Boring History | How One Man Changed America Forever and more

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Hello my dear listeners tonight.
We're going to take a leisurely 

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stroll through the remarkable 
life of a man who helped shape 

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the very foundations of America.
Not through Grand battles or 

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dramatic speeches. 
But through the quiet power of 

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ideas and an almost stubborn 
belief that a new kind of 

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country was possible So, before 
you pull up that blanket and get

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comfortable, if you don't mind, 
take a moment to like the video.

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And let me know where you're 
tuning in from, and what time it

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is for you, I always enjoy 
seeing who I have the pleasure 

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of helping each night. 
I turn off those lights and 

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let's ease into another journey 
together. 

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Now you may believe that you are
familiar with Alexander Hamilton

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from the popular Broadway 
production but for the time 

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being let's put the hip hop 
music and dramatic performance 

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as aside instead. 
Think of him as your 

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exceptionally intelligent 
neighbor, who always has 

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something interesting to say 
over the garden fence. 

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He's the type of person who sees
opportunities where others see 

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problems and who with time and 
careful consideration has never 

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encountered a difficult problem 
that he couldn't solve our 

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story. 
Starts on the tiny Caribbean 

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island of Nevis where the sound 
of waves lapping against Coral 

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Shores and the aroma of 
sugarcane. 

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A carried by the Tradewinds in 
1755, a child is born who will 

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grow up to have thoughts the 
size of an entire continent. 

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The problem with Alex is that he
didn't begin life with any 

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advantages that would indicate 
greatness was on the horizon, 

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you know, how some people seem 
to have it all from birth. 

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Alexander became more akin to a 
wooden spoon that had previously

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been used to stir up, something 
dubious, James, Hamilton, his 

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father had a knack for making 
bad business choices, that would

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make a contemporary businessman 
shudder. 

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Imagine a man who had the 
ability to take something that 

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was certain and somehow make it 
a spectacular failure for you. 

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That's James Hamilton when 
Alexander was ten years old, his

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father did what struggling men 
do. 

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When life becomes too difficult,
he just left He was there one 

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morning discussing his most 
recent business Endeavor that 

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would undoubtedly bring wealth 
to the family and the following 

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morning, his seat at The 
Breakfast. 

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Table was vacant. 
Alexander seemed to brush it off

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as just, another mystery to be 
sold at later time, even though 

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its the kind of Abandonment that
could shatter a child Spirit 

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Rachel. 
His mother was left to handle 

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things alone and she did so with
the Quiet resolve that would 

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later manifest in her son's 
personality She didn't have a 

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lot of money or ties to 
influential families. 

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She had something more valuable.
She was a reader and she made 

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sure Alexander was as well. 
This was like giving him 

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superpowers at a time when many 
people sign their names with an 

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ex. 
Imagine young Alex reading by 

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candlelight in their tiny home 
as the Caribbean night. 

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Humed with insects and sea 
breezes, he devoured, books with

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the same further and seemingly 
insatiable appetite, as some 

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children consume can be It made 
no difference whether it was 

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history, books, philosophy, 
poetry or mathematics. 

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Alexander wanted to understand 
anything that had words on a 

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page. 
However, harsh lessons come with

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living on a small island and 
Alexander's. 

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Mother passed away when he was 
13. 

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With no family wealth to rely on
and no clear. 

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Way forward. 
This intelligent boy suddenly 

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found himself practically alone 
in the world. 

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This type of circumstance, could
teach someone to be cautious to 

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keep their head down. 
And to seize any little 

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opportunities that present 
themselves rather Alexander 

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surveyed his situation and 
concluded that it was 

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unacceptable, not in a furious 
manner, but with the cool 

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resolve of someone, who just 
doesn't think that where you 

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begin is, where you end up, he 
secured a position in a trading 

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company as a Clarke managing the
bookkeeping and correspondents 

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for Traders who transported 
goods between islands. 

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This may seem like a rather 
ordinary way for a future 

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founding father to spend his 
adolescents. 

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This is where Alexander's unique
Brilliance began to emerge. 

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Alexander started to comprehend 
how the entire system operated 

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whereas other Clarks might have 
just copied letters and added up

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Columns of numbers. 
He observed how ships travel 

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between islands, how many move 
between locations and how a 

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sugar shortage in one area could
lead to opportunities in another

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today. 
He was like a teenager who 

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Begins by assisting with the 
social media account for a 

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family business, an ends up 
knowing more about digital 

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marketing than those who have 
degrees in the field. 

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Alexander not only carried out 
his duties, but also a 

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simulated, the fundamental ideas
that underpinned successful, 

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Commerce at the age of 17, 
Alexander experienced a 

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life-altering event in 1772. 
The Caribbean was hit by a huge 

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hurricane. 
The kind of storm that prompts 

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modern weather forecasters to 
use adjectives like catastrophic

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and unprecedented. 
Buildings that had withstood 

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years of tropical storms were 
reduced to splinters trees. 

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That had stood for decades, were
uprooted like weeds and the 

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meticulous order of everyday 
life was completely upended. 

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The majority of people would 
have written home about the 

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devastation and perhaps even 
shared some dramatic Tales of 

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how they managed to survive the 
storm. 

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However, Alexander sat down and 
wrote something completely 

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different because he was 
Alexander. 

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In his letter, he characterized 
the hurricane as a window into 

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the great power of nature and 
the Frailty of human ambition. 

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In addition to being a 
destructive force. 

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Everyone who read the letter was
taken aback by its beauty. 

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It wasn't overdone or flowery 
Alexander never liked 

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Superfluous ornamentation but it
encapsulated a fundamental 

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aspect of what it was like to 
live through such a moment. 

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It revealed a young man capable 
of finding meaning and 

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Devastation and patterns and 
Chaos. 

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It was like watching someone 
realize they have a lovely 

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singing voice when his letter 
appeared in the local newspaper.

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Alexander was suddenly 
recognized as someone special by

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those who had previously thought
of him as just another clock's 

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assistant. 
Local businessmen and clergyman 

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were drawn to the letter and 
concluded that the young man's 

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abilities were too valuable to 
be wasted on a small island. 

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They started a collection which 
is similar to passing a hat 

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around your neighborhood. 
Except that instead of 

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collecting money for someone's 
medical bills, your collecting 

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money to send a teenager to 
college in the United States, 

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the kind of investment in human 
potential. 

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That transforms. 
Everything was demonstrated by 

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the extraordinary Act of Faith 
in Alexander's potential with 

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only a few books, some clothing 
and some ideas that would have 

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eventually helped reshape a 
continent 18 year old Alexander 

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Hamilton set. 
Sail for New York in 1773, he 

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was leaving behind not just a 
location but a whole way of 

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thinking about what was possible
as his Island Home vanished by 

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him. 
Alexander must have felt like 

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Dorothy leaving her Farmhouse an
entering the Land of Oz. 

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When he first arrived in New 
York, only in stead of a Yellow 

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Brick, Road Brick Road, he 
discovered cobblestone streets 

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that were busier than his entire
Island had been With the kind of

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energy that comes from living in
a place where anything seems 

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possible. 
The city was a Whirlpool of 

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intellectuals, merchants Sailors
and Craftsmen all pursuing their

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different dreams, King's 
College, now, known as Columbia 

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University was where he 
enrolled. 

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Imagine a young man from a small
Caribbean island, entering those

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Halls for the first time. 
Surrounded by the sons of 

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wealthy. 
New York families who had been 

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raised to take their privileges 
for granted. 

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It might have been frightening 
but Alexander had something. 

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They didn't a voracious appetite
for information. 

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That only comes from having 
earned. 

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Every chance Alexander threw 
himself into his studies like a 

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man who realized that education 
was his only way to influence 

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others. 
Whereas his classmates may have 

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approached their studies with 
the casual attitude of people 

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who knew they would inherit 
their father's businesses, 

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regardless of their grades. 
He studied history, economics, 

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philosophy and law with the 
further of someone who 

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understood that these subjects 
were more than merely academic. 

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Pursuits. 
They were instruments, he would 

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need to construct the life. 
He desired what set? 

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Alexander apart from even the 
most committed Learners, 

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however, was that he synthesized
knowledge rather than merely 

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absorbing it. 
He was already considering how 

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the lessons he was reading about
ancient, Greek. 

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Democracy might be applied to 
the political unrest, that was 

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developing colonial America. 
He was thinking about how 

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British economic theory, might 
apply to a nation that did not 

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yet exist, but that he was 
already starting to Envision 

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when he studied it. 
For young people interested in 

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concepts related to society and 
governance. 

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The 1770s were a unique period 
taxes representation and the 

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basic issue of who had the 
authority to decide on other 

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people's lives with the subjects
of escalating disputes between 

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the American colonies and 
Britain. 

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These were pressing real world 
issues that had an impact on 

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everyone's day-to-day existence 
not theoretical philosophical 

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arguments taking place in some 
far off Capital, the political 

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conversations that seemed to 
emerge everywhere whether in 

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coffee shops, on street corners,
or in college dorms later at 

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night. 
When young men with more further

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than experience, with solve The 
World's problems over 

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Candlelight and whatever, 
alcohol, they could afford Drew 

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Alexander in. 
Alexander however, approached 

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these arguments with the gravity
of someone who thought ideas had

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consequences in contrast to many
of his contemporaries who saw 

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them as intellectual Amusement, 
he started Penning Panthers, 

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which were the blog posts of the
18th century, but they were more

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difficult to create and 
disseminate. 

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His earliest Works revealed a 
mind already pondering difficult

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issues. 
Regarding the interplay between 

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local autonomy and National 
Unity, as well as between 

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individual, liberty and 
collective security. 

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Alexander was developing 
Concepts that he believed would 

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soon become crucial. 
So these weren't merely smart, 

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academic exercises. 
Alexander was 20 years old. 

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When the Revolutionary War 
finally broke out in 1775 and he

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had to make the same decision 
that all Young Americans had to 

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make. 
Would he try to avoid danger and

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wait to see how things worked 
out? 

