What Life Was Really Like in a 17th-Century Port Town | Boring History for Sleep

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Tonight my potatoes, we arrive 
at a 17th century Port Town. 

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A place that woke Before Sunrise
and rarely fell completely 

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silent here. 
Daily life moved to the rhythm 

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of tides and bells shaped by 
Merchants Sailors. 

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Smells of salt and tar and 
routines repeated. 

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So often, they barely needed 
words. 

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If you enjoy these quiet 
Journeys through history, you 

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can like the video, subscribe, 
and let me know where you're 

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listening from. 
And what time it is. 

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Now dim the lights, let a fan or
soft background noise. 

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Fill the room and allow the 
night to settle in. 

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He awake Before, Dawn in your 
Timber framed house. 

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The kind with walls that lean 
slightly Inward and flaws the 

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creek with the memory of 100 
footsteps. 

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The room smells of salt and 
smoke that particular blend that

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never quite leaves, Coastal 
homes, no matter how, many times

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you scrub the floorboards 
through the gaps in the 

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shutters, you can hear the 
Harvest stirring, not with 

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sudden noise. 
But with the gradual 

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accumulation of sounds, that 
means the port is stretching 

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awake. 
The first thing, you notice even

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before you're fully conscious is
the quality of the air. 

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It's different here than it 
would be. 

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Inland heavier somehow carrying 
the weight of ocean moisture 

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mixed with the earthier sense of
fish and Tara and wet rope your 

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lungs, have grown, so accustomed
to this particular atmosphere 

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that you'd probably feel uneasy 
breathing anything else when 

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your cousin visited from the 
countryside. 

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Last Summer, She complained that
the air felt thick enough to 

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chew you hadn't known what she 
meant until you visited her farm

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and found yourself gasping at 
how thin and empty the Inland 

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air seemed you swing your legs 
out of bed, feet finding the 

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wooden floor. 
That was always slightly damp 

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this close to the water. 
The cold travels up through your

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souls a morning, greeting, 
you've learned to expect your 

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house, sits three streets back 
from the main Wharf. 

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Close enough that you can gauge 
the tide by sound alone. 

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Right now, it's coming in. 
You can tell, by the way, the 

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water slaps against the dock 
pilings, with a particular Halo 

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Rhythm, When the tide goes out, 
the sound changes entirely 

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becoming more of a sucking, 
whisper, as the sea Retreats 

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across the mud flats. 
The pre-dawn light filtering 

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through your shutters has that 
strange quality. 

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You've learned means fog, not 
the thick piece of supers that 

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sometimes role in during Autumn.
But the light morning Haze that 

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will burn off by mid-morning. 
Once the sun gains proper 

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strength, you've learned to read
whether the way, some people 

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read books interpreting signs, 
that would mean nothing to 

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someone who didn't live by the 
Seas, moods dressing in the 

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half-life you pull on the same 
layers you or yesterday the ones

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that smell least of fish and 
sweat. 

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Laundry happens when it happens.
Usually when your daughter 

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complains that your shirt could 
probably walk to the Washington 

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by itself. 
The fashion here runs toward 

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practical rather than decorative
Woolen British that can survive 

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salt spray. 
A linen shirt that has been 

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mended so many times. 
The original fabric is hard to 

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identify and a leather jerking 
that supposed to provide some 

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protection against the wind that
never quite stops. 

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Blowing by the time you make it 
down stairs, your wife has 

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already coaxed, the kitchen fire
back to life. 

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The Hearth dominates. 
The main room built large enough

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that you could roast a whole 
sheep. 

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If you were the sort of person 
who could afford whole sheep 

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more, typically at hosts a 
Perpetual pot of something. 

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Usually fish stew or oat 
porridge occasionally both. 

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If you've had a particularly 
good week the fires warmth 

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hasn't spread far yet and the 
corners of the room still hold 

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pockets of cold air that will 
linger until noon. 

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Your wife moves through her 
morning routine with the 

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efficiency of someone who's 
performed the same actions for 

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20 years, Read from yes. 
Today gets cut into thick, 

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slices butter. 
If there's any butter more 

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likely just the bread. 
May be softened in whatever's 

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warming in the pot. 
She doesn't say much this early.

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Neither of you do morning. 
Conversation is a luxury for 

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people who don't have to be at 
the Docks before. 

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The fishing boats return through
the open door, you can hear the 

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ports morning Symphony beginning
in Earnest now. 

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Someone's hammering, metal 
against metal, probably the 

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Smithy three streets, over 
getting an early, start on 

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whatever repairs accumulated 
yesterday. 

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A dog barks is told to shut up 
and Barks again in any way. 

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Footsteps on cobblestones dozens
of them all heading in the same,

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general direction toward the 
water, you eat your bread, 

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quickly washing it down with 
small beer, that tastes like 

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it's gone slightly off but 
probably hasn't everything 

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tastes like it's gone slightly 
off when you live this close to 

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fish markets, your youngest 
daughter appears already 

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dressed, looking more awake than
any child. 

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Should at this hour. 
She's reached that age where she

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wants to be involved in 
everything. 

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Ask questions about ship rigging
and cargo manifests. 

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And why exactly ships floating 
the first place you've tried 

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explaining about displacement 
and hulls and why Oak is better 

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than Pine. 
But your understanding of these 

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matters is more practical than 
theoretical ships float because 

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their belt, right? 
And they sink when they're not, 

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that's the extent of your Naval 
architecture. 

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Expertise, Outside. 
The sky is lightened enough that

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you can make out the masks in 
the harbor. 

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They rise like a forest of bare 
trees. 

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Swaying slightly, even though 
there's barely any wind yet. 

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Counting them as become a habit.
You do it without thinking the 

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same way. 
You might count your children 

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before bed, to make sure 
everyone's home. 23 ships are 

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currently at tangka, which means
businesses decent, but not 

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booming. 
During the height of Summer, 

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you've seen 40 or more crowding,
the harbor, their Crews 

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competing for dock space and 
unloading priority. 

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The walk to the Waterfront takes
you through streets that grow 

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narrower. 
The closer you get to the docks.

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Houses, lean toward each other, 
overhead upper storeys jutting 

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out far. 
Enough that neighbors could 

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Shake Hands Across The Gap. 
If they wanted to the streets, 

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themselves are less streets and 
more suggestions cobblestones 

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laid down. 
Whenever someone got around to 

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it, filling in the gaps between 
buildings that were constructed.

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According to no particular plan,
you navigate more by muscle 

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memory than sight knowing which 
Corners to cut and which puddles

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never drain even in drought. 
Other workers appear from 

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doorways and alleys joining the 
general flow toward the harbor. 

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You recognize most of them by 
silhouette alone. 

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There's Willem who works the 
crane that hoist cargo from ship

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to shore. 
Margaret, who sells bread to 

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Sailors? 
Fresh Off. 

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Long voyages, young Thomas, 
whose Apprentice to a rope maker

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and always smells like hemp. 
Nobody talks much, it's too 

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early for conversation and 
besides you'll have 12 hours 

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together at the Docks to say, 
whatever needs to saying the 

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harbor itself opens up Suddenly,
the cramped streets giving way 

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to a wide expanse of walls and 
warehouse's and water. 

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The fog, sits heavier here, 
softening the edges of 

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everything so that distance 
ships look like ghosts vessels 

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from some Legend. 
The water surface is glass 

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smooth in the protected Harbor 
broken. 

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Only by the occasional ripple 
from a fish or the wake of an 

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early rowing boat, you can smell
breakfast. 

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Cooking on several of the 
anchored ships, bacon and 

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onions. 
If your nose isn't lying 

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Sailors, who've been at sea for 
weeks often cook elaborate meals

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their first morning in Port 
celebrating, the availability of

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fresh food. 
That doesn't need to be pickled 

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or salted or dried until it's 
practically inedible. 

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The smell makes your stomach. 
Remind you. 

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That bread alone does not 
constitute a proper breakfast 

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that there's no help for it. 
Now, the wharf Master is already

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at his post which surprises 
nobody because the wharf Master 

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is always at his post. 
You've sometimes wondered if he 

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actually sleeps there, curled up
in the small office that juts 

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out over the water like a wooden
growth. 

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He nods as you pass checking 
your face against some internal 

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roster. 
He maintains, he knows everyone 

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who works. 
The docks knows who's reliable, 

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and who needs watching? 
Who can be trusted with delicate

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cargo and who should only handle
sacks of grain? 

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That can survive a drop or two 
your job. 

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Today. 
Assuming the ship's cooperate 

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will involve unloading what ever
cargo needs unloading and 

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loading whatever cargo needs 
loading. 

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It's not complicated work but 
it's particular every type of 

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goods requires its own handling.
You don't stack barrels of wine.

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The same way, you stack crates 
of pottery and you definitely 

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don't approach bales of wool the
same way you'd approach. 

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Casks of gunpowder you've 
learned these distinctions the 

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way you learn to walk through a 
combination of instruction 

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observation and occasional 
painful mistakes. 

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The first ship scheduled to 
unload this morning sits low in 

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the water, which means she's 
carrying something heavy lead 

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may be or iron bars or possibly 
just a massive quantity of salt.

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You'll find out soon enough. 
The crew is already moving 

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around on Deck preparing lines 
and checking the rigging. 

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Sailors, move with a particular 
Grace that land dwellers never 

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quite achieve balancing on 
surfaces. 

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That shift and tilt, making it 
look effortless, the sun breaks 

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through the fog, just enough to 
turn the harbor into something, 

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almost beautiful light, reflects
off the water, and shifting 

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patterns and for a moment you 
can see why painters sometimes 

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set up easels along the 
Waterfront, trying to capture 

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this particular quality of 
morning on canvas, then someone 

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drops a barrel behind you. 
The crash destroying any poetic 

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Ambience and the workday 
properly begins. 

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Your house like every house 
within shouting distance of the 

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harbor Bears, the marks of its 
proximity to saltwater. 

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The wooden shutters have that 
bleached weathered look that 

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comes from constant exposure to 
Sea Air. 

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The nails holding them in place,
show Orange traces of rust, no 

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matter how often they replaced. 
Even the stones in the 

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foundation of taking, on a 
darkened damp appearance that 

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never quite dries out, as if 
they've absorbed so much 

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moisture over the years that 
they've given up trying to be 

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properly dry inside. 
The battle against dampness is 

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constant and never truly one, 
your wife maintains a vigil that

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would put Castle guards to 
shame, checking corners for mold

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airing out bedding, whenever the
weather permits and burning 

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herbs, that supposedly help. 
Prevent rot. 

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Smell of lavender and rosemary 
is nearly as constant as the 

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smell of salt, and while it 
doesn't actually stop. 

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The dampness. 
At least make the dampness smell

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better. 
The house itself is three 

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stories of Timber and plaster, 
the calling the third story a 

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proper floor is generous It's 
more of a large attic where your

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older children sleep and where 
you store things that need to be

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kept dry, which is ironic 
because the roof leaks in at 

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least four places that you know,
about and probably several more 

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that you haven't discovered yet.
Every Heavy Rain becomes an 

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exercise in strategic bucket 
placement, the main living area,

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occupies the ground floor 
centered around that massive 

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hearth. 
The room serves as kitchen, 

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dining room, workshop, and 
general Gathering space all at. 

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Once your wife, Spinning Wheel 
sits in the corner near the 

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window, where the light is best.
Your daughter's slate for 

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practicing letters rests on the 
table. 

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Surrounded by the crumbs of 
countless meals. 

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A cabinet that belonged to your 
wife's grandmother stands 

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against one wall its shelves. 
Displaying the few pieces of 

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pottery, nice enough to be shown
off rather than used. 

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The floor is packed Earth. 
In most rooms covered with 

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rushes, that need replacing more
often than you'd like only the 

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main room has actual wooden 
floorboards. 

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And those are so worn in the 
traffic patterns that you can 

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see the grains standing up in 
ridges, you've thought about 

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sanding them smoother again but 
that feels like the kind of 

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project that gets perpetually 
postponed in favor of more 

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urgent repairs, the walls are 
supposed to be whitewashed and 

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they are in theory in practice. 
There are Patchwork of different

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shades where you've prepared 
sections or covered stains or 

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just give up and let the 
original plaster show through 

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00:11:55,700 --> 00:11:59,300
your wife as hung bundles of 
dried herbs from the ceiling. 

230
00:11:59,300 --> 00:12:02,800
Beams partly for cooking. 
And partly, because she insists,

231
00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:06,200
they help with the smell. 
Whether they actually help or 

232
00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:08,500
just contribute, different 
smells to the existing 

233
00:12:08,500 --> 00:12:11,800
collection is debatable. 
Furniture is sparse, and 

234
00:12:11,808 --> 00:12:15,400
practical, the table is Oak. 
Heavy enough that moving. 

235
00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:19,400
It requires two strong people 
and a sense of purpose, the 

236
00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:22,800
chairs don't match 3 came from 
different neighbors. 

237
00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:26,000
Over the years, one new, build 
yourself during a winter when 

238
00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:29,600
there wasn't enough dock work 
and the smallest one was a gift 

239
00:12:29,600 --> 00:12:32,300
from your brother-in-law who 
felt guilty about something 

240
00:12:32,300 --> 00:12:35,500
you've since forgotten. 
None of them are particularly 

241
00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:39,100
comfortable, but Comfort isn't 
really the point of chairs in a 

242
00:12:39,108 --> 00:12:43,200
working household. 
The second floor holds the 

243
00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,300
sleeping quarters divided by 
thin walls. 

244
00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:49,000
That don't reach all the way to 
the ceiling privacy. 

245
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:52,600
Is More Concept than reality. 
You can hear your neighbor's 

246
00:12:52,600 --> 00:12:55,400
arguments through the shared 
wall, and they can undoubtedly 

247
00:12:55,400 --> 00:12:57,900
hear yours. 
You've learned to recognize 

248
00:12:57,900 --> 00:13:01,600
their footsteps and know their 
routines almost as well as your 

249
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:04,200
own when their baby was sick 
lost month. 

250
00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:08,100
Everyone within three houses, 
lost sleep together, your 

251
00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:12,500
bedroom contains a bed, a chest 
for storing clothes and a small 

252
00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:15,200
table that holds a candle and 
whatever book. 

253
00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:17,200
You're currently failing, to 
make time to read. 

254
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,300
Bed itself is a construction of 
rope and a straw mattress that 

255
00:13:21,300 --> 00:13:24,900
needs retightening regularly. 
When the ropes stretch the 

256
00:13:24,900 --> 00:13:27,700
mattress sags into a shape that 
guarantees a backache. 

257
00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:30,800
Your wife has mastered the art 
of the Rope bed adjustment, 

258
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:33,400
though. 
She claims you deliberately let 

259
00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:35,200
go too long before mentioning 
the problem. 

260
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:39,000
Children share a room that's 
theoretically large enough for 

261
00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:41,400
all of them but practically 
feels like a game of human 

262
00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:45,000
Tetris. 
Two beds arranged in an L shape.

263
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,500
Somehow accommodate four 
children through a combination 

264
00:13:47,500 --> 00:13:50,600
of careful scheduling and the 
youngest ones, being small 

265
00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:52,700
enough to double up your oldest 
son. 

266
00:13:52,700 --> 00:13:56,300
Whose nearly grown the started 
making noises about needing his 

267
00:13:56,300 --> 00:13:58,800
own space. 
You've started making noises 

268
00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:01,400
back about him, being nearly 
grown enough to find his own 

269
00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:04,700
logging. 
Water is a constant concern. 

270
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:07,800
You have a well in the tiny 
Courtyard behind the house, 

271
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:11,900
shared with two other families. 
The water tastes metallic and 

272
00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:15,700
slightly off, but at least it's 
reliably wet for washing. 

273
00:14:15,700 --> 00:14:17,900
You collect rainwater in 
barrels. 

274
00:14:17,900 --> 00:14:21,000
When you can, though the same 
range that fills, your barrels 

275
00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:22,800
also Finds Its way through your 
roof. 

276
00:14:22,800 --> 00:14:25,700
There's probably a metaphor in 
there somewhere about the 

277
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:28,600
double-edged nature of 
blessings, but you're too tired 

278
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:31,600
to work it out. 
The courtyard serves as an 

279
00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:35,800
outdoor workspace, a storage 
area and the place where things 

280
00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:39,600
go to be forgotten old barrels, 
that might be useful someday 

281
00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:42,900
lean against the wall lengths of
rope, to short, for dock work 

282
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:46,100
but too long to throw away. 
Hang from pegs, your wife's 

283
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,600
washing line, stretches across 
the space currently empty but 

284
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:51,500
destined to be full of laundry 
by afternoon. 

285
00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:55,000
If the weather holds the privy 
occupies one corner of the 

286
00:14:55,008 --> 00:14:58,900
courtyard, a wooden structure, 
that's exactly as pleasant as 

287
00:14:58,900 --> 00:15:01,900
you'd expect for something 
that's essentially a shed with a

288
00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:04,300
hole in it. 
It's positioned, downwind from 

289
00:15:04,300 --> 00:15:07,100
the house which helps in theory,
but matters less. 

290
00:15:07,100 --> 00:15:10,000
When you consider that the wind 
here, changes Direction about 

291
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:13,300
six times, a day, your children 
have developed, impressive, 

292
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:16,700
bladder control, as a result of 
wanting to avoid nighttime trips

293
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:19,100
to the out house. 
The neighbors, on your left 

294
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:20,900
side, are a family of rope 
makers. 

295
00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:24,100
You can hear the rhythmic 
whacking of their work, through 

296
00:15:24,100 --> 00:15:27,300
the shared wall, a sound that's 
become so familiar. 

297
00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:30,800
You barely notice it anymore. 
The Neighbors on your right or a

298
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:32,800
widow and her adult daughter who
taken sewing. 

299
00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:36,600
The daughter has a voice that 
carries particularly when she is

300
00:15:36,608 --> 00:15:40,400
arguing with suitors which is 
often you know more about her 

301
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:44,400
romantic life than you've ever 
wanted to know your street like 

302
00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:47,000
most streets in this part of 
town lacks and official name. 

303
00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:50,700
People call it the street where 
the sail-maker used to live. 

304
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:54,700
even though the sail-maker moved
away, seven years ago, and was 

305
00:15:54,700 --> 00:15:58,800
replaced by a man who repairs 
Nets This seems to bother the 

306
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:01,700
net repairman but not enough for
him to do anything about it. 

307
00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:04,800
Trying to change, what people 
call a street is like trying to 

308
00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:08,500
change the tide schedule, 
theoretically possible but 

309
00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:11,700
practically pointless. 
The house is crowd together with

310
00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:14,200
barely enough space between them
for a skinny cat to pass 

311
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:16,700
through. 
This isn't by Design, but rather

312
00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:19,800
by the organic growth of a port 
town, where every square foot of

313
00:16:19,808 --> 00:16:23,300
land near, the docks is valuable
buildings, grew up wherever they

314
00:16:23,300 --> 00:16:25,700
were space. 
Sometimes sharing walls 

315
00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:28,300
Sometimes using a neighbor's 
wall as one of your own, 

316
00:16:28,300 --> 00:16:32,100
creating an architectural, 
Patchwork that follows no plan 

317
00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:35,900
except the plan of putting a 
roof over your head as close to 

318
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:39,500
work as possible. 
Windows are small and few 

319
00:16:39,500 --> 00:16:43,300
glasses expensive and shutters 
serve just fine for most 

320
00:16:43,300 --> 00:16:46,200
purposes. 
Your house has actual glass in 

321
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:49,500
two windows, both on the street 
side, where visitors might see 

322
00:16:49,500 --> 00:16:51,800
them. 
The glass is thick and wavy 

323
00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:54,800
making everything outside looks 
slightly distorted. 

324
00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:59,500
Lets in the light while keeping 
out wind that counts as luxury 

325
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:01,900
here. 
The door to the street is Oak, 

326
00:17:01,900 --> 00:17:06,099
reinforced with iron bands and 
heavy enough that your youngest 

327
00:17:06,099 --> 00:17:07,800
daughter can't open it without 
help. 

328
00:17:08,500 --> 00:17:11,700
It's barred at night with a 
beam, as thick as your forearm, 

329
00:17:11,700 --> 00:17:14,900
the harbor attracts, all sorts. 
And while your neighborhood 

330
00:17:14,900 --> 00:17:17,400
isn't particularly dangerous, 
it's not particularly safe 

331
00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:19,500
either. 
Things disappear from 

332
00:17:19,500 --> 00:17:22,599
Courtyards, drunk Sailors, 
looking for lodging. 

333
00:17:22,599 --> 00:17:26,000
Sometimes try doors to see if 
they're open better to Bar the 

334
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:28,400
door and sleep soundly than 
trust in the kindness of 

335
00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:31,000
strangers. 
Even in your home means 

336
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:34,400
Candlelight and Fire Light, and 
trying to accomplish whatever 

337
00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:37,200
needs accomplishing before, 
Darkness makes it impossible. 

338
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:41,600
Your wife, so by the fire 
squinting at her work, your 

339
00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:44,300
children do their chores with 
varying degrees of enthusiasm 

340
00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:46,900
and success. 
You might repair some piece of 

341
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:50,900
equipment that broke during the 
day or sharpen tools, or just 

342
00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:53,900
sit and feel your back complain 
about the 12 hours of lifting, 

343
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:57,100
you put it through the house. 
Settles as it cools making 

344
00:17:57,100 --> 00:17:59,800
creaking and popping sounds that
you've learned to distinguish 

345
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:02,600
from the sound of actual 
problems. 

346
00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:05,800
There's the post that always 
grows when the temperature 

347
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:09,500
drops, the board near the window
that clicks when stepped on just

348
00:18:09,500 --> 00:18:13,000
write the raft of the scrapes 
against its neighbor when the 

349
00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:16,600
wind comes from the East. 
These are the nighttime sounds 

350
00:18:16,600 --> 00:18:19,300
of your home as familiar as your
own breathing. 

351
00:18:19,300 --> 00:18:23,400
When you finally head upstairs 
to sleep, the days work sits in 

352
00:18:23,408 --> 00:18:26,800
your muscles, like stones, the 
bed sag becomes almost 

353
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:29,100
comfortable. 
When you're this tired through 

354
00:18:29,100 --> 00:18:31,500
the walls, you can hear your 
neighbors settling in as well. 

355
00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:35,200
Footsteps, overhead voice is 
through the plaster and the 

356
00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:37,300
general Symphony of people 
ending their days. 

357
00:18:38,500 --> 00:18:42,600
Outside the Harbour continues, 
its work, the tides don't care, 

358
00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:46,100
whether you're awake or asleep, 
ships arrive, and depart by 

359
00:18:46,100 --> 00:18:50,300
their own schedules, the sea 
keeps its own hours and everyone

360
00:18:50,300 --> 00:18:52,600
who lives nearer to just their 
lives accordingly. 

361
00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:56,100
The morning Market sets up while
you're still hauling cargo at 

362
00:18:56,108 --> 00:18:59,400
the Docks, but you can track its
progress by sound. 

363
00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:03,000
First, comes the rumble of 
cartwheels on cobblestones, 

364
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,300
dozens of them converging on the
Market Square from different 

365
00:19:06,300 --> 00:19:09,600
directions. 
Then the shouts, begin vendors, 

366
00:19:09,600 --> 00:19:12,200
claiming their spots arguing 
over, who was their first 

367
00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:15,700
negotiating, the invisible 
boundaries that separate one 

368
00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:18,700
stalled from another. 
By the time, the sun is properly

369
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:20,400
up. 
The market is in full voice. 

370
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:23,800
A coffin that can be heard three
streets away. 

371
00:19:24,900 --> 00:19:27,600
You finish your dock work 
around, mid-morning your back 

372
00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:30,100
providing detailed complaints 
about every barrel. 

373
00:19:30,100 --> 00:19:33,900
You've lifted the wharfmaster 
Italians on a board that is more

374
00:19:33,900 --> 00:19:35,600
scratches and marks the wood at 
this point. 

375
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:39,700
Payment happens on Saturday, 
assuming the merchants actually,

376
00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:42,200
pay the wharf. 
Master, who pays the dock, 

377
00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:45,500
Foreman, who pays you. 
It's a system that works until 

378
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:47,200
it doesn't. 
And you've learned to keep 

379
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:49,700
mental track of what your own 
versus what you've actually 

380
00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:52,800
received. 
The walk from Dr. Market takes 

381
00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:55,700
you through the commercial heart
of the port town here, the 

382
00:19:55,700 --> 00:19:59,200
buildings are slightly taller, 
slightly better maintained, and 

383
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:02,800
bearing signs that advertise 
their Wares, A Ship Chandler, 

384
00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:06,700
occupies a corner, building his 
windows, full of rope and canvas

385
00:20:06,700 --> 00:20:08,300
and mysterious brass 
instruments. 

386
00:20:08,300 --> 00:20:12,800
That supposedly help with 
navigation next to him, a Tavern

387
00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:17,000
is already doing steady business
despite the hour Sailors operate

388
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:19,700
on their own schedules. 
And when you've just spent six 

389
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:23,600
weeks, at Sea, 10 in the morning
feels perfectly reasonable for a

390
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:27,100
drink, a man selling broadsheet 
stands near the market entrance.

391
00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:29,700
Shouting. 
Headlines about wars and kings, 

392
00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:31,900
and events that may or may not 
be true. 

393
00:20:31,900 --> 00:20:35,000
You've learned to be skeptical 
of news that comes printed on 

394
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:37,300
cheap paper but people buy the 
sheets. 

395
00:20:37,300 --> 00:20:41,300
Anyway, hungry for information 
about The Wider world, the 

396
00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:43,900
printer makes most of his money 
from the advertisements on the 

397
00:20:43,908 --> 00:20:48,900
back page, notices about ships, 
departing cargo for sale and 

398
00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:52,700
rewards for runaway apprentices.
The Market Square isn't actually

399
00:20:52,700 --> 00:20:54,600
Square. 
It's more of an irregular 

400
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:57,600
polygon that exists in the space
between buildings that were put 

401
00:20:57,600 --> 00:20:59,800
up without much concerned for 
specific planning. 

402
00:20:59,800 --> 00:21:03,600
Someone try to organize it once.
Painting lines to Mark, Stahl 

403
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:07,200
locations, but the lines of long
since faded and been ignored. 

404
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:10,300
Anyway, stall placement is 
determined by tradition, 

405
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:14,500
seniority, and occasionally, by 
who's willing to show up early 

406
00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:18,400
as to claim the best spots. 
Sellers occupy, the section near

407
00:21:18,400 --> 00:21:21,500
the docks, which makes sense 
given their products freshness 

408
00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:24,000
requirements. 
They've arranged their Wares on 

409
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:28,200
tables covered with seaweed Fish
laid out in neat rows, that 

410
00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:30,500
disguise the fact that most of 
these fish were swimming 

411
00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,000
yesterday. 
The sellers keep up a constant 

412
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:36,500
patter praising their fishes. 
Firm flesh and Clear Eyes. 

413
00:21:36,500 --> 00:21:39,500
Claiming each catch is the 
finest of the morning. 

414
00:21:39,500 --> 00:21:42,100
You've learned to judge fish 
quality yourself. 

415
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:46,300
The eyes are indeed important. 
But so is the smell, the texture

416
00:21:46,300 --> 00:21:49,100
of the skin and whether the 
gills are still bright red. 

417
00:21:49,100 --> 00:21:53,300
A woman, you've known for years,
Margaret of the good fish spots,

418
00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:55,800
you and gestures toward a 
particularly nice looking Cod. 

419
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:57,800
You examine it with the 
seriousness. 

420
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:00,500
It deserves checking for the 
signs. 

421
00:22:00,500 --> 00:22:04,200
That separate merely acceptable,
fish from genuinely good fish. 

422
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:08,300
Flesh Springs. 
Back, when you press it, the 

423
00:22:08,300 --> 00:22:11,600
eyes have not clouded. 
Margaret watches this inspection

424
00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:13,400
with the patience of someone who
knows. 

425
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:16,900
Her product is solid. 
You negotiate a price that's 

426
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:20,200
probably fair to both of you. 
Are you both pretend to be 

427
00:22:20,208 --> 00:22:23,900
slightly dissatisfied? 
It's expected beyond the fish 

428
00:22:23,900 --> 00:22:28,200
sellers, the market spreads into
other Specialties vegetables 

429
00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:31,400
from local farms looking 
somewhat sad this late in Autumn

430
00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:34,200
but still edible bread from 
three different Bakers. 

431
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,900
Each claiming superiority over 
the others in ways that seem to 

432
00:22:37,900 --> 00:22:42,000
involve ancient grudges and 
complicated, family histories, a

433
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:45,700
woman sells eggs from a cart, 
the eggs, nested in straw, and 

434
00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:48,200
swears these are from her own 
chickens even though everyone 

435
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:50,400
knows she buys them from a 
farmer 10 miles. 

436
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:53,700
Inland and marks the map, The 
Butcher operates from a 

437
00:22:53,700 --> 00:22:56,200
permanent stall. 
That's more shop than stall with

438
00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:59,600
actual walls and a roof and a 
counter one Smooth by years of 

439
00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:03,400
transactions. 
He's got mutton today and pork 

440
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:06,300
and something he claims his 
beef, but might be old dairy, 

441
00:23:06,300 --> 00:23:08,400
cow. 
The price is a higher enough 

442
00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:11,100
that you mentally calculate, 
whether you can afford me this 

443
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:14,300
week or whether you're looking 
at another few days of fishing 

444
00:23:14,300 --> 00:23:17,800
bread, your wife has opinions 
about your fish and bread diet. 

445
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:21,400
specifically, that she is tired 
of cooking it and you're all 

446
00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:25,400
tired of eating it Cloth sellers
occupy a favored position near 

447
00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:28,800
the Market Center, their Wares, 
colorful enough to attract 

448
00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:31,200
attention. 
Most of what they're selling is 

449
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,500
wool practical, warm and 
waterproof when properly treated

450
00:23:35,300 --> 00:23:38,200
But there are also Linens for 
those who can afford them and 

451
00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:41,200
even a few pieces of silk for 
those who can afford them and 

452
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:44,200
want everyone to know it. 
You finger a piece of wool that 

453
00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:46,700
would make a good winter. 
Cloak calculate the cost against

454
00:23:46,700 --> 00:23:48,400
your recent earnings and move 
on. 

455
00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:51,400
Winter is coming, but it's not 
here yet. 

456
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,800
The general Goods Merchant has 
spread an impressive array of 

457
00:23:54,808 --> 00:23:58,600
items across two tables. 
Nails knives, cooking pots, 

458
00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:03,000
needles thread buttons, buckles 
and mysterious items whose 

459
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:06,500
purposes you can only guess at 
is prices are higher than they 

460
00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:09,400
should be, but he's the only 
source for many of these Goods. 

461
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:12,100
Unless you want to wait for a 
ship from London, to bring 

462
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:15,900
specialized items, he knows this
and prices accordingly. 

463
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:19,800
The cheese seller has actual 
cheese from actual dairy cows 

464
00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:22,000
aged in caves somewhere in 
London. 

465
00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:25,100
And the smell alone is enough to
make your mouth water. 

466
00:24:25,100 --> 00:24:28,000
You buy a small round of 
something hard and yellow. 

467
00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:30,400
That the seller promises will 
last through winter, without 

468
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:33,100
going bad weather. 
It will last through winter in 

469
00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:35,300
your house. 
As another question, your 

470
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:37,700
children have been known to chip
pieces off when they think, 

471
00:24:37,700 --> 00:24:41,200
nobody's watching spices 
occupier corner of the market 

472
00:24:41,200 --> 00:24:44,100
where a merchant who considers 
himself several steps of the 

473
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:47,100
common vendors are set up. 
Something approaching a proper 

474
00:24:47,100 --> 00:24:49,100
shot. 
He's got pepper which is 

475
00:24:49,100 --> 00:24:52,900
expensive but worth it cinnamon 
which is more expensive and 

476
00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:55,200
possibly worth it. 
If you're the sort of person who

477
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:59,000
put cinnamon in things Strange 
powders in jars labeled with 

478
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,300
names. 
You can't pronounce which he 

479
00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:03,100
swears. 
Will transform ordinary food 

480
00:25:03,100 --> 00:25:06,800
into extraordinary food your 
skeptical but your wife is 

481
00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:09,000
expressed interest in something 
called cardamom. 

482
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:12,200
So you inquire about prices and 
immediately regret it. 

483
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:15,100
A Potter sells bowls and cups 
and plates. 

484
00:25:15,100 --> 00:25:17,900
All of them, Brown, and 
practical and approximately the 

485
00:25:17,900 --> 00:25:20,700
same shape. 
He's been at this corner for 15 

486
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:23,700
years, and every house in the 
neighborhood contains at least 

487
00:25:23,700 --> 00:25:26,900
three of his bowls. 
Then they're not beautiful, but 

488
00:25:26,900 --> 00:25:30,000
they're cheap, and they don't 
break easily, which matters more

489
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:32,000
than Beauty. 
When you're serving stew to 

490
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:35,100
Hungry children, the market 
also, hosts less permanent 

491
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:38,100
vendors, people who show up 
sporadically with, whatever 

492
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:40,000
they've made or found or 
salvaged. 

493
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:43,400
Today, there's a man selling 
rope scraps, which you might 

494
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:47,200
have used for a woman with 
baskets woven from reads. 

495
00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:50,100
A boy who claims these shells. 
A special shells. 

496
00:25:50,100 --> 00:25:53,800
Lucky shells shells that will 
bring Fortune to whoever owns 

497
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:56,000
them. 
The shells look like regular 

498
00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:57,900
shells to you but people are 
buying them. 

499
00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:02,000
Anyway, arguments break out. 
Periodically accusations of 

500
00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:05,700
short, weights disputes over, 
whose customer was whose first 

501
00:26:05,700 --> 00:26:07,800
and complaints about someone's 
fish. 

502
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:11,000
Stinking up, someone else's 
bread, a Market, official 

503
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:13,800
wanders, through occasionally 
settling disputes with the 

504
00:26:13,808 --> 00:26:17,400
authority of someone who seen 
every possible Market argument 

505
00:26:17,400 --> 00:26:19,600
and is unimpressed, by all of 
them. 

506
00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:23,400
He carries a set of standard 
weights to verify scales and 

507
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:25,400
vendors. 
Suddenly become very interested 

508
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:26,800
in checking their own 
measurements. 

509
00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:29,200
When they see him coming 
children weave through the 

510
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,400
crowd, some running errands for 
their parents, some just running

511
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:36,200
because Market Days exciting. 
They cluster around a man doing 

512
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:38,800
magic tricks. 
At least, he calls the magic 

513
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:40,600
tricks though, your fairly 
certain. 

514
00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:43,400
That coin didn't actually 
disappear so much as end up in 

515
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:45,800
his other hand. 
The children don't care. 

516
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:49,100
They gasped and applaud and beg 
him to do it again. 

517
00:26:49,900 --> 00:26:53,000
Your wife appears from somewhere
basket already half full of 

518
00:26:53,008 --> 00:26:54,600
purchases. 
You'll need to account for 

519
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:56,900
later. 
She's got bread and vegetables 

520
00:26:56,900 --> 00:26:59,200
and something wrapped in cloth 
that she won't show you. 

521
00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:01,700
Which means it's either a 
surprise or something. 

522
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:05,300
She thinks you'll object 
spending money on Possibly both,

523
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:10,000
she examines your fish purchase,
nods approval, and adds it to a 

524
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:12,700
basket. 
The market will continue until 

525
00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:16,400
early afternoon then gradually 
dispersed as vendors pack up 

526
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:19,100
their remaining Goods. 
Some items will be cheaper in 

527
00:27:19,100 --> 00:27:22,000
the final our bread that won't 
be fresh tomorrow, fish that 

528
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:24,900
definitely won't be fresh 
tomorrow and vegetables that are

529
00:27:24,900 --> 00:27:28,000
already borderline smart 
Shoppers with flexible 

530
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,800
schedules. 
Wait until the end gambling that

531
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:32,900
they'll get Bargains without 
missing out on everything. 

532
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:36,400
Good. 
You've tried this strategy, the 

533
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:39,300
results have been mixed. 
The Tavern called the mermaids, 

534
00:27:39,300 --> 00:27:42,200
rest occupies, a building that 
looks like it might collapse. 

535
00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:46,700
If everyone inside leaned left 
at the same time, the floors 

536
00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:50,400
Tilt at angles that seem to defy
basic principles of construction

537
00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:53,300
and the whole structure of its 
Creeks that sound like 

538
00:27:53,300 --> 00:27:56,300
complaints. 
Despite this or perhaps because 

539
00:27:56,300 --> 00:28:00,000
of it the mermaid's rest has 
been serving ale and gossip for 

540
00:28:00,008 --> 00:28:03,600
longer than anyone can remember.
And will probably continue doing

541
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:06,300
so long after more, sensible 
buildings are. 

542
00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:09,500
Fallen down, you push through 
the door around evening when the

543
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:12,600
days work is finally finished 
and your muscles have progressed

544
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:14,700
from complaining to outright 
Rebellion. 

545
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:18,800
The interior is dark. 
Despite several Windows partly 

546
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:21,600
because the windows are small 
and dirty partly, because the 

547
00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:23,700
ceiling is low and smoke 
stained. 

548
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:28,000
The room smells of Ale and sweat
and wood smoke with underlying 

549
00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:30,600
notes of spilled wine. 
And yes to dispute. 

550
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,000
It's not a pleasant smell. 
Exactly. 

551
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:36,300
But it's familiar. 
And after 12 hours of moving 

552
00:28:36,300 --> 00:28:39,700
cargo familiar counts for a lot.
The Tavern keeper. 

553
00:28:39,700 --> 00:28:42,700
A woman named Beatrice whose 
like a barrel and has a 

554
00:28:42,700 --> 00:28:46,200
personality to match nods. 
Toward your usual Corner. 

555
00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:49,700
The table there is slightly more
level than the others, which is 

556
00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:52,500
why it's popular and why you 
have to arrive early to claim 

557
00:28:52,500 --> 00:28:54,400
it. 
You settle onto a bench. 

558
00:28:54,700 --> 00:28:57,000
That has been worn Smooth by 
countless other Dock Workers, 

559
00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:59,400
settling onto it at the end of 
countless other days. 

560
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:03,100
Beatrice brings ale without 
asking what you want, because 

561
00:29:03,100 --> 00:29:06,600
what you want is always ale and 
specifically the cheap pale 

562
00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:08,600
rather than the slightly less 
cheap ale. 

563
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:12,800
The cup is wooden the rim 
darkened, by years of lips and 

564
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:15,900
the alien side is brown and 
cloudy and tastes like bread, 

565
00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:19,100
that started to go bad, which is
basically what it is. 

566
00:29:19,100 --> 00:29:23,000
You drink it anyway. 
After the day you've had, it 

567
00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:25,400
tastes like Victory. 
Other workers, filtering 

568
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,100
gradually. 
Each claiming their customary 

569
00:29:28,100 --> 00:29:29,800
spots through a combination of 
habit. 

570
00:29:29,800 --> 00:29:32,400
An unspoken territorial 
agreements. 

571
00:29:33,300 --> 00:29:36,800
Villa arrives still smelling of 
the tar, he works with on the 

572
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:39,100
docks. 
Margaret's husband comes in 

573
00:29:39,100 --> 00:29:42,500
probably sent by Margaret to 
limit how long he stays and how 

574
00:29:42,500 --> 00:29:45,800
much he drinks young Thomas 
appears with his master, the 

575
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:48,800
Rope maker who immediately 
launches into a technical 

576
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:52,500
discussion about rope tension 
that nobody else cares about but

577
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,500
everyone will pretend to listen 
to the conversation. 

578
00:29:55,500 --> 00:29:59,100
Starts slowly building, like a 
fire that needs time to catch. 

579
00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:02,300
Someone mentioned the ship that 
arrived this morning from 

580
00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:04,800
Amsterdam. 
Someone else knows someone who 

581
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:07,100
knows someone on that ship and 
heard they'd had trouble with 

582
00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:09,900
pirates near the channel. 
This leads to other Pirates 

583
00:30:09,900 --> 00:30:13,800
stories, each more dramatic than
the last until you're fairly 

584
00:30:13,808 --> 00:30:15,400
certain. 
No one involved in this 

585
00:30:15,400 --> 00:30:18,900
conversation has ever actually 
seen a pirate but everyone has 

586
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:21,300
strong opinions about them. 
A group of sailors. 

587
00:30:21,300 --> 00:30:24,600
Occupies the far Corner, their 
voice is loud with the 

588
00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:26,700
particular. 
Enthusiasm of men who have 

589
00:30:26,700 --> 00:30:29,900
recently been paid there from 
the merchant ship that unloaded 

590
00:30:29,900 --> 00:30:33,500
salt, this morning celebrating 
their wages before those wages 

591
00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:36,500
disappear into the pockets of 
landlords, and Tavern Keepers 

592
00:30:36,500 --> 00:30:39,200
and the very first Merchants 
will be happy to sell them 

593
00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:41,200
things. 
They don't need one of them is 

594
00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:44,600
demonstrating some not that. 
He sware saved the ship during a

595
00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:46,900
storm though. 
His hands are on steady enough 

596
00:30:46,900 --> 00:30:49,300
that the demonstration isn't 
particularly convincing. 

597
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:53,700
The Tavern feels gradually as 
evening properly sets, in 

598
00:30:53,700 --> 00:30:57,800
workers from all over the port 
area congregate here, not just 

599
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:01,000
Dock Workers, but also the 
Coopers who make barrels. 

600
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:05,000
The sail makers, who repair 
canvas the Chandlers who Supply 

601
00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:09,500
ships, the Customs officers, who
extract taxes and the scribes 

602
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:13,200
who record transactions, 
everyone who makes their living 

603
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:15,600
from the Seas, Commerce of 
eventually ends up at the 

604
00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:19,600
mermaid's rest drawn by Cheap 
ale, and the comfort of 

605
00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:21,900
complaining to people who 
understand what you're 

606
00:31:21,900 --> 00:31:24,900
complaining about, Beatrice 
moves through the crowd. 

607
00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:28,100
With surprising Grace, for 
someone her size, delivering, 

608
00:31:28,100 --> 00:31:31,100
drinks, and food, and sharp 
comments in equal measure. 

609
00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:35,800
She runs this tavern with iron 
efficiency tolerating, No 

610
00:31:35,800 --> 00:31:37,600
Nonsense and suffering. 
No fools. 

611
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:39,800
When an argument breaks out near
the bar. 

612
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:43,000
Something about someone owing 
someone money, or maybe about 

613
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:44,600
someone looking at someone 
else's wife. 

614
00:31:44,600 --> 00:31:47,800
It's hard to tell. 
Beatrice simply appears between 

615
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:51,100
them arms crossed. 
And the argument dies, 

616
00:31:51,100 --> 00:31:53,900
instantly. 
Nobody argues, with Beatrice 

617
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:56,200
Beatrice, could probably stop a 
war. 

618
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:58,700
Through sheer force of 
disapproval the food. 

619
00:31:58,700 --> 00:32:02,900
When you order, it is basic, but
substantial, stew. 

620
00:32:02,900 --> 00:32:05,800
That's been simmering all day 
full of meat and vegetables and 

621
00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:07,900
things that might be the onions 
or potatoes. 

622
00:32:07,900 --> 00:32:10,100
Depending on what was available 
bread. 

623
00:32:10,100 --> 00:32:13,400
For soaking up the stew. 
Crossy on the outside and soft 

624
00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:15,400
inside. 
Still warm from whenever it was 

625
00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:18,600
baked baked The portions are 
generous because Beatrice 

626
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:21,700
understands that men who spend 
12 hours lifting heavy things 

627
00:32:21,700 --> 00:32:25,000
need fuel to recover music 
starts around the second. 

628
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:28,500
Our provided by an old sailor 
who is missing three fingers but

629
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:31,900
can still coax surprisingly. 
Good sounds from a small wooden 

630
00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:35,000
flute. 
He knows maybe six songs plays 

631
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:37,800
them in the same order every 
night and nobody complains 

632
00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,900
because these are good songs. 
The kind, everyone knows the 

633
00:32:40,900 --> 00:32:43,300
words to even if they can't 
remember where they learned 

634
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:45,500
them. 
Some songs are about the sea 

635
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:50,000
naturally, some are about women.
Inevitably, some are about 

636
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:53,600
drinking appropriately, One is 
about a rooster that challenge 

637
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:57,000
the king to a duel which doesn't
make much sense but has a catchy

638
00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,600
Melody. 
The atmosphere grows warmer and 

639
00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:03,500
loud as the evening progresses 
conversations overlap until 

640
00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:05,900
individual words become 
impossible to distinguish. 

641
00:33:05,900 --> 00:33:10,600
Creating a general Roar 
punctuated by occasional shouts 

642
00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:14,200
of laughter or argument the are 
ghosts thick with pipes smoke. 

643
00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:17,000
Everyone seems to be smoking 
cheap tobacco. 

644
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:21,300
That smells like burning rope. 
Your eyes water but opening a 

645
00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:24,600
window would let in cold air. 
So the smoke stays someone 

646
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:28,600
proposes a dice game which leads
to several dice games which 

647
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:31,700
leads to the inevitable 
accusations of loaded Dice and 

648
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:35,500
suspicious rolling techniques. 
Money Changes hands, on the 

649
00:33:35,500 --> 00:33:38,900
tumbling of small bone. 
Cubes fortunes rising and 

650
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:42,500
falling with each throw you 
watch rather than participate 

651
00:33:42,500 --> 00:33:44,600
Having learned that dice games 
at the mermaid's. 

652
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:47,700
Rest, tend to favor the house in
ways that aren't immediately 

653
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:50,700
obvious, but become clearer. 
When you calculate your losses 

654
00:33:50,700 --> 00:33:53,500
later. 
Stories circulate like currently

655
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:56,200
each person trying to top the 
previous tail. 

656
00:33:57,000 --> 00:33:59,100
A carpenter describes a house, 
he's building that. 

657
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:02,900
Supposedly the finest in the 
district with glass in every 

658
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:06,100
window and floorboards. 
So perfectly fitted, you could 

659
00:34:06,108 --> 00:34:08,500
roll a marble cross the with a 
crack. 

660
00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:11,100
A fisherman talks about the 
enormous Cod. 

661
00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:14,199
He almost caught describing it 
with hand gestures that 

662
00:34:14,199 --> 00:34:16,500
suggests, it was roughly the 
size of a rowboat. 

663
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:20,300
A Merchant's Clark, complains 
about his employers son, his 

664
00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:22,600
being trained to take over the 
business despite having 

665
00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:27,400
apparently the intelligence of a
wooden post, the tavaughn serves

666
00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:30,699
as an unofficial news Bureau. 
Here, you learn, which ships are

667
00:34:30,708 --> 00:34:34,100
hiring, which Merchants are 
paying Fair wages, which 

668
00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:38,100
captains a cruel and which are 
merely demanding, Hear about the

669
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:40,900
storm that damaged three ships 
last week off the coast of 

670
00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:43,300
France. 
Someone's cousin knows. 

671
00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:45,300
Someone who knows someone who 
heard that war might be coming 

672
00:34:45,300 --> 00:34:49,800
again though, with whom and 
about what remains unclear, a 

673
00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:52,199
new regulation, from London. 
Apparently requires different 

674
00:34:52,199 --> 00:34:55,500
paperwork for imported wine, 
which means more work for 

675
00:34:55,500 --> 00:34:58,600
Customs officers and more delays
for everyone else. 

676
00:34:58,600 --> 00:35:03,100
Young Thomas gets progressively 
drunker his face flushing read, 

677
00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:06,300
as he tries to keep Pace with 
older more experienced drinkers,

678
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:09,500
his master notices and cuts him 
off over. 

679
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:12,900
Thomas's loud, protests that he 
is perfectly fine, which he 

680
00:35:12,900 --> 00:35:16,100
demonstrates by attempting to 
stand in immediately sitting 

681
00:35:16,100 --> 00:35:19,200
back down hard. 
The master Hall to his feet and 

682
00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:22,300
guides him toward the door 
Thomas still insisting. 

683
00:35:22,300 --> 00:35:24,600
That one more drink would be 
reasonable and appropriate. 

684
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:28,800
As the night deepens, some 
people leave While others settle

685
00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:32,100
in for the duration, the serious
drinkers separate themselves 

686
00:35:32,100 --> 00:35:35,800
from the social drinkers, their 
focused narrowing to the cup in 

687
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:39,400
front of them and the regular 
rhythm of lifting it drinking 

688
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:43,400
putting it down and repeating 
Beatrice watches them with the 

689
00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:45,400
careful eye of someone, who 
knows, exactly. 

690
00:35:45,400 --> 00:35:48,400
When a customer is crossed from 
profitable to problematic. 

691
00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:51,600
The conversation at your table 
is cycled, through work 

692
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:55,200
complaints, to family update to 
vague plans, that will probably 

693
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:58,700
never materialized. 
Willem mentions, he's thinking 

694
00:35:58,700 --> 00:36:02,100
of looking for better work. 
Maybe Inland where the hours are

695
00:36:02,100 --> 00:36:05,100
more predictable, you've heard 
him say this before and you'll 

696
00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:08,000
probably hear him say it again 
in six months, but you nod 

697
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:11,700
sympathetically anyway, everyone
talks about getting out of Doc 

698
00:36:11,700 --> 00:36:15,600
work, nobody actually does it. 
When you finally push back from 

699
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:19,600
the table legs slightly 
unsteady, the world has taken on

700
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:23,400
that softened quality that comes
from several cups of Ale on an 

701
00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:25,600
empty stomach. 
The walk home requires 

702
00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:29,000
concentration, the Cobblestone 
seemed determined to trip you 

703
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:31,600
and the familiar streets looks 
slightly different in the 

704
00:36:31,600 --> 00:36:34,000
darkness. 
The harbor water reflects 

705
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,900
Moonlight turning the port into 
something almost Magic. 

706
00:36:37,700 --> 00:36:41,000
At least until you remember, 
it's the same dirty water that 

707
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:45,600
smells like fish and worse your 
house when you reach it is dark 

708
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:47,500
except for a single candle in 
the window. 

709
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:52,000
Your wife has left it burning as
a guide, a small gesture that 

710
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:55,200
fills you with more gratitude 
than several cups of Ale. 

711
00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:57,700
Probably warrant you fumble with
the door. 

712
00:36:57,700 --> 00:37:01,700
Latch trying to be quiet and 
failing completely and make your

713
00:37:01,700 --> 00:37:05,000
way to bed where sleep arrives 
quickly without Mercy. 

714
00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:07,900
You've never owned a clock, but 
you don't need one. 

715
00:37:07,900 --> 00:37:11,800
The tide tells time better than 
any mechanism of gears and 

716
00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:13,900
springs ever. 
Could you've learned to read it 

717
00:37:13,900 --> 00:37:17,200
schedule in the waters voice in 
the height of the Waves against 

718
00:37:17,200 --> 00:37:20,500
the dock pilings. 
And in the smell of exposed mud 

719
00:37:20,500 --> 00:37:24,100
flats that marks low tide, as 
surely as a bell marks the hour 

720
00:37:24,100 --> 00:37:28,100
this morning or possibly early 
after noon, the distinction 

721
00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:29,700
matters. 
Less when you're scheduled 

722
00:37:29,700 --> 00:37:34,000
follows water, rather than Sun, 
The Tide is going out, you can 

723
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:35,900
hear it in the particular 
sucking sound. 

724
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,600
The harbor makes us water 
Retreats pulling back to expose.

725
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:41,600
The post that usually stay 
submerged. 

726
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:46,600
The whole Port operates on this 
Rhythm every activity timed to 

727
00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:50,400
match what the sea allows ships.
Can only enter The Harbor at 

728
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:53,700
high tide when there's enough 
depth to clear The Sandbar that 

729
00:37:53,700 --> 00:37:57,100
looks at the harbor mouth like a
trap for unwary captains. 

730
00:37:57,100 --> 00:38:00,500
You've watched ships attempt 
entry at low tide, seen them 

731
00:38:00,500 --> 00:38:03,900
scrape bottom and stick fast 
their Cruise forced to wait for 

732
00:38:03,900 --> 00:38:06,600
the waters returned while 
everyone onshore laughs at their

733
00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:09,500
impatience. 
The local pilots who know every 

734
00:38:09,500 --> 00:38:12,400
inch of the harbor bottom charge
extra for guiding ships in 

735
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:16,200
during marginal conditions. 
Unloading happens on the falling

736
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:19,400
tide the ship, sit higher 
enough, that gang planks can 

737
00:38:19,400 --> 00:38:22,900
reach from deck to Dock and the 
work proceeds with urgency 

738
00:38:22,900 --> 00:38:26,300
because everyone knows the 
window is limited When the tide 

739
00:38:26,300 --> 00:38:29,700
comes fully in the ship's rise 
too high, the angled becomes 

740
00:38:29,700 --> 00:38:32,800
wrong and unloading stops until 
the tide turns again. 

741
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:36,300
You've got maybe four hours to 
move whatever cargo needs moving

742
00:38:36,300 --> 00:38:38,400
before, the water makes the 
decision for you. 

743
00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:40,900
Your work today, involves 
barrels. 

744
00:38:40,900 --> 00:38:45,000
Endless, barrels of Wine brought
from France in a ship that 

745
00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:49,500
smells like an enormous grape. 
Each Barrel weighs as much as a 

746
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:52,900
small person and requires, two 
men to maneuver it safely down 

747
00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:55,500
the gangplank. 
You developed a technique over 

748
00:38:55,500 --> 00:38:58,100
the years. 
A particular way of gripping the

749
00:38:58,100 --> 00:39:00,700
rim and shifting your weight 
that makes the barrels role 

750
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:02,600
rather than deadlifting their 
full weight. 

751
00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:05,900
Your back still protests, but 
less violently than it would 

752
00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:09,000
with poor technique. 
The Copper Ridge sits, 50 yards 

753
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:12,100
from the dock positioned 
precisely to minimize the 

754
00:39:12,100 --> 00:39:14,300
distance. 
Barrels need to travel while 

755
00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:17,700
staying far enough from the 
water to avoid flooding, you and

756
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:20,200
your partner today. 
It's a man named Peter who talks

757
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,800
too much, but works steadily 
rolly each Barrel along the dock

758
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:27,200
Now, navigate the uneven 
cobblestones and stack them in 

759
00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:29,900
the Copper Ridge, yard, the 
Cooper checks each Barrel 

760
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:34,000
looking for damaged leaks and 
suspicious, bulges, that might 

761
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:37,400
indicate the wine has gone bad. 
Between barrels. 

762
00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:39,800
You can track the Tide's 
progress by watching the 

763
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:43,300
waterline on the dock posts. 
Post Bears rings of 

764
00:39:43,300 --> 00:39:47,300
discoloration marking, different
tide levels, dark green algae, 

765
00:39:47,300 --> 00:39:50,200
near the top. 
Where high tide reaches lighter 

766
00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:52,300
Rings below. 
Showing the gradual progression 

767
00:39:52,300 --> 00:39:55,300
downward right now. 
You're watching the water recede

768
00:39:55,300 --> 00:39:58,200
pass the third ring which means 
you've got about an hour left 

769
00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:00,800
before. 
The lowest point, low tide 

770
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:03,700
transforms the harbor into a 
different landscape entirely. 

771
00:40:03,700 --> 00:40:06,900
What was underwater, becomes 
temporary land or at least 

772
00:40:06,908 --> 00:40:10,400
temporary mud. 
The mud flat stretch out gray 

773
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:13,600
brown and glistening marked by 
the tracks of birds who know 

774
00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:18,100
this is feeding time clams hide 
in the mud along with worms and 

775
00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:20,100
small crabs. 
And other creatures that make 

776
00:40:20,100 --> 00:40:22,300
their living in the space 
between sea and land. 

777
00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:27,000
Children appear during low tide 
armed with buckets and shovels 

778
00:40:27,000 --> 00:40:31,200
digging for clams and mussels. 
It's worked disguised as play. 

779
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:34,200
Or maybe play that produces 
useful results. 

780
00:40:34,900 --> 00:40:36,500
By the way, the children take 
it. 

781
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:40,600
Seriously competing to see who 
can gather the most occasionally

782
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:42,000
stealing from each other's 
buckets. 

783
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:44,800
When they think no one's 
watching their parents will be 

784
00:40:44,808 --> 00:40:48,100
glad of the free protein. 
Even if they have to rinse sand 

785
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:51,000
out of the shellfish for longer 
than seems reasonable, the 

786
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:54,100
Harbor Master uses low tide to 
inspect doc foundations, 

787
00:40:54,100 --> 00:40:57,700
checking for damage replacing 
posts that have rotted and 

788
00:40:57,700 --> 00:40:59,700
assessing what repairs will be 
needed before. 

789
00:40:59,700 --> 00:41:03,100
Winter, storms arrive, he Wades 
through ankle deep water, 

790
00:41:03,100 --> 00:41:06,200
occasionally plunging, a 
pull-down to check the depth of 

791
00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:10,200
mud making notes on a slate 
board that he wipes and rewrites

792
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:12,900
throughout the day. 
Some workers specialize in the 

793
00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:16,000
mud flats themselves. 
Harvesting Reeds that grow in 

794
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:18,900
the marshy areas and cutting 
them for use in thatching roofs 

795
00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:21,900
or making baskets. 
They move with the confidence of

796
00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:25,200
people who know which mud is 
firm enough to walk on and which

797
00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:28,100
will swallow your boot. 
If you step wrong, you've seen 

798
00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:30,600
newcomers attempt to cross the 
flats at low tide. 

799
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:34,600
Watch them sink to their knees 
and her their curses as they try

800
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:36,800
to. 
Track themselves from mud that 

801
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:39,500
grips like it has personal 
feelings about letting go. 

802
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:43,000
The fishing boats that were out 
overnight return on the incoming

803
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:46,700
tide timing, their arrival to 
ride the rising water into 

804
00:41:46,700 --> 00:41:49,200
Harbor. 
They sale in with the particular

805
00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:52,800
exhausted satisfaction of people
who've worked through the night 

806
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,300
and are ready to be done their 
catchers, get unloaded 

807
00:41:56,300 --> 00:41:58,900
immediately. 
The fish destined for the 

808
00:41:58,900 --> 00:42:01,400
morning Market. 
Even though morning is long past

809
00:42:01,400 --> 00:42:04,700
freshness is relative in the 
fish trade Court. 

810
00:42:04,700 --> 00:42:07,500
Last night, counts as fresh. 
If you get it to Market before, 

811
00:42:07,500 --> 00:42:11,000
it starts to smell. 
You finish the barrel work just 

812
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,300
as the tide begins to turn. 
You can see it in the waters 

813
00:42:14,300 --> 00:42:19,100
Behavior, the way it slows, its 
Retreat, pauses then starts 

814
00:42:19,100 --> 00:42:23,100
moving in the other direction. 
It's not dramatic, there's no 

815
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:27,500
visible way or sudden surge, but
the changes unmistakable. 

816
00:42:27,500 --> 00:42:30,500
Once, you know what to watch 
for, the water starts, filling 

817
00:42:30,500 --> 00:42:33,200
in the areas. 
It recently, vacated crawling up

818
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:36,000
the dock posts ring by ring 
reclaiming. 

819
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:40,500
Its territory The rising tide 
brings different work ships that

820
00:42:40,500 --> 00:42:42,700
were too high. 
Now become accessible again as 

821
00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:44,100
they settle into their proper 
height. 

822
00:42:44,900 --> 00:42:47,100
Cargo that couldn't be loaded 
earlier, can be loaded. 

823
00:42:47,100 --> 00:42:51,100
Now, the whole porch shifts, its
activities to match the water's 

824
00:42:51,100 --> 00:42:54,200
new position, everything 
synchronized to a schedule. 

825
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:55,900
That's been the same since 
humans. 

826
00:42:55,900 --> 00:42:59,600
First built, docks, and decided 
to argue with the sea about who,

827
00:42:59,600 --> 00:43:03,000
controlled what you eat your 
midday meal sitting on a barrel 

828
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:05,400
watching. 
The tide, come in, your food is 

829
00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:08,400
bread and cheese. 
The cheese already soft from the

830
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:11,100
heat of your pocket. 
The bread tastes like it was 

831
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:14,400
fresh yesterday, which means 
it's stale today, but not yet. 

832
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:17,400
Truly old. 
You wash it down with beer from 

833
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:20,900
a skin that seen better days, 
the leather starting to crack at

834
00:43:20,900 --> 00:43:24,400
the seams around you. 
The port hums with activity 

835
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:28,700
calibrated to the water's level.
Cranes, lift cargo from ships. 

836
00:43:28,700 --> 00:43:31,900
That are now at the correct 
height workers, secure lines. 

837
00:43:31,900 --> 00:43:34,700
Adjust fenders and shift, Goods,
around with the practice 

838
00:43:34,700 --> 00:43:36,300
deficiency of people who've done
this. 

839
00:43:36,300 --> 00:43:39,900
A thousand times, a ship 
preparing to depart Waits 

840
00:43:39,900 --> 00:43:42,900
patiently, for high tide, 
knowing that attempting to cross

841
00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:44,000
the SandBar. 
At the wrong. 

842
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:47,100
Moment means either sticking 
fast or tearing out the hole. 

843
00:43:47,100 --> 00:43:51,500
The afternoon tide Peaks around 
mid-afternoon the Water Rising 

844
00:43:51,500 --> 00:43:55,300
almost to the top of its range. 
The harbor looks full at high 

845
00:43:55,300 --> 00:43:58,600
tide with all the exposed mud 
covered and the docks nearly 

846
00:43:58,600 --> 00:44:02,100
level with the water surface. 
It's the prettiest time when 

847
00:44:02,100 --> 00:44:05,600
everything looks clean and the 
smell of mud flats is replace by

848
00:44:05,608 --> 00:44:07,900
the realistically freshest smell
of Open Water. 

849
00:44:07,900 --> 00:44:13,400
Of course refresher is relative.
This is still Harbor Water full 

850
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:17,300
of everything that gets thrown 
or Falls or leaks in to it but 

851
00:44:17,300 --> 00:44:20,900
at least the sewage is diluted. 
You work through the high tide 

852
00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:25,000
period loading, a departing ship
with bales of wool destined for 

853
00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:26,600
some ports. 
You've never visited and 

854
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:29,900
probably never will. 
The wool is heavy and awkward 

855
00:44:29,900 --> 00:44:32,400
the ballets bound with rough 
rope. 

856
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:35,600
That tears at your hands you've 
developed calluses on your 

857
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:38,000
calluses. 
But even they struggle with the 

858
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:41,700
particularly course hemp the 
ship's Captain supervisors. 

859
00:44:41,700 --> 00:44:44,900
The loading shouting Corrections
and adjustments in a voice that 

860
00:44:44,900 --> 00:44:48,600
suggests he believes everyone, 
but him is incompetent Is 

861
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:50,900
probably, right? 
Or at least, he's responsible 

862
00:44:50,900 --> 00:44:53,900
for everything that goes wrong. 
Once his ship leaves Port, so 

863
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:57,900
his paranoia is understandable. 
You've learned to nod and adjust

864
00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:01,200
and not take the shouting 
personally, Captain shout the 

865
00:45:01,200 --> 00:45:05,500
way fish swim it's just what 
they do as the afternoon wears 

866
00:45:05,500 --> 00:45:08,700
into evening, the tide begins 
its outward Journey again. 

867
00:45:08,700 --> 00:45:13,500
The cycle continues twice daily 
as reliable as sunrise and 

868
00:45:13,500 --> 00:45:16,500
considerably more important. 
To your livelihood, you've seen 

869
00:45:16,500 --> 00:45:20,100
the sun fail to appear through 
fog and clouds, but you've never

870
00:45:20,100 --> 00:45:21,800
seen the tide. 
Forget to turn. 

871
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:25,600
Is the one certainty in a life 
full of variables. 

872
00:45:25,600 --> 00:45:29,500
The evening low tide, brings the
clam diggers back out those who 

873
00:45:29,500 --> 00:45:32,200
work, multiple shifts, 
extracting, whatever, they can 

874
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:35,600
from the exposed Flats the 
Setting Sun Paints, the mud 

875
00:45:35,600 --> 00:45:38,800
flats orange and pink making 
them look almost beautiful 

876
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:40,900
though. 
You know that up close, they're 

877
00:45:40,900 --> 00:45:44,400
just mud and smell like it. 
The birds that feed at low tide 

878
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:47,100
crying Circle. 
They're calls mixing with the 

879
00:45:47,100 --> 00:45:50,300
sounds of human work. 
All of it, part of the harbors 

880
00:45:50,300 --> 00:45:53,300
Eternal Rhythm. 
You head home as the light fails

881
00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:57,400
your day, measured not in ours. 
But in Tides, two full Cycles 

882
00:45:57,400 --> 00:46:01,000
from low to high to low. 
Again, your work fitted into the

883
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:04,200
windows, the sea allowed 
tomorrow will be the same but 

884
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:07,800
shifted slightly because the 
tides come 50 minutes later each

885
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:11,400
day, a slow rotation, that means
you're never working quite the 

886
00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:13,700
same schedule. 
Two days running should be 

887
00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:16,000
confusing. 
But after Years of Living by 

888
00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:19,300
Tides any other way of tracking 
time would feel stranger. 

889
00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:23,800
Your house after Sunset smells 
like fish soup and smoke and wet

890
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:27,100
wool drying by the fire. 
Your wife has transformed. 

891
00:46:27,100 --> 00:46:30,400
The Cod you brought home into 
something edible through a 

892
00:46:30,400 --> 00:46:33,100
process that involves more 
onions and herbs than seems 

893
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:36,500
strictly necessary but the 
result is good enough that your 

894
00:46:36,500 --> 00:46:40,300
children eat without complaining
which counts as success. 

895
00:46:40,300 --> 00:46:42,400
The meal happens around the 
table. 

896
00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:46,100
Everyone crowded together on 
mismatched chairs, the youngest 

897
00:46:46,100 --> 00:46:48,700
daughter perched on a stool 
because there aren't enough 

898
00:46:48,700 --> 00:46:51,100
proper seats. 
Your oldest son, the one who's 

899
00:46:51,100 --> 00:46:53,900
nearly grown complains that his 
portion is smaller than his 

900
00:46:53,900 --> 00:46:57,200
brothers, which leads to a 
detailed comparison of both 

901
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:00,800
sizes that Reveals His complaint
is baseless but loudly defended.

902
00:47:00,800 --> 00:47:04,400
Anyway, your wife settles, the 
dispute by giving both boys 

903
00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:08,300
slightly less soup and keeping 
the difference for herself which

904
00:47:08,300 --> 00:47:11,000
she claims is the mother's tax 
for having to listen to 

905
00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:14,600
arguments about soup, portions 
conversation during meals is 

906
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:17,900
chaotic and overlapping your 
middle daughter talks about 

907
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:19,400
something that happened at the 
market. 

908
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:23,500
Though, her story keeps getting 
derailed by unnecessary details,

909
00:47:23,500 --> 00:47:27,500
about who was wearing what? 
And who said, what to, who your 

910
00:47:27,500 --> 00:47:30,300
youngest daughter, contributes, 
random, observations about 

911
00:47:30,300 --> 00:47:32,800
birds. 
She saw and games, she played, 

912
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:34,900
none of it connected to anything
else. 

913
00:47:34,900 --> 00:47:39,200
Just a stream of Consciousness 
from someone who hasn't learned,

914
00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:40,900
the conversation should have 
topics. 

915
00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:44,900
Your wife asks about your day in
the tone of someone who doesn't 

916
00:47:44,900 --> 00:47:50,100
really want to detail answer. 
But feels obligated to ask You 

917
00:47:50,100 --> 00:47:55,000
provide, the abbreviated version
cargo moved ships, unloaded the 

918
00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:58,100
usual work, she nods with the 
understanding of someone who's 

919
00:47:58,100 --> 00:48:00,900
heard this answer many times 
before, and will hear it many 

920
00:48:00,900 --> 00:48:04,600
times again in return. 
You ask about her day and she 

921
00:48:04,600 --> 00:48:07,800
describes the market prices and 
which neighbor is feuding with 

922
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:10,500
which other neighbor and 
something complicated about 

923
00:48:10,500 --> 00:48:14,300
someone's cousin getting married
to someone inappropriate you nod

924
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:17,100
and make sounds of Interest 
while understanding, perhaps a 

925
00:48:17,100 --> 00:48:21,100
third of the social dynamics. 
She's explaining After the meal 

926
00:48:21,100 --> 00:48:23,400
chores divided along familiar 
lines. 

927
00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:26,400
The Boys carry water from the 
well because they're strong 

928
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:28,000
enough to manage the heavy 
buckets. 

929
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:31,200
The girls clear the table and 
washed dishes, because that's 

930
00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:34,900
what girls do or at least that's
what your wife insist girl's do.

931
00:48:34,900 --> 00:48:37,600
And you've learned not to 
involve yourself in these 

932
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:39,700
debate. 
Your assigned to check the 

933
00:48:39,700 --> 00:48:42,400
shutters and make sure the fire 
is properly banked for the night

934
00:48:42,400 --> 00:48:45,100
tasks that require minimal 
skill. 

935
00:48:45,100 --> 00:48:48,900
But someone has to do them your 
oldest son mentioned, these been

936
00:48:48,900 --> 00:48:52,500
offered work on a merchant ship 
A position that were taking away

937
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:55,400
from months at a time, but pays 
better than dock, work. 

938
00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:58,500
Your wife's face, does something
complicated while trying to 

939
00:48:58,508 --> 00:49:02,200
maintain a neutral expression? 
You can read the concern, there,

940
00:49:02,200 --> 00:49:05,200
she's already imagining all the 
things that could go wrong at 

941
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:09,400
Sea, which is fair because many 
things do go wrong at sea, but 

942
00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:12,400
you're also thinking about the 
money, about how another income 

943
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:15,000
could mean a better house, or at
least repairs to this one. 

944
00:49:15,000 --> 00:49:18,000
You tell him. 
You'll think about it, which is 

945
00:49:18,000 --> 00:49:20,600
what you say when you need time 
to figure out what you actually 

946
00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:22,900
think. 
The evening routine involves, 

947
00:49:22,900 --> 00:49:25,000
your wife's endless battle with 
mending. 

948
00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:27,800
She sits by the fire with a 
basket of clothes that need 

949
00:49:27,800 --> 00:49:31,500
patches or darling or buttons. 
Replaced working through them, 

950
00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:33,300
with the steady Persistence of 
someone. 

951
00:49:33,300 --> 00:49:35,700
Who knows the work is never, 
truly finished. 

952
00:49:36,600 --> 00:49:39,900
Because clothes continue to wear
out faster than they can be 

953
00:49:39,900 --> 00:49:42,200
fixed. 
She's explained this futile 

954
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:45,400
cycle to you several times. 
Usually while you're wearing a 

955
00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:48,800
shirt that needs mending which 
tends to undermine your ability 

956
00:49:48,800 --> 00:49:51,900
to offer, sympathy, your younger
children are supposed to be 

957
00:49:51,900 --> 00:49:55,000
practicing their letters on 
slate, but what they're actually

958
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:57,800
doing is drawing pictures and 
giggling about something 

959
00:49:57,800 --> 00:50:01,200
education in your household is 
sporadic and largely 

960
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:04,400
self-directed. 
Constrained by the fact that you

961
00:50:04,400 --> 00:50:07,700
can barely read yourself. 
And your wife isn't much better,

962
00:50:07,700 --> 00:50:11,200
you can manage to puzzle out, 
simple texts and sign your name,

963
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:13,400
which puts you ahead of many 
Dock Workers. 

964
00:50:13,400 --> 00:50:17,300
But doesn't qualify you to teach
proper reading and writing the 

965
00:50:17,300 --> 00:50:20,200
local Church offers some 
schooling, but it costs money. 

966
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:23,400
You don't always have and 
besides the children are needed 

967
00:50:23,400 --> 00:50:26,800
for work more often than not. 
The fire creates Shadows, that 

968
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:29,800
dance on the walls. 
Turning the familiar room into 

969
00:50:29,808 --> 00:50:33,200
something slightly mysterious 
your youngest daughter claims. 

970
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,700
She can see faces in the Flames 
which leads to a discussion 

971
00:50:36,700 --> 00:50:40,100
about where the fire can have 
faces which leads to your son 

972
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:41,500
explaining that fire isn't 
alive. 

973
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:44,500
So it definitely can't have 
faces which leads to an argument

974
00:50:44,508 --> 00:50:47,400
about whether you need to be 
alive to have a face. 

975
00:50:47,400 --> 00:50:49,300
You let them work this out 
themselves. 

976
00:50:49,300 --> 00:50:52,300
While you attempt to read a 
pamphlet someone gave you about 

977
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:55,400
new regulations. 
On imported goods, the reading 

978
00:50:55,408 --> 00:50:58,200
goes slowly, your finger tracing
under each word. 

979
00:50:58,200 --> 00:51:01,600
Occasionally asking your wife 
about words, you can't decipher 

980
00:51:02,700 --> 00:51:05,900
bedtime is less of an event and 
more of a gradual process. 

981
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:09,800
The younger children get sleepy.
First, their heads drooping. 

982
00:51:09,800 --> 00:51:11,500
While they insist their, not 
tired at all. 

983
00:51:11,500 --> 00:51:15,000
Your wife, heard them up stairs 
with promises, that tomorrow 

984
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:18,200
will come fast or if they just 
close their eyes now, which is 

985
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:20,600
technically true, but probably 
not the Comfort. 

986
00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:23,400
She intends the older children 
stay up later. 

987
00:51:23,400 --> 00:51:28,200
The privilege of being nearly 
grown Though, staying up mostly 

988
00:51:28,200 --> 00:51:30,300
means sitting around looking 
bored because there's not much 

989
00:51:30,300 --> 00:51:32,500
to do. 
Once it's dark except sit and be

990
00:51:32,500 --> 00:51:34,700
awake. 
Your wife tells a story before 

991
00:51:34,700 --> 00:51:37,900
sleep or tries to because your 
youngest daughter keeps 

992
00:51:37,900 --> 00:51:40,500
interrupting with questions that
derail The Narrative. 

993
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:44,100
The story is about a fisherman 
who caught a magical fish? 

994
00:51:44,100 --> 00:51:48,100
That granted wishes a tail. 
Your wife has told many times 

995
00:51:48,100 --> 00:51:51,500
with variations tonight, the 
fish's golden, instead of 

996
00:51:51,500 --> 00:51:53,500
silver. 
And the fisherman has three 

997
00:51:53,500 --> 00:51:57,100
wishes in stead of seven. 
But the morale Remains the Same.

998
00:51:58,100 --> 00:52:00,500
Be careful what you wish for 
because you're probably get it 

999
00:52:00,500 --> 00:52:02,400
wrong. 
Your children have heard this 

1000
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:04,400
story enough times that they 
correct her. 

1001
00:52:04,400 --> 00:52:07,100
When she deviates too far from 
the established version. 

1002
00:52:07,100 --> 00:52:10,500
Once the children are finally 
asleep or at least pretending 

1003
00:52:10,500 --> 00:52:13,700
convincingly enough you and your
wife have a brief moment of 

1004
00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:17,000
quiet. 
She continues her mending, you 

1005
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:20,300
sit and feel your body catalog. 
Every complaint from the day's 

1006
00:52:20,300 --> 00:52:24,000
work, the fire burns, low and 
neither of you moves to build it

1007
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:27,000
up. 
Fuel costs money and you're both

1008
00:52:27,008 --> 00:52:29,400
tired enough that bed sounds 
better than warmth. 

1009
00:52:29,400 --> 00:52:32,200
Anyway, she mentions that the 
neighbor's daughter is getting 

1010
00:52:32,200 --> 00:52:35,200
married which leads to a 
complicated discussion about 

1011
00:52:35,200 --> 00:52:37,200
dowries and whether they're 
doing it properly. 

1012
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:40,600
And what kind of life that girl 
can expect with the boy, she's 

1013
00:52:40,600 --> 00:52:43,300
marrying. 
You contribute occasional grunts

1014
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:46,700
of agreement because your wife 
doesn't actually need you to 

1015
00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:50,000
participate in this conversation
so much as Witnesses. 

1016
00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:53,600
She's thinking out loud 
processing, the social dynamics 

1017
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:56,500
of your small community, and 
trying to understand the web of 

1018
00:52:56,500 --> 00:53:00,200
obligations and expectations 
that governs everything You 

1019
00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:02,400
mention the possible ship job 
for your oldest son. 

1020
00:53:02,408 --> 00:53:05,700
She silent for a moment, the 
needle pause in its work. 

1021
00:53:05,700 --> 00:53:09,200
Then she says what? 
You both know that it's good 

1022
00:53:09,200 --> 00:53:12,200
money but dangerous that he's 
old enough to make his own 

1023
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:15,700
decisions but young enough to 
make stupid ones that you can't 

1024
00:53:15,700 --> 00:53:19,800
protect him forever but you're 
not ready to stop trying, you 

1025
00:53:19,800 --> 00:53:22,200
don't resolve anything. 
There's nothing to resolve yet 

1026
00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:23,800
but at least you've said it out 
loud. 

1027
00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:27,300
Making the worries concrete 
instead of leaving them as a 

1028
00:53:27,300 --> 00:53:31,000
vague anxiety. 
The house settles in to its 

1029
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:33,900
nighttime. 
Sounds up stairs, someone turned

1030
00:53:33,900 --> 00:53:35,900
over in bed, making the ropes 
Creek. 

1031
00:53:36,700 --> 00:53:39,100
Outside the Harbour continues, 
its work. 

1032
00:53:39,700 --> 00:53:43,000
You can hear voices calling back
and forth between ships, the 

1033
00:53:43,000 --> 00:53:46,300
sound of footsteps on the docks 
and a dog barking at something 

1034
00:53:46,300 --> 00:53:50,500
only it can see the sea. 
Never sleeps and neither, does 

1035
00:53:50,500 --> 00:53:53,500
the port that serves it? 
When you finally head upstairs, 

1036
00:53:53,500 --> 00:53:57,600
your wife extinguishing, the 
candles behind you, the day 

1037
00:53:57,600 --> 00:54:00,300
feels complete in a way that has
nothing to do with the 

1038
00:54:00,308 --> 00:54:03,300
accomplishment and everything to
do with survival. 

1039
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:07,400
Another day of work done, family
fed house, still standing 

1040
00:54:07,400 --> 00:54:11,300
children still alive. 
It's not much by Grand standards

1041
00:54:11,300 --> 00:54:14,300
but by the standards of people 
who live by the Sea and work 

1042
00:54:14,300 --> 00:54:18,100
with their backs, it's 
everything that matters your bed

1043
00:54:18,100 --> 00:54:20,300
receives, you with the same 
lumpy familiarity. 

