Balloon Riots

00:00:01
Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. Listener.

00:00:17
Speaker 2: Josiah, who has sent to us just a ton of very good episode suggestions sent in a request for an episode on the eighteen nineteen balloon riot. We do have a number of episodes on balloons and ballooning, including the Mongolfier Brothers and Sophie Blanchard and essay Andre's attempt to get to the North Pole by balloon, and we have mentioned in those episodes that balloons became a huge fad starting in the late eighteenth century and into the nineteenth century.

00:00:51
Speaker 1: I don't think we.

00:00:52
Speaker 2: Have ever talked about how much rioting was associated with that. We have talked more about excite and not about tearing stuff. Apart, this eighteen nineteen incident that Josiah requested was not the only riot to talk about. In other words, we are going to cover several in this episode, but it is not all of the balloon riots. Over the course of my research, I found various mentions of other riots as kind of asides or mentioned in footnotes or a newspaper article would say blah blah blah, similarly to the thing that happened to this other time, But then I was not able to find a lot of detail about that other time briefly mentioned. It's also possible that there were other more documented balloon riot incidents that I just didn't happen to stumble over while working on this. These riots all involved large balloons filled with either hot air or a lighter than air gas like hydrogen or coal gas, which is a mix of mostly hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide. Ones so we're talking about took place in France, the UK, the US, and Australia. But the earliest precursors to these kinds of balloons came from another part of the world. They date back to the third century BCE in China. These were flying lanterns also called sky lanterns, that were made from paper and open at the bottom. A candle or some other source of flames suspended under the opening heated the air inside, causing the lantern to float. Sky lanterns are quite small, you can launch them from your hands, and by the eighteenth century, various scientists and inventors were trying to figure out how to use that same principle to make much larger balloons. The first successful launches of balloons that were big enough to carry human beings took place in France. After testing various materials and designs, brothers Joseph Michel and Jacques Etienne Mongolfier made a balloon from cloth and paper that had a diameter of about thirty three feet or ten meters. They lit a fire under the opening of this balloon to fill it with hot air, and they successfully sent it aloft on June fourth, seventeen eighty three. They did not have anybody aboard that first time. That balloon stayed in the air for about ten minutes. On September nineteenth, they sent a duck, a rooster, and a sheep up in a slightly smaller balloon, and all of those animals returned to Earth safely hooray. From there, the Mongolfier brothers tried tethered balloon flights with people on board, and then their first untethered flight with a human crew was on November twenty first, seventeen eighty three. We talked about the Mongolfier brothers in more detail in our episode on them that ran as a Saturday Classic on January twenty eighth, twenty twenty three, While the Mongolfier brothers were working on hot air balloons, other people were working on balloons with some other gas or gas mixture. Professor Jacques Charles commissioned brothers and gen Robert and Nicola Luis Robert, who is sometimes also called Marie Noel Robert, to build a balloon. They took a demonstration flight from the champ de Mars in August of seventeen eighty three. This was a varnished silk balloon filled with hydrogen gas. They made that hydrogen gas by pouring sulfuric acid onto iron filings. This balloon successfully went aloft without a crew, but from there it drifted to the northeast of Paris. When it landed near the village of Geness, people who didn't know what it was reportedly attacked it with things like sticks and pitchforks. On December first.

00:04:48
Speaker 1: Of that year, Nicola, Louis and Jacques successfully went aloft themselves in a hydrogen balloon, which was launched from the Tuileriri gardens. Within a year, more than one hundred eighty balloon launches had taken place all around Europe, often before just enormous crowds. When the Mongolfier brothers sent those animals, aloft An estimated one hundred and thirty thousand people had been watching, including King Louis the sixteenth and Marie Antoinette. When Robert and Charles took their first flight, it was reportedly before a crowd of four hundred thousand people, which would have been more than half the population of Paris, and people were fascinated. Letters and diary entries from the late eighteenth century are full of references to balloons and which launches people had seen, and how big the crowds were, and what the balloon looked like. This includes numerous letters from American visitors who were in France for the negotiations of the Treaty of Paris that formally ended the Revolutionary War, so that includes Benjamin Franklin. Balloon hats for ladies came into fashion with puffy crowns and wide brims, and balloons were emblazoned on every kind of souvenir imaginable. A broadside called Balloon Wish printed in Boston read quote in this wild romantic age, what fantastic whims engage high and low and old and young, all with balloon madness, rung balloon hats and frying pans, balloon ribbons, balloon fans, balloon gauzes, balloon caps, balloon hoops or balloon traps. Balloons and balloon launches were also depicted in stories, novels, poems, plays, and visual artwork. As an example, in seventeen eighty four, the Covent Garden Theater, which we just talked about in October, staged a play called Harlequin Junior or The Magic Cestus, in which past podcast subject Joseph Grimaldy was supposed to handle a real floating balloon that was scaled down for use on the stage. However, the theater scrapped this part of the show after deciding it was quote very offensive and in some degree dangerous in the confined air of the theater.