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Or would he take up arms for the
cause of Independence? 

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There was really no other option
for someone who had studied 

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political theory in depth during
his college Years. 

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Alexander was not an idealistic.
Idealist who viewed War as a 

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glorious Adventure when he 
enlisted in the Continental Army

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he realized that winning 
battles. 

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Would only be the first step in 
a long costly and challenging 

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conflict. 
He immediately made a name for 

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himself as someone who could 
solve the kinds of real world 

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issues that armies encounter 
when attempting to wage war 

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without sufficient supplies 
rather than as a warrior in the 

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conventional sense. 
When you don't have enough money

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to buy food. 
How do you feed soldiers when 

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there are enough wagons or 
horses? 

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How do you transport supplies? 
When everyone is aware that the 

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enemy has Superior gear and more
consistent funding. 

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How do you keep morale High? 
These may seem like trivial 

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issues but Alexander knew that 
strategy is just as important in

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winning a war as bravery His 
teenage years in the Caribbean 

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trading office had taught him 
that intricate systems 

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necessitate. 
Meticulous attention to details.

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That may appear uninteresting 
but are actually very important.

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No matter how Valiant its 
soldiers, are an army that is 

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unable to effectively move its 
supplies or feed itself will 

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lose General George Washington, 
who is facing difficulties that 

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would have overwhelmed, most 
leaders was drawn to his 

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abilities in order to 
effectively manage a 

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revolutionary war Washington 
needed, someone who could 

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coordinate with other officers, 
draft orders, handle 

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correspondence, and solve the 
intricate administrative issues 

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that arise. 
He discovered someone in 

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Alexander, who was capable of 
all of that, and who also had a 

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broad understanding of their 
goals, Alexander developed into 

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one of Washington's, most 
trusted aides working closely 

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with him for years, allowing him
to see directly how decisions 

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are made in emergency 
situations. 

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He observed how Washington 
handle conflicting. 

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Demands control, challenging 
individuals, and remained 

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focused on long-term objectives.
Even when immediate pressures 

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became too much to handle most 
significantly though. 

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Alexander spent those years of 
war, contemplating the future. 

235
00:11:45,500 --> 00:11:48,600
He was already thinking about 
the more difficult question. 

236
00:11:48,600 --> 00:11:52,100
How would they actually govern 
themselves once they had gained 

237
00:11:52,100 --> 00:11:54,800
the right to do? 
So, While others, concentrated 

238
00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:57,900
on the pressing issue of gaining
independence, after the war 

239
00:11:57,900 --> 00:12:01,208
ended in 1783, American had to 
figure out what it meant to be a

240
00:12:01,216 --> 00:12:04,200
nation, a problem. 
No previous generation had ever 

241
00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:06,600
faced. 
When you put it that way, it 

242
00:12:06,600 --> 00:12:09,000
sounds easy. 
But the reality was far more 

243
00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:13,300
intricate. 13 distinct colonies 
each with its own Customs 

244
00:12:13,300 --> 00:12:15,500
passions and views on how things
ought to be run. 

245
00:12:15,500 --> 00:12:19,100
Had to somehow manage to operate
as a single country, the 

246
00:12:19,100 --> 00:12:22,100
Articles of Confederation, which
were essentially a treaty 

247
00:12:22,100 --> 00:12:25,200
between 13, independent states, 
rather than a blueprint for a 

248
00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:27,400
single government. 
With the first attempt to solve 

249
00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:30,700
this conundrum, a group of 
Roommates agreeing to split the 

250
00:12:30,708 --> 00:12:33,200
rent but not granting. 
Anyone, the power to ensure that

251
00:12:33,200 --> 00:12:36,200
each person pays their share was
the political equivalent of 

252
00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:39,200
that, Alexander became 
increasingly convinced that this

253
00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:42,400
system was not going to work as 
he watched it falter from crisis

254
00:12:42,400 --> 00:12:45,200
to crisis. 
Because each state produced its 

255
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:48,700
own currency trade between them 
became needlessly complicated. 

256
00:12:48,700 --> 00:12:52,200
They treated neighboring states 
more like foreign Nations than 

257
00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:55,300
as parts of the same country 
imposing tariffs on each other's

258
00:12:55,300 --> 00:12:57,800
Goods. 
There was no efficient system in

259
00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:00,000
place to settle disagreements 
when they occurred. 

260
00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:03,100
Most annoying of all, there was 
no Dependable method for the 

261
00:13:03,100 --> 00:13:04,600
national government to raise 
funds. 

262
00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:08,000
It could request funding from 
the states, but not mandated 

263
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,400
this meant that soldiers who had
fought for Independents, could 

264
00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:14,700
not receive their back pay debts
from the Revolutionary War 

265
00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:17,800
remained unpaid, and the new 
nation's credit was so bad. 

266
00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:20,800
That foreign governments started
to question, whether America 

267
00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:22,800
would be able to remain an 
independent nation. 

268
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,000
This was similar to witnessing a
business owner, who refused to 

269
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:29,400
record their revenue or expenses
and then question, why they were

270
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:32,000
unable to pay their bills for 
someone without Alexander's 

271
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:33,600
background in finance and 
commerce. 

272
00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:36,700
The issues weren't enigmatic 
rather. 

273
00:13:36,700 --> 00:13:40,200
They were the inevitable outcome
of attempting to manage a 

274
00:13:40,200 --> 00:13:43,000
complicated organization without
delegating decision-making. 

275
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:46,400
Authority to anyone. 
Alexander was developing his 

276
00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:48,300
legal career in New York during 
this time. 

277
00:13:48,300 --> 00:13:51,600
Taking on cases, that allowed 
him to gain first-hand knowledge

278
00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:54,400
of the day-to-day operations of 
the nation's legal and economic 

279
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,000
systems. 
He witnessed the needless 

280
00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,300
complexity of business caused by
the absence of a unified set of 

281
00:14:00,308 --> 00:14:04,700
commercial laws, the confusion 
and inefficiency caused by the 

282
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:07,800
lack of a stable, National 
currency and the difficulty in 

283
00:14:07,808 --> 00:14:10,900
resolving disputes that crossed 
state lines due to the lack of 

284
00:14:10,908 --> 00:14:13,700
federal Authority. 
Alexander however started 

285
00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:16,300
formulating solutions to these 
issues rather than merely 

286
00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:19,500
lamenting them. he looked for 
ideas that might apply to the 

287
00:14:19,500 --> 00:14:22,700
American economy by researching 
the economic systems of other 

288
00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:26,800
nationally, Britain, He read 
wide Lily about, various 

289
00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:29,100
governmental structures in an 
effort to comprehend. 

290
00:14:29,100 --> 00:14:32,200
What causes some countries to be
stable and prosperous, While 

291
00:14:32,200 --> 00:14:36,800
others suffered from ongoing, 
political unrest by 1787 enough,

292
00:14:36,800 --> 00:14:39,500
America's had agreed with 
Alexander that something needed 

293
00:14:39,500 --> 00:14:42,400
to change, because the Articles 
of Confederation were failing, 

294
00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:45,600
In order to determine whether a 
more efficient system, of 

295
00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:48,000
national government could be 
established, a convention was 

296
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:50,800
called in Philadelphia, 
supposedly to amend the Articles

297
00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:53,700
despite being in the awkward 
position of being the only 

298
00:14:53,700 --> 00:14:56,600
member of his State's delegation
who genuinely wished to 

299
00:14:56,608 --> 00:14:58,400
establish a powerful federal 
government. 

300
00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,500
Alexander was chosen as one of 
New York's delegates. 

301
00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:03,800
Because it's too colleagues, 
favored. 

302
00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:07,000
The status quo, New York's 
official stance at the 

303
00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:09,700
convention was typically against
the kinds of reforms Alexander 

304
00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:12,200
believed were required. 
Some of America's most 

305
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:15,900
intelligent political thinkers, 
men who had pondered, societal 

306
00:15:15,900 --> 00:15:18,600
and governmental issues for 
years, came together for the 

307
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:22,300
convention. 
Even so Alexander, stood out 

308
00:15:22,300 --> 00:15:25,100
among this esteemed group for 
his willingness to think outside

309
00:15:25,100 --> 00:15:28,700
the box and for the breadth of 
his vision Alexander argued for 

310
00:15:28,700 --> 00:15:32,000
something more fundamental. 
They needed to establish a 

311
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:33,900
national government. 
That was actually capable of 

312
00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:37,200
governing, or as many delegates,
saw the conventions work as a 

313
00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:41,400
matter of making small changes 
to the current system, Instead 

314
00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:44,700
of depending on state 
cooperation, this meant granting

315
00:15:44,700 --> 00:15:47,100
the federal government the 
authority to impose taxes 

316
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:51,700
control interstate commerce and 
directly enforces laws, although

317
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:54,700
these might appear to be 
technical details, Alexander 

318
00:15:54,700 --> 00:15:57,900
realized that they served as the
Cornerstone for all other goals.

319
00:15:57,900 --> 00:16:00,800
The new country, wish to achieve
The government could not 

320
00:16:00,800 --> 00:16:04,000
maintain an army pay off debts 
or fund the kinds of 

321
00:16:04,008 --> 00:16:06,400
infrastructure projects, that 
would support the nation's 

322
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:09,200
development and prosperity. 
If it couldn't consistently 

323
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:13,100
generate income, The United 
States would not be a true 

324
00:16:13,108 --> 00:16:15,900
National Market. 
If it did not have the power to 

325
00:16:15,900 --> 00:16:19,600
control interstate commerce, 
Alexander speech on June 18th, 

326
00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:24,200
1787 outlining his vision for a 
powerful federal government is 

327
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:26,600
his most well known contribution
to the convention. 

328
00:16:27,300 --> 00:16:30,700
Even though the presentation 
lasted six hours, imagine 

329
00:16:30,700 --> 00:16:34,400
spending that much time watching
a PowerPoint, it wasn't dull 

330
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,600
academic Theory. 
Alexander was outlining a 

331
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:39,400
workable plan. 
For handling the intricate 

332
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:41,600
problems. 
That a big diverse country faces

333
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:43,400
although his fellow delegates 
listened. 