1044
00:54:20,300 --> 00:54:24,300
It always does your wife, 
settles in beside you and for a 

1045
00:54:24,300 --> 00:54:27,400
moment before sleep comes, 
you're aware of the simple. 

1046
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:29,200
Comfort of another person's 
warmth. 

1047
00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:31,700
The shared life. 
You've built in this tilting 

1048
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:34,200
house by the harbor. 
The way your days. 

1049
00:54:34,200 --> 00:54:37,800
Follow the tides and your lives 
follow patterns as old as the 

1050
00:54:37,808 --> 00:54:41,300
port itself, the sun sets into 
the harbor, like, it's been 

1051
00:54:41,300 --> 00:54:44,800
doing this all its life. 
Turning the water into something

1052
00:54:44,800 --> 00:54:48,200
resembling molten, copper the 
evening light, does things to 

1053
00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:51,100
the port town that almost make 
you forget it's the same place 

1054
00:54:51,100 --> 00:54:53,100
that smells like fish guts and 
sewage. 

1055
00:54:53,100 --> 00:54:57,500
During the day Shadows, stretch 
long across the docks softening,

1056
00:54:57,500 --> 00:55:01,000
the rough edges of warehouses 
and masts making everything look

1057
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:04,500
gentler than it deserves. 
You finish your last bit of work

1058
00:55:04,500 --> 00:55:07,100
as the light Fades securing a 
line here. 

1059
00:55:07,100 --> 00:55:10,500
Checking the car goes properly 
covered there and doing the 

1060
00:55:10,500 --> 00:55:12,300
small tasks that prevent 
tomorrow. 

1061
00:55:12,300 --> 00:55:16,000
From starting with disasters, 
the Wolf Master walks, the docks

1062
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:19,500
one final time, his Lantern 
bobbing in the growing Darkness,

1063
00:55:19,500 --> 00:55:23,100
making sure everything is 
secured before night fully 

1064
00:55:23,100 --> 00:55:25,600
settles in. 
He's been doing this for 30 

1065
00:55:25,600 --> 00:55:29,700
years checking the same things 
in the same order, finding 

1066
00:55:29,700 --> 00:55:32,500
occasional problems that would 
have become major problems by 

1067
00:55:32,500 --> 00:55:34,700
morning. 
The evening brings a different 

1068
00:55:34,700 --> 00:55:37,900
population to the docks. 
The daytime workers head home 

1069
00:55:37,900 --> 00:55:40,900
While others emerge fisherman, 
preparing for night, fishing, 

1070
00:55:40,900 --> 00:55:44,400
ships Cruise, rotating, watch. 
And Various individuals, whose 

1071
00:55:44,400 --> 00:55:46,400
business is better conducted in 
darkness. 

1072
00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:50,800
You don't ask about the latter 
Port Towns attract all sorts of 

1073
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:53,300
Commerce. 
Some of it legal, some of it, 

1074
00:55:53,300 --> 00:55:56,600
less legal, and most of it 
existing in a gray area that 

1075
00:55:56,600 --> 00:55:59,900
depends on who's asking and how 
much they're willing to pay to 

1076
00:55:59,900 --> 00:56:02,600
avoid asking to closely walking 
home. 

1077
00:56:02,600 --> 00:56:05,600
You pass through streets that 
are transforming as the light 

1078
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:10,100
dies lanterns appear in Windows,
small points of Illumination, 

1079
00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:13,600
that create more Shadows than 
they, dispel the taverns glow 

1080
00:56:13,600 --> 00:56:17,300
warmly, their doors opening and 
closing as workers seek the 

1081
00:56:17,300 --> 00:56:20,600
comfort of drink and Company. 
Someone's cooking something that

1082
00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:23,600
smells like roasted meat. 
And your stomach, reminds you 

1083
00:56:23,600 --> 00:56:26,000
that fish soup for dinner. 
While adequate wasn't 

1084
00:56:26,000 --> 00:56:29,300
particularly exciting. 
Your street is quieter than the 

1085
00:56:29,300 --> 00:56:32,900
commercial areas, settling into 
evening, routines that revolve 

1086
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:36,800
around families and homes rather
than Commerce, Smoke rises from 

1087
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:39,100
chimneys, as people build up 
their Fires for the night 

1088
00:56:39,100 --> 00:56:41,500
children play in the last bit of
light. 

1089
00:56:41,500 --> 00:56:45,100
Their games have that frantic 
quality that comes from knowing 

1090
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:48,700
they'll be called inside soon. 
A mother yells for her son who 

1091
00:56:48,700 --> 00:56:51,600
pretends not to hear which 
earned him a more emphatic, 

1092
00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:53,500
summons that he can't pretend to
ignore. 

1093
00:56:54,500 --> 00:56:56,400
Your own house has that warm 
glow. 

1094
00:56:56,400 --> 00:56:59,000
That means your wife has already
lit, the candles and built up 

1095
00:56:59,008 --> 00:57:01,500
the fire. 
You can see your children moving

1096
00:57:01,500 --> 00:57:04,200
around inside Through the 
Windows Shadows against the 

1097
00:57:04,200 --> 00:57:06,900
light. 
It's a simple site one. 

1098
00:57:06,900 --> 00:57:10,200
You see every evening, but 
tonight, you pause to appreciate

1099
00:57:10,200 --> 00:57:12,800
it. 
The basic fact of having a home 

1100
00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:17,000
to return to people who expect 
your return, and a fire, that's 

1101
00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:20,600
been kept burning for your 
arrival inside, your wife has 

1102
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:23,100
progressed Beyond soup and a 
somehow produced bread pudding, 

1103
00:57:23,100 --> 00:57:26,000
which is ambitious, given your 
typical supplies. 

1104
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:28,100
You don't ask how she managed 
it. 

1105
00:57:28,100 --> 00:57:31,200
There are mysteries in household
economy that you've learned, not

1106
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:34,900
to probe to deeply the, putting 
his heavy and sweet and taste 

1107
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:37,100
like raisins. 
That might have had better days 

1108
00:57:37,100 --> 00:57:39,800
but are still perfectly adequate
when mixed with enough honey. 

1109
00:57:41,100 --> 00:57:44,600
Evening stretches out without 
urgently your oldest son, sits 

1110
00:57:44,600 --> 00:57:46,300
by the window supposedly 
reading. 

1111
00:57:46,300 --> 00:57:49,900
But probably just thinking about
that ship job and what ever 

1112
00:57:49,900 --> 00:57:52,100
fantasy he has about life at 
Sea. 

1113
00:57:52,100 --> 00:57:54,800
Your daughter's have discovered 
that the cat is willing to 

1114
00:57:54,800 --> 00:57:58,200
tolerate being dressed in doll 
clothes, at least until it 

1115
00:57:58,200 --> 00:58:00,200
isn't. 
Which happens suddenly and with 

1116
00:58:00,200 --> 00:58:03,900
impressive use of claws, your 
middle son works on some carving

1117
00:58:03,900 --> 00:58:07,000
project, creating would shave 
things that will need sweeping 

1118
00:58:07,000 --> 00:58:10,300
up later absorbed in the 
particular Focus that children 

1119
00:58:10,300 --> 00:58:12,400
bring to projects. 
They've chosen the cells. 

1120
00:58:12,400 --> 00:58:15,300
Your wife settles in to her 
chair with a cup of something 

1121
00:58:15,300 --> 00:58:17,600
hot. 
Probably not t. 

1122
00:58:17,600 --> 00:58:21,200
Because T is expensive, more 
likely some herbal mixture. 

1123
00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:23,200
She's decided has beneficial 
properties. 

1124
00:58:23,200 --> 00:58:26,400
She sipped it slowly staring 
into the fire with the 

1125
00:58:26,400 --> 00:58:29,900
expression of someone whose mind
is elsewhere, working through 

1126
00:58:29,900 --> 00:58:33,300
whatever calculations and 
worries, occupy her thoughts. 

1127
00:58:34,000 --> 00:58:37,400
You've learned not to interrupt 
this thinking time, she'll share

1128
00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:41,000
what she needs to share when 
she's ready the fire burns 

1129
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:44,700
steadily, it's like creating a 
circle of warmth and visibility 

1130
00:58:44,700 --> 00:58:47,500
in the Gathering. 
Darkness beyond that Circle. 

1131
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:50,300
The corners of the room Fade 
Into Shadow and you're content 

1132
00:58:50,300 --> 00:58:52,500
to let them. 
There's something comforting 

1133
00:58:52,500 --> 00:58:56,200
about having the world reduced 
to this manageable size just 

1134
00:58:56,200 --> 00:58:59,800
this room. 
This fire, these people outside 

1135
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:03,100
the Harbour continues, its 
Eternal Rhythm, you can hear 

1136
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:06,700
water lapping against the docks 
that gentle repetitive sound 

1137
00:59:06,700 --> 00:59:10,500
that so constant usually don't 
notice it until you're sitting 

1138
00:59:10,500 --> 00:59:13,500
still enough to pay attention, 
occasionally, a voice carries 

1139
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:16,500
across the water. 
Someone calling instructions or 

1140
00:59:16,500 --> 00:59:20,200
greetings, A bell ring 
somewhere, marking some 

1141
00:59:20,200 --> 00:59:23,700
nautical, our that has meaning 
to Sailors, but his just sound 

1142
00:59:23,700 --> 00:59:27,200
to you, your youngest daughter 
climbs into your lap, which is 

1143
00:59:27,200 --> 00:59:29,900
becoming more difficult to she 
grows, but which she still 

1144
00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:33,100
insists on doing, she smells 
like, whatever she got into 

1145
00:59:33,100 --> 00:59:35,800
today. 
Probably the garden, possibly 

1146
00:59:35,800 --> 00:59:38,600
the neighbor's chickens. 
Definitely something that needs 

1147
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:40,600
washing but won't get washed 
until tomorrow. 

1148
00:59:40,600 --> 00:59:44,900
She asks you to tell her about 
the big fish, which is her way 

1149
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:48,600
of requesting the same story. 
You've told her 50 times about 

1150
00:59:48,600 --> 00:59:50,700
the time. 
You saw a whale breach in the 

1151
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:52,800
harbor mouth. 
You tell the story again, 

1152
00:59:52,800 --> 00:59:56,500
embellishing the parts you've 
embellished before, the whale 

1153
00:59:56,500 --> 00:59:59,100
growing slightly, larger with 
each retelling until it's 

1154
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:01,600
probably twice the size of the 
actual creature. 

1155
01:00:01,600 --> 01:00:04,500
She listens with the 
satisfaction of hearing a 

1156
01:00:04,500 --> 01:00:06,800
familiar tale. 
Occasionally correcting your 

1157
01:00:06,800 --> 01:00:10,100
details when you deviate too far
from the established narrative 

1158
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:12,800
when you finish. 
She immediately asks, if you've 

1159
01:00:12,800 --> 01:00:15,800
ever seen a bigger fish than 
that, which leads to speculation

1160
01:00:15,800 --> 01:00:19,000
about what might live in the 
deep ocean, which leads to her 

1161
01:00:19,000 --> 01:00:22,100
being convinced, there are 
definitely sea monsters, your 

1162
01:00:22,100 --> 01:00:25,400
wife interrupts before the sea 
monster discussion can escalate 

1163
01:00:25,400 --> 01:00:28,400
into nightmares. 
She heard the children toward 

1164
01:00:28,400 --> 01:00:31,200
the stairs with Gentle 
insistence Beginning. 

1165
01:00:31,200 --> 01:00:33,400
The long process of getting 
everyone to bed. 

1166
01:00:33,400 --> 01:00:36,400
The oldest son doesn't need 
herding but goes anyway, 

1167
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:40,200
probably glad for the excuse to 
escape family time and return to

1168
01:00:40,200 --> 01:00:43,900
whatever, thoughts occupy. 
His almost adult mind you 

1169
01:00:43,900 --> 01:00:46,400
remained by the fire adding 
another log because the Knight 

1170
01:00:46,400 --> 01:00:49,700
is growing cold and you're not 
quite ready to surrender warmth 

1171
01:00:49,700 --> 01:00:52,500
for sleep. 
The would catch is slowly 

1172
01:00:52,500 --> 01:00:55,700
Flames, licking up the sides 
before fully committing to 

1173
01:00:55,700 --> 01:00:57,600
burning. 
You watch this with the 

1174
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:00,600
attention of someone who's tired
enough that even fire becomes 

1175
01:01:00,600 --> 01:01:03,600
interesting. 
The house quiets as children 

1176
01:01:03,600 --> 01:01:06,900
settle into sleep, the creaking 
and thumping from upstairs 

1177
01:01:06,900 --> 01:01:09,900
gradually diminishes until 
there's only The house's own 

1178
01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:12,400
sounds. 
The Timbers settling the wind 

1179
01:01:12,400 --> 01:01:16,000
finding gaps in the walls and 
the fire popping occasionally 

1180
01:01:16,000 --> 01:01:18,600
when pockets of sap heat and 
burst. 

1181
01:01:18,600 --> 01:01:22,000
These sounds are so familiar. 
They're almost silenced the 

1182
01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:25,300
white noise of home. 
Your wife, returns having 

1183
01:01:25,300 --> 01:01:28,100
achieved the minor miracle of 
getting everyone in bed, without

1184
01:01:28,100 --> 01:01:30,900
major drama. 
She settles back into her chair 

1185
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:33,100
with a sigh. 
That contains a full day's worth

1186
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:36,700
of tiredness. 
For a while, neither of you 

1187
01:01:36,708 --> 01:01:38,900
speaks, there's nothing that 
needs saying. 

1188
01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:43,400
And you're both too tired from 
unnecessary conversation Fire 

1189
01:01:43,400 --> 01:01:46,400
burns. 
The darkness beyond the windows 

1190
01:01:46,400 --> 01:01:48,800
is complete. 
Now, the harbor invisible, 

1191
01:01:48,800 --> 01:01:52,600
except for occasional lanterns. 
Moving on distant ships, she 

1192
01:01:52,600 --> 01:01:55,300
mentions that the roof is 
definitely leaking worse than 

1193
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:59,100
before and that the leak in the 
corner, has expanded to include 

1194
01:01:59,100 --> 01:02:02,000
the area near the window. 
You acknowledge this, with the 

1195
01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:04,900
resignation of someone who 
knows, roof repairs cost money, 

1196
01:02:04,900 --> 01:02:08,400
you don't have, she suggests, 
maybe asking your brother in law

1197
01:02:08,400 --> 01:02:10,500
who supposedly knows about 
roofs. 

1198
01:02:11,100 --> 01:02:13,800
So you both know this is 
unlikely to result in actual 

1199
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:17,000
repairs and very likely to 
result in advice. 

1200
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:19,400
You don't want about other 
things wrong with your house, 

1201
01:02:19,400 --> 01:02:23,000
you discuss quietly the 
possibility of your oldest son, 

1202
01:02:23,008 --> 01:02:26,300
taking that ship job. 
The conversation is careful. 

1203
01:02:26,300 --> 01:02:28,300
Both of you. 
Testing the edges of your 

1204
01:02:28,300 --> 01:02:30,700
feelings about it without 
committing to positions. 

1205
01:02:30,700 --> 01:02:33,900
She worries about storms, and 
Pirates and all the things that 

1206
01:02:33,900 --> 01:02:37,200
can go wrong at Sea. 
You worry about the same things 

1207
01:02:37,200 --> 01:02:40,400
but also think about the money 
about what it could mean for the

1208
01:02:40,400 --> 01:02:42,500
family. 
Neither of you wants to make 

1209
01:02:42,500 --> 01:02:45,600
this decision but it's probably 
not your decision to make any 

1210
01:02:45,600 --> 01:02:48,400
way. 
The boys, nearly grown and grown

1211
01:02:48,400 --> 01:02:52,100
men make their own choices. 
The fire burns lower and you 

1212
01:02:52,100 --> 01:02:55,200
should probably Bank it for the 
night, but moving requires 

1213
01:02:55,200 --> 01:02:56,600
energy. 
You're not sure you have. 

1214
01:02:56,600 --> 01:02:59,200
Your wife seems to be thinking 
the same thing. 

1215
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:02,400
Both of you sitting there aware 
that you should go to bed, but 

1216
01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:04,300
lacking the motivation to 
actually do it. 

1217
01:03:05,200 --> 01:03:08,800
These moments of quiet between 
tasks are rare enough that your 

1218
01:03:08,800 --> 01:03:10,400
reluctant to end them 
eventually. 

1219
01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:14,700
Necessity, overcomes inertia. 
You tend to the fire arranging 

1220
01:03:14,700 --> 01:03:16,900
logs and Ash to keep some heat 
through the night without 

1221
01:03:16,900 --> 01:03:19,900
burning too much fuel. 
Your wife checks, the door is 

1222
01:03:19,900 --> 01:03:22,200
barred and the shutter is 
secured and performs all the 

1223
01:03:22,208 --> 01:03:24,500
small rituals that separate day 
from night. 

1224
01:03:24,500 --> 01:03:27,900
You follow her upstairs. 
Each step, reminding you of 

1225
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:30,900
muscles that were worked hard 
today and will be worked hard 

1226
01:03:30,900 --> 01:03:34,300
again tomorrow, the bedroom is 
cold despite the lingering 

1227
01:03:34,300 --> 01:03:36,800
warmth from downstairs. 
You undress. 

1228
01:03:36,800 --> 01:03:39,800
Quickly clothes folded and left 
on the chest because hanging 

1229
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:43,500
them up is more effort and seems
worth while the bed is cold 

1230
01:03:43,500 --> 01:03:46,500
until you've been in it for a 
few minutes and then it becomes 

1231
01:03:46,500 --> 01:03:49,100
merely cool. 
And then finally, warm enough 

1232
01:03:49,100 --> 01:03:53,500
that you can relax your wife 
settles in beside you and for a 

1233
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:56,500
moment, your both awake in the 
darkness, listening to the house

1234
01:03:56,500 --> 01:04:00,300
around you, the harbor Beyond, 
and the whole Port Towns 

1235
01:04:00,300 --> 01:04:03,600
settling into its nighttime. 
Rhythm tomorrow will be much 

1236
01:04:03,600 --> 01:04:08,100
like today, the tide will turn 
ships will need unloading and 

1237
01:04:08,100 --> 01:04:10,800
the market will sell fish and 
bread and all the other 

1238
01:04:10,800 --> 01:04:13,900
necessities of life your 
children will grow slightly 

1239
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:17,300
older, your back will hurt 
slightly more and the roof will 

1240
01:04:17,300 --> 01:04:20,700
leak exactly as much as it leaks
now and until you eventually do 

1241
01:04:20,700 --> 01:04:26,100
something about it, But that's 
tomorrow's concern tonight your 

1242
01:04:26,100 --> 01:04:29,200
warm and horizontal and your 
family is safe under your roof, 

1243
01:04:29,200 --> 01:04:32,600
leaky though. 
That roof may be the sea, 

1244
01:04:32,600 --> 01:04:36,900
murmurs in the background 
Eternal and endless the sound 

1245
01:04:36,900 --> 01:04:38,400
that's been the backdrop to your
life. 

1246
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:41,700
Since you were born in this port
town and will be the backdrop 

1247
01:04:41,700 --> 01:04:45,400
until you die here. 
It's not a bad sound to fall 

1248
01:04:45,400 --> 01:04:50,400
asleep to constant rhythmic 
almost like breathing, if 

1249
01:04:50,400 --> 01:04:53,600
breathing were larger and wetter
and involved, moving several 

1250
01:04:53,600 --> 01:04:55,500
million tons of water twice a 
day. 

1251
01:04:55,508 --> 01:04:59,600
Sleep comes gradually 
Consciousness, fading like the 

1252
01:04:59,600 --> 01:05:02,900
tide going out and your last 
thought before it takes you as 

1253
01:05:02,900 --> 01:05:06,000
something about tomorrow's work 
though by morning you won't 

1254
01:05:06,000 --> 01:05:09,600
remember what that thought was 
only that you had it and it 

1255
01:05:09,600 --> 01:05:13,400
seemed important at the time and
now it's gone like everything 

1256
01:05:13,400 --> 01:05:24,600
else in the gentle darkness of 
sleep and home. your standing on

1257
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:27,600
the Mongolian steppe, and the 
first thing that strikes you 

1258
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:31,300
isn't the silence The wind, it 
moves across. 

1259
01:05:31,300 --> 01:05:35,500
These grasslands like water over
Stone constant and patient 

1260
01:05:35,500 --> 01:05:38,408
carrying with it. 
The smell of wild thyme and the 

1261
01:05:38,416 --> 01:05:42,300
distant promise of rain, the 
grass itself, stretches in every

1262
01:05:42,300 --> 01:05:46,900
direction, a sea of green and 
gold that ripples in waves. 

1263
01:05:46,900 --> 01:05:50,200
When the wind picks up and you 
realize quickly that this 

1264
01:05:50,200 --> 01:05:55,000
landscape, doesn't just surround
you, it consumes, you makes you 

1265
01:05:55,000 --> 01:05:59,300
small and teaches you that 
survival here means reading the 

1266
01:05:59,300 --> 01:06:03,400
land, the way others read books.
The sky overhead is impossibly 

1267
01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:05,600
blue. 
The kind of blew that makes you 

1268
01:06:05,600 --> 01:06:07,100
understand. 
Why these people would later 

1269
01:06:07,100 --> 01:06:12,500
call it the Eternal Blue Sky, 
their primary deity, their 

1270
01:06:12,500 --> 01:06:16,500
witness to every oath and 
promise in summer the sun 

1271
01:06:16,500 --> 01:06:19,400
hammers, down with an intensity.
That makes the air Shimmer above

1272
01:06:19,400 --> 01:06:22,500
the distant Hills turning, 
everything Beyond a certain 

1273
01:06:22,508 --> 01:06:26,600
distance into wavering mirage's 
in Winter that same Sky, turns 

1274
01:06:26,600 --> 01:06:29,300
hard and pale and the cold 
descends with a cruelty. 

1275
01:06:29,400 --> 01:06:31,800
That can kill a person in hours 
if they're caught unprepared, 

1276
01:06:31,800 --> 01:06:35,400
freezing fingers, and toes. 
Before you even realize, you're 

1277
01:06:35,400 --> 01:06:38,600
in danger, you notice the herds 
first horses. 

1278
01:06:38,600 --> 01:06:42,400
Mostly moving in, a loose groups
across the grassland, their 

1279
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:45,400
coach Shaggy and thick Built For
This climate extremes. 

1280
01:06:45,400 --> 01:06:48,100
These aren't the Sleek refined 
animals. 

1281
01:06:48,100 --> 01:06:49,800
You might pick from later, 
centuries. 

1282
01:06:49,800 --> 01:06:54,100
These are sturdy creatures 
Barrel, chested and short-legged

1283
01:06:54,100 --> 01:06:57,000
capable of surviving on whatever
tough grass. 

1284
01:06:57,000 --> 01:07:00,900
Pokes through the snow capable 
of traveling, 50 miles in a day 

1285
01:07:00,900 --> 01:07:04,600
without complaint near them 
sheep cluster and Tighter 

1286
01:07:04,600 --> 01:07:08,200
groups, their wolf, thick and 
oily, providing protection 

1287
01:07:08,200 --> 01:07:10,300
against whether that would kill 
less a breeds. 

1288
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:14,500
The occasional camel stands 
apart chewing thoughtfully 

1289
01:07:14,500 --> 01:07:17,900
looking vaguely offended by 
everything as camels. 

1290
01:07:17,900 --> 01:07:20,200
Do the camps. 
Themselves are temporary 

1291
01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:22,800
constellation scattered across 
this ocean of grass. 

1292
01:07:22,800 --> 01:07:27,000
He approached one now and the 
smell of smoke becomes specific 

1293
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:31,900
burning Argyll dried dung that 
serves as the primary fuel 

1294
01:07:31,900 --> 01:07:34,200
source out here where trees are 
rare luxuries. 

1295
01:07:34,200 --> 01:07:37,300
It's not an unpleasant smell 
earthian. 

1296
01:07:37,300 --> 01:07:41,300
Practical mixed with the scent 
of boiling meat and fermented 

1297
01:07:41,300 --> 01:07:44,700
Mare's milk. 
The jeers felt covered lattice 

1298
01:07:44,700 --> 01:07:47,900
structures, that others would 
later call Yurts sit in rough 

1299
01:07:47,900 --> 01:07:51,000
circles. 
Their doors, always facing south

1300
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:53,400
to catch the Sun and avoid the 
north wind. 

1301
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:57,000
That brings the worst weather 
inside a gir, the world 

1302
01:07:57,000 --> 01:08:00,100
contracts, to something 
manageable, almost cozy. 

1303
01:08:01,100 --> 01:08:05,300
Felt walls, several layers. 
Thick, Warmth from a central 

1304
01:08:05,300 --> 01:08:08,000
Hearth, where a fire burns, low 
and steady. 

1305
01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:12,500
The lattice framework creates a 
satisfying geometric pattern and

1306
01:08:12,500 --> 01:08:15,000
everything has its place 
weapons. 

1307
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:18,100
And saddles on the western side,
cooking, implements near the 

1308
01:08:18,100 --> 01:08:21,600
door and the families, treasured
possessions arranged around the 

1309
01:08:21,600 --> 01:08:25,100
back wall opposite. 
The entrance, the floor is 

1310
01:08:25,108 --> 01:08:30,000
covered with felt and Furs and 
the air smells of smoke wool and

1311
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:32,800
whatever's cooking in the pots. 
Suspended over the fire. 

1312
01:08:32,800 --> 01:08:37,300
You're learning the rhythm of 
Step life and it's tied entirely

1313
01:08:37,300 --> 01:08:41,000
to the animals and the seasons, 
spring means following the herds

1314
01:08:41,000 --> 01:08:44,300
to Fresh grazing, watching for 
the births of new folds, and 

1315
01:08:44,300 --> 01:08:46,899
lambs and moving Camp every few 
weeks. 

1316
01:08:46,899 --> 01:08:50,300
As the animals, exhaust, the 
grass in one area a work is 

1317
01:08:50,308 --> 01:08:54,100
constant during these months. 
Assisting difficult births. 

1318
01:08:54,600 --> 01:08:57,800
Protecting newborns from 
predators and keeping track of 

1319
01:08:57,800 --> 01:09:00,600
which animals belong to, which 
family is in the communal 

1320
01:09:00,600 --> 01:09:03,800
herding Arrangements. 
That characterized steps a 

1321
01:09:03,800 --> 01:09:07,899
society, a good spring can set a
family up for Prosperity, a bad 

1322
01:09:07,908 --> 01:09:10,700
one where disease strikes, the 
herds or whether kills the young

1323
01:09:10,700 --> 01:09:13,800
can mean poverty or Worse. 
Some are brings the easiest 

1324
01:09:13,800 --> 01:09:17,800
living abundant grass warm days 
and time for the Great 

1325
01:09:17,800 --> 01:09:20,200
Gatherings. 
Where Clans would meet arranged 

1326
01:09:20,200 --> 01:09:24,500
marriages settled disputes, race
horses and wrestle. 

1327
01:09:24,500 --> 01:09:28,100
You attend one of these summer 
Gatherings, and it's part of 

1328
01:09:28,100 --> 01:09:31,300
Festival part, political 
convention, and part Market. 

1329
01:09:32,300 --> 01:09:35,600
Young men compete in archery. 
Contests their arrows. 

1330
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:38,399
Flying toward distant targets 
with accuracy. 

1331
01:09:38,399 --> 01:09:42,100
That seems impossible wrestlers 
grapple in competitions. 

1332
01:09:42,100 --> 01:09:45,500
That draw, huge crowds the 
winners, gaining Prestige, that 

1333
01:09:45,500 --> 01:09:48,899
will follow them for years. 
Horse, races cover distances, 

1334
01:09:48,899 --> 01:09:52,300
that would exhaust animals bred 
for Speed rather than endurance.

1335
01:09:52,300 --> 01:09:54,900
And the Victorious Riders become
local. 

1336
01:09:54,900 --> 01:09:58,900
Celebrities their horses sought 
after for breeding between the 

1337
01:09:58,900 --> 01:10:02,900
competitions, serious business 
gets conducted elders meeting 

1338
01:10:02,900 --> 01:10:06,900
Council, discussing grazing 
rights resolving feuds that have

1339
01:10:06,900 --> 01:10:09,900
simmered since the previous 
Gathering and arranging 

1340
01:10:09,900 --> 01:10:13,800
marriages between families to 
cement alliances, or heal Rifts.

1341
01:10:14,300 --> 01:10:17,000
Young people circling each other
with the careful, choreography 

1342
01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:19,900
of potential courtship 
chaperone. 

1343
01:10:19,900 --> 01:10:22,700
But given enough freedom to 
assess, whether they might suit 

1344
01:10:22,700 --> 01:10:25,700
each other, Merchants set up 
temporary stalls, offering 

1345
01:10:25,700 --> 01:10:29,700
Goods, that can't be made on the
step metal tools, Chinese silk 

1346
01:10:29,700 --> 01:10:31,900
grain, and tea. 
For those who can afford such 

1347
01:10:31,900 --> 01:10:36,400
luxuries, Autumn means preparing
for winter and the work becomes 

1348
01:10:36,400 --> 01:10:39,800
frantic. 
Meet must be preserved, dried 

1349
01:10:39,800 --> 01:10:43,100
smoke'd or sometimes buried in 
the permafrost, in Northern 

1350
01:10:43,100 --> 01:10:45,100
regions, where the ground stays 
Frozen. 

1351
01:10:45,100 --> 01:10:48,400
Even in summer, felt gets made 
from wool the fibers. 

1352
01:10:48,400 --> 01:10:51,500
Pounded and worked, until they 
matched together into material. 

1353
01:10:51,500 --> 01:10:54,700
That will keep wind and cold at 
Bay, every piece of equipment, 

1354
01:10:54,700 --> 01:11:00,600
gets inspected and repaired. 
Saddles bridles tent frames and 

1355
01:11:00,600 --> 01:11:04,000
the 100 small items that might 
seem unimportant until they 

1356
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:07,800
break in the middle of winter 
and can't be replaced women. 

1357
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:11,500
Work on clothing, stitching new 
garments and repairing old ones 

1358
01:11:11,500 --> 01:11:14,400
adding layers of insulation. 
That will mean the difference 

1359
01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:18,000
between comfort and Frostbite. 
Winter means hunkering down, in 

1360
01:11:18,000 --> 01:11:21,000
more sheltered, valleys, keeping
the herds alive through the 

1361
01:11:21,008 --> 01:11:25,300
coldest months, and surviving on
preserved foods and the milk 

1362
01:11:25,300 --> 01:11:27,700
from animals. 
Hardy enough to still produce in

1363
01:11:27,700 --> 01:11:31,000
the cold. 
The work doesn't stop Animals. 

1364
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:33,500
Still need to be moved to 
whatever grazing can be found. 

1365
01:11:33,500 --> 01:11:37,400
Sometimes requiring you to break
through ice on ponds so they can

1366
01:11:37,400 --> 01:11:41,100
drink, always watching for signs
of weakness or disease that 

1367
01:11:41,100 --> 01:11:43,100
might signal an animal won't 
survive. 

1368
01:11:44,000 --> 01:11:48,500
Spring inside the jars, crafts, 
get practiced making rope from 

1369
01:11:48,500 --> 01:11:52,600
horse hair, carving wood working
leather and teaching children 

1370
01:11:52,600 --> 01:11:53,600
the skills. 
They'll need. 

1371
01:11:53,600 --> 01:11:55,900
When they're old enough to 
contribute fully to the 

1372
01:11:55,900 --> 01:11:58,800
household survival. 
The people you meet here, move 

1373
01:11:58,800 --> 01:12:01,300
with an economy of motion born 
from necessity. 

1374
01:12:01,300 --> 01:12:04,600
There's no wasted effort when 
every calorie burned must be 

1375
01:12:04,600 --> 01:12:06,700
replaced by food. 
That's never guaranteed 

1376
01:12:06,700 --> 01:12:08,700
children. 
As young as three or four 

1377
01:12:08,700 --> 01:12:12,100
already sit confidently on 
Horseback learning balance. 

1378
01:12:12,100 --> 01:12:15,700
Before they learn to form 
complex sentences by six or 

1379
01:12:15,700 --> 01:12:17,200
seven, they're helping herd 
animals. 

1380
01:12:17,200 --> 01:12:20,400
Their small fingers already 
capable of the intricate work 

1381
01:12:20,400 --> 01:12:24,300
required to maintain equipment 
repair tax and perform the 

1382
01:12:24,300 --> 01:12:27,500
hundred small tasks that keep a 
nomadic household functioning. 

1383
01:12:27,500 --> 01:12:31,600
You notice, the sounds that Mark
the hours here, not bells or 

1384
01:12:31,608 --> 01:12:35,800
clocks, but the movement of 
animals, the changing quality of

1385
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:39,300
wind and the calls that passed 
between herders watching their 

1386
01:12:39,300 --> 01:12:41,900
flocks. 
Someone shouts a warning about a

1387
01:12:41,900 --> 01:12:45,600
Wandering sheep and the sound 
carries impossibly far across 

1388
01:12:45,600 --> 01:12:47,700
the open Grassland, Chris and 
clear. 

1389
01:12:48,600 --> 01:12:53,600
Somewhere a horse whinnies and 
others answer a conversation in 

1390
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:56,300
a language older than words at 
night. 

1391
01:12:57,300 --> 01:13:02,700
Sounds shift, owls hunting, the 
occasional distant Wolf, the 

1392
01:13:02,700 --> 01:13:06,000
settling noises of animals 
bedding down and the low 

1393
01:13:06,000 --> 01:13:09,400
conversation of adults sitting 
around fires their faces lit 

1394
01:13:09,400 --> 01:13:11,700
From Below. 
Making them look carved from 

1395
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:14,900
copper and Shadow. 
The night sky here is violent 

1396
01:13:14,900 --> 01:13:18,400
with stars more than you've ever
seen more than seems possible. 

1397
01:13:18,400 --> 01:13:22,000
The Milky Way isn't a faint 
smudge, but a River of Light, 

1398
01:13:22,000 --> 01:13:25,000
cutting the heavens in half, you
can see why these people 

1399
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:27,900
developed such sophisticated 
understanding of celestial 

1400
01:13:27,900 --> 01:13:31,100
navigation, why they're charms 
could read meaning in the 

1401
01:13:31,100 --> 01:13:33,900
patterns overhead, and why 
Travelers could Orient 

1402
01:13:33,900 --> 01:13:37,600
themselves on moonless nights by
learning the constellations, as 

1403
01:13:37,600 --> 01:13:39,400
intimately, as you know, your 
own neighborhood. 

1404
01:13:40,200 --> 01:13:43,400
The Stars wheel overhead in 
their Eternal dance and you 

1405
01:13:43,400 --> 01:13:46,200
begin to understand why. 
The Mongols saw the skies are 

1406
01:13:46,200 --> 01:13:50,100
living presents, a witness to 
Oaths and Promises something 

1407
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:53,500
worthy of reverence. 
Shamans themselves are 

1408
01:13:53,500 --> 01:13:57,100
fascinating figures operating at
the intersection of medicine, 

1409
01:13:57,100 --> 01:14:01,300
psychology and spirituality. 
You watch one working drumming 

1410
01:14:01,300 --> 01:14:03,800
himself into trance States, his 
Consciousness. 

1411
01:14:03,800 --> 01:14:06,600
Supposedly traveling to the 
spirit world to negotiate with 

1412
01:14:06,600 --> 01:14:10,700
entities who control whether 
health and Fortune whether you 

1413
01:14:10,700 --> 01:14:12,600
believe in the spiritual 
mechanics or not. 

1414
01:14:12,600 --> 01:14:16,100
There's no denying the 
psychological impact of the way.

1415
01:14:16,100 --> 01:14:19,700
A good Shaman can calm an 
anxious Community, provide 

1416
01:14:19,700 --> 01:14:23,200
explanations for Misfortune that
make it bearable and offer 

1417
01:14:23,200 --> 01:14:26,600
rituals that give people a sense
of control over and otherwise 

1418
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:29,800
unpredictable existence. 
This is the world that shape, 

1419
01:14:29,800 --> 01:14:33,500
the boy who had become Genghis, 
Khan a world, where strength and

1420
01:14:33,500 --> 01:14:37,400
skilled determines survival 
where Alliance is shifted, like 

1421
01:14:37,400 --> 01:14:41,000
the grass in wind and where a 
person's worth was measured in 

1422
01:14:41,008 --> 01:14:45,500
their ability to endure to adapt
and to master the Arts of riding

1423
01:14:45,500 --> 01:14:48,500
archery and reading the subtle 
signs that meant the difference 

1424
01:14:48,500 --> 01:14:51,300
between life and death. 
It's a world that seems harsh 

1425
01:14:51,300 --> 01:14:53,000
from the outside. 
Light, but you're beginning to 

1426
01:14:53,008 --> 01:14:56,500
understand its own particular 
Beauty, the freedom in its 

1427
01:14:56,500 --> 01:14:59,300
vastness and the clarity in its 
demands. 

1428
01:14:59,300 --> 01:15:03,500
There are no abstractions here, 
no philosophical debates, about 

1429
01:15:03,500 --> 01:15:06,700
the nature of reality. 
Reality is the grass under your 

1430
01:15:06,708 --> 01:15:11,000
feet, the horse between your 
legs, the weather overhead and 

1431
01:15:11,000 --> 01:15:13,400
the animals that means survival 
or starvation. 

1432
01:15:13,400 --> 01:15:17,900
You're watching a boy, perhaps 
nine years old standing beside a

1433
01:15:17,900 --> 01:15:19,400
frozen River in the depths of 
winter. 

1434
01:15:19,400 --> 01:15:24,100
His name is temujin and he's 
just watched his father die, 

1435
01:15:24,100 --> 01:15:27,800
poisoned by tartars during what 
should have been a simple Feast,

1436
01:15:27,800 --> 01:15:31,800
the death itself was days ago, 
but you're seeing the aftermath.

1437
01:15:31,800 --> 01:15:35,400
Now, the moment when his 
father's followers make a choice

1438
01:15:35,400 --> 01:15:38,300
that will Define the rest of his
life, their leaving. 

1439
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:44,800
The decision makes a certain 
brutal sense of Father yesu gay 

1440
01:15:44,808 --> 01:15:48,200
was a minor Chieftain respected 
but not wealthy. 

1441
01:15:48,200 --> 01:15:51,000
And without his leadership, 
there's no reason for these 

1442
01:15:51,000 --> 01:15:54,800
families to stay attached to his
widow and children resources on 

1443
01:15:54,800 --> 01:15:56,600
the step are finite and 
carefully. 

1444
01:15:56,600 --> 01:16:01,300
Calculated, every mouth to feed 
is a genuine burden and a widow 

1445
01:16:01,300 --> 01:16:04,100
with several young children and 
no powerful male protector 

1446
01:16:04,100 --> 01:16:07,200
represents liability that most 
can't afford. 

1447
01:16:07,200 --> 01:16:10,700
So they pack their possessions 
onto their horses and carts and 

1448
01:16:10,700 --> 01:16:13,700
they leave and you watch to move
in watching them go. 

1449
01:16:14,500 --> 01:16:18,000
His face revealing nothing that 
we surely calculating. 

1450
01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:21,100
What this means. 
What it means is hunger. 

1451
01:16:21,100 --> 01:16:24,300
You follow the family through 
that first winter and it's a 

1452
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:28,100
grinding Relentless thing. 
His mother Holland keeps them 

1453
01:16:28,100 --> 01:16:31,300
alive through sheer. 
Determination digging for Wild 

1454
01:16:31,300 --> 01:16:35,100
Roots catching fish in the 
summer months hunting, small 

1455
01:16:35,100 --> 01:16:37,600
game. 
And teaching her children, the 

1456
01:16:37,600 --> 01:16:39,800
difference between edible and 
poisonous plants. 

1457
01:16:39,800 --> 01:16:43,700
They live in something, barely 
qualify as a juror more of a 

1458
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:46,500
lean to constructed from 
whatever materials they could 

1459
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:48,600
sell it. 
And you can see the physical 

1460
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:51,800
toll on all of them, the way 
their faces grow gaunt. 

1461
01:16:51,800 --> 01:16:55,200
The way their movements become 
careful and economical, 

1462
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:59,100
conserving energy. 
Helen herself is remarkable a 

1463
01:16:59,100 --> 01:17:01,100
woman who refuses to break under
circumstances. 

1464
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:04,400
That would destroy most people, 
you watch her maintaining 

1465
01:17:04,400 --> 01:17:08,200
discipline among her children, 
keeping them focused on Survival

1466
01:17:08,200 --> 01:17:11,000
rather than despair teaching 
them skills. 

1467
01:17:11,000 --> 01:17:15,500
While also in the belief that 
this poverty is temporary that 

1468
01:17:15,500 --> 01:17:18,800
they come from Noble lineage and
will reclaim their position. 

1469
01:17:18,800 --> 01:17:23,200
Its part to Lucian part 
determination an entirely 

1470
01:17:23,200 --> 01:17:25,500
necessary. 
Without that belief, they might 

1471
01:17:25,500 --> 01:17:28,900
simply give up, might fail to 
put in the exhausting work, 

1472
01:17:28,900 --> 01:17:32,300
required to survive, another day
temperatures in learns to fish 

1473
01:17:32,300 --> 01:17:35,000
with an intense City. 
That suggests his life, depends 

1474
01:17:35,000 --> 01:17:39,000
on it, which it does. 
You watch him standing knee deep

1475
01:17:39,000 --> 01:17:42,800
in an icy stream completely 
still waiting for the flicker of

1476
01:17:42,808 --> 01:17:44,500
movement. 
That signals a fish swimming 

1477
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:48,100
near when he strikes. 
It's with the speed of a hunting

1478
01:17:48,100 --> 01:17:52,800
bird his hands darting into the 
water and more often than not he

1479
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:57,200
comes up empty his fingers numb 
and useless from the cold but 

1480
01:17:57,200 --> 01:18:01,200
sometimes he succeeds and 
there's no celebration just the 

1481
01:18:01,200 --> 01:18:05,100
quiet satisfaction of another 
meal secured another day of 

1482
01:18:05,100 --> 01:18:09,800
survival guaranteed, the family 
hunt, small game, marmots 

1483
01:18:09,800 --> 01:18:13,900
rabbits and occasionally Birds 
tamugan makes his own arrows. 

1484
01:18:13,900 --> 01:18:16,600
Carving them from Woods 
scavenged wherever he can find 

1485
01:18:16,600 --> 01:18:19,000
it. 
Making points from bone or 

1486
01:18:19,000 --> 01:18:20,800
stone. 
When metal is unavailable? 

1487
01:18:20,800 --> 01:18:24,100
His bow is simple. 
Nothing like the sophisticated 

1488
01:18:24,100 --> 01:18:27,700
composite weapons that wealthy 
Warriors carry but it works well

1489
01:18:27,700 --> 01:18:31,400
enough to bring down a rabbit at
20 paces and that's all that 

1490
01:18:31,400 --> 01:18:33,800
matters. 
He becomes intimately familiar 

1491
01:18:33,800 --> 01:18:36,200
with the habits of every edible 
animal in the region. 

1492
01:18:36,200 --> 01:18:40,600
Learn Their tracks, their 
feeding patterns and the times 

1493
01:18:40,600 --> 01:18:43,500
of day, when they're most 
vulnerable, there are moments of

1494
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,600
genuine danger, Beyond 
starvation, other families. 

1495
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:49,200
Some barely better off than to 
mutants see them as potential 

1496
01:18:49,200 --> 01:18:53,800
targets week unprotected, 
possessing what little they have

1497
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:57,600
you witness, an attempted raid. 
One night men, approaching the 

1498
01:18:57,600 --> 01:18:59,300
family's miserable Camp 
thinking. 

1499
01:18:59,300 --> 01:19:03,600
It will be easy prey. 
They're wrong temujin and his 

1500
01:19:03,600 --> 01:19:05,600
brothers fight with the 
desperation of people who have 

1501
01:19:05,600 --> 01:19:09,700
nothing left to lose and the 
would-be Raiders Retreat leaving

1502
01:19:09,700 --> 01:19:13,500
behind one of their own wounded.
It's a small victory but it 

1503
01:19:13,500 --> 01:19:16,300
teaches temujin. 
Something important that 

1504
01:19:16,300 --> 01:19:19,600
perceived weakness can be 
strategic that enemies, who 

1505
01:19:19,608 --> 01:19:23,400
underestimate you hand, you an 
advantage, the family's horses, 

1506
01:19:23,400 --> 01:19:27,000
get stolen one night and you 
follow to mujin as he tracks the

1507
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:31,300
thieves across the grassland. 
He's maybe 14 now, ganglion 

1508
01:19:31,300 --> 01:19:34,300
still growing into his frame but
there's already something in his

1509
01:19:34,300 --> 01:19:36,500
eyes that suggests he's done 
being pushed around. 

1510
01:19:37,400 --> 01:19:40,800
He tracks for three days, 
sleeping rough, eating nothing 

1511
01:19:40,800 --> 01:19:43,900
and focused with the 
single-mindedness of someone who

1512
01:19:43,900 --> 01:19:46,800
understands that. 
Those horses represent, the 

1513
01:19:46,800 --> 01:19:50,800
difference between survival and 
slow starvation, when he finds 

1514
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:52,600
them, he doesn't attack 
directly. 

1515
01:19:53,400 --> 01:19:57,100
He watches weights learns, the 
patterns of the camp that is 

1516
01:19:57,100 --> 01:19:59,300
taken them. 
And then he simply walks in 

1517
01:19:59,300 --> 01:20:02,400
during the day, when most of the
men are out hunting and leads 

1518
01:20:02,400 --> 01:20:06,000
his horses away, the audacity of
it makes you want to laugh, but 

1519
01:20:06,000 --> 01:20:08,600
he's not joking. 
He's already learned that 

1520
01:20:08,600 --> 01:20:11,900
sometimes the direct approach 
Works precisely because no one 

1521
01:20:11,908 --> 01:20:15,500
expects it on his way back. 
He encounters a young man named 

1522
01:20:15,500 --> 01:20:18,200
Bogut who sees what to mujin has
done? 

1523
01:20:18,208 --> 01:20:20,300
And is impressed enough to help 
him get the horses? 

1524
01:20:20,300 --> 01:20:23,800
Home safely, his temons. 
First real Ally since his 

1525
01:20:23,808 --> 01:20:26,900
father's death and the two 
former bond that will last 

1526
01:20:26,900 --> 01:20:30,600
decades Bogut comes from a 
relatively prosperous family. 

1527
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:34,200
But he sees something in this 
desperate determined teenager, 

1528
01:20:34,200 --> 01:20:37,300
that makes him think following. 
Tennogen might lead somewhere 

1529
01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:39,900
interesting. 
You see him making his next 

1530
01:20:39,900 --> 01:20:43,000
significant Alliance during this
period with Jamaica. 

1531
01:20:43,000 --> 01:20:46,100
Another young man who would 
eventually become his greatest 

1532
01:20:46,100 --> 01:20:50,300
rival for now though their 
friends Bound by the traditional

1533
01:20:50,300 --> 01:20:54,600
Mongolian practice of Anda sworn
Brotherhood, they exchange gifts

1534
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:58,200
the ritual simple but binding 
and you watch them hunting 

1535
01:20:58,200 --> 01:21:01,800
together racing horses and 
learning the skills that will 

1536
01:21:01,800 --> 01:21:03,900
later make them both formidable 
Warrior's. 

1537
01:21:04,700 --> 01:21:08,100
There's genuine affection here, 
you think but also calculation 

1538
01:21:08,100 --> 01:21:11,700
even at this age to move in 
understands the value of allies,

1539
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:15,000
the ways of survival on the step
off and depends on having people

1540
01:21:15,000 --> 01:21:18,700
you can trust to watch your 
back. his relationship with his 

1541
01:21:18,700 --> 01:21:21,500
half-brother begged her 
deteriorate during these years, 

1542
01:21:21,500 --> 01:21:25,200
resources are so scarce that 
even within the family 

1543
01:21:25,200 --> 01:21:29,000
competition becomes vicious, The
breaking point comes, when 

1544
01:21:29,000 --> 01:21:32,000
Vector takes fish and game that 
to mujin and his full brother, 

1545
01:21:32,000 --> 01:21:34,900
cassar of court. 
Asserting the Privileges of 

1546
01:21:34,908 --> 01:21:37,200
being the eldest for most 
families. 

1547
01:21:37,200 --> 01:21:39,800
This would be a minor dispute 
something resolved through 

1548
01:21:39,808 --> 01:21:43,700
parental intervention. 
But here with survival hanging 

1549
01:21:43,700 --> 01:21:46,400
by a thread, it becomes 
something more serious. 

1550
01:21:46,400 --> 01:21:51,400
And cassar kill, becta shooting 
him, with arrows and their 

1551
01:21:51,400 --> 01:21:53,200
mothers rage. 
When she discovers what they've 

1552
01:21:53,200 --> 01:21:56,800
done is terrible to witness. 
She calls them to destroyers and

1553
01:21:56,800 --> 01:22:01,200
predators and Compares them to 
monsters from Legend, the guilt 

1554
01:22:01,200 --> 01:22:03,800
and shame of this moment will 
follow temujin for the rest of 

1555
01:22:03,800 --> 01:22:05,800
his life. 
But he doesn't back down, 

1556
01:22:05,800 --> 01:22:09,600
doesn't apologize. 
He'd made a calculation about 

1557
01:22:09,600 --> 01:22:12,500
survival and loyalty and he'd 
acted on it. 

1558
01:22:12,500 --> 01:22:17,400
The taeed clan captures in 
during his teenage years, seeing

1559
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:20,500
him as a Potential Threat or 
perhaps just exercising 

1560
01:22:20,500 --> 01:22:23,400
dominance over a weakened 
family, they Place him in a 

1561
01:22:23,408 --> 01:22:26,500
Kang, a wooden restraint Warner 
around the neck that prevents 

1562
01:22:26,500 --> 01:22:30,000
lying down or reaching one's own
head and prayed him around as a 

1563
01:22:30,008 --> 01:22:32,400
warning to others. 
You watch him endure this 

1564
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:35,800
humiliation his face in passive 
but his eyes constantly 

1565
01:22:35,800 --> 01:22:40,400
calculating watching for 
opportunity when it comes during

1566
01:22:40,400 --> 01:22:42,700
a celebration. 
When his guards are drunk, he 

1567
01:22:42,700 --> 01:22:46,900
escapes using the kanget self as
a weapon to knock, one guard 

1568
01:22:46,900 --> 01:22:51,100
unconscious and hiding in a 
river submerged, except for his 

1569
01:22:51,100 --> 01:22:54,800
face breathing through reads, 
while search parties pass. 

1570
01:22:55,400 --> 01:22:58,400
Overhead. 
A man named sorgen Shearer finds

1571
01:22:58,400 --> 01:23:01,700
him during this Escape. 
Recognizes him and makes the 

1572
01:23:01,700 --> 01:23:04,400
Split Second decision to help 
rather than turn him in. 

1573
01:23:05,300 --> 01:23:09,000
He hides to mujin in a cart full
of wool and risks his own 

1574
01:23:09,000 --> 01:23:12,600
family, safety to protect this 
fugitive teenager later. 

1575
01:23:12,600 --> 01:23:16,400
Temujin will remember this. 
Kindness will Elevate sorghum 

1576
01:23:16,400 --> 01:23:19,700
Shearer's family and will build 
a reputation for a rewarding 

1577
01:23:19,700 --> 01:23:22,700
loyalty that becomes one of his 
most powerful recruiting tools. 

1578
01:23:22,700 --> 01:23:26,400
But in the moment he's just a 
boy hiding in Wool, heart 

1579
01:23:26,400 --> 01:23:29,900
pounding understanding that his 
life depends on the choice is of

1580
01:23:29,900 --> 01:23:34,800
strangers his marriage to Burton
is a range when he still young a

1581
01:23:34,800 --> 01:23:38,200
match organized by his father 
before his death, your present. 

1582
01:23:38,200 --> 01:23:41,500
When he finally brings her home 
to his Mega Camp, traveling to 

1583
01:23:41,500 --> 01:23:43,600
her family's encampment to claim
his bride. 

1584
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:47,700
She strong willed and practical 
exactly the kind of partner 

1585
01:23:47,700 --> 01:23:50,700
needed for this life and you can
see them establishing the 

1586
01:23:50,700 --> 01:23:54,300
patterns of their partnership. 
She manages the household with 

1587
01:23:54,300 --> 01:23:57,600
an efficiency that keeps them 
fed and warm, and he ranges 

1588
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:01,500
father afield, building 
connections Gathering followers,

1589
01:24:01,500 --> 01:24:05,500
and slowly accumulating, the 
resources and reputation needed 

1590
01:24:05,500 --> 01:24:07,900
to become something more than a 
struggling orphan. 

1591
01:24:07,900 --> 01:24:13,200
Then the markets come They raid 
the camp at dawn and its chaos. 

1592
01:24:13,900 --> 01:24:17,400
Shouting the Thunder of hooves 
and to mujin making the Split 

1593
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:20,700
Second decision to flee with his
mother and siblings rather than 

1594
01:24:20,700 --> 01:24:24,600
die in a pointless fight. 
They take Berta and you're 

1595
01:24:24,600 --> 01:24:27,300
watching right away and there's 
shame in it, certainly but also 

1596
01:24:27,300 --> 01:24:30,600
the cold pragmatism of someone 
who understands that dead men 

1597
01:24:30,600 --> 01:24:31,600
rescue. 
No one. 

1598
01:24:32,400 --> 01:24:34,200
What happens? 
Next tells you everything about 

1599
01:24:34,200 --> 01:24:36,700
who he's becoming, he doesn't 
mourn. 

1600
01:24:36,700 --> 01:24:39,400
Doesn't waste time on regret 
instead. 

1601
01:24:39,400 --> 01:24:43,900
He activates every Alliance. 
He's built calls in every favor,

1602
01:24:43,900 --> 01:24:47,800
goes to Total Khan. 
His father's old Ally and 

1603
01:24:47,800 --> 01:24:51,800
essentially says help me, get my
wife back and you'll have my 

1604
01:24:51,800 --> 01:24:55,200
loyalty. 
Toggler agrees like seeing 

1605
01:24:55,200 --> 01:24:58,700
opportunity in this intense 
young man who clearly knows how 

1606
01:24:58,700 --> 01:25:02,200
to inspire followers despite 
having nothing material to offer

1607
01:25:02,200 --> 01:25:04,400
them together with yawmuka 
Warriors. 

1608
01:25:04,400 --> 01:25:07,300
They assemble a force large 
enough to strike back at the 

1609
01:25:07,308 --> 01:25:12,100
markets 20,000 men, a 
significant Army by step 

1610
01:25:12,100 --> 01:25:16,100
standards the raids succeeds. 
You watch them hit the market 

1611
01:25:16,100 --> 01:25:19,900
camp at dawn, returning the 
favor and temujin finds Berta 

1612
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:23,400
among the scattered jurors. 
She calls out his name and the 

1613
01:25:23,408 --> 01:25:26,600
reunion is brief and functional.
There's no time for emotion. 

1614
01:25:26,600 --> 01:25:29,600
When you're in enemy territory, 
only late later, when their 

1615
01:25:29,600 --> 01:25:32,100
safely away, does he allow 
himself to feel anything? 

1616
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:37,800
And what he feels, you suspect 
isn't just relief, but a kind of

1617
01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:40,500
vindication he's proven, he can 
Strike Back. 

1618
01:25:40,500 --> 01:25:43,800
Can organize a military 
operation and can lead men into 

1619
01:25:43,800 --> 01:25:45,500
battle and bring them out 
Victorious. 

1620
01:25:46,500 --> 01:25:48,900
Berta gives birth month later to
a son. 

1621
01:25:48,908 --> 01:25:51,500
They named Yoshi. 
There will always be quiet 

1622
01:25:51,500 --> 01:25:53,500
questions about the child's 
paternity. 

1623
01:25:53,500 --> 01:25:58,200
The math of conception makes the
timeline ambiguous but to mujin 

1624
01:25:58,200 --> 01:26:01,600
claims him as his own without 
hesitation publicly and 

1625
01:26:01,600 --> 01:26:04,100
repeatedly. 
You understand that this too is 

1626
01:26:04,100 --> 01:26:08,000
part of his emerging character. 
The ability to choose loyalty 

1627
01:26:08,000 --> 01:26:11,800
over doubt to decide what 
matters and then commit to it 

1628
01:26:11,800 --> 01:26:15,500
completely and to refuse to let 
shame or uncertainty undermine 

1629
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:18,200
what he's building. 
You're riding now part of a 

1630
01:26:18,208 --> 01:26:21,800
Mongol Warriors daily routine. 
The first thing you notice is 

1631
01:26:21,800 --> 01:26:23,200
that you never really stop 
moving. 

1632
01:26:23,200 --> 01:26:25,800
The horse beneath. 
You has a rolling gate that 

1633
01:26:25,800 --> 01:26:29,000
covers ground efficiently and 
you're learning to relax into 

1634
01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:31,100
it. 
To let your body move with the 

1635
01:26:31,100 --> 01:26:35,000
animal rather than against it. 
Your legs from the unfamiliar 

1636
01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:38,100
position and your inner thighs. 
Are rubbed roared despite the 

1637
01:26:38,100 --> 01:26:41,300
protection of your deal? 
The traditional long robe that 

1638
01:26:41,300 --> 01:26:44,500
everyone wears the Mongols 
around, you sit there horses 

1639
01:26:44,500 --> 01:26:46,400
like their extensions of their 
own bodies. 

1640
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:49,800
Comfortable where the walking 
trotting or Galloping across the

1641
01:26:49,800 --> 01:26:53,200
grassland breakfast, when it 
comes is eating in the saddle. 

1642
01:26:53,200 --> 01:26:57,700
Dried meat hard cheese made from
compressed curds, perhaps some 

1643
01:26:57,700 --> 01:26:59,400
of the yoghurt drinks they carry
in leather. 

1644
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:01,900
Flasks there's no stopping for 
meals. 

1645
01:27:01,900 --> 01:27:04,900
When you're traveling know, 
setting up elaborate camps for 

1646
01:27:04,900 --> 01:27:06,900
lunch, you eat, what you can 
carry. 

1647
01:27:06,900 --> 01:27:10,700
And you keep moving because 
distance, covered equals safety 

1648
01:27:10,700 --> 01:27:14,300
equals new grazing for the 
animals, equals, whatever 

1649
01:27:14,300 --> 01:27:17,700
objective has Set You In Motion,
the meat is tough enough to 

1650
01:27:17,700 --> 01:27:20,800
require extended chewing, which 
is probably good because it 

1651
01:27:20,800 --> 01:27:23,800
makes limited rations last 
longer and keeps your mouth 

1652
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:27,200
occupied during the long hours 
of riding the ghost trap to your

1653
01:27:27,208 --> 01:27:30,600
side is smaller than your 
expected a recurved design, 

1654
01:27:30,600 --> 01:27:33,700
that's asymmetric to accommodate
shooting from horseback. 

1655
01:27:33,700 --> 01:27:36,500
The craftsmanship is 
extraordinary. 

1656
01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:41,500
Layers of wood horn and sinew 
glue together with precise 

1657
01:27:41,500 --> 01:27:45,100
attention to grain Direction, 
and tensile properties. 

1658
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:48,000
In Birchbox, to protect against 
moisture. 

1659
01:27:48,000 --> 01:27:52,400
Requiring months to construct 
properly, during a break, not 

1660
01:27:52,400 --> 01:27:55,200
for the ride is, but to let the 
horses graze and drink from a 

1661
01:27:55,200 --> 01:27:57,300
stream, you watch Warrior as 
practicing. 

1662
01:27:57,300 --> 01:28:02,400
And the skill level is absurd, 
they shoot forward backward and 

1663
01:28:02,400 --> 01:28:05,400
sideways hanging off the side of
their horses. 

1664
01:28:05,400 --> 01:28:08,600
Hitting targets while moving at 
full Gallop the secret. 

1665
01:28:08,600 --> 01:28:11,900
Someone explains is breathing 
with the horses gate. 

1666
01:28:12,600 --> 01:28:15,700
Releasing the arrow during that 
fraction of a second when all 

1667
01:28:15,700 --> 01:28:18,800
four hooves are off the ground, 
and the horses essentially, 

1668
01:28:18,800 --> 01:28:21,300
floating providing a 
momentarily. 

1669
01:28:21,300 --> 01:28:26,000
Stable platform, you learn about
the Remuda system each Warrior 

1670
01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:29,400
traveling with multiple horses, 
sometimes, three or four 

1671
01:28:29,400 --> 01:28:32,500
switching mounts every few hours
to keep them fresh. 

1672
01:28:32,500 --> 01:28:36,300
It's why Mongol armies could 
cover distances that seemed 

1673
01:28:36,300 --> 01:28:39,600
impossible to their enemies. 
Why they could appear suddenly 

1674
01:28:39,600 --> 01:28:43,800
where no one expected, them 
strike and vanish before 

1675
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:47,300
reinforcements arrived, the 
horses themselves are Hardy 

1676
01:28:47,300 --> 01:28:49,700
enough to survive on whatever 
forage they can find. 

1677
01:28:49,700 --> 01:28:54,400
Requiring no grain, no special 
feeding and capable of pouring 

1678
01:28:54,400 --> 01:28:58,100
through snow to reach grass. 
When necessary, they're not fast

1679
01:28:58,100 --> 01:29:00,000
compared to breeds developed for
racing. 

1680
01:29:00,000 --> 01:29:04,400
But their tireless capable of 
maintaining a steady Pace hour 

1681
01:29:04,400 --> 01:29:08,000
after hour day after day. 
The Warriors carry minimal, 

1682
01:29:08,000 --> 01:29:12,500
personal gear, A few changes of 
clothing, their weapons tools 

1683
01:29:12,500 --> 01:29:15,900
for maintaining equipment and 
perhaps some personal items like

1684
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:18,600
a lucky charm or a small 
container of kumis. 

1685
01:29:18,600 --> 01:29:22,000
Everything must be light enough 
to be transported on Horseback 

1686
01:29:22,000 --> 01:29:25,600
and durable enough to survive 
the rigors of constant movement 

1687
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:28,700
and extreme weather. 
You notice how well maintained 

1688
01:29:28,700 --> 01:29:33,300
everything is leather, kept oil,
metal, kept free of rust and 

1689
01:29:33,300 --> 01:29:36,000
wood inspected regularly for 
cracks or weakness. 

1690
01:29:36,000 --> 01:29:39,800
A broken stirrer or frayed bow 
string at the wrong moment can 

1691
01:29:39,800 --> 01:29:42,200
mean death. 
So maintenance isn't optional. 

1692
01:29:42,200 --> 01:29:45,700
It's a daily ritual performed 
with religious attention to 

1693
01:29:45,700 --> 01:29:48,600
detail camp. 
That night is established with 

1694
01:29:48,600 --> 01:29:52,000
practice to see the jurors go up
in less than an hour. 

1695
01:29:52,008 --> 01:29:54,600
The lattice frames on folding, 
like wooden flowers. 

1696
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:58,200
The felt covers lashed down 
Against the Wind with ropes, 

1697
01:29:58,200 --> 01:30:02,500
waited with stones inside the 
virus, started with flint, and 

1698
01:30:02,500 --> 01:30:06,600
steel Coke to life, with dried 
grass and small Twigs before the

1699
01:30:06,600 --> 01:30:09,400
argyle is added the smoke finds 
its way out. 

1700
01:30:09,600 --> 01:30:12,100
Through the opening up the top. 
There were enough lingers to 

1701
01:30:12,100 --> 01:30:14,700
make your eyes water until you 
learn to position yourself 

1702
01:30:14,700 --> 01:30:18,800
correctly, staying low, where 
the air is clearer, dinner is 

1703
01:30:18,800 --> 01:30:21,200
communal. 
The pop passed around everyone 

1704
01:30:21,200 --> 01:30:24,000
eating from personal bowls 
carved from wood or 

1705
01:30:24,000 --> 01:30:26,000
occasionally, fashioned from 
leather sewn. 

1706
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:30,200
So tightly at holds liquid, the 
meat is mutton tonight boiled 

1707
01:30:30,200 --> 01:30:32,600
with wild onions. 
And whatever greens someone 

1708
01:30:32,600 --> 01:30:34,400
managed to gather during the 
day's travel. 

1709
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:39,000
Perhaps some wild garlic or 
Sorrel plants that add flavor 

1710
01:30:39,000 --> 01:30:42,300
and provide nutrients often 
lacking in a meat-heavy diet. 

1711
01:30:42,300 --> 01:30:46,200
It's simple food, but after a 
day of riding, it tastes perfect

1712
01:30:46,200 --> 01:30:48,800
warming. 
You from the inside restoring 

1713
01:30:48,800 --> 01:30:52,400
energy depleted, by hours in the
saddle, the fermented Mare's 

1714
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:56,600
milk erag gets passed around in 
a leather bag, and everyone 

1715
01:30:56,600 --> 01:30:58,400
takes a drink before passing it 
on. 

1716
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:02,900
It's mildly alcoholic and tangy.
And acquired taste that grows on

1717
01:31:02,900 --> 01:31:06,500
you providing calories, and a 
slight Buzz, that takes the edge

1718
01:31:06,500 --> 01:31:09,100
off exhaustion. 
The bank goes around multiple 

1719
01:31:09,100 --> 01:31:13,900
times and the conversation flows
with it stories and jokes gossip

1720
01:31:13,900 --> 01:31:16,600
about other clans and 
speculation about whether and 

1721
01:31:16,600 --> 01:31:17,800
grazing. 
Conditions ahead. 

1722
01:31:17,800 --> 01:31:21,300
Someone tells a story about a 
particularly stupid sheep that 

1723
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:24,000
wandered into a Wolf Den and 
somehow wandered back out 

1724
01:31:24,000 --> 01:31:27,300
unharmed and the laughter that 
follows is genuine. 

1725
01:31:28,000 --> 01:31:30,400
The kind that comes from people 
who spend their days together 

1726
01:31:30,400 --> 01:31:32,900
and have developed their own 
rhythms of humor. 

1727
01:31:32,900 --> 01:31:35,300
You notice how disputes get 
settled? 

1728
01:31:35,300 --> 01:31:37,500
Not immediately with violence, 
though. 

1729
01:31:37,500 --> 01:31:40,600
Violence is always an option 
held in reserve, but through 

1730
01:31:40,600 --> 01:31:43,900
discussion, consensus. 
And appealing to respected 

1731
01:31:43,900 --> 01:31:45,600
Elders. 
Whose word carry his weight. 

1732
01:31:45,600 --> 01:31:48,800
Someone accuses, another of 
taking more than his fair share 

1733
01:31:48,800 --> 01:31:52,200
of the meat. 
There's a brief argument voices,

1734
01:31:52,200 --> 01:31:55,900
raised hands, moving toward 
weapons, then an older Warrior 

1735
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:59,600
intervenes suggests, they 
measure the portions and points 

1736
01:31:59,600 --> 01:32:02,900
out that the accused is actually
been eating less than his share 

1737
01:32:02,900 --> 01:32:06,100
for days. 
The tension deflates, the 

1738
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:09,400
accuser apologizes and the 
matter is settled, it's not 

1739
01:32:09,400 --> 01:32:12,400
always this peaceful. 
You've heard stories of feuds 

1740
01:32:12,400 --> 01:32:16,800
that last generations of murders
committed over insults but 

1741
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:19,500
there's a genuine attempt to 
maintain cohesion, within the 

1742
01:32:19,500 --> 01:32:22,700
group, because divided groups, 
don't survive long on the step. 

1743
01:32:22,700 --> 01:32:26,700
You learn the hierarchy through 
observation age commands 

1744
01:32:26,700 --> 01:32:30,700
respect, but so does skill the 
best archers, the finest 

1745
01:32:30,700 --> 01:32:33,900
horseman, The Warriors who've 
proven themselves in raids. 

1746
01:32:33,900 --> 01:32:37,000
These people have status 
regardless of birth. 

1747
01:32:37,000 --> 01:32:40,800
It's meritocratic in a way that 
might surprise you though. 

1748
01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:43,800
Family connection certainly 
still matter particularly when 

1749
01:32:43,800 --> 01:32:46,600
it comes to access to resources 
and opportunities to prove 

1750
01:32:46,600 --> 01:32:49,300
oneself. 
A talented young Warrior from a 

1751
01:32:49,300 --> 01:32:52,900
poor family can rise, but a 
mediocre Warrior from a powerful

1752
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:54,600
Clan. 
Will still have advantages. 

1753
01:32:56,100 --> 01:32:59,500
The night watch gets organized 
with Warriors, taking turns 

1754
01:32:59,500 --> 01:33:02,400
staying alert While others 
sleep, you're learning that 

1755
01:33:02,400 --> 01:33:05,600
raids are common enough that no 
Camp is ever truly unguarded 

1756
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:08,900
that the price of carelessness 
can be waking up to find your 

1757
01:33:08,900 --> 01:33:12,900
horses gone, your possession 
stolen and your people scattered

1758
01:33:12,900 --> 01:33:15,500
or dead. 
The step breeds a certain kind 

1759
01:33:15,500 --> 01:33:19,100
of vigilance a low-grade 
awareness that never quite turns

1760
01:33:19,100 --> 01:33:22,200
off even in sleep. 
Your subconsciously monitoring 

1761
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:26,000
sounds ready to wake it. 
Anything unusual a horse's 

1762
01:33:26,000 --> 01:33:29,600
armed, Winnie the sound of many 
hooves approaching all the 

1763
01:33:29,600 --> 01:33:32,200
whistle that serves. 
As a warning signal before 

1764
01:33:32,200 --> 01:33:36,600
sleep, there are small rituals 
prayers to the Eternal Blue Sky 

1765
01:33:36,600 --> 01:33:40,400
offering of mayor's milk, 
sprinkled on the ground and 

1766
01:33:40,400 --> 01:33:43,500
acknowledgment of the spirits 
that inhabit this landscape. 

1767
01:33:44,200 --> 01:33:45,900
Shamans. 
Hold their own ceremonies 

1768
01:33:45,900 --> 01:33:49,600
working themselves into trances 
with drums and chanting 

1769
01:33:49,600 --> 01:33:52,500
communing with the spirits for 
guidance or healing. 

1770
01:33:52,500 --> 01:33:56,600
You watch one treating a sick, 
child performing what looks like

1771
01:33:56,600 --> 01:34:00,500
mystical theater but might also 
involve genuine medicinal 

1772
01:34:00,500 --> 01:34:03,800
knowledge of herbs and remedies 
the line between Magic and 

1773
01:34:03,800 --> 01:34:06,600
Medicine. 
Thoroughly blurred, the shaman 

1774
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:09,500
chance dances and makes dramatic
gestures. 

1775
01:34:09,500 --> 01:34:12,400
While also preparing a tea, from
Plants, he's gathered. 

1776
01:34:12,400 --> 01:34:15,800
And whether the healing comes 
from spiritual intervention, or 

1777
01:34:15,800 --> 01:34:19,500
herbal medicine, or the placebo 
effect of belief doesn't really 

1778
01:34:19,500 --> 01:34:22,400
matter. 
If the child recovers sleep 

1779
01:34:22,400 --> 01:34:25,300
comes, quickly out here with the
combination of physical 

1780
01:34:25,300 --> 01:34:28,700
exhaustion, and the particular 
quality of darkness when you're 

1781
01:34:28,700 --> 01:34:32,400
far from any artificial light, 
you dream of Horizons of 

1782
01:34:32,400 --> 01:34:35,100
movement of the rhythm of 
hoofbeats that's been pounding 

1783
01:34:35,100 --> 01:34:37,800
through your way. 
And as all day, the dreams blend

1784
01:34:37,800 --> 01:34:41,400
with half waking moments when 
you shift position, adjust your 

1785
01:34:41,400 --> 01:34:45,000
Furs against the cold and hear 
the sounds of Animals moving 

1786
01:34:45,000 --> 01:34:49,000
outside, guards, changing 
shifts, and the Knight 

1787
01:34:49,000 --> 01:34:52,700
continuing its slow wheel toward
Dawn when you wake Before 

1788
01:34:52,700 --> 01:34:55,700
Sunrise roused by the quiet 
activity of people preparing for

1789
01:34:55,700 --> 01:34:58,600
another day of travel, you 
understand a little better. 

1790
01:34:58,600 --> 01:35:01,600
Why these people were so 
formidable, they lived every 

1791
01:35:01,600 --> 01:35:04,600
day, as practice for the kind of
endurance and Mobility, that 

1792
01:35:04,600 --> 01:35:07,300
would later allow them to 
conquer half the Known World. 

1793
01:35:07,300 --> 01:35:10,700
There was no separation between 
daily life and Military 

1794
01:35:10,700 --> 01:35:13,700
preparedness. 
Every skill needed for survival 

1795
01:35:13,700 --> 01:35:15,800
was also a skill needed for 
Warfare. 

1796
01:35:15,800 --> 01:35:20,200
The riding, the archery, the 
ability to endure hardship and 

1797
01:35:20,200 --> 01:35:23,000
maintain function, and the 
coordination developed through 

1798
01:35:23,000 --> 01:35:26,500
constant Group movement. 
All of it, translated directly 

1799
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:30,100
into military capability. 
You're watching ten in his late 

1800
01:35:30,100 --> 01:35:33,200
20s now and something 
fundamental as shifted. 

1801
01:35:33,200 --> 01:35:37,100
The desperate orphan is gone 
replaced by someone, who moves 

1802
01:35:37,100 --> 01:35:40,300
through the political landscape 
of the step like he's reading a 

1803
01:35:40,300 --> 01:35:43,800
map, no one else can see. 
He's gathered followers, not 

1804
01:35:43,800 --> 01:35:45,800
through. 
Birth or inherited Prestige. 

1805
01:35:45,800 --> 01:35:49,500
But through a combination of 
military success, strategic 

1806
01:35:49,500 --> 01:35:53,800
generosity, and an emerging 
reputation for fairness, that 

1807
01:35:53,800 --> 01:35:58,800
makes people think may be just, 
maybe following him might lead 

1808
01:35:58,800 --> 01:36:02,400
somewhere interesting. 
His relationship with power is 

1809
01:36:02,400 --> 01:36:04,300
different from the traditional 
step model. 

1810
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:08,500
Most Chiefs inherit their 
position and rely on family 

1811
01:36:08,500 --> 01:36:12,100
connections, and the Loyalty of 
their Clan temujin, has had to 

1812
01:36:12,108 --> 01:36:14,900
build his following from 
scratch, which means everyone 

1813
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:17,100
who follows him has made an 
active choice to do. 

1814
01:36:17,100 --> 01:36:20,700
So this creates a different 
Dynamic, his followers are 

1815
01:36:20,708 --> 01:36:24,100
invested in his success in ways 
that hereditary subjects might 

1816
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:27,000
not be. 
But they also feel entitled to 

1817
01:36:27,000 --> 01:36:30,900
share and rewards to have their 
voices heard, and to receive the

1818
01:36:30,900 --> 01:36:33,400
benefits they signed up for his 
break. 

1819
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:36,800
With yawmuka comes gradually, 
then all at once, they're both 

1820
01:36:36,800 --> 01:36:38,900
attracting followers and 
building power bases. 

1821
01:36:38,900 --> 01:36:41,900
And the step isn't really big 
enough for two ambitious, men 

1822
01:36:41,900 --> 01:36:45,100
who used to be brothers. 
The proximate cause is a dispute

1823
01:36:45,100 --> 01:36:49,100
over stolen horses, always 
horses the currency of stepped 

1824
01:36:49,100 --> 01:36:52,100
wealth and power. 
But the underlying issue is that

1825
01:36:52,100 --> 01:36:55,100
they've developed incompatible 
vision for how power should be 

1826
01:36:55,100 --> 01:36:58,600
structured jumper, represents 
the traditional aristocracy 

1827
01:36:58,600 --> 01:37:00,700
leaving that Noble birth and 
family. 

1828
01:37:00,700 --> 01:37:05,400
Connections, should determine 
who leads 10 by his years of 

1829
01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:08,500
poverty and exclusion believes 
that competence and loyalty 

1830
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:12,400
should determine rank. 
Split crystallizes at a feast 

1831
01:37:12,400 --> 01:37:14,500
where followers must choose 
which man to support. 

1832
01:37:15,500 --> 01:37:18,200
You watch Warriors, making 
calculations weighing their 

1833
01:37:18,200 --> 01:37:21,000
options. 
Some follow Family Ties 

1834
01:37:21,000 --> 01:37:24,400
supporting Jamaica because their
Clans have always been allied 

1835
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:27,300
with his others. 
The opportunity with tumugon, 

1836
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:30,700
believing that someone building 
a new system, might reward them 

1837
01:37:30,700 --> 01:37:32,600
better than someone maintaining 
an old one. 

1838
01:37:32,600 --> 01:37:36,500
The division is roughly even at 
first, but TAMU Jin has been 

1839
01:37:36,508 --> 01:37:40,500
strategic about who he caught 
targeting talented Warriors, who

1840
01:37:40,500 --> 01:37:43,600
feel undervalued by the 
traditional system, people who 

1841
01:37:43,600 --> 01:37:46,400
have something to prove the 
battle at Dallin. 

1842
01:37:46,400 --> 01:37:49,900
Bells Ute is messy and 
inconclusive the kind of fight 

1843
01:37:49,900 --> 01:37:52,900
where both sides claimed Victory
and both are probably lying. 

1844
01:37:53,600 --> 01:37:56,800
Forces meet on an open plane and
its chaos. 

1845
01:37:56,800 --> 01:38:00,900
Thousands of mounted Warriors 
swirling in combat arrows, 

1846
01:38:00,900 --> 01:38:05,200
darkening, the sky and the sound
of impact and screaming filling 

1847
01:38:05,200 --> 01:38:08,600
the air temperature's forces, 
don't break, which is a victory 

1848
01:38:08,600 --> 01:38:11,000
of sorts but he doesn't win 
decisively either. 

1849
01:38:11,800 --> 01:38:14,900
What matters is what he does. 
Afterward you watch him. 

1850
01:38:14,900 --> 01:38:18,700
Treat captured enemies with 
unexpectedly leniency offering 

1851
01:38:18,700 --> 01:38:21,600
them, the chance to join his 
forces rather than killing them 

1852
01:38:21,600 --> 01:38:25,600
outright His speech to the 
captives is pragmatic rather 

1853
01:38:25,600 --> 01:38:28,700
than inspirational. 
He doesn't promise easy Victory 

1854
01:38:28,700 --> 01:38:31,900
or certain wealth. 
Instead, he offers them a place 

1855
01:38:31,900 --> 01:38:35,300
in a system where their skills 
will be recognized, where 

1856
01:38:35,300 --> 01:38:37,900
promotion comes from 
performance, rather than birth 

1857
01:38:37,900 --> 01:38:41,300
and where The Spoils of future 
victories will be distributed. 

