:37:06,600
as a continuous condition rather
than as a mask adopted for 

653
00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:10,200
specific moments was perhaps, 
the skill, the resistance 

654
00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:13,600
required most persistently, and 
that training could do the least

655
00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:18,800
to develop it, had to be found 
in the person and it was with a 

656
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:22,800
frequency that surprised even 
the people doing the finding The

657
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:26,100
youngest women in the networks 
were sometimes teenagers, which 

658
00:37:26,100 --> 00:37:29,100
was a fact that post-war 
accounts were notably reluctant 

659
00:37:29,100 --> 00:37:32,500
dwell on. 
Girls of 15 and 16 were used as 

660
00:37:32,508 --> 00:37:36,100
Messengers partly, because they 
were even less visible to German

661
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:39,800
security than adult women. 
A school girl on a bicycle with 

662
00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:43,300
a satchel over her shoulder was 
not a person, whose documents 

663
00:37:43,300 --> 00:37:47,100
were examined with the same 
attention given to a man of 25. 

664
00:37:48,100 --> 00:37:50,700
Some of these girls knew exactly
what they were carrying. 

665
00:37:50,700 --> 00:37:54,100
Some were told only partial 
truths by the adults who gave 

666
00:37:54,100 --> 00:37:57,200
them the parcels. 
The ethical complexity of 

667
00:37:57,200 --> 00:37:59,800
involving children in 
operations, whose full Stakes. 

668
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:02,600
They could not grasp was 
something that surviving 

669
00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:05,000
participants sometimes raised in
their accounts. 

670
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:06,900
Not with guilt. 
Exactly. 

671
00:38:06,900 --> 00:38:11,300
But with a kind of retrospective
discomfort that the urgency of 

672
00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:13,800
the moment had not allowed them 
to fully feel. 

673
00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:17,500
At the time, the recognition 
given to women in the resistance

674
00:38:17,500 --> 00:38:19,500
after the war was fitful and 
slow. 

675
00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:24,300
Some received decorations in the
immediate post-war years, many 

676
00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:27,700
received nothing formal at all 
the French government did not 

677
00:38:27,700 --> 00:38:31,500
grant women the right to vote 
until after the Liberation in 

678
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:36,600
April 1945, which created a 
specific historical irony, in 

679
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:39,600
the case of women who had spent 
the preceding years doing things

680
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,900
that their male colleagues had 
not been asked to do and that 

681
00:38:42,900 --> 00:38:45,700
required, at least as much skill
and endurance as anything 

682
00:38:45,700 --> 00:38:47,800
recognized by formal military, 
honor. 

683
00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:52,700
Three assessment came gradually 
through the work of historians 

684
00:38:52,700 --> 00:38:55,900
through the publication of 
Memoirs, and through the 

685
00:38:55,900 --> 00:38:59,400
interviews given by surviving 
participants to researchers who 

686
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:02,100
sought them out in the 1970s and
1980s. 

687
00:39:03,100 --> 00:39:06,000
Many of the women interviewed in
that period were in their 60s 

688
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:08,800
and 70s. 
Several said they had not spoken

689
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:12,300
at length about their wartime 
work to their own children, not 

690
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:15,400
out of shame, but out of a sense
that the children had grown up 

691
00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:19,200
in a different world and might 
not have a useful frame for 

692
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:20,600
understanding what they were 
being told. 

693
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:24,100
That restraint was also a kind 
of gift. 

694
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:27,900
They had not wanted their 
children to grow up to find by 

695
00:39:27,900 --> 00:39:31,700
what their mothers had survived.
In the mountains of the massive 

696
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:36,200
Central where paved roads become
unpaved tracks, and the tracks 

697
00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:39,500
become pars that animals made 
before any person thought to 

698
00:39:39,500 --> 00:39:41,800
follow them. 
There were men living in the 

699
00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:44,300
trees. 
They slept under canvas 

700
00:39:44,300 --> 00:39:48,500
stretched between branches in 
Rock overhangs of the tree line.

701
00:39:48,500 --> 00:39:52,100
In abandoned Shepherd shelters 
unused for their original 

702
00:39:52,100 --> 00:39:55,700
purpose since the previous 
century they ate what could be 

703
00:39:55,700 --> 00:39:59,500
foraged supplemented by what 
sympathetic Farmers left at 

704
00:39:59,500 --> 00:40:03,100
agreed locations indicated by 
small Arrangements of objects 

705
00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:05,800
Stone move to a slightly 
different position. 

706
00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:09,600
A coil of rope placed at the 
corner of a fence post rather 

707
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:12,700
than hanging from it. 
Nothing that would mean anything

708
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,400
to anyone who did not already 
know what to look for. 

709
00:40:16,100 --> 00:40:19,200
They were young most of them. 
They were there partly, by 

710
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:21,600
deliberate choice and partly 
because the available 

711
00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:26,000
alternative had by the time they
arrived in the Hills become 

712
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,100
genuinely impossible to accept, 
The Mackie took its name from 

713
00:40:30,100 --> 00:40:32,400
the Corsican word for the dense,
scrub land. 

714
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:36,300
That had always in that Island's
particular history, sheltered 

715
00:40:36,300 --> 00:40:38,900
Outlaws and fugitives from the 
reach of authority. 

716
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:44,400
It grew rapidly after 1942 and 
for a specific administrative 

717
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:47,100
reason. 
The German occupation government

718
00:40:47,100 --> 00:40:51,100
instituted, a compulsory labor 
program called the service due 

719
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:55,500
to our, which required young 
French men to travel to Germany 

720
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:57,200
and work in German War 
factories. 

721
00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,300
The programs designers appear to
have expected, the kind of 

722
00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:04,500
compliance that administrative 
compulsion normally achieved. 

723
00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:08,000
They received instead a mass 
movement in to the rural 

724
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:11,900
interior of Southern France. 
The significantly exceeded any 

725
00:41:11,900 --> 00:41:15,200
prior estimate of how many young
men willing to live outdoors in 

726
00:41:15,200 --> 00:41:18,400
definitely rather than go where 
they were directed. 

727
00:41:19,400 --> 00:41:22,700
The early Mackie groups were 
improvisational to a degree that

728
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:25,600
made, even the most charitable 
use of the word, organization 

729
00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:28,700
feels strained. 
A group in the early months of 

730
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:33,700
1943 and the lot or the arriage 
might consist of 15, men who had

731
00:41:33,700 --> 00:41:36,700
arrived from different towns and
different backgrounds, who 

732
00:41:36,700 --> 00:41:40,900
shared, no coherent, ideological
framework Beyond a mutual 

733
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:43,800
preference, for not being in 
Germany, who had between them, 

734
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:47,400
perhaps, two serviceable 
firearms, and a hunting rifle 

735
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:51,700
with unreliable sights and who 
spent a substantial portion of 

736
00:41:51,700 --> 00:41:55,400
their energy on the entirely 
unglamorous challenge of 

737
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:57,000
obtaining enough food to 
function. 

738
00:41:57,000 --> 00:42:00,800
The image of Guerrilla Fighters 
planning or dacious strikes 

739
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:04,300
against the occupier. 
Co-existed with a reality, that 

740
00:42:04,300 --> 00:42:08,800
included, a great deal of time, 
spent searching the forest floor

741
00:42:08,800 --> 00:42:13,200
for edible mushrooms, and having
quiet arguments about equitable 

742
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:16,300
distribution of whatever the 
most recent sympathizer had left

743
00:42:16,300 --> 00:42:19,800
at the agreed location. 
The groups that survived those 

744
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,100
early months and developed into 
something with genuine military 

745
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:25,700
capability. 
Did so through a combination of 

746
00:42:25,700 --> 00:42:30,500
external support and internal 
learning Arms began arriving by 

747
00:42:30,500 --> 00:42:34,500
Parachute dropped at Night by 
Allied aircraft onto clearing 

748
00:42:34,500 --> 00:42:38,000
that local groups had prepared. 
The preparation involved, 

749
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:39,800
clearing the drop zone of 
obstacles. 

750
00:42:39,800 --> 00:42:43,400
That could snag a parachute 
posting Lookouts on surrounding 

751
00:42:43,400 --> 00:42:46,700
roads and paths and setting 
fires at the corners of the 

752
00:42:46,700 --> 00:42:49,600
landing area to guide. 
The pilot on his Final Approach 

753
00:42:49,600 --> 00:42:52,900
followed by disappearing as 
quickly as possible afterward. 

754
00:42:53,700 --> 00:42:57,100
Because a filled with four 
smoldering Fires at its Corners 

755
00:42:57,100 --> 00:43:01,100
was not to a passing German 
Patrol, a scene that invited 

756
00:43:01,100 --> 00:43:04,700
easy explanation. 
The containers that descended 

757
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:09,100
brought weapons ammunition 
plastic explosives, detonators 

758
00:43:09,100 --> 00:43:13,200
radio equipment, medical 
supplies and sometimes 

759
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:16,200
additional agents who are in the
same drop as the hardware. 

760
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:20,600
The weapons were frequently of 
unfamiliar types which created 

761
00:43:20,600 --> 00:43:23,900
additional challenges, a Maki 
group in the auvergne. 

762
00:43:23,900 --> 00:43:27,200
Receiving their first delivery 
of steam submachine guns, a 

763
00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:30,200
weapon designed in Britain for 
ease of manufacture rather than 

764
00:43:30,200 --> 00:43:33,100
elegant of operation had to 
deduce. 

765
00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:34,800
How to feel strip and maintain 
it. 

766
00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:38,400
From first principles since the 
accompanying documentation, was 

767
00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:41,800
sometimes entirely in English, 
which had not been a required 

768
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:43,400
language in most of their 
schooling. 

769
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,300
The relationship between the 
rural Marquis and the urban 

770
00:43:47,300 --> 00:43:50,500
resistance networks was 
Co-operative in principle and 

771
00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:55,300
frequently tents and practice. 
The Mackie needed weapons funds,

772
00:43:55,300 --> 00:43:58,500
food, intelligence and 
coordination with the broader 

773
00:43:58,500 --> 00:44:01,200
allied strategy. 
The urban networks could 

774
00:44:01,200 --> 00:44:03,700
sometimes provide these things, 
but were managing their own 

775
00:44:03,700 --> 00:44:07,000
security problems and their own 
relationships with various 

776
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:11,400
resistance headquarters in 
London and Algiers, Both sides 

777
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:15,300
developed legitimate grievances.
The Mackie group sometimes felt 

778
00:44:15,300 --> 00:44:18,100
managed From a Distance, by 
people who did not understand 

779
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:22,300
the physical conditions of their
daily existence, the urban 

780
00:44:22,300 --> 00:44:25,300
networks, sometimes felt the 
operations in the countryside 

781
00:44:25,300 --> 00:44:27,400
were drawing. 
German reprisals down on 

782
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:31,200
civilian populations, who had no
capacity to protect themselves. 

783
00:44:32,100 --> 00:44:35,800
Those reprisals were severe. 
German Security Forces, 

784
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:39,900
responded to resistance activity
in some regions with violence 

785
00:44:39,900 --> 00:44:41,900
directed. 
Not at the fighters themselves. 

786
00:44:41,900 --> 00:44:46,100
But at the surrounding civilian 
population, on a theory of 

787
00:44:46,108 --> 00:44:49,200
collective punishment, that was 
as old as military occupation, 

788
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:54,400
and no less brutal for its age. 
The clear plateau in the hot 

789
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:56,600
survey was the site of a major 
confrontation. 

790
00:44:56,600 --> 00:45:01,000
In the spring of 1944, in which 
a large Mackie group, holding a 

791
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:05,400
mountain position was attacked 
by German and melisse forces and

792
00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:09,400
largely destroyed. 
The village of Aura Dosa glan in

793
00:45:09,408 --> 00:45:12,900
the oat vienne was burned on the
10th of June 1944. 

794
00:45:12,900 --> 00:45:17,200
Its entire civilian population 
killed in a reprisal operation 

795
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:19,900
that left the surrounding region
in a State of Shock that 

796
00:45:19,900 --> 00:45:23,500
persisted for years. 
The Villages ruins were 

797
00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:24,300
preserved. 
Exactly. 

798
00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:29,800
As they were, they remained? 
So today, The Mackie groups also

799
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:31,200
became critical in a different 
way. 

800
00:45:31,200 --> 00:45:34,900
As the war turned toward 
Liberation Allied planning for 

801
00:45:34,900 --> 00:45:37,800
France included, a substantial 
role for what were called. 

802
00:45:37,808 --> 00:45:41,600
The forces process de lanteria 
an umbrella. 

803
00:45:41,600 --> 00:45:44,500
Designation for the armed 
resistance groups expected to 

804
00:45:44,500 --> 00:45:48,400
harass German supply lines. 
Protect bridges that Allied 

805
00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:52,500
Forces needed intact, cut 
communication routes, and 

806
00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:55,300
generally make the German 
position in France on tenable 

807
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:57,500
from the inside. 
While the main Allied armies 

808
00:45:57,500 --> 00:46:00,900
pushed from the beaches of 
Normani and the landing site of 

809
00:46:00,900 --> 00:46:05,100
the South. for that coordination
to work the scattered groups in 

810
00:46:05,100 --> 00:46:08,300
the forests and Hills needed to 
know what was expected of them 

811
00:46:08,300 --> 00:46:13,000
and where That requirement LED. 
Inevitably back to a larger 

812
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:16,700
question about how a resistance 
made up of dozens of independent

813
00:46:16,700 --> 00:46:20,600
organizations formed in 
different places and driven by 

814
00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:23,300
different politics and 
answerable to different 

815
00:46:23,300 --> 00:46:27,200
loyalties could ever act as a 
single coherent Force. 

816
00:46:28,300 --> 00:46:32,000
Forest camps had their own 
culture developed the way, any 

817
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:35,200
Community develops culture when 
it is confined together over 

818
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:38,300
time with shared purpose and 
shared risk. 

819
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:42,600
There were people who emerged As
Natural leaders not by formal 

820
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:47,000
appointment but by demonstrated 
usefulness, the person who 

821
00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:50,300
remembered things, who kept the 
groups, operational knowledge 

822
00:46:50,300 --> 00:46:53,100
organized in their head who knew
when to push. 

823
00:46:53,100 --> 00:46:56,800
And when to wait, there were 
others who turned out to be 

824
00:46:56,808 --> 00:46:59,300
gifted at moving quietly through
Darkness. 

825
00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:02,900
Talent that requires a 
particular Attunement to your 

826
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:06,200
own body that most people have 
never had reason to develop. 

827
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:09,700
Both were necessary. 
The farmers and Rural 

828
00:47:09,700 --> 00:47:12,500
communities, who supported the 
maquis were performing their own

829
00:47:12,500 --> 00:47:14,800
Act of resistance. 
In the most direct sense. 

830
00:47:15,700 --> 00:47:19,300
Leaving food at a designated 
location, allowing a field. 

831
00:47:19,300 --> 00:47:23,100
To be used for a parachute drop.
Providing a barn for temporary 

832
00:47:23,100 --> 00:47:25,700
shelter. 
All of these were capital crimes

833
00:47:25,700 --> 00:47:29,600
under occupation law. 
The people who took those risks 

834
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:33,500
lived in the same towns and 
Villages every day and could not

835
00:47:33,500 --> 00:47:37,600
move to safer locations. a 
family safety depended entirely 

836
00:47:37,600 --> 00:47:40,700
on their own discretion and on 
the discretion of the people, 

837
00:47:40,700 --> 00:47:43,700
they were helping The 
relationship between the McKee 

838
00:47:43,700 --> 00:47:46,800
and the surrounding civilian 
population was never simply one 

839
00:47:46,800 --> 00:47:49,300
of grateful recipients and 
generous providers. 

840
00:47:49,900 --> 00:47:53,700
It was a mutual dependency that 
required trust built over months

841
00:47:53,700 --> 00:47:57,600
of small interactions in which 
each party was extending 

842
00:47:57,600 --> 00:48:00,800
themselves toward the other 
without any certainty that the 

843
00:48:00,808 --> 00:48:05,000
extension would be honored. 
That quiet reciprocity between 

844
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:07,600
the fighters in the hills and 
the people in, The Valleys was 

845
00:48:07,600 --> 00:48:10,200
in its own way. 
The resistance at its most 

846
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:13,800
Elemental. 
It did not require weapons or 

847
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:17,500
codes it required two people 
deciding that the other was 

848
00:48:17,500 --> 00:48:21,200
worth the risk and that decision
was made countless times across 

849
00:48:21,200 --> 00:48:25,200
occupied France by people whose 
names never appeared in any 

850
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:27,800
document. 
That was the problem. 

851
00:48:27,800 --> 00:48:31,800
One man had been working on a 
considerable personal cost for 

852
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:37,000
nearly two years. 
Before the war had been a 

853
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:39,400
prefect. 
This requires a moment of 

854
00:48:39,400 --> 00:48:42,400
explanation for anyone and 
familiar with the way, France 

855
00:48:42,400 --> 00:48:44,300
administers itself in the 
province's. 

856
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:50,000
A prefect was and remains a 
senior civil servant to pointed 

857
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:53,200
by the central government to 
represent State Authority in a 

858
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:56,700
specific Department. 
One of the roughly 100 

859
00:48:56,700 --> 00:49:00,500
administrative divisions France 
uses as its primary Regional 

860
00:49:00,500 --> 00:49:03,300
unit. 
The prefect, managed everything 

861
00:49:03,300 --> 00:49:06,300
from road maintenance and 
education policy to the 

862
00:49:06,308 --> 00:49:09,800
resolution of disputes that had 
grown too complicated, for local

863
00:49:09,800 --> 00:49:13,000
resolution, and two specific for
national attention. 

864
00:49:13,900 --> 00:49:17,100
It was in ordinary times a 
position, requiring 

865
00:49:17,100 --> 00:49:20,400
organizational ability, 
political sensitivity. 

866
00:49:21,500 --> 00:49:24,800
The city to maintain functional 
relationships with people who 

867
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:27,600
actively disagreed with each 
other and a tolerance for 

868
00:49:27,600 --> 00:49:31,000
paperwork, that would have 
defeated most people who had not

869
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:35,300
specifically cultivated it. 
Jean Moulin was good at all of 

870
00:49:35,300 --> 00:49:37,900
these things. 
He was a man of quiet 

871
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:40,900
consistent. 
Republican convictions who had 

872
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:44,100
spent the interwar years doing 
small and large unrecorded. 

873
00:49:44,100 --> 00:49:48,400
Things in support of left-wing 
causes helping Spanish 

874
00:49:48,400 --> 00:49:51,800
Republican, refugees, find 
accommodation and assistance. 

875
00:49:52,900 --> 00:49:55,800
Assisting anti-fascist networks 
in ways that were not meant to 

876
00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:58,600
be dramatic. 
He was known among colleague's 

877
00:49:58,600 --> 00:50:01,900
for a dry wit in meeting's. 
And for an ability to sit 

878
00:50:01,900 --> 00:50:04,800
through difficult conversations 
without losing either his 

879
00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:08,100
patients or is understanding of 
what the conversation was 

880
00:50:08,100 --> 00:50:12,000
actually about. 
When France fell, in June of 

881
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:16,700
1940 Mulan, was serving as 
prefect of hurray Louis in the 

882
00:50:16,708 --> 00:50:19,500
Loire Valley. 
The German occupational 

883
00:50:19,500 --> 00:50:21,600
authorities. 
Presented him with a document to

884
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:25,200
sign a declaration. 
Attributing atrocities committed

885
00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:30,300
by German soldiers to French 
Colonial troops, he refused he 

886
00:50:30,300 --> 00:50:33,100
did not equivocate or negotiate 
a partial position. 

887
00:50:33,100 --> 00:50:36,600
The consequence was a severe, 
beating that left him 

888
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:40,000
hospitalized and that he came 
very close to not surviving. 

889
00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:44,500
He was subsequently removed from
his prefect tutorial post. 

890
00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:49,300
He was 39 years old and adjust 
made a choice that for closed 

891
00:50:49,300 --> 00:50:54,300
several possible, Futures and 
opened at considerable cost a 

892
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:57,100
different one. 
The months that followed he 

893
00:50:57,100 --> 00:51:00,100
spent moving through the nascent
landscape of Southern France. 

894
00:51:00,100 --> 00:51:03,500
Meeting people who were doing 
things making, assessments 

895
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:06,000
building a picture with the 
methodical. 

896
00:51:06,000 --> 00:51:09,700
Patience of a prefect who was 
spent his career under standing,

897
00:51:09,700 --> 00:51:13,500
how organizations actually 
function beneath their formal 

898
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:16,500
description by the Autumn of 
1941? 

899
00:51:16,500 --> 00:51:19,200
He had assembled enough of that 
picture to travel to London, 

900
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,900
where he presented to General 
Charles de Gaulle, a detailed 

901
00:51:22,900 --> 00:51:25,700
analysis of the various 
resistance groups operating 

902
00:51:25,700 --> 00:51:29,600
inside occupied France, covering
their political complexions, 

903
00:51:29,600 --> 00:51:33,500
their operational capacities, 
they geographical distribution, 

904
00:51:33,500 --> 00:51:37,500
and most usefully, their mutual 
incompatibilities and the 

905
00:51:37,508 --> 00:51:40,600
reasons behind them. 
The goal was at this point 

906
00:51:40,608 --> 00:51:43,900
engaged in his own difficult 
negotiation to be recognized by 

907
00:51:43,900 --> 00:51:46,300
the Allied command, as the 
legitimate, political 

908
00:51:46,300 --> 00:51:49,800
representative of France. 
Rather than simply as a French 

909
00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:53,700
General who had arrived in 
London without authorization, he

910
00:51:53,700 --> 00:51:56,000
understood immediately. 
What a unified domestic 

911
00:51:56,000 --> 00:51:59,900
resistance, coordinated under. 
His authority would mean for 

912
00:51:59,900 --> 00:52:03,000
that argument and for France's 
position in any post-war 

913
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:06,200
settlement. 
Mulao was sent back into France 

914
00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:08,000
with a mission and with 
authority. 

915
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:11,000
That would only mean anything if
he could persuade other people 

916
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:14,200
to recognize it which was a 
particular kind of challenge. 

917
00:52:15,200 --> 00:52:18,700
The mission was to State. 
It plainly to persuade groups of

918
00:52:18,700 --> 00:52:23,500
suspicious ideologically, 
Divergent, and in several cases,

919
00:52:23,500 --> 00:52:27,500
actively hostile people to 
accept a common coordinating 

920
00:52:27,500 --> 00:52:31,200
structure on each continuing to 
maintain their operational 

921
00:52:31,200 --> 00:52:34,800
Independence. 
Anyone who has ever organized, a

922
00:52:34,800 --> 00:52:37,800
committee of people who had no 
particular desire to be on the 

923
00:52:37,800 --> 00:52:40,800
same committee will recognize 
the fundamental shape of the 

924
00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:44,000
problem. 
The resistance networks range 

925
00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:46,900
from communist groups, with 
their own disciplined 

926
00:52:46,900 --> 00:52:51,200
organizational culture and their
own guidance from Moscow to 

927
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:55,500
conservative, Catholic networks,
to socialist formation to 

928
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:58,800
groups, whose only shared 
ideology was a general objection

929
00:52:58,800 --> 00:53:00,400
to the current occupying 
government. 

930
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:05,600
What most of them had in, common
was a deep reluctance to accept 

931
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:09,500
direction from any external 
Authority, partly because 

932
00:53:09,500 --> 00:53:14,900
hierarchy meant paper and paper 
meant names and names were the 

933
00:53:14,900 --> 00:53:16,600
thing you protected above 
everything else. 

934
00:53:16,600 --> 00:53:20,100
And partly because a significant
number of these organizations 

935
00:53:20,100 --> 00:53:23,900
have been doing difficult and 
dangerous work for two years and

936
00:53:23,900 --> 00:53:28,000
had formed not unreasonably. 
Strong opinion of their own 

937
00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:32,000
judgment and their own methods. 
Mulan traveled under the name of

938
00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:35,800
Joseph Mercier and in a 
biographical detail that is 

939
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:37,700
delighted everyone who 
encounters. 

940
00:53:37,700 --> 00:53:41,100
It maintained covers and art 
gallery, owner in nice. 

941
00:53:41,900 --> 00:53:44,000
This was less eccentric than it 
sounds. 

942
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:47,700
He had been a genuine and 
reasonably accomplished amateur 

943
00:53:47,700 --> 00:53:51,200
artist before the war and his 
ability to discuss painting 

944
00:53:51,200 --> 00:53:55,300
convincingly was not a 
fabricated expertise, but simply

945
00:53:55,300 --> 00:53:58,300
a real interest that happened to
fit a specific cover 

946
00:53:58,300 --> 00:54:01,300
requirement. 
He moved between the cities of 

947
00:54:01,308 --> 00:54:04,700
the South meeting resistance 
organizers, and cafes and 

948
00:54:04,700 --> 00:54:07,900
apartments and back offices. 
Now, navigating political 

949
00:54:07,900 --> 00:54:11,200
negotiations that were sometimes
conducted over meals and 

950
00:54:11,200 --> 00:54:13,600
sometimes conducted under 
considerable tension. 

951
00:54:13,600 --> 00:54:17,700
Always with the patient, 
strategic attention of someone 

952
00:54:17,700 --> 00:54:20,800
who knew which concessions were 
cosmetic and which were the 

953
00:54:20,800 --> 00:54:24,700
actual negotiation, The 
political complexity he was 

954
00:54:24,700 --> 00:54:29,100
navigating was not abstract. 
The Communist Franck Tierra 

955
00:54:29,100 --> 00:54:31,600
partisan would cooperate with 
the free French structure. 

956
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:35,100
Only on terms that preserve 
their organizational autonomy. 

957
00:54:35,800 --> 00:54:40,300
The larger Southern movements 
combat and Liberation and fare 

958
00:54:40,300 --> 00:54:43,900
had their own internal cultures,
and their own leadership 

959
00:54:43,900 --> 00:54:47,900
hierarchies and were not eager 
to subordinate themselves to a 

960
00:54:47,900 --> 00:54:51,200
coordinating body whose 
authority ultimately derived, 

961
00:54:51,200 --> 00:54:54,400
from a general in London, who 
had not been on French soil in 

962
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:58,600
more than two years. 
The arguments went in circles, 

963
00:54:58,600 --> 00:55:05,300
meetings ended in conclusively, 
Mulan came back to them. by May 

964
00:55:05,300 --> 00:55:09,100
of 1943, after approximately 18 
months of this sustained, 

965
00:55:09,100 --> 00:55:11,500
diplomatic effort, He'd 
achieved. 

966
00:55:11,500 --> 00:55:14,100
What had seemed unlikely to most
people who understood the 

967
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:17,700
landscape? 
The main resistance movements 

968
00:55:17,700 --> 00:55:21,200
after negotiations that had 
stalled and resumed multiple 

969
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:25,500
times came together in a body 
called the cons in National De 

970
00:55:25,500 --> 00:55:28,400
La Resistance. 
It met for the first time in 

971
00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:34,900
Paris on the 27th of May 1943. 
Mulan shared it, the council 

972
00:55:34,900 --> 00:55:37,700
represented the first time, the 
internal resistance of France 

973
00:55:37,700 --> 00:55:41,700
had a single institutional voice
and it produced among other 

974
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:45,000
outcomes, a program of social, 
and political commitments for 

975
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:47,200
post-war France. 
That would eventually shape the 

976
00:55:47,200 --> 00:55:50,200
direction of the country's 
reconstruction in specific ways.

977
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:53,300
It was his last completed 
achievement. 

978
00:55:54,500 --> 00:55:59,800
Less than a month later on the 
21st of June 1943, a meeting of 

979
00:55:59,800 --> 00:56:03,200
resistance leaders in the Leo 
suburb of kalava was raided by 

980
00:56:03,208 --> 00:56:08,500
the Gestapo Mulan was arrested. 
The question of who had informed

981
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:11,300
on the meeting became one of the
most investigated and most 

982
00:56:11,300 --> 00:56:15,900
contested questions in all of 
French Resistance history with 

983
00:56:15,900 --> 00:56:19,000
different historians advancing 
different conclusions over 

984
00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:23,600
Decades of careful work. 
What is not contested is that he

985
00:56:23,600 --> 00:56:27,000
was subjected to sustained 
integration and did not give up 

986
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:28,700
the name and network 
information. 

987
00:56:28,700 --> 00:56:32,900
He held He was transferred 
toward Germany in late, June and

988
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:35,400
died. 
Apparently, from the effects of,

989
00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:41,100
what had been done to him on the
first of July 1943, He was 44 

990
00:56:41,100 --> 00:56:45,000
years old to Gold brought his 
Ashes to the pantheon in Paris 

991
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:49,300
in December 1964 in a ceremony 
at which the minister and 

992
00:56:49,300 --> 00:56:52,200
writer. 
Andre Melrose gave a speech that

993
00:56:52,200 --> 00:56:56,100
remains for Anyone who reads it.
One of the more formally 

994
00:56:56,100 --> 00:56:59,600
remarkable piece of political 
language, produced anywhere in 

995
00:56:59,600 --> 00:57:03,700
the 20th century. 
By then Gene, Mueller had become

996
00:57:03,700 --> 00:57:07,400
the human face of the entire 
resistance, which was both an 

997
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:10,300
accurate assessment and a 
simplification of the largest 

998
00:57:10,300 --> 00:57:13,600
kind, because the resistance had
been made of tens of thousands 

999
00:57:13,600 --> 00:57:16,600
of people doing things. 
Nobody was writing speeches 

1000
00:57:16,600 --> 00:57:20,700
about in kitchens and forests 
and train carriages and radio 

1001
00:57:20,700 --> 00:57:25,300
Lofts across the whole country. 
The simplification was perhaps 

1002
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:28,700
unavoidable memory requires 
shapes. 

1003
00:57:28,700 --> 00:57:32,300
It can hold in its hands. 
There was one more thing worth 

1004
00:57:32,300 --> 00:57:34,900
holding alongside the larger 
story of John Mulan. 

1005
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:37,200
Something. 
The commemorative accounts, 

1006
00:57:37,200 --> 00:57:39,900
sometimes omitted in the 
interest of narrative clarity 

1007
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:44,600
The coordination he had achieved
was real and it mattered. 

1008
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:48,000
But it had not fully resolved, 
the tension between the 

1009
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:50,500
different movements and 
organizations that made up the 

1010
00:57:50,500 --> 00:57:53,500
resistance. 
Those tensions persisted and 

1011
00:57:53,500 --> 00:57:57,500
till and Beyond The Liberation. 
Different groups continued to 

1012
00:57:57,508 --> 00:58:01,300
compete for recognition for 
weapons, for political 

1013
00:58:01,300 --> 00:58:03,000
positioning in the postwar 
France. 

1014
00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:06,600
They could all see coming, but 
who shape was not yet clear. 

1015
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:12,700
The unity will build was real 
and it was so partial which is 

1016
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:14,700
not a criticism of what he had 
achieved. 

1017
00:58:14,700 --> 00:58:18,800
Partial unity in the situation 
was an extraordinary 

1018
00:58:18,800 --> 00:58:21,400
accomplishment. 
It simply meant that the 

1019
00:58:21,400 --> 00:58:25,400
resistance was made of human's 
rather than of the idealized 

1020
00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:27,500
material that commemoration tend
to use. 

1021
00:58:28,600 --> 00:58:32,300
The contain Nacional De La 
Resistance program drawn up in 

1022
00:58:32,300 --> 00:58:36,400
those same months of 1943 called
for a social France, that would 

1023
00:58:36,400 --> 00:58:40,300
emerge from the occupation with 
universal Social Security, a 

1024
00:58:40,300 --> 00:58:43,400
stronger labor movement, 
nationalized, key Industries, 

1025
00:58:43,400 --> 00:58:46,900
and a democratic press free of 
commercial and political 

1026
00:58:46,900 --> 00:58:50,300
concentration. 
Many of those commitments made 

1027
00:58:50,300 --> 00:58:52,900
it into the post-war reforms 
that shaped France for the 

1028
00:58:52,908 --> 00:58:56,200
following decades. 
The program was the other thing,

1029
00:58:56,200 --> 00:59:00,300
we learned build alongside the 
institutional structure and it 

1030
00:59:00,300 --> 00:59:02,900
out lasted both him. 
And the immediate politics of 

1031
00:59:02,900 --> 00:59:06,900
Liberation in ways that affected
millions of French people who 

1032
00:59:06,900 --> 00:59:10,500
never knew his name. 
In the very early hours of the 

1033
00:59:10,500 --> 00:59:15,100
6th of June 1944, the BBC French
service transmitted, its 

1034
00:59:15,100 --> 00:59:18,400
personal messages, with an 
unusual density that people 

1035
00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:21,400
listening through the night felt
before they fully understood. 

1036
00:59:22,700 --> 00:59:26,700
Across France in kitchens and 
sellers and backrooms where 

1037
00:59:26,700 --> 00:59:30,700
radios had been hidden through 
four years of occupation people 

1038
00:59:30,700 --> 00:59:33,600
with their ears against the 
speaker cloth, recognized, what 

1039
00:59:33,600 --> 00:59:35,600
was arriving in waves through 
the static. 

1040
00:59:36,600 --> 00:59:40,200
Resistance networks that had 
been briefed on specific signals

1041
00:59:40,200 --> 00:59:43,100
understood. 
The Allied landing on the coast 

1042
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:46,400
of Normandy was beginning. 
The work that months of 

1043
00:59:46,408 --> 00:59:50,600
preparation had been building 
toward the sabotage of Railway 

1044
00:59:50,600 --> 00:59:54,200
Junctions, The Cutting of 
communication cables, the 

1045
00:59:54,200 --> 00:59:57,600
mobilization of armed groups 
that had been standing in a kind

1046
00:59:57,608 --> 00:59:59,800
of suspended Readiness, for 
exactly. 

1047
00:59:59,800 --> 01:00:05,600
This moment was now, For you, 
imagining yourself in that, our,

1048
01:00:05,600 --> 01:00:09,500
the sensation would have been 
several things at once, and none

1049
01:00:09,500 --> 01:00:12,600
of them simple relief. 
Certainly of the kind that 

1050
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:15,500
belongs to people who have been 
carrying something heavy for a 

1051
01:00:15,500 --> 01:00:18,700
very long time and have arrived 
at the moment when they can 

1052
01:00:18,700 --> 01:00:22,000
finally put it down. 
Fear because the most 

1053
01:00:22,000 --> 01:00:25,500
operationally dangerous phase 
was arguably, just beginning. 

1054
01:00:25,500 --> 01:00:28,900
And a particular exhaustion, 
that had nothing to do with 

1055
01:00:28,900 --> 01:00:32,400
sleep deprivation and everything
to do with the weight of 

1056
01:00:32,400 --> 01:00:35,200
sustained alertness, carried 
across years. 

1057
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:39,200
The weeks that followed the 
landing with the most intense of

1058
01:00:39,200 --> 01:00:42,600
the entire occupation period, 
for the networks that had 

1059
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:45,000
survived to reach them 
everything that had been 

1060
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:49,100
prepared was now being used. 
The instructions that had been 

1061
01:00:49,100 --> 01:00:51,900
memorized over months of waiting
were now being acted on. 

1062
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:55,300
Bridges were being blown by 
people who had practiced the 

1063
01:00:55,300 --> 01:00:58,500
approach in their heads many 
times and we're now doing it in 

1064
01:00:58,500 --> 01:01:02,700
the dark with German, patrols on
the surrounding roads, Railway 

1065
01:01:02,700 --> 01:01:05,000
lines were being cut by workers.
Who had been watching those 

1066
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:07,100
specific stretches of track for 
a year? 

1067
01:01:07,108 --> 01:01:10,600
A new exactly which sections 
were most difficult to repair 

1068
01:01:10,600 --> 01:01:13,400
quickly. 
Radio operators were 

1069
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:17,100
transmitting, it frequencies and
with urgency that stretched well

1070
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:20,400
past the safety limits because 
the information moving through 

1071
01:01:20,400 --> 01:01:23,500
them was now directly connected 
to men, landing on beaches. 

1072
01:01:23,500 --> 01:01:26,900
And the difference between 
intelligence arriving in time 

1073
01:01:26,900 --> 01:01:28,600
and intelligence arrive in an 
hour. 

1074
01:01:28,600 --> 01:01:32,000
Late was a different that could 
not be recovered off to Wood. 

1075
01:01:32,700 --> 01:01:35,400
The resistance contribution to 
the military liberation of 

1076
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:39,500
France was substantial in ways 
that historians continue to map 

1077
01:01:39,500 --> 01:01:42,700
carefully. 
The railway sabotage campaigns 

1078
01:01:42,700 --> 01:01:46,200
conducted in the weeks around 
the Normandy Landing operations 

1079
01:01:46,200 --> 01:01:49,200
carried out by resistance 
fighters who have been trained 

1080
01:01:49,200 --> 01:01:52,000
equipped. 
And in some cases, only just 

1081
01:01:52,000 --> 01:01:55,900
briefed in the preceding days, 
significantly disrupted, German 

1082
01:01:55,900 --> 01:01:59,000
attempts to move armored, and 
infantry reinforcements toward 

1083
01:01:59,000 --> 01:02:02,000
the beachheads, German 
division's, that should have 

1084
01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:05,700
reached Norman in two days, took
close to two weeks, because 

1085
01:02:05,700 --> 01:02:07,500
tracks were Cutters fast as 
Engineer. 

1086
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:10,700
Battalion could repair them 
because signal cables were 

1087
01:02:10,700 --> 01:02:13,800
destroyed because bridge is 
identified in advance as 

1088
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:15,900
critical bottle next went down 
on schedule. 

1089
01:02:16,800 --> 01:02:19,600
The people cutting those tracks 
were not soldiers in any 

1090
01:02:19,600 --> 01:02:22,300
conventional sense. 
They were Railway workers. 

1091
01:02:22,300 --> 01:02:26,200
Who knew those specific lines in
Intimate detail farmers, who 

1092
01:02:26,200 --> 01:02:29,100
knew the surrounding Terrain in 
the dark, teachers and 

1093
01:02:29,100 --> 01:02:32,000
mechanics, and tradespeople, who
have been preparing for this 

1094
01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:35,100
specific, operational phase 
through months of waiting that 

1095
01:02:35,100 --> 01:02:37,100
had required its own kind of 
discipline. 

1096
01:02:38,400 --> 01:02:42,300
The Liberation of Paris in 
August 1944 began as a popular 

1097
01:02:42,300 --> 01:02:46,000
Uprising from within the city 
before the Allied Forces reached

1098
01:02:46,000 --> 01:02:48,700
it. 
The Paris Police Force operating

1099
01:02:48,700 --> 01:02:52,000
under considerable institutional
anxiety, about its record of 

1100
01:02:52,000 --> 01:02:54,900
cooperation with the occupation 
over the preceding. 

1101
01:02:54,900 --> 01:02:59,600
Four years went on strike on the
15th of August and subsequently 

1102
01:02:59,600 --> 01:03:04,000
occupied, its own headquarters. 
Barricades went up a cross the 

1103
01:03:04,000 --> 01:03:07,300
city's neighborhoods in a 
pattern that echoed every 

1104
01:03:07,300 --> 01:03:10,300
previous Parisian Uprising since
the revolution. 

1105
01:03:11,300 --> 01:03:14,600
A historical residents, the 
parisians were entirely aware of

1106
01:03:14,600 --> 01:03:17,600
and which gave the events a 
quality of collective, 

1107
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:21,000
historical consciousness being 
performed under conditions of 

1108
01:03:21,000 --> 01:03:24,700
genuine Danger. 
German snipers were active on 

1109
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:27,900
roof tops. 
The bullets were real The 

1110
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:30,400
Romanticism and the immediate 
physical risk move through the 

1111
01:03:30,408 --> 01:03:34,100
same streets at the same moment,
which is perhaps the most 

1112
01:03:34,100 --> 01:03:36,700
specifically Parisian 
combination imaginable. 

1113
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:40,100
General Charles de Gaulle walked
down the Chomps. 

1114
01:03:40,100 --> 01:03:42,900
Eliza on the 26th of August 
1944. 

1115
01:03:42,900 --> 01:03:46,500
Through an enormous and ecstatic
crowd, that was also 

1116
01:03:46,500 --> 01:03:50,100
periodically being fired upon 
from the buildings above it. 

1117
01:03:51,000 --> 01:03:54,400
He gave a speech that opened 
with an assertion about Paris, 

1118
01:03:54,400 --> 01:03:58,300
having liberated itself through 
its own strength, a formulation 

1119
01:03:58,300 --> 01:04:01,200
that was politically essential 
and historically and complete in

1120
01:04:01,200 --> 01:04:03,900
equal measure. 
And that de gallo understood to 

1121
01:04:03,900 --> 01:04:05,300
be both of these things 
simultaneously. 

1122
01:04:06,800 --> 01:04:10,500
It was the speech, the moment 
required and the moment required

1123
01:04:10,500 --> 01:04:13,000
something different from a 
complete accounting. 

1124
01:04:14,300 --> 01:04:17,900
What followed Liberation was 
appeared that France has found 

1125
01:04:17,900 --> 01:04:22,500
and continues to find difficult 
to examine with full directness.

1126
01:04:23,500 --> 01:04:28,000
The Purge of collaborators, the 
epuration spread across an 

1127
01:04:28,000 --> 01:04:31,600
enormous range. 
One end were formal legal 

1128
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:34,300
proceedings. 
At the other was summary, 

1129
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:38,700
executions conducted without 
legal process sometimes in the 

1130
01:04:38,700 --> 01:04:42,400
weeks of Liberation to immediate
chaos and sometimes settling 

1131
01:04:42,400 --> 01:04:46,300
scores that had more to do with 
long-standing local enmity, then

1132
01:04:46,300 --> 01:04:50,200
with anything connected to the 
occupation. women accused of 

1133
01:04:50,200 --> 01:04:53,500
having intimate relationships 
with German soldiers had their 

1134
01:04:53,500 --> 01:04:57,300
heads publicly shaved in scenes 
captured in photographs that 

1135
01:04:57,300 --> 01:04:59,900
have circulated ever since 
carrying a mixture of 

1136
01:04:59,900 --> 01:05:05,600
historical, documentation and 
profound moral, ambiguity, The 

1137
01:05:05,600 --> 01:05:09,100
line between legitimate 
accountability an opportunistic 

1138
01:05:09,100 --> 01:05:12,900
Revenge was not always clearly 
visible and the speed and 

1139
01:05:12,900 --> 01:05:16,400
ferocity of the process, 
reflected both the genuine scale

1140
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:20,400
of accumulated injury and the 
human tendency to find a Target.

1141
01:05:20,400 --> 01:05:23,100
Once the pressure that had been 
held in for four years, was 

1142
01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:26,500
finally allowed to move the 
national memory of the 

1143
01:05:26,500 --> 01:05:29,500
occupation and resistance that 
Consolidated itself in the 

1144
01:05:29,508 --> 01:05:33,200
Years, immediately following 
Liberation had a specific shape 

1145
01:05:33,200 --> 01:05:35,500
that was both necessary and 
incomplete. 

1146
01:05:36,300 --> 01:05:39,100
The Narrative of France as 
fundamentally a nation of 

1147
01:05:39,108 --> 01:05:42,700
resistors temporarily 
immobilized by military disaster

1148
01:05:42,700 --> 01:05:45,600
but morally, underfeed 
throughout was politically 

1149
01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:47,900
essential. 
It was needed for National 

1150
01:05:47,900 --> 01:05:50,600
cohesion. 
It was needed for France's 

1151
01:05:50,600 --> 01:05:54,100
position in the post-war 
negotiation and it was needed in

1152
01:05:54,100 --> 01:05:57,600
the most immediate human sense. 
For the reintegration of a 

1153
01:05:57,600 --> 01:05:59,900
society that had spent four 
years under pressure. 

1154
01:05:59,900 --> 01:06:05,200
Pulling simultaneously in 
contradictory Direction's The 

1155
01:06:05,200 --> 01:06:08,000
historian Robert Paxton an 
American Scholar working in the 

1156
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:13,100
early 1970s produced, a forensic
account of the Vichy regime and 

1157
01:06:13,100 --> 01:06:16,600
its relationship with the German
occupation that Drew on German 

1158
01:06:16,600 --> 01:06:20,200
and French administrative 
archives in ways that the prior 

1159
01:06:20,200 --> 01:06:22,300
historiography had not fully 
attempted. 

1160
01:06:23,100 --> 01:06:26,100
His conclusions. 
Contradicted several decades of 

1161
01:06:26,108 --> 01:06:29,700
official French historical 
understanding of how willing or 

1162
01:06:29,700 --> 01:06:32,800
unwilling the Vichy government 
had been in its collaboration. 

1163
01:06:34,100 --> 01:06:37,400
The book was initially received 
in France with hostility that 

1164
01:06:37,400 --> 01:06:40,900
reflected how recently, the 
actual wounds had healed over 

1165
01:06:40,900 --> 01:06:45,100
rather than closed and was 
eventually absorbed into the 

1166
01:06:45,100 --> 01:06:48,500
mainstream of historical 
understanding across a process 

1167
01:06:48,500 --> 01:06:52,300
that took years and required the
kind of institutional courage 

1168
01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:54,800
that Collective memory does not 
always willingly provide. 

1169
01:06:56,200 --> 01:06:59,400
The full picture of who had 
resisted and who had not and who

1170
01:06:59,400 --> 01:07:01,800
had managed to be both at 
different points, depending on 

1171
01:07:01,800 --> 01:07:05,400
circumstances was more 
complicated than any single 

1172
01:07:05,400 --> 01:07:09,800
narrative could accommodate. 
The Communist networks which had

1173
01:07:09,800 --> 01:07:12,500
borne a disproportionate share 
of operational burden and 

1174
01:07:12,500 --> 01:07:16,000
casualties found their 
contribution politically awkward

1175
01:07:16,000 --> 01:07:18,100
to publicly celebrate during the
Cold War. 

1176
01:07:18,100 --> 01:07:22,000
When honoring communist 
resistance Fighters, created 

1177
01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:25,500
problems that successive French 
governments preferred, not to 

1178
01:07:25,500 --> 01:07:29,100
navigate, the women whose work 
had been foundational to the 

1179
01:07:29,108 --> 01:07:32,900
entire Enterprise began 
receiving serious, institutional

1180
01:07:32,900 --> 01:07:37,000
recognition decades after The 
Liberation through a process of 

1181
01:07:37,008 --> 01:07:41,400
historical recovery that 
remained ongoing The colonial 

1182
01:07:41,400 --> 01:07:44,700
soldiers who fought in the free 
French forces, the North African

1183
01:07:44,700 --> 01:07:46,900
workers. 
In France, who participated in 

1184
01:07:46,900 --> 01:07:51,000
resistance networks, the Jewish 
organizations that continued 

1185
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:54,600
operating under conditions of 
persecution far exceeding. 

1186
01:07:54,600 --> 01:07:58,500
What most other groups faced all
of these occupied a place in the

1187
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:02,200
official commemoration that did 
not accurately reflect what the 

1188
01:08:02,200 --> 01:08:05,500
archives revealed about their 
actual presence and contribution

1189
01:08:06,400 --> 01:08:09,600
None of this diminishes what the
resistance was, or what it 

1190
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:11,900
costs. 
The people who made it, it was a

1191
01:08:11,900 --> 01:08:14,800
refusal. 
Stained across four years. 

1192
01:08:16,000 --> 01:08:18,100
Made by people who had for the 
most part. 

1193
01:08:18,100 --> 01:08:19,700
No professional training in the 
work. 

1194
01:08:19,700 --> 01:08:23,399
They were doing no institutional
infrastructure, supporting them 

1195
01:08:23,399 --> 01:08:25,100
at the beginning. 
No reasonable. 

1196
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:28,200
Certainly that what they were 
attempting would matter in any 

1197
01:08:28,200 --> 01:08:30,000
way, that would Outlast 
themselves. 

1198
01:08:30,899 --> 01:08:34,000
They improvised courage with the
same Ingenuity, they brought to 

1199
01:08:34,000 --> 01:08:37,200
cover stories and radio hiding 
places and false bottomed 

1200
01:08:37,200 --> 01:08:41,100
baskets and the careful 
positioning of stones along dark

1201
01:08:41,100 --> 01:08:44,100
paths. 
They found in themselves 

1202
01:08:44,100 --> 01:08:46,700
capacities. 
They had not previously needed 

1203
01:08:46,700 --> 01:08:50,700
and would not have predicted the
underground newspapers of 

1204
01:08:50,700 --> 01:08:54,500
largely decomposed. 
But some survived in attic boxes

1205
01:08:54,500 --> 01:08:58,500
and institutional archives their
Pages, still faintly sharp with 

1206
01:08:58,508 --> 01:09:02,300
the smell of water timing. 
Their typeface slightly uneven 

1207
01:09:02,300 --> 01:09:04,399
where the Press had wobbled 
under the pressure of 

1208
01:09:04,399 --> 01:09:07,600
production. 
You can look at them now in 

1209
01:09:07,600 --> 01:09:11,200
Reading rooms with cotton gloves
and the quiet hum of climate 

1210
01:09:11,200 --> 01:09:13,899
control. 
What you notice first is, how 

1211
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:17,899
plain they are. 
No graphic design to speak of no

1212
01:09:17,899 --> 01:09:20,000
decorative element. 
That would have used space. 

1213
01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:22,899
Better. 
Give to words just Columns of 

1214
01:09:22,899 --> 01:09:26,700
clothes set, text making the 
most of paper that her costs. 

1215
01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:30,399
Someone real effort to obtain 
saying things that were true in 

1216
01:09:30,399 --> 01:09:32,500
a situation designed to prevent 
truth. 

1217
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:36,700
Things from being said, That 
plainness is its own testimony. 

1218
01:09:36,700 --> 01:09:39,399
It does not need anything added 
to it. 

1219
01:09:40,800 --> 01:09:42,800
France that emerge from the 
occupational. 

1220
01:09:42,800 --> 01:09:44,800
Was not the France that had 
entered it. 

1221
01:09:45,700 --> 01:09:50,399
The years between 1940 and 1944 
had produced fractures myths. 

1222
01:09:51,200 --> 01:09:55,600
Extraordinary acts of courage, 
Act of betrayal of vast, 

1223
01:09:55,600 --> 01:10:00,300
literature of moral Reckoning. 
And an argument about Collective

1224
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:03,400
memory and Collective 
accountability that can continue

1225
01:10:03,400 --> 01:10:09,500
in one former another well into 
the 21st century They had also 

1226
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:12,400
produced something harder to 
name but lodged firmly in the 

1227
01:10:12,408 --> 01:10:15,400
national memory. 
A demonstrated knowledge that 

1228
01:10:15,400 --> 01:10:17,600
ordinary daily courage was 
possible. 

1229
01:10:18,300 --> 01:10:22,900
That it had a weight and a shape
and a texture that it could be 

1230
01:10:22,908 --> 01:10:26,700
found and carried by ordinary 
people who are not by any 

1231
01:10:26,700 --> 01:10:29,000
measure. 
A recruiter would have used of 

1232
01:10:29,000 --> 01:10:32,800
the carry it. 
There was also something. 

1233
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:35,300
The resistance had shown about 
the relationship between 

1234
01:10:35,300 --> 01:10:39,300
individual action and historical
outcome, that proved difficult 

1235
01:10:39,300 --> 01:10:42,900
to fully articulate, but 
impossible to entirely dismiss. 

1236
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:46,600
The resistors had operated 
without knowing how the largest 

1237
01:10:46,600 --> 01:10:50,200
story would resolve they had 
made their choices in conditions

1238
01:10:50,200 --> 01:10:54,200
of complete uncertainty about 
whether any of it would matter. 

1239
01:10:55,400 --> 01:10:57,400
The Liberation had not been 
guaranteed. 

1240
01:10:58,300 --> 01:11:01,500
The Allied landing's could have 
fails or been delayed for years.

1241
01:11:02,400 --> 01:11:05,600
The resistance could have been 
entirely dismantled by German 

1242
01:11:05,600 --> 01:11:08,500
security before it had a chance 
to contribute. 

1243
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:12,000
That none of these things 
happen, did not retroactively 

1244
01:11:12,000 --> 01:11:14,400
make the choice of the resistors
less meaningful. 

1245
01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:18,200
They had acted as though, their 
actions mattered before there 

1246
01:11:18,200 --> 01:11:21,600
was any evidence that they 
would, which is a different kind

1247
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:24,100
of commitment than acting in a 
situation whose outcome is 

1248
01:11:24,100 --> 01:11:27,200
already visible. 
The memorials dedicated to the 

1249
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:30,200
resistance across France range, 
from the Monumental to the 

1250
01:11:30,200 --> 01:11:34,200
intensity local in small 
villages in the Dourdan. 

1251
01:11:34,200 --> 01:11:38,000
And the lot in the coreas 
plaques on stonewalls recorded 

1252
01:11:38,000 --> 01:11:41,000
names, that meant nothing to a 
visitor and everything to the 

1253
01:11:41,000 --> 01:11:44,400
few remaining people in those 
communities, who remembered the 

1254
01:11:44,408 --> 01:11:48,000
faces behind them. 
The national memory required, 

1255
01:11:48,000 --> 01:11:52,400
its large symbolic gestures, the
pantheon, and the ceremonies and

1256
01:11:52,400 --> 01:11:56,100
the de Gaulle speeches. 
The local memory required. 

1257
01:11:56,100 --> 01:11:59,000
Only that someone remember a 
particular name, on a particular

1258
01:11:59,000 --> 01:12:01,900
wall and still felt something 
when they passed it. 

1259
01:12:02,700 --> 01:12:04,900
But both were true. 
Both were necessary. 

1260
01:12:05,800 --> 01:12:08,600
They did not contradict each 
other so much as described 

1261
01:12:08,600 --> 01:12:10,200
different scales of the same 
thing. 

1262
01:12:10,200 --> 01:12:14,400
They carried it anyway in the 
safe House's and the printing 

1263
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:17,100
Sellers and the mountain camps 
and the train carriages and the 

1264
01:12:17,108 --> 01:12:19,900
radio lofts. 
In the long minutes of a 

1265
01:12:19,900 --> 01:12:23,200
checkpoint conversation and the 
longer hours of a night 

1266
01:12:23,200 --> 01:12:26,300
transmission, and the even 
longer hours of simply waiting 

1267
01:12:26,300 --> 01:12:28,100
in a city that did not belong to
you. 

1268
01:12:28,100 --> 01:12:31,400
While you waited for the 
situation to change, they held 

1269
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:34,100
the wire together. 
You can put that thought down 

1270
01:12:34,100 --> 01:12:38,000
now, the curfew lifted along 
time ago, the lights can come 

1271
01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:40,500
on, sleep. 
Well, my tired Wanderers. 

1272
01:12:40,500 --> 01:12:44,000
If something in tonight's story,
stayed with you carry it, gently

1273
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:46,200
into tomorrow. 
There will be more quiet. 

1274
01:12:46,200 --> 01:12:49,100
History is waiting here, when 
you come back, take good care of

1275
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:59,300
yourself to night. 
You're standing on a farm 

1276
01:12:59,300 --> 01:13:03,300
outside Marceline, Missouri in 
the early 1900s where the air 

1277
01:13:03,300 --> 01:13:05,500
smells of turned Earth and 
possibility. 

1278
01:13:06,400 --> 01:13:09,800
The morning sun hasn't quite 
burned off the Dew and somewhere

1279
01:13:09,800 --> 01:13:12,400
in the distance. 
A rooster announces the day with

1280
01:13:12,400 --> 01:13:15,000
all the authority of a town 
crier who's never learned 

1281
01:13:15,000 --> 01:13:18,500
subtlety. 
This property is where Walter 

1282
01:13:18,500 --> 01:13:22,500
Elias Disney spent his Boyhood 
though, calling him Walter feels

1283
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:24,400
a bit like putting a top hat on 
a scarecrow. 

1284
01:13:24,400 --> 01:13:28,000
Technically, correct but missing
something essential about the 

1285
01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:31,800
spirit underneath. 
The farm itself sprawls across 

1286
01:13:31,800 --> 01:13:34,900
405 Acres of gentle Missouri. 
Countryside. 

1287
01:13:34,900 --> 01:13:38,600
And if you watch closely, you'll
spot a young boy, Crouch near 

1288
01:13:38,600 --> 01:13:42,300
the barn, completely absorbed in
watching a spider Constructors 

1289
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:44,800
web He's not supposed to be 
here. 

1290
01:13:44,800 --> 01:13:48,200
There are chores, waiting 
animals that need tending. 

1291
01:13:48,200 --> 01:13:51,400
And a father, whose temperament 
runs toward the Practical and 

1292
01:13:51,400 --> 01:13:54,800
the stern. 
That the web hold him captive, 

1293
01:13:54,800 --> 01:13:59,600
this geometric Miracle 
appearing, strand by impossible,

1294
01:13:59,600 --> 01:14:03,100
Strand, and he's wondering if 
anyone has ever tried. 

1295
01:14:03,100 --> 01:14:05,200
To capture this particular Magic
on paper. 

1296
01:14:06,200 --> 01:14:09,800
Elias Disney Walt's, father 
carries disappointment, the way 

1297
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:14,100
other men, carry pocket, watches
close to the chest, wound, 

1298
01:14:14,100 --> 01:14:16,500
tight, occasionally consulted 
for the time. 

1299
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:20,700
He is ventured into orange 
groves in Florida, construction 

1300
01:14:20,700 --> 01:14:24,600
work in Chicago. 
And now this Farm each Endeavor 

1301
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:26,900
beginning with hope and ending 
with debt. 

1302
01:14:27,800 --> 01:14:30,400
You can almost see the weight of
it in his shoulders, as he 

1303
01:14:30,400 --> 01:14:34,100
crosses the farmyard searching 
for his son, finding him 

1304
01:14:34,100 --> 01:14:36,200
eventually by following the 
sound of humming. 

1305
01:14:37,000 --> 01:14:40,700
Walt has this habit of providing
his soundtrack, a musical 

1306
01:14:40,700 --> 01:14:43,300
accompaniment to whatever he's 
observing or imagining. 

1307
01:14:44,300 --> 01:14:45,800
The boy doesn't look up 
immediately. 

1308
01:14:45,800 --> 01:14:49,300
When his father's Shadow Falls 
across the grass, he's learned 

1309
01:14:49,300 --> 01:14:52,900
to steal these moments to 
stretch them like taffy before 

1310
01:14:52,900 --> 01:14:55,300
they snap back into the shape of
obligation. 

1311
01:14:56,100 --> 01:14:59,400
When he finally stands, there's 
dirt on his knees and something 

1312
01:14:59,400 --> 01:15:02,100
in his eyes that looks 
suspiciously like calculation. 

1313
01:15:02,100 --> 01:15:06,200
He's already composing the 
excuse weighing which version of

1314
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:08,000
truth will cause the least 
turbulence. 

1315
01:15:09,000 --> 01:15:12,500
Inside The Farmhouse Flora, 
Disney moves through the morning

1316
01:15:12,500 --> 01:15:15,000
routine with the Quiet 
efficiency of someone who's 

1317
01:15:15,000 --> 01:15:16,800
learned to make peace with 
circumstances. 

1318
01:15:17,700 --> 01:15:21,900
She's gentle where Elias is hard
finding small ways to protect 

1319
01:15:21,900 --> 01:15:26,300
her children from the worst of 
their fathers frustrations. when

1320
01:15:26,300 --> 01:15:29,500
Walt appears at The Breakfast 
Table, slightly late slightly 

1321
01:15:29,500 --> 01:15:32,700
disheveled, She sets down his 
plate without comment. 

1322
01:15:32,700 --> 01:15:36,400
Though, her eyes suggests, she 
knows exactly where he's been 

1323
01:15:36,400 --> 01:15:40,000
and what he's been avoiding. 
The farm animals become Waltz 

1324
01:15:40,000 --> 01:15:42,600
first models though. 
They never quite sit. 

1325
01:15:42,600 --> 01:15:46,200
Still the way a proper subject 
should The horses, ignore his 

1326
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,600
attempts to sketch them more 
interested in their feed that in

1327
01:15:49,600 --> 01:15:54,800
artistic immortality. 
Pigs actively mock the Endeavor 

1328
01:15:54,800 --> 01:15:57,900
as if they understand the 
futility of trying to capture 

1329
01:15:57,900 --> 01:16:01,800
their particular combination of 
intelligence and in dignity on 

1330
01:16:01,800 --> 01:16:04,700
paper. 
But the chickens. 

1331
01:16:05,400 --> 01:16:08,300
The chickens accidentally 
cooperate through sheer 

1332
01:16:08,300 --> 01:16:12,900
obliviousness and Walt fills 
page after page with studies of 

1333
01:16:12,900 --> 01:16:18,000
feathers beaks and the peculiar 
waddle that manages to look both

1334
01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:20,200
purposeful and completely 
random. 

1335
01:16:21,400 --> 01:16:23,800
The arrival of school brings 
with it, a combination of 

1336
01:16:23,800 --> 01:16:27,400
structure and Escape. 
The Marceline Schoolhouse sits 

1337
01:16:27,400 --> 01:16:29,900
at the end of a dirt road that 
turns to Mud whenever it 

1338
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:33,600
remembers, how and walks it each
morning with his sister Ruth. 

1339
01:16:33,600 --> 01:16:37,800
Their lunch pail swinging in 
rhythm with their steps, Inside.

1340
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:40,500
He occupies a comfortable, 
Middle Ground allowing 

1341
01:16:40,500 --> 01:16:42,600
observation without undue 
scrutiny. 

1342
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:46,800
But then the teacher asks who 
can draw on the Blackboard and 

1343
01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:50,000
suddenly Walt's hand shoots up 
with the enthusiasm of someone 

1344
01:16:50,000 --> 01:16:52,300
who's been waiting for. 
This question, his entire life 

1345
01:16:53,100 --> 01:16:56,600
He approaches the chalk like an 
artist approaches a fresh canvas

1346
01:16:56,600 --> 01:17:01,600
and what emerges surprises? 
Everyone including himself a 

1347
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:03,700
horse. 
That actually looks like a 

1348
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:07,400
horse, not the stick figure 
approximation that typically 

1349
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:11,800
Grace, the educational Boards of
rural Missouri, the teacher Mrs.

1350
01:17:11,800 --> 01:17:15,200
Shirts sees something in these 
drawings despite her patients 

1351
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:18,200
being tested by countless 
students who confused creativity

1352
01:17:18,200 --> 01:17:21,700
with chaos. 
He keeps Walter after class not 

1353
01:17:21,700 --> 01:17:24,700
to scold but to encourage 
pulling out pictures from 

1354
01:17:24,700 --> 01:17:26,700
magazines and asking him to copy
them. 

1355
01:17:27,500 --> 01:17:30,800
He does with an accuracy that 
seems to bypass his hands 

1356
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:35,000
entirely flowing directly from 
to page through some channel. 

1357
01:17:35,000 --> 01:17:37,000
That doesn't require conscious 
thought. 

1358
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:41,400
Word, spreads through Marley, 
with the speed that news travels

1359
01:17:41,400 --> 01:17:45,400
in small towns, which is to say 
faster than any Telegram. 

1360
01:17:47,000 --> 01:17:50,200
The local barber offers Walter 
free haircut in exchange for a 

1361
01:17:50,200 --> 01:17:53,600
drawing to hang in his shop. 
The doctor asks, for a sketch of

1362
01:17:53,608 --> 01:17:56,600
his horse. 
Suddenly this farm boy has found

1363
01:17:56,600 --> 01:17:59,400
something that feels less like 
work and more like breathing 

1364
01:17:59,400 --> 01:18:02,400
despite his struggle to show up 
on time for chores. 

1365
01:18:02,400 --> 01:18:07,500
However, farms in 1909, don't 
function solely on drawings. 

1366
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:12,200
And when Elias comes to typhoid 
fever, the Practical realities 

1367
01:18:12,200 --> 01:18:15,100
override, any artistic visions 
that may have been forming. 

1368
01:18:16,600 --> 01:18:19,400
The farm fails not through lack 
of effort, but through the 

1369
01:18:19,400 --> 01:18:22,100
combination of bad luck and 
worst timing. 

1370
01:18:22,100 --> 01:18:25,400
That seems to plague the Disney 
family like a hereditary 

1371
01:18:25,400 --> 01:18:29,700
condition by 1910 their packing,
their belongings and heading to 

1372
01:18:29,700 --> 01:18:33,800
Kansas City trading opened 
fields for urban streets and 

1373
01:18:33,800 --> 01:18:37,200
animal sounds for the mechanical
Symphony of a growing City. 

1374
01:18:38,300 --> 01:18:42,000
Kansas City in the early 1910s, 
hums with the particular energy 

1375
01:18:42,000 --> 01:18:45,400
of a place that figured out its 
going somewhere, but hasn't 

1376
01:18:45,400 --> 01:18:48,200
quite decided where Trolley 
cars. 

1377
01:18:48,200 --> 01:18:51,200
Clang down streets, still 
learning to be streets, 

1378
01:18:51,200 --> 01:18:54,800
automobiles butter alongside 
horses who view them with 

1379
01:18:54,800 --> 01:18:57,800
Justified skepticism and 
everywhere. 

1380
01:18:57,800 --> 01:19:01,800
There's construction building's 
Rising like ambitious children 

1381
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:05,700
standing on tiptoes to see over 
the crowd, Elias Disney 

1382
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:08,800
purchases, a newspaper, 
distribution route, which sounds

1383
01:19:08,800 --> 01:19:10,400
more impressive than it actually
is. 

1384
01:19:11,300 --> 01:19:15,100
What it means practically 
speaking is that Walton and his 

1385
01:19:15,108 --> 01:19:17,300
brother Roy, spend their 
mornings before school 

1386
01:19:17,300 --> 01:19:21,100
delivering papers in the bitter 
cold, their fingers going numb, 

1387
01:19:21,100 --> 01:19:24,800
their breath forming clouds that
dissipate into the winter are 

1388
01:19:24,800 --> 01:19:29,500
like small ghosts. 
Walt is 10 years old, then 11, 

1389
01:19:29,500 --> 01:19:34,800
then 12 and each morning arrives
with the same darken systems, 

1390
01:19:34,800 --> 01:19:38,100
the same pile of papers that 
need to be delivered before the 

1391
01:19:38,100 --> 01:19:41,300
rest of the world wakes up. 
You can picture him on those 

1392
01:19:41,300 --> 01:19:45,200
routes shoulders hunched, 
against the cold bag, heavy with

1393
01:19:45,200 --> 01:19:48,200
new Sprint, but his mind 
somewhere else entirely. 

1394
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:53,400
He's composing, scenarios, 
imagining stories and turning 

1395
01:19:53,400 --> 01:19:56,800
the sleeping houses into stages 
where dramas unfolded by 

1396
01:19:56,800 --> 01:19:59,700
curtained windows. 
The monotony of the root 

1397
01:19:59,700 --> 01:20:02,800
becomes, a kind of meditation, 
his body moving through 

1398
01:20:02,800 --> 01:20:06,100
memorized patterns while his 
imagination Rome's free. 