334
00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:46,100
Politely, many of them thought, 
his ideas were too radical 

335
00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:50,300
Alexander was advocating for a 
degree of federal power that was

336
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:52,300
higher than what the majority of
Americans. 

337
00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:53,600
At the time felt was 
appropriate. 

338
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:57,100
Many of them weren't prepared to
establish, a new government that

339
00:16:57,100 --> 00:17:00,300
might turn out to be just as 
repressive because they had just

340
00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:02,900
fought a war to rid themselves 
of what they perceived to be. 

341
00:17:02,908 --> 00:17:06,700
Excessive government power. 
Alexander had a big impact on 

342
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:09,800
the final Constitution despite 
the fact that his specific 

343
00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:13,400
suggestions were not accepted. 
Powers given to Congress, 

344
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:16,400
reflected his views on the 
necessity of federal control, 

345
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:20,500
over Taxation and commerce. 
His focus on establishing a 

346
00:17:20,500 --> 00:17:23,300
government that could take 
decisive action had an impact on

347
00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:26,800
the executive branches layout, 
convincing, the American people 

348
00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,400
to ratify the. 
New constitution was the true 

349
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,100
challenge that arose after the 
Constitutional Convention 

350
00:17:32,100 --> 00:17:35,100
concluded, its work in September
1787. 

351
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:38,200
It took more than just 
persuading politicians to 

352
00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,200
support this. 
It also required a shift in the 

353
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:43,500
way, the general public 
perceived the connection between

354
00:17:43,500 --> 00:17:45,300
individual liberty and group 
government. 

355
00:17:45,300 --> 00:17:48,900
Alexander recognized that this 
was essentially an ideological 

356
00:17:48,900 --> 00:17:52,000
conflict and he threw himself 
into it with the ferocity of 

357
00:17:52,008 --> 00:17:54,500
someone who thought the nation's
future depended on it. 

358
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:58,300
He started writing a collection 
of essays with John Jay and 

359
00:17:58,300 --> 00:18:01,300
James Madison that became known 
as The Federalist Papers. 

360
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:04,300
They were all published under 
the same pseudonym Publius. 

361
00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:08,600
These essays provided thoughtful
in-depth justifications for why 

362
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:11,600
the proposed Constitution would 
be superior to the current one, 

363
00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:14,500
not just catch phrases or 
sentimental, please. 

364
00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:19,400
Of the 85 essays, Alexander 
authored 51 that addressed some 

365
00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:22,000
of the most intricate and 
contentious facets of the new 

366
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,900
system of government. 
Imagine him working late Into 

367
00:18:24,900 --> 00:18:27,300
the Night by candlelight. 
In his New York, lore office 

368
00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:30,900
developing arguments, that were 
both rigorously intellectual and

369
00:18:30,900 --> 00:18:32,600
understandable to the average 
reader. 

370
00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:36,300
In essence, he was creating the 
instruction manual for American 

371
00:18:36,300 --> 00:18:39,400
democracy outlining. 
Not only the functions of the 

372
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,400
new government, but also the 
rationale behind its structure 

373
00:18:42,400 --> 00:18:45,100
Alexander carefully. 
Outlined the reasons why the 

374
00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:49,400
Articles of Confederation were 
failing and Federalist number 21

375
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:52,800
using relatable examples. 
It was similar to trying to 

376
00:18:52,808 --> 00:18:55,600
manage a household without a 
steady source of income when the

377
00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:57,700
national government was unable 
to collect taxes. 

378
00:18:57,700 --> 00:19:00,600
You might manage for a while but
eventually the bills would 

379
00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:02,400
arrive and you would be unable 
to pay them. 

380
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:06,600
He made the case in Federalist 
number 23 that if a federal 

381
00:19:06,608 --> 00:19:09,700
government was to exist at all, 
it must be powerful enough to 

382
00:19:09,700 --> 00:19:12,500
carry out its mandate. 
Establishing a National 

383
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:15,400
Authority that was meant to 
oversee Commerce and provide for

384
00:19:15,408 --> 00:19:17,600
defense, but lack the authority 
to do. 

385
00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:20,800
So successfully was pointless 
his most significant 

386
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:22,700
contribution. 
However, was Federalist number 

387
00:19:23,500 --> 00:19:27,900
78, where he introduced the idea
of judicial review, the notion 

388
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:30,800
that caught to have the power to
judge whether the laws are 

389
00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:33,700
constitutional and describe the 
function of the federal 

390
00:19:33,700 --> 00:19:37,300
judiciary. 
Alexander was considering how to

391
00:19:37,300 --> 00:19:39,700
keep the new government from 
going too far while still 

392
00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:41,500
granting. 
It, sufficient power to carry 

393
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:43,800
out its duties. 
So this wasn't just a 

394
00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:47,000
theoretical legal Theory 
newspapers Across the Nation 

395
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:50,000
carry The Federalist Papers, 
which sparked discussions in 

396
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:52,500
town squares, taverns and family
dinner tables. 

397
00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:55,900
Although many Americans were 
still wary of strong Federal 

398
00:19:55,900 --> 00:19:59,900
Authority, Alexander's arguments
were generally unpopular but 

399
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:01,700
eventually gained support 
because they were both 

400
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:04,800
practically sailed and 
intellectually sailed the task 

401
00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:07,500
of transforming abstract plans 
into functional government 

402
00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:10,700
operations, felt a George 
Washington, the first president 

403
00:20:10,700 --> 00:20:14,200
appointed under the new 
constitution, Selecting 

404
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:16,800
Alexander Hamilton to be the 
first Secretary of the Treasury.

405
00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:20,100
A role that would allow Hamilton
to put many of the ideas. 

406
00:20:20,100 --> 00:20:23,200
He had been working on for years
into practice was one of his 

407
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:27,700
most significant choices. 
Alexander at 34 was younger than

408
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:30,900
most cabinet members, but his 
theoretical background and 

409
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:34,000
real-world experience, made him 
an ideal fit for the new 

410
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:37,100
country's problems. 
Due to the millions of dollars, 

411
00:20:37,100 --> 00:20:39,200
it owed to both domestic and 
foreign investors. 

412
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,000
Who had contributed to the 
Revolutionary Wars funding, the 

413
00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:43,900
federal government was 
effectively bankrupt. 

414
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:47,300
Some European observers 
questioned whether the United 

415
00:20:47,300 --> 00:20:50,300
States would remain an 
independent nation because of 

416
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:52,400
the countries. 
Extremely low, credit rating, 

417
00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:56,100
Alexander's methodical approach 
to these issues was a reflection

418
00:20:56,100 --> 00:20:58,800
of the years of study, he had 
put into his understanding of 

419
00:20:58,800 --> 00:21:02,400
finance and economics. 
Instead of tackling each crisis,

420
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:05,800
one at a time, he developed a 
comprehensive plan, that would 

421
00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:09,700
build a stable Financial system,
restore the nation's credit and 

422
00:21:09,700 --> 00:21:13,100
lay the groundwork for sustained
economic growth in on Public 

423
00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:14,800
Credit. 
His first significant report. 

424
00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:17,800
He suggested that the federal 
government take full 

425
00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:21,000
responsibility for all debts, 
accrued during the Revolutionary

426
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,200
War, including debts, accrued by
individual states. 

427
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:27,400
This was more than simply paying
back debts. 

428
00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:30,700
Alexander recognized that a 
country's debt management. 

429
00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:33,400
Reveals a lot about its 
dependability and character 

430
00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:35,900
States that had already paid off
their War. 

431
00:21:35,900 --> 00:21:38,100
Debts would ultimately be 
assisting in the repayment of 

432
00:21:38,108 --> 00:21:41,200
states that hadn't been as 
fiscally responsible, which made

433
00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:45,400
the proposal contentious. 
However, Alexander contended 

434
00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:48,300
that this was the cost of moving
from a loose Confederation of 

435
00:21:48,300 --> 00:21:50,700
independent states to a truly 
unified Nation. 

436
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:53,800
Imagine a family that despite 
some members have been more 

437
00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:56,800
frugal with their money than 
others, decides to combine their

438
00:21:56,800 --> 00:22:00,100
resources to pay off. 
Everyone's college loans in the 

439
00:22:00,100 --> 00:22:03,500
short run, it might not seem 
fair, but it builds a 

440
00:22:03,500 --> 00:22:05,800
foundational commitment and 
shared responsibility. 

441
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,100
That makes the group stronger in
order to manage government 

442
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:12,900
finance's maintain a stable 
currency and provide credit to 

443
00:22:12,900 --> 00:22:16,600
promote economic growth. 
Alexander suggested establishing

444
00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:20,100
a National Bank While the 
concept of a central bank was 

445
00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:23,400
widely accepted in Europe, it 
was revolutionary in America 

446
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,400
where many people equated banks 
with the type of concentrated 

447
00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:29,600
Financial power from which they 
had fled and National Bank. 

448
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,700
According to its detractors 
would favor affluent investors 

449
00:22:32,700 --> 00:22:36,300
at the expense of common farmers
and artists in response. 

450
00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:39,800
Alexander said that a well-run 
financial system would help 

451
00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:42,800
everyone by increasing the 
availability of credit for 

452
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,900
profitable Investments. 
Stabilizing currency and 

453
00:22:45,900 --> 00:22:48,700
improving trade efficiency. 
His goal was to build the 

454
00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:52,200
financial infrastructure that a 
contemporary economy needs not 

455
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:56,300
to enrich bankers. 
Reliable financial institutions 

456
00:22:56,300 --> 00:22:58,900
are necessary to control the 
flow of credit and money. 

457
00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,100
That enables Commerce just as 
good. 