1858
01:38:41,300 --> 01:38:45,800
Fairly some accept calculating 
the leader, who spares enemies 

1859
01:38:45,800 --> 01:38:49,600
might be worth following others.
Refuse choosing death or slavery

1860
01:38:49,600 --> 01:38:52,700
over joining their captor and 
temujin has them executed 

1861
01:38:52,700 --> 01:38:56,600
without ceremony. 
The message is clear, join me 

1862
01:38:56,600 --> 01:39:00,400
and prosper, resist and die. 
But betray me after joining and 

1863
01:39:00,400 --> 01:39:02,100
your death will be considerably 
worse. 

1864
01:39:02,100 --> 01:39:06,200
He's building something new. 
You realize the traditional step

1865
01:39:06,200 --> 01:39:09,300
model was tried base, your 
loyalty determined by Blood 

1866
01:39:09,300 --> 01:39:13,300
relationships, your clan your 
universe temujin is 

1867
01:39:13,300 --> 01:39:16,600
systematically dismantling the 
structure organizing his 

1868
01:39:16,600 --> 01:39:19,700
followers by military unit, 
rather than tribal affiliation 

1869
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:22,800
promoting based on competence 
rather than family? 

1870
01:39:22,900 --> 01:39:26,200
Connections and creating a 
meritocracy that terrifies the 

1871
01:39:26,200 --> 01:39:29,600
old aristocracy because it means
their birth does not guarantee 

1872
01:39:29,600 --> 01:39:31,900
them. 
Anything the decimal system he 

1873
01:39:31,900 --> 01:39:37,000
implements is brilliant in its 
Simplicity units of 100000 and 

1874
01:39:37,000 --> 01:39:41,400
10,000 each with a clear command
structure and responsibilities. 

1875
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:45,200
An Arbonne of Ten Men is 
commanded by the best warrior 

1876
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:49,200
among them 10 hour, bands, 
former yakun of 100 command by 

1877
01:39:49,200 --> 01:39:53,200
the best Urban leader. 
Ten yards, former minion of a 

1878
01:39:53,200 --> 01:39:55,400
thousand. 
And so, on up to the two men of 

1879
01:39:55,400 --> 01:40:00,500
10,000, a warrior knows exactly 
where he fits, who he reports to

1880
01:40:00,500 --> 01:40:04,100
and who reports to him, it's 
portable and scalable. 

1881
01:40:04,100 --> 01:40:07,800
And it means that when the Army 
moves, it moves as one organism 

1882
01:40:07,800 --> 01:40:10,600
rather than a collection of 
independent tribal groups 

1883
01:40:10,600 --> 01:40:14,100
pursuing their own agendas, what
makes the system revolutionary 

1884
01:40:14,100 --> 01:40:17,600
is that it deliberately breaks 
up tribal loyalties men from 

1885
01:40:17,600 --> 01:40:20,400
different Clans get mixed 
together in the same units. 

1886
01:40:21,100 --> 01:40:24,000
Forced to develop loyalty to 
their new brothers in arms, 

1887
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:26,200
rather than their traditional 
family groups. 

1888
01:40:27,000 --> 01:40:29,400
The commanders who prove 
themselves get promoted 

1889
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:32,900
regardless of where they came 
from temujin, even incorporates 

1890
01:40:32,900 --> 01:40:36,500
former enemies into his units. 
Understanding that demonstrated 

1891
01:40:36,500 --> 01:40:39,300
competence matters more than 
passed, allegiances. 

1892
01:40:40,100 --> 01:40:42,500
You watch him conducting a 
training exercise and the 

1893
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:44,800
organization is impressive 
units. 

1894
01:40:44,800 --> 01:40:48,400
Respond to signal flags and 
whistles, executing coordinated 

1895
01:40:48,400 --> 01:40:51,000
Maneuvers that require each 
level of command to understand 

1896
01:40:51,000 --> 01:40:54,400
and Implement their role. 
The practice, involves fake 

1897
01:40:54,400 --> 01:40:57,800
raids on a mock enemy camp. 
And you see the tactics that 

1898
01:40:57,800 --> 01:40:59,900
will later terrorize armies 
across Eurasia. 

1899
01:41:00,800 --> 01:41:03,500
Famed Retreat, that draws 
enemies into ambushes. 

1900
01:41:03,500 --> 01:41:06,700
The use of a light Cavalry to 
harass an exhaust. 

1901
01:41:06,700 --> 01:41:10,400
Before heavy Cavalry, delivers 
the decisive blow, and the 

1902
01:41:10,408 --> 01:41:13,300
coordination between units that 
allows them to appear to be 

1903
01:41:13,300 --> 01:41:15,700
everywhere. 
At once his intelligence 

1904
01:41:15,700 --> 01:41:19,500
gathering is sophisticated for 
this era, you meet men, whose 

1905
01:41:19,500 --> 01:41:22,500
primary job is traveling to 
distant regions, learning 

1906
01:41:22,500 --> 01:41:27,000
languages, mapping terrain, and 
identifying, potential allies 

1907
01:41:27,000 --> 01:41:30,100
and enemies they pose as much 
Merchants wandering. 

1908
01:41:30,100 --> 01:41:32,400
Monks and refugees from distant 
Wars. 

1909
01:41:32,400 --> 01:41:35,600
They gather information about 
military strength, political 

1910
01:41:35,600 --> 01:41:39,100
factions, economic conditions, 
and anything that might be 

1911
01:41:39,100 --> 01:41:41,800
useful when to move in. 
Eventually turns his attention 

1912
01:41:41,800 --> 01:41:45,800
to Conquest beyond the step your
present at the cruelty of 1200 

1913
01:41:45,800 --> 01:41:50,000
6, the great Gathering where the
various Mongol Clans formulaic 

1914
01:41:50,000 --> 01:41:54,300
knowledge to as Genghis. 
Khan roughly Universal ruler. 

1915
01:41:55,100 --> 01:41:57,600
Though the translation never 
quite captures the full meaning 

1916
01:41:57,600 --> 01:42:01,700
which suggests something close 
to Fierce ruler or ocean ruler, 

1917
01:42:01,700 --> 01:42:04,900
implying power, vast and 
implacable as the sea. 

1918
01:42:04,900 --> 01:42:08,700
The ceremony is elaborate 
involving shamans and sacrifices

1919
01:42:08,700 --> 01:42:11,700
and formal. 
Oaths But underneath the ritual 

1920
01:42:11,700 --> 01:42:15,300
is hard political reality. 
These Clans are agreeing to 

1921
01:42:15,300 --> 01:42:17,800
follow him because he's proven, 
he can lead them to Victory. 

1922
01:42:17,800 --> 01:42:21,200
Can distribute. 
Spoils fairly can protect them 

1923
01:42:21,200 --> 01:42:24,300
from enemies and can offer them 
something more valuable than 

1924
01:42:24,300 --> 01:42:27,800
their traditional Independence. 
The chance to be part of 

1925
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:30,100
something larger, something that
might last. 

1926
01:42:30,100 --> 01:42:33,600
You watch, Warriors, taking 
Oaths of loyalty, swearing to 

1927
01:42:33,600 --> 01:42:37,200
follow Genghis, Khan to death, 
to never abandon their comrades,

1928
01:42:37,200 --> 01:42:39,800
and to share in both Victory and
defeat. 

1929
01:42:39,800 --> 01:42:43,400
The Oaths of binding in ways 
that transcend me a words, 

1930
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:47,500
breaking them bring shame, not 
just to the individual, but to 

1931
01:42:47,500 --> 01:42:51,300
their entire family curses that 
follow them through life and 

1932
01:42:51,300 --> 01:42:54,900
into death, his law code. 
The Assassin starts taking shape

1933
01:42:54,900 --> 01:42:57,500
around this time, you listened 
as he lays out. 

1934
01:42:57,500 --> 01:43:00,800
Rules that seem designed to 
prevent the exact kind of chaos 

1935
01:43:00,800 --> 01:43:05,300
that dominated his youth, theft 
is harshly punished often with 

1936
01:43:05,300 --> 01:43:08,700
death because in a nomadic 
Society, where property is 

1937
01:43:08,700 --> 01:43:14,000
limited and valuable stealing 
threatens everyone, survival The

1938
01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:17,400
punishment is public performed 
in ways that make it memorable. 

1939
01:43:17,400 --> 01:43:21,900
Adultery is forbidden and 
family, bonds are sacred because

1940
01:43:21,900 --> 01:43:24,100
staple families mean a stable 
Society. 

1941
01:43:24,100 --> 01:43:27,800
The penalties are severe 
extending to both parties 

1942
01:43:27,800 --> 01:43:30,300
involved. 
Sending a message that some 

1943
01:43:30,300 --> 01:43:33,100
behaviors will not be tolerated,
regardless of who commits them 

1944
01:43:33,100 --> 01:43:37,000
loyalty is elevated, above 
almost everything else because 

1945
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:40,500
an army where Warriors switch 
sides, whenever convenient is no

1946
01:43:40,500 --> 01:43:43,800
Army at all. 
Desertion in battle brings death

1947
01:43:43,800 --> 01:43:46,700
but so does abandoning wounded 
comrades. 

1948
01:43:46,700 --> 01:43:51,200
A warrior who leaves a brother 
behind faces execution, while 

1949
01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:53,900
one who retrieves, a wounded 
comrade owns reward and 

1950
01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:56,600
recognition. 
The code creates a culture where

1951
01:43:56,600 --> 01:44:00,800
Mutual support isn't just 
encouraged its mandated making 

1952
01:44:00,800 --> 01:44:04,000
the Army significantly more 
effective because Warriors know 

1953
01:44:04,000 --> 01:44:05,500
their comrades won't abandon 
them. 

1954
01:44:05,500 --> 01:44:08,800
There's an interesting tension 
in the code between harshness 

1955
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:11,200
and fairness. 
The punishments are severe, 

1956
01:44:11,200 --> 01:44:15,200
certainly, but they apply 
equally a noble who steals faces

1957
01:44:15,200 --> 01:44:18,500
the same consequences as a 
commoner, who steals a 

1958
01:44:18,500 --> 01:44:21,000
commander, who fails through 
incompetence gets replaced, 

1959
01:44:21,000 --> 01:44:22,600
regardless of his family 
connections. 

1960
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:26,500
A wealthy Merchant, who cheats 
receives the same treatment as a

1961
01:44:26,508 --> 01:44:30,600
poor herder who cheats its 
meritocratic and brutal and it 

1962
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:34,300
creates a society where Talent 
can rise but mistakes, carry 

1963
01:44:34,300 --> 01:44:38,400
genuine consequences. 
Religious tolerance becomes one 

1964
01:44:38,400 --> 01:44:41,900
of his unexpected policies. 
You watch him, Grant exemptions 

1965
01:44:41,900 --> 01:44:46,200
to shamans Buddhist monks, 
Muslim imams, and Christian 

1966
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:49,000
priests. 
Anyone devoted to spiritual 

1967
01:44:49,000 --> 01:44:51,800
matters, gets a pass from taxes 
and military service. 

1968
01:44:51,800 --> 01:44:56,000
It's partly pragmatic why 
alienate potential subjects over

1969
01:44:56,000 --> 01:44:57,700
something as abstract as 
theology. 

1970
01:44:58,700 --> 01:45:01,500
But there's also a genuine 
curiosity about different belief

1971
01:45:01,500 --> 01:45:05,200
systems, a willingness to see 
what works and adopt it 

1972
01:45:05,200 --> 01:45:06,700
regardless of where it comes 
from. 

1973
01:45:06,700 --> 01:45:10,600
He consults shamans for 
traditional guidance, but also 

1974
01:45:10,600 --> 01:45:13,100
listens to Buddhist monks, 
discussing philosophy and 

1975
01:45:13,100 --> 01:45:15,100
Muslim, Scholars explaining 
mathematics. 

1976
01:45:16,200 --> 01:45:19,700
The intelligence Network, he 
builds is sophisticated almost 

1977
01:45:19,700 --> 01:45:23,100
modern Merchants who travel as 
territories are debriefed about 

1978
01:45:23,108 --> 01:45:26,800
conditions prices and political 
situations in distant regions. 

1979
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:29,900
They provide information, not 
through coercion. 

1980
01:45:29,900 --> 01:45:33,900
But through incentive Genghis, 
Khan protects trade, which means

1981
01:45:33,900 --> 01:45:36,900
Merchants Prosper under his 
rule, which means they're 

1982
01:45:36,900 --> 01:45:40,300
willing to share what they know,
spies are sent ahead of military

1983
01:45:40,300 --> 01:45:44,300
campaigns, sometimes years in 
advance, learning languages 

1984
01:45:44,300 --> 01:45:48,800
mapping terrain and identifying 
factions within Target cities, 

1985
01:45:48,800 --> 01:45:53,200
who might be bribed or persuaded
to cooperate by the time, Mongol

1986
01:45:53,200 --> 01:45:56,000
armies arrived at a city, they 
often know more about its 

1987
01:45:56,000 --> 01:45:59,200
defenses than the Defenders. 
Do they know which gates are 

1988
01:45:59,200 --> 01:46:01,800
weakest, where water supply is, 
enter the city. 

1989
01:46:01,800 --> 01:46:05,900
What internal politics might be 
exploited and which Merchants 

1990
01:46:05,900 --> 01:46:09,100
might be willing to open gate in
exchange for promises of safety 

1991
01:46:09,100 --> 01:46:12,200
and profit. 
This transforms Warfare from a 

1992
01:46:12,200 --> 01:46:15,200
simple application of force into
something more sophisticated. 

1993
01:46:16,200 --> 01:46:19,700
More strategic and more likely 
to succeed with minimal. 

1994
01:46:19,700 --> 01:46:23,700
Casualties among Mongol forces, 
your standing at a caravan 

1995
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:26,400
serai. 
Now, one of the Fortified rest 

1996
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:28,700
stops that got the trade routes,
connecting east and west. 

1997
01:46:28,700 --> 01:46:32,200
And the diversity of people here
would astonish anyone who 

1998
01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:35,200
thought the Medieval World was 
isolated and provincial. 

1999
01:46:35,200 --> 01:46:37,800
There are Chinese Merchants with
silks. 

2000
01:46:37,800 --> 01:46:41,800
So fine, it catches light like 
water the fabric moving with an 

2001
01:46:41,800 --> 01:46:44,900
almost liquid quality. 
That makes you understand why it

2002
01:46:44,900 --> 01:46:48,600
was worth its weight in gold. 
Persian Traders offer spices 

2003
01:46:48,600 --> 01:46:52,500
that smell like concentrated 
Sunshine, saffron cardamom 

2004
01:46:52,500 --> 01:46:56,200
cinnamon and Nutmeg Aromas. 
So intense they make your head 

2005
01:46:56,200 --> 01:46:59,200
swim Russian. 
Fur dealers, spread, pelts. 

2006
01:46:59,200 --> 01:47:01,200
That could keep someone warm 
through any winter. 

2007
01:47:01,200 --> 01:47:05,900
Sable, fox bear wolf. 
Their price is negotiated in a 

2008
01:47:05,900 --> 01:47:08,700
mixture of languages and hand 
gestures that somehow 

2009
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:12,400
communicates, precise value, 
Indian, Merchants, displayed 

2010
01:47:12,400 --> 01:47:14,800
gems that flash colors. 
You didn't know existed, 

2011
01:47:15,800 --> 01:47:20,000
Sapphires like captured Sky 
rubies like Frozen fire and 

2012
01:47:20,000 --> 01:47:22,700
emeralds, that hold the green of
Deep Jungle. 

2013
01:47:23,300 --> 01:47:27,000
The building itself is practical
thick walls that can be defended

2014
01:47:27,000 --> 01:47:30,400
the central Courtyard where 
animals can be secured at night,

2015
01:47:30,400 --> 01:47:34,400
rooms around the perimeter for 
sleeping and a common area where

2016
01:47:34,400 --> 01:47:38,200
meals get served and Deals, get 
negotiated, the architecture, 

2017
01:47:38,200 --> 01:47:41,900
reflects Persian influence with 
arched, doorways and decorative 

2018
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:45,000
tile work. 
But adapted to local materials 

2019
01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:48,300
and defensive requirements, 
there are wells that provide 

2020
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:52,600
fresh water stores of grain in 
case Caravans arrived to pleated

2021
01:47:52,600 --> 01:47:57,300
blacksmiths, who can repair 
equipment and always guards who 

2022
01:47:57,300 --> 01:47:59,400
watch for Bandits or hostile 
forces. 

2023
01:47:59,400 --> 01:48:02,600
The Mongol approach to trade is 
refreshingly straightforward 

2024
01:48:02,600 --> 01:48:07,100
protect, the merchants tax them 
reasonably and stay out of their

2025
01:48:07,100 --> 01:48:09,700
way. 
Under Genghis Khan and his 

2026
01:48:09,700 --> 01:48:12,700
successors. 
The Silk Road becomes safer than

2027
01:48:12,700 --> 01:48:16,100
its been in centuries. 
The hyzer system helps immensely

2028
01:48:16,100 --> 01:48:20,000
these are tablets of authority, 
usually, bronze or silver. 

2029
01:48:20,000 --> 01:48:24,100
Sometimes gold for the most 
important bearers inscribed with

2030
01:48:24,100 --> 01:48:27,500
text and the Khan seal, they 
essentially function as 

2031
01:48:27,500 --> 01:48:31,900
passports, granted to Merchants 
and envoys guaranteeing safe 

2032
01:48:31,900 --> 01:48:33,600
Passage through Mongol 
territory. 

2033
01:48:34,500 --> 01:48:37,300
Soldiers who harass, someone 
carrying a pace of face severe 

2034
01:48:37,300 --> 01:48:40,800
punishment which means the 
system actually works the 

2035
01:48:40,800 --> 01:48:44,100
tablets carry weight because 
everyone knows that interfering 

2036
01:48:44,100 --> 01:48:46,700
with a payza, holder means 
answering to the Khan himself. 

2037
01:48:46,700 --> 01:48:51,100
You watch a caravan preparing to
depart and the organization 

2038
01:48:51,100 --> 01:48:54,100
involved is impressive. 
The camels are loaded with 

2039
01:48:54,100 --> 01:48:57,400
practiced efficiency, Goods 
packed and balanced to prevent 

2040
01:48:57,400 --> 01:49:01,000
shifting during travel. 
Each animal carries, perhaps 400

2041
01:49:01,000 --> 01:49:04,200
pounds, distributed in 
carefully, balanced loads on 

2042
01:49:04,208 --> 01:49:07,300
either side, the Packers are 
skilled professionals who can 

2043
01:49:07,300 --> 01:49:10,300
judge weight by Ai and create 
stable loads, that will travel 

2044
01:49:10,300 --> 01:49:13,200
hundreds of miles. 
Without coming loose guard to 

2045
01:49:13,200 --> 01:49:16,900
hired Toten Mongol veterans. 
Who retired from active military

2046
01:49:16,900 --> 01:49:20,100
service but still know how to 
use their weapons men whose 

2047
01:49:20,100 --> 01:49:23,100
reputation for competence make 
Bandits think twice about 

2048
01:49:23,100 --> 01:49:26,800
attacking the route is planned 
carefully accounting for water 

2049
01:49:26,800 --> 01:49:28,500
sources. 
Absolutely. 

2050
01:49:28,500 --> 01:49:31,800
Critical in desert regions were 
going, dry means death for 

2051
01:49:31,800 --> 01:49:35,800
animals and humans alike. 
There are Though not in any 

2052
01:49:35,800 --> 01:49:39,300
form, you'd recognize more like 
mental catalogs of landmarks and

2053
01:49:39,300 --> 01:49:42,400
distances that experienced 
Travelers carry in their heads. 

2054
01:49:42,400 --> 01:49:46,100
They know that from this Caravan
strike or the next is three days

2055
01:49:46,100 --> 01:49:48,700
travel, if the weather 
cooperates that there's a 

2056
01:49:48,700 --> 01:49:51,000
reliable. 
Well, halfway and that the 

2057
01:49:51,000 --> 01:49:53,800
mountain pass is usually clear 
from late spring through Early 

2058
01:49:53,800 --> 01:49:58,100
Autumn, but becomes impossible, 
once the snow start the 

2059
01:49:58,100 --> 01:50:01,800
conversations, you overhear a 
fascinating and languages 

2060
01:50:01,800 --> 01:50:04,900
Chinese Persian Arabic Turkish 
and Mongolian. 

2061
01:50:05,700 --> 01:50:08,800
With most experienced Travelers 
knowing it at least a smattering

2062
01:50:08,800 --> 01:50:13,000
of multiple tongues a Persian 
merchants, and a Chinese Trader 

2063
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:15,900
under negotiating. 
The price of silk, using a 

2064
01:50:15,908 --> 01:50:19,300
combination of their respective 
languages, plus a trade pigeon, 

2065
01:50:19,300 --> 01:50:22,900
that's emerged along the Route. 
A practical Creole that 

2066
01:50:22,900 --> 01:50:26,800
facilitates Commerce number get.
Worked out on Abacus or by 

2067
01:50:26,800 --> 01:50:30,500
scratching calculations in the 
dust and prices are adjusted 

2068
01:50:30,500 --> 01:50:34,100
based on quality quantity and 
market conditions in various 

2069
01:50:34,100 --> 01:50:37,500
cities. 
The postal system, the yam is 

2070
01:50:37,500 --> 01:50:40,800
even more impressive. 
You see Riders arriving at relay

2071
01:50:40,800 --> 01:50:43,800
stations switching to Fresh 
Horses in the time it takes to 

2072
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:46,900
gulp down some water and perhaps
grab a handful of food. 

2073
01:50:46,900 --> 01:50:50,600
They carry messages that 
sometimes travel 100 miles in a 

2074
01:50:50,600 --> 01:50:53,600
day occasionally more when the 
root is good and the urgency 

2075
01:50:53,600 --> 01:50:58,800
High The stations are spaced 
about 25 miles apart a distance,

2076
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:01,100
a horse can cover its speed 
without collapsing. 

2077
01:51:01,100 --> 01:51:04,500
The system allows the calm to 
communicate with commanders, 

2078
01:51:04,500 --> 01:51:08,300
thousands of miles away The 
coordinate military campaigns 

2079
01:51:08,300 --> 01:51:12,300
across continents and to receive
intelligence and send orders 

2080
01:51:12,300 --> 01:51:14,900
faster than any previous Empire 
managed. 

2081
01:51:14,900 --> 01:51:18,100
The Riders themselves are tough 
wethered men who have proven 

2082
01:51:18,100 --> 01:51:20,900
themselves capable of enduring, 
the hardships of constant 

2083
01:51:20,900 --> 01:51:23,000
travel. 
They know the roots intimately 

2084
01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:26,100
can navigate in the dark and can
read weather signs that tell 

2085
01:51:26,100 --> 01:51:29,300
them when to seek shelter and 
when to push on they carry 

2086
01:51:29,300 --> 01:51:31,500
cylindrical message. 
Containers strapped, their 

2087
01:51:31,500 --> 01:51:34,900
bodies made from leather or 
bamboo sealed to protect 

2088
01:51:34,900 --> 01:51:37,000
contents. 
From whether the message is 

2089
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:40,600
themselves are written on silk 
when available Silk is light and

2090
01:51:40,600 --> 01:51:43,500
durable or on special paper 
treated to resist. 

2091
01:51:43,500 --> 01:51:46,100
Moisture. 
Cultural exchange happens. 

2092
01:51:46,100 --> 01:51:48,100
Almost accidentally along these 
routes. 

2093
01:51:48,900 --> 01:51:51,500
You see Chinese paper making 
techniques traveling west. 

2094
01:51:52,500 --> 01:51:55,600
Persian Merchants watching a 
Chinese paper maker and 

2095
01:51:55,600 --> 01:51:58,300
realizing he could. 
Replicate the process back home 

2096
01:51:58,300 --> 01:52:02,200
that knowledge worth more than 
any single load of trade goods. 

2097
01:52:02,200 --> 01:52:06,100
Person, astronomical knowledge, 
heads East carried by Scholars 

2098
01:52:06,100 --> 01:52:09,600
fleeing political instability 
finding Eagle audience is in 

2099
01:52:09,600 --> 01:52:12,400
Chinese courts interested in 
improving, their calendar 

2100
01:52:12,400 --> 01:52:15,200
systems. 
European metal, working methods 

2101
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:18,600
show up in Central, Asian 
workshops taught by captured 

2102
01:52:18,600 --> 01:52:21,500
craftsmen who have been the 
choice between teaching, their 

2103
01:52:21,500 --> 01:52:25,000
skills or dying. 
The Mongols themselves adopt 

2104
01:52:25,000 --> 01:52:26,900
freely from the cultures they 
encounter. 

2105
01:52:26,900 --> 01:52:30,300
You watch Chinese Siege 
Engineers being integrated into 

2106
01:52:30,300 --> 01:52:33,000
Mongol armies. 
Their knowledge of catapults and

2107
01:52:33,008 --> 01:52:35,100
trebuchets transforming the 
Mongols. 

2108
01:52:35,100 --> 01:52:38,300
From steppe, Raiders into 
forces, capable of reducing 

2109
01:52:38,300 --> 01:52:41,300
fortified cities. 
Persian administrators, get 

2110
01:52:41,300 --> 01:52:44,800
recruited to manage conquer 
territories, their experience 

2111
01:52:44,800 --> 01:52:48,300
with complex bureaucracies 
proving invaluable, captured 

2112
01:52:48,300 --> 01:52:51,100
Craftsmen from everywhere get 
established and workshops 

2113
01:52:51,100 --> 01:52:55,200
teaching their skills to 
apprentices creating Goods that 

2114
01:52:55,200 --> 01:52:57,200
blend techniques from multiple 
traditions. 

2115
01:52:58,300 --> 01:53:01,900
The wealth flowing through these
trade routes is staggering a 

2116
01:53:01,900 --> 01:53:04,400
successful. 
Merchant can retire Rich after a

2117
01:53:04,400 --> 01:53:07,900
single Journey from Beijing to 
Baghdad assuming they survived 

2118
01:53:07,900 --> 01:53:11,600
the trip and avoid being robbed,
both significant assumption's. 

2119
01:53:11,600 --> 01:53:15,600
The prophets are large enough to
justify the risks silk purchased

2120
01:53:15,600 --> 01:53:17,700
in China. 
For silver, might sell in Persia

2121
01:53:17,700 --> 01:53:22,200
for three times what it costs 
and Persian carpets or glassware

2122
01:53:22,200 --> 01:53:24,400
can command. 
Similar markups, when sold in 

2123
01:53:24,400 --> 01:53:28,400
China, the taxes collected from 
this trade help, the Empire's 

2124
01:53:28,400 --> 01:53:32,400
military operations, creating a 
feedback loop where successful 

2125
01:53:32,400 --> 01:53:36,300
conquests make trades safer 
which generates more tax revenue

2126
01:53:36,300 --> 01:53:40,800
which funds more conquests, you 
notice how Cosmopolitan the 

2127
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:46,200
larger cities become Karakorum 
the capital established by ogre 

2128
01:53:46,200 --> 01:53:50,100
day host Buddhist temples 
Muslim, mosques Christian 

2129
01:53:50,100 --> 01:53:53,400
churches. 
And shamanistic shrines, often 

2130
01:53:53,400 --> 01:53:56,600
within sight of each other, 
Scholars debate, Theology and 

2131
01:53:56,600 --> 01:54:00,700
marketplaces scientists exchange
ideas in multilingual, 

2132
01:54:00,700 --> 01:54:04,800
discussions facilitated by 
translators and artists blend 

2133
01:54:04,800 --> 01:54:07,800
styles from different 
Traditions, it's messy and 

2134
01:54:07,808 --> 01:54:10,800
chaotic, and occasionally 
violent when religious tensions 

2135
01:54:10,800 --> 01:54:14,300
flare, but it's also genuinely 
Innovative in ways. 

2136
01:54:14,300 --> 01:54:18,300
That isolated homogeneous 
societies, rarely manage the 

2137
01:54:18,300 --> 01:54:21,000
food available in these trading 
cities, reflects the routes 

2138
01:54:21,000 --> 01:54:23,600
passing through them. 
You find yourself in a 

2139
01:54:23,600 --> 01:54:26,300
marketplace where Chinese 
noodles sipside, Persian rice 

2140
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:29,700
dishes, Russian bread, shares 
shelf, space with Indian, 

2141
01:54:29,700 --> 01:54:33,400
flatbreads and Central Asian 
dumplings compete, with Middle 

2142
01:54:33,400 --> 01:54:37,000
Eastern, stews the cuisine's 
blend and influencing each 

2143
01:54:37,000 --> 01:54:39,200
other. 
Creating Fusion dishes that 

2144
01:54:39,200 --> 01:54:41,700
wouldn't exist without this 
forced proximity. 

2145
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:45,700
Noodle dishes, seasoned with 
Middle Eastern spices, 

2146
01:54:45,700 --> 01:54:48,900
dumplings, filled with 
ingredients from multiple 

2147
01:54:48,900 --> 01:54:53,200
culinary, traditions and breads,
incorporating techniques from 

2148
01:54:53,200 --> 01:54:56,000
different baking. 
Cultures you try a dish that 

2149
01:54:56,000 --> 01:54:58,900
combines elements from three 
different culinary traditions 

2150
01:54:58,900 --> 01:55:02,700
and it works somehow the flavors
complimenting rather than 

2151
01:55:02,700 --> 01:55:05,800
fighting each other. 
The Chinese noodles are served 

2152
01:55:05,800 --> 01:55:09,000
in a Persian style source with 
spices that smell like India, 

2153
01:55:09,000 --> 01:55:13,500
topped with meat prepared, using
Mongol techniques, it shouldn't 

2154
01:55:13,500 --> 01:55:15,500
work but it does the different 
elements. 

2155
01:55:15,500 --> 01:55:19,000
Balancing each other creating 
something new that's greater 

2156
01:55:19,000 --> 01:55:23,700
than its component parts. 
At night, the Caravan. 

2157
01:55:23,700 --> 01:55:26,200
Saray becomes something like a 
combination, Marketplace 

2158
01:55:26,200 --> 01:55:28,800
Newsroom and Social Club 
Merchants. 

2159
01:55:28,800 --> 01:55:30,600
Share information, about 
conditions ahead. 

2160
01:55:30,600 --> 01:55:33,800
Warn each other about Bandits or
corrupt officials. 

2161
01:55:33,800 --> 01:55:37,400
There's always someone trying to
extract unofficial taxes and 

2162
01:55:37,400 --> 01:55:40,200
negotiate deals for the next leg
of their Journeys. 

2163
01:55:40,200 --> 01:55:44,300
The information exchanges 
valuable sometimes more valuable

2164
01:55:44,300 --> 01:55:47,100
than the physical Goods. 
Being traded a warning about 

2165
01:55:47,100 --> 01:55:51,000
plague in a certain city, might 
save lives and fortunes news 

2166
01:55:51,000 --> 01:55:54,800
about political instability. 
Might change route choices and 

2167
01:55:54,800 --> 01:55:58,200
intelligence about good harvests
or famines affects pricing 

2168
01:55:58,200 --> 01:56:01,400
strategies, someone produces a 
stringed instrument. 

2169
01:56:01,400 --> 01:56:05,300
You don't recognize perhaps a 
person tar or a Chinese people 

2170
01:56:05,300 --> 01:56:08,200
and someone else starts singing 
in a language. 

2171
01:56:08,200 --> 01:56:11,800
You don't understand that the 
music itself, transcends, the 

2172
01:56:11,800 --> 01:56:15,800
language barrier telling us a 
story about longing and distance

2173
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:19,500
and the peculiar loneliness of 
being far from home others, join

2174
01:56:19,500 --> 01:56:22,600
in some harmonizing some Adding 
percussion by slapping, their 

2175
01:56:22,600 --> 01:56:26,000
knees or clapping hands, 
creating something spontaneous, 

2176
01:56:26,000 --> 01:56:29,600
and beautiful that exists. 
Only in this moment, never to be

2177
01:56:29,600 --> 01:56:33,400
exactly replicated your learning
that the Silk Road isn't really 

2178
01:56:33,400 --> 01:56:35,400
about. 
Silk, the silk certainly, 

2179
01:56:35,400 --> 01:56:40,600
travels it About the movement of
everything, Goods ideas, 

2180
01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:45,800
Technologies, religions, 
diseases and stories. 

2181
01:56:45,800 --> 01:56:49,600
It's a network that connects 
East and West in ways that shape

2182
01:56:49,600 --> 01:56:52,300
both. 
That makes isolation impossible,

2183
01:56:52,300 --> 01:56:55,600
and that creates a medieval 
World considerably more 

2184
01:56:55,600 --> 01:56:59,100
interconnected than most people.
Imagine you're examining the 

2185
01:56:59,100 --> 01:57:01,400
administrative structure of the 
Mongol Empire now. 

2186
01:57:01,400 --> 01:57:05,200
And it's more sophisticated than
you expected from your initial 

2187
01:57:05,200 --> 01:57:07,100
assumptions about nomadic 
conquerors. 

2188
01:57:07,100 --> 01:57:10,700
The common image of Mongol rule,
as purely military conquest, 

2189
01:57:10,700 --> 01:57:14,100
followed by extractive 
exploitation, Mrs. The 

2190
01:57:14,100 --> 01:57:17,000
complexity of how they actually 
governed the territories, they 

2191
01:57:17,000 --> 01:57:21,000
acquired sure the military 
conquest came first brutal 

2192
01:57:21,000 --> 01:57:25,100
efficient often horrified in its
completeness, but afterwards 

2193
01:57:25,100 --> 01:57:27,500
came, the hard work of actually 
running these places. 

2194
01:57:27,500 --> 01:57:31,400
Extracting resources without 
killing the Golden Goose and 

2195
01:57:31,400 --> 01:57:35,500
maintaining order across vast 
distances with limited Manpower.

2196
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:37,000
The sense. 
System. 

2197
01:57:37,000 --> 01:57:39,800
They Implement across conquered 
territories is comprehensive 

2198
01:57:39,800 --> 01:57:43,000
almost oppressive in its 
thoroughness you watch 

2199
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:46,500
bureaucrats often recruited from
the local population because the

2200
01:57:46,500 --> 01:57:48,200
Mongols lacks sufficient 
literate. 

2201
01:57:48,200 --> 01:57:51,500
Administrators of their own 
going door-to-door counting 

2202
01:57:51,500 --> 01:57:54,900
people, livestock, and 
resources, every household gets 

2203
01:57:54,900 --> 01:57:58,500
registered assigned, a number 
and recorded in documents that 

2204
01:57:58,500 --> 01:58:01,600
eventually make their way to 
Regional administrators and 

2205
01:58:01,600 --> 01:58:05,200
ultimately to karakoram every 
taxable asset gets noted. 

2206
01:58:05,200 --> 01:58:09,600
How many horses sheep camels 
Acres of Farmland, workshops, 

2207
01:58:09,600 --> 01:58:13,000
Wells and even trees if they're 
fruit bearing and represent 

2208
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:17,900
economic value, it's invasive 
because it is, but it means the 

2209
01:58:17,900 --> 01:58:21,100
tax burden can be distributed 
more fairly, or at least more 

2210
01:58:21,100 --> 01:58:24,500
predictably and revenue 
collection become systemic 

2211
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:27,700
rather than arbitrary. 
The old system where Tax 

2212
01:58:27,700 --> 01:58:29,300
Collectors showed up demanding, 
whatever. 

2213
01:58:29,300 --> 01:58:33,200
They felt like, demanding gets 
replaced by fixed rates based on

2214
01:58:33,208 --> 01:58:35,800
a recorded. 
Asset's, you still pay a lot, 

2215
01:58:35,808 --> 01:58:39,100
but Know roughly how much and 
there's a course. 

2216
01:58:39,108 --> 01:58:42,400
If collectors try to extract 
more than what's listed local 

2217
01:58:42,400 --> 01:58:44,900
rulers, who submit without 
fighting often keep their 

2218
01:58:44,900 --> 01:58:48,000
positions though, now their 
answering to Mongol overseers 

2219
01:58:48,000 --> 01:58:49,900
called Darrow gachi, who makes 
sure. 

2220
01:58:49,900 --> 01:58:52,900
Tax revenue, flows correctly, 
and rebellions don't Brew. 

2221
01:58:52,900 --> 01:58:55,600
It's a clever system that 
minimizes the number of 

2222
01:58:55,608 --> 01:58:59,300
Administrators needed from the 
Mongol core population, which 

2223
01:58:59,300 --> 01:59:01,500
remains small compared to the 
vast territories. 

2224
01:59:01,500 --> 01:59:04,300
They control better to let local
Elites. 

2225
01:59:04,300 --> 01:59:07,600
Continue handling day-to-day 
governance, they understand 

2226
01:59:07,600 --> 01:59:11,300
local customs. 
Speak the language and know 

2227
01:59:11,300 --> 01:59:14,100
who's who? 
While Mongol officials focus on 

2228
01:59:14,100 --> 01:59:18,500
the big picture Revenue, 
military matters, maintaining 

2229
01:59:18,500 --> 01:59:21,600
order and ensuring the road. 
Stay safe. 

2230
01:59:21,600 --> 01:59:25,300
The Dara gacha. 
Usually veteran Warriors men who

2231
01:59:25,300 --> 01:59:27,700
have proven themselves in 
conquest and understand both 

2232
01:59:27,700 --> 01:59:30,200
military matters and the 
Empire's priorities. 

2233
01:59:30,200 --> 01:59:35,300
You meet one, a grizzled soldier
named subete who now governs, a 

2234
01:59:35,300 --> 01:59:38,000
Chinese Province larger than 
many European kingdoms. 

2235
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:41,300
He doesn't speak Chinese 
fluently and relies on 

2236
01:59:41,300 --> 01:59:45,400
interpreters and local advisors,
but he understands numbers and 

2237
01:59:45,400 --> 01:59:48,900
loyalty, he knows exactly how 
much revenue is province should 

2238
01:59:48,908 --> 01:59:52,200
generate nose, which local 
officials are reliable and which

2239
01:59:52,200 --> 01:59:55,700
need watching and he's utterly 
ruthless about crushing dissent.

2240
01:59:55,700 --> 01:59:59,100
While being surprisingly lenient
about cultural practices that 

2241
01:59:59,100 --> 02:00:03,300
don't threaten Mongol interests,
the legal system gets reformed 

2242
02:00:03,300 --> 02:00:06,400
to reflect Mongol. 
Priorities criminal law becomes 

2243
02:00:06,400 --> 02:00:09,400
harsher and more consistent than
in many conquered territories. 

2244
02:00:09,400 --> 02:00:11,500
Murder carries, the death 
penalty. 

2245
02:00:12,600 --> 02:00:16,200
Applied swiftly and publicly, 
the special horse theft to bring

2246
02:00:16,208 --> 02:00:20,400
severe punishment, often death 
sometimes mutilation as a 

2247
02:00:20,400 --> 02:00:23,100
warning to others. 
Adult tree is punished harshly 

2248
02:00:23,100 --> 02:00:25,300
though. 
You noticed the punishments fall

2249
02:00:25,300 --> 02:00:28,600
hard on women than men 
reflecting the patriarchal 

2250
02:00:28,600 --> 02:00:31,800
structures, the Mongols share 
with most conquered societies. 

2251
02:00:31,800 --> 02:00:35,400
Rape carries the death penalty, 
which is actually more severe 

2252
02:00:35,400 --> 02:00:37,200
than, in many medieval legal 
codes. 

2253
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:41,200
So enforcement varies depending 
on the status of the victim and 

2254
02:00:41,200 --> 02:00:45,100
perpetrator at the same time, 
commercial law becomes clearer 

2255
02:00:45,100 --> 02:00:48,000
and more favorable to Merchants 
than under previous regimes, 

2256
02:00:48,000 --> 02:00:52,100
contracts are enforced with the 
Empire's full backing, a 

2257
02:00:52,100 --> 02:00:55,600
merchant cheated in a deal can 
appeal to Mongol authorities who

2258
02:00:55,600 --> 02:00:58,400
will investigate and punish 
violators, regardless of their 

2259
02:00:58,400 --> 02:01:01,600
local status property rights, 
get protected better than 

2260
02:01:01,600 --> 02:01:04,900
before, less arbitrary, 
confiscation by local 

2261
02:01:04,900 --> 02:01:08,100
authorities who now answer to 
Mongol overseers interested in 

2262
02:01:08,100 --> 02:01:10,900
keeping Commerce flowing debts 
are enforced. 

2263
02:01:10,900 --> 02:01:15,000
Bankruptcy, regulated and 
Partnerships formalized in ways 

2264
02:01:15,000 --> 02:01:17,200
that make long distance trade 
less risky. 

2265
02:01:18,100 --> 02:01:21,200
You notice how the Mongols 
handle religious institutions 

2266
02:01:21,200 --> 02:01:25,600
cautiously, but not oppressively
unless provoked to religiously 

2267
02:01:25,600 --> 02:01:28,700
does receive exemptions from 
taxes and military service. 

2268
02:01:28,700 --> 02:01:32,400
And in return, their expected to
pray for the Khan and not caused

2269
02:01:32,400 --> 02:01:35,100
trouble. 
To pragmatic Arrangement that 

2270
02:01:35,100 --> 02:01:38,600
mostly Works Buddhist 
monasteries in tibetan China, 

2271
02:01:38,600 --> 02:01:43,000
continue their practices Muslim 
mosques throughout Central Asia 

2272
02:01:43,000 --> 02:01:46,800
and Persia maintain their 
rituals and Christian churches 

2273
02:01:46,800 --> 02:01:50,200
in Concord Russian territories. 
Keep celebrating their 

2274
02:01:50,200 --> 02:01:53,200
sacraments, the Mongols don't 
care which gods you worship. 

2275
02:01:53,200 --> 02:01:56,000
As long as you also acknowledge 
their sovereignty and pay your 

2276
02:01:56,008 --> 02:01:59,100
taxes tensions, occasionally 
flare, when religious 

2277
02:01:59,100 --> 02:02:02,400
authorities overstep, when a 
Buddhist Monastery starts 

2278
02:02:02,400 --> 02:02:05,000
accumulating too much wealth. 
Without paying taxes. 

2279
02:02:05,000 --> 02:02:08,700
When Muslim, clerics? 
Preach against Mongol rule, or 

2280
02:02:08,700 --> 02:02:11,600
when Christian priests claimed 
their Spiritual Authority. 

2281
02:02:11,600 --> 02:02:14,700
Supersedes temporal power. 
The Mongol response is 

2282
02:02:14,700 --> 02:02:17,500
consistent. 
Spiritual matters are yours to 

2283
02:02:17,500 --> 02:02:21,000
manage, but political Authority 
and economic obligations are 

2284
02:02:21,000 --> 02:02:24,400
non-negotiable. 
Step over that line and the 

2285
02:02:24,400 --> 02:02:28,400
exemptions disappear often, 
violently the military 

2286
02:02:28,400 --> 02:02:30,400
Administration remains Central 
to everything. 

2287
02:02:31,200 --> 02:02:33,200
The Empire is divided into 
regions. 

2288
02:02:33,200 --> 02:02:36,400
Each responsible for providing a
certain number of Warriors when 

2289
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:39,900
called upon the decimal system 
extends beyond the military 

2290
02:02:39,900 --> 02:02:43,100
proper into civilian 
Administration, units of 

2291
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:45,100
households are assigned 
responsibility. 

2292
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:49,000
For supporting specific military
units, creating clear chains of 

2293
02:02:49,000 --> 02:02:53,300
supply and support. 10 household
support, one soldier providing 

2294
02:02:53,300 --> 02:02:55,800
his equipment horses and 
Provisions. 

2295
02:02:55,800 --> 02:02:59,500
It's a system that makes 
military mobilization faster and

2296
02:02:59,500 --> 02:03:02,400
more predictable than the ad hoc
recruitment methods. 

2297
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:06,300
Used by most medieval States 
every male between roughly 15 

2298
02:03:06,300 --> 02:03:09,800
and 60 is technically available 
for military service. 

2299
02:03:09,800 --> 02:03:13,700
Though, in practice, the Mongols
are selectively preferring to 

2300
02:03:13,700 --> 02:03:15,400
maintain the quality of their 
forces. 

2301
02:03:15,400 --> 02:03:18,000
Rather than simply maximizing 
numbers. 

2302
02:03:18,000 --> 02:03:21,600
You watch a military inspection,
where young men are tested on 

2303
02:03:21,600 --> 02:03:26,700
horsemanship, archery and ends. 
Those who pass get incorporated 

2304
02:03:26,700 --> 02:03:29,400
into units and begin training, 
that will turn them, into the 

2305
02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:32,700
kind of Warriors who terrified, 
professional armies, those who 

2306
02:03:32,700 --> 02:03:35,900
don't pass receive other 
assignments, support roles, 

2307
02:03:35,900 --> 02:03:40,200
Messenger, Service or Garrison 
Duty in less critical locations,

2308
02:03:40,200 --> 02:03:44,400
communication remains crucial 
and the yam system expands to 

2309
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:46,600
cover the entire Empire. 
Like nervous system can 

2310
02:03:46,600 --> 02:03:49,600
connecting brain to limbs. 
You visit a relay station in 

2311
02:03:49,600 --> 02:03:54,700
Central Asia and its impressive.
Stables with 20 horses supplies 

2312
02:03:54,700 --> 02:03:57,500
for Riders, simple 
accommodations for official 

2313
02:03:57,500 --> 02:04:01,200
Messengers, and a small Garrison
to protect the station and 

2314
02:04:01,200 --> 02:04:03,800
enforce. 
Its privileges, the system is 

2315
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:08,500
expensive to maintain all those 
horses, all that grain, all 

2316
02:04:08,500 --> 02:04:11,300
those guards. 
But it allows the central 

2317
02:04:11,300 --> 02:04:14,200
government to remain informed 
about conditions in distant 

2318
02:04:14,200 --> 02:04:18,100
provinces and to respond to 
crises faster than any previous 

2319
02:04:18,100 --> 02:04:21,100
Empire managed. 
The cost is born by local. 

2320
02:04:21,100 --> 02:04:24,400
Populations required to maintain
the stations as a form of tax 

2321
02:04:24,400 --> 02:04:27,600
obligation. 
Villages near stations must 

2322
02:04:27,600 --> 02:04:32,300
provide horses, food, and labor,
it's burdened them, but it also 

2323
02:04:32,300 --> 02:04:34,500
means that Mongol officials can 
travel quickly. 

2324
02:04:34,500 --> 02:04:38,600
When needed that Merchants with 
paiser can move safely and that 

2325
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:41,700
rebellion in one Province can 
trigger responses from forces, 

2326
02:04:41,700 --> 02:04:44,100
several provinces away. 
Before the rebels can 

2327
02:04:44,100 --> 02:04:48,100
consolidate their gains taxation
is surprisingly diverse, 

2328
02:04:48,100 --> 02:04:51,000
reflecting the different 
economies, the Mongols of 

2329
02:04:51,008 --> 02:04:53,800
Concord. 
In pastoral regions, it's 

2330
02:04:53,800 --> 02:04:57,600
primarily an animals every year 
a certain percentage of your 

2331
02:04:57,600 --> 02:05:01,300
herd goes to the Empire. 
In agricultural areas it's grain

2332
02:05:01,300 --> 02:05:05,800
and other crops typically around
10 to 20% of the Harvest higher.

2333
02:05:05,800 --> 02:05:08,500
If you've rebelled and lower, if
you've been particularly loyal 

2334
02:05:08,500 --> 02:05:12,100
in commercial cities, there are 
taxes on Market transactions, 

2335
02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:16,300
customs duties on Goods, passing
through and Licensing fees for 

2336
02:05:16,300 --> 02:05:19,300
certain trades. 
There's all so military service 

2337
02:05:19,300 --> 02:05:21,500
with households required to 
provide Warriors. 

2338
02:05:21,500 --> 02:05:24,500
When needed, there's Labor 
Service for building projects 

2339
02:05:24,500 --> 02:05:28,700
roads Bridges fortifications. 
Palaces, the burden is heavy. 

2340
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:31,700
Certainly heavier than most 
people bore under previous 

2341
02:05:31,700 --> 02:05:35,900
regimes, but it's distributed 
systemically rather than falling

2342
02:05:35,900 --> 02:05:38,700
randomly on what ever 
communities happen to catch a 

2343
02:05:38,700 --> 02:05:40,800
tax collectors attention on a 
bad day. 

2344
02:05:40,800 --> 02:05:44,900
The Mongols proved remarkably 
good at identifying in utilizing

2345
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:48,900
Talent, regardless of origin. 
A skilled administrator captured

2346
02:05:48,900 --> 02:05:52,500
during the conquest of Clara's. 
On might find himself running a 

2347
02:05:52,500 --> 02:05:56,200
province in China, His language 
skills and administrative 

2348
02:05:56,200 --> 02:06:00,100
experience valued above 
considerations of ethnicity or 

2349
02:06:00,100 --> 02:06:02,900
past allegiances. 
A clever engineer gets pulled 

2350
02:06:02,900 --> 02:06:05,300
into military service designing,
Siege equipment. 

2351
02:06:05,300 --> 02:06:09,100
A merchant with knowledge of 
distant markets, becomes an 

2352
02:06:09,100 --> 02:06:13,000
advisor on trade policy Chinese 
Scholars, get incorporated into 

2353
02:06:13,000 --> 02:06:16,300
the Mongol bureaucracy bringing 
with them sophisticated 

2354
02:06:16,300 --> 02:06:19,000
record-keeping systems, that 
make Administration more 

2355
02:06:19,000 --> 02:06:21,900
efficient, there's a ruthless 
meritocracy at work. 

2356
02:06:21,900 --> 02:06:25,000
That's occasionally refreshing 
compared to the rigid hereditary

2357
02:06:25,000 --> 02:06:26,800
systems. 
Common in many medieval 

2358
02:06:26,800 --> 02:06:30,300
societies. 
Yes, being from a powerful 

2359
02:06:30,300 --> 02:06:33,500
Mongol, family helps. 
But incompetence will still get 

2360
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:37,300
you demoted or worse. 
Talented Foreigner, can rise to 

2361
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:39,600
positions of genuine Authority, 
though. 

2362
02:06:39,600 --> 02:06:42,300
They'll always be watched more 
carefully than ethnic Mongols 

2363
02:06:42,300 --> 02:06:45,200
and always suspected. 
If anything goes wrong, you meet

2364
02:06:45,200 --> 02:06:47,000
a Chinese, official named 
yellow. 

2365
02:06:47,000 --> 02:06:51,700
Chukai a former gin Dynasty. 
Bureaucrat, who now serves a con

2366
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:55,200
as a chief administrator, he's 
managed to convince the Mongols 

2367
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:59,700
that systemic taxation generates
more Revenue than simply looting

2368
02:06:59,700 --> 02:07:02,900
and destroying conquered 
territories that are functioning

2369
02:07:02,900 --> 02:07:06,900
economy, produces wealth that 
can be taxed repeatedly and the 

2370
02:07:06,900 --> 02:07:11,200
educated administrators are more
valuable alive and working than 

2371
02:07:11,200 --> 02:07:13,800
dead. 
His influence has probably saved

2372
02:07:13,800 --> 02:07:16,700
millions of lives by making 
Conquest economically. 

2373
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:20,700
Rational, rather than purely 
extractive during Genghis, 

2374
02:07:20,700 --> 02:07:23,500
Khan's final years now. 
And he's aging in the way 

2375
02:07:23,500 --> 02:07:26,800
Warriors age when they've spent 
decades in the saddle, fighting 

2376
02:07:26,800 --> 02:07:31,300
campaigns enduring wounds and 
pushing their bodies past normal

2377
02:07:31,300 --> 02:07:34,700
limits, his body carries the 
accumulated injuries of 

2378
02:07:34,700 --> 02:07:39,500
countless Battles, Old Wounds, 
that achan cold weather joints 

2379
02:07:39,500 --> 02:07:42,200
stiff from years of riding and 
scars. 

2380
02:07:42,200 --> 02:07:45,100
That tell stories, he rarely 
bothers recounting any more 

2381
02:07:45,100 --> 02:07:48,800
because everyone who matters 
already knows them, he's in his 

2382
02:07:48,800 --> 02:07:51,200
60s, which is genuinely old for 
this era. 

2383
02:07:51,200 --> 02:07:54,300
Ancient for someone who's lived 
as violently as he has. 

2384
02:07:55,400 --> 02:07:58,500
The campaign Against The 
Westerns year is grinding and 

2385
02:07:58,500 --> 02:08:01,800
exhausting more a punishment 
Expedition than a genuine 

2386
02:08:01,800 --> 02:08:04,400
Conquest. 
They angered him by refusing to 

2387
02:08:04,400 --> 02:08:06,600
provide support for his war 
against quarrelsome. 

2388
02:08:06,600 --> 02:08:10,400
Citing their own military 
commitments as an excuse he 

2389
02:08:10,400 --> 02:08:14,000
hasn't forgotten now years later
he's returned to make sure they 

2390
02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:18,000
understand the consequences of 
defying him to demonstrate that 

2391
02:08:18,000 --> 02:08:21,500
agreements with the Khan are not
suggestions but obligations 

2392
02:08:21,500 --> 02:08:23,400
backed by the full might of his 
army. 

2393
02:08:23,400 --> 02:08:26,500
You watch his army, 
systematically dismantling the 

2394
02:08:26,500 --> 02:08:30,200
Western Scherer, State 
destroying cities eliminating 

2395
02:08:30,200 --> 02:08:32,600
leadership and erasing the 
kingdom with methodical 

2396
02:08:32,600 --> 02:08:35,400
thoroughness? 
It's not just about Conquest. 

2397
02:08:35,400 --> 02:08:38,100
There are dozens of other 
kingdoms, the Mongols could 

2398
02:08:38,100 --> 02:08:41,600
conquer with less effort. 
This is about sending a message 

2399
02:08:41,600 --> 02:08:46,400
to every tributary state, every 
Ally, and every potential Rebel,

2400
02:08:47,200 --> 02:08:49,100
Keep your Oaths or face 
Annihilation. 

2401
02:08:49,100 --> 02:08:52,900
His health is failing though, he
hides it as well as he can. 

2402
02:08:53,600 --> 02:08:55,900
There's a full from a horse 
during a hunting trip, that 

2403
02:08:55,900 --> 02:09:00,100
seems minor at first but leaves 
him injured possibly bleeding 

2404
02:09:00,100 --> 02:09:02,800
internally. 
The exact details are murky, 

2405
02:09:02,800 --> 02:09:06,100
Mongol sources are deliberately 
vague about the cars 

2406
02:09:06,100 --> 02:09:09,400
vulnerabilities, but you can see
he's not recovering properly. 

2407
02:09:10,300 --> 02:09:14,300
Fever comes and goes, he has 
trouble eating and keeping down 

2408
02:09:14,300 --> 02:09:17,100
food. 
His advisors urged him to rest, 

2409
02:09:17,100 --> 02:09:20,200
to return to Mongolia. 
But he insists on seeing the 

2410
02:09:20,200 --> 02:09:23,800
campaign through he continues 
directing operations from a 

2411
02:09:23,800 --> 02:09:25,000
litter. 
When he can't ride anymore, 

2412
02:09:25,000 --> 02:09:28,700
still making decisions still 
planning the Empire's future 

2413
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:32,200
even as his own runs, out your 
present during a war council 

2414
02:09:32,200 --> 02:09:35,500
where he discusses strategy for 
campaigns, he won't live to see 

2415
02:09:36,400 --> 02:09:39,300
Conquest that will happen 
decades after his death. 

2416
02:09:39,300 --> 02:09:43,800
His mind remains sharp even as 
his body betrays him and there's

2417
02:09:43,800 --> 02:09:46,800
something both impressive and 
sad about watching him refused 

2418
02:09:46,800 --> 02:09:50,500
to acknowledge his mortality. 
The question of succession 

2419
02:09:50,500 --> 02:09:53,100
occupies his remaining time and 
energy. 

2420
02:09:53,100 --> 02:09:57,700
His sons are grown men. 
Now each commanding armies each 

2421
02:09:57,700 --> 02:10:01,100
with their own supporters and 
Ambitions and each capable of 

2422
02:10:01,100 --> 02:10:04,100
tearing the Empire apart. 
In a civil war, if succession 

2423
02:10:04,100 --> 02:10:07,400
isn't handled carefully, the 
traditional Mongol approach 

2424
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:10,700
would be to divide the Empire 
among the giving each sauna 

2425
02:10:10,700 --> 02:10:14,600
territory to rule independently.
Seen how that fragments power 

2426
02:10:14,600 --> 02:10:19,100
creates opportunities for Rivals
and turns unified strength into 

2427
02:10:19,100 --> 02:10:22,300
competing factions in Stead, he 
designated. 

2428
02:10:22,300 --> 02:10:26,300
Oh God, as his primary 
successor, Someone he thinks has

2429
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:28,100
the temperament to hold the 
empire together. 

2430
02:10:29,000 --> 02:10:33,100
Not his eldest son, yochi. 
Whose paternity carries those 

2431
02:10:33,100 --> 02:10:35,600
quiet questions from berta's, 
captivity. 

2432
02:10:35,600 --> 02:10:40,200
Not chagatai whose strong, but 
inflexible too rigid to navigate

2433
02:10:40,200 --> 02:10:43,300
the complex politics of ruling a
multi-ethnic Empire. 

2434
02:10:44,100 --> 02:10:48,000
Not totally the youngest whose 
brilliant but two young to 

2435
02:10:48,000 --> 02:10:51,000
command the respect of senior 
commanders ogre day. 

2436
02:10:51,000 --> 02:10:54,200
The third son is competent 
without being threatening and 

2437
02:10:54,200 --> 02:10:57,600
diplomatic without being weak. 
Someone his brothers might 

2438
02:10:57,600 --> 02:11:00,300
accept because he doesn't 
Inspire the same jealousy or 

2439
02:11:00,300 --> 02:11:03,300
resentment. 
There are long conversations 

2440
02:11:03,300 --> 02:11:06,600
during these final weeks, you 
watch him talking with his son's

2441
02:11:06,600 --> 02:11:09,400
laying out his vision for 
continued expansion. 

2442
02:11:09,400 --> 02:11:13,100
Warning them about specific 
threats and sharing a 

2443
02:11:13,100 --> 02:11:16,800
accumulated wisdom about Warfare
governance and the management of

2444
02:11:16,800 --> 02:11:19,600
their conquered territories. 
He tells them that their 

2445
02:11:19,600 --> 02:11:23,700
strength lies in unity that 
divided, they'll be vulnerable 

2446
02:11:23,700 --> 02:11:27,100
to the civilizations, they've 
subjugated and that maintaining 

2447
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:29,800
the Empire will require 
cooperation even when it's 

2448
02:11:29,800 --> 02:11:33,100
difficult. 
Whether they listen is another 

2449
02:11:33,100 --> 02:11:36,100
question, you can see the 
tensions already present 

2450
02:11:36,100 --> 02:11:38,800
chagatai and yochi. 
Barely speaking to each other 

2451
02:11:38,800 --> 02:11:43,700
old grudges festering, each son,
calculating his own position 

2452
02:11:43,700 --> 02:11:47,400
making plans that may or may not
include supporting his 

2453
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:51,200
designated successor. 
Genghis Khan sees it too, you 

2454
02:11:51,200 --> 02:11:54,300
think and it worries him but 
there's only so much he can 

2455
02:11:54,308 --> 02:11:59,000
control from Beyond the Grave. 
His death in 1227, is kept 

2456
02:11:59,000 --> 02:12:02,400
secret initially following his 
explicit instructions. 

2457
02:12:02,400 --> 02:12:05,300
The Army needs to complete the 
campaign against the west, and 

2458
02:12:05,300 --> 02:12:08,600
CE and announcing the Khan's, 
death might encourage Rebellion 

2459
02:12:08,600 --> 02:12:11,800
or embolden enemies. 
So they carry his body back 

2460
02:12:11,800 --> 02:12:15,500
toward Mongolia in secret, 
maintaining the fiction that he 

2461
02:12:15,500 --> 02:12:17,200
still alive and directing 
operations. 

2462
02:12:18,400 --> 02:12:22,200
Messengers continue riding in 
and out of Camp as if carrying 

2463
02:12:22,200 --> 02:12:25,400
his orders guards. 
Maintain watch over his tent as 

2464
02:12:25,400 --> 02:12:28,800
if he's resting inside the 
Western sheer ruler and his 

2465
02:12:28,800 --> 02:12:32,100
family are lured into a meeting 
with Mongol commanders where 

2466
02:12:32,100 --> 02:12:34,400
they're executed their Kingdom 
erased. 

2467
02:12:34,400 --> 02:12:38,200
So thoroughly that its language 
and culture largely disappear 

2468
02:12:38,200 --> 02:12:40,300
from history. 
The funeral procession 

2469
02:12:40,300 --> 02:12:43,900
supposedly kills anyone, who 
sees it maintaining secrecy 

2470
02:12:43,900 --> 02:12:46,900
about the burial location 
whether this is true or 

2471
02:12:46,900 --> 02:12:50,200
propaganda is hard to say. 
Certainly some people along the 

2472
02:12:50,200 --> 02:12:54,200
Route die, but whether through 
systematic execution or normal 

2473
02:12:54,200 --> 02:12:58,500
mortality inflated, by Legend is
unclear, the burial site itself 

2474
02:12:58,500 --> 02:13:01,500
remains unknown. 
To this day, hidden somewhere in

2475
02:13:01,500 --> 02:13:04,200
the mountains of Northern 
Mongolia, protected by 

2476
02:13:04,200 --> 02:13:06,200
isolation. 
And deliberate. 

2477
02:13:06,200 --> 02:13:10,300
Obscurity, the Empire he leaves 
behind is the largest contiguous

2478
02:13:10,300 --> 02:13:12,400
land Empire. 
The world has ever seen 

2479
02:13:12,400 --> 02:13:16,800
stretching from the Pacific 
Ocean to the Caspian Sea from 

2480
02:13:16,800 --> 02:13:20,000
the Frozen forests of Barrier to
the borders of India. 

2481
02:13:20,000 --> 02:13:24,100
It's connected by those relay 
stations secured by military. 

2482
02:13:24,100 --> 02:13:28,200
Garrisons administered by a 
bureaucracy, that blends Mongol 

2483
02:13:28,200 --> 02:13:32,100
oversight with local expertise 
and enriched by trade, that 

2484
02:13:32,100 --> 02:13:34,600
flows more freely than it has in
centuries. 

2485
02:13:34,600 --> 02:13:38,000
The population under Mongol 
control numbers in the tens of 

2486
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:41,900
millions encompassing, dozens of
ethnic groups, multiple 

2487
02:13:41,900 --> 02:13:43,500
religions and countless 
cultures. 

2488
02:13:43,500 --> 02:13:46,900
Now, unified under a single 
political system, his 

2489
02:13:46,900 --> 02:13:50,200
descendants will expand it. 
Further pushing the boundaries 

2490
02:13:50,200 --> 02:13:53,700
even beyond what he achieved, 
ugly, will invade Eastern 

2491
02:13:53,700 --> 02:13:57,100
Europe, sending armies under 
Batu Khan that will terrify 

2492
02:13:57,100 --> 02:14:00,100
kingdoms from Poland, to 
Hungary, crushing European 

2493
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:03,900
armies at Lake Nika and mohee 
and advancing so far, west that 

2494
02:14:03,900 --> 02:14:07,900
Scouts reportedly reached the 
Adriatic Sea, only ugga days, 

2495
02:14:07,900 --> 02:14:11,900
death in 1200, to 4041. 
Pulls them back as commanders 

2496
02:14:11,900 --> 02:14:14,900
returned to Mongolia for the 
coral tie to chase his 

2497
02:14:14,900 --> 02:14:16,900
successor. 
Minka will continue the 

2498
02:14:16,900 --> 02:14:19,900
expansion after During his own 
succession through political 

2499
02:14:19,900 --> 02:14:23,300
maneuvering, and some Bloodshed 
Kublai will conquer the rest of 

2500
02:14:23,300 --> 02:14:26,000
China. 
Overthrowing the Song Dynasty 

2501
02:14:26,000 --> 02:14:29,500
and establishing the UN Dynasty 
becoming emperor of the Middle 

2502
02:14:29,500 --> 02:14:31,700
Kingdom. 
The development that would have 

2503
02:14:31,700 --> 02:14:34,700
seemed impossible when his 
grandfather was a hungry, 

2504
02:14:34,700 --> 02:14:37,200
orphaned stealing fish from 
streams. 

2505
02:14:37,200 --> 02:14:41,600
The Mongol, domains will 
eventually Encompass 25% of the 

2506
02:14:41,600 --> 02:14:45,100
world's land area directly 
ruling or collecting tribute 

2507
02:14:45,100 --> 02:14:48,300
from region, stretching from 
Korea to Hungary, and from 

2508
02:14:48,300 --> 02:14:51,700
Vietnam to Russia, but you're 
interested in the quieter 

2509
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:55,500
legacies, the changes that 
persist Beyond military conquest

2510
02:14:55,500 --> 02:14:59,400
and political control, the 
religious tolerance imperfect, 

2511
02:14:59,400 --> 02:15:02,500
but genuine that allows 
different faiths to coexist 

2512
02:15:02,500 --> 02:15:05,200
within the Empire. 
It's not quite the modern 

2513
02:15:05,200 --> 02:15:08,400
concept of religious freedom. 
There are definitely hierarchies

2514
02:15:08,400 --> 02:15:11,200
and definitely expectations 
about Behavior, but it's 

2515
02:15:11,200 --> 02:15:15,200
remarkably pluralistic for the 
medieval period, a Buddhist can 

2516
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:17,800
trade with a Muslim. 
A Christian can serve alongside 

2517
02:15:17,800 --> 02:15:21,200
a Shaman in the Army and 
religious disputes are settled 

2518
02:15:21,208 --> 02:15:24,100
by Civil Authorities. 
Rather than through religious 

2519
02:15:24,100 --> 02:15:27,600
Warfare, the meritocratic 
principles that let talented 

2520
02:15:27,600 --> 02:15:30,900
people rise, regardless of birth
leave marks on subsequent 

2521
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:34,200
Society is the idea that 
competence should determine 

2522
02:15:34,200 --> 02:15:37,700
position that hereditary 
nobility isn't automatically 

2523
02:15:37,700 --> 02:15:41,500
entitled to leadership and that 
Talent should be identified and 

2524
02:15:41,500 --> 02:15:44,200
promoted. 
These Concepts influence 

2525
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:48,600
political thinking in ways that 
Outlast Mongol rule, when the 

2526
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:52,400
Empire fragments and eventually 
disappears replaced by various 

2527
02:15:52,400 --> 02:15:56,700
successor States, some of these 
principles persist embedded in 

2528
02:15:56,700 --> 02:15:59,900
administrative practices and 
cultural expectations. 

2529
02:15:59,900 --> 02:16:04,300
The trade networks that connect 
Eastern, West remain active long

2530
02:16:04,300 --> 02:16:08,200
after Mongol political Unity 
dissolves allowing exchange of 

2531
02:16:08,208 --> 02:16:13,200
goods ideas and Technologies. 
The Silk Road reaches its peak 

2532
02:16:13,200 --> 02:16:16,900
under Mongol protection and even
as the Empire fragments The 

2533
02:16:16,900 --> 02:16:19,300
Roots remain, more accessible 
than they were before the 

2534
02:16:19,300 --> 02:16:22,100
conquests. 
Merchants continue traveling 

2535
02:16:22,100 --> 02:16:25,800
path, that Mongol Army secured 
carrying not just physical 

2536
02:16:25,800 --> 02:16:30,100
Goods, but also knowledge 
printing techniques, gunpowder 

2537
02:16:30,100 --> 02:16:34,299
formulas, mathematical Concepts,
and Artistic Styles. 

2538
02:16:34,299 --> 02:16:37,600
There's also the darker Legacy 
that can't be ignored or 

2539
02:16:37,600 --> 02:16:40,500
minimized. 
That is destroyed the 

2540
02:16:40,500 --> 02:16:43,400
populations killed the cultures 
erased. 

2541
02:16:43,400 --> 02:16:47,799
The Mongol conquest killed 
Millions by some estimates. 

2542
02:16:47,799 --> 02:16:50,500
Perhaps 40 million people, or 
more though. 

2543
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:53,700
Exact numbers are impossible to 
verify and hotly debated by 

2544
02:16:53,700 --> 02:16:56,600
historians entire cities were 
annihilated. 

2545
02:16:56,600 --> 02:16:59,400
So completely that 
archaeologists, still find the 

2546
02:16:59,400 --> 02:17:02,600
destruction layers in their 
ruins, thick bands of Ash and 

2547
02:17:02,608 --> 02:17:04,900
Bone marking. 
The moment, the Mongols arrived,

2548
02:17:04,900 --> 02:17:09,000
the quarries in Empire, 
essentially ceased to exist, its

2549
02:17:09,000 --> 02:17:12,500
major cities, reduced to Rubble 
his population devastated. 

2550
02:17:12,500 --> 02:17:16,500
The irrigation systems in 
Central Asia and Persia suffered

2551
02:17:16,500 --> 02:17:20,100
damage that took centuries to 
repair turning productive 

2552
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:23,299
agricultural land into 
semi-desert Baghdad. 

2553
02:17:23,299 --> 02:17:28,500
When it finally Falls to Hulu in
1258 loses perhaps a million 

2554
02:17:28,500 --> 02:17:32,200
inhabitants, its famed. 
Library is destroyed and 

2555
02:17:32,200 --> 02:17:34,700
centuries of Islamic 
scholarship, a lost forever. 

2556
02:17:34,700 --> 02:17:38,600
The Jinnah in northern China 
fights for decades before being 

2557
02:17:39,000 --> 02:17:43,400
Droid its territory depopulated 
by Warfare famine and disease, 

2558
02:17:43,400 --> 02:17:47,500
the Song Dynasty holds out 
longer, but eventually Falls as 

2559
02:17:47,500 --> 02:17:49,900
well. 
Its sophisticated culture 

2560
02:17:49,900 --> 02:17:54,100
absorbed and transformed by the 
UN Dynasty Russia fragments into

2561
02:17:54,100 --> 02:17:57,700
competing, principalities many, 
paying tribute to the golden 

2562
02:17:57,700 --> 02:18:00,900
horde, for centuries, their 
political development, altered 

2563
02:18:00,900 --> 02:18:02,799
by the experience of Mongol 
domination. 

2564
02:18:02,799 --> 02:18:06,799
You notice how The Empire begins
fragmenting even before it. 

2565
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:10,400
Fully settles centrifugal 
forces, pulling it apart, 

2566
02:18:10,400 --> 02:18:12,500
despite efforts to maintain 
Unity. 

2567
02:18:12,500 --> 02:18:16,000
The various can 80s develop 
their own characters, their own 

2568
02:18:16,008 --> 02:18:18,600
priorities, and their own 
relationships with the 

2569
02:18:18,608 --> 02:18:21,299
population's. 
They rule the golden horde in 

2570
02:18:21,299 --> 02:18:23,200
Russia becomes increasingly 
separate. 

2571
02:18:23,200 --> 02:18:27,700
Its Khan's, converting to Islam,
adopting personal administrative

2572
02:18:27,700 --> 02:18:30,500
practices and developing their 
own Court culture. 

2573
02:18:30,500 --> 02:18:34,700
The alkanet in Persia also 
converts to Islam, becoming 

2574
02:18:34,700 --> 02:18:38,000
essentially a Persian Empire 
ruled by Mongol Elites who 

2575
02:18:38,000 --> 02:18:42,500
gradually assim Persian culture,
the chagatai konate in Central 

2576
02:18:42,508 --> 02:18:45,700
Asia maintains, nomadic 
Traditions longer, but also 

2577
02:18:45,700 --> 02:18:49,400
fragments internally splitting 
between eastern and western 

2578
02:18:49,400 --> 02:18:52,000
branches with different 
priorities and policies. 

2579
02:18:52,000 --> 02:18:55,200
The UN dynasty, in China, 
becomes more Chinese with each 

2580
02:18:55,200 --> 02:18:59,000
generation with Kublai and his 
successors, adopting Chinese 

2581
02:18:59,000 --> 02:19:03,400
administrative practices 
Confucian ideology and Imperial 

2582
02:19:03,400 --> 02:19:06,000
ceremonies until they're 
essentially Chinese Emperors who

2583
02:19:06,000 --> 02:19:08,799
happen to be descended from 
Mongol conquerors. 

2584
02:19:08,799 --> 02:19:12,400
The trade networks proved more 
durable than political Unity. 

2585
02:19:13,100 --> 02:19:17,000
Even as the various connotes 
drift apart politically pursuing

2586
02:19:17,000 --> 02:19:20,299
independent foreign policies 
sometimes even fighting each 

2587
02:19:20,299 --> 02:19:22,500
other. 
The Silk Road continues 

2588
02:19:22,500 --> 02:19:26,000
functioning at high levels 
Merchants still travel routes 

2589
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:29,100
that the Mongol conquests 
secured carrying goods between 

2590
02:19:29,100 --> 02:19:30,700
regions. 
That might be politically 

2591
02:19:30,700 --> 02:19:32,299
separate, but remain 
economically. 

2592
02:19:32,299 --> 02:19:35,600
Connected ideas flow along these
paths. 

2593
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:39,200
Gunpowder technology, spreads 
Westwood, eventually 

2594
02:19:39,200 --> 02:19:43,500
revolutionizing, European 
Warfare, Printing technology, 

2595
02:19:43,500 --> 02:19:47,200
expands Beyond China, though, it
won't reach Europe for another 

2596
02:19:47,200 --> 02:19:49,800
Century. 
Mathematical Concepts 

2597
02:19:49,800 --> 02:19:53,300
cross-cultural, boundaries 
Arabic, numerals become more 

2598
02:19:53,300 --> 02:19:57,900
widely used algebraic technique 
spread an astronomical 

2599
02:19:57,900 --> 02:20:01,100
observations, get shared and 
refined through Intercultural 

2600
02:20:01,100 --> 02:20:04,800
contact, you see elements of 
Mongol law and administration 

2601
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:08,700
being adopted by successive 
States particularly in Russia 

2602
02:20:08,700 --> 02:20:13,300
where the influence persists 
longest Census techniques, get 

2603
02:20:13,300 --> 02:20:17,100
copied and refined the postal 
system, inspires later, 

2604
02:20:17,100 --> 02:20:20,200
communication networks, 
including those established by 

2605
02:20:20,208 --> 02:20:24,000
Russian and Chinese Empires, the
idea of religious tolerance. 

2606
02:20:24,000 --> 02:20:27,500
However, imperfectly 
implemented, plants seeds that 

2607
02:20:27,500 --> 02:20:30,900
will influence later thinking 
about governance sovereignty and

2608
02:20:30,900 --> 02:20:32,900
the relationship between 
political and religious 

2609
02:20:32,900 --> 02:20:36,300
Authority, the military 
Innovation as well though. 

2610
02:20:36,300 --> 02:20:38,900
There are often resisted 
initially because adopting them 

2611
02:20:38,900 --> 02:20:42,100
means acknowledging that these 
Barbarian conquerors understood 

2612
02:20:42,100 --> 02:20:45,000
something important about 
Warfare other armies. 

2613
02:20:45,000 --> 02:20:49,000
Eventually study Mongol tactics 
try to replicate their mobility 

2614
02:20:49,000 --> 02:20:52,200
and coordination and adopt 
elements of their command 

2615
02:20:52,200 --> 02:20:54,400
structure. 
The composite bow design 

2616
02:20:54,400 --> 02:20:57,900
influences weapons Development 
Across Eurasia though. 

2617
02:20:57,900 --> 02:21:00,700
Its gradually superseded by 
crossbows and eventually 

2618
02:21:00,700 --> 02:21:03,800
Firearms. 
The emphasis on Cavalry mobility

2619
02:21:03,800 --> 02:21:07,400
and tactical flexibility becomes
Doctrine in Military Academy is 

2620
02:21:07,400 --> 02:21:10,300
that won't exist for centuries, 
but will Trace some of their 

2621
02:21:10,300 --> 02:21:11,800
thinking back to Lessons 
Learned. 

2622
02:21:11,900 --> 02:21:15,700
Fighting against or alongside 
Mongol forces, the idea of 

2623
02:21:15,700 --> 02:21:19,000
combined arms Warfare 
coordinating, different types of

2624
02:21:19,000 --> 02:21:22,800
units for maximum effect. 
Owes something to Mongol 

2625
02:21:22,800 --> 02:21:25,600
practice though, it gets 
developed further by later 

2626
02:21:25,600 --> 02:21:28,200
military thinkers. 
You're sitting by a fire. 

2627
02:21:28,200 --> 02:21:32,500
Now, not in any specific time or
place but in the kind of moment 

2628
02:21:32,500 --> 02:21:36,200
that existed throughout the 
Mongol period and continues in 

2629
02:21:36,200 --> 02:21:40,300
diminished form today. 
After the day's work before 

2630
02:21:40,300 --> 02:21:44,800
sleep, when people gather and 
talk quietly, while Flames died 

2631
02:21:44,800 --> 02:21:48,000
down to Embers and the vast guy 
Wheels, overhead, the 

2632
02:21:48,000 --> 02:21:51,300
conversation me Anders touching 
on ordinary things that matter 

2633
02:21:51,300 --> 02:21:53,900
more than Empire. 
Someone mentioned weather 

2634
02:21:53,900 --> 02:21:56,900
patterns noting how the clouds 
have been building differently 

2635
02:21:56,900 --> 02:22:00,000
lately, speculating about 
whether the rains will come 

2636
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:03,000
early this year or late. 
Someone else mentioned seeing 

2637
02:22:03,000 --> 02:22:07,000
unusual bird Behavior Cranes, 
migrating in formations. 

2638
02:22:07,000 --> 02:22:09,900
That seemed wrong for the season
which might mean something about

2639
02:22:09,900 --> 02:22:13,300
coming weather patterns. 
These observations aren't idle 

2640
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:16,500
chatter their survival 
information, the accumulated 

2641
02:22:16,500 --> 02:22:19,600
knowledge that keeps communities
alive in environments that don't

2642
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:22,300
forgive mistakes. 
Someone tells a joke, you don't 

2643
02:22:22,300 --> 02:22:25,300
quite catch, but the laughter 
suggests, it's funnier in the 

2644
02:22:25,300 --> 02:22:28,200
original language. 
Something about a merchant and a

2645
02:22:28,200 --> 02:22:30,400
stubborn camel. 
The punchline relying on 

2646
02:22:30,408 --> 02:22:32,200
wordplay that doesn't translate 
well. 