1399
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:11,000
The Kansas City Post brings news
of a world in motion Europe, 

1400
01:20:11,000 --> 01:20:14,500
sliding toward War inventions 
appearing with dizzying 

1401
01:20:14,500 --> 01:20:17,800
frequency and social movements 
that promised to reshape 

1402
01:20:17,800 --> 01:20:21,700
everything. 
But Waltz attention snags on the

1403
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:25,900
illustration, the comic strips. 
The way artists, like Winsor 

1404
01:20:25,900 --> 01:20:29,800
McCay, can make static images 
suggest motion and how a few 

1405
01:20:29,808 --> 01:20:32,300
carefully. 
Placed lines can convey emotion,

1406
01:20:32,300 --> 01:20:34,600
that paragraphs of text might 
fumble. 

1407
01:20:36,100 --> 01:20:39,600
Benton grammar school, Walt 
finds an unexpected, Ally in his

1408
01:20:39,600 --> 01:20:42,100
teacher. 
Who notices, how is notebook 

1409
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:44,600
margins filled with drawings 
during lessons? 

1410
01:20:45,300 --> 01:20:48,200
Instead of confiscating the 
notebook or delivering lectures 

1411
01:20:48,200 --> 01:20:50,600
about attention and application,
she asked to see them. 

1412
01:20:51,400 --> 01:20:54,900
There's a monkey that appears 
repeatedly engaging in various 

1413
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:59,400
Misadventures falling from 
trees, stealing hats and making 

1414
01:20:59,400 --> 01:21:01,900
faces at zuki's who've given up 
on dignity. 

1415
01:21:03,000 --> 01:21:06,600
The drawings have something that
can't quite be taught timing 

1416
01:21:06,600 --> 01:21:10,700
personality, a sense that these 
aren't just pictures, but Frozen

1417
01:21:10,700 --> 01:21:15,600
moments in ongoing narratives. 
McKinley High School opens, new 

1418
01:21:15,600 --> 01:21:19,300
possibilities, Walt takes 
drawing and photography classes,

1419
01:21:19,300 --> 01:21:22,200
contributes cartoons to the 
school newspaper. 

1420
01:21:22,200 --> 01:21:24,700
And discovers that making people
laugh. 

1421
01:21:24,700 --> 01:21:26,900
Feels almost as good as making 
them look. 

1422
01:21:27,800 --> 01:21:31,700
His cartoon's lean toward the 
Patriotic and the political, a 

1423
01:21:31,700 --> 01:21:34,800
America's entry into World War. 
1 provides endless material. 

1424
01:21:34,800 --> 01:21:38,600
Though is understanding of 
geopolitics remains comfortably 

1425
01:21:38,600 --> 01:21:41,300
simple. 
The kind of clarity that comes 

1426
01:21:41,300 --> 01:21:44,400
from, not yet, Having learned 
that most situations refuse to 

1427
01:21:44,408 --> 01:21:46,500
divide neatly into heroes and 
villains. 

1428
01:21:47,200 --> 01:21:50,200
The school's night classes, 
become Waltz real education. 

1429
01:21:50,200 --> 01:21:54,100
He enrolls at the Chicago 
Academy of Fine Arts studying 

1430
01:21:54,100 --> 01:21:56,500
under professional. 
Cartoonists who've actually made

1431
01:21:56,500 --> 01:21:59,700
careers from drawing. 
They teach them about Anatomy 

1432
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:04,700
composition, how to convey 
motion through static lines and 

1433
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:07,300
the tricks that professional 
illustrators used to meet 

1434
01:22:07,300 --> 01:22:09,600
deadlines without sacrificing 
quality. 

1435
01:22:10,600 --> 01:22:12,500
He soaks it up with the 
desperate. 

1436
01:22:12,500 --> 01:22:15,100
Intensity of someone who has 
found their language and wants 

1437
01:22:15,100 --> 01:22:17,100
to become fluent as quickly as 
possible. 

1438
01:22:17,900 --> 01:22:21,400
But then comes 1918 and what 
makes the decision that will 

1439
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:25,000
temporarily interrupt, his 
artistic education, he wants to 

1440
01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:28,400
join the Army to participate in 
the great drama unfolding across

1441
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:31,900
the ocean. 
There's only one problem, he 16 

1442
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:35,100
and the Army has opinions about 
minimum ages that they've 

1443
01:22:35,100 --> 01:22:39,200
codified into actual rules. 
His mother refuses to sign the 

1444
01:22:39,200 --> 01:22:41,000
papers that would let him lie 
about his age. 

1445
01:22:41,000 --> 01:22:44,000
So Walt does what teenagers have
done throughout history, when 

1446
01:22:44,000 --> 01:22:47,500
parents stand between them and 
their questionable decisions, he

1447
01:22:47,500 --> 01:22:51,100
finds an alternative route, the 
American Ambulance Corps 

1448
01:22:51,100 --> 01:22:52,900
operating in France under Red 
Cross. 

1449
01:22:52,900 --> 01:22:56,700
All species needs drivers and 
doesn't scrutinize birth, dates 

1450
01:22:56,700 --> 01:23:00,100
quite as carefully. 
Volt forges his mother's 

1451
01:23:00,100 --> 01:23:03,800
signature on the application. 
Adds a year to his age and 

1452
01:23:03,800 --> 01:23:07,000
suddenly he's headed to France 
though, not before the war 

1453
01:23:07,000 --> 01:23:10,000
decides to end. 
He arrives in Europe in November

1454
01:23:10,000 --> 01:23:14,200
1918, just as the Armistice 
takes effect, and spends the 

1455
01:23:14,208 --> 01:23:16,800
next year. 
Driving ambulances through a 

1456
01:23:16,800 --> 01:23:18,400
France. 
That's learning to be peaceful 

1457
01:23:18,400 --> 01:23:22,500
again, delivering supplies 
transporting officers and 

1458
01:23:22,500 --> 01:23:25,300
covering the ambulance. 
He's a signed with cartoons that

1459
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:29,500
make the other drivers laugh. 
The French landscape passes by 

1460
01:23:29,500 --> 01:23:33,300
the ambulance Windows, like a 
series of postcards Villages 

1461
01:23:33,300 --> 01:23:36,700
reconstructing themselves 
Fields, remembering how to be 

1462
01:23:36,700 --> 01:23:40,000
Fields instead of Battlegrounds 
and people emerging from 

1463
01:23:40,000 --> 01:23:44,000
basements and Bombshells with 
Expressions, that makes relief 

1464
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:48,600
with uncertainty. 
Well, drawers at all filling, 

1465
01:23:48,600 --> 01:23:52,700
sketchbooks with observations, 
developing his eye for detail 

1466
01:23:52,700 --> 01:23:56,300
and Hisense of how environment 
shaped the people who inhabit 

1467
01:23:56,300 --> 01:23:58,700
them. 
He returns to Kansas City in 

1468
01:23:58,700 --> 01:24:03,600
1919 slightly older marginally 
wiser and absolutely certain 

1469
01:24:03,600 --> 01:24:05,100
that he wants to make art for a 
living. 

1470
01:24:06,100 --> 01:24:09,700
The question is how to transform
that certainly into something 

1471
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:13,600
resembling a career, which turns
out to be significantly more 

1472
01:24:13,600 --> 01:24:16,100
complicated than simply wanting 
it badly enough. 

1473
01:24:17,100 --> 01:24:20,500
The pest man, Ruben Commercial 
Art, Studio occupies a modest 

1474
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:22,400
space. 
In Kansas City producing, 

1475
01:24:22,400 --> 01:24:25,300
advertisements for local 
businesses and their willing to 

1476
01:24:25,308 --> 01:24:27,400
hire, Walt for 25 dollars a 
month. 

1477
01:24:28,200 --> 01:24:30,700
It's not quite art as he'd 
imagined it. 

1478
01:24:30,708 --> 01:24:33,400
There are more drugstore 
advertisements than there are 

1479
01:24:33,400 --> 01:24:35,200
opportunities for Creative 
expression. 

1480
01:24:36,200 --> 01:24:39,100
But it's a paycheck for drawing,
which feels like a minor 

1481
01:24:39,100 --> 01:24:43,600
miracle. 
At pejman Ruben Walt meets uberX

1482
01:24:43,600 --> 01:24:45,800
whose name sounds like something
you'd make up. 

1483
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:48,200
If you were trying to invent the
most animator sounding name 

1484
01:24:48,200 --> 01:24:50,500
possible. 
But who is in fact, a real 

1485
01:24:50,500 --> 01:24:54,700
person with exceptional Talent 
up, can draw fast and anyone 

1486
01:24:54,700 --> 01:24:58,500
Walt ever seen with a Precision.
That seems to bypass the usual 

1487
01:24:58,500 --> 01:25:02,100
human limitations. 
They recognize something in each

1488
01:25:02,100 --> 01:25:04,600
other. 
That particular combination of 

1489
01:25:04,600 --> 01:25:09,100
ambition, skill and willingness 
to work, until reasonable people

1490
01:25:09,100 --> 01:25:13,700
have long since gone to bed. 
When Ruben lets them, both go 

1491
01:25:13,700 --> 01:25:17,200
after the Christmas rush. 
Subside Walton AB make the leap 

1492
01:25:17,200 --> 01:25:19,500
that young people make, when 
they're two inexperienced to 

1493
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:21,700
know better, they start their 
own company. 

1494
01:25:22,900 --> 01:25:26,800
He works Disney commercial 
artists, opens in January 1920, 

1495
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:29,600
filled with optimism and almost 
completely. 

1496
01:25:29,600 --> 01:25:33,300
Devoid of clients, the business 
last about a month before 

1497
01:25:33,300 --> 01:25:37,800
reality asserts itself, in the 
form of empty order books and 

1498
01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:41,000
rent that insists on being paid,
regardless of creative 

1499
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:45,300
enthusiasm, Will takes a job 
with the Kansas City film ad 

1500
01:25:45,300 --> 01:25:49,200
company and this is where the 
trajectory changes where the 

1501
01:25:49,200 --> 01:25:52,400
path diverges towards something 
that will eventually become his 

1502
01:25:52,400 --> 01:25:55,800
life's work. 
The company produces crude 

1503
01:25:55,800 --> 01:25:58,200
animated advertisements for 
local theaters. 

1504
01:25:58,200 --> 01:26:02,300
Simple figures that move jerkily
across the screen selling 

1505
01:26:02,300 --> 01:26:04,800
everything from farming 
equipment to household goods. 

1506
01:26:05,700 --> 01:26:09,300
The animation is primitive 
barely more sophisticated than 

1507
01:26:09,300 --> 01:26:11,700
sequential flipbook drawings 
photographed. 

1508
01:26:11,700 --> 01:26:15,100
One frame at a time but there's 
something about it that catches 

1509
01:26:15,100 --> 01:26:19,000
walk like a hook. 
He watches the process of Lee. 

1510
01:26:19,700 --> 01:26:22,800
The way individual drawings. 
Each slightly different from the

1511
01:26:22,800 --> 01:26:26,300
last create the illusion of 
movement, when photographed in 

1512
01:26:26,300 --> 01:26:29,400
sequence. 
How timing affects comedy? 

1513
01:26:29,400 --> 01:26:33,600
A character pausing for just two
frames before, reacting creates 

1514
01:26:33,600 --> 01:26:36,600
different laughter. 
Then a character pausing for six

1515
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:40,400
frames, the Alchemy of 
transforming static art in to 

1516
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:43,400
something that breathes and 
moves and tell stories without 

1517
01:26:43,400 --> 01:26:46,700
needing words. 
The Kansas City, Public Library 

1518
01:26:46,700 --> 01:26:48,800
becomes Waltz nighttime 
classroom. 

1519
01:26:49,800 --> 01:26:52,800
Checks out every book they have 
on animation on the early 

1520
01:26:52,800 --> 01:26:57,000
Pioneers, like Winsor McCay and 
his astonishing Gertie, the 

1521
01:26:57,000 --> 01:27:00,700
dinosaur, and on the technical 
aspects of Photography and film 

1522
01:27:00,700 --> 01:27:03,800
development. 
He reads about Persistence of 

1523
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:07,700
vision about how the human eye 
retained images for a fraction 

1524
01:27:07,700 --> 01:27:12,200
of a second creating continuity,
where there's actually just a 

1525
01:27:12,200 --> 01:27:13,800
rapid succession of still 
pictures. 

1526
01:27:13,800 --> 01:27:17,000
It feels like learning the 
mechanics of magic, 

1527
01:27:17,000 --> 01:27:22,000
understanding the trick without 
diminishing the Wonder, Walt 

1528
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:25,400
starts experimenting at home. 
Setting up a makeshift Animation

1529
01:27:25,400 --> 01:27:29,800
Studio in the garage. 
He acquires a used camera built,

1530
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:32,200
a crude animation, stand from 
whatever materials he can 

1531
01:27:32,200 --> 01:27:35,600
scrounge and begins producing 
his own short films. 

1532
01:27:37,200 --> 01:27:39,900
The first attempts are disaster 
is by any objective measure. 

1533
01:27:40,700 --> 01:27:43,700
The timing is off. 
The drawing is inconsistent and 

1534
01:27:43,700 --> 01:27:45,800
the movement. 
So jerky, they look like the 

1535
01:27:45,800 --> 01:27:49,900
characters are having seizures 
But with each attempt, something

1536
01:27:49,900 --> 01:27:54,500
improves, the timing gets 
smoother, the movements more 

1537
01:27:54,500 --> 01:27:57,400
natural and the storytelling 
more coherent. 

1538
01:27:58,600 --> 01:28:02,300
The luffa, Graham Studio emerges
from these experiments and 

1539
01:28:02,300 --> 01:28:06,200
ambitious Venture that Walt 
launches in 1922 with a small 

1540
01:28:06,200 --> 01:28:09,100
team of animators, he's 
recruited from Kansas City's, 

1541
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:12,200
modest pool of artistic talent. 
They're going to produce 

1542
01:28:12,200 --> 01:28:16,800
animated Fairy, Tales modernized
versions of classic stories that

1543
01:28:16,800 --> 01:28:20,400
will play in theaters before, 
the main features is a beautiful

1544
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:23,900
vision and like many beautiful 
Visions launched by people in 

1545
01:28:23,900 --> 01:28:26,800
their early 20s. 
It's completely unsustainable. 

1546
01:28:26,800 --> 01:28:31,300
From a business perspective, the
studio produces several films, 

1547
01:28:31,300 --> 01:28:35,900
Little Red Riding Hood the four 
Musicians of Bremen and Puss in 

1548
01:28:35,900 --> 01:28:38,000
Boots. 
And there actually good 

1549
01:28:38,000 --> 01:28:42,100
demonstrating real advancement 
in animation, technique and 

1550
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:44,600
storytelling. 
Distributors in New York, 

1551
01:28:44,600 --> 01:28:47,500
express interest, theaters, 
booked them. 

1552
01:28:47,500 --> 01:28:51,000
And for a brief Shining Moment 
is seems like Kansas City. 

1553
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:54,400
Might become an unlikely 
animation hub, Then the 

1554
01:28:54,400 --> 01:28:56,900
distributor declares bankruptcy 
without paying what? 

1555
01:28:56,900 --> 01:29:00,100
They owe and laugh, a gram 
Studio, collapses, like a 

1556
01:29:00,108 --> 01:29:02,000
souffle, that's heard a loud 
noise. 

1557
01:29:03,300 --> 01:29:07,000
Walt finds himself. 21 years old
technically bankrupt. 

1558
01:29:08,100 --> 01:29:10,500
Sleeping in the studio because 
he can't afford other 

1559
01:29:10,500 --> 01:29:14,600
accommodations bathing at the 
train station and surviving on 

1560
01:29:14,600 --> 01:29:17,800
canned beans. 
Heated over a hot plate, it's 

1561
01:29:17,800 --> 01:29:20,900
the kind of romantic poverty. 
That sounds better in retrospect

1562
01:29:20,900 --> 01:29:23,000
than it feels while you're 
living through it. 

1563
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:27,900
Los Angeles in 1923 sprawls, 
across Southern California like 

1564
01:29:27,900 --> 01:29:30,200
a city that hasn't learned its 
own boundaries yet. 

1565
01:29:31,100 --> 01:29:33,800
Orange, Grove giveaway to 
neighborhoods that, give way to 

1566
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:37,000
more orange groves, the whole 
thing, connected by streetcar, 

1567
01:29:37,000 --> 01:29:40,600
lines and optimism. 
The film industry is established

1568
01:29:40,600 --> 01:29:45,000
itself here drawn by reliable 
sunshine and varied Landscapes 

1569
01:29:45,000 --> 01:29:48,100
that can double for anywhere 
from the Arctic to the Sahara 

1570
01:29:48,100 --> 01:29:51,700
depending on camera, angles and 
creative geography. 

1571
01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:56,300
Walter rised with 40 dollars in 
his pocket, a cardboard 

1572
01:29:56,300 --> 01:29:59,600
suitcase, containing one suit, 
and a lot of drawing materials 

1573
01:29:59,600 --> 01:30:04,100
and absolutely no prospects. 
His brother Roy is in Los 

1574
01:30:04,100 --> 01:30:06,600
Angeles recovering from 
tuberculosis at a veteran 

1575
01:30:06,600 --> 01:30:09,100
hospital, and family feels like 
as good. 

1576
01:30:09,108 --> 01:30:10,800
A reason as any to choose a 
city. 

1577
01:30:10,800 --> 01:30:13,000
When you have no particular ties
to anywhere. 

1578
01:30:13,900 --> 01:30:17,500
He moves into an Uncle's house 
sets up his drawing board, and 

1579
01:30:17,500 --> 01:30:20,300
prepare to storm Hollywood 
through sheer persistence. 

1580
01:30:21,700 --> 01:30:24,300
The Disney Brothers Studio, 
because Roy has recovered enough

1581
01:30:24,300 --> 01:30:28,300
to join the Venture operates out
of an Uncle's garage, which is a

1582
01:30:28,300 --> 01:30:30,600
where all good American 
Enterprises begin. 

1583
01:30:31,400 --> 01:30:35,000
They produce a series called the
Alice comedies, which combine 

1584
01:30:35,000 --> 01:30:38,000
live action with animation. 
Featuring a real girl 

1585
01:30:38,000 --> 01:30:39,800
interacting with cartoon 
characters. 

1586
01:30:39,800 --> 01:30:44,200
It's technically Innovative and 
commercially viable enough, that

1587
01:30:44,200 --> 01:30:47,000
they actually get distribution 
actual money. 

1588
01:30:47,000 --> 01:30:50,400
And the kind of sustainable 
business, that pays rent without

1589
01:30:50,400 --> 01:30:54,400
requiring Creative Accounting. 
Success brings expansion. 

1590
01:30:54,400 --> 01:30:58,600
They move to a proper Studio 
space on Hyperion Avenue, hire 

1591
01:30:58,600 --> 01:31:00,800
more animators, and increase 
production. 

1592
01:31:02,000 --> 01:31:05,900
Walt marries Lillian bounds, an 
income paint artist, who works 

1593
01:31:05,900 --> 01:31:09,300
at the studio, and who possesses
the particular patients required

1594
01:31:09,300 --> 01:31:10,900
to live. 
With someone whose mind is 

1595
01:31:10,900 --> 01:31:15,400
always partly somewhere else. 
Composing scenes, imagining 

1596
01:31:15,400 --> 01:31:19,000
possibilities, and unable to 
fully inhabit the present when 

1597
01:31:19,000 --> 01:31:21,400
the future keeps calling so 
insistently. 

1598
01:31:22,600 --> 01:31:25,900
The studio develops, a character
called Oswald the Lucky Rabbit. 

1599
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:29,500
A floppy-eared creation who 
become genuinely popular. 

1600
01:31:30,600 --> 01:31:34,600
Theaters, want morals World. 
Cartoonz audience is laugh at 

1601
01:31:34,600 --> 01:31:37,800
his Misadventures and for the 
first time in Waltz career 

1602
01:31:37,800 --> 01:31:41,400
stability, seems possible. he 
and Lillian take the train to 

1603
01:31:41,400 --> 01:31:45,500
New York, in 1928, to negotiate 
a new contract with Charles 

1604
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:49,600
Mintz, their distributor, 
Expecting to discuss improved 

1605
01:31:49,600 --> 01:31:54,300
terms based on Oswald success. 
Instead mints and forms, Walt 

1606
01:31:54,300 --> 01:31:57,500
that he's hired away. 
Most of Disney's animators that 

1607
01:31:57,500 --> 01:32:00,600
he owns the rights to Oswald the
Lucky Rabbit and that Walt can 

1608
01:32:00,600 --> 01:32:04,100
either accept reduced payment 
for future cartoons, or find 

1609
01:32:04,100 --> 01:32:06,400
himself without a character 
without a staff. 

1610
01:32:06,400 --> 01:32:09,600
And without a business It's the 
kind of betrayal that could 

1611
01:32:09,600 --> 01:32:12,300
break someone. 
The sort of moment where you 

1612
01:32:12,300 --> 01:32:15,300
discover that the industry 
you've been courting doesn't 

1613
01:32:15,300 --> 01:32:18,200
particularly care about your 
feelings or your contributions. 

1614
01:32:19,000 --> 01:32:21,200
The train ride back to 
California, becomes Legend, 

1615
01:32:21,200 --> 01:32:23,700
though the detail shift 
depending on. 

1616
01:32:23,708 --> 01:32:27,300
Who's telling the story? 
What seems clear is that 

1617
01:32:27,300 --> 01:32:28,900
somewhere between New York and 
Los Angeles. 

1618
01:32:28,900 --> 01:32:33,000
Walt begins sketching a mouse, 
not just any Mouse. 

1619
01:32:33,000 --> 01:32:36,400
This one has round ears 
appointed nose and a tale that 

1620
01:32:36,400 --> 01:32:38,200
could be read as either 
Whimsical or slightly 

1621
01:32:38,200 --> 01:32:41,500
questionable depending on your 
disposition toward Road rodents.

1622
01:32:42,400 --> 01:32:45,800
He's thinking about personality 
about making a mouse, feel like 

1623
01:32:45,800 --> 01:32:49,000
a character rather than just a 
pest that cartoons have to make 

1624
01:32:49,000 --> 01:32:52,300
appealing through. 
Sheer force of Animation back in

1625
01:32:52,300 --> 01:32:55,500
Los Angeles Walter by works who 
remained loyal. 

1626
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:59,300
When other animators jumped ship
developed, the mouse in secret 

1627
01:32:59,300 --> 01:33:03,200
they named him Mortimer. 
Initially until Lillian points 

1628
01:33:03,200 --> 01:33:06,400
out that Mortimer, sounds like a
mouse who wears a monocle and 

1629
01:33:06,400 --> 01:33:09,700
discusses philosophy. 
Not like a mouse who people will

1630
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:13,500
actually enjoy watching. 
She suggests Mickey which sounds

1631
01:33:13,500 --> 01:33:15,900
friendly and more approachable, 
like a mouse. 

1632
01:33:15,900 --> 01:33:18,300
You might actually invite into 
your house if he promised to 

1633
01:33:18,308 --> 01:33:21,500
leave the wiring alone, The 
first two, Mickey Mouse 

1634
01:33:21,500 --> 01:33:25,100
cartoons, plain crazy, and the 
Galloping goat show. 

1635
01:33:25,100 --> 01:33:29,600
Fail to find distributors. the 
technically well, made the 

1636
01:33:29,600 --> 01:33:33,100
animation is smooth, and Mickey 
has personality, but there are 

1637
01:33:33,100 --> 01:33:36,700
100s of cartoon characters 
competing for attention and a 

1638
01:33:36,700 --> 01:33:39,200
mouse doesn't seem particularly 
special just because he's well 

1639
01:33:39,200 --> 01:33:42,100
drawn Then Walt learns about 
sounds. 

1640
01:33:43,100 --> 01:33:45,900
The jazz singer has demonstrated
that audiences will pay for 

1641
01:33:45,900 --> 01:33:48,900
talking pictures. 
And while most Animation Studios

1642
01:33:48,900 --> 01:33:53,900
are ignoring this development, 
Walt sees an opportunity, He can

1643
01:33:53,900 --> 01:33:58,000
synchronize sound with animation
and actually match sound effects

1644
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:01,800
and music to the on-screen 
action instead of just adding a 

1645
01:34:01,800 --> 01:34:04,700
generic Musical soundtrack. 
He might have something that 

1646
01:34:04,700 --> 01:34:08,100
stands out. 
Steamboat Willie premieres at 

1647
01:34:08,100 --> 01:34:11,700
the colony theater in New York, 
on November 18th 1928. 

1648
01:34:11,700 --> 01:34:14,800
And it's not just a cartoon, 
it's a revelation. 

1649
01:34:16,100 --> 01:34:18,900
Mickey, whistles in sync with 
the Steamboat's whistle. 

1650
01:34:19,600 --> 01:34:23,400
He plays music on various 
animals and objects, The Sounds 

1651
01:34:23,400 --> 01:34:26,300
matching the movements exactly 
the audience. 

1652
01:34:26,300 --> 01:34:29,500
Laughs, not just at what's 
happening, but at the Precision 

1653
01:34:29,500 --> 01:34:33,500
of it, the way sound and image 
marry in ways that feel both 

1654
01:34:33,500 --> 01:34:37,200
Innovative and inevitable. 
Mickey Mouse becomes a 

1655
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:38,900
phenomenon with a speed that 
surprises. 

1656
01:34:38,900 --> 01:34:42,700
Everyone including Walt. 
Theater's demand more Mickey 

1657
01:34:42,700 --> 01:34:46,700
cartoons merchandise. 
Appears Mickey Mouse watches 

1658
01:34:46,700 --> 01:34:50,200
toys and clothing parents who 
would normally discourage their 

1659
01:34:50,200 --> 01:34:53,300
children from thinking fondly of
rodents, suddenly find 

1660
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:55,300
themselves purchasing Mouse seed
products. 

1661
01:34:56,300 --> 01:34:59,600
Mickey transcends being a 
cartoon character and becomes 

1662
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:03,000
something closer to a cultural 
Touchstone, a symbol of 

1663
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:05,400
something, optimistic and 
fundamentally American. 

1664
01:35:06,300 --> 01:35:10,000
The Hyperion Avenue studio in 
the early 1930s, hums with the 

1665
01:35:10,000 --> 01:35:13,000
particular energy of a place 
that's figured out its onto 

1666
01:35:13,000 --> 01:35:16,800
something significant. 
Animators crowd around drawing 

1667
01:35:16,800 --> 01:35:19,100
boards. 
Each responsible for specific 

1668
01:35:19,100 --> 01:35:22,600
characters or specific scenes, 
their pencils moving with 

1669
01:35:22,600 --> 01:35:26,600
practice efficiency. 
The room smells of paper and ink

1670
01:35:26,600 --> 01:35:28,600
coffee. 
That's been sitting too long and

1671
01:35:28,600 --> 01:35:31,400
the faint chemical Tang of the 
film development process 

1672
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:35,400
happening in adjacent rooms. 
Walt moves through the studio 

1673
01:35:35,400 --> 01:35:38,200
like a conductor whose learned 
that the best performance is 

1674
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:41,600
come not from rigid control. 
But from understanding each 

1675
01:35:41,600 --> 01:35:45,900
musician, strengths he knows 
which animators excel at comedy,

1676
01:35:45,900 --> 01:35:49,500
which ones handle emotion better
and who can draw the most 

1677
01:35:49,500 --> 01:35:53,400
expressive eyes. 
The studio has grown from a 

1678
01:35:53,400 --> 01:35:58,000
handful of people to over 100 
employees, each one contributing

1679
01:35:58,000 --> 01:36:00,900
to an assembly line, that 
produces entertainment, The Way 

1680
01:36:00,900 --> 01:36:04,400
Forward produces automobiles 
through specialization and 

1681
01:36:04,400 --> 01:36:07,900
coordination. 
The Silly Symphonies series 

1682
01:36:07,900 --> 01:36:10,700
launches as an experimental 
Counterpoint to Mickey Mouse 

1683
01:36:10,700 --> 01:36:13,700
cartoons. 
While Mickey has to maintain his

1684
01:36:13,700 --> 01:36:17,300
personality and his brand, the 
Symphonies can explore different

1685
01:36:17,300 --> 01:36:21,000
styles, different stories and 
different approaches to 

1686
01:36:21,000 --> 01:36:25,800
animation. 
Flowers and trees in 1932 

1687
01:36:25,800 --> 01:36:29,700
becomes the first full-color 
cartoon using the new 

1688
01:36:29,700 --> 01:36:34,100
three-strip Technicolor process 
to create visuals that audiences

1689
01:36:34,100 --> 01:36:35,700
have literally never seen 
before. 

1690
01:36:36,500 --> 01:36:40,100
Trees bloom in actual color, 
flowers display, their full 

1691
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:43,700
spectrum and suddenly animation 
isn't just black and white 

1692
01:36:43,700 --> 01:36:45,800
figures moving across grey 
backgrounds. 

1693
01:36:46,500 --> 01:36:49,700
What becomes obsessed with 
improvement, with pushing 

1694
01:36:49,700 --> 01:36:52,500
animation beyond what anyone 
considers, its natural 

1695
01:36:52,500 --> 01:36:57,100
limitations He sends animators 
to art classes at the Trinidad, 

1696
01:36:57,100 --> 01:37:01,700
art institute insists, they 
study anatomy and movement and 

1697
01:37:01,700 --> 01:37:04,300
brings in animals for them to 
observe and sketch. 

1698
01:37:05,200 --> 01:37:08,600
When they're animating deer. 
He wants them to understand how 

1699
01:37:08,600 --> 01:37:12,800
dear actually move, not just how
cartoonists have traditionally 

1700
01:37:12,800 --> 01:37:16,500
drawn deer movement. 
The studio develops innovations,

1701
01:37:16,500 --> 01:37:20,500
that become industry standards. 
The multi-plane camera, which 

1702
01:37:20,500 --> 01:37:23,000
allows different animation 
levels, to be photographs 

1703
01:37:23,000 --> 01:37:27,300
separately to create depth and 
Parallax, effects transforms 

1704
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:30,300
flat car, tunes into 
three-dimensional spaces 

1705
01:37:31,200 --> 01:37:32,600
Character. 
Animation becomes more 

1706
01:37:32,600 --> 01:37:36,100
sophisticated, a movement become
more naturalistic while 

1707
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:38,100
maintaining cartoon 
exaggeration. 

1708
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:41,300
Background paintings. 
Grow more detailed and 

1709
01:37:41,300 --> 01:37:45,600
Atmospheric. 
Donald Duck appears in 1934, the

1710
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:48,900
wise Little Hen and suddenly 
Mickey has competition within 

1711
01:37:48,900 --> 01:37:52,400
his own Studio. 
Donald's, irascible personality,

1712
01:37:52,400 --> 01:37:56,300
his tendency toward tantrums and
his voice that sounds like 

1713
01:37:56,300 --> 01:38:00,000
someone gargling while angry all
of it creates a character that 

1714
01:38:00,000 --> 01:38:02,900
audiences Embrace with 
unexpected enthusiasm. 

1715
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:07,200
Turns out people enjoy watching 
characters, who display the 

1716
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:10,300
frustration and annoyance is 
that polite Society requires 

1717
01:38:10,300 --> 01:38:14,100
them to suppress in real life. 
goofy arrives as a character 

1718
01:38:14,100 --> 01:38:17,100
built entirely around physical 
comedy and cheerful, 

1719
01:38:17,100 --> 01:38:20,400
obliviousness, Pluto 
demonstrates that you can have a

1720
01:38:20,400 --> 01:38:24,600
popular character who never 
speaks communicating entirely 

1721
01:38:24,600 --> 01:38:26,600
through body language and facial
expressions. 

1722
01:38:26,600 --> 01:38:30,900
The studio builds a Repertory 
company of characters, each one 

1723
01:38:30,900 --> 01:38:33,800
bringing different comedic 
possibilities and different 

1724
01:38:33,800 --> 01:38:37,500
storytelling opportunities. 
But Waltz ambition, won't be 

1725
01:38:37,500 --> 01:38:41,400
contained by 7 Minutes shorts. 
He starts talking about a 

1726
01:38:41,400 --> 01:38:44,900
feature length, animated film, 
which makes Financial backers 

1727
01:38:44,900 --> 01:38:48,300
nervous, and makes industry 
inside his predict disaster. 

1728
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:53,300
The received wisdom is clear 
audiences won't sit through an 

1729
01:38:53,300 --> 01:38:56,900
hour of Animation. 
Cartoon's a Novelties, 

1730
01:38:56,900 --> 01:39:00,600
appetizers before the main 
course of live action films. 

1731
01:39:01,400 --> 01:39:04,300
Trying to make an animated 
feature is like trying to make a

1732
01:39:04,308 --> 01:39:08,300
meal entirely of parsley 
technically possible, but who 

1733
01:39:08,300 --> 01:39:11,500
would actually want it? 
Walt doesn't argue with them so 

1734
01:39:11,500 --> 01:39:13,400
much as ignore their concerns 
entirely. 

1735
01:39:14,200 --> 01:39:17,800
He's already decided on the 
story Snow White and the Seven 

1736
01:39:17,800 --> 01:39:20,200
Dwarves a fairy tale, that 
everyone knows. 

1737
01:39:20,200 --> 01:39:22,200
But that's never been told quite
this way. 

1738
01:39:23,300 --> 01:39:27,000
He starts production in 1934, 
initially estimating, it will 

1739
01:39:27,008 --> 01:39:30,600
cost 250,000 dollars and take 18
months. 

1740
01:39:31,400 --> 01:39:33,400
He's wrong on both counts by 
margins. 

1741
01:39:33,400 --> 01:39:34,700
That would be funny if they 
weren't. 

1742
01:39:34,700 --> 01:39:38,800
So financially terrifying, the 
production expands to consume 

1743
01:39:38,800 --> 01:39:43,200
everything, the budget, balloons
to 1.5 million dollars and 

1744
01:39:43,200 --> 01:39:45,600
amount. 
So astronomical that industry 

1745
01:39:45,600 --> 01:39:47,900
Insight is nicknamed the project
Disney's folly. 

1746
01:39:48,600 --> 01:39:52,800
Walt Morgan's everything, his 
house, his life insurance, and 

1747
01:39:52,800 --> 01:39:56,400
the studio itself. 
He becomes impossible to live 

1748
01:39:56,400 --> 01:40:01,200
with obsessed with details, 
demanding retakes of scenes that

1749
01:40:01,200 --> 01:40:04,700
other people think are perfectly
fine and pushing for a level of 

1750
01:40:04,700 --> 01:40:06,800
quality. 
That no one has achieved before 

1751
01:40:06,800 --> 01:40:09,900
because no one has been foolish 
enough to attempt feature length

1752
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:13,400
animation. 
The animators work, brutal 

1753
01:40:13,400 --> 01:40:17,900
hours, redrawing scenes over and
over until they satisfy Waltzing

1754
01:40:17,900 --> 01:40:22,600
exacting standards. 
The dwarfs alone require months 

1755
01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:25,200
of development. 
They need to be distinct from 

1756
01:40:25,200 --> 01:40:28,600
each other recognizable. 
Not just by their names, but by 

1757
01:40:28,600 --> 01:40:31,500
their movements, their 
personalities and the way they 

1758
01:40:31,500 --> 01:40:34,800
occupy space. 
Snow White herself has to be 

1759
01:40:34,800 --> 01:40:38,700
believable as a young woman, not
just a cartoon character, which 

1760
01:40:38,700 --> 01:40:41,700
requires study of actual human 
movement that borders on 

1761
01:40:41,700 --> 01:40:44,300
obsessive. 
The studio develops, new 

1762
01:40:44,300 --> 01:40:46,500
techniques, specifically for 
Snow White. 

1763
01:40:46,500 --> 01:40:50,500
They build elaborate storyboards
planning every scene before 

1764
01:40:50,500 --> 01:40:53,100
animating it. 
They create detailed model. 

1765
01:40:53,100 --> 01:40:56,800
Sheets showing each character 
from multiple angles ensuring 

1766
01:40:56,800 --> 01:41:01,100
consistency across hundreds of 
animators and thousands of 

1767
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:04,100
drawings. 
They test sequences with preview

1768
01:41:04,100 --> 01:41:08,200
audiences learning what works, 
and what Falls flat? 

1769
01:41:09,000 --> 01:41:13,700
December 21st, 1937 arrives, and
Snow White premieres at the car 

1770
01:41:13,700 --> 01:41:15,300
face Circle Theater in Los 
Angeles. 

1771
01:41:16,600 --> 01:41:19,400
The audience includes 
Hollywood's Elite critics, who 

1772
01:41:19,400 --> 01:41:22,600
have sharpen their knives in 
anticipation of Disney's failure

1773
01:41:22,600 --> 01:41:25,900
and Walt himself whose too 
nervous to watch and spends. 

1774
01:41:25,900 --> 01:41:27,800
Most of the premiere pacing in 
the lobby. 

1775
01:41:29,300 --> 01:41:31,200
But then something unexpected 
happens. 

1776
01:41:31,200 --> 01:41:35,700
The movie works the audience 
laughs at the dwarves gets 

1777
01:41:35,700 --> 01:41:39,100
frightened by the evil, queen 
and cries when Snow White 

1778
01:41:39,100 --> 01:41:42,600
appears to die. 
They sit through all 83 minutes 

1779
01:41:42,600 --> 01:41:46,700
without fidgeting without 
leaving without any sign that 

1780
01:41:46,700 --> 01:41:48,300
they're watching something 
unprecedented. 

1781
01:41:49,400 --> 01:41:53,200
The standing ovation at the end,
lost several minutes and critics

1782
01:41:53,200 --> 01:41:55,200
who arrived prepare to write 
obituaries. 

1783
01:41:55,200 --> 01:41:59,100
Instead, write Valentines Snow 
White becomes the highest 

1784
01:41:59,100 --> 01:42:03,300
grossing film of 1938. 
Earning 8 million dollars during

1785
01:42:03,300 --> 01:42:06,700
its initial release at a time 
when movie tickets cost 

1786
01:42:06,700 --> 01:42:09,900
quarters. 
It demonstrates that animation 

1787
01:42:09,900 --> 01:42:13,600
can carry feature, length, 
narratives can make audiences 

1788
01:42:13,600 --> 01:42:17,600
feel genuine, emotion and can be
art and commerce simultaneously.

1789
01:42:18,800 --> 01:42:21,600
Disney's Folly becomes Disney's 
Triumph. 

1790
01:42:22,300 --> 01:42:25,800
And suddenly Walt has both 
Vindication and a terrible new 

1791
01:42:25,800 --> 01:42:28,100
problem. 
What do you do for an encore 

1792
01:42:28,100 --> 01:42:30,500
after you've accomplished 
something everyone said was 

1793
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:34,200
impossible. 
The studio in the late, 1930s 

1794
01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:37,600
operates at a level of ambition,
that makes previous work. 

1795
01:42:37,600 --> 01:42:41,600
Look like preliminary sketches. 
With Snow White's success. 

1796
01:42:41,600 --> 01:42:45,400
Walt has both capital and 
credibility to attempt even more

1797
01:42:45,400 --> 01:42:49,200
elaborate projects. 
He greenlight's multiple feature

1798
01:42:49,200 --> 01:42:54,800
films, simultaneously Pinocchio,
Fantasia, Bambi and Dumbo. 

1799
01:42:55,700 --> 01:42:58,000
Each one pushing different 
Technical and artistic 

1800
01:42:58,000 --> 01:43:01,600
boundaries. 
Pinocchio released in 1940. 

1801
01:43:01,600 --> 01:43:04,400
Showcases technical 
achievements, that still impress

1802
01:43:04,400 --> 01:43:08,600
modern viewers. the underwater 
sequences the transformation, 

1803
01:43:08,600 --> 01:43:12,800
scenes monstro, the whales 
attack, all of it, required in 

1804
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:15,400
Innovations, in effects 
animation, and Technical problem

1805
01:43:15,400 --> 01:43:20,000
solving The film costs 2.6 
million dollars even more than 

1806
01:43:20,000 --> 01:43:24,100
Snow White and while it's a 
critical success, the outbreak 

1807
01:43:24,100 --> 01:43:26,900
of World War Two in Europe, 
closest off International 

1808
01:43:26,900 --> 01:43:29,600
markets that Snow White relied 
on for profitability. 

1809
01:43:30,700 --> 01:43:34,700
Fantasia becomes Waltz, most 
ambitious experiment, an attempt

1810
01:43:34,700 --> 01:43:37,400
to elevate animation, to high 
art by marrying it, with 

1811
01:43:37,400 --> 01:43:41,400
classical music. 
Leopold Stokowski conducts, the 

1812
01:43:41,400 --> 01:43:44,400
Philadelphia Orchestra while 
Mickey Mouse appears. 

1813
01:43:44,400 --> 01:43:48,000
As The Sorcerer's Apprentice 
hippos and alligators perform 

1814
01:43:48,000 --> 01:43:52,300
ballet and dinosaurs marched to 
Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring.

1815
01:43:53,200 --> 01:43:57,200
it's beautiful Innovative and 
two avant-garde for General 

1816
01:43:57,200 --> 01:44:00,300
audiences who prefer their 
cartoons to include more jokes 

1817
01:44:00,300 --> 01:44:03,500
and fewer abstract 
visualizations of Beethoven's 

1818
01:44:03,500 --> 01:44:08,200
pastoral symphony The studio has
grown to over 1000 employees, 

1819
01:44:08,200 --> 01:44:11,500
operating out of a brand new 
facility in Burbank. 

1820
01:44:11,500 --> 01:44:14,100
That looks more like a college 
campus than a factory for 

1821
01:44:14,100 --> 01:44:16,800
fantasy. 
The buildings are sleek and 

1822
01:44:16,808 --> 01:44:20,500
modern designed with the latest 
thinking about workspace, 

1823
01:44:20,500 --> 01:44:25,100
efficiency and employee comfort.
There's a cafeteria recreational

1824
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:28,800
facilities and even classes 
available on company time. 

1825
01:44:28,800 --> 01:44:32,300
It's the kind of workplace that 
should generate loyalty and 

1826
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:35,600
satisfaction. 
Instead tension, builds like 

1827
01:44:35,600 --> 01:44:39,700
pressure in a sealed container. 
The animators, at the top earn 

1828
01:44:39,700 --> 01:44:43,400
excellent, salaries receive 
screen credits and enjoy 

1829
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:47,300
creative input on projects. 
The artist at the bottom, The 

1830
01:44:47,300 --> 01:44:50,300
Inbetweeners the Incas the 
painters, who do crucial, but 

1831
01:44:50,300 --> 01:44:54,500
unglamorous work, Earn a 
fraction as much receive no 

1832
01:44:54,500 --> 01:44:57,400
recognition and have no creative
input. 

1833
01:44:58,600 --> 01:45:01,600
The inequality feels more Stark 
in a company that projects 

1834
01:45:01,600 --> 01:45:04,900
itself, as a happy family 
creating magic together. 

1835
01:45:06,200 --> 01:45:12,000
In May 1941 the studio stripes. 
Workers, pick it outside the 

1836
01:45:12,000 --> 01:45:16,100
Burbank, Gates carrying signs 
that protest wages and working 

1837
01:45:16,100 --> 01:45:19,700
conditions. 
Walt takes it personally viewing

1838
01:45:19,700 --> 01:45:22,800
the strike as a betrayal by 
people he considered family 

1839
01:45:22,800 --> 01:45:26,700
unable or unwilling to see how a
business of over 1000. 

1840
01:45:26,700 --> 01:45:29,800
People might have different 
Dynamics than a garage. 

1841
01:45:29,800 --> 01:45:33,200
Operation of five people who all
knew each other's birth days. 

1842
01:45:34,700 --> 01:45:37,800
The strike last five weeks and 
ends with a federal mediator, 

1843
01:45:37,800 --> 01:45:41,000
negotiating, a settlement that 
grants many of the unions 

1844
01:45:41,000 --> 01:45:45,000
demands. 
Walt agrees to the terms, but 

1845
01:45:45,000 --> 01:45:48,400
something in him hardens, the 
innocence of thinking everyone 

1846
01:45:48,400 --> 01:45:52,400
shares his vision, everyone will
sacrifice for the dream and 

1847
01:45:52,400 --> 01:45:55,900
everyone values. 
The work of compensation, all of

1848
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:59,800
that, evaporates, the studio 
continues making films and 

1849
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:03,300
continues innovating, but the 
family feeling never quite 

1850
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:07,400
returns. 
Dumbo released in October 1941 

1851
01:46:07,400 --> 01:46:10,600
demonstrates, that Disney can 
work simpler and more 

1852
01:46:10,600 --> 01:46:15,400
economically when necessary. 
The film costs 800,000 dollars 

1853
01:46:15,400 --> 01:46:20,000
less than a third of Pinocchio's
budget, and become the Studio's 

1854
01:46:20,000 --> 01:46:21,900
most profitable release in Snow 
White. 

1855
01:46:22,800 --> 01:46:25,900
Sometimes limitations Force 
creativity, rather than 

1856
01:46:25,900 --> 01:46:29,900
stifling, it Dumbo's watercolor 
backgrounds and straightforward 

1857
01:46:29,900 --> 01:46:32,100
storytelling. 
Prove that technical 

1858
01:46:32,100 --> 01:46:35,100
sophistication isn't always 
necessary for emotional 

1859
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:38,800
resonance. 
Then comes to December 7th. 1941

1860
01:46:38,800 --> 01:46:41,400
and Pearl. 
Harbor changes everything. 

1861
01:46:42,500 --> 01:46:45,900
Within 24 hours of the attack. 
The US Army commanders. 

1862
01:46:45,900 --> 01:46:49,700
Most of the Burbank Studio using
it to house troops protecting 

1863
01:46:49,700 --> 01:46:54,600
nearby aircraft facilities. 
Disney's feature animation gets 

1864
01:46:54,600 --> 01:46:57,800
placed on hold as the studio 
shifts to produce in training 

1865
01:46:57,800 --> 01:47:02,000
films, propaganda shorts, an 
educational content for the 

1866
01:47:02,000 --> 01:47:05,500
military. 
Walter's, the war work with 

1867
01:47:05,500 --> 01:47:09,000
characteristic thoroughness. 
The studio producers, over 

1868
01:47:09,000 --> 01:47:11,900
400,000 feet of educational and 
training film. 

1869
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:14,900
During the War years, teaching 
soldiers, everything from 

1870
01:47:14,900 --> 01:47:19,100
aircraft identification to 
malaria prevention. they create 

1871
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:23,000
propaganda films like defyers 
face and education for death, 

1872
01:47:23,000 --> 01:47:27,600
using animations ability to 
simplify complex ideas and make 

1873
01:47:27,600 --> 01:47:32,400
abstract Concepts visual The War
years of financial stable but 

1874
01:47:32,400 --> 01:47:36,300
creatively frustrating. 
Walt wants to make feature films

1875
01:47:36,300 --> 01:47:39,300
that push artistic boundaries, 
but the government needs 

1876
01:47:39,300 --> 01:47:41,400
training films, about food 
sanitation. 

1877
01:47:41,400 --> 01:47:45,800
And the importance of paying 
taxes, the studio stays solvent,

1878
01:47:45,800 --> 01:47:49,400
keeps people employed and 
contributes to the war effort, 

1879
01:47:49,400 --> 01:47:52,500
but Walt spends much of the 
period planing for after 

1880
01:47:52,500 --> 01:47:56,000
imagining what Disney will 
become once the world returns to

1881
01:47:56,000 --> 01:47:59,700
normal? 
Bambi finally released in August

1882
01:47:59,700 --> 01:48:04,400
1942 represents the peak of a 
certain kind of Animation, the 

1883
01:48:04,400 --> 01:48:06,800
pursuit of naturalism within 
cartoon form. 

1884
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:10,000
The forest backgrounds are so 
detailed their practically 

1885
01:48:10,000 --> 01:48:12,500
painting's. 
The animal movements are study 

1886
01:48:12,500 --> 01:48:15,700
from real deer and rabbits. 
And the emotional beats are 

1887
01:48:15,700 --> 01:48:18,700
handled with restraint and Trust
in the audience's intelligence. 

1888
01:48:20,300 --> 01:48:22,900
The death of Bambi's. 
Mother becomes one of Cinemas 

1889
01:48:22,900 --> 01:48:27,600
most famous traumatic moments 
demonstrating that animation can

1890
01:48:27,600 --> 01:48:29,800
devastate just as effectively as
live action. 

1891
01:48:30,800 --> 01:48:34,400
The late 1940s find Walt 
Restless searching for the next 

1892
01:48:34,400 --> 01:48:37,700
Direction. 
The studio produces package 

1893
01:48:37,700 --> 01:48:41,300
films, compilations of short, 
strung together with loose 

1894
01:48:41,300 --> 01:48:44,400
themes, because making 
full-fledged features remains 

1895
01:48:44,400 --> 01:48:49,000
financially risky, makemine 
music, fun, and fancy free, and 

1896
01:48:49,000 --> 01:48:52,700
Melody time they're competent. 
But clearly stop Gap measures 

1897
01:48:52,700 --> 01:48:56,200
keeping the studio active while.
Walt figures out, what Disney 

1898
01:48:56,200 --> 01:48:59,000
Animation should become in a 
world that survived a global 

1899
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:01,800
war. 
True Life, Adventures emerges, 

1900
01:49:01,800 --> 01:49:06,400
as an unexpected success, what 
funds, documentary filmmakers 

1901
01:49:06,400 --> 01:49:10,500
traveling to remote locations to
capture actual animal behavior. 

1902
01:49:10,500 --> 01:49:13,900
Then edits the footage into 
theatrical releases. 

1903
01:49:15,100 --> 01:49:18,200
Seal Island. 
The Living Desert, The Vanishing

1904
01:49:18,200 --> 01:49:21,600
prayer Prairie. 
The satisfy Waltz in nature, 

1905
01:49:21,600 --> 01:49:25,500
while generating steady revenue 
and critical Acclaim, including 

1906
01:49:25,500 --> 01:49:30,300
multiple Academy Awards. 
But what attention increasingly 

1907
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:34,200
drifts toward live action, film,
animation remains profitable, 

1908
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:38,900
but it's also labor intensive 
and expensive requirements of 

1909
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:42,100
hours and hundreds of artists to
produce 90 minutes of film. 

1910
01:49:43,100 --> 01:49:46,200
Live action offers different 
possibilities, faster, 

1911
01:49:46,200 --> 01:49:49,900
production, broader subject 
matter, and stories that don't 

1912
01:49:49,900 --> 01:49:53,000
require translating reality into
drawn form. 

1913
01:49:54,200 --> 01:49:58,600
Treasure Island released in 1950
becomes Disney's first 

1914
01:49:58,600 --> 01:50:02,700
completely live-action feature 
its successful enough to 

1915
01:50:02,700 --> 01:50:07,100
encourage more. 20,000 Leagues, 
Under the Sea, The Swiss Family 

1916
01:50:07,100 --> 01:50:11,800
Robinson and Old Yeller. 
The studio diversifies becoming 

1917
01:50:11,800 --> 01:50:15,100
more than just animation. 
Though the animated features 

1918
01:50:15,100 --> 01:50:19,200
continue appearing at regular 
intervals, Cinderella in 1950, 

1919
01:50:19,200 --> 01:50:25,300
Alice and Wonderland in 1951 and
Peter Pan in 1953 Cinderella 

1920
01:50:25,300 --> 01:50:29,100
proves particularly crucial 
Financial earning 8 million 

1921
01:50:29,100 --> 01:50:32,400
dollars and giving the studio. 
The capital needed to expand in 

1922
01:50:32,400 --> 01:50:36,100
new directions. 
The film returns to fairytale 

1923
01:50:36,100 --> 01:50:38,300
territory. 
But with Lessons Learned From 

1924
01:50:38,300 --> 01:50:42,000
early features, the animation is
elegant without being as 

1925
01:50:42,000 --> 01:50:45,800
exhaustively details, as Bambi, 
the songs are catchy without 

1926
01:50:45,800 --> 01:50:49,400
overwhelming, The Narrative and 
the mice, like kicks provide 

1927
01:50:49,400 --> 01:50:51,300
comedy relief with without 
becoming annoying. 

1928
01:50:51,300 --> 01:50:54,100
Its animation. 
That knows exactly what it wants

1929
01:50:54,100 --> 01:50:57,500
to be and achieves it with 
apparent ease that mosques 

1930
01:50:57,500 --> 01:51:01,900
tremendous effort. 
Television enters Walt strategic

1931
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:06,500
thinking as the 1950s progress. 
Other Studios, fear television 

1932
01:51:06,500 --> 01:51:10,200
viewing it as competition that 
will destroy theatrical film. 

1933
01:51:11,000 --> 01:51:14,200
Waltzes it is another 
distribution Channel, another 

1934
01:51:14,200 --> 01:51:16,600
way to reach audiences and 
promote Disney products. 

1935
01:51:17,500 --> 01:51:22,000
The Disneyland television showed
abuse in 1954, combining new 

1936
01:51:22,000 --> 01:51:25,200
content with repurposed 
animation, and behind the scenes

1937
01:51:25,200 --> 01:51:29,100
footage from upcoming films. 
The show becomes a massive 

1938
01:51:29,100 --> 01:51:31,300
success. 
One of the highest rated 

1939
01:51:31,300 --> 01:51:35,000
programs on television, Walt 
hosts segments, himself, 

1940
01:51:35,000 --> 01:51:38,200
appearing, comfortable, and 
natural, in a way that surprises

1941
01:51:38,200 --> 01:51:41,500
people who know him primarily as
an intense perfectionist. 

1942
01:51:42,300 --> 01:51:46,900
On television he becomes Uncle 
Walt, genial and accessible 

1943
01:51:46,900 --> 01:51:50,300
explaining how animation works 
or introducing Nature 

1944
01:51:50,300 --> 01:51:52,400
Documentaries with genuine 
enthusiasm. 

1945
01:51:54,100 --> 01:51:57,700
The Mickey Mouse Club, launches 
in 1955 targeting children 

1946
01:51:57,700 --> 01:52:01,700
directly with a daily Variety 
Show featuring the mouse tears, 

1947
01:52:01,700 --> 01:52:05,400
talented young performers, 
singing dancing, and appearing, 

1948
01:52:05,400 --> 01:52:08,800
and cereals. 
The shows theme song becomes so 

1949
01:52:08,800 --> 01:52:12,300
ubiquitous the adults decades, 
later can still sing it 

1950
01:52:12,300 --> 01:52:14,900
reflectively, which suggests 
either impressive. 

1951
01:52:14,900 --> 01:52:18,400
Cultural penetration all the 
lingering effects of childhood 

1952
01:52:18,400 --> 01:52:20,600
programming depending on your 
perspective? 

1953
01:52:21,900 --> 01:52:25,400
But what's most ambitious 
project in the 1950s isn't a 

1954
01:52:25,400 --> 01:52:28,100
film or a television show, it's 
something that will eventually 

1955
01:52:28,100 --> 01:52:30,800
transform his company and 
influence entertainment 

1956
01:52:30,800 --> 01:52:34,500
worldwide. 
It's a park picture Walt in the 

1957
01:52:34,508 --> 01:52:38,300
early 1950s sitting on a bench 
at Griffith Park in Los Angeles,

1958
01:52:38,300 --> 01:52:42,500
watching his daughter's ride, 
the merry-go-round Other parents

1959
01:52:42,500 --> 01:52:46,300
sit on similar benches looking 
vaguely bored waiting for their 

1960
01:52:46,300 --> 01:52:49,100
children to Tire of repetitive 
circular motion. 

1961
01:52:50,000 --> 01:52:53,300
Watches and thinks. 
What if there was a place where 

1962
01:52:53,300 --> 01:52:55,400
parents and children could have 
fun together? 

1963
01:52:56,300 --> 01:52:58,800
Where the entertainment wasn't 
just competent but actually 

1964
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:02,400
imaginative. 
Where every detail contributed 

1965
01:53:02,400 --> 01:53:04,100
to creating a cohesive 
experience. 

1966
01:53:05,400 --> 01:53:08,500
The idea starts small, a small 
attraction near the studio, 

1967
01:53:08,500 --> 01:53:11,800
where people visiting Burbank 
could see how films are made and

1968
01:53:11,800 --> 01:53:14,900
maybe enjoy some simple 
entertainment, but what doesn't 

1969
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:19,200
do small for long, The concept 
expands grows and become 

1970
01:53:19,200 --> 01:53:23,700
something unprecedented. 
Full-scale amusement park, thats

1971
01:53:23,700 --> 01:53:26,500
actually clean where employees 
are trained to be helpful, 

1972
01:53:26,500 --> 01:53:30,100
rather than merely present where
the theming is consistent. 

1973
01:53:30,100 --> 01:53:34,700
And where the attractions tell 
stories Amusement parks in the 

1974
01:53:34,708 --> 01:53:38,300
early 1950s exist, primarily to 
separate working-class people 

1975
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:42,200
from their money through 
mechanical, Thrills and games of

1976
01:53:42,200 --> 01:53:45,500
dubious probability. 
They're often dirty 

1977
01:53:45,500 --> 01:53:49,200
occasionally, dangerous and 
staffed by people who view 

1978
01:53:49,200 --> 01:53:52,400
children, as loud obstacles to 
endure until quitting time. 

1979
01:53:53,200 --> 01:53:56,100
The idea of creating a park 
that's family friendly and 

1980
01:53:56,100 --> 01:53:59,900
immersive, and actually, 
Pleasant strikes, most people as

1981
01:53:59,900 --> 01:54:04,100
economically questionable. 
Walt visits amusement parks, 

1982
01:54:04,100 --> 01:54:06,900
across the country, taking notes
on what works. 

1983
01:54:06,900 --> 01:54:09,400
And what doesn't mostly, what 
does not. 

1984
01:54:10,400 --> 01:54:14,700
He travels to Europe and visits,
Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen and

1985
01:54:14,700 --> 01:54:16,900
other parks, that take 
Aesthetics, seriously. 

1986
01:54:16,900 --> 01:54:19,200
And that understand atmosphere 
matters. 

1987
01:54:20,300 --> 01:54:24,200
He fills notebooks with sketches
and observations gradually 

1988
01:54:24,200 --> 01:54:25,800
refining what this park should 
be. 

1989
01:54:26,800 --> 01:54:30,800
The location becomes critical 
and high in 1953 is mostly 

1990
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:34,100
orange Grove's far enough from 
Los Angeles to have available 

1991
01:54:34,100 --> 01:54:35,900
land, but close enough to be 
accessible. 

1992
01:54:37,000 --> 01:54:40,800
Walt buys 160 Acres through 
dummy, corporations to keep 

1993
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:44,700
prices down preparing to build 
something that exists primarily 

1994
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:49,800
in his imagination but is about 
to become extremely expensively 

1995
01:54:49,800 --> 01:54:52,600
real. 
Financing proves challenging 

1996
01:54:52,600 --> 01:54:56,500
because Banks remain skeptical. 
The entire concept sounds too. 

1997
01:54:56,500 --> 01:55:00,100
Ambitious to risky and too 
dependent on Walt's Vision. 

1998
01:55:00,100 --> 01:55:02,700
Being correct? 
When he's primarily known for 

1999
01:55:02,700 --> 01:55:05,900
making cartoons, not for 
understanding amusement park 

2000
01:55:05,900 --> 01:55:08,800
economics. 
Walt ends up leveraging, 

2001
01:55:08,800 --> 01:55:12,500
everything selling his vacation 
home, borrowing, against his 

2002
01:55:12,500 --> 01:55:15,700
life insurance, and using the 
television shows, both a 

2003
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:20,900
promotion and a funding source. 
Construction begins in July 1954

2004
01:55:20,900 --> 01:55:23,800
and its immediately clear. 
This won't be a conventional 

2005
01:55:23,800 --> 01:55:26,800
project. 
Walt is involved in every detail

2006
01:55:26,800 --> 01:55:28,700
from the shape of the trash 
cans. 

2007
01:55:28,700 --> 01:55:33,000
The uniforms the employees, he 
insists their cast members will 

2008
01:55:33,000 --> 01:55:37,500
wear Main Street USA gets 
designed to look like an 

2009
01:55:37,500 --> 01:55:40,600
idealized small town America 
from around 1910. 

2010
01:55:40,600 --> 01:55:44,500
The kind of place that may have 
never actually existed but that 

2011
01:55:44,500 --> 01:55:48,600
feels true enough to trigger 
nostalgia. the park divides into

2012
01:55:48,600 --> 01:55:53,200
themed lands Adventureland, 
frontierland Fantasyland, and 

2013
01:55:53,200 --> 01:55:57,200
Tomorrowland Each one promises 
transportation to different 

2014
01:55:57,200 --> 01:56:00,800
places and times creating 
distinct experiences while 

2015
01:56:00,800 --> 01:56:04,300
maintaining cohesion through 
careful design and Relentless 

2016
01:56:04,300 --> 01:56:08,200
attention to detail. 
The castle Rises at the Hub 

2017
01:56:08,200 --> 01:56:11,100
visible. 
From most of the park, providing

2018
01:56:11,100 --> 01:56:16,600
both a landmark and a cymbal. 
Opening day, July 17th. 1955, 

2019
01:56:16,600 --> 01:56:19,600
becomes a legendary disaster in 
Disney law. 

2020
01:56:20,300 --> 01:56:22,700
The temperature in Anaheim 
reaches, 100 degrees, 

2021
01:56:22,700 --> 01:56:25,500
counterfeit tickets. 
Flood the park bringing 

2022
01:56:25,500 --> 01:56:29,200
thousands more people than 
expected The asphalt on Main 

2023
01:56:29,200 --> 01:56:32,500
Street is so fresh, that women's
high heels sink into it. 

2024
01:56:33,300 --> 01:56:38,500
Drinking fountains don't work 
rides, break down food, runs 

2025
01:56:38,500 --> 01:56:42,800
out, its chaos with corporate 
sponsorship and the Press covers

2026
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:45,800
it with the gleeful, enthusiasm 
reporters, bring to expensive 

2027
01:56:45,800 --> 01:56:48,800
failures. 
But waltzes passed opening day 

2028
01:56:48,800 --> 01:56:52,000
problems to what the park can 
become within weeks. 

2029
01:56:52,000 --> 01:56:56,000
The king's get worked out the 
asphalt hardens and the systems 

2030
01:56:56,000 --> 01:57:00,100
function as intended. 
Tendons, exceeds projections. 

2031
01:57:01,000 --> 01:57:04,200
Families line up for hours to 
experience attractions, that 

2032
01:57:04,200 --> 01:57:08,100
transport them to Jungle rivers 
and Frontier Forts and 

2033
01:57:08,100 --> 01:57:12,300
futuristic rocket trips. 
Something about the park works 

2034
01:57:12,300 --> 01:57:14,700
at a level deeper than just 
mechanical entertainment. 

2035
01:57:15,700 --> 01:57:18,900
Disneyland becomes profitable 
within its first year which 

2036
01:57:18,900 --> 01:57:21,800
surprises the financial experts 
who predicted disaster. 

2037
01:57:22,700 --> 01:57:26,600
More importantly, it proves the 
concept people will pay for 

2038
01:57:26,600 --> 01:57:28,800
experiences. 
Not just rides. 

2039
01:57:28,800 --> 01:57:32,400
They'll return multiple times 
because the park keeps adding 

2040
01:57:32,400 --> 01:57:36,800
new attractions keeps refining, 
existing ones, and maintain 

2041
01:57:36,800 --> 01:57:39,600
standards, that other amusement 
parks can't match. 

2042
01:57:40,400 --> 01:57:44,700
The park influences, everything 
Walt does afterward films get 

2043
01:57:44,700 --> 01:57:47,200
designed with potential Park 
attractions in mind. 

2044
01:57:48,000 --> 01:57:50,100
Television shows, promote 
upcoming Park. 

2045
01:57:50,100 --> 01:57:52,900
Editions, the park itself 
becomes a kind of 

2046
01:57:52,908 --> 01:57:56,600
three-dimensional version of 
what Disney represents optimism 

2047
01:57:56,600 --> 01:58:00,600
imagination. 
Attention to detail and family 

2048
01:58:00,600 --> 01:58:03,500
entertainment, that doesn't 
condescend to children or borer 

2049
01:58:03,500 --> 01:58:08,500
adults. walks through Disneyland
constantly observing how people 

2050
01:58:08,500 --> 01:58:12,000
interact with it noting what 
works and What needs adjustment 

2051
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:14,600
He stands in lines with other 
guests. 

2052
01:58:15,300 --> 01:58:19,300
Watches their faces on actions 
and learns from their reactions.

2053
01:58:20,100 --> 01:58:22,900
The park isn't finished on 
opening day, it's never 

2054
01:58:22,900 --> 01:58:26,100
finished. 
Walt famously says, Disneyland 

2055
01:58:26,100 --> 01:58:29,100
will never be complete. 
As long as there's imagination 

2056
01:58:29,100 --> 01:58:33,200
left in the world, which sounds 
like marketing copy but actually

2057
01:58:33,200 --> 01:58:35,000
describes his approach 
accurately. 

2058
01:58:35,900 --> 01:58:39,300
The 1960s find Walter at the 
height of influence, but 

2059
01:58:39,300 --> 01:58:42,000
increasingly focused on projects
Beyond traditional 

2060
01:58:42,000 --> 01:58:45,100
entertainment. 
Mary Poppins becomes the 

2061
01:58:45,100 --> 01:58:48,800
culmination of decades pursuing 
film rights and the Perfect 

2062
01:58:48,800 --> 01:58:52,200
Blend of live-action, animation 
and music. 

2063
01:58:53,300 --> 01:58:57,200
Released in 1964, it became the 
biggest Disney box office 

2064
01:58:57,200 --> 01:59:01,500
success during Walt's lifetime. 
Earning 13 Academy Award 

2065
01:59:01,500 --> 01:59:04,600
nominations and cementing, Julie
Andrews, as a star. 

2066
01:59:05,700 --> 01:59:09,200
But Walt's mind is already 
elsewhere focused on an even 

2067
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:10,400
more. 
Ambitious project than 

2068
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:13,500
Disneyland. 
He has been secretly buying land

2069
01:59:13,500 --> 01:59:19,100
in Central Florida. 27,000 Acres
of swamps and orange Grove's 

2070
01:59:19,100 --> 01:59:22,500
purchased through dummy, 
corporations to prevent price 

2071
01:59:22,500 --> 01:59:25,800
speculation. 
The Florida project will be more

2072
01:59:25,800 --> 01:59:28,100
than a park. 
It will be a city. 

2073
01:59:28,108 --> 01:59:32,300
The experimental, prototype 
community of Tomorrow Epcot 

2074
01:59:32,300 --> 01:59:36,900
consumes Waltz imagination in 
his final years, he envisions 

2075
01:59:36,900 --> 01:59:41,200
and actual working City, where 
20,000 residents will test new 

2076
01:59:41,200 --> 01:59:44,100
technologies and urban planning 
Concepts. 

2077
01:59:45,000 --> 01:59:47,700
City will be climate controlled 
built in. 

2078
01:59:47,700 --> 01:59:51,200
Concentric circles, with 
businesses at the center and 

2079
01:59:51,200 --> 01:59:55,600
residential areas radiating 
outward Transportation will be 

2080
01:59:55,600 --> 01:59:58,900
efficient and Innovative. 
Everything will be designed to 

2081
01:59:58,900 --> 02:00:01,900
demonstrate how cities could 
function if freed from his 

2082
02:00:01,900 --> 02:00:04,100
historical constraints and 
conventional thinking. 