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Speaker 2: That decision makes sense because they had to burn material under this balloon to inflate it in the theater just seemed like a bad idea given the known propensity of theaters to catch on fire.

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Speaker 1: In the theater lit by candlelight at this point, so if the balloon fell in the wrong place, double trouble. The culture in parts of Europe was so saturated with balloons that some people actually got sick of hearing about them almost immediately. In September seventeen eighty three, English author and playwright Samuel Johnson wrote a letter to Sir Joshua Reynolds that said, in part, quote, I have three letters in this day, all about the balloon. I could have been content with one. Do not write about the balloon. Whatever else you may think proper to say that cracks me up.

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Speaker 2: It's also kind of sad that he died a few months later, so one of his final frustrations balloons balloons. The term balloon omania appeared in writing for the first time two years later in a letter from past podcast subject Horace Walpole to Madame du Defont, after Jean Francois Pilatre de Rosier died in a balloon crash while trying to cross the English Channel. Walpole wrote, quote, the balloon omania is I think a little chilled, not extinguished by Rosier's catastrophe. Walpole also expressed concerns about whether balloons would be used for military purposes, and that was something people had started thinking about basically right after those very earliest launches. We talked about that more in our episode on the balloons of World War Two that came out in March of twenty twenty three. This eighteenth century fascination with balloons was interconnected with ongoing discoveries in the sciences that it started to evolve in the sixteenth century and the European intellectual movement that has come to be known as the Age of Enlightenment. People were similarly fascinated with experiments with electricity that were also happening around the same time. By necessity, balloon launches were the most public of all the various experiments that were going on. The balloons were huge, and even if they were launched from some out of the way place, people could still see them in the air. People made and launched hot, air and gas balloons in all kinds of places beyond just England and France, and beyond just Europe. But in these two countries there was kind of a competitive rivalry going on. But there were also some differences in how ballooning developed in those two countries. A lot of balloon experiments in France were under the auspices of the French Academy of Sciences, and that meant that until the French Revolution, they were effectively being overseen by the scientific community and ultimately the monarch. But in England, the Royal Society didn't take up that same level of interest in ballooning. So the ballooning community in England was more made up of adventurers who might work with scientists or allow scientists to bring instruments on board, but they could be focused a lot more on excitement and spectacle and showmanship than on research and discovery. But it was clear from the beginning that balloon launches could spark a backlash if they did not go as planned. On January sixteenth, seventeen eighty four, just weeks after humans had successfully flown in balloons for the first time, Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter to Dutch scientists Jon Ingenhause. Franklin had previously sent Ingenhouse everything he had learned about balloons, and he said that if Ingenhause sent someone to France, Franklin was sure they could learn whatever they needed to figure out how to make one for themselves from there. He said, quote, if you undertake to make one, I think it extremely proper and necessary to send an ingenious man here for that purpose. Otherwise, for want of attention to some particular circumstance, or of being acquainted with it, the experiment might miscarry, which, being in an affair of so much public expectation, would have bad consequences, draw upon you a great deal of censure and affect your reputation.

00:11:19
Speaker 1: It is a serious thing to draw out from their affairs all the inhabitants of a great city and its environs, and a disappointment makes them angry. At Bordeaux lately a person who pretended to send up a balloon and had received money of many people, not being able to make it rise. The populace were so exasperated that they pulled down his house and had liked to have killed him.