2647
02:22:32,200 --> 02:22:36,100
The laughter is genuine though. 
The kind that comes from people 

2648
02:22:36,100 --> 02:22:38,900
who spend their days together 
and have developed their own 

2649
02:22:38,900 --> 02:22:42,000
rhythms of humor. 
Their own internal reference is 

2650
02:22:42,000 --> 02:22:45,100
and running jokes. 
A woman is doing needlework by 

2651
02:22:45,100 --> 02:22:49,300
firelight creating patterns in 
felt that will decorate a jeer 

2652
02:22:49,300 --> 02:22:51,700
transforming. 
Functional, shelter into 

2653
02:22:51,700 --> 02:22:56,100
something beautiful a hands move
with practice Precision needle, 

2654
02:22:56,100 --> 02:22:59,900
pulling thread through material,
creating geometric designs that 

2655
02:22:59,900 --> 02:23:02,200
Echo patterns used for 
Generations. 

2656
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:06,500
Someone asks about the design 
And she explains its A variation

2657
02:23:06,500 --> 02:23:08,200
of a pattern, her grandmother 
taught her. 

2658
02:23:08,900 --> 02:23:12,000
Modified slightly to incorporate
elements from a different 

2659
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:14,300
tradition. 
She learned from a neighbor who 

2660
02:23:14,300 --> 02:23:18,100
married in from another region. 
It's a small example of cultural

2661
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:20,300
synthesis happening at the most 
basic level. 

2662
02:23:21,200 --> 02:23:25,000
Children, sleep nearby bundled 
in Furs, despite the season 

2663
02:23:25,000 --> 02:23:28,100
being relatively warm, because 
Desert Nights get cold. 

2664
02:23:28,100 --> 02:23:30,600
Even in summer. 
They make the small sounds of 

2665
02:23:30,600 --> 02:23:33,200
Dreams. 
Soft, murmurs occasional 

2666
02:23:33,200 --> 02:23:35,700
movements in the peaceful 
breathing of the deeply asleep. 

2667
02:23:35,700 --> 02:23:38,700
You think about how each of them
carries forward, the knowledge 

2668
02:23:38,700 --> 02:23:41,200
of their culture learning 
through, observation, and 

2669
02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:46,100
participation, how to ride how 
to hunt, how to survive in this 

2670
02:23:46,100 --> 02:23:49,300
landscape, and how to maintain 
the intricate web of 

2671
02:23:49,300 --> 02:23:52,700
relationships and obligations 
that hold Society together. 

2672
02:23:52,700 --> 02:23:56,500
They'll grow up in a world 
shaped by the Empire craps their

2673
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:59,300
living during its height perhaps
during its fragmentation. 

2674
02:23:59,300 --> 02:24:03,900
Perhaps after it's dissolved 
into success their daily lives 

2675
02:24:03,900 --> 02:24:08,000
will still Center on herds and 
horses, whether and grass and 

2676
02:24:08,000 --> 02:24:10,800
the Practical demands of nomadic
pastoralism. 

2677
02:24:10,800 --> 02:24:14,800
That persist regardless of 
political structures the skills,

2678
02:24:14,800 --> 02:24:17,600
they learn and teach their own 
children will be variations on 

2679
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:21,300
skills practice for Millennia on
these grasslands, the Stars 

2680
02:24:21,300 --> 02:24:25,200
overhead are doing what stars of
always done Wheeling across the 

2681
02:24:25,200 --> 02:24:28,600
sky in patterns, that Travelers 
and shamans read for meaning and

2682
02:24:28,600 --> 02:24:31,000
navigation, the fire. 
Settles lower. 

2683
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:34,200
Sparks drifting up towards Those
Distant lights. 

2684
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:38,500
And someone adds another piece 
of fuel Argyl dried wood 

2685
02:24:38,500 --> 02:24:41,800
whatever's available. 
Keeping the warmth going a 

2686
02:24:41,800 --> 02:24:43,900
little longer. 
The action is automatic 

2687
02:24:44,700 --> 02:24:48,000
Performed without thought part 
of the rhythm of evening that 

2688
02:24:48,000 --> 02:24:51,000
everyone knows. 
There's a Comfort Inn routines 

2689
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:54,900
that persist regardless of 
politics or Empires, The Animals

2690
02:24:54,900 --> 02:24:57,000
still need tending. 
Checking on horses. 

2691
02:24:57,000 --> 02:24:58,400
That might have wandered during 
the day. 

2692
02:24:58,400 --> 02:25:02,100
Ensuring sheep are safely 
corralled against predators and 

2693
02:25:02,100 --> 02:25:04,100
making sure camels are properly 
hobbled. 

2694
02:25:04,100 --> 02:25:07,700
The seasons still cycle through 
their changes, bringing their 

2695
02:25:07,700 --> 02:25:11,200
own demands and opportunities. 
The Grass Grows according to 

2696
02:25:11,200 --> 02:25:12,700
patterns of rain and 
temperature. 

2697
02:25:12,700 --> 02:25:17,000
Unconcerned with human Affairs, 
the wind blows across the steppe

2698
02:25:17,000 --> 02:25:18,900
in different to who claimed 
sovereignty. 

2699
02:25:18,900 --> 02:25:22,200
Over the land at crosses, you 
think about how history gets 

2700
02:25:22,200 --> 02:25:26,000
written by the dramatic moments,
the battles, the conquests, the 

2701
02:25:26,000 --> 02:25:29,700
rise and fall of Empires and the
decisions of Khan's and Kings. 

2702
02:25:29,700 --> 02:25:33,300
But most of Life happens in the 
space is between those moments 

2703
02:25:33,300 --> 02:25:36,600
in the ordinary work of feeding 
families and maintaining 

2704
02:25:36,600 --> 02:25:39,300
equipment. 
And teaching children and 

2705
02:25:39,300 --> 02:25:43,200
telling stories around fires the
Mongol Empire conquered half the

2706
02:25:43,200 --> 02:25:46,100
world but most Mongols spent 
most of their time doing the 

2707
02:25:46,100 --> 02:25:48,300
same things, their ancestors as 
a done for Generations. 

2708
02:25:49,500 --> 02:25:53,600
Managing herds moving with 
seasons and surviving in a 

2709
02:25:53,600 --> 02:25:54,900
landscape. 
That didn't forgive mistakes. 

2710
02:25:54,900 --> 02:25:59,400
The conversation by the fire 
continues voices, low and 

2711
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:01,900
comfortable. 
Discussing tomorrow's plans, 

2712
02:26:01,900 --> 02:26:05,700
sharing observations about the 
condition of various animals and

2713
02:26:05,700 --> 02:26:08,200
debating the best route to the 
next grazing area. 

2714
02:26:08,200 --> 02:26:11,100
Someone mentions that the 
northern pastures should be 

2715
02:26:11,100 --> 02:26:14,500
recovering nicely that. 
The spring growth was good and 

2716
02:26:14,500 --> 02:26:16,100
that they've had enough time to 
rest. 

2717
02:26:16,100 --> 02:26:19,200
Someone else counters that the 
southern route might be better. 

2718
02:26:19,200 --> 02:26:22,700
Despite the longer distance 
because there are better water 

2719
02:26:22,700 --> 02:26:25,000
sources and less risk of 
encountering. 

2720
02:26:25,000 --> 02:26:27,200
A rival group that's been 
aggressive lately. 

2721
02:26:27,200 --> 02:26:30,700
It's the kind of discussion that
doesn't need resolution tonight.

2722
02:26:31,500 --> 02:26:34,400
That serves more to maintain 
connection than to reach 

2723
02:26:34,400 --> 02:26:37,300
conclusions. 
Everyone knows that actual 

2724
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:40,500
decisions will get made Tomorrow
based on whether animal 

2725
02:26:40,500 --> 02:26:43,900
condition and a dozen factors 
that can only be assessed. 

2726
02:26:43,900 --> 02:26:47,800
When the time comes to move the 
discussion is partly planning, 

2727
02:26:47,800 --> 02:26:51,900
partly social ritual and partly 
just the pleasure of talking 

2728
02:26:51,900 --> 02:26:55,500
with people, you know, and 
trust, someone begins singing a 

2729
02:26:55,500 --> 02:26:58,600
traditional song that predates 
the Empire by centuries and that

2730
02:26:58,600 --> 02:27:01,900
will probably survive. 
Whatever comes after The Melody 

2731
02:27:01,900 --> 02:27:06,000
is simple built to be remembered
and designed to carry across 

2732
02:27:06,000 --> 02:27:09,100
distances when heard as a 
scattered across the grassland 

2733
02:27:09,100 --> 02:27:12,400
and want to hear human voices. 
It's a song about horses, 

2734
02:27:12,400 --> 02:27:15,700
naturally, praising the 
qualities of a particularly fine

2735
02:27:15,700 --> 02:27:19,000
mayor using metaphors, that 
compared her to natural 

2736
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:22,000
phenomenon, Swift as wind strong
as mountains. 

2737
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:25,400
Beautiful as Dawn light on water
others. 

2738
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:28,500
Join in harmonizing, in ways 
that suggest they've sung 

2739
02:27:28,500 --> 02:27:29,800
together. 
Many times before. 

2740
02:27:30,700 --> 02:27:34,000
The harmonies are complex built 
on intervals, that sound unusual

2741
02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:37,100
to ears trained on different 
musical Traditions but a 

2742
02:27:37,100 --> 02:27:39,700
Perfectly Natural here. 
The song Cycles. 

2743
02:27:39,700 --> 02:27:42,800
Through several verses. 
Each describing different 

2744
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:46,400
qualities of the legendary horse
before ending on a note that 

2745
02:27:46,400 --> 02:27:49,800
seems to hang in the air 
sustained until breath runs out.

2746
02:27:49,800 --> 02:27:53,800
Then Fading Into the Night. 
You're feeling sleep pulling at 

2747
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:57,700
you the combination of warmth 
and darkness and the hypnotic 

2748
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:01,700
quality of firelight and voices 
making your eyelids heavy, your 

2749
02:28:01,700 --> 02:28:04,600
body is tired in the good way 
that comes from physical work 

2750
02:28:04,600 --> 02:28:08,100
from a day spent riding or 
walking or accomplishing 

2751
02:28:08,100 --> 02:28:11,100
something tangible. 
Satisfaction in that kind of 

2752
02:28:11,100 --> 02:28:13,300
tiredness. 
The knowledge that you've earned

2753
02:28:13,300 --> 02:28:15,400
your rest that your body has 
done. 

2754
02:28:15,400 --> 02:28:18,700
What is designed to do outside 
the circle of firelight the 

2755
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:22,500
steps stretches away Into 
Darkness vast and indifferent 

2756
02:28:22,500 --> 02:28:24,900
and somehow comforting in its 
constants C. 

2757
02:28:24,900 --> 02:28:28,700
You can hear animals move moving
the soft sounds of horse is 

2758
02:28:28,700 --> 02:28:32,400
Shifting position sheep settling
in for the night and the 

2759
02:28:32,408 --> 02:28:35,200
occasional Cry of some nocturnal
predator in the distance. 

2760
02:28:35,200 --> 02:28:39,300
These sounds are familiar 
expected and part of the 

2761
02:28:39,300 --> 02:28:41,800
auditory landscape that tells 
you everything is as it should 

2762
02:28:41,808 --> 02:28:44,100
be. 
The fire burns lower. 

2763
02:28:44,900 --> 02:28:46,900
Flames reducing to coals that 
glow. 

2764
02:28:46,900 --> 02:28:51,100
Orange and red pulsing slightly 
as air moves across them, the 

2765
02:28:51,100 --> 02:28:53,300
conversation fragments into 
silence. 

2766
02:28:53,300 --> 02:28:56,200
People running out of things to 
say or simply running out of 

2767
02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:58,400
energy. 
They begin settling into 

2768
02:28:58,400 --> 02:29:01,700
sleeping positions, wrapping 
themselves in Furs, and felt 

2769
02:29:01,700 --> 02:29:04,500
finding the familiar comfort of 
ground. 

2770
02:29:04,500 --> 02:29:06,700
That's been their bed for weeks 
or months. 

2771
02:29:06,700 --> 02:29:11,200
Some people pray quietly before 
sleep murmuring words to the 

2772
02:29:11,208 --> 02:29:15,100
Eternal Blue Sky, making 
offerings and acknowledging 

2773
02:29:15,100 --> 02:29:17,800
spirits and forces that inhabit 
this landscape. 

2774
02:29:17,800 --> 02:29:22,400
Others simply close their eyes, 
two tired for ritual, confident 

2775
02:29:22,400 --> 02:29:25,100
that their relationship with the
Divine doesn't require nightly 

2776
02:29:25,100 --> 02:29:28,700
maintenance, the camp develops, 
that particular quality of 

2777
02:29:28,700 --> 02:29:31,300
collective rest. 
When most people are asleep. 

2778
02:29:31,300 --> 02:29:34,900
But a few remain, partially 
aware when maintaining a low 

2779
02:29:34,900 --> 02:29:36,900
level vigilance, that has become
second nature. 

2780
02:29:36,900 --> 02:29:40,900
The wind picks up slightly and 
the felt walls of the jerk. 

2781
02:29:40,900 --> 02:29:44,000
But hold doing what they've been
designed to do for centuries. 

2782
02:29:45,000 --> 02:29:48,000
This sound is actually 
comforting a reminder that your 

2783
02:29:48,000 --> 02:29:51,300
sheltered protected from the 
elements by materials and 

2784
02:29:51,308 --> 02:29:53,800
techniques. 
Refined through generations of 

2785
02:29:53,800 --> 02:29:57,000
experience outside. 
The win moves across the 

2786
02:29:57,000 --> 02:30:00,800
grassland bending vegetation, 
carrying with it, the smells of 

2787
02:30:00,800 --> 02:30:05,700
night, cooler, air moisture and 
the complex organic sense of a 

2788
02:30:05,700 --> 02:30:09,000
living landscape. 
Close your eyes and the last 

2789
02:30:09,008 --> 02:30:11,100
thing you're aware of is the 
sound of horses. 

2790
02:30:11,100 --> 02:30:14,300
Moving outside. 
Their presence are a reminder. 

2791
02:30:14,308 --> 02:30:18,200
That tomorrow will begin with 
animals to tend distances to 

2792
02:30:18,200 --> 02:30:20,700
cover. 
And the endless practical work 

2793
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:23,700
of staying alive. 
In a beautiful demanding 

2794
02:30:23,700 --> 02:30:26,600
landscape that shaped an Empire 
and will Outlast it. 

2795
02:30:26,600 --> 02:30:29,300
The horses. 
Represent wealth, and Mobility, 

2796
02:30:29,300 --> 02:30:32,300
survival, and status and 
connection. 

2797
02:30:32,300 --> 02:30:35,000
To Traditions that stretch back 
Beyond memory. 

2798
02:30:35,000 --> 02:30:37,200
Sleep comes easily under the 
vast. 

2799
02:30:37,200 --> 02:30:41,400
Mongolian Sky, Consciousness, 
fading as your body, relaxes 

2800
02:30:41,400 --> 02:30:43,500
into rest. 
It's earned through the days, 

2801
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:47,600
exertion your dreams. 
When they come a fragmentary and

2802
02:30:47,600 --> 02:30:51,200
disconnected images of 
Horizon's, the sensation of 

2803
02:30:51,200 --> 02:30:54,600
movement. 
Faces around the fire and the 

2804
02:30:54,608 --> 02:30:56,700
particular quality of light at 
dawn. 

2805
02:30:56,700 --> 02:31:01,000
When Frost catches early Sun and
transforms ordinary grassland 

2806
02:31:01,000 --> 02:31:05,900
into something magical, the fire
Fades to Embers, then, ashes, 

2807
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:08,600
and the camp. 
Settles into the deepest part of

2808
02:31:08,600 --> 02:31:11,800
night that quiet. 
Period between midnight and 

2809
02:31:11,800 --> 02:31:15,100
Dawn, when even the most 
Vigilant Guardians, struggle to 

2810
02:31:15,100 --> 02:31:19,900
stay alert, the Stars continue 
their slow rotation indifferent 

2811
02:31:19,900 --> 02:31:22,300
and eternal bearing witness to 
yet. 

2812
02:31:22,300 --> 02:31:25,800
Another days ending on the step,
another cycle of Life, 

2813
02:31:25,800 --> 02:31:28,800
continuing as it has, for 
Millennia, as it will, for 

2814
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:32,700
millennium more long, after 
empires of dissolved, into 

2815
02:31:32,700 --> 02:31:36,000
Legend and memory. 
The Grass, Grows over the rooms 

2816
02:31:36,000 --> 02:31:40,200
of Conquest patient and 
persistent reclaiming land, that

2817
02:31:40,200 --> 02:31:44,400
briefly saw different purposes, 
the wind continues, its ancient 

2818
02:31:44,400 --> 02:31:49,400
work, shaping landscape carrying
seeds and eroding mountains. 

2819
02:31:49,400 --> 02:31:52,900
One grain at a time, the sky 
stretches, Overhead. 

2820
02:31:52,900 --> 02:31:55,100
That particular blue, that 
becomes visible. 

2821
02:31:55,100 --> 02:31:58,700
Only as Dawn approaches 
signaling, that soon, another 

2822
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:01,800
day will begin bringing with it,
new challenges, and 

2823
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:05,700
opportunities, new moments of 
beauty and hardship and new 

2824
02:32:05,700 --> 02:32:09,600
additions to the endless, human 
story of surviving thriving and 

2825
02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:11,500
finding meaning in the midst of 
vast. 

2826
02:32:11,500 --> 02:32:14,800
Indifference and you sleep 
peacefully beneath that Eternal 

2827
02:32:14,800 --> 02:32:17,700
sky. 
Part of a story larger than any 

2828
02:32:17,700 --> 02:32:21,900
one person, anyone Empire, or 
anyone moment in the long sweep 

2829
02:32:21,900 --> 02:32:31,000
of time across these endless, 
grasslands You are now seeing 

2830
02:32:31,000 --> 02:32:33,700
the birth of an industry that 
now makes hundreds of billions 

2831
02:32:33,700 --> 02:32:36,200
of dollars every year. 
As you picture, these old scenes

2832
02:32:36,800 --> 02:32:39,200
But more than that, you're 
seeing a behavior that is 

2833
02:32:39,200 --> 02:32:43,600
uniquely human and goes beyond 
culture, geography and time. 

2834
02:32:44,400 --> 02:32:47,800
The desire to change how we look
to show who we are through color

2835
02:32:47,800 --> 02:32:50,100
and pattern. 
And to take part in the ancient 

2836
02:32:50,100 --> 02:32:53,500
ritual of enhancement, these 
urges connect you directly to 

2837
02:32:53,500 --> 02:32:57,200
the cave dwellers, who mixed 
okra by firelight when you next 

2838
02:32:57,200 --> 02:32:58,800
open a lipstick or eyeshadow 
palette. 

2839
02:32:58,800 --> 02:33:01,200
You're doing something that 
people have been doing since the

2840
02:33:01,200 --> 02:33:04,000
beginning of time. 
The tools are better, the colors

2841
02:33:04,000 --> 02:33:06,400
are more varied, and the 
techniques are more advanced, 

2842
02:33:06,400 --> 02:33:08,600
but the basic Drive is still the
same. 

2843
02:33:08,600 --> 02:33:12,000
You're changing yourself for a 
short time just like people have

2844
02:33:12,000 --> 02:33:15,200
done since we first looked at 
our reflection in Stillwater and

2845
02:33:15,200 --> 02:33:17,100
thought about how we might look 
different. 

2846
02:33:17,100 --> 02:33:19,900
As you get more comfortable in 
your blanket, let your mind 

2847
02:33:19,900 --> 02:33:23,500
drift down the Nile River to 
ancient Egypt where the art of 

2848
02:33:23,508 --> 02:33:26,300
Cosmetics reached Heights. 
That would not be reached for 

2849
02:33:26,300 --> 02:33:29,900
thousands of years. 
Imagine yourself walking through

2850
02:33:29,900 --> 02:33:33,200
the busy streets of Thieves on a
warm morning in 1350 BC. 

2851
02:33:33,200 --> 02:33:36,700
When the famous boy, King 
Tutankhamun was in charge. 

2852
02:33:37,600 --> 02:33:40,900
The sun is already Rising toward
its harsh noon position, but the

2853
02:33:40,908 --> 02:33:43,700
city is still busy. 
The first thing you notice about

2854
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:45,400
the Egyptians you meet is their 
eyes. 

2855
02:33:45,400 --> 02:33:49,000
Everyone from men to women to 
children, to Nobles, to 

2856
02:33:49,000 --> 02:33:51,900
servants, whereas dramatic eye 
makeup that makes their eyes 

2857
02:33:51,900 --> 02:33:55,000
look bigger, more intense and 
almost Supernatural. 

2858
02:33:55,000 --> 02:33:57,200
In some way, the effect is 
amazing. 

2859
02:33:57,200 --> 02:33:59,500
As if you're in a room. 
Full of people who have borrowed

2860
02:33:59,500 --> 02:34:01,800
the eyes of gods, this wasn't an
accident. 

2861
02:34:01,800 --> 02:34:04,800
The Egyptians thought that the 
eyes were not only the windows 

2862
02:34:04,800 --> 02:34:09,000
to the soul buttle, butt lips. 
Also, to the Divine world, the 

2863
02:34:09,000 --> 02:34:11,600
intricate eye makeup, had 
practical spiritual and 

2864
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:14,900
aesthetic uses that were so 
closely linked that an ancient 

2865
02:34:14,900 --> 02:34:17,400
Egyptian would have thought it 
was strange to try to separate 

2866
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:19,600
them. 
Cole was the most famous part of

2867
02:34:19,600 --> 02:34:22,500
Egyptian eye makeup. 
It was a dark substance that was

2868
02:34:22,500 --> 02:34:25,100
put around the eyes in dramatic 
lines that went beyond the 

2869
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:28,500
natural shape of the eyes. 
But Cole, wasn't just one thing.

2870
02:34:28,500 --> 02:34:30,500
It was made from a mix of 
things. 

2871
02:34:30,500 --> 02:34:32,900
Each with its own uses and 
properties. 

2872
02:34:32,900 --> 02:34:36,900
Galena, a lead sulfide mineral 
that made a deep shiny. 

2873
02:34:36,900 --> 02:34:40,100
Black was the most common, 
Egyptians ground, this mineral 

2874
02:34:40,100 --> 02:34:43,000
into a fine powder and then 
mixed it with animal fat, 

2875
02:34:43,000 --> 02:34:45,500
vegetable oil, or even honey, to
make a smooth Pace. 

2876
02:34:45,500 --> 02:34:48,100
Making coal was almost like a 
religious ceremony. 

2877
02:34:48,800 --> 02:34:51,500
Families would have special 
grinding palettes that were 

2878
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:55,700
often made of slate and shaped 
like fish birds or other 

2879
02:34:55,700 --> 02:34:58,800
important symbols. 
People took good care of the 

2880
02:34:58,800 --> 02:35:01,200
grinding, stones and passed them
down through the years. 

2881
02:35:01,200 --> 02:35:04,700
Like valuable heirlooms. 
The sound of stone scraping 

2882
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:07,500
against Stone to make coal would
have been as common in Egyptian 

2883
02:35:07,500 --> 02:35:10,800
homes as the sound of coffee 
brewing is in ours, but 

2884
02:35:10,800 --> 02:35:14,500
Egyptians didn't only use black.
They made a whole range of eye 

2885
02:35:14,500 --> 02:35:17,200
makeup colors each with its own 
meaning and way of getting 

2886
02:35:17,200 --> 02:35:20,400
ready. 
Malachite, a green copper 

2887
02:35:20,400 --> 02:35:23,800
carbonate, mineral was grounded 
into a fine powder to make 

2888
02:35:23,800 --> 02:35:26,900
bright green eyeshadow. 
Green wasn't just pretty. 

2889
02:35:26,900 --> 02:35:31,000
It was also a symbol of rebirth 
and fertility which made it very

2890
02:35:31,000 --> 02:35:34,500
popular with women who wanted to
have children or who aging the 

2891
02:35:34,500 --> 02:35:37,200
death of a loved one. 
Putting on Egyptian, eye makeup 

2892
02:35:37,200 --> 02:35:40,300
was an art that needed skill, 
patients and steady hands. 

2893
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:43,800
Most wealthy families, had, 
special, makeup applicators made

2894
02:35:43,800 --> 02:35:46,900
of wood Ivory or metal. 
These tools were often 

2895
02:35:46,900 --> 02:35:50,300
beautifully carved and decorated
making putting on makeup every 

2896
02:35:50,300 --> 02:35:51,700
day. 
Feel like a special event. 

2897
02:35:52,400 --> 02:35:55,600
The richest Egyptians might have
their own makeup artists, who 

2898
02:35:55,600 --> 02:35:57,700
were skilled servants. 
Who could make the complicated 

2899
02:35:57,700 --> 02:36:00,400
designs that showed someone was 
from the upper class? 

2900
02:36:00,400 --> 02:36:03,600
Imagine a rich Egyptian woman 
starting her daily makeup 

2901
02:36:03,600 --> 02:36:06,100
routine. 
She sits on a low stool in front

2902
02:36:06,100 --> 02:36:08,300
of a polished metal mirror 
around. 

2903
02:36:08,300 --> 02:36:11,200
Her are a lot of cosmetic 
containers made of alabaster 

2904
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:15,300
wood and precious metals. 
Her makeup artist starts by 

2905
02:36:15,300 --> 02:36:18,800
washing her face with a mixture 
of animal fats and nature on a 

2906
02:36:18,800 --> 02:36:21,800
naturally occurring salt. 
That acted as soap, the cleaning

2907
02:36:21,800 --> 02:36:25,000
process is gentle but thorough 
getting the skin ready for the 

2908
02:36:25,000 --> 02:36:27,100
day's makeup. 
The eye makeup is the most 

2909
02:36:27,100 --> 02:36:29,700
complicated and important part. 
So it goes first. 

2910
02:36:30,500 --> 02:36:33,500
The artist uses a thin read or 
bronze applicator to draw 

2911
02:36:33,500 --> 02:36:35,600
precise lines of coal around the
woman's eyes. 

2912
02:36:36,400 --> 02:36:38,700
The lines, go past the outer 
Corners to make an arm and 

2913
02:36:38,700 --> 02:36:40,000
shape. 
That makes her features look 

2914
02:36:40,000 --> 02:36:43,100
even more beautiful. 
If the lines aren't perfectly 

2915
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:45,300
straight, it will be clear right
away. 

2916
02:36:45,300 --> 02:36:49,500
That the work is bad. 
Next, the eye shadow the artist 

2917
02:36:49,500 --> 02:36:52,300
carefully puts green malachite 
powder on the woman's eyelids, 

2918
02:36:52,300 --> 02:36:55,300
with the different applicator 
blending its smoothly from the 

2919
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,600
Lash line to the brow bone. 
The green color catches the 

2920
02:36:58,600 --> 02:37:00,700
light. 
When she blinks giving her eyes,

2921
02:37:00,700 --> 02:37:02,600
a soft glow. 
That makes them look like they 

2922
02:37:02,600 --> 02:37:06,700
are on fire, but Egyptian makeup
wasn't just for the eyes, both 

2923
02:37:06,700 --> 02:37:08,900
men and women used a lot of 
other beauty products that 

2924
02:37:08,900 --> 02:37:10,900
anyone who is interviewed today 
would know about. 

2925
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:15,200
They put red ocher and fought 
together to make Rouge which 

2926
02:37:15,200 --> 02:37:16,600
they put on their lips and 
cheeks. 

2927
02:37:16,600 --> 02:37:20,300
They used henna to color their 
hair nails, and sometimes even 

2928
02:37:20,300 --> 02:37:23,400
their palms and feet. 
Patterns, they made show their 

2929
02:37:23,400 --> 02:37:26,500
social status and personal 
taste, people all over the 

2930
02:37:26,500 --> 02:37:28,600
ancient world knew about 
Egyptian perfumes. 

2931
02:37:28,600 --> 02:37:32,700
They made complicated sent by 
soaking, flowers herbs, and 

2932
02:37:32,700 --> 02:37:36,100
spices, and oils, and fats. 
Some of the most valuable 

2933
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:40,300
ingredients were Rose, Jasmine, 
frankincense and myrrh people 

2934
02:37:40,300 --> 02:37:42,900
who are rich would put these 
expensive oils on their bodies 

2935
02:37:42,900 --> 02:37:45,400
every day and the smells would 
stay with them. 

2936
02:37:45,400 --> 02:37:48,800
Like invisible auras of luxury. 
The boxes that Egyptian 

2937
02:37:48,800 --> 02:37:51,400
Cosmetics came in were often 
works of art on their own. 

2938
02:37:52,200 --> 02:37:55,500
Richard Egyptians kept their 
makeup in fancy boxes and jars 

2939
02:37:55,500 --> 02:37:58,700
made of valuable materials and 
decorated with religious 

2940
02:37:58,700 --> 02:38:01,100
symbols. 
These containers weren't just 

2941
02:38:01,108 --> 02:38:03,200
useful. 
They were also a sign of the 

2942
02:38:03,200 --> 02:38:06,400
owners wealth and taste. 
Some cosmetic containers that 

2943
02:38:06,400 --> 02:38:09,300
were found in tombs are so 
beautiful that they are now on 

2944
02:38:09,300 --> 02:38:12,600
display in museums as examples 
of ancient craftsmanship. 

2945
02:38:12,600 --> 02:38:16,200
Egyptian Cosmetics, have a lot 
of religious meaning different 

2946
02:38:16,200 --> 02:38:18,700
gods and goddesses were linked 
to certain colors and patterns, 

2947
02:38:18,700 --> 02:38:22,000
the green eyeshadow was a 
tribute to hathor, the goddess 

2948
02:38:22,000 --> 02:38:25,200
of beauty and love people 
thought that blackhole could 

2949
02:38:25,200 --> 02:38:28,000
protect them from the evil eye 
and call on Raw the sun god. 

2950
02:38:28,000 --> 02:38:31,400
Putting on makeup was even seen 
as a way to worship the gods 

2951
02:38:31,400 --> 02:38:33,500
every day by making oneself. 
Beautiful. 

2952
02:38:33,500 --> 02:38:36,900
Modern science has shown that 
Egyptian Cosmetics also had 

2953
02:38:36,900 --> 02:38:40,200
useful effects. 
Coal contains lead, which is 

2954
02:38:40,200 --> 02:38:43,200
poisonous in large amounts but 
actually killed bacteria and 

2955
02:38:43,200 --> 02:38:45,900
stopped eye. 
Infections, the oils and fats 

2956
02:38:45,900 --> 02:38:49,400
and cosmetics, protected skin 
from the harsh sun and wind in 

2957
02:38:49,400 --> 02:38:52,100
the desert. 
Many of the ingredients had 

2958
02:38:52,100 --> 02:38:54,500
antimicrobial properties. 
That helped. 

2959
02:38:54,500 --> 02:38:57,300
Keep both the cosmetics and the 
skin of the people who use them 

2960
02:38:57,300 --> 02:38:59,600
safe back. 
Then it was amazing. 

2961
02:38:59,600 --> 02:39:02,600
How Beauty became available to 
everyone in ancient Egypt. 

2962
02:39:03,400 --> 02:39:06,000
Rich people could buy more 
expensive makeup and higher 

2963
02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:09,500
professionals to put it on but 
even servants and workers wore 

2964
02:39:09,500 --> 02:39:11,700
basic. 
Eye makeup people didn't think 

2965
02:39:11,700 --> 02:39:14,600
of this as vanity, they thought 
it was necessary for health 

2966
02:39:14,600 --> 02:39:16,900
spiritual protection and being 
accepted by others. 

2967
02:39:16,900 --> 02:39:20,000
Some of them make up techniques 
used in ancient Egypt weren't 

2968
02:39:20,000 --> 02:39:23,200
found again until modern times. 
They knew how to make makeup. 

2969
02:39:23,200 --> 02:39:26,800
That wouldn't wash off pigments,
that would last a long time and 

2970
02:39:26,800 --> 02:39:29,300
even early versions of what we 
might call foundation and 

2971
02:39:29,300 --> 02:39:31,900
concealer. 
Their knowledge of color, theory

2972
02:39:31,900 --> 02:39:33,900
preservation and application 
techniques. 

2973
02:39:33,900 --> 02:39:36,800
Formed the basis for cosmetic 
practices that are still used 

2974
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:38,800
today. 
As you think about these old 

2975
02:39:38,800 --> 02:39:41,900
beauty, rituals you're seeing a 
civilization that knew a lot 

2976
02:39:41,908 --> 02:39:45,500
about how looks and identity are
connected make up, was more than

2977
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:48,700
just decoration for Egyptians. 
It was a way to change their 

2978
02:39:48,700 --> 02:39:52,600
appearance, protect themselves 
and show their devotional all at

2979
02:39:52,600 --> 02:39:54,500
once. 
We can see the beginning of 

2980
02:39:54,500 --> 02:39:57,500
Cosmetics as both art and 
business in their painted eyes 

2981
02:39:57,500 --> 02:40:00,600
and colored lips. 
These products set standards for

2982
02:40:00,600 --> 02:40:03,600
beauty that would last for 
thousands of years as you travel

2983
02:40:03,600 --> 02:40:05,800
through the ancient world. 
Let your mind take you from the 

2984
02:40:05,800 --> 02:40:10,400
Nile River to the sun, drenched 
Hills of Greece around 450 BC E 

2985
02:40:10,400 --> 02:40:14,800
when Athens was at its best. 
The Aegean Sea, salty, Breeze, 

2986
02:40:14,800 --> 02:40:16,600
and Olive blossoms. 
Make the air smell good. 

2987
02:40:17,500 --> 02:40:19,800
In this land, that gave us 
democracy and philosophy. 

2988
02:40:19,800 --> 02:40:22,100
You'll find a very different 
idea of beauty. 

2989
02:40:22,100 --> 02:40:24,700
One that values. 
Natural Perfection, over 

2990
02:40:24,700 --> 02:40:26,900
dramatic change on a nice 
morning. 

2991
02:40:26,900 --> 02:40:30,300
If you walk through the Agora of
Athens, you'll notice something 

2992
02:40:30,300 --> 02:40:33,400
about the people around. 
You, that stands out the Greeks.

2993
02:40:33,400 --> 02:40:36,200
Look almost plain next to the 
Egyptians, who painted their 

2994
02:40:36,200 --> 02:40:40,400
bodies in very dramatic ways. 
But if you look closer, you'll 

2995
02:40:40,400 --> 02:40:43,500
see that this simple look hides.
A complex and carefully crafted 

2996
02:40:43,500 --> 02:40:46,500
style that still affect 
standards of beauty today. 

2997
02:40:46,500 --> 02:40:49,300
The Greek ideas of beauty were 
very philosophical. 

2998
02:40:49,300 --> 02:40:53,000
They believed in the idea of 
Kalos, which meant both physical

2999
02:40:53,000 --> 02:40:56,500
Beauty and moral goodness, a 
person had to find a balance 

3000
02:40:56,500 --> 02:40:59,500
between their looks and their 
inner goodness to be truly 

3001
02:40:59,500 --> 02:41:02,500
beautiful. 
This meant that Cosmetics were 

3002
02:41:02,500 --> 02:41:05,400
just about looking good. 
They were all of about becoming 

3003
02:41:05,400 --> 02:41:08,400
good making the outside. 
Look perfect to show how 

3004
02:41:08,400 --> 02:41:11,900
valuable you are on the inside 
the Greeks like what they called

3005
02:41:11,900 --> 02:41:17,000
marble skin, which was pale 
smooth and perfect like the 

3006
02:41:17,000 --> 02:41:19,500
stone there, sculptors used to 
make their works of art. 

3007
02:41:20,400 --> 02:41:23,100
It took a lot of work and some 
not so good methods to get this.

3008
02:41:23,100 --> 02:41:27,300
Look, Rich Greek women would use
mixtures of white lead and chalk

3009
02:41:27,300 --> 02:41:28,500
on their skin to make it 
lighter. 

3010
02:41:28,500 --> 02:41:32,100
They knew that having pale skin 
meant you could relax and not 

3011
02:41:32,100 --> 02:41:34,700
have to work since the sun's 
Rays. 

3012
02:41:34,700 --> 02:41:38,200
Darken the skin of workers and 
slaves but making marble skin 

3013
02:41:38,200 --> 02:41:40,600
was more complicated than just 
putting on white makeup. 

3014
02:41:41,500 --> 02:41:44,900
Greek women had long complicated
Beauty, routines that started 

3015
02:41:44,900 --> 02:41:46,600
long before they touched their 
faces. 

3016
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:51,000
They would bathe in milk, honey,
and olive oil, which were all 

3017
02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:53,700
good for the skin and made it 
look slightly glowing. 

3018
02:41:54,500 --> 02:41:58,100
The milks natural acids, gently 
exfoliated the skin, the honey, 

3019
02:41:58,100 --> 02:42:01,300
moisturized it and killed 
bacteria and the olive oil 

3020
02:42:01,300 --> 02:42:04,100
formed a protective barrier that
made the skin, feel soft and 

3021
02:42:04,100 --> 02:42:06,500
smooth. 
Imagine a richer than woman 

3022
02:42:06,500 --> 02:42:08,900
named a speecher. 
Starting her beauty routine in 

3023
02:42:08,900 --> 02:42:11,500
the morning. 
She Begins by taking a bath, 

3024
02:42:11,500 --> 02:42:13,800
that smells like rose petals and
centered oils. 

3025
02:42:13,800 --> 02:42:16,200
Her slaves, of set. 
The water to the right 

3026
02:42:16,200 --> 02:42:19,300
temperature and added herbs, the
known to make skin softer. 

3027
02:42:20,200 --> 02:42:23,200
She takes her time soaking 
letting the oils soaking her 

3028
02:42:23,200 --> 02:42:24,800
skin. 
While the warm water opened her 

3029
02:42:24,800 --> 02:42:27,600
paws. 
After her bath, a spacer goes to

3030
02:42:27,600 --> 02:42:28,900
her. 
Private room to get her makeup. 

3031
02:42:29,700 --> 02:42:33,100
Greek, makeup tools was simple, 
but elegant, they included 

3032
02:42:33,100 --> 02:42:35,100
bronze mirrors. 
That were polished to a 

3033
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:37,600
mirror-like shine. 
Small spoons for measuring 

3034
02:42:37,600 --> 02:42:40,400
powder and fine brushes, made 
from animal hair. 

3035
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:44,400
The Cosmetics were kept in. 
Beautiful pottery jars that were

3036
02:42:44,400 --> 02:42:46,900
often painted with scenes from 
mythology or everyday life. 

3037
02:42:46,900 --> 02:42:49,900
The base of Greek makeup was 
literally Foundation. 

3038
02:42:49,900 --> 02:42:53,100
It was a white base made from a 
lead carbonate that gave the 

3039
02:42:53,100 --> 02:42:56,200
skin the pale. 
Look they wanted a spey is slave

3040
02:42:56,200 --> 02:42:59,900
uses a damp cloth to carefully. 
Apply this to the skin until it 

3041
02:42:59,900 --> 02:43:03,100
looks smooth and Porcelain like 
it takes skill to do this, 

3042
02:43:03,100 --> 02:43:05,500
right? 
If you use too much makeup, it 

3043
02:43:05,500 --> 02:43:08,400
looks obvious and fake. 
And if you use too little, it 

3044
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:10,800
doesn't work. 
Greek women didn't just want 

3045
02:43:10,800 --> 02:43:13,000
pale skin. 
They wanted their skin to look 

3046
02:43:13,000 --> 02:43:14,800
healthy and glowing under the 
white base. 

3047
02:43:14,800 --> 02:43:17,900
They did this by putting a light
red color on their cheeks with 

3048
02:43:17,900 --> 02:43:21,100
red oak or crushed mulberries. 
The goal wasn't the bright 

3049
02:43:21,100 --> 02:43:24,500
color, that would become popular
later instead, it was a soft 

3050
02:43:24,500 --> 02:43:26,800
flush that made people look 
healthy and full of life. 

3051
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:29,700
The eyes were given careful but 
not too much attention. 

3052
02:43:30,700 --> 02:43:33,100
Greek women learned how to use 
coal from their Egyptian 

3053
02:43:33,100 --> 02:43:35,800
neighbors but they did it in a 
much more subtle way. 

3054
02:43:36,600 --> 02:43:39,600
Greek, I make up, didn't use the
dramatic extension's that were 

3055
02:43:39,600 --> 02:43:43,500
popular in Egypt instead it 
followed the natural shape of 

3056
02:43:43,500 --> 02:43:46,700
the eyes darkening, the lashes 
and defining the eyes without 

3057
02:43:46,700 --> 02:43:48,000
making the face. 
Look too busy. 

3058
02:43:48,800 --> 02:43:50,800
They might put a little color on
the eyelids. 

3059
02:43:50,800 --> 02:43:54,400
Usually a soft gray or brown, 
but the goal is always to make 

3060
02:43:54,400 --> 02:43:57,400
them look better. 
Not different, Greek lip makeup 

3061
02:43:57,400 --> 02:43:59,900
was very interesting. 
They liked what they called. 

3062
02:43:59,900 --> 02:44:03,700
Wine dark lips, which was 
inspired by a famous phrase, 

3063
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:07,600
from Homer about the sea. 
This dark purple, red color came

3064
02:44:07,600 --> 02:44:10,400
from mixing, red, ocher, crushed
berries. 

3065
02:44:10,400 --> 02:44:13,800
And sometimes even ground 
insects that made red dye. 

3066
02:44:14,400 --> 02:44:16,100
The application was very 
careful. 

3067
02:44:16,100 --> 02:44:19,700
Greek women used small brushes 
to paint their lips into perfect

3068
02:44:19,700 --> 02:44:23,300
shapes usually smaller than 
their natural lip line to get 

3069
02:44:23,308 --> 02:44:25,700
the look. 
They wanted of delicate refined 

3070
02:44:25,700 --> 02:44:28,000
features but there was a strange
contradiction. 

3071
02:44:28,000 --> 02:44:31,400
In Greek Beauty culture, women 
were supposed to look naturally 

3072
02:44:31,400 --> 02:44:33,800
beautiful. 
But getting this natural look, 

3073
02:44:33,800 --> 02:44:37,200
took a lot of work with fake 
makeup, the pale skin that made 

3074
02:44:37,200 --> 02:44:40,700
them look naturally refined was 
actually from toxic lead makeup.

3075
02:44:41,500 --> 02:44:43,300
The rosie glow. 
That showed good health was 

3076
02:44:43,300 --> 02:44:46,400
painted on the lips, were 
carefully shaped with brushes 

3077
02:44:46,400 --> 02:44:48,500
and pigments to make them look, 
perfect. 

3078
02:44:48,500 --> 02:44:52,300
Interestingly, Greek men were 
not completely free from using 

3079
02:44:52,300 --> 02:44:55,100
cosmetics. 
Athletes would oil their bodies 

3080
02:44:55,100 --> 02:44:58,200
before a competition for both 
practical and aesthetic reasons.

3081
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:01,500
Some menus Cosmetics that 
weren't too obvious to cover up 

3082
02:45:01,500 --> 02:45:04,600
scars or blemishes. 
It was also thought that any man

3083
02:45:04,600 --> 02:45:07,600
who moved in high class Social 
Circles needed to wear perfume. 

3084
02:45:07,600 --> 02:45:10,500
There were big changes in the 
way people use Cosmetics when 

3085
02:45:10,500 --> 02:45:13,800
they move from Greece to Rome, 
as you keep going on your mental

3086
02:45:13,800 --> 02:45:17,200
Journey, picture yourself in 
Rome around the year. 50 CE, 

3087
02:45:17,200 --> 02:45:20,800
when Emperor Claudius was in 
charge people from all over the 

3088
02:45:20,808 --> 02:45:24,400
Empire, come to the city to do 
business Egyptian, Merchants 

3089
02:45:24,400 --> 02:45:28,000
sell exotic pigments, Germanic 
slaves, with pale skin, that 

3090
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:31,200
Roman women, like and Spanish 
Traders, sell precious metals 

3091
02:45:31,200 --> 02:45:33,500
for cosmetic containers. 
In a lot of ways. 

3092
02:45:33,500 --> 02:45:37,500
Roman Beauty culture was Greek 
Beauty culture on steroids, the 

3093
02:45:37,500 --> 02:45:40,300
Greeks like things to be subtle 
and not too much while the 

3094
02:45:40,308 --> 02:45:42,600
Romans like things to be over 
the top and dramatic. 

3095
02:45:43,400 --> 02:45:46,600
The Greeks wanted to look 
naturally perfect, but the 

3096
02:45:46,600 --> 02:45:49,000
Romans openly praised fake 
improvements. 

3097
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:52,400
The Romans were very open about 
how fake their Cosmetics were 

3098
02:45:52,400 --> 02:45:54,400
and they weren't afraid to try 
new things. 

3099
02:45:54,400 --> 02:45:58,000
Roman women took the Greek love 
of pale skin to the next level 

3100
02:45:58,000 --> 02:46:00,800
to get skin. 
That was almost see through they

3101
02:46:00,800 --> 02:46:03,700
used even more dangerous 
mixtures with white lead Mercury

3102
02:46:03,700 --> 02:46:06,300
and arsenic. 
The health effects were 

3103
02:46:06,300 --> 02:46:09,700
terrible, many wealthy Roman 
women suffered from what we now 

3104
02:46:09,700 --> 02:46:12,500
know, as heavy metal poisoning, 
which caused hair loss. 

3105
02:46:12,500 --> 02:46:16,800
Skin damage and neurological 
problems, but the style was so 

3106
02:46:16,800 --> 02:46:19,000
strong that they kept using 
these harmful products. 

3107
02:46:19,000 --> 02:46:22,300
Even though they knew they were 
bad for their health, the Roman 

3108
02:46:22,300 --> 02:46:25,100
version was very different from 
the Greek version, which was 

3109
02:46:25,100 --> 02:46:27,800
much more subtle. 
Roman women didn't just put 

3110
02:46:27,800 --> 02:46:31,000
bright red on their cheeks. 
They sometimes put it all over 

3111
02:46:31,000 --> 02:46:33,600
their faces. 
They made bright red pigments. 

3112
02:46:33,600 --> 02:46:36,000
That caught the light and let 
people know they were there from

3113
02:46:36,000 --> 02:46:38,800
across the room by using 
Cinnabar Mercury sulfide. 

3114
02:46:39,600 --> 02:46:43,600
The goal wasn't to look healthy.
It was to look rich powerful and

3115
02:46:43,600 --> 02:46:46,900
stylish the Romans also had very
dramatic eye makeup. 

3116
02:46:46,900 --> 02:46:50,400
They used cold even more than 
the Egyptians did, which made 

3117
02:46:50,400 --> 02:46:53,900
their eyes look dark and Smoky 
as if they were smoldering with 

3118
02:46:53,900 --> 02:46:57,100
intensity. 
Roman women also started using 

3119
02:46:57,100 --> 02:47:00,000
colored eye shadows in colors 
that would have shocked, their 

3120
02:47:00,000 --> 02:47:03,600
Greek predecessors They used 
bright Blues made from ground, 

3121
02:47:03,600 --> 02:47:06,900
lapis lazuli. 
Vivid greens made from Malachite

3122
02:47:06,900 --> 02:47:09,100
and even Gold Leaf for special 
occasions. 

3123
02:47:09,100 --> 02:47:11,900
The color of Roman lips was just
as bright. 

3124
02:47:11,900 --> 02:47:15,800
They like to Bright Reds made 
from crushed insects Red Oak and

3125
02:47:15,800 --> 02:47:18,900
Cinnabar. 
Some Rowan, even used a red dye 

3126
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:21,600
made from a certain kind of 
seaweed that made a color that 

3127
02:47:21,600 --> 02:47:24,300
looked almost fluorescent and 
glowed in the light of a lamp. 

3128
02:47:24,900 --> 02:47:27,100
The application was very precise
and dramatic. 

3129
02:47:27,100 --> 02:47:30,400
The lips were painted into 
exaggerated shapes that made 

3130
02:47:30,400 --> 02:47:33,500
them look fake. 
Roman perfumes became famous all

3131
02:47:33,500 --> 02:47:36,200
over the ancient world. 
They brought in strange things 

3132
02:47:36,200 --> 02:47:39,700
from all over their empire, 
like, frankincense from Arabia 

3133
02:47:39,700 --> 02:47:42,800
spices, from India, and flowers 
from Egypt. 

3134
02:47:43,600 --> 02:47:46,800
Roman perfumers came up with 
complicated ways to make sense 

3135
02:47:46,800 --> 02:47:49,900
that made perfumes with many 
layers of scent that changed 

3136
02:47:49,900 --> 02:47:53,400
over the course of the day. 
Rich Romans might change their 

3137
02:47:53,400 --> 02:47:56,400
perfume several times a day 
using different sense for 

3138
02:47:56,400 --> 02:47:58,600
different activities and social 
situations. 

3139
02:47:58,600 --> 02:48:02,000
The tools and containers that 
Romans used for Cosmetics became

3140
02:48:02,000 --> 02:48:03,300
more and more fancy and 
expensive. 

3141
02:48:04,300 --> 02:48:07,500
Rich, Roman women had makeup 
collections that included dozens

3142
02:48:07,500 --> 02:48:11,100
of specialized tools made of 
precious metals and decorated 

3143
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:15,000
with jewels, their makeup boxes 
were often works of art with 

3144
02:48:15,000 --> 02:48:17,900
detailed carvings inlaid gems 
and mechanical parts. 

3145
02:48:17,900 --> 02:48:20,800
That would have impressed 
Engineers today on a Treasures, 

3146
02:48:20,800 --> 02:48:23,800
were Roman beauty salons where 
skilled slaves worked to put on 

3147
02:48:23,800 --> 02:48:25,900
makeup. 
These experts came up with 

3148
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:28,400
methods, that wouldn't be used 
again for hundreds of years. 

3149
02:48:28,400 --> 02:48:31,500
They knew how to make Cosmetics 
that wouldn't smudge in the 

3150
02:48:31,500 --> 02:48:33,600
heat. 
How to mix colors for different 

3151
02:48:33,600 --> 02:48:36,700
skin tones, and how to use 
makeup to make different facial 

3152
02:48:36,700 --> 02:48:38,600
features, look different, as you
picture. 

3153
02:48:38,600 --> 02:48:40,800
These, Roman Beauty rituals 
you're seeing the beginning of 

3154
02:48:40,800 --> 02:48:44,800
Cosmetics as a way to show off 
your wealth for Romans wearing a

3155
02:48:44,808 --> 02:48:46,600
lot of makeup. 
Wasn't just about looking good. 

3156
02:48:46,600 --> 02:48:49,800
It was about showing off their 
wealth status and 

3157
02:48:49,800 --> 02:48:52,700
sophistication. 
You looked more successful, the 

3158
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:55,600
more fake and expensive. 
You looked This way of thinking 

3159
02:48:55,600 --> 02:48:58,400
about makeup, as a status 
symbol, which changed the way 

3160
02:48:58,400 --> 02:49:01,900
people think about beauty for 
hundreds of years as you relax 

3161
02:49:01,900 --> 02:49:04,900
and learn about the history of 
beauty, let your mind travel 

3162
02:49:04,900 --> 02:49:08,500
along the Silk Road, the famous 
network of trade routes, that 

3163
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:12,000
connected the Eastern, the West.
Picture yourself as a merchant 

3164
02:49:12,000 --> 02:49:15,600
friend in the nasty around 700 
CE. 

3165
02:49:15,600 --> 02:49:18,500
As you make your way to the 
beautiful city of chang'an, 

3166
02:49:18,500 --> 02:49:21,000
which is now Shihan. 
You've been traveling through 

3167
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:22,500
deserts, and mountains, for 
months. 

3168
02:49:22,500 --> 02:49:25,800
The first thing that stands out 
about Chinese Beauty culture, is

3169
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:30,800
how refined and subtle it is. 
The Romans liked bold drama and 

3170
02:49:30,800 --> 02:49:32,600
the Egyptians like spiritual 
symbols. 

3171
02:49:33,400 --> 02:49:35,700
Chinese on the other hand 
developed an aesthetic 

3172
02:49:35,700 --> 02:49:39,600
philosophy, based on Harmony 
balance and making natural 

3173
02:49:39,600 --> 02:49:43,000
beauty even more beautiful. 
Their ideas about makeup were 

3174
02:49:43,000 --> 02:49:45,300
heavily influenced by 
traditional Chinese medicine 

3175
02:49:45,300 --> 02:49:49,500
philosophy and the idea of key 
which is the life force that 

3176
02:49:49,500 --> 02:49:52,700
flows through all things. 
Imagine yourself in the morning 

3177
02:49:52,700 --> 02:49:56,100
fog of a Tang Dynasty, Palace 
Garden where the ladies of the 

3178
02:49:56,100 --> 02:49:59,500
Court are starting to get ready 
for their beauty, the ritual 

3179
02:49:59,500 --> 02:50:02,800
begins Before Dawn, not with 
putting on makeup, but with 

3180
02:50:02,800 --> 02:50:07,000
paying close attention to health
and in a balanced, According to 

3181
02:50:07,000 --> 02:50:10,500
Chinese cosmetic philosophy. 
True beauty Came From Within 

3182
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:14,800
healthy, organs, balanced energy
and spiritual Harmony naturally 

3183
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:18,000
made people look beautiful on 
the outside and cosmetics, could

3184
02:50:18,000 --> 02:50:21,500
only make that beauty better. 
The Chinese were great chemists 

3185
02:50:21,500 --> 02:50:24,000
who came up with cosmetic 
ingredients and methods that 

3186
02:50:24,000 --> 02:50:27,500
were hundreds of years ahead of 
those used in the West, They 

3187
02:50:27,500 --> 02:50:30,000
learned how to make pigments 
that last a long time from 

3188
02:50:30,000 --> 02:50:33,400
minerals, came up with ways to 
keep Cosmetics, fresh for months

3189
02:50:33,400 --> 02:50:36,500
and figured out how nutrition 
affects skin Health in ways, 

3190
02:50:36,500 --> 02:50:39,100
that wouldn't be scientifically 
proven until modern times. 

3191
02:50:39,100 --> 02:50:42,700
Then a type of Chinese face 
powder was made from rice flour,

3192
02:50:42,700 --> 02:50:45,500
ground pearls. 
And sometimes LED carbonate 

3193
02:50:45,500 --> 02:50:47,200
depending on the time and social
class. 

3194
02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:50,600
The rice flour, gave the skin, a
soft cover while letting it 

3195
02:50:50,600 --> 02:50:53,700
breathe and the ground pearls 
added a subtle shine. 

3196
02:50:53,700 --> 02:50:56,300
That made the skin look like 
porcelain people thought that 

3197
02:50:56,300 --> 02:50:59,000
putting on Fenn was an art that 
took years of practice to get 

3198
02:50:59,008 --> 02:51:01,600
good at a court. 
Lady puts on her makeup every 

3199
02:51:01,600 --> 02:51:05,200
day with the same care as a 
master, calligrapher, She starts

3200
02:51:05,200 --> 02:51:08,200
by washing her face with rice 
water, which is a method that 

3201
02:51:08,200 --> 02:51:11,600
modern Beauty fans have recently
rediscovered for its anti-aging 

3202
02:51:11,600 --> 02:51:14,500
effects. 
The rice water cleanses the skin

3203
02:51:14,500 --> 02:51:16,200
and gently exfoliates and 
moisturizes. 

3204
02:51:16,200 --> 02:51:20,400
It next is the base. 
She uses a silk cloth that has 

3205
02:51:20,400 --> 02:51:23,800
been dampened with rose water to
apply the rice powder foundation

3206
02:51:23,800 --> 02:51:27,300
in thin even layers. 
She builds up coverage slowly 

3207
02:51:27,300 --> 02:51:29,200
until her skin is a smooth as a 
pearl. 

3208
02:51:29,900 --> 02:51:32,500
It takes time and careful 
attention to detail to do the 

3209
02:51:32,500 --> 02:51:34,800
process. 
The goal isn't to hide her 

3210
02:51:34,800 --> 02:51:38,000
natural beauty, is to make it 
perfect so that the art can come

3211
02:51:38,000 --> 02:51:40,800
to life on it. 
Chinese eyebrow fashion was very

3212
02:51:40,800 --> 02:51:43,500
Advanced. 
Eyebrow shapes changed a lot 

3213
02:51:43,508 --> 02:51:46,800
over the years, they went from 
thin Crescent to bold straight 

3214
02:51:46,800 --> 02:51:50,500
lines to delicate curves that 
followed complicated geometric 

3215
02:51:50,500 --> 02:51:53,200
rules. 
Women would completely pluck 

3216
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:56,200
their natural eyebrows and then 
use special brushes and pigments

3217
02:51:56,200 --> 02:51:59,300
made from charcoal plant dies or
even crushed. 

3218
02:51:59,300 --> 02:52:00,900
Butterfly wings to draw them 
back. 

3219
02:52:00,900 --> 02:52:04,100
On the red lips were probably 
the most famous part of Chinese 

3220
02:52:04,100 --> 02:52:07,600
makeup, but putting them on was 
much more complicated than just 

3221
02:52:07,600 --> 02:52:10,900
painting them red. 
Chinese women used a method 

3222
02:52:10,900 --> 02:52:14,600
called Diane Chun, which meant 
putting red pigment only in the 

3223
02:52:14,600 --> 02:52:17,500
middle of their lips and leaving
the edges, their natural color. 

3224
02:52:18,300 --> 02:52:21,400
This made a small bow shaped 
mouth that was thought to be the

3225
02:52:21,400 --> 02:52:25,800
most feminine and elegant people
use safflower petals Cinnabar or

3226
02:52:25,800 --> 02:52:28,700
a red paste made from crushed 
rose petals and honey to color 

3227
02:52:28,700 --> 02:52:31,700
their lips. 
But the most sought-after lip 

3228
02:52:31,700 --> 02:52:33,300
color came from a very clever 
Source. 

3229
02:52:33,300 --> 02:52:36,700
Women would press special paper 
that had been treated with red 

3230
02:52:36,700 --> 02:52:39,000
pigment against their lips to 
transfer the color. 

3231
02:52:39,800 --> 02:52:43,600
This early type of lipstick 
paper was easy to carry lasted a

3232
02:52:43,600 --> 02:52:45,600
long time and made the color 
just right. 

3233
02:52:45,600 --> 02:52:48,800
They also came up with nail art 
techniques that wouldn't be seen

3234
02:52:48,800 --> 02:52:53,000
in Western culture of years. 
They made complicated designs on

3235
02:52:53,000 --> 02:52:56,600
their nails with henna ground, 
flowers and mineral pigments. 

3236
02:52:57,400 --> 02:53:00,000
Colors and patterns showed 
things like social status, 

3237
02:53:00,000 --> 02:53:04,000
marital status, and even 
political beliefs, the length, 

3238
02:53:04,000 --> 02:53:07,000
and decoration of fingernails 
turned into a complicated visual

3239
02:53:07,000 --> 02:53:09,400
language that people who knew 
how to read it. 

3240
02:53:09,400 --> 02:53:11,400
Could understand in Chinese 
culture. 

3241
02:53:11,400 --> 02:53:13,900
Perfume served more purposes 
than just smelling. 

3242
02:53:13,900 --> 02:53:16,800
Good people thought that 
different sense could heal 

3243
02:53:16,800 --> 02:53:19,100
change their mood and even bring
them. 

3244
02:53:19,100 --> 02:53:21,800
Good luck. 
Chinese, perfumers, made sense 

3245
02:53:21,800 --> 02:53:25,100
from incense that were worn in 
special pendants or sachets, and

3246
02:53:25,100 --> 02:53:26,700
of being put directly on the 
skin. 

3247
02:53:27,500 --> 02:53:30,100
These portable perfumes. 
Let the wearer change their 

3248
02:53:30,100 --> 02:53:32,300
scent during the day based on 
what they were doing and who 

3249
02:53:32,300 --> 02:53:34,600
they were with. 
As you can continue your mental 

3250
02:53:34,600 --> 02:53:37,800
Journey East, you find yourself 
in Japan, during the heian 

3251
02:53:37,800 --> 02:53:43,900
period, 794 to 1185 CE, where 
you see one of the most unique 

3252
02:53:43,900 --> 02:53:45,800
and complex Beauty cultures in 
history. 

3253
02:53:46,800 --> 02:53:50,300
During this time, Japanese Court
life came up with aesthetic 

3254
02:53:50,300 --> 02:53:54,000
practices that were so intricate
and advanced that they changed 

3255
02:53:54,000 --> 02:53:57,000
Japanese beauty standards for 
more than 1,000 years. 

3256
02:53:57,000 --> 02:54:00,200
The makeup of Hyundai in Japan 
was known for its sharp. 

3257
02:54:00,200 --> 02:54:03,100
Dramatic contrasts and precise 
geometric patterns. 

3258
02:54:03,800 --> 02:54:06,800
The most noticeable thing was 
the pure white face powder made 

3259
02:54:06,800 --> 02:54:09,200
from rice flour, which made the 
skin look. 

3260
02:54:09,200 --> 02:54:12,100
Almost like a mask and made the 
makeup look even more fake. 

3261
02:54:12,100 --> 02:54:14,000
This wasn't meant to look 
natural. 

3262
02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:16,900
It was meant to look 
otherworldly turning. 

3263
02:54:16,900 --> 02:54:19,100
The person wearing it into 
something that looked like a 

3264
02:54:19,108 --> 02:54:21,700
work of art. 
Imagine a high-end Court lady 

3265
02:54:21,700 --> 02:54:23,800
getting ready for a night at the
Imperial Palace. 

3266
02:54:23,800 --> 02:54:26,700
She starts putting on her makeup
in the middle of the afternoon 

3267
02:54:26,700 --> 02:54:29,800
and she needs help from skilled 
servants who have been trained 

3268
02:54:29,800 --> 02:54:31,700
for years in the exact methods 
needed. 

3269
02:54:32,400 --> 02:54:35,500
The first step is to put on 
oshiroi which is the white face 

3270
02:54:35,500 --> 02:54:38,600
powder that will be the base for
everything else to make a smooth

3271
02:54:38,600 --> 02:54:42,100
paste, mix the white powder with
water and then use special 

3272
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:43,900
brushes to apply it in thin 
layers. 

3273
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:47,600
The coverage has to be 
completely even and go beyond 

3274
02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:51,700
the natural hairline to make a 
smooth white oval that hides the

3275
02:54:51,700 --> 02:54:55,300
natural shape of the face. 
The effect is striking and a 

3276
02:54:55,300 --> 02:54:58,800
little strange, the woman's face
becomes a blank canvas for art. 

3277
02:54:58,800 --> 02:55:02,400
Next are the eyebrows in the 
hand style. 

3278
02:55:02,400 --> 02:55:05,800
They were completely removed and
redrawn as small overall shapes 

3279
02:55:05,800 --> 02:55:09,000
high on the forehead. 
People used charcoal or ink to 

3280
02:55:09,000 --> 02:55:12,700
paint these fake eyebrows called
hiki, Mario in places that had 

3281
02:55:12,700 --> 02:55:15,000
nothing to do with where 
eyebrows naturally grow. 

3282
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:18,400
These painted eyebrows had to be
placed in shape to court, 

3283
02:55:18,400 --> 02:55:21,300
according to strict fashion 
rules that changed slightly over

3284
02:55:21,300 --> 02:55:23,700
time by today's standards, the 
eyes themselves. 

3285
02:55:23,700 --> 02:55:27,300
Don't get much attention. 
He on women, didn't use Dramatic

3286
02:55:27,300 --> 02:55:29,000
Makeup to draw attention to 
their eyes. 

3287
02:55:29,000 --> 02:55:32,700
Instead they often painted Thin 
Red Lines along the inner 

3288
02:55:32,700 --> 02:55:35,900
corners of their eyes to make a 
subtle, but noticeable accent. 

3289
02:55:36,800 --> 02:55:39,200
The goal was to make a soft 
slightly sad face. 

3290
02:55:39,200 --> 02:55:41,400
That was thought to be the most 
beautiful thing about women. 

3291
02:55:41,400 --> 02:55:44,600
But the most unique thing about 
hey and makeup was all Hero, 

3292
02:55:44,600 --> 02:55:46,400
which is the practice of 
blackening. 

3293
02:55:46,400 --> 02:55:49,800
The teeth, They did this by 
mixing iron filings and vinegar,

3294
02:55:49,800 --> 02:55:53,100
which made the teeth, a deep 
black color far from being 

3295
02:55:53,100 --> 02:55:56,000
considered unattractive 
blackened teeth, were a mark of 

3296
02:55:56,008 --> 02:55:58,500
beauty maturity and high social 
status. 

3297
02:55:59,300 --> 02:56:01,300
Blackened teeth. 
Were a sign of refined 

3298
02:56:01,300 --> 02:56:04,700
femininity and only married, 
women and courtesies of a 

3299
02:56:04,700 --> 02:56:07,300
certain age would do it. 
The lips in high-end makeup were

3300
02:56:07,300 --> 02:56:10,100
painted with red pigment made 
from safflower Petals in the 

3301
02:56:10,108 --> 02:56:13,000
shape of a small bow. 
But these weren't painted over 

3302
02:56:13,000 --> 02:56:16,700
the natural lip line instead. 
White powder was put on the 

3303
02:56:16,700 --> 02:56:19,100
natural sold, but Soul lips, but
sold. 

3304
02:56:19,100 --> 02:56:22,100
But, and a small red shape was 
painted in the middle of the 

3305
02:56:22,100 --> 02:56:24,400
mouth. 
The end result was a tiny, 

3306
02:56:24,400 --> 02:56:27,400
perfect, read acts, and that 
looked more like a flower petal 

3307
02:56:27,400 --> 02:56:29,700
than a mouth. 
During this time, Japanese 

3308
02:56:29,700 --> 02:56:33,400
incense culture was very 
Advanced caught ladies would use

3309
02:56:33,400 --> 02:56:36,300
special boxes to burn different 
types of incidents to make their

3310
02:56:36,300 --> 02:56:37,200
clothes. 
Smell good. 

3311
02:56:37,200 --> 02:56:41,400
The sense would stay on silk, 
robes for days, for different 

3312
02:56:41,400 --> 02:56:43,900
combinations, of incense were 
linked to different seasons 

3313
02:56:43,900 --> 02:56:47,600
feelings and even themes, in 
literature, the woman sent 

3314
02:56:47,600 --> 02:56:50,200
became a part of who she was and
how she expressed herself 

3315
02:56:50,200 --> 02:56:52,800
artistically. 
The tools that Japanese women 

3316
02:56:52,800 --> 02:56:55,400
used to do their makeup were 
works of art in their own right.

3317
02:56:56,200 --> 02:56:59,400
The best animal hairs were used 
to make brushes and the handles 

3318
02:56:59,400 --> 02:57:02,000
were made of bamboo and had 
beautiful designs on them. 

3319
02:57:02,700 --> 02:57:05,800
People might mirrors out of 
polished bronze and the backs of

3320
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:07,800
many of them had beautiful art 
scenes on them. 

3321
02:57:08,500 --> 02:57:11,100
The containers for Cosmetics 
were made from expensive 

3322
02:57:11,100 --> 02:57:14,200
materials, and were meant to be 
as pretty as the Cosmetics 

3323
02:57:14,200 --> 02:57:16,400
inside. 
When you move South to India, 

3324
02:57:16,400 --> 02:57:20,500
you come across another unique 
cosmetic traditional, but had 

3325
02:57:20,500 --> 02:57:23,500
combined lips. 
Spiritual meaning with beautiful

3326
02:57:23,500 --> 02:57:26,800
looks Indian, beauty practices 
have been around for more than 

3327
02:57:26,800 --> 02:57:31,300
5,000 years and a closely linked
to ayurvedic medicine, religion 

3328
02:57:31,300 --> 02:57:34,600
and social Customs. 
Indian cosmetics, were known for

3329
02:57:34,600 --> 02:57:36,400
their bright colors and natural 
ingredients. 

3330
02:57:36,400 --> 02:57:38,300
That could be used for more than
one thing. 

3331
02:57:38,300 --> 02:57:42,400
Turmeric, for instance, was used
as a golden face powder, that 

3332
02:57:42,400 --> 02:57:45,200
made the skin look beautiful and
had antiseptic and 

3333
02:57:45,208 --> 02:57:48,800
anti-inflammatory properties. 
Sandalwood paste made a cool 

3334
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:51,800
fragrant bass for makeup and 
kept the skin from the harsh. 

3335
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:55,300
Indian son Cole was the most 
famous part of Indian makeup but

3336
02:57:55,300 --> 02:57:57,400
in Indian coal was different 
from Egyptian Cole. 

3337
02:57:58,100 --> 02:58:02,800
Could become the combines kajal 
convinced kajal utor Sumer. 

3338
02:58:02,800 --> 02:58:07,400
Also known as Indian coal was 
made from soot from lamps ghee, 

3339
02:58:07,400 --> 02:58:10,200
clarified butter and a mix of 
medicinal herbs. 

3340
02:58:10,200 --> 02:58:13,700
Families, often made the dish at
home using recipes that had been

3341
02:58:13,708 --> 02:58:17,400
passed down through the years. 
Interestingly Greek men were not

3342
02:58:17,400 --> 02:58:19,400
completely free from using 
Cosmetics. 

3343
02:58:19,400 --> 02:58:22,600
Athletes would oil their bodies 
before a competition for both 

3344
02:58:22,600 --> 02:58:26,300
practical and aesthetic. 
Reasons some men use Cosmetics 

3345
02:58:26,300 --> 02:58:27,700
that weren't too obvious to 
cover up. 

3346
02:58:27,700 --> 02:58:31,100
Scars or blemishes henna was a 
big part of Indian beauty 

3347
02:58:31,100 --> 02:58:33,100
culture. 
It was used to make beautiful 

3348
02:58:33,100 --> 02:58:35,600
designs on hands and feet for 
special occasions. 

3349
02:58:35,600 --> 02:58:39,000
Putting on henna was a social 
event where women got together 

3350
02:58:39,000 --> 02:58:41,700
to help each other. 
Make intricate designs while 

3351
02:58:41,700 --> 02:58:45,000
telling stories and getting to 
know each other, better henna 

3352
02:58:45,000 --> 02:58:48,000
art was a great way to celebrate
certain events and Times of year

3353
02:58:48,000 --> 02:58:50,100
because it only lasts for a 
short time. 

3354
02:58:50,100 --> 02:58:53,700
Beetle leaves, made Indian lip 
color by making a natural red 

3355
02:58:53,700 --> 02:58:56,000
stain. 
When chewed this practice had 

3356
02:58:56,000 --> 02:59:00,200
many benefits, it freshened. 
Breath helped with digestion and

3357
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:01,700
made lips. 
The right shade of red. 

3358
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:04,800
The colors brightness showed how
recently the battle had been 

3359
02:59:04,808 --> 02:59:08,000
chewed making a natural timeline
of beauty that changed 

3360
02:59:08,000 --> 02:59:10,000
throughout the day. 
As you think about these 

3361
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:12,500
different Asian, beauty 
Traditions, you're seeing 

3362
02:59:12,508 --> 02:59:15,400
cultures that understood 
something deep about how inner 

3363
02:59:15,400 --> 02:59:18,200
and outer beauty are connected 
as well as how personal 

3364
02:59:18,200 --> 02:59:20,500
expression and cultural identity
are connected. 

3365
02:59:20,500 --> 02:59:24,000
Each tradition came up with 
Advanced methods and ideas about

3366
02:59:24,000 --> 02:59:27,500
beauty that affected, not only 
looks, but good, but looks but 

3367
02:59:27,500 --> 02:59:31,300
also, Health, spirituality and 
social relationships, these old 

3368
02:59:31,300 --> 02:59:33,600
Asian beauty. 
Rituals were the start of modern

3369
02:59:33,600 --> 02:59:36,200
Beauty Traditions, that still 
shape the way people around the 

3370
02:59:36,200 --> 02:59:39,300
world use cosmetics. 
Their focus on natural 

3371
02:59:39,300 --> 02:59:42,500
ingredients. 
Exact application methods and 

3372
02:59:42,500 --> 02:59:46,200
the connection between Beauty 
health and spirituality gives us

3373
02:59:46,200 --> 02:59:48,300
Timeless advice. 
That is still useful today. 

3374
02:59:48,300 --> 02:59:51,200
As you get more comfortable 
under your blanket, think about 

3375
02:59:51,200 --> 02:59:54,100
the interesting social divisions
that have always been a part of 

3376
02:59:54,100 --> 02:59:57,800
the world of beauty and 
cosmetics Makeup has been both a

3377
02:59:57,800 --> 03:00:00,100
bridge and a wall between social
classes throughout history. 

3378
03:00:00,100 --> 03:00:03,300
It has made invisible lines, 
that separate the rich from the 

3379
03:00:03,300 --> 03:00:06,900
poor, the noble from the common 
and the sophisticated, from the 

3380
03:00:06,900 --> 03:00:10,000
simple, imagine being an 
observer who can magically move 

3381
03:00:10,000 --> 03:00:13,200
between social classes and see 
how the same basic human desire 

3382
03:00:13,200 --> 03:00:16,500
for beauty shows itself in very 
different ways, depending on 

3383
03:00:16,500 --> 03:00:20,600
where you are in the social 
hierarchy This story about two 

3384
03:00:20,600 --> 03:00:24,400
worlds, one of luxury, and one 
of everyday needs tells us as 

3385
03:00:24,400 --> 03:00:27,100
much about people and how 
Society works, as it does about 

3386
03:00:27,100 --> 03:00:29,600
Cosmetics. 
Imagine what a normal morning 

3387
03:00:29,600 --> 03:00:33,100
was like in Florence in the 15th
century when the Renaissance was

3388
03:00:33,100 --> 03:00:35,700
at its height. 
The daughter of a wealthy 

3389
03:00:35,700 --> 03:00:38,100
Merchant family starts her long 
Beauty routine. 

3390
03:00:38,100 --> 03:00:41,300
In a beautiful Palazzo that 
looks out over the Arno River. 

3391
03:00:41,300 --> 03:00:45,500
Her room is full of strange and 
beautiful things like mirrors. 

3392
03:00:45,500 --> 03:00:48,900
Framed in silver cosmetic 
containers made from carved 

3393
03:00:48,900 --> 03:00:51,800
Ivory and pigments that come 
from all over the world. 

3394
03:00:51,800 --> 03:00:55,500
She starts her morning routine 
Before Dawn, not because she has

3395
03:00:55,500 --> 03:00:58,700
to get up early for work, but 
because it takes hours of 

3396
03:00:58,700 --> 03:01:00,300
careful planning to look 
perfect. 

3397
03:01:01,400 --> 03:01:04,600
She begins with a bath in water 
that smells like roses and is 

3398
03:01:04,608 --> 03:01:07,000
heated to the perfect 
temperature by servants, who 

3399
03:01:07,000 --> 03:01:09,200
have been awake since midnight, 
getting ready for this moment. 

3400
03:01:10,400 --> 03:01:14,400
The bath itself is a luxury, a 
big wooden tub line with linen 

3401
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:16,800
and placed so that the morning 
light comes through the silk 

3402
03:01:16,800 --> 03:01:20,000
curtains after she bathed she 
starts the long process of 

3403
03:01:20,000 --> 03:01:22,800
getting her trendy pale skin, 
the white makeup. 

3404
03:01:22,800 --> 03:01:26,600
She uses has serious in it which
is a LED based cosmetic that 

3405
03:01:26,600 --> 03:01:28,500
cost more than most families 
making a month. 

3406
03:01:28,508 --> 03:01:32,100
You need skill and expensive 
tools to do the application. 

3407
03:01:33,100 --> 03:01:35,500
These tools include brushes made
from rare animal. 

3408
03:01:35,500 --> 03:01:39,300
Hairs mixing palettes made from 
precious materials and a lot of 

3409
03:01:39,300 --> 03:01:42,500
other specialized tools that 
cost a lot of money to buy a 

3410
03:01:42,500 --> 03:01:44,600
modern Beauty lover. 
Would have been Amazed by the 

3411
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:47,300
number of Cosmetics. 
She had She has a lot of 

3412
03:01:47,300 --> 03:01:50,100
different pigments and each one 
is kept in its own special 

3413
03:01:50,100 --> 03:01:52,600
container. 
She got them through trade 

3414
03:01:52,600 --> 03:01:54,200
networks, that go all over the 
world. 

3415
03:01:54,200 --> 03:01:57,900
Her makeup collection is like a 
museum of the world's wealth 

3416
03:01:57,900 --> 03:02:01,500
with ultramarine blue from 
Afghanistan, Cinnabar read from 

3417
03:02:01,500 --> 03:02:03,600
Spain, and gold leaf from 
Africa. 

3418
03:02:03,600 --> 03:02:06,800
But the most expensive part of 
her beauty routine isn't the 

3419
03:02:06,800 --> 03:02:08,400
makeup. 
It's the time. 

3420
03:02:08,400 --> 03:02:10,900
It takes. 
She can spend three hours every 

3421
03:02:10,900 --> 03:02:13,100
morning getting ready because 
she doesn't have to work. 

3422
03:02:13,100 --> 03:02:15,000
Take care of kids cook or clean 
the house. 

3423
03:02:15,000 --> 03:02:18,700
Her beauty routine is a luxury 
that shows off her social status

3424
03:02:18,700 --> 03:02:20,700
just as well as any title or 
crown. 

3425
03:02:20,700 --> 03:02:23,500
Now let's look at a different 
neighborhood in the same city 

3426
03:02:23,500 --> 03:02:26,400
where the wife of a wall workers
starts her own morning routine. 

3427
03:02:27,400 --> 03:02:28,900
She gets up before the sun 
rises. 

3428
03:02:28,900 --> 03:02:33,000
Not to look good, but to stay 
alive, she has to feed the kids 

3429
03:02:33,000 --> 03:02:35,800
finish her work and take care of
the house with resources that 

3430
03:02:35,800 --> 03:02:38,800
have to last a long time. 
If you can call it a beauty 

3431
03:02:38,800 --> 03:02:41,600
routine, it happens in the 
minutes between more important 

3432
03:02:41,600 --> 03:02:44,000
things. 
She might Splash cold water on 

3433
03:02:44,000 --> 03:02:46,600
her face from a shared. 
Well, run her fingers through 

3434
03:02:46,600 --> 03:02:49,700
her hair to make it look nice. 
And maybe put on some homemade 

3435
03:02:49,700 --> 03:02:52,600
Rouge made from crushed berries 
or red clay that she found near 

3436
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:54,900
the city walls. 
There is a big difference 

3437
03:02:54,900 --> 03:02:58,900
between the Cosmetic materials. 
The merchants daughter uses lead

3438
03:02:58,900 --> 03:03:02,100
powder from another country 
while the workers wife might use

3439
03:03:02,100 --> 03:03:05,600
chalk dust or flour mixed with 
animal fat to make her face. 