458
00:23:01,100 --> 00:23:03,500
Roads are necessary for the 
efficient transportation of 

459
00:23:03,500 --> 00:23:08,500
goods Alexander's report on 
manufactures, which he presented

460
00:23:08,500 --> 00:23:12,400
to Congress in 1791 was arguably
his most forward-thinking 

461
00:23:12,400 --> 00:23:15,300
contribution as treasury 
secretary, Alexander, 

462
00:23:15,300 --> 00:23:16,700
envisioned, something more 
ambitious. 

463
00:23:16,700 --> 00:23:20,600
A country that could produce its
own goods and kept with 

464
00:23:20,600 --> 00:23:24,300
established industrial powers. 
This was in contrast to the 

465
00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:27,300
majority of Americans of his era
who believed that the United 

466
00:23:27,300 --> 00:23:29,900
States would continue to be 
primarily an agricultural 

467
00:23:29,900 --> 00:23:33,200
country that imported 
manufactured goods from Europe 

468
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:36,500
in exchange for raw materials, 
Alexander recognized that 

469
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:39,000
political Independence was 
useless without economic 

470
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:41,400
independence. 
So this was more than just 

471
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:45,000
economic nationalism, a nation 
that relied on other countries 

472
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,700
for basic. 
Manufactured goods would always 

473
00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:50,900
be at risk from political and 
economic pressure, his defense 

474
00:23:50,900 --> 00:23:53,700
of American manufacturing. 
However, went beyond mere 

475
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:56,600
self-sufficiently. 
Alexander thought that his 

476
00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,800
industry grew, more varied, 
economic opportunities, would be

477
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:03,200
created enabling Americans to 
pursue a greater variety of 

478
00:24:03,200 --> 00:24:05,400
careers and raise their standard
of living. 

479
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:09,400
Compared to a farmer who solely 
relied on agricultural Revenue, 

480
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:12,900
a farmer who was able to work 
part-time in a nearby textile 

481
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:14,900
mill had greater Financial 
Security. 

482
00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:17,800
Additionally he contended that 
manufacturing would more 

483
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:20,800
effectively utilize what 
economists refer to as human 

484
00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:24,100
capital, the abilities and 
skills of individuals who might 

485
00:24:24,100 --> 00:24:26,600
not be able to fully engage in 
an agricultural economy. 

486
00:24:27,700 --> 00:24:30,600
Take a moment to like the video 
and let me know where you're 

487
00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:33,000
tuning in from. 
And what time it is for you, I 

488
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:35,500
always enjoy seeing who I have 
the pleasure of helping each 

489
00:24:35,500 --> 00:24:37,800
night. 
Now, turn off those lights and 

490
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:39,400
let's ease into another journey 
together. 

491
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:44,600
Now you may believe that you are
familiar with Alexander Hamilton

492
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:47,300
from the popular Broadway 
production but for the time 

493
00:24:47,300 --> 00:24:50,300
being let's put the hip hop 
music and dramatic performance 

494
00:24:50,300 --> 00:24:53,200
as aside. 
Instead think of him as your 

495
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:55,500
exceptionally intelligent 
neighbor, who always has 

496
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:57,600
something interesting to say 
over the garden fence. 

497
00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:01,300
He's the type of person who sees
opportunities where others see 

498
00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:04,900
problems and who with time and 
careful consideration has never 

499
00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:08,100
encountered a difficult problem 
that he could not solve our 

500
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:11,600
story starts on the tiny 
Caribbean island of Nevis where 

501
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:14,200
the sound of waves lapping 
against Coral Shores and the 

502
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:18,000
aroma of sugarcane. 
A carried by the Tradewinds in 

503
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:21,800
1755, a child is born who will 
grow up to have thoughts the 

504
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:25,100
size of an entire continent. 
The problem with Alexander 

505
00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:27,900
though is that he didn't begin 
life with any advantages that 

506
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:30,900
would indicate greatness was on 
the horizon, you know, how some 

507
00:25:30,900 --> 00:25:32,300
people seem to have it all from 
birth. 

508
00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:36,400
Alexander became more akin to a 
wooden spoon that had previously

509
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:40,100
been used to stir up, something 
dubious, James, Hamilton, his 

510
00:25:40,100 --> 00:25:43,300
father, had a knack for making 
bad business choices, that would

511
00:25:43,300 --> 00:25:45,100
make a contemporary, businessman
shutter. 

512
00:25:45,900 --> 00:25:48,400
Imagine a man who had the 
ability to take something that 

513
00:25:48,400 --> 00:25:52,900
was certain and somehow make it 
a spectacular failure for you. 

514
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:57,000
That's James Hamilton, when 
Alexander was 10 years old, his 

515
00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:58,800
father did what struggling men 
do. 

516
00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:03,100
When life becomes too difficult,
he just left He was there one 

517
00:26:03,100 --> 00:26:06,300
morning discussing his most 
recent business Endeavor that 

518
00:26:06,300 --> 00:26:09,200
would undoubtedly bring wealth 
to the family and the following 

519
00:26:09,200 --> 00:26:10,900
morning, his seat at The 
Breakfast. 

520
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:14,100
Table was vacant. 
Alexander seemed to brush it off

521
00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:17,500
as just, another mystery to be 
sold at later time, even though 

522
00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:20,000
it's the kind of Abandonment 
that could shatter a child's 

523
00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:22,800
spirit. 
Rachel his mother was left to 

524
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:26,000
handle things alone and she did 
so with the Quiet resolve that 

525
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:29,200
would later manifest in her 
son's personality She didn't 

526
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:31,800
have a lot of money or ties to 
influential families. 

527
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:35,800
She had something more valuable.
She was a reader and she made 

528
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:38,600
sure Alexander was as well. 
This was like giving him 

529
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:41,800
superpowers at a time, when many
people sign their names with an 

530
00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:45,100
ex, imagine young Alexander 
reading by candlelight in their 

531
00:26:45,100 --> 00:26:48,300
tiny home as the Caribbean night
with insects and sea. 

532
00:26:48,300 --> 00:26:52,000
Breezes, he devoured, books with
the same further and seemingly 

533
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:55,800
insatiable appetite, as some 
children, consume can be It made

534
00:26:55,800 --> 00:26:58,200
no difference, whether it was 
history, books, for philosophy, 

535
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:01,700
poetry or mathematics. 
Was at a time when many people 

536
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:05,300
sign their names with an X. 
Imagine young Alexander reading 

537
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:07,900
by candlelight in their tiny 
home as the Caribbean night. 

538
00:27:07,900 --> 00:27:11,400
Hummed with insects and sea 
breezes, he devoured, books with

539
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:14,800
the same further and seemingly 
insatiable appetite, as some 

540
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:17,900
children, consume candy. 
It made no difference whether it

541
00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:20,700
was history, books, philosophy, 
poetry or mathematics. 

542
00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:24,400
Alexander wanted to understand 
anything that had words on a 

543
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:27,200
page. 
However, harsh lessons come with

544
00:27:27,208 --> 00:27:29,600
living on a small island and 
Alexander's. 

545
00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:31,200
Mother passed away when he was 
13. 

546
00:27:32,300 --> 00:27:34,700
With no family wealth to rely on
and no clear. 

547
00:27:34,700 --> 00:27:37,200
Way forward. 
This intelligent boy suddenly 

548
00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:39,400
found himself practically alone 
in the world. 

549
00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:43,700
This type of circumstance, could
teach someone to be cautious to 

550
00:27:43,700 --> 00:27:46,100
keep their head down. 
And to seize any little 

551
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:49,600
opportunities that present 
themselves rather Alexander 

552
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:51,800
surveyed his situation and 
concluded that it was 

553
00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:55,400
unacceptable, not in a furious 
manner, but with the cool 

554
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:57,900
resolve of someone, who just 
doesn't think that where you 

555
00:27:57,908 --> 00:28:02,100
begin is, where you end up, he 
secured a position in a trading 

556
00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:05,400
company as a Clarke managing the
bookkeeping and correspondence 

557
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:07,800
for Traders who transported 
goods between irelands. 

558
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:10,600
This may seem like a rather 
ordinary way for a future 

559
00:28:10,600 --> 00:28:12,600
founding father to spend his 
adolescents. 

560
00:28:13,300 --> 00:28:16,400
This is where Alexander's unique
Brilliance began to emerge. 

561
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,300
Alexander started to comprehend 
how the entire system operated. 

562
00:28:20,300 --> 00:28:23,700
Whereas other clerks might have 
just copied letters and added up

563
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:26,700
Columns of numbers. 
He observed how ships traveled 

564
00:28:26,700 --> 00:28:30,800
between islands, how many moved 
between locations and how a 

565
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:33,600
sugar shortage in one area could
lead to opportunities in another

566
00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:36,000
today. 
He was like a teenager who 

567
00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:38,900
Begins by assisting with the 
social media account for a 

568
00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:41,500
family business, an ends up 
knowing more about digital 

569
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:43,600
marketing than those who have 
degrees in the field. 

570
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:48,400
Alexander not only carried out 
his duties, but also a 

571
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:51,100
simulated, the fundamental ideas
that underpinned successful 

572
00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:54,900
Commerce at the age of 17, 
Alexander experience to life 

573
00:28:54,900 --> 00:28:58,500
altering event. 
In 1772, the Caribbean was hit 

574
00:28:58,500 --> 00:29:01,500
by a huge hurricane. 
The kind of storm that prompts 

575
00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:05,100
modern weather forecasters to 
use adjectives like catastrophic

576
00:29:05,100 --> 00:29:08,600
and unpressed dented. 
Building that had withstood 

577
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:12,000
years of tropical storms were 
reduced to splinters trees. 

578
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:15,400
That had stood for decades, were
uprooted like weeds and the 

579
00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:18,400
meticulous order of everyday 
life was completely upended. 

580
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:21,200
The majority of people would 
have written home about the 

581
00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:24,400
devastation and perhaps even 
shared some dramatic Tales of 

582
00:29:24,408 --> 00:29:26,200
how they managed to survive the 
storm. 