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Speaker 2: We will talk about some other exasperated populaces after a sponsor break. In seventeen eighty four, printmaker Jean Francois Genine, who had started calling himself an artist physicist, worked with Abbe Laurent Antoine Melin, who lectured in physics, to build a balloon. Their design actually involved three balloons. There was the primary hot air balloon and a gas filled balloon that would float above it, and then a balloon filled with cold air that would hang below it. They wanted to study the atmosphere and the behavior of the three balloons and the gases within them from the gondola that was suspended below. They had financed their project primarily by selling tickets to the launch, and that was the case for a lot of balloonists. Even like the hardcore scientific balloonists, a lot of times were funding things with ticket sales.

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Speaker 1: They planned to take off from Luxembourg Gardens in Paris on July eleventh, seventeen eighty four. Although they had made some successful test flights, this public launch failed when they were not able to adequately fill the hot air balloon. It's not clear whether the balloon caught fire during the attempt to fill it, or if angry onlookers set it alight, but it did catch fire, and once it was burning, outraged ticket holders burst into the launch area, tearing pieces off of the balloon and breaking up the viewing stands to throw into the fire. One of the people who witnessed this was Benjamin Franklin Batch, grandson of Benjamin Franklin, whose diary entry about the day described some of the carried off balloon pieces as big enough to make a mattress. Afterwards, Milan and Jeanniet were ridiculed in the popular press, including people writing satirical songs about them. The September eighth, eighteen nineteen riot that inspired this episode took place in Vauxhall Gardens, not the ones in London, but gardens in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that had been named for them. I think people in England also said that more like Vauxhall, the balloon belonged to a French aeronaut known as Monsieur Michel, who was going to go up in the balloon and then parachute down from it. This was just a few days after a failed balloon launch by a different aeronaut in Camden, and Camden is just on the other side of the Delaware River from Philadelphia, so a lot of people from Philadelphia had gone to Camden to try to watch, and they had not been able to see a balloon. Vauxhall Garden was surrounded by a tall wooden fence, and hundreds of people had paid a dollar apiece, significant money in these days to come inside to watch. People who did not have a dollar or just didn't want to pay it tried to get a glimpse from the outside, and the crowd included people who traveled in from Camden or from other places around Philadelphia. The balloon was big enough that the top would be visible from the ground outside the fence once it was inflated, and people also climbed onto roofs and into trees to get a better view. Counting the ticket holders and the people outside the fence, roughly thirty thousand people were estimated to be there. Monsieur Michelle started filling the balloon with gas at about two PM, and at seven pm it still was not ready. According to an article in the Rhode Island American published about a week after the incident, one of the reasons it was filling so slowly is that an impatient spectator had thrown a rock at it, and that rock had made a hole that was continually letting gas out of the balloon. On the other hand, the Washington, DC Daily National Intelligencer said this rock puncture happened after the balloon had been somewhat filled at least and was partially aloft. Most of the documentation I found on this whole incident was in news reports, and all of them are slightly different from one another. Vendors were selling food and drink at this event, and after a while a lot of the spectators were intoxicated. A detail that most of the accounts agree upon is that a boy in his mid teens climbed the fence. In some accounts, one of the garden attendants struck and killed him. In others, the boy struck someone inside the fence with a stick, and that person either hit him back or hit a couple of children who happened to be nearby. Rumors spread that either this teenager or a young child had been killed, or maybe one of them really had been killed. All of this unclear.