2083
02:00:05,200 --> 02:00:08,100
Walt presents the Florida 
project in a film made. 

2084
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:12,800
In October 1966, explaining his 
vision with the enthusiasm of 

2085
02:00:12,800 --> 02:00:16,300
someone describing something 
that already exists rather than 

2086
02:00:16,300 --> 02:00:18,700
something that's mostly wish 
lines and ambition. 

2087
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:23,800
He's 64 years old, still smoking
heavily despite Health warnings 

2088
02:00:23,800 --> 02:00:27,700
and still working brutal hours 
because the work itself provides

2089
02:00:27,700 --> 02:00:31,800
energy that rest never could. 
The California Institute of the 

2090
02:00:31,800 --> 02:00:35,200
Arts calarts represents another 
final project. 

2091
02:00:36,100 --> 02:00:39,200
Walton Road donate land and 
resources to create a school, 

2092
02:00:39,200 --> 02:00:43,200
that merges Visual Arts music, 
dance and theater. 

2093
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:47,000
It's meant to train the artist, 
who will carry Disney forward, 

2094
02:00:47,000 --> 02:00:50,800
who will innovate, rather than 
simply replicating what's worked

2095
02:00:50,800 --> 02:00:53,200
before? 
The school will eventually 

2096
02:00:53,200 --> 02:00:57,000
become influential in ways that 
extend far beyond Disney, but 

2097
02:00:57,000 --> 02:01:01,800
Walt won't live to see it. 
November 1966 brings a diagnosis

2098
02:01:01,800 --> 02:01:05,000
that probably doesn't surprise 
Walt even if it devastates him. 

2099
02:01:05,800 --> 02:01:09,600
Vance to inoperable. 
The doctors can offer palliative

2100
02:01:09,600 --> 02:01:12,700
care but not much. 
Hope Walter approaches his 

2101
02:01:12,700 --> 02:01:14,800
mortality with the same 
practicality. 

2102
02:01:14,800 --> 02:01:16,300
He's brought to every other 
problem. 

2103
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:21,200
He has projects, to finish plans
to communicate and not probable,

2104
02:01:21,200 --> 02:01:26,800
lung cancer, a legacy to secure.
He spends his final weeks trying

2105
02:01:26,800 --> 02:01:29,300
to ensure the Florida project 
will proceed correctly. 

2106
02:01:30,400 --> 02:01:33,200
There are meetings with 
engineers and planners notes 

2107
02:01:33,200 --> 02:01:36,600
dictating how various elements 
should function and sketches 

2108
02:01:36,600 --> 02:01:39,800
showing preferred layouts. 
He's building something. 

2109
02:01:39,800 --> 02:01:43,400
He'll never see trying to 
communicate a vision complex 

2110
02:01:43,400 --> 02:01:46,300
enough that it requires someone 
else to believe in it as 

2111
02:01:46,300 --> 02:01:52,400
intensely as he does December 
15th, 1966 arrives to quickly 

2112
02:01:52,400 --> 02:01:55,400
Walt Disney dies at Joseph's 
Hospital. 

2113
02:01:55,400 --> 02:02:00,100
In Burbank, his brother Roy at 
his bedside, his vast Empire of 

2114
02:02:00,100 --> 02:02:04,600
entertainment suddenly without 
its driving visionary, He 65 

2115
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:07,700
years old, have having spent 
four decades transforming 

2116
02:02:07,700 --> 02:02:11,700
animation from a novelty into an
art form theme parks from 

2117
02:02:11,700 --> 02:02:16,000
questionable, Enterprises in to 
experiential destinations and 

2118
02:02:16,000 --> 02:02:18,800
family entertainment from 
something apologetically. 

2119
02:02:18,800 --> 02:02:23,200
Simple into something genuinely 
worthy of the attention given to

2120
02:02:23,200 --> 02:02:25,200
it. 
The immediate question after 

2121
02:02:25,200 --> 02:02:27,600
Walt's, death is where the 
Disney can survive without 

2122
02:02:27,600 --> 02:02:30,600
Disney. 
Roy, postpones is retirement, 

2123
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:34,200
takes over the company and 
determined to see the Florida 

2124
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:36,500
project completed as a tribute 
to his brother. 

2125
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:41,600
The park that opens in October 
1971 is called Walt Disney 

2126
02:02:41,600 --> 02:02:45,300
World, ensuring, everyone knows 
who imagined it, even though he 

2127
02:02:45,300 --> 02:02:48,700
never saw it. 
Epcot doesn't become the working

2128
02:02:48,700 --> 02:02:52,400
City, Walton visioned, 
practicalities of governance and

2129
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:56,700
liability make that impossible. 
Instead, it becomes another 

2130
02:02:56,700 --> 02:03:01,800
Theme Park opening in 1982 with 
Pavilions celebrating technology

2131
02:03:01,800 --> 02:03:05,400
and international culture. 
It's not what Walt described in 

2132
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:09,100
his final filmed presentation, 
but it carries his DNA. 

2133
02:03:09,100 --> 02:03:13,500
Ambitious educational, 
forward-looking and believing 

2134
02:03:13,500 --> 02:03:16,300
entertainment can include 
substance without becoming 

2135
02:03:16,300 --> 02:03:19,100
tedious. 
The animation studio, Walt 

2136
02:03:19,100 --> 02:03:21,600
continues producing films 
though. 

2137
02:03:21,600 --> 02:03:23,500
The decades after his death 
become uneven. 

2138
02:03:24,300 --> 02:03:28,800
The Aristocats Robin Hood and 
The Rescuers their competent, 

2139
02:03:28,800 --> 02:03:31,300
but lack, the Innovation that 
defined earlier eras. 

2140
02:03:32,500 --> 02:03:35,700
The studio is running on 
momentum producing what 

2141
02:03:35,700 --> 02:03:39,600
audiences expect, rather than 
pushing boundaries, it takes 

2142
02:03:39,600 --> 02:03:44,100
until 1989, The Little Mermaid 
for Disney Animation to 

2143
02:03:44,100 --> 02:03:48,400
ReDiscover its creative footing 
and launch the period critics 

2144
02:03:48,400 --> 02:03:53,600
called the Disney Renaissance. 
The parks expand globally, Tokyo

2145
02:03:53,600 --> 02:04:00,000
in 1983 Paris, in 1992. 
Hong Kong in 2005 and Shanghai 

2146
02:04:00,000 --> 02:04:03,800
in 2016. 
Each one adapts, the Disneyland 

2147
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:07,600
concept to local cultures while 
maintaining Disney standards of 

2148
02:04:07,600 --> 02:04:11,000
cleanliness safety and themed 
experience. 

2149
02:04:12,000 --> 02:04:14,300
The parks become pilgrimage 
sites for families worldwide, 

2150
02:04:14,300 --> 02:04:17,100
creating memories that span 
Generations. 

2151
02:04:17,100 --> 02:04:21,800
The company grows beyond what 
probably imagined acquiring 

2152
02:04:21,800 --> 02:04:26,400
Pixar, Marvel lucasfilm and 21st
Century Fox becoming an 

2153
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:29,300
entertainment conglomerate. 
So vast, it feels more like an 

2154
02:04:29,300 --> 02:04:33,000
ecosystem. 
That accompany the Disney plus 

2155
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:37,000
streaming service, launches in 
2019, bringing Decades of 

2156
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:41,700
content, directly to homes 
worldwide, The company, Waltz 

2157
02:04:41,700 --> 02:04:43,600
started in a garage with his 
brother. 

2158
02:04:43,600 --> 02:04:47,600
Now, generates annual revenue 
exceeding, 60 billion dollars. 

2159
02:04:48,700 --> 02:04:50,500
But the numbers impressive as 
they are. 

2160
02:04:50,500 --> 02:04:53,300
Don't quite capture Walt actual 
Legacy. 

2161
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:57,500
His last in contribution isn't 
just successful businesses or 

2162
02:04:57,500 --> 02:05:00,200
popular characters though, those
certainly matter. 

2163
02:05:00,200 --> 02:05:03,900
It's something more fundamental.
The belief that entertainment 

2164
02:05:03,900 --> 02:05:07,400
can be both popular and good 
that attention to detail 

2165
02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:09,500
matters. 
Even when audiences might not 

2166
02:05:09,500 --> 02:05:13,600
consciously, notice it And that 
stories told through animation 

2167
02:05:13,600 --> 02:05:17,400
can carry the same emotional 
weight of stories told any other

2168
02:05:17,400 --> 02:05:20,800
way. 
What demonstrated that theme 

2169
02:05:20,800 --> 02:05:23,000
parks don't have to be cynical 
operations. 

2170
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:26,900
Separating families from money 
through mechanical Thrills and 

2171
02:05:26,900 --> 02:05:29,900
overpriced food. 
They can be places where 

2172
02:05:29,900 --> 02:05:33,200
environments are carefully 
crafted, where cast members are 

2173
02:05:33,200 --> 02:05:35,900
trained to maintain character 
where every sight line is 

2174
02:05:35,908 --> 02:05:38,700
considered and where every 
detail contributes to 

2175
02:05:38,700 --> 02:05:41,600
Atmosphere. 
This philosophy extends Beyond 

2176
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:45,300
Disney Parks, influencing how 
other entertainment companies 

2177
02:05:45,300 --> 02:05:49,200
approach themed experiences, The
impact on animation is 

2178
02:05:49,200 --> 02:05:53,500
impossible to overstate. 
Before Disney Animation was a 

2179
02:05:53,500 --> 02:05:56,100
novelty short films playing 
before features. 

2180
02:05:56,100 --> 02:05:58,400
Simple stories with crude 
movement. 

2181
02:05:59,700 --> 02:06:02,400
Walton insisted animation could 
carry feature, length, 

2182
02:06:02,400 --> 02:06:06,800
narratives could make audience's
cry and could be art, that 

2183
02:06:06,800 --> 02:06:11,400
happened to be drawn rather than
filmed Snow White opened 

2184
02:06:11,400 --> 02:06:14,700
possibilities that animators 
worldwide of spent decades 

2185
02:06:14,700 --> 02:06:19,500
exploring. the business model 
Walt pioneered using one medium 

2186
02:06:19,500 --> 02:06:22,600
to promote another creating 
characters that work across 

2187
02:06:22,600 --> 02:06:26,500
multiple platforms, and building
brands that transcend individual

2188
02:06:26,500 --> 02:06:29,800
products, Has become standard 
practice throughout 

2189
02:06:29,800 --> 02:06:33,500
entertainment films, promote 
Theme Park attractions that 

2190
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:36,900
promote merchandise that 
promotes streaming content that 

2191
02:06:36,900 --> 02:06:40,300
promotes films, its circular and
self-reinforcing. 

2192
02:06:40,300 --> 02:06:43,600
And so completely normal. 
Now that is easy to forget. 

2193
02:06:43,600 --> 02:06:45,200
Someone had to invent this 
approach. 

2194
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:49,300
The cultural impact reaches 
further than business models, or

2195
02:06:49,300 --> 02:06:52,800
animation techniques. 
Mickey Mouse remains among the 

2196
02:06:52,800 --> 02:06:56,900
most recognizable characters 
worldwide recognized by people 

2197
02:06:56,900 --> 02:07:01,300
who've never seen a Disney film.
The Castle silhouette the opens 

2198
02:07:01,300 --> 02:07:05,000
Disney films triggers, instant 
recognition phrases. 

2199
02:07:05,000 --> 02:07:08,800
Like when you wish upon a star 
and happiest place on earth have

2200
02:07:08,800 --> 02:07:13,300
entered common language. 
More subtly Walt shaped how 

2201
02:07:13,300 --> 02:07:15,500
multiple generationals 
understand childhood 

2202
02:07:15,500 --> 02:07:18,600
entertainment. 
The idea that family film should

2203
02:07:18,600 --> 02:07:20,700
be, well, made rather than 
condescending. 

2204
02:07:21,400 --> 02:07:24,600
The stories for children can 
include genuine emotion rather 

2205
02:07:24,600 --> 02:07:28,700
than just noise and color, and 
that animation deserves the same

2206
02:07:28,700 --> 02:07:32,800
care and crafts as any other art
form, these Concepts seem 

2207
02:07:32,800 --> 02:07:34,900
obvious. 
Now partly, because Walt made 

2208
02:07:34,900 --> 02:07:38,800
them standard critics sometimes 
argue that Disney sanitized 

2209
02:07:38,800 --> 02:07:42,100
fairy, tales and removed their 
dark edges and moral complexity 

2210
02:07:42,100 --> 02:07:45,600
in favor of commercial 
palatability, This truth in This

2211
02:07:45,600 --> 02:07:48,300
Waltz versions of classic 
stories. 

2212
02:07:48,300 --> 02:07:52,200
Tend told optimism and clear 
moral lessons rather than the 

2213
02:07:52,200 --> 02:07:57,100
ambiguity found in original folk
tales but this criticism often 

2214
02:07:57,100 --> 02:08:00,400
underestimates how difficult it 
is to create genuinely good 

2215
02:08:00,400 --> 02:08:04,600
entertainment that works for 
both children and adults that 

2216
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:09,500
doesn't bore one group while 
over the other the optimism that

2217
02:08:09,500 --> 02:08:13,300
defined Waltz world view. 
Some might say, his Relentless 

2218
02:08:13,300 --> 02:08:16,400
optimism has influenced American
culture in ways. 

2219
02:08:16,400 --> 02:08:20,900
Both obvious and subtle. 
Disneyland's Main Street, USA, 

2220
02:08:20,900 --> 02:08:25,100
presents an idealized version of
small town America that probably

2221
02:08:25,100 --> 02:08:28,100
never existed. 
But the shape how Generations in

2222
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:31,900
the past. 
The films, consistently suggest 

2223
02:08:31,900 --> 02:08:36,300
that goodness, triumphs that 
hard work, brings a rewards and 

2224
02:08:36,300 --> 02:08:38,900
that dreams come true for those 
who believe strongly enough. 

2225
02:08:40,000 --> 02:08:43,500
These messages can seem naive. 
But they've also provided 

2226
02:08:43,500 --> 02:08:47,500
comfort and hope to millions of 
people during difficult times. 

2227
02:08:48,500 --> 02:08:51,200
You can argue about whether Walt
Disney was a genius or just 

2228
02:08:51,200 --> 02:08:54,200
extremely talented and 
relentlessly driven. 

2229
02:08:55,300 --> 02:08:57,500
You can debate whether his 
influence on American culture 

2230
02:08:57,500 --> 02:09:01,300
has been primarily positive or 
if his sanitized visions of 

2231
02:09:01,300 --> 02:09:05,200
stories and history of created 
unrealistic expectations. 

2232
02:09:05,800 --> 02:09:09,100
You can discuss his business 
practices, his complicated 

2233
02:09:09,100 --> 02:09:12,900
relationships with employees, 
his political views, and his 

2234
02:09:12,900 --> 02:09:16,400
strengths, and limitations, as a
leader, but you can't reasonably

2235
02:09:16,400 --> 02:09:19,700
argue that he didn't matter. 
The world would look genuinely 

2236
02:09:19,700 --> 02:09:22,000
different without Walt Disney's 
contributions. 

2237
02:09:22,000 --> 02:09:25,300
Animation would have developed 
differently, probably more 

2238
02:09:25,300 --> 02:09:27,700
slowly. 
Theme parks would be less 

2239
02:09:27,700 --> 02:09:30,900
immersive and less concerned 
with theming and atmosphere. 

2240
02:09:31,700 --> 02:09:34,100
Family, entertainment might 
still be the overlooked 

2241
02:09:34,100 --> 02:09:37,400
stepchild of the industry, 
considered less important than 

2242
02:09:37,400 --> 02:09:41,000
content for adults. 
As you drift towards sleep 

2243
02:09:41,000 --> 02:09:44,600
picture that Kansas City Garage,
where a young man set up an 

2244
02:09:44,600 --> 02:09:47,800
animation stand. 
Convinced that drawing could 

2245
02:09:47,800 --> 02:09:51,400
tell stories that mattered. 
Picture the California, Orange 

2246
02:09:51,400 --> 02:09:55,000
Grove's, that became Disneyland 
transforming from Farmland to 

2247
02:09:55,000 --> 02:09:58,000
Fantasy through. 
The belief that experience is 

2248
02:09:58,000 --> 02:10:02,100
could be crafted as carefully as
fills. picture the Burbank 

2249
02:10:02,100 --> 02:10:04,900
Studio, where thousands of 
artists spent careers bringing 

2250
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:10,200
imagination to life frame, by 
painstaking frame, Walt Disney's

2251
02:10:10,200 --> 02:10:13,000
Legacy isn't just the company 
that bears, his name or the 

2252
02:10:13,008 --> 02:10:16,700
characters, he created all the 
parks that carry his philosophy.

2253
02:10:16,700 --> 02:10:20,700
It's the persistent slightly 
absurd, belief, that 

2254
02:10:20,700 --> 02:10:24,500
entertainment matters. 
That quality matters that what 

2255
02:10:24,500 --> 02:10:27,300
we create for families and 
children deserves the same care,

2256
02:10:27,300 --> 02:10:31,300
we'd give to anything else. 
That imagination properly 

2257
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:34,100
applied with enough persistence 
and attention to detail. 

2258
02:10:34,100 --> 02:10:39,100
Can transform drawings, into 
experiences, can turn swamps in 

2259
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:42,500
to destinations and can make 
mice in to icons. 

2260
02:10:43,700 --> 02:10:47,600
The optimism might seem naive 
from certain angles, the belief 

2261
02:10:47,600 --> 02:10:51,300
in Happy Endings unsophisticated
and the insistent on 

2262
02:10:51,300 --> 02:10:55,000
wholesomeness limiting. 
But there's something to be said

2263
02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:58,600
for people who spend their lives
trying to create Joy who believe

2264
02:10:58,600 --> 02:11:02,000
that careful craft matters even 
when shortcuts would be easier 

2265
02:11:02,000 --> 02:11:05,300
and who think that the world 
could use a little more magic 

2266
02:11:05,300 --> 02:11:08,800
and are willing to work brutally
hard to provide it. 

2267
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:10,800
Sleep. 
Well. 

2268
02:11:11,900 --> 02:11:15,400
Knowing that somewhere tonight. 
Children are watching. 

2269
02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:19,200
Mice, have Adventures. 
Families are walking down. 

2270
02:11:19,200 --> 02:11:21,800
Carefully. 
Maintained main streets designed

2271
02:11:21,800 --> 02:11:25,400
to feel like home and artists 
are learning their craft at 

2272
02:11:25,400 --> 02:11:26,300
schools. 
He helped establish. 

2273
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:30,800
The man who started by drawing 
on farmyard animals and ended by

2274
02:11:30,800 --> 02:11:34,900
reshaping entertainment is gone.
But the belief that drove him, 

2275
02:11:34,900 --> 02:11:39,600
the stories matter that craft 
matters, that imagination 

2276
02:11:39,600 --> 02:11:42,100
applied with enough, persistence
can actually change. 

2277
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:46,300
Things continues in ways, both 
obvious and subtle both 

2278
02:11:46,300 --> 02:11:49,800
commercial and cultural in 
theme, parks and film studios 

2279
02:11:49,800 --> 02:11:51,700
and animation departments 
worldwide. 

2280
02:11:51,700 --> 02:11:57,400
The castle stands, the mouse 
still smiles and somewhere. 

2281
02:11:57,400 --> 02:12:01,800
Someone is learning that dreams 
properly, pursued with enough 

2282
02:12:01,800 --> 02:12:05,500
coffee and stubborn refusal to 
accept conventional limitations.

2283
02:12:06,200 --> 02:12:10,100
Sometimes actually do come true.
Good night. 

2284
02:12:15,900 --> 02:12:19,200
Now, imagine this in that comfy 
bed of yours, your standing on 

2285
02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:21,600
the deck of research Festival. 
In the middle of the Pacific 

2286
02:12:21,600 --> 02:12:26,100
Ocean, 300 miles from the 
nearest land, it's just passed 

2287
02:12:26,100 --> 02:12:28,400
Dawn. 
And the water around you, is 

2288
02:12:28,400 --> 02:12:30,800
that particular shade of blue 
that doesn't exist? 

2289
02:12:30,800 --> 02:12:34,300
Anywhere else on Earth. 
Not the blue of swimming pools 

2290
02:12:34,300 --> 02:12:38,100
or tropical lagoons, but 
something deeper more honest. 

2291
02:12:38,100 --> 02:12:40,200
The kind of blew that makes you 
realize. 

2292
02:12:40,200 --> 02:12:42,300
The ocean isn't trying to be 
pretty for anyone. 

2293
02:12:42,900 --> 02:12:45,200
Below your feet. 
The ocean floor, lies nearly 

2294
02:12:45,200 --> 02:12:48,500
four miles down. 
If you could somehow drain all 

2295
02:12:48,500 --> 02:12:50,900
this water away, you'd be 
standing at the edge of a cliff 

2296
02:12:50,900 --> 02:12:53,500
that makes the Grand Canyon look
like a drainage ditch. 

2297
02:12:54,300 --> 02:12:56,100
But you can't see any of that 
from here. 

2298
02:12:56,100 --> 02:12:59,600
All you can see is the gentle 
roll of swells, that began 

2299
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:03,400
somewhere near New Zealand and 
will end eventually on a beach 

2300
02:13:03,400 --> 02:13:07,200
in California. 
The research submersible hangs 

2301
02:13:07,200 --> 02:13:10,000
from a crane. 
It's white Hull gleaming in the 

2302
02:13:10,008 --> 02:13:12,600
early light. 
It looks exactly like what it 

2303
02:13:12,600 --> 02:13:15,100
is. 
A very expensive, very 

2304
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:17,600
sophisticated metal ball with 
Windows. 

2305
02:13:18,500 --> 02:13:22,000
The head researcher a woman 
who's made this descent 17 times

2306
02:13:22,000 --> 02:13:24,300
checks her watch and nods to the
crew. 

2307
02:13:24,300 --> 02:13:26,300
You climb inside through a 
hatch. 

2308
02:13:26,300 --> 02:13:29,400
That is barely wide enough for 
your shoulders settle into a 

2309
02:13:29,400 --> 02:13:32,500
seat designed by someone who'd, 
apparently never met a human 

2310
02:13:32,500 --> 02:13:36,700
spine and watch as they see you 
in The Descent. 

2311
02:13:36,700 --> 02:13:39,400
Begins with all the drama of a 
grocery store elevator. 

2312
02:13:40,200 --> 02:13:42,500
For the first few minutes, 
you'll still in the zone where 

2313
02:13:42,500 --> 02:13:45,600
normal ocean things happen. 
The water is that luminous 

2314
02:13:45,600 --> 02:13:47,600
Caribbean Blue. 
That makes you understand why 

2315
02:13:47,600 --> 02:13:49,900
people pay thousands of dollars 
to go snorkeling. 

2316
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:54,400
Sunlight streams down in shafts 
that look almost solid as if you

2317
02:13:54,400 --> 02:13:59,100
could grab onto them, small fish
Dart past, the viewport species,

2318
02:13:59,100 --> 02:14:01,400
you might recognize from 
aquariums or fishing 

2319
02:14:01,400 --> 02:14:04,900
documentaries. 
The water is about 75 degrees, 

2320
02:14:04,900 --> 02:14:09,100
which is to say perfectly 
Pleasant the temperature of a 

2321
02:14:09,100 --> 02:14:12,400
bath, you would actually want to
get into at 50 feet down. 

2322
02:14:12,400 --> 02:14:16,000
You notice the first change, the
red wavelengths of light of 

2323
02:14:16,008 --> 02:14:18,500
vanished. 
If you'd brought a tomato with 

2324
02:14:18,500 --> 02:14:21,200
you which would be weird but 
bear with me, it would look. 

2325
02:14:21,200 --> 02:14:25,100
Black blood looks black down 
here too which is something that

2326
02:14:25,100 --> 02:14:28,400
surprises new divers when they 
cut themselves and see what 

2327
02:14:28,400 --> 02:14:30,400
appears to be ink leaking from 
their skin. 

2328
02:14:30,400 --> 02:14:32,900
The ocean is eating the color 
spectrum. 

2329
02:14:32,900 --> 02:14:36,400
One wavelength at a time, 
starting with the warm tones, 

2330
02:14:36,400 --> 02:14:39,500
the colors of fire and Sunset 
and everything humans 

2331
02:14:39,500 --> 02:14:41,800
traditionally associate with 
safety. 

2332
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:47,300
At 100 feet, the orange goes 
then yellow at 300 feet, which 

2333
02:14:47,300 --> 02:14:49,600
is about as deep as recreational
scuba divers. 

2334
02:14:49,600 --> 02:14:52,000
Ever go. 
And honestly, good for them, for

2335
02:14:52,000 --> 02:14:55,200
knowing their limits, the water 
is still relatively warm and 

2336
02:14:55,200 --> 02:14:58,100
still bright enough to read by. 
But already, you've descended 

2337
02:14:58,100 --> 02:15:00,800
farther than 99% of humans ever 
will. 

2338
02:15:00,800 --> 02:15:04,900
Now in a realm visited only by 
professional divers military 

2339
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:08,200
submarines and people who made 
some really interesting Life 

2340
02:15:08,200 --> 02:15:11,800
Choices. 600 feet the green 
wavelengths. 

2341
02:15:11,800 --> 02:15:15,600
Filter out the water around, you
is now entirely blue and purple.

2342
02:15:15,600 --> 02:15:18,900
The colors of bruises. 
And Twilight, the temperature 

2343
02:15:18,900 --> 02:15:22,400
has dropped to 50 degrees, which
doesn't sound that cold until 

2344
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:26,200
you remember that water conducts
heat away from your body 25 

2345
02:15:26,200 --> 02:15:30,200
times faster than are outside. 
This pressurized capsule 

2346
02:15:30,200 --> 02:15:34,100
hypothermia would be competing 
with nitrogen Narcosis for which

2347
02:15:34,100 --> 02:15:36,900
could kill you first. 
It would be a close race. 

2348
02:15:36,900 --> 02:15:40,000
This is the Twilight Zone 
officially called the 

2349
02:15:40,000 --> 02:15:44,000
mesopelagic but Twilight Zone, 
sounds much better and 

2350
02:15:44,000 --> 02:15:47,600
scientists appreciate a good 
name as much as anyone some 

2351
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:50,500
light still penetrates here but 
it's the kind of light that 

2352
02:15:50,500 --> 02:15:53,000
makes you squint that never 
quite feels like enough. 

2353
02:15:53,000 --> 02:15:56,400
If This Were a place on land it 
would be that moment just after 

2354
02:15:56,400 --> 02:15:59,300
Sunset when you're trying to 
decide if you should turn on the

2355
02:15:59,300 --> 02:16:01,800
headlights or if you can make it
home first. 

2356
02:16:02,700 --> 02:16:06,000
You definitely turn on the 
Headlights by a 1000 feet. 

2357
02:16:06,000 --> 02:16:08,800
Even the blue is starting to 
give up the water. 

2358
02:16:08,800 --> 02:16:11,400
Looks less like water and more 
like smoke. 

2359
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:14,500
Like your descending through 
some dense medium, that can't 

2360
02:16:14,500 --> 02:16:16,800
quite decide. 
What state of matter, it wants 

2361
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:19,500
to be the temperature is 45 
degrees. 

2362
02:16:19,500 --> 02:16:23,800
Now, outside the submersible, 
the pressure is roughly 45 times

2363
02:16:23,800 --> 02:16:27,100
what it is at the surface, which
means every square inch of your 

2364
02:16:27,100 --> 02:16:30,700
body would be experiencing 45 
pounds of force, the 

2365
02:16:30,700 --> 02:16:33,500
submersible's. 
Hull is 6 inches of titanium 

2366
02:16:33,500 --> 02:16:35,900
designed by people who stayed 
awake during their physics 

2367
02:16:35,900 --> 02:16:39,200
classes and you're suddenly very
grateful for their attention to 

2368
02:16:39,200 --> 02:16:42,700
detail a 2000 feet. 
You enter the midnight zone, the

2369
02:16:42,700 --> 02:16:45,000
Bethany, and the last of the 
light goes out. 

2370
02:16:45,799 --> 02:16:48,700
Not gradually not with any 
ceremony, just gone. 

2371
02:16:48,700 --> 02:16:52,700
You've been descending for about
40 minutes and now you're in. 

2372
02:16:52,700 --> 02:16:55,100
The kind of Darkness that City 
dwellers don't even have a 

2373
02:16:55,100 --> 02:16:57,900
reference. 
For, is not the darkness of a 

2374
02:16:57,900 --> 02:17:00,700
room with the lights off, where 
your eyes adjust, and you can 

2375
02:17:00,700 --> 02:17:02,500
still make out the shape of the 
furniture. 

2376
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:06,799
It's not the darkness of a rural
road at night where you still 

2377
02:17:06,799 --> 02:17:09,600
have Starlight. 
This is the darkness of being 

2378
02:17:09,600 --> 02:17:15,000
inside a mountain inside a cave.
Inside the Earth itself, the 

2379
02:17:15,000 --> 02:17:18,400
only light now comes from your 
submersible's external floods, 

2380
02:17:18,400 --> 02:17:22,200
which cut through the water and 
start white beams that make the 

2381
02:17:22,200 --> 02:17:24,799
darkness Beyond them seem even 
more absolute. 

2382
02:17:24,799 --> 02:17:28,500
And in those beams, you see them
particles. 

2383
02:17:28,500 --> 02:17:32,299
Millions upon millions of 
particles drifting down through 

2384
02:17:32,299 --> 02:17:34,700
the water, like the world's 
slowest snow storm. 

2385
02:17:34,700 --> 02:17:39,100
This is Marine snow the detritus
of the ocean surface. 

2386
02:17:39,100 --> 02:17:42,900
Everything that lived and died 
up where the Sunshine's now, 

2387
02:17:42,900 --> 02:17:45,200
making its long, slow Journey to
the bottom. 

2388
02:17:46,000 --> 02:17:49,600
Dead Plankton fragments of fish 
scales fecal. 

2389
02:17:49,600 --> 02:17:53,700
Pellets from whales sharks and 
sardines, bits of jellyfish, 

2390
02:17:53,700 --> 02:17:58,500
scraps of seaweed, The water is 
thick with Organic and fatty. 

2391
02:17:58,500 --> 02:18:01,799
Each spec representing something
that was once alive. 

2392
02:18:01,799 --> 02:18:04,600
In the world above. 
It takes weeks for this material

2393
02:18:04,600 --> 02:18:08,400
to drift down from the surface 
tumbling, end over end Through 

2394
02:18:08,400 --> 02:18:12,700
The Dark Water, getting smaller 
as bacteria, break it down and 

2395
02:18:12,700 --> 02:18:15,400
being eaten, and reenen by 
creatures that live at different

2396
02:18:15,400 --> 02:18:18,100
depths. 
This is what sustains the deep 

2397
02:18:18,100 --> 02:18:21,100
ocean leftovers from someone 
else's party. 

2398
02:18:21,900 --> 02:18:25,299
The temperature is 38 degrees. 
Now, if you could somehow step 

2399
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:29,400
outside which you absolutely 
cannot and should not even think

2400
02:18:29,400 --> 02:18:33,600
about the pressure would be 
approximately, 120 times what it

2401
02:18:33,600 --> 02:18:36,900
is at the surface, your lungs 
would collapse before you could 

2402
02:18:36,900 --> 02:18:39,700
even inhale your ear, drums 
would rupture. 

2403
02:18:40,700 --> 02:18:44,700
Gas spaces in your body would 
compress to nothing, it would be

2404
02:18:44,700 --> 02:18:47,100
to put it mildly a bad 
experience. 

2405
02:18:48,000 --> 02:18:52,299
At 3,000 feet your deeper than 
the vast majority of submarines 

2406
02:18:52,299 --> 02:18:54,299
ever. 
Go military vessels. 

2407
02:18:54,299 --> 02:18:58,299
Generally tap out around 2000 
feet because at some point, even

2408
02:18:58,299 --> 02:19:01,000
governments decide that 
discretion is the better part of

2409
02:19:01,008 --> 02:19:04,600
not being crushed like a soda, 
can you're now in a depth Zone 

2410
02:19:04,600 --> 02:19:07,900
visited, only by research 
vessels, certain species of 

2411
02:19:07,900 --> 02:19:11,600
whales that are frankly showing 
off and fish species that have 

2412
02:19:11,600 --> 02:19:13,600
never seen sunlight, and never 
will. 

2413
02:19:14,500 --> 02:19:18,400
The Marine snow continues, its 
endless drift, your submersible 

2414
02:19:18,400 --> 02:19:21,500
passes through clouds of it. 
And for a moment, you could 

2415
02:19:21,500 --> 02:19:24,100
almost convinced yourself. 
You're in a gentle, snowstorm 

2416
02:19:24,100 --> 02:19:28,500
maybe in Vermont, maybe anywhere
except three miles underwater in

2417
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:31,799
the Pacific, but then you see 
something move in the darkness, 

2418
02:19:31,799 --> 02:19:35,000
beyond your lights, something 
larger than the particles, 

2419
02:19:35,000 --> 02:19:38,100
something deliberate. 
And you remember exactly where 

2420
02:19:38,100 --> 02:19:42,700
you are, at 3500 feet, you've 
descended deeper than the 

2421
02:19:42,700 --> 02:19:46,008
Titanic rests. 
That ship took two and a half 

2422
02:19:46,016 --> 02:19:50,200
miles to reach the bottom and it
took 93 years before someone 

2423
02:19:50,200 --> 02:19:52,200
sent a submersible down to 
photograph. 

2424
02:19:52,200 --> 02:19:56,700
It, the water temperature is now
36 degrees just above freezing 

2425
02:19:56,700 --> 02:20:00,100
cold enough that you can see 
your breath inside the capsule. 

2426
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:04,300
Despite the heating system, the 
pressure is nearly 2000 pounds 

2427
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:08,600
per square inch at the surface, 
your body displaces about two 

2428
02:20:08,600 --> 02:20:12,400
gallons of air down here that 
same amount of air would fit in 

2429
02:20:12,400 --> 02:20:15,300
a tennis ball and still you keep
descending. 

2430
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:21,000
Still somehow this father to go 
the ocean, you realize is almost

2431
02:20:21,000 --> 02:20:25,500
incomprehensibly deep. 
If Mount Everest, all 29,000 

2432
02:20:25,500 --> 02:20:28,200
feet of, it were placed in the 
deepest part of the ocean. 

2433
02:20:28,200 --> 02:20:31,000
There would still be a mile of 
water of the summit. 

2434
02:20:31,000 --> 02:20:34,200
The average depth of the ocean 
is over 12,000 feet. 

2435
02:20:35,100 --> 02:20:38,100
Humans live on what amounts to 
Tiny dry Islands. 

2436
02:20:38,100 --> 02:20:42,500
Poking up through a global Water
envelope that covers 71% of the 

2437
02:20:42,500 --> 02:20:47,200
planet's surface. 
At 4,000 feet, your descent 

2438
02:20:47,200 --> 02:20:51,000
slows the seafloor is 
approaching, not the dramatic 

2439
02:20:51,000 --> 02:20:56,400
trenches but the abyssal plain 
the endless flat muddy expanse. 

2440
02:20:56,400 --> 02:20:59,300
That covers more of Earth's 
surface than all the continents 

2441
02:20:59,300 --> 02:21:02,700
combined your lights illuminate 
sediment, that hasn't been 

2442
02:21:02,700 --> 02:21:06,800
Disturbed in thousands of years 
fine, particles that settle over

2443
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:09,200
everything like dust on an 
abandoned house. 

2444
02:21:09,200 --> 02:21:12,500
The last photo on of sunlight 
that could theoretically Reach 

2445
02:21:12,500 --> 02:21:14,600
This depth gave up about two 
miles ago. 

2446
02:21:14,600 --> 02:21:19,400
You are now in a place of 
absolute Eternal Night as place,

2447
02:21:19,400 --> 02:21:23,000
where the sun is a rumor, where 
Darkness isn't the absence of 

2448
02:21:23,000 --> 02:21:27,100
light, but rather the default 
state of existence interrupted 

2449
02:21:27,100 --> 02:21:30,600
only by the bioluminescent 
flashes of creatures, making 

2450
02:21:30,600 --> 02:21:34,100
their own rules about 
illumination and yet, as your 

2451
02:21:34,100 --> 02:21:37,200
submersible, finally touches 
bottom, with a gentle bum and a 

2452
02:21:37,200 --> 02:21:41,000
puff of sediment, you see 
something moving, multiple, 

2453
02:21:41,000 --> 02:21:45,100
something's the ocean floor, 
supposedly, so Hostile to life 

2454
02:21:45,100 --> 02:21:48,700
is crawling with it, the fading 
of light, it turns out was just 

2455
02:21:48,700 --> 02:21:51,600
the beginning. 
First thing you notice about the

2456
02:21:51,600 --> 02:21:56,600
abyssal plain is how flat it is.
I mean, really genuinely flat in

2457
02:21:56,600 --> 02:21:59,900
a way that makes canvas look 
positively mountainous from your

2458
02:21:59,900 --> 02:22:02,900
viewport, the seafloor stretches
away in all directions. 

2459
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:06,200
Like a parking lot designed by 
someone with no imagination and 

2460
02:22:06,200 --> 02:22:09,800
unlimited space. 
The sediment is uniform, grey 

2461
02:22:09,800 --> 02:22:13,900
brown finest talcum powder and 
it appears to go on forever in 

2462
02:22:13,900 --> 02:22:17,300
every direction. 
The pressure outside is now 

2463
02:22:17,300 --> 02:22:21,400
around 6,000 pounds per square 
inch to put that in perspective.

2464
02:22:21,400 --> 02:22:25,600
If you could somehow stand on 
the sea floor, unprotected you'd

2465
02:22:25,600 --> 02:22:28,600
experience about 400 times. 
The pressure that's crushing 

2466
02:22:28,600 --> 02:22:31,300
your car tires. 
Right now, every square inch of 

2467
02:22:31,308 --> 02:22:33,900
your body would be supporting 
the weight of a small car. 

2468
02:22:34,800 --> 02:22:37,900
This is the kind of pressure 
that makes steel spheres Creak 

2469
02:22:37,900 --> 02:22:40,700
and groan. 
The kind of pressure that turned

2470
02:22:40,700 --> 02:22:44,200
the Titan submersible into 
compressed fragments in about 

2471
02:22:44,200 --> 02:22:48,000
four milliseconds during its 
ill-fated descent to the Titanic

2472
02:22:48,000 --> 02:22:51,600
you'll submersible. 
Thankfully was designed by 

2473
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:54,300
people who understood exactly 
what water pressure at depth 

2474
02:22:54,300 --> 02:22:57,000
means. 
The titanium Hull is thicker 

2475
02:22:57,000 --> 02:23:00,400
than your thigh with no straight
seams where stress could 

2476
02:23:00,400 --> 02:23:03,300
concentrate and no clever 
Corners were physics. 

2477
02:23:03,300 --> 02:23:06,400
Could gain a foothold, it's 
essentially a very sophisticated

2478
02:23:06,400 --> 02:23:10,500
ball because balls as it turns 
out a very good at handling on 

2479
02:23:10,500 --> 02:23:14,000
the directional pressure 
Submarines a cylindrical because

2480
02:23:14,000 --> 02:23:17,700
they need to move through water,
efficiently, submersibles that 

2481
02:23:17,708 --> 02:23:21,100
just need to not implode a 
spherical because spheres 

2482
02:23:21,100 --> 02:23:24,000
distribute stress evenly across 
their entire surface. 

2483
02:23:25,000 --> 02:23:28,000
The water temperature is 
stabilized at around 36 degrees 

2484
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:32,800
Fahrenheit just barely above 
freezing at this depth water 

2485
02:23:32,800 --> 02:23:35,800
actually becomes slightly more 
dense than it is at the surface 

2486
02:23:35,800 --> 02:23:39,300
compressed by its own weight 
into something that's not quite 

2487
02:23:39,300 --> 02:23:42,400
the H2O. 
You used to if you can examine 

2488
02:23:42,400 --> 02:23:45,700
it at the molecular level, you'd
see the water molecules packed 

2489
02:23:45,700 --> 02:23:48,700
together more tightly than they 
ever get in your glass at dinner

2490
02:23:48,700 --> 02:23:51,700
outside a creature swims. 
Past your viewport. 

2491
02:23:51,700 --> 02:23:53,900
Something that looks vaguely 
fish. 

2492
02:23:53,900 --> 02:23:56,400
Like if fish were designed by 
someone who'd only heard them 

2493
02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:58,200
described over a bad phone 
connection. 

2494
02:23:58,200 --> 02:24:02,600
It's about 8 inches long 
translucent with eyes that are 

2495
02:24:02,600 --> 02:24:05,200
disproportionately huge and 
teeth that are 

2496
02:24:05,200 --> 02:24:07,000
disproportionately pointier than
seems necessary. 

2497
02:24:07,000 --> 02:24:10,600
This is a bristle mouth. 
One of the most numerous 

2498
02:24:10,600 --> 02:24:13,200
vertebrates on Earth and you've 
probably never heard of it 

2499
02:24:13,200 --> 02:24:16,400
because it lives, where humans 
don't, there are more bristle 

2500
02:24:16,400 --> 02:24:19,700
mouths in the ocean and there 
are humans on land but they live

2501
02:24:19,700 --> 02:24:22,100
in a place. 
So removed from our experience 

2502
02:24:22,100 --> 02:24:24,300
that we barely acknowledge their
existence. 

2503
02:24:25,400 --> 02:24:28,900
The submersible's manipulator 
arm extends collecting a 

2504
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:32,100
sediment sample. 
The movement is excruciatingly 

2505
02:24:32,100 --> 02:24:33,900
slow. 
Because everything moves slowly 

2506
02:24:33,900 --> 02:24:38,400
down here, water at this depth 
has a viscosity about 60% higher

2507
02:24:38,400 --> 02:24:41,900
than at the surface, which means
pushing through it feels less 

2508
02:24:41,900 --> 02:24:45,200
like swimming and more like 
moving through cold honey. 

2509
02:24:46,200 --> 02:24:49,400
For the creatures that live here
speed is mostly irrelevant. 

2510
02:24:49,400 --> 02:24:54,400
Anyway, where exactly would they
hurry to a sea cucumber trundles

2511
02:24:54,400 --> 02:24:58,600
past and trundles is really the 
only appropriate verb It's 

2512
02:24:58,608 --> 02:25:01,000
moving at approximately the 
speed of erosion. 

2513
02:25:01,000 --> 02:25:04,300
One of those animals that make 
sloths look hyperactive. 

2514
02:25:04,300 --> 02:25:08,000
Sea cucumbers are essentially 
animated vacuum cleaners, 

2515
02:25:08,000 --> 02:25:11,500
crawling across the settlement 
and ingesting anything organic. 

2516
02:25:11,500 --> 02:25:15,800
They encounter they process, the
mud extract, whatever calories, 

2517
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:19,200
they can from the sparse, 
organic matter and excrete, 

2518
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:21,500
pellets of slightly, reorganized
mud. 

2519
02:25:21,500 --> 02:25:25,700
It's not glamorous, but it's a 
living Technically. 

2520
02:25:26,500 --> 02:25:30,300
Pressure affect everything down 
here in ways that seem almost 

2521
02:25:30,300 --> 02:25:31,900
designed to make life 
inconvenient. 

2522
02:25:33,100 --> 02:25:36,400
Gas bladders, which many fish 
used to control their buoyancy 

2523
02:25:36,400 --> 02:25:39,900
and shallow water, a completely 
useless at this depth. 

2524
02:25:40,500 --> 02:25:42,200
The pressure would compress them
to nothing. 

2525
02:25:43,000 --> 02:25:45,700
So the fish that live here, have
either given up on gas bladders 

2526
02:25:45,700 --> 02:25:49,000
entirely or replace them with 
deposits of lighter than water, 

2527
02:25:49,000 --> 02:25:51,800
oils that don't compress. 
It's the difference between 

2528
02:25:51,800 --> 02:25:55,100
trying to use a balloon for 
buoyancy versus using a chunk of

2529
02:25:55,100 --> 02:25:58,100
Styrofoam. 
One option adapts to pressure, 

2530
02:25:58,100 --> 02:26:01,600
the other just gets crushed, 
you'll submersible, drifts 

2531
02:26:01,600 --> 02:26:05,000
forward slowly, it's Motors 
barely audible as it hums 

2532
02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:08,900
through the hole in the distance
and distances weird down here 

2533
02:26:08,900 --> 02:26:10,500
because there are no reference 
points. 

2534
02:26:11,200 --> 02:26:13,600
You see a cluster of what looks 
like tube worms. 

2535
02:26:13,600 --> 02:26:16,900
Each one rising from the 
settlement like an abandoned 

2536
02:26:16,900 --> 02:26:19,500
Periscope. 
These are polyte worms. 

2537
02:26:19,500 --> 02:26:22,600
And they've constructed tubes 
from mucus and sediment 

2538
02:26:22,600 --> 02:26:25,400
particles. 
The extend their feathery 

2539
02:26:25,400 --> 02:26:29,100
feeding appendages in to the 
water, hoping to snag some of 

2540
02:26:29,100 --> 02:26:32,900
that Marine snow as it drifted 
past they've been growing for 

2541
02:26:32,900 --> 02:26:35,700
decades. 
Possibly centuries adding 

2542
02:26:35,700 --> 02:26:37,500
millimeters to their tubes. 
Each year. 

2543
02:26:37,500 --> 02:26:42,000
A rat tail fish appears at the 
edge of your lights named for 

2544
02:26:42,000 --> 02:26:45,900
its long, tapering tail. 
That looks exactly like you'd 

2545
02:26:45,900 --> 02:26:48,500
expect from the name. 
It hovers near the sea floor. 

2546
02:26:48,500 --> 02:26:51,100
Essentially waiting for 
something edible to wander by. 

2547
02:26:51,900 --> 02:26:55,000
Hunting down here isn't so much 
hunting as it is strategic 

2548
02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:56,900
loitering. 
With food. 

2549
02:26:56,900 --> 02:27:00,900
So scarce Predators can't afford
to waste energy, chasing prey, 

2550
02:27:00,900 --> 02:27:03,700
they Park themselves somewhere, 
promising and wait. 

2551
02:27:04,400 --> 02:27:07,900
Sometimes for days. 
The metabolic rate of deep sea 

2552
02:27:07,900 --> 02:27:11,900
fish is astonishingly low often.
Just two to three percent of 

2553
02:27:11,900 --> 02:27:15,500
what surface fish require. 
They've evolved to run on fumes.

2554
02:27:15,500 --> 02:27:19,100
The pressure means that simple 
biological processes. 

2555
02:27:19,100 --> 02:27:23,000
Work differently down here, cell
membranes, which are fluid at 

2556
02:27:23,000 --> 02:27:26,200
the surface would become rigid, 
and useless at this depth, 

2557
02:27:26,200 --> 02:27:30,100
except that deep sea organisms, 
have adapted their membrane 

2558
02:27:30,100 --> 02:27:33,400
lipids to stay flexible. 
Under Pressure proteins, that 

2559
02:27:33,400 --> 02:27:36,200
would denature and fall apart in
shallow water, fish have been 

2560
02:27:36,208 --> 02:27:39,600
modified with subtle molecular 
changes that make them stable 

2561
02:27:39,600 --> 02:27:42,000
Under Pressure. 
This like comparing a house 

2562
02:27:42,000 --> 02:27:45,300
built for California versus a 
house built for Alaska, same 

2563
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:48,100
basic structure, different 
engineering requirements. 

2564
02:27:48,900 --> 02:27:51,500
You notice something odd about 
the fish that passed through 

2565
02:27:51,500 --> 02:27:53,800
your light. 
Many of them appear to be 

2566
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:57,600
melting, not literally, but 
their flesh has a weird 

2567
02:27:57,600 --> 02:28:01,400
gelatinous quality. 
A translucent that makes them 

2568
02:28:01,400 --> 02:28:03,700
look like their made of 
partially set jello. 

2569
02:28:04,400 --> 02:28:09,100
This isn't diseased or damaged 
its adaptation at these depths 

2570
02:28:09,100 --> 02:28:13,200
where food is scarce and every 
calorie counts maintaining a 

2571
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:15,500
dense. 
Muscular body is a waste of 

2572
02:28:15,508 --> 02:28:18,100
resources. 
These fish have essentially 

2573
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:21,900
given up on structural Integrity
in favor of energy conservation.

2574
02:28:21,900 --> 02:28:24,000
They're built like water 
balloons. 

2575
02:28:24,000 --> 02:28:27,100
Because down here, there's no 
evolutionary pressure to be 

2576
02:28:27,100 --> 02:28:30,600
streamlined or sturdy. 
There are no fast currents to 

2577
02:28:30,600 --> 02:28:34,000
fight against no Predators fast 
enough to make fleeing worth 

2578
02:28:34,000 --> 02:28:38,100
while an isopod crawls the 
settlement, a creature that 

2579
02:28:38,100 --> 02:28:41,300
looks distressingly like a pill 
bug that got into the steroids 

2580
02:28:41,300 --> 02:28:45,400
is about 10 inches long, armored
and moving with the deliberation

2581
02:28:45,400 --> 02:28:48,600
of something that has nowhere to
be in an eternity to get there. 

2582
02:28:49,400 --> 02:28:53,100
Giant isopods are scavengers the
vultures of the deep ocean. 

2583
02:28:53,100 --> 02:28:57,400
They can go years without eating
their metabolism, slowed to a 

2584
02:28:57,400 --> 02:28:58,900
level at barely qualifies as 
life. 

2585
02:28:58,900 --> 02:29:02,600
When a whale carcass or large 
fish drops to the sea floor, 

2586
02:29:02,600 --> 02:29:05,600
they congregate in numbers that 
would make a horror movie 

2587
02:29:05,600 --> 02:29:08,200
direct. 
A weep with joy, stripping the 

2588
02:29:08,200 --> 02:29:11,300
remains down to Bare Bones over 
the course of months. 

2589
02:29:12,100 --> 02:29:15,400
The submersible sonar pings 
mapping the sea floor around 

2590
02:29:15,400 --> 02:29:18,400
you. 
The sound travels strangely down

2591
02:29:18,400 --> 02:29:20,500
here. 
Water pressure, affects the 

2592
02:29:20,500 --> 02:29:23,500
speed of sound. 
Making it travel about 3% faster

2593
02:29:23,500 --> 02:29:26,100
than at the surface. 
But more interesting is what the

2594
02:29:26,100 --> 02:29:30,100
sonar reveals the abyssal plain 
isn't quite as flat as it 

2595
02:29:30,100 --> 02:29:32,300
appeared. 
There are subtle variations 

2596
02:29:32,300 --> 02:29:36,200
gentle Hills and Valleys 
measured in meters and features 

2597
02:29:36,200 --> 02:29:39,700
that took millions of years to 
form a sediment accumulated 

2598
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:42,400
grain by grain Century by 
Century. 

2599
02:29:42,400 --> 02:29:46,100
You'll see in a place where 
sediment accumulates at roughly 

2600
02:29:46,100 --> 02:29:48,600
one, centimeter every Thousand 
Years. 

2601
02:29:49,500 --> 02:29:52,900
The mud directly beneath your 
submersible is there for older 

2602
02:29:52,900 --> 02:29:57,500
than human civilization, older 
than agriculture older than the 

2603
02:29:57,500 --> 02:30:00,700
last ice age. 
Your resting on layers of time 

2604
02:30:00,700 --> 02:30:04,000
compressed into geology. 
Each stratum representing 

2605
02:30:04,000 --> 02:30:08,500
Millennia of marine snow slowly 
drifting down and settling a 

2606
02:30:08,500 --> 02:30:10,900
Grenadier. 
Fish swims past and other deep 

2607
02:30:10,900 --> 02:30:13,400
sea wrestling with the large 
head and tapering body. 

2608
02:30:13,400 --> 02:30:15,800
The scene to be standard issued 
down here. 

2609
02:30:16,600 --> 02:30:20,800
Its eyes are huge and dark 
adapted to detect the faintest 

2610
02:30:20,800 --> 02:30:24,400
bioluminescent flashes. 
Those eyes can't form clear 

2611
02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:26,400
images. 
There's not enough light for 

2612
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:29,900
that but they're extraordinarily
sensitive to movement and dim 

2613
02:30:29,900 --> 02:30:32,100
glows. 
The grenadiers essentially, 

2614
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:35,900
navigating by glimpses and 
suggestions piecing together a 

2615
02:30:35,900 --> 02:30:38,400
picture of its World from 
fragments of light that wouldn't

2616
02:30:38,400 --> 02:30:42,200
register to humanize at all. 
The pressure outside continues 

2617
02:30:42,200 --> 02:30:45,200
to press against the 
submersible's hull, the force of

2618
02:30:45,200 --> 02:30:48,400
several million pounds. 
The titanium flexes 

2619
02:30:48,400 --> 02:30:52,600
microscopically Distributing the
stress inside your comfortable 

2620
02:30:52,600 --> 02:30:56,000
at one atmosphere of pressure. 
The same as a nice spring day at

2621
02:30:56,000 --> 02:30:58,900
sea level. 
But between you, and the ocean 

2622
02:30:58,900 --> 02:31:03,200
floor is just 6 inches of metal 
and Engineering Beyond which the

2623
02:31:03,200 --> 02:31:05,300
pressure is sufficient to 
compress bone. 

2624
02:31:05,300 --> 02:31:09,300
A jellyfish drifts past though, 
calling it a jellyfish is 

2625
02:31:09,308 --> 02:31:11,800
generous. 
It's more like a translucent 

2626
02:31:11,800 --> 02:31:15,000
blob with tentacles. 
So delicate it looks like it 

2627
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:17,000
might come apart. 
If you looked at it too hard, 

2628
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:21,700
these deep sea jellies are about
95% water with just enough, 

2629
02:31:21,700 --> 02:31:25,500
biology to qualify as alive. 
They drift through the darkness 

2630
02:31:25,500 --> 02:31:29,000
trailing tentacles that can 
extend for 20 or 30 feet, 

2631
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:33,000
waiting for something small and 
unlucky to blunder into them 

2632
02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:36,800
when they capture prey, which 
happens rarely based on how thin

2633
02:31:36,800 --> 02:31:40,100
these jellies are, they digested
over the course of weeks. 

2634
02:31:40,100 --> 02:31:43,800
Everything happens in slow 
motion down here, the weight of 

2635
02:31:43,808 --> 02:31:47,400
water shapes everything at this 
depth, it determines body 

2636
02:31:47,400 --> 02:31:51,800
structure hunting, strategies 
reproduction and even the 

2637
02:31:51,800 --> 02:31:55,200
chemistry of life itself, 
Creatures here have evolved 

2638
02:31:55,200 --> 02:31:59,100
Under Pressure literal, physical
pressure that would kill surface

2639
02:31:59,100 --> 02:32:02,700
organisms instantly, they've 
sold engineering problems. 

2640
02:32:02,700 --> 02:32:05,800
That human Engineers struggle 
with and they've done it, not 

2641
02:32:05,800 --> 02:32:09,800
through intelligence or design. 
But through the simple brutal 

2642
02:32:09,800 --> 02:32:14,200
process of trying, everything. 
Keeping what works discarding? 

2643
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:17,400
What doesn't and repeating for 
50 million years. 

2644
02:32:17,400 --> 02:32:21,300
Your light sweep across the 
settlement and something catches

2645
02:32:21,300 --> 02:32:24,300
your eye. 
Tracks long. 

2646
02:32:24,300 --> 02:32:28,000
Parallel grooves in the mud 
leading off into the darkness. 

2647
02:32:28,800 --> 02:32:32,400
Something walked here recently, 
recently being a relative term 

2648
02:32:32,400 --> 02:32:35,500
when sediment takes Millennia to
settle, the tracks could be 

2649
02:32:35,500 --> 02:32:39,400
hours old or decades old. 
Time moves differently when the 

2650
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:42,000
environment changes. 
So slowly that centuries are 

2651
02:32:42,000 --> 02:32:45,100
barely noticeable. 
The submersible begins to rise 

2652
02:32:45,100 --> 02:32:48,100
ascending slowly from the 
abyssal plain toward the next 

2653
02:32:48,100 --> 02:32:51,600
leg of your journey. 
As you lift away from the sea 

2654
02:32:51,600 --> 02:32:54,700
floor, you take one last. 
Look at that uniform muddy 

2655
02:32:54,700 --> 02:32:56,900
expanse. 
It looks lifeless. 

2656
02:32:56,900 --> 02:33:00,500
Barren a place where nothing 
should exist. 

2657
02:33:00,500 --> 02:33:05,200
And yet impossibly life, 
persists, Adapted to pressure, 

2658
02:33:05,200 --> 02:33:08,000
that would crush submarines 
cold, that would kill in minutes

2659
02:33:08,000 --> 02:33:12,500
and darkness, That Never Ends 
like persists because life is 

2660
02:33:12,500 --> 02:33:16,000
stubborn that way, because 
chemistry finds paths even under

2661
02:33:16,000 --> 02:33:18,100
6,000 pounds, per square inch of
water. 

2662
02:33:19,200 --> 02:33:22,200
The weight of water, doesn't end
a life, it just changes. 

2663
02:33:22,200 --> 02:33:26,900
The terms a thermometer on your 
instrument panel reads, 35.7 

2664
02:33:26,900 --> 02:33:30,400
degrees Fahrenheit. 
This isn't the kind of cold that

2665
02:33:30,400 --> 02:33:33,500
makes you put on a sweater. 
This is the kind of cold that 

2666
02:33:33,500 --> 02:33:37,700
permeates everything that seeps 
into molecular structures and 

2667
02:33:37,700 --> 02:33:40,100
slows chemical reactions to 
accrual. 

2668
02:33:40,900 --> 02:33:44,300
This is cold. 
That has lasted unchanged for 

2669
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:47,100
millions of years. 
Here's something that will 

2670
02:33:47,100 --> 02:33:50,700
reorganize your perspective. 
Deep ocean doesn't really do 

2671
02:33:50,700 --> 02:33:54,500
seasons while the surface might 
warm in summer, and cool in 

2672
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:58,500
Winter down here at 12,000 feet.
The temperature has been 

2673
02:33:58,508 --> 02:34:01,500
essentially constant since long 
before, humans started 

2674
02:34:01,500 --> 02:34:05,800
recording, whether the Ice Age 
came and went, massive glaciers 

2675
02:34:05,800 --> 02:34:08,900
covered half of Europe, and 
North America melted reformed 

2676
02:34:08,900 --> 02:34:12,700
and melted again and down here. 
The temperature may be changed 

2677
02:34:12,700 --> 02:34:17,000
by half a degree. 
Maybe this stability is both a 

2678
02:34:17,000 --> 02:34:19,500
blessing and a curse for deep 
sea life. 

2679
02:34:20,500 --> 02:34:24,200
The blessing is predictability 
organisms, don't need to adapt 

2680
02:34:24,200 --> 02:34:27,300
to temperature swings, don't 
need to prepare for winter or 

2681
02:34:27,300 --> 02:34:30,700
endure summer, heat waves, the 
curse is that they've become. 

2682
02:34:30,700 --> 02:34:34,200
So specialized for coal that 
even minor temperatures would be

2683
02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:36,800
catastrophic. 
These creatures are like people 

2684
02:34:36,800 --> 02:34:39,400
who've only ever lived in one 
climate, their entire lives 

2685
02:34:39,400 --> 02:34:42,700
who've built every aspect of 
their biology around. 

2686
02:34:42,700 --> 02:34:46,500
Specific environmental 
conditions, a squid Glides past 

2687
02:34:46,500 --> 02:34:49,400
your viewport, its body about 
two feet long arms trailing 

2688
02:34:49,400 --> 02:34:52,200
behind in warmer water. 
A squid. 

2689
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:54,700
This size would be darting 
around changing colors 

2690
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,800
demonstrating, the kind of 
hyperactive energy that makes 

2691
02:34:57,800 --> 02:35:02,100
squid both fascinating and 
exhausting to watch this one 

2692
02:35:02,100 --> 02:35:05,600
moves like its swimming through 
molasses, which in a sense it is

2693
02:35:05,600 --> 02:35:08,700
give the viscosity of cold 
pressurized water. 

2694
02:35:08,700 --> 02:35:12,400
Its metabolism runs at a 
fraction of the speed of its 

2695
02:35:12,400 --> 02:35:15,900
surface dwelling cousins, where 
a coastal squid, might live two 

2696
02:35:15,900 --> 02:35:17,600
years. 
This one could live 20 

2697
02:35:18,800 --> 02:35:21,400
Everything happens slower. 
When you're running your biology

2698
02:35:21,400 --> 02:35:25,500
on economy mode, the cold 
effects proteins in fascinating 

2699
02:35:25,500 --> 02:35:27,500
ways. 
As surface temperatures, 

2700
02:35:27,500 --> 02:35:31,500
proteins are flexible Dynamic 
molecules that fold and unfold 

2701
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:35,800
bind to things and release them 
and generally act like the busy 

2702
02:35:35,800 --> 02:35:39,600
little molecular machines they 
are But cold makes molecules 

2703
02:35:39,600 --> 02:35:42,700
sluggish. 
It reduces the kinetic energy 

2704
02:35:42,700 --> 02:35:46,100
available for chemical 
reactions. so, deep-sea 

2705
02:35:46,100 --> 02:35:49,500
organisms produce proteins that 
are specifically adapted to work

2706
02:35:49,500 --> 02:35:52,700
at low temperatures proteins. 
That would actually stop 

2707
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:55,200
functioning properly. 
If you warm them up, these 

2708
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:58,700
creatures would be poisoned by 
warm water, not because heat 

2709
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:02,900
itself is toxic, but because 
their entire biochemistry would 

2710
02:36:02,900 --> 02:36:07,500
stop working correctly. 
Fish swims past that appears to 

2711
02:36:07,500 --> 02:36:11,800
have antifreeze in its blood, 
which as it turns out, it does 

2712
02:36:11,800 --> 02:36:16,200
many deep sea fish produce 
anti-freeze protein molecules. 

2713
02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:18,900
That prevent ice crystals from 
forming in their tissues. 

2714
02:36:19,700 --> 02:36:23,500
Now, you might reasonably point 
out that 36 degrees is above 

2715
02:36:23,500 --> 02:36:25,300
freezing. 
So why would they need 

2716
02:36:25,300 --> 02:36:27,500
antifreeze? 
Excellent question. 

2717
02:36:27,500 --> 02:36:30,700
The answer is that these 
pressures the freezing point of 

2718
02:36:30,700 --> 02:36:34,400
water drops slightly also fish 
body fluids have a lower 

2719
02:36:34,400 --> 02:36:37,300
freezing point than pure water 
anyway because they contain 

2720
02:36:37,300 --> 02:36:40,300
salts and proteins. 
But some deep sea fish, have 

2721
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:44,200
added an extra margin of safety 
producing glyco proteins that 

2722
02:36:44,200 --> 02:36:47,200
bind to any ice crystals that 
start to form and prevent them 

2723
02:36:47,200 --> 02:36:50,700
from growing. 
Biological insurance against a 

2724
02:36:50,700 --> 02:36:52,900
catastrophe that might occur 
once in a million years. 

2725
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:57,000
The cold also means that 
decomposition happens at a 

2726
02:36:57,000 --> 02:37:00,600
geological pace. 
When a fish dies in warm surface

2727
02:37:00,600 --> 02:37:03,300
water bacteria break it down 
within days. 

2728
02:37:03,300 --> 02:37:07,200
Down here that same fish might 
remain relatively intact for 

2729
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:10,700
months or even years. 
The cold slows bacterial 

2730
02:37:10,700 --> 02:37:13,100
metabolism, just like it slows, 
everything else. 

2731
02:37:14,000 --> 02:37:17,100
This has interesting 
implications the deep ocean is 

2732
02:37:17,100 --> 02:37:20,500
in effect. 
A preservation chamber, whale 

2733
02:37:20,500 --> 02:37:24,000
carcasses can remain on the sea 
floor for decades slowly being 

2734
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:27,900
consumed by a succession of 
Specialists organic matter, that

2735
02:37:27,900 --> 02:37:29,400
would vanish quickly and warm 
water. 

2736
02:37:29,400 --> 02:37:33,100
Persists providing a long-term 
food source for the scavengers 

2737
02:37:33,100 --> 02:37:36,700
patient enough to find it, your 
light, Illuminator cluster of 

2738
02:37:36,700 --> 02:37:40,000
amphipods, small Crustaceans 
that look like swimming commas 

2739
02:37:40,000 --> 02:37:44,000
clustered around what appears to
be a fragment of something 

2740
02:37:44,000 --> 02:37:47,600
organic could be fish flesh. 
Could be whale. 

2741
02:37:47,600 --> 02:37:50,800
Blubber could be the remains of 
a jellyfish that died at the 

2742
02:37:50,800 --> 02:37:54,200
surface 6 months ago and finally
drifted down here. 

2743
02:37:54,200 --> 02:37:57,800
The amphipods are eating it with
the enthusiasm of people who 

2744
02:37:57,800 --> 02:38:00,600
aren't sure when their lead 
again because they genuinely 

2745
02:38:00,600 --> 02:38:02,200
aren't sure when their lead 
again. 

2746
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:06,400
Food is so scarce down here, 
that finding a meal is an event 

2747
02:38:06,400 --> 02:38:09,100
worth documenting. 
The submersible's external 

2748
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:12,800
sensors record, the water 
salinity, dissolved, oxygen 

2749
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:16,800
levels and Trace chemical 
composition, the oxygen content 

2750
02:38:16,800 --> 02:38:20,500
is surprisingly, High cold water
holds more dissolved oxygen than

2751
02:38:20,500 --> 02:38:23,900
warm water which is one of the 
few advantages of operating in 

2752
02:38:23,900 --> 02:38:27,200
what amounts, to a natural 
refrigerator many deep sea 

2753
02:38:27,200 --> 02:38:30,200
organisms have evolved large 
Gill surfaces to extract that 

2754
02:38:30,200 --> 02:38:33,200
oxygen efficiently. 
Because while there's plenty of 

2755
02:38:33,200 --> 02:38:35,900
oxygen available, the cold 
temperature means their 

2756
02:38:35,900 --> 02:38:37,700
metabolic Machinery Works 
slowly. 

2757
02:38:37,700 --> 02:38:43,100
So they need to maximize intake 
a comb jelly drifts past is rows

2758
02:38:43,100 --> 02:38:44,800
of cilia. 
Creating those characteristic 

2759
02:38:44,800 --> 02:38:46,800
rainbow ripples as they catch 
your light. 

2760
02:38:47,800 --> 02:38:50,600
Comb jellies are among the most 
alien looking creatures in the 

2761
02:38:50,608 --> 02:38:53,300
ocean. 
All translucent geometry and 

2762
02:38:53,300 --> 02:38:56,200
flowing movement. 
This one is about the size of 

2763
02:38:56,200 --> 02:38:58,700
your fist, pulsing slowly 
through the water. 