583
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:30,700
However, Alexander sat down and 
wrote something completely 

584
00:29:30,700 --> 00:29:32,300
different because he was 
Alexander. 

585
00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:36,500
In his letter, he characterized 
the hurricane as a window into 

586
00:29:36,500 --> 00:29:39,700
the great power of nature and 
the Frailty of human ambition. 

587
00:29:39,700 --> 00:29:42,200
In addition to being a 
destructive force. 

588
00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:45,400
Everyone who read the letter was
taken aback by its beauty. 

589
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:48,900
It wasn't overdone or flowery 
Alexander never liked 

590
00:29:48,900 --> 00:29:52,400
Superfluous ornamentation but it
encapsulated a fundamental 

591
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:54,800
aspect of what it was like to 
live through such a moment. 

592
00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:58,400
It revealed a young man capable 
of finding meaning in 

593
00:29:58,408 --> 00:30:00,300
Devastation and patterns and 
Chaos. 

594
00:30:00,300 --> 00:30:02,600
It was like watching someone 
realized they have a lovely 

595
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:05,200
singing voice when his letter 
appeared in the local newspaper.

596
00:30:06,100 --> 00:30:09,500
Alexander was suddenly 
recognized as someone special by

597
00:30:09,500 --> 00:30:12,400
those who had previously thought
of him as just another clock's 

598
00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:15,200
assistant. 
Local businessmen and clergyman 

599
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:17,700
were drawn to the letter and 
concluded that the young man's 

600
00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:20,300
abilities were too valuable to 
be wasted on a small island. 

601
00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:24,100
They started a collection which 
is similar to passing a hat 

602
00:30:24,100 --> 00:30:27,000
around your neighborhood, except
that instead of collecting money

603
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:30,000
for someone's medical bills, 
you're collecting money to send 

604
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:32,000
a teenager to college in the 
United States. 

605
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,600
The kind of investment in human 
potential, that transforms. 

606
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:39,100
Everything was demonstrated by 
this extraordinary Act of Faith 

607
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:42,600
in Alexander's potential with 
only a few books, some clothing 

608
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:45,300
and some ideas that would 
eventually help reshape a 

609
00:30:45,300 --> 00:30:48,500
continent 18 year old Alexander 
Hamilton set. 

610
00:30:48,500 --> 00:30:53,100
Sail for New York in 1773, he 
was leaving behind, not just a 

611
00:30:53,100 --> 00:30:55,900
location but a whole way of 
thinking about what was possible

612
00:30:55,900 --> 00:30:58,200
as his Island Home vanished 
behind him. 

613
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:01,300
Alexander must have felt like 
Dorothy leaving her Farmhouse. 

614
00:31:01,300 --> 00:31:04,200
An entering the Land of Oz. 
When he first arrived in New 

615
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:08,100
York only in state of a Yellow 
Brick, Road Brick Road, he 

616
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:11,100
discovered cobblestone streets 
that were busier than his entire

617
00:31:11,100 --> 00:31:14,600
Island had been With the kind of
energy that comes from living in

618
00:31:14,600 --> 00:31:16,300
a place where anything seems 
possible. 

619
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:20,200
The city was a Whirlpool of 
intellectuals, merchants Sailors

620
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:23,800
and Craftsmen all pursuing their
different dreams, King's 

621
00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:26,600
College, now, known as Columbia 
University was where he 

622
00:31:26,608 --> 00:31:29,400
enrolled. 
Imagine a young man from a small

623
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:32,000
Caribbean island, entering those
Halls for the first time. 

624
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:34,100
Surrounded by the sons of 
wealthy. 

625
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:36,800
New York families who had been 
raised to take their privileges 

626
00:31:36,800 --> 00:31:39,200
for granted. 
It might have been frightening 

627
00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:42,800
but Alexander had something. 
They didn't a voracious appetite

628
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:44,800
for information. 
That only comes from having 

629
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:47,400
earned. 
Every chance Alexander threw 

630
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:50,000
himself into his studies like a 
man who realized that education 

631
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:52,100
was his only way to influence 
others. 

632
00:31:52,900 --> 00:31:55,400
Whereas his classmates may have 
approached their studies with 

633
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:58,600
the casual attitude of people 
who knew they would inherit 

634
00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:01,000
their father's businesses, 
regardless of their grades. 

635
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:05,900
He studied history, economics, 
philosophy and law with the 

636
00:32:05,900 --> 00:32:08,300
further of someone who 
understood that these subjects 

637
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:10,100
were more than merely academic. 
Pursuits. 

638
00:32:10,900 --> 00:32:13,200
They were instruments, he would 
need to construct the life. 

639
00:32:13,200 --> 00:32:16,200
He desired what set? 
Alexander apart from even the 

640
00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:19,300
most committed Learners, 
however, was that he synthesized

641
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:21,200
knowledge rather than merely 
absorbing it. 

642
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:24,400
He was already considering how 
the lessons he was reading about

643
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:27,100
ancient, Greek. 
Democracy might be applied to 

644
00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:29,800
the political unrest, that was 
developing colonial America. 

645
00:32:30,500 --> 00:32:33,100
He was thinking about how 
British economic theory, might 

646
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:36,400
apply to a nation that did not 
yet exist, but that he was 

647
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:38,600
already starting to Envision 
when he studied it. 

648
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:42,300
For young people interested in 
concepts related to society and 

649
00:32:42,300 --> 00:32:45,200
governance. 
The 1770s were a unique period 

650
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:49,300
taxes representation and the 
basic issue of who had the 

651
00:32:49,300 --> 00:32:52,600
authority to decide on other 
people's lives with the subjects

652
00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:55,300
of escalating disputes between 
the American colonies and 

653
00:32:55,300 --> 00:32:57,700
Britain. 
These were pressing real world 

654
00:32:57,700 --> 00:33:00,500
issues that had an impact on 
everyone's day-to-day existence 

655
00:33:00,500 --> 00:33:04,100
not theoretical philosophical 
arguments taking place in some 

656
00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:07,300
far off Capital, the political 
conversations that seemed to 

657
00:33:07,300 --> 00:33:10,700
emerge everywhere whether in 
coffee shops, on street corners,

658
00:33:10,700 --> 00:33:12,700
or in college dorms later at 
night. 

659
00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:15,800
When young men with more further
than experience, with solve The 

660
00:33:15,808 --> 00:33:18,200
World's problems over 
Candlelight and whatever, 

661
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:20,400
alcohol, they could afford Drew 
Alexander in. 

662
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:24,100
Alexander however, approached 
these arguments with the gravity

663
00:33:24,100 --> 00:33:28,000
of someone who thought ideas had
consequences in contrast to many

664
00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:31,100
of his contemporaries who saw 
them as intellectual Amusement, 

665
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:34,400
he started Penning Panthers, 
which were the blog posts of the

666
00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,400
18th century, but they were more
difficult to create and 

667
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:40,200
disseminate. 
His earliest Works revealed a 

668
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:42,100
mind already pondering difficult
issues. 

669
00:33:42,100 --> 00:33:44,600
Regarding the interplay between 
local autonomy and National 

670
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:47,500
Unity, as well as between 
individual, liberty and 

671
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:50,900
collective security. 
Alexander was developing 

672
00:33:50,900 --> 00:33:53,500
Concepts that he believed would 
soon become crucial. 

673
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:56,800
So these weren't merely smart, 
academic exercises. 

674
00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:00,200
Alexander was 20 years old. 
When the Revolutionary War 

675
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:04,300
finally broke out in 1775 and he
had to make the same decision 

676
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:06,400
that all Young Americans had to 
make. 

677
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:10,300
Would he try to avoid danger and
wait to see how things worked 

678
00:34:10,300 --> 00:34:12,199
out? 
Or would he take up arms for the

679
00:34:12,208 --> 00:34:15,100
cause of Independence? 
There was really no other option

680
00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:17,800
for someone who had studied 
political theory in depth during

681
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:21,400
his college Years. 
Alexander was not an idealistic.

682
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:24,600
Idealist who viewed War as a 
glorious Adventure when he 

683
00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:27,900
enlisted in the Continental Army
he realized that winning 

684
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:30,000
battles. 
Would only be the first step in 

685
00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:32,000
a long costly and challenging 
conflict. 

686
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:34,800
He immediately made a name for 
himself as someone who could 

687
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:37,699
solve the kinds of real world 
issues that armies encounter 

688
00:34:37,699 --> 00:34:40,699
when attempting to wage war 
without sufficient supplies 

689
00:34:40,699 --> 00:34:43,500
rather than as a warrior in the 
conventional sense. 

690
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:46,100
When you don't have enough money
to buy food. 

691
00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:49,400
How do you feed soldiers when 
there are enough wagons or 

692
00:34:49,408 --> 00:34:51,600
horses? 
How do you transport supplies? 

693
00:34:52,500 --> 00:34:55,400
When everyone is aware that the 
enemy has Superior gear and more

694
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:58,200
consistent funding. 
How do you keep morale High? 

695
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:01,600
These may seem like trivial 
issues but Alexander knew that 

696
00:35:01,600 --> 00:35:05,500
strategy is just as important in
winning a war as bravery His 

697
00:35:05,500 --> 00:35:08,300
teenage years in the Caribbean 
trading office had taught him 

698
00:35:08,308 --> 00:35:10,200
that intricate systems 
necessitate. 

699
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:13,700
Meticulous attention to details.
That may appear uninteresting 

700
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:17,500
but are actually very important.
No matter how Valiant its 

701
00:35:17,500 --> 00:35:20,700
soldiers, are an army that is 
unable to effectively move its 

702
00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:23,400
supplies or feed itself will 
lose General George Washington, 

703
00:35:23,400 --> 00:35:26,200
who is facing difficulties that 
would have overwhelmed, most 

704
00:35:26,200 --> 00:35:29,400
leaders was drawn to his 
abilities in order to 

705
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:31,800
effectively manage a 
revolutionary war Washington 

706
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:34,300
needed, someone who could 
coordinate with other officers, 

707
00:35:34,300 --> 00:35:37,900
draft orders, handle 
correspondence, and solve the 

708
00:35:37,900 --> 00:35:40,000
intricate administrative issues 
that arise. 