3440
03:03:05,600 --> 03:03:08,600
Look whiter. 
The rich woman puts valuable 

3441
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:11,600
Cinnabar on her lips. 
While the working woman uses the

3442
03:03:11,600 --> 03:03:14,800
juice from red berries, all the 
color that comes from biting her

3443
03:03:14,800 --> 03:03:18,100
lips over and over again. 
But this is where the story gets

3444
03:03:18,100 --> 03:03:20,600
interesting. 
Both women are doing the same 

3445
03:03:20,608 --> 03:03:24,200
basic thing that all people do. 
Both the using the resources 

3446
03:03:24,200 --> 03:03:27,900
they have to look better show, 
who they are and fit in with the

3447
03:03:27,900 --> 03:03:29,600
beauty standards of their 
Community. 

3448
03:03:29,600 --> 03:03:33,000
The difference is not in the 
desire itself, but in the ways 

3449
03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:36,100
to make it happen, the Cosmetics
that working women use may not 

3450
03:03:36,108 --> 03:03:38,800
be as fancy but they are often 
more useful and sometimes 

3451
03:03:38,800 --> 03:03:40,500
healthier than the more 
expensive ones. 

3452
03:03:40,500 --> 03:03:44,200
Her berry based, blush won't 
hurt her skin like Cosmetics 

3453
03:03:44,200 --> 03:03:47,400
that contain lead. 
Her face powder made of flour 

3454
03:03:47,400 --> 03:03:50,800
and fat is less refined, but it 
lets us skin breathe. 

3455
03:03:50,800 --> 03:03:54,800
A simple preparations are made 
fresh and used right away, so 

3456
03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:57,700
they don't have the problems 
that expensive Cosmetics do when

3457
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:01,200
they are stored for a long time,
the social dynamics of cosmetic 

3458
03:04:01,200 --> 03:04:03,000
use of created. 
Some really interesting 

3459
03:04:03,000 --> 03:04:07,000
contradictions over the years in
many cultures, only rich people 

3460
03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:09,400
were allowed to wear the most 
dramatic and fake makeup. 

3461
03:04:10,200 --> 03:04:14,300
Working people were expected to 
look more natural but getting 

3462
03:04:14,300 --> 03:04:17,100
that natural look often took 
just as much skill and work as 

3463
03:04:17,100 --> 03:04:20,800
making fake Beauty look good, 
think about ancient Rome where a

3464
03:04:20,800 --> 03:04:23,200
senator's wife might spend the 
whole morning putting on layers 

3465
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:26,100
of white LED makeup red, 
Cinnabar Rouge and fancy. 

3466
03:04:26,100 --> 03:04:29,700
I paints At the same time, she 
would criticize working women 

3467
03:04:29,700 --> 03:04:32,200
for using simple rules or 
darkening their lashes with 

3468
03:04:32,200 --> 03:04:34,700
soot. 
People thought that the wealthy 

3469
03:04:34,700 --> 03:04:38,300
woman's fake look was elegant 
and proper but looks but then a 

3470
03:04:38,300 --> 03:04:39,900
lower class woman. 
Tried to make herself look 

3471
03:04:39,900 --> 03:04:42,200
better. 
It was often seen as vain or 

3472
03:04:42,200 --> 03:04:45,800
pretentious this double standard
existed in part because makeup 

3473
03:04:45,800 --> 03:04:48,000
was away for people to show off 
their social status. 

3474
03:04:49,000 --> 03:04:51,800
The expensive makeup and 
complicated application methods,

3475
03:04:51,800 --> 03:04:55,000
showed that the person wearing 
it, had the money to buy luxury 

3476
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:59,200
items and the time to use them, 
write a woman who showed up at 

3477
03:04:59,200 --> 03:05:01,700
dawn with perfectly applied, 
makeup was saying that she had 

3478
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:05,100
servants to wake her up. 
Get her makeup ready and help 

3479
03:05:05,100 --> 03:05:07,200
her with the complicated process
of putting it on. 

3480
03:05:08,000 --> 03:05:10,000
Tools also showed how wealthy 
someone was. 

3481
03:05:10,800 --> 03:05:12,200
Rich. 
Women had mirrors made of 

3482
03:05:12,200 --> 03:05:14,700
polished, silver or bronze, that
were often decorated with 

3483
03:05:14,700 --> 03:05:17,700
detailed Engravings and put in 
expensive frames. 

3484
03:05:17,700 --> 03:05:21,100
They made their makeup brushes 
out of animal hairs from Faraway

3485
03:05:21,100 --> 03:05:24,800
places and gave them handles. 
Made of ivory, gold or rare 

3486
03:05:24,800 --> 03:05:27,000
Woods. 
Their makeup containers were 

3487
03:05:27,000 --> 03:05:30,000
works of art in their own right.
Meant to show off their wealth 

3488
03:05:30,000 --> 03:05:34,100
and taste women who worked used 
much simpler tools, their 

3489
03:05:34,100 --> 03:05:36,900
mirrors could be pieces of 
polished metal or even a bowl of

3490
03:05:36,908 --> 03:05:39,500
clear water. 
They often made their brushes 

3491
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:44,400
out of things they had on hand 
like freuds scraps of cloth or 

3492
03:05:44,400 --> 03:05:47,200
even their own fingers. 
Their makeup containers were 

3493
03:05:47,200 --> 03:05:49,900
useful because they could hold 
both makeup and food or other 

3494
03:05:49,900 --> 03:05:52,800
things when they weren't needed 
archaeological evidence. 

3495
03:05:52,800 --> 03:05:54,600
Indicates that. 
Not withstanding. 

3496
03:05:54,600 --> 03:05:57,600
These material disparities 
working women frequently. 

3497
03:05:57,600 --> 03:06:00,600
Exhibited greater innovation in 
their cosmetic techniques 

3498
03:06:00,600 --> 03:06:02,400
compared to their affluent 
counterparts. 

3499
03:06:03,700 --> 03:06:06,400
Because he had to they had to 
try out different materials 

3500
03:06:06,400 --> 03:06:09,400
which led to discoveries about 
natural Cosmetics, that rich 

3501
03:06:09,400 --> 03:06:11,200
people who could afford 
expensive. 

3502
03:06:11,200 --> 03:06:15,000
Imported ingredients, might 
never have made in medieval 

3503
03:06:15,000 --> 03:06:17,100
Europe. 
The Cosmetic divide became even 

3504
03:06:17,100 --> 03:06:19,800
bigger when religious leaders 
linked makeup to moral decay. 

3505
03:06:20,600 --> 03:06:23,900
The church taught that God made 
people perfectly and trying to 

3506
03:06:23,900 --> 03:06:26,000
make God's creation. 
Better could be a sin. 

3507
03:06:26,800 --> 03:06:29,800
This religious view, made things
complicated for society because 

3508
03:06:29,800 --> 03:06:32,900
rich women kept using fancy 
makeup in private while 

3509
03:06:32,900 --> 03:06:36,000
pretending in public that their 
beauty was completely natural. 

3510
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:39,200
This religious restriction had 
an interesting effect on how 

3511
03:06:39,200 --> 03:06:42,700
Cosmetics were made women 
learned how to make makeup that 

3512
03:06:42,700 --> 03:06:44,800
look natural, but made them look
much better. 

3513
03:06:44,800 --> 03:06:47,200
They learned how to subtly 
lighten. 

3514
03:06:47,200 --> 03:06:50,200
Their skin make their lips look 
naturally, red. 

3515
03:06:50,200 --> 03:06:53,900
And darken their Lashes in ways 
that looked like natural gifts 

3516
03:06:53,900 --> 03:06:57,200
rather than fake improvements. 
The growth of trade guilds in 

3517
03:06:57,200 --> 03:07:00,200
medieval cities, gave working 
class women more chances to get 

3518
03:07:00,200 --> 03:07:01,800
involved in the world of 
cosmetics. 

3519
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:05,500
As part of their professional 
training, women who worked, as 

3520
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:09,100
perfumers, pointment makers or 
cosmetic preparers could get 

3521
03:07:09,100 --> 03:07:11,500
better ingredients and learn 
more advanced methods. 

3522
03:07:11,500 --> 03:07:14,800
These women often acted as links
between high-end and low-end, 

3523
03:07:14,800 --> 03:07:18,600
Beauty practices by finding ways
to use expensive methods with 

3524
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:21,800
cheap materials, Royal courts 
have always been places where 

3525
03:07:21,800 --> 03:07:25,900
new Cosmetics were tested out. 
With unlimited resources, and a 

3526
03:07:25,900 --> 03:07:29,500
lot of competition, people were 
always trying new things Court 

3527
03:07:29,500 --> 03:07:32,700
ladies would compete to look the
best and most fashionable, which

3528
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:35,100
caused makeup techniques and 
beauty standards to change 

3529
03:07:35,100 --> 03:07:38,000
quickly. 
The beauty routines that started

3530
03:07:38,000 --> 03:07:41,600
in Royal courts would eventually
spread throughout Society, but 

3531
03:07:41,600 --> 03:07:43,500
they would often be simpler and 
more useful. 

3532
03:07:43,500 --> 03:07:46,500
The French Quarter vercel during
the reign of Louis. 

3533
03:07:46,500 --> 03:07:49,800
The 14th is a great example of 
how Elite cosmetic culture. 

3534
03:07:49,800 --> 03:07:53,700
Could get very complicated. 
Court ladies would spend hours 

3535
03:07:53,700 --> 03:07:58,100
each day putting on layers of 
white paint Rouge and fancy 

3536
03:07:58,100 --> 03:08:00,800
decorations. 
For example, they would cut 

3537
03:08:00,800 --> 03:08:03,700
small patches from silk, or 
velvet and put them on their 

3538
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:06,800
faces in patterns that showed 
how they felt what political 

3539
03:08:06,800 --> 03:08:09,500
party they belonged to, or 
whether they were available for 

3540
03:08:09,500 --> 03:08:12,900
romance, these caught Fashions 
were so fancy and costly. 

3541
03:08:12,900 --> 03:08:15,800
That they kept, anyone who 
wasn't very rich from fully 

3542
03:08:15,800 --> 03:08:18,900
participating. 
One pot of the best white face 

3543
03:08:18,900 --> 03:08:21,400
paint could cost as much as a 
servants yearly pay. 

3544
03:08:22,800 --> 03:08:24,500
Because it took so long to do 
it, right. 

3545
03:08:24,500 --> 03:08:27,200
Only women with a lot of 
servants, could get the full 

3546
03:08:27,200 --> 03:08:29,000
effect. 
But even the servants at 

3547
03:08:29,000 --> 03:08:32,500
versaille made their own beauty 
products making simpler versions

3548
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:35,600
of the latest fashions using 
things they could afford or get 

3549
03:08:35,600 --> 03:08:37,500
through their jobs. 
Kitchen. 

3550
03:08:37,500 --> 03:08:40,400
Maids used lard and flour to 
make their faces look like the 

3551
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:43,800
white paint used by the rich 
laundresses made, colorful 

3552
03:08:43,800 --> 03:08:46,100
makeup out of the leftover dies.
From washing clothes, 

3553
03:08:46,100 --> 03:08:49,500
seamstresses made their own 
Beauty patches out of scraps of 

3554
03:08:49,500 --> 03:08:52,900
fabric during times of social 
unrest the different between 

3555
03:08:52,900 --> 03:08:55,700
high-end and everyday Cosmetics 
became even more clear. 

3556
03:08:55,700 --> 03:08:59,800
For instance, during the French 
Revolution, the elaborate makeup

3557
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:02,900
style that were popular with the
upper class became not only on 

3558
03:09:02,900 --> 03:09:07,100
fashionable but also dangerous. 
Women who went out in public 

3559
03:09:07,100 --> 03:09:10,100
with the white face paint and 
Rouge of the old regime could 

3560
03:09:10,100 --> 03:09:11,700
have been seen as enemies of the
Revolution. 

3561
03:09:11,700 --> 03:09:15,400
This made Beauty practices more 
democratic because former 

3562
03:09:15,400 --> 03:09:19,000
Aristocrats had to learn how to 
make simple natural looking 

3563
03:09:19,000 --> 03:09:22,000
makeup. 
At the same time, working women 

3564
03:09:22,000 --> 03:09:24,700
had more freedom to try out 
makeup techniques that were only

3565
03:09:24,700 --> 03:09:28,500
available to the upper classes. 
The revolution literally changed

3566
03:09:28,500 --> 03:09:31,400
the way French women looked 
setting new standards that 

3567
03:09:31,400 --> 03:09:34,800
valued natural beauty, and 
simplicity the Imperial Court in

3568
03:09:34,800 --> 03:09:36,400
ancient. 
China came up with very 

3569
03:09:36,400 --> 03:09:39,800
complicated Beauty practices 
that took years of training to 

3570
03:09:39,800 --> 03:09:42,900
learn how to do, right? 
Court ladies would try to make 

3571
03:09:42,900 --> 03:09:46,000
their skin look, perfect, their 
eyebrows look, perfect. 

3572
03:09:46,000 --> 03:09:50,200
And their lips look, beautiful. 
The Imperial Palace came up with

3573
03:09:50,200 --> 03:09:53,300
these methods, which were kept 
secret by Palace servants for 

3574
03:09:53,300 --> 03:09:56,200
generations and never shared 
with anyone outside the palace. 

3575
03:09:56,200 --> 03:09:59,500
But Chinese Beauty culture had a
long history of every day. 

3576
03:09:59,500 --> 03:10:03,300
Beauty practices that were open 
to everyone in the village came 

3577
03:10:03,300 --> 03:10:06,600
up with their own ways, to use 
local materials, like rice water

3578
03:10:06,600 --> 03:10:09,900
for cleaning flower petals for 
color and different plant 

3579
03:10:09,900 --> 03:10:13,200
extracts for skin care. 
These folk practices were often 

3580
03:10:13,200 --> 03:10:16,000
more useful and sometimes worked
better than the fancy ones used 

3581
03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:18,300
in court. 
It wasn't just about money that 

3582
03:10:18,300 --> 03:10:20,200
Elite and every day Cosmetics 
were different. 

3583
03:10:20,200 --> 03:10:23,800
It was a about risk. 
Wealthy, women could try 

3584
03:10:23,808 --> 03:10:27,200
dangerous, things, like Mercury,
LED and arsenic because they 

3585
03:10:27,200 --> 03:10:29,500
could get medical help. 
When these things made them sick

3586
03:10:29,500 --> 03:10:32,800
working women, who couldn't 
afford such Medical Care. 

3587
03:10:32,800 --> 03:10:36,100
Had to find safer ways to use 
Cosmetics that use natural 

3588
03:10:36,100 --> 03:10:38,800
ingredients and had fewer 
harmful side effects. 

3589
03:10:38,800 --> 03:10:42,000
This safety Gap had long-term 
effects on the development of 

3590
03:10:42,000 --> 03:10:44,300
Cosmetics. 
Working women who couldn't 

3591
03:10:44,300 --> 03:10:46,700
afford dangerous. 
Alternatives were the first to 

3592
03:10:46,700 --> 03:10:49,600
find and improved many of the 
best and safest cosmetic 

3593
03:10:49,600 --> 03:10:52,100
ingredients. 
They're useful, new ideas, 

3594
03:10:52,100 --> 03:10:55,400
eventually changed the way rich.
Women use Cosmetics, as they 

3595
03:10:55,400 --> 03:10:58,700
began to see the benefits of 
safer more, natural ways to look

3596
03:10:58,700 --> 03:11:00,800
good. 
The tools and methods used to 

3597
03:11:00,800 --> 03:11:03,000
put on makeup. 
Also showed social divisions in 

3598
03:11:03,000 --> 03:11:06,500
interesting ways, rich women 
could buy special tools for 

3599
03:11:06,500 --> 03:11:10,000
every part of putting on makeup.
For example, they had different 

3600
03:11:10,000 --> 03:11:13,300
brushes for different types of 
paint precise tools for making 

3601
03:11:13,300 --> 03:11:16,100
perfect shapes. 
And complicated storage systems 

3602
03:11:16,100 --> 03:11:17,600
for keeping their makeup 
collections. 

3603
03:11:17,600 --> 03:11:20,600
In order, women who worked came 
up with tools and methods, that 

3604
03:11:20,600 --> 03:11:22,400
worked best for many different 
tasks. 

3605
03:11:22,400 --> 03:11:26,400
You could use one brush to put 
on both lip color and blush, you

3606
03:11:26,400 --> 03:11:29,200
could use a small mirror for 
both personal grooming and work 

3607
03:11:29,200 --> 03:11:33,800
that requires a lot of detail 
like needlework These useful new

3608
03:11:33,800 --> 03:11:36,400
tools were often better than 
more specialized Elite tools. 

3609
03:11:36,400 --> 03:11:39,200
So people from all walks of life
started using them. 

3610
03:11:39,200 --> 03:11:41,900
As you think about these 
historical differences between 

3611
03:11:41,900 --> 03:11:45,200
Elite and everyday Beauty 
practices you see more than just

3612
03:11:45,200 --> 03:11:47,300
differences in how people use 
Cosmetics. 

3613
03:11:47,300 --> 03:11:50,600
You see how human creativity 
adapts to new situations. 

3614
03:11:50,600 --> 03:11:55,000
How necessity leads to new ideas
and how the basic desire for 

3615
03:11:55,000 --> 03:11:57,200
beauty crosses? 
Social boundaries, even when the

3616
03:11:57,200 --> 03:11:58,700
ways to get, it are very 
different. 

3617
03:11:58,700 --> 03:12:01,100
As you can continue your 
peaceful journey through the 

3618
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:03,100
night. 
Let your mind wander to one of 

3619
03:12:03,108 --> 03:12:05,300
the most interesting parts of 
cosmetic history. 

3620
03:12:06,100 --> 03:12:10,600
The secret meanings, spiritual 
significance and hidden messages

3621
03:12:10,600 --> 03:12:12,900
that make up as carried 
throughout human history. 

3622
03:12:12,900 --> 03:12:15,600
Cosmetics have been more than 
just decoration. 

3623
03:12:15,600 --> 03:12:18,400
They have been a complex 
language that could say anything

3624
03:12:18,400 --> 03:12:21,600
from religious Devotion, to 
political allegiance from being 

3625
03:12:21,600 --> 03:12:24,700
married to being protected by 
Magic, picture yourself, as a 

3626
03:12:24,708 --> 03:12:27,400
skilled down, Anthropologist who
can read these pictures as you 

3627
03:12:27,400 --> 03:12:31,900
walk through a busy Market in 
ancient Babylon around 600 BCE 

3628
03:12:33,300 --> 03:12:36,800
Is around, you tell stories that
go far beyond just making you 

3629
03:12:36,800 --> 03:12:39,100
look better. 
People who know what they're 

3630
03:12:39,100 --> 03:12:40,300
looking at. 
Can read the meaning of each 

3631
03:12:40,300 --> 03:12:42,400
painted. 
I Rouge cheek and carefully, 

3632
03:12:42,400 --> 03:12:45,100
applied lip color, like, pages 
from an illuminated manuscript. 

3633
03:12:45,100 --> 03:12:48,700
The woman with the blue green 
eyeshadow isn't just following 

3634
03:12:48,700 --> 03:12:53,000
fashion Showing her love for a 
star, the goddess of love and 

3635
03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:57,600
fertility, the exact shade of 
blue, which is made by mixing 

3636
03:12:57,600 --> 03:13:01,300
ground, lapis, lazuli with the 
right amount of malachite shows.

3637
03:13:01,300 --> 03:13:04,000
Not only her religion, but also 
her hope for a successful 

3638
03:13:04,000 --> 03:13:06,900
pregnancy. 
The way she applied the color, 

3639
03:13:06,900 --> 03:13:10,100
like, wings that go a little 
past the outer corners of her 

3640
03:13:10,100 --> 03:13:13,100
eyes shows that she recently 
made a big offering at dish. 

3641
03:13:13,100 --> 03:13:15,600
Tiles Temple. 
The old man has cold Rim dies 

3642
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:18,800
and a well-groomed beard that 
has been died with henna his 

3643
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:21,400
advertising, his job, as a 
scribe, and his status as a 

3644
03:13:21,400 --> 03:13:24,100
learned, man. 
The way he does, his eye makeup 

3645
03:13:24,100 --> 03:13:27,100
with thin lines that go up to 
his temples shows that he knows 

3646
03:13:27,100 --> 03:13:29,600
how to read and write in sacred 
writing systems. 

3647
03:13:29,600 --> 03:13:32,800
He specializes in religious 
texts, rather than business 

3648
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:36,700
letters, as shown by the redish 
tint in his beard, which he got 

3649
03:13:36,700 --> 03:13:38,600
by carefully. 
Applying henna mixed with 

3650
03:13:38,600 --> 03:13:41,200
certain centered oils. 
Even the kids in the market, 

3651
03:13:41,200 --> 03:13:44,700
have messages about beauty. 
The little girl with red oak 

3652
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:47,300
spots on, her cheeks isn't 
wearing makeup to look pretty. 

3653
03:13:48,000 --> 03:13:50,900
Those spots show that she comes 
from a family of metalworkers, 

3654
03:13:50,900 --> 03:13:54,300
which is a hereditary profession
shown by the specific facial 

3655
03:13:54,300 --> 03:13:57,000
marking. 
His mother put a line of coal 

3656
03:13:57,000 --> 03:13:59,000
around his eyes to protect him 
from the evil eye. 

3657
03:13:59,000 --> 03:14:01,300
As part of her daily prayers for
his safety. 

3658
03:14:01,300 --> 03:14:04,800
This complicated system of 
cosmetic communication was used 

3659
03:14:04,800 --> 03:14:08,500
by almost all ancient cultures, 
but the meaning of the Cosmetics

3660
03:14:08,500 --> 03:14:12,500
were very different from one 
culture to another The one thing

3661
03:14:12,508 --> 03:14:15,400
that stayed the same was that 
people could use their faces as 

3662
03:14:15,400 --> 03:14:18,400
a canvas to share complicated 
information about who they are, 

3663
03:14:18,400 --> 03:14:21,200
what, they believe their status 
and their plans. 

3664
03:14:21,200 --> 03:14:23,900
In ancient Egypt. 
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 

3665
03:14:23,900 --> 03:14:26,200
religious ideas about the 
afterlife, and the journey of 

3666
03:14:26,208 --> 03:14:29,700
the soul, the unique eye makeup 
that both men and women wore 

3667
03:14:29,700 --> 03:14:32,300
wasn't just for looks. 
It was also a way to protect 

3668
03:14:32,300 --> 03:14:36,200
their spirits The black coal 
stood for the rich soil of the 

3669
03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:39,300
Nile Delta which stood for new 
life and rebirth. 

3670
03:14:40,100 --> 03:14:43,000
The green eyeshadow made from 
malachite linked, the person who

3671
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:46,200
wore it to the god, Horus, and 
the promise of being reborn, 

3672
03:14:46,200 --> 03:14:49,400
imagine an Egyptian Priestess 
getting ready for a religious 

3673
03:14:49,400 --> 03:14:50,700
ceremony at the temple of 
hathor. 

3674
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:54,400
Her makeup routine is as planned
out as the ritual itself. 

3675
03:14:54,400 --> 03:14:57,800
She starts by putting down a 
base of white chalk mixed with 

3676
03:14:57,800 --> 03:15:00,600
nature of. 
This makes a clean canvas that 

3677
03:15:00,600 --> 03:15:04,000
stands for Spiritual cleansing, 
she then carefully Paints the 

3678
03:15:04,000 --> 03:15:07,100
religious symbols that represent
her role such as golden 

3679
03:15:07,100 --> 03:15:09,500
highlights. 
That stand for the sun, god raw 

3680
03:15:09,500 --> 03:15:13,500
blue accents, that connect to 
the night sky and the goddess 

3681
03:15:13,500 --> 03:15:16,900
nut and red elements that stand 
for life, force and divine 

3682
03:15:16,900 --> 03:15:19,000
power. 
Every stroke of the brush has 

3683
03:15:19,000 --> 03:15:22,300
meaning the way she draws her 
eye makeup in wing-like shape is

3684
03:15:22,300 --> 03:15:24,500
like the protective wings of the
Goddess Isis. 

3685
03:15:25,200 --> 03:15:28,100
The exact geometric shapes, she 
makes on her forehead and 

3686
03:15:28,100 --> 03:15:31,200
cheeks, are not just for 
decoration, they are sacred 

3687
03:15:31,200 --> 03:15:34,200
symbols that show her rank in 
the temple hierarchy, and her 

3688
03:15:34,200 --> 03:15:37,400
specific ritual duties, the 
perfume, she wears are just as 

3689
03:15:37,400 --> 03:15:41,000
important, the frankincense oil,
she puts on her wrists connects 

3690
03:15:41,000 --> 03:15:44,300
her to Divine communication 
because it smoke carries prayers

3691
03:15:44,300 --> 03:15:46,600
to the gods. 
The merch, she puts on her 

3692
03:15:46,600 --> 03:15:49,500
throat is a sign of protection 
against evil and the 

3693
03:15:49,500 --> 03:15:53,300
preservation of holy speech. 
The Jasmine oil, she uses in her

3694
03:15:53,300 --> 03:15:55,300
hair stands for feminine divine 
power. 

3695
03:15:55,300 --> 03:15:58,900
And the drawing in of good 
spiritual forces in Ancient 

3696
03:15:58,900 --> 03:16:02,400
India, the language of Cosmetics
was just as complicated and 

3697
03:16:02,400 --> 03:16:05,200
important. 
The tilaka which are colored 

3698
03:16:05,200 --> 03:16:08,400
marks on the forehead were a 
complex way to identify someone.

3699
03:16:09,200 --> 03:16:12,000
A knowledgeable person could 
tell their religious sect, where

3700
03:16:12,000 --> 03:16:14,800
they came from, their social 
caste, and even their current 

3701
03:16:14,800 --> 03:16:17,300
spiritual State. 
Picture meeting a merchant from 

3702
03:16:17,300 --> 03:16:20,300
Southern India in a market in 
the north, the red and white 

3703
03:16:20,300 --> 03:16:23,100
vertical lines on his forehead 
show that he is a follower of 

3704
03:16:23,100 --> 03:16:26,600
Vishnu and the specific pattern 
shows that he is from a certain 

3705
03:16:26,600 --> 03:16:31,300
area and is a merchant The small
dot of Sandalwood paste on. 

3706
03:16:31,300 --> 03:16:33,500
His forehead means that he's 
going through a period of 

3707
03:16:33,508 --> 03:16:36,300
ritual, purification. 
Probably to get ready for an 

3708
03:16:36,300 --> 03:16:38,300
important business deal or 
religious Festival. 

3709
03:16:38,300 --> 03:16:41,200
The women in his family would 
send even more complicated 

3710
03:16:41,200 --> 03:16:45,000
Beauty messages when a married 
woman puts red sindoor powder in

3711
03:16:45,000 --> 03:16:47,300
her hair. 
It tells everyone she meets that

3712
03:16:47,300 --> 03:16:50,700
she is married Color and width 
of the application may also 

3713
03:16:50,700 --> 03:16:53,000
show. 
If she is newly married has kids

3714
03:16:53,000 --> 03:16:56,300
or is pregnant. 
Henna on her hands could tell 

3715
03:16:56,308 --> 03:16:59,600
the story of her wedding, her 
family, history, and her hopes 

3716
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:01,900
for the future. 
In ancient China, the use of 

3717
03:17:01,908 --> 03:17:05,000
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 
Taoist philosophy and the idea 

3718
03:17:05,000 --> 03:17:06,900
of balance between opposing 
forces. 

3719
03:17:07,900 --> 03:17:11,300
Pale white face powder, stood 
for Yin, which is the feminine 

3720
03:17:11,300 --> 03:17:13,600
accepting and peaceful 
principal. 

3721
03:17:13,600 --> 03:17:16,800
The red lip and cheek color 
stood for Yang which is the 

3722
03:17:16,800 --> 03:17:19,000
masculine active and dynamic 
principle. 

3723
03:17:19,700 --> 03:17:22,400
People thought that achieving 
perfect cosmetic balance meant 

3724
03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:24,900
bringing these forces into 
harmony, which would improve, 

3725
03:17:24,900 --> 03:17:27,600
not only Beauty, but also 
spiritual and physical health. 

3726
03:17:27,600 --> 03:17:30,000
Some of them make up used in 
Chinese courts. 

3727
03:17:30,000 --> 03:17:32,500
During the Tang Dynasty was 
meant to make political 

3728
03:17:32,500 --> 03:17:35,700
statements, the way someone 
paints their eyebrows could 

3729
03:17:35,700 --> 03:17:39,500
show, which court factions, they
are loyal to the placement and 

3730
03:17:39,500 --> 03:17:42,800
color of decorative elements on 
the face May indicate support 

3731
03:17:42,800 --> 03:17:45,200
for particular policies or 
political ideologies. 

3732
03:17:46,100 --> 03:17:49,100
The choice of perfume could even
be political since different 

3733
03:17:49,100 --> 03:17:51,500
scents were linked to different 
parts of the Empire and their 

3734
03:17:51,500 --> 03:17:54,700
cultural values European 
medieval Cosmetics, have their 

3735
03:17:54,700 --> 03:17:57,600
own complicated symbolic 
meanings, but these were often 

3736
03:17:57,600 --> 03:17:59,900
hidden by religious rules about 
how to use them. 

3737
03:18:00,600 --> 03:18:03,000
When the church told women not 
to wear makeup because it was 

3738
03:18:03,000 --> 03:18:06,100
vain, they came up with subtle 
cosmetic codes that let them 

3739
03:18:06,108 --> 03:18:08,900
share important information 
while still looking like they 

3740
03:18:08,900 --> 03:18:12,200
were naturally, beautiful a pale
complexion, which could be 

3741
03:18:12,200 --> 03:18:15,100
achieved by using white powders 
carefully, and staying out of 

3742
03:18:15,100 --> 03:18:18,400
the sun showed that someone was 
of noble birth and had a lot of 

3743
03:18:18,408 --> 03:18:21,400
free time. 
Slightly Rosy Cheeks, which 

3744
03:18:21,400 --> 03:18:24,000
could be made by pinching or 
lightly applying Rouge. 

3745
03:18:24,000 --> 03:18:25,500
Made people look, young and 
healthy. 

3746
03:18:26,400 --> 03:18:28,800
People who are rich could afford
to eat well and keep their teeth

3747
03:18:28,800 --> 03:18:30,700
clean. 
Which showed good nutrition, and

3748
03:18:30,700 --> 03:18:33,300
careful. 
Hygiene, but medieval Cosmetics 

3749
03:18:33,300 --> 03:18:35,000
also sent more specific 
messages. 

3750
03:18:35,900 --> 03:18:37,800
Some perfumes. 
Could mean that a person is 

3751
03:18:37,800 --> 03:18:40,300
ready to get married or is all 
ready in a relationship? 

3752
03:18:41,400 --> 03:18:44,400
The way, the hair is styled 
often with oils and subtle 

3753
03:18:44,400 --> 03:18:47,100
coloring could show where the 
person is from, or who their 

3754
03:18:47,100 --> 03:18:50,100
family is the cleanliness and 
care of fingernails. 

3755
03:18:50,100 --> 03:18:53,200
Even had social meaning showing 
whether someone worked with 

3756
03:18:53,200 --> 03:18:56,100
their hands or lived, a life of 
leisure as Court culture, 

3757
03:18:56,100 --> 03:18:59,100
created complex systems of 
visual communication during the 

3758
03:18:59,100 --> 03:19:02,400
Renaissance, the meaning of 
Cosmetics became more complex 

3759
03:19:03,300 --> 03:19:06,400
Famous white LED makeup that 
rich women wore didn't just show

3760
03:19:06,400 --> 03:19:09,000
that they were fashionable. 
It also showed that they could 

3761
03:19:09,000 --> 03:19:12,500
afford expensive and dangerous 
Cosmetics that they had the time

3762
03:19:12,500 --> 03:19:15,800
to spend hours putting it on and
that they were willing to put 

3763
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:19,200
their health at risk for beauty,
the use of beauty patches which 

3764
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:21,700
are small pieces of silk or 
velvet put on the face. 

3765
03:19:21,700 --> 03:19:26,200
Turned into a complicated way to
talk to each other. a patch on 

3766
03:19:26,208 --> 03:19:29,200
the cheek could mean that the 
person is political, while a 

3767
03:19:29,200 --> 03:19:30,800
patch on the corner of the 
mouth, could mean that the 

3768
03:19:30,800 --> 03:19:34,300
person is flirting Hatch on the 
forehead might mean that someone

3769
03:19:34,300 --> 03:19:37,100
is smart or has learned 
something while a patch near. 

3770
03:19:37,100 --> 03:19:39,700
The I might mean that something 
is mysterious or interesting 

3771
03:19:39,700 --> 03:19:41,700
Beauty patches in different 
colors. 

3772
03:19:41,700 --> 03:19:45,400
Have different meanings black. 
Patches were common and not very

3773
03:19:45,400 --> 03:19:49,900
strong but colored patches could
send a clear message red patches

3774
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:53,400
could mean anger or passion blue
could mean sadness or deep 

3775
03:19:53,400 --> 03:19:57,300
feelings and white could mean in
the sense or Mourning the Sensei

3776
03:19:57,300 --> 03:20:01,000
used during this time will have 
deep symbolic meanings different

3777
03:20:01,000 --> 03:20:04,000
smells were linked to different,
good qualities, feelings, and 

3778
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,500
social messages. 
A woman might wear floral scents

3779
03:20:07,500 --> 03:20:09,100
to show that she is feminine and
gentle. 

3780
03:20:09,800 --> 03:20:13,600
Spicy sense to show that she is 
passionate and sophisticated or 

3781
03:20:13,600 --> 03:20:16,000
herbal scent to show that she 
knows how to heal and do 

3782
03:20:16,000 --> 03:20:19,100
household chores, in many 
African cultures using 

3783
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:22,700
Cosmetics, had deep spiritual 
and social, meaning that linked 

3784
03:20:22,700 --> 03:20:26,100
people to their ancestors, their
community, and the world around 

3785
03:20:26,100 --> 03:20:28,600
them. 
Certain patterns of face 

3786
03:20:28,600 --> 03:20:30,200
painting. 
Could show what Clan someone 

3787
03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:34,100
belongs to how old they are, 
whether they are married and 

3788
03:20:34,100 --> 03:20:36,200
what their spiritual role is in 
the community. 

3789
03:20:36,200 --> 03:20:39,100
Putting on traditional African 
makeup was often a group 

3790
03:20:39,108 --> 03:20:42,100
activity that brought people 
closer together and passed down 

3791
03:20:42,100 --> 03:20:45,300
cultural knowledge. 
Older women would teach younger 

3792
03:20:45,300 --> 03:20:48,300
women, not only how to apply 
makeup but also what different 

3793
03:20:48,300 --> 03:20:51,600
colors and patterns meant, there
were stories songs and 

3794
03:20:51,600 --> 03:20:54,300
traditional wisdom, that linked 
Beauty practices to bigger, 

3795
03:20:54,300 --> 03:20:57,600
cultural values and beliefs in 
this education, different colors

3796
03:20:57,600 --> 03:21:00,800
of pigments, had different 
spiritual meanings white clay 

3797
03:21:00,800 --> 03:21:03,600
could stand for spirits of 
ancestors and linked to the 

3798
03:21:03,608 --> 03:21:06,000
Divine red. 
Oaker might stand for Life, 

3799
03:21:06,000 --> 03:21:08,200
Force fertility, and a link to 
the Earth. 

3800
03:21:09,100 --> 03:21:11,900
Black charcoal could stand for 
mystery power and protection 

3801
03:21:11,900 --> 03:21:14,900
from bad things. 
The geometric patterns made with

3802
03:21:14,900 --> 03:21:17,400
these pigments weren't just 
random designs. 

3803
03:21:17,400 --> 03:21:20,600
They were meaningful symbols 
that told stories about who the 

3804
03:21:20,600 --> 03:21:23,900
wearer was, what they had been 
through and where they fit into 

3805
03:21:23,900 --> 03:21:27,100
the community. 
A young woman's coming of age. 

3806
03:21:27,100 --> 03:21:29,900
Ceremony might include putting 
on certain patterns that showed 

3807
03:21:29,900 --> 03:21:32,400
she was no longer a child. 
A new mother. 

3808
03:21:32,400 --> 03:21:34,600
On the other hand might wear 
different patterns to show that 

3809
03:21:34,600 --> 03:21:37,400
she will make up Buddhist. 
Now a mother in ancient Persia 

3810
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:39,400
Cosmetics. 
Were closely linked to 

3811
03:21:39,400 --> 03:21:42,600
zoroastrian religious beliefs, 
about the fight between light 

3812
03:21:42,600 --> 03:21:45,800
and dark in the universe. 
People thought that putting on 

3813
03:21:45,800 --> 03:21:48,700
makeup was a way to join the 
fight against darkness and 

3814
03:21:48,700 --> 03:21:52,500
ugliness, by joining the forces 
of light and Beauty Persian, men

3815
03:21:52,500 --> 03:21:55,000
and women both wore heavy eye 
makeup that was thought to help 

3816
03:21:55,000 --> 03:21:56,200
them. 
See truth and Beauty in the 

3817
03:21:56,208 --> 03:21:59,600
world better, the specific 
patterns and colors used in this

3818
03:21:59,600 --> 03:22:01,100
eye. 
Makeup could show how 

3819
03:22:01,100 --> 03:22:04,300
spiritually Advanced the person 
is what role they play in 

3820
03:22:04,300 --> 03:22:06,900
religious ceremonies and how 
committed they are to 

3821
03:22:06,900 --> 03:22:10,300
zoroastrian principles people in
Persian culture thought that the

3822
03:22:10,300 --> 03:22:12,100
perfumes. 
They used could bring in good 

3823
03:22:12,100 --> 03:22:14,300
spiritual forces and keep out 
bad ones. 

3824
03:22:14,300 --> 03:22:17,200
People were told to use 
different sense for different 

3825
03:22:17,200 --> 03:22:20,300
spiritual purposes, like 
meditation and prayer 

3826
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:23,800
protection, while traveling, and
bringing love and harmony into 

3827
03:22:23,800 --> 03:22:26,200
relationships. 
As you think about these deep 

3828
03:22:26,200 --> 03:22:29,400
traditions of cosmetic symbolism
and meaning, you can see how 

3829
03:22:29,400 --> 03:22:32,600
amazing it is that people can 
turn the simple act of putting 

3830
03:22:32,600 --> 03:22:36,100
color on their face into a 
complex way to communicate 

3831
03:22:36,100 --> 03:22:40,000
identify themselves and express 
their spirituality. 

3832
03:22:40,000 --> 03:22:43,500
These old traditions show us 
that make up has always been 

3833
03:22:43,500 --> 03:22:46,900
about more than just You look, 
it's also been a way to be a 

3834
03:22:46,908 --> 03:22:50,100
part of the most important parts
of human culture and Community. 

3835
03:22:50,100 --> 03:22:52,800
As you relax, more deeply into 
your comfortable position. 

3836
03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:56,500
Let your mind, gently explore, 
how these old beauty practices, 

3837
03:22:56,500 --> 03:23:00,100
still affect and shape our 
modern world in ways that are 

3838
03:23:00,100 --> 03:23:04,300
both obvious and surprising 
makeup story doesn't end with 

3839
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:07,700
the fall of Empires or the rise 
of new ones instead. 

3840
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:10,900
It flows like an underground 
river, sometimes visible and 

3841
03:23:10,900 --> 03:23:14,300
sometimes hidden but always 
there bringing the knowledge and

3842
03:23:14,300 --> 03:23:16,900
new ideas of our ancestors into 
our lives today. 

3843
03:23:16,900 --> 03:23:19,300
Think about your own morning 
routine, for a moment. 

3844
03:23:19,308 --> 03:23:22,700
When you wash your face with a 
gentle cleanser, you're taking 

3845
03:23:22,700 --> 03:23:26,200
part in a ritual that goes back 
to ancient Egyptian priests who 

3846
03:23:26,200 --> 03:23:29,100
use Neutron and oils to clean 
themselves before going to see 

3847
03:23:29,100 --> 03:23:31,600
their gods. 
When you put on Foundation to 

3848
03:23:31,600 --> 03:23:34,600
make your skin tone, even your 
following a method that Chinese 

3849
03:23:34,600 --> 03:23:37,700
Court ladies used to get 
porcelain Perfect Skin by mixing

3850
03:23:37,700 --> 03:23:40,700
rice powder with precious oils. 
When you look in the mirror, 

3851
03:23:40,700 --> 03:23:43,600
while putting on makeup, you are
doing something that people have

3852
03:23:43,600 --> 03:23:46,400
been doing for hundreds. 
Of years, even though your 

3853
03:23:46,400 --> 03:23:49,300
mirror is made of silvered glass
instead of polished bronze or 

3854
03:23:49,300 --> 03:23:52,900
obsidian, your makeup comes from
Labs instead of being ground by 

3855
03:23:52,900 --> 03:23:56,500
hand from minerals and plants. 
The basic experience is still 

3856
03:23:56,500 --> 03:23:58,900
the same. 
Your changing who you are and 

3857
03:23:58,900 --> 03:24:01,800
getting ready to face the world.
You're taking part in the 

3858
03:24:01,800 --> 03:24:03,900
ancient dance between identity 
and appearance. 

3859
03:24:03,900 --> 03:24:07,800
Even though modern cosmetic 
science is very Advanced, it 

3860
03:24:07,800 --> 03:24:10,200
keeps finding the wisdom that 
was already there in ancient 

3861
03:24:10,200 --> 03:24:14,200
Beauty practices people first 
noticed that retinoids could 

3862
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:17,500
help with aging and oils from 
fish liver that were high in 

3863
03:24:17,500 --> 03:24:21,100
vitamin A It Egyptian, women 
use, sour milk and fruit acids 

3864
03:24:21,100 --> 03:24:24,300
to smooth their skin. 
So they knew that Alpha hydroxy 

3865
03:24:24,300 --> 03:24:27,600
acids could do the same. 
Ancient cultures used honey and 

3866
03:24:27,600 --> 03:24:30,900
plant mucilages to keep their 
skin soft and supple which is 

3867
03:24:30,900 --> 03:24:34,100
similar to how hyaluronic acid 
Works, think about how the 

3868
03:24:34,100 --> 03:24:37,200
colors people like in the past, 
still affect the style of makeup

3869
03:24:37,200 --> 03:24:39,600
today. 
The red lips that were popular 

3870
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:42,400
in ancient Roman. 
China are still a classic look 

3871
03:24:42,400 --> 03:24:44,300
that never really goes out of 
style. 

3872
03:24:45,000 --> 03:24:48,400
The dramatic eye makeup that 
ancient Egyptians invented comes

3873
03:24:48,400 --> 03:24:50,900
back into style all the time. 
From the mod. 

3874
03:24:50,900 --> 03:24:54,300
Looks of the 1960s to the Bold 
graphic style of modern makeup 

3875
03:24:54,300 --> 03:24:56,800
artists. 
The idea that make up can change

3876
03:24:56,800 --> 03:24:59,400
a person's appearance as being 
around for a long time and is 

3877
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:01,500
still driving new cosmetic 
products today. 

3878
03:25:02,400 --> 03:25:05,300
Like shamans in the past used 
face paint to talk to spirits 

3879
03:25:05,300 --> 03:25:08,100
makeup artist today. 
Help people explore different 

3880
03:25:08,100 --> 03:25:11,300
parts of who they are. 
The traditions of face painting,

3881
03:25:11,300 --> 03:25:14,300
that started as religious 
rituals have had an impact on 

3882
03:25:14,300 --> 03:25:18,000
everything from Halloween makeup
to special effects in movies and

3883
03:25:18,000 --> 03:25:20,800
TV shows. 
Ancient color symbolism is still

3884
03:25:20,800 --> 03:25:24,000
present in small ways. 
In modern culture, redhead has 

3885
03:25:24,000 --> 03:25:27,600
been linked to power and passion
since prehistoric times when it 

3886
03:25:27,600 --> 03:25:30,900
was used in Oka paintings, this 
still affects how we see red 

3887
03:25:30,900 --> 03:25:34,700
lipstick and clothing. the link 
between white and Purity, which 

3888
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:37,800
was developed by ancient 
cultures from Egypt, to China is

3889
03:25:37,800 --> 03:25:41,300
still important in bridal, 
makeup and formal Aesthetics the

3890
03:25:41,300 --> 03:25:43,800
social dynamics of ancient 
cosmetic culture are very 

3891
03:25:43,800 --> 03:25:47,500
similar to those of modern 
Beauty practices, The difference

3892
03:25:47,500 --> 03:25:50,200
between high-end and everyday 
Cosmetics, that existed in 

3893
03:25:50,200 --> 03:25:53,300
ancient civilizations, is the 
same as the difference between 

3894
03:25:53,300 --> 03:25:55,500
high-end and Drugstore Beauty 
Brands today. 

3895
03:25:56,400 --> 03:25:58,800
Same psychological drives that 
made ancient Court. 

3896
03:25:58,800 --> 03:26:01,800
Ladies compete with each other 
by wearing, elaborate makeup 

3897
03:26:01,800 --> 03:26:04,600
still drive, modern Beauty 
influencers and their fans, 

3898
03:26:04,600 --> 03:26:07,400
modern cosmetic. 
Scientists to figuring out how 

3899
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:10,100
to use old makeup techniques 
that took hundreds of years to 

3900
03:26:10,100 --> 03:26:13,600
develop and perfect using modern
chemistry and Manufacturing 

3901
03:26:13,600 --> 03:26:15,800
methods. 
We are recreating the 

3902
03:26:15,800 --> 03:26:18,400
long-lasting formulas that 
ancient cultures came up with 

3903
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:22,400
through trial and error water 
resistant eye makeup, which was 

3904
03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:24,800
first used by ancient cultures 
for both practical. 

3905
03:26:24,800 --> 03:26:28,400
And spiritual reasons is now a 
common part of modern Cosmetics.

3906
03:26:28,400 --> 03:26:31,500
The idea that Cosmetics were 
medicine in ancient times. 

3907
03:26:31,500 --> 03:26:33,800
Still affects how beauty 
products are made today. 

3908
03:26:34,800 --> 03:26:38,200
The practice of using makeup to 
protect and heal skin, which 

3909
03:26:38,200 --> 03:26:41,900
goes back to ancient, Egypt and 
traditional Asia is what drives 

3910
03:26:41,900 --> 03:26:45,200
modern Research into Cosmos 
suitables, which are products 

3911
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:46,700
that makes cosmetics and 
medicine. 

3912
03:26:46,700 --> 03:26:49,100
This old wisdom is still true 
today. 

3913
03:26:49,900 --> 03:26:53,100
Sunscreen and Foundation 
anti-aging ingredients in 

3914
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:56,400
concealer and lip products. 
That heal many modern 

3915
03:26:56,400 --> 03:26:59,200
sustainable Beauty movements 
look to the Past for ideas, 

3916
03:26:59,200 --> 03:27:02,600
bringing back old ingredients 
and methods that were lost when 

3917
03:27:02,600 --> 03:27:06,800
Cosmetics became industrialized.
Brands that focus on natural 

3918
03:27:06,800 --> 03:27:10,500
ingredients traditional methods 
of making things and having as 

3919
03:27:10,500 --> 03:27:13,400
little of an impact on the 
environment as possible, a 

3920
03:27:13,400 --> 03:27:15,600
basically going back to the 
ideas that guided the 

3921
03:27:15,600 --> 03:27:18,500
development of Cosmetics, for 
thousands of years before the 

3922
03:27:18,500 --> 03:27:21,500
modern chemical industry. 
The ritualistic elements of 

3923
03:27:21,500 --> 03:27:23,900
ancient makeup application, 
still have psychological 

3924
03:27:23,900 --> 03:27:26,400
benefits that modern users 
instinctively grasp. 

3925
03:27:27,300 --> 03:27:29,800
The meditative quality of 
carefully, putting on makeup, 

3926
03:27:29,800 --> 03:27:33,200
the feeling of changing and 
getting ready and the connection

3927
03:27:33,200 --> 03:27:35,000
to cultural. 
Traditions are all still 

3928
03:27:35,000 --> 03:27:37,300
important parts of the Cosmetic 
experience today. 

3929
03:27:37,300 --> 03:27:41,100
Just like they were ancient 
practitioners old packaging and 

3930
03:27:41,100 --> 03:27:43,500
tools for applying makeup. 
Still have an effect on how 

3931
03:27:43,500 --> 03:27:46,700
Cosmetics are made today, the 
beautiful containers that 

3932
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:50,000
ancient cultures made to hold 
valuable Cosmetics, Inspire 

3933
03:27:50,000 --> 03:27:53,000
modern packaging, that focuses 
on luxury and craftsmanship. 

3934
03:27:53,800 --> 03:27:57,600
Brushes sponges and precise. 
Applicators are still used in 

3935
03:27:57,600 --> 03:27:59,500
the same way. 
They were thousands of years 

3936
03:27:59,500 --> 03:28:02,200
ago. 
This shows that some new ideas 

3937
03:28:02,200 --> 03:28:04,100
are so good that they lost 
through time. 

3938
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:07,600
The age-old practice of passing 
down cosmetic recipes from one 

3939
03:28:07,600 --> 03:28:10,000
generation to the next is still 
going strong today. 

3940
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:13,900
Even though people today don't 
grind their own pigments or mix 

3941
03:28:13,900 --> 03:28:16,200
their own formulas. 
They still share Beauty 

3942
03:28:16,200 --> 03:28:19,400
knowledge, through social media,
beauty communities, and family 

3943
03:28:19,400 --> 03:28:21,700
traditions. 
This is how knowledge has always

3944
03:28:21,700 --> 03:28:24,200
been passed down. 
There are strong Echoes of 

3945
03:28:24,200 --> 03:28:27,800
ancient perfume, traditions, in 
modern times, modern perfume 

3946
03:28:27,800 --> 03:28:30,300
makers are still influenced by 
the layering techniques that 

3947
03:28:30,300 --> 03:28:33,900
ancient Persian and Arab 
perfumers came up with using 

3948
03:28:33,900 --> 03:28:36,700
incense and aroma therapy to 
improve mood, and spiritual 

3949
03:28:36,700 --> 03:28:39,100
practice as a direct link to 
ancient Customs. 

3950
03:28:39,100 --> 03:28:43,000
Even modern perfume ads often 
use old ideas about how smell 

3951
03:28:43,000 --> 03:28:45,600
affects feelings memories and 
identity. 

3952
03:28:45,600 --> 03:28:48,800
The gender fluid approach to 
Cosmetics, that was common in 

3953
03:28:48,800 --> 03:28:50,900
many ancient cultures is making 
a comeback. 

3954
03:28:50,900 --> 03:28:54,200
In modern Beauty culture. 
The old idea that make up could 

3955
03:28:54,200 --> 03:28:57,100
make anyone look better, no 
matter what gender they were 

3956
03:28:57,100 --> 03:29:00,500
fits with modern movements 
toward beauty standards that 

3957
03:29:00,500 --> 03:29:02,900
include everyone. 
A non-binary ways to express 

3958
03:29:02,900 --> 03:29:05,600
yourself with Cosmetics. 
The use of make-up for 

3959
03:29:05,600 --> 03:29:08,200
ceremonies and special events 
has not changed much since 

3960
03:29:08,200 --> 03:29:11,300
ancient times. 
Many of the makeup traditions 

3961
03:29:11,300 --> 03:29:13,400
for weddings. 
Come from old beauty, practices 

3962
03:29:13,400 --> 03:29:17,000
for brides, make up for theater 
and performance is still very 

3963
03:29:17,000 --> 03:29:19,700
much like the face painting that
was done in ancient rituals, 

3964
03:29:19,700 --> 03:29:23,000
even the makeup, we wear every 
day for special occasions. 

3965
03:29:23,000 --> 03:29:26,300
Follows patterns, set by ancient
cultures for marking important 

3966
03:29:26,300 --> 03:29:29,600
events and changes using makeup 
to show social and professional 

3967
03:29:29,600 --> 03:29:32,500
roles as an old practice that 
has changed, but is still used 

3968
03:29:32,500 --> 03:29:35,100
today. 
Professional makeup standards in

3969
03:29:35,100 --> 03:29:37,500
many fields from business to 
entertainment. 

3970
03:29:37,500 --> 03:29:40,600
Carry on the old practice of 
using looks to show competence 

3971
03:29:40,600 --> 03:29:43,300
and status. 
The power look in today's 

3972
03:29:43,300 --> 03:29:46,200
business, world comes directly 
from the old practice of using 

3973
03:29:46,200 --> 03:29:49,800
makeup to show that you are in 
charge and capable beauty 

3974
03:29:49,800 --> 03:29:52,600
standards from the past still 
affect modern makeup goals. 

3975
03:29:52,600 --> 03:29:55,900
But in different ways, The 
desire for Perfect Skin that 

3976
03:29:55,900 --> 03:29:58,900
people have had for a long time,
is what drives the development 

3977
03:29:58,900 --> 03:30:00,900
of modern foundations and 
concealers. 

3978
03:30:00,900 --> 03:30:04,800
The ancient focus on a bright 
healthy, looking skin tone, 

3979
03:30:04,800 --> 03:30:07,800
inspires to today's highlighter,
and skincare, makeup hybrid 

3980
03:30:07,800 --> 03:30:10,600
products. 
Ancient ways of making lips. 

3981
03:30:10,600 --> 03:30:13,300
Look better, have an effect on 
everything from lip. 

3982
03:30:13,300 --> 03:30:15,400
Plumping crisis, Plumping 
products to cosmetic. 

3983
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:17,800
Surgery. 
People still think of makeup as 

3984
03:30:17,800 --> 03:30:20,800
a way to express their culture, 
just like they did in ancient 

3985
03:30:20,800 --> 03:30:24,300
times. 
Traditional cosmetic practices 

3986
03:30:24,300 --> 03:30:26,800
from different cultures, still 
work well, with modern ones, 

3987
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:30,200
making beautiful landscapes that
honor both the past and the 

3988
03:30:30,208 --> 03:30:33,700
future henna art, traditional 
face, painting and cultural 

3989
03:30:33,700 --> 03:30:36,300
ceremonial. 
Makeup are still important and 

3990
03:30:36,300 --> 03:30:38,400
have an impact on mainstream 
Beauty Trendz. 

3991
03:30:38,400 --> 03:30:41,000
Old ways of thinking about 
beauty that were based on 

3992
03:30:41,008 --> 03:30:43,500
seasons and Cycles. 
Still have an effect on how 

3993
03:30:43,500 --> 03:30:46,900
people use Cosmetics today, the 
old custom of changing your 

3994
03:30:46,900 --> 03:30:49,600
makeup and skincare routines 
based on the seasons. 

3995
03:30:49,600 --> 03:30:53,100
The moon and different stages of
life is similar to Modern trends

3996
03:30:53,100 --> 03:30:55,900
that emphasized more natural and
responsive Beauty practices, 

3997
03:30:55,900 --> 03:30:59,700
seasonal color palettes which 
are often based on Old ideas 

3998
03:30:59,700 --> 03:31:02,200
about how light and the 
environment affect how people 

3999
03:31:02,200 --> 03:31:05,400
look are still very important in
modern makeup marketing and 

4000
03:31:05,400 --> 03:31:07,800
choice. 
The old idea that beauty is 

4001
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:09,900
something that people do 
together is still around today, 

4002
03:31:09,900 --> 03:31:14,200
Beauty parties friends, putting 
on makeup together and groups. 

4003
03:31:14,200 --> 03:31:16,900
Getting ready for special events
are all ways that the social 

4004
03:31:16,900 --> 03:31:20,200
side of beauty culture has 
stayed alive for thousands of 

4005
03:31:20,200 --> 03:31:22,700
years. 
Beauty communities on Social 

4006
03:31:22,700 --> 03:31:26,000
media, take this old practice 
into the digital world, making 

4007
03:31:26,000 --> 03:31:29,000
new versions of the old ways of 
sharing knowledge, and helping 

4008
03:31:29,000 --> 03:31:32,000
each other that were common in 
ancient Beauty culture as you 

4009
03:31:32,000 --> 03:31:34,200
fall asleep. 
Think about how your makeup 

4010
03:31:34,208 --> 03:31:35,800
routine in the morning will 
connect you. 

4011
03:31:35,800 --> 03:31:37,700
To the vast River of Human 
Experience. 

4012
03:31:37,700 --> 03:31:40,900
When you put that first color on
your face, you'll be doing 

4013
03:31:40,900 --> 03:31:44,600
something that connects you to 
Cave painters, Egyptian priests 

4014
03:31:44,600 --> 03:31:48,900
Chinese Court, ladies, Roman 
matrons and many more who knew 

4015
03:31:48,900 --> 03:31:52,200
that the face is the first 
canvas for art identity and 

4016
03:31:52,200 --> 03:31:54,300
change. 
Even though your makeup may be 

4017
03:31:54,300 --> 03:31:57,400
made in modern Factory in stead 
of being ground by hand from 

4018
03:31:57,400 --> 03:32:01,100
sacred minerals, the impulses 
still the same to show the 

4019
03:32:01,100 --> 03:32:04,200
world, your best self to take 
part in your cultures Beauty 

4020
03:32:04,200 --> 03:32:07,100
traditions and to enjoy the 
little daily magic of 

4021
03:32:07,100 --> 03:32:09,700
transformation that make up 
brings in this way. 

4022
03:32:09,700 --> 03:32:12,800
You take part in one of the 
oldest and most enduring art 

4023
03:32:12,800 --> 03:32:16,000
forms every morning. 
You become part of a story that 

4024
03:32:16,000 --> 03:32:19,200
started in caves long before. 
People lived in them and will go

4025
03:32:19,200 --> 03:32:21,900
on as long as people care about 
beauty identity. 

4026
03:32:21,900 --> 03:32:25,400
And The NeverEnding interesting 
link between who we are and how 

4027
03:32:25,400 --> 03:32:27,200
we chose to look to Plumping up 
the world. 

4028
03:32:27,200 --> 03:32:30,400
The ancient history of Cosmetics
isn't really history at all, 

4029
03:32:30,408 --> 03:32:34,500
it's the present lived out every
day in millions of mirrors 

4030
03:32:34,500 --> 03:32:36,800
around the world as Timeless and
real. 

4031
03:32:36,800 --> 03:32:40,000
As the human face itself, while 
you relax even more in the 

4032
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:43,100
evening, let your mind drift to 
the workshops and Labs where 

4033
03:32:43,100 --> 03:32:45,300
ancient cosmetic makers worked 
their magic. 

4034
03:32:46,100 --> 03:32:49,000
These long-forgotten Alchemists,
worked hundreds of years before 

4035
03:32:49,000 --> 03:32:52,000
Modern Chemistry. 
They came up with formulation 

4036
03:32:52,000 --> 03:32:55,000
methods that are so Advanced 
that modern cosmetic scientists 

4037
03:32:55,000 --> 03:32:57,300
are still trying to figure out 
how they got such amazing 

4038
03:32:57,300 --> 03:32:59,800
results. 
Imagine yourself in the workshop

4039
03:32:59,800 --> 03:33:03,400
of a cosmetic maker from ancient
Egypt, maybe in the busy City of

4040
03:33:03,408 --> 03:33:08,700
Memphis around 1200 BCE the room
smells like frankincense and the

4041
03:33:08,700 --> 03:33:10,500
earthy smell of minerals being 
ground. 

4042
03:33:11,300 --> 03:33:14,700
Clay pots sit on wooden shelves.
Each one holding carefully. 

4043
03:33:14,700 --> 03:33:17,700
Chosen ingredients that took 
months or even years to prepare 

4044
03:33:17,700 --> 03:33:22,000
the master cosmetic maker starts
her Day Before Dawn, not because

4045
03:33:22,000 --> 03:33:25,200
she was in a hurry but because 
the cool morning air is best for

4046
03:33:25,200 --> 03:33:28,500
some of the preparations before,
the desert heat affects the 

4047
03:33:28,500 --> 03:33:32,300
delicate chemical processes. 
She's in charge of she treats 

4048
03:33:32,300 --> 03:33:35,300
her work with the respect of a 
priest and the accuracy of a 

4049
03:33:35,300 --> 03:33:37,600
mathematician. 
She knows that the difference 

4050
03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:40,300
between a cosmetic that makes 
you look better and one that 

4051
03:33:40,300 --> 03:33:42,200
hurts. 
Your skin can be as small as a 

4052
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:44,700
grain of sand. 
What should she makes cold? 

4053
03:33:44,700 --> 03:33:46,900
Using a method that has been 
passed down through her family 

4054
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:50,800
for Generations? 
She starts with Galena, a lead 

4055
03:33:50,808 --> 03:33:53,800
sulfide mineral that gives coal 
its unique deep black color. 

4056
03:33:54,700 --> 03:33:56,900
She doesn't just grind the 
mineral and mix it with oil 

4057
03:33:56,900 --> 03:33:59,300
instead. 
She follows a complicated 

4058
03:33:59,300 --> 03:34:02,000
process that scientists today. 
Are just starting to figure out 

4059
03:34:02,000 --> 03:34:04,800
first. 
She heats the Galena in a 

4060
03:34:04,800 --> 03:34:07,500
special furnace and she knows 
how to control the temperature 

4061
03:34:07,500 --> 03:34:10,400
with a level of knowledge about 
Metallurgy, that wouldn't be out

4062
03:34:10,400 --> 03:34:13,400
of place in a modern lab. 
The heat changes, the minerals 

4063
03:34:13,400 --> 03:34:16,500
crystal structure, which makes 
it safer to use around the eyes 

4064
03:34:16,500 --> 03:34:19,400
and improves its color. 
She adds small amounts of other 

4065
03:34:19,400 --> 03:34:22,300
minerals while heating the 
metal, like, a pinch of Antony 

4066
03:34:22,300 --> 03:34:23,800
here and a trace of silver. 
There. 

4067
03:34:24,500 --> 03:34:26,700
This makes an alloy that is 
stronger than the sum of its 

4068
03:34:26,700 --> 03:34:29,000
parts. 
After that the grinding process 

4069
03:34:29,000 --> 03:34:32,500
takes hours of careful work. 
She makes a powder from the 

4070
03:34:32,500 --> 03:34:34,300
treated mineral, that is so 
fine. 

4071
03:34:34,300 --> 03:34:37,400
It feels like Silk between her 
fingers by using a palette made 

4072
03:34:37,400 --> 03:34:40,200
of carefully. 
Chosen Stone the consistency, 

4073
03:34:40,200 --> 03:34:43,900
has to be just right if it's too
coarse, the coal will scratch 

4074
03:34:43,900 --> 03:34:47,100
the delicate skin around the 
eyes and if it's too fine it 

4075
03:34:47,100 --> 03:34:49,600
won't stay on or cover. 
Well, the mixing of the final 

4076
03:34:49,600 --> 03:34:52,000
formula is where science and art
really come together. 

4077
03:34:52,800 --> 03:34:55,200
She mixes the powdered mineral 
with a carefully balanced. 

4078
03:34:55,200 --> 03:34:59,000
Blend of animal fats, plant 
oils, and fragrant resins. 

4079
03:35:00,000 --> 03:35:02,900
The fats help the pigment stick 
to the skin and make it easier 

4080
03:35:02,900 --> 03:35:05,800
to apply the oils. 
Keep the mixture from drying out

4081
03:35:05,800 --> 03:35:09,400
too quickly and the resins act 
as natural preservatives and add

4082
03:35:09,400 --> 03:35:11,500
a light scent. 
But the right amounts of very 

4083
03:35:11,500 --> 03:35:14,800
important and they change with 
the season the use and even the 

4084
03:35:14,800 --> 03:35:18,700
moon phase Some of versions have
more oils to keep the cold from 

4085
03:35:18,700 --> 03:35:21,800
drying out in the Heat and 
winter versions, have more fats 

4086
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:25,600
to protect it from cold winds 
coal made for everyday, use is 

4087
03:35:25,600 --> 03:35:27,800
different from coal made for 
religious ceremonies or special 

4088
03:35:27,800 --> 03:35:30,100
events. 
The ancient Egyptians knew 

4089
03:35:30,100 --> 03:35:32,500
something that modern cosmetic 
science has rediscovered. 

4090
03:35:32,500 --> 03:35:36,000
How ingredients are put together
is often more important than the

4091
03:35:36,000 --> 03:35:39,100
ingredients themselves. 
It came up with ways to make 

4092
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:43,000
stable, emulsions control 
particle size and get consistent

4093
03:35:43,000 --> 03:35:44,300
color. 
That are just as good as what 

4094
03:35:44,300 --> 03:35:46,100
modern manufacturing methods can
do. 

4095
03:35:46,100 --> 03:35:49,200
They knew a lot more than just 
coal Egyptian. 

4096
03:35:49,200 --> 03:35:51,800
Makeup artists made lip colors 
that brought out the natural 

4097
03:35:51,800 --> 03:35:55,000
tones of different skin types 
and stead of hiding them as well

4098
03:35:55,000 --> 03:35:57,700
as eyeshadows, that wouldn't 
smudge even when you sweat and 

4099
03:35:57,700 --> 03:36:00,200
Rouge that stayed bright for 
hours in the desert heat. 

4100
03:36:01,000 --> 03:36:03,300
They were able to get these 
results without using any of 

4101
03:36:03,300 --> 03:36:06,700
today's preservatives 
stabilizers or color, faster, 

4102
03:36:06,700 --> 03:36:08,300
colorfast colorfast 
Technologies. 

4103
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:12,300
Ancient Chinese Cosmetics were 
just as advanced but they were 

4104
03:36:12,300 --> 03:36:15,200
based on different ideas from 
traditional Chinese medicine and

4105
03:36:15,200 --> 03:36:18,800
towers for philosophy. 
Chinese cosmetic makers thought 

4106
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:22,100
of their work as a way to heal 
people, they made products that 

4107
03:36:22,100 --> 03:36:24,700
not only made people look 
better, but also made them 

4108
03:36:24,700 --> 03:36:27,300
healthier and happier. 
Think about going to a Chinese 

4109
03:36:27,300 --> 03:36:31,600
cosmetic Workshop in the tanged 
in Asti around 750 CE. 

4110
03:36:32,600 --> 03:36:35,500
The master Craftsmen starts his 
work by meditating and doing 

4111
03:36:35,500 --> 03:36:38,900
purification rituals. 
He knows that how he feels will 

4112
03:36:38,900 --> 03:36:40,400
affect the quality of what he 
makes. 

4113
03:36:40,400 --> 03:36:43,800
He thinks that Cosmetics made 
with good intentions and Care 

4114
03:36:43,800 --> 03:36:46,300
will pass those qualities onto 
the people who use them. 

4115
03:36:46,300 --> 03:36:49,300
Modern cosmetic scientists are 
still trying to figure out how 

4116
03:36:49,300 --> 03:36:52,900
to make Chinese face powder. 
The Craftsman starts with rice 

4117
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:56,200
that has been carefully, chosen 
for its type how it grows. 

4118
03:36:56,200 --> 03:36:59,500
And when it is harvested 
different, kinds of rice, make 

4119
03:36:59,500 --> 03:37:01,000
powders with different 
qualities. 

4120
03:37:01,000 --> 03:37:04,300
Some give better coverage, 
others make the Surface smoother

4121
03:37:04,300 --> 03:37:06,500
and still others. 
Give the most natural looking 

4122
03:37:06,500 --> 03:37:08,800
Finish. 
First, the rice is washed in 

4123
03:37:08,800 --> 03:37:11,000
spring water that Temple Priests
of blessed. 

4124
03:37:11,000 --> 03:37:14,800
Then it is dried in a certain 
way that keeps the humidity in 

4125
03:37:14,800 --> 03:37:18,000
temperature just right. 
Stone Mills that have been used 

4126
03:37:18,000 --> 03:37:20,000
for Generations, are used to 
grind the grains. 

4127
03:37:20,000 --> 03:37:23,700
Their surfaces are smooth from 
all the patches of power and a 

4128
03:37:23,700 --> 03:37:26,000
flavored with the oils and 
essence of past preparations. 

4129
03:37:26,000 --> 03:37:29,200
But the real sophistication is 
in the additives that change 

4130
03:37:29,200 --> 03:37:31,100
plain rice flour into makeup 
powder. 

4131
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:34,600
The Craftsman carefully adds the
right amount of ground pearls, 

4132
03:37:34,600 --> 03:37:37,000
which give the power to the 
shine that made Chinese 

4133
03:37:37,000 --> 03:37:39,700
complexion powder famous all 
over Asia. 

4134
03:37:40,500 --> 03:37:42,800
To make the pearls into the 
finest powder possible, they 

4135
03:37:42,800 --> 03:37:45,000
must be prepared. 
Using secret methods that keep 

4136
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:46,600
their light reflecting, 
properties. 

4137
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:49,800
Other ingredients are powered 
Jade, which is thought to have 

4138
03:37:49,800 --> 03:37:52,800
healing properties ground, sea 
shells, which are thought to 

4139
03:37:52,800 --> 03:37:56,400
have minerals in them and small 
amounts of precious metals which

4140
03:37:56,400 --> 03:38:00,100
give the color a subtle effect. 
Each addition is made using 

4141
03:38:00,100 --> 03:38:02,600
complicated formulas, that take 
into account, how the 

4142
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:06,200
ingredients will work together. 
The user's desired skin, tone 

4143
03:38:06,200 --> 03:38:09,900
and even astrological factors 
that determine the best times to

4144
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:12,600
mix Cosmetics. 
Ancient Indian cosmetic 

4145
03:38:12,600 --> 03:38:15,500
preparation combined, ayurvedic 
medicine, with Advanced 

4146
03:38:15,500 --> 03:38:18,800
chemistry to make products that 
were good for both health and 

4147
03:38:18,800 --> 03:38:21,900
beauty. 
Indian cosmetic companies were 

4148
03:38:21,900 --> 03:38:24,500
some of the first to realize 
that healthy skin is the key to 

4149
03:38:24,500 --> 03:38:27,100
true beauty. 
They made products that improve 

4150
03:38:27,100 --> 03:38:29,500
the look of the skin while. 
Also treating underlying skin 

4151
03:38:29,500 --> 03:38:31,700
problems modern eye doctors 
agree. 

4152
03:38:31,700 --> 03:38:34,000
That the methods used to make 
kajal the unique. 

4153
03:38:34,000 --> 03:38:36,400
Indian eye makeup were very 
Advanced for their time. 

4154
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:39,800
Indian cosmetic companies knew 
that things used around the 

4155
03:38:39,800 --> 03:38:42,400
eyes, had to be both pretty and 
good for your health. 

4156
03:38:42,400 --> 03:38:45,500
They had to be able to make your
eyes healthy and stead of just 

4157
03:38:45,500 --> 03:38:49,000
looking good to make kajal the 
old-fashioned way you first have

4158
03:38:49,000 --> 03:38:51,300
to choose the right oils and Wix
very carefully. 

4159
03:38:51,300 --> 03:38:54,800
People chose castor oil sesame 
oil and ghee. 

4160
03:38:54,800 --> 03:38:57,700
Not only because they burn well 
before well but also because 

4161
03:38:57,700 --> 03:39:00,300
they are good for you. 
The Wicks are made from cotton 

4162
03:39:00,300 --> 03:39:03,500
that was grown without chemical 
fertilizers and processed in a 

4163
03:39:03,508 --> 03:39:05,700
way that keeps the fibers 
natural properties. 

4164
03:39:05,700 --> 03:39:08,800
The burning happens in special 
lamps that control the 

4165
03:39:08,800 --> 03:39:12,400
temperature and heavy and heavy 
and airflow to make the cleanest

4166
03:39:12,400 --> 03:39:15,200
suit possible. 
The Craftsman watches over the 

4167
03:39:15,200 --> 03:39:18,100
Flames all night. 
Making sure the Wicks are in the

4168
03:39:18,100 --> 03:39:20,500
right place and that the soot is
of good quality. 

4169
03:39:21,700 --> 03:39:24,300
Different stages of the burning 
process makes with different 

4170
03:39:24,300 --> 03:39:27,000
properties. 
Early, soot is finer and better 

4171
03:39:27,000 --> 03:39:30,000
for everyday use while later. 
So it has more dramatic color 

4172
03:39:30,000 --> 03:39:33,500
and last longer at the same time
she would criticize working 

4173
03:39:33,500 --> 03:39:36,800
women for using simple Rouge or 
darkening their lashes with soot

4174
03:39:36,800 --> 03:39:40,200
cosmetic makers in ancient 
Persia made complex, perfumes. 

4175
03:39:40,200 --> 03:39:43,700
That stayed stable for years and
could be layered to make new 

4176
03:39:43,700 --> 03:39:46,400
more complex scents. 
Their knowledge of how to 

4177
03:39:46,400 --> 03:39:50,000
extract preserve and mix 
essential oils had an impact on 

4178
03:39:50,000 --> 03:39:53,100
perfume, making all over the 
Islamic world and it eventually 

4179
03:39:53,100 --> 03:39:56,200
made its way to Europe through 
trade and Conquest, the 

4180
03:39:56,200 --> 03:39:59,300
personals made perfume by 
finding a balance between sweet 

4181
03:39:59,300 --> 03:40:02,100
and bitter lightning, heavy and 
warming and Cooling. 

4182
03:40:03,200 --> 03:40:05,800
Perfume was thought that a 
fragrance that was perfectly 

4183
03:40:05,800 --> 03:40:08,200
balanced. 
Could change the whereas mood 

4184
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:12,200
health and spiritual state. 
So making perfume was a form of 

4185
03:40:12,208 --> 03:40:15,000
therapeutic. 
Art ancient Roman Cosmetics were

4186
03:40:15,000 --> 03:40:17,600
made on a scale that wouldn't be
seen again until the modern era,

4187
03:40:17,600 --> 03:40:21,300
Roman workshops made Cosmetics 
for use all over the Empire. 

4188
03:40:21,300 --> 03:40:24,700
They came up with standard 
recipes and ways of making them 

4189
03:40:24,700 --> 03:40:26,500
that made. 
Sure the quality was the same no

4190
03:40:26,500 --> 03:40:29,400
matter where you were Roman 
cosmetic makers, were some of 

4191
03:40:29,400 --> 03:40:32,000
the first to realize how 
important it was to check the 

4192
03:40:32,000 --> 03:40:35,000
quality of their products and 
make sure that each batch was 

4193
03:40:35,000 --> 03:40:37,900
the same. 
They came up with ways to test 

4194
03:40:37,900 --> 03:40:41,000
that Rouge would keep its color 
that face powder would cover 

4195
03:40:41,000 --> 03:40:43,500
evenly and that perfumes would 
smell the same. 

4196
03:40:43,500 --> 03:40:46,500
No matter where they were made 
whether in Rome or far off 

4197
03:40:46,500 --> 03:40:49,500
provinces, the Romans had a very
Advanced way of keeping 

4198
03:40:49,500 --> 03:40:53,400
Cosmetics, fresh, they knew that
Cosmetics had to stay stable 

4199
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:56,600
during long sea trips to far 
away markets, even when the 

4200
03:40:56,600 --> 03:40:59,800
temperature and humidity changed
and the physical stresses of 

4201
03:40:59,808 --> 03:41:03,000
travel occurred, traveler 
occurred occurred. 

4202
03:41:03,000 --> 03:41:06,400
They learned how to use natural 
antimicrobials and airtight 

4203
03:41:06,400 --> 03:41:09,200
packaging to keep their products
fresh for months, or even years.

4204
03:41:09,200 --> 03:41:12,500
As you picture these old 
cosmetic workshops, you can see 

4205
03:41:12,500 --> 03:41:15,200
the beginning of an industry 
that combined Arts science and 

4206
03:41:15,200 --> 03:41:18,500
business in ways that are still 
used by modern cosmetic 

4207
03:41:18,500 --> 03:41:21,200
companies. 
These ancient formulators set 

4208
03:41:21,200 --> 03:41:24,500
the stage for figuring out how 
ingredients work together, how 

4209
03:41:24,500 --> 03:41:26,200
to get the same results every 
time. 

4210
03:41:26,200 --> 03:41:29,000
And how to make products that 
make people look better while 

4211
03:41:29,000 --> 03:41:32,400
also keeping them safe and 
healthy their methods, which 

4212
03:41:32,400 --> 03:41:35,200
have been improved over 100 of 
years of trial and error and 

4213
03:41:35,200 --> 03:41:39,100
passed down through generations 
of skilled Craftsmen are a 

4214
03:41:39,100 --> 03:41:42,000
treasure Trove of information 
that modern cosmetic science is 

4215
03:41:42,000 --> 03:41:43,400
still discovering and 
rediscovering. 

4216
03:41:45,000 --> 03:41:47,700
In a lot of cases, these old 
formulators got results. 

4217
03:41:47,700 --> 03:41:50,400
That modern companies have a 
hard time getting with modern 

4218
03:41:50,400 --> 03:41:52,300
technology and synthetic 
ingredients. 

4219
03:41:52,300 --> 03:41:55,100
Their makeup containers were 
useful because they could hold 

4220
03:41:55,100 --> 03:41:57,700
both makeup and food or other 
things when they weren't needed.

4221
03:41:57,700 --> 03:42:00,800
Imagine yourself in the private 
rooms of a rich Roman woman 

4222
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:04,500
named Olivia, Where the first 
light of dawn comes through silk

4223
03:42:04,500 --> 03:42:08,100
curtains, as her personal 
slaves, get ready for the days 

4224
03:42:08,100 --> 03:42:11,200
transformation ritual. 
The room is already buzzing with

4225
03:42:11,200 --> 03:42:14,000
quiet activity. 
This isn't just putting on 

4226
03:42:14,000 --> 03:42:15,900
makeup. 
It's a carefully planned 

4227
03:42:15,900 --> 03:42:18,800
ceremony that will take several 
hours and involve a lot of 

4228
03:42:18,808 --> 03:42:22,000
people, each of whom is an 
expert in a different part of 

4229
03:42:22,000 --> 03:42:23,800
the process of making someone 
look better. 