2764
02:38:59,700 --> 02:39:03,400
And warm surface waters comb, 
jellies can swim with surprising

2765
02:39:03,400 --> 02:39:07,500
speed, their cilia beating 
rapidly, this one moves like its

2766
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:11,800
underwater which okay it is 
underwater but you know what I 

2767
02:39:11,800 --> 02:39:14,500
mean. 
It moves like its underwater, 

2768
02:39:14,500 --> 02:39:19,000
even for something underwater 
slow dream-like. 

2769
02:39:19,000 --> 02:39:23,000
As if swimming Through Time 
rather than water, the cold has 

2770
02:39:23,000 --> 02:39:25,700
another effect that scientists 
didn't fully appreciate until 

2771
02:39:25,700 --> 02:39:30,500
recently. 
It affects intelligents Many 

2772
02:39:30,500 --> 02:39:33,800
deep sea fish have smaller 
brains relative to their body 

2773
02:39:33,800 --> 02:39:36,800
size than surface fish. 
This isn't because they're 

2774
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:39,900
stupid will they might be but 
that's not the point. 

2775
02:39:39,900 --> 02:39:42,700
Brain tissue is metabolically 
expensive. 

2776
02:39:42,700 --> 02:39:47,700
Requiring significant energy to 
maintain in an environment where

2777
02:39:47,700 --> 02:39:51,500
food is scarce and metabolism is
slow maintaining a large. 

2778
02:39:51,500 --> 02:39:54,100
Brain is a luxury, few species 
can afford. 

2779
02:39:55,100 --> 02:39:58,500
So deep sea fish, have evolved 
to operate on minimal, neural 

2780
02:39:58,500 --> 02:40:01,900
Hardware, like running a modern 
computer on a processor from 

2781
02:40:01,900 --> 02:40:05,500
1995, it works, but don't expect
miracles. 

2782
02:40:05,500 --> 02:40:09,900
A CQ cumber crosses the sediment
with the urgency of a glacier 

2783
02:40:09,900 --> 02:40:12,400
SECU. 
Numbers are basically the Roomba

2784
02:40:12,400 --> 02:40:15,500
vacuum cleaners of the depot 
potion, except slower and less 

2785
02:40:15,500 --> 02:40:18,800
intelligent, which is saying 
something give them that roombas

2786
02:40:18,800 --> 02:40:20,500
regularly gets stuck on 
shoelaces. 

2787
02:40:20,500 --> 02:40:24,600
This particular specimen is 
about a foot long, dark brown, 

2788
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:28,500
and covered in small per PA that
might serve some function or 

2789
02:40:28,500 --> 02:40:29,800
might just be a long for the 
ride. 

2790
02:40:30,600 --> 02:40:33,700
Processing said, sediment 
extracting whatever Trace 

2791
02:40:33,700 --> 02:40:36,400
organic matter. 
It can find and leaving behind 

2792
02:40:36,400 --> 02:40:38,300
neat, little piles of waste 
pellets. 

2793
02:40:39,100 --> 02:40:42,600
In cold water, this process 
takes even longer than it would 

2794
02:40:42,600 --> 02:40:45,600
in warm water. 
This CQ cumber, might move, 10 

2795
02:40:45,600 --> 02:40:48,600
feet in a day and considerate, a
productive outing. 

2796
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:52,400
The cold also affects 
reproduction in ways that seem 

2797
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:54,500
almost designed to frustrate the
animals. 

2798
02:40:54,500 --> 02:40:58,800
Involved many deep sea species, 
reach sexual maturity slowly. 

2799
02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:01,100
We're talking years or even 
decades. 

2800
02:41:01,100 --> 02:41:05,400
The anglerfish you saw earlier 
with its bioluminescent lure. 

2801
02:41:06,200 --> 02:41:08,800
It might not be ready to mate 
until it's 15 years old. 

2802
02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:12,700
Compared that to surface fish 
species that reach maturity in 

2803
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:15,200
months. 
The cold temperature slows 

2804
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:18,700
growth rates, delays 
development, and generally makes

2805
02:41:18,700 --> 02:41:20,400
the entire process of 
reproduction. 

2806
02:41:20,400 --> 02:41:24,700
An investment that requires 
serious long-term planning, a 

2807
02:41:24,700 --> 02:41:26,100
Dumbo octopus. 
Appears at the edge of your 

2808
02:41:26,100 --> 02:41:28,800
lights named for the ear like 
fins on its head. 

2809
02:41:28,800 --> 02:41:31,400
That make it look like Disney's 
elephant, had a really strange 

2810
02:41:31,400 --> 02:41:35,300
evolutionary pathway Dumbo 
octopuses live at depths ranging

2811
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:39,500
from 10,000 to 20,000 feet, 
making them some of the deepest 

2812
02:41:39,500 --> 02:41:42,500
living octopuses known. 
They hover just above the sea 

2813
02:41:42,500 --> 02:41:44,400
floor. 
Flapping those ear fins and slow

2814
02:41:44,400 --> 02:41:46,700
motion. 
Looking for small worms and 

2815
02:41:46,700 --> 02:41:49,800
Crustaceans. 
Everything about this octopus 

2816
02:41:49,800 --> 02:41:53,800
says low energy lifestyle. 
It doesn't jet around like, its 

2817
02:41:53,800 --> 02:41:56,900
shallow water cousins, it 
doesn't change color rapidly, 

2818
02:41:56,900 --> 02:41:59,500
its chromatophores. 
Like, Lee works sluggishly at 

2819
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:03,300
this temperature, it's simply 
drifts along occasionally, 

2820
02:42:03,300 --> 02:42:05,900
extending an arm to grab 
something edible then. 

2821
02:42:06,100 --> 02:42:09,100
Continuing its endless slow 
motion of the Abyss. 

2822
02:42:09,100 --> 02:42:14,100
The submersible's heating system
kicks on with a quiet hum inside

2823
02:42:14,100 --> 02:42:16,200
your comfortable at about 68 
degrees. 

2824
02:42:16,200 --> 02:42:19,800
But the cold outside is 
constantly trying to infiltrate 

2825
02:42:19,800 --> 02:42:23,800
conducting through the titanium 
Hull, despite the insulation. 

2826
02:42:23,800 --> 02:42:27,200
It's a reminder that you're 
essentially sitting in a warm 

2827
02:42:27,200 --> 02:42:30,300
bubble, surrounded by a cold 
that has persisted longer than 

2828
02:42:30,300 --> 02:42:33,700
our species has existed. 
Scientists have discovered that 

2829
02:42:33,700 --> 02:42:36,900
many deep sea organisms produce 
what are called, cold shock 

2830
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:41,200
proteins molecules that help 
stabilize other proteins at low 

2831
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:44,200
temperatures preventing them 
from folding incorrectly or 

2832
02:42:44,200 --> 02:42:47,600
aggregating into useless clumps.
It's like having molecular 

2833
02:42:47,600 --> 02:42:50,300
chaperones that make sure all 
the other proteins, maintain 

2834
02:42:50,300 --> 02:42:52,400
their shapes and keep doing 
their jobs. 

2835
02:42:52,400 --> 02:42:56,500
Despite working in what amounts 
to a giant underwater freezer, a

2836
02:42:56,500 --> 02:42:59,100
jellyfish of truly impressive 
size, appears ahead of you. 

2837
02:42:59,100 --> 02:43:04,000
Its Bell is at least three feet 
across translucent, with dozens 

2838
02:43:04,000 --> 02:43:06,600
of tentacles trailing behind it.
Like Streamers. 

2839
02:43:06,600 --> 02:43:10,900
This is a deep sea Medusa and 
it's probably been drifting 

2840
02:43:10,900 --> 02:43:15,300
through these cold waters for 
years growing slowly, capturing,

2841
02:43:15,300 --> 02:43:18,200
whatever small creatures are. 
Unlucky enough to brush against 

2842
02:43:18,200 --> 02:43:20,900
its stinging tentacles in warm 
water. 

2843
02:43:20,900 --> 02:43:23,400
A jellyfish. 
This size might live for a few 

2844
02:43:23,408 --> 02:43:28,000
months in the cold devotion. 
It could assist for decades its 

2845
02:43:28,000 --> 02:43:30,600
tissues breaking down. 
So slowly that time becomes 

2846
02:43:30,600 --> 02:43:34,500
almost irrelevant, the cold 
doesn't just slow life down, it 

2847
02:43:34,500 --> 02:43:38,600
changes the entire strategy. 
Surface dwelling organisms, live

2848
02:43:38,600 --> 02:43:41,800
fast reproduce quickly and die 
young. 

2849
02:43:42,700 --> 02:43:47,100
Deep sea organisms, live slowly 
reproduce rarely, and persist 

2850
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:50,300
for decades or centuries. 
It's the difference between a 

2851
02:43:50,300 --> 02:43:52,000
sprinter and an Ultra 
marathoner. 

2852
02:43:52,700 --> 02:43:56,400
Between burning bright and 
burning long, your submersible 

2853
02:43:56,400 --> 02:43:59,900
can continue its journey across 
the abyssal, plain through 

2854
02:43:59,900 --> 02:44:02,100
water, that has been cold since 
before. 

2855
02:44:02,100 --> 02:44:05,000
There were humans to feel cold 
through an environment. 

2856
02:44:05,000 --> 02:44:08,700
So stable that Evolution here 
happens, even more slowly than 

2857
02:44:08,700 --> 02:44:10,700
usual. 
The organisms around. 

2858
02:44:10,700 --> 02:44:14,600
You aren't surviving the cold. 
They've transcended it becoming 

2859
02:44:14,600 --> 02:44:17,600
so perfectly adapted to it. 
That the cold is simply their 

2860
02:44:17,600 --> 02:44:20,100
default State. 
The only temperature they've 

2861
02:44:20,100 --> 02:44:24,900
ever known or could tolerate the
thermometer still reads 35.7 

2862
02:44:24,900 --> 02:44:28,900
degrees. 
It will read 35.7 degrees 1000 

2863
02:44:28,900 --> 02:44:33,300
years from now, 100,000 years 
from now, the cold that Outlast 

2864
02:44:33,300 --> 02:44:36,200
ice ages, doesn't fluctuate, 
doesn't change. 

2865
02:44:36,200 --> 02:44:38,400
And doesn't care about what's 
happening on the surface. 

2866
02:44:38,400 --> 02:44:43,800
It simply persists patient and 
eternal shaping life into forms 

2867
02:44:43,800 --> 02:44:48,500
that moves slowly think slowly 
grows slowly and endure. 

2868
02:44:48,500 --> 02:44:51,600
Your hovering about 50 feet 
above the abyssal plain. 

2869
02:44:51,600 --> 02:44:54,500
And you haven't seen anything. 
Eat anything else for the past 

2870
02:44:54,500 --> 02:44:58,200
45 minutes. 
This it turns out is completely 

2871
02:44:58,200 --> 02:45:01,500
normal down here. 
Food isn't scarce, it's 

2872
02:45:01,500 --> 02:45:04,100
essentially theoretical. 
It's something, you've heard 

2873
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:06,700
exists, something your 
grandparents mentioned, once 

2874
02:45:06,700 --> 02:45:10,200
something you might encounter at
some point before you die of old

2875
02:45:10,200 --> 02:45:13,000
age. 
The Marine snow continues, its 

2876
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:16,100
endless drift downward. 
And now, you understand why they

2877
02:45:16,100 --> 02:45:18,700
call it that, it really does 
look like snow. 

2878
02:45:18,700 --> 02:45:22,000
Except the snow falls at roughly
three to four miles per hour. 

2879
02:45:22,800 --> 02:45:26,200
This stuff this Falls at about 
four feet per day. 

2880
02:45:27,200 --> 02:45:30,700
A particle leaving the surface. 
Today won't reach this depth for

2881
02:45:30,700 --> 02:45:33,600
about a month and a half. 
And by the time it gets here, 

2882
02:45:33,600 --> 02:45:36,600
it's been picked over by every 
hungry creature at every depth 

2883
02:45:36,600 --> 02:45:40,300
along the way what reaches the 
abyssal plain is basically the 

2884
02:45:40,300 --> 02:45:43,200
crumbs from someone else's 
Crumbs from someone else's 

2885
02:45:43,200 --> 02:45:45,700
crumbs. 
Scientists estimate, that only 

2886
02:45:45,700 --> 02:45:48,900
about 1% of the organic matter 
produced at the surface ever 

2887
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:53,400
makes it to the deep sea floor. 
1%, imagine living in a place 

2888
02:45:53,400 --> 02:45:57,000
where 99% of all food is 
destroyed before it reaches you 

2889
02:45:57,000 --> 02:46:01,100
and the 1% that remains has been
thoroughly pre-tied by everyone 

2890
02:46:01,100 --> 02:46:03,100
else. 
Now, imagine that. 

2891
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:05,600
That's the good, time's, the 
feast periods. 

2892
02:46:05,600 --> 02:46:09,600
That's the deep ocean. 
A transparent squid, hangs 

2893
02:46:09,600 --> 02:46:11,200
Motionless In The Water ahead of
you. 

2894
02:46:11,200 --> 02:46:14,500
And when I say transparent, I 
mean, you can literally see its 

2895
02:46:14,500 --> 02:46:16,300
internal organs through its 
skin. 

2896
02:46:17,200 --> 02:46:21,700
This isn't some artistic Choice.
It's camouflage in A Place With 

2897
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:25,300
No Light being invisible, 
doesn't help much But this squid

2898
02:46:25,300 --> 02:46:28,500
likely migrates Upward at night 
to feed in slightly shallower 

2899
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:31,200
Waters where transparency is 
actually useful. 

2900
02:46:31,200 --> 02:46:35,800
Right now though it's just 
hanging there, doing absolutely 

2901
02:46:35,800 --> 02:46:39,700
nothing because doing nothing is
the only energy efficient 

2902
02:46:39,700 --> 02:46:44,400
strategy when food is this rare.
The squid stomach is visible 

2903
02:46:44,400 --> 02:46:48,400
through its translucent tissue 
and it's empty, not just empty. 

2904
02:46:48,400 --> 02:46:52,400
Like I should probably soon but 
empty, like a last 8-3 weeks ago

2905
02:46:52,400 --> 02:46:55,800
and I'm fine with that. 
Deep sea creatures, have evolved

2906
02:46:55,800 --> 02:46:58,800
metabolic rates solo that they 
make hibernating bears, look 

2907
02:46:58,800 --> 02:47:02,600
hyperactive this squid might eat
twice a month and consider 

2908
02:47:02,600 --> 02:47:05,800
itself well fed. 
Here's a fun fact that will 

2909
02:47:05,800 --> 02:47:07,700
rearrange your understanding of 
energy. 

2910
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:11,900
Some deep sea fish have 
metabolic rate so low that they 

2911
02:47:11,900 --> 02:47:15,900
burn fewer calories per day than
a battery releases. 

2912
02:47:15,900 --> 02:47:19,500
We're talking about animals that
operate on less than 10 calories

2913
02:47:19,500 --> 02:47:22,500
per day. 
A single potato, chip contains 

2914
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:24,500
more energy than some deep sea 
fish. 

2915
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:27,600
Consume in a week, they have 
essentially learned to run their

2916
02:47:27,600 --> 02:47:31,600
entire biology on standby mode. 
Keeping just enough functions, 

2917
02:47:31,600 --> 02:47:35,200
active to qualify as alive 
waiting, for the rare moment 

2918
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:39,700
when food actually appears a rat
tail fish swims past, and you 

2919
02:47:39,700 --> 02:47:41,600
notice something odd about his 
body composition. 

2920
02:47:42,600 --> 02:47:44,900
It's mostly water and very 
little muscle. 

2921
02:47:45,800 --> 02:47:48,700
Maybe 20% of its body weight is 
actual tissue. 

2922
02:47:48,700 --> 02:47:51,500
The rest is water and gelatinous
protein. 

2923
02:47:51,500 --> 02:47:55,400
This is the deep sea equivalent 
of a budget, laptop maximum 

2924
02:47:55,400 --> 02:47:59,300
size, minimum components. 
The fish needs to be large 

2925
02:47:59,300 --> 02:48:02,100
enough to avoid predation, and 
to hold sufficient eggs for 

2926
02:48:02,108 --> 02:48:05,300
reproduction, but it can't 
afford the energy cost of 

2927
02:48:05,300 --> 02:48:07,500
maintaining muscle tissue. 
It rarely uses. 

2928
02:48:07,500 --> 02:48:11,300
So it's essentially a water 
balloon with just enough biology

2929
02:48:11,300 --> 02:48:14,600
attached to keep things running 
your lights, catch something 

2930
02:48:14,600 --> 02:48:18,800
falling, a larger chunk of 
organic matter, maybe the size 

2931
02:48:18,800 --> 02:48:22,600
of a softball to sending faster 
than the usual Marine snow. 

2932
02:48:22,600 --> 02:48:27,200
This is what scientists call 
fastening particles chunks of 

2933
02:48:27,208 --> 02:48:29,400
fecal. 
Matter from surface whales, dead

2934
02:48:29,400 --> 02:48:31,500
jellyfish and fragments of large
fish. 

2935
02:48:31,500 --> 02:48:34,600
This is Prime real estate in the
deep ocean. 

2936
02:48:34,600 --> 02:48:38,000
The equivalent of finding a 20 
dollar bill on the sidewalk. 

2937
02:48:38,800 --> 02:48:41,900
Within moments small Crustaceans
appear from the darkness. 

2938
02:48:41,900 --> 02:48:45,300
Converging on this falling 
treasure, they'll strip it 

2939
02:48:45,308 --> 02:48:47,000
clean. 
Before it reaches, the sea 

2940
02:48:47,000 --> 02:48:49,800
floor, fighting over scraps, 
that surface creatures would 

2941
02:48:49,800 --> 02:48:53,000
consider garbage. 
The foods, scarcity, affects 

2942
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:58,100
every aspect of life down here, 
take reproduction, many deep sea

2943
02:48:58,100 --> 02:48:59,900
fish are, what's called 
broadcast spawners. 

2944
02:48:59,900 --> 02:49:03,208
They release eggs, and sperm 
into the water and hope some of 

2945
02:49:03,216 --> 02:49:07,400
the meat in food, Rich, surface 
waters, fish can afford to 

2946
02:49:07,400 --> 02:49:10,900
produce hundreds of thousands of
tiny eggs because most will die.

2947
02:49:10,900 --> 02:49:15,800
But enough, will survive in the 
deep ocean female's produce far,

2948
02:49:15,800 --> 02:49:18,800
fewer eggs. 
But each one is large and packed

2949
02:49:18,800 --> 02:49:21,800
with nutrients, giving the 
larvae a better chance of 

2950
02:49:21,800 --> 02:49:24,600
surviving the brutal early weeks
when they're too small to 

2951
02:49:24,600 --> 02:49:27,500
compete for food. 
Effectively a gulper eel appears

2952
02:49:27,500 --> 02:49:30,700
in your lights and it's exactly 
as unsettling as the name. 

2953
02:49:30,700 --> 02:49:36,600
Suggests Its mouth is normalis 
literally four times the size of

2954
02:49:36,600 --> 02:49:40,100
its body opening to a size that 
looks physically impossible. 

2955
02:49:40,100 --> 02:49:43,800
This is because when you never 
know when your leak again you 

2956
02:49:43,800 --> 02:49:46,000
can't afford to be picky about 
price size. 

2957
02:49:46,000 --> 02:49:49,300
If something edible swims past, 
you need to be able to swallow 

2958
02:49:49,300 --> 02:49:51,100
it. 
Whether it's smaller than you 

2959
02:49:51,100 --> 02:49:55,300
roughly your size or in some 
remarkable cases actually larger

2960
02:49:55,300 --> 02:49:57,700
than you. 
The gulper real has essentially 

2961
02:49:57,700 --> 02:50:00,500
evolved into a self-propelled 
stomach that occasionally 

2962
02:50:00,500 --> 02:50:05,000
encounters food, But here's the 
thing, even that enormous mouth 

2963
02:50:05,000 --> 02:50:07,800
goes unused. 
Most of the time, scientists 

2964
02:50:07,800 --> 02:50:10,500
have examined, gulper eel, 
stomachs and found them. 

2965
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:14,100
Empty more often than not This 
fish can go months without 

2966
02:50:14,100 --> 02:50:17,600
eating. 
Its metabolism is so slow that a

2967
02:50:17,600 --> 02:50:21,000
single meal. 
Even a small one can sustain it 

2968
02:50:21,008 --> 02:50:23,600
for weeks. 
It drifts through the darkness 

2969
02:50:23,600 --> 02:50:26,300
mouth. 
The gape essentially trolling 

2970
02:50:26,300 --> 02:50:29,400
for food on the off-chance that 
something edible might swim into

2971
02:50:29,400 --> 02:50:31,300
it. 
It's the most passive hunting 

2972
02:50:31,300 --> 02:50:34,700
strategy imaginable and it works
about as well as you would 

2973
02:50:34,700 --> 02:50:38,500
expect which is to say bearly a 
haul of marine snow accumulates 

2974
02:50:38,500 --> 02:50:41,800
on the sea floor beneath you 
forming small Mounds that rise 

2975
02:50:41,800 --> 02:50:43,800
perhaps. 
And in the surrounding sediment,

2976
02:50:43,800 --> 02:50:48,200
these Mounds represent months or
years of accumulation and their 

2977
02:50:48,200 --> 02:50:52,200
hotspots of biological activity,
which in this context means that

2978
02:50:52,200 --> 02:50:55,400
two or three CQ cumbers, might 
visit them in a given decade, 

2979
02:50:55,400 --> 02:50:58,200
the CQB numbers will process 
this settlement. 

2980
02:50:58,200 --> 02:51:02,100
Extracting, what ever? 
Trace organic matter remains and

2981
02:51:02,100 --> 02:51:04,100
leave behind slightly different 
settlement. 

2982
02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:08,900
It's the Deep oceans version of 
farming except slower and 

2983
02:51:08,900 --> 02:51:11,800
sadder. 
The food scarcity is led to some

2984
02:51:11,800 --> 02:51:13,500
truly bizarre feeding 
strategies. 

2985
02:51:13,500 --> 02:51:17,500
Some deep sea fish have Jaws 
that can dislocate to allow them

2986
02:51:17,500 --> 02:51:19,400
to swallow prey larger than 
themselves. 

2987
02:51:19,400 --> 02:51:23,200
Others have expandable stomachs 
that can stretch to accommodate 

2988
02:51:23,200 --> 02:51:26,300
rare large meals. 
It's like showing up to a buffet

2989
02:51:26,300 --> 02:51:29,000
once a year and trying to eat 
enough to last until the next 

2990
02:51:29,000 --> 02:51:32,100
one, the strategy Works 
technically but it's not 

2991
02:51:32,100 --> 02:51:35,800
something you'd recommend a 
vampire squid drifts past and 

2992
02:51:35,800 --> 02:51:38,200
despite the name it doesn't suck
blood it. 

2993
02:51:38,200 --> 02:51:41,600
Got its name from the dark 
webbing between its arms, which 

2994
02:51:41,600 --> 02:51:44,300
looks like a vampire's cloak 
when it inverts the arms over 

2995
02:51:44,300 --> 02:51:47,500
itself in a defensive posture, 
but here's what makes the 

2996
02:51:47,500 --> 02:51:50,900
vampire squid special. 
It's one of the few deep sea 

2997
02:51:50,900 --> 02:51:52,900
creatures that figured out a 
clever food hack. 

2998
02:51:52,900 --> 02:51:56,800
Instead of waiting for live 
prey, it collects Marine snow, 

2999
02:51:56,800 --> 02:52:00,700
those drifting particles of 
organic matter using filaments 

3000
02:52:00,700 --> 02:52:04,500
covered in sticky mucus. 
It then runs these filaments 

3001
02:52:04,500 --> 02:52:07,600
through his arms, scraping off 
the collected particles and 

3002
02:52:07,600 --> 02:52:09,500
eating them. 
Is this dignified? 

3003
02:52:09,500 --> 02:52:12,500
No. 
Does it sound like something a 

3004
02:52:12,500 --> 02:52:15,600
creature would do if it had 
literally any other option also 

3005
02:52:15,600 --> 02:52:18,900
know. 
But it works the vampire squid 

3006
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:21,600
is essentially become a filter 
feeder in a place where filter 

3007
02:52:21,600 --> 02:52:24,600
feeding shouldn't be viable 
because they're so little to 

3008
02:52:24,600 --> 02:52:30,400
filter it surviving on scraps of
scraps and somehow impossibly, 

3009
02:52:30,400 --> 02:52:34,600
it's making it work, your 
submersible sensors detect. 

3010
02:52:34,600 --> 02:52:38,200
A localized area of slightly 
higher, biological activity 

3011
02:52:38,200 --> 02:52:40,100
ahead. 
As you approach. 

3012
02:52:40,100 --> 02:52:46,700
You see why a whale Falls. 
A gray whale dead for Pat's a 

3013
02:52:46,700 --> 02:52:48,800
decade. 
Lies on the sea floor, like a 

3014
02:52:48,808 --> 02:52:52,100
gift from the gods. 
Its flesh has been Stripped Away

3015
02:52:52,100 --> 02:52:55,900
by scavengers but it's bones 
remain and their covered with 

3016
02:52:55,900 --> 02:52:59,300
strange white filaments. 
These are zombie worms. 

3017
02:52:59,300 --> 02:53:02,400
Yes. 
That's their actual name and 

3018
02:53:02,400 --> 02:53:04,600
their dissolving. 
The whale bones to extract the 

3019
02:53:04,600 --> 02:53:08,500
lipids trapped inside. 
This whale carcass, which were 

3020
02:53:08,500 --> 02:53:12,400
decomposing months in warm 
shallow water will sustain a 

3021
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:15,300
community of specialist down 
here for 50 or 60 years. 

3022
02:53:16,300 --> 02:53:19,400
This is what counts as a bonanza
in the deep ocean. 

3023
02:53:19,400 --> 02:53:22,300
A dead whale. 
That'll last two generations. 

3024
02:53:22,300 --> 02:53:26,800
This scarcity of food has shaped
every aspect of evolution down 

3025
02:53:26,800 --> 02:53:29,500
here. 
Deep sea fish have reduced 

3026
02:53:29,500 --> 02:53:33,000
skeletal density, less bone 
means less tissue to maintain. 

3027
02:53:33,000 --> 02:53:36,100
They have minimal scales or no 
scales at all. 

3028
02:53:36,108 --> 02:53:39,500
Their brains are smaller. 
Their organs are compact. 

3029
02:53:39,500 --> 02:53:42,700
Everything nonessential has been
Stripped Away In The Name Of 

3030
02:53:42,700 --> 02:53:46,100
Energy Efficiency, they're like 
organisms that have been through

3031
02:53:46,100 --> 02:53:47,700
a ruthless corporate 
restructuring. 

3032
02:53:47,700 --> 02:53:51,400
Cut down to only the Departments
that absolutely must keep 

3033
02:53:51,400 --> 02:53:54,000
running. 
A tripod fish sits on the sea 

3034
02:53:54,000 --> 02:53:57,300
floor ahead and it's doing 
exactly what its name suggests. 

3035
02:53:58,100 --> 02:54:00,400
Standing on three along gated 
Finn Rays. 

3036
02:54:00,400 --> 02:54:03,600
Like a camera tripod. 
It's facing into the current 

3037
02:54:03,600 --> 02:54:08,100
such as it is waiting for food 
to drift past this fish can 

3038
02:54:08,100 --> 02:54:11,600
stand here for days. 
Barely moving barely breathing 

3039
02:54:11,600 --> 02:54:15,100
and conserving every possible 
Cal when something edible 

3040
02:54:15,100 --> 02:54:19,500
touches its sensory Rays, it'll 
strike a quick snap of Jaws that

3041
02:54:19,500 --> 02:54:22,100
represents more energy 
expenditure than the fish has 

3042
02:54:22,100 --> 02:54:25,500
made in the past week. 
Then it'll return to its tripod 

3043
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:28,700
stance and wait, some more. 
This is hunting in the deep 

3044
02:54:28,700 --> 02:54:34,100
ocean standing, very still for a
very long time and hoping Food, 

3045
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:36,900
scarcity. 
Oddly enough has led to less 

3046
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:40,600
competition when resources are 
this sparse defending a 

3047
02:54:40,600 --> 02:54:41,900
territory? 
Makes no sense. 

3048
02:54:41,900 --> 02:54:44,000
Because there's nothing worth 
defending. 

3049
02:54:45,100 --> 02:54:48,500
Fighting over food costs more 
energy than just waiting for the

3050
02:54:48,500 --> 02:54:52,200
next bit of marine. 
Snow to drift past so deep sea 

3051
02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:54,800
creatures, have largely 
abandoned territorial Behavior, 

3052
02:54:54,800 --> 02:54:59,300
they simply spread out maximize 
their spacing and hope their 

3053
02:54:59,300 --> 02:55:02,300
particular patch of seafloor. 
Receives slightly more than 

3054
02:55:02,300 --> 02:55:04,300
average, rainfall of organic 
matter. 

3055
02:55:04,300 --> 02:55:07,900
Your submersible begins to 
ascend, leaving the abyssal 

3056
02:55:07,900 --> 02:55:10,600
plain behind. 
As you rise, you look down at 

3057
02:55:10,600 --> 02:55:14,400
the sea floor, one more time at 
the vast muddy expanse. 

3058
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:18,200
Where food is rare enough to be 
precious where creatures have 

3059
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:21,200
evolved to survive on almost 
nothing and where the entire 

3060
02:55:21,200 --> 02:55:23,800
ecosystem operates on energy 
margins. 

3061
02:55:23,800 --> 02:55:27,700
So thin the surface organisms 
couldn't even comprehend them. 

3062
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:32,200
When food becomes fiction, life 
becomes patients and down here. 

3063
02:55:32,200 --> 02:55:34,300
Patience is the only virtue that
matters. 

3064
02:55:34,300 --> 02:55:38,000
Your submersible is moving 
laterally, now, crossing the 

3065
02:55:38,000 --> 02:55:41,600
abyssal plain towards something.
The sonar detected an hour ago. 

3066
02:55:41,600 --> 02:55:44,800
A ridge rising from the sea 
floor, like a mountain. 

3067
02:55:44,900 --> 02:55:48,500
Range that never quite breaks. 
The surface, your approaching, 

3068
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:52,100
what's called a mid-ocean ridge?
One of the places where tectonic

3069
02:55:52,100 --> 02:55:55,300
plates are spreading apart and 
Earth is literally creating new 

3070
02:55:55,300 --> 02:56:00,500
seafloor pumping out fresh rock 
from the mantle below The water 

3071
02:56:00,500 --> 02:56:03,200
temperature ahead is rising, not
much. 

3072
02:56:03,200 --> 02:56:07,400
You've gone from 36 degrees to 
38 degrees but in a place where 

3073
02:56:07,400 --> 02:56:09,800
temperature has been constant 
for millions of years. 

3074
02:56:09,800 --> 02:56:12,200
Two degrees feels like a 
revolution. 

3075
02:56:12,200 --> 02:56:16,600
Your sensors are also detecting 
chemical anomalies hydrogen, 

3076
02:56:16,600 --> 02:56:19,100
sulfide. 
Methane and metals in solution. 

3077
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:22,800
Something ahead is profoundly 
changing, the chemistry of the 

3078
02:56:22,800 --> 02:56:28,200
water and then you see it a 
black smoke smoker it rises from

3079
02:56:28,200 --> 02:56:31,900
the sea floor, like a chimney 
from Hell roughly 20 feet, tall 

3080
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:35,400
made of minerals that have 
precipitated out of superheated 

3081
02:56:35,400 --> 02:56:38,000
water. 
And from its opening, billowing 

3082
02:56:38,000 --> 02:56:42,100
up into the cold, ocean comes a 
dark plume that looks like smoke

3083
02:56:42,100 --> 02:56:46,500
but is actually water heated to 
over 600 degrees Fahrenheit. 

3084
02:56:46,500 --> 02:56:50,500
So hot it would boil 
incidentally at the surface but 

3085
02:56:50,500 --> 02:56:53,800
stays liquid down here because 
the pressure is too intense to 

3086
02:56:53,800 --> 02:56:57,500
let vaporize. 
This is a hydrothermal vent and 

3087
02:56:57,500 --> 02:56:59,800
it represents a complete 
inversion of everything. 

3088
02:56:59,800 --> 02:57:03,300
You've learned about the Depot 
in, this is a place of heat in 

3089
02:57:03,300 --> 02:57:06,900
the cold abyss of chemical 
energy in a food, starved 

3090
02:57:06,900 --> 02:57:11,200
Wasteland of a bonds and 
scarcity and it's absolutely 

3091
02:57:11,200 --> 02:57:14,800
crawling with life. 
The area around the vent is 

3092
02:57:14,800 --> 02:57:17,400
covered. 
And I mean, covered with tube 

3093
02:57:17,400 --> 02:57:19,800
worms. 
They're called riftia and 

3094
02:57:19,800 --> 02:57:21,300
they're about as weird as 
organisms. 

3095
02:57:21,300 --> 02:57:25,700
Get each one is six feet long 
white with brilliant, red 

3096
02:57:25,700 --> 02:57:28,600
plumes. 
Extending from their tubes, they

3097
02:57:28,600 --> 02:57:32,200
have no mouth, no digestive 
system, and no anus. 

3098
02:57:32,200 --> 02:57:35,700
They survive entirely through a 
symbiotic relationship with 

3099
02:57:35,700 --> 02:57:37,500
bacteria that live inside their 
bodies. 

3100
02:57:37,500 --> 02:57:41,100
The bacteria, use the hydrogen 
sulfide from the vent water, 

3101
02:57:41,100 --> 02:57:44,700
which is toxic to most organisms
to produce energy through 

3102
02:57:44,700 --> 02:57:47,600
chemosynthesis. 
And they share that energy with 

3103
02:57:47,600 --> 02:57:50,300
the worm. 
The worm in return provides, the

3104
02:57:50,300 --> 02:57:52,500
bacteria with hydrogen, sulfide 
and oxygen. 

3105
02:57:53,600 --> 02:57:57,100
Its photosynthesis without the 
photo part life powered by 

3106
02:57:57,100 --> 02:57:59,200
Earth's internal heat rather 
than the Sun. 

3107
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:03,100
A white crab scuttles across the
tube worms storks picking at the

3108
02:58:03,100 --> 02:58:06,200
plumes with its claws. 
This is a vent crab and it's 

3109
02:58:06,200 --> 02:58:10,100
blind its eyes of regressed to 
useless nubbins because there's 

3110
02:58:10,100 --> 02:58:12,600
no light down here. 
Anyway and maintaining 

3111
02:58:12,600 --> 02:58:15,800
functional eyes costs energy 
that could be better, spent 

3112
02:58:15,800 --> 02:58:18,300
elsewhere. 
But it doesn't need eyes. 

3113
02:58:18,300 --> 02:58:21,700
It can sense the chemical 
gradients in the water finding 

3114
02:58:21,700 --> 02:58:24,300
its way toward food sources by 
chemistry alone. 

3115
02:58:24,300 --> 02:58:28,600
The black smoker continues to 
Billow its dark plume, which is 

3116
02:58:28,600 --> 02:58:32,500
actually mineral-rich water 
precipitating out, iron copper 

3117
02:58:32,500 --> 02:58:36,900
zinc and other metals as it hits
the cold ocean over time. 

3118
02:58:36,900 --> 02:58:40,200
This precipitation builds the 
chimney taller, adding layer 

3119
02:58:40,200 --> 02:58:43,900
upon layer of minerals, some of 
these chimneys grow for decades 

3120
02:58:43,900 --> 02:58:47,800
reaching Heights of 60 or 70 
feet before they collapse under 

3121
02:58:47,800 --> 02:58:50,600
their own weight or seal 
themselves shut with mineral 

3122
02:58:50,600 --> 02:58:53,400
deposits. 
A shrimp swarms around the vent 

3123
02:58:53,400 --> 02:58:57,300
opening, thousands of them so 
densely packed they look like a 

3124
02:58:57,300 --> 02:59:00,200
living carpet. 
These are vent shrimp and their 

3125
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:03,200
farming bacteria. 
They've evolved specialized 

3126
02:59:03,200 --> 02:59:06,400
structures on their backs where 
bacteria grow and the shrimp 

3127
02:59:06,400 --> 02:59:09,300
position themselves at, just the
right distance from the vent. 

3128
02:59:10,100 --> 02:59:13,600
Close enough to benefit from the
chemical Rich water far enough. 

3129
02:59:13,600 --> 02:59:16,500
Not to cook. 
They literally stand at the edge

3130
02:59:16,500 --> 02:59:19,300
of boiling harvesting 
microorganisms that are 

3131
02:59:19,300 --> 02:59:23,900
themselves harvesting energy 
from toxic minerals. the 

3132
02:59:23,900 --> 02:59:28,300
temperature gradients, here are 
extreme The water exiting, the 

3133
02:59:28,308 --> 02:59:33,500
vent is over, 600 Degrees 6 
inches away, its 300 degrees, a 

3134
02:59:33,500 --> 02:59:36,400
foot away, its 100 degrees 2 
feet away. 

3135
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:40,300
Its back to ambient temperature,
that same 36 degrees, that 

3136
02:59:40,300 --> 02:59:44,000
characterizes the rest of the 
Abyss organisms here have to 

3137
02:59:44,000 --> 02:59:47,100
navigate thermal boundaries, 
that would be instantly lethal 

3138
02:59:47,100 --> 02:59:50,500
if crossed positioning 
themselves with Precision in a 

3139
02:59:50,500 --> 02:59:52,000
Zone. 
That's simultaneously warm 

3140
02:59:52,000 --> 02:59:54,300
enough to support chemosynthetic
bacteria. 

3141
02:59:54,300 --> 03:00:00,000
But cool enough not to denature 
proteins, a giant clam sits near

3142
03:00:00,000 --> 03:00:03,400
the base of the Venture chimney.
Its shell, easily three feet 

3143
03:00:03,400 --> 03:00:07,900
across Like the tube worms, it 
has no need for a conventional 

3144
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:11,400
digestive system. 
It's full of chemosynthetic 

3145
03:00:11,400 --> 03:00:14,400
bacteria that do the heavy 
lifting of energy production. 

3146
03:00:14,400 --> 03:00:18,800
The clam just sits there, 
filtering vent, water, providing

3147
03:00:18,800 --> 03:00:22,600
its bacterial partners with 
hydrogen sulfide and collecting 

3148
03:00:22,600 --> 03:00:23,800
the nutrients. 
They produce. 

3149
03:00:24,500 --> 03:00:27,900
It's been sitting in this exact 
spot for potentially 100 years. 

3150
03:00:27,900 --> 03:00:31,000
Growing slowly surrounded by 
toxic chemicals. 

3151
03:00:31,000 --> 03:00:33,100
That would kill most organisms 
within minutes. 

3152
03:00:33,100 --> 03:00:36,900
What's remarkable about these 
venti ecosystems is that they're

3153
03:00:36,900 --> 03:00:40,300
completely independent of the 
Sun, every other ecosystem on 

3154
03:00:40,300 --> 03:00:45,400
Earth forests, grasslands, coral
reefs, even the Deep oceans. 

3155
03:00:45,400 --> 03:00:48,800
A Bissell Plains, ultimately 
depends on photosynthesis 

3156
03:00:48,800 --> 03:00:51,400
energy. 
Enters through plants or 

3157
03:00:51,400 --> 03:00:54,100
phytoplankton and then moves up 
through food chains. 

3158
03:00:54,900 --> 03:00:59,200
Here at hydrothermal vents 
energy enters Through Chemistry 

3159
03:00:59,200 --> 03:01:02,100
bacteria. 
Take hydrogen, sulfide and 

3160
03:01:02,100 --> 03:01:05,400
produce organic compounds and 
those bacteria become the 

3161
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:07,100
foundation of an entire food 
web. 

3162
03:01:07,100 --> 03:01:11,000
This means that if the sun went 
out tomorrow, which lets be 

3163
03:01:11,000 --> 03:01:12,300
clear. 
It won't, but hypothetically, 

3164
03:01:12,300 --> 03:01:14,900
these vent communities. 
Would be fine. 

3165
03:01:14,900 --> 03:01:18,600
They wouldn't even notice their 
powered by Earth's, internal 

3166
03:01:18,600 --> 03:01:22,800
heat by the radioactive decay of
elements in the mantle, and by 

3167
03:01:22,800 --> 03:01:26,100
geological processes that will 
continue for billions of years. 

3168
03:01:26,100 --> 03:01:30,500
After the sun expands into a red
giant, and consumes the inner 

3169
03:01:30,500 --> 03:01:33,800
planets, an octopus appears at 
the edge of your lights pale and

3170
03:01:33,800 --> 03:01:37,600
ghostly its hunting. 
It extending its arms into 

3171
03:01:37,600 --> 03:01:41,300
crevices between rocks, 
searching for crabs or shrimp. 

3172
03:01:41,300 --> 03:01:44,900
This is one of the few places in
the deep ocean, where Predators 

3173
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:48,700
can actually find enough food to
justify hunting actively the 

3174
03:01:48,700 --> 03:01:51,100
concentration of life. 
Here is so unusual. 

3175
03:01:51,100 --> 03:01:54,800
So, contrary to the sparse 
distribution of organisms on the

3176
03:01:54,900 --> 03:01:58,300
Abyssal plain that it almost 
feels like you've traveled to a 

3177
03:01:58,300 --> 03:02:00,900
different planet. 
The black smoker pulses, 

3178
03:02:00,900 --> 03:02:04,700
slightly not dramatically, just 
a subtle variation in the plume.

3179
03:02:04,700 --> 03:02:07,200
Intensity. 
This is because the flow isn't 

3180
03:02:07,200 --> 03:02:10,500
constant, it varies with 
pressure changes deep in the 

3181
03:02:10,508 --> 03:02:13,800
Earth's crust with the opening 
and closing of microscopic, 

3182
03:02:13,800 --> 03:02:17,100
fissures in the rock below when 
events flow stops. 

3183
03:02:17,100 --> 03:02:20,600
The ecosystem dies. 
The tube worms are unable to 

3184
03:02:20,608 --> 03:02:25,100
move, simply perish, the 
bacteria, die, the crabs, leave 

3185
03:02:26,000 --> 03:02:28,700
Within months, a thriving 
Community can become a 

3186
03:02:28,700 --> 03:02:32,100
graveyard. but new vents are 
always forming along the 

3187
03:02:32,100 --> 03:02:36,200
mid-ocean ridges Tube worm. 
Larvae drift in the currents 

3188
03:02:36,200 --> 03:02:40,100
waiting to detect the chemical 
signature of hydrogen sulfide. 

3189
03:02:40,100 --> 03:02:43,600
When they find a new vent they 
settle and begin building their 

3190
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:47,800
tubes, within a few years, a new
community establishes itself. 

3191
03:02:47,800 --> 03:02:51,200
The vents are ephemeral on 
geological time scales. 

3192
03:02:51,200 --> 03:02:55,900
Each one might last 20 or 30 
years before it seals shut but 

3193
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:59,300
the system as a whole persists 
because there are always new 

3194
03:02:59,300 --> 03:03:02,900
vents forming somewhere along 
the 40,000 mile long mid-ocean 

3195
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:06,000
ridge system. 
A Systems pass that looks 

3196
03:03:06,000 --> 03:03:09,100
relatively normal or at least as
normal as deep sea fish, look, 

3197
03:03:09,100 --> 03:03:13,800
but with one striking feature, 
its gills are bright red, almost

3198
03:03:13,800 --> 03:03:16,800
fluorescent. 
This is a vent fish and those 

3199
03:03:16,800 --> 03:03:19,400
red gills are packed with 
hemoglobin that specially 

3200
03:03:19,400 --> 03:03:21,800
adapted to handle. 
Both the low oxygen of deep 

3201
03:03:21,800 --> 03:03:25,900
water and the presence of 
hydrogen sulfide, which normally

3202
03:03:25,900 --> 03:03:29,700
interferes with oxygen transport
in blood, its solved a chemical 

3203
03:03:29,700 --> 03:03:32,900
problem that would stomp most 
organisms allowing it to live in

3204
03:03:32,900 --> 03:03:36,500
water that Simultaneously, 
oxygen, poor and toxin Rich. 

3205
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:39,600
The submersible sensors are 
recording constantly 

3206
03:03:39,600 --> 03:03:43,600
temperature. 
Chemical composition, pH levels,

3207
03:03:43,600 --> 03:03:47,400
and flow rates. 
The water here is acidic pH 

3208
03:03:47,400 --> 03:03:52,200
around 5 or 6 and loaded with 
heavy metals by surface 

3209
03:03:52,200 --> 03:03:55,000
standards. 
This is a toxic waste dump by 

3210
03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:57,700
the standards of vent organisms,
its Paradise. 

3211
03:03:58,500 --> 03:04:02,000
A white smoker appears in the 
distance a related but different

3212
03:04:02,000 --> 03:04:04,700
phenomenon. 
Where black smokers emit Dark, 

3213
03:04:04,700 --> 03:04:07,700
mineral-rich Water? 
White smokers emit 

3214
03:04:07,700 --> 03:04:09,400
lighter-colored. 
Fluids that are cooler. 

3215
03:04:09,400 --> 03:04:14,200
Only about 200 to 300 degrees 
and contain different dissolved 

3216
03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:16,300
minerals. 
They support similar but 

3217
03:04:16,300 --> 03:04:20,000
distinct communities different 
species of tube worms, different

3218
03:04:20,000 --> 03:04:23,700
bacteria and different crabs. 
Evolution has produced 

3219
03:04:23,700 --> 03:04:26,100
Specialists for every 
conceivable niche. 

3220
03:04:26,100 --> 03:04:28,800
In this environment. 
What scientists find most 

3221
03:04:28,800 --> 03:04:32,100
exciting about hydrothermal 
vents isn't just that life 

3222
03:04:32,100 --> 03:04:35,700
exists here. 
What it implies, if life can 

3223
03:04:35,700 --> 03:04:39,400
thrive in toxic, superheated 
water powered by chemistry 

3224
03:04:39,400 --> 03:04:42,900
rather than sunlight in complete
darkness under crushing 

3225
03:04:42,900 --> 03:04:46,000
pressure. 
Well, it suggests life might be 

3226
03:04:46,008 --> 03:04:48,300
possible in places. 
We'd previously, ridden offers 

3227
03:04:48,300 --> 03:04:52,700
uninhabitable the subsurface 
ocean of Jupiter's moon, Europa 

3228
03:04:52,700 --> 03:04:59,600
maybe the underground water of 
Mars, possibly The concept of a 

3229
03:04:59,600 --> 03:05:02,800
habitable zone has expanded 
dramatically since hydrothermal 

3230
03:05:02,800 --> 03:05:07,600
vents were discovered in 1977 a 
bacterial, mats to the Rocks, 

3231
03:05:07,600 --> 03:05:09,800
near the vent base, white and 
fuzzy. 

3232
03:05:09,800 --> 03:05:13,200
Looking these bacteria are 
probably growing at the fastest 

3233
03:05:13,200 --> 03:05:16,900
rate, any organism, grows in the
deep ocean which is still slow 

3234
03:05:16,900 --> 03:05:20,500
by surface standards but blazing
fast compared to the millimeter 

3235
03:05:20,500 --> 03:05:22,400
per year. 
Growth of most deep sea life. 

3236
03:05:22,400 --> 03:05:26,700
They're converting, hydrogen 
sulfide to energy, reproducing 

3237
03:05:26,700 --> 03:05:30,400
and forming layers of biomass 
that other organisms will graze 

3238
03:05:30,400 --> 03:05:33,200
on. 
The concentration of life here 

3239
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:35,400
is staggering compared to the 
baron abyssal. 

3240
03:05:35,400 --> 03:05:37,900
Plain on the plane. 
You might see a fish. 

3241
03:05:37,900 --> 03:05:41,200
Every few hours here you can 
count hundreds of all organisms 

3242
03:05:41,200 --> 03:05:42,900
in a single frame of the 
viewport. 

3243
03:05:43,800 --> 03:05:46,900
It's the difference between a 
desert and an oasis between 

3244
03:05:46,900 --> 03:05:50,700
starvation and abundance. 
The submersible begins to pull 

3245
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:54,000
away from the vent and as it 
does you watch the community 

3246
03:05:54,000 --> 03:05:58,000
recede Into Darkness. 
The bright plume of black smoke,

3247
03:05:58,000 --> 03:06:00,100
a water continues to Billow 
upward. 

3248
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:04,700
Tube worms, wave their red. 
Plumes in the current, the crabs

3249
03:06:04,700 --> 03:06:08,100
continue, their endless 
Scavenging, and somewhere in the

3250
03:06:08,100 --> 03:06:11,800
rock below magma is heating 
water, dissolving minerals, and 

3251
03:06:11,800 --> 03:06:13,500
creating the chemical 
foundation. 

3252
03:06:13,500 --> 03:06:17,900
For this entire impossible, 
ecosystem, where black smokers 

3253
03:06:17,900 --> 03:06:21,200
raw with life. 
The Depot's rules are suspended.

3254
03:06:22,200 --> 03:06:25,000
Food is abundant growth is 
quick. 

3255
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:28,900
Temperature rises above freezing
and life. 

3256
03:06:28,900 --> 03:06:33,308
Improbably thrives, your 
submersible has left the 

3257
03:06:33,316 --> 03:06:35,800
hydrothermal vent behind and 
return to the vast. 

3258
03:06:35,800 --> 03:06:39,900
Dark expanse of the open water 
column The depth gauge reads 

3259
03:06:39,900 --> 03:06:44,000
11,000 feet. 
The temperature is back to 36 

3260
03:06:44,000 --> 03:06:46,900
degrees. 
Pressure is a snore Miss. 

3261
03:06:46,900 --> 03:06:49,900
And now, for the first time 
since you pass through the 

3262
03:06:49,900 --> 03:06:54,200
Twilight Zone hours ago, you're 
about to see light real light 

3263
03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:57,300
produced by living organisms, 
for purposes. 

3264
03:06:57,300 --> 03:07:00,000
That would make a Communications
engineer envious. 

3265
03:07:00,000 --> 03:07:03,000
The first flash is so brief. 
You almost miss it. 

3266
03:07:03,000 --> 03:07:05,700
A blue green spark about 50 feet
away. 

3267
03:07:05,700 --> 03:07:10,100
Lasting may be a 10th of a 
second, then another, then three

3268
03:07:10,100 --> 03:07:12,700
more in quick. 
Succession, forming a pattern. 

3269
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:18,300
Dot dot, dot dash dash dash dot 
dot, you'll not receiving a 

3270
03:07:18,300 --> 03:07:21,400
morse code socks, but you are 
witnessing one of the most 

3271
03:07:21,400 --> 03:07:24,100
sophisticated communication 
systems in nature 

3272
03:07:24,100 --> 03:07:29,100
bioluminescence. 
Down here where sunlight never 

3273
03:07:29,100 --> 03:07:32,700
reaches, roughly 90% of 
organisms produce their own 

3274
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:35,400
light. 
Not weak, light not ambiguous 

3275
03:07:35,400 --> 03:07:38,900
glows, but actual photons 
generated through chemical 

3276
03:07:38,900 --> 03:07:41,700
reactions. 
Usually involving a molecule 

3277
03:07:41,700 --> 03:07:45,600
called luciferin reacting with 
an enzyme called luciferous the 

3278
03:07:45,600 --> 03:07:49,700
name sound like they came from a
fantasy novel luciferin 

3279
03:07:49,700 --> 03:07:53,600
literally light bringing named 
after Lucifer, the light bearer.

3280
03:07:54,500 --> 03:07:58,000
Scientists in the 19th century. 
Had a flair for dramatic naming,

3281
03:07:58,000 --> 03:08:01,500
a jellyfish, drifts passed your 
viewport and as it does it 

3282
03:08:01,500 --> 03:08:05,300
pulses with light. 
Not bright light more, like the 

3283
03:08:05,300 --> 03:08:09,100
glow of a watch dial, but enough
to illuminate, its Bell and 

3284
03:08:09,100 --> 03:08:12,800
trailing tentacles in a ghostly 
blue green, the color isn't 

3285
03:08:12,800 --> 03:08:15,100
random. 
Blue green light with 

3286
03:08:15,100 --> 03:08:19,200
wavelengths around 470, 
nanometers travels farthest 

3287
03:08:19,200 --> 03:08:22,400
through sea water. 
Red light is absorbed within 

3288
03:08:22,400 --> 03:08:25,900
feet of the source. 
But Bluegreen can travel dozens 

3289
03:08:25,900 --> 03:08:28,000
of yards before being scattered 
or absorbed. 

3290
03:08:28,000 --> 03:08:31,400
So evolution is tuned. 
Most bioluminescence to this 

3291
03:08:31,400 --> 03:08:35,100
narrow band of the spectrum, the
color that actually works in the

3292
03:08:35,100 --> 03:08:38,500
environment. 
Another flash, this one from 

3293
03:08:38,500 --> 03:08:41,800
something small and fast, 
moving, Zips across your field 

3294
03:08:41,800 --> 03:08:43,600
of view. 
Leaving a Trail of Light. 

3295
03:08:43,600 --> 03:08:46,300
Aluminous contrail in the 
Blackwater. 

3296
03:08:47,300 --> 03:08:51,000
This might be a coat pod. 
One of the tiny Crustaceans that

3297
03:08:51,000 --> 03:08:54,900
form the base of the oceans 
food, web even down here when 

3298
03:08:54,900 --> 03:08:57,600
threatened, many cope pods 
release a burst of 

3299
03:08:57,600 --> 03:09:01,500
bioluminescent chemicals. 
Creating a flash that starts 

3300
03:09:01,500 --> 03:09:04,700
Predators or more cleverly 
illuminates, the Predator, 

3301
03:09:04,700 --> 03:09:07,200
making it visible to its own 
predators. 

3302
03:09:07,900 --> 03:09:12,300
Its biological misdirection. 
I might be eaten, but you're 

3303
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,600
definitely being seen. 
A lantern fish appears in your 

3304
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:17,900
lights. 
One of the most common fish in 

3305
03:09:17,900 --> 03:09:19,900
the ocean. 
The most people have never heard

3306
03:09:19,900 --> 03:09:23,000
of them because they live in the
mess of magic Zone and only 

3307
03:09:23,000 --> 03:09:24,500
Venture near the surface at 
night. 

3308
03:09:24,500 --> 03:09:28,300
It sighs, a covered with photo 
Force, specialized light 

3309
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:30,800
producing organs arranged in 
precise patterns. 

3310
03:09:30,800 --> 03:09:35,100
Each species has a different 
pattern, like a barcode made of 

3311
03:09:35,100 --> 03:09:37,200
Lights. 
This is how lantern fish 

3312
03:09:37,200 --> 03:09:41,000
recognized their own species in 
the dark by reading each other's

3313
03:09:41,000 --> 03:09:44,900
light patterns the lantern fish 
swims beneath your submersible 

3314
03:09:44,900 --> 03:09:50,000
and as it does its ventral photo
Force glow, softly, this is 

3315
03:09:50,000 --> 03:09:54,000
called counter illumination. 
The fish matches, the faint 

3316
03:09:54,000 --> 03:09:57,800
downwelling light from above 
making itself invisible, to 

3317
03:09:57,800 --> 03:10:01,500
Predators looking up from Below.
It's active camouflage using 

3318
03:10:01,500 --> 03:10:05,600
bioluminescence a biological 
version of what stealth aircraft

3319
03:10:05,600 --> 03:10:08,200
do with radar. 
The fish isn't trying to be 

3320
03:10:08,200 --> 03:10:10,600
bright. 
It's trying to be precisely as 

3321
03:10:10,600 --> 03:10:14,500
bright as the background which 
is much harder a dragon fish 

3322
03:10:14,500 --> 03:10:17,600
materializes from the darkness 
and its carrying its own 

3323
03:10:17,600 --> 03:10:20,500
spotlight. 
Beneath its eye is a photo for 

3324
03:10:20,500 --> 03:10:22,400
that. 
Emits red light which is 

3325
03:10:22,408 --> 03:10:26,400
extremely unusual in the deep 
ocean most organisms can't see 

3326
03:10:26,400 --> 03:10:29,600
red light at this depth. 
They lack the necessary photo 

3327
03:10:29,600 --> 03:10:33,800
receptors, but dragon fish can 
they've evolved the ability to 

3328
03:10:33,800 --> 03:10:37,000
see red and they've evolved the 
ability to produce it. 

3329
03:10:37,000 --> 03:10:40,700
This gives them a private 
channel of communication and 

3330
03:10:40,700 --> 03:10:44,600
more importantly, a hunting 
tool, they can illuminate prey 

3331
03:10:44,600 --> 03:10:46,700
without the prey knowing their 
being illuminated. 

3332
03:10:46,700 --> 03:10:49,700
It's like having night vision 
goggles in a world where 

3333
03:10:49,700 --> 03:10:53,500
everyone else is blind. 
The dragon Fishers light sweeps 

3334
03:10:53,500 --> 03:10:56,600
across the water, like a search.
Like, and for a moment, you see 

3335
03:10:56,600 --> 03:11:00,900
several small Crustaceans Frozen
in its beam illuminated in 

3336
03:11:00,900 --> 03:11:02,400
wavelengths. 
They can't detect. 

3337
03:11:03,300 --> 03:11:04,800
They have no idea they've been 
spotted. 

3338
03:11:04,800 --> 03:11:08,500
Then the dragon fish strikes. 
Inhaling one of them and 

3339
03:11:08,500 --> 03:11:10,200
disappears back into the 
darkness. 

3340
03:11:11,600 --> 03:11:15,600
Siphonophore drifts past. 
Colonial organism that looks 

3341
03:11:15,600 --> 03:11:19,900
like a long stringy jellyfish. 
The entire length of, it may be 

3342
03:11:19,908 --> 03:11:24,800
30 feet is decorated with tiny 
bioluminescent Lights, making it

3343
03:11:24,800 --> 03:11:26,600
look like an underwater 
Christmas tree. 

3344
03:11:26,600 --> 03:11:30,700
These lights serve multiple 
purposes, attracting prey 

3345
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:34,100
startling, predators and may be 
communicating with other 

3346
03:11:34,100 --> 03:11:37,800
siphonophores. 
The Colony pulses its lights in 

3347
03:11:37,800 --> 03:11:41,300
waves creating patterns that 
Ripple along its length. 

3348
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:44,500
You're watching a light show 
designed by Evolution for an 

3349
03:11:44,500 --> 03:11:48,200
audience of Hungry Fish, you'll 
submersible's external light 

3350
03:11:48,200 --> 03:11:50,600
switch off. 
The crew wants to observe 

3351
03:11:50,600 --> 03:11:54,400
bioluminescence without 
interference for a moment during

3352
03:11:54,400 --> 03:11:57,700
complete darkness. 
Kind of Darkness that makes you 

3353
03:11:57,700 --> 03:12:00,200
understand what? 
Absents of light really means. 

3354
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:07,500
And then slowly you start to see
them flashes glows, pulses the 

3355
03:12:07,500 --> 03:12:09,400
water around. 
You is alive with light. 

3356
03:12:10,100 --> 03:12:12,300
A squid, produces a burst of 
luminous Inc. 

3357
03:12:13,100 --> 03:12:16,700
Not blacking like its surface 
relatives used, but glowing ink.

3358
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:21,900
Cloud of light, hangs in the 
water roughly squid shaped while

3359
03:12:21,900 --> 03:12:24,400
the squid itself jets away into 
the darkness. 

3360
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:28,500
The Predator that was pursuing 
it lunges at the glowing decoy 

3361
03:12:28,500 --> 03:12:32,200
giving the squid pressure, 
second to escape its biological 

3362
03:12:32,200 --> 03:12:34,400
sleight of hand. 
I'm over here. 

3363
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:37,100
No. 
Wait, I'm over there. 

3364
03:12:37,100 --> 03:12:39,800
Actually, I'm nowhere near 
either of those locations. 

3365
03:12:40,900 --> 03:12:43,700
Fish swims past with photo 4S 
inside its mouth. 

3366
03:12:43,700 --> 03:12:47,500
When it opens its jaws. 
The inside glows, creating a 

3367
03:12:47,500 --> 03:12:50,700
luminous cave that small prey 
might mistake for shelter. 

3368
03:12:50,700 --> 03:12:54,100
They swim toward the light, 
seeking safety and fine teeth 

3369
03:12:54,100 --> 03:12:59,200
instead It's the anglerfish 
strategy refined of a lure 

3370
03:12:59,200 --> 03:13:02,500
dangling in front, the entire 
mouth becomes the Trap the 

3371
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:06,400
bioluminescence down here serves
so many purposes that scientists

3372
03:13:06,400 --> 03:13:10,600
are still cataloging them. 
Defense startle, Predators 

3373
03:13:10,600 --> 03:13:14,400
illuminate them for their 
predators or create decoys 

3374
03:13:14,400 --> 03:13:18,400
hunting lure, prey illuminate, 
prey invisibly. 

3375
03:13:18,400 --> 03:13:21,900
If you have red light or create 
hunting Partnerships by 

3376
03:13:21,900 --> 03:13:24,800
signaling to others, 
Communication. 

3377
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:29,500
Species recognition, mate, 
attraction, and territorial 

3378
03:13:29,500 --> 03:13:33,700
displays camouflage. 
Counter illumination to 

3379
03:13:33,700 --> 03:13:37,600
disappear against downwelling 
light, a jellyfish passes by 

3380
03:13:37,600 --> 03:13:40,500
that looks unremarkable, until 
something bumps into it. 

3381
03:13:41,600 --> 03:13:46,000
Then it explodes with light. 
Bright pulsing ring rings. 

3382
03:13:46,000 --> 03:13:48,200
That radiate out from the point 
of contact. 

3383
03:13:48,200 --> 03:13:52,600
This is a burglar alarm display.
The jellyfish is trying to 

3384
03:13:52,608 --> 03:13:54,700
attract attention to whatever 
just touched it. 

3385
03:13:54,708 --> 03:13:58,700
Hoping that attention comes in 
the form of a predator that will

3386
03:13:58,700 --> 03:14:00,400
eat the thing that bumped into 
it. 

3387
03:14:01,200 --> 03:14:03,800
It's desperate loud. 
And surprisingly effective. 

3388
03:14:03,800 --> 03:14:07,200
Many fish will immediately 
Retreat from anything that 

3389
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:08,900
suddenly lights up like a police
car? 

3390
03:14:09,700 --> 03:14:11,800
Some of the light patterns 
you're seeing aren't random 

3391
03:14:11,800 --> 03:14:16,000
flashes but coded signals 
certain species of squid produce

3392
03:14:16,000 --> 03:14:18,300
specific patterns when they're 
looking for mates. 

3393
03:14:19,100 --> 03:14:22,500
Particular sequences are flashes
that translate roughly to I'm 

3394
03:14:22,500 --> 03:14:25,200
available. 
I'm the right species and I'm in

3395
03:14:25,200 --> 03:14:28,100
breeding condition. 
Other squid produced different 

3396
03:14:28,100 --> 03:14:32,200
patterns that mean, this 
territory is occupied, or I'm 

3397
03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:36,300
too large to be worth attacking.
Flash light fish appears. 

3398
03:14:36,300 --> 03:14:40,200
Yes that's its actual name with 
the large photo Force beneath 

3399
03:14:40,200 --> 03:14:43,600
its eyes that it can cover with 
specialized flaps of skin, 

3400
03:14:43,600 --> 03:14:48,500
creating a controllable on off 
signal, hit flashes in patterns 

3401
03:14:48,500 --> 03:14:53,600
three quick, pause two quick 
pause, one long. 

3402
03:14:54,600 --> 03:14:57,200
Other flashlight fish respond 
with their own patterns. 

3403
03:14:57,200 --> 03:15:01,800
You're watching a conversation 
conducted entirely in blinks a 

3404
03:15:01,800 --> 03:15:03,500
discussion of whatever matters 
to Flashlight. 

3405
03:15:03,500 --> 03:15:09,300
Fish, Feeding spots, mating 
availability local Predators. 

3406
03:15:09,300 --> 03:15:12,300
The content doesn't matter as 
much as the fact that it's 

3407
03:15:12,300 --> 03:15:15,000
happening. 
Social communication, using 

3408
03:15:15,000 --> 03:15:19,100
light in a place where light was
supposed to be impossible, the 

3409
03:15:19,100 --> 03:15:21,900
submersible's lights come back 
on and the bioluminescence 

3410
03:15:21,900 --> 03:15:25,300
vanishes washed out by the 
bright artificial illumination. 

3411
03:15:25,300 --> 03:15:28,300
It's a reminder that what you 
are seeing was actually quite 

3412
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:33,100
dim photons produced One 
reaction at a time efficient but

3413
03:15:33,100 --> 03:15:36,800
not powerful. 
Typical bioluminescent organism 

3414
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:39,500
produces about as much light as 
a single LED. 

3415
03:15:39,500 --> 03:15:43,600
It seems brighter in absolute 
Darkness but it's nowhere near 

3416
03:15:43,600 --> 03:15:45,900
the intensity of sunlight or 
even a flash light. 

3417
03:15:47,000 --> 03:15:50,900
An anglerfish swims slowly 
passed and its lure is glowing. 

3418
03:15:50,900 --> 03:15:55,000
Again, that famous dangling 
appendage with bioluminescent 

3419
03:15:55,000 --> 03:15:59,500
bacteria, living inside it, the 
bacteria, glow continuously, and

3420
03:15:59,500 --> 03:16:02,500
the anglerfish controls, whether
the light is visible by covering

3421
03:16:02,500 --> 03:16:05,700
or uncovering, the organ with 
specialized pigment cells. 

3422
03:16:05,700 --> 03:16:09,000
It's an on-off switch controlled
by chromatophores. 

3423
03:16:09,000 --> 03:16:12,800
The same cells that squid and 
octopuses used to change color. 

3424
03:16:13,600 --> 03:16:17,100
Biology is repurposed the same 
tools for completely different 

3425
03:16:17,100 --> 03:16:19,800
applications. 
The depth gauge. 

3426
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:23,800
Now, reads 12,000 feet your 
approaching, the deepest zones, 

3427
03:16:23,800 --> 03:16:28,500
most submersibles can reach the 
hadal Zone named after Hades. 

3428
03:16:28,500 --> 03:16:32,300
And even here in what should be 
a realm of absolute Darkness? 

3429
03:16:32,300 --> 03:16:36,800
Life carries, its own light, not
as defiant, not a celebration, 

3430
03:16:36,800 --> 03:16:42,000
but as a tool, a way to survive,
communicate hunt and reproduce 

3431
03:16:42,000 --> 03:16:44,100
in a place where survival seems 
impossible. 

3432
03:16:45,000 --> 03:16:47,900
The light that carries messages 
isn't trying to illuminate the 

3433
03:16:47,900 --> 03:16:50,100
darkness. 
It's just trying to say 

3434
03:16:50,100 --> 03:16:53,900
something one flash at a time. 
I'm here, I'm hungry, I'm 

3435
03:16:53,900 --> 03:16:58,800
available, I'm dangerous, I'm 
food, stay away, come closer, 

3436
03:16:58,800 --> 03:17:02,600
simple messages, really? 
But delivered with photons, and 

3437
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:05,500
stead of sound with chemistry 
and electricity. 