709
00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:43,300
He discovered someone in 
Alexander, who was capable of 

710
00:35:43,300 --> 00:35:46,800
all of that, and who also had a 
broad understanding of their 

711
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:50,000
goals, Alexander developed into 
one of Washington's, most 

712
00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:54,000
trusted aides working closely 
with him for years, allowing him

713
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:56,500
to see directly how decisions 
are made in emergency 

714
00:35:56,500 --> 00:35:59,300
situations. 
He observed how Washington 

715
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:02,500
handle conflicting. 
Demands control, challenging 

716
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:05,600
individuals, and remained 
focused on long-term objectives.

717
00:36:05,600 --> 00:36:08,800
Even when immediate pressures 
became too much to handle most 

718
00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:11,200
significantly though. 
Alexander spent those years of 

719
00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:14,600
war, contemplating the future. 
He was already thinking about 

720
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:17,700
the more difficult question. 
How would they actually govern 

721
00:36:17,700 --> 00:36:20,000
themselves once they had gained 
the right to do? 

722
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:23,300
So, While others, concentrated 
on the pressing issue of gaining

723
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:27,200
independence, after the war 
ended in 1783, American had to 

724
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:29,700
figure out what it meant to be a
nation, a problem. 

725
00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:31,800
No previous generation had ever 
faced. 

726
00:36:32,500 --> 00:36:34,200
When you put it that way, it 
sounds easy. 

727
00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:38,900
But the reality was far more 
intricate. 13 distinct colonies 

728
00:36:38,900 --> 00:36:42,100
each with its own Customs 
passions and views on how things

729
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:44,700
ought to be run. 
Had to somehow manage to operate

730
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:48,100
as a single country, the 
Articles of Confederation, which

731
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:50,900
were essentially a treaty 
between 13, independent states, 

732
00:36:50,900 --> 00:36:52,800
rather than a blueprint for a 
single government. 

733
00:36:52,800 --> 00:36:56,400
With the first attempt to solve 
this conundrum, a group of 

734
00:36:56,400 --> 00:36:58,900
Roommates agreeing to split the 
rent but not granting. 

735
00:36:58,900 --> 00:37:02,200
Anyone, the power to ensure that
each person pays their share was

736
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,900
the political equivalent of 
that, Alexander became 

737
00:37:04,900 --> 00:37:07,900
increasingly convinced that this
system was not going to work as 

738
00:37:07,900 --> 00:37:10,000
he watched it falter from crisis
to crisis. 

739
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:14,400
Because each state produced its 
own currency trade between them 

740
00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:18,000
became needlessly complicated. 
They treated neighboring states 

741
00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:20,500
more like foreign Nations than 
as parts of the same country 

742
00:37:20,500 --> 00:37:22,900
imposing tariffs on each other's
Goods. 

743
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,300
There was no efficient system in
place to settle disagreements 

744
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:28,900
when they occurred. 
Most annoying of all, there was 

745
00:37:28,900 --> 00:37:31,300
no Dependable method for the 
national government to raise 

746
00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:33,700
funds. 
It could request funding from 

747
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:37,300
the states, but not mandated 
this meant that soldiers who had

748
00:37:37,300 --> 00:37:40,700
fought for Independents, could 
not receive their back pay debts

749
00:37:40,700 --> 00:37:43,400
from the Revolutionary War 
remained unpaid, and the new 

750
00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:46,300
nation's credit was so bad. 
That foreign governments started

751
00:37:46,300 --> 00:37:49,300
to question, whether America 
would be able to remain an 

752
00:37:49,300 --> 00:37:51,800
independent nation. 
This was similar to witnessing a

753
00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:54,800
business owner, who refused to 
record their revenue or expenses

754
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:58,000
and then question, why they were
unable to pay their bills for 

755
00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:00,400
someone without Alexander's 
background in finance and 

756
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:03,300
commerce. 
The issues weren't enigmatic 

757
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:06,000
rather. 
They were the inevitable outcome

758
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:09,100
of attempting to manage a 
complicated organization without

759
00:38:09,100 --> 00:38:11,800
delegating decision-making. 
Authority to anyone. 

760
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:14,900
Alexander was developing his 
legal career in New York during 

761
00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:17,300
this time. 
Taking on cases, that allowed 

762
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:20,200
him to gain first-hand knowledge
of the day-to-day operations of 

763
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:22,200
the nation's legal and economic 
systems. 

764
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:25,800
He witnessed the needless 
complexity of business caused by

765
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:29,600
the absence of a unified set of 
commercial laws, the confusion 

766
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:33,000
and inefficiency caused by the 
lack of a stable, National 

767
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:36,500
currency and the difficulty in 
resolving disputes that crossed 

768
00:38:36,500 --> 00:38:38,800
state lines due to the lack of 
federal Authority. 

769
00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:42,300
Alexander however started 
formulating solutions to these 

770
00:38:42,300 --> 00:38:45,600
issues rather than merely 
lamenting them. he looked for 

771
00:38:45,600 --> 00:38:48,600
ideas that might apply to the 
American economy by researching 

772
00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:52,900
the economic systems of other 
nationally, Britain, He read 

773
00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:55,300
wide Lily about, various 
governmental structures in an 

774
00:38:55,300 --> 00:38:57,600
effort to comprehend. 
What causes some countries to be

775
00:38:57,600 --> 00:39:00,700
stable and prosperous, While 
others suffered from ongoing, 

776
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:05,100
political unrest by 1787 enough,
America's had agreed with 

777
00:39:05,108 --> 00:39:08,100
Alexander that something needed 
to change, because the Articles 

778
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:11,700
of Confederation were failing, 
In order to determine whether a 

779
00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:13,800
more efficient system, of 
national government could be 

780
00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:15,900
established, a convention was 
called in Philadelphia, 

781
00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:19,900
supposedly to amend the Articles
despite being in the awkward 

782
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:22,400
position of being the only 
member of his State's delegation

783
00:39:22,400 --> 00:39:25,200
who genuinely wished to 
establish a powerful federal 

784
00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:27,800
government. 
Alexander was chosen as one of 

785
00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:30,700
New York's delegates. 
Because it's too colleagues, 

786
00:39:30,700 --> 00:39:33,000
favored. 
The status quo, New York's 

787
00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:35,300
official stance at the 
convention was typically against

788
00:39:35,300 --> 00:39:37,900
the kinds of reforms Alexander 
believed were required. 

789
00:39:37,900 --> 00:39:40,900
Some of America's most 
intelligent political thinkers, 

790
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:44,100
men who had pondered, societal 
and governmental issues for 

791
00:39:44,100 --> 00:39:46,500
years, came together for the 
convention. 

792
00:39:47,100 --> 00:39:50,800
Even so Alexander, stood out 
among this esteemed group for 

793
00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:53,900
his willingness to think outside
the box and for the breadth of 

794
00:39:53,900 --> 00:39:57,100
his vision Alexander argued for 
something more fundamental. 

795
00:39:57,800 --> 00:39:59,600
They needed to establish a 
national government. 

796
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:02,800
That was actually capable of 
governing, or as many delegates,

797
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:05,900
saw the conventions work as a 
matter of making small changes 

798
00:40:05,900 --> 00:40:09,800
to the current system, Instead 
of depending on state 

799
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:12,800
cooperation, this meant granting
the federal government the 

800
00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:16,600
authority to impose taxes 
control interstate commerce and 

801
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:19,800
directly enforces laws, although
these might appear to be 

802
00:40:19,808 --> 00:40:23,400
technical details, Alexander 
realized that they served as the

803
00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:26,300
Cornerstone for all other goals.
The new country, wish to achieve

804
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:30,000
The government could not 
maintain an army pay off debts 

805
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,500
or fund the kinds of 
infrastructure projects, that 

806
00:40:32,500 --> 00:40:34,700
would support the nation's 
development and prosperity. 

807
00:40:34,700 --> 00:40:38,800
If it couldn't consistently 
generate income, The United 

808
00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:41,100
States would not be a true 
National Market. 

809
00:40:41,100 --> 00:40:44,400
If it did not have the power to 
control interstate commerce, 

810
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:49,900
Alexander speech on June 18th, 
1787 outlining his vision for a 

811
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:53,000
powerful federal government is 
his most well known contribution

812
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:55,800
to the convention. 
Even though the presentation 

813
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:59,300
lasted six hours, imagine 
spending that much time watching

814
00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:02,100
a PowerPoint, it wasn't dull 
academic Theory. 

815
00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:05,400
Alexander was outlining a 
workable plan. 

816
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:06,800
For handling the intricate 
problems. 

817
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:10,200
That a big diverse country faces
although his fellow delegates 

818
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:12,000
listened. 
Politely, many of them thought, 

819
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:15,900
his ideas were too radical 
Alexander was advocating for a 

820
00:41:15,900 --> 00:41:18,900
degree of federal power that was
higher than what the majority of

821
00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:20,300
Americans. 
At the time felt was 

822
00:41:20,300 --> 00:41:22,900
appropriate. 
Many of them weren't prepared to

823
00:41:22,908 --> 00:41:25,500
establish, a new government that
might turn out to be just as 

824
00:41:25,500 --> 00:41:28,700
repressive because they had just
fought a war to rid themselves 

825
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:31,700
of what they perceived to be. 
Excessive government power. 

826
00:41:31,700 --> 00:41:35,900
Alexander had a big impact on 
the final Constitution despite 

827
00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:38,600
the fact that his specific 
suggestions were not accepted. 

828
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:41,900
Powers given to Congress, 
reflected his views on the 

829
00:41:41,908 --> 00:41:45,400
necessity of federal control, 
over Taxation and commerce. 

830
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:48,400
His focus on establishing a 
government that could take 

831
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:52,100
decisive action had an impact on
the executive branches layout, 

832
00:41:52,100 --> 00:41:54,600
convincing, the American people 
to ratify the. 