4230
03:42:23,800 --> 03:42:27,400
So fire a Greek woman who has 
chosen for her artistic skills 

4231
03:42:27,400 --> 03:42:31,800
is Olivia's main Cosmetics. 
Slave She starts by looking at 

4232
03:42:31,800 --> 03:42:34,500
her mistress's skin in the 
Morning Light people. 

4233
03:42:34,500 --> 03:42:37,500
In ancient Rome knew that make 
up had to be put on in a way 

4234
03:42:37,500 --> 03:42:41,100
that worked with each person's 
unique features, skin tone, and 

4235
03:42:41,100 --> 03:42:45,200
the needs of the day. 
So fire runs her experience 

4236
03:42:45,200 --> 03:42:48,700
fingers gently over Olivia's 
face, looking for changes in the

4237
03:42:48,700 --> 03:42:51,500
texture of her skin new 
blemishes that need to be 

4238
03:42:51,500 --> 03:42:53,800
covered or areas that need extra
care. 

4239
03:42:53,800 --> 03:42:56,400
The first step in getting ready 
is to wash. 

4240
03:42:57,200 --> 03:42:59,500
But not with a quick splash of 
water like people do. 

4241
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:02,600
Now a warm mixture of milk, 
honey. 

4242
03:43:02,600 --> 03:43:05,600
And ground almonds is used to 
gently clean Livia's face. 

4243
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:09,400
The milk has mild acids that get
rid of dead skin cells. 

4244
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:12,800
The honey is a natural 
antiseptic and moisturizer and 

4245
03:43:12,800 --> 03:43:15,100
the almonds gently rub the skin 
to make it smoother. 

4246
03:43:15,100 --> 03:43:19,300
So, fair uses her hands to apply
this mixture in circles, which 

4247
03:43:19,300 --> 03:43:21,500
she has learned how to do 
perfectly over the years. 

4248
03:43:21,500 --> 03:43:24,700
The massage part of the 
cleansing is almost as important

4249
03:43:24,700 --> 03:43:28,000
as the cleansing itself. 
The gentle pressure gets blood 

4250
03:43:28,000 --> 03:43:31,200
flowing to the skin, giving it a
Natural Glow, that will be the 

4251
03:43:31,200 --> 03:43:34,200
base for the days makeup after 
cleaning, it's time to put on 

4252
03:43:34,200 --> 03:43:37,100
the base and this is where 
ancient Roman techniques show 

4253
03:43:37,100 --> 03:43:40,500
how advanced they were. 
The white LED mixture that will 

4254
03:43:40,500 --> 03:43:43,300
give Olivia a trendy. 
Pale complexion isn't just 

4255
03:43:43,300 --> 03:43:46,800
painted on her skin. 
It's built up in thin almost 

4256
03:43:46,800 --> 03:43:50,400
clear layers, that give her skin
depth and shine while still 

4257
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:52,800
looking natural. 
So, fire starts with the 

4258
03:43:52,800 --> 03:43:56,400
lightest possible application, 
using a wet sea sponge to apply 

4259
03:43:56,400 --> 03:43:58,600
the mixture in soft overlapping 
Strokes. 

4260
03:43:59,400 --> 03:44:01,700
She starts in the middle of the 
face and works her way out. 

4261
03:44:01,700 --> 03:44:05,200
Making sure to blend each part 
before moving on to the next. 

4262
03:44:06,100 --> 03:44:07,600
The process needs perfect 
timing. 

4263
03:44:07,600 --> 03:44:10,600
Each layer needs to set for a 
little while before the next one

4264
03:44:10,600 --> 03:44:12,600
goes on. 
But not so long that it becomes 

4265
03:44:12,600 --> 03:44:15,000
hard to blend. 
It takes a lot of skill to do 

4266
03:44:15,008 --> 03:44:17,700
this. 
So fire has to decide how opaque

4267
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:21,000
each layer is how the mixture 
will look on Livia's skin tone 

4268
03:44:21,000 --> 03:44:24,100
and how the final result will 
look in different types of light

4269
03:44:24,100 --> 03:44:26,700
during the day. 
If you put on too much makeup it

4270
03:44:26,700 --> 03:44:28,100
will look like a mask and not 
real. 

4271
03:44:28,100 --> 03:44:31,100
If you don't use enough, it 
won't look like the porcelain 

4272
03:44:31,100 --> 03:44:34,100
that Roman fashion calls for 
well the base is being built 

4273
03:44:34,100 --> 03:44:36,100
another slave. 
Gets the Rouge ready to put 

4274
03:44:36,100 --> 03:44:38,900
color back into Libya's cheeks 
which have become pale. 

4275
03:44:38,900 --> 03:44:41,600
It's not as easy as just opening
a container. 

4276
03:44:41,600 --> 03:44:45,000
And putting on color, the Rouge 
needs to be mixed fresh every 

4277
03:44:45,000 --> 03:44:47,400
day to get the best color and 
consistently. 

4278
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:51,600
The slave users oils and waxes 
to grind, Cinnabar, on a small 

4279
03:44:51,600 --> 03:44:53,600
palette. 
Adding tiny amounts of other 

4280
03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:56,500
colors to make the exact color 
that Livia skin needs for the 

4281
03:44:56,508 --> 03:44:59,200
days activities. 
Putting on Rouge requires a 

4282
03:44:59,208 --> 03:45:02,800
different set of skills. 
So, fire uses a brush made a 

4283
03:45:02,800 --> 03:45:06,000
fine animal hair to apply the 
color in exact patterns that 

4284
03:45:06,000 --> 03:45:08,100
make Olivia's natural bones 
structure, look better. 

4285
03:45:09,000 --> 03:45:11,600
Ancient Roman makeup artists 
knew how to use color and 

4286
03:45:11,600 --> 03:45:13,800
shading to make it look like you
had higher cheekbones. 

4287
03:45:13,800 --> 03:45:17,200
A more refined nose and a more 
perfect oval face shape. 

4288
03:45:17,200 --> 03:45:20,600
These are technique that modern 
makeup artist would recognize 

4289
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:23,100
putting on eye. 
Makeup is probably the hardest 

4290
03:45:23,100 --> 03:45:26,300
part of the whole ritual. 
Roman women like to dramatic eye

4291
03:45:26,300 --> 03:45:28,800
effects that needed a lot of 
different products and very 

4292
03:45:28,800 --> 03:45:32,200
careful application. 
Sapphire starts by darkening. 

4293
03:45:32,200 --> 03:45:35,900
Livia's lashes, with a mix of 
oils and soot using a small 

4294
03:45:35,900 --> 03:45:39,200
brush to cover each Lash. 
The method is similar to how 

4295
03:45:39,200 --> 03:45:42,300
people put on mascara today. 
But it takes a lot more skill 

4296
03:45:42,300 --> 03:45:45,400
because the product doesn't have
the synthetic polymers, that 

4297
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:49,300
make modern mascara easier to 
put on next, the eyeshadow is 

4298
03:45:49,300 --> 03:45:51,500
put on in layers to give it 
depth and dimension. 

4299
03:45:52,300 --> 03:45:54,900
Sophia Sophia, Sophia uses 
different colors on different 

4300
03:45:54,900 --> 03:45:58,500
parts of the eyelid. 
For example, she uses a lighter 

4301
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:00,600
shade near the inner corner, to 
make the eyes look bigger and 

4302
03:46:00,600 --> 03:46:04,400
brighter, a medium shade across 
the main lid area and a darker 

4303
03:46:04,400 --> 03:46:06,800
shade in the crease to make the 
eyes look deeper set. 

4304
03:46:06,800 --> 03:46:10,000
The last step in putting on eye 
makeup is to put coal around the

4305
03:46:10,000 --> 03:46:12,800
eye itself. 
You need the steadiest hand and 

4306
03:46:12,800 --> 03:46:15,600
the most accurate technique for 
this because any mistakes will 

4307
03:46:15,600 --> 03:46:18,200
be obvious right away and hard 
to fix. 

4308
03:46:19,500 --> 03:46:23,200
So fire uses a thin bronze Rod 
to apply the coal in smooth. 

4309
03:46:23,200 --> 03:46:26,800
Even lines, that follow the 
natural shape of Libya's eyes 

4310
03:46:26,800 --> 03:46:29,500
and go a little past. 
The outer Corners, to make the 

4311
03:46:29,500 --> 03:46:32,800
dramatic look that Roman 
fashioned likes Olivia stays 

4312
03:46:32,800 --> 03:46:35,500
almost still the whole time, 
which is something that rich 

4313
03:46:35,500 --> 03:46:38,800
Roman women learned as kids. 
People thought that being able 

4314
03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:42,100
to sit still for hours while 
makeup was put on was a sign of 

4315
03:46:42,100 --> 03:46:45,900
refinement and self-control. 
But this isn't just free time. 

4316
03:46:45,900 --> 03:46:50,100
Livia uses these hours to think,
plan her day and sometimes even 

4317
03:46:50,100 --> 03:46:52,200
dictate letters describes while 
she changes. 

4318
03:46:52,200 --> 03:46:55,200
The last part of putting on 
makeup is painting the lips with

4319
03:46:55,200 --> 03:46:58,000
a red pigment made from crushed 
insects and plant dies. 

4320
03:46:58,000 --> 03:47:01,500
Sophia uses a small brush to 
make the perfect shape for her 

4321
03:47:01,500 --> 03:47:04,000
lips. 
She often paints outside or 

4322
03:47:04,000 --> 03:47:06,800
inside the natural lip line to 
get the proportions that Roman 

4323
03:47:06,800 --> 03:47:10,000
beauty standards call for. 
But the ritual doesn't end when 

4324
03:47:10,000 --> 03:47:13,100
the makeup is done. 
People put the finishing touches

4325
03:47:13,100 --> 03:47:15,500
on Libya's hair with scented 
oils while they painted her 

4326
03:47:15,500 --> 03:47:17,900
face. 
She has carefully arranged her 

4327
03:47:17,900 --> 03:47:20,900
clothes to go with her finished.
Look, she even picks out her 

4328
03:47:20,900 --> 03:47:23,200
jewelry to go with the colors 
and style of her makeup. 

4329
03:47:23,200 --> 03:47:26,800
Now, imagine yourself in ancient
Japan where the ritual for 

4330
03:47:26,800 --> 03:47:29,700
putting on makeup is even more 
complicated and full of meaning.

4331
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:34,900
The four midnight and until dawn
Court, ladies private quarters 

4332
03:47:34,900 --> 03:47:37,200
are transformed in one of 
History, his most, elaborate 

4333
03:47:37,200 --> 03:47:40,700
Beauty, rituals the Japanese way
of putting on makeup was based 

4334
03:47:40,700 --> 03:47:44,000
on the idea of layers, not just 
layers of makeup but also layers

4335
03:47:44,000 --> 03:47:46,300
of meaning symbolism and 
artistic expression. 

4336
03:47:47,400 --> 03:47:50,000
Part of the look was carefully 
chosen to go with the clothes 

4337
03:47:50,000 --> 03:47:53,900
accessories, perfume, and even 
the weather, and season of the 

4338
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:57,100
day, the attendance of the Court
lady start the process by 

4339
03:47:57,100 --> 03:47:59,800
cleaning and conditioning her 
skin with a series of treatments

4340
03:47:59,800 --> 03:48:01,800
that takes several hours to 
finish. 

4341
03:48:02,700 --> 03:48:05,700
They gently scrub her skin with 
rice bran mixed with different 

4342
03:48:05,700 --> 03:48:08,400
flour Waters. 
And then they put chameleon oil 

4343
03:48:08,400 --> 03:48:10,300
on her skin to keep it moist and
safe. 

4344
03:48:10,300 --> 03:48:13,500
It takes years of practice to 
master the art of putting on the

4345
03:48:13,508 --> 03:48:16,500
white face powder. 
That is a big part of hay and 

4346
03:48:16,500 --> 03:48:18,400
makeup. 
You should be able to see no 

4347
03:48:18,400 --> 03:48:20,800
brush marks or uneven areas when
you apply the powder. 

4348
03:48:21,700 --> 03:48:23,500
The coverage must be full and 
opaque. 

4349
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:26,200
Changing the woman's natural 
color into a surface. 

4350
03:48:26,200 --> 03:48:29,100
That looks like porcelain and 
serves as a canvas for the 

4351
03:48:29,100 --> 03:48:31,800
artistic elements that will 
follow to paint the fake 

4352
03:48:31,800 --> 03:48:34,000
eyebrows which are small ovals 
on the forehead. 

4353
03:48:34,000 --> 03:48:36,100
You need the skill of a master 
calligrapher. 

4354
03:48:37,000 --> 03:48:39,600
Paint must be applied with 
smooth confidence Strokes that 

4355
03:48:39,600 --> 03:48:41,300
show. 
No hesitation or correction 

4356
03:48:41,300 --> 03:48:43,800
each. 
Eyebrow must be the same size 

4357
03:48:43,800 --> 03:48:47,200
shape and position. 
The tiny red lips painted in the

4358
03:48:47,200 --> 03:48:49,500
middle of the mouth. 
The most unique part of hay, and

4359
03:48:49,500 --> 03:48:51,500
makeup. 
And maybe the hardest to do. 

4360
03:48:51,500 --> 03:48:56,000
The shape must be perfectly 
symmetrical and fit perfectly in

4361
03:48:56,000 --> 03:48:59,100
the middle of the mouth, the 
color has to be even and bright,

4362
03:48:59,100 --> 03:49:02,200
and it has to be made with 
precious red pigments that are 

4363
03:49:02,200 --> 03:49:04,700
mixed fresh for each use, 
applying makeup in. 

4364
03:49:04,700 --> 03:49:08,100
Ancient Chinese courts was just 
as complicated, but it was based

4365
03:49:08,100 --> 03:49:10,200
on Confucian ideas of Harmony 
and balance. 

4366
03:49:11,500 --> 03:49:14,200
The process started with 
meditation and purification 

4367
03:49:14,200 --> 03:49:16,200
rituals that got both the person
applying. 

4368
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:18,700
And the person receiving ready 
for the change. 

4369
03:49:18,700 --> 03:49:21,300
That was about to happen. 
Chinese makeup application 

4370
03:49:21,300 --> 03:49:24,300
focused on enhancing natural 
beauty rather than changing it. 

4371
03:49:24,300 --> 03:49:28,000
The goal was to make the look 
seem almost natural but it 

4372
03:49:28,000 --> 03:49:30,400
actually took hours of skilled 
work to get there. 

4373
03:49:31,100 --> 03:49:34,000
This Paradox, making something 
look natural with. 

4374
03:49:34,000 --> 03:49:36,800
Artificial means took a lot of 
skill and knowledge of how 

4375
03:49:36,800 --> 03:49:38,600
different colors and techniques 
would work. 

4376
03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:40,800
With each person's features in 
Ancient. 

4377
03:49:40,800 --> 03:49:43,700
India putting on makeup was 
often a group activity that made

4378
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:46,400
people feel close to each other 
and made things look better. 

4379
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:49,400
Women would get together to help
each other get ready for 

4380
03:49:49,400 --> 03:49:51,500
festivals weddings and other 
special events. 

4381
03:49:52,300 --> 03:49:54,700
They would share tips stories 
and knowledge while making 

4382
03:49:54,700 --> 03:49:56,700
elaborate henna and makeup 
designs. 

4383
03:49:56,700 --> 03:49:59,800
When people use traditional 
Indian makeup, they put it on 

4384
03:49:59,800 --> 03:50:01,600
their whole body, not just their
face. 

4385
03:50:02,400 --> 03:50:05,700
Henna designs on hands and feet 
could take a long time to finish

4386
03:50:05,700 --> 03:50:08,100
and needed. 
The Steady Hand of a skilled 

4387
03:50:08,100 --> 03:50:11,000
artist. 
The complicated geometric and 

4388
03:50:11,000 --> 03:50:12,800
floral patterns weren't just for
show. 

4389
03:50:12,800 --> 03:50:16,700
They told stories about the 
person's family hopes and 

4390
03:50:16,700 --> 03:50:20,300
important events in their life, 
aromatherapy was offered a part 

4391
03:50:20,300 --> 03:50:21,700
of ancient Middle Eastern 
makeup. 

4392
03:50:21,700 --> 03:50:25,500
Rituals for example, certain 
perfumes, and incense as were 

4393
03:50:25,500 --> 03:50:28,400
burned while putting on makeup 
to improve mood and create the 

4394
03:50:28,400 --> 03:50:31,700
desired mental state. 
People thought that the smells 

4395
03:50:31,700 --> 03:50:34,200
could change not only how the 
person looked but also their 

4396
03:50:34,200 --> 03:50:37,100
personality and Aura as you 
picture these complicated 

4397
03:50:37,100 --> 03:50:38,100
application. 
Rituals. 

4398
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:41,000
You see that, people know that 
real beauty is more than just 

4399
03:50:41,000 --> 03:50:44,100
putting on the face. 
These old ways of doing things 

4400
03:50:44,100 --> 03:50:47,400
knew that the process of change 
was just as important as the end

4401
03:50:47,400 --> 03:50:49,700
result. 
The time spent getting ready, 

4402
03:50:49,700 --> 03:50:53,100
the skill of The Artisans who 
worked on it and the purpose 

4403
03:50:53,100 --> 03:50:55,400
behind the change. 
All played a role in the final 

4404
03:50:55,400 --> 03:50:57,600
effect. 
These rituals made places for 

4405
03:50:57,600 --> 03:51:01,500
meditation socializing art and 
personal growth that are 

4406
03:51:01,500 --> 03:51:04,200
fast-paced modern world often, 
misses when it comes to Beauty, 

4407
03:51:05,500 --> 03:51:08,400
These old ways of doing things 
remind us that beauty isn't just

4408
03:51:08,400 --> 03:51:11,200
about how we look. 
It's also about taking the time 

4409
03:51:11,200 --> 03:51:14,300
to honor ourselves and our place
in the larger human Community 

4410
03:51:14,300 --> 03:51:16,200
picture. 
One last seen before you go to 

4411
03:51:16,200 --> 03:51:18,900
sleep, you're looking into a 
mirror that can show you. 

4412
03:51:18,908 --> 03:51:22,300
Not only your own reflection, 
but also the voices of everyone 

4413
03:51:22,300 --> 03:51:24,700
who has ever looked into a 
mirror to get ready for the day.

4414
03:51:24,700 --> 03:51:27,600
You can see the cave painter. 
Looking at their okra painted 

4415
03:51:27,600 --> 03:51:30,100
cheeks and a pool of Stillwater.
On that silver surface. 

4416
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:33,600
You can see the Egyptian 
Priestess looking at her coal 

4417
03:51:33,600 --> 03:51:37,200
lined eyes in shiny bronze. 
The Chinese Court lady is, 

4418
03:51:37,200 --> 03:51:40,800
perfecting her porcelain skin. 
The Roman matron is fixing a 

4419
03:51:40,800 --> 03:51:43,800
Rouge and the Indian bride is 
admiring, her henna decorated 

4420
03:51:43,800 --> 03:51:45,900
hands. 
All of these people who lived 

4421
03:51:45,900 --> 03:51:49,100
thousands of years apart and in 
very different places, share the

4422
03:51:49,100 --> 03:51:53,500
same basic human desire to show 
the world their best self to 

4423
03:51:53,500 --> 03:51:57,100
take part in their cultures idea
of beauty and to enjoy the small

4424
03:51:57,100 --> 03:52:00,400
daily Miracle of change that 
make up brings your own 

4425
03:52:00,400 --> 03:52:02,200
reflection. 
Is part of this never-ending 

4426
03:52:02,200 --> 03:52:05,100
parade, which connects you to 
everyone who has ever mixed 

4427
03:52:05,100 --> 03:52:07,200
pigment. 
With oil ground minerals into 

4428
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:10,000
powder or carefully applied 
color to make their natural 

4429
03:52:10,000 --> 03:52:13,700
features look better. 
You carry on their wisdom, their

4430
03:52:13,700 --> 03:52:16,700
new ideas, and their belief that
beauty is one of the most 

4431
03:52:16,700 --> 03:52:19,100
lasting and important ways that 
people Express themselves. 

4432
03:52:19,100 --> 03:52:23,100
Modern eyeliner is made from 
ancient Egyptian coal that you 

4433
03:52:23,100 --> 03:52:24,900
can still find in your bathroom 
cabinet. 

4434
03:52:25,600 --> 03:52:27,800
Roman Rouge is still used in 
modern blush. 

4435
03:52:27,800 --> 03:52:31,000
Modern Foundation is based on 
Chinese face powder. 

4436
03:52:31,000 --> 03:52:34,100
Today's temporary tattoo artist 
on Indian henna. 

4437
03:52:34,900 --> 03:52:37,400
The tools and ingredients may be
different but the basic Art 

4438
03:52:37,400 --> 03:52:39,700
stays the same. 
When you look in the mirror 

4439
03:52:39,700 --> 03:52:42,300
tomorrow morning and start your 
own Beauty routine, you'll be 

4440
03:52:42,300 --> 03:52:45,100
taking part in one of the oldest
traditions in human history. 

4441
03:52:45,100 --> 03:52:48,600
You will be adding your own 
chapter to a story that began in

4442
03:52:48,600 --> 03:52:52,200
caves long ago and will go on as
long as people care about beauty

4443
03:52:52,200 --> 03:52:54,600
identity and the Magical change 
that happens. 

4444
03:52:54,600 --> 03:52:57,800
When color meets skin your part 
of this old beautiful 

4445
03:52:57,800 --> 03:53:01,900
never-ending story so sleep. 
Well, Think about Egyptian 

4446
03:53:01,900 --> 03:53:06,300
palettes and Chinese brushes, 
Roman Rouge and Indian henna and

4447
03:53:06,300 --> 03:53:09,300
all the people who have used 
makeup tools and all the faces 

4448
03:53:09,300 --> 03:53:12,400
that have been changed by the 
soft magic of light and pigment.

4449
03:53:12,400 --> 03:53:16,200
The history of makeup goes back 
thousands of years and every 

4450
03:53:16,200 --> 03:53:18,900
time you put it on choose a 
color or change, your look, you 

4451
03:53:18,900 --> 03:53:22,300
are continuing that history. 
You are the newest artist in the

4452
03:53:22,300 --> 03:53:23,900
longest-running art form in 
history. 

4453
03:53:24,700 --> 03:53:26,900
Tomorrow, you'll paint your 
Masterpiece again. 

4454
03:53:26,900 --> 03:53:29,200
Have a good night's sleep. 
Lovely Dreamer. 

4455
03:53:29,700 --> 03:53:32,600
May your rest be as peaceful as 
the satisfaction of ancient 

4456
03:53:32,600 --> 03:53:36,000
cosmetic makers who are after 
hours of careful work. 

4457
03:53:36,000 --> 03:53:39,200
Finally set down their brushes 
and admired their finished work 

4458
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:42,500
in the soft glow of oil lamps 
and candles knowing they had 

4459
03:53:42,500 --> 03:53:44,800
helped someone become the best 
version of themselves. 

4460
03:53:44,800 --> 03:53:47,600
As you think about these 
historical differences between 

4461
03:53:47,600 --> 03:53:50,700
Elite and every day Beauty 
practices, you see more than 

4462
03:53:50,700 --> 03:53:53,100
just differences in how people 
use Cosmetics. 

4463
03:53:53,100 --> 03:53:56,000
You see how human creativity 
adapts to new situations. 

4464
03:53:56,000 --> 03:54:00,300
How necessity leads to new ideas
and how the basic desire for 

4465
03:54:00,300 --> 03:54:03,000
beauty crosses? 
Social boundaries, even when the

4466
03:54:03,008 --> 03:54:04,500
ways to get, it are very 
different. 

4467
03:54:04,500 --> 03:54:07,000
As you can continue your 
peaceful journey through the 

4468
03:54:07,000 --> 03:54:09,100
night. 
Let your mind wander to one of 

4469
03:54:09,100 --> 03:54:11,700
the most interesting parts of 
cosmetic history. 

4470
03:54:11,700 --> 03:54:16,600
The secret meaning, spiritual 
significance and hidden messages

4471
03:54:16,600 --> 03:54:18,700
that make up his carried 
throughout human history. 

4472
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:22,200
Cosmetics have been more than 
just decoration, they have been 

4473
03:54:22,200 --> 03:54:25,000
a complex language that could 
say anything from religious 

4474
03:54:25,000 --> 03:54:28,200
Devotion, to political 
allegiance from being married to

4475
03:54:28,200 --> 03:54:31,300
being protected by Magic. 
picture yourself as a skilled 

4476
03:54:31,300 --> 03:54:33,500
Anthropologist who can read 
these pictures as you walk 

4477
03:54:33,500 --> 03:54:39,000
through a busy Market in ancient
Babylon around 600 BCE Faces 

4478
03:54:39,000 --> 03:54:41,000
around, you tell stories that go
far beyond. 

4479
03:54:41,000 --> 03:54:43,800
Just making you look better, 
people who know what they're 

4480
03:54:43,800 --> 03:54:45,600
looking at, can read the meaning
of each painted. 

4481
03:54:45,600 --> 03:54:49,100
I Rouge cheek and carefully, 
applied lip color, like, pages 

4482
03:54:49,100 --> 03:54:52,300
from an illuminated manuscript. 
The woman with the blue green 

4483
03:54:52,300 --> 03:54:55,900
eyeshadow isn't just following 
fashion She's showing her love 

4484
03:54:55,900 --> 03:54:58,100
for Ishtar, the goddess of love 
and fertility. 

4485
03:54:58,100 --> 03:55:01,800
The exact shade of blue, which 
is made by mixing ground, lapis,

4486
03:55:01,800 --> 03:55:04,300
lazuli with the right amount of 
malachite shows. 

4487
03:55:04,300 --> 03:55:07,100
Not only her religion, but also,
her hope for a successful 

4488
03:55:07,100 --> 03:55:09,400
pregnancy. 
The way she applied the color, 

4489
03:55:09,400 --> 03:55:12,300
like wings that go a little past
the outer corners of her eyes 

4490
03:55:12,300 --> 03:55:15,500
shows that she recently made a 
big offering at is Temple. 

4491
03:55:15,500 --> 03:55:19,100
The old man has coal, rimmed 
eyes and a well-groomed beard 

4492
03:55:19,100 --> 03:55:22,300
that has been died with henna. 
He is advertising, his job, as a

4493
03:55:22,300 --> 03:55:24,400
scribe, and his status as a 
learned, man. 

4494
03:55:25,100 --> 03:55:27,700
The way he does, his eye makeup 
with thin lines that go up to 

4495
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:31,100
his temples shows that he knows 
how to read and write in sacred 

4496
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:33,800
writing systems. 
He specializes in religious 

4497
03:55:33,800 --> 03:55:36,900
texts, rather than business 
letters, as shown by the reddish

4498
03:55:36,900 --> 03:55:39,400
tint in his beard, which he got 
by carefully. 

4499
03:55:39,400 --> 03:55:41,400
Applying henna mixed with 
certain oils. 

4500
03:55:42,300 --> 03:55:45,500
Even the kids in the market, 
have messages about beauty, the 

4501
03:55:45,500 --> 03:55:48,000
little girl with red Oaker spots
on her cheeks isn't wearing 

4502
03:55:48,000 --> 03:55:51,400
makeup to look pretty those 
spots show that she comes from a

4503
03:55:51,400 --> 03:55:54,900
family of metal workers, which 
is a hereditary profession shown

4504
03:55:54,900 --> 03:55:58,000
by this specific. 
Facial marking his mother, put a

4505
03:55:58,000 --> 03:56:00,800
line of coal around his eyes to 
protect him from the evil eye. 

4506
03:56:00,800 --> 03:56:02,600
As part of her daily prayers for
his safety. 

4507
03:56:02,600 --> 03:56:06,100
This complicated system of 
cosmetic communication was used 

4508
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:09,200
by almost all ancient cultures, 
but the meanings of the 

4509
03:56:09,200 --> 03:56:11,700
Cosmetics were very different 
from one culture to another. 

4510
03:56:11,700 --> 03:56:14,700
The one thing that stayed the 
same was that people could use 

4511
03:56:14,700 --> 03:56:18,500
their faces as a canvas to share
complicated information about 

4512
03:56:18,500 --> 03:56:22,500
who they are, what, they believe
their status and their plans. 

4513
03:56:22,500 --> 03:56:26,100
In ancient Egypt, Cosmetics had 
a lot to do with religious ideas

4514
03:56:26,100 --> 03:56:28,100
about the afterlife and the 
journey of the Soul. 

4515
03:56:28,900 --> 03:56:31,900
The unique eye makeup that both 
men and women wore wasn't just 

4516
03:56:31,900 --> 03:56:35,000
for looks, it was all a way to 
protect their Spirits. 

4517
03:56:35,000 --> 03:56:38,200
The black holes, stood for the 
rich soil of the Nile Delta 

4518
03:56:38,200 --> 03:56:40,700
which stood for new life and 
rebirth. 

4519
03:56:41,600 --> 03:56:43,900
The green eyeshadow made from 
malachite links. 

4520
03:56:43,900 --> 03:56:47,100
The person who wore it to the 
god, Horus, and the promise of 

4521
03:56:47,100 --> 03:56:50,000
being reborn. 
Imagine an Egyptian Priestess 

4522
03:56:50,000 --> 03:56:52,100
getting ready for a religious 
ceremony at the Temple of 

4523
03:56:52,100 --> 03:56:54,900
hathor. 
Her makeup routine is as planned

4524
03:56:54,900 --> 03:56:58,600
out as the ritual itself. 
Starts by putting down a base of

4525
03:56:58,608 --> 03:57:01,900
white chalk mixed with nature. 
This makes a clean canvas that 

4526
03:57:01,900 --> 03:57:05,100
stands for Spiritual cleansing, 
she then carefully Paints the 

4527
03:57:05,100 --> 03:57:08,300
religious symbols that represent
her role such as golden 

4528
03:57:08,300 --> 03:57:10,400
highlights. 
That stand for the Sun, God Ra 

4529
03:57:10,400 --> 03:57:13,700
blue accents that connector to 
the night sky and the goddess 

4530
03:57:13,700 --> 03:57:17,900
nut and red elements that stand 
for life force and divine power.

4531
03:57:17,900 --> 03:57:21,400
Every stroke of the brush has 
meaning the way she draws her 

4532
03:57:21,400 --> 03:57:24,400
eye makeup in wing-like shapes 
is like the protective wings of 

4533
03:57:24,400 --> 03:57:27,800
the Goddess, Isis, the exact 
geometric shapes, she makes on 

4534
03:57:27,800 --> 03:57:30,000
her forehead and cheeks, and not
just for decoration. 

4535
03:57:30,000 --> 03:57:33,200
They are sacred symbols, that 
show her rank in the temple 

4536
03:57:33,200 --> 03:57:35,900
hierarchy, and her specific 
ritual duties. 

4537
03:57:36,900 --> 03:57:38,800
Perfume. 
She wears a just as important, 

4538
03:57:38,800 --> 03:57:42,100
the frankincense oil, she puts 
on her wrist, connects her to 

4539
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:45,100
Divine communication because 
it's smoked carries prayers to 

4540
03:57:45,100 --> 03:57:48,100
the Gods. 
The mercy puts on her throat is 

4541
03:57:48,100 --> 03:57:51,100
a sign of protection against 
evil and the preservation of 

4542
03:57:51,100 --> 03:57:53,900
holy speech. 
The Jasmine oil, she uses in her

4543
03:57:53,900 --> 03:57:57,400
hair stands for feminine divine 
power, and the drawing in of 

4544
03:57:57,400 --> 03:58:01,700
good spiritual forces in Ancient
India, the language of Cosmetics

4545
03:58:01,700 --> 03:58:03,700
was just as complicated and 
important. 

4546
03:58:03,700 --> 03:58:07,700
The tiller, which are colored 
marks on the forehead were a 

4547
03:58:07,700 --> 03:58:11,100
complex way to identify someone.
A knowledgeable person, could 

4548
03:58:11,100 --> 03:58:14,000
tell their religious sect where 
they came from, their social 

4549
03:58:14,000 --> 03:58:16,600
caste, and even their current 
spiritual State. 

4550
03:58:16,600 --> 03:58:19,600
Picture meeting a merchant from 
Southern India in a market in 

4551
03:58:19,600 --> 03:58:22,000
the North. 
The red and white vertical lines

4552
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:25,100
on his forehead show that he is 
a follower of Vishnu and the 

4553
03:58:25,100 --> 03:58:28,900
specific pattern shows that he 
is from a certain area and is a 

4554
03:58:28,900 --> 03:58:31,000
merchant. 
The small dot of Sandalwood 

4555
03:58:31,000 --> 03:58:33,300
paste on. 
His forehead means that he is 

4556
03:58:33,300 --> 03:58:35,500
going through a period of 
ritual, purification. 

4557
03:58:35,500 --> 03:58:38,700
Probably to get ready for an 
important business deal or 

4558
03:58:38,700 --> 03:58:41,200
religious Festival. 
The women in his family would 

4559
03:58:41,200 --> 03:58:44,500
send even more complicated 
Beauty messages when a married 

4560
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:46,600
woman puts red syndr powder in 
her hair. 

4561
03:58:46,600 --> 03:58:50,100
It tells everyone she meets that
she is married the color and 

4562
03:58:50,100 --> 03:58:51,900
width of the application may 
also show. 

4563
03:58:51,900 --> 03:58:54,700
If she is newly married has kids
or is pregnant. 

4564
03:58:55,800 --> 03:58:58,400
The Heather on her hands could 
tell the story of her wedding, 

4565
03:58:58,400 --> 03:59:01,200
her family, history, and her 
hopes for the future. 

4566
03:59:01,200 --> 03:59:04,700
In ancient China, the use of 
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 

4567
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:08,000
Taoist philosophy and the idea 
of balance between a posing 

4568
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:10,500
forces. 
The pale white face powder, 

4569
03:59:10,500 --> 03:59:14,000
stood for Yin which is the 
feminine accepting and peaceful 

4570
03:59:14,000 --> 03:59:17,600
principal, the red lip and cheek
color stood for Yang, which is 

4571
03:59:17,600 --> 03:59:19,900
the masculine active and dynamic
principle. 

4572
03:59:19,900 --> 03:59:22,000
People thought that achieving 
perfect. 

4573
03:59:22,000 --> 03:59:25,400
Cosmetic balance meant bringing 
these forces into harmony, which

4574
03:59:25,400 --> 03:59:28,500
would improve, not only Beauty, 
but also spiritual and physical 

4575
03:59:28,500 --> 03:59:30,400
health. 
Some of the makeup used in 

4576
03:59:30,400 --> 03:59:33,000
Chinese courts during the tang 
in Estee was meant to make 

4577
03:59:33,000 --> 03:59:36,500
political statements The way 
someone paints their eyebrows 

4578
03:59:36,500 --> 03:59:39,300
could show, which court 
factions, they are loyal to the 

4579
03:59:39,300 --> 03:59:41,800
placement and color of 
decorative elements on the face 

4580
03:59:41,800 --> 03:59:44,500
May indicate support for 
particular policies or political

4581
03:59:44,500 --> 03:59:46,700
ideologies. 
The choice of perfume. 

4582
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:49,600
Could even be political since 
different sense, were linked to 

4583
03:59:49,600 --> 03:59:51,800
different parts of the Empire 
and their cultural values 

4584
03:59:51,800 --> 03:59:54,900
European medieval Cosmetics. 
Had their own complicated 

4585
03:59:54,900 --> 03:59:57,600
symbolic meanings. 
But these were often hidden by 

4586
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:00,900
religious rules about how to use
them when the church told women 

4587
04:00:00,900 --> 04:00:02,700
not to wear makeup because it 
was vain. 

4588
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:05,600
They came up with subtle 
cosmetic codes that let them 

4589
04:00:05,600 --> 04:00:08,400
share important information 
while still looking like they 

4590
04:00:08,400 --> 04:00:11,700
were naturally, beautiful a pale
complexion, which could be 

4591
04:00:11,700 --> 04:00:14,500
achieved by using white powders 
carefully, and staying out of 

4592
04:00:14,500 --> 04:00:18,208
the sun showed that someone was 
of noble birth and had a lot of 

4593
04:00:18,216 --> 04:00:21,800
free time, slightly Rosy Cheeks,
which could be made by pinching 

4594
04:00:21,800 --> 04:00:24,800
or lightly applying Rouge made 
people look young and healthy 

4595
04:00:24,800 --> 04:00:28,300
people who are rich could afford
to eat well and keep their teeth

4596
04:00:28,300 --> 04:00:30,400
clean. 
Which showed good nutrition, and

4597
04:00:30,400 --> 04:00:32,900
careful. 
Hygiene, but medieval Cosmetics 

4598
04:00:32,900 --> 04:00:34,500
also sent more specific 
messages. 

4599
04:00:35,300 --> 04:00:38,000
Some perfumes, could mean that a
person is ready to get married 

4600
04:00:38,000 --> 04:00:41,000
or is already in a relationship.
The way, the hair is styled 

4601
04:00:41,000 --> 04:00:44,500
often with oils and subtle 
coloring could show where the 

4602
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:47,500
person is from, or who their 
family is the cleanliness and 

4603
04:00:47,500 --> 04:00:50,500
care of fingernails. 
Even had social meaning showing 

4604
04:00:50,500 --> 04:00:53,100
whether someone worked with 
their hands or lived, a life of 

4605
04:00:53,100 --> 04:00:56,100
leisure as Court culture, 
created complex systems of 

4606
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:58,100
visual communication during the 
Renaissance. 

4607
04:00:58,100 --> 04:01:01,600
The meaning of Cosmetics became 
more complex, the famous 

4608
04:01:01,600 --> 04:01:04,300
white-led makeup that rich women
wore didn't just show that they 

4609
04:01:04,308 --> 04:01:06,800
were fashionable. 
It also showed that they could 

4610
04:01:06,800 --> 04:01:10,400
afford expensive and dangerous 
Cosmetics that they had the time

4611
04:01:10,400 --> 04:01:13,900
to spend hours putting it on and
that they were willing to put 

4612
04:01:13,900 --> 04:01:17,600
their health at risk for beauty,
the use of beauty patches which 

4613
04:01:17,600 --> 04:01:20,900
are small piece of silk or 
velvet put on the face, turned 

4614
04:01:20,900 --> 04:01:24,100
into a complicated way to talk 
to each other a patch on the 

4615
04:01:24,100 --> 04:01:27,100
cheek could mean that the person
is political while a patron on 

4616
04:01:27,100 --> 04:01:29,600
the corner of the mouth, could 
mean that the person is flirting

4617
04:01:29,600 --> 04:01:32,800
a patron on the forehead might 
mean that someone is smart or as

4618
04:01:32,800 --> 04:01:35,700
learned something while a patch 
near the eye might mean that 

4619
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:37,400
something is mysterious or 
interesting. 

4620
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:40,900
Beauty, patches in different 
colors, had different meanings 

4621
04:01:40,900 --> 04:01:43,200
black. 
Patches were common and not very

4622
04:01:43,200 --> 04:01:47,500
strong but colored patches could
send a clear message red patches

4623
04:01:47,500 --> 04:01:50,800
could mean anger or passion blue
could mean sadness or deep 

4624
04:01:50,800 --> 04:01:55,000
feelings and white could mean 
Innocents or Mourning the Sensei

4625
04:01:55,000 --> 04:01:56,800
used. 
During this time also had deep 

4626
04:01:56,800 --> 04:01:59,900
symbolic meanings, different 
smells were linked to different.

4627
04:01:59,900 --> 04:02:02,200
Good qualities, feelings and 
social messages. 

4628
04:02:02,200 --> 04:02:05,800
A woman might wear floral sense 
to show that she's feminine and 

4629
04:02:05,800 --> 04:02:09,400
gentle spicy sense to show that 
she's passionate and 

4630
04:02:09,400 --> 04:02:12,800
sophisticated or herbal sense to
show that she knows how to heal 

4631
04:02:12,800 --> 04:02:16,300
and do household chores, in many
African cultures using 

4632
04:02:16,300 --> 04:02:19,300
Cosmetics, had deep spiritual 
and social, meaning that linked 

4633
04:02:19,300 --> 04:02:22,900
people to their ancestors, their
community and the world around 

4634
04:02:22,900 --> 04:02:26,200
them certain patterns of face. 
Painting, could show what Clan 

4635
04:02:26,200 --> 04:02:29,500
someone belongs to how old they 
are, whether they are married 

4636
04:02:29,500 --> 04:02:32,100
and what their spiritual role is
in the community. 

4637
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:35,000
Putting on traditional African 
makeup was often a group 

4638
04:02:35,008 --> 04:02:37,800
activity that brought people 
closer together and passed down 

4639
04:02:37,800 --> 04:02:40,900
cultural. knowledge older women 
would teach younger women, not 

4640
04:02:40,900 --> 04:02:43,800
only how to apply makeup, but 
also what different colors and 

4641
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:47,300
patterns meant, there were 
stories songs and traditional 

4642
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:50,100
wisdom, that link Beauty 
practices to bigger cultural 

4643
04:02:50,100 --> 04:02:53,500
values and beliefs in this 
education, Different colors of 

4644
04:02:53,500 --> 04:02:56,700
pigments, had different 
spiritual meanings white clay 

4645
04:02:56,700 --> 04:02:59,000
could stand for spirits of 
ancestors and a link to the 

4646
04:02:59,000 --> 04:03:01,500
Divine red. 
Oaker might stand for Life, 

4647
04:03:01,500 --> 04:03:04,100
Force fertility, and a link to 
the Earth. 

4648
04:03:04,800 --> 04:03:08,000
Black charcoal could stand for 
mystery power and protection 

4649
04:03:08,000 --> 04:03:11,100
from bad things. 
The geometric patterns made with

4650
04:03:11,100 --> 04:03:13,500
these pigments weren't just 
random designs. 

4651
04:03:13,500 --> 04:03:16,700
They were meaningful symbols 
that told stories about who the 

4652
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:19,900
wearer was, what they had been 
through and where they fit into 

4653
04:03:19,900 --> 04:03:22,200
the community. 
A young woman's coming of age, 

4654
04:03:22,200 --> 04:03:25,100
ceremony might include putting 
on certain patterns that showed 

4655
04:03:25,100 --> 04:03:27,400
she was no longer a child. 
A new mother. 

4656
04:03:27,400 --> 04:03:29,900
On the other hand might wear 
different patterns to show that 

4657
04:03:29,900 --> 04:03:32,400
she make up. 
But now her mother in ancient 

4658
04:03:32,400 --> 04:03:35,900
Persia Cosmetics, were closely 
linked Asura Austrian religious 

4659
04:03:35,900 --> 04:03:38,000
beliefs about the fight between 
light and dark. 

4660
04:03:38,000 --> 04:03:40,400
In the universe. 
People thought that putting on 

4661
04:03:40,400 --> 04:03:42,900
makeup was a way to join the 
fight against darkness and 

4662
04:03:42,900 --> 04:03:46,900
ugliness, by joining the forces 
of light and Beauty Persian, men

4663
04:03:46,900 --> 04:03:48,200
and women both wore heavy eye 
makeup. 

4664
04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:50,500
That was thought to help them. 
See truth and Beauty in the 

4665
04:03:50,508 --> 04:03:53,700
world better the specific 
Patterns and colors used in this

4666
04:03:53,700 --> 04:03:54,900
eye. 
Makeup could show how 

4667
04:03:54,900 --> 04:03:58,200
spiritually Advanced the person 
is what role they play in 

4668
04:03:58,200 --> 04:04:00,700
religious ceremonies and how 
committed they are to 

4669
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:04,100
zoroastrian principles people in
Persian culture thought that the

4670
04:04:04,100 --> 04:04:05,800
perfumes. 
They used could bring in good 

4671
04:04:05,800 --> 04:04:07,800
spiritual forces and keep out 
bad ones. 

4672
04:04:07,800 --> 04:04:10,400
People were told to use 
different sense for different 

4673
04:04:10,400 --> 04:04:13,100
spiritual purposes, like 
meditation and prayer 

4674
04:04:13,100 --> 04:04:16,500
protection, while traveling, and
bringing love and harmony into 

4675
04:04:16,500 --> 04:04:19,000
relationships. 
As you think about these deep 

4676
04:04:19,000 --> 04:04:22,700
traditions of cosmetic symbolism
and meaning, you can see how 

4677
04:04:22,700 --> 04:04:25,700
amazing it is that people can 
turn the simple act of putting 

4678
04:04:25,700 --> 04:04:28,900
color on their face into a 
complex way to communicate 

4679
04:04:28,900 --> 04:04:33,400
identify themselves and express 
their spirituality. 

4680
04:04:33,400 --> 04:04:36,600
These old traditions show us 
that make up his always been 

4681
04:04:36,600 --> 04:04:38,200
about more than just how you 
look. 

4682
04:04:38,200 --> 04:04:41,700
It's been a way to be a part of 
the most important parts of 

4683
04:04:41,700 --> 04:04:43,100
human culture. 
And Community. 

4684
04:04:43,100 --> 04:04:45,800
As you relax, more deeply into 
your comfortable position. 

4685
04:04:45,800 --> 04:04:49,700
Let your mind, gently explore, 
how these old beauty practices, 

4686
04:04:49,700 --> 04:04:51,800
still affect and shape our 
modern world. 

4687
04:04:52,400 --> 04:04:55,900
In ways that are both obvious 
and surprising makeup story 

4688
04:04:55,900 --> 04:04:58,600
doesn't end with the fall of 
Empires or the rise of new ones 

4689
04:04:58,600 --> 04:05:02,600
instead, it flows like an 
underground river, sometimes 

4690
04:05:02,600 --> 04:05:06,500
visible and sometimes hidden, 
but always there bringing the 

4691
04:05:06,500 --> 04:05:09,700
knowledge and new ideas of our 
ancestors into our lives today. 

4692
04:05:11,300 --> 04:05:13,400
Think about your own morning 
routine for a moment. 

4693
04:05:13,400 --> 04:05:16,800
When you wash your face with a 
gentle cleanser, you're taking 

4694
04:05:16,800 --> 04:05:20,100
part in a ritual that goes back 
to ancient Egyptian priests who 

4695
04:05:20,100 --> 04:05:23,100
used nature on an oils to clean 
themselves before, going to see 

4696
04:05:23,100 --> 04:05:25,400
their gods. 
When you put on Foundation to 

4697
04:05:25,400 --> 04:05:28,100
make your skin tone, even, 
you're following a method that 

4698
04:05:28,100 --> 04:05:31,800
Chinese Court ladies used to get
porcelain Perfect Skin by mixing

4699
04:05:31,800 --> 04:05:35,200
rice powder with precious oils. 
When you look in the mirror 

4700
04:05:35,200 --> 04:05:37,700
while putting on makeup, you're 
doing something that people have

4701
04:05:37,700 --> 04:05:38,900
been doing for hundreds of 
years. 

4702
04:05:38,900 --> 04:05:42,200
Even though your mirror is made 
of silvered glass instead of 

4703
04:05:42,200 --> 04:05:45,500
polished, bronze or obsidian and
your makeup comes from labs in 

4704
04:05:45,500 --> 04:05:48,100
stead of being ground by hand 
from minerals and plants. 

4705
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:50,400
The basic experience is still 
the same. 

4706
04:05:50,400 --> 04:05:53,700
You are changing who you are and
getting ready to face the world.

4707
04:05:53,700 --> 04:05:57,100
You're taking part in the 
ancient dance between identity 

4708
04:05:57,100 --> 04:05:59,500
and appearance. 
Even though modern cosmetic 

4709
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:02,600
science is very Advanced, it 
keeps finding the wisdom that 

4710
04:06:02,608 --> 04:06:06,200
was already there in ancient 
Beauty practices People first 

4711
04:06:06,200 --> 04:06:09,200
noticed that retinoids could 
help with aging and oils from 

4712
04:06:09,200 --> 04:06:11,800
fish liver that were high in 
vitamin A Egyptian. 

4713
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:14,700
Women use sour milk and fruits 
to smooth their skin. 

4714
04:06:14,700 --> 04:06:18,700
So they knew the alpha hydroxy 
acids could do the same ancient 

4715
04:06:18,700 --> 04:06:21,600
cultures used honey and plant 
mucilages to keep their skin 

4716
04:06:21,600 --> 04:06:25,000
soft and supple which is similar
to how high or ironic acid 

4717
04:06:25,000 --> 04:06:27,200
Works. 
Think about how the colors 

4718
04:06:27,200 --> 04:06:29,700
people like in the past, still 
affect the styles of makeup 

4719
04:06:29,700 --> 04:06:32,600
today, the red lips that were 
popular in ancient Rome. 

4720
04:06:32,600 --> 04:06:35,000
And China are still a classic 
look that never really goes out 

4721
04:06:35,000 --> 04:06:38,100
of style, the dramatic eye 
makeup that ancient Egyptians 

4722
04:06:38,100 --> 04:06:41,400
invented comes back into style 
all the time from the model, 

4723
04:06:41,400 --> 04:06:44,900
looks of the 1960s to the Bold 
graphic styles of modern makeup 

4724
04:06:44,900 --> 04:06:47,300
artists, the idea that make up 
can change. 

4725
04:06:47,300 --> 04:06:50,700
A person's appearance, has been 
around for a long time and is 

4726
04:06:50,700 --> 04:06:53,900
still driving new cosmetic 
products today like shamans in 

4727
04:06:53,908 --> 04:06:57,600
the past used face paint to talk
to Spirit make up artists today.

4728
04:06:57,600 --> 04:06:59,800
Help people explore different 
parts of who they are. 

4729
04:06:59,800 --> 04:07:03,000
The traditions of face painting,
that started as religious. 

4730
04:07:03,000 --> 04:07:06,200
Rituals have had an impact on 
everything from Halloween makeup

4731
04:07:06,200 --> 04:07:08,300
to special effects in movies and
TV shows. 

4732
04:07:08,300 --> 04:07:11,900
Ancient color symbolism is still
present in small ways. 

4733
04:07:11,900 --> 04:07:15,000
In modern culture, red has been 
linked to power and passion 

4734
04:07:15,000 --> 04:07:19,200
since prehistoric times when it 
was used in Oka paintings, this 

4735
04:07:19,200 --> 04:07:22,400
still affect how we see red 
lipstick and clothing the link 

4736
04:07:22,400 --> 04:07:25,200
between white and Purity, which 
was developed by ancient 

4737
04:07:25,200 --> 04:07:28,700
cultures from Egypt to China is 
still important in bridal, 

4738
04:07:28,700 --> 04:07:32,200
makeup and formal Aesthetics the
social dynamics of ancient 

4739
04:07:32,200 --> 04:07:33,900
cosmetic culture are very 
similar to. 

4740
04:07:33,900 --> 04:07:36,600
Those of modern Beauty 
practices, the difference 

4741
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:38,600
between high-end and everyday 
Cosmetics. 

4742
04:07:38,600 --> 04:07:41,300
That existed in ancient 
civilizations, is the same as 

4743
04:07:41,300 --> 04:07:43,900
the difference between high-end 
and Drugstore Beauty Brands 

4744
04:07:43,900 --> 04:07:46,200
today. 
The same psychological drives 

4745
04:07:46,200 --> 04:07:48,300
that made ancient Court. 
Ladies compete with each other 

4746
04:07:48,300 --> 04:07:51,500
by wearing, elaborate makeup 
still drive, modern Beauty 

4747
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:54,300
influencers and their fans, 
modern cosmetic. 

4748
04:07:54,300 --> 04:07:57,000
Scientists to figure out how to 
use old makeup techniques that 

4749
04:07:57,000 --> 04:08:00,300
took hundreds of years to 
develop and perfect using modern

4750
04:08:00,300 --> 04:08:02,000
chemistry and Manufacturing 
methods. 

4751
04:08:02,000 --> 04:08:04,900
We are recreating the 
long-lasting formulas that 

4752
04:08:04,900 --> 04:08:08,200
ancient cultures came up with 
through trial and error water 

4753
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:11,200
resistant eye makeup, which was 
first used by ancient cultures 

4754
04:08:11,200 --> 04:08:14,300
for both practical. 
And spiritual reasons is now a 

4755
04:08:14,300 --> 04:08:17,400
common part of modern Cosmetics.
The idea that Cosmetics were 

4756
04:08:17,400 --> 04:08:20,300
medicine in ancient times, still
affect how beauty products are 

4757
04:08:20,300 --> 04:08:23,600
made today, the practice of 
using makeup to protect and heal

4758
04:08:23,600 --> 04:08:27,400
skin, which goes back to ancient
Egypt and Additional Asia is 

4759
04:08:27,400 --> 04:08:31,000
what drives modern Research into
Cosmos cuticles which are 

4760
04:08:31,000 --> 04:08:32,900
products that mix cosmetics and 
medicine. 

4761
04:08:32,900 --> 04:08:34,800
This old wisdom is still true 
today. 

4762
04:08:34,800 --> 04:08:38,200
Sunscreen and Foundation 
anti-aging ingredients, and 

4763
04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:41,300
concealer, and lip products that
heal, many modern sustainable 

4764
04:08:41,300 --> 04:08:44,600
Beauty movements look to the 
Past for ideas, bringing back 

4765
04:08:44,600 --> 04:08:48,000
old ingredients and methods that
were lost when Cosmetics became 

4766
04:08:48,000 --> 04:08:51,400
industrialized brands that focus
on natural ingredients, 

4767
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:54,800
traditional methods of making 
things and having as little of 

4768
04:08:54,808 --> 04:08:58,300
an impact on the environment as 
possible, a basically going back

4769
04:08:58,300 --> 04:09:01,100
to the ideas that guided the 
development of Cosmetics, for 

4770
04:09:01,100 --> 04:09:04,200
thousands of years before the 
modern chemical industry. 

4771
04:09:04,200 --> 04:09:07,000
The ritualistic elements of 
ancient makeup application, 

4772
04:09:07,000 --> 04:09:09,500
still have psychological 
benefits that modern users 

4773
04:09:09,500 --> 04:09:12,400
instinctively grass. 
The meditative quality of 

4774
04:09:12,408 --> 04:09:15,500
carefully, putting on makeup the
feeling of changing and getting 

4775
04:09:15,500 --> 04:09:17,600
ready and the connection to 
cultural. 

4776
04:09:17,600 --> 04:09:20,300
Traditions are all still 
important parts of the Cosmetic 

4777
04:09:20,300 --> 04:09:23,200
experience today. 
Just like they were for ancient 

4778
04:09:23,200 --> 04:09:26,000
practitioners old packaging and 
tools for apply. 

4779
04:09:26,000 --> 04:09:28,900
Makeup still have an effect on 
how Cosmetics are made today. 

4780
04:09:29,700 --> 04:09:32,500
The beautiful containers that 
ancient cultures made to hold 

4781
04:09:32,500 --> 04:09:36,200
valuable Cosmetics, Inspire 
modern packaging, that focuses 

4782
04:09:36,200 --> 04:09:39,900
on luxury and craftsmanship. 
Brushes sponges and precise 

4783
04:09:39,900 --> 04:09:41,700
applicators are still used in 
the same way. 

4784
04:09:41,700 --> 04:09:45,200
They were thousands of years ago
this shows that some new ideas 

4785
04:09:45,200 --> 04:09:47,000
are so good that they last 
through time. 

4786
04:09:47,000 --> 04:09:50,600
The age-old practice of passing 
down cosmetic recipes from one 

4787
04:09:50,600 --> 04:09:52,900
generation to. 
The next is still going strong 

4788
04:09:52,900 --> 04:09:54,900
today. 
Even though people today don't 

4789
04:09:54,900 --> 04:09:57,200
grind their own pigments or mix 
their own formulas. 

4790
04:09:57,200 --> 04:10:00,400
They still share Beauty 
knowledge, through social media 

4791
04:10:00,400 --> 04:10:04,900
beauty communities, and family 
traditions, This is how 

4792
04:10:04,900 --> 04:10:06,700
knowledge has always been passed
down. 

4793
04:10:06,700 --> 04:10:09,900
There are strong Echoes of 
ancient perfume, traditions, in 

4794
04:10:09,900 --> 04:10:13,400
modern times, modern perfume 
makers are still influenced by 

4795
04:10:13,400 --> 04:10:16,600
the layering techniques that 
ancient Persian and Arab 

4796
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:19,600
perfumers came up with using 
incense and aromatherapy to 

4797
04:10:19,600 --> 04:10:22,400
improve mood, and spiritual 
practice as a direct link to 

4798
04:10:22,400 --> 04:10:25,900
ancient Customs. 
Even modern perfume ads often 

4799
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:29,800
use old ideas about how smell 
affect feelings, memories and 

4800
04:10:29,800 --> 04:10:32,200
identity. 
The gender fluid approach to 

4801
04:10:32,200 --> 04:10:35,400
Cosmetics, that was common in 
many ancient cultures is making 

4802
04:10:35,400 --> 04:10:37,100
a comeback. 
In modern Beauty culture. 

4803
04:10:37,100 --> 04:10:40,600
The old idea that make up could 
make anyone look better, no 

4804
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:43,300
matter what gender they were 
fits with modern movements 

4805
04:10:43,300 --> 04:10:46,200
toward beauty standards that 
include everyone and non-binary 

4806
04:10:46,200 --> 04:10:48,400
ways to express yourself with 
Cosmetics. 

4807
04:10:48,400 --> 04:10:51,700
The use of makeup for ceremonies
and special events has not 

4808
04:10:51,700 --> 04:10:53,500
changed much since ancient 
times. 

4809
04:10:53,500 --> 04:10:56,600
Many of the makeup traditions 
for weddings come from old 

4810
04:10:56,600 --> 04:10:59,500
beauty, practices for brides, 
make up for theater and 

4811
04:10:59,500 --> 04:11:02,200
performance is still very much 
like the face painting that was 

4812
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:05,100
done in ancient rituals. 
Even The makeup we wear every 

4813
04:11:05,100 --> 04:11:07,900
day for special occasions. 
Follows patterns, set by ancient

4814
04:11:07,900 --> 04:11:12,000
cultures for marking important 
events and changes using makeup 

4815
04:11:12,000 --> 04:11:14,100
to show social. 
And professional roles is an old

4816
04:11:14,108 --> 04:11:16,300
practice that has changed, but 
is still used today, 

4817
04:11:16,300 --> 04:11:19,800
professional makeup standards in
many fields from business to 

4818
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:22,200
entertainment. 
Carry on the old practice of 

4819
04:11:22,200 --> 04:11:25,700
using, looks to show competence 
and Status the power look in 

4820
04:11:25,700 --> 04:11:28,300
today's business, world comes 
directly from the old practice 

4821
04:11:28,300 --> 04:11:31,500
of using makeup to show that you
are in charge and capable. 

4822
04:11:32,900 --> 04:11:35,800
Beauty standards from the past 
still affect modern makeup 

4823
04:11:35,800 --> 04:11:38,100
goals. 
But in different ways, the 

4824
04:11:38,100 --> 04:11:40,700
desire for Perfect Skin that 
people have had for a long time 

4825
04:11:40,700 --> 04:11:43,400
is what drives the development 
of modern foundations and 

4826
04:11:43,400 --> 04:11:45,900
concealers. 
The ancient focus on a bright 

4827
04:11:45,900 --> 04:11:48,600
healthy, looking skin tone 
inspires, today's highlighter 

4828
04:11:48,600 --> 04:11:52,800
and skincare makeup hybrid 
products, ancient ways of making

4829
04:11:52,800 --> 04:11:55,800
lips look better, have an effect
on everything from lip Plumping.

4830
04:11:55,800 --> 04:11:59,100
Isis, Plumping, products to 
cosmetic surgery. 

4831
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:02,800
People still think of makeup as 
a way to express their culture, 

4832
04:12:02,800 --> 04:12:05,900
just like they did. 
In ancient times traditional 

4833
04:12:05,900 --> 04:12:08,500
cosmetic practices from 
different cultures, still work 

4834
04:12:08,500 --> 04:12:12,100
well with modern ones, making 
beautiful landscapes that honor 

4835
04:12:12,100 --> 04:12:15,100
both the past and the future 
henna art, traditional face, 

4836
04:12:15,100 --> 04:12:16,600
painting and cultural 
ceremonial. 

4837
04:12:16,600 --> 04:12:19,700
Makeup are still important and 
have an impact on mainstream 

4838
04:12:19,700 --> 04:12:22,000
Beauty Trendz. 
Old ways of thinking about 

4839
04:12:22,000 --> 04:12:24,200
beauty that were based on 
seasons and Cycles. 

4840
04:12:24,200 --> 04:12:27,600
Still have an effect on how 
people use Cosmetics today, the 

4841
04:12:27,600 --> 04:12:30,100
old custom of changing your 
makeup and Skin Care routines 

4842
04:12:30,100 --> 04:12:33,300
based on the seasons, the moon, 
and different stages of life. 

4843
04:12:34,000 --> 04:12:36,900
Similar to Modern trends that 
emphasized more natural and 

4844
04:12:36,900 --> 04:12:40,000
responsive Beauty practices, 
seasonal, color palettes which 

4845
04:12:40,000 --> 04:12:42,300
are often based on Old ideas 
about how lighten the 

4846
04:12:42,300 --> 04:12:45,400
environment affect, how people 
look are still very important in

4847
04:12:45,400 --> 04:12:47,000
modern, makeup marketing and 
choice. 

4848
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:49,500
The old idea that beauty is 
something that people do 

4849
04:12:49,500 --> 04:12:53,300
together is still around today, 
Beauty parties friends, putting 

4850
04:12:53,300 --> 04:12:56,500
on makeup together and groups. 
Getting ready for special events

4851
04:12:56,500 --> 04:12:59,700
are always that the social side 
of beauty culture, stayed alive 

4852
04:12:59,708 --> 04:13:03,200
for thousands of years, Beauty 
communities on social media. 

4853
04:13:03,200 --> 04:13:06,600
Take this old practice into the 
digital world, making new 

4854
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:09,400
versions of the old ways of 
sharing knowledge, and helping 

4855
04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:12,400
each other that were common in 
ancient Beauty culture as you 

4856
04:13:12,408 --> 04:13:14,100
fall asleep. 
Think about how your makeup 

4857
04:13:14,100 --> 04:13:15,600
routine in the morning will 
connect you. 

4858
04:13:15,600 --> 04:13:17,500
To the vast River of Human 
Experience. 

4859
04:13:17,500 --> 04:13:20,300
When you put that first color on
your face, you'll be doing 

4860
04:13:20,300 --> 04:13:22,200
something that connects you to 
Cave painters. 

4861
04:13:22,200 --> 04:13:27,100
Egyptian priests Chinese Court, 
ladies, Roman matrons and many 

4862
04:13:27,100 --> 04:13:29,800
more who knew that the face is 
the first canvas for art 

4863
04:13:29,800 --> 04:13:33,900
identity and change even though 
your makeup may be made in. 

4864
04:13:34,000 --> 04:13:36,800
Modern factories instead of 
being ground by hand from sacred

4865
04:13:36,800 --> 04:13:40,100
minerals, the impulses still the
same to show the world. 

4866
04:13:40,100 --> 04:13:43,600
Your best self to take part in 
your culture's beauty traditions

4867
04:13:43,600 --> 04:13:47,000
and to enjoy the little daily 
magic of transformation that 

4868
04:13:47,000 --> 04:13:50,100
make up brings in this way. 
You take part in one of the 

4869
04:13:50,100 --> 04:13:52,500
oldest and most enduring art 
forms every morning. 

4870
04:13:52,500 --> 04:13:55,900
You become part of a story that 
started in caves long before, 

4871
04:13:55,900 --> 04:13:58,000
people lived in them. 
And we'll go on as long as 

4872
04:13:58,000 --> 04:14:01,100
people care about beauty 
identity, and the never ending 

4873
04:14:01,100 --> 04:14:03,000
interesting link between who we 
are. 

4874
04:14:03,000 --> 04:14:06,600
And how we choose to look to 
Plumping at the world. 

4875
04:14:06,600 --> 04:14:09,900
The ancient history of Cosmetics
isn't really history at all, 

4876
04:14:09,900 --> 04:14:13,900
it's the present lived out every
day in millions of mirrors 

4877
04:14:13,900 --> 04:14:16,200
around the world as Timeless and
real. 

4878
04:14:16,200 --> 04:14:19,400
As the human face itself, while 
you relax even more in the 

4879
04:14:19,400 --> 04:14:22,600
evening, let your mind drift to 
the workshops and Labs where 

4880
04:14:22,600 --> 04:14:24,900
ancient cosmetic makers work 
their magic. 

4881
04:14:25,900 --> 04:14:28,900
These long forgotten Alchemists 
worked hundreds of years before 

4882
04:14:28,900 --> 04:14:31,500
Modern Chemistry. 
They came up with formulation 

4883
04:14:31,500 --> 04:14:34,500
methods that are so Advanced 
that modern cosmetic scientists 

4884
04:14:34,500 --> 04:14:36,800
are still trying to figure out 
how they got such amazing 

4885
04:14:36,800 --> 04:14:39,200
results. 
Imagine yourself in the workshop

4886
04:14:39,200 --> 04:14:41,100
of a cosmetic maker from ancient
Egypt. 

4887
04:14:41,100 --> 04:14:46,400
May be in the busy City of 
Memphis around 1200 BCE The room

4888
04:14:46,400 --> 04:14:49,400
smells like frankincense and the
earthy smell of minerals being 

4889
04:14:49,400 --> 04:14:52,900
ground clay pots. 
Sit on wooden shelves, each one 

4890
04:14:52,900 --> 04:14:55,000
holding carefully. 
Chosen ingredients that took 

4891
04:14:55,000 --> 04:14:59,000
months or even years to prepare 
the master cosmetic maker starts

4892
04:14:59,000 --> 04:15:01,700
her Day Before Dawn, not because
she's in a hurry. 

4893
04:15:01,700 --> 04:15:04,200
But because the cool morning air
is best for some of the 

4894
04:15:04,200 --> 04:15:07,000
preparations before, the desert 
heat affects the delicate 

4895
04:15:07,000 --> 04:15:09,700
chemical processes. 
She's in charge of she treats 

4896
04:15:09,700 --> 04:15:12,400
her work with the respect of a 
priest and the accuracy of a 

4897
04:15:12,400 --> 04:15:14,800
mathematician. 
She knows that the difference 

4898
04:15:14,800 --> 04:15:17,600
between a cosmetic that makes 
you look better and one that 

4899
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:19,900
hurts. 
Your skin can be a small as a 

4900
04:15:19,900 --> 04:15:22,700
grain of sand watches. 
She makes coal using a method 

4901
04:15:22,700 --> 04:15:24,500
that has been passed down 
through her family for 

4902
04:15:24,500 --> 04:15:28,100
Generations. 
She starts with Galena, a lead 

4903
04:15:28,108 --> 04:15:32,600
sulfide mineral that gives coal,
its unique deep black color, but

4904
04:15:32,600 --> 04:15:34,900
she doesn't just grind the 
mineral and mix it with oil 

4905
04:15:34,900 --> 04:15:37,400
instead. 
She follows a complicated 

4906
04:15:37,400 --> 04:15:40,200
process that scientists today. 
Are just starting to figure out 

4907
04:15:40,200 --> 04:15:42,900
first. 
She heats the Galena in a 

4908
04:15:42,900 --> 04:15:45,700
special furnace and she knows 
how to control the temperature 

4909
04:15:45,700 --> 04:15:48,100
with a level of knowledge about 
Metallurgy, that wouldn't be out

4910
04:15:48,100 --> 04:15:50,900
of place in a modern lab. 
The heat changes, the minerals 

4911
04:15:50,900 --> 04:15:54,200
crystal structure, which makes 
it safer to use around the eyes 

4912
04:15:54,200 --> 04:15:57,200
and improve its color. 
She had small amounts of other 

4913
04:15:57,200 --> 04:16:00,400
minerals while heating the metal
like a pinch of antimony here 

4914
04:16:00,400 --> 04:16:03,400
and a trace of silver. 
There, this makes an alloy that 

4915
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:05,000
is stronger than the sum of its 
parts. 

4916
04:16:05,000 --> 04:16:08,700
After that the grinding process 
takes hours of careful work. 

4917
04:16:08,700 --> 04:16:12,100
She makes a powder from the 
treated mineral that so fine, it

4918
04:16:12,100 --> 04:16:14,900
feels like Silk between her 
fingers by using a palette made 

4919
04:16:14,900 --> 04:16:17,600
of carefully. 
Chosen Stone the consistency, 

4920
04:16:17,600 --> 04:16:21,500
has to be just right if it's too
coarse, the coal will scratch 

4921
04:16:21,500 --> 04:16:24,500
the delicate skin around the 
eyes and if it's too fine it 

4922
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:27,700
won't stay on or cover. 
Well, The mixing of the final 

4923
04:16:27,700 --> 04:16:30,400
formula is where science and art
really come together. 

4924
04:16:30,400 --> 04:16:33,400
She mixes the powdered mineral 
with a carefully balanced. 

4925
04:16:33,400 --> 04:16:37,200
Blend of animal fats, plant 
oils, and fragrant resins, the 

4926
04:16:37,200 --> 04:16:40,300
fats, help the pigments stick to
the skin and make it easier to 

4927
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:43,000
apply the oils. 
Keep the mixture from drying out

4928
04:16:43,000 --> 04:16:46,700
too quickly and the resins act, 
as natural preservatives and add

4929
04:16:46,700 --> 04:16:49,000
a light scent. 
But the ride amounts of very 

4930
04:16:49,000 --> 04:16:52,200
important and they change with 
the season, the use and even the

4931
04:16:52,200 --> 04:16:55,500
moon phase, some of versions 
have more oils to keep the cold 

4932
04:16:55,500 --> 04:16:58,900
from drying out in the Heat and 
winter versions, have more fats 

4933
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:02,900
to protect it from cold winds. 
Coal made for everyday, use is 

4934
04:17:02,900 --> 04:17:05,500
different from coal made for 
religious ceremonies or special 

4935
04:17:05,500 --> 04:17:07,500
events. 
The ancient Egyptians knew 

4936
04:17:07,500 --> 04:17:10,000
something that modern cosmetic 
science has rediscovered. 

4937
04:17:10,800 --> 04:17:13,800
How ingredients are put together
is often more important than the

4938
04:17:13,800 --> 04:17:16,700
ingredients themselves. 
They came up with ways to make 

4939
04:17:16,700 --> 04:17:20,000
stable, emulsions control 
particle size and get consistent

4940
04:17:20,000 --> 04:17:21,800
color. 
That are just as good as what 

4941
04:17:21,800 --> 04:17:23,400
modern manufacturing methods can
do. 

4942
04:17:24,300 --> 04:17:27,500
They know a lot more than just 
coal Egyptian, makeup artists 

4943
04:17:27,500 --> 04:17:30,200
made lip colors that brought out
the natural tones of different 

4944
04:17:30,200 --> 04:17:33,700
skin types and of hiding them as
well as eyeshadows, that 

4945
04:17:33,700 --> 04:17:36,400
wouldn't smudge even when you 
sweat and Rouge that stayed 

4946
04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:38,800
bright for hours. 
In the desert heat, they were 

4947
04:17:38,800 --> 04:17:41,100
able to get these results 
without using any of today's 

4948
04:17:41,100 --> 04:17:44,700
preservatives stabilizers or 
color faster, color faster 

4949
04:17:44,700 --> 04:17:47,800
Technologies. 
Ancient Chinese Cosmetics were 

4950
04:17:47,800 --> 04:17:50,900
just as advanced but they were 
based on different ideas from 

4951
04:17:50,900 --> 04:17:54,000
traditional Chinese medicine and
Taoist philosophy. 

4952
04:17:55,300 --> 04:17:58,100
Chinese cosmetic makers thought 
of their work as a way to heal 

4953
04:17:58,100 --> 04:18:00,400
people. 
They made products that not only

4954
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:03,400
made people look better, but 
also made them healthier and 

4955
04:18:03,400 --> 04:18:06,200
happier. 
Think about going to a Chinese 

4956
04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:10,300
cosmetic Workshop in the Tang 
Dynasty around 750 CE. 

4957
04:18:10,300 --> 04:18:13,700
The master Craftsman starts his 
work by meditating and doing 

4958
04:18:13,700 --> 04:18:17,000
purification rituals. 
He knows that how he feels will 

4959
04:18:17,000 --> 04:18:18,600
affect the quality of what he 
makes. 

4960
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:22,100
He thinks that Cosmetics made 
with good intentions and Care 

4961
04:18:22,100 --> 04:18:24,600
will pass those qualities onto 
the people who use them. 

4962
04:18:25,200 --> 04:18:28,000
Modern cosmetic scientists are 
still trying to figure out how 

4963
04:18:28,000 --> 04:18:31,400
to make Chinese face powder. 
The Craftsman starts with rice 

4964
04:18:31,400 --> 04:18:34,500
that has been carefully, chosen 
for its type how it grows. 

4965
04:18:34,500 --> 04:18:37,800
And when it's harvested 
different, kinds of rice, make 

4966
04:18:37,800 --> 04:18:39,300
powders with different 
qualities. 

4967
04:18:39,300 --> 04:18:42,200
Some give better coverage, 
others, make the Surface 

4968
04:18:42,200 --> 04:18:45,000
smoother and still others. 
Give the most natural looking 

4969
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:48,300
finish. 
First, the rice is washed in 

4970
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:50,300
spring water that Temple priests
have blessed. 

4971
04:18:50,300 --> 04:18:53,800
Then it is dried in a certain 
way that keeps the humidity and 

4972
04:18:53,800 --> 04:18:57,000
temperature, just right. 
Stone Mills that have been used 

4973
04:18:57,000 --> 04:18:59,200
for Generations, are used to 
grind the grains. 

4974
04:18:59,200 --> 04:19:02,600
Their surfaces are smooth from 
all the batches of powder and a 

4975
04:19:02,600 --> 04:19:05,100
flavored with the oils and 
Essences of past preparations. 

4976
04:19:05,100 --> 04:19:08,600
But the real sophistication is 
in the additives that change 

4977
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:10,500
plain rice flour into makeup 
powder. 

4978
04:19:10,500 --> 04:19:13,600
The Craftsman carefully adds the
right amount of ground pearls 

4979
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:16,800
which give the powder, the shine
that made Chinese complexion 

4980
04:19:16,800 --> 04:19:20,400
powder famous all over Asia. 
To make the pearls into the 

4981
04:19:20,400 --> 04:19:22,800
finest powder possible, they 
must be prepared. 

4982
04:19:22,800 --> 04:19:25,300
Using secret methods that keep 
their light reflecting, 

4983
04:19:25,300 --> 04:19:27,700
properties. 
Other ingredients are powdered 

4984
04:19:27,700 --> 04:19:30,400
Jade, which is thought to have 
healing properties ground 

4985
04:19:30,400 --> 04:19:33,500
seashells which are thought to 
have minerals in them and small 

4986
04:19:33,500 --> 04:19:36,700
amounts of precious metals which
give the color a subtle effect. 

4987
04:19:36,700 --> 04:19:40,300
Each addition is made using 
complicated formulas, that take 

4988
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:42,300
into account, how the 
ingredients will work together, 

4989
04:19:42,300 --> 04:19:46,300
the users desired skin tone and 
even astrological factors that 

4990
04:19:46,300 --> 04:19:48,400
determine the best time to mix 
Cosmetics. 

4991
04:19:48,400 --> 04:19:51,700
Ancient Indian cosmetic 
preparation combined, ayurvedic 

4992
04:19:51,700 --> 04:19:54,400
medicine with Advanced chemistry
to make products that were good 

4993
04:19:54,400 --> 04:19:57,700
for both health and beauty. 
In cosmetic companies were some 

4994
04:19:57,700 --> 04:20:00,500
of the first to realize that 
healthy skin is the key to true 

4995
04:20:00,500 --> 04:20:02,900
beauty. 
They made products that improve 

4996
04:20:02,900 --> 04:20:05,600
the look of the skin while. 
Also treating underlying skin 

4997
04:20:05,600 --> 04:20:07,700
problems modern eye doctors 
agree. 

4998
04:20:07,700 --> 04:20:10,100
That the methods used to make 
kajal the unique. 

4999
04:20:10,100 --> 04:20:12,800
Indian eye makeup were very 
Advanced for their time. 

5000
04:20:12,800 --> 04:20:16,100
Indian cosmetic companies knew 
that things used around the 

5001
04:20:16,100 --> 04:20:18,700
eyes, had to be both pretty and 
good for your health. 

5002
04:20:18,700 --> 04:20:21,700
They had to be able to make your
eyes healthier instead of just 

5003
04:20:21,700 --> 04:20:25,000
looking good to make kajal the 
old-fashioned way you first, 

5004
04:20:25,000 --> 04:20:27,800
have to choose the right oils 
and Wix very carefully. 

5005
04:20:27,800 --> 04:20:30,800
People choose castor oil sesame,
oil and ghee. 

5006
04:20:30,800 --> 04:20:32,800
Not only because they burn well,
but a flow. 

5007
04:20:32,800 --> 04:20:34,600
Well, but also because they are 
good for you. 

5008
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:37,600
The Wicks are made from cotton 
that was grown without chemical 

5009
04:20:37,600 --> 04:20:40,800
fertilizers and processed in a 
way that keeps the fibers 

5010
04:20:40,800 --> 04:20:43,500
natural properties. 
The burning happens in special 

5011
04:20:43,500 --> 04:20:46,300
lamps that control the 
temperature and heavy and heavy 

5012
04:20:46,300 --> 04:20:48,700
and air flow to make the 
cleanest suit possible. 

5013
04:20:48,700 --> 04:20:52,400
The Craftsman watches over the 
Flames all night, making sure 

5014
04:20:52,400 --> 04:20:55,400
the Wix are in the right place 
and that the suit is of good 

5015
04:20:55,400 --> 04:20:59,200
quality different stages of the 
burning process make suit with 

5016
04:20:59,200 --> 04:21:02,000
different properties. 
Early suit is finer and better 

5017
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:05,300
for everyday use while later. 
So has more dramatic color and 

5018
04:21:05,300 --> 04:21:09,100
last longer The suit is put on 
clean plates, and then, ground 

5019
04:21:09,100 --> 04:21:10,900
up with other medicinal, 
ingredients. 

5020
04:21:10,900 --> 04:21:13,900
Almonds, have oils that are good
for the sensitive skin around 

5021
04:21:13,900 --> 04:21:17,400
the eyes, rose petals smell good
and have a mild astringent 

5022
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:19,900
effect, different herbs, have 
antimicrobial and 

5023
04:21:19,900 --> 04:21:21,500
anti-inflammatory properties 
that help. 

5024
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:23,900
Keep your eyes from getting 
infections and irritated 

5025
04:21:23,900 --> 04:21:27,300
cosmetic makers in ancient 
Persia made complex, perfumes. 