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Speaker 2: Whatever exactly the details, it sparked a riot in which the onlookers from the outside of the fence burst through it, tearing the balloon to shreds and lighting a lot of the garden on fire, including its pavilion and benches. Musicians had been hired to play for the day, and rioters smashed their instruments. People robbed the vendors of their food and their alcohol and other wares, and somebody stole all the ticket money, which was about eight hundred dollars. Multiple people were injured, and by nine pm Vauxhall Gardens was basically destroyed. Its owner sold the property in the aftermath, and it changed hands a couple of times before eventually being rebuilt and reopened as an outdoor theater. In eighteen thirty eight, an ascent that was supposed to take place in Cremorne Gardens in London similarly went wrong. The event was described this way in a nineteen oh seven book about the gardens quote. It was announced to ascend on May twenty four, and people began to assemble in the grounds at noon. By seven o'clock there were nearly five thousand spectators and behind a huge tarpaulin the balloon was supposed to be in the process of inflation. The balloon was attached to a platform in the middle of the lake, and its peculiarity was that it had to be inflated by chopped straw burnt in a brazier under the orifice of the bag. The size of the furnace had been miscalculated, and after the balloon had twice been set on fire, the intrepid aeronaut decided not to ascend. Some of the spectators considered that at any rate the balloon could be punished, and a well directed volley of stones soon left the monster prostrate on the lake. An attempt was made to drag it on shore and tear it in pieces, but at this moment the cord broke. Some of the rowdier spirits now sought out the proprietor, hoping to duck him in one of his own ponds, and when this failed, they attacked the glass planes of the Lion's conservatory. Not seemed like a great idea, but suddenly the police appeared and Vesuvius burst forth in all of its fury, and when the fireworks were over, the visitors quietly dispersed. In case that last bit is not totally clear, this park had a panorama of Mount Vesuvius, and they set off fireworks from there at night, and they basically started the fireworks display to try to get everybody to focus on something else. A riot in Sydney, Australia, on December eighteenth, eighteen fifty six was also similar. French balloonist Pierre Magre hoped to make Australia's first successful balloon flight. Roughly five thousand people had gathered by two pm, which is when he was supposed to start inflating the balloon with hot air, but he didn't actually get started until three PM, and the crowd continued to grow and to become more and more impatient. As the balloon slowly filled, people started to doubt that it was even possible to inflate the balloon because it seemed like the material was just too heavy. They added more fuel to the fire. Things started to move a little bit faster, and eventually the balloon did start to ascend, but the cords that had been used to tether it were dangling, and one of them got caught in something. The effort to un tangle that trailing cord wound up releasing a lot of the hot air out of the balloon. As the balloon started to deflate, people from the less expensive outer part of the viewing area rushed to the inside. Either the balloon caught fire or someone set it on fire. I feel like that's a frequent refrain in this episode. Somebody had possibly kicked the fire that had been used to fill it, and then people started chanting burn.