833
00:41:54,600 --> 00:41:58,200
New constitution was the true 
challenge that arose after the 

834
00:41:58,200 --> 00:42:01,100
Constitutional Convention 
concluded, its work in September

835
00:42:01,100 --> 00:42:04,100
1787. 
It took more than just 

836
00:42:04,100 --> 00:42:06,000
persuading politicians to 
support this. 

837
00:42:06,900 --> 00:42:09,400
It also required a shift in the 
way, the general public 

838
00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:12,100
perceived the connection between
individual liberty and group 

839
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:14,500
government. 
Alexander recognized that this 

840
00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:17,800
was essentially an ideological 
conflict and he threw himself 

841
00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:20,800
into it with the ferocity of 
someone who thought the nation's

842
00:42:20,800 --> 00:42:24,100
future depended on it. 
He started writing a collection 

843
00:42:24,100 --> 00:42:27,400
of essays with John Jay and 
James Madison that became known 

844
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:30,100
as The Federalist Papers. 
They were all published under 

845
00:42:30,100 --> 00:42:33,400
the same pseudonym Publius. 
These essays provided thoughtful

846
00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:37,200
in-depth justifications for why 
the proposed Constitution would 

847
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:40,600
be superior to the current one, 
not just catch phrases or 

848
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:44,800
sentimental, please. 
Of the 85 essays, Alexander 

849
00:42:44,800 --> 00:42:47,700
authored 51 that addressed some 
of the most intricate and 

850
00:42:47,700 --> 00:42:50,000
contentious facets of the new 
system of government. 

851
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:53,100
Imagine him working late Into 
the Night by candlelight. 

852
00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:56,500
In his New York, lore office 
developing arguments, that were 

853
00:42:56,500 --> 00:42:59,400
both rigorously intellectual and
understandable to the average 

854
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:01,900
reader. 
In essence, he was creating the 

855
00:43:01,900 --> 00:43:05,300
instruction manual for American 
democracy outlining. 

856
00:43:05,300 --> 00:43:08,100
Not only the functions of the 
new government, but also the 

857
00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:11,200
rationale behind its structure 
Alexander carefully. 

858
00:43:11,200 --> 00:43:13,700
Outlined the reasons why the 
Articles of Confederation were 

859
00:43:13,700 --> 00:43:18,300
failing and Federalist number 21
using relatable examples. 

860
00:43:18,300 --> 00:43:21,600
It was similar to trying to 
manage a household without a 

861
00:43:21,600 --> 00:43:23,900
steady source of income when the
national government was unable 

862
00:43:23,900 --> 00:43:26,700
to collect taxes. 
You might manage for a while but

863
00:43:26,700 --> 00:43:29,000
eventually the bills would 
arrive and you would be unable 

864
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:31,600
to pay them. 
He made the case in Federalist 

865
00:43:31,600 --> 00:43:35,300
number 23 that if a federal 
government was to exist at all, 

866
00:43:35,300 --> 00:43:37,900
it must be powerful enough to 
carry out its mandate. 

867
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:40,800
Establishing a National 
Authority that was meant to 

868
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:44,300
oversee Commerce and provide for
defense, but lack the authority 

869
00:43:44,300 --> 00:43:46,300
to do. 
So successfully was pointless 

870
00:43:46,300 --> 00:43:48,500
his most significant 
contribution. 

871
00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:53,000
However, was Federalist number 
78, where he introduced the idea

872
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:56,900
of judicial review, the notion 
that caught to have the power to

873
00:43:56,900 --> 00:44:00,000
judge whether the laws are 
constitutional and describe the 

874
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:01,500
function of the federal 
judiciary. 

875
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:05,600
Alexander was considering how to
keep the new government from 

876
00:44:05,600 --> 00:44:07,200
going too far while still 
granting. 

877
00:44:07,200 --> 00:44:09,500
It, sufficient power to carry 
out its duties. 

878
00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:12,300
So this wasn't just a 
theoretical legal Theory 

879
00:44:12,300 --> 00:44:15,500
newspapers Across the Nation 
carry The Federalist Papers, 

880
00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:19,000
which sparked discussions in 
town squares, taverns and family

881
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:21,700
dinner tables. 
Although many Americans were 

882
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:25,400
still wary of strong Federal 
Authority, Alexander's arguments

883
00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:28,100
were generally unpopular but 
eventually gained support 

884
00:44:28,100 --> 00:44:30,000
because they were both 
practically sailed and 

885
00:44:30,008 --> 00:44:33,800
intellectually sailed the task 
of transforming abstract plans 

886
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:36,000
into functional government 
operations, felt a George 

887
00:44:36,008 --> 00:44:39,000
Washington, the first president 
appointed under the new 

888
00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:42,700
constitution, Selecting 
Alexander Hamilton to be the 

889
00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:46,000
first Secretary of the Treasury.
A role that would allow Hamilton

890
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:48,500
to put many of the ideas. 
He had been working on for years

891
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:51,700
into practice was one of his 
most significant choices. 

892
00:44:51,700 --> 00:44:56,900
Alexander at 34 was younger than
most cabinet members, but his 

893
00:44:56,900 --> 00:44:59,800
theoretical background and 
real-world experience, made him 

894
00:44:59,800 --> 00:45:02,100
an ideal fit for the new 
country's problems. 

895
00:45:02,900 --> 00:45:05,600
Due to the millions of dollars, 
it owed to both domestic and 

896
00:45:05,600 --> 00:45:07,400
foreign investors. 
Who had contributed to the 

897
00:45:07,408 --> 00:45:10,100
Revolutionary Wars funding, the 
federal government was 

898
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:13,200
effectively bankrupt. 
Some European observers 

899
00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:15,700
questioned whether the United 
States would remain an 

900
00:45:15,700 --> 00:45:18,000
independent nation because of 
the countries. 

901
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:21,700
Extremely low, credit rating, 
Alexander's methodical approach 

902
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:24,600
to these issues was a reflection
of the years of study, he had 

903
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:27,000
put into his understanding of 
finance and economics. 

904
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,800
Instead of tackling each crisis,
one at a time, he developed a 

905
00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:34,600
comprehensive plan, that would 
build a stable Financial system,

906
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:38,500
restore the nation's credit and 
lay the groundwork for sustained

907
00:45:38,500 --> 00:45:40,600
economic growth in on Public 
Credit. 

908
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:43,900
His first significant report. 
He suggested that the federal 

909
00:45:43,900 --> 00:45:46,700
government take full 
responsibility for all debts, 

910
00:45:46,700 --> 00:45:50,400
accrued during the Revolutionary
War, including debts, accrued by

911
00:45:50,400 --> 00:45:53,900
individual states. 
This was more than simply paying

912
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:57,200
back debts. 
Alexander recognized that a 

913
00:45:57,200 --> 00:45:59,400
country's debt management. 
Reveals a lot about its 

914
00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:02,400
dependability and character 
States that had already paid off

915
00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:04,000
their War. 
Debts would ultimately be 

916
00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:06,600
assisting in the repayment of 
states that hadn't been as 

917
00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:09,800
fiscally responsible, which made
the proposal contentious. 

918
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:14,100
However, Alexander contended 
that this was the cost of moving

919
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:17,100
from a loose Confederation of 
independent states to a truly 

920
00:46:17,100 --> 00:46:19,800
unified Nation. 
Imagine a family that despite 

921
00:46:19,800 --> 00:46:22,000
some members have been more 
frugal with their money than 

922
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:25,000
others, decides to combine their
resources to pay off. 

923
00:46:25,000 --> 00:46:28,900
Everyone's college loans in the 
short run, it might not seem 

924
00:46:28,900 --> 00:46:32,300
fair, but it builds a 
foundational commitment and 

925
00:46:32,300 --> 00:46:35,200
shared responsibility. 
That makes the group stronger in

926
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:37,900
order to manage government 
finance's maintain a stable 

927
00:46:37,900 --> 00:46:41,100
currency and provide credit to 
promote economic growth. 

928
00:46:41,100 --> 00:46:45,700
Alexander suggested establishing
a National Bank While the 

929
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:49,400
concept of a central bank was 
widely accepted in Europe, it 

930
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:52,300
was revolutionary in America 
where many people equated banks 

931
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:55,100
with the type of concentrated 
Financial power from which they 

932
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:57,900
had fled and National Bank. 
According to its detractors 

933
00:46:57,900 --> 00:47:01,600
would favor affluent investors 
at the expense of common farmers

934
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:05,300
and artists in response. 
Alexander said that a well-run 

935
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:08,600
financial system would help 
everyone by increasing the 

936
00:47:08,608 --> 00:47:11,100
availability of credit for 
profitable Investments. 

937
00:47:11,100 --> 00:47:14,400
Stabilizing currency and 
improving trade efficiency. 

938
00:47:14,400 --> 00:47:17,600
His goal was to build the 
financial infrastructure that a 

939
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:20,500
contemporary economy needs not 
to enrich bankers. 

940
00:47:21,700 --> 00:47:24,900
Reliable financial institutions 
are necessary to control the 

941
00:47:24,900 --> 00:47:28,100
flow of credit and money. 
That enables Commerce just as 

942
00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:29,600
good. 
Roads are necessary for the 

943
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:33,500
efficient transportation of 
goods Alexander's report on 

944
00:47:33,500 --> 00:47:38,300
manufactures, which he presented
to Congress in 1791 was arguably

945
00:47:38,300 --> 00:47:40,900
his most forward-thinking 
contribution as treasury 

946
00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:43,600
secretary, Alexander, 
envisioned, something more 

947
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:45,900
ambitious. 
A country that could produce its

948
00:47:45,900 --> 00:47:49,400
own goods and kept with 
established industrial powers. 