5026
04:21:27,300 --> 04:21:30,600
That stayed stable for years and
could be layered to make new 

5027
04:21:30,600 --> 04:21:33,300
more complex sense. 
Their knowledge of how to 

5028
04:21:33,300 --> 04:21:36,600
extract preserve and mix 
essential oils had an impact on 

5029
04:21:36,600 --> 04:21:40,400
perfume, making all over the 
Islamic world and it eventually 

5030
04:21:40,400 --> 04:21:42,700
made its way to Europe through 
trade and Conquest. 

5031
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:46,200
The Persians made perfume by 
finding a balance between sweet 

5032
04:21:46,200 --> 04:21:49,200
and bitter, light, and heavy, 
and warming, and cooling. 

5033
04:21:49,200 --> 04:21:52,300
Persian perfumers thought that a
fragrance that was perfectly 

5034
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:54,100
balanced. 
Could change the way as mood 

5035
04:21:54,100 --> 04:21:58,200
health and spiritual state. 
So making perfume was a form of 

5036
04:21:58,208 --> 04:22:01,900
therapeutic art ancient Roman 
Cosmetics were made on a scale 

5037
04:22:01,900 --> 04:22:04,100
that wouldn't be seen again 
until the modern era. 

5038
04:22:04,800 --> 04:22:07,800
Roman workshops made Cosmetics 
for use all over the Empire. 

5039
04:22:07,800 --> 04:22:11,000
They came up with standard 
recipes and ways of making them 

5040
04:22:11,000 --> 04:22:12,900
that made. 
Sure the quality was the same no

5041
04:22:12,900 --> 04:22:15,600
matter where you were Roman 
cosmetic makers, were some of 

5042
04:22:15,608 --> 04:22:18,000
the first to realize how 
important it was to check the 

5043
04:22:18,000 --> 04:22:21,000
quality of their products and 
make sure that each batch was 

5044
04:22:21,000 --> 04:22:23,400
the same. 
They came up with ways to test 

5045
04:22:23,400 --> 04:22:26,400
that Rouge would keep its color 
that face powder would cover 

5046
04:22:26,400 --> 04:22:29,000
evenly and that perfumes would 
smell the same. 

5047
04:22:29,000 --> 04:22:32,700
No matter where they were made 
in Rome or far off provinces. 

5048
04:22:32,700 --> 04:22:36,100
The Romans had a very Advanced 
way of keeping Cosmetics, fresh,

5049
04:22:36,100 --> 04:22:39,600
they knew that Cosmetics had to 
stay stable during long sea 

5050
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:42,400
trips to far away markets, even 
when the temperature and 

5051
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:45,400
humidity changed, and the 
physical stresses of travel 

5052
04:22:45,400 --> 04:22:48,000
occurred. 
Travel occurred occurred. 

5053
04:22:48,000 --> 04:22:51,300
They learned how to use natural 
antimicrobials and airtight 

5054
04:22:51,300 --> 04:22:54,200
packaging to keep their products
fresh for months, or even years.

5055
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:57,500
As you picture these old 
cosmetic workshops, you can see 

5056
04:22:57,500 --> 04:23:01,100
the beginning of an industry 
that combined art science and 

5057
04:23:01,100 --> 04:23:04,500
business in ways that are still 
used by modern cosmetic. 

5058
04:23:05,400 --> 04:23:08,200
These ancient formulators set 
the stage for figuring out how 

5059
04:23:08,200 --> 04:23:11,400
ingredients work together, how 
to get the same results every 

5060
04:23:11,400 --> 04:23:13,200
time. 
And how to make products that 

5061
04:23:13,200 --> 04:23:16,000
make people look better while 
also keeping them safe and 

5062
04:23:16,000 --> 04:23:19,100
healthy their methods, which 
have been improved over, 

5063
04:23:19,100 --> 04:23:21,500
hundreds of years of trial and 
error and passed down through 

5064
04:23:21,500 --> 04:23:25,100
generations of skilled Craftsmen
are a treasure Trove of 

5065
04:23:25,100 --> 04:23:28,500
information that modern cosmetic
science is still discovering and

5066
04:23:28,500 --> 04:23:31,800
rediscovering in a lot of cases.
These old formulators got 

5067
04:23:31,800 --> 04:23:33,400
results. 
That modern companies have a 

5068
04:23:33,400 --> 04:23:35,900
hard time getting with modern 
technology and synthetic 

5069
04:23:35,900 --> 04:23:39,100
ingredients, as you drift deeper
into the peaceful Embrace of the

5070
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:41,100
evening. 
Let your mind take you to the 

5071
04:23:41,100 --> 04:23:43,500
most personal parts of ancient 
Beauty culture. 

5072
04:23:43,500 --> 04:23:47,400
The daily routine of putting on 
makeup that made ordinary people

5073
04:23:47,400 --> 04:23:50,600
look like their ideal sells. 
These weren't rushed, routines 

5074
04:23:50,600 --> 04:23:52,500
that had to fit into busy modern
lives. 

5075
04:23:52,500 --> 04:23:55,300
They were sacred ceremonies. 
That honored, the link between 

5076
04:23:55,300 --> 04:23:57,100
inner beauty and outer 
expression. 

5077
04:23:57,100 --> 04:24:00,500
Imagine yourself in the private 
rooms of a rich Roman woman 

5078
04:24:00,500 --> 04:24:03,900
named Olivia, with the first 
light of dawn comes through silk

5079
04:24:03,900 --> 04:24:06,600
curtains. 
As her personal slaves, get 

5080
04:24:06,600 --> 04:24:09,300
ready for the days. 
Transformational the room is 

5081
04:24:09,300 --> 04:24:11,000
already buzzing with quiet 
activity. 

5082
04:24:11,000 --> 04:24:13,200
This isn't just putting on 
makeup. 

5083
04:24:13,200 --> 04:24:16,300
It's a carefully planned 
ceremony that will take several 

5084
04:24:16,300 --> 04:24:19,300
hours and involve a lot of 
people, each of whom is an 

5085
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:22,000
expert in a different part of 
the process of making someone 

5086
04:24:22,000 --> 04:24:24,600
look better. 
So, fire, the Greek woman who 

5087
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:27,600
was chosen for her artistic 
skills is Olivia's main cosmetic

5088
04:24:27,600 --> 04:24:30,900
slave She starts by looking at 
her mistress's skin in the 

5089
04:24:30,900 --> 04:24:33,600
Morning Light people. 
In ancient Rome knew that make 

5090
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:36,600
up had to be put on in a way 
that worked with each person's 

5091
04:24:36,600 --> 04:24:40,100
unique features, skin tone and 
the needs of the day. 

5092
04:24:40,100 --> 04:24:43,500
So fire runs her experience 
fingers, gently over Olivia's 

5093
04:24:43,500 --> 04:24:47,100
face looking for changes in the 
texture of her skin new 

5094
04:24:47,100 --> 04:24:49,800
blemishes that need to be 
covered or areas that need extra

5095
04:24:49,800 --> 04:24:51,900
care. 
The first step in getting ready 

5096
04:24:51,900 --> 04:24:55,500
is to wash but not with a quick 
splash of water like people do. 

5097
04:24:55,500 --> 04:24:58,200
Now a warm mixture of milk, 
honey. 

5098
04:24:58,200 --> 04:25:01,500
And ground almonds is used to 
gently clean, Livia's face. 

5099
04:25:01,500 --> 04:25:04,800
The milk has mild acids that get
rid of dead skin cells. 

5100
04:25:04,800 --> 04:25:08,300
The honey is a natural 
antiseptic and moisturizer and 

5101
04:25:08,300 --> 04:25:10,600
the almonds gently rub the skin 
to make it smoother. 

5102
04:25:10,600 --> 04:25:14,100
So, failure uses her hands to 
apply this mixture in circles, 

5103
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:16,700
which he has learned how to do 
perfectly over the years. 

5104
04:25:16,700 --> 04:25:20,000
The massage part of the 
cleansing is almost as important

5105
04:25:20,000 --> 04:25:23,300
to the cleansing itself. 
The gentle pressure gets blood 

5106
04:25:23,300 --> 04:25:26,600
flowing to the skin, giving it a
Natural Glow that will be the 

5107
04:25:26,600 --> 04:25:30,400
base for the days makeup. 
After cleaning, it's time to put

5108
04:25:30,400 --> 04:25:33,500
on the base and this is where 
ancient Roman techniques show 

5109
04:25:33,500 --> 04:25:35,900
how advanced they were the 
white-led mixture. 

5110
04:25:35,900 --> 04:25:39,300
That will give you a trendy pale
complexion isn't just painted on

5111
04:25:39,300 --> 04:25:41,900
her skin. 
It's built up in thin almost 

5112
04:25:41,900 --> 04:25:44,900
clear layers, that give her skin
depth and shine while still 

5113
04:25:44,900 --> 04:25:47,300
looking natural. 
So, fire starts with the 

5114
04:25:47,300 --> 04:25:50,700
lightest possible application, 
using a wet sea sponge to apply 

5115
04:25:50,700 --> 04:25:53,300
the mixture in soft overlapping 
Strokes. 

5116
04:25:54,200 --> 04:25:56,600
She starts in the middle of the 
face and works her way out, 

5117
04:25:56,600 --> 04:25:59,200
making sure to blend each part 
before. 

5118
04:25:59,200 --> 04:26:02,500
Moving on to the next, the 
process needs perfect timing. 

5119
04:26:02,500 --> 04:26:05,600
Each layer needs to set for a 
little while before the next one

5120
04:26:05,600 --> 04:26:08,300
goes on, but not so long that it
becomes hard to blend. 

5121
04:26:08,300 --> 04:26:10,400
It takes a lot of skill to do 
this. 

5122
04:26:10,400 --> 04:26:13,300
Sophia has to decide how opaque 
each layer. 

5123
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:16,700
Is how the mixture will look on 
Olivia's skin tone and how the 

5124
04:26:16,700 --> 04:26:18,800
final result will look in 
different types of light during 

5125
04:26:18,800 --> 04:26:21,200
the day. 
If you put on too much makeup, 

5126
04:26:21,200 --> 04:26:23,300
it will look like a mask and not
real. 

5127
04:26:23,300 --> 04:26:26,100
If you don't use enough, it 
won't look like the porcelain 

5128
04:26:26,100 --> 04:26:29,300
that Roman fashion calls for 
While the base is being built 

5129
04:26:29,300 --> 04:26:32,400
and another slave gets the 
Rouge, ready to put color back 

5130
04:26:32,400 --> 04:26:34,700
into Olivia's cheeks, which have
become pale. 

5131
04:26:34,700 --> 04:26:37,200
It's not as easy as just opening
a container. 

5132
04:26:37,200 --> 04:26:40,600
And putting on color, the Rouge 
needs to be mixed fresh every 

5133
04:26:40,600 --> 04:26:44,600
day to get the best color and 
consistency, the slave uses oils

5134
04:26:44,600 --> 04:26:46,800
and waxes to grinds in a bar on 
a small palette. 

5135
04:26:46,800 --> 04:26:49,800
Adding tiny amounts of other 
colors to make the exact color 

5136
04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:52,000
that Livia skin needs for the 
days activities. 

5137
04:26:52,900 --> 04:26:55,300
Putting on Rouge requires a 
different set of skills. 

5138
04:26:55,300 --> 04:26:59,100
Sophia uses a brush made a fine 
animal hair to apply the color 

5139
04:26:59,100 --> 04:27:02,400
in exact patterns that make 
Livia's natural bone structure. 

5140
04:27:02,400 --> 04:27:05,900
Look better ancient Roman makeup
artists knew how to use color 

5141
04:27:05,900 --> 04:27:09,000
and shading to make it look like
you had higher cheekbones and 

5142
04:27:09,000 --> 04:27:12,300
more refined nose and a more 
perfect oval face shape. 

5143
04:27:12,300 --> 04:27:15,600
These are techniques that modern
makeup artists would recognize 

5144
04:27:15,600 --> 04:27:18,000
putting on eye. 
Makeup is probably the hardest 

5145
04:27:18,000 --> 04:27:21,300
part of the whole ritual. 
Roman women like dramatic eye 

5146
04:27:21,300 --> 04:27:23,700
effects that needed a lot of 
different products and very 

5147
04:27:23,700 --> 04:27:26,800
careful application. 
Sapphire starts by darkening, 

5148
04:27:26,800 --> 04:27:30,100
Livia's lashes with a mix of 
oils and soot using a small 

5149
04:27:30,100 --> 04:27:33,200
brush to cover each lash. 
The method is similar to how 

5150
04:27:33,200 --> 04:27:36,200
people put on mascara today. 
But it takes a lot more skill 

5151
04:27:36,200 --> 04:27:39,200
because the product doesn't have
the synthetic polymers that make

5152
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:43,000
modern mascara easier to put on 
next, the eye shadows put on in 

5153
04:27:43,000 --> 04:27:44,700
layers to give it depth and 
dimension. 

5154
04:27:45,600 --> 04:27:48,000
Sophia Sophia, Sophia uses 
different colors on different 

5155
04:27:48,000 --> 04:27:51,100
parts of the eyelid. 
For example, she uses a lighter 

5156
04:27:51,100 --> 04:27:53,100
shade near the inner corner, to 
make the eyes look bigger and 

5157
04:27:53,100 --> 04:27:56,800
brighter, a medium shade across 
the main lid area and a darker 

5158
04:27:56,800 --> 04:27:59,200
shade in the crease to make the 
eyes look deeper set. 

5159
04:27:59,200 --> 04:28:02,400
The last step in putting on eye 
makeup is to put coal around the

5160
04:28:02,408 --> 04:28:05,100
eye itself. 
You need the steadiest hand and 

5161
04:28:05,100 --> 04:28:08,100
the most accurate technique for 
this because any mistakes will 

5162
04:28:08,100 --> 04:28:10,000
be obvious right away and hard 
to fix. 

5163
04:28:10,000 --> 04:28:13,900
So fair uses a thin bronze Rod 
to apply the coal in smooth. 

5164
04:28:13,900 --> 04:28:17,200
Even lines, that follow the 
natural shape of Libya's eyes 

5165
04:28:17,200 --> 04:28:19,600
and go a little past. 
The outer Corners, to make the 

5166
04:28:19,600 --> 04:28:22,800
dramatic look that Roman fashion
likes living Olivia, stays 

5167
04:28:22,800 --> 04:28:25,300
almost still the whole time, 
which is something that rich 

5168
04:28:25,300 --> 04:28:28,900
Roman learned as kids people 
thought that being able to sit 

5169
04:28:28,900 --> 04:28:32,300
still for hours while makeup was
put on was a sign of refinement 

5170
04:28:32,300 --> 04:28:35,000
and self-control, but this isn't
just free time. 

5171
04:28:35,000 --> 04:28:39,600
Livia uses these hours to think 
plan her day and sometimes even 

5172
04:28:39,600 --> 04:28:41,900
dictate letters to scribes while
she changes. 

5173
04:28:41,900 --> 04:28:44,800
The last part of putting on 
makeup, is painting the lips 

5174
04:28:44,800 --> 04:28:46,500
with a red. 
Pigment made from crushed 

5175
04:28:46,500 --> 04:28:50,200
insects and plant dies. 
So fear uses a small brush to 

5176
04:28:50,200 --> 04:28:51,700
make the perfect shape for her 
lips. 

5177
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:55,100
She often paints outside or 
inside the natural lip line to 

5178
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:58,600
get the proportions that Roman 
beauty standards call for But 

5179
04:28:58,600 --> 04:29:00,500
the ritual doesn't end when the 
makeup is done. 

5180
04:29:00,500 --> 04:29:03,800
People put the finishing touches
on Olivia's hair with scented 

5181
04:29:03,800 --> 04:29:05,900
oils. 
While they painted her face, she

5182
04:29:05,900 --> 04:29:08,300
is carefully arranged her 
clothes to go with her finished.

5183
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:11,100
Look, she even picks out her 
jewelry to go with the colors 

5184
04:29:11,100 --> 04:29:13,900
and style of her makeup. 
Now, imagine yourself in ancient

5185
04:29:13,900 --> 04:29:16,800
Japan where the ritual for 
putting on makeup is even more 

5186
04:29:16,800 --> 04:29:19,500
complicated and full of meaning 
before midnight. 

5187
04:29:19,500 --> 04:29:23,000
And until dawn, a hand caught 
ladies private quarters are 

5188
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:25,800
transformed in one of history's.
Most elaborate Beauty, rituals 

5189
04:29:25,800 --> 04:29:29,000
the Japanese way of putting on 
makeup was based on the idea of 

5190
04:29:29,008 --> 04:29:32,200
layers, not just layers of 
makeup but also layers of 

5191
04:29:32,200 --> 04:29:34,800
meaning symbolism and artistic 
expression. 

5192
04:29:34,800 --> 04:29:37,700
Each part of the look was 
carefully chosen to go with the 

5193
04:29:37,708 --> 04:29:40,900
clothes accessories, perfume, 
and even the weather, and season

5194
04:29:40,900 --> 04:29:44,200
of the day, the attendance of 
the Court lady start the process

5195
04:29:44,200 --> 04:29:47,100
by cleaning and conditioning her
skin with a series of treatments

5196
04:29:47,100 --> 04:29:48,600
that takes several hours to 
finish. 

5197
04:29:48,600 --> 04:29:52,100
They gently scrub her skin with 
rice brown mixed with different 

5198
04:29:52,100 --> 04:29:55,500
flower Waters and then they put 
camellia oil on her skin to keep

5199
04:29:55,500 --> 04:29:58,600
it moist and safe. 
It takes years of practice to 

5200
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:00,700
master the art of putting on the
Whiteface powder. 

5201
04:30:00,700 --> 04:30:02,800
That is a big part of hay and 
makeup. 

5202
04:30:02,800 --> 04:30:06,500
You should be able to see no 
brush marks or uneven areas when

5203
04:30:06,500 --> 04:30:09,400
you apply the power, the 
coverage must be full and 

5204
04:30:09,400 --> 04:30:11,500
opaque. 
Changing the woman's natural 

5205
04:30:11,500 --> 04:30:14,200
color into a surface. 
That looks like porcelain and 

5206
04:30:14,200 --> 04:30:16,800
serves as a canvas for the 
artistic elements that will 

5207
04:30:16,800 --> 04:30:19,700
follow to paint the fake 
eyebrows which are small 

5208
04:30:19,700 --> 04:30:22,400
overalls on the forehead. 
You need the skill of a master 

5209
04:30:22,400 --> 04:30:25,100
calligrapher. 
The paint must be applied with 

5210
04:30:25,100 --> 04:30:27,000
smooth confidence Strokes that 
show. 

5211
04:30:27,000 --> 04:30:29,100
No hesitation or correction 
each. 

5212
04:30:29,100 --> 04:30:31,400
Eyebrow must be the same size 
shape and position. 

5213
04:30:32,300 --> 04:30:35,200
The tiny red lips painted in the
middle of the mouth are the most

5214
04:30:35,208 --> 04:30:38,200
unique part of hay, and makeup. 
And maybe the hardest to do. 

5215
04:30:38,208 --> 04:30:42,100
The shape must be perfectly 
symmetrical and fit perfectly in

5216
04:30:42,100 --> 04:30:44,700
the middle of the mouth. 
The color has to be even and 

5217
04:30:44,700 --> 04:30:47,900
bright, and it has to be made 
with precious red pigments that 

5218
04:30:47,900 --> 04:30:50,600
are mixed fresh for each use, 
applying makeup in. 

5219
04:30:50,600 --> 04:30:54,300
Ancient Chinese courts was just 
as complicated, but it was based

5220
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:56,300
on Confucian ideas of Harmony 
and balance. 

5221
04:30:56,300 --> 04:30:59,500
The process started with 
meditation and purification 

5222
04:30:59,500 --> 04:31:02,500
rituals that got both the person
applying and the personal 

5223
04:31:02,500 --> 04:31:04,800
receiving ready for the change. 
That was about to happen. 

5224
04:31:04,800 --> 04:31:08,200
Chinese makeup application 
focused on enhancing natural 

5225
04:31:08,200 --> 04:31:11,700
beauty rather than changing it. 
The goal was to make the look 

5226
04:31:11,700 --> 04:31:15,000
seem almost natural but it 
actually took hours of skilled 

5227
04:31:15,000 --> 04:31:17,800
work to get there. 
This Paradox, making something 

5228
04:31:17,800 --> 04:31:21,000
look natural with artificial 
means took a lot of skill and 

5229
04:31:21,000 --> 04:31:23,300
knowledge of how different 
colors and techniques would 

5230
04:31:23,300 --> 04:31:25,400
work. 
With each person's features in 

5231
04:31:25,400 --> 04:31:27,200
Ancient. 
India putting on makeup was 

5232
04:31:27,200 --> 04:31:30,000
often a group activity that made
people feel closer to each other

5233
04:31:30,000 --> 04:31:33,400
and made things look better. 
Women would get together to help

5234
04:31:33,400 --> 04:31:35,700
each other get ready for 
festivals weddings and other 

5235
04:31:35,700 --> 04:31:39,200
special events, they would share
tips, stories and knowledge 

5236
04:31:39,200 --> 04:31:41,500
while making elaborate header 
and makeup designs. 

5237
04:31:42,300 --> 04:31:45,000
When people use traditional 
Indian makeup, they put it on 

5238
04:31:45,008 --> 04:31:48,900
their whole body, not just their
face, henna designs on hands and

5239
04:31:48,900 --> 04:31:50,900
feet could take a long time to 
finish and needed. 

5240
04:31:50,900 --> 04:31:53,900
The Steady Hand of a skilled 
artist, the complicated 

5241
04:31:53,900 --> 04:31:56,700
geometric and floral patterns 
weren't just for show. 

5242
04:31:56,700 --> 04:32:00,400
They told stories about the 
person's family hopes and 

5243
04:32:00,400 --> 04:32:04,600
important events in their life, 
Aromatherapy was often a part of

5244
04:32:04,608 --> 04:32:08,200
ancient Middle Eastern makeup. 
Rituals, for example, certain 

5245
04:32:08,200 --> 04:32:10,900
perfumes and incenses were 
burned while putting on makeup 

5246
04:32:10,900 --> 04:32:13,900
to improve mood and create the 
desired mental state. 

5247
04:32:14,600 --> 04:32:17,400
People thought that the smells 
could change not only how the 

5248
04:32:17,400 --> 04:32:20,900
person looked but also their 
personality and Aura as you 

5249
04:32:20,900 --> 04:32:22,700
picture these complicated 
application. 

5250
04:32:22,700 --> 04:32:24,600
Rituals. 
You see that, people know that 

5251
04:32:24,600 --> 04:32:27,000
real beauty is more than just 
putting color on the face. 

5252
04:32:27,000 --> 04:32:30,800
These old ways of doing things 
knew that the process of change 

5253
04:32:30,800 --> 04:32:34,200
was just as important as the end
result, the time spent getting 

5254
04:32:34,200 --> 04:32:37,700
ready, the skill of the artists 
who worked on it and the purpose

5255
04:32:37,700 --> 04:32:39,800
behind the change. 
All played a role in the final 

5256
04:32:39,800 --> 04:32:42,900
effect, these rituals made 
places for meditations 

5257
04:32:42,900 --> 04:32:45,600
socializing art and personal 
growth that are fast-paced 

5258
04:32:45,600 --> 04:32:48,400
modern world often. 
Misses when it comes to Beauty 

5259
04:32:48,400 --> 04:32:51,600
these old ways of doing things. 
Remind us that beauty isn't just

5260
04:32:51,600 --> 04:32:54,300
about how we look. 
It's also about taking the time 

5261
04:32:54,300 --> 04:32:58,800
to honor ourselves and our place
in the larger Humanity Picture 

5262
04:32:58,800 --> 04:33:00,100
one. 
Last seen, before you go to 

5263
04:33:00,100 --> 04:33:02,700
sleep, you're looking into a 
mirror that can show you. 

5264
04:33:02,700 --> 04:33:06,300
Not only your own reflection, 
but also the voices of everyone 

5265
04:33:06,300 --> 04:33:08,800
who has ever looked into a 
mirror to get ready for the day.

5266
04:33:08,800 --> 04:33:11,800
You can see the cave painter, 
looking at their occur painted 

5267
04:33:11,800 --> 04:33:14,400
cheeks, in a pool of Still Water
on that silver surface. 

5268
04:33:14,400 --> 04:33:17,599
You can see the Egyptian 
Priestess looking at her coal 

5269
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:20,800
lined eyes and shiny bronze. 
The Chinese Court lady is, 

5270
04:33:20,808 --> 04:33:24,200
perfecting her porcelain skin. 
The Roman matron is fixing her 

5271
04:33:24,200 --> 04:33:27,400
Rouge and the Indian bride is 
admiring her henna decorated 

5272
04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:29,700
hands. 
All of these people who lived 

5273
04:33:29,700 --> 04:33:32,900
thousands of years apart and in 
very different places, share the

5274
04:33:32,900 --> 04:33:37,200
same basic human desire to show 
the world their best self to 

5275
04:33:37,200 --> 04:33:39,300
take part in their cultures idea
of beauty. 

5276
04:33:39,300 --> 04:33:43,300
And to enjoy the small daily 
Miracle of change that make up 

5277
04:33:43,300 --> 04:33:46,300
brings your own reflection. 
Is part of this never-ending 

5278
04:33:46,300 --> 04:33:49,300
parade, which connects you to 
everyone who has ever mixed 

5279
04:33:49,300 --> 04:33:53,300
pigment with oil ground minerals
into powder or carefully applied

5280
04:33:53,300 --> 04:33:55,000
color to make their natural 
features. 

5281
04:33:55,000 --> 04:33:57,599
Look better. 
You carry on their wisdom, their

5282
04:33:57,599 --> 04:33:59,800
new ideas. 
And their belief that beauty is 

5283
04:33:59,800 --> 04:34:02,099
one of the most lasting, an 
important ways that people 

5284
04:34:02,099 --> 04:34:04,800
Express themselves. 
Modern eyeliner is made from 

5285
04:34:04,800 --> 04:34:07,700
ancient Egyptian cold that you 
can still find in your bathroom 

5286
04:34:07,700 --> 04:34:10,500
cabinet. 
Roman Rouge is still used in 

5287
04:34:10,500 --> 04:34:13,400
modern blush. 
Modern Foundation is based on 

5288
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:16,700
Chinese face powder. 
Today's temporary tattoo art is 

5289
04:34:16,700 --> 04:34:19,099
based on Indian. 
Henna the tools and ingredients 

5290
04:34:19,099 --> 04:34:22,099
may be different but the basic 
Art stays the same. 

5291
04:34:23,200 --> 04:34:25,300
When you look in the mirror 
tomorrow morning and start your 

5292
04:34:25,300 --> 04:34:28,400
own Beauty routine, you'll be 
taking part in one of the oldest

5293
04:34:28,400 --> 04:34:31,200
traditions in human history. 
You will be adding your own 

5294
04:34:31,200 --> 04:34:34,900
chapter to a story that began in
caves long ago and will go on as

5295
04:34:34,900 --> 04:34:39,099
long as people care about beauty
identity, and the Magical change

5296
04:34:39,099 --> 04:34:40,900
that happens when color meets 
skin. 

5297
04:34:40,900 --> 04:34:44,300
You are part of this old 
beautiful never-ending story, so

5298
04:34:44,300 --> 04:34:46,599
sleep. 
Well, think about Egyptian 

5299
04:34:46,599 --> 04:34:50,900
palette and Chinese brushes, 
Roman Rouge and Indian henna and

5300
04:34:50,900 --> 04:34:53,599
all the people who have used 
makeup tools and all the faces 

5301
04:34:53,599 --> 04:34:56,500
that have been changed by the 
soft magic of light and pigment.

5302
04:34:56,500 --> 04:35:00,099
The history of makeup goes back 
thousands of years and every 

5303
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:03,000
time you put it on choose a 
color or change, your look you 

5304
04:35:03,000 --> 04:35:06,400
are continuing that history. 
You're the newest artist in the 

5305
04:35:06,400 --> 04:35:08,099
longest running art form in 
history. 

5306
04:35:08,099 --> 04:35:10,599
Tomorrow, you'll paint your 
Masterpiece again. 

5307
04:35:10,599 --> 04:35:14,300
Have a good night's sleep. 
Lovely dreamer, may your rest be

5308
04:35:14,300 --> 04:35:17,400
as peaceful as the satisfaction 
of ancient cosmetic makers. 

5309
04:35:17,400 --> 04:35:21,700
Who after hours of careful work 
finally set down their brushes 

5310
04:35:21,700 --> 04:35:25,300
and admire their Work in the 
soft glow of oil lamps and 

5311
04:35:25,300 --> 04:35:29,000
candles, knowing they had helped
someone become the best version 

5312
04:35:29,000 --> 04:35:37,500
of themselves. 
Imagine yourself sitting 

5313
04:35:37,500 --> 04:35:40,099
comfortably in what would have 
been Africa, 6 million years 

5314
04:35:40,099 --> 04:35:43,099
ago, but now it's just a lovely 
neighborhood with plenty of 

5315
04:35:43,108 --> 04:35:47,300
trees and no property taxes like
the first parkour enthusiasts in

5316
04:35:47,300 --> 04:35:51,700
nature your distant relatives. 
I mean, really distant, like the

5317
04:35:51,700 --> 04:35:54,400
kind, you only see it 
evolutionary reunions are having

5318
04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:57,099
the time of their lives swinging
from Branch to branch. 

5319
04:35:58,000 --> 04:36:01,099
Your early ancestors had it 
worked out trees, offered food 

5320
04:36:01,099 --> 04:36:04,400
covered defense against large 
teeth and a great place to 

5321
04:36:04,400 --> 04:36:06,099
observe how other primates 
swung. 

5322
04:36:06,900 --> 04:36:10,099
Up there in the canopy where the
only big decisions were which 

5323
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:12,599
fruit look the righteous. 
And if it was worth 

5324
04:36:12,599 --> 04:36:15,599
investigating that rustling in 
the next tree, over life was 

5325
04:36:15,599 --> 04:36:18,700
good. 
Then however, something began to

5326
04:36:18,700 --> 04:36:20,000
occur that would alter 
everything. 

5327
04:36:21,400 --> 04:36:24,700
The atmosphere started to change
much like when your favorite 

5328
04:36:24,700 --> 04:36:27,800
restaurant gradually Alters, its
menu until you can no longer 

5329
04:36:27,800 --> 04:36:31,500
recognize anything on it. 
After millions of years, The 

5330
04:36:31,500 --> 04:36:35,300
Verdant forests began to 
disappear like houses in a 

5331
04:36:35,300 --> 04:36:37,200
Suburban development that became
a bit too. 

5332
04:36:37,200 --> 04:36:40,500
Ambitious with the lot sizes 
trees became less common and 

5333
04:36:40,500 --> 04:36:43,500
more dispersed. 
You understand the issue your 

5334
04:36:43,500 --> 04:36:45,400
ancestors faced. 
If you have ever attempted to 

5335
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:48,200
move from one tree to another 
when they are slightly too far 

5336
04:36:48,207 --> 04:36:50,800
apart. 
It's like a tempting to cross a 

5337
04:36:50,800 --> 04:36:53,900
Creek from one stone to another 
only in getting wet feet. 

5338
04:36:53,900 --> 04:36:56,200
You run the risk of becoming 
someone's lunch. 

5339
04:36:57,000 --> 04:36:59,500
When the next handhold was 20 
feet away through open 

5340
04:36:59,500 --> 04:37:02,500
grassland, the traditional swing
and grab technique was not 

5341
04:37:02,500 --> 04:37:04,500
working so well, thank you very 
much. 

5342
04:37:04,500 --> 04:37:07,500
Some of your relatives have 
chosen to continue living in the

5343
04:37:07,500 --> 04:37:10,300
woods doubling down on their 
arboreal lifestyle. 

5344
04:37:10,300 --> 04:37:13,900
For example, they insist on 
using flip phones because they 

5345
04:37:13,900 --> 04:37:16,099
are reliable. 
It's actually good for them. 

5346
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:18,300
That these became the ancestors 
of modern Apes. 

5347
04:37:18,300 --> 04:37:22,200
They stayed in their Niche. 
However, others, your specific 

5348
04:37:22,200 --> 04:37:25,099
branch of the family tree. 
If you will begin to spend more 

5349
04:37:25,099 --> 04:37:28,000
time on the ground. 
Initially, this was most likely 

5350
04:37:28,000 --> 04:37:31,700
merely a practical requirement. 
Short walk across the 

5351
04:37:31,700 --> 04:37:34,099
increasingly common. 
Grasslands was the only way to 

5352
04:37:34,099 --> 04:37:36,900
get from this patch of trees to 
that patch of trees. 

5353
04:37:36,900 --> 04:37:40,000
It wasn't particularly 
effective, but it was manageable

5354
04:37:40,000 --> 04:37:43,599
to crawl across open ground 
Imagine attempting to crawl 

5355
04:37:43,599 --> 04:37:46,700
across a parking lot. 
You can do it but it will take 

5356
04:37:46,700 --> 04:37:49,000
some time and you will draw 
strange looks. 

5357
04:37:49,700 --> 04:37:52,700
Furthermore, you could only see 
what was right in front of your 

5358
04:37:52,700 --> 04:37:55,700
nose while you were down in the 
grass, which could be anything 

5359
04:37:55,700 --> 04:37:58,900
from a pleasant patch of clover,
to something that thought of 

5360
04:37:58,900 --> 04:38:02,599
you, as a walking appetizer. 
When the solution began to take 

5361
04:38:02,599 --> 04:38:06,599
shape, it was both sophisticated
and a little absurd getting to 

5362
04:38:06,599 --> 04:38:09,800
your feet simply getting to your
feet. 

5363
04:38:10,500 --> 04:38:13,500
Like a meerkat that chose to 
adopt it as a way of life. 

5364
04:38:13,500 --> 04:38:16,700
Instead of merely a fast Lookout
tactic naturally. 

5365
04:38:16,700 --> 04:38:18,300
This was not an impulsive 
Choice. 

5366
04:38:18,300 --> 04:38:22,500
Contrary to what some cartoons 
May portray, Evolution does not 

5367
04:38:22,500 --> 04:38:25,900
operate in that manner. 
It was more akin to a very slow 

5368
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:29,700
experiment that a turd over 100s
of thousands of years making it 

5369
04:38:29,700 --> 04:38:32,200
perhaps the longest running 
trial period in history. 

5370
04:38:33,500 --> 04:38:36,099
No one woke up one morning and 
thought, you know what? 

5371
04:38:36,099 --> 04:38:38,000
I'm going to try this walking 
thing. 

5372
04:38:38,900 --> 04:38:41,500
The initial attempts at upright 
walking were likely as graceful 

5373
04:38:41,500 --> 04:38:45,700
as a toddlers skating on ice 
uncertain, wobbly and involving 

5374
04:38:45,700 --> 04:38:48,599
a lot of falling. 
However, there were benefits to 

5375
04:38:48,599 --> 04:38:51,599
even though those early 
uncomfortable steps you could 

5376
04:38:51,599 --> 04:38:55,300
see over the grass identify 
opportunities and threats from a

5377
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:58,200
greater distance and appear much
more impressive to potential 

5378
04:38:58,200 --> 04:39:00,000
mates. 
If they were attracted to 

5379
04:39:00,000 --> 04:39:03,099
someone who was constantly 
falling over which they were 

5380
04:39:03,099 --> 04:39:05,200
really, your ancestors were 
Pioneers. 

5381
04:39:05,200 --> 04:39:08,900
They were trying something 
entirely different something no 

5382
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:11,400
primate had ever tried on a 
regular basis. 

5383
04:39:12,400 --> 04:39:16,000
Since they were the first to try
eating cheese, it seemed strange

5384
04:39:16,000 --> 04:39:18,599
and dangerous, but it ended up 
being a really smart move. 

5385
04:39:19,300 --> 04:39:21,800
You were there or more 
accurately your grandparents 

5386
04:39:21,800 --> 04:39:24,900
were there making their first 
hesitant forays into the world 

5387
04:39:24,900 --> 04:39:28,300
of bipedalism and believe me. 
When I say that those initial 

5388
04:39:28,300 --> 04:39:31,200
steps were more like please 
don't let me fall on my face 

5389
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:34,900
again then giant leap for 
mankind. the problem with 

5390
04:39:34,900 --> 04:39:37,400
standing up though, is that you 
start to realize how beneficial 

5391
04:39:37,400 --> 04:39:41,000
it is once you start doing it on
a regular basis, It's similar to

5392
04:39:41,000 --> 04:39:42,600
realizing. 
You've been living in a soft 

5393
04:39:42,600 --> 04:39:44,400
focus world and finally cleaning
your glasses. 

5394
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:48,400
The scene recently opened up, 
you could track where your 

5395
04:39:48,400 --> 04:39:51,300
family members had gone, find 
the best route to those stream 

5396
04:39:51,300 --> 04:39:53,700
trees and spot. 
Predators from a distance 

5397
04:39:53,700 --> 04:39:56,700
instead of just seeing grass and
the occasional Antelope ankle. 

5398
04:39:57,500 --> 04:40:01,100
Though the visual Advantage was 
enormous, the learning curve was

5399
04:40:01,100 --> 04:40:03,400
as steep as the hiking trail of 
a mountain goat. 

5400
04:40:03,400 --> 04:40:07,400
It's like going from riding a 
bicycle with training wheels to 

5401
04:40:07,400 --> 04:40:11,100
performing in circuit to Soleil.
Your ancestors had to learn how 

5402
04:40:11,100 --> 04:40:12,900
to balance on two feet instead 
of four. 

5403
04:40:13,800 --> 04:40:16,500
The amazing little organ that 
prevents you from falling over 

5404
04:40:16,500 --> 04:40:20,200
when you stand up too fast, the 
inner ear had to recalibrate 

5405
04:40:20,200 --> 04:40:23,400
itself from the ground up. 
As you read this, consider all 

5406
04:40:23,400 --> 04:40:26,100
the small muscles and movements 
your body performs to keep you 

5407
04:40:26,100 --> 04:40:28,800
standing like a driver on an icy
Road. 

5408
04:40:28,800 --> 04:40:31,500
Your brain is continuously 
making micro Corrections 

5409
04:40:31,500 --> 04:40:34,800
swerving into tiny skids that 
you aren't even aware of. 

5410
04:40:35,500 --> 04:40:38,300
All of this was something your 
ancestors had to create from the

5411
04:40:38,300 --> 04:40:41,900
ground up making what was 
basically a full-time job of not

5412
04:40:41,900 --> 04:40:43,900
falling down into something that
just happened? 

5413
04:40:43,900 --> 04:40:46,700
It was a revolutionary. 
Hands-free, Advantage. 

5414
04:40:46,700 --> 04:40:49,900
Your hands are essentially Prime
real estate taken up by the 

5415
04:40:49,900 --> 04:40:53,700
unglamorous tasks of moving when
your knuckle walking, but when 

5416
04:40:53,700 --> 04:40:56,200
you get up, your hands are free 
to do other things. 

5417
04:40:56,200 --> 04:40:59,200
Instead of eating the food right
away, like some sort of 

5418
04:40:59,200 --> 04:41:02,000
prehistoric fast food 
experience, you could take it 

5419
04:41:02,000 --> 04:41:04,900
home to your family. 
Humanity's first step toward 

5420
04:41:04,900 --> 04:41:07,000
becoming the creatures that 
would eventually collect 

5421
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:10,500
everything from stamps to Old, 
lunchboxes was likely the 

5422
04:41:10,500 --> 04:41:13,100
ability to pick up and examine 
interesting objects. 

5423
04:41:14,600 --> 04:41:15,900
The use of tools was made 
possible. 

5424
04:41:15,900 --> 04:41:19,700
In previously unimaginable ways 
chimpanzees can fish termites 

5425
04:41:19,700 --> 04:41:22,500
out of a mound with the stick 
but they are unable to transport

5426
04:41:22,500 --> 04:41:25,600
and entire toolkit. 
Humanity's, first mobile 

5427
04:41:25,600 --> 04:41:28,800
workshops, were made possible by
your upright ancestors, ability 

5428
04:41:28,800 --> 04:41:31,500
to gather practical objects, 
like sturdy sticks and rocks. 

5429
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:35,100
They were similar to prehistoric
handyman, but in stead of 

5430
04:41:35,108 --> 04:41:38,500
Building kitchen cabinets, they 
worked on Survival projects and 

5431
04:41:38,500 --> 04:41:41,100
other unanticipated Advantage 
was the cooling system. 

5432
04:41:41,100 --> 04:41:45,100
It may seem counter-intuitive to
stand upright in the African Sun

5433
04:41:45,100 --> 04:41:48,500
after all, it exposes more 
surface area to the Heat. 

5434
04:41:49,200 --> 04:41:51,500
Even though they weren't aware 
of it consciously, your 

5435
04:41:51,500 --> 04:41:53,000
ancestors were smarter than 
that. 

5436
04:41:53,000 --> 04:41:56,600
They increase their exposure to 
cooling breezes and decrease 

5437
04:41:56,600 --> 04:41:59,300
their exposure to the direct 
overhead Sun by standing up. 

5438
04:42:00,000 --> 04:42:02,500
If you didn't mind, looking a 
little goofy while it was in 

5439
04:42:02,500 --> 04:42:05,100
use, it was similar to having an
integrated climate control 

5440
04:42:05,100 --> 04:42:07,700
system. 
In order to accommodate this new

5441
04:42:07,700 --> 04:42:12,500
way of life hairstyles, even 
began to shift a natural sun hat

5442
04:42:12,500 --> 04:42:15,300
was created by the body hair 
remaining thicker, on top of the

5443
04:42:15,300 --> 04:42:19,500
head but becoming less dense. 
So overall practical efficient 

5444
04:42:19,500 --> 04:42:22,500
and establishing trends that 
would eventually result in some 

5445
04:42:22,500 --> 04:42:25,200
genuinely dubious hairstyles 
throughout human history. 

5446
04:42:25,200 --> 04:42:28,200
It was Evolution's take on 
functional fashion. 

5447
04:42:29,000 --> 04:42:32,600
The biggest shift though might 
have been psychological your 

5448
04:42:32,600 --> 04:42:36,100
ancestors appeared larger, more 
impressive and more substantial 

5449
04:42:36,100 --> 04:42:39,100
when they stood up. 
This was no small advantage in a

5450
04:42:39,108 --> 04:42:41,700
world where being a formidable 
person could mean the difference

5451
04:42:41,700 --> 04:42:44,000
between being left alone or 
being someone's dinner. 

5452
04:42:44,000 --> 04:42:47,200
It was the ancient equivalent of
dressing nicely for a job 

5453
04:42:47,200 --> 04:42:49,300
interview. 
It didn't alter your identity 

5454
04:42:49,300 --> 04:42:51,600
but it did alter how other 
people saw you. 

5455
04:42:51,600 --> 04:42:54,800
The challenge of surviving in a 
changing world, was the occasion

5456
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:57,200
and your ancestors were 
literally rising to the 

5457
04:42:57,200 --> 04:43:00,300
occasion. 
Every shaky step every 

5458
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:03,800
successful tree to tree Crossing
every successful moment of 

5459
04:43:03,800 --> 04:43:06,900
avoiding falling was leading to 
something, never seen before in 

5460
04:43:06,900 --> 04:43:10,500
the history of life on Earth. 
Now, you might assume that the 

5461
04:43:10,500 --> 04:43:13,300
difficult part was over. 
Once your ancestors learned, the

5462
04:43:13,300 --> 04:43:16,000
fundamentals of standing up, 
you'd be mistaken. 

5463
04:43:16,000 --> 04:43:19,100
It's like assuming you're 
prepared for the Tour de France.

5464
04:43:19,100 --> 04:43:21,800
Once you learn how to ride a 
bicycle, there was a lot of 

5465
04:43:21,800 --> 04:43:24,400
trial and error involved in the 
transition from technically 

5466
04:43:24,400 --> 04:43:27,900
possible to actually practical 
with a focus on the latter. 

5467
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:32,200
Over 100s of thousands of years,
significant skeletal changes 

5468
04:43:32,200 --> 04:43:34,100
were necessary for full-time 
perpetual. 

5469
04:43:35,000 --> 04:43:37,800
In order to distribute weight 
evenly, when standing erect, 

5470
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:41,000
your ancestors spine, had to 
grow curves, they'd never had 

5471
04:43:41,000 --> 04:43:43,600
before forming a s walking 
upright. 

5472
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:46,200
Without these curves would have 
been like attempting to balance 

5473
04:43:46,200 --> 04:43:48,900
a pile of books as someone can 
continue to add more to the top.

5474
04:43:49,800 --> 04:43:51,700
There was a complete renovation 
of the pelvis. 

5475
04:43:51,700 --> 04:43:55,300
If you will 8, have long narrow 
pelvises that are ideal for 

5476
04:43:55,300 --> 04:43:58,400
supporting a horizontal body, 
but dreadfully an adequate for 

5477
04:43:58,400 --> 04:44:01,800
supporting a vertical one. 
In order to accommodate internal

5478
04:44:01,800 --> 04:44:04,900
organs, arranged vertically, 
rather than horizontally, your 

5479
04:44:04,900 --> 04:44:07,800
ancestors evolved wider, bold 
shaped pelvises. 

5480
04:44:08,500 --> 04:44:11,800
After choosing to live on the 
walls rather than the floors, it

5481
04:44:11,800 --> 04:44:14,000
was similar to moving all the 
furniture around a house. 

5482
04:44:14,700 --> 04:44:16,700
Leg bones, realigned and became 
stronger. 

5483
04:44:16,700 --> 04:44:19,900
The knees were able to properly 
aligned under the center of 

5484
04:44:19,908 --> 04:44:23,500
gravity of the body because the 
thigh bone, formed an angle that

5485
04:44:23,500 --> 04:44:26,900
would make any geometry teacher 
proud in order to absorb the 

5486
04:44:26,900 --> 04:44:29,500
shock of Heel To Toe walking 
feet, change from being 

5487
04:44:29,500 --> 04:44:31,800
flexible. 
Grasping appendages to rigid 

5488
04:44:31,800 --> 04:44:34,700
platforms with arches. 
Your ancestors were literally 

5489
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:37,900
starting over from scratch. 
This is where things start to 

5490
04:44:37,900 --> 04:44:41,300
get interesting and a little 
awkward human still have to make

5491
04:44:41,300 --> 04:44:44,300
trade-offs as a result of all 
these changes that slender 

5492
04:44:44,300 --> 04:44:46,100
pelvis that allowed for upright 
walking. 

5493
04:44:47,000 --> 04:44:49,500
It also greatly increased, the 
difficulty and risk of 

5494
04:44:49,508 --> 04:44:52,200
childbirth. 
Your female ancestors were 

5495
04:44:52,200 --> 04:44:55,100
effectively making a trade-off 
between mobility and ease of 

5496
04:44:55,100 --> 04:44:57,800
reproduction, which would have 
long-term effects on our 

5497
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:00,300
species. 
In addition to effectively 

5498
04:45:00,300 --> 04:45:03,800
Distributing weight, the curved 
spine produced weak spots that 

5499
04:45:03,800 --> 04:45:06,900
continued to cause issues. 
People have been complaining of 

5500
04:45:06,900 --> 04:45:08,800
lower back pain for millions of 
years. 

5501
04:45:08,800 --> 04:45:12,200
It's not just a modern 
occurrence brought on by desk 

5502
04:45:12,200 --> 04:45:15,200
work and bad posture. 
Although they most likely 

5503
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:17,100
weren't aware of this specific 
first. 

5504
04:45:17,100 --> 04:45:20,300
Your ancestors were Pioneers in 
the field of chronic back 

5505
04:45:20,300 --> 04:45:22,900
problems. 
In the meantime, the feet that 

5506
04:45:22,900 --> 04:45:26,300
had become so good for walking 
turned into awful ones for 

5507
04:45:26,300 --> 04:45:29,700
climbing. 
For grasping branches those in 

5508
04:45:29,700 --> 04:45:33,000
flexible arches and straight 
toes that are ideal for covering

5509
04:45:33,000 --> 04:45:36,600
ground were ineffective. 
Evolutionarily speaking, your 

5510
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:39,100
ancestors were burning their 
Bridges by settling for a 

5511
04:45:39,100 --> 04:45:42,400
terrestrial lifestyle with fewer
and fewer tree backup plans. 

5512
04:45:43,300 --> 04:45:45,900
Without a doubt, there were many
spectacular failures during the 

5513
04:45:45,900 --> 04:45:48,900
learning process. 
Imagine attempting to flee from 

5514
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:50,800
a predator. 
After you've only just learned 

5515
04:45:50,800 --> 04:45:54,200
how to walk upright, imagine 
trying to negotiate uneven 

5516
04:45:54,200 --> 04:45:57,100
ground while you're balancing 
system is still in beta testing.

5517
04:45:57,900 --> 04:46:01,000
In essence, your ancestors, were
relearning how to use their 

5518
04:46:01,000 --> 04:46:04,100
bodies much like someone 
recuperating from a serious 

5519
04:46:04,100 --> 04:46:07,500
injury, only the injury was 
caused by millions of years, of 

5520
04:46:07,500 --> 04:46:10,300
quadruple Evolution. 
During this time of transition, 

5521
04:46:10,300 --> 04:46:12,900
children must have been a 
special entertaining. 

5522
04:46:12,900 --> 04:46:15,700
If you've ever seen a human 
toddler, learn to walk. 

5523
04:46:15,700 --> 04:46:19,700
Imagine how unsteady they were 
then added in the fact that the 

5524
04:46:19,700 --> 04:46:23,300
adults were much more stable 
Like a group Expedition, led by 

5525
04:46:23,300 --> 04:46:26,000
people who had never gone hiking
before families. 

5526
04:46:26,000 --> 04:46:28,300
Most likely moved very slowly 
and fell a lot. 

5527
04:46:28,308 --> 04:46:31,700
However, they continue because 
the benefits were becoming 

5528
04:46:31,700 --> 04:46:34,800
indisputable. 
In this honest business, each 

5529
04:46:34,800 --> 04:46:37,800
generation was marginally 
superior to the previous one 

5530
04:46:37,800 --> 04:46:41,800
Offspring with stronger. 
Spines improved balance or more 

5531
04:46:41,800 --> 04:46:43,900
effective. 
Walking patterns had a higher 

5532
04:46:43,908 --> 04:46:47,800
chance of surviving and 
procreating Those who are able 

5533
04:46:47,800 --> 04:46:50,700
to learn this strange, new way 
of moving through the world were

5534
04:46:50,700 --> 04:46:54,300
rewarded by natural selection. 
Better balance control and 

5535
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:57,500
spatial awareness were being 
developed by the brain in tandem

5536
04:46:57,500 --> 04:47:01,000
with these physical changes. 
That vital part of the brain 

5537
04:47:01,000 --> 04:47:04,000
that controls movement. 
The cerebellum was being 

5538
04:47:04,000 --> 04:47:07,200
thoroughly exercised and 
improving as a result as they 

5539
04:47:07,200 --> 04:47:09,300
learn to use their newly 
acquired abilities. 

5540
04:47:09,300 --> 04:47:12,300
Your ancestors were literally 
growing into their new bodies. 

5541
04:47:13,100 --> 04:47:15,900
Your ancestors had become fairly
proficient at this standing up 

5542
04:47:15,900 --> 04:47:18,500
business by this point. 
They weren't particularly 

5543
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:22,800
elegant yet, think functional 
rather than elegant, but they 

5544
04:47:22,800 --> 04:47:26,000
made real progress by being able
to move from point A to point B 

5545
04:47:26,000 --> 04:47:27,900
without constantly embarrassing 
themselves. 

5546
04:47:29,200 --> 04:47:32,400
The desire to see what labor on 
the next Hill, which would 

5547
04:47:32,400 --> 04:47:35,100
forever Define. 
Humanity came along with this 

5548
04:47:35,100 --> 04:47:38,700
newfound Mobility. 
Because your ancestors became 

5549
04:47:38,700 --> 04:47:41,200
the ultimate tourists. 
This is where your family 

5550
04:47:41,200 --> 04:47:43,100
history becomes really 
fascinating. 

5551
04:47:43,100 --> 04:47:47,200
However, they were exploring 
completely new continents and 

5552
04:47:47,200 --> 04:47:49,300
establishing the human presence 
in places. 

5553
04:47:49,300 --> 04:47:53,200
No promote had ever seen before 
rather than snapping photos and 

5554
04:47:53,200 --> 04:47:56,800
purchasing trinkets. 
Walking had become so efficient.

5555
04:47:56,800 --> 04:48:00,200
That long-distance travel was no
longer just feasible but also 

5556
04:48:00,200 --> 04:48:03,100
necessary. 
The world begins to appear as 

5557
04:48:03,100 --> 04:48:05,900
though, it is just waiting for 
you to explore it. 

5558
04:48:05,900 --> 04:48:09,600
Once you're able to move 
quickly, instantly carry your 

5559
04:48:09,600 --> 04:48:12,300
supplies and food with you and 
improve your teamwork skills. 

5560
04:48:13,500 --> 04:48:16,800
This wasn't just a weekend, 
getaway your ancestors started 

5561
04:48:16,800 --> 04:48:19,100
the first major human migration 
Out of Africa. 

5562
04:48:19,100 --> 04:48:22,700
In the end, this 
multi-generational journey would

5563
04:48:22,700 --> 04:48:26,500
disperse Humanity throughout the
world. since walking was their 

5564
04:48:26,500 --> 04:48:29,600
new superpower, they traveled by
foot from Africa, to the Middle,

5565
04:48:29,600 --> 04:48:35,000
East Asia, and finally 
Australia, and the Americas By 

5566
04:48:35,000 --> 04:48:37,900
today's standards, the pace was 
slow in a good year. 

5567
04:48:37,900 --> 04:48:39,500
These groups might travel a few 
miles. 

5568
04:48:39,500 --> 04:48:43,200
Stopping, wherever, resources 
were plentiful, making temporary

5569
04:48:43,200 --> 04:48:45,400
settlements. 
And then continuing on when 

5570
04:48:45,400 --> 04:48:48,900
assessed steel curiosity, 
demanded it, it resembled the 

5571
04:48:48,908 --> 04:48:51,400
world's slowest and longest 
treasure hunt more than a 

5572
04:48:51,400 --> 04:48:54,000
planned Expedition. 
With the treasure being simply 

5573
04:48:54,000 --> 04:48:55,600
finding what was around the next
corner. 

5574
04:48:56,700 --> 04:48:59,300
Their ability to walk upright, 
was further honed by the new 

5575
04:48:59,300 --> 04:49:01,600
Challengers presented by each 
new setting. 

5576
04:49:02,500 --> 04:49:05,600
They learned endurance and how 
to move effectively over Sand 

5577
04:49:05,600 --> 04:49:09,000
and Stone in the desert. 
There for footedness and balance

5578
04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:10,600
were developed in mountainous 
areas. 

5579
04:49:10,600 --> 04:49:13,900
They were exposed to walking on 
a variety of services and 

5580
04:49:13,900 --> 04:49:17,900
coastal areas, including Saint 
rots and tide pools, all of, 

5581
04:49:17,900 --> 04:49:20,600
which required Minor Adjustments
to their balance, and gait 

5582
04:49:20,600 --> 04:49:24,300
walking social components gained
equal weight, with its physical 

5583
04:49:24,300 --> 04:49:25,600
ones. 
Better. 

5584
04:49:25,600 --> 04:49:28,900
Communication systems had to be 
developed in order for groups to

5585
04:49:28,900 --> 04:49:32,100
coordinate their movements. 
When you needed to say something

5586
04:49:32,100 --> 04:49:34,800
like there's a river three days 
walk North that has. 

5587
04:49:34,808 --> 04:49:37,400
Excellent fishing, but watch out
for the cranky. 

5588
04:49:37,400 --> 04:49:40,300
Hippopotamuses you couldn't just
Grunt and point. 

5589
04:49:41,400 --> 04:49:43,900
Language became crucial for 
exchanging navigational, 

5590
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:47,400
information, discussing route 
options, and organizing stops. 

5591
04:49:48,200 --> 04:49:51,000
Walking in groups also meant 
creating systems of cooperation 

5592
04:49:51,000 --> 04:49:55,100
and social hierarchy. 
Who determines the speed without

5593
04:49:55,100 --> 04:49:58,400
abandoning, the slower Walkers, 
how can you make accommodations 

5594
04:49:58,400 --> 04:50:00,000
for them? 
When someone is hurt. 

5595
04:50:00,000 --> 04:50:03,300
What do you do? 
The idea of group travel with 

5596
04:50:03,300 --> 04:50:06,400
all the associated logistical 
difficulties was essentially 

5597
04:50:06,400 --> 04:50:09,300
being invented by your 
ancestors, they developed, 

5598
04:50:09,300 --> 04:50:12,000
increasingly Advanced, and 
specialized tools for their 

5599
04:50:12,000 --> 04:50:15,500
nomadic way of life. 
Heavy one-time used tools were 

5600
04:50:15,500 --> 04:50:18,700
preferred over lightweight 
portable multi-functional items.

5601
04:50:18,700 --> 04:50:22,000
They continuously improve their 
equipment to strike a balance 

5602
04:50:22,000 --> 04:50:24,700
between portability and 
functionality much like 

5603
04:50:24,700 --> 04:50:28,300
prehistoric hikers. 
A good walking stick became 

5604
04:50:28,300 --> 04:50:32,200
useful, not only for stability 
but also as a measuring tool a 

5605
04:50:32,200 --> 04:50:34,300
testing ground probe and a reach
extension. 

5606
04:50:35,200 --> 04:50:37,800
When they lived mostly in trees,
the weather became a constant 

5607
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:39,800
factor in ways that it had never
been before. 

5608
04:50:40,700 --> 04:50:43,500
Their bodies were more exposed 
to wind rain and temperature 

5609
04:50:43,500 --> 04:50:45,500
fluctuations. 
When they were walking upright, 

5610
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:49,100
they had to learn how to read 
weather patterns plan, their 

5611
04:50:49,100 --> 04:50:51,900
routes around seasonal changes 
and devised strategies for 

5612
04:50:51,900 --> 04:50:53,400
traveling in various weather 
conditions. 

5613
04:50:54,400 --> 04:50:57,800
They developed extraordinary 
navigational skills, they learn 

5614
04:50:57,800 --> 04:51:02,000
to read Landscapes like books 
without the use of Maps GPS or 

5615
04:51:02,000 --> 04:51:06,100
even written language, Mountain 
shapes, river flows, vegetation 

5616
04:51:06,100 --> 04:51:09,000
patterns, and animal behavior. 
All contributed to the 

5617
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:11,800
development of a complex system 
for navigating Uncharted 

5618
04:51:11,800 --> 04:51:15,300
Territory By establishing 
patterns of curiosity and 

5619
04:51:15,300 --> 04:51:18,500
movement that would eventually 
take their descendants to every 

5620
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:21,300
part of the planet. 
Your ancestors were pinning, the

5621
04:51:21,300 --> 04:51:22,900
first chapter of human 
exploration. 

5622
04:51:24,100 --> 04:51:27,000
With only their ability to walk 
upright, their developing 

5623
04:51:27,000 --> 04:51:30,100
intelligence and an apparently 
insatiable desire to see what 

5624
04:51:30,100 --> 04:51:33,700
they be on the next Horizon. 
They were the first pioneers. 

5625
04:51:33,700 --> 04:51:37,200
Even your ancestors probably 
didn't anticipate the Intriguing

5626
04:51:37,200 --> 04:51:38,800
turn. 
Your family history is about to 

5627
04:51:38,800 --> 04:51:40,800
take. 
Their brains were being 

5628
04:51:40,800 --> 04:51:45,200
remarkably impacted by all of 
this walking carrying tool use 

5629
04:51:45,200 --> 04:51:47,000
and acclimating to new 
surroundings. 

5630
04:51:48,200 --> 04:51:50,600
It was similar to a very 
long-term, very slow fitness 

5631
04:51:50,600 --> 04:51:53,800
program, but it was building 
intelligence rather than muscle.

5632
04:51:54,500 --> 04:51:57,400
One of the most graceful 
feedback loops in evolution is 

5633
04:51:57,400 --> 04:52:00,200
the connection between brain 
development and upright, walking

5634
04:52:00,200 --> 04:52:03,200
your ancestors ability to walk 
on two feet. 

5635
04:52:03,200 --> 04:52:06,300
Allowed them to use their hands 
for more difficult tasks. 

5636
04:52:06,300 --> 04:52:09,600
They needed more advanced hand, 
I coordination than they had 

5637
04:52:09,600 --> 04:52:13,600
ever needed before in order to 
use tools make tools and carry 

5638
04:52:13,600 --> 04:52:17,100
several objects at once. 
The really clever part though is

5639
04:52:17,100 --> 04:52:19,800
that the parts of the brain that
govern precise hand movements 

5640
04:52:19,800 --> 04:52:23,400
are located directly adjacent to
those that govern language and 

5641
04:52:23,400 --> 04:52:27,500
abstract thought, Ideas tend to 
flow back and forth, much like, 

5642
04:52:27,500 --> 04:52:29,300
when your office and workshop or
adjacent. 

5643
04:52:30,200 --> 04:52:32,400
Your ancestors were 
unintentionally, creating the 

5644
04:52:32,400 --> 04:52:34,800
neural infrastructure, that 
would eventually enable 

5645
04:52:34,800 --> 04:52:38,800
sophisticated communication and 
problem solving, as they improve

5646
04:52:38,800 --> 04:52:42,100
their motor control for using 
tools, the actual brain was 

5647
04:52:42,100 --> 04:52:45,800
enlarging, but not at random. 
To meet the new demands of 

5648
04:52:45,800 --> 04:52:48,400
bipedal life, certain areas were
growing. 

5649
04:52:49,200 --> 04:52:52,400
Already exerting extra effort to
control balance and coordination

5650
04:52:52,400 --> 04:52:56,400
the cerebellum kept growing. the
frontal cortex which is in 

5651
04:52:56,400 --> 04:52:59,500
charge of planning and making 
decisions grew to accommodate 

5652
04:52:59,500 --> 04:53:02,000
the intricate decision's 
required for group, coordination

5653
04:53:02,000 --> 04:53:06,500
tool, use and navigation, 
Consider the activities that 

5654
04:53:06,500 --> 04:53:09,800
your ancestors engaged in on a 
daily basis, they had to make 

5655
04:53:09,800 --> 04:53:12,800
and maintain tools. 
Remember where resources were 

5656
04:53:12,800 --> 04:53:16,100
plan routes through Uncharted 
Territory, coordinate group 

5657
04:53:16,100 --> 04:53:18,800
movements and solve problems 
that their tree dwelling, 

5658
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:22,300
relatives had never faced it was
similar to enrolling in a 

5659
04:53:22,300 --> 04:53:24,500
full-time. 
Multi-year, University course on

5660
04:53:24,500 --> 04:53:25,800
how to solve real world 
problems. 

5661
04:53:25,800 --> 04:53:29,400
Their developing brains were 
especially taxed by the social 

5662
04:53:29,400 --> 04:53:33,000
components of their new way of 
life. cooperation and Group 

5663
04:53:33,000 --> 04:53:36,300
Travel required, not only 
knowing what you had to do but 

5664
04:53:36,300 --> 04:53:38,700
also knowing what other members 
of your group were planning and 

5665
04:53:38,708 --> 04:53:41,600
thinking the ability to 
comprehend that other people 

5666
04:53:41,600 --> 04:53:44,900
have their own thoughts 
intentions and knowledge what 

5667
04:53:44,900 --> 04:53:48,600
psychologists now refer to as 
theory of Mind, had to be 

5668
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:52,800
developed The important and 
sophistication of language were 

5669
04:53:52,800 --> 04:53:56,100
growing, their lifestyle now 
required complex coordination, 

5670
04:53:56,100 --> 04:53:58,900
and simple gestures, and warning
calls were insufficient. 

5671
04:53:59,700 --> 04:54:01,400
The Water Source, they had 
discovered yesterday. 

5672
04:54:01,400 --> 04:54:05,100
The Hazardous terrain ahead and 
the travel plans for tomorrow 

5673
04:54:05,100 --> 04:54:07,100
were among the things. 
They needed to discuss that 

5674
04:54:07,100 --> 04:54:10,500
weren't immediately available. 
Thinking abstractly was turning 

5675
04:54:10,500 --> 04:54:13,900
into a survival tactic. 
Additionally, your ancestors had

5676
04:54:13,900 --> 04:54:16,000
to contend with a wide range of 
difficult circumstances. 

5677
04:54:16,000 --> 04:54:18,400
Every new habitats they came 
across. 

5678
04:54:18,400 --> 04:54:20,700
Had its own set of challenges in
a desert. 

5679
04:54:20,700 --> 04:54:23,500
How can one locate water in a 
new area? 

5680
04:54:23,500 --> 04:54:27,200
What is safe to eat? 
In a climate that is colder than

5681
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:29,200
anything you have ever 
experienced. 

5682
04:54:29,200 --> 04:54:33,400
How do you stay warm? 
In essence, each obstacle, 

5683
04:54:33,400 --> 04:54:36,000
overcomes served as a teaching 
tool for Innovative 

5684
04:54:36,000 --> 04:54:38,600
problem-solving. 
There was an acceleration of the

5685
04:54:38,600 --> 04:54:41,000
feedback loop between mental 
development and physical 

5686
04:54:41,000 --> 04:54:44,300
capabilities. 
More sophisticated tasks were 

5687
04:54:44,300 --> 04:54:47,600
made possible by better tools, 
which in turn required, even 

5688
04:54:47,600 --> 04:54:49,700
better. 
Brains better group. 

5689
04:54:49,700 --> 04:54:52,400
Coordination made possible by 
more advanced communication 

5690
04:54:52,400 --> 04:54:54,900
allow them to take on 
increasingly difficult 

5691
04:54:54,900 --> 04:54:57,700
situations, that required more 
complex planning and 

5692
04:54:57,700 --> 04:55:01,700
problem-solving skills. 
Most significantly though, they 

5693
04:55:01,700 --> 04:55:04,000
were acquiring what we might 
refer to as cognitive 

5694
04:55:04,000 --> 04:55:07,200
flexibility. 
Capacity to modify their way of 

5695
04:55:07,200 --> 04:55:09,100
thinking in response to novel 
circumstances. 

5696
04:55:09,100 --> 04:55:12,900
Your ancestors were always 
facing new problems that needed 

5697
04:55:12,900 --> 04:55:15,300
new answers. 
Unlike their relatives, who are 

5698
04:55:15,300 --> 04:55:18,000
discovered and remained in 
successful ecological niches. 

5699
04:55:18,000 --> 04:55:20,800
They were evolving into the best
generalists. 

5700
04:55:20,800 --> 04:55:24,900
Able to survive in nearly any 
setting, their bodies and Minds 

5701
04:55:24,900 --> 04:55:26,700
were becoming uniquely 
intertwined. 

5702
04:55:27,500 --> 04:55:30,900
Their improved vocal control due
to their erect posture aided in 

5703
04:55:30,900 --> 04:55:32,400
the development of their 
language skills. 

5704
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:36,300
The production of sophisticated 
tools made possible by their 

5705
04:55:36,300 --> 04:55:39,700
freed hands promoted. 
The growth of their brains They 

5706
04:55:39,700 --> 04:55:42,500
were able to plan and coordinate
better, thanks to their enhanced

5707
04:55:42,500 --> 04:55:44,900
brains which increase the 
effectiveness of their 

5708
04:55:44,900 --> 04:55:47,600
bipedalism. 
Everything was interconnected. 

5709
04:55:47,600 --> 04:55:51,200
And as one advancement led to 
another the capabilities 

5710
04:55:51,200 --> 04:55:55,100
increased through intelligence 
collaboration and cultural 

5711
04:55:55,100 --> 04:55:57,700
Innovation. 
Your ancestors were essentially 

5712
04:55:57,700 --> 04:56:00,900
evolving into a new kind of 
creature that could adapt to 

5713
04:56:00,900 --> 04:56:03,900
nearly any environment without 
the need for specialized 

5714
04:56:03,900 --> 04:56:06,900
physical evolution. 
They were laying the groundwork 

5715
04:56:06,900 --> 04:56:10,500
for all subsequent stages of 
human development by exchanging,

5716
04:56:10,500 --> 04:56:14,500
biological specialization for 
mental adaptability Your 

5717
04:56:14,500 --> 04:56:16,900
ancestors, had been walking 
upright for well, over a million

5718
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:18,800
years by this time in your 
family's history. 

5719
04:56:18,800 --> 04:56:21,700
They had also become quite 
proficient at it. 

5720
04:56:21,700 --> 04:56:25,500
However, in evolutionary terms, 
being good at it, meant that 

5721
04:56:25,500 --> 04:56:28,100
they had figured out, the 
fundamental issue of not topping

5722
04:56:28,100 --> 04:56:30,800
overall the time. 
They now had to deal with the 

5723
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:33,700
subtler, optimization problems. 
Like how to walk more 

5724
04:56:33,700 --> 04:56:36,900
effectively longer better and 
under more difficult 

5725
04:56:36,900 --> 04:56:40,900
circumstances human walking 
became truly remarkable at this 

5726
04:56:40,900 --> 04:56:43,400
point. 
Your ancestors were becoming the

5727
04:56:43,400 --> 04:56:46,200
most proficient, long-distance 
Walkers, the world had ever 

5728
04:56:46,208 --> 04:56:48,400
seen. 
Not just proficient bypass. 

5729
04:56:48,400 --> 04:56:51,400
They were evolving into the best
hiking experts. 

5730
04:56:51,400 --> 04:56:55,400
Able to go far on little effort.
They created truly amazing 

5731
04:56:55,400 --> 04:56:58,600
mechanics. 
When done correctly, human 

5732
04:56:58,600 --> 04:57:00,800
walking is basically a 
controlled fall. 

5733
04:57:00,800 --> 04:57:04,700
You lean forward, a little catch
yourself with your other leg and

5734
04:57:04,700 --> 04:57:06,700
then use the momentum to keep 
moving forward. 

5735
04:57:06,700 --> 04:57:10,300
It functions similarly to a 
perpetual motion machine driven 

5736
04:57:10,300 --> 04:57:13,900
by muscle coordination and 
gravity Walking had become an 

5737
04:57:13,908 --> 04:57:17,600
art form for your ancestors. 
However, endurance walking was 

5738
04:57:17,600 --> 04:57:21,000
the most advanced development. 
Your ancestors were able to keep

5739
04:57:21,000 --> 04:57:24,300
up a steady pace for hours days 
or even weeks. 

5740
04:57:24,300 --> 04:57:27,500
Whereas other animals might be 
faster in short bursts. 

5741
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:30,600
They learned how to walk long 
distances with heavy loads. 

5742
04:57:30,600 --> 04:57:34,300
Negotiate challenging terrain, 
and keep up this pace for 

5743
04:57:34,300 --> 04:57:37,700
extended periods of time. 
They resembled infinite range, 

5744
04:57:37,700 --> 04:57:39,500
biological all terrain, 
vehicles. 

5745
04:57:40,200 --> 04:57:43,200
This was supported by remarkable
physical adaptations. 

5746
04:57:43,200 --> 04:57:46,800
Their leg muscles became 
incredibly efficient able to 

5747
04:57:46,800 --> 04:57:50,100
contract repeatedly for extended
periods of time without becoming

5748
04:57:50,100 --> 04:57:53,700
tired during prolonged activity.
Their cardiovascular systems 

5749
04:57:53,700 --> 04:57:56,300
developed exceptional 
capabilities to sustain 

5750
04:57:56,300 --> 04:58:00,300
consistent oxygen delivery. 
Their feet evolved into highly 

5751
04:58:00,300 --> 04:58:03,300
Advanced propulsion and shock 
absorption mechanisms. 

5752
04:58:03,300 --> 04:58:06,300
The control of temperature 
became specially complex. 

5753
04:58:06,300 --> 04:58:09,500
Your ancestors capacity to sweat
affectively. 

5754
04:58:09,500 --> 04:58:12,500
While sustaining constant 
activity levels is the most 

5755
04:58:12,500 --> 04:58:15,200
sophisticated cooling mechanism 
in the male and world. 

5756
04:58:16,100 --> 04:58:18,900
In hotter climates they could 
walk all day, whereas other 

5757
04:58:18,900 --> 04:58:20,800
animals needed to take cover 
from the Heat. 

5758
04:58:21,500 --> 04:58:24,100
The more they worked, the more 
effective, the built-in air 

5759
04:58:24,100 --> 04:58:26,600
conditioning became. 
Long-distance walking 

5760
04:58:26,600 --> 04:58:29,600
psychological effects were 
equally as significant as its 

5761
04:58:29,600 --> 04:58:32,000
physical ones. 
Your ancestors possessed. 

5762
04:58:32,000 --> 04:58:35,600
Exceptional, mental endurance, 
which is the capacity to stay 

5763
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:38,600
motivated and focused during 
long periods of repetitive work 

5764
04:58:38,600 --> 04:58:42,300
such as hours or days, they 
developed the ability to paste 

5765
04:58:42,300 --> 04:58:44,500
themselves. 
Find Rhythm and flow in 

5766
04:58:44,500 --> 04:58:48,100
prolonged movement and keep the 
group cohesive during travels. 

5767
04:58:49,000 --> 04:58:51,400
Modern explorers would be 
impressed by the level of 

5768
04:58:51,400 --> 04:58:55,200
navigation skills, attained. 
They were able to plan multi-day

5769
04:58:55,200 --> 04:58:58,300
routes through unfamiliar 
territory, remember and return 

5770
04:58:58,300 --> 04:59:01,300
to specific locations. 
After long absences and 

5771
04:59:01,300 --> 04:59:04,200
maintained Direction across 
featureless terrain without the 

5772
04:59:04,200 --> 04:59:06,500
use of any tools other than 
their own sensei's. 

5773
04:59:07,300 --> 04:59:11,100
They gained an intuitive aware 
of seasonal, variations, natural

5774
04:59:11,100 --> 04:59:14,700
navigational markers and 
Landscape Patterns group 

5775
04:59:14,700 --> 04:59:17,300
long-distance travel required. 
Extraordinary social 

5776
04:59:17,300 --> 04:59:20,900
coordination throughout possibly
weeks of travel groups. 

5777
04:59:20,900 --> 04:59:23,900
Had to coordinate rest periods. 
Share the load of carrying 

5778
04:59:23,900 --> 04:59:26,300
supplies. 
Keep their unity and 

5779
04:59:26,300 --> 04:59:28,900
synchronize. 
Their Pace in essence, they were

5780
04:59:28,908 --> 04:59:31,700
creating the ideas of expedition
management, teamwork and 

5781
04:59:31,700 --> 04:59:34,300
Logistics. 
They developed an extremely 

5782
04:59:34,300 --> 04:59:36,100
complex relationship with the 
terrain. 

5783
04:59:36,100 --> 04:59:39,300
They acquired the ability to 
read various ground types and 

5784
04:59:39,300 --> 04:59:43,700
modify their stride for maximum 
Effectiveness on grass, mud, 

5785
04:59:43,700 --> 04:59:47,700
rock, or sand. 
They created methods for safely.

5786
04:59:47,700 --> 04:59:50,900
Traversing, through dense, 
vegetation Crossing streams and 

5787
04:59:50,900 --> 04:59:54,600
walking on steep slopes every 
kind of terrain turned into a 

5788
04:59:54,600 --> 04:59:57,200
puzzle that needed to be solved 
using walking technique. 

5789
04:59:57,800 --> 05:00:00,300
They're walking lifestyle was 
supported by the evolution of 

5790
05:00:00,300 --> 05:00:03,100
tool. 
Use walking sticks evolved into 

5791
05:00:03,100 --> 05:00:06,600
multifunctional tools for 
testing the ground Determining 

5792
05:00:06,600 --> 05:00:10,400
depth reaching objects and 
offering leverage on challenging

5793
05:00:10,400 --> 05:00:12,500
terrain. 
They were no longer only used 

5794
05:00:12,500 --> 05:00:15,400
for balance more, advanced 
carrying systems that 

5795
05:00:15,400 --> 05:00:17,700
efficiently distributed weight, 
for long distance, 

5796
05:00:17,700 --> 05:00:21,500
Transportation were developed. 
Most significantly though your 

5797
05:00:21,500 --> 05:00:24,700
ancestors were acquiring, what 
we might refer to as walking 

5798
05:00:24,700 --> 05:00:28,800
wisdom, an innate sense of 
Rhythm Pace, endurance and 

5799
05:00:28,800 --> 05:00:31,800
efficiency that would later come
to Define humanity. 

5800
05:00:31,800 --> 05:00:34,200
In addition to learning how to 
walk. 

5801
05:00:34,200 --> 05:00:36,600
They were also learning how to 
walk far, walk. 

5802
05:00:36,600 --> 05:00:39,900
Well, and make walking a 
long-term sustainable lifestyle.

5803
05:00:40,700 --> 05:00:43,100
They were producing something 
that had never been seen before.

5804
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:46,300
In Natural History, thanks to 
their unique blend of physical 

5805
05:00:46,300 --> 05:00:50,400
prowess, mental stamina, social 
coordination and Technical 

5806
05:00:50,400 --> 05:00:53,800
Proficiency in by pedal, 
Locomotion in addition to being 

5807
05:00:53,800 --> 05:00:55,400
animals with the ability to walk
upright. 

5808
05:00:55,400 --> 05:00:58,500
Your ancestors were developing 
into the most proficient 

5809
05:00:58,500 --> 05:01:00,700
long-distance drivers the world 
had ever seen. 

5810
05:01:01,500 --> 05:01:04,300
Millions of years later, you are
most likely sitting and reading 

5811
05:01:04,300 --> 05:01:07,600
this, which would have perplexed
your early ancestors, who had to

5812
05:01:07,608 --> 05:01:09,900
go to such lengths to get you 
upright in the first place. 

5813
05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:13,400
The beauty of the whole story. 
However, is that your ancestors 

5814
05:01:13,400 --> 05:01:15,600
learned to do more than just 
stand up and walk? 

5815
05:01:15,600 --> 05:01:18,600
They learn to do it so well that
you now have the freedom to 

5816
05:01:18,600 --> 05:01:20,600
decide when to use the amazing 
skills. 