3438
03:17:05,500 --> 03:17:09,200
And with Elegance, that make 
human communication systems 

3439
03:17:09,200 --> 03:17:12,500
seemed almost crude the 
chronometer on your instrument 

3440
03:17:12,500 --> 03:17:15,400
panel indicates, you've been 
descending and exploring for six

3441
03:17:15,400 --> 03:17:18,800
hours but down here at 13,000 
feet. 

3442
03:17:19,600 --> 03:17:23,500
You could be told it's been six 
minutes or six days and you'd 

3443
03:17:23,500 --> 03:17:27,000
have no way to verify it time 
works differently when nothing 

3444
03:17:27,000 --> 03:17:31,700
around you indicates its passage
no Sunrise, no Sunset, no 

3445
03:17:31,700 --> 03:17:35,100
temperature changes, no seasons 
and no tide strong enough to 

3446
03:17:35,108 --> 03:17:39,800
notice just the Eternal now 
stretching and all directions. 

3447
03:17:39,800 --> 03:17:43,800
A bristle worm crawls across the
sediment beneath you and based 

3448
03:17:43,800 --> 03:17:46,600
on the growth rings in its 
segments, scientists estimate, 

3449
03:17:46,600 --> 03:17:49,600
this individual is somewhere 
between 40 and 60 years old, 

3450
03:17:49,600 --> 03:17:53,500
it's been alive since the 
Kennedy administration possibly 

3451
03:17:53,500 --> 03:17:57,400
moving at roughly the speed of 
tectonic, plates, eating 

3452
03:17:57,400 --> 03:17:59,700
settlement and processing 
nutrients. 

3453
03:17:59,700 --> 03:18:03,300
So slowly that its metabolism is
barely distinguishable from 

3454
03:18:03,300 --> 03:18:07,200
geology time in the deep ocean 
isn't measured in days or weeks,

3455
03:18:07,200 --> 03:18:10,500
but in decades and centuries 
that CQ cumber. 

3456
03:18:10,500 --> 03:18:14,100
You saw earlier Based on growth 
rate studies, it might be 100 

3457
03:18:14,100 --> 03:18:16,100
years old. 
The tube worms at the 

3458
03:18:16,108 --> 03:18:20,700
hydrothermal vent can live for 
250 years adding microscopic 

3459
03:18:20,700 --> 03:18:22,200
amounts to their length each 
year. 

3460
03:18:22,200 --> 03:18:25,100
So patient, they make tortoises 
look. 

3461
03:18:25,100 --> 03:18:28,100
Impulsive Grenadier. 
Fish hovers near the seafloor. 

3462
03:18:28,100 --> 03:18:31,500
Essentially doing nothing. 
It's been doing nothing for the 

3463
03:18:31,508 --> 03:18:35,300
past three days, not because 
it's lazy but because with a 

3464
03:18:35,300 --> 03:18:39,500
metabolic rate this low doing 
nothing is its default state. 

3465
03:18:39,500 --> 03:18:42,100
It will wait here until 
something edible comes within 

3466
03:18:42,100 --> 03:18:45,600
range then it will strike with 
movements so slow you could 

3467
03:18:45,600 --> 03:18:48,800
probably dodged it if you were 
paying attention, the strike 

3468
03:18:48,800 --> 03:18:51,500
will consume more calories than 
the fish's burned in the past 

3469
03:18:51,500 --> 03:18:54,100
week, which is why it won't 
attempt to another one. 

3470
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:57,300
Unless success seems very 
probable, your submersible, 

3471
03:18:57,300 --> 03:19:00,900
settles onto the sea floor, with
a gentle bump stirring up a 

3472
03:19:00,900 --> 03:19:03,800
small cloud of sediment that 
takes several minutes to settle 

3473
03:19:03,800 --> 03:19:07,400
at the surface Disturbed 
settlement would resettle in 

3474
03:19:07,400 --> 03:19:10,700
seconds. 
Maybe a minute at most down here

3475
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:13,200
in. 
Cold, viscous water, the 

3476
03:19:13,200 --> 03:19:16,200
particles drifted downward, with
the enthusiasm of a teenager 

3477
03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:20,300
asked to chores there in no, 
hurry, there's no current to 

3478
03:19:20,300 --> 03:19:25,000
speak of no disturbance, and no 
reason for haste the sediment 

3479
03:19:25,000 --> 03:19:28,400
Cloud, finally, settles. 
And you can see the surface, 

3480
03:19:28,400 --> 03:19:32,800
clearly, again, uniform 
understudied mud extending in 

3481
03:19:32,800 --> 03:19:35,700
every direction. 
The layer of sediment. 

3482
03:19:35,700 --> 03:19:39,000
You just Disturbed was probably 
deposited over the course of 

3483
03:19:39,000 --> 03:19:43,100
several thousand years. 
The layer beneath it, another 

3484
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:46,300
several thousand years. 
You can call down through the 

3485
03:19:46,300 --> 03:19:49,600
mud here and read Earth's 
history like a very boring book.

3486
03:19:49,600 --> 03:19:52,400
Each centimeter representing a 
millennium. 

3487
03:19:52,400 --> 03:19:57,400
Each meter representing a 
geological age, a c-pen rises 

3488
03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:00,500
from the sediment, a colonial 
organism that looks like an 

3489
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:03,700
old-fashioned quill pen, which 
is exactly where it got its 

3490
03:20:03,700 --> 03:20:05,900
name. 
This individual is about two 

3491
03:20:05,900 --> 03:20:08,800
feet tall. 
Swaying almost imperceptibly in 

3492
03:20:08,800 --> 03:20:11,200
current too weak to register on 
your instruments. 

3493
03:20:11,200 --> 03:20:15,700
Its filter feeding it extending 
polyps to catch whatever organic

3494
03:20:15,700 --> 03:20:18,800
particles drift passed based on 
its size. 

3495
03:20:18,800 --> 03:20:22,600
This sea pen is probably at 
least 200 years old, it was here

3496
03:20:22,600 --> 03:20:26,000
before the American Revolution. 
It will be here long after your 

3497
03:20:26,000 --> 03:20:29,900
great-grandchildren a dust. 
Slow pace of life down here, 

3498
03:20:29,900 --> 03:20:34,000
isn't a disadvantage. 
It's an adaptation in an 

3499
03:20:34,000 --> 03:20:37,100
environment with minimal food, 
limited, temperature, variation,

3500
03:20:37,100 --> 03:20:40,300
and few Predators. 
There's no evolutionary pressure

3501
03:20:40,300 --> 03:20:42,200
to move fast or reproduce 
quickly. 

3502
03:20:42,200 --> 03:20:45,500
The organisms that thrive. 
Here are the ones that learn to 

3503
03:20:45,500 --> 03:20:49,500
run their biology on minimal 
energy to live slowly and to 

3504
03:20:49,500 --> 03:20:52,100
wait. 
They're the biological 

3505
03:20:52,100 --> 03:20:55,900
equivalent of high efficiency, 
Vehicles optimized, not for 

3506
03:20:55,900 --> 03:20:59,900
Speed, but for distance per 
calorie, a tripod fish remains 

3507
03:20:59,900 --> 03:21:04,300
in, its characteristic stance 
elevated on elongated fin Rays 

3508
03:21:04,300 --> 03:21:06,400
facing into the imperceptible 
current. 

3509
03:21:06,400 --> 03:21:10,000
It's been in this exact position
for, at least the past week, 

3510
03:21:10,000 --> 03:21:13,300
based on the undisturbed 
sediment around its feet. 

3511
03:21:13,300 --> 03:21:16,900
It will probably remain here for
another week and the week after 

3512
03:21:16,900 --> 03:21:21,300
that moving cost energy standing
still and waiting for food to 

3513
03:21:21,300 --> 03:21:22,900
come to you costs almost 
nothing. 

3514
03:21:23,900 --> 03:21:28,100
In the deep ocean is measured by
growth rings in Fisher Bones by 

3515
03:21:28,100 --> 03:21:30,500
radioactive decay in sediment 
layers. 

3516
03:21:30,500 --> 03:21:33,000
And by the slow accumulation of 
marine. 

3517
03:21:33,000 --> 03:21:37,700
Snow a glass, sponge nearby 
might be 500 years old older 

3518
03:21:37,700 --> 03:21:40,600
than the founding of Saint 
Petersburg older than the Taj 

3519
03:21:40,600 --> 03:21:43,000
Mahal. 
It's been sitting on this spot 

3520
03:21:43,000 --> 03:21:45,400
filtering water since the Mingus
tea. 

3521
03:21:45,400 --> 03:21:49,200
If it could speak it would tell 
you that changes, something that

3522
03:21:49,200 --> 03:21:51,400
happens to other people in other
places. 

3523
03:21:51,400 --> 03:21:55,400
Your submersible sampling arm 
extends and collects a core of 

3524
03:21:55,400 --> 03:21:58,900
sediment. 
Chups two feet long containing 

3525
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:01,800
mud that represents roughly two 
million years of deposition. 

3526
03:22:01,800 --> 03:22:05,700
The bottom of this core is from 
the place to scene from a time. 

3527
03:22:05,708 --> 03:22:08,400
When mastered ones, walk the 
earth and humans were just 

3528
03:22:08,408 --> 03:22:11,800
figuring out fire. 
The top layer was deposited last

3529
03:22:11,800 --> 03:22:16,100
Tuesday, or maybe last month at 
this rate of accumulation, the 

3530
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:20,300
distinction is meaningless. 
Crinoids its attached to a rock 

3531
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:23,400
and Aquino Derm. 
That looks like a flower made of

3532
03:22:23,400 --> 03:22:26,500
arms crinoids. 
Sometimes called living fossils.

3533
03:22:26,500 --> 03:22:30,000
Though, that term is somewhat 
misleading because all organisms

3534
03:22:30,000 --> 03:22:32,900
are equally evolved. 
Having had the same amount of 

3535
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:36,400
time to adapt their environments
but crinoids do look. 

3536
03:22:36,400 --> 03:22:40,100
Remarkably similar to their 
ancestors from 300 million years

3537
03:22:40,100 --> 03:22:43,100
ago which suggests that their 
body plan works. 

3538
03:22:43,100 --> 03:22:46,400
Well enough that there's been no
pressure to change it if it's 

3539
03:22:46,400 --> 03:22:50,500
not broken, don't fix it. 
Even if not fixing it means 

3540
03:22:50,500 --> 03:22:52,400
staying the same for geological 
errors. 

3541
03:22:53,200 --> 03:22:56,000
The slow time of the deep ocean 
means that recovery from 

3542
03:22:56,000 --> 03:22:58,300
disturbance takes decades or 
centuries. 

3543
03:22:58,300 --> 03:23:02,000
If a submarine scrapes across 
the sea floor, the tracks can 

3544
03:23:02,000 --> 03:23:06,500
remain visible for 50 years. 
Deep sea mining were to occur 

3545
03:23:06,500 --> 03:23:09,700
the Disturbed areas. 
Wouldn't recover in any human 

3546
03:23:09,700 --> 03:23:13,000
meaningful time frame. 
The organisms here have adapted 

3547
03:23:13,000 --> 03:23:15,800
to stability to an environment 
that changes. 

3548
03:23:15,800 --> 03:23:20,200
So slowly that they can afford 
to grow slowly reproduce, slowly

3549
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:24,000
and recover slowly. 
Rapid change is something 

3550
03:23:24,000 --> 03:23:28,000
they're biology, simply isn't 
equipped to handle. sea spider 

3551
03:23:28,000 --> 03:23:31,500
walks across the sediment, not 
actually a spider, but a 

3552
03:23:31,500 --> 03:23:35,000
pecking, a gonad A creature so 
weird that scientists had to 

3553
03:23:35,000 --> 03:23:38,600
give it its own taxonomic class.
This particular specimen is 

3554
03:23:38,608 --> 03:23:42,100
about the size of your hand. 
Moving with the deliberation of 

3555
03:23:42,100 --> 03:23:45,200
something, that understands it 
has all day and all night, and 

3556
03:23:45,200 --> 03:23:46,900
all year to get wherever it's 
going. 

3557
03:23:47,600 --> 03:23:50,200
Its legs. 
Probed the mud searching for 

3558
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:54,200
small worms or hydroids when it 
finds, one it will feed for 

3559
03:23:54,200 --> 03:23:57,500
hours, possibly days. 
Extracting nutrients. 

3560
03:23:57,500 --> 03:24:00,600
With the enthusiasm of someone 
reading terms and conditions, 

3561
03:24:00,600 --> 03:24:04,600
the concept of circadian, 
rhythms, the 24-hour biological 

3562
03:24:04,600 --> 03:24:06,700
cycles that govern most surface 
life. 

3563
03:24:06,700 --> 03:24:10,900
Barely exists down here. 
There's no daylight cycle to 

3564
03:24:10,900 --> 03:24:14,600
synchronize to no reason for an 
organism to be more active at 

3565
03:24:14,600 --> 03:24:18,100
one time than another. 
Some deep sea fish show activity

3566
03:24:18,100 --> 03:24:21,100
patterns that correspond to the 
vertical migration of prey from 

3567
03:24:21,100 --> 03:24:26,800
above Of activity every 12 or 24
hours, but many show, no Cycles 

3568
03:24:26,800 --> 03:24:28,900
at all. 
They feed when they encounter 

3569
03:24:28,900 --> 03:24:32,500
food rest, when they don't and 
ignore the passage of time 

3570
03:24:32,500 --> 03:24:35,800
entirely. 
Your instruments detect a slight

3571
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:37,400
current. 
Water. 

3572
03:24:37,400 --> 03:24:40,800
Moving at approximately, one 
centimeter per second or about 

3573
03:24:40,800 --> 03:24:43,900
two feet per minute. 
This is what passes for strong 

3574
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:47,400
flow in the deep ocean. 
On land, you wouldn't even feel 

3575
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:49,600
this. 
It wouldn't roughly your hair or

3576
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:52,800
cool, your skin. 
But down here, it's sufficient 

3577
03:24:52,800 --> 03:24:55,900
to influence where organisms 
settle, which direction they 

3578
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:59,400
faced and how they position 
themselves to maximize food 

3579
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:02,500
capture. 
A bacterial Colony, grows on a 

3580
03:25:02,500 --> 03:25:05,600
piece of Driftwood that somehow 
made it down here, probably 

3581
03:25:05,600 --> 03:25:08,400
sank, after being waterlogged 
for months at the surface. 

3582
03:25:09,300 --> 03:25:12,400
The wood is being slowly 
consumed by bacteria and 

3583
03:25:12,400 --> 03:25:14,900
specialized wood boring by 
valve's. 

3584
03:25:14,900 --> 03:25:19,400
This process will take decades. 
Similar piece of wood on land 

3585
03:25:19,400 --> 03:25:22,900
would be decomposed within 
years, maybe months in a humid 

3586
03:25:22,900 --> 03:25:25,900
environment. 
But down here in cold water, 

3587
03:25:25,900 --> 03:25:28,300
with limited oxygen and sparse 
bacterial. 

3588
03:25:28,300 --> 03:25:32,300
Populations decomposition 
happens at geological speeds. 

3589
03:25:33,000 --> 03:25:36,500
The slow time has stranger 
effects on Evolution with 

3590
03:25:36,500 --> 03:25:39,700
generation times measured in 
decades, rather than years. 

3591
03:25:39,700 --> 03:25:43,500
And population sizes, often 
small due to food scarcity, 

3592
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:48,300
genetic changes take longer to 
spread through population's, but

3593
03:25:48,300 --> 03:25:51,900
there's also less competition, 
fewer environmental changes to 

3594
03:25:51,900 --> 03:25:54,800
adapt to and therefore less 
selective pressure. 

3595
03:25:55,800 --> 03:25:59,300
Evolution here happens in slow 
motion which is fitting for 

3596
03:25:59,308 --> 03:26:01,700
organisms that do everything in 
slow motion. 

3597
03:26:01,700 --> 03:26:05,700
A cusp scale swims. 
Past one of the deepest dwelling

3598
03:26:05,700 --> 03:26:09,900
fish ever recorded, found at 
depth succeeding 27,000 feet. 

3599
03:26:10,700 --> 03:26:12,900
It moves through the water with 
minimal effort. 

3600
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:17,200
Its body undulating slowly time 
for this fish is measured 

3601
03:26:17,200 --> 03:26:18,800
differently than for surface 
fish. 

3602
03:26:18,800 --> 03:26:22,400
Where a tuner might burn through
its energy reserves in hours of 

3603
03:26:22,408 --> 03:26:26,000
high speed swimming. 
This kuskie can go weaks on a 

3604
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:28,700
single small meal. 
It's playing a completely 

3605
03:26:28,700 --> 03:26:32,300
different game one where 
patients isn't a virtue but a 

3606
03:26:32,300 --> 03:26:35,300
survival requirement. 
The submersible's clock 

3607
03:26:35,300 --> 03:26:38,300
indicates, you've been on the 
bottom for 90 minutes, but it 

3608
03:26:38,300 --> 03:26:41,300
feels both longer and shorter 
than that longer. 

3609
03:26:41,300 --> 03:26:45,400
Because so little has happened. 
No dramatic events, no sudden, 

3610
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:49,500
movements, no changes in the 
environment shorter because the 

3611
03:26:49,500 --> 03:26:52,000
unchanging nature of your 
surroundings, makes time feel 

3612
03:26:52,000 --> 03:26:54,400
compressed as if you just 
arrived. 

3613
03:26:54,400 --> 03:26:58,200
And it's already time to leave. 
This is time at the bottom of 

3614
03:26:58,208 --> 03:27:01,800
the world. 
Not linear not urgent, not bound

3615
03:27:01,800 --> 03:27:04,600
by the rotations and 
revolution's that govern surface

3616
03:27:04,600 --> 03:27:09,100
life, just the slow accumulation
of moments into ours in today's 

3617
03:27:09,100 --> 03:27:13,200
into decades into centuries. 
Each one I identical to the last

3618
03:27:13,200 --> 03:27:17,800
each one like to be identical to
the next Time down here. 

3619
03:27:17,800 --> 03:27:22,000
Doesn't pass it. 
Accumulates your submersible is 

3620
03:27:22,000 --> 03:27:25,500
ascending now. 
Rising slowly through water that

3621
03:27:25,500 --> 03:27:30,500
humans have visited perhaps 20 
times in all of history. 20 

3622
03:27:30,500 --> 03:27:33,000
visits to a realm that covers 
more than half. 

3623
03:27:33,000 --> 03:27:37,100
The planet's surface, we've sent
more missions to the Moon. 12 

3624
03:27:37,100 --> 03:27:40,900
Apollo Landings alone than to 
the deepest parts of the ocean. 

3625
03:27:41,900 --> 03:27:44,300
We have better maps of Mars than
of the sea floor. 

3626
03:27:44,300 --> 03:27:47,200
There are more people who've 
walked in space than have been 

3627
03:27:47,200 --> 03:27:50,200
to the hadal Zone. 
This fact should bother you more

3628
03:27:50,200 --> 03:27:53,300
than it does. 
We've designated ourselves, the 

3629
03:27:53,300 --> 03:27:56,600
dominant species on Earth, the 
only ones with self-awareness 

3630
03:27:56,600 --> 03:28:00,000
and technology and Grand 
Ambitions, and yet we've barely 

3631
03:28:00,000 --> 03:28:02,900
explored our own Planet. 
The deep ocean Remains. 

3632
03:28:02,900 --> 03:28:06,300
The largest unexplored from tear
on Earth, not because it's 

3633
03:28:06,300 --> 03:28:10,200
impossible to reach, but because
it's expensive difficult and 

3634
03:28:10,200 --> 03:28:13,500
yields knowledge rather than 
profit in 1960. 

3635
03:28:13,500 --> 03:28:16,300
Jacques piccard and Don Walsh 
descended to the bottom of the 

3636
03:28:16,300 --> 03:28:18,900
Challenger Deep. 
The deepest point in the ocean 

3637
03:28:18,900 --> 03:28:23,300
nearly 36,000 feet down. 
They spent 20 minutes on the 

3638
03:28:23,300 --> 03:28:26,900
bottom, saw a flat fish in a 
shrimp and return to the surface

3639
03:28:26,900 --> 03:28:32,600
then nothing It would be 52 
years before anyone returned to 

3640
03:28:32,600 --> 03:28:37,200
that depth. 52 years in that 
time, we sent humans to the 

3641
03:28:37,208 --> 03:28:41,300
Moon, six times launched, 
hundreds of satellites built, 

3642
03:28:41,300 --> 03:28:44,600
the International Space Station,
and sent probes to every planet 

3643
03:28:44,600 --> 03:28:47,900
in the solar system. 
But the deepest part of our own 

3644
03:28:47,900 --> 03:28:51,000
ocean one. 
Visit every 50 years sounds 

3645
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:53,600
about, right. 
The deep ocean doesn't make for 

3646
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:57,500
good television. 
There are no stunning Vistas, no

3647
03:28:57,500 --> 03:29:02,300
dramatic Landscapes and no 
charismatic megafauna just 

3648
03:29:02,300 --> 03:29:07,000
darkness mud and weird fish. 
It's hard to get funding for 

3649
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:09,600
exploring mud. 
It's hard to get public interest

3650
03:29:09,600 --> 03:29:12,300
in creatures that look like 
mistakes spaces. 

3651
03:29:12,300 --> 03:29:17,400
Sexy, the ocean floor is not 
your Ascent continues 8,000 

3652
03:29:17,400 --> 03:29:20,000
feet. 
Now, Rising through the Abyssal 

3653
03:29:20,000 --> 03:29:23,600
Zone, the organisms, your 
passing, the jellyfish, the 

3654
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:25,700
squid. 
The strange fish with impossible

3655
03:29:25,700 --> 03:29:28,100
proportions. 
Have probably never seen a 

3656
03:29:28,100 --> 03:29:30,500
submersible before might never 
see one. 

3657
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:33,500
Again, your lights are likely 
the brightest illumination. 

3658
03:29:33,500 --> 03:29:36,300
They've experienced since well 
ever. 

3659
03:29:37,200 --> 03:29:41,700
Your UFO to them, an 
inexplicable intrusion of light,

3660
03:29:41,700 --> 03:29:44,200
and noise, and artificial 
geometry into their world of 

3661
03:29:44,200 --> 03:29:46,900
organic curves, and 
bioluminescent Whispers 

3662
03:29:46,900 --> 03:29:51,200
scientists estimate that we've 
explored less than 5% of the 

3663
03:29:51,200 --> 03:29:55,100
ocean floor 5%. 
We know more about the surface 

3664
03:29:55,100 --> 03:29:58,600
of Venus where the temperature 
is 900 Degrees and the pressure 

3665
03:29:58,600 --> 03:30:02,200
would flatten you instantly than
about significant portions of 

3666
03:30:02,200 --> 03:30:06,900
our own sea floor. 
With 100% of Venus, we've mapped

3667
03:30:06,900 --> 03:30:11,100
5% of the ocean floor at high 
resolution 6000 feet. 

3668
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:14,900
Now, your passing through zones 
were scientists of collected, 

3669
03:30:14,900 --> 03:30:17,300
paps, and dozen specimens of 
certain species. 

3670
03:30:17,300 --> 03:30:20,500
We know these creatures exist 
because we've accidentally 

3671
03:30:20,500 --> 03:30:24,000
caught the them in Nets but we 
don't know how they live, where 

3672
03:30:24,000 --> 03:30:27,300
they breed, what they eat or how
long they survive. 

3673
03:30:28,300 --> 03:30:30,800
We have their bodies, but not 
their stories. 

3674
03:30:30,800 --> 03:30:34,000
The deep ocean, resists, human 
intrusion, not through 

3675
03:30:34,000 --> 03:30:37,200
hostility, but through 
indifference, it doesn't care 

3676
03:30:37,200 --> 03:30:42,300
that we want to explore it. 
It continues its cold dark high 

3677
03:30:42,300 --> 03:30:45,300
pressure existence. 
Whether we visit or not, the 

3678
03:30:45,300 --> 03:30:47,400
organisms here have been 
evolving for hundreds of 

3679
03:30:47,400 --> 03:30:50,800
millions of years without human 
input and they'll continue 

3680
03:30:50,800 --> 03:30:52,400
evolving long. 
After we're gone. 

3681
03:30:52,400 --> 03:30:55,500
Our submarines and submersibles 
are footnotes in their world 

3682
03:30:55,500 --> 03:30:59,100
brief anomalies that appear 
collect a few samples. 

3683
03:30:59,100 --> 03:31:02,300
Take some photographs and vanish
4,000 feet. 

3684
03:31:02,300 --> 03:31:06,800
Your approaching the depth were 
submarines operate where human 

3685
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:11,200
technology becomes more common. 
But even here the visits are 

3686
03:31:11,200 --> 03:31:13,300
rare. 
The military submarine might 

3687
03:31:13,300 --> 03:31:17,000
pass through these Waters once a
month or once a year research 

3688
03:31:17,000 --> 03:31:20,300
vessels, even less frequently, 
the creatures here. 

3689
03:31:20,300 --> 03:31:23,600
Live their entire lives in near 
total isolation from Human 

3690
03:31:23,600 --> 03:31:26,200
observation. 
There's something humbling about

3691
03:31:26,200 --> 03:31:28,300
that. 
We like to think we've conquered

3692
03:31:28,300 --> 03:31:31,200
Earth, that we've cataloged its 
creatures, and mapped its 

3693
03:31:31,200 --> 03:31:33,200
terrain and understood its 
systems. 

3694
03:31:33,200 --> 03:31:37,000
But Deep ocean reminds us that 
most of this planet is beyond 

3695
03:31:37,000 --> 03:31:40,300
our reach operating according to
rules, we barely understand 

3696
03:31:40,300 --> 03:31:45,300
populated by creatures, we've 
never seen 2000 feet. 

3697
03:31:45,300 --> 03:31:49,200
Now you're in the Bethel Zone 
where a few more submersible's 

3698
03:31:49,200 --> 03:31:52,000
operate where some commercial 
fishing impacts the ecosystem. 

3699
03:31:52,000 --> 03:31:55,900
But even here, human presence is
sporadic. 

3700
03:31:55,900 --> 03:31:58,000
A trawler might drag the sea 
floor. 

3701
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:01,000
Once destroying Century old, 
Coral in minutes, then move on. 

3702
03:32:01,800 --> 03:32:04,900
The damage remains for decades 
but the humans who caused it 

3703
03:32:04,908 --> 03:32:08,200
never returned to see it. 
Scientists estimate that there 

3704
03:32:08,200 --> 03:32:11,300
are potentially 1 million 
species living in the deep ocean

3705
03:32:11,300 --> 03:32:15,600
that we haven't discovered yet 1
million in an age where we can 

3706
03:32:15,600 --> 03:32:18,300
sequence genomes and edit genes 
and create artificial 

3707
03:32:18,300 --> 03:32:20,500
intelligence. 
We still don't know what lives 

3708
03:32:20,500 --> 03:32:24,600
in 70 per cent of our own Planet
were cataloging exoplanets in 

3709
03:32:24,600 --> 03:32:26,800
other solar systems. 
While remaining fundamentally 

3710
03:32:26,800 --> 03:32:30,600
ignorant of our oceans depths 
1,000 feet. 

3711
03:32:31,700 --> 03:32:36,300
Light is beginning to penetrate 
from above faint blue, but real 

3712
03:32:36,300 --> 03:32:38,400
sunlight. 
You're leaving the midnight 

3713
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:42,100
zone, entering the Twilight Zone
and approaching the realm where 

3714
03:32:42,100 --> 03:32:45,100
human activity is common. 
Fishing vessels. 

3715
03:32:45,100 --> 03:32:49,100
Submarines underwater, cables, 
offshore drilling platforms 

3716
03:32:49,100 --> 03:32:51,600
technology is everywhere up 
here. 

3717
03:32:51,600 --> 03:32:56,200
The contrast is striking In the 
space of a few hours, you've 

3718
03:32:56,200 --> 03:32:58,100
moved from a place. 
Essentially Untouched by 

3719
03:32:58,100 --> 03:33:02,600
Humanity to a place where human 
impact is everywhere from 

3720
03:33:02,600 --> 03:33:04,700
seafloor. 
That hasn't been Disturbed in 

3721
03:33:04,700 --> 03:33:08,800
Melania to Water's fished 
commerciali From darkness and 

3722
03:33:08,800 --> 03:33:14,000
isolation to light and 
intrusion, 500 feet. you can see

3723
03:33:14,000 --> 03:33:17,700
the surface now, a boundary 
between worlds, a transition 

3724
03:33:17,700 --> 03:33:23,100
from the familiar to the alien 
above Sunlight warmth human, 

3725
03:33:23,100 --> 03:33:26,700
ships satellites, and billions 
of people living their lives. 

3726
03:33:26,700 --> 03:33:32,000
Mostly unaware of what exists 
below below, the cold, the dark,

3727
03:33:32,000 --> 03:33:34,700
the pressure and the strange 
slow. 

3728
03:33:34,700 --> 03:33:36,700
Life. 
That persists in conditions that

3729
03:33:36,700 --> 03:33:39,100
would kill surface organisms 
instantly. 

3730
03:33:40,000 --> 03:33:42,900
The submersible breaks through 
the surface with a splash. 

3731
03:33:42,900 --> 03:33:46,100
That seems absurdly loud. 
After hours of near silence 

3732
03:33:46,100 --> 03:33:50,500
water streams off the hull, the 
hatch opens and warm are floods 

3733
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:53,000
in. 
Are that feels tropical compared

3734
03:33:53,000 --> 03:33:56,900
to the refrigerated interior? 
You climb out into sunlight that

3735
03:33:56,900 --> 03:34:01,500
seems impossibly bright painful.
Almost the research vessels 

3736
03:34:01,500 --> 03:34:03,600
crane lifts the submersible from
the water. 

3737
03:34:03,600 --> 03:34:07,800
The ocean surface rolls? 
Gently looking exactly the same 

3738
03:34:07,800 --> 03:34:09,200
as it. 
Did six hours ago. 

3739
03:34:09,200 --> 03:34:13,400
Nothing about it suggests, What 
Lies Beneath the miles of cold 

3740
03:34:13,400 --> 03:34:16,800
Darkness, the strange creatures 
the slow, time the alien. 

3741
03:34:16,800 --> 03:34:21,600
Ecosystems, the surface keeps 
its Secrets, you'll write a 

3742
03:34:21,600 --> 03:34:25,700
report scientists will study 
your samples, a few photographs 

3743
03:34:25,700 --> 03:34:29,400
will be published, and then 
everyone will mostly forget. 

3744
03:34:30,200 --> 03:34:32,700
Because the deep ocean doesn't 
capture imagination. 

3745
03:34:32,700 --> 03:34:36,000
The way space does it doesn't 
promise mineral wealth or 

3746
03:34:36,000 --> 03:34:40,000
strategic Advantage? 
It's just their deep and dark 

3747
03:34:40,000 --> 03:34:43,500
and full of weird fish. 
But for the creatures down 

3748
03:34:43,500 --> 03:34:47,600
there, this is everything. 
This is their entire world. 

3749
03:34:47,600 --> 03:34:52,400
The only World they've ever 
known or will know and we are to

3750
03:34:52,400 --> 03:34:55,500
them vanishingly rare. 
We are legends. 

3751
03:34:55,500 --> 03:34:59,500
Rumors, inexplicable lights that
appear once in a lifetime. 

3752
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:02,500
If at all. 
The rare moments, we arrived 

3753
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:05,600
change nothing for them. 
The deep ocean continues. 

3754
03:35:05,600 --> 03:35:09,500
Its cold dark existence. 
The Marine snow keeps falling. 

3755
03:35:10,400 --> 03:35:11,800
Tube worms. 
Keep filtering. 

3756
03:35:11,800 --> 03:35:14,500
Hydrogen sulfide. 
The tripod fish. 

3757
03:35:14,500 --> 03:35:18,500
Keep waiting for food. 
Time moves, slowly pressure 

3758
03:35:18,500 --> 03:35:22,900
remains constant and life 
persists in the dark with or 

3759
03:35:22,900 --> 03:35:25,700
without us your standing on the 
deck of the research. 

3760
03:35:25,700 --> 03:35:28,500
Vessel watching the sun, set 
over the Pacific. 

3761
03:35:28,500 --> 03:35:32,700
The water is turning from Blue 
to purple to almost black as the

3762
03:35:32,700 --> 03:35:36,700
light fades in an hour, it'll be
completely dark surface dark the

3763
03:35:36,700 --> 03:35:40,000
kind where you can still see 
stars and shiplights, not deep 

3764
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:43,300
ocean dark, which is a different
thing entirely somewhere beneath

3765
03:35:43,300 --> 03:35:47,100
this ship four miles down, life 
is continuing exactly as it has 

3766
03:35:47,100 --> 03:35:50,600
for millions of years. 
Sea cucumbers are processing, 

3767
03:35:50,600 --> 03:35:55,100
sediment fish, are waiting for 
food, bacteria are converting 

3768
03:35:55,100 --> 03:35:58,800
chemicals into energy at 
hydrothermal vents, and none of 

3769
03:35:58,808 --> 03:36:01,800
them know or care that humans 
exist, that we've built 

3770
03:36:01,800 --> 03:36:05,200
civilizations and Technologies 
and dreams of exploring the 

3771
03:36:05,200 --> 03:36:07,400
universe. 
The deep ocean represents 

3772
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:11,300
Earth's final frontier, not. 
Because it's the last place to 

3773
03:36:11,308 --> 03:36:14,400
explore chronologically, but 
because it might be the last 

3774
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:17,100
place we actually do explore 
thoroughly. 

3775
03:36:18,200 --> 03:36:21,100
Space is the dream that captures
human imagination. 

3776
03:36:21,100 --> 03:36:24,500
Mars. 
The moons of Jupiter exoplanets,

3777
03:36:24,500 --> 03:36:28,300
orbiting distant Stars, These 
are the Frontiers that Inspire 

3778
03:36:28,300 --> 03:36:33,900
funding and public interest. 
The deep ocean is just their wet

3779
03:36:33,900 --> 03:36:39,800
dark expensive to visit and full
of uncharismatic Foreigner. 

3780
03:36:39,800 --> 03:36:43,600
But here's what we're missing. 
The deep ocean is, genuinely 

3781
03:36:43,600 --> 03:36:47,100
alien in ways that Mars isn't, 
Mars is a dead world. 

3782
03:36:47,100 --> 03:36:51,500
It's cold dry and sterile. 
If there's life there, it's 

3783
03:36:51,500 --> 03:36:55,300
probably microbial. 
Probably hiding underground and 

3784
03:36:55,300 --> 03:36:57,600
probably not doing anything 
particularly interesting. 

3785
03:36:57,600 --> 03:37:02,400
The deep ocean is teeming with 
complex, life organisms with 

3786
03:37:02,400 --> 03:37:05,800
bizarre adaptations. 
Intricate ecosystems and 

3787
03:37:05,800 --> 03:37:07,800
evolutionary solutions to 
problems. 

3788
03:37:07,800 --> 03:37:11,600
We didn't know existed. 
It's alien life on our own 

3789
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:13,800
planet and we're largely 
ignoring it. 

3790
03:37:13,800 --> 03:37:17,100
The pressure, the cold, the 
darkness. 

3791
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:19,600
These aren't just obstacles to 
exploration. 

3792
03:37:19,600 --> 03:37:22,600
They're selective forces that 
have created organisms 

3793
03:37:22,600 --> 03:37:25,300
fundamentally different from 
anything in our terrestrial 

3794
03:37:25,300 --> 03:37:28,500
experience. 
A hadal snailfish that looks 

3795
03:37:28,500 --> 03:37:33,100
like it's melting a gulper eel. 
That's mostly mouth a barrel 

3796
03:37:33,100 --> 03:37:36,000
life fish with a transparent 
head and upward pointing tubular

3797
03:37:36,000 --> 03:37:38,400
eyes. 
These aren't science fiction 

3798
03:37:38,400 --> 03:37:40,900
creatures. 
They're real organisms that 

3799
03:37:40,900 --> 03:37:44,300
evolved to solve real problems 
in real environments and we 

3800
03:37:44,308 --> 03:37:47,400
barely know them. 
Most deep sea species are known 

3801
03:37:47,400 --> 03:37:49,700
from a handful of specimens, if 
that? 

3802
03:37:50,700 --> 03:37:54,200
We have rough ideas about their 
diets, vague estimates of their 

3803
03:37:54,200 --> 03:37:56,900
population. 
And speculation about their 

3804
03:37:56,900 --> 03:38:02,100
reproduction, it's 2026 and we 
can sequence, the Genome of any 

3805
03:38:02,100 --> 03:38:05,600
organism we can catch, but we 
can't catch most of them because

3806
03:38:05,600 --> 03:38:07,500
we don't know where they live or
how to find them. 

3807
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:11,200
The sun is gone. 
Now stars are appearing more 

3808
03:38:11,200 --> 03:38:14,400
than you can see from cities but
still washed out by the ship's 

3809
03:38:14,400 --> 03:38:16,800
lights. 
Real darkness. 

3810
03:38:16,800 --> 03:38:19,000
The kind that makes the deeper 
potions. 

3811
03:38:19,000 --> 03:38:21,800
Darkness. 
Meaningful is hard to find on 

3812
03:38:21,800 --> 03:38:24,900
Earth's surface anymore. 
We've illuminated the land. 

3813
03:38:24,900 --> 03:38:28,000
Lit up our cities and banished 
the night through technology. 

3814
03:38:28,900 --> 03:38:32,500
But the deep ocean remains dark 
in different to our lights. 

3815
03:38:32,500 --> 03:38:36,400
Unchanged by our presence. 
Scientists talk about 

3816
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:40,300
charismatic megafauna, the 
pandas Tigers elephants, and 

3817
03:38:40,300 --> 03:38:44,100
whales organisms that capture 
public imagination and drive 

3818
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:47,600
conservation efforts. 
The deep ocean has almost no 

3819
03:38:47,600 --> 03:38:51,900
charismatic megafauna giant 
squids may be though, we filmed 

3820
03:38:51,900 --> 03:38:53,900
living specimens. 
Only a handful of times. 

3821
03:38:53,900 --> 03:38:58,900
Most deep-sea creatures are 
small, weird translucent and 

3822
03:38:58,900 --> 03:39:01,800
utterly lacking an appeal to 
anyone who isn't a marine 

3823
03:39:01,800 --> 03:39:05,500
biologist or genuinely strange, 
this presents a problem. 

3824
03:39:06,300 --> 03:39:09,400
How do you conserve and protect 
ecosystems that people don't 

3825
03:39:09,400 --> 03:39:12,300
care about? 
How do you prevent deep sea 

3826
03:39:12,300 --> 03:39:15,000
mining when the alternative is 
mud? 

3827
03:39:15,900 --> 03:39:17,700
How do you regulate fishing in 
areas? 

3828
03:39:17,700 --> 03:39:22,100
No one visits to species. 
No one's heard of the answer so 

3829
03:39:22,100 --> 03:39:23,800
far. 
Has been, we mostly don't. 

3830
03:39:24,700 --> 03:39:28,100
The deep ocean remains, largely 
unregulated, unexplored, and 

3831
03:39:28,100 --> 03:39:31,300
unprotected. 
A few Marine reserves exist, but

3832
03:39:31,300 --> 03:39:33,900
their drops. 
In an ocean commercial interests

3833
03:39:33,900 --> 03:39:35,900
are already eyeing. 
The mineral deposits around 

3834
03:39:35,900 --> 03:39:40,100
hydrothermal vents rich in 
Copper zinc and Rare Earth 

3835
03:39:40,100 --> 03:39:42,500
elements. 
The economics are compelling. 

3836
03:39:42,500 --> 03:39:47,200
The ecological costs are unknown
but likely severe a crew member 

3837
03:39:47,200 --> 03:39:51,200
walks passed heading below deck.
Ship rocks, gently in the 

3838
03:39:51,208 --> 03:39:53,500
swells. 
Somewhere in the darkness, 

3839
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:57,300
Dolphins might be riding the 
bear wave or bioluminescent 

3840
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:00,200
Plankton might be creating 
glowing trails in the water. 

3841
03:40:00,200 --> 03:40:03,800
The surface ocean is still 
magical in places still capable 

3842
03:40:03,800 --> 03:40:07,000
of wonder. 
But the real Mysteries, the real

3843
03:40:07,000 --> 03:40:10,300
alien environments are below. 
The deep. 

3844
03:40:10,300 --> 03:40:13,700
Ocean is Earth's largest biome 
the Abyssal Plains alone. 

3845
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:15,500
Cover more area than all 
terrestrial. 

3846
03:40:15,500 --> 03:40:18,900
Habitats combined. 
And we've sampled it about as 

3847
03:40:18,900 --> 03:40:22,000
thoroughly as you'd sample a 
continent by collecting a few 

3848
03:40:22,000 --> 03:40:26,100
dozen shovels of dirt or 
extrapolating ecosystems from 

3849
03:40:26,100 --> 03:40:29,900
fragments inferring food, webs 
from partial evidence and 

3850
03:40:29,900 --> 03:40:33,200
guessing at population Dynamics 
based on mathematical models. 

3851
03:40:33,200 --> 03:40:37,300
This is fine for generating 
authorities but it's a poor 

3852
03:40:37,300 --> 03:40:38,800
foundation for protecting 
ecosystems. 

3853
03:40:38,800 --> 03:40:42,500
We don't understand. 
How do you assess the impact of 

3854
03:40:42,500 --> 03:40:44,400
deep sea mining? 
When you don't know what lives 

3855
03:40:44,400 --> 03:40:46,700
there? 
How do you prevent extinctions 

3856
03:40:46,700 --> 03:40:49,200
of species? 
You have to discovered How do 

3857
03:40:49,200 --> 03:40:52,400
you balance resource extraction 
against ecological preservation?

3858
03:40:52,400 --> 03:40:55,000
When the ecology is mostly 
guesswork? 

3859
03:40:55,800 --> 03:40:59,300
The stars are bright. 
Now you can see the Milky Way, a

3860
03:40:59,300 --> 03:41:03,200
pale ban across the sky. 
Billions of stars, many with 

3861
03:41:03,200 --> 03:41:05,100
planets. 
Some of those planets 

3862
03:41:05,100 --> 03:41:08,600
potentially harboring life. 
We're spending billions on 

3863
03:41:08,600 --> 03:41:11,300
telescopes and space missions to
find that life. 

3864
03:41:11,300 --> 03:41:15,100
While simultaneously ignoring 
complex ecosystems in our own 

3865
03:41:15,100 --> 03:41:19,100
oceans, there's no contradiction
really Space and ocean 

3866
03:41:19,100 --> 03:41:20,900
exploration aren't in 
competition. 

3867
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:24,900
We could fund both adequately if
we chose to, but the funding 

3868
03:41:24,900 --> 03:41:28,300
ratios reveal. 
Our priorities, space gets the 

3869
03:41:28,300 --> 03:41:31,400
money, the public interest and 
the grand Ambitions. 

3870
03:41:31,400 --> 03:41:35,600
The ocean gets what's left over,
which isn't much, maybe that's 

3871
03:41:35,600 --> 03:41:38,100
human nature. 
We've always looked outward 

3872
03:41:38,100 --> 03:41:41,400
toward Horizon's toward what's 
beyond the next Hill or across 

3873
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:44,200
the next ocean. 
Looking down into depths that 

3874
03:41:44,200 --> 03:41:47,600
crush and freeze and hide their 
secrets doesn't trigger the same

3875
03:41:47,600 --> 03:41:51,000
exploratory, impulse. 
But the ocean depths are 

3876
03:41:51,000 --> 03:41:54,900
genuinely here. 
Genuinely alien and genuinely 

3877
03:41:54,900 --> 03:41:58,400
full of discoveries, waiting to 
be made the deep ocean will 

3878
03:41:58,400 --> 03:42:02,200
Outlast Humanity. 
When We're Gone, whether in 100 

3879
03:42:02,200 --> 03:42:05,700
years or 100 million, the 
Abyssal planes will still be 

3880
03:42:05,700 --> 03:42:09,400
accumulating sediment 
Hydrothermal vents will still be

3881
03:42:09,400 --> 03:42:13,100
creating Oasis of life and the 
hadal snailfish will still be 

3882
03:42:13,100 --> 03:42:16,700
doing whatever. 
It is hadal snailfish do the 

3883
03:42:16,700 --> 03:42:20,100
ocean doesn't need us. 
It was here before we evolved 

3884
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:21,700
and it'll be here after we're 
extinct. 

3885
03:42:21,700 --> 03:42:24,600
But we need it in ways. 
We probably don't fully 

3886
03:42:24,600 --> 03:42:28,100
appreciate the ocean. 
Regulates climate produces 

3887
03:42:28,100 --> 03:42:32,200
oxygen absorbs carbon dioxide 
and drives weather patterns. 

3888
03:42:32,200 --> 03:42:36,400
The deep ocean is part of that 
system, not isolated from the 

3889
03:42:36,400 --> 03:42:38,800
surface. 
But connected through the slow 

3890
03:42:38,800 --> 03:42:43,100
mixing of water, the vertical 
migration of organisms and the 

3891
03:42:43,100 --> 03:42:46,600
reign of organic matter from 
above and were changing it. 

3892
03:42:46,600 --> 03:42:51,300
Ocean acidification caused by 
absorbed, CO2 is affecting deep 

3893
03:42:51,300 --> 03:42:55,300
sea organisms that have never 
dealt with ph changes warming 

3894
03:42:55,300 --> 03:42:57,200
surface. 
Water's are altering circulation

3895
03:42:57,200 --> 03:43:00,700
patterns that determine when 
nutrients go, which affects what

3896
03:43:00,700 --> 03:43:03,500
sinks to the Deep plastic 
microparticles. 

3897
03:43:03,500 --> 03:43:05,900
Have been found at the bottom of
the Marianna trench. 

3898
03:43:05,900 --> 03:43:09,600
We've managed to pollute the As 
part of the ocean, a place. 

3899
03:43:09,608 --> 03:43:13,500
We barely visit the deep ocean 
is Earth's final frontier. 

3900
03:43:13,500 --> 03:43:17,000
Not because it's the last place 
left to explore, but because it 

3901
03:43:17,000 --> 03:43:20,000
might be the last place we 
actually recognize as worth 

3902
03:43:20,000 --> 03:43:22,700
exploring before. 
It's too late before we've 

3903
03:43:22,700 --> 03:43:26,000
changed it too, much to 
understand what it was before 

3904
03:43:26,000 --> 03:43:29,600
we've lost species. 
We never knew existed the ship's

3905
03:43:29,600 --> 03:43:32,800
engines rumbled to life. 
You're heading back to Port, 

3906
03:43:32,800 --> 03:43:37,300
back to land, back to the world 
of air and sunlight and 

3907
03:43:37,300 --> 03:43:39,600
reasonable pressure. 
The deep ocean. 

3908
03:43:39,600 --> 03:43:41,900
Recedes behind you, not 
physically. 

3909
03:43:41,900 --> 03:43:45,800
It's still right there under the
ship but conceptually it becomes

3910
03:43:45,800 --> 03:43:48,300
something you visited rather 
than something you're 

3911
03:43:48,300 --> 03:43:51,800
experiencing a memory rather 
than an immediate reality. 

3912
03:43:51,800 --> 03:43:54,000
And that's how most people 
experience. 

3913
03:43:54,000 --> 03:43:57,700
The deep ocean, as an 
abstraction, a fact mentioned in

3914
03:43:57,700 --> 03:44:00,100
documentaries. 
A place that exists 

3915
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:02,900
theoretically but has no bearing
on daily life. 

3916
03:44:03,600 --> 03:44:07,000
It is easier that way easier 
than contemplating, the vast 

3917
03:44:07,000 --> 03:44:10,100
cold, dark volumes of water that
cover most of the planet. 

3918
03:44:10,900 --> 03:44:14,100
Easier than Imagining the 
strange slow life, that persist 

3919
03:44:14,100 --> 03:44:17,300
there. 
But it exists regardless, the 

3920
03:44:17,300 --> 03:44:19,600
deep ocean doesn't need our 
acknowledgment or our 

3921
03:44:19,600 --> 03:44:25,100
understanding it's simply is 
eternal patient indifferent. 

3922
03:44:25,800 --> 03:44:29,900
Earth's quiet depths where life 
found ways to persist that 

3923
03:44:29,900 --> 03:44:33,600
surface organisms would consider
impossible where time moves 

3924
03:44:33,600 --> 03:44:36,800
differently, where light is a 
message rather than an 

3925
03:44:36,800 --> 03:44:40,100
environment and where food is 
rare and patience is everything.

3926
03:44:41,500 --> 03:44:43,900
Final frontier isn't out there 
Among the Stars. 

3927
03:44:43,900 --> 03:44:47,600
It's down there. 
Beneath our ships beneath our 

3928
03:44:47,600 --> 03:44:53,500
feet when we stand on the shore.
Alien vast, mostly unknown and 

3929
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:57,700
largely ignored, while we dream 
of Mars, the Stars wheel 

3930
03:44:57,700 --> 03:45:00,900
overhead. 
The ocean roles beneath and 

3931
03:45:00,900 --> 03:45:04,000
somewhere in the darkness below,
a depth that crushed. 

3932
03:45:04,000 --> 03:45:09,700
Submarines life continues. 
Its slow patient existence with 

3933
03:45:09,700 --> 03:45:14,600
or without our attention with or
without our understanding just 

3934
03:45:14,600 --> 03:45:19,500
continuing as it has, as it will
in the end. 

3935
03:45:19,500 --> 03:45:21,300
That's what the deep ocean 
teaches us. 

3936
03:45:22,100 --> 03:45:26,200
The assistant matters more than 
speed patients matters more than

3937
03:45:26,200 --> 03:45:30,800
urgently and life finds ways to 
exist in conditions that seem 

3938
03:45:30,800 --> 03:45:33,500
impossible. 
The creatures of the deep aren't

3939
03:45:33,500 --> 03:45:36,200
trying to impress anyone, 
they're not putting on a show, 

3940
03:45:36,200 --> 03:45:39,200
they're simply living in the 
only way that works in their 

3941
03:45:39,200 --> 03:45:41,900
environment. 
And maybe that's the lesson 

3942
03:45:41,900 --> 03:45:45,200
worth keeping as you head back 
to shore back to human 

3943
03:45:45,200 --> 03:45:49,400
complexity and artificial light 
life is remarkably good at being

3944
03:45:49,400 --> 03:45:53,000
life, even in places where it 
shouldn't work, even under 

3945
03:45:53,000 --> 03:45:55,500
conditions that would kill most 
organisms instantly. 

3946
03:45:56,300 --> 03:46:03,300
The deep ocean exists, vast cold
dark and patient always there 

3947
03:46:03,300 --> 03:46:07,000
always waiting. 
Always doing what it's done for 

3948
03:46:07,000 --> 03:46:11,500
hundreds of millions of years 
and we occasionally briefly 

3949
03:46:11,500 --> 03:46:16,000
expensively visit, its edges and
Marvel at what we find then 

3950
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:20,200
return to the surface to the 
light to the warm shallows. 

3951
03:46:20,200 --> 03:46:24,500
Where humans belong the Deep 
remains, quiet, Eternal unknown.

3952
03:46:32,100 --> 03:46:36,600
before the Autumn of 1956, 
change everything Budapest moved

3953
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:39,400
to rhythms that had settled in 
to the bones of the city like 

3954
03:46:39,400 --> 03:46:43,600
old mortar between bricks You're
about to step into those 

3955
03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:47,700
ordinary days into kitchens 
where coffee percolated on Cold,

3956
03:46:47,700 --> 03:46:51,400
Stone's into workshops where 
machinists filed metal with the 

3957
03:46:51,400 --> 03:46:54,300
same motions. 
Their fathers had used in to 

3958
03:46:54,300 --> 03:46:58,400
moments that felt permanent, and
until they were not The alarm 

3959
03:46:58,400 --> 03:47:02,800
clock on your bedside table 
rattles at 5:30 just as it has 

3960
03:47:02,800 --> 03:47:05,200
every morning since you bought 
it in 1949. 

3961
03:47:06,300 --> 03:47:09,600
It's a Hungarian made timepiece 
with a cream-colored face, 

3962
03:47:09,600 --> 03:47:12,900
that's developed a faint yellow,
tinge around the edges like old 

3963
03:47:12,900 --> 03:47:15,500
newspapers. 
You reach out from under the 

3964
03:47:15,500 --> 03:47:18,900
heavy, duvet three layers of 
fabric stitched together by your

3965
03:47:18,900 --> 03:47:22,900
mother-in-law filled with goose 
down from her sister's farm and 

3966
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:25,900
silence the bell with the 
practice, Touch of someone who's

3967
03:47:25,900 --> 03:47:30,200
performed this, exact motion 
2000 Mornings in a row. 

3968
03:47:31,200 --> 03:47:35,300
The apartment is cold. 
It's always cold in October that

3969
03:47:35,300 --> 03:47:37,900
particular Budapest cold. 
That seems to seep up through 

3970
03:47:37,900 --> 03:47:40,700
the floorboards and settle in 
the corners where the plaster is

3971
03:47:40,700 --> 03:47:43,300
cracked. 
You swing your legs out of bed 

3972
03:47:43,300 --> 03:47:46,900
and your feet, find your 
slippers will line things that 

3973
03:47:46,900 --> 03:47:49,900
have molded themselves to the 
exact shape of your souls. 

3974
03:47:51,300 --> 03:47:53,400
Outside beyond the heavy 
curtains. 

3975
03:47:53,400 --> 03:47:55,900
You don't yet open. 
The city is beginning. 

3976
03:47:55,900 --> 03:48:00,000
Its daily Resurrection, in 
Shades of Grey and Amber your 

3977
03:48:00,000 --> 03:48:03,500
flat sits on the third floor of 
a building constructed in the 

3978
03:48:03,500 --> 03:48:07,100
1920s, when Budapest still 
dreamed of itself, as the 

3979
03:48:07,100 --> 03:48:11,100
sophisticated younger sibling of
the Vienna, The ceilings are 

3980
03:48:11,100 --> 03:48:13,300
high in practically high for 
heating. 

3981
03:48:13,300 --> 03:48:16,400
Your wife, reminds you every 
winter and decorated with 

3982
03:48:16,400 --> 03:48:19,400
plaster, molding that's chipped 
in places where the building 

3983
03:48:19,400 --> 03:48:21,300
settled unevenly into the pests 
soil. 

3984
03:48:21,300 --> 03:48:24,900
The radiator beneath the window 
clanks and hisses as the 

3985
03:48:24,900 --> 03:48:27,700
building central heating system 
grudgingly comes to life. 

3986
03:48:28,600 --> 03:48:31,200
Sounds so familiar you'd 
probably wake up if you ever 

3987
03:48:31,200 --> 03:48:34,800
slept in a silent room. 
You pad to the kitchen in your 

3988
03:48:34,800 --> 03:48:38,100
robe, another garment that's 
taken on the Contours of your 

3989
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:41,500
life. 
The kitchen window faces East 

3990
03:48:41,500 --> 03:48:45,100
and through the Gap in the 
curtains, you can see the first 

3991
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:48,500
suggestion of dawn turning the 
sky from black to charcoal. 

3992
03:48:49,900 --> 03:48:53,800
Below the street is empty except
for Janos the baker, who's 

3993
03:48:53,800 --> 03:48:55,800
already unlocking, the metal 
shutters of his shot. 

3994
03:48:56,700 --> 03:49:00,500
You can set your watch by Janos,
he's been opening up at 5:45 

3995
03:49:00,500 --> 03:49:02,900
since. 
Before the war maintaining this 

3996
03:49:02,900 --> 03:49:06,900
small Act of consistency through
regimes that came and went like 

3997
03:49:06,900 --> 03:49:10,800
weather systems the coffee 
ritual begins, you measure 

3998
03:49:10,800 --> 03:49:13,600
grounds from the blue tin that 
sits on the second shelf. 

3999
03:49:13,600 --> 03:49:17,600
Always the second shelf, always 
to the left of the Sugar Bowl 

4000
03:49:17,600 --> 03:49:19,800
The Percolator as one of those 
sturdy. 

4001
03:49:19,800 --> 03:49:23,300
Hungarian appliances built to 
survive Generations, all 

4002
03:49:23,300 --> 03:49:26,800
stainless steel and practical 
angles with a handle wrapped in 

4003
03:49:26,800 --> 03:49:28,000
black rubber. 
That's worn. 

4004
03:49:28,000 --> 03:49:31,400
Smooth as River Stones. 
You fill it with water from the 

4005
03:49:31,400 --> 03:49:35,100
tap which runs cold enough to 
make your fingers, ache and set 

4006
03:49:35,100 --> 03:49:37,500
it on the stove. 
While the coffee. 

4007
03:49:37,500 --> 03:49:40,800
Brews you open the curtains 
fully and stand at the window. 

4008
03:49:40,800 --> 03:49:43,800
Watching the city compose itself
for another day. 

4009
03:49:43,800 --> 03:49:48,100
This is your moment of 
Stillness. 15 minutes before 

4010
03:49:48,100 --> 03:49:50,600
your wife wakes, and your 
daughter begins her morning 

4011
03:49:50,600 --> 03:49:54,900
campaign against punctuality. 
From here, you can see across 

4012
03:49:54,900 --> 03:49:57,600
the roof tops to where the 
Danube catches, the early light,

4013
03:49:57,600 --> 03:50:01,300
a ribbon of hammered pewter, 
dividing Buddha from pests. 

4014
03:50:02,100 --> 03:50:03,600
The Chain Bridge is just 
visible. 

4015
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,900
If you lean slightly to the 
left, it's suspension, cables, 

4016
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:09,200
forming geometric, patterns 
against the sky. 

4017
03:50:09,900 --> 03:50:14,700
The street below is beginning to
populate Mrs. Kovach from the 

4018
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:17,800
first floor, emerges with a 
shopping bag heading to the 

4019
03:50:17,800 --> 03:50:20,800
market, to the best vegetables 
before the good to make those 

4020
03:50:20,800 --> 03:50:23,700
disappear. 
She walks with the determined 

4021
03:50:23,700 --> 03:50:26,800
gate of someone who has learned 
that small victories, like 

4022
03:50:26,800 --> 03:50:30,000
securing three firm cucumbers in
state of two soft ones. 

4023
03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:35,100
Other battles worth fighting. 
You recognize this, walk 

4024
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:37,800
everyone. 
In Budapest has developed it. 

4025
03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:42,500
This purposeful stride toward 
minor triumphs The coffee, 

4026
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:46,500
percolates, with the sound like 
distant conversation bubbling up

4027
03:50:46,500 --> 03:50:48,400
through the stem and into the 
top chamber. 

4028
03:50:49,300 --> 03:50:53,400
Smells the kitchen chicory and 
roasted grain with just enough 

4029
03:50:53,400 --> 03:50:56,300
real coffee. 
Mixed into justifying it coffee.

4030
03:50:56,300 --> 03:51:00,300
Real coffee is expensive, and 
requires, ration stamps that are

4031
03:51:00,300 --> 03:51:01,900
better saved for other 
necessities. 

4032
03:51:01,900 --> 03:51:06,100
So you've become an expert at 
stretching 8 oz of the genuine 

4033
03:51:06,100 --> 03:51:08,700
article across a month by 
blending. 

4034
03:51:08,700 --> 03:51:11,400
It with substitutes that 
approximate the experience. 

4035
03:51:12,600 --> 03:51:15,800
Your wife appears in the doorway
already dressed in her work 

4036
03:51:15,800 --> 03:51:19,700
clothes a gray skirt and cream 
blouse that she'll cover with a 

4037
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:22,300
cardigan. 
Once she's had a coffee She 

4038
03:51:22,300 --> 03:51:24,800
works as a secretary at the 
ministry of Light Industry. 

4039
03:51:24,800 --> 03:51:28,600
Typing requisition forms, 
textile, factories, and filing 

4040
03:51:28,600 --> 03:51:31,500
reports about production, 
quotas, that everyone knows have

4041
03:51:31,500 --> 03:51:34,800
been optimistically calculated. 
She is good at her job in the 

4042
03:51:34,800 --> 03:51:36,200
way that people become good at 
things. 

4043
03:51:36,200 --> 03:51:39,500
They've done for seven years, 
moving through tasks, with the 

4044
03:51:39,500 --> 03:51:42,200
efficiency of long practice. 
Is it cold? 

4045
03:51:42,200 --> 03:51:46,300
She asks, if she can see her 
breath forming, small clouds in 

4046
03:51:46,308 --> 03:51:50,200
the kitchen are the radiators 
working you offer, which is the 

4047
03:51:50,200 --> 03:51:54,100
best either of you can hope for 
She pours herself coffee and 

4048
03:51:54,100 --> 03:51:56,400
joins you at the window for a 
moment. 

4049
03:51:56,400 --> 03:51:59,900
You stand together and 
companionable silence watching 

4050
03:51:59,900 --> 03:52:02,000
channels arranged, bread in his 
window display. 

4051
03:52:02,900 --> 03:52:06,500
He's making a small pyramid of 
Dark Ride loaves, each one 

4052
03:52:06,500 --> 03:52:09,900
exactly the same as the others, 
a monument to Reliable 

4053
03:52:09,900 --> 03:52:13,100
mediocrity. 
The bread in Budapest has been 

4054
03:52:13,108 --> 03:52:17,000
getting darker and denser each 
year as wheat becomes scarcer 

4055
03:52:17,000 --> 03:52:20,100
and the flour mill, finds 
creative ways to bulk up. 

4056
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:22,100
Their output with whatever grain
is available. 

4057
03:52:23,000 --> 03:52:25,700
Nobody mentions. 
This is one of those things. 

4058
03:52:25,700 --> 03:52:29,100
Everyone notices. 
Nobody discusses like the way 

4059
03:52:29,100 --> 03:52:31,000
chocolate is gradually. 
Stop tasting. 

4060
03:52:31,000 --> 03:52:33,500
Like chocolate or how butter is 
become something. 

4061
03:52:33,500 --> 03:52:37,200
You remember, fondly rather than
something you spread on toast? 

4062
03:52:38,500 --> 03:52:42,400
Your daughter, stumbles into the
kitchen at 6:20, a school 

4063
03:52:42,408 --> 03:52:45,400
uniform, rumpled, because she 
slept in it, rather than hung it

4064
03:52:45,400 --> 03:52:47,900
up the night before. 
She is 14. 

4065
03:52:47,900 --> 03:52:50,900
And has recently discovered, 
that being contrary is a 

4066
03:52:50,908 --> 03:52:54,500
personality trait, This 
morning's Rebellion involves 

4067
03:52:54,500 --> 03:52:57,800
refusing breakfast because she 
is not hungry, which you and 

4068
03:52:57,808 --> 03:53:00,500
your wife, both know means she's
saving her appetite for the 

4069
03:53:00,500 --> 03:53:04,300
bread and jam that Mrs. Sabo, 
her favorite teacher keeps in 

4070
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:06,600
her desk for students who are 
breakfast list. 

4071
03:53:07,700 --> 03:53:09,600
You'll be hungry by second 
period. 

4072
03:53:09,600 --> 03:53:13,000
Your wife observes mildly. 
Not bothering to transform this 

4073
03:53:13,000 --> 03:53:16,200
into an argument. 
Your daughter shrugs. 

4074
03:53:16,200 --> 03:53:18,500
A gesture. 
She's perfected into an art 

4075
03:53:18,500 --> 03:53:21,100
form. 
She's mastered 17 different 

4076
03:53:21,100 --> 03:53:24,600
varieties of shrug, each 
conveying a distinct shade of 

4077
03:53:24,600 --> 03:53:27,800
adolescent disdain. 
The three of you move through 

4078
03:53:27,800 --> 03:53:30,500
the morning, choreography, 
you've developed over years of 

4079
03:53:30,500 --> 03:53:34,000
shared space. 
Your wife packs her lunch two 

4080
03:53:34,000 --> 03:53:37,700
slices of yesterday's bread with
a scraping of lard and paprika. 

4081
03:53:37,700 --> 03:53:40,200
An apple from the batch her 
mother brought from the 

4082
03:53:40,200 --> 03:53:44,000
countryside and a small thermos 
of the same chicory coffee. 

4083
03:53:44,900 --> 03:53:48,000
You prepare your own lunch with 
the same ingredients, though you

4084
03:53:48,000 --> 03:53:51,000
add a slice of hard cheese that 
you've been carefully rationing 

4085
03:53:51,000 --> 03:53:53,900
throughout the week, your 
daughter, grabs her school bag 

4086
03:53:53,900 --> 03:53:56,300
checks that her homework is 
Insight. 

4087
03:53:56,300 --> 03:53:59,900
It isn't because she didn't do 
it, but she is optimistic about 

4088
03:53:59,900 --> 03:54:03,200
her ability to complete it 
during home room and announces. 

4089
03:54:03,200 --> 03:54:06,200
She's leaving its 6:30. 
Your wife points out. 

4090
03:54:06,200 --> 03:54:11,000
School doesn't start until 8 I'm
meeting Esther, your daughter 

4091
03:54:11,000 --> 03:54:14,200
explains, which explains nothing
except that she'd rather be 

4092
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:18,100
anywhere than home. 
After she leaves the apartment. 

4093
03:54:18,100 --> 03:54:20,200
Settles into a different quality
of quiet. 

4094
03:54:21,100 --> 03:54:24,000
Your wife finishes, her coffee 
standing at the sink, rinsing 

4095
03:54:24,000 --> 03:54:26,800
the cup immediately because 
letting dishes accumulate feels 

4096
03:54:26,800 --> 03:54:30,100
like surrendering to chaos. 
You collect your briefcase, 

4097
03:54:30,100 --> 03:54:32,600
checking for the third time that
you've packed the technical 

4098
03:54:32,600 --> 03:54:34,700
drawings, you're supposed to 
review at the factory. 

4099
03:54:35,600 --> 03:54:39,100
They're there exactly where you 
put them the night before but 

4100
03:54:39,100 --> 03:54:41,900
checking again costs nothing 
except 30 seconds. 

4101
03:54:42,800 --> 03:54:45,800
The walk to work takes 40 
minutes, you could take the 

4102
03:54:45,800 --> 03:54:49,200
tram, but you've discovered that
the tram cost money while 

4103
03:54:49,200 --> 03:54:52,500
walking nearly costs time and 
you have more of the latter than

4104
03:54:52,500 --> 03:54:57,000
the former besides you've come 
to enjoy this daily Transit 

4105
03:54:57,000 --> 03:55:00,400
through the city, the way it 
allows you to observe the small 

4106
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:03,400
variations in routine that Mark 
the passage of seasons. 

4107
03:55:04,500 --> 03:55:08,200
This morning, the streets are 
damp from overnight rain and the

4108
03:55:08,200 --> 03:55:11,300
air carries that particular 
Autumn Center of wet leaves and 

4109
03:55:11,300 --> 03:55:14,200
cold smoke. 
The chestnut trees that line on 

4110
03:55:14,200 --> 03:55:17,400
dressy Avenue, a shedding their 
leaves, and golden drifts that 

4111
03:55:17,400 --> 03:55:21,300
collect in doorways and around 
the bases of lampposts, he 

4112
03:55:21,300 --> 03:55:22,800
passed the same building every 
day. 