00:20:26
Speaker 1: The balloon, Burn the balloon. The fire spread to the tent where the wine and straw used for fuel had been stored, and that caught fire as well. Megra was forced to flee during the early stages of its inflation. This balloon had been suspended from a cord that was draped between two poles, and in this chaos people started knocking down the poles. One of them hit two children as it fell. Eleven year old Thomas Downs was reported to have died of a skull fracture two days after this. An inquest found Meg to be responsible, describing him as the quote perpetrator of the sham balloon incident and censuring him a little more than a year later, on February first, eighteen fifty eight, Joseph Dean went aloft in a balloon filled with coal gas, taking off from Cremorne Gardens in Melbourne, Australia and succeeding where Pierre Magra had not. Then, on February fifteenth, Charles Henry Brown did the same. Both men had been hired by George Coppin, who was a theater entrepreneur who also funded both of the ascents. But according to Brown's account, this crowd was angry with him when he returned. This might have been because they got bored since he had taken off really late in the day, or it could have been because Coppin had offered a reward for the safe return of the balloon. If something went wrong with the launch, people might have wanted to claim that reward, even though nothing had gone wrong and Brown was still in possession of the balloon. In Brown's words quote on my descent, I was treated in a most brutal manner by the people assembled. Why I know not, but they tore the hair from my head, bruised, crushed, and almost suffocated me, besides damaging the balloon by tugging at and trampling on it. This does not apply to mister Hugh Peck of Collingwood, to whom I am under the obligation of returning the balloon to Cremorne in safety and declining to receive any remuneration for his trouble. Mister Needham of the gas works assisted in extricating me from the savages. Probably the most thoroughly documented and well known balloon riot took place in Leicester, England, in eighteen sixty four, and we will get to that after a sponsor break. Sixty four Leicster balloon riot involved a balloonist who had become particularly well known because of an earlier incidence that did not involve a riot that was Henry Tracy Coxwell. Coxwell was born in eighteen nineteen and had trained originally as a dentist, but he had shifted a lot of his focus to ballooning after taking his first balloon flight at the age of twenty five. He undertook numerous balloon launches, primarily in and around London, including in London's Vauxhall Gardens and Cremorne Gardens, which were ticketed money making entertainment events. This earlier incident also involved doctor James Glacier. Glacier was born in eighteen oh nine and he was a meteorologist who wanted to conduct experiments aboard balloons. He undertook twenty eight balloon ascents during his career, many of them with Coxwell, often with funding from the British Association for the van of Science. The two men had launched from Wolverhampton, England, on September fifth, eighteen sixty two. Glacier was equipped with photographic plates, what bulb thermometers, a hygrometer and other instruments to study the atmosphere and weather as they ascended to high altitudes. They also had several pigeons aboard to see how those pigeons would fly at high altitudes. We don't really need to get into the detail, but only one of the pigeons seems to have survived this journey. By one forty PM, they had reached an elevation of about four miles or more than twenty one thousand feet. They continued to ascend in about ten minutes. After that, Glacier realized he could no longer see the mercury column in the wet bulb thermometer, or the hands of his watch, or any other fine detail on any of his instruments. Glacier asked Coxwell for help, but just then the balloon's valve line came entangled and Coxwell had to fix it. Glacier had already noticed that Coxwell seemed winded, and Glacier had attributed that to the physical work that he was having to do around the balloon. But shortly after Coxwell went to fix this valve line. In Glacier's words, quote, I laid my arm upon the table, possessed of its full vigor, but on being desirous of using it, I found it powerless. It must have lost its power. Momentarily trying to move the other arm, I found it powerless also. Then I tried to shake myself and succeeded, but I seemed to have no limbs, and looking at the barometer, my head fell over my left shoulder. I struggled and shook my body again, but could not move my arms, getting my head upright for an instant only it fell on my right shoulder. Then I fell backwards, my back resting against the side of the car and my head on its edge. In this position, my eyes were directed to me mister Coxwell in the ring. When I shook my body, I seemed to have full power over the muscles of the back, and considerably so over those of the neck, but none over either my arms or my legs, as in the case of the arms, so all muscular power was lost in an instant from my back and neck. I dimly saw mister Coxwell and endeavored to speak, but could not. In an instant, intense darkness overcame me, so that the optic nerve lost power suddenly, but I was still conscious with as active a brain as at the present moment. Whilst writing this, I thought I had been seized with asphyxia, and believed I should experience nothing more, as death would come unless we speedily descended. Glacier then lost consciousness and a few minutes later became aware of Coxwell trying to rouse him. Coxwell had nearly lost consciousness as well and had started to lose control of his limbs. Coxwell had realized that they had to get to a lower altitude, and since he couldn't use his hands, he had managed to open the valve to release some of the gas from the balloon by grabbing the cord with his teeth. Coxwell still couldn't use his hands by the time Glacier regained consciousness, and Glacier tried to treat them by pouring brandy over them. The last barometer reading that Glacier was able to record as they ascended suggested that at that point they were at an altitude of about twenty nine thousand feet, and then after that he had lost consciousness, but they were still climbing when he lost consciousness, and they are estimated to have reached an altitude of thirty seven thousand feet or just over seven miles in other words, in the cruising altitude ranged for today's commercial airliners. Neither man fully understood what had happened to them physiologically, at that elevation, but his words spread about the terrifying flight. It was obvious to everyone that they would have died if Coxwell had not managed to open that valve. This experience did not discourage Glacier from his scientific pursuits on balloons, though he got back to work almost immediately after regaining consciousness, and twenty one of his scientific balloon flights happened after this one. Almost two years later, on July eleventh, eighteen sixty four, Coxwell, who was famous from this earlier experience, planned a balloon ascent that was to take place at a Forester's fete at a racecourse in Leicester. The Foresters are a friendly society also known as a Mutual Aid Society, which had been established as the Ancient Order of Foresters in eighteen thirty four. For this, Coxwell was going to test a new balloon called the Britannia, and it was going to be attached to the car that he had used for his experimental flights with Glacier. The plan was for a group of passengers, including two women, to go aloft with him. Coxwell later wrote a letter to the editor at the Times describing what happened. He noted that no real barrier had been erected around the launch site and that he had to quote beg hard for a policeman to be present. He had heard that there were only eight on site for an event with an estimated fifty thousand people. According to an eyewitness statement, no arrangements had been made for keeping the ground around the balloon clear. There was just a temporary barrier which was quickly knocked down by the crowd, and that made it impossible for Coxwell to do what he needed to do with the balloon before the flight could even begin.