5817
05:01:20,600 --> 05:01:23,700
They acquired. 
In the end becoming proficient 

5818
05:01:23,700 --> 05:01:27,000
at bipedalism involved, much 
more than simply moving from one

5819
05:01:27,000 --> 05:01:30,000
location to another. 
It turned into the Cornerstone 

5820
05:01:30,000 --> 05:01:33,400
of everything that makes people 
special upright, posture 

5821
05:01:33,400 --> 05:01:36,400
improved vocal tract 
configuration and breath 

5822
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:38,400
control. 
Which contributed to the 

5823
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:41,900
development of language hands 
were released from Locomotion 

5824
05:01:41,900 --> 05:01:45,800
allowing for the use of complex 
tools, because Group Travel and 

5825
05:01:45,800 --> 05:01:48,300
coordination required Advanced 
planning and communication 

5826
05:01:48,300 --> 05:01:50,800
skills. 
Social cooperation developed, 

5827
05:01:51,500 --> 05:01:53,900
Millions of years of walking 
have left their mark on your 

5828
05:01:53,900 --> 05:01:56,400
brain today. 
Numerous generations of 

5829
05:01:56,400 --> 05:01:58,900
ancestors who had to negotiate 
difficult terrain while 

5830
05:01:58,900 --> 05:02:02,100
remaining upright shape the 
neural Pathways that governed 

5831
05:02:02,100 --> 05:02:04,200
balance coordination and spatial
awareness. 

5832
05:02:05,200 --> 05:02:07,700
The ongoing difficulties of 
group coordination and 

5833
05:02:07,700 --> 05:02:11,100
long-distance travel extended 
the areas in charge of planning 

5834
05:02:11,100 --> 05:02:14,000
and problem solving. 
Even the skills, your ancestors,

5835
05:02:14,000 --> 05:02:16,800
acquired through repeatedly, or 
essential to your current way of

5836
05:02:16,808 --> 05:02:19,300
life. 
You use skills developed over 

5837
05:02:19,300 --> 05:02:22,000
millions of years of upright. 
Walking, when you move through a

5838
05:02:22,000 --> 05:02:25,600
crowded area, keep your balance 
on a moving bus or coordinate, 

5839
05:02:25,600 --> 05:02:27,500
your movements while carrying 
multiple objects. 

5840
05:02:28,300 --> 05:02:30,500
You have skills that you 
probably don't think about much 

5841
05:02:30,500 --> 05:02:33,100
but use all the time because of 
your ancestors extensive 

5842
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:36,600
training and staying vertical. 
Your ancestors endurance, 

5843
05:02:36,600 --> 05:02:38,600
manifests itself in unexpected 
ways. 

5844
05:02:39,500 --> 05:02:42,400
Among the animal kingdoms top 
long distance Runners are still 

5845
05:02:42,408 --> 05:02:46,100
humans running marathons hiking 
and other Endurance, Sports 

5846
05:02:46,100 --> 05:02:49,300
activate muscles, that were 
evolved for survival, not sport.

5847
05:02:50,400 --> 05:02:53,200
You possess the genetic Heritage
of the greatest walkers in the 

5848
05:02:53,200 --> 05:02:56,200
history of evolution. 
Human interaction is still 

5849
05:02:56,200 --> 05:02:59,100
influenced by the social aspects
of your ancestors walking 

5850
05:02:59,100 --> 05:03:02,300
lifestyle. 
All human social organization is

5851
05:03:02,300 --> 05:03:05,500
built on the cooperation, 
communication and group 

5852
05:03:05,500 --> 05:03:08,000
coordination skills. 
They acquired for successful 

5853
05:03:08,000 --> 05:03:10,800
Group Travel. 
The skills that your ancestors 

5854
05:03:10,800 --> 05:03:13,500
developed while attempting to 
travel together across ancient 

5855
05:03:13,500 --> 05:03:17,500
Landscapes are used in every 
team project coordinated effort 

5856
05:03:17,500 --> 05:03:22,200
and successful group endeavor. 
Even in our gps-enabled world, 

5857
05:03:22,200 --> 05:03:24,700
your relationship with the 
landscape and navigation. 

5858
05:03:24,700 --> 05:03:27,600
Reflects skills. 
Your ancestors developed, out of

5859
05:03:27,600 --> 05:03:31,400
sheer need Millions of years of 
evolutionary development in 

5860
05:03:31,400 --> 05:03:34,700
Land, Navigation, have given 
humans the ability to read 

5861
05:03:34,700 --> 05:03:37,500
terrain comprehend spatial 
relationships, and maintain 

5862
05:03:37,500 --> 05:03:40,200
Direction. 
Perhaps most astonishingly. 

5863
05:03:40,200 --> 05:03:43,100
However your ancestors ability 
to walk on two feet. 

5864
05:03:43,100 --> 05:03:46,800
Allowed humans to flourish in 
nearly any terrestrial setting. 

5865
05:03:46,800 --> 05:03:49,300
Something no other species has 
been able to do. 

5866
05:03:50,300 --> 05:03:53,900
Because your ancestors required,
such amazing walking skills and 

5867
05:03:53,900 --> 05:03:56,900
the intelligence to use them 
efficiently, humans are able to 

5868
05:03:56,900 --> 05:04:00,100
adapt and survive in a variety 
of environments. 

5869
05:04:00,100 --> 05:04:03,500
From the Arctic tundra to the 
tropical rainforest from 

5870
05:04:03,500 --> 05:04:06,900
mountaintops to the Ocean. 
Shores, being able to stand up 

5871
05:04:06,900 --> 05:04:10,100
straight to, not only a physical
accomplishment, it marked the 

5872
05:04:10,100 --> 05:04:14,800
start of human civilization 
culture technology and language.

5873
05:04:15,800 --> 05:04:18,700
The foundation your ancestors 
laid when they first got up and 

5874
05:04:18,700 --> 05:04:21,100
made the decision to remain. 
That way as the basis for all 

5875
05:04:21,100 --> 05:04:24,000
human achievements, from the 
invention of the first stone 

5876
05:04:24,000 --> 05:04:27,700
tools to space exploration. 
Take a moment to appreciate the 

5877
05:04:27,700 --> 05:04:29,700
Incredible Journey. 
That led you to this point. 

5878
05:04:29,700 --> 05:04:33,300
The next time you stand up, 
really stand up with your head. 

5879
05:04:33,300 --> 05:04:37,900
High hands-free, spine curve, 
just right, and your weight 

5880
05:04:37,900 --> 05:04:40,500
balanced on two feet. 
You are The Offspring of 

5881
05:04:40,500 --> 05:04:43,000
creatures that took one of the 
most unlikely risks in the 

5882
05:04:43,008 --> 05:04:45,400
history of the natural world and
made it work. 

5883
05:04:45,400 --> 05:04:49,000
Remarkably, well, you're the 
result of millions of years of 

5884
05:04:49,000 --> 05:04:52,900
evolutionary, experimentation 
the ability to stand tall in the

5885
05:04:52,900 --> 05:04:54,800
world. 
Both literally and figuratively 

5886
05:04:54,800 --> 05:04:58,900
is a gift from your ancestors. 
They evolved in to beings that 

5887
05:04:58,908 --> 05:05:02,400
made upright walking, their 
defining trait rather than 

5888
05:05:02,400 --> 05:05:05,000
creatures that occasionally 
stood up to gain a better view. 

5889
05:05:05,000 --> 05:05:08,100
They transformed a last-ditch 
effort to adapt to changing 

5890
05:05:08,100 --> 05:05:10,900
conditions Into The Greatest 
Adventure in human history. 

5891
05:05:12,000 --> 05:05:14,400
You can now, sleep soundly 
knowing that you will be taking 

5892
05:05:14,400 --> 05:05:17,100
part in one of the most 
successful evolutionary 

5893
05:05:17,100 --> 05:05:20,100
Innovations in the history of 
life on earth when you wake up 

5894
05:05:20,100 --> 05:05:23,600
and walk for the first time 
tomorrow, good walks and sweet 

5895
05:05:23,600 --> 05:05:31,100
dreams. 
You're standing on a wooden 

5896
05:05:31,100 --> 05:05:34,400
platform somewhere in Ohio and 
its 1847. 

5897
05:05:34,400 --> 05:05:37,400
The morning. 
Air smells primarily of cold 

5898
05:05:37,400 --> 05:05:40,900
smoke, with a hint of Adventure,
your carpet bag, sits Heavy in 

5899
05:05:40,900 --> 05:05:42,500
Your Hand stuffed with 
everything. 

5900
05:05:42,500 --> 05:05:45,400
You own that seemed important 
three days ago when you decided 

5901
05:05:45,400 --> 05:05:47,800
to Head West. 
Now, you're wondering why you 

5902
05:05:47,800 --> 05:05:50,500
packed two pairs of Sunday shoes
and only one spare shirt. 

5903
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:54,600
The locomotive sits before you, 
hissing and clanking like some 

5904
05:05:54,600 --> 05:05:56,600
great Metal Beast with 
indigestion. 

5905
05:05:57,500 --> 05:06:00,400
Steam Puffs from various 
openings and you can't shake the

5906
05:06:00,400 --> 05:06:02,900
feeling that the whole 
Contraption might explode at any

5907
05:06:02,900 --> 05:06:05,600
moment. 
The engineer a grizzled man with

5908
05:06:05,600 --> 05:06:08,000
arms, like tree. 
Trunks seems remarkably 

5909
05:06:08,000 --> 05:06:09,500
unconcerned about this 
possibility. 

5910
05:06:09,500 --> 05:06:11,800
He's probably seen enough 
boiler. 

5911
05:06:11,800 --> 05:06:14,200
Explosion to know what one looks
like before it happens? 

5912
05:06:14,200 --> 05:06:17,300
This thought doesn't come for 
you as much as you'd hoped. 

5913
05:06:18,300 --> 05:06:21,300
You climb aboard, the passenger 
car which is essentially a 

5914
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:22,900
wooden box on Wheels with 
Windows. 

5915
05:06:22,900 --> 05:06:26,500
The seats are arranged in rows 
facing forward though. 

5916
05:06:26,500 --> 05:06:28,900
Seats is perhaps too generous a 
term. 

5917
05:06:28,900 --> 05:06:32,400
They're more like church pews 
with backs upholstered in 

5918
05:06:32,400 --> 05:06:34,400
horsehair that prickles through 
your clothes. 

5919
05:06:35,300 --> 05:06:37,700
The aisle between them is narrow
enough, that two people can't 

5920
05:06:37,700 --> 05:06:40,200
pass without one of them sucking
in their stomach and doing a 

5921
05:06:40,200 --> 05:06:43,000
little sideways shuffle. 
Your fellow passengers are 

5922
05:06:43,000 --> 05:06:45,600
settling in around you. 
There's a woman in, a severe, 

5923
05:06:45,600 --> 05:06:47,900
black dress, who's already 
claimed the window seat and 

5924
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:49,800
looks like she defended with her
life. 

5925
05:06:50,700 --> 05:06:53,400
Behind her, a traveling 
salesman, arranges his sample 

5926
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:55,800
cases with the Precision of a 
military operation. 

5927
05:06:56,500 --> 05:06:58,800
Across the aisle. 
A young mother tries to convince

5928
05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:01,700
her toddler that the train isn't
actually a monster though. 

5929
05:07:01,700 --> 05:07:04,800
The child seemed skeptical and 
frankly, you don't blame him. 

5930
05:07:06,200 --> 05:07:08,800
The conductor appears a man 
whose mustache has its own 

5931
05:07:08,800 --> 05:07:11,200
postal code. 
He's wearing a uniform that 

5932
05:07:11,200 --> 05:07:13,500
seemed better decades and 
carries a pocket watch. 

5933
05:07:13,500 --> 05:07:16,500
He consults with religious 
devotion All Aboard. 

5934
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:18,700
He calls though you're already 
aboard. 

5935
05:07:18,700 --> 05:07:21,200
So you're not sure if the 
request applies to you, or if 

5936
05:07:21,200 --> 05:07:24,100
you should get off and get back 
on, again, you choose to remain 

5937
05:07:24,100 --> 05:07:26,800
Where You Are. 
With a tremendous jolt, that 

5938
05:07:26,800 --> 05:07:28,700
nearly sends you into the lap of
the stern. 

5939
05:07:28,700 --> 05:07:32,000
Woman by the window. 
The train begins to move the 

5940
05:07:32,000 --> 05:07:33,800
wheels. 
Make a rhythmic clacking sound 

5941
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:35,900
that will haunt your dreams for 
the next three weeks. 

5942
05:07:35,900 --> 05:07:41,700
Clackity clack clack. 
Almost musical if your taste in 

5943
05:07:41,708 --> 05:07:44,900
music runs to repetitive 
percussion performed by Iron 

5944
05:07:44,900 --> 05:07:48,500
wheels on iron rails. 
The scenery outside starts to 

5945
05:07:48,500 --> 05:07:52,400
crawl passed at this speed, you 
could probably hop off pick some

5946
05:07:52,400 --> 05:07:55,200
wildflowers and hop back on 
again, though the conductors 

5947
05:07:55,200 --> 05:07:57,700
mustache suggests, the idea 
wouldn't be appreciated. 

5948
05:07:58,700 --> 05:08:03,100
Fields role by dotted with cows,
who seemed mildly interested in 

5949
05:08:03,100 --> 05:08:05,400
this mechanical intrusion into 
their pastoral day. 

5950
05:08:06,600 --> 05:08:10,000
A farmer waves from his plow and
you wave back feeling very 

5951
05:08:10,000 --> 05:08:14,400
Cosmopolitan and modern, The car
rocks gently from side to side 

5952
05:08:14,400 --> 05:08:16,600
not entirely unlike being in a 
cradle. 

5953
05:08:16,608 --> 05:08:20,100
If cradles were made of wood and
iron and pulled by steam 

5954
05:08:20,100 --> 05:08:23,600
engines, the motion is soothing.
Once you get used to it though, 

5955
05:08:23,600 --> 05:08:26,100
it takes about the same amount 
of time as a mild case of 

5956
05:08:26,100 --> 05:08:29,700
seasickness You close your eyes 
and try to imagine, you're on a 

5957
05:08:29,700 --> 05:08:32,000
ship sailing across prairies and
of oceans. 

5958
05:08:32,000 --> 05:08:35,600
Your carpet bags, slides around 
on the floor with each curve and

5959
05:08:35,600 --> 05:08:38,100
bump. 
Everybody's luggage performs, a 

5960
05:08:38,100 --> 05:08:41,100
small dance, and every now and 
then someone's hat box tries to 

5961
05:08:41,100 --> 05:08:43,400
escape only to have its 
embarrassed owner. 

5962
05:08:43,400 --> 05:08:46,800
Restrain it, the woman next to 
you as tied, her reticle to her 

5963
05:08:46,800 --> 05:08:48,600
wrist, with what appears to be a
shoelace. 

5964
05:08:48,600 --> 05:08:53,000
Clearly, she's traveled by train
before outside the world passes 

5965
05:08:53,000 --> 05:08:55,800
by at the breathtaking speed of 
about 15 miles per hour. 

5966
05:08:55,800 --> 05:08:59,400
The present is the future. 
You think to yourself the 

5967
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:03,400
present, is what progress looks 
like. people travel across vast 

5968
05:09:03,400 --> 05:09:06,700
distances on iron horses, 
reaching speeds, that would have

5969
05:09:06,700 --> 05:09:10,000
been Unthinkable for your 
grandparents However, at this 

5970
05:09:10,000 --> 05:09:12,800
moment, as I watch a 
particularly energetic squirrel,

5971
05:09:12,800 --> 05:09:15,200
keep Pace with the train for a 
solid 30 seconds. 

5972
05:09:15,200 --> 05:09:19,000
The entire experience feels less
revolutionary and more quaint. 

5973
05:09:19,000 --> 05:09:22,900
The whistle blows, a long 
mournful sound that somehow 

5974
05:09:22,900 --> 05:09:25,100
manages to be both exciting and 
lonely. 

5975
05:09:25,100 --> 05:09:29,400
At the same time, you're moving 
now carried forward by Steam and

5976
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:32,300
steel into whatever Adventure, 
awaits down the line. 

5977
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:35,000
After your first hour aboard, 
you're beginning to understand 

5978
05:09:35,000 --> 05:09:38,100
that train travel comes with its
peculiar social rules. 

5979
05:09:38,100 --> 05:09:40,800
Most of which nobody bothered to
write down anywhere. 

5980
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:44,000
It's like being invited to a 
party where everyone knows the 

5981
05:09:44,000 --> 05:09:47,100
secret handshake. 
Except you take the window seat 

5982
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:49,500
situation. 
For instance, the woman beside 

5983
05:09:49,500 --> 05:09:52,500
uses astonished squatters rights
on the window view and she 

5984
05:09:52,500 --> 05:09:55,400
guards. 
It jealously when you lean 

5985
05:09:55,400 --> 05:09:57,600
slightly toward the glass to 
catch a glimpse of a 

5986
05:09:57,600 --> 05:10:00,900
particularly captivating cow. 
She shifted to considerable box 

5987
05:10:00,900 --> 05:10:03,900
to block your view in entirely. 
Seems like she's following 

5988
05:10:03,900 --> 05:10:07,200
proper train etiquette, but you 
suspect, she's making it up as 

5989
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:09,600
she goes. 
The art of eating aboard, a 

5990
05:10:09,600 --> 05:10:11,700
moving train proves to be more 
challenging than the new 

5991
05:10:11,700 --> 05:10:14,500
anticipated. 
The railroad has thoughtfully 

5992
05:10:14,500 --> 05:10:18,700
provided a dining car though. 
Dining is perhaps two elegant 

5993
05:10:18,700 --> 05:10:21,900
term for what transpires there. 
You make your way down the 

5994
05:10:21,900 --> 05:10:24,200
aisle. 
Grab a seat backs and fellow 

5995
05:10:24,200 --> 05:10:27,600
passengers for support as the 
car sways, and lurches the 

5996
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:29,600
dining car. 
Attendant a man who's clearly 

5997
05:10:29,600 --> 05:10:32,800
made peace with the chaos of his
profession, serves up plates of 

5998
05:10:32,800 --> 05:10:35,000
food that seemed determined to 
slide into your lap. 

5999
05:10:35,000 --> 05:10:38,400
Your beef stew sloshes from side
to side with each train, rock, 

6000
05:10:38,400 --> 05:10:41,600
you quickly, learn to time your 
spoonfuls, with the motion of 

6001
05:10:41,600 --> 05:10:45,300
the car, scooping up stew, when 
it slides toward you and waiting

6002
05:10:45,300 --> 05:10:48,000
patiently when it migrates to 
the far side of the bowl. 

6003
05:10:48,700 --> 05:10:52,000
It resembles a fishing 
experience albeit with gravy and

6004
05:10:52,000 --> 05:10:54,800
vegetables as the catch and a 
constantly shifting pond. 

6005
05:10:55,800 --> 05:10:58,400
The other diners have developed 
various strategies for dealing 

6006
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:01,500
with mobile Meals. 
One gentleman has wedged, his 

6007
05:11:01,500 --> 05:11:04,100
plate between two coffee cups, 
creating a little edible 

6008
05:11:04,100 --> 05:11:07,600
Fortress, a lady at the next 
table as give up entirely on 

6009
05:11:07,600 --> 05:11:09,900
utensils. 
And his politely nibbling her 

6010
05:11:09,900 --> 05:11:13,500
dinner role while watching her 
suit performer, acrobatics. the 

6011
05:11:13,500 --> 05:11:16,300
traveling salesman from your car
somehow managed to balance his 

6012
05:11:16,300 --> 05:11:19,400
entire meal on his knees, while 
continuing to work on his 

6013
05:11:19,400 --> 05:11:22,600
correspondence, you suspect, 
he's Parts circus performer, 

6014
05:11:23,600 --> 05:11:26,100
Coffee service presents its own 
unique challenges. 

6015
05:11:26,100 --> 05:11:29,800
The attendant approaches with a 
large pot, and The Confident of 

6016
05:11:29,800 --> 05:11:31,900
someone who has done the job 
1,000 times before. 

6017
05:11:32,900 --> 05:11:35,700
He pulls the coffee in a smooth 
Arc that somehow accounts for 

6018
05:11:35,700 --> 05:11:39,000
the Train's motion, the cups 
movement, and the likelihood 

6019
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:41,000
that you'll jerk your hand at 
The crucial moment. 

6020
05:11:41,000 --> 05:11:44,000
Most of the coffee actually 
makes it into the cup. 

6021
05:11:44,700 --> 05:11:45,900
Which feels like a small 
miracle. 

6022
05:11:46,700 --> 05:11:49,700
Between meals, you discover, 
that privacy is a negotiable 

6023
05:11:49,700 --> 05:11:53,100
concept, aboard, a train, your 
fellow passengers seem to view 

6024
05:11:53,100 --> 05:11:55,300
your personal business as 
legitimate entertainment. 

6025
05:11:55,300 --> 05:11:58,700
The stern Woman by the window 
has taken to commenting on your 

6026
05:11:58,700 --> 05:12:01,000
reading material. 
Despite the fact that you 

6027
05:12:01,000 --> 05:12:04,300
haven't asked for her literary 
opinions, When you pull out a 

6028
05:12:04,300 --> 05:12:06,600
penny novel, she sniffs 
disapprovingly and mutter 

6029
05:12:06,600 --> 05:12:08,500
something about the decline of 
modern morals. 

6030
05:12:08,500 --> 05:12:11,500
You can consider pointing out 
that her own reading material 

6031
05:12:11,500 --> 05:12:13,800
appears to be a Temperance 
track, but decide that 

6032
05:12:13,800 --> 05:12:16,500
discretion is the better part of
not getting into an argument 

6033
05:12:16,500 --> 05:12:19,000
with someone you'll be sitting 
next to for the next two days. 

6034
05:12:20,000 --> 05:12:22,400
The traveling salesman has 
appointed himself, the cars 

6035
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:25,900
unofficial social directors. 
He knows everyone's destination 

6036
05:12:25,900 --> 05:12:29,500
occupation, and life story 
within the first 50 miles. 

6037
05:12:30,300 --> 05:12:33,500
By Miles 75. 
He's offering unsolicited advice

6038
05:12:33,500 --> 05:12:35,800
about everything from the best 
hotels in Chicago. 

6039
05:12:35,800 --> 05:12:37,900
To the proper treatment of 
bunions. 

6040
05:12:38,800 --> 05:12:41,500
You learn more about bunion care
than any reasonable person. 

6041
05:12:41,500 --> 05:12:44,900
Should know, however, you must 
admit that his enthusiasm is 

6042
05:12:44,900 --> 05:12:47,400
endearing. 
The bathroom facilities on the 

6043
05:12:47,408 --> 05:12:50,700
train deserve special mention, 
although they may not be ideal 

6044
05:12:50,700 --> 05:12:54,200
to use during dinner time. 
Embracing Nature's call, while 

6045
05:12:54,200 --> 05:12:57,100
traveling at 15 miles per hour. 
Over questionable, track 

6046
05:12:57,100 --> 05:13:00,600
Demands, a certain level of 
athletic ability and a 

6047
05:13:00,600 --> 05:13:01,900
willingness to embrace 
Adventure. 

6048
05:13:03,500 --> 05:13:06,300
Facilities themselves are about 
the size of a broom closet 

6049
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:09,200
furnished with the seat. 
That seems designed by someone 

6050
05:13:09,200 --> 05:13:12,300
who never actually sat down 
before the whole experience 

6051
05:13:12,300 --> 05:13:15,200
teaches you new levels of 
appreciation for stationary 

6052
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:18,000
Plumbing. 
Nightfall brings its set of 

6053
05:13:18,000 --> 05:13:20,600
Social Challenges, the seats, 
don't recline. 

6054
05:13:20,600 --> 05:13:24,700
Exactly, but you can achieve a 
sort of semi position that 

6055
05:13:24,700 --> 05:13:27,000
passes for Comfort. 
If you're not particular about 

6056
05:13:27,000 --> 05:13:31,000
your spine's alignment. 
The stern woman has produced a 

6057
05:13:31,000 --> 05:13:34,600
pillow from somewhere and his 
both armrests with the authority

6058
05:13:34,600 --> 05:13:37,600
of a territorial. 
You fold your coat into a 

6059
05:13:37,608 --> 05:13:40,400
makeshift pillow and settle in 
for what promises to be. 

6060
05:13:40,408 --> 05:13:43,800
A very educational night in the 
art of sleeping, while sitting 

6061
05:13:43,800 --> 05:13:47,000
up the sound of the train. 
Take on a different quality in 

6062
05:13:47,000 --> 05:13:49,700
the Darkness. 
Clacking of Wheels becomes more 

6063
05:13:49,700 --> 05:13:53,800
pronounced, almost rhythmic. 
Someone several seats back has 

6064
05:13:53,800 --> 05:13:57,100
begun snoring in Counterpoint to
the Train's Rhythm, creating an 

6065
05:13:57,100 --> 05:13:59,500
odd. 
Sort of mobile lullaby morning, 

6066
05:13:59,500 --> 05:14:02,800
arrives with the subtlety of a 
brass band announced by the 

6067
05:14:02,808 --> 05:14:05,500
conductor's voice calling out 
the next station stop. 

6068
05:14:05,500 --> 05:14:09,500
You've managed about three hours
of actual sleep scattered 

6069
05:14:09,500 --> 05:14:12,200
throughout the night. 
In 20 minute intervals, between 

6070
05:14:12,200 --> 05:14:15,900
the trains more enthusiastic 
lurches and the creative snoring

6071
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:19,600
Symphony that developed around 
midnight Your fellow passengers 

6072
05:14:19,600 --> 05:14:22,000
are stirring with various 
degrees of success. 

6073
05:14:23,200 --> 05:14:25,700
The traveling salesman appears 
to have slept like a baby. 

6074
05:14:25,700 --> 05:14:29,100
If babies typically woke up 
perfectly groomed and ready to 

6075
05:14:29,100 --> 05:14:31,700
discuss the virtues of their 
latest patent medicine. 

6076
05:14:32,800 --> 05:14:35,800
The stern woman looks exactly as
severe as she did yesterday. 

6077
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:39,900
Leading you to suspect, she may 
not actually sleep, but simply 

6078
05:14:39,900 --> 05:14:42,200
Powers down like some sort of 
Victorian atom. 

6079
05:14:42,200 --> 05:14:45,700
A new passenger boards at this 
stop and he's the kind of 

6080
05:14:45,700 --> 05:14:47,500
character that makes train 
travel memorable. 

6081
05:14:47,500 --> 05:14:50,800
He's clearly, a frontier type 
dressed in buckskins. 

6082
05:14:50,800 --> 05:14:52,900
That have seen more Adventure 
than a penny novel. 

6083
05:14:52,900 --> 05:14:56,400
His beard appears to have been 
styled by a windstorm, and he 

6084
05:14:56,408 --> 05:14:58,800
carries himself with the easy 
confidence of someone whose 

6085
05:14:58,800 --> 05:15:01,900
wrestled bears and lived to tell
about it probably over dinner. 

6086
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:04,900
He settles into a seat, across 
the aisle. 

6087
05:15:04,900 --> 05:15:08,400
And immediately begins regaling.
Anyone within earshot with Tales

6088
05:15:08,400 --> 05:15:11,700
of his exploits. 
According to his stories, he's 

6089
05:15:11,700 --> 05:15:16,500
been a Trapper, a scout, a gold 
prospector and briefly, a circus

6090
05:15:16,500 --> 05:15:19,500
performer. 
You suspect some embellishment, 

6091
05:15:19,500 --> 05:15:22,100
particularly regarding the story
about training. 

6092
05:15:22,100 --> 05:15:24,100
A Wild Mustang to fetch his 
morning coffee. 

6093
05:15:24,100 --> 05:15:28,500
But his enthusiasm is infectious
even the stern woman seems 

6094
05:15:28,500 --> 05:15:31,600
grudgingly interested though. 
She maintained her disapproving 

6095
05:15:31,600 --> 05:15:34,000
expression. 
As a matter of principle, the 

6096
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:36,400
young mother with the toddler 
has given up any pretense of 

6097
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:39,200
control her child, who was 
discovered that the aisle makes 

6098
05:15:39,200 --> 05:15:42,900
an excellent race track. 
The boy kareen's from seat to 

6099
05:15:42,900 --> 05:15:46,400
seat using passengers knees as 
turning posts in his Grand Prix.

6100
05:15:46,400 --> 05:15:50,100
Most Travelers, accept this with
resigned Good Humor though the 

6101
05:15:50,100 --> 05:15:52,400
traveling salesman looks nervous
about his carefully. 

6102
05:15:52,400 --> 05:15:54,900
Arranged sample cases at the 
next stop. 

6103
05:15:54,900 --> 05:15:58,300
A preacher boards recognizable 
by his severe black coat and the

6104
05:15:58,300 --> 05:16:01,200
way he surveys the car as if 
calculating everyone's 

6105
05:16:01,200 --> 05:16:04,400
likelihood of salvation. 
He takes a seat near the back 

6106
05:16:04,400 --> 05:16:07,100
and immediately begins reading 
from what you assume as a Bible 

6107
05:16:07,100 --> 05:16:09,000
though. 
At this distance, it could be a 

6108
05:16:09,000 --> 05:16:12,800
cookbook for all, you know. 
The frontier character catches 

6109
05:16:12,800 --> 05:16:15,700
sight of him and grins and you 
sense that philosophical 

6110
05:16:15,700 --> 05:16:17,300
discussions may be in your 
future. 

6111
05:16:17,300 --> 05:16:20,300
A group of immigrants, fills 
several seats near the front of 

6112
05:16:20,300 --> 05:16:22,300
the car they speak in a 
language. 

6113
05:16:22,308 --> 05:16:25,700
You don't recognize gesturing 
animatedly and pointing out the 

6114
05:16:25,700 --> 05:16:27,400
windows at the passing 
landscape. 

6115
05:16:27,400 --> 05:16:31,200
Their excitement is palpable and
you realize your witnessing 

6116
05:16:31,200 --> 05:16:33,600
people seeing their new country 
for the first time. 

6117
05:16:33,600 --> 05:16:37,600
It provides perspective on your 
own Journey although you're 

6118
05:16:37,600 --> 05:16:41,600
still not entirely sure why you 
chose to Head West initially The

6119
05:16:41,600 --> 05:16:44,900
dining car attendant makes his 
rounds announcing breakfast with

6120
05:16:44,900 --> 05:16:47,100
the air of someone who's giving 
up hoping anyone will be 

6121
05:16:47,108 --> 05:16:50,900
surprised by the menu. 
There's hardtack coffee is 

6122
05:16:50,900 --> 05:16:53,800
strong as a horseshoe and a dish
that could easily pass for eggs.

6123
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:55,500
If you don't scrutinize it too 
closely. 

6124
05:16:56,500 --> 05:16:59,200
The frontier character claims 
that the food is the finest 

6125
05:16:59,200 --> 05:17:01,300
Cuisine, he has experienced 
since leaving civilization. 

6126
05:17:01,300 --> 05:17:05,600
However, considering his stories
about eating bark and Prairie 

6127
05:17:05,600 --> 05:17:08,200
Grass, this may not be a 
significant compliment, 

6128
05:17:09,400 --> 05:17:12,300
Conversation, flows, easily 
around the car, resembling the 

6129
05:17:12,308 --> 05:17:14,500
interactions of people who have 
been brought together by 

6130
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:17,200
circumstance. 
The preacher and the 

6131
05:17:17,200 --> 05:17:20,000
frontiersmen have indeed. 
Struck up a debate about the 

6132
05:17:20,000 --> 05:17:22,200
nature of civilization versus 
the Wilderness. 

6133
05:17:22,200 --> 05:17:25,200
The preacher argues for the 
moral benefits of settled 

6134
05:17:25,200 --> 05:17:28,500
Society, while the frontiersmen 
counters with stories, about the

6135
05:17:28,500 --> 05:17:32,100
corrupting influence of cities. 
You find yourself nodding along 

6136
05:17:32,100 --> 05:17:35,400
to both sides, which probably 
makes you either very wise or 

6137
05:17:35,400 --> 05:17:38,500
very confused. 
The stern woman has appointed 

6138
05:17:38,500 --> 05:17:40,600
herself. 
The moral guardian of the car 

6139
05:17:40,600 --> 05:17:44,500
offering unsolicited commentary 
on everyone's Behavior, reading 

6140
05:17:44,500 --> 05:17:48,500
material and general deportment.
When the traveling salesman 

6141
05:17:48,500 --> 05:17:51,900
produces deck of cards she 
launches into a lecture about 

6142
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:54,400
the evils of gambling that would
make the preacher proud. 

6143
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:57,700
The salesman explains that he 
was merely planning to 

6144
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:00,500
demonstrate a card trick for the
toddler, but she remains 

6145
05:18:00,500 --> 05:18:04,000
unconvinced. 
By often noon, the various 

6146
05:18:04,000 --> 05:18:06,300
personalities of settled into a 
comfortable routine. 

6147
05:18:07,300 --> 05:18:09,700
The frontiersmen entertains the 
group with his stories. 

6148
05:18:09,700 --> 05:18:13,200
The preacher offers moral 
advice, the traveling salesman 

6149
05:18:13,200 --> 05:18:16,100
provides solutions to 
unidentified problems and the 

6150
05:18:16,108 --> 05:18:17,900
stern woman. 
Uphold order with her 

6151
05:18:17,900 --> 05:18:20,600
disapproval. 
The immigrants continued, their 

6152
05:18:20,600 --> 05:18:23,600
animated discussions 
occasionally breaking into what 

6153
05:18:23,600 --> 05:18:26,400
sounds like folk songs. 
You've become The Unofficial 

6154
05:18:26,400 --> 05:18:29,300
mediator, the neutral party, 
everyone feels comfortable 

6155
05:18:29,300 --> 05:18:33,200
talking to you may not have 
strong opinions or your carpet 

6156
05:18:33,200 --> 05:18:36,000
bag may contain the only good 
whiskey on the train hidden 

6157
05:18:36,000 --> 05:18:39,200
under your spare shirts. 
Either way your learning more 

6158
05:18:39,200 --> 05:18:41,300
about human nature than you ever
expected. 

6159
05:18:42,500 --> 05:18:45,300
The toddler has worn himself out
and finally fallen asleep in his

6160
05:18:45,300 --> 05:18:47,600
mother's arms. 
Providing the first Quiet 

6161
05:18:47,600 --> 05:18:50,800
Moments since Dawn. 
Even the train seems to be 

6162
05:18:50,800 --> 05:18:53,000
running more smoothly as if it 
too. 

6163
05:18:53,000 --> 05:18:56,100
Appreciates the brief respite 
from chaos, the dinner service 

6164
05:18:56,100 --> 05:18:59,100
that evening proves to be an 
adventure worthy of the frontier

6165
05:18:59,100 --> 05:19:01,200
itself. 
You've learned from your lunch 

6166
05:19:01,200 --> 05:19:04,100
experience and approach the 
dining car with a strategy 

6167
05:19:04,100 --> 05:19:08,900
secure, your food find something
to brace against and accept that

6168
05:19:08,900 --> 05:19:11,900
dignity is optional when 
traveling at 15 miles per hour 

6169
05:19:11,900 --> 05:19:14,700
over tracks laid by optimistic 
railroad workers. 

6170
05:19:15,600 --> 05:19:18,300
The menu hasn't changed since 
breakfast, which isn't 

6171
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:21,600
particularly surprising, given 
that the dining cars pantry is 

6172
05:19:21,600 --> 05:19:24,900
roughly the size of your 
grandmother's pie, safe, the 

6173
05:19:24,900 --> 05:19:26,500
attendant whose name you've 
learned. 

6174
05:19:26,500 --> 05:19:29,500
Is Frank has developed a 
philosophical approach to his 

6175
05:19:29,500 --> 05:19:31,300
work. 
That involves accepting the 

6176
05:19:31,300 --> 05:19:35,100
limitations of cooking aboard. 
A moving train while maintaining

6177
05:19:35,100 --> 05:19:37,200
unreasonable optimism about the 
results. 

6178
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:41,100
Tonight's mystery meet is 
chicken but it bounces around 

6179
05:19:41,100 --> 05:19:42,700
your plate. 
Like it never got used to being 

6180
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:45,100
dead. 
The vegetables have achieved 

6181
05:19:45,100 --> 05:19:48,700
that perfect mushy consistency 
where you can't quite tell if 

6182
05:19:48,700 --> 05:19:50,200
you're eating carrots or 
turnips. 

6183
05:19:50,200 --> 05:19:53,200
And frankly, it doesn't matter 
because they both taste like the

6184
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:56,500
inside of a coal bin. 
Your dining Companions of the 

6185
05:19:56,500 --> 05:19:59,300
evening, include a banker, from 
Philadelphia who keeps checking 

6186
05:19:59,300 --> 05:20:01,900
his pocket watch, as if he can 
somehow make the train arrive 

6187
05:20:01,900 --> 05:20:03,800
faster. 
Through sheer temporal 

6188
05:20:03,800 --> 05:20:06,808
willpower. 
Across from him, sits a school, 

6189
05:20:06,816 --> 05:20:10,000
mum heading to a teaching 
position in Kansas armed with 

6190
05:20:10,000 --> 05:20:12,800
enough, moral fiber to build a 
small church and the kind of 

6191
05:20:12,800 --> 05:20:15,200
determined cheerfulness that 
suggests she's prepared to 

6192
05:20:15,200 --> 05:20:17,000
educate the frontier into 
submission. 

6193
05:20:18,300 --> 05:20:21,700
The Frontiersman has joined your
table bringing with him Tales of

6194
05:20:21,708 --> 05:20:25,000
dining on roasted prairie dog 
and something he calls Mountain 

6195
05:20:25,000 --> 05:20:28,700
Oysters which you suspect aren't
actually oysters and definitely 

6196
05:20:28,700 --> 05:20:31,900
aren't from any mountain. 
You'd care to visit His stories,

6197
05:20:31,900 --> 05:20:35,100
make the mysterious train 
chicken seemed downright Gourmet

6198
05:20:35,100 --> 05:20:38,700
by comparison. 
Halfway through the meal, the 

6199
05:20:38,700 --> 05:20:41,700
train hits, a particularly 
ambitious, curve, and Chaos 

6200
05:20:41,700 --> 05:20:45,400
ensues your chicken breaks free 
sliding across the table towards

6201
05:20:45,400 --> 05:20:48,600
the banker who's reflexes 
suggest he is successfully 

6202
05:20:48,600 --> 05:20:53,500
avoided flying food in the past.
The school mums coffee creates a

6203
05:20:53,500 --> 05:20:56,800
small Title Wave that somehow 
manages to miss her entirely 

6204
05:20:56,800 --> 05:20:59,100
while thoroughly soaking her 
bread roll. 

6205
05:20:59,800 --> 05:21:02,800
Frankly attendant doesn't even 
pause in his serving having 

6206
05:21:02,800 --> 05:21:04,200
clearly witnessed this 
performance. 

6207
05:21:04,200 --> 05:21:08,300
Many times before the banker now
wearing your dinner maintains 

6208
05:21:08,300 --> 05:21:10,200
his dignity with admirable, 
stoicism. 

6209
05:21:10,200 --> 05:21:13,300
He Dabs at the chicken grease on
his vest with the same 

6210
05:21:13,300 --> 05:21:16,200
methodical Precision, he 
probably applies to balancing 

6211
05:21:16,200 --> 05:21:19,200
ledgers. 
Occupational hazard of trained 

6212
05:21:19,200 --> 05:21:21,300
dining. 
He observes philosophically as 

6213
05:21:21,300 --> 05:21:24,100
if being assaulted by mobile 
paltry is a regular part of his 

6214
05:21:24,100 --> 05:21:27,800
financial career. 
With the efficient competence of

6215
05:21:27,808 --> 05:21:30,400
someone accustomed to managing 
classroom catastrophes. 

6216
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:33,400
The school man, produces a 
handkerchief and begins cleaning

6217
05:21:33,400 --> 05:21:37,000
up the coffee disaster. 
A cheerfulness remains undaunted

6218
05:21:37,000 --> 05:21:40,100
though, you suspect, she's 
mentally composing letters home 

6219
05:21:40,100 --> 05:21:42,800
about the Exotic dangers of 
Frontier dining. 

6220
05:21:43,700 --> 05:21:46,600
After dinner, you retire to your
seat to discover that motion 

6221
05:21:46,600 --> 05:21:48,600
sickness has finally caught up 
with you. 

6222
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:52,800
It creeps in gradually starting 
with a vague uneasiness that you

6223
05:21:52,800 --> 05:21:54,700
initially attribute to the 
mysterious chicken. 

6224
05:21:55,600 --> 05:21:58,400
The constant swaying motion of 
the car which seemed Charming 

6225
05:21:58,400 --> 05:22:00,800
this morning. 
Now, feels less like a gentle 

6226
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:03,000
cradle and more like being 
trapped inside. 

6227
05:22:03,000 --> 05:22:06,400
A powerful washing machine with 
the sharp eye of someone who is 

6228
05:22:06,400 --> 05:22:09,600
likely diagnosed half the 
ailments in her hometown the 

6229
05:22:09,600 --> 05:22:11,300
stern woman, notices your 
distress. 

6230
05:22:12,100 --> 05:22:15,100
She produces a small bottle from
her reticule with the confidence

6231
05:22:15,100 --> 05:22:19,300
of a traveling Apothecary. 
She announces peppermint oil as 

6232
05:22:19,300 --> 05:22:20,800
if she is offering a miraculous 
remedy. 

6233
05:22:21,500 --> 05:22:23,500
Settles the stomach and clears 
the head. 

6234
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:27,500
Your no position to refuse help,
even from someone whose previous

6235
05:22:27,500 --> 05:22:31,700
medical advice, consisted, 
mainly of moral lectures, the 

6236
05:22:31,700 --> 05:22:34,500
peppermint oil does help though,
whether it's the actual medicine

6237
05:22:34,500 --> 05:22:36,700
or just the relief of having 
someone show unexpected, 

6238
05:22:36,700 --> 05:22:40,400
kindness is hard to say the 
traveling salesman overhearing. 

6239
05:22:40,400 --> 05:22:43,700
Your plight launches into an 
enthusiastic pitch for his 

6240
05:22:43,700 --> 05:22:46,700
latest remedy, guaranteed to 
cure everything from motion, 

6241
05:22:46,700 --> 05:22:50,200
sickness to melancholy His 
sample case, reveals an 

6242
05:22:50,200 --> 05:22:54,000
impressive array of bottles tins
and mysterious packages each 

6243
05:22:54,000 --> 05:22:57,300
promising to solve problems. 
You didn't know you had, you 

6244
05:22:57,300 --> 05:23:00,600
politely decline, his offer of 
doctor pemberton's, Miracle 

6245
05:23:00,600 --> 05:23:03,800
Elixir, partly because you're 
feeling better and partly 

6246
05:23:03,800 --> 05:23:06,800
because anything described as 
miraculous, and sold from a 

6247
05:23:06,800 --> 05:23:10,000
suitcase, seemed suspect The 
rocking motion of the train, 

6248
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:11,600
which caused your stomach 
troubles. 

6249
05:23:11,600 --> 05:23:15,600
Ironically becomes soothing, 
once the nausea passes, the 

6250
05:23:15,600 --> 05:23:18,400
rhythmic clacking of Wheels 
settles into a hypnotic pattern,

6251
05:23:18,400 --> 05:23:21,400
that makes your eyelids heavy. 
Outside. 

6252
05:23:21,400 --> 05:23:23,200
The windows. 
Twilight is painting the 

6253
05:23:23,200 --> 05:23:27,000
landscape in soft, purple and 
Golds turning ordinary Farmland 

6254
05:23:27,000 --> 05:23:29,500
into something. 
Almost magical Your fellow 

6255
05:23:29,500 --> 05:23:32,000
passengers are settling into 
their evening routines. 

6256
05:23:32,000 --> 05:23:35,500
The preachers switched from 
moral philosophy to what appears

6257
05:23:35,500 --> 05:23:37,600
to be. 
Let her writing his pain 

6258
05:23:37,600 --> 05:23:40,300
scratching across paper in time 
with the trains rhythm. 

6259
05:23:41,400 --> 05:23:45,100
The immigrants have grown quiet 
gazing out at their new country 

6260
05:23:45,100 --> 05:23:48,800
with expressions of Wonder and 
perhaps a little homesickness. 

6261
05:23:50,000 --> 05:23:52,700
The toddler has discovered that 
the space under the seats makes 

6262
05:23:52,700 --> 05:23:56,200
an excellent Fort and has begun 
a complex game involving his few

6263
05:23:56,200 --> 05:23:58,400
toys and a remarkable amount of 
imagination. 

6264
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:02,000
His mother watches with the 
patient expression of someone 

6265
05:24:02,000 --> 05:24:04,100
who's learned to find 
entertainment in the smallest 

6266
05:24:04,100 --> 05:24:06,800
victories. 
Frank appears with evening 

6267
05:24:06,800 --> 05:24:09,300
coffee which you accept 
gratefully despite its 

6268
05:24:09,300 --> 05:24:13,300
resemblance to coal tar because 
sometimes the ritual of warmth 

6269
05:24:13,300 --> 05:24:16,000
and caffeine matters more than 
the actual quality of either 

6270
05:24:16,000 --> 05:24:19,300
Darkness settles over the train 
like a familiar blanket, 

6271
05:24:19,300 --> 05:24:23,500
transforming the passenger car 
into a cozy if some what cramped

6272
05:24:23,500 --> 05:24:27,400
Cocoon of warm light and human 
companionship. 

6273
05:24:28,700 --> 05:24:32,200
The conductor makes his evening 
rounds, lighting, the oil lamps 

6274
05:24:32,200 --> 05:24:35,300
that cast Dancing Shadows on the
walls and create pools of Golden

6275
05:24:35,300 --> 05:24:39,400
Light throughout the car. 
The effect is intimate, turning 

6276
05:24:39,400 --> 05:24:41,600
your rolling wooden box into 
something approaching 

6277
05:24:41,600 --> 05:24:44,000
comfortable. 
Sleeping on a train, your 

6278
05:24:44,000 --> 05:24:47,000
discovering is less a single 
event, and more a series of 

6279
05:24:47,000 --> 05:24:49,700
negotiations between your body. 
The Sea. 

6280
05:24:49,708 --> 05:24:53,000
And the laws of physics? 
The seats weren't designed with 

6281
05:24:53,000 --> 05:24:56,100
overnight comfort in mind. 
Having been crafted by someone 

6282
05:24:56,100 --> 05:24:58,600
who apparently believed that 
humans were naturally shaped 

6283
05:24:58,600 --> 05:25:01,500
like church. 
Pews, you try various positions,

6284
05:25:01,500 --> 05:25:05,500
the classic slump the sideways 
lean and an ambitious attempt to

6285
05:25:05,500 --> 05:25:08,200
use your carpet bag as a 
footrest which ends with your 

6286
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:11,400
luggage sliding three seats 
forward during a particularly 

6287
05:25:11,400 --> 05:25:14,700
spirited curve. 
The stern woman has transformed 

6288
05:25:14,700 --> 05:25:18,500
herself into a fortress of 
propriety somehow managing to 

6289
05:25:18,500 --> 05:25:21,900
arrange her shawls and skirts in
a way that maintains perfect 

6290
05:25:21,900 --> 05:25:24,300
modesty. 
While achieving what appears to 

6291
05:25:24,300 --> 05:25:27,300
be actual comfort. 
You suspect, she's had training 

6292
05:25:27,300 --> 05:25:30,300
in this particular skill, 
possibly from a finishing school

6293
05:25:30,300 --> 05:25:32,800
that offered Advanced courses in
traveling with dignity. 

6294
05:25:32,800 --> 05:25:36,300
Her gentle snoring suggests. 
She's mastered the art 

6295
05:25:36,300 --> 05:25:39,200
completely. 
The frontiersmen has claimed two

6296
05:25:39,200 --> 05:25:42,600
seats by virtue of Simply being 
too large for one, and he sleeps

6297
05:25:42,600 --> 05:25:45,100
with the easy confidence of 
someone accustomed to bedding. 

6298
05:25:45,100 --> 05:25:49,000
Down Under The Open Sky. 
Occasionally, he mutters in his 

6299
05:25:49,000 --> 05:25:52,100
sleep fragments of Adventures 
that may or may not have 

6300
05:25:52,100 --> 05:25:54,900
actually happened. 
You catch references to 

6301
05:25:54,900 --> 05:25:58,400
honorary, mules, and the biggest
catfish in Missouri delivered 

6302
05:25:58,400 --> 05:26:01,100
with the same conviction, he 
brings to his waking stories. 

6303
05:26:02,300 --> 05:26:05,000
The traveling salesman has 
somehow arranged his sample. 

6304
05:26:05,000 --> 05:26:07,400
Cases into a makeshift bed. 
That looks more comfortable than

6305
05:26:07,400 --> 05:26:10,100
your seat though. 
You suspect it violates several 

6306
05:26:10,100 --> 05:26:11,900
unspoken rules about train 
etiquette. 

6307
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:15,000
He's covered himself with what 
appears to be a tarp 

6308
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:17,100
advertising. 
His patent medicines, turning 

6309
05:26:17,100 --> 05:26:19,500
himself into a human billboard, 
even in sleep. 

6310
05:26:20,400 --> 05:26:24,400
At midnight, the train abruptly 
stops startling everyone awake 

6311
05:26:24,400 --> 05:26:27,500
Through the Windows, you can see
lanterns moving in the darkness 

6312
05:26:27,500 --> 05:26:30,800
and voices, carry the tone of 
men dealing with some sort of 

6313
05:26:30,800 --> 05:26:34,300
mechanical crisis. 
The conductor appears his 

6314
05:26:34,300 --> 05:26:37,100
mustache looking less 
authoritative than usual to 

6315
05:26:37,100 --> 05:26:39,300
explain that they're having a 
small difficulty with the 

6316
05:26:39,300 --> 05:26:42,300
locomotive's enthusiasm, which 
you take to mean the engine as 

6317
05:26:42,300 --> 05:26:44,400
broken down. 
Again, this sort of thing, 

6318
05:26:44,400 --> 05:26:48,600
you're learning is considered 
perfectly normal in 1847 trains.

6319
05:26:48,600 --> 05:26:51,800
Break down the way horses throw 
shoes or Wagon Wheels. 

6320
05:26:51,800 --> 05:26:53,800
Come loose. 
It's not a crisis. 

6321
05:26:53,800 --> 05:26:56,800
Merely an inconvenience that 
requires patience and possibly 

6322
05:26:56,800 --> 05:27:00,300
some creative engineering. 
Frank appears with more coffee 

6323
05:27:00,300 --> 05:27:03,800
as if caffeine is the universal 
solution to mechanical problems.

6324
05:27:04,900 --> 05:27:08,100
The delay gives everyone a 
chance to stretch walk around 

6325
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:11,100
and engage in the kind of 
philosophical discussion. 

6326
05:27:11,100 --> 05:27:13,700
That only happen at midnight 
when you're stranded beside 

6327
05:27:13,700 --> 05:27:16,808
railroad tracks, in the middle 
of Ohio, The preacher in the 

6328
05:27:16,816 --> 05:27:19,900
frontiersmen resumed their 
debate about Civilization now 

6329
05:27:19,900 --> 05:27:22,800
expanded to include theories 
about mechanical progress and 

6330
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:26,600
God's opinion of steam engines. 
The banker produces a flask from

6331
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:29,700
his coat and offers it around 
with the generosity of someone 

6332
05:27:29,700 --> 05:27:32,100
who's giving up worrying about 
propriety at this hour. 

6333
05:27:33,000 --> 05:27:36,700
Even the schoolmarm accepts. 
A small sip though, she makes a 

6334
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:38,200
face that suggests her 
Temperance. 

6335
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:41,800
Principles are still intact, 
just temporarily suspended for 

6336
05:27:41,800 --> 05:27:44,700
medicinal purposes. 
The immigrants gather near their

6337
05:27:44,700 --> 05:27:47,300
seats, talking quietly among 
themselves while the children 

6338
05:27:47,300 --> 05:27:50,600
sleep against their parents 
shoulders their patients appears

6339
05:27:50,600 --> 05:27:53,000
boundless. 
As if they've grown accustomed 

6340
05:27:53,000 --> 05:27:55,500
to patiently awaiting the start 
of their lives. 

6341
05:27:56,500 --> 05:27:58,800
You wonder what they're leaving 
behind and what they hope to 

6342
05:27:58,800 --> 05:28:00,100
find at the end of their 
Journey. 

6343
05:28:00,100 --> 05:28:03,600
Outside the repair, work 
continues with the steady rhythm

6344
05:28:03,600 --> 05:28:06,400
of men, who know, they know 
their business hammering, the 

6345
05:28:06,400 --> 05:28:09,600
hiss of steam and occasional 
cursing that carries clearly in 

6346
05:28:09,600 --> 05:28:12,400
the night air. 
The locomotive is clearly a 

6347
05:28:12,400 --> 05:28:14,800
temperamental creature. 
That requires both mechanical 

6348
05:28:14,800 --> 05:28:18,900
skill and diplomatic handling. 
Stern woman has produced 

6349
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:22,800
needlework from somewhere in her
seemingly, bottomless reticule 

6350
05:28:22,800 --> 05:28:25,700
and stitching by Lamplight with 
the concentration of a surgeon. 

6351
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:30,700
She notices your attention and 
explains without prompting that 

6352
05:28:30,700 --> 05:28:33,800
Idle Hands, even at midnight 
beside broken down. 

6353
05:28:33,800 --> 05:28:37,800
Trains are a dangerous place. 
Her moral principles, apparently

6354
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:41,000
don't recognize standard 
sleeping hours by two in the 

6355
05:28:41,000 --> 05:28:42,200
morning. 
The repairs are complete 

6356
05:28:42,200 --> 05:28:45,500
announced by a triumphant 
whistle that probably wakes up 

6357
05:28:45,500 --> 05:28:49,500
every cow within 5 miles. 
Everyone settles back into their

6358
05:28:49,500 --> 05:28:52,500
improvised sleeping arrangements
with the weary satisfaction of 

6359
05:28:52,500 --> 05:28:54,200
Travelers who've shared a small 
Adventure. 

6360
05:28:54,200 --> 05:28:58,300
The train begins moving again 
with its characteristic series 

6361
05:28:58,300 --> 05:29:02,100
of jerks and jolts like a giant 
waking up with arthritis. 

6362
05:29:02,100 --> 05:29:05,200
The rhythmic clacking returns, 
perhaps slightly, more 

6363
05:29:05,200 --> 05:29:08,500
enthusiastic than before, as if 
the locomotive is making up for 

6364
05:29:08,500 --> 05:29:13,000
lost time, outside the dark 
landscape slides passed dotted 

6365
05:29:13,000 --> 05:29:15,500
with occasional Farmhouse 
Windows glowing, warm and yellow

6366
05:29:15,500 --> 05:29:17,900
in the distance. 
Sleep comes easier. 

6367
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:21,900
Now in induced by exhaustion and
the hypnotic motion of wheels on

6368
05:29:21,900 --> 05:29:25,700
Rails, even your uncomfortable 
seat, begins to feel almost cozy

6369
05:29:25,700 --> 05:29:29,500
and you drift off to the sound 
of gentle snoring creaking wood 

6370
05:29:29,500 --> 05:29:32,200
and the endless song of iron 
Wheels. 

6371
05:29:32,200 --> 05:29:34,600
Carrying you toward, whatever 
Adventure awaits of the end of 

6372
05:29:34,608 --> 05:29:37,900
the line, mourning arrives with 
The Reluctant gray light of 

6373
05:29:37,900 --> 05:29:41,500
dawn, filtering through the 
passenger, Windows revealing a 

6374
05:29:41,500 --> 05:29:43,600
landscape that looks 
suspiciously similar to 

6375
05:29:43,600 --> 05:29:47,000
yesterday's scenery. 
You're beginning to suspect that

6376
05:29:47,000 --> 05:29:50,700
Ohio is considerably larger than
the map suggested or possibly 

6377
05:29:50,700 --> 05:29:52,200
that you've been traveling in 
circles. 

6378
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:56,000
While you slept the latter seems
unlikely given the determined 

6379
05:29:56,000 --> 05:29:57,300
forward motion of the 
locomotive. 

6380
05:29:57,300 --> 05:30:01,300
But after 36 hours on Rails, 
your sense of geography has 

6381
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:04,500
become somewhat negotiable, your
body has achieved a sort of 

6382
05:30:04,508 --> 05:30:07,900
detent with the train seat 
accepting discomfort as the 

6383
05:30:07,900 --> 05:30:11,600
natural state of existence while
maintaining hope that Sensation 

6384
05:30:11,600 --> 05:30:13,200
will eventually return to your 
legs. 

6385
05:30:13,900 --> 05:30:17,300
The stern woman is already awake
and somehow perfectly groomed 

6386
05:30:17,300 --> 05:30:21,100
leading you to wonder if she's 
actually human or perhaps some 

6387
05:30:21,100 --> 05:30:24,200
sort of traveling automaton 
designed to make the rest of 

6388
05:30:24,200 --> 05:30:29,000
humanity, feel inadequate. 
Frank begins his morning rounds 

6389
05:30:29,000 --> 05:30:31,600
with coffee that has the 
consistency of warm tar and 

6390
05:30:31,600 --> 05:30:34,500
twice the potency. 
The traveling salesman greets, 

6391
05:30:34,500 --> 05:30:37,500
the new day with enthusiasm, 
that would be admirable if it 

6392
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:41,100
won't quite so early and loud. 
He's already reorganized his 

6393
05:30:41,100 --> 05:30:43,700
sample cases and his preparing 
to demonstrate his patent 

6394
05:30:43,700 --> 05:30:46,900
medicine's to anyone unfortunate
enough to make I contact. 

6395
05:30:47,900 --> 05:30:51,500
Frontier character awakens from 
his Slumber, akin to a bear 

6396
05:30:51,500 --> 05:30:54,800
emerging from hibernation, a 
company, by sound effects 

6397
05:30:54,800 --> 05:30:57,600
capable of frightening, small 
children and possibly even 

6398
05:30:57,600 --> 05:31:00,300
larger ones. 
His morning routine, involves 

6399
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:03,100
spectacular, stretching creative
cursing. 

6400
05:31:03,100 --> 05:31:05,700
And the production of what 
appears to be hardtack from his 

6401
05:31:05,700 --> 05:31:08,500
coat pocket. 
He knows on this breakfast with 

6402
05:31:08,500 --> 05:31:11,000
the satisfaction of a man 
accustomed to food that fights 

6403
05:31:11,000 --> 05:31:14,600
back outside the windows, the 
landscape has begun to change 

6404
05:31:14,600 --> 05:31:18,500
subtly the neat farmsteads of 
settled Ohio are giving way to 

6405
05:31:18,500 --> 05:31:21,900
wider spaces, more scattered 
buildings and longer stretches 

6406
05:31:21,900 --> 05:31:24,200
where civilization seems to have
given up entirely. 

6407
05:31:25,100 --> 05:31:28,200
Your approaching, the real 
Frontier now where the map gets 

6408
05:31:28,200 --> 05:31:30,400
vague and Adventure becomes less
theoretical. 

6409
05:31:31,600 --> 05:31:34,500
The banker consults his pocket 
watch with increasing frequency 

6410
05:31:34,500 --> 05:31:38,600
as if he can somehow accelerate 
the train through sheer temporal

6411
05:31:38,600 --> 05:31:42,400
anxiety. 
His destination is Chicago where

6412
05:31:42,400 --> 05:31:45,100
he has important business that 
apparently cannot wait for the 

6413
05:31:45,108 --> 05:31:48,400
normal pace of steam Locomotion.
He's begun muttering 

6414
05:31:48,400 --> 05:31:51,900
calculations under his breath, 
working out arrival times with 

6415
05:31:51,900 --> 05:31:54,100
the desperate, Precision of a 
man whose promised to be 

6416
05:31:54,108 --> 05:31:56,900
somewhere specific. 
At a time that's looking 

6417
05:31:56,900 --> 05:32:00,700
increasingly unlikely. 
Around mid-morning the train 

6418
05:32:00,700 --> 05:32:02,800
develops. 
What Frank diplomatically calls 

6419
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:06,800
a case of the slos. 
The locomotive begins chugging 

6420
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:10,300
with less enthusiasm like an 
aging horse, that's decided its 

6421
05:32:10,300 --> 05:32:11,800
covered enough ground for one 
day. 

6422
05:32:12,600 --> 05:32:15,300
Your 15 mile per hour. 
Pace drops to something closer 

6423
05:32:15,300 --> 05:32:18,600
to a brisk walk, which means the
energetic squirrels are once 

6424
05:32:18,600 --> 05:32:20,200
again, keeping Pace outside your
window. 

6425
05:32:21,300 --> 05:32:23,700
This mechanical reluctance 
creates what the conductor 

6426
05:32:23,700 --> 05:32:27,300
announces as a brief delay for 
locomotive encouragement, which 

6427
05:32:27,300 --> 05:32:29,800
sounds much more dignified than 
the engine is having another 

6428
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:32,200
breakdown. 
Your learning that railroad 

6429
05:32:32,200 --> 05:32:35,200
terminology exists primarily to 
make mechanical failures sound 

6430
05:32:35,200 --> 05:32:36,800
like deliberate scheduling 
decisions. 

6431
05:32:36,800 --> 05:32:39,400
The delay provides an 
opportunity for extended 

6432
05:32:39,400 --> 05:32:42,700
socializing which by now 
resembles a mobile town hall 

6433
05:32:42,700 --> 05:32:45,000
meeting. 
The preacher has begun holding 

6434
05:32:45,000 --> 05:32:47,900
informal services for anyone 
interested, although his 

6435
05:32:47,900 --> 05:32:50,600
congregation mainly consists of 
immigrants, who may not 

6436
05:32:50,600 --> 05:32:53,200
understand his words, but seem 
to appreciate the familiar 

6437
05:32:53,200 --> 05:32:57,200
rhythm of religious ceremonies. 
The school mom has started an 

6438
05:32:57,200 --> 05:33:00,400
impromptu geography lesson using
the passing landscape, to 

6439
05:33:00,400 --> 05:33:02,500
explain the settlement patterns 
of the American frontier. 

6440
05:33:03,600 --> 05:33:06,500
Her enthusiasm for Education, 
remains undaunted by her 

6441
05:33:06,500 --> 05:33:09,600
audience's mixed interest in 
learning about soil types and 

6442
05:33:09,600 --> 05:33:12,500
river systems. 
The toddlers seems particularly 

6443
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:15,700
fascinated by her Chalke, which 
she somehow produced from her 

6444
05:33:15,700 --> 05:33:19,100
seemingly magical carpet bag, 
your fellow passengers have 

6445
05:33:19,100 --> 05:33:21,900
developed the easy, familiarity 
of people who've shared Close 

6446
05:33:21,900 --> 05:33:25,400
Quarters and minor Adventures, 
Personal space has become a 

6447
05:33:25,400 --> 05:33:28,200
quaint memory and everyone's 
life story is now common 

6448
05:33:28,200 --> 05:33:30,100
knowledge. 
You know, about the bankers 

6449
05:33:30,100 --> 05:33:33,000
three daughters the preachers 
mission to bring Salvation to 

6450
05:33:33,000 --> 05:33:36,000
Kansas the school moms 
correspondence with her sister 

6451
05:33:36,000 --> 05:33:39,300
in Boston and approximately 47 
of the Frontiers. 

6452
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:43,300
Most unlikely Adventures, the 
stern woman has revealed herself

6453
05:33:43,300 --> 05:33:46,500
to be well-traveled offering, 
commentary on railroads system, 

6454
05:33:46,500 --> 05:33:48,600
she's experienced from Baltimore
to Saint Louis. 

6455
05:33:49,600 --> 05:33:52,700
Her disapproval, you realize 
comes from extensive experience 

6456
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:55,500
with the gap between what train 
travel promises and what it 

6457
05:33:55,500 --> 05:33:58,800
actually delivers. 
She's less morally outraged than

6458
05:33:58,800 --> 05:34:02,000
practically disappointed, which 
somehow makes her criticism more

6459
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:05,000
endearing. 
Lunch consists of the same 

6460
05:34:05,000 --> 05:34:07,500
mysterious substances as 
yesterday though. 

6461
05:34:07,500 --> 05:34:09,800
Frank has managed to arrange 
them differently on the plate. 

6462
05:34:09,800 --> 05:34:12,000
Creating the illusion of 
variety. 

6463
05:34:12,900 --> 05:34:15,900
The dining car conversation 
centers on destination fever 

6464
05:34:15,900 --> 05:34:19,500
that peculiar condition that 
affects long-distance Travelers 

6465
05:34:19,500 --> 05:34:21,000
as they approach their Journeys 
end. 

6466
05:34:21,000 --> 05:34:24,600
Everyone has begun talking, 
fasta planning more 

6467
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:27,700
enthusiastically, and checking 
their belongings with increasing

6468
05:34:27,700 --> 05:34:30,600
frequency. 
This anticipation, appears to 

6469
05:34:30,600 --> 05:34:32,900
have a particularly strong 
impact on immigrants. 

6470
05:34:33,700 --> 05:34:36,500
They're excitement is palpable 
as they recognize that the 

6471
05:34:36,500 --> 05:34:38,800
landscape outside is becoming 
their new home. 

6472
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:42,400
They point at farms and towns 
with the intensity of people 

6473
05:34:42,400 --> 05:34:44,700
claiming territory with their 
eyes already. 

6474
05:34:44,700 --> 05:34:49,100
Beginning the cycle process of 
belonging somewhere new By 

6475
05:34:49,100 --> 05:34:52,600
afternoons, even the locomotive 
seems to have caught destination

6476
05:34:52,600 --> 05:34:54,900
fever. 
Picking up pace with renewed, 

6477
05:34:54,900 --> 05:34:58,200
mechanical enthusiasm. 
The clacking of Wheels takes on 

6478
05:34:58,200 --> 05:35:01,300
a more urgent Rhythm. 
As if the train itself, is eager

6479
05:35:01,300 --> 05:35:03,600
to reach the end of the line, 
and rest its Iron Bones. 

6480
05:35:03,600 --> 05:35:07,300
The final hours of your train 
journey unfold with The Bitter, 

6481
05:35:07,300 --> 05:35:11,000
Sweet quality of all endings, 
tinged with both relief and an 

6482
05:35:11,000 --> 05:35:13,400
unexpected Nostalgia for the 
role in community. 

6483
05:35:13,400 --> 05:35:17,100
You've temporarily joined Your 
destination appears on the 

6484
05:35:17,100 --> 05:35:21,400
horizon as a smudge of smoke and
Scattered buildings growing 

6485
05:35:21,400 --> 05:35:24,000
larger with each rhythmic of the
wheels. 

6486
05:35:25,000 --> 05:35:28,000
After three days of wondering, 
if you'd ever arrive anywhere, 

6487
05:35:28,000 --> 05:35:31,200
the reality of actually, 
reaching the end of the line 

6488
05:35:31,200 --> 05:35:34,500
feels almost surreal, the 
locomotive seems to sense. 

6489
05:35:34,500 --> 05:35:37,900
Its approaching rest developing,
a more eager chuff that suggests

6490
05:35:37,900 --> 05:35:40,100
its as ready as you are to stop 
moving for a while. 

6491
05:35:40,800 --> 05:35:42,700
Your body has adapted to 
constant motion. 

6492
05:35:42,700 --> 05:35:45,800
So thoroughly that you suspect 
your spend the next week's 

6493
05:35:45,800 --> 05:35:48,900
swaying slightly while standing 
still like a sailor who's been 

6494
05:35:48,900 --> 05:35:52,000
too long at sea. 
The stern woman has begun. 

6495
05:35:52,000 --> 05:35:54,200
The complex process of 
reassembling herself into 

6496
05:35:54,200 --> 05:35:57,600
traveling order, folding, shawls
and securing belongings with the

6497
05:35:57,600 --> 05:35:59,400
Precision of a general preparing
for battle. 

6498
05:36:00,300 --> 05:36:02,800
A transformation from rumpled 
Passenger, back in to the 

6499
05:36:02,800 --> 05:36:05,500
picture of Victorian propriety, 
as fascinating to watch 

6500
05:36:05,500 --> 05:36:08,600
involving more pins and 
strategic tucking than you 

6501
05:36:08,600 --> 05:36:11,500
thought humanly possible. 
The traveling salesman is 

6502
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:13,600
conducting. 
A final inventory of his sample 

6503
05:36:13,600 --> 05:36:16,700
cases probably calculating 
profits and losses from his 

6504
05:36:16,700 --> 05:36:19,900
mobile pharmacy. 
He sold several bottles of his 

6505
05:36:19,900 --> 05:36:22,300
mysterious Elixir to fellow 
passengers though. 

6506
05:36:22,300 --> 05:36:25,100
Whether from genuine belief in 
his products or simply Cabin. 

6507
05:36:25,100 --> 05:36:29,000
Fever induced purchasing 
decisions remains unclear The 

6508
05:36:29,000 --> 05:36:31,500
Frontiersman bought three 
bottles claiming they'd be 

6509
05:36:31,508 --> 05:36:34,200
perfect for trading with Indians
though you suspect. 

6510
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:37,200
He plans to drink them himself. 
Your fellow Travelers. 

6511
05:36:37,200 --> 05:36:40,100
Begin the ritual of exchanging 
addresses and Promises to write,

6512
05:36:40,100 --> 05:36:41,500
though. 
You all know that. 

6513
05:36:41,500 --> 05:36:44,500
Once you step off this train, 
you'll scatter to your separate 

6514
05:36:44,500 --> 05:36:46,700
Destinies and probably never 
cross paths. 

6515
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:50,800
Again, Still the ritual matters.
These people have become your 

6516
05:36:50,800 --> 05:36:54,400
temporary family bound together 
by shared discomfort and the 

6517
05:36:54,400 --> 05:36:58,000
peculiar intimacy that develops 
when strangers are trapped in 

6518
05:36:58,000 --> 05:36:59,600
close quarters for days at a 
time. 

6519
05:37:00,400 --> 05:37:03,300
The banker, finally, relaxes his
death grip on his pocket watch 

6520
05:37:03,300 --> 05:37:05,700
accepting that he'll arrive when
he arrives. 

6521
05:37:05,700 --> 05:37:08,500
And his Chicago business will 
have to adapt accordingly. 

6522
05:37:09,300 --> 05:37:12,200
His anxiety is transformed into 
philosophical acceptance, 

6523
05:37:12,200 --> 05:37:14,100
though. 
He mentioned several times that 

6524
05:37:14,100 --> 05:37:16,100
he'll never again, trust. 
Railroad schedules. 

6525
05:37:17,000 --> 05:37:19,300
Especially ones written by 
people who clearly viewed time 

6526
05:37:19,300 --> 05:37:23,200
as a flexible concept. 
The preacher has been energized 

6527
05:37:23,200 --> 05:37:24,700
by approaching his mission 
field. 

6528
05:37:24,700 --> 05:37:28,300
Speaking with renewed further 
about bringing civilization and 

6529
05:37:28,300 --> 05:37:32,700
salvation to the frontier. 
With Amusement, the frontiersmen

6530
05:37:32,700 --> 05:37:36,400
listens occasionally commenting 
on the type of Salvation that 

6531
05:37:36,400 --> 05:37:39,500
truly comes in handy when 
confronted with hostile Wildlife

6532
05:37:39,500 --> 05:37:42,300
or severe weather. 
They're ongoing theological 

6533
05:37:42,300 --> 05:37:44,700
debate has become one of the 
journeys most entertaining 

6534
05:37:44,700 --> 05:37:47,300
features. 
The school mom has grown quiet 

6535
05:37:47,300 --> 05:37:50,400
as her destination approaches. 
Perhaps contemplating the 

6536
05:37:50,400 --> 05:37:52,900
reality of teaching Frontier 
children, who may view book 

6537
05:37:52,900 --> 05:37:55,800
learning as less immediately 
useful than tracking and 

6538
05:37:55,800 --> 05:37:58,400
shooting skills. 
Her determination remains 

6539
05:37:58,400 --> 05:38:01,200
unshakable, but it's now 
tempered with the Practical, 

6540
05:38:01,200 --> 05:38:03,700
understanding that education 
takes different forms in 

6541
05:38:03,700 --> 05:38:06,200
different places. 
The immigrants gather, their 

6542
05:38:06,200 --> 05:38:09,100
belongings with reverent care, 
handling their few possessions 

6543
05:38:09,100 --> 05:38:13,300
like sacred relics Everything 
they own in America fits into a 

6544
05:38:13,300 --> 05:38:17,000
handful of bags and bundles but 
their faces shine with the hope 

6545
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:20,200
of people who have successfully 
crossed an ocean and a continent

6546
05:38:20,200 --> 05:38:23,500
to reach their dreams. 
Their excitement is infectious, 

6547
05:38:23,500 --> 05:38:26,500
reminding everyone else that 
arrival means possibility. 

6548
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:31,000
Toddler has finally worn himself
completely out and sleeps 

6549
05:38:31,000 --> 05:38:34,400
peacefully in his mother's arms,
oblivious to the significance of

6550
05:38:34,400 --> 05:38:37,300
reaching their new home. 
His mother looks out at the 

6551
05:38:37,300 --> 05:38:39,800
approaching town with the mixed 
expression of someone whose 

6552
05:38:39,800 --> 05:38:44,000
relief the journey as ending. 
Terrified about what comes next.

6553
05:38:45,600 --> 05:38:47,700
As the train begins its Final 
Approach. 

6554
05:38:47,700 --> 05:38:51,400
Slowing with a series of gentle 
jerks and extended whistle 

6555
05:38:51,400 --> 05:38:53,700
blasts that announce your 
arrival to the waiting town. 

6556
05:38:53,700 --> 05:38:57,000
You realize that this journey 
has been about more than simply 

6557
05:38:57,000 --> 05:38:58,400
getting from one place to 
another. 

6558
05:38:58,400 --> 05:39:02,600
You've experienced a slice of 
America in transition a country 

6559
05:39:02,600 --> 05:39:04,900
building itself, one mile of 
track at a time. 

6560
05:39:04,908 --> 05:39:08,800
The station appears ahead. 
A simple, wooden building that 

6561
05:39:08,800 --> 05:39:11,300
nevertheless represents the end 
of one adventure, and the 

6562
05:39:11,300 --> 05:39:14,000
beginning of another People wait
on the platform. 

6563
05:39:14,000 --> 05:39:17,000
Some greeting expected arrivals 
others. 

6564
05:39:17,000 --> 05:39:19,500
Simply curious about who the 
iron horses delivered to their 

6565
05:39:19,500 --> 05:39:23,500
town today. 
The final stop arrives with a 

6566
05:39:23,500 --> 05:39:26,000
ceremony befitting the 
completion of an Epic Journey. 

6567
05:39:26,700 --> 05:39:30,900
A tremendous hiss of steam, the 
squeal of breaks and one last 

6568
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:34,100
authoritative jolt that sent 
everyone reaching for something 

6569
05:39:34,100 --> 05:39:37,000
solid to grab. 
Frank appears in the doorway, 

6570
05:39:37,000 --> 05:39:40,300
announcing your arrival with the
satisfaction of a man who 

6571
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:43,800
successfully delivered another 
load of hopeful Humanity to 

6572
05:39:43,800 --> 05:39:47,500
their chosen destination. 
You gather your carpet bag which

6573
05:39:47,500 --> 05:39:50,000
somehow feels heavy than when 
you started though. 

6574
05:39:50,000 --> 05:39:51,800
It contains exactly the same 
items. 

6575
05:39:53,400 --> 05:39:56,000
Perhaps it's weighted down with 
memories now or maybe you've 

6576
05:39:56,000 --> 05:39:58,200
just grown weaker from three 
days of train food and 

6577
05:39:58,200 --> 05:40:01,600
improvised sleeping. 
Either way, you're ready to feel

6578
05:40:01,600 --> 05:40:03,600
Solid Ground Beneath Your Feet 
Again? 

6579
05:40:04,800 --> 05:40:07,300
As you step down onto the 
platform, the absence of 

6580
05:40:07,308 --> 05:40:09,700
constant motion feels strange 
and wonderful. 

6581
05:40:09,700 --> 05:40:14,100
The world has stopped rocking, 
stopped clacking, and stopped, 

6582
05:40:14,100 --> 05:40:15,900
hissing steam at irregular 
intervals. 

6583
05:40:17,000 --> 05:40:19,800
Silence is almost overwhelming 
after days of mechanical 

6584
05:40:19,800 --> 05:40:22,800
conversation. 
Fellow passengers dispersed with

6585
05:40:22,808 --> 05:40:26,200
surprising speed reclaiming, 
their individual identities 

6586
05:40:26,200 --> 05:40:28,000
after days of communal 
existence. 

6587
05:40:28,000 --> 05:40:31,000
The Exchange. 
Final handshakes make last 

6588
05:40:31,000 --> 05:40:34,000
minute address exchanges. 
And make promises to write that 

6589
05:40:34,000 --> 05:40:37,200
they may or may not keep. 
As if you've passed some sort of

6590
05:40:37,208 --> 05:40:39,000
endurance test, she's been 
administering. 

6591
05:40:39,000 --> 05:40:42,300
The stern woman nods approvingly
at your survival of the journey.

6592
05:40:42,300 --> 05:40:46,500
The locomotive sit steaming 
quietly looking somehow smaller.

6593
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:49,900
Now that it's not in motion, the
mighty iron horse that has been 

6594
05:40:49,908 --> 05:40:51,900
your world. 
For three days, is just a 

6595
05:40:51,900 --> 05:40:54,900
machine again, waiting for its 
next load of passengers and 

6596
05:40:54,900 --> 05:40:57,300
their dreams. 
You shoulder your carpet bag and

6597
05:40:57,300 --> 05:40:59,700
walked toward the town. 
Your legs still slightly 

6598
05:40:59,700 --> 05:41:02,600
unsteady from Days of swaying 
motion behind you. 

6599
05:41:02,600 --> 05:41:04,600
The train whistle blows. 
One last time. 

6600
05:41:04,600 --> 05:41:06,900
A fair. 
Well, that somehow manages to 

6601
05:41:06,900 --> 05:41:10,700
sound both mournful and hopeful.
The frontier stretches ahead 

6602
05:41:10,700 --> 05:41:13,800
full of possibility and 
uncertainty and equal measure. 

6603
05:41:13,800 --> 05:41:18,100
You've arrived carried here by 
Steam and steel, and the 

6604
05:41:18,100 --> 05:41:20,000
peculiar magic of American 
optimism. 

6605
05:41:20,000 --> 05:41:23,400
Made manifest in iron rails, 
whatever happens. 

6606
05:41:23,400 --> 05:41:26,100
Next, you'll always remember 
these three days when you travel

6607
05:41:26,100 --> 05:41:29,500
into the future at 15 miles per 
hour, accompanied by the most 

6608
05:41:29,500 --> 05:41:32,900
fascinating collection of 
humanity, you've ever had the 

6609
05:41:32,900 --> 05:41:36,800
pleasure to meet The adventure 
you realize is just beginning.