4113
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:27,300
Grand apartment blocks from 
Budapest in Imperial era there 

4114
03:55:27,300 --> 03:55:30,400
for sad decorated with carved 
Stone figures and all Nate 

4115
03:55:30,400 --> 03:55:34,200
balconies that have whether to a
uniform shade of gray, beige, 

4116
03:55:35,000 --> 03:55:37,500
Mrs. Nemeth is sweeping the 
sidewalk in front of her 

4117
03:55:37,500 --> 03:55:39,100
building, just as she does every
morning. 

4118
03:55:39,100 --> 03:55:42,300
She sweeps with the slow 
thoroughness of someone, for 

4119
03:55:42,300 --> 03:55:45,500
whom this task is both Duty and 
meditation. 

4120
03:55:46,300 --> 03:55:50,200
You exchange nods, she's been 
sweeping the same stretch of 

4121
03:55:50,200 --> 03:55:54,400
pavement since her husband died.
In 1947, maintaining the small 

4122
03:55:54,400 --> 03:55:57,500
territory of order against the 
entropy of fallen leaves and 

4123
03:55:57,500 --> 03:56:00,700
City grime. 
The streets of filling now with 

4124
03:56:00,700 --> 03:56:02,500
other people making similar 
Journeys. 

4125
03:56:02,500 --> 03:56:06,700
Workers heading to factorize 
Clark's Bound for Ministry 

4126
03:56:06,700 --> 03:56:09,800
offices and students clustered 
at tram stops. 

4127
03:56:10,600 --> 03:56:13,500
There's a quality to the way 
people move through Budapest in 

4128
03:56:13,500 --> 03:56:18,600
1956, a kind of collective 
cautiousness as if everyone has 

4129
03:56:18,600 --> 03:56:21,500
learned to take up slightly less
space than they actually occupy.

4130
03:56:21,500 --> 03:56:25,200
You notice it in the way, people
avoid eye contact on crowded 

4131
03:56:25,200 --> 03:56:28,900
sidewalks in the soft-spoken 
conversations, that stop when 

4132
03:56:28,900 --> 03:56:32,000
strangers approach and in the 
general preference for being 

4133
03:56:32,000 --> 03:56:36,300
unremarkable, The factory where 
you work sits on the outskirts 

4134
03:56:36,300 --> 03:56:39,600
of the city, a sprawling, 
complex of brick buildings and 

4135
03:56:39,600 --> 03:56:42,600
metal sheds, where Machinery 
parts are manufactured. 

4136
03:56:42,600 --> 03:56:47,600
According to specifications, 
that arrived from Moscow, via a 

4137
03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:49,900
chain of bureaucratic 
Communications, you don't 

4138
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:54,000
pretend to understand you're an 
engineer responsible for 

4139
03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:57,000
ensuring that the lathes and 
drill presses produce components

4140
03:56:57,000 --> 03:57:00,300
within acceptable tolerance is 
It's work. 

4141
03:57:00,300 --> 03:57:03,300
That requires precision and 
patience qualities. 

4142
03:57:03,300 --> 03:57:06,100
You discovered, you possessed, 
somewhere between graduating 

4143
03:57:06,100 --> 03:57:07,900
University in your 30th 
birthday. 

4144
03:57:09,600 --> 03:57:13,900
The factory Gates, stands open 
guarded by pal, an older man who

4145
03:57:13,900 --> 03:57:17,400
checks identification badges 
with the same careful attention.

4146
03:57:17,400 --> 03:57:21,300
He'd give to a chess problem. 
He knows everyone who works here

4147
03:57:21,300 --> 03:57:24,900
by name knows their shifts and 
their departments, but he checks

4148
03:57:24,900 --> 03:57:27,100
badges. 
Anyway, because checking badges 

4149
03:57:27,100 --> 03:57:29,800
is his job and he takes his job,
seriously. 

4150
03:57:31,300 --> 03:57:34,300
This is how things work in 1956.
Budapest. 

4151
03:57:34,300 --> 03:57:37,800
You perform the required 
rituals, even when they're 

4152
03:57:37,800 --> 03:57:41,100
redundant, because performing 
them maintains, the structure 

4153
03:57:41,100 --> 03:57:45,500
that keeps larger chaos at Bay. 
mourning parlors, as you show 

4154
03:57:45,500 --> 03:57:50,100
your badge, Mourning your reply 
and this exchange brief as it 

4155
03:57:50,100 --> 03:57:52,100
is. 
Feels like a small victory of 

4156
03:57:52,100 --> 03:57:55,500
normalcy. 
The factory floor is already 

4157
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:58,700
humming with activity. 
The morning shift arrived at 

4158
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:01,800
6:00 and the machines have been 
running long enough that the 

4159
03:58:01,800 --> 03:58:05,200
building has taken on. 
Its working day smell machine 

4160
03:58:05,200 --> 03:58:08,500
oil and metal shavings and the 
particular heat that comes from 

4161
03:58:08,500 --> 03:58:10,200
friction and Industrial 
processes. 

4162
03:58:10,200 --> 03:58:14,600
You head to your office, a small
room with a desk of filing 

4163
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:17,500
cabinet and a window that 
overlooks, the main production 

4164
03:58:17,500 --> 03:58:21,900
floor from here, you can see the
workers at their stations, each 

4165
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:25,400
person performing their specific
tasks in the larger choreography

4166
03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:28,800
of manufacturing. 
There's something almost musical

4167
03:58:28,800 --> 03:58:33,100
about a well-run factory floor. 
The lathe spin with a rhythmic 

4168
03:58:33,100 --> 03:58:36,900
whom the drill presses punch 
metal, in percussive intervals 

4169
03:58:36,900 --> 03:58:40,000
and the conveyor belts. 
Carry components with a soft 

4170
03:58:40,000 --> 03:58:43,000
mechanical whisper. 
You've learned to hear problems 

4171
03:58:43,000 --> 03:58:46,300
before you see them a bearing 
wearing out produces a 

4172
03:58:46,300 --> 03:58:50,600
particular, high-pitched squeal.
A misaligned belt creates an 

4173
03:58:50,600 --> 03:58:54,300
irregular slapping sound and 
loose bolts generator rattling. 

4174
03:58:54,300 --> 03:58:56,300
That doesn't belong in the 
mechanical Symphony. 

4175
03:58:56,300 --> 03:58:59,600
Your morning, consists of 
reviewing production reports 

4176
03:58:59,600 --> 03:59:03,600
checking measurements on Sample 
pieces and approving material 

4177
03:59:03,600 --> 03:59:06,200
requisitions. 
It's work that could become 

4178
03:59:06,200 --> 03:59:10,000
tedious if you let it but you've
developed a kind of Craftsman 

4179
03:59:10,000 --> 03:59:12,200
satisfaction in small 
accuracies. 

4180
03:59:12,200 --> 03:59:16,400
A bolt that meets specifications
to within 100th of a millimeter 

4181
03:59:16,400 --> 03:59:21,100
represents a tiny victory of 
precision over chaos, these 

4182
03:59:21,100 --> 03:59:26,000
victories accumulate across a 
day a week, a year building into

4183
03:59:26,000 --> 03:59:29,800
something like purpose. 
At 10:00, the factory breaks for

4184
03:59:29,800 --> 03:59:34,400
15 minutes workers, step outside
to smoke, and stretch to share 

4185
03:59:34,400 --> 03:59:38,200
cigarettes and complaints, and 
roughly equal measure. you join 

4186
03:59:38,208 --> 03:59:41,800
them sometimes not because you 
smoke, but because the human 

4187
03:59:41,800 --> 03:59:47,300
contact feels necessary, Today, 
the conversation circles, around

4188
03:59:47,300 --> 03:59:51,200
familiar themes, the shortage of
certain machine parts. 

4189
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:54,500
The rumor that production quotas
will increase again next 

4190
03:59:54,500 --> 03:59:57,300
quarter. 
Annulation about whether the 

4191
03:59:57,300 --> 04:00:01,100
factory football team can beat 
the team from the textile plant 

4192
04:00:01,100 --> 04:00:05,100
next week's match. 
Nobody mentions politics, this 

4193
04:00:05,100 --> 04:00:08,500
is an unspoken rule so 
thoroughly internalized, that it

4194
04:00:08,508 --> 04:00:11,200
doesn't feel like a rule at all 
politics. 

4195
04:00:11,200 --> 04:00:14,600
Belongs to other spaces to 
official meetings where 

4196
04:00:14,600 --> 04:00:17,800
attendance is noted to party. 
Gatherings were correct. 

4197
04:00:17,800 --> 04:00:21,200
Opinions are expressed with 
appropriate conviction and to 

4198
04:00:21,200 --> 04:00:26,600
newspaper articles that everyone
reads and nobody discusses Here 

4199
04:00:26,600 --> 04:00:29,700
on the factory floor during the 
morning break conversation. 

4200
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:32,700
Stay safely within the 
boundaries of sport and work and

4201
04:00:32,700 --> 04:00:35,500
the weather. 
The rest of the morning passes 

4202
04:00:35,500 --> 04:00:39,100
in its accustomed, rhythms. 
You review a shipment of Steel 

4203
04:00:39,100 --> 04:00:42,500
stock that arrived from a 
million missile checking that 

4204
04:00:42,500 --> 04:00:45,000
the material grades match the 
specifications. 

4205
04:00:45,000 --> 04:00:48,600
You solve a problem with a drill
press, that's been producing 

4206
04:00:48,600 --> 04:00:51,600
slightly oblong holes adjusting 
the fixture. 

4207
04:00:51,600 --> 04:00:54,000
That holds the work piece you 
approve. 

4208
04:00:54,000 --> 04:00:56,700
A request for new grinding 
wheels signing, a form that will

4209
04:00:56,700 --> 04:00:58,800
travel through several 
administrative offices. 

4210
04:00:58,800 --> 04:01:01,500
Before eventually reaching 
someone who will order the 

4211
04:01:01,500 --> 04:01:04,400
supplies Lunch happens at your 
desk. 

4212
04:01:04,400 --> 04:01:07,800
The bread has gone slightly 
stale, but the large and 

4213
04:01:07,800 --> 04:01:09,900
paprika, give it enough flavor 
that this doesn't particularly 

4214
04:01:09,900 --> 04:01:12,900
matter. 
The cheese is sharp and crumbly 

4215
04:01:12,900 --> 04:01:16,800
tasting faintly of the mold. 
It was stored near the apple is 

4216
04:01:16,800 --> 04:01:19,000
small and imperfect with a soft 
spot. 

4217
04:01:19,000 --> 04:01:21,000
You cut away before eating the 
rest. 

4218
04:01:21,800 --> 04:01:25,900
This is a perfectly adequate 
lunch, neither satisfying, or 

4219
04:01:25,900 --> 04:01:31,400
disappointing, just sufficient. 
Through your office window, you 

4220
04:01:31,400 --> 04:01:35,500
watch the factory, its work 
Estevan, who operates the 

4221
04:01:35,500 --> 04:01:38,500
largest lathe. 
This training a new worker, a 

4222
04:01:38,500 --> 04:01:41,300
young man, fresh from technical 
school, whose learning the book,

4223
04:01:41,300 --> 04:01:43,300
knowledge and practical skill 
are distant cousins. 

4224
04:01:44,600 --> 04:01:47,100
The young man is gripping the 
cutting tool to tightly 

4225
04:01:47,100 --> 04:01:50,900
producing vibrations, that leave
spiral marks on the workpiece 

4226
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:53,800
istvan, corrects him with the 
patience of someone who 

4227
04:01:53,800 --> 04:01:55,900
remembers being equally 
incompetent once. 

4228
04:01:56,800 --> 04:01:59,700
The afternoon brings a minor 
crisis when one of the Milling 

4229
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:03,400
machines breaks down its motor, 
burned out from years of 

4230
04:02:03,400 --> 04:02:05,800
continuous. 
And insufficient maintenance, 

4231
04:02:05,800 --> 04:02:09,500
you spend two hours, helping the
maintenance crew diagnosed the 

4232
04:02:09,500 --> 04:02:12,400
problem, eventually determining 
that the motor needs to be 

4233
04:02:12,408 --> 04:02:16,000
completely replaced. 
The replacement creates a 

4234
04:02:16,000 --> 04:02:19,500
Cascade of complications 
requisition forms need to be 

4235
04:02:19,500 --> 04:02:21,900
filed. 
Production schedules need to be 

4236
04:02:21,900 --> 04:02:25,900
adjusted and the factory manager
needs to be informed that output

4237
04:02:25,900 --> 04:02:29,900
will temporarily decrease. 
These small crises are the 

4238
04:02:29,900 --> 04:02:34,700
texture of industrial life. 
Machines brake Replacements are 

4239
04:02:34,700 --> 04:02:39,900
delayed production falls behind 
everyone, scrambles to catch up 

4240
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:44,300
and then the cycle repeats, 
You've stopped being frustrated 

4241
04:02:44,300 --> 04:02:47,000
by this and have instead 
developed a kind of 

4242
04:02:47,008 --> 04:02:51,000
philosophical acceptance. 
Tree produces things. 

4243
04:02:51,000 --> 04:02:55,500
Sometimes it produces the mons 
schedule sometimes not Sun 

4244
04:02:55,500 --> 04:02:59,700
continues to rise, either way. 
By 4:30 the day, shift is 

4245
04:02:59,700 --> 04:03:03,000
winding down work, as clean 
their stations, putting away, 

4246
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:05,100
tools and sweeping up metal 
shavings. 

4247
04:03:05,100 --> 04:03:06,500
That will be collected and 
recycled. 

4248
04:03:07,500 --> 04:03:11,000
The machines powered down in 
sequence, their various hums and

4249
04:03:11,000 --> 04:03:15,900
words Fading Into silence. 
You finish your paperwork filing

4250
04:03:15,900 --> 04:03:19,000
reports that will be filed Again
by someone else in a Ministry, 

4251
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:22,800
Office downtown part of the vast
bureaucratic Machinery. 

4252
04:03:22,800 --> 04:03:24,800
That tracks, everything and 
improves nothing. 

4253
04:03:25,800 --> 04:03:27,900
The walk home. 
Reverses your morning route. 

4254
04:03:28,700 --> 04:03:30,600
Streets are busier. 
Now, filled with people 

4255
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:32,800
finishing their work days and 
beginning, the evening 

4256
04:03:32,800 --> 04:03:34,800
migration, toward homes and 
Families. 

4257
04:03:35,700 --> 04:03:39,200
The trams are crowded packed 
with standing passengers holding

4258
04:03:39,200 --> 04:03:42,200
onto leather straps, while the 
cars lurched through 

4259
04:03:42,200 --> 04:03:46,000
intersections, you're glad you 
walk the 40 minutes. 

4260
04:03:46,000 --> 04:03:49,400
Gives you time to transition 
from engineer to husband from 

4261
04:03:49,400 --> 04:03:52,000
employee to father. 
And from the person you're 

4262
04:03:52,000 --> 04:03:56,400
required to be to the person you
actually are At home, your wife 

4263
04:03:56,400 --> 04:04:00,100
is already preparing dinner. 
The kitchen smells of onions and

4264
04:04:00,100 --> 04:04:02,800
paprika. 
The base of nearly every meal 

4265
04:04:02,800 --> 04:04:04,900
that emerges from Hungarian 
kitchens. 

4266
04:04:05,700 --> 04:04:08,900
Tonight its chicken paprikash or
rather, a creative 

4267
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:10,800
interpretation of chicken, 
paprikash. 

4268
04:04:10,800 --> 04:04:14,200
That involves more paprika than 
chicken, the meat stretched 

4269
04:04:14,200 --> 04:04:17,500
across three servings with the 
help of generous amounts of sour

4270
04:04:17,500 --> 04:04:21,300
cream and cuddly dumplings. 
Your daughter is doing homework 

4271
04:04:21,300 --> 04:04:24,400
at the kitchen table or 
pretending to do homework while 

4272
04:04:24,400 --> 04:04:27,200
actually reading a novel 
concealed inside her textbook. 

4273
04:04:28,000 --> 04:04:29,400
She's reached the age where she 
is. 

4274
04:04:29,400 --> 04:04:32,100
Discovered that appearing to 
study is significantly easier 

4275
04:04:32,100 --> 04:04:34,900
than actually studying. 
And she is applied to self to 

4276
04:04:34,900 --> 04:04:38,400
this deception with more energy 
than she ever applied to 

4277
04:04:38,400 --> 04:04:42,100
mathematics. 
Dinner is a modest Affair. 

4278
04:04:42,100 --> 04:04:46,200
The chicken paprikash tastes 
like home and memory seasoned 

4279
04:04:46,200 --> 04:04:48,900
with the same proportions of 
paprika and salt that your wife 

4280
04:04:48,908 --> 04:04:52,200
learned from her mother. 
The knock headless small and 

4281
04:04:52,200 --> 04:04:54,900
irregular pressed through a 
spaetzle maker. 

4282
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:58,200
That's missing several holes. 
The meal is filling, but not 

4283
04:04:58,200 --> 04:05:01,600
excessive, and it is satisfying 
without being extraordinary. 

4284
04:05:01,600 --> 04:05:05,300
You eat it with the appreciation
of someone who knows that having

4285
04:05:05,300 --> 04:05:10,200
enough is its own kind of 
luxury, After dinner your wife, 

4286
04:05:10,200 --> 04:05:13,500
washes dishes, while you drive 
them, a division of labor 

4287
04:05:13,500 --> 04:05:16,000
established so long ago that 
neither of you remembers 

4288
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:19,300
deciding on it. 
Your daughter disappears into 

4289
04:05:19,300 --> 04:05:23,500
her room where radio music seeks
under the door, some jazz 

4290
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:26,500
program that brought cast on 
Thursday, evening's playing 

4291
04:05:26,500 --> 04:05:29,700
American records that somehow 
made it past whatever, cultural 

4292
04:05:29,700 --> 04:05:34,500
Gatekeepers decide, what 
Hungarian should hear The 

4293
04:05:34,500 --> 04:05:37,700
evening settles into its 
familiar pattern, your wife 

4294
04:05:37,700 --> 04:05:41,000
dance socks while listening to 
the radio, her hands moving with

4295
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:44,800
automatic Precision. 
You read the newspaper absorbing

4296
04:05:44,800 --> 04:05:48,100
carefully, worded articles about
industrial production increases 

4297
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:51,600
and agricultural, successes 
learning to read between the 

4298
04:05:51,600 --> 04:05:55,100
lines for the information that 
isn't printed Your daughter 

4299
04:05:55,100 --> 04:05:59,300
eventually, emerges to make tea 
a gesture that signals, she's 

4300
04:05:59,300 --> 04:06:01,800
forgiven you for whatever 
parental crime, you committed to

4301
04:06:01,800 --> 04:06:05,700
Dei by existing. 
By 10:00 the apartment is quiet 

4302
04:06:05,700 --> 04:06:07,900
again. 
You reverse your bedtime 

4303
04:06:07,900 --> 04:06:12,200
routine, brushing your teeth 
changing into pajamas and 

4304
04:06:12,200 --> 04:06:14,500
setting the alarm clock for 5:30
tomorrow. 

4305
04:06:15,900 --> 04:06:19,700
The bed is cold when you first 
slide under the duvet, but your 

4306
04:06:19,700 --> 04:06:23,200
wife is already there a warmth 
radiating across the space 

4307
04:06:23,200 --> 04:06:27,200
between you. 
Outside Budapest settles into 

4308
04:06:27,200 --> 04:06:31,700
its nighttime, rhythms distant 
traffic, the occasional tram 

4309
04:06:31,700 --> 04:06:34,800
Bell and the murmur of voices, 
from the apartment below, 

4310
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:39,600
whether family is having one of 
their quiet persistent arguments

4311
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:44,300
about something. 
This is October 1956 in Budapest

4312
04:06:44,300 --> 04:06:47,500
before everything changed, these
are the ordinary days, the 

4313
04:06:47,500 --> 04:06:51,100
unremarkable accumulation of 
small routines and modest meals 

4314
04:06:51,100 --> 04:06:54,000
and work that continues. 
Whether anyone notices or not, 

4315
04:06:55,200 --> 04:06:59,000
You fall asleep thinking about 
nothing in particular, unaware 

4316
04:06:59,000 --> 04:07:01,500
that in a few weeks, these 
ordinary days will become 

4317
04:07:01,500 --> 04:07:03,100
memories. 
You'll turn over in your mind 

4318
04:07:03,100 --> 04:07:06,800
like Smooth Stones, examining 
them for the details. 

4319
04:07:06,800 --> 04:07:09,400
You didn't know to notice when 
they were simply life happening,

4320
04:07:10,600 --> 04:07:12,700
The world doesn't announce its 
turning points. 

4321
04:07:12,700 --> 04:07:15,800
They arrived disguised as 
ordinary Thursdays. 

4322
04:07:15,800 --> 04:07:18,800
You first noticed, something 
different on a Tuesday Morning 

4323
04:07:18,800 --> 04:07:22,100
in early October though you 
don't recognize it as different 

4324
04:07:22,100 --> 04:07:25,600
at the time. 
It's subtle a quality in the air

4325
04:07:25,600 --> 04:07:28,500
like the hour before a 
thunderstorm when the atmosphere

4326
04:07:28,500 --> 04:07:30,900
takes on weight and the birds 
stopped singing. 

4327
04:07:31,900 --> 04:07:35,000
You're walking to work along 
your usual route, when you pass 

4328
04:07:35,000 --> 04:07:38,100
a group of University, students 
gathered near the entrance, to 

4329
04:07:38,100 --> 04:07:40,600
the technical college. 
They're not doing anything 

4330
04:07:40,600 --> 04:07:42,500
particularly remarkable just 
talking. 

4331
04:07:42,500 --> 04:07:44,800
But there's an intensity to 
their conversation. 

4332
04:07:44,800 --> 04:07:47,100
That makes you slow your pace 
slightly. 

4333
04:07:47,100 --> 04:07:51,000
They're discussing something 
about writers about a meeting 

4334
04:07:51,000 --> 04:07:55,900
where people said things that 
usually go on said one student a

4335
04:07:55,900 --> 04:07:58,800
young man with wire rimmed 
glasses and a threadbare jacket,

4336
04:07:58,800 --> 04:08:02,700
is gesturing emphatically while 
his friends listen with an 

4337
04:08:02,700 --> 04:08:06,500
attention, that seems carefully 
calibrated Interested. 

4338
04:08:06,500 --> 04:08:10,700
But cautious engaged, but ready 
to become disengaged, if 

4339
04:08:10,700 --> 04:08:15,100
circumstances require it He 
catch fragments of sentence is. 

4340
04:08:16,300 --> 04:08:22,200
Actually said it in public and 
about time someone before your 

4341
04:08:22,200 --> 04:08:25,800
past them on the conversation, 
Fades into the general noise of 

4342
04:08:25,808 --> 04:08:28,900
morning traffic. 
The factory production 

4343
04:08:28,900 --> 04:08:31,600
continues. 
As always the machines. 

4344
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:34,700
Turn the workers perform their 
tasks and the paperwork 

4345
04:08:34,700 --> 04:08:37,200
accumulates in tidy stacks on 
your desk. 

4346
04:08:37,200 --> 04:08:40,600
But during the lunch break, you 
notice istvan and several other 

4347
04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:42,500
workers clustered near the 
loading dock. 

4348
04:08:42,500 --> 04:08:45,400
Speaking invoices too low to 
hear clearly. 

4349
04:08:46,200 --> 04:08:49,500
When you approach, they fall 
silent in the way that people do

4350
04:08:49,500 --> 04:08:52,300
when they're not sure who should
hear what they've been saying, 

4351
04:08:52,300 --> 04:08:54,600
everything. 
All right, you are because 

4352
04:08:54,600 --> 04:08:58,400
silence requires acknowledgment.
Istv are not slowly his 

4353
04:08:58,400 --> 04:09:00,400
expression. 
Neutral, fine. 

4354
04:09:00,400 --> 04:09:02,500
Just discussing the football 
match. 

4355
04:09:02,500 --> 04:09:06,300
You know, this is untrue, not 
because it's tavaughn is a poor 

4356
04:09:06,300 --> 04:09:08,800
liar, but because the lion 
itself is significant. 

4357
04:09:09,700 --> 04:09:12,600
People don't lie about football 
discussion, they lie about 

4358
04:09:12,600 --> 04:09:15,400
topics that require lying but 
you don't press. 

4359
04:09:15,400 --> 04:09:19,100
The issue pressing would require
us to construct a more elaborate

4360
04:09:19,100 --> 04:09:20,700
lie or to trust you with the 
truth. 

4361
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:24,900
Neither option serves anyone? 
Well, the weak continues with 

4362
04:09:24,908 --> 04:09:27,700
more small. 
Irregularities, your wife 

4363
04:09:27,700 --> 04:09:30,300
mentioned that her friend 
Margaret heard, something about 

4364
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:33,700
students organizing a 
demonstration though, Margaret 

4365
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:38,400
isn't clear about what their 
demonstrating for or against At 

4366
04:09:38,400 --> 04:09:41,100
dinner, your daughter, announces
that her history teacher spent 

4367
04:09:41,100 --> 04:09:44,700
an entire class period, 
discussing the 1848 revolution, 

4368
04:09:44,700 --> 04:09:47,900
which is unusual because 
discussing revolutionary history

4369
04:09:47,900 --> 04:09:51,300
and detail has become one of 
those things that textbooks 

4370
04:09:51,300 --> 04:09:54,700
mentioned briefly before moving 
on to safer topics. 

4371
04:09:55,400 --> 04:09:59,000
He said that potoky mattered 
because it told the truth, your 

4372
04:09:59,000 --> 04:10:01,900
daughter reports, pushing no 
kedley around her plate. 

4373
04:10:02,700 --> 04:10:05,400
He said, truth matters more than
we've been taught to believe. 

4374
04:10:06,500 --> 04:10:09,500
You and your wife exchanged, a 
glance that contains an entire 

4375
04:10:09,500 --> 04:10:13,100
conversation. 
Teachers who emphasized truth or

4376
04:10:13,100 --> 04:10:16,300
either Brave or foolish and the 
distinction between the two 

4377
04:10:16,300 --> 04:10:18,100
often becomes clear, only in 
retrospect. 

4378
04:10:19,400 --> 04:10:22,100
The radio programs begin 
changing in small ways, 

4379
04:10:22,100 --> 04:10:26,300
announcers voices, carry 
different inflections, the news 

4380
04:10:26,308 --> 04:10:28,800
reports include slightly more 
detail about events. 

4381
04:10:28,800 --> 04:10:31,800
Happening in Poland, where 
workers have been striking and 

4382
04:10:31,800 --> 04:10:35,300
demanding changes. 
Nothing is stated explicitly, 

4383
04:10:35,300 --> 04:10:38,800
but there's a sense that 
information is seeping through 

4384
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:41,000
cracks that previously remained 
sealed. 

4385
04:10:42,200 --> 04:10:45,500
At the factory production quotas
arrived from the ministry 

4386
04:10:45,500 --> 04:10:49,000
offices usual, but they sit on 
the managers desk for longer 

4387
04:10:49,000 --> 04:10:50,700
than normal before being 
distributed. 

4388
04:10:51,700 --> 04:10:55,100
You don't know why this is, but 
you notice it the way you'd 

4389
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:57,700
notice a machine running at 
slightly the wrong speed. 

4390
04:10:58,500 --> 04:11:02,200
Not dramatically different, just
enough to register as not quite 

4391
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:06,600
right. 
On Saturday, you take the tram 

4392
04:11:06,600 --> 04:11:08,600
to the Central Market to buy 
vegetables. 

4393
04:11:09,500 --> 04:11:12,300
The market is crowded. 
As always filled with people 

4394
04:11:12,300 --> 04:11:16,100
examining tomatoes for firmness 
and haggling over the price of 

4395
04:11:16,108 --> 04:11:18,800
cabbage. 
But interspersed among the 

4396
04:11:18,800 --> 04:11:22,200
normal Market conversations you 
hear other discussions. 

4397
04:11:22,200 --> 04:11:25,400
Two older women are talking 
about their sons, both 

4398
04:11:25,400 --> 04:11:28,700
University students, both 
excited about something 

4399
04:11:28,700 --> 04:11:31,800
happening, though. 
The women seem unclear about 

4400
04:11:31,800 --> 04:11:35,200
what exactly is happening or 
whether excitement is an 

4401
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:38,900
appropriate response, a man 
selecting apples, from a wooden 

4402
04:11:38,900 --> 04:11:41,000
crate comments to nobody in 
particular. 

4403
04:11:41,900 --> 04:11:45,600
Heard the party is having 
meetings about reforms reforms. 

4404
04:11:45,600 --> 04:11:49,500
As if they suddenly discovered 
that people might have opinions.

4405
04:11:50,500 --> 04:11:52,400
The woman behind the apple cart,
laughs. 

4406
04:11:52,400 --> 04:11:55,700
The sound that contains both 
amusement and something darker. 

4407
04:11:56,700 --> 04:11:59,800
They'll reform us right into 
next year's production quota. 

4408
04:11:59,800 --> 04:12:03,800
These moments of open speaking 
feel like small, transgressions 

4409
04:12:03,800 --> 04:12:09,500
harmless, perhaps but carrying 
weight, simply by existing You 

4410
04:12:09,500 --> 04:12:14,300
buy your vegetables, potatoes 
carrots a small Pumpkin for soup

4411
04:12:14,300 --> 04:12:17,600
and carry them home. 
In your string bag thinking 

4412
04:12:17,600 --> 04:12:19,800
about how quickly the 
unremarkable can become 

4413
04:12:19,800 --> 04:12:22,500
remarkable simply by 
accumulating. 

4414
04:12:23,600 --> 04:12:26,700
Your wife is listening to the 
radio when you return, the 

4415
04:12:26,700 --> 04:12:29,700
program is playing folk music 
but she's not paying attention 

4416
04:12:29,700 --> 04:12:32,100
to the music. 
She's waiting for the news 

4417
04:12:32,100 --> 04:12:35,500
broadcast at the top of the hour
and when it arrives the 

4418
04:12:35,500 --> 04:12:37,400
announcer. 
Mentions developments in Poland 

4419
04:12:37,400 --> 04:12:40,700
with more detail than usual. 
Work is imposed man have held 

4420
04:12:40,700 --> 04:12:44,500
meetings demands have been made.
The party is engaging in 

4421
04:12:44,500 --> 04:12:47,000
dialogue with legitimate workers
concerns. 

4422
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:51,300
There actually saying it, your 
wife, murmurs on the radio, out 

4423
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:53,800
loud at evening. 
You take a rare walk together. 

4424
04:12:53,800 --> 04:12:56,200
Just the two of you while your 
daughter visits her friend 

4425
04:12:56,200 --> 04:13:00,400
Esther, you stroll along the 
Danube in bankman, where couples

4426
04:13:00,400 --> 04:13:03,600
and families are enjoying the 
last warm evening before, Autumn

4427
04:13:03,600 --> 04:13:06,900
fully settles in the river, 
moves past the city with its 

4428
04:13:06,900 --> 04:13:09,800
ancient. 
Indifference the same water that

4429
04:13:09,800 --> 04:13:12,100
flowed here. 
When Budapest was three cities 

4430
04:13:12,100 --> 04:13:15,000
and stead of one. 
When Emperors ruled and 

4431
04:13:15,000 --> 04:13:18,400
revolution's Rose and fell. 
And the river just kept moving 

4432
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:22,200
toward the sea. 
Do you think something's 

4433
04:13:22,200 --> 04:13:25,100
changing your wife asks as you 
pause to watch a barge making 

4434
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:28,100
its way Upstream. 
Its engine chugging against the 

4435
04:13:28,100 --> 04:13:30,400
current, you can consider this 
carefully. 

4436
04:13:31,700 --> 04:13:35,500
Something shifting whether it's 
changing or just rearranging 

4437
04:13:35,500 --> 04:13:36,400
itself. 
I don't know. 

4438
04:13:37,300 --> 04:13:40,700
She accepts this answer 
understanding that speculation 

4439
04:13:40,700 --> 04:13:43,500
requires more information than 
either of you possess. 

4440
04:13:44,300 --> 04:13:48,500
You can continue walking your 
hands linked, Loosely two people

4441
04:13:48,500 --> 04:13:51,400
who have learned that sometimes 
the best response to uncertainty

4442
04:13:51,400 --> 04:13:53,400
is simply to be present together
in it. 

4443
04:13:54,900 --> 04:13:58,300
Following week brings more 
subtle shifts at the factory 

4444
04:13:58,300 --> 04:14:01,400
workers, discussed the news more
openly during breaks. 

4445
04:14:01,400 --> 04:14:05,100
Nobody is saying anything 
revolutionary, but the mere fact

4446
04:14:05,100 --> 04:14:08,100
of discussing Fields 
revolutionary after years of 

4447
04:14:08,100 --> 04:14:11,700
careful silence, Istvan 
mentioned that his nephew is 

4448
04:14:11,700 --> 04:14:13,500
involved with the student group 
at the university. 

4449
04:14:13,500 --> 04:14:17,300
The maintenance supervisor 
observes that things that 

4450
04:14:17,300 --> 04:14:20,600
couldn't be said, are being 
said, the production manager 

4451
04:14:20,600 --> 04:14:24,000
listens to these conversations 
without comment, which is itself

4452
04:14:24,000 --> 04:14:27,600
a kind of comment. 
You attend a mandatory meeting 

4453
04:14:27,600 --> 04:14:30,200
on Wednesday evening. 
One of those Gatherings that 

4454
04:14:30,200 --> 04:14:33,100
occur monthly and accomplish 
nothing except to maintain the 

4455
04:14:33,100 --> 04:14:37,400
appearance of organization, 
Usually these meetings, follow a

4456
04:14:37,400 --> 04:14:41,100
strict script, reports are red 
production achievements are 

4457
04:14:41,100 --> 04:14:44,600
celebrated future goals are 
announced and everyone applauds 

4458
04:14:44,600 --> 04:14:48,100
at the appropriate moments. 
But this meeting is different in

4459
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:51,500
a subtle way. 
The speaker a party functionary,

4460
04:14:51,500 --> 04:14:54,100
you've seen dozens of times, but
whose name you can never 

4461
04:14:54,100 --> 04:14:58,500
remember seems slightly 
uncertain as if reading from a 

4462
04:14:58,500 --> 04:15:01,100
script that's been edited and 
he's not sure all the changes 

4463
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:04,000
make sense. 
He speaks about constructive 

4464
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:08,100
criticism and responding to 
legitimate concerns and 

4465
04:15:08,100 --> 04:15:10,700
strengthening our socialist 
system through meaningful 

4466
04:15:10,700 --> 04:15:13,400
dialogue. 
These phrases have appeared in 

4467
04:15:13,400 --> 04:15:16,600
official Communications before 
but to night their being 

4468
04:15:16,600 --> 04:15:20,600
delivered with an emphasis that 
suggests someone somewhere has 

4469
04:15:20,600 --> 04:15:22,700
decided that meaning them is now
important. 

4470
04:15:22,700 --> 04:15:26,400
After the meeting, people don't 
disperse immediately as usual, 

4471
04:15:26,400 --> 04:15:28,800
small conversation for them in 
the hallway. 

4472
04:15:28,800 --> 04:15:32,300
People discussing what was said,
and what wasn't said, and what 

4473
04:15:32,300 --> 04:15:35,800
the difference might mean. 
You listen more than you speak, 

4474
04:15:35,800 --> 04:15:39,200
calibrating, your understanding 
against other people's 

4475
04:15:39,200 --> 04:15:43,000
interpretations, trying to 
construct a coherent picture 

4476
04:15:43,000 --> 04:15:47,100
from fragmentary information. 
By mid-october. 

4477
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:49,100
The shifts are becoming harder 
to ignore. 

4478
04:15:49,100 --> 04:15:53,000
Students are organizing openly 
holding meetings where they 

4479
04:15:53,008 --> 04:15:56,600
discuss reforms and freedoms 
with a directness that would 

4480
04:15:56,600 --> 04:15:58,000
have been Unthinkable months 
ago. 

4481
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:02,300
Radio programs play music. 
That was previously discouraged.

4482
04:16:02,300 --> 04:16:06,600
Jazz Western classical pieces 
and even some of American 

4483
04:16:06,600 --> 04:16:09,400
popular music that is somehow 
stopped being decadent and 

4484
04:16:09,400 --> 04:16:12,900
started being just music. 
Your daughter comes home from 

4485
04:16:12,900 --> 04:16:15,400
school talking about heated 
debates in her classes. 

4486
04:16:16,400 --> 04:16:19,400
One of her teachers, apparently 
has begun teaching band poetry 

4487
04:16:19,400 --> 04:16:23,300
not making a big announcement 
about it, just quietly including

4488
04:16:23,300 --> 04:16:26,900
poems by writers, who fell out 
of favor and into dangerous 

4489
04:16:26,900 --> 04:16:29,100
memory. 
She recites one for you at 

4490
04:16:29,108 --> 04:16:33,400
dinner, a poem about truth and 
lies and the cost of silence and

4491
04:16:33,400 --> 04:16:35,800
you listen with a combination of
Pride and worry. 

4492
04:16:36,600 --> 04:16:38,300
You're being careful, aren't 
you? 

4493
04:16:38,300 --> 04:16:42,500
Your wife asks which is a 
mother's way of saying, please 

4494
04:16:42,500 --> 04:16:46,100
don't get arrested. 
It's just poetry your daughter 

4495
04:16:46,100 --> 04:16:49,100
replies which is a 14 year, 
old's way of not understanding 

4496
04:16:49,100 --> 04:16:53,100
that poetry is never just poetry
when the wrong poetry can become

4497
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:56,100
evident. 
The factory continues operating 

4498
04:16:56,100 --> 04:16:59,900
but the atmosphere has changed 
workers discuss what they've 

4499
04:16:59,900 --> 04:17:03,800
heard, what they hope and what 
they fear production continues 

4500
04:17:03,800 --> 04:17:06,900
hitting quotas, but people are 
working with a distraction that 

4501
04:17:06,900 --> 04:17:10,800
creates small inefficiencies, a 
measurement taken twice, because

4502
04:17:10,800 --> 04:17:15,000
the first one wasn't registered 
a form filed incorrectly because

4503
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:17,400
the person filing it was 
thinking about something else. 

4504
04:17:18,600 --> 04:17:21,000
You find yourself standing at 
your office window, more 

4505
04:17:21,000 --> 04:17:24,200
frequently, looking out at the 
factory floor, but seeing 

4506
04:17:24,200 --> 04:17:27,000
something else. 
The shape of possibility. 

4507
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:30,700
Maybe all the shadow of change 
approaching like weather across 

4508
04:17:30,700 --> 04:17:33,300
an open plain the machines run 
their. 

4509
04:17:33,300 --> 04:17:37,800
Cycle's metal is cut and shaped 
and transformed and somewhere. 

4510
04:17:37,800 --> 04:17:41,400
Beneath this familiar process. 
Something else is being 

4511
04:17:41,400 --> 04:17:46,200
transformed to something less 
tangible, but no less real. 

4512
04:17:47,000 --> 04:17:49,700
On October 22nd the day before 
everything. 

4513
04:17:49,700 --> 04:17:54,800
Accelerates you wake to find 
Budapest in fog, thick and gray 

4514
04:17:54,800 --> 04:17:58,200
and muffling. 
The city emerges into morning 

4515
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:01,700
like a photograph developing 
slowly and solution details 

4516
04:18:01,700 --> 04:18:04,600
appearing. 
Gradually as the fog thin's, you

4517
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:08,000
go through your morning routine,
drink your cheeky coffee, kiss, 

4518
04:18:08,000 --> 04:18:11,500
your wife, goodbye, and walk to 
the factory through streets that

4519
04:18:11,500 --> 04:18:15,200
feel somehow provisional as if 
the city itself is holding its 

4520
04:18:15,200 --> 04:18:18,300
breath, At work East Van 
approaches. 

4521
04:18:18,300 --> 04:18:22,100
You during the morning break, 
he's usually cheerful prone to 

4522
04:18:22,100 --> 04:18:25,100
jokes and small observations 
about the absurdities of factory

4523
04:18:25,100 --> 04:18:27,400
life. 
But today, he's serious. 

4524
04:18:27,400 --> 04:18:31,200
His expression carrying the 
weight of something he's decided

4525
04:18:31,200 --> 04:18:37,400
needs saying my nephew says 
students are planning something,

4526
04:18:37,400 --> 04:18:41,100
he tells you quietly a big 
gathering tomorrow they're going

4527
04:18:41,108 --> 04:18:44,500
to present demands Demands. 
You repeat tasting. 

4528
04:18:44,500 --> 04:18:46,400
The word. 
It feels dangerous. 

4529
04:18:47,600 --> 04:18:53,600
Istvan nods reforms, real ones 
about freedom, and sovereignty 

4530
04:18:53,600 --> 04:18:56,000
and all those words that usually
mean nothing. 

4531
04:18:57,000 --> 04:18:58,900
And you think this time, they'll
mean something. 

4532
04:19:00,300 --> 04:19:04,100
Trugs a gesture, that 
encompasses uncertainty, hope 

4533
04:19:04,100 --> 04:19:08,600
fear and resignation. 
I think things that could not 

4534
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:11,700
happening whether that's good or
bad, I don't know. 

4535
04:19:12,700 --> 04:19:15,900
But I know it's different. 
You return to work with this 

4536
04:19:15,900 --> 04:19:18,300
knowledge settling in your mind 
like sediment. 

4537
04:19:19,800 --> 04:19:22,800
The afternoon passes in its 
usual routines. 

4538
04:19:22,800 --> 04:19:25,900
But underneath the routines, 
you're aware of a current 

4539
04:19:25,900 --> 04:19:29,800
running invisible, but powerful 
pulling, Budapest towards 

4540
04:19:29,800 --> 04:19:33,500
something that hasn't yet, 
revealed its shape, That evening

4541
04:19:33,500 --> 04:19:35,800
at dinner. 
The conversation is subdued. 

4542
04:19:36,400 --> 04:19:38,700
Your wife has heard similar 
rumors at her office. 

4543
04:19:38,700 --> 04:19:41,300
Your daughter has heard. 
That students are organizing. 

4544
04:19:41,300 --> 04:19:45,300
The speeches will be made and 
that demands will be presented. 

4545
04:19:45,300 --> 04:19:48,400
The three of you eat your meal 
pork stew, tonight with 

4546
04:19:48,400 --> 04:19:51,600
potatoes, and carrots, and 
consider the possibility that 

4547
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:53,200
tomorrow might be different from
today. 

4548
04:19:54,300 --> 04:19:57,400
Should we stay home? 
Your wife asks, you think about 

4549
04:19:57,400 --> 04:20:01,700
this staying home, suggests fear
or complicity or prudence? 

4550
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:04,300
And you're not sure which would 
be most accurate? 

4551
04:20:04,300 --> 04:20:07,100
I don't know. 
Probably everything will be 

4552
04:20:07,108 --> 04:20:09,400
fine. 
This is what people say when 

4553
04:20:09,400 --> 04:20:11,600
they don't know if everything 
will be fine but hope that 

4554
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:14,800
saying it might make it true. 
You go to bed that night, 

4555
04:20:14,800 --> 04:20:19,600
October 22nd the last ordinary 
night and lie, awake longer than

4556
04:20:19,608 --> 04:20:22,600
usual, listening to Buddha, 
pests settling into sleep. 

4557
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:27,500
Somewhere Out There, students 
are making plans somewhere, 

4558
04:20:27,500 --> 04:20:32,100
people are drafting lists of 
Demands somewhere, decisions are

4559
04:20:32,100 --> 04:20:34,400
being made that will Ripple 
outward into your life and 

4560
04:20:34,400 --> 04:20:37,300
thousands of other lives 
creating patterns you can't. 

4561
04:20:37,300 --> 04:20:41,800
Yet perceive The fog Has Lifted 
by the time you finally sleep 

4562
04:20:41,800 --> 04:20:45,900
and the stars of visible through
your bedroom, window, distant 

4563
04:20:45,900 --> 04:20:47,800
and indifferent. 
And Beautiful. 

4564
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:51,300
Tomorrow is October 23rd, 
though. 

4565
04:20:51,300 --> 04:20:54,900
You don't know yet what that 
date will come to mean. for now,

4566
04:20:54,900 --> 04:20:58,400
it's just another day, 
approaching carrying, whatever 

4567
04:20:58,400 --> 04:21:02,200
it carries toward morning, 
October 23rd arrives with 

4568
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:05,600
unusual brightness, as if the 
city has been cleaned and 

4569
04:21:05,600 --> 04:21:08,700
Polished overnight. 
You wake at the usual time, go 

4570
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:11,900
through the usual routines, but 
there's something in the air 

4571
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:15,500
that makes usual feel different.
A kind of energy and 

4572
04:21:15,500 --> 04:21:19,100
anticipatory and undefined like 
the moment before a concert 

4573
04:21:19,100 --> 04:21:21,800
begins. 
Breakfast your daughter 

4574
04:21:21,800 --> 04:21:23,300
announces she won't be going to 
school. 

4575
04:21:23,300 --> 04:21:26,900
The students are gathering. 
She explains spreading jam on 

4576
04:21:26,900 --> 04:21:28,900
bread with exaggerated cash 
orness. 

4577
04:21:28,900 --> 04:21:33,200
At the Poteau fee statue, 
everyone's going your wife sets 

4578
04:21:33,200 --> 04:21:35,000
down her coffee cup with 
deliberate care. 

4579
04:21:35,000 --> 04:21:40,500
Everyone Well, lots of people I 
want to be there. 

4580
04:21:41,600 --> 04:21:43,100
You exchanged a look with your 
wife? 

4581
04:21:43,100 --> 04:21:46,100
Another of those glances that 
contains a full conversation. 

4582
04:21:47,200 --> 04:21:51,300
Your daughter is 14 old enough 
to make some decisions and young

4583
04:21:51,300 --> 04:21:53,600
enough that those decisions 
terrify you. 

4584
04:21:54,300 --> 04:21:58,100
Just to listen your daughter ads
just to see nothing dangerous. 

4585
04:21:59,500 --> 04:22:02,100
The word dangerous hangs in the 
kitchen, like Steam from the 

4586
04:22:02,100 --> 04:22:04,400
coffee pot. 
Everything is either dangerous 

4587
04:22:04,400 --> 04:22:07,100
or not dangerous, and the line 
between them has become 

4588
04:22:07,100 --> 04:22:11,900
impossible to locate you stay 
where we can see you your Wi-Fi 

4589
04:22:11,900 --> 04:22:14,800
finally says, which is as close 
to permission as she's going to 

4590
04:22:14,800 --> 04:22:19,700
Grant, you stay at the edges and
if things feel wronged, you come

4591
04:22:19,700 --> 04:22:22,900
home immediately, Your daughter 
nods. 

4592
04:22:22,900 --> 04:22:26,300
Solemnly, understanding that 
this conditional allowance is 

4593
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:29,200
the best you'll receive you 
decide to go to work. 

4594
04:22:29,200 --> 04:22:32,900
As usual partly because work 
creates structure and 

4595
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:35,600
structuralist times and partly 
because not going feels like 

4596
04:22:35,600 --> 04:22:38,800
acknowledging that something 
dramatic is happening and you're

4597
04:22:38,800 --> 04:22:40,200
not ready to acknowledge that 
yet. 

4598
04:22:41,600 --> 04:22:44,100
The walk to the factory, takes 
you through your neighborhood, 

4599
04:22:44,100 --> 04:22:47,100
where you notice more people on 
the streets than usual for a 

4600
04:22:47,108 --> 04:22:49,800
Wednesday morning. 
Small groups are walking toward 

4601
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:53,300
the city center, their 
conversations, animated their 

4602
04:22:53,300 --> 04:22:57,400
Pace suggesting purpose. 
At the factory gate power is 

4603
04:22:57,400 --> 04:23:00,500
there as always, but he is 
listening to a small radio he 

4604
04:23:00,500 --> 04:23:04,900
set on the guard Booth's, ledge.
This is unusual, pal, believes 

4605
04:23:04,900 --> 04:23:08,200
in focusing on one task at 
times, and that task is checking

4606
04:23:08,200 --> 04:23:10,300
badges. 
Not listening to broadcasts. 

4607
04:23:10,300 --> 04:23:13,100
There are actually doing it. 
Pal says, as you show your 

4608
04:23:13,100 --> 04:23:17,600
identification and students at 
the petofi Statue demanding 

4609
04:23:17,600 --> 04:23:20,500
reforms reading demands out 
loud. 

4610
04:23:21,500 --> 04:23:25,600
And the authorities pal. 
Shrugs not stopping them yet. 

4611
04:23:26,500 --> 04:23:30,700
The word yet carries its own 
weight. inside the factory, the 

4612
04:23:30,700 --> 04:23:34,400
morning shift at their stations,
but the work has a distracted 

4613
04:23:34,400 --> 04:23:38,100
quality People keep glancing 
toward the windows as if they 

4614
04:23:38,100 --> 04:23:41,500
might be able to see downtown 
from here, as if watching, could

4615
04:23:41,500 --> 04:23:45,100
provide information, that 
hearing cannot the machines run.

4616
04:23:45,100 --> 04:23:48,200
But several are operating below 
optimal efficiency because 

4617
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:50,900
they're operators are listening 
to a radio, someone has placed 

4618
04:23:50,900 --> 04:23:53,100
on a workbench near the main 
assembly area. 

4619
04:23:55,000 --> 04:23:58,300
You try to focus on your normal 
tasks, reviewing production 

4620
04:23:58,300 --> 04:24:01,000
reports. 
Checking tolerance is on Sample 

4621
04:24:01,000 --> 04:24:04,600
pieces, but your attention keeps
drifting to the radio's voice, 

4622
04:24:04,600 --> 04:24:07,800
tiny and slightly. 
Distorted describing what's 

4623
04:24:07,800 --> 04:24:11,300
happening in the city center? 
Thousands of people, the 

4624
04:24:11,300 --> 04:24:14,700
announcer says peaceful 
Gathering students reading their

4625
04:24:14,700 --> 04:24:19,700
demands 16 points carefully. 
Articulated calling for reforms 

4626
04:24:19,700 --> 04:24:22,600
that sound, both reasonable and 
impossible during the 

4627
04:24:22,600 --> 04:24:25,800
mid-morning break nearly the 
entire Factory crowds around the

4628
04:24:25,808 --> 04:24:28,700
radio. 
Students demands of being read 

4629
04:24:28,700 --> 04:24:33,000
in full withdrawal of Soviet 
forces free elections. 

4630
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:37,000
Freedom of the press economic 
reforms, the release of 

4631
04:24:37,008 --> 04:24:39,400
political prisoners, and the 
right to strike. 

4632
04:24:39,400 --> 04:24:42,600
Each point is met with small 
murmurs from the listening 

4633
04:24:42,600 --> 04:24:45,900
workers sounds that might be 
approval, or might be nervous. 

4634
04:24:45,900 --> 04:24:47,800
Appreciation of someone else's 
courage. 

4635
04:24:48,700 --> 04:24:52,900
Eastman stands beside you. 
His arms crossed, his expression

4636
04:24:52,900 --> 04:24:56,500
unreadable. 
They're saying everything, he 

4637
04:24:56,500 --> 04:24:59,200
murmurs everything we've thought
about for 10 years. 

4638
04:25:00,400 --> 04:25:04,400
By noon, the radio reports, that
the Gathering has grown students

4639
04:25:04,400 --> 04:25:08,300
have been joined by workers by 
ordinary citizens and by people 

4640
04:25:08,300 --> 04:25:11,200
who apparently decided that 
witnessing this moment matters, 

4641
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:13,900
more than what else they were 
supposed to be doing today. 

4642
04:25:15,000 --> 04:25:17,900
The crowd is moving flowing 
through the city toward 

4643
04:25:17,900 --> 04:25:20,700
Parliament, where they plan to 
present their demands to 

4644
04:25:20,700 --> 04:25:24,100
government officials, your 
factory manager appears on the 

4645
04:25:24,100 --> 04:25:27,400
production floor at one o'clock,
which is unusual enough to make 

4646
04:25:27,400 --> 04:25:28,600
everyone stop what they're 
doing. 

4647
04:25:29,500 --> 04:25:33,200
He's a thin man, named Horvath, 
generally competent and 

4648
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:36,600
uncommonly decent for someone. 
In his position, he stands near 

4649
04:25:36,600 --> 04:25:38,900
the main doors and addresses the
assembled workers. 

4650
04:25:39,700 --> 04:25:42,100
I'm not going to tell you to 
work, when you can't focus on 

4651
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:44,900
working, he says I'm not going 
to pretend that. 

4652
04:25:44,900 --> 04:25:46,500
What's happening downtown isn't 
happening. 

4653
04:25:46,500 --> 04:25:52,100
Those of you who want to go, go,
those who want to stay stay will

4654
04:25:52,100 --> 04:25:53,700
figure out production schedules 
tomorrow. 

4655
04:25:54,900 --> 04:25:58,500
This might be the bravest thing 
Horvath has ever said, all the 

4656
04:25:58,508 --> 04:26:03,600
most pragmatic or both. 
Either way, it's a recognition 

4657
04:26:03,600 --> 04:26:05,900
that ordinary rules. 
Have been suspended by 

4658
04:26:05,900 --> 04:26:09,900
circumstances that are refusing 
to remain ordinary about half 

4659
04:26:09,900 --> 04:26:13,100
the workers, leave immediately 
heading toward the city center 

4660
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:14,700
to join, whatever is happening 
there. 

4661
04:26:15,700 --> 04:26:19,100
You're among those who stay not 
from lack of curiosity or 

4662
04:26:19,100 --> 04:26:22,100
solidarity. 
But from a cautious uncertainty,

4663
04:26:22,100 --> 04:26:25,700
about what joining means, and 
what it might cost you return to

4664
04:26:25,700 --> 04:26:30,200
your office and continue working
though, working has become a 

4665
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:33,000
loose term for sitting at your 
desk and staring at papers. 

4666
04:26:33,000 --> 04:26:37,000
While your mind is elsewhere. 
The radio continues, its 

4667
04:26:37,000 --> 04:26:38,400
coverage throughout the 
afternoon. 

4668
04:26:38,400 --> 04:26:43,600
The crowd at Parliament is 
enormous, tens of thousands of 

4669
04:26:43,600 --> 04:26:46,400
people may be more. 
They're singing the National 

4670
04:26:46,400 --> 04:26:49,600
Anthem, the version that was 
banned for being too Nationalist

4671
04:26:49,600 --> 04:26:52,100
and two reminiscent of 
Independence and sovereignty 

4672
04:26:52,100 --> 04:26:57,000
their chanting for reform for 
change for Freedom. 

4673
04:26:57,000 --> 04:27:01,100
These abstract words that 
suddenly feel as concrete as the

4674
04:27:01,100 --> 04:27:05,700
stones of parliament Square, By 
evening, the city is 

4675
04:27:05,700 --> 04:27:09,300
transforming, you leave the 
factory at your normal time and 

4676
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:12,500
walk home through streets, that 
feel electric with possibility 

4677
04:27:12,500 --> 04:27:17,100
groups of people are gathering 
on Corners in cafes and in Parks

4678
04:27:17,100 --> 04:27:21,100
discussing what they've seen and
heard someone has spray painted 

4679
04:27:21,100 --> 04:27:23,700
Russians. 
Go home on a wall near the tram 

4680
04:27:23,700 --> 04:27:26,200
station. 
Graffiti that would have been 

4681
04:27:26,200 --> 04:27:29,800
Unthinkable yesterday and now 
exists as a simple fact 

4682
04:27:29,800 --> 04:27:33,600
witnessed by hundreds of people 
who walk past it without 

4683
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:38,100
reporting it to authorities. 
At home, your wife and daughter 

4684
04:27:38,100 --> 04:27:42,100
are both their your daughter 
vibrating with an excitement 

4685
04:27:42,100 --> 04:27:45,000
that makes her seem younger and 
older simultaneously. 

4686
04:27:45,900 --> 04:27:48,700
You should have seen it. 
She says talking faster than 

4687
04:27:48,700 --> 04:27:51,900
normal. 
Thousands of people, tens of 

4688
04:27:51,900 --> 04:27:54,900
thousands. 
All saying things that you're 

4689
04:27:54,900 --> 04:27:57,800
not supposed to say and nobody 
stopped us. 

4690
04:27:57,800 --> 04:28:03,000
Nobody tried to make us leave 
Your wife looks worried and 

4691
04:28:03,000 --> 04:28:06,300
proud in equal measure, which 
you understand completely 

4692
04:28:06,300 --> 04:28:08,200
because you're feeling the same 
combination. 

4693
04:28:08,200 --> 04:28:10,500
Your daughter is safe, which is 
everything. 

4694
04:28:10,500 --> 04:28:12,600
Your daughter was there, which 
is something. 

4695
04:28:13,500 --> 04:28:16,000
What happens? 
Now, your wife asks, directing 

4696
04:28:16,000 --> 04:28:19,600
this question at nobody in 
particular more Gatherings, your

4697
04:28:19,600 --> 04:28:23,000
daughter reports. 
Tomorrow people are talking 

4698
04:28:23,008 --> 04:28:26,700
about continuing about 
organizing about actually making

4699
04:28:26,700 --> 04:28:30,600
the demands real in stead of 
just stated that night. 

4700
04:28:30,600 --> 04:28:32,600
The three of you listened to the
radio together. 

4701
04:28:32,600 --> 04:28:35,100
Something you rarely do as a 
family. 

4702
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:39,500
The broadcast of strange. 
Official voices trying to 

4703
04:28:39,500 --> 04:28:43,000
describe events using language 
that hasn't quite caught up with

4704
04:28:43,000 --> 04:28:46,600
what the events mean. 
The students demonstration was 

4705
04:28:46,600 --> 04:28:50,300
mostly peaceful. 
The authorities are considering 

4706
04:28:50,300 --> 04:28:52,600
the legitimate concerns of the 
working people. 

4707
04:28:53,400 --> 04:28:56,900
Everything is described in 
conditional terms as if reality 

4708
04:28:56,900 --> 04:28:59,000
itself hasn't quite been decided
yet. 

4709
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:03,200
You go to bed late your mind 
too, active for sleep. 

4710
04:29:04,100 --> 04:29:06,900
Through the walls, you can hear 
your neighbor's talking, their 

4711
04:29:06,900 --> 04:29:10,000
voices, excited, and nervous 
outside the city. 

4712
04:29:10,000 --> 04:29:13,400
Sounds different, more traffic 
than usual for a Wednesday 

4713
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:15,800
night. 
More voice is more energy. 

4714
04:29:16,700 --> 04:29:20,100
Budapest is awake in a way. 
It hasn't been for years as if 

4715
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:23,500
the city itself has decided that
sleeping is optional when 

4716
04:29:23,500 --> 04:29:27,700
history is happening. 
October 24th arrives with gray 

4717
04:29:27,700 --> 04:29:29,900
skies, and the sense that 
something is building. 

4718
04:29:29,900 --> 04:29:33,500
You go to work again mostly 
because you don't know what else

4719
04:29:33,500 --> 04:29:36,700
to do and work provides 
structure. 

4720
04:29:37,500 --> 04:29:39,900
The factory is running at may be
half capacity. 

4721
04:29:39,900 --> 04:29:44,200
Many workers have chosen to stay
home or go down town and 

4722
04:29:44,200 --> 04:29:45,600
Hawthorne has stopped 
pretending. 

4723
04:29:45,600 --> 04:29:48,500
That production, quotas matter. 
More than whatever is unfolding 

4724
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:51,400
in the streets. 
The radio reports, more 

4725
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:53,800
demonstrations workers are 
joining. 

4726
04:29:53,800 --> 04:29:56,600
Students, Factory employees are 
organizing. 

4727
04:29:56,600 --> 04:30:00,700
People are gathering at Radio 
Budapest demanding that their 

4728
04:30:00,700 --> 04:30:03,800
voices be broadcast and that 
their message reach Beyond 

4729
04:30:03,800 --> 04:30:05,900
Budapest to the countryside and 
the world. 

4730
04:30:05,900 --> 04:30:09,900
There's confusion in the 
reports, something about crowds 

4731
04:30:09,900 --> 04:30:12,200
trying to enter the radio 
building, something about 

4732
04:30:12,200 --> 04:30:15,700
authorities, responding and 
something about tensions Rising.

4733
04:30:16,800 --> 04:30:20,700
By after noon, the confusion has
clarified into something darker.

4734
04:30:20,700 --> 04:30:24,100
You hear it first in East fans 
voice, when he approaches your 

4735
04:30:24,100 --> 04:30:28,300
office is expression, Grimm. 
They fired on the crowd. 

4736
04:30:28,300 --> 04:30:32,700
He says, quietly at the radio 
building live ammunition, people

4737
04:30:32,700 --> 04:30:35,500
are dead. 
The words don't quite make 

4738
04:30:35,500 --> 04:30:37,600
sense. 
At first, live ammunition, 

4739
04:30:37,600 --> 04:30:41,700
people are dead, these things 
happen in wars in distant 

4740
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:45,200
countries and in historical 
events, not in your city on an 

4741
04:30:45,200 --> 04:30:48,900
ordinary Thursday afternoon, but
istan faced tells you this is 

4742
04:30:48,900 --> 04:30:52,500
real the radio when you tune it 
carefully pass the official 

4743
04:30:52,500 --> 04:30:55,800
stations confirms it. 
Shooting in Budapest, 

4744
04:30:55,800 --> 04:30:59,800
casualties. 
The peaceful demonstrations of 

4745
04:30:59,808 --> 04:31:02,200
cross, some invisible boundary 
into something else. 

4746
04:31:03,500 --> 04:31:06,400
The workers on the factory floor
are gathering again, but this 

4747
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:08,000
time there's anger in the 
Gathering. 

4748
04:31:08,000 --> 04:31:11,200
Some are talking about going 
home about protecting their 

4749
04:31:11,200 --> 04:31:13,500
families. 
Others are talking about arming 

4750
04:31:13,500 --> 04:31:16,700
themselves about responding to 
violence with defense. 

4751
04:31:17,500 --> 04:31:21,800
The mood is shifted from Hopeful
to Raw you leave early walking 

4752
04:31:21,800 --> 04:31:25,600
home through a city that's 
transforming before your eyes on

4753
04:31:25,600 --> 04:31:27,900
street corners. 
People are pulling up paving 

4754
04:31:27,900 --> 04:31:31,900
stones creating barriers that 
might stop vehicles or might 

4755
04:31:31,900 --> 04:31:36,100
just be symbolic acts of 
defiance Someone has overturned 

4756
04:31:36,100 --> 04:31:40,000
a tram car near the Opera House.
Students are spray painting 

4757
04:31:40,000 --> 04:31:45,900
messages on walls, Freedom or 
death, Russians out and we will 

4758
04:31:45,900 --> 04:31:49,600
not surrender at home. 
Your wife and daughter are both 

4759
04:31:49,608 --> 04:31:52,500
frightened. 
Your wife is heard gunfire from 

4760
04:31:52,500 --> 04:31:55,900
downtown distant Pops. 
That might be fireworks, but 

4761
04:31:55,900 --> 04:31:59,400
aren't your daughter wants to go
back to the demonstration, to be

4762
04:31:59,400 --> 04:32:02,600
part of whatever is happening, 
but your wife is, forbidden it. 

4763
04:32:02,600 --> 04:32:06,700
And for once, your daughter 
isn't arguing, This is 

4764
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:08,800
different. 
Now, your wife says to you 

4765
04:32:08,808 --> 04:32:11,200
quietly in the kitchen, while 
your daughter is in her room 

4766
04:32:12,200 --> 04:32:15,200
This isn't just people talking 
anymore, you know, she's right. 

4767
04:32:15,200 --> 04:32:18,700
The line between demonstration 
and Uprising has been crossed 

4768
04:32:18,700 --> 04:32:21,800
and nobody knows where the new 
line is or what Crossing it 

4769
04:32:21,800 --> 04:32:27,100
might mean. 
That night October 24th into 

4770
04:32:27,100 --> 04:32:30,600
25th, Budapest Burns in 
scattered places. 

4771
04:32:30,600 --> 04:32:34,900
You can see the glow of fires 
from your window, orange, light 

4772
04:32:34,900 --> 04:32:39,500
reflecting off low clouds. 
The radio is chaotic official 

4773
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:42,100
stations broadcasting 
contradictory information 

4774
04:32:42,100 --> 04:32:46,600
unofficial stations that have 
somehow begun operating and 

4775
04:32:46,600 --> 04:32:49,300
voices from beyond hungry, 
trying to describe what's 

4776
04:32:49,300 --> 04:32:51,000
happening from insufficient 
information. 

4777
04:32:52,200 --> 04:32:54,400
Your buildings residents Gather 
in the hallway. 

4778
04:32:54,400 --> 04:32:58,900
Sharing, what they've heard and 
seen Mrs. Kovach says, Soviet 

4779
04:32:58,900 --> 04:33:03,600
tanks are entering the city Mr. 
Molnar claims that Army units 

4780
04:33:03,600 --> 04:33:05,200
are refusing to fire on 
demonstrators. 

4781
04:33:05,200 --> 04:33:08,000
Someone says the government has 
fallen. 

4782
04:33:08,000 --> 04:33:10,300
Someone else says nothing has 
changed. 

4783
04:33:11,300 --> 04:33:14,500
Everyone is trying to construct 
truth from fragments to 

4784
04:33:14,500 --> 04:33:17,300
understand what's happening. 
While it still happening, you 

4785
04:33:17,300 --> 04:33:19,200
return to your apartment and 
find your daughter at the 

4786
04:33:19,200 --> 04:33:21,000
window. 
Watching the distant fires. 

4787
04:33:21,000 --> 04:33:24,300
Is this a revolution? 
She asks, you can consider the 

4788
04:33:24,300 --> 04:33:27,900
question carefully. 
I think maybe it's becoming one 

4789
04:33:27,900 --> 04:33:30,300
whether that's good or not, I 
don't know yet. 

4790
04:33:31,200 --> 04:33:34,000
She accepts this answer, which 
is more honest than certain. 

4791
04:33:34,900 --> 04:33:37,300
Three of you spend the evening 
together playing cards and 

4792
04:33:37,308 --> 04:33:40,099
listening to the radio. 
Not talking about the fear 

4793
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:43,099
that's sitting in the room with 
you, like an Uninvited Guest 

4794
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:45,700
outside. 
Budapest continues its 

4795
04:33:45,700 --> 04:33:49,800
transformation an ordinary City,
becoming a historical event, the

4796
04:33:49,800 --> 04:33:52,500
weight of the moment pressing 
down on everyone who is living 

4797
04:33:52,500 --> 04:33:56,200
through it. 
You sleep, fitfully waking at 

4798
04:33:56,200 --> 04:33:57,200
small. 
Sounds. 

4799
04:33:58,000 --> 04:34:00,500
Car backfiring a shout from the 
street. 

4800
04:34:00,500 --> 04:34:03,700
The building settling each time 
you. 

4801
04:34:03,700 --> 04:34:07,599
Wait, you listen for gunfire 
relieved when you don't hear it,

4802
04:34:07,599 --> 04:34:10,599
worried about what it means that
you're listening for it. 