00:29:32
Speaker 2: According to Coxwell quote, early in the afternoon, a gentleman reported to be a provincial aeronaut gave it out that the balloon then present was not my largest and newest balloon, but a small one. This was a cruel libel, and aroused. I was told an angry feeling among the visitors. The lack of policeman to maintain order soon manifested itself, For on a band entering the balloon ground, the boards were carried at once, and thousands of persons broke in and harassed my operations excessively. It was in vain that I entreated for and that several gentlemen succeeded in clearing an open space the deficiency of strong barriers having afforded access. All subsequent attempts to stop the tide of human pressure proved unavailing.

00:30:22
Speaker 1: The crowd demanded that he take off immediately, but he couldn't. Some supports that had been put up to hold the balloon while it was being inflated needed to be taken down, but the crew that was supposed to do that wasn't even there. Coxwell threatened to let the gas out of the balloon unless the crowd got itself under control, because they were creating a dangerous situation. Police officers arrived and they started trying to clear the area around the balloon, but when Coxwell started releasing the gas, the crowd became enraged and attacked it. There were also rumors that police officers had struck a woman. Police sergeant led Coxwell away from all of this, but in his words, quote, my clothes were soon torn, and then the cry was raised, rip him up, knock him in the head, finish him, et cetera, all of which would have inevitably been executed had I not followed the inspector's advice. The crowd set fire to the balloon car and tore the balloon to pieces. Many of these pieces were then sold as souvenirs. The balloon's hoop was not flammable, and the crowd paraded it around the streets. Coxwell attributed this incident to a lack of foresight in not providing enough policeman for a forester's bet. He asked the foresters for compensation for this incident and for the destruction of his equipment, but because of the Aid Society's rules, this wasn't something they could just do immediately. There was like a whole process that had to happen before giving away the Society's money. Other people in Lester raised funds totaling more than eight hundred pounds to try to compensate him. Although Glacier doesn't seem to have been involved in this ascension attempt, the destruction of the balloon and the car that he had used for his experiments did cause a setback in his meteorological research. He later returned to the sky in one of Coxwell's old balloons, equipped with a new car, but it seems like the two men had a more personal falling out at some point after this. The details regarding that don't seem to be well documented. The twenty nineteen movie The Aeronauts stars Eddie Redmain as James Glacier, but Henry Tracy Coxwell is just not depicted in the movie. It seems like this was one of the last big balloon riots, not because of some kind of change in the psychology and dynamics of sometimes drunken crowds, but because ballooning stopped being such a huge fad and it stopped drawing those kinds of crowds of expectant onlookers.

00:32:59
Speaker 2: And that there's balloon riots. I have some listener mail to take us out. This actually is from a little bit ago. This is from Christy who wrote after our episode on Soap. Christy wrote and said, Dear Holly and Tracy, I love listening to the podcast during my commute. I probably only have my PhD in s y MIHC if I was the kind of student who skips classes because I've listened for a very long time, but I've also had a couple of year plus gaps. In your recent episode on Soap, you mentioned an earlier not technically soap product related to wool. It's a bit of a tangent, but I thought you might enjoy hearing about suwant fermentation. It's a method of cleaning raw wool that relies on fermentation of natural sweat and minerals in the wool with rain water to create a cleaning substance. Supposedly also stinks like you wouldn't believe, so I may put off trying it until I have somewhere it wouldn't bother me to let it sit. Thank you so much for the work you put into thoughtfully selecting and researching topics, presenting them with care, and sharing them own way that is both personable and informative. As a pet tax, please see my ten year old dog Zelda. While we usually say she is a Sheba husky mix, looks like Sheba size of a husky, Her adoption paperwork listed four different variations on breed mixes, and a DNA test said she was a mutt, high percentage of Asian slash Arctic breeds, and a moderate percentage of terrier. All my best, Christie, this is a cute little puppy dog. I am not good at a described I'm like, what do I want to say about this dog? A kind of fox? Like face and ears and a mostly kind of buff and hand color coat, looking very happy sitting under some hydranchas in bloom. Thank you so much for sending this dog picture and about suant for vacation. I'm not a thing that I had ever heard of, and in fact misread when reading the email initially as Sue it, which is not quite the same thing, not at all the same thing, really, If you would like to send us a note about this or any other podcasts, where a history podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com, and you can subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.