4803
04:34:12,000 --> 04:34:16,200
This is what October 1956 has 
become relief. 

4804
04:34:16,200 --> 04:34:18,099
Measured by the absence of 
violence. 

4805
04:34:18,099 --> 04:34:22,800
Hoping existing alongside fear 
and ordinary life suspended 

4806
04:34:22,800 --> 04:34:26,700
while history unfolds. 
The following days blur together

4807
04:34:26,700 --> 04:34:30,400
in your memory later, individual
moment, sharp, but their 

4808
04:34:30,400 --> 04:34:34,800
sequence uncertain, like 
photographs build from an album.

4809
04:34:35,700 --> 04:34:39,400
what you remember, clearly is 
the feeling kind of collective 

4810
04:34:39,400 --> 04:34:44,000
Euphoria mixed with Terror. 
sense that everything had become

4811
04:34:44,000 --> 04:34:49,300
possible, and therefore nothing 
was certain Friday, October the 

4812
04:34:49,300 --> 04:34:52,200
26th. 
You stay home from work. 

4813
04:34:52,200 --> 04:34:56,099
The factory has closed anyway 
Horvath having made the sensible

4814
04:34:56,099 --> 04:34:59,800
decision that producing machine 
parts matters less than keeping 

4815
04:34:59,800 --> 04:35:03,099
workers safe. 
You spend the morning listening 

4816
04:35:03,099 --> 04:35:05,900
to the radio, with your wife, 
trying to piece together, what's

4817
04:35:05,900 --> 04:35:08,700
happening from broadcast that 
can't seem to decide whether to 

4818
04:35:08,700 --> 04:35:11,900
call it a demonstration, an 
uprising or a 

4819
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:15,000
counter-revolution. 
The government has changed or 

4820
04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:16,800
rather the government's name is 
changed. 

4821
04:35:17,500 --> 04:35:19,300
There's a new prime minister 
Imran Aggie. 

4822
04:35:19,300 --> 04:35:22,099
Someone who has been in and out 
of favor over the years, but who

4823
04:35:22,099 --> 04:35:25,500
apparently represents change, or
at least the possibility of 

4824
04:35:25,500 --> 04:35:27,800
change. 
He's promising, reforms, 

4825
04:35:27,800 --> 04:35:31,300
promising, to listen and 
promising that violence will 

4826
04:35:31,300 --> 04:35:34,800
stop if people return to 
normalcy, but normalcy has 

4827
04:35:34,800 --> 04:35:37,900
stopped being normal. 
Your neighborhood has organized 

4828
04:35:37,900 --> 04:35:41,599
itself into something like a 
self-governing unit, Mrs. 

4829
04:35:41,599 --> 04:35:44,000
Kovacs. 
And several other women have 

4830
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:47,599
established a food distribution 
system, pooling resources and 

4831
04:35:47,599 --> 04:35:50,500
ensuring that everyone has 
enough to eat even a stores 

4832
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:52,300
closed and supply lines 
breakdown. 

4833
04:35:53,500 --> 04:35:57,000
Mr. Molnar has appointed himself
a kind of security coordinator 

4834
04:35:57,000 --> 04:36:01,300
organizing men to watch the 
street entrances to warn of 

4835
04:36:01,300 --> 04:36:04,300
approaching danger, and to 
protect against looting or 

4836
04:36:04,300 --> 04:36:06,700
violence. 
Your daughter has found her 

4837
04:36:06,700 --> 04:36:09,200
purpose, too. 
She's joined a group of 

4838
04:36:09,207 --> 04:36:11,599
teenagers who are running 
messages between different 

4839
04:36:11,599 --> 04:36:15,000
parts, of the city carrying 
information where telephones 

4840
04:36:15,000 --> 04:36:18,300
can't or won't reach. 
You and your wife have tried to 

4841
04:36:18,300 --> 04:36:21,000
forbid, this but forbidding has 
stopped working. 

4842
04:36:21,000 --> 04:36:23,500
She goes. 
Anyway, returning hours later 

4843
04:36:23,500 --> 04:36:27,099
with stories of what she seen 
crowds of people, debating in 

4844
04:36:27,099 --> 04:36:30,400
Parliament Square workers, 
organizing factories and 

4845
04:36:30,400 --> 04:36:33,400
students printing leaflets on 
hand presses, they've set up in 

4846
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:36,800
basements and cafes everyone's 
talking to everyone. 

4847
04:36:36,800 --> 04:36:40,099
She reports during dinner on 
Saturday, the barriers between 

4848
04:36:40,099 --> 04:36:44,900
people of just dissolved a 
factory worker and a university.

4849
04:36:44,900 --> 04:36:49,200
Professor having a conversation 
like equals a housewife and a 

4850
04:36:49,200 --> 04:36:51,200
student arguing about what 
should happen next. 

4851
04:36:51,200 --> 04:36:54,500
It's like, we all remembered 
were human beings and of 

4852
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:56,900
categories. 
You understand what she means. 

4853
04:36:56,900 --> 04:36:59,800
You felt it yourself during 
walks through the neighborhood. 

4854
04:36:59,800 --> 04:37:03,700
People speaking openly sharing 
opinions and disagreeing with 

4855
04:37:03,707 --> 04:37:07,599
out fear, the careful silence 
that characterize Budapest for 

4856
04:37:07,599 --> 04:37:12,500
so many years has been replaced 
by noises messy and Democratic 

4857
04:37:12,500 --> 04:37:15,700
and alive. 
Soviet tanks are in the city. 

4858
04:37:15,700 --> 04:37:20,099
Everyone knows this, but they're
mostly stationary parked at 

4859
04:37:20,099 --> 04:37:23,300
strategic locations, but not 
actively suppressing the 

4860
04:37:23,300 --> 04:37:26,700
uprising. 
There are rumors of negotiations

4861
04:37:26,700 --> 04:37:30,200
of Soviet authorities trying to 
understand what's happening and 

4862
04:37:30,200 --> 04:37:32,900
of Hungarian officials trying to
chart a course between 

4863
04:37:32,900 --> 04:37:37,700
revolution and repression. 
Sunday morning, you attend a 

4864
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:40,599
neighborhood meeting in the 
courtyard of your building About

4865
04:37:40,599 --> 04:37:44,599
50, people, gather residents, 
from several nearby buildings, 

4866
04:37:44,599 --> 04:37:47,900
all trying to figure out how to 
organize themselves for whatever

4867
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:51,300
comes next. 
Someone proposes forming a 

4868
04:37:51,300 --> 04:37:53,000
council to make decisions, 
collectively. 

4869
04:37:54,300 --> 04:37:56,900
Someone else suggests 
establishing rules for resource,

4870
04:37:56,900 --> 04:38:00,000
shareing a heated debate, 
develops about whether to arm 

4871
04:38:00,000 --> 04:38:04,300
yourself and if so, where to 
acquire weapons, you speak up 

4872
04:38:04,300 --> 04:38:06,800
your voice surprising you with 
its firmness. 

4873
04:38:07,500 --> 04:38:10,200
We're not soldiers, arming 
ourselves might feel like 

4874
04:38:10,200 --> 04:38:13,099
preparation but it's more likely
to be provocation. 

4875
04:38:13,099 --> 04:38:16,099
The moment we become threatening
is the moment they have 

4876
04:38:16,099 --> 04:38:18,300
justification to treat as a 
threats. 

4877
04:38:19,000 --> 04:38:22,300
This argument wins over about 
half the people present the 

4878
04:38:22,300 --> 04:38:24,700
other half. 
Clearly thinks your naive that 

4879
04:38:24,700 --> 04:38:28,000
threats are already here and 
that self-defense is reasonable.

4880
04:38:29,200 --> 04:38:32,700
The meeting breaks up without 
resolution, which feels 

4881
04:38:32,700 --> 04:38:35,400
appropriate for a situation 
where every question has 

4882
04:38:35,400 --> 04:38:39,900
multiple valid answers. 
The next day is develop a 

4883
04:38:39,900 --> 04:38:42,900
strange rhythm. 
Mornings are relatively quiet. 

4884
04:38:43,800 --> 04:38:46,900
People waking cautiously 
checking to see if the city has 

4885
04:38:46,900 --> 04:38:49,500
changed overnight and relieved. 
When it hasn't. 

4886
04:38:50,500 --> 04:38:53,000
Afternoons. 
Bring Gatherings discussions and

4887
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:57,500
organizing evening's carry 
tension as Darkness creates 

4888
04:38:57,500 --> 04:39:00,400
uncertainty about what's 
happening in parts of the city. 

4889
04:39:00,400 --> 04:39:04,099
You can't see Your wife 
continues going to her office, 

4890
04:39:04,099 --> 04:39:06,800
the ministry, the work has 
become informal. 

4891
04:39:06,800 --> 04:39:09,800
She and her colleague, spend 
their days discussing what's 

4892
04:39:09,800 --> 04:39:12,700
happening rather than processing
requisition forms. 

4893
04:39:13,500 --> 04:39:17,000
One day, she comes home and 
reports that her supervisor a 

4894
04:39:17,000 --> 04:39:20,500
dedicated party member for 20 
years, has quietly removed. 

4895
04:39:20,500 --> 04:39:23,599
The party portrait from the 
office wall and replaced it with

4896
04:39:23,599 --> 04:39:27,000
a landscape painting. 
Nobody said, anything your wife 

4897
04:39:27,000 --> 04:39:29,500
tells you, we all just noticed 
it was gone. 

4898
04:39:29,500 --> 04:39:31,700
And continued talking about 
other things. 

4899
04:39:31,700 --> 04:39:35,500
The small acts of quiet 
Revolution multiply across the 

4900
04:39:35,500 --> 04:39:38,600
city Hungarian Flags appear in 
Windows. 

4901
04:39:38,600 --> 04:39:43,300
But flags with the Soviet style 
state emblem, cut out leaving a 

4902
04:39:43,300 --> 04:39:47,000
hole in the center that becomes 
its own symbol radio announcers,

4903
04:39:47,000 --> 04:39:50,300
start, referring to events as a 
revolution in stead of a 

4904
04:39:50,300 --> 04:39:53,500
demonstration. 
Statues associated with the 

4905
04:39:53,500 --> 04:39:56,900
Soviet period. 
A toppled or defaced acts of 

4906
04:39:56,908 --> 04:39:58,700
symbolic, rejection. 
That would have been 

4907
04:39:58,708 --> 04:40:02,300
Unthinkable. 
Two weeks ago, October 28th 

4908
04:40:02,300 --> 04:40:06,000
brings what feels like a 
breakthrough, nagi's, government

4909
04:40:06,000 --> 04:40:09,600
announces a ceasefire. 
Soviet forces will withdraw from

4910
04:40:09,600 --> 04:40:12,600
Budapest. 
Hated secret police force will 

4911
04:40:12,600 --> 04:40:14,800
be dissolved. 
Political prisoners will be 

4912
04:40:14,808 --> 04:40:17,800
released multi-party, elections,
will be scheduled. 

4913
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:20,300
These are the demands from the 
students list. 

4914
04:40:20,300 --> 04:40:24,100
Granted in what seems like 
Victory, the city erupts and 

4915
04:40:24,108 --> 04:40:28,500
celebration people pour into the
streets, embracing strangers, 

4916
04:40:28,500 --> 04:40:32,700
singing, and dancing. 
Your daughter comes home that 

4917
04:40:32,700 --> 04:40:36,500
evening flushed and breathless 
reporting that she was in Heroes

4918
04:40:36,500 --> 04:40:38,000
Square. 
When the announcement came 

4919
04:40:38,000 --> 04:40:42,100
through, that the crowd went 
wild with joy and that people 

4920
04:40:42,100 --> 04:40:44,400
were crying and laughing 
simultaneously. 

4921
04:40:45,500 --> 04:40:48,900
You want to share her Euphoria, 
but something in your remains 

4922
04:40:48,900 --> 04:40:52,300
cautious, you've lived long 
enough to know that promises and

4923
04:40:52,300 --> 04:40:55,200
actions are different things 
that celebrations can be 

4924
04:40:55,200 --> 04:41:00,000
premature Your wife senses, your
restraint, and squeezes your 

4925
04:41:00,000 --> 04:41:04,100
hand under the dinner table, a 
gesture that says I understand 

4926
04:41:04,100 --> 04:41:08,700
will be careful together. 
The next days feel almost normal

4927
04:41:08,700 --> 04:41:11,500
or rather. 
They feel like a new kind of 

4928
04:41:11,500 --> 04:41:13,300
normal that still defining 
itself. 

4929
04:41:14,200 --> 04:41:15,500
Shops. 
Begin reopening. 

4930
04:41:15,500 --> 04:41:17,600
Trams? 
Start running again. 

4931
04:41:18,500 --> 04:41:21,300
Factory sends word, that work 
will resume on Monday. 

4932
04:41:21,300 --> 04:41:26,000
Budapest is trying to be a 
functioning City again but a 

4933
04:41:26,000 --> 04:41:27,700
different city than it was three
weeks ago. 

4934
04:41:28,800 --> 04:41:31,500
The radio broadcasts fascinating
programming. 

4935
04:41:31,500 --> 04:41:35,800
Now, open discussions about 
hungry's future interviews with 

4936
04:41:35,800 --> 04:41:38,700
people from all backgrounds and 
music. 

4937
04:41:38,700 --> 04:41:42,400
That was previously discouraged.
Your wife becomes slightly 

4938
04:41:42,400 --> 04:41:46,400
addicted to a call in program 
where ordinary citizens, share 

4939
04:41:46,400 --> 04:41:50,600
their opinions about everything.
From economic policy to 

4940
04:41:50,600 --> 04:41:53,900
educational reform she listens 
while preparing dinner. 

4941
04:41:53,900 --> 04:41:57,500
Sometimes shouting agreements or
objections at the radio as if 

4942
04:41:57,500 --> 04:42:00,600
the speakers can hear her. 
This is what it could be like, 

4943
04:42:00,600 --> 04:42:03,900
she says, one evening gesturing 
at the radio with a wooden 

4944
04:42:03,900 --> 04:42:06,500
spoon. 
People actually discussing 

4945
04:42:06,500 --> 04:42:08,700
things in stead of just being 
told things. 

4946
04:42:08,700 --> 04:42:12,300
This is what I want for her. 
She adds nodding toward your 

4947
04:42:12,300 --> 04:42:16,000
daughter's room, a hungry where 
she can think out loud without 

4948
04:42:16,000 --> 04:42:19,600
fear. 
November arrives with cold, rain

4949
04:42:19,600 --> 04:42:23,300
and tentative hope. 
The Soviet forces of pulled back

4950
04:42:23,308 --> 04:42:26,000
from Budapest though. 
They remain in Hungary. 

4951
04:42:26,900 --> 04:42:30,800
Now he is negotiating apparently
trying to chart a course that 

4952
04:42:30,800 --> 04:42:34,100
allows hungry more autonomy 
while not provoking Soviet 

4953
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:37,100
intervention. 
It's a delicate balance and 

4954
04:42:37,100 --> 04:42:41,200
nobody knows if it can hold. 
At the factory work resumes, but

4955
04:42:41,200 --> 04:42:44,600
with a different atmosphere 
workers of organized accounts. 

4956
04:42:44,600 --> 04:42:47,800
All that will have input into 
management decisions, Horvath 

4957
04:42:47,800 --> 04:42:50,000
seems relieved rather than 
threatened by this. 

4958
04:42:50,000 --> 04:42:53,400
He's always been a reasonable 
man and apparently being 

4959
04:42:53,400 --> 04:42:55,600
reasonable. 
Now means accepting that workers

4960
04:42:55,600 --> 04:42:58,200
deserve voices in how their 
labor is organized. 

4961
04:42:58,900 --> 04:43:02,600
Istvan is elected to the workers
Council, which doesn't surprise 

4962
04:43:02,600 --> 04:43:05,000
you. 
He's respected and practical, 

4963
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:08,400
someone who can bridge the gap 
between idealism and reality. 

4964
04:43:09,600 --> 04:43:12,800
He takes the responsibility. 
Seriously attending evening 

4965
04:43:12,800 --> 04:43:15,700
meetings where workers debate? 
Everything from production, 

4966
04:43:15,700 --> 04:43:18,700
shared jewels to safety 
improvements to how much 

4967
04:43:18,700 --> 04:43:21,300
autonomy they should demand from
the central planning 

4968
04:43:21,300 --> 04:43:24,200
authorities. 
We're inventing as we go he 

4969
04:43:24,200 --> 04:43:27,500
tells you during a break one off
to noon, none of us knows how to

4970
04:43:27,508 --> 04:43:31,500
run a factory democratically. 
But we're trying and trying 

4971
04:43:31,500 --> 04:43:33,800
feels better than just accepting
what we're told. 

4972
04:43:34,700 --> 04:43:36,700
Your daughter returns to school,
though. 

4973
04:43:36,700 --> 04:43:39,700
School has become something 
different too teachers are 

4974
04:43:39,700 --> 04:43:43,700
experimenting with new curricula
teaching, previously, forbidden,

4975
04:43:43,700 --> 04:43:47,200
literature, and encouraging 
students to question and discuss

4976
04:43:47,200 --> 04:43:51,400
rather than memorize and recite.
Your daughter comes home, 

4977
04:43:51,400 --> 04:43:55,200
talking about philosophy about 
ethics and about political 

4978
04:43:55,200 --> 04:43:57,800
Theory. 
She's learning to argue 

4979
04:43:57,800 --> 04:44:02,100
coherently to defend positions 
with evidence and to change her 

4980
04:44:02,100 --> 04:44:04,300
mind when presented with better 
information. 

4981
04:44:05,700 --> 04:44:08,400
We read Patti today. 
She announces over dinner. 

4982
04:44:09,300 --> 04:44:13,200
The real Potomac, all of his 
poems, even the ones that were 

4983
04:44:13,200 --> 04:44:16,900
cut from our textbooks. 
Mr. Sabo said were old enough to

4984
04:44:16,900 --> 04:44:19,900
decide for ourselves what we 
think in stead of being told 

4985
04:44:19,900 --> 04:44:22,900
what to think. 
Your proud and worried 

4986
04:44:22,900 --> 04:44:26,900
simultaneously and educated 
popular is dangerous to 

4987
04:44:26,900 --> 04:44:30,900
authoritarianism, which is why 
authoritarianism works so hard 

4988
04:44:30,900 --> 04:44:34,300
to control education. 
Your daughter is becoming 

4989
04:44:34,300 --> 04:44:37,400
dangerous, not violently, but 
intellectually. 

4990
04:44:37,400 --> 04:44:41,000
She's learning to think freely 
and free thought is the most 

4991
04:44:41,000 --> 04:44:44,000
threatening thing to systems 
that depend on compliance. 

4992
04:44:45,100 --> 04:44:48,900
The Hope in these early November
days is fragile but real, you 

4993
04:44:48,900 --> 04:44:51,200
can feel it in the way. 
People walk through Budapest 

4994
04:44:51,200 --> 04:44:55,900
upright, making eye contact 
occupying, their full space on 

4995
04:44:55,900 --> 04:44:59,500
the sidewalk. 
The city is remembered something

4996
04:44:59,500 --> 04:45:02,300
about itself. 
Some quality of dignity and 

4997
04:45:02,300 --> 04:45:05,400
autonomy that have been 
suppressed but not erased. 

4998
04:45:06,400 --> 04:45:10,000
You and your wife, take evening,
walks along the Danube joining 

4999
04:45:10,000 --> 04:45:12,700
other couples who are reclaiming
their City, through the simple 

5000
04:45:12,700 --> 04:45:16,600
Act of being present in it. 
The river reflects the light of 

5001
04:45:16,600 --> 04:45:20,500
the city and those lights seem 
brighter now or perhaps you're 

5002
04:45:20,500 --> 04:45:23,600
just more aware of them the 
Chain Bridge spans, the water 

5003
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:26,800
like a promise kept connecting 
Buddha and pest. 

5004
04:45:26,800 --> 04:45:29,600
The way this revolution has 
connected people to their own 

5005
04:45:29,600 --> 04:45:34,400
possibility But underneath the 
hope you feel something else. 

5006
04:45:35,300 --> 04:45:39,000
A waiting quality. 
A sense that this moment exists 

5007
04:45:39,000 --> 04:45:43,200
in suspension and that gravity 
hasn't been repealed merely 

5008
04:45:43,200 --> 04:45:46,300
delayed. 
The Soviet fortresses may have 

5009
04:45:46,308 --> 04:45:49,500
withdrawn from Budapest but they
have not left Hungary. 

5010
04:45:50,200 --> 04:45:54,100
The negotiations, continue, but 
negotiations can fail. 

5011
04:45:54,900 --> 04:45:58,200
The International Community 
expresses support, but support 

5012
04:45:58,200 --> 04:46:02,700
an action are different things. 
On November 3rd, you wait to 

5013
04:46:02,700 --> 04:46:04,300
news. 
That makes your stomach not. 

5014
04:46:05,100 --> 04:46:08,300
Soviet, troop movements have 
been detected with forces 

5015
04:46:08,300 --> 04:46:10,700
reinforcing their positions 
around Hungary. 

5016
04:46:11,500 --> 04:46:14,500
Nagi's, government issues, 
protests demanding explanations 

5017
04:46:14,500 --> 04:46:18,900
the radio, which has been so 
hopeful takes on an anxious 

5018
04:46:18,900 --> 04:46:20,700
tone. 
Your daughter wants to go 

5019
04:46:20,700 --> 04:46:23,200
downtown to join what? 
She sure will be massive 

5020
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:26,500
demonstrations against this 
Soviet aggression, your wife, 

5021
04:46:26,500 --> 04:46:27,600
forbids it. 
Absolutely. 

5022
04:46:27,600 --> 04:46:31,400
And for once you support her 
with equal firmness this is 

5023
04:46:31,400 --> 04:46:34,800
different you tell your 
daughter. 4, we were 

5024
04:46:34,800 --> 04:46:36,500
demonstrating against our own 
government. 

5025
04:46:37,500 --> 04:46:41,000
This is about foreign powers and
foreign powers have different 

5026
04:46:41,000 --> 04:46:43,100
calculations about what they're 
willing to do. 

5027
04:46:43,100 --> 04:46:46,500
She argues naturally because 
she's 14 and certain that her 

5028
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:51,100
participation matters, But she 
stays home, perhaps sensing in 

5029
04:46:51,100 --> 04:46:53,900
your tones, something that 
transcends and normal parental 

5030
04:46:53,900 --> 04:46:58,100
caution. 
That night November 3rd into 4th

5031
04:46:58,100 --> 04:47:01,700
Budapest holds his breath. 
You stay awake late, listening 

5032
04:47:01,700 --> 04:47:04,900
to the radio hearing reports of 
Soviet forces massing at the 

5033
04:47:04,908 --> 04:47:07,300
border. 
Nike makes a desperate move 

5034
04:47:07,300 --> 04:47:11,100
announcing hungry's withdrawal 
from the Warsaw Pact to clearing

5035
04:47:11,100 --> 04:47:14,700
neutrality and appealing to the 
United Nation's for protection. 

5036
04:47:15,600 --> 04:47:18,800
Can he do that? 
Your wife asks, just declare 

5037
04:47:18,800 --> 04:47:22,100
neutrality. 
He can declare it you reply, 

5038
04:47:22,100 --> 04:47:24,800
whether it means anything is a 
different question. 

5039
04:47:26,200 --> 04:47:30,100
You fall asleep sometime after 
midnight exhausted, by anxiety, 

5040
04:47:30,100 --> 04:47:34,800
your dreams are fragmented tanks
and conversations and your 

5041
04:47:34,800 --> 04:47:37,600
daughter's face cycling through 
scenarios. 

5042
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:42,000
You can't control You wake to 
the sound of artillery, the 

5043
04:47:42,000 --> 04:47:46,200
sound is unmistakable, deep, 
percussive thuds, that rattle, 

5044
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:48,900
the windows and seemed to 
originate from everywhere and 

5045
04:47:48,900 --> 04:47:53,300
nowhere simultaneously. 
It still dark maybe four in the 

5046
04:47:53,300 --> 04:47:57,100
morning on November 4th, You're 
out of bed, immediately, moving 

5047
04:47:57,100 --> 04:47:59,700
to the window, pulling back, the
curtain to see what you already 

5048
04:47:59,700 --> 04:48:02,100
know. 
Soviet tanks are back in 

5049
04:48:02,100 --> 04:48:05,100
Budapest. 
From your third floor window you

5050
04:48:05,100 --> 04:48:09,700
can't see the tanks directly but
you can see their effects Trace 

5051
04:48:09,700 --> 04:48:13,100
around after the pre-dawn sky, 
like deadly fireworks. 

5052
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:16,900
Building several blocks away are
silhouetted against Flames. 

5053
04:48:16,900 --> 04:48:20,500
The sound of heavy machine gun 
fire, punctures the artilleries 

5054
04:48:20,500 --> 04:48:23,300
Rhythm. 
Sharp cracks that sound almost 

5055
04:48:23,300 --> 04:48:25,200
casual compared to the Canon's 
Thunder. 

5056
04:48:25,200 --> 04:48:28,400
Your wife appears beside you, 
your daughter, a moment later 

5057
04:48:28,400 --> 04:48:32,800
the three of you stand at the 
window watching your city become

5058
04:48:32,800 --> 04:48:36,700
a Battlefield. 
They came back, your daughter 

5059
04:48:36,700 --> 04:48:39,500
Whispers and her voice carries 
the Heartbreak of someone 

5060
04:48:39,500 --> 04:48:41,900
discovering that hope can be 
revoked without warning. 

5061
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:46,500
The radio, when you turn it on 
is chaotic, the official state 

5062
04:48:46,500 --> 04:48:51,100
radio has gone silent. 
But other stations improvised 

5063
04:48:51,100 --> 04:48:55,600
probably illegal, definitely 
desperate a broadcasting 

5064
04:48:55,600 --> 04:49:00,800
appeals, nagi's voice recorded 
earlier announcing the Soviet 

5065
04:49:00,800 --> 04:49:04,000
attack and pleading for 
International Help student 

5066
04:49:04,000 --> 04:49:07,600
voices reading manifestos. 
Someone was playing the national

5067
04:49:07,600 --> 04:49:11,400
anthem over and over as if 
repetition could transform music

5068
04:49:11,400 --> 04:49:14,800
into protection. 
You make coffee because coffee 

5069
04:49:14,800 --> 04:49:17,900
is what you do in the morning. 
Even when mornings arrived with 

5070
04:49:17,900 --> 04:49:21,600
artillery, the ritual of 
measuring grounds and filling 

5071
04:49:21,600 --> 04:49:25,900
the percolator feels absurd and 
necessary in equal measure your 

5072
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:28,600
hands. 
Shake slightly spilling grounds 

5073
04:49:28,600 --> 04:49:31,300
on the counter. 
We should go to the basement. 

5074
04:49:31,300 --> 04:49:35,000
Your wife says the molars and 
the Kovach family will be there 

5075
04:49:35,000 --> 04:49:36,500
already. 
She's right. 

5076
04:49:36,500 --> 04:49:39,200
The basement is safer than the 
third floor. 

5077
04:49:40,400 --> 04:49:43,100
Going to the basement means 
acknowledging that this is real 

5078
04:49:43,100 --> 04:49:47,100
that you need shelter and that 
the world has contracted to 

5079
04:49:47,100 --> 04:49:51,100
question of the media survival. 
You gather some Essentials 

5080
04:49:51,100 --> 04:49:55,200
blankets, what food you have and
some water, your daughter 

5081
04:49:55,200 --> 04:49:58,500
insists on bringing her school 
books, which would be touching 

5082
04:49:58,500 --> 04:50:00,800
if it weren't. 
So heartbreaking, she believes 

5083
04:50:00,800 --> 04:50:03,700
even now that there will be a 
tomorrow where homework matters 

5084
04:50:04,500 --> 04:50:07,500
The basement of your building is
a dim space that usually serves 

5085
04:50:07,500 --> 04:50:11,700
for storage bicycles old 
furniture and things people 

5086
04:50:11,700 --> 04:50:15,800
can't quite throw away. 
Now, it's crowded with about 30 

5087
04:50:15,800 --> 04:50:18,400
people from the four buildings 
that share this Courtyard. 

5088
04:50:19,200 --> 04:50:22,800
Someone has brought a battery 
powered radio someone else has 

5089
04:50:22,800 --> 04:50:25,400
lick candles, because the 
electricity is intermittent. 

5090
04:50:26,100 --> 04:50:29,600
Children huddle against parents.
The elderly sit, on, whatever 

5091
04:50:29,600 --> 04:50:33,600
Furniture is available. 
Mrs. Kovacs has impossibly 

5092
04:50:33,600 --> 04:50:37,600
brought tea and some bread. 
She is Distributing both as if 

5093
04:50:37,600 --> 04:50:40,300
this is a social Gathering 
rather than a shelter from 

5094
04:50:40,300 --> 04:50:43,700
bombardment. 
You accept a cup grateful for 

5095
04:50:43,708 --> 04:50:47,000
something to do with your hands.
The radio continues, its 

5096
04:50:47,000 --> 04:50:51,200
desperate broadcast, reports of 
fragmentary, fighting at the 

5097
04:50:51,208 --> 04:50:53,300
Parliament. 
Building tanks surrounding the 

5098
04:50:53,300 --> 04:50:57,200
American Embassy and resistance 
Fighters engaging Soviet forces 

5099
04:50:57,200 --> 04:51:01,400
in various parts of the city 
between reports voices appeal, 

5100
04:51:01,400 --> 04:51:04,200
to the west to the United 
Nations and to anyone who might 

5101
04:51:04,200 --> 04:51:07,100
intervene. 
But, you know, with a certainty 

5102
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:10,700
that sits heavy in your chest 
that no intervention is coming. 

5103
04:51:10,700 --> 04:51:13,900
The West has its own 
calculations and its own 

5104
04:51:13,900 --> 04:51:17,100
priorities and they don't 
include risking war with the 

5105
04:51:17,100 --> 04:51:19,508
Soviet Union. 
Over Hungary, you're on your 

5106
04:51:19,516 --> 04:51:24,100
own. 
The day passes in the basement's

5107
04:51:24,100 --> 04:51:26,700
dim light. 
Time becomes a last elastic 

5108
04:51:26,700 --> 04:51:28,600
hours. 
That feel like minutes 

5109
04:51:28,600 --> 04:51:31,200
interrupted by minutes that 
stretched like hours. 

5110
04:51:31,200 --> 04:51:35,800
The artillery continues in. 
Sometimes it sounds close. 

5111
04:51:35,800 --> 04:51:39,100
Sometimes, distant the acoustic 
of the city. 

5112
04:51:39,100 --> 04:51:41,200
Making it impossible to judge 
accurately. 

5113
04:51:41,200 --> 04:51:46,800
Where shells are falling. 
Around noon, someone Ventures 

5114
04:51:46,800 --> 04:51:50,600
upstairs and returns with news. 
Several buildings on the next 

5115
04:51:50,600 --> 04:51:53,600
street have been hit. 
Fires are burning unchecked 

5116
04:51:53,600 --> 04:51:56,600
because fire brigades can't move
safely through streets where 

5117
04:51:56,600 --> 04:51:59,600
tanks Patrol. 
The smell of smoke is seeping 

5118
04:51:59,600 --> 04:52:02,400
into the basement, through 
ventilation, grates, your 

5119
04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:05,800
daughter sits with a group of 
other teenagers their earlier 

5120
04:52:05,800 --> 04:52:08,400
revolutionary enthusiasm curdled
into shock. 

5121
04:52:09,100 --> 04:52:11,800
They talk in quiet voices trying
to make sense of what's 

5122
04:52:11,800 --> 04:52:16,500
Happening. 
One boy, maybe 16, keeping that 

5123
04:52:16,500 --> 04:52:20,600
resistance will prevail that the
Soviets can't suppress an entire

5124
04:52:20,600 --> 04:52:23,800
cities. 
Will nobody contradicts him, but

5125
04:52:23,800 --> 04:52:25,200
nobody seems to believe me 
either. 

5126
04:52:26,300 --> 04:52:29,700
You find yourself sitting with 
istvan, whose here with his wife

5127
04:52:29,700 --> 04:52:32,700
and nephew, the one, who was so 
involved with the student 

5128
04:52:32,700 --> 04:52:36,700
movement, the nephew is silent 
staring at nothing. 

5129
04:52:36,700 --> 04:52:39,300
Occasionally wincing. 
When artillery sounds 

5130
04:52:39,300 --> 04:52:43,100
particularly close, Three weeks.
This Advanced says, quietly. 

5131
04:52:44,500 --> 04:52:46,500
We had three weeks of thinking, 
it could be different. 

5132
04:52:47,700 --> 04:52:50,400
Maybe it still can be you offer 
without conviction. 

5133
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:53,400
He gives you a look. 
That is gentle and sad. 

5134
04:52:54,700 --> 04:52:56,500
You don't believe that any more 
than I do. 

5135
04:52:57,300 --> 04:53:01,700
He is right, you don't what you 
witness these past weeks, the 

5136
04:53:01,700 --> 04:53:06,200
possibility, the hope, the 
People speaking freely, it's 

5137
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:08,900
being crushed, as thoroughly as 
the streets of are being 

5138
04:53:08,908 --> 04:53:13,500
Shattered by Tank fire. 
Evening arrives early or perhaps

5139
04:53:13,500 --> 04:53:16,300
The Smokers made the sky dark 
prematurely. 

5140
04:53:17,000 --> 04:53:20,500
Someone produces a deck of cards
and a quiet game begins in one 

5141
04:53:20,500 --> 04:53:23,700
corner. 
An attempt to impose normalcy to

5142
04:53:23,700 --> 04:53:26,000
occupy Minds with something 
other than fear. 

5143
04:53:26,000 --> 04:53:29,700
You don't join, you sit with 
your back against the cold, 

5144
04:53:29,700 --> 04:53:33,200
basement wall, your wife on one 
side and your daughter on the 

5145
04:53:33,200 --> 04:53:38,500
other and you listen, The radio 
stations are going Silent One By

5146
04:53:38,500 --> 04:53:41,300
One The Student radio 
broadcasts. 

5147
04:53:41,300 --> 04:53:44,600
A final message. 
Something about never forget 

5148
04:53:44,600 --> 04:53:48,500
getting about truth, outlasting 
oppression and then static 

5149
04:53:48,500 --> 04:53:51,900
another station plays the 
national anthem and then cuts 

5150
04:53:51,900 --> 04:53:55,500
out mid-verse by midnight. 
Only, the official state radio 

5151
04:53:55,500 --> 04:53:58,500
is broadcasting and it's 
announcing that order is being 

5152
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:01,000
restored. 
That the counter-revolution is 

5153
04:54:01,000 --> 04:54:04,000
being suppressed and that 
citizens should remain in their 

5154
04:54:04,000 --> 04:54:06,700
homes. 
You sleep, sitting up your 

5155
04:54:06,700 --> 04:54:09,600
wife's head on your shoulder, 
your daughter curled against 

5156
04:54:09,600 --> 04:54:12,500
your other side, it's not 
restful sleep. 

5157
04:54:12,500 --> 04:54:17,100
You surface at every sound, 
every shift of the building 

5158
04:54:17,100 --> 04:54:22,100
above you. but it's something 
like sleep the bodies insistence

5159
04:54:22,100 --> 04:54:27,200
on rest even when the Mind 
resists, November 5th, Dawn's, 

5160
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:30,100
gray and cold. 
The artillery has diminished, 

5161
04:54:30,100 --> 04:54:33,900
but hasn't stopped entirely. 
Someone Ventures up to street 

5162
04:54:33,900 --> 04:54:36,900
level and returns reporting that
Soviet tanks are positioned at 

5163
04:54:36,900 --> 04:54:40,600
Major intersections. 
The resistance is still fighting

5164
04:54:40,600 --> 04:54:43,400
in some districts but it's 
clearly a losing battle. 

5165
04:54:44,200 --> 04:54:47,400
Small Arms against armor 
courage, against overwhelming 

5166
04:54:47,400 --> 04:54:51,600
Force, you remain in the 
basement for another day, food 

5167
04:54:51,600 --> 04:54:54,300
is running low. 
The bucket that serves as an 

5168
04:54:54,300 --> 04:54:57,200
improvised toilet is developing 
an odor that makes the basements

5169
04:54:57,200 --> 04:54:59,400
Close Quarters even more 
unpleasant. 

5170
04:55:00,900 --> 04:55:02,800
Children are crying with 
increasing frequency. 

5171
04:55:02,800 --> 04:55:07,000
Everyone is tired and frightened
and starting to understand that 

5172
04:55:07,000 --> 04:55:11,200
this basement is temporary 
shelter, not salvation, on 

5173
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:14,400
November 6th, during a lull. 
In the fighting people begin 

5174
04:55:14,400 --> 04:55:18,100
returning to their apartment's, 
the decision isn't unanimous. 

5175
04:55:18,100 --> 04:55:20,200
Some families, choose to stab 
below. 

5176
04:55:20,200 --> 04:55:22,800
But you and your wife agree that
the apartment. 

5177
04:55:22,800 --> 04:55:27,000
Even if dangerous offers more 
dignity than the basement, Your 

5178
04:55:27,000 --> 04:55:30,000
flat is intact, but transformed 
by absence. 

5179
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:33,500
The wall still stand, the 
furniture is where you left it, 

5180
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:37,200
but everything feels provisional
now like a stage set. 

5181
04:55:37,200 --> 04:55:38,600
That could be struck at any 
moment. 

5182
04:55:39,600 --> 04:55:42,700
You stand in the kitchen where 
three days ago you made coffee 

5183
04:55:42,700 --> 04:55:45,900
and planned your day and you're 
aware that normalcy is a 

5184
04:55:45,900 --> 04:55:47,300
fiction. 
You've been maintaining through 

5185
04:55:47,300 --> 04:55:50,000
habit. 
Is he beyond your window is 

5186
04:55:50,000 --> 04:55:54,500
wounded, buildings burn in 
various districts, their smoke, 

5187
04:55:54,500 --> 04:55:57,200
creating a gray, pull that 
settles over everything. 

5188
04:55:58,200 --> 04:56:01,200
The streets are largely empty, 
except for Soviet Patrols. 

5189
04:56:02,100 --> 04:56:05,700
Occasionally, you hear bursts of
gunfire, resistance Fighters, 

5190
04:56:05,700 --> 04:56:09,800
making final stands or perhaps 
just sound echoing strangely 

5191
04:56:09,800 --> 04:56:11,800
through the damaged Urban 
landscape. 

5192
04:56:12,600 --> 04:56:16,200
Your daughter stands at her 
bedroom window, looking out at 

5193
04:56:16,200 --> 04:56:17,900
the city, she tried to help 
liberate. 

5194
04:56:19,100 --> 04:56:22,900
Face is expressionless, but you 
recognize the set of her jaw. 

5195
04:56:22,900 --> 04:56:26,200
She is holding back tears 
through sheer willpower. 

5196
04:56:27,300 --> 04:56:29,400
We almost had it. 
She says without turning around.

5197
04:56:30,400 --> 04:56:34,400
From a moment, we almost had it.
You want to comfort her to 

5198
04:56:34,400 --> 04:56:36,500
explain that sometimes trying 
matters? 

5199
04:56:36,500 --> 04:56:41,500
Even when success is impossible,
But the words feel insufficient.

5200
04:56:42,300 --> 04:56:45,700
She's learning a hard lesson 
about how power Works about the 

5201
04:56:45,700 --> 04:56:48,800
difference between Justice and 
force and about the way. 

5202
04:56:48,800 --> 04:56:53,400
Hope can be crushed by tanks. 
Over the following days, the 

5203
04:56:53,400 --> 04:56:57,800
fighting diminishes and stops 
the resistance outgunned and 

5204
04:56:57,800 --> 04:56:59,900
outnumbered collapses or goes 
Underground. 

5205
04:57:00,700 --> 04:57:04,300
Nakis government Falls, or 
rather is replaced by a 

5206
04:57:04,300 --> 04:57:05,700
government that the Soviets 
prefer. 

5207
04:57:06,700 --> 04:57:08,900
Kedar who had been part of 
nagi's? 

5208
04:57:08,900 --> 04:57:12,100
Cabinet becomes the new leader 
announcing that he's restoring 

5209
04:57:12,100 --> 04:57:15,700
order and protecting Hungary 
from counter-revolutionary 

5210
04:57:15,700 --> 04:57:19,400
elements. 
The radio broadcast changed tone

5211
04:57:19,400 --> 04:57:22,700
entirely. 
The hopeful open discussions are

5212
04:57:22,700 --> 04:57:25,400
placed by familiar or 
authoritarian pronouncements. 

5213
04:57:26,100 --> 04:57:30,300
Citizens are instructed to 
return to work, normal life must

5214
04:57:30,300 --> 04:57:33,600
resume. 
The events of October and 

5215
04:57:33,600 --> 04:57:35,800
November are described as a 
tragic mistake. 

5216
04:57:37,000 --> 04:57:41,200
Counter-revolution instigated by
hostile foreign elements and 

5217
04:57:41,200 --> 04:57:44,300
misguided youth. 
He returned to the factory. 

5218
04:57:44,300 --> 04:57:47,300
On November 12th. 
The building is intact 

5219
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:51,000
industrial Zone's weren't 
primary targets but the 

5220
04:57:51,000 --> 04:57:53,100
atmosphere is completely 
changed. 

5221
04:57:53,100 --> 04:57:55,700
The workers counts or has been 
dissolved. 

5222
04:57:55,700 --> 04:58:00,000
Horvath is still manager but 
he's received new directive from

5223
04:58:00,000 --> 04:58:02,100
the ministry directive. 
See. 

5224
04:58:02,100 --> 04:58:05,700
Implements with the defeated are
the Democratic experiments of 

5225
04:58:05,700 --> 04:58:08,500
early. 
November over Eastvale is at his

5226
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:11,200
lathe, operating it with 
mechanical precision. 

5227
04:58:12,100 --> 04:58:14,600
When you greet him during the 
morning break, he nods, but 

5228
04:58:14,608 --> 04:58:18,000
doesn't speak. 
Later in the privacy of your 

5229
04:58:18,000 --> 04:58:20,900
office. 
He visits briefly My nephew is 

5230
04:58:20,908 --> 04:58:24,900
leaving, he tells you quietly 
leaving hungry trying to get to 

5231
04:58:24,900 --> 04:58:27,100
Austria before they closed the 
borders completely. 

5232
04:58:27,100 --> 04:58:32,900
A lot of students are going And 
you, he shakes his head, I'm too

5233
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:34,300
old to start over somewhere 
else. 

5234
04:58:34,300 --> 04:58:39,500
This is my home, even when home 
is occupied, but the young ones,

5235
04:58:39,500 --> 04:58:43,900
they should go they should get 
out while they can. you think 

5236
04:58:43,900 --> 04:58:46,600
about your daughter about 
whether you should be planning 

5237
04:58:46,600 --> 04:58:52,300
her escape to She's 14 too young
to send away alone and you can't

5238
04:58:52,300 --> 04:58:56,100
imagine leaving yourself. 
This is your home your city, 

5239
04:58:56,100 --> 04:58:59,900
your life. 
It may be occupied but it's 

5240
04:58:59,900 --> 04:59:03,600
still yours. 
The weeks that follow are a 

5241
04:59:03,600 --> 04:59:07,600
strange combination of resuming 
normality and processing trauma.

5242
04:59:07,600 --> 04:59:12,300
The factory operates stores, 
reopen, those supplies are 

5243
04:59:12,308 --> 04:59:16,600
limited and prices of increase. 
Schools restart, though, the 

5244
04:59:16,600 --> 04:59:19,100
curriculum has been purged of 
the brief Democratic 

5245
04:59:19,100 --> 04:59:21,900
experiments. 
The city repairs itself, 

5246
04:59:21,900 --> 04:59:24,800
physically, while the psychic 
damaged settles in to people's 

5247
04:59:24,800 --> 04:59:29,300
bones, Arrests begin. 
People who are prominent in the 

5248
04:59:29,300 --> 04:59:33,400
uprising student leaders 
workers, council members and 

5249
04:59:33,400 --> 04:59:36,800
outspoken intellectuals 
disappear into custody. 

5250
04:59:37,600 --> 04:59:40,800
Nobody knows exactly what 
happens to them which is perhaps

5251
04:59:40,800 --> 04:59:43,800
the point. 
Fear works best when it's 

5252
04:59:43,800 --> 04:59:47,000
undefined. 
Your family develops unspoken 

5253
04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:50,300
rules about the revolution. 
You don't discuss it at dinner, 

5254
04:59:50,308 --> 04:59:52,500
you don't play the national 
anthem at home. 

5255
04:59:53,700 --> 04:59:54,900
When your daughter's school 
mates? 

5256
04:59:54,900 --> 04:59:59,200
Whisper about what happened? 
She participates carefully aware

5257
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:01,800
that informants exist and trust 
is dangerous. 

5258
05:00:01,800 --> 05:00:05,600
The openness of November has 
been replaced by a new vigilance

5259
05:00:05,600 --> 05:00:09,100
more anxious than the old one 
because it's informed by hope 

5260
05:00:09,100 --> 05:00:12,400
betrayed. 
December arrives with snow, that

5261
05:00:12,400 --> 05:00:15,400
covers the bullet holes in 
building's and the blood stains 

5262
05:00:15,400 --> 05:00:18,300
on pavement. 
The city looks almost peaceful 

5263
05:00:18,300 --> 05:00:21,600
under its white blanket though. 
The piece is imposed rather than

5264
05:00:21,600 --> 05:00:26,300
earned Christmas approaches and 
with it, the annual rituals of 

5265
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:29,400
preparation. 
You and your wife, go through 

5266
05:00:29,400 --> 05:00:31,900
the motions buying? 
What decorations. 

5267
05:00:31,900 --> 05:00:35,700
You can afford planning a modest
Christmas dinner and wrapping 

5268
05:00:35,700 --> 05:00:38,700
small gifts for your daughter, 
but everything feels 

5269
05:00:38,700 --> 05:00:42,500
performative as if your actors 
playing the role of people who 

5270
05:00:42,500 --> 05:00:48,500
celebrate holidays, On Christmas
Eve, the three of you attend 

5271
05:00:48,500 --> 05:00:50,700
midnight mass at the nearby 
Church. 

5272
05:00:50,700 --> 05:00:55,900
The sanctuary is packed, not 
with Believers necessarily, but 

5273
05:00:55,900 --> 05:01:00,200
with people seeking something, 
anything that feels Transcendent

5274
05:01:00,200 --> 05:01:04,000
the priest, homily is careful 
avoiding politics while still 

5275
05:01:04,000 --> 05:01:07,600
managing to speak about Hope and
resilience and the Triumph of 

5276
05:01:07,600 --> 05:01:12,400
light over Darkness everyone 
understands the subtext walking 

5277
05:01:12,400 --> 05:01:16,300
home after Mass through snow 
quiet streets, your wife 

5278
05:01:16,300 --> 05:01:19,600
squeezes your hand We're still 
here. 

5279
05:01:19,600 --> 05:01:22,300
She says quietly. 
That's something. 

5280
05:01:23,300 --> 05:01:26,700
It is something. 
You're alive your families 

5281
05:01:26,700 --> 05:01:30,100
intact and you have shelter and 
food and work. 

5282
05:01:30,800 --> 05:01:34,700
These are not small things. 
But they exist alongside the 

5283
05:01:34,700 --> 05:01:38,500
absence of what might have been.
The hungry that existed for 

5284
05:01:38,500 --> 05:01:42,000
three weeks in October and 
November the brief moment when 

5285
05:01:42,000 --> 05:01:45,400
Freedom felt possible and 
Ordinary People spoke without 

5286
05:01:45,400 --> 05:01:49,300
fear. 
January, 1957 arrives with 

5287
05:01:49,300 --> 05:01:51,500
bitter cold and the work of 
forgetting. 

5288
05:01:52,400 --> 05:01:55,200
The authorities, don't 
explicitly demand that people 

5289
05:01:55,200 --> 05:01:58,300
forget, that would be 
acknowledging that there's 

5290
05:01:58,300 --> 05:02:01,600
something to forget instead they
simply proceed as if the 

5291
05:02:01,600 --> 05:02:04,800
revolution never happened 
creating a present tense that 

5292
05:02:04,800 --> 05:02:07,100
has no connection to October or 
November. 

5293
05:02:08,400 --> 05:02:13,100
You return to your routines, 
wake at 5:30 make chicory 

5294
05:02:13,100 --> 05:02:15,800
coffee. 
Walk to the factory Review, 

5295
05:02:15,800 --> 05:02:19,600
production reports, check 
tolerances, and approve 

5296
05:02:19,600 --> 05:02:22,400
requisitions. 
The Machinery runs, as it always

5297
05:02:22,400 --> 05:02:26,300
has, metal is cut and shaped, 
and assembled into parts that 

5298
05:02:26,300 --> 05:02:28,300
become components of larger 
systems. 

5299
05:02:29,200 --> 05:02:33,200
The work continues in different 
to history, but the silence is 

5300
05:02:33,200 --> 05:02:36,400
different. 
Now, before the Revolution 

5301
05:02:36,400 --> 05:02:41,100
silence was unremarkable, just 
the absence of things people 

5302
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:45,800
didn't think to say. 
Now silent is active a conscious

5303
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:48,500
suppression of things that 
cannot be safely spoken. 

5304
05:02:48,500 --> 05:02:52,300
You feel it during Factory 
breaks when conversations skirt 

5305
05:02:52,300 --> 05:02:55,700
carefully around certain topics,
you notice it at neighborhood, 

5306
05:02:55,700 --> 05:02:58,400
Gatherings were people discuss 
everything except the thing 

5307
05:02:58,400 --> 05:03:01,800
everyone is thinking about. 
Your daughter has become quiet 

5308
05:03:01,800 --> 05:03:04,600
in a way that worries you more 
than her earlier rebelliousness 

5309
05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:07,100
did. 
She goes to school, completes 

5310
05:03:07,100 --> 05:03:10,300
her assignments, and participate
minimally in class discussion. 

5311
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:15,000
But the fire that made her 
demand a ten demonstrations that

5312
05:03:15,000 --> 05:03:18,300
made a run messages, through 
revolutionary, Budapest has 

5313
05:03:18,300 --> 05:03:22,300
banked down to Embers. 
You catch her sometimes, staring

5314
05:03:22,300 --> 05:03:26,400
out windows, her expression 
distant and, you know, she's 

5315
05:03:26,400 --> 05:03:29,900
remembering those three weeks 
when the world seemed larger and

5316
05:03:29,900 --> 05:03:33,600
more possible, are you? 
Alright, you asked her one 

5317
05:03:33,600 --> 05:03:35,700
evening. 
She considers the question 

5318
05:03:35,700 --> 05:03:38,700
seriously before answering I 
don't know what. 

5319
05:03:38,700 --> 05:03:43,200
All right means anymore. 
You understand exactly what she 

5320
05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:45,400
means. 
The factory has returned to 

5321
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:49,000
Central planning with quotas 
handed down from Ministry 

5322
05:03:49,000 --> 05:03:50,800
offices. 
That have recalculated, what 

5323
05:03:50,800 --> 05:03:54,500
Hungarian industry should 
produce and by when the brief 

5324
05:03:54,500 --> 05:03:57,600
experiment with workers councils
is mentioned by nobody. 

5325
05:03:58,400 --> 05:04:01,200
Horvath implements the new 
directives with the weary 

5326
05:04:01,200 --> 05:04:03,900
competence of someone who has 
learned that resistance is 

5327
05:04:03,900 --> 05:04:07,200
futile, but compliance doesn't 
require enthusiasm. 

5328
05:04:08,300 --> 05:04:10,200
Istvan has become more 
withdrawn. 

5329
05:04:11,100 --> 05:04:14,300
He operates his lathe with the 
same precision as always but 

5330
05:04:14,300 --> 05:04:18,000
during breaks he keeps to 
himself eating his lunch alone 

5331
05:04:18,000 --> 05:04:22,200
and avoiding conversations. 
His nephew made it to Austria. 

5332
05:04:22,200 --> 05:04:26,200
You learn through quiet 
channels, joined the thousands 

5333
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:29,500
of hungarians who fled, rather 
than live in the aftermath 

5334
05:04:29,500 --> 05:04:32,400
istan. 
Seems both relieved and bereft 

5335
05:04:32,400 --> 05:04:36,100
glad his nephew Escape, but 
carrying the absence as a 

5336
05:04:36,100 --> 05:04:37,708
weight. 
The borders have been 

5337
05:04:37,716 --> 05:04:40,600
reinforced. 
Leaving Hungary is now either 

5338
05:04:40,600 --> 05:04:44,100
impossible or extremely 
dangerous, requiring guides and 

5339
05:04:44,108 --> 05:04:48,700
bribes and significant luck. 
People still try you hear 

5340
05:04:48,700 --> 05:04:52,500
stories of families attempting 
night, Crossings into Austria of

5341
05:04:52,500 --> 05:04:53,900
students hiding in train 
freight. 

5342
05:04:53,900 --> 05:04:56,800
Cars of Desperate Measures taken
by desperate people. 

5343
05:04:56,800 --> 05:05:02,700
Some make it many don't. 
Home life is settled into a new 

5344
05:05:02,700 --> 05:05:05,600
configuration that resembles the
old one but feels fundamentally 

5345
05:05:05,600 --> 05:05:08,300
altered. 
Your wife still works at the 

5346
05:05:08,300 --> 05:05:11,100
ministry and still types, 
requisition forms and files 

5347
05:05:11,100 --> 05:05:13,800
reports. 
She moves through her days with 

5348
05:05:13,800 --> 05:05:17,800
a kind of automatic Precision 
performing tasks without 

5349
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:21,400
investing them with meaning. 
She comes home tired in a way 

5350
05:05:21,400 --> 05:05:23,900
that has nothing to do with 
physical exhaustion. 

5351
05:05:24,700 --> 05:05:27,600
I used to think my job mattered,
she tells you one evening while 

5352
05:05:27,600 --> 05:05:31,300
washing dishes. 
Not in any grandway but that it 

5353
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:34,400
contributed to something. 
Now, I know it doesn't matter at

5354
05:05:34,400 --> 05:05:36,200
all. 
I'm Shuffling papers because 

5355
05:05:36,200 --> 05:05:39,600
shuffling papers is what I do. 
You don't try to contradict her 

5356
05:05:39,600 --> 05:05:42,600
because she's right. 
The industrial planing system. 

5357
05:05:42,600 --> 05:05:46,300
She supports serves primarily to
maintain an illusion of control.

5358
05:05:46,300 --> 05:05:50,400
And to generate statistics that 
please authorities regardless of

5359
05:05:50,400 --> 05:05:56,900
whether they reflect reality. 
The seasons turn winter gives 

5360
05:05:56,908 --> 05:06:00,400
way to Spring those 
Springfield's muted flowers 

5361
05:06:00,400 --> 05:06:03,100
bloom without seeming 
particularly celebratory about 

5362
05:06:03,100 --> 05:06:05,400
it. 
Summer arrives with heat. 

5363
05:06:05,400 --> 05:06:08,300
That makes the city smell of 
dust and Old Stone. 

5364
05:06:08,900 --> 05:06:11,600
Your daughter finishes the 
school year with adequate but 

5365
05:06:11,600 --> 05:06:14,800
uninspired grades. 
She's learned to perform 

5366
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:17,800
academically while keeping her 
actual thoughts, private. 

5367
05:06:17,800 --> 05:06:22,000
A useful skill in a system that 
rewards Conformity over 

5368
05:06:22,000 --> 05:06:26,600
creativity. 
In August 1957, you take a 

5369
05:06:26,600 --> 05:06:29,400
week's holiday and travel to 
your wife's family farm in the 

5370
05:06:29,408 --> 05:06:32,100
countryside. 
It's a relief to be away from 

5371
05:06:32,100 --> 05:06:35,800
Budapest away from streets that 
carry too many memories. 

5372
05:06:36,800 --> 05:06:39,300
The farm operates on rhythms 
that have nothing to do with 

5373
05:06:39,300 --> 05:06:43,000
politics, planting and 
harvesting Animal Care and 

5374
05:06:43,000 --> 05:06:46,800
weather patterns, your wife's 
father, a practical man whose 

5375
05:06:46,800 --> 05:06:50,100
farmed his whole life makes no 
reference to the revolution. 

5376
05:06:50,100 --> 05:06:54,800
Instead, he shows you his potato
crop and discusses the price of 

5377
05:06:54,800 --> 05:06:58,000
feed grain. 
Your daughter spends the week 

5378
05:06:58,000 --> 05:07:00,600
helping her grandmother with 
kitchen, work and wandering the 

5379
05:07:00,608 --> 05:07:03,700
Farms Meadows. 
You watch her from a distance 

5380
05:07:03,700 --> 05:07:08,200
seeing her visibly relaxed. 
As the days, pass the tension, 

5381
05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:10,100
leaving her shoulders, her 
expression. 

5382
05:07:10,100 --> 05:07:13,900
Softening one often noon. 
You find a apple tree reading a 

5383
05:07:13,908 --> 05:07:16,900
book and she looks almost like 
the child she was before. 

5384
05:07:16,900 --> 05:07:25,800
October Sleep wasn't quite the 
uninterrupted, eight-hour 

5385
05:07:25,800 --> 05:07:27,500
luxury. 
You once knew in another life, 

5386
05:07:27,500 --> 05:07:31,600
instead you dozed fitfully 
between the sounds of night. 

5387
05:07:32,200 --> 05:07:35,800
The distant howl that made your 
spine, tingle the rustle of 

5388
05:07:35,808 --> 05:07:39,500
something large, moving through 
the brush outside and the gentle

5389
05:07:39,500 --> 05:07:42,200
snoring of your cave mates, 
curled around the dying. 

5390
05:07:42,200 --> 05:07:45,900
Embers of last night's fire. 
Your bed is a carefully arranged

5391
05:07:45,900 --> 05:07:48,300
pile of Furs and dried grasses 
position. 

5392
05:07:48,300 --> 05:07:51,200
Just far enough from the cave 
mouth to avoid the morning. 

5393
05:07:51,200 --> 05:07:53,000
Chill. 
But close enough to make a quick

5394
05:07:53,000 --> 05:07:54,900
Escape if needed. 
Yes. 

5395
05:07:54,900 --> 05:07:57,800
Escape plans were part of 
interior decorating back there. 

5396
05:07:57,800 --> 05:08:01,400
The stone beneath you has been 
worn Smooth by countless nights 

5397
05:08:01,400 --> 05:08:05,400
of human body seeking comfort 
and honestly it's not terrible. 

5398
05:08:05,400 --> 05:08:09,300
Once you pile on enough, Mammoth
hide Stretching your arms 

5399
05:08:09,300 --> 05:08:12,500
carefully because that shoulder 
you wrenched wrestling, a 

5400
05:08:12,500 --> 05:08:14,800
particularly stubborn root 
vegetable last week, still 

5401
05:08:14,800 --> 05:08:18,100
protests, you notice the 
familiar ache in your lower 

5402
05:08:18,100 --> 05:08:20,800
back. 
Living in the Paleolithic era 

5403
05:08:20,800 --> 05:08:24,700
was essentially a continuous low
intensity exercise regiment that

5404
05:08:24,700 --> 05:08:27,400
would leave modern Fitness 
Enthusiast feeling both envious 

5405
05:08:27,400 --> 05:08:30,600
and exhausted. 
The fire pit, still glows 

5406
05:08:30,600 --> 05:08:32,300
faintly in the center of your 
cave home. 

5407
05:08:32,900 --> 05:08:35,000
Keeping it alive through the 
night was everyone's 

5408
05:08:35,000 --> 05:08:38,900
responsibility because starting 
a new fire from scratch was 

5409
05:08:38,900 --> 05:08:42,400
about as fun as performing 
surgery with stone tools, which 

5410
05:08:42,400 --> 05:08:45,400
come to think of it. 
Sometimes happened you pad over 

5411
05:08:45,400 --> 05:08:47,500
on bare feet that have 
developed, Souls tougher than 

5412
05:08:47,508 --> 05:08:50,300
any boot leather. 
Adding a few small branches to 

5413
05:08:50,300 --> 05:08:53,800
coax the Flames back to life. 
The morning ritual begins with 

5414
05:08:53,800 --> 05:08:56,500
checking your body for new 
aches, Cuts or mysterious 

5415
05:08:56,500 --> 05:09:00,100
bruises that appeared overnight.
Living near nature, often 

5416
05:09:00,100 --> 05:09:02,800
results in it leaving its mark 
on your shin or forearm. 

5417
05:09:02,800 --> 05:09:05,900
Today's inventory reveals a 
scratch on your thumb from 

5418
05:09:05,900 --> 05:09:08,900
yesterday's Flint, knapping 
session and attend a spot on 

5419
05:09:08,900 --> 05:09:11,300
your hip where you misjudge the 
height of a boulder. 

5420
05:09:12,100 --> 05:09:15,600
This is a common occurrence, 
your stomach announces itself 

5421
05:09:15,600 --> 05:09:18,200
with a rumble that Echoes 
slightly off the cave walls. 

5422
05:09:19,000 --> 05:09:21,900
Breakfast isn't waiting in a 
refrigerator mainly because 

5423
05:09:21,900 --> 05:09:25,100
refrigerators won't be invented 
for another 40,000 years or so, 

5424
05:09:25,100 --> 05:09:29,400
instead your morning meal 
depends entirely on yesterday's 

5425
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:32,800
success, a gathering hunting or 
the ancient art of convincing 

5426
05:09:32,800 --> 05:09:34,200
someone else to share their 
food. 

5427
05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:37,500
You peer outside, the cave 
entrance, squinting against the 

5428
05:09:37,500 --> 05:09:40,800
growing daylight, the world 
stretches out before you in 

5429
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:44,700
Endless, green broken by Rocky 
outcroppings, and the distant 

5430
05:09:44,700 --> 05:09:47,100
glimmer of the river that serves
as your neighborhood's. 

5431
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:50,900
Main Street grocery store and 
Community Center all rolled into

5432
05:09:50,900 --> 05:09:53,000
one. 
The air carries the center of 

5433
05:09:53,008 --> 05:09:57,100
pine resin damper and something 
that might be Smoke From Another

5434
05:09:57,100 --> 05:10:00,400
group's fire miles away. 
Where the prediction was a 

5435
05:10:00,400 --> 05:10:04,600
survival skill back there. 
Not casual conversation, you 

5436
05:10:04,600 --> 05:10:07,200
scan the sky with the intensity 
of a meteorologist. 

5437
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:09,700
Reading Cloud patterns like a 
morning. 

5438
05:10:09,700 --> 05:10:14,000
Newspaper those whiskey streaks 
to the West suggest wind later, 

5439
05:10:14,000 --> 05:10:15,700
which could mean Rain by 
evening. 

5440
05:10:16,800 --> 05:10:18,400
Thought makes you mentally 
catalog. 

5441
05:10:18,400 --> 05:10:22,000
The caves water containers, 
mostly animal, bladders, and 

5442
05:10:22,000 --> 05:10:24,600
carefully shaped gourds that 
took weeks to perfect. 

5443
05:10:25,700 --> 05:10:28,700
Sound from deeper in the cave, 
indicates your companions are 

5444
05:10:28,700 --> 05:10:32,000
stirring. 
There's grac who snoring could 

5445
05:10:32,000 --> 05:10:34,200
wake the dead and occasionally 
did wake the living at 

5446
05:10:34,200 --> 05:10:37,200
inconvenient moments? 
He's already sitting up running 

5447
05:10:37,200 --> 05:10:40,000
thick fingers through hair. 
That defies any attempt at 

5448
05:10:40,000 --> 05:10:42,600
styling, not that styling 
products were readily available.

5449
05:10:43,600 --> 05:10:45,700
Beside him mirror stretches like
a cat. 

5450
05:10:45,700 --> 05:10:49,600
Her movements graceful, despite 
sleeping on Stone and fur. 

5451
05:10:49,600 --> 05:10:53,800
The day ahead, holds the usual 
uncertainty food needs to be 

5452
05:10:53,800 --> 05:10:57,300
found tools require maintenance 
and Somewhere Out There 

5453
05:10:57,300 --> 05:11:00,200
opportunities and dangers weight
in equal measure. 

5454
05:11:01,200 --> 05:11:04,800
But first, there is the simple 
joy of living in a world where 

5455
05:11:04,800 --> 05:11:07,900
each Sunrise feels like a tiny 
triumphs against the challenges,

5456
05:11:07,900 --> 05:11:11,500
your feet, find their way to the
cave entrance, and you stand 

5457
05:11:11,500 --> 05:11:14,200
there for a moment breathing in 
the morning are that tastes 

5458
05:11:14,200 --> 05:11:15,800
cleaner than anything you could 
imagine. 

5459
05:11:17,100 --> 05:11:20,600
Sun climbs, higher promising, 
warmth later, and somewhere in 

5460
05:11:20,600 --> 05:11:24,200
the distance, a bird calls with 
the kind of pure joy, that makes

5461
05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:26,500
you remember. 
Why being alive even in the 

5462
05:11:26,500 --> 05:11:30,600
Stone Age, has its moments of 
absolute perfection finding 

5463
05:11:30,600 --> 05:11:33,600
breakfast in the Paleolithic era
was like playing the world's 

5464
05:11:33,600 --> 05:11:36,600
most consequential Treasure Hunt
game where the treasure was 

5465
05:11:36,600 --> 05:11:38,700
edible and losing meant going 
hungry. 

5466
05:11:39,800 --> 05:11:43,200
You step outside the cave bare 
feet, immediately registering 

5467
05:11:43,200 --> 05:11:44,700
the temperature and texture of 
the ground. 

5468
05:11:44,700 --> 05:11:48,300
Informational, modern brain 
would dismiss, but your ancient 

5469
05:11:48,300 --> 05:11:52,500
instincts catalog automatically,
The morning dew is settled on 

5470
05:11:52,500 --> 05:11:56,400
everything, turning spider, webs
into dual masterpieces and 

5471
05:11:56,400 --> 05:11:58,900
making certain rocks. 
Slippery enough to turn a casual

5472
05:11:58,900 --> 05:12:01,000
stroll into an impromptu 
tumbling session. 

5473
05:12:01,800 --> 05:12:04,500
Having experienced this lesson 
first-hand several times. 

5474
05:12:04,500 --> 05:12:08,200
You now walk with a measured 
gate, understanding that gravity

5475
05:12:08,200 --> 05:12:10,600
Remains the Same in the Stone 
Age as it does everywhere else. 

5476
05:12:11,500 --> 05:12:13,900
Your stomach grumbles again, 
more insistently. 

5477
05:12:13,900 --> 05:12:17,200
This time, you've noticed that 
the human digestive system 

5478
05:12:17,200 --> 05:12:20,100
doesn't care about the 
historical significance of your 

5479
05:12:20,100 --> 05:12:22,700
situation. 
It's simply craves food. 

5480
05:12:22,700 --> 05:12:26,800
Ideally as soon as possible. 
This morning's breakfast menu 

5481
05:12:26,800 --> 05:12:29,100
depends entirely on your 
knowledge of what's edible 

5482
05:12:29,100 --> 05:12:31,300
versus what is decorative versus
what's deadly? 

5483
05:12:31,300 --> 05:12:34,300
It's like being a contestant on 
the world's most dangerous 

5484
05:12:34,300 --> 05:12:37,900
cooking show. 20 yards from the 
cave, you spot a cluster of 

5485
05:12:37,908 --> 05:12:39,400
berry bushes. 
That wasn't there yesterday 

5486
05:12:39,400 --> 05:12:43,000
actually they were there 
yesterday but your brain is 

5487
05:12:43,000 --> 05:12:46,100
still learning to see food 
sources instead of just green 

5488
05:12:46,100 --> 05:12:48,700
stuff. 
The berries are small and dark 

5489
05:12:48,700 --> 05:12:52,200
purple and past the preliminary 
tests birds have been eating 

5490
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:54,500
them without falling over and 
they smell, right? 

5491
05:12:54,500 --> 05:12:58,500
You taste one carefully letting 
the flavor register fully before

5492
05:12:58,500 --> 05:13:00,700
committing to a handful. 
They are sweet. 

5493
05:13:00,700 --> 05:13:03,400
Slightly tart and have a texture
that suggests. 

5494
05:13:03,400 --> 05:13:06,700
They won't cause immediate 
digestive Rebellion success. 

5495
05:13:07,600 --> 05:13:11,100
Gathering enough to satisfy your
hunger, you remain vigilant for 

5496
05:13:11,100 --> 05:13:14,600
potential opportunities. 
Breakfast in the Stone Age was 

5497
05:13:14,600 --> 05:13:17,600
often a progressive meal eaten 
as you found it, rather than 

5498
05:13:17,600 --> 05:13:19,100
sitting down to a prepared 
plate. 

5499
05:13:20,100 --> 05:13:22,700
Near the berry bushes. 
A cluster of what you've learned

5500
05:13:22,700 --> 05:13:24,700
are. 
Edible roots, pokes through the 

5501
05:13:24,700 --> 05:13:26,400
soil. 
Digging them up. 

5502
05:13:26,400 --> 05:13:29,500
Requires the sharp stick you 
carved last week, an Excavating 

5503
05:13:29,500 --> 05:13:32,400
route, turns out to be excellent
exercise for muscle groups. 

5504
05:13:32,400 --> 05:13:36,100
You didn't know existed. 
The roots are starchy filling 

5505
05:13:36,100 --> 05:13:38,200
and tastes vaguely, like 
potatoes. 

5506
05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:40,700
If potatoes had been designed by
someone, who'd only heard a 

5507
05:13:40,700 --> 05:13:42,200
rough description of what food 
should taste. 

5508
05:13:42,200 --> 05:13:46,700
Like a flash of movement catches
your eye, a rabbit is frozen in 

5509
05:13:46,700 --> 05:13:48,600
the peculiar way. 
That rabbits pretend to be 

5510
05:13:48,608 --> 05:13:50,800
invisible by remaining. 
Absolutely, still. 

5511
05:13:51,500 --> 05:13:54,500
Your hand moves slowly towards 
the throwing stick tucked into 

5512
05:13:54,508 --> 05:13:57,700
your woven grass belt. 
Wrap, it would be a protein 

5513
05:13:57,700 --> 05:14:00,600
upgrade to this morning's 
vegetarian fare but hunting 

5514
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:04,800
requires a combination of skill 
luck and the kind of patients 

5515
05:14:04,800 --> 05:14:07,100
that doesn't come naturally when
your stomach is demanding 

5516
05:14:07,100 --> 05:14:10,500
immediate attention. 
The throwing stick is a Marvel 

5517
05:14:10,500 --> 05:14:13,500
of Stone Age, engineering 
basically a carefully balanced 

5518
05:14:13,500 --> 05:14:15,900
wooden projectile that you've 
practiced with until your 

5519
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:18,500
shoulder aches. 
The rabbit remains motionless 

5520
05:14:18,500 --> 05:14:22,500
probably calculating its odds of
Escape vs the energy cost of 

5521
05:14:22,500 --> 05:14:25,400
sudden movement. 
You shift your weight slowly 

5522
05:14:25,400 --> 05:14:27,800
raise. 
The stick with movements, smooth

5523
05:14:27,800 --> 05:14:29,800
enough, not to trigger the 
rabbits flight response. 

5524
05:14:29,800 --> 05:14:32,100
Then a branch cracks somewhere 
behind you. 

5525
05:14:32,100 --> 05:14:35,800
Probably Greg stumbling around 
looking for his breakfast and 

5526
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:39,000
the rabbit vanishes in a blur of
brown fur and indignation. 

5527
05:14:39,000 --> 05:14:43,100
You're throwing sticks sails 
through empty air and lands with

5528
05:14:43,100 --> 05:14:45,100
a disappointed thud against a 
tree trunk. 

5529
05:14:45,700 --> 05:14:50,600
So much for upgraded protein. 
You retrieve the stick mentally 

5530
05:14:50,600 --> 05:14:53,700
adding practice hunting, in 
areas with fewer clumsy 

5531
05:14:53,700 --> 05:14:56,600
companions to your growing list 
of survival improvements. 

5532
05:14:57,700 --> 05:14:59,800
The berries and Roots will have 
to suffice for now. 

5533
05:14:59,800 --> 05:15:03,000
Supplemented by the memory of 
yesterday's successful fish 

5534
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:06,300
catching Expedition, Walking 
back toward the cave. 

5535
05:15:06,300 --> 05:15:08,700
You notice Mira has discovered a
bird's nest with eggs. 

5536
05:15:08,700 --> 05:15:11,500
The kind of find that makes 
everyone's morning. 

5537
05:15:11,500 --> 05:15:15,000
Significantly brighter eggs are 
perfect food packages. 

5538
05:15:15,000 --> 05:15:18,000
Assuming you can convince their 
parents that you need them more 

5539
05:15:18,000 --> 05:15:21,400
than the unhatched occupants. 
Do the negotiation typically 

5540
05:15:21,400 --> 05:15:24,500
involves quick hands and fast 
defeat, especially when the 

5541
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:27,500
parents are larger birds with 
strong opinions about a gonna 

5542
05:15:27,500 --> 05:15:30,300
ship, the morning meal shapes 
up, to be a combination of your 

5543
05:15:30,300 --> 05:15:34,000
berries and Roots, shared eggs 
and some left over fish, that 

5544
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:35,800
crack managed not to eat 
entirely yesterday. 

5545
05:15:35,800 --> 05:15:39,500
It's not exactly a gourmet 
breakfast but it contains 

5546
05:15:39,500 --> 05:15:42,700
calories nutrients and the 
satisfaction of having 

5547
05:15:42,700 --> 05:15:45,500
successfully gathered at 
yourself from a world that 

5548
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:46,900
doesn't deliver food to your 
door. 

5549
05:15:47,800 --> 05:15:50,800
Sitting on a sun warmed. 
Rock outside the cave, you eat 

5550
05:15:50,800 --> 05:15:55,400
slowly savoring flavors that are
simple direct and somehow more 

5551
05:15:55,400 --> 05:15:59,600
satisfying, the new expected, 
the food tastes like work, like 

5552
05:15:59,600 --> 05:16:02,400
success. 
Like the peculiar Pride, that 

5553
05:16:02,400 --> 05:16:04,800
comes from feeding yourself 
through knowledge and effort, 

5554
05:16:04,800 --> 05:16:07,800
rather than convenience your 
stomach, settles into 

5555
05:16:07,800 --> 05:16:10,200
contentment. 
And the day ahead seems more 

5556
05:16:10,200 --> 05:16:12,000
manageable with breakfast 
accomplished. 

5557
05:16:12,900 --> 05:16:16,100
Sun, rises higher warming, the 
rocks in your shoulders. 

5558
05:16:16,800 --> 05:16:19,300
Somewhere in the distance. 
You can hear the river calling 

5559
05:16:19,300 --> 05:16:22,200
with Promises of fish and the 
kind of morning bath that wakes 

5560
05:16:22,200 --> 05:16:24,900
up every nerve ending at once. 
After breakfast. 

5561
05:16:24,900 --> 05:16:28,100
Your attention, turns to the 
Daily maintenance tasks that 

5562
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:31,800
keeps donation life functional. 
Your toolkit needs inspection 

5563
05:16:31,800 --> 05:16:35,000
and in a world where the nearest
hardware store won't exist for 

5564
05:16:35,000 --> 05:16:38,000
several Millennia. 
Tool maintenance isn't optional,

5565
05:16:38,000 --> 05:16:41,600
its survival. 
You settle onto a Flat Rock that

5566
05:16:41,600 --> 05:16:44,700
serves as your workbench 
spreading out your collection of

5567
05:16:44,700 --> 05:16:47,600
implements with the care of a 
surgeon in instruments. 

5568
05:16:48,200 --> 05:16:51,400
There's the knife you chip from 
Flint to weeks ago, its Edge 

5569
05:16:51,408 --> 05:16:54,200
still sharp enough to slice 
through high but showing tiny 

5570
05:16:54,200 --> 05:16:56,300
Nicks from yesterday's route, 
digging Expedition. 

5571
05:16:57,100 --> 05:16:59,600
You've bound the spear tip which
required three attempts to 

5572
05:16:59,600 --> 05:17:03,200
perfect, to its wooden shaft 
with such meticulous sin. 

5573
05:17:03,200 --> 05:17:06,200
You wrapping that, it almost 
appears decorative Flint, 

5574
05:17:06,200 --> 05:17:09,200
knapping the art of striking 
stone with stone to create sharp

5575
05:17:09,200 --> 05:17:12,100
edges requires the kind of 
focused attention. 

5576
05:17:12,100 --> 05:17:16,300
That makes meditation look like,
multitasking, you choose a piece

5577
05:17:16,300 --> 05:17:19,300
of flint testing its weight and 
density with fingers that have 

5578
05:17:19,300 --> 05:17:21,200
learned to read Stone like 
others, read books. 

5579
05:17:22,000 --> 05:17:25,600
The Hammerstone fits perfectly 
in your palm its surface one 

5580
05:17:25,600 --> 05:17:29,200
Smooth by countless impacts. 
The first strike sends a small 

5581
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:34,400
chip flying landing near your 
feet with a tiny click success. 

5582
05:17:34,400 --> 05:17:38,200
You turn the flints slightly 
visualizing the blade hidden 

5583
05:17:38,200 --> 05:17:41,400
inside the Raw, Stone waiting, 
to be revealed through patient. 

5584
05:17:41,400 --> 05:17:46,300
Precise work. 
Strike turn, examine strike, 

5585
05:17:46,300 --> 05:17:50,900
turn examine the Rhythm becomes 
almost hypnotic. 

5586
05:17:50,900 --> 05:17:53,800
Each impact. 
Calculated to remove exactly the

5587
05:17:53,800 --> 05:17:56,700
right amount of material. 
Somewhere around the 15th, 

5588
05:17:56,700 --> 05:18:00,400
strike your concentration, wave 
is for just a moment, and the 

5589
05:18:00,400 --> 05:18:03,500
Hammerstone catches, the Flint 
at the wrong angle, instead of a

5590
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:07,100
clean chip, a large chunk breaks
away, taking half your emerging 

5591
05:18:07,100 --> 05:18:10,000
Blade with it. 
The Flint now looks less like a 

5592
05:18:10,000 --> 05:18:13,000
future tool and more like 
evidence of why patients isn't 

5593
05:18:13,000 --> 05:18:15,100
just a virtue. 
It's a requirement. 

5594
05:18:15,100 --> 05:18:18,600
You set the ruined to side and 
reach for another piece. 

5595
05:18:18,600 --> 05:18:21,200
Reminding yourself. 
That failure is just another 

5596
05:18:21,200 --> 05:18:25,000
word for practice. 
The second attempt goes better 

5597
05:18:25,000 --> 05:18:28,200
partly because you've already 
made today's mistake and partly 

5598
05:18:28,200 --> 05:18:30,100
because your hands. 
Remember the proper rhythm. 

5599
05:18:31,300 --> 05:18:35,200
Gradually a serviceable blade 
emerges from the Royal Stone its

5600
05:18:35,200 --> 05:18:37,300
Edge sharp enough to make you 
respected immediately. 

5601
05:18:38,000 --> 05:18:41,000
Tool maintenance extends Beyond 
just making new implements. 

5602
05:18:41,000 --> 05:18:44,600
Your spare shaft is developed a 
small crack near The Binding. 

5603
05:18:45,300 --> 05:18:47,800
The kind of floor that could 
turn a hunting trip into a 

5604
05:18:47,800 --> 05:18:49,100
disaster. 
If left unattended. 

5605
05:18:49,900 --> 05:18:51,400
You unwrap the sin, you 
carefully. 

5606
05:18:51,400 --> 05:18:54,700
It's too valuable to waste and 
examine the crack more closely. 

5607
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:58,300
The split runs with the wood 
grain, which is positive news 

5608
05:18:58,300 --> 05:19:01,800
across grain crack would mean 
starting over with a new shaft. 

5609
05:19:01,800 --> 05:19:06,000
You select a thin strip of wet, 
hide and wrap it tightly around 

5610
05:19:06,000 --> 05:19:08,500
the damaged area. 
Pulling the wood fibers back 

5611
05:19:08,500 --> 05:19:11,500
together. 
Once it dries, the hide will 

5612
05:19:11,500 --> 05:19:14,600
shrink creating a repair 
stronger than the original wood.

5613
05:19:15,300 --> 05:19:18,300
It's the Stone Age. 
Equivalent of duct tape, minus 

5614
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:21,400
the adhesive in the tape, fire 
maintenance to demands his 

5615
05:19:21,400 --> 05:19:24,700
attention. 
The coals from last night have 

5616
05:19:24,700 --> 05:19:27,700
settled into a bed of Embers 
perfect for cooking but needing 

5617
05:19:27,700 --> 05:19:31,700
encouragement to Flame up again.
You add small kindling, dry 

5618
05:19:31,700 --> 05:19:35,600
grass thin Twigs strips of birch
bark, that catch fire. 

5619
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:37,000
Like they were designed for the 
purpose. 

5620
05:19:38,100 --> 05:19:41,100
The Flames respond eagerly 
crackling to life with the kind 

5621
05:19:41,100 --> 05:19:42,900
of enthusiasm. 
That makes you appreciate 

5622
05:19:42,900 --> 05:19:46,000
Humanities ancient partnership 
with controlled combustion. 

5623
05:19:47,100 --> 05:19:50,400
Keeping the fire alive was a 
community responsibility that 

5624
05:19:50,400 --> 05:19:52,400
rotated among the caves 
inhabitants. 

5625
05:19:53,000 --> 05:19:55,900
Today is your turn to be the 
firekeeper, which means feeding 

5626
05:19:55,900 --> 05:19:59,000
it, regularly banking the coals 
for cooking and most 

5627
05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:01,000
importantly, never letting it 
die completely. 

5628
05:20:02,300 --> 05:20:05,900
Starting a fire from scratch. 
Using flint and steel, or rather

5629
05:20:05,900 --> 05:20:09,100
flint and iron pyrite. 
Since steel won't be invented 

5630
05:20:09,100 --> 05:20:13,500
for quite a while is possible, 
but exhausting you practice the 

5631
05:20:13,500 --> 05:20:16,700
Fire Starting technique anyway 
because redundancy keeps you 

5632
05:20:16,700 --> 05:20:19,300
alive. 
Strike Flint against pyrite, 

5633
05:20:19,300 --> 05:20:23,200
directing the Sparks into a nest
of the finest driest in the, you

5634
05:20:23,200 --> 05:20:25,900
can prepare. 
Cedar bark worked into soft 

5635
05:20:25,900 --> 05:20:28,700
fibers Birch, fungus, and dried 
grass. 

5636
05:20:28,700 --> 05:20:33,300
So fine, it's almost powder, the
Sparks catch glowing like tiny 

5637
05:20:33,300 --> 05:20:37,000
stars in the Tinder nest. 
Gentle breath, coax them into 

5638
05:20:37,000 --> 05:20:38,800
flame. 
And suddenly you have fire 

5639
05:20:38,800 --> 05:20:41,200
created from nothing but skill 
and persistent. 

5640
05:20:42,100 --> 05:20:44,800
Success, gives you a quiet 
satisfaction that's hard to 

5641
05:20:44,800 --> 05:20:47,500
describe. 
In a world where most things are

5642
05:20:47,500 --> 05:20:50,200
uncertain being able to create 
Fire On Demand. 

5643
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:54,000
Feels like having superpowers, 
which from the perspective of 

5644
05:20:54,008 --> 05:20:57,300
any other animal. 
You supposed it is Your 

5645
05:20:57,300 --> 05:21:00,100
morning's work spreads out 
around you newly sharpened 

5646
05:21:00,100 --> 05:21:03,700
tools, repaired weapons a 
healthy fire and the kind of 

5647
05:21:03,700 --> 05:21:05,200
competence that builds 
confidence. 

5648
05:21:05,200 --> 05:21:08,400
These aren't glamorous tasks, 
but they form the foundation 

5649
05:21:08,400 --> 05:21:10,000
that makes everything else 
possible. 

5650
05:21:10,000 --> 05:21:15,100
Every sharp edge, every strong 
binding, and every glowing coal 

5651
05:21:15,100 --> 05:21:17,300
represents the difference 
between thriving and merely 

5652
05:21:17,300 --> 05:21:20,200
surviving. 
The sun has climbed higher while

5653
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:22,900
you worked and the warmth feels 
good on your shoulders. 

5654
05:21:23,900 --> 05:21:26,600
In the distance, you can hear 
water running over rocks. 

5655
05:21:26,600 --> 05:21:29,800
The river calling with Promises 
of fish and the kind of cooling 

5656
05:21:29,800 --> 05:21:33,100
bath that makes hot work. 
While the river beckons with the

5657
05:21:33,100 --> 05:21:34,800
sound of water, moving over 
Stones. 

5658
05:21:34,800 --> 05:21:38,200
A constant murmur that serves as
the soundtrack to your daily 

5659
05:21:38,200 --> 05:21:40,400
life you gather your fishing 
equipment. 

5660
05:21:41,400 --> 05:21:45,200
Spear with a particularly point 
a, net woven from plant fibers 

5661
05:21:45,200 --> 05:21:48,600
that took weeks to complete and 
the kind of optimism that comes 

5662
05:21:48,600 --> 05:21:51,300
from successful. 
Fishing experience is mixed with

5663
05:21:51,300 --> 05:21:53,900
realistic, expectations about 
fish Behavior. 

5664
05:21:54,600 --> 05:21:57,000
The walk to your favorite 
fishing spot takes you through 

5665
05:21:57,000 --> 05:22:00,300
terrain, that changes subtly 
with each day's weather today. 

5666
05:22:00,300 --> 05:22:03,300
The path has become slightly 
muddy due to yesterday's brief 

5667
05:22:03,300 --> 05:22:06,700
Reign causing footing to become 
uncertain in areas where the 

5668
05:22:06,700 --> 05:22:08,900
clay soil has turned into a 
slippery surface. 

5669
05:22:08,900 --> 05:22:11,500
You've learned to read these 
conditions automatically 

5670
05:22:11,500 --> 05:22:15,200
adjusting your gate to have the 
kind of spectacular fall that 

5671
05:22:15,200 --> 05:22:18,400
looks amusing in hindsight, but 
feels considerably less funny 

5672
05:22:18,400 --> 05:22:22,400
when you're picking Mudd Out of 
uncomfortable places. your 

5673
05:22:22,400 --> 05:22:24,700
fishing spot is a bend in the 
river where the current slows 

5674
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:27,900
and deepens creating a natural 
pool where fish tend to gather 

5675
05:22:28,700 --> 05:22:31,100
The locational. 
So offers a large flat rock that

5676
05:22:31,100 --> 05:22:34,500
serves as your observation post 
position perfectly for both, 

5677
05:22:34,500 --> 05:22:36,700
seeing into the water and 
maintaining the kind of 

5678
05:22:36,700 --> 05:22:39,400
motionless patients, that 
successful fishing requires. 

5679
05:22:40,900 --> 05:22:43,300
Settling onto the rock. 
You peer into the water with the

5680
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:44,800
focused attention of a 
meditation. 

5681
05:22:44,800 --> 05:22:47,600
Master. 
The surface mirrors, the skiing 

5682
05:22:47,600 --> 05:22:50,400
clouds yet beneath that 
reflection is a completely 

5683
05:22:50,400 --> 05:22:53,500
different world fish move 
through their domain with the 

5684
05:22:53,500 --> 05:22:57,000
Casual confidence of creatures 
who belong exactly where they 

5685
05:22:57,000 --> 05:22:59,900
are unaware that your studying 
their patterns with the 

5686
05:22:59,900 --> 05:23:03,300
intensity of a behavioral 
scientist a large trout. 

5687
05:23:03,300 --> 05:23:05,800
You've learned to distinguish 
species by their movement 

5688
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:09,000
patterns and preferred depths 
holds position near the far 

5689
05:23:09,000 --> 05:23:11,300
Bank. 
Its fins making tiny adjustments

5690
05:23:11,300 --> 05:23:14,200
to maintain its place in the 
current it's perfectly 

5691
05:23:14,200 --> 05:23:17,000
positioned for a spear throw. 
Assuming you can manage the 

5692
05:23:17,000 --> 05:23:21,000
complex physics of refraction 
water resistant and the fish's 

5693
05:23:21,000 --> 05:23:23,300
likely Escape Route all while 
maintaining the balance 

5694
05:23:23,300 --> 05:23:25,800
necessary. 
Not to fall off your rock in to 

5695
05:23:25,800 --> 05:23:28,100
the river. 
You raise the spear slowly 

5696
05:23:28,100 --> 05:23:30,200
muscles. 
Remembering the thousands of 

5697
05:23:30,200 --> 05:23:33,100
practice throws that have taught
your arms, the proper Ark and 

5698
05:23:33,100 --> 05:23:37,800
release point. 
The fish remains steady focused 

5699
05:23:37,800 --> 05:23:40,500
on something Upstream that might
be food drifting down with the 

5700
05:23:40,508 --> 05:23:43,300
current. 
This is the moment when patience

5701
05:23:43,300 --> 05:23:47,100
and preparation meet opportunity
assuming your aim is improved 

5702
05:23:47,100 --> 05:23:49,200
since yesterday somewhat 
embarrassing performance. 

5703
05:23:49,900 --> 05:23:52,700
The spear leaves your hand, with
the smooth motion of long, 

5704
05:23:52,700 --> 05:23:56,700
practice, cutting through air, 
and then water with barely a 

5705
05:23:56,700 --> 05:24:00,300
splash. so success appears 
certain for a moment, then 

5706
05:24:00,300 --> 05:24:03,700
physics asserts itself in the 
form of water refraction and 

5707
05:24:03,700 --> 05:24:07,100
your spear passes harmlessly 
beneath the fish which vanishes 

5708
05:24:07,100 --> 05:24:10,500
in the swirl of indignant motion
that somehow manages to look, 

5709
05:24:10,500 --> 05:24:14,200
reproachful, Retrieving the 
spear requires wading into water

5710
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:18,000
that shockingly cold, despite 
the warm air, the river is a 

5711
05:24:18,000 --> 05:24:21,400
collection of smooth Stones, 
Some steady and reliable others.

5712
05:24:21,400 --> 05:24:24,800
Perfectly designed to shift, 
unexpectedly and send Wade. 

5713
05:24:24,800 --> 05:24:28,700
As sprawling into deeper water, 
you move carefully, your feet. 

5714
05:24:28,700 --> 05:24:31,700
Testing each step before 
committing your full weight, the

5715
05:24:31,700 --> 05:24:34,100
spear has lodged between two 
rocks in deeper water. 

5716
05:24:34,100 --> 05:24:37,400
Requiring a Wade that brings the
river level to mid-thigh. 

5717
05:24:37,400 --> 05:24:40,900
The cold is invigorating in the 
way that makes you immediately 

5718
05:24:40,900 --> 05:24:43,800
understand why some people 
voluntarily take cold showers 

5719
05:24:43,800 --> 05:24:46,700
while simultaneously making you 
question their sanity. 

5720
05:24:47,400 --> 05:24:50,200
Your muscles tense against the 
temperature and retrieving. 

5721
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:52,700
The spear becomes a matter of 
quick efficiency, rather than 

5722
05:24:52,700 --> 05:24:57,100
careful technique. 
Back on your rock, you settle in

5723
05:24:57,100 --> 05:25:00,200
for another attempt water 
dripping from your legs onto Sun

5724
05:25:00,200 --> 05:25:02,500
warm Stone. 
The net offers different, 

5725
05:25:02,500 --> 05:25:06,500
possibilities less, Precision 
required, but demanding perfect 

5726
05:25:06,500 --> 05:25:08,700
timing, and the ability to read 
fish Behavior. 

5727
05:25:08,700 --> 05:25:10,200
Well, enough to predict their 
movements. 

5728
05:25:10,200 --> 05:25:13,900
You study the water again, 
looking for the subtle signs 

5729
05:25:13,900 --> 05:25:15,800
that indicate where fish are 
likely to swim. 

5730
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:19,000
A school of smaller fish moves 
through the shallows. 

5731
05:25:19,000 --> 05:25:22,800
Their body's flashing silver. 
As they turn in unison, their 

5732
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:25,500
following some underwater logic.
That makes perfect sense to them

5733
05:25:25,500 --> 05:25:27,200
and appears completely random to
you. 

5734
05:25:27,200 --> 05:25:31,000
The net requires positioning 
Downstream from their path then 

5735
05:25:31,000 --> 05:25:33,100
patients, while they swim into 
range. 

5736
05:25:33,700 --> 05:25:37,300
You slip into the water again, 
moving with exaggerated care to 

5737
05:25:37,300 --> 05:25:40,000
avoid sending vibrations through
the riverbed that would scatter 

5738
05:25:40,000 --> 05:25:43,000
your targets. 
The fish continue their 

5739
05:25:43,000 --> 05:25:45,700
mysterious choreography, 
occasionally coming 

5740
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:49,000
tantalizingly close to your nets
range before veering away. 

5741
05:25:49,000 --> 05:25:50,700
As if they've suddenly 
remembered important 

5742
05:25:50,700 --> 05:25:54,100
appointments elsewhere, finally 
the schools wandering path. 

5743
05:25:54,100 --> 05:25:55,800
Brings them directly towards 
your position. 

5744
05:25:55,800 --> 05:25:59,200
You raise the Nets slowly 
waiting for the moment. 

5745
05:25:59,200 --> 05:26:02,300
When the maximum number of fish 
occupy, the minimum amount of 

5746
05:26:02,300 --> 05:26:06,300
space, the technique, 
necessitates precise timing, if 

5747
05:26:06,300 --> 05:26:09,000
you act two early, the fish will
scatter, and if you act too 

5748
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:10,500
late, they will have already 
passed through. 

5749
05:26:11,300 --> 05:26:14,600
Now the net sweeps through water
and fish with satisfying 

5750
05:26:14,600 --> 05:26:18,100
efficiency, and suddenly you're 
holding breakfast, lunch and 

5751
05:26:18,100 --> 05:26:20,200
possibly dinner in woven plant 
fibers. 

5752
05:26:21,000 --> 05:26:24,000
The fish flip and struggle with 
understandable urgency, and you 

5753
05:26:24,000 --> 05:26:26,600
weighed quickly, to short, to 
transfer them, to the woven 

5754
05:26:26,600 --> 05:26:28,600
basket that serves as your 
portable container. 

5755
05:26:29,200 --> 05:26:31,800
Success. 
Tastes like cold river water and

5756
05:26:31,800 --> 05:26:34,300
feels like the quiet 
satisfaction of having fed 

5757
05:26:34,300 --> 05:26:35,800
yourself through skill and 
patience. 

5758
05:26:36,500 --> 05:26:38,900
The morning's fishing has 
provided enough protein for the 

5759
05:26:38,900 --> 05:26:42,100
day plus extra to share with 
your cavemen who may have had 

5760
05:26:42,100 --> 05:26:44,500
less luck with their own food 
Gathering expeditions. 

5761
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:47,800
Walking back to all the cave 
basket of fishing. 

5762
05:26:47,800 --> 05:26:50,800
One hand and wet fishing gear in
the other, you reflect on the 

5763
05:26:50,800 --> 05:26:53,500
peculiar satisfaction of having 
succeeded at something. 

5764
05:26:53,500 --> 05:26:56,900
Your ancestors would recognize 
and approval of There's 

5765
05:26:56,900 --> 05:26:59,600
something deeply right about 
providing food through your own 

5766
05:26:59,600 --> 05:27:02,600
efforts, even when those efforts
occasionally involved falling 

5767
05:27:02,600 --> 05:27:05,200
into cold water. 
While chasing fish, that seemed 

5768
05:27:05,200 --> 05:27:08,500
to mock your hunting skills, the
afternoon sun has reached that 

5769
05:27:08,500 --> 05:27:10,600
perfect angle, where it warms 
without burning. 

5770
05:27:11,600 --> 05:27:13,700
Your successful fishing 
Expedition has left. 

5771
05:27:13,700 --> 05:27:16,400
You feeling confident enough to 
venture further from the cave 

5772
05:27:16,400 --> 05:27:20,400
than usual today, seems like an 
ideal time to explore the valley

5773
05:27:20,400 --> 05:27:23,700
Beyond The Ridge where rumor 
delivered by a traveling group. 

5774
05:27:23,700 --> 05:27:27,000
Last week suggests, there might 
be fruit trees and possibly 

5775
05:27:27,000 --> 05:27:28,700
deposits of the particularly 
good. 

5776
05:27:28,700 --> 05:27:30,500
Flint, that makes Superior 
tools. 

5777
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:34,000
You gather exploration supplies 
with the methodical care of 

5778
05:27:34,000 --> 05:27:36,200
someone who has learned that 
preparation prevents most 

5779
05:27:36,200 --> 05:27:39,000
disasters, an improvisation 
handles the rest. 

5780
05:27:39,800 --> 05:27:41,900
Your pack consists of a large 
hide bag. 

5781
05:27:41,900 --> 05:27:45,300
Containing water in a bladder 
dried meat from last week's 

5782
05:27:45,300 --> 05:27:47,600
successful hunt, the 
multi-purpose knife. 

5783
05:27:47,600 --> 05:27:50,000
That's sharp enough to be 
useful, but not so precious, 

5784
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:53,500
you'd weep if you lost it and 
cordage woven from plant fibers,

5785
05:27:53,500 --> 05:27:57,200
that serves approximately 600 
different functions in Stone Age

5786
05:27:57,200 --> 05:27:59,900
life. 
The ridge requires a climb that 

5787
05:27:59,900 --> 05:28:02,800
would be considered moderate 
exercise in modern terms, but 

5788
05:28:02,800 --> 05:28:04,500
feels more like a full body 
workout. 

5789
05:28:04,500 --> 05:28:07,600
When you're carrying supplies 
and watching for loose rocks, 

5790
05:28:07,600 --> 05:28:10,000
that could turn an afternoon 
hike into a medical emergency, 

5791
05:28:10,000 --> 05:28:13,500
your route follows, what might 
charitably be called a path, 

5792
05:28:13,508 --> 05:28:16,100
really? 
Just a series of animal tracks 

5793
05:28:16,100 --> 05:28:17,700
connected by your own 
optimistic. 

5794
05:28:17,700 --> 05:28:20,400
Assumptions about the best way 
up steep Terrain. 

5795
05:28:21,800 --> 05:28:25,100
Halfway up the ridge, you pores 
to catch your breath and 

5796
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:27,600
immediately understand why your 
ancestors developed such 

5797
05:28:27,600 --> 05:28:29,600
impressive cardiovascular 
systems. 

5798
05:28:30,500 --> 05:28:33,600
Every activity in Paleolithic 
life was essentially a fitness 

5799
05:28:33,600 --> 05:28:37,900
program designed by someone with
a sadistic sense of humor and a 

5800
05:28:37,900 --> 05:28:40,100
deep commitment to building 
character through physical 

5801
05:28:40,100 --> 05:28:42,600
challenge. 
The view from The Ridge Top 

5802
05:28:42,600 --> 05:28:46,300
makes the climb worthwhile. 
The Valleys below you like a 

5803
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:49,500
green carpet dotted with Silver 
Streams and dark patches that 

5804
05:28:49,500 --> 05:28:51,000
might be Groves of the fruit 
trees. 

5805
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:54,900
You'll seeking In the distance 
smoke rises from what's probably

5806
05:28:54,900 --> 05:28:58,200
another group's fire, reminding 
you that you're not alone in 

5807
05:28:58,200 --> 05:29:01,400
this vast landscape just 
temporarily out of the shouting 

5808
05:29:01,400 --> 05:29:04,000
range of your neighbors 
descending, into the valley 

5809
05:29:04,000 --> 05:29:07,600
proves trickier than the ascent 
gravity, assists your progress 

5810
05:29:07,600 --> 05:29:10,700
with the kind of helpful. 
Enthusiasm that occasionally 

5811
05:29:10,700 --> 05:29:13,600
threatens to turn a controlled 
descent into an uncontrolled 

5812
05:29:13,600 --> 05:29:15,700
tumble. 
You pick your way, carefully 

5813
05:29:15,700 --> 05:29:19,200
down the slope using trees and 
rock outcroppings as handholds 

5814
05:29:19,200 --> 05:29:21,000
and trying. 
Not to think about how much 

5815
05:29:21,000 --> 05:29:24,700
easier going down, is the 
climbing back up, will be the 

5816
05:29:24,700 --> 05:29:27,500
valley floor reveals itself to 
be a mixture of opportunity and 

5817
05:29:27,500 --> 05:29:30,900
complexity. 
Yes, there are fruit trees. 

5818
05:29:30,900 --> 05:29:34,300
Several varieties you recognize,
and a few that require the kind 

5819
05:29:34,300 --> 05:29:37,300
of careful testing that 
determines whether their food or

5820
05:29:37,300 --> 05:29:39,900
decoration. 
The good news is many trees are 

5821
05:29:39,900 --> 05:29:42,800
heavy with ripe fruit. 
The challenging news is that 

5822
05:29:42,800 --> 05:29:45,800
you're apparently not the first 
to discover this resource Fresh 

5823
05:29:45,800 --> 05:29:48,200
Tracks in the software near the 
largest fruit Grove. 

5824
05:29:48,200 --> 05:29:50,800
Tell a story that makes your 
survival instincts pay clothes 

5825
05:29:50,800 --> 05:29:54,900
for attention the large poor 
Prince indicating a predator 

5826
05:29:54,900 --> 05:29:58,600
rather than prey are so recent 
that there is remain Sharp. 

5827
05:29:59,300 --> 05:30:02,700
Bear most likely and probably 
still in the area since Bears 

5828
05:30:02,700 --> 05:30:05,400
tend to stay near excellent food
sources until they've exhausted 

5829
05:30:05,400 --> 05:30:08,700
them completely. 
This scenario creates what you 

5830
05:30:08,700 --> 05:30:12,200
might call a tactical situation,
the fruit represents valuable 

5831
05:30:12,200 --> 05:30:14,300
calories and nutrients. 
That would improve everyone's 

5832
05:30:14,300 --> 05:30:18,500
diet significantly. 
The bear represents the kind of 

5833
05:30:18,500 --> 05:30:21,400
conversation partner, who 
settles disagreements through 

5834
05:30:21,400 --> 05:30:24,600
methods that don't typically end
well for the smaller participant

5835
05:30:24,600 --> 05:30:29,800
wisdom suggests Retreat, hunger 
suggests to negotiation Pride. 

5836
05:30:29,800 --> 05:30:31,800
Suggest you're probably 
overthinking the whole 

5837
05:30:31,800 --> 05:30:34,400
situation. 
You compromised by gathering 

5838
05:30:34,400 --> 05:30:37,300
fruit from trees on the 
periphery of the Grove working 

5839
05:30:37,300 --> 05:30:40,700
quickly, but quietly is tuned 
for any sound that might 

5840
05:30:40,700 --> 05:30:43,400
indicate you're about to have an
unexpected encounter with the 

5841
05:30:43,400 --> 05:30:47,200
local bear population. 
Every Fallen branch that cracks 

5842
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:50,700
Under Foot sounds like a gunshot
in the afternoon Stillness and 

5843
05:30:50,700 --> 05:30:53,100
every rustle of leaves. 
Bring a momentary pause, to 

5844
05:30:53,100 --> 05:30:55,500
listen for approaching 
footsteps, that weigh 

5845
05:30:55,500 --> 05:30:59,400
considerably more than yours. 
The fruit Gathering goes well 

5846
05:30:59,400 --> 05:31:01,600
until you reach for a 
particularly promising, cluster 

5847
05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:04,900
growing just out of easy, reach 
stretching toward it requires 

5848
05:31:04,900 --> 05:31:06,400
shifting, your weight onto a 
branch. 

5849
05:31:06,400 --> 05:31:08,400
That seemed sturdy enough when 
you tested it. 

5850
05:31:08,400 --> 05:31:11,600
But apparently has strong 
opinions about supporting human 

5851
05:31:11,600 --> 05:31:14,400
body weight. 
The branch surrenders with a 

5852
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:17,900
sharp crack that Echoes through 
the Grove like a dinner. 

5853
05:31:17,900 --> 05:31:20,300
Bell ringing for every Predator 
within miles. 

5854
05:31:20,300 --> 05:31:24,200
You land in a heap of bruised 
dignity and Scattered fruit 

5855
05:31:24,200 --> 05:31:27,600
momentarily, more concerned 
about the noise than the impact.

5856
05:31:28,400 --> 05:31:31,300
The growth falls into the kind 
of absolute silence that 

5857
05:31:31,300 --> 05:31:34,400
suggests every creature with 
ears is now listening intently 

5858
05:31:34,400 --> 05:31:37,000
to determine what just announced
its presence. 

5859
05:31:37,000 --> 05:31:40,100
So dramatically after several 
heartbeats of holding your 

5860
05:31:40,100 --> 05:31:43,000
breath and straining your ears, 
You can conclude that immediate 

5861
05:31:43,000 --> 05:31:46,600
danger seems unlikely Gathering 
the scattered fruit with hands. 

5862
05:31:46,600 --> 05:31:49,400
Trembling slightly from 
adrenaline rather than injury. 

5863
05:31:49,400 --> 05:31:52,700
You come to the conclusion that 
discretion is a crucial aspect 

5864
05:31:52,700 --> 05:31:54,900
of fruit Gathering. 
Your pack. 

5865
05:31:54,900 --> 05:31:58,200
Now contains enough fruit to 
supplement several meals plus 

5866
05:31:58,200 --> 05:32:00,500
the kind of story that will 
improve with each retelling 

5867
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:03,900
around the evening fire, the 
discovery of the Flint deposits 

5868
05:32:03,900 --> 05:32:06,400
proves anti-climatic. 
After the fruit tree Adventure. 

5869
05:32:06,400 --> 05:32:09,300
Yes, the stone is excellent 
quality. 

5870
05:32:10,000 --> 05:32:11,400
Better than what you've been 
working with. 

5871
05:32:11,400 --> 05:32:14,700
Yes, there's enough to supply 
your tool making needs for 

5872
05:32:14,700 --> 05:32:19,000
months and yes it's located in 
an easy to access outcropping 

5873
05:32:19,000 --> 05:32:21,900
that doesn't require negotiating
with large carnivores. 

5874
05:32:22,700 --> 05:32:26,300
You gather several Prime pieces 
of Flint testing each for 

5875
05:32:26,300 --> 05:32:29,300
quality and selecting those most
likely to produce Superior 

5876
05:32:29,300 --> 05:32:31,800
tools. 
The additional weight in your 

5877
05:32:31,800 --> 05:32:34,600
pack reminds you that the return
Journey will be more challenging

5878
05:32:34,600 --> 05:32:37,900
than the trip down, but a good 
Flint is worth the extra effort.

5879
05:32:38,700 --> 05:32:41,800
The afternoon light has begun 
its slow slide toward evening. 

5880
05:32:41,800 --> 05:32:44,900
By the time you start the 
return, climb your pack. 

5881
05:32:44,900 --> 05:32:47,400
Now, heavy with fruit and stone 
makes the ascent feel like a 

5882
05:32:47,400 --> 05:32:50,500
full body strength, training 
session, designed by someone who

5883
05:32:50,500 --> 05:32:53,900
believes suffering, builds 
character each step up the ridge

5884
05:32:53,900 --> 05:32:57,100
requires deliberate effort and 
you find yourself developing a 

5885
05:32:57,100 --> 05:33:00,800
new appreciation for the concept
of pack weight distribution, the

5886
05:33:00,800 --> 05:33:02,500
return to your cave feels like 
coming home. 

5887
05:33:02,500 --> 05:33:05,600
After a successful Adventure, 
your pack heavy with the days 

5888
05:33:05,600 --> 05:33:09,000
discoveries and your body 
pleasantly worn out from useful 

5889
05:33:09,000 --> 05:33:11,600
exertion. 
The late afternoon, light 

5890
05:33:11,600 --> 05:33:14,900
filters, through the trees with 
that gold and quality, that 

5891
05:33:14,900 --> 05:33:17,400
makes everything look like. 
It's been painted by someone who

5892
05:33:17,400 --> 05:33:19,600
understands the beauty of 
natural illumination. 

5893
05:33:20,700 --> 05:33:22,900
Your cavemen have been busy 
during your absence. 

5894
05:33:22,900 --> 05:33:26,200
Mira has constructed what 
appears to be a fish drying rack

5895
05:33:26,200 --> 05:33:29,200
from carefully arranged 
branches, and several of 

5896
05:33:29,208 --> 05:33:31,300
yesterday's catching in neat 
rows. 

5897
05:33:32,000 --> 05:33:34,700
Slowly transforming into 
preserved protein that will last

5898
05:33:34,700 --> 05:33:38,400
much longer than fresh fish. 
Crack has been working on 

5899
05:33:38,400 --> 05:33:40,800
something involving a great deal
of scraped hide. 

5900
05:33:40,800 --> 05:33:43,900
And what looks like sinew though
his projects often remain 

5901
05:33:43,900 --> 05:33:45,600
mysterious until they reach 
completion. 

5902
05:33:47,000 --> 05:33:49,300
The fruit, you've gathered 
creates immediate excitement. 

5903
05:33:49,300 --> 05:33:53,400
Fresh fruit has been scarce 
lately and the variety you've 

5904
05:33:53,400 --> 05:33:55,700
brought back include several 
types that none of you have 

5905
05:33:55,700 --> 05:33:58,500
tasted before. 
This leads to the careful ritual

5906
05:33:58,500 --> 05:34:00,600
of testing new foods, small 
amounts. 

5907
05:34:00,600 --> 05:34:04,400
First attention paid to flavor 
and any immediate reactions, 

5908
05:34:04,400 --> 05:34:07,400
then waiting to see if your 
digestive system approves of the

5909
05:34:07,400 --> 05:34:10,800
Innovation, the unknown fruits, 
turn out to be pleasantly sweet 

5910
05:34:10,800 --> 05:34:13,900
with a slightly tart finish and 
your stomach accepts them 

5911
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:17,100
without protest. 
Success dinner will be 

5912
05:34:17,108 --> 05:34:19,100
considerably more intriguing 
than usual. 

5913
05:34:19,100 --> 05:34:22,800
The remaining fruit can be dried
using techniques that transform 

5914
05:34:22,800 --> 05:34:27,300
perishable food, into long-term 
storage solutions, your Flint, 

5915
05:34:27,300 --> 05:34:29,300
Discovery. 
Generate a different kind of 

5916
05:34:29,300 --> 05:34:32,000
enthusiasm. 
Graphic examined. 

5917
05:34:32,000 --> 05:34:35,600
Each piece with the focused 
attention of an expert testing 

5918
05:34:35,600 --> 05:34:38,200
density and grain structure with
techniques, you're still 

5919
05:34:38,208 --> 05:34:42,200
learning Good, Flint means 
better tools which means more 

5920
05:34:42,200 --> 05:34:45,400
successful hunting and Gathering
which means improved odds of 

5921
05:34:45,408 --> 05:34:47,300
thriving rather than merely 
surviving. 

5922
05:34:48,200 --> 05:34:50,300
As evening, approaches the 
ritual of fire. 

5923
05:34:50,300 --> 05:34:54,000
Building begins, today's fire 
will be larger than usual partly

5924
05:34:54,000 --> 05:34:55,800
for cooking. 
The varied Foods, you've all 

5925
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:58,600
gathered partly for the social 
warmth that comes from sitting 

5926
05:34:58,600 --> 05:35:02,200
around Flames while sharing the 
day's experiences, you add a 

5927
05:35:02,200 --> 05:35:04,800
portion of fuel and soon the 
cave, entrance glows with 

5928
05:35:04,800 --> 05:35:09,000
cheerful light pushing back, the
growing Darkness outside cooking

5929
05:35:09,000 --> 05:35:12,400
in the Stone, Age requires 
timing attention and acceptance,

5930
05:35:12,400 --> 05:35:14,500
the Precision isn't always 
possible. 

5931
05:35:15,400 --> 05:35:17,800
A fish cooked quickly on hot 
Stones, placed near the fire, 

5932
05:35:17,800 --> 05:35:20,300
their flesh. 
Turning from translucent to 

5933
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:23,300
opaque with the kind of 
straightforward honesty, that 

5934
05:35:23,300 --> 05:35:26,600
makes you trust the process 
routes require longer cooking. 

5935
05:35:26,600 --> 05:35:30,100
They are buried in coal and 
covered with more coal until the

5936
05:35:30,100 --> 05:35:32,500
hard starch becomes something 
approaching tender. 

5937
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:36,900
Fruit needs no cooking but some 
of it gets wrapped in leaves and

5938
05:35:36,900 --> 05:35:40,000
placed near the fires Edge, 
where gentle heat, concentrates 

5939
05:35:40,000 --> 05:35:42,700
the flavors and creates 
something resembling A Primitive

5940
05:35:42,700 --> 05:35:45,300
desert. 
The result tastes like 

5941
05:35:45,308 --> 05:35:48,700
concentrated summer, sweet and 
warm, and satisfying. 

5942
05:35:48,700 --> 05:35:51,800
In ways that make you understand
why humans developed such 

5943
05:35:51,800 --> 05:35:53,600
elaborate relationships with 
food preparation. 

5944
05:35:54,900 --> 05:35:57,400
Meal time in your small 
community follows informal. 

5945
05:35:57,400 --> 05:36:00,000
Protocols, that balanced 
individual needs with group 

5946
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:04,600
Harmony Everyone shares the food
based on their contributions and

5947
05:36:04,600 --> 05:36:07,200
needs today. 
Successful fishing Expedition 

5948
05:36:07,200 --> 05:36:09,200
earns you a larger portion of 
the evening meal. 

5949
05:36:09,200 --> 05:36:11,900
While your fruit. 
Discovery means everyone enjoys 

5950
05:36:11,900 --> 05:36:14,400
flavors, that wouldn't otherwise
have been available the 

5951
05:36:14,400 --> 05:36:17,300
conversation, that accompanies 
dinner evolves around the day's 

5952
05:36:17,300 --> 05:36:20,600
experiences challenges, and 
discoveries crack describes his 

5953
05:36:20,600 --> 05:36:23,800
hide working project which is 
apparently intended to become a 

5954
05:36:23,800 --> 05:36:25,300
more comfortable sleeping 
Arrangement. 

5955
05:36:25,300 --> 05:36:30,800
An innovation that everyone 
endorses enthusiastically Mirror

5956
05:36:30,800 --> 05:36:33,800
explained to fish drying 
technique learned from a group 

5957
05:36:33,800 --> 05:36:36,700
they encountered several weeks 
ago, who came from a region, 

5958
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:39,300
where preservation methods had 
evolved to handle seasonal 

5959
05:36:39,300 --> 05:36:42,900
variations in food. 
Availability, Your adventure in 

5960
05:36:42,900 --> 05:36:45,500
the fruit Grove gets recounted 
with the kind of embellishment 

5961
05:36:45,500 --> 05:36:48,600
that turns a minor mishap into 
an entertaining story. 

5962
05:36:49,500 --> 05:36:52,200
The branch breaking incident 
becomes slightly more dramatic 

5963
05:36:52,200 --> 05:36:55,900
in the telling the Bear Tracks, 
slightly fresher and your Escape

5964
05:36:55,900 --> 05:37:00,900
slightly more narrow this is how
oral tradition begins not with 

5965
05:37:00,900 --> 05:37:04,200
deliberate exaggeration, but 
with the natural tendency to 

5966
05:37:04,200 --> 05:37:06,900
make experience his more 
engaging when sharing them with 

5967
05:37:06,900 --> 05:37:10,700
others, as full Darkness, 
settles out the cave entrance, 

5968
05:37:10,700 --> 05:37:14,200
the Fire becomes the center of 
your small world. 

5969
05:37:14,200 --> 05:37:17,900
It's light creates a circle of 
warmth and safety. 

5970
05:37:17,900 --> 05:37:20,800
That makes the vast night seemed
manageable rather than 

5971
05:37:20,800 --> 05:37:24,900
threatening Flames danced with 
hypnotic patterns that capture 

5972
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:28,000
attention in ways that 
television won't manage to 

5973
05:37:28,000 --> 05:37:29,800
duplicate for several thousand 
years. 

5974
05:37:30,800 --> 05:37:32,600
The evenings work continues 
around the fire. 

5975
05:37:32,600 --> 05:37:35,900
You begin shaping, one of the 
new Flint pieces into what will 

5976
05:37:35,900 --> 05:37:37,600
eventually become a superior 
knife. 

5977
05:37:38,500 --> 05:37:42,000
A careful chip by chip process 
made easier by good light, and 

5978
05:37:42,000 --> 05:37:44,100
comfortable seating on, fur 
covered rocks. 

5979
05:37:45,100 --> 05:37:48,700
Mera works on cordage twisting, 
plant fibers into strong, rope 

5980
05:37:48,700 --> 05:37:51,600
using technique that require 
consistent, tension and rhythm. 

5981
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:54,900
Crack continues. 
His hide project scraping and 

5982
05:37:54,900 --> 05:37:56,300
softening the material with 
tools. 

5983
05:37:56,300 --> 05:37:58,100
Designed specifically for the 
purpose. 

5984
05:37:59,200 --> 05:38:02,100
The work requires patience but 
produces results that make the 

5985
05:38:02,100 --> 05:38:05,800
effort worth while soft durable 
material that insulates better 

5986
05:38:05,800 --> 05:38:08,500
than woven grass. 
And last longer than most 

5987
05:38:08,500 --> 05:38:10,900
Alternatives available to Stone 
Age, Crafts People. 

5988
05:38:11,700 --> 05:38:15,400
The fire settles into steady 
colds as the night deepens and 

5989
05:38:15,400 --> 05:38:18,500
conversation gradually gives way
to the quiet satisfaction of 

5990
05:38:18,500 --> 05:38:20,700
useful work accomplished in Good
Company. 

5991
05:38:21,600 --> 05:38:23,900
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges and opportunities. 

5992
05:38:23,900 --> 05:38:28,100
But tonight offers the simple 
pleasure of warmth food and the 

5993
05:38:28,108 --> 05:38:30,800
security that comes from being 
part of a group that works 

5994
05:38:30,800 --> 05:38:35,200
together successfully Outside 
the cave night, sounds begin, 

5995
05:38:35,200 --> 05:38:38,700
their ancient chorus owls 
calling across the valley, the 

5996
05:38:38,700 --> 05:38:41,400
distance splash of something, 
large, moving through the river,

5997
05:38:41,400 --> 05:38:44,500
the rustle of small creatures 
going about their nocturnal 

5998
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:47,200
business. 
The sounds aren't threatening 

5999
05:38:47,200 --> 05:38:49,400
when heard from the safety of 
your fillet cave. 

6000
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:53,100
They're simply the soundtrack of
a world that continues its 

6001
05:38:53,100 --> 05:38:56,600
complex business, regardless of 
human concerns, the transition 

6002
05:38:56,600 --> 05:38:59,600
from active evening to restful 
night, happens gradually in your

6003
05:38:59,600 --> 05:39:03,400
Stone Age World marked, not by 
clocks or schedules but by the 

6004
05:39:03,400 --> 05:39:07,100
natural rhythm of fire settling 
into Coles and bodies growing 

6005
05:39:07,100 --> 05:39:11,000
heavy with the days accumulated.
Fatigue, The work around the 

6006
05:39:11,000 --> 05:39:13,900
fire continues but at the 
relaxed pace of people who 

6007
05:39:13,900 --> 05:39:16,900
understand that sometimes are 
improved by patients rather than

6008
05:39:16,900 --> 05:39:20,100
hurried completion. 
Your Flint knapping project has 

6009
05:39:20,100 --> 05:39:22,800
progressed to the delicate stage
where each strike must be 

6010
05:39:22,800 --> 05:39:26,200
precisely calculated. 
The emerging blade shows, 

6011
05:39:26,200 --> 05:39:29,000
promise straight edge, good 
thickness. 

6012
05:39:29,000 --> 05:39:32,300
The kind of balance that will 
make it useful for details work.

6013
05:39:33,200 --> 05:39:36,100
The rhythm of stone striking, 
Stone creates a gentle 

6014
05:39:36,100 --> 05:39:39,500
percussion that blends with the 
soft sounds of your companions 

6015
05:39:39,500 --> 05:39:42,700
activities and the crackling 
Whisper of the dying fire. 

6016
05:39:43,900 --> 05:39:45,600
Mirrors. 
Cordage work has produced 

6017
05:39:45,600 --> 05:39:49,200
several arm lengths, of strong 
rope Twisted with the consistent

6018
05:39:49,200 --> 05:39:51,700
tension that comes from 
practiced hands and focused 

6019
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:54,600
attention. 
Test each section by pulling 

6020
05:39:54,600 --> 05:39:58,100
against it with a full strength 
nodding with satisfaction when 

6021
05:39:58,100 --> 05:40:00,600
the fibers hold without 
stretching or breaking. 

6022
05:40:01,600 --> 05:40:05,100
Good, rope means better, Nets, 
stronger bindings and countless 

6023
05:40:05,100 --> 05:40:07,400
other applications that make 
daily life more manageable. 

6024
05:40:08,700 --> 05:40:11,200
Grass hide preparation has 
reached the stage where the 

6025
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:14,200
material needs to rest overnight
before the final softening 

6026
05:40:14,200 --> 05:40:17,000
process. 
He rolls at carefully in places 

6027
05:40:17,000 --> 05:40:20,000
it where morning you won't reach
but are can continue to 

6028
05:40:20,000 --> 05:40:22,700
circulate around it. 
His movements have the 

6029
05:40:22,700 --> 05:40:25,300
unhurried, Precision of someone 
whose learned that rushing this 

6030
05:40:25,300 --> 05:40:28,800
particular process leads to 
disappointing results and wasted

6031
05:40:28,800 --> 05:40:31,500
effort. 
Fire has settled into the 

6032
05:40:31,500 --> 05:40:34,000
perfect state for banking hot 
coals. 

6033
05:40:34,000 --> 05:40:36,600
That will retain heat through 
the night, while being easily, 

6034
05:40:36,600 --> 05:40:40,000
coaxed back to Flame when 
morning comes the cold 

6035
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:42,900
carefully, covering them with a 
layer of Ash, that will insulate

6036
05:40:42,900 --> 05:40:45,200
without smothering. 
Then surrounding the whole 

6037
05:40:45,200 --> 05:40:48,200
arrangement, with stones, that 
will radiate absorbed heat long 

6038
05:40:48,200 --> 05:40:52,200
after the Flame's disappear. 
Your sleeping area beckons with 

6039
05:40:52,200 --> 05:40:54,400
the promise of rest. 
After a day filled with 

6040
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:58,300
successful activities, the first
of being arranged for maximum 

6041
05:40:58,300 --> 05:41:01,400
comfort with extra padding 
beneath your hip and shoulder. 

6042
05:41:02,200 --> 05:41:04,200
The pressure points that 
determine whether you wake 

6043
05:41:04,200 --> 05:41:06,900
refreshed or spend the night 
shifting position in search of 

6044
05:41:06,900 --> 05:41:10,700
elusive comfort. 
As you settle into your sleeping

6045
05:41:10,700 --> 05:41:14,400
Arrangement, the days experience
is Replay in your mind with the 

6046
05:41:14,400 --> 05:41:16,200
satisfaction that comes from 
time. 

6047
05:41:16,200 --> 05:41:19,800
Well, spent The morning 
successful fishing the 

6048
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:22,600
afternoon's, fruit and Flint 
discoveries and the evenings 

6049
05:41:22,600 --> 05:41:26,100
productive work around the fire.
Each activity connected to the 

6050
05:41:26,100 --> 05:41:28,900
others, in the Seamless Web of 
interdependence that 

6051
05:41:28,900 --> 05:41:33,100
characterizes Stone Age life The
sounds of your companions 

6052
05:41:33,100 --> 05:41:35,700
settling into their sleeping 
Arrangements, create a 

6053
05:41:35,700 --> 05:41:37,600
comfortable background of 
familiar noises. 

6054
05:41:38,400 --> 05:41:41,600
Soft movements. 
As furs are adjusted, the quiet 

6055
05:41:41,600 --> 05:41:44,900
breathing, that indicates 
relaxation and the occasional 

6056
05:41:44,900 --> 05:41:48,000
contented sigh that suggest 
everyone is pleased with the 

6057
05:41:48,000 --> 05:41:51,200
days accomplishments. 
These are the sounds of security

6058
05:41:51,200 --> 05:41:54,100
of belonging to a group that 
functions well together. 

6059
05:41:55,300 --> 05:41:58,300
Outside the cave, the Night 
World continues, its ancient 

6060
05:41:58,300 --> 05:42:01,500
patterns, an owl calls from 
somewhere across the valley. 

6061
05:42:01,500 --> 05:42:04,300
His voice carrying clearly 
through are, that's grown cool 

6062
05:42:04,300 --> 05:42:08,800
and still, The River Murders. 
Its constant song a liquid 

6063
05:42:08,800 --> 05:42:12,000
soundtrack that says reliable as
sunrise and equally soothing 

6064
05:42:12,900 --> 05:42:15,900
Somewhere in the distance, a 
wolf howls, not the threatening 

6065
05:42:15,900 --> 05:42:18,800
sound of nearby danger, but the 
distant communication of 

6066
05:42:18,800 --> 05:42:20,800
creatures going about their own 
business in. 

6067
05:42:20,800 --> 05:42:23,300
Their territory, the darkness 
beyond your cave. 

6068
05:42:23,300 --> 05:42:26,100
Entrance isn't empty. 
It's full of life, following 

6069
05:42:26,100 --> 05:42:30,200
rhythms older than human memory.
Nocturnal Hunters, pursue 

6070
05:42:30,200 --> 05:42:33,700
nocturnal prey, night-blooming 
Plants release fragrances that 

6071
05:42:33,700 --> 05:42:37,200
attract night flying insects, 
and the complex web of 

6072
05:42:37,200 --> 05:42:40,600
relationships that sustains this
ecosystem continues without 

6073
05:42:40,600 --> 05:42:44,500
pause or fanfare. 
From your perspective enveloped 

6074
05:42:44,500 --> 05:42:48,200
in warm furs with a banked fire 
nearby and trusted companions 

6075
05:42:48,200 --> 05:42:51,200
within reach the night. 
Feels protective rather than 

6076
05:42:51,200 --> 05:42:54,500
threatening Your cave has become
home in the most fundamental 

6077
05:42:54,500 --> 05:42:57,100
sense. 
A place where you belong, where 

6078
05:42:57,100 --> 05:43:00,300
you're safe, where you can rest 
without constant vigilance 

6079
05:43:00,300 --> 05:43:02,600
sleep. 
Approaches with the gentle 

6080
05:43:02,600 --> 05:43:06,400
inevitability of Tides or 
Seasons natural processes that 

6081
05:43:06,400 --> 05:43:08,400
don't require your participation
or permission. 

6082
05:43:08,400 --> 05:43:12,700
Your breathing deepens matching 
the slow rhythm of complete 

6083
05:43:12,700 --> 05:43:15,700
relaxation. 
The days minor aches and 

6084
05:43:15,700 --> 05:43:19,000
tensions dissolve into the kind 
of profound rest that comes from

6085
05:43:19,000 --> 05:43:23,300
physical work, fresh air and the
satisfaction of having lived 

6086
05:43:23,300 --> 05:43:27,900
fully within your circumstances.
Dreams, when they come filled 

6087
05:43:27,900 --> 05:43:30,000
with the textures and colors of 
your waking world. 

6088
05:43:30,900 --> 05:43:33,600
The sound of running water over 
smooth Stones, sunlight 

6089
05:43:33,600 --> 05:43:36,400
filtering through leaves, and 
the satisfying weight of 

6090
05:43:36,408 --> 05:43:39,500
well-made tools in your hands 
all contribute to these dreams. 

6091
05:43:40,700 --> 05:43:42,900
These aren't the anxious 
disconnected fragments that 

6092
05:43:42,900 --> 05:43:44,900
trouble more complex Minds 
there. 

6093
05:43:44,900 --> 05:43:47,400
The peaceful processing of a 
life lived in harmony with 

6094
05:43:47,400 --> 05:43:51,300
immediate tangible realities. 
The fire settles deeper into 

6095
05:43:51,300 --> 05:43:55,000
coals radiating steady warmth 
that makes the caves are 

6096
05:43:55,000 --> 05:43:56,100
comfortable throughout the 
night. 

6097
05:43:57,100 --> 05:44:00,400
The bank heat will last until 
morning, ready to kill into 

6098
05:44:00,400 --> 05:44:03,100
flame, when the new day begins 
its cycle of challenges and 

6099
05:44:03,100 --> 05:44:05,400
opportunities. 
Tomorrow will bring its own, 

6100
05:44:05,400 --> 05:44:09,200
whether its own possibilities 
for success and failure, and its

6101
05:44:09,200 --> 05:44:11,400
own moments of satisfaction and 
frustration. 

6102
05:44:12,100 --> 05:44:16,000
But tonight offers the perfect 
rest that prepares mind and body

6103
05:44:16,000 --> 05:44:19,100
for whatever comes next. 
Your breathing slows to match 

6104
05:44:19,100 --> 05:44:22,600
the rhythm of deep sleep and the
last conscious thought is 

6105
05:44:22,600 --> 05:44:25,100
gratitude for the simple 
completeness of a day. 

6106
05:44:25,100 --> 05:44:27,700
Well, lived in Humanity's most 
essential mode. 

6107
05:44:28,600 --> 05:44:32,200
The night Embraces you with the 
vast Stillness of a world where 

6108
05:44:32,200 --> 05:44:35,500
artificial light hasn't yet. 
Pushed back the darkness, where 

6109
05:44:35,500 --> 05:44:38,800
silence isn't broken by 
mechanical, sounds where rest 

6110
05:44:38,800 --> 05:44:42,100
comes naturally, when the sunset
and work resumes when it rises, 

6111
05:44:43,200 --> 05:44:48,200
This is sleep as it was designed
to be profound restorative and 

6112
05:44:48,200 --> 05:44:50,100
perfectly aligned with the 
natural world. 

6113
05:44:50,100 --> 05:44:53,300
That remains your home your 
challenge and your endless 

6114
05:44:53,300 --> 05:44:57,300
source of both struggle and 
wonder In the depths of night, 

6115
05:44:57,300 --> 05:45:00,800
your cave becomes a pocket of 
human warmth in the vast, 

6116
05:45:00,800 --> 05:45:04,200
coolness of the world. 
The banked fire glows like a 

6117
05:45:04,208 --> 05:45:07,400
gentle heartbeat steady and 
reassuring. 

6118
05:45:08,700 --> 05:45:11,600
Your breathing synchronizes with
the ancient rhythms that have 

6119
05:45:11,600 --> 05:45:13,700
guided human rest for countless 
Generations. 

6120
05:45:14,800 --> 05:45:18,900
Slow deep peaceful. 
Breaths that carry away the days

6121
05:45:18,900 --> 05:45:21,700
tension and prepare your body 
for tomorrow's Adventures. 

6122
05:45:22,600 --> 05:45:25,200
The first beneath you hold the 
days, accumulated warmth, 

6123
05:45:25,200 --> 05:45:28,600
creating a cocoon of comfort 
that makes the stone floor. 

6124
05:45:28,600 --> 05:45:31,100
Feel almost luxurious your 
muscles. 

6125
05:45:31,100 --> 05:45:34,700
Relax, completely releasing the 
subtle tension that come from 

6126
05:45:34,700 --> 05:45:38,200
constant awareness, constant 
Readiness and constant 

6127
05:45:38,200 --> 05:45:40,600
engagement with the world that 
demands your full attention 

6128
05:45:40,600 --> 05:45:44,200
during waking hours. 
Sleep when it finally claims, 

6129
05:45:44,200 --> 05:45:47,800
you completely is the kind of 
rest that modern humans rarely 

6130
05:45:47,800 --> 05:45:52,000
experienced uninterrupted by 
artificial lights, electronic 

6131
05:45:52,000 --> 05:45:55,700
sounds or the mental chatter of 
complex schedules and Abstract 

6132
05:45:55,700 --> 05:45:58,900
worries, its sleep. 
That serves its fundamental 

6133
05:45:58,900 --> 05:46:03,500
purpose, Complete restoration of
body and mind preparing you for 

6134
05:46:03,500 --> 05:46:06,100
another day of the most 
essential human activities, 

6135
05:46:06,100 --> 05:46:10,000
finding food, creating shelter, 
making tools. 

6136
05:46:10,000 --> 05:46:12,300
And maintaining the 
relationships that make 

6137
05:46:12,300 --> 05:46:15,300
survival, not just possible, but
meaningful. 

6138
05:46:16,900 --> 05:46:19,900
The night passes peacefully 
around your small community. 

6139
05:46:19,900 --> 05:46:23,300
Each of you settled into the 
kind of deep rest that comes 

6140
05:46:23,300 --> 05:46:26,500
from Days, filled with 
purposeful activity, an evening 

6141
05:46:26,500 --> 05:46:28,400
spent in productive 
companionship. 

6142
05:46:29,100 --> 05:46:32,200
Outside the natural world 
persists in its nocturnal 

6143
05:46:32,200 --> 05:46:34,600
activities while within your 
cave. 

6144
05:46:34,600 --> 05:46:38,600
Three human Slumber peacefully 
rooted in the ancient rhythms of

6145
05:46:38,600 --> 05:46:43,100
Earth and Sky seasons, and 
weather, work, and rest. 

6146
05:46:44,100 --> 05:46:47,100
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges, new discoveries, and

6147
05:46:47,100 --> 05:46:49,900
new opportunities to exercise. 
The skills and knowledge that 

6148
05:46:49,900 --> 05:46:53,400
keep you thriving in Humanity's 
most fundamental environment. 

6149
05:46:54,600 --> 05:46:58,300
but tonight offers the perfect 
gift of complete rest, deep 

6150
05:46:58,300 --> 05:47:01,900
sleep and the profound peace 
that comes from a life lived in 

6151
05:47:01,900 --> 05:47:06,000
harmony with the natural world 
that remains now and always your

6152
05:47:06,000 --> 05:47:06,700
truest home