949
00:47:50,300 --> 00:47:53,000
This was in contrast to the 
majority of Americans of his era

950
00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:55,800
who believed that the United 
States would continue to be 

951
00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:58,700
primarily an agricultural 
country that imported 

952
00:47:58,700 --> 00:48:01,700
manufactured goods from Europe 
in exchange for raw materials, 

953
00:48:01,700 --> 00:48:04,900
Alexander recognized that 
political Independence was 

954
00:48:04,900 --> 00:48:06,700
useless without economic 
independence. 

955
00:48:06,700 --> 00:48:10,900
So this was more than just 
economic nationalism, a nation 

956
00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:12,800
that relied on other countries 
for basic. 

957
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:16,400
Manufactured goods would always 
be at risk from political and 

958
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:19,100
economic pressure, his defense 
of American manufacturing. 

959
00:48:19,100 --> 00:48:21,800
However, went beyond mere 
self-sufficiently. 

960
00:48:22,500 --> 00:48:25,700
Alexander thought that his 
industry grew, more varied, 

961
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:29,100
economic opportunities, would be
created enabling Americans to 

962
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:32,200
pursue a greater variety of 
careers and raise their standard

963
00:48:32,200 --> 00:48:35,000
of living. 
Compared to a farmer who solely 

964
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:38,300
relied on agricultural Revenue, 
a farmer who was able to work 

965
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:41,500
part-time in a nearby textile 
mill had greater Financial 

966
00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:44,000
Security. 
Additionally he contended that 

967
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:46,200
manufacturing would more 
effectively utilize what 

968
00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:49,800
economists refer to as human 
capital, the abilities and 

969
00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:52,600
skills of individuals who might 
not be able to fully engage in 

970
00:48:52,600 --> 00:48:56,100
an agricultural economy. 
Women could be paid in textile 

971
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:58,600
mills children could work in 
factories. 

972
00:48:58,600 --> 00:49:01,400
This was before the issues 
surrounding child, labor were 

973
00:49:01,400 --> 00:49:04,300
recognized an immigrant with 
industrial skills. 

974
00:49:04,300 --> 00:49:07,600
Could immediately contribute to 
economic growth, instead of 

975
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:11,200
needing to learn how to farm for
its time Alexander's. 

976
00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:14,300
Manufacturing Vision was 
extraordinarily Advanced, he 

977
00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:17,500
realized that building factories
was not enough for successful 

978
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:20,600
Industrial Development. 
It also required access to 

979
00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:24,400
Capital, skilled labor, 
supportive, infrastructure and 

980
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:26,400
markets, big enough to turn a 
profit. 

981
00:49:27,300 --> 00:49:30,300
Protective tariffs to help 
American manufacturers compete 

982
00:49:30,300 --> 00:49:33,400
with well-established European 
producers are among the 

983
00:49:33,400 --> 00:49:35,100
policies. 
He suggested the government 

984
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:37,400
Implement to promote these 
favorable conditions, 

985
00:49:37,400 --> 00:49:40,400
Alexander's, understanding of 
what is now known as economic 

986
00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:43,100
diversification. 
Was also demonstrated in the 

987
00:49:43,100 --> 00:49:46,500
report, He maintained that a 
country with a diverse economy, 

988
00:49:46,500 --> 00:49:49,900
one that includes Manufacturing 
Services, Agriculture and 

989
00:49:49,900 --> 00:49:53,400
commerce would be more resilient
than one that relies too much on

990
00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:56,700
any one of these industries 
manufacturing could remain 

991
00:49:56,700 --> 00:49:58,800
profitable. 
Even if agricultural prices 

992
00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:02,300
declined, even if one area 
experienced economic challenges 

993
00:50:02,300 --> 00:50:05,700
other areas with distinct 
economic foundations could still

994
00:50:05,700 --> 00:50:08,500
Thrive Alexander's, 
manufacturing Vision was 

995
00:50:08,500 --> 00:50:10,600
rejected by critics as 
unrealistic. 

996
00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:15,100
Fantasy claiming that Americans 
lacked the markets capital and 

997
00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:18,000
skills required for Effective 
Industrial Development. 

998
00:50:18,900 --> 00:50:22,100
However, Alexander knew that 
these capabilities could be 

999
00:50:22,100 --> 00:50:24,700
developed over time with the 
right Investments and policies 

1000
00:50:24,700 --> 00:50:27,500
because he had studied the 
economic development of other 

1001
00:50:27,500 --> 00:50:29,900
countries. 
Alexander was at the center of 

1002
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:32,500
increasingly contentious 
political discussion as he 

1003
00:50:32,500 --> 00:50:35,700
carried out his economic and 
financial policies, which 

1004
00:50:35,700 --> 00:50:38,100
ultimately resulted in the 
establishment of the first 

1005
00:50:38,100 --> 00:50:41,700
political parties in America. 
when people, with essentially 

1006
00:50:41,700 --> 00:50:44,400
different ideas, about the 
country, attempted to cooperate 

1007
00:50:44,400 --> 00:50:48,200
partisan divisions emerged, 
which was not something, anyone 

1008
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:52,300
had anticipated or desired, The 
founders had hoped to avoid the 

1009
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:54,900
kind of partisan divisions. 
They associated with European 

1010
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:58,800
politics, Thomas Jefferson and 
James Madison, who favored a 

1011
00:50:58,800 --> 00:51:02,200
more, constrained Federal role 
and agricultural economy, and 

1012
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:05,500
closer ties with France 
disagreed, with Alexander's 

1013
00:51:05,500 --> 00:51:08,500
vision of a strong federal 
government, a diverse, fighter 

1014
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:10,600
economy, and close ties with 
Britain. 

1015
00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:13,500
These disagreements were not 
merely about policy. 

1016
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:16,800
They also represented Divergent 
views on the ideal form of the 

1017
00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:20,200
United States of America. 
Alexander's plan for a National 

1018
00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:23,800
Bank, which Jefferson claimed 
was unconstitutional because the

1019
00:51:23,800 --> 00:51:26,600
Constitution didn't specifically
give the federal government. 

1020
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:29,900
The authority to Charter Banks 
was the final straw in the 

1021
00:51:29,908 --> 00:51:34,000
dispute in response. 
Alexander presented a thorough 

1022
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:36,700
legal defense of implied powers 
which hold that. 

1023
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:39,100
The constitution gave the 
federal government, the right to

1024
00:51:39,100 --> 00:51:42,500
do, whatever it takes to 
effectively exercise, the powers

1025
00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:44,900
its specified. 
In addition to the specific 

1026
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:47,600
Powers it listed. 
This debate was about how to 

1027
00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:50,600
interpret the Constitution and 
what kind of federal government.

1028
00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:53,800
The American people are truly 
agreed to establish, not just 

1029
00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:57,600
about banking. 
While Jefferson supported strict

1030
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:00,900
construction, which restricted 
Federal authority to power 

1031
00:52:00,900 --> 00:52:02,500
specifically stated in the 
Constitution. 

1032
00:52:02,500 --> 00:52:06,700
Alexander argued for what became
known as a broad construction of

1033
00:52:06,700 --> 00:52:09,700
the document both of his. 
Most trusted advisors made 

1034
00:52:09,700 --> 00:52:12,600
strong cases for their 
positions, but President 

1035
00:52:12,600 --> 00:52:16,700
Washington was forced to make 
the difficult decision. on the 

1036
00:52:16,700 --> 00:52:20,000
bank issue, he finally took 
Alexander's side but the 

1037
00:52:20,008 --> 00:52:22,700
political Rifts that resulted 
from these discussions would 

1038
00:52:22,700 --> 00:52:26,300
influence American politics for 
many years to come, Alexander 

1039
00:52:26,300 --> 00:52:28,400
Rose to prominence as the 
intellectual head of the 

1040
00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:32,000
Federalist Party, which promoted
pro-business policies in 

1041
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:36,000
industrial growth and a powerful
federal government The 

1042
00:52:36,000 --> 00:52:38,800
Democratic Republican Party, 
founded by Jefferson and Madison

1043
00:52:38,800 --> 00:52:41,900
promoted, stringent 
constitutional, interpretation 

1044
00:52:41,900 --> 00:52:44,800
agricultural interests, and 
limited Federal power. 

1045
00:52:44,800 --> 00:52:47,100
Although, these party 
differences may appear 

1046
00:52:47,100 --> 00:52:50,400
regrettable Alexander recognized
that, they were a positive 

1047
00:52:50,400 --> 00:52:52,100
indication of a robust 
democracy. 

1048
00:52:53,000 --> 00:52:56,300
People with differing opinions 
about politics and policy should

1049
00:52:56,300 --> 00:52:59,900
be able to ban together, promote
their positions and run for 

1050
00:52:59,900 --> 00:53:03,600
office in a free Society. 
Either dictatorship or political

1051
00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:05,900
Anarchy was the alternative not 
peaceful. 

1052
00:53:05,900 --> 00:53:08,700
Unity Alexander's. 
Personal life was characterized 

1053
00:53:08,700 --> 00:53:12,500
by both great success and 
heartbreaking setbacks even as 

1054
00:53:12,500 --> 00:53:14,900
he was establishing himself as 
one of America's most 

1055
00:53:14,900 --> 00:53:18,100
significant public figures. 
He had eight children with 

1056
00:53:18,100 --> 00:53:20,800
Elizabeth Schuyler, a member of 
one of the most well, known 

1057
00:53:20,800 --> 00:53:24,100
families in New York. 
According to all accounts, it 

1058
00:53:24,100 --> 00:53:26,800
was a devoted Union founded on 
respect for one another and 

1059
00:53:26,800 --> 00:53:29,900
similar ideals. 
However, Alexander paid a 

1060
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:32,400
personal price for his 
unwavering commitment to public 

1061
00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:35,700
service. in order to achieve his
political and financial 

1062
00:53:35,700 --> 00:53:39,000
objectives, he frequently, put 
his family and his own health 

1063
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:43,400
last while working incredibly 
long hours, When he committed to

1064
00:53:43,400 --> 00:53:47,300
a project, he threw himself into
it, wholeheartedly sometimes to 

1065
00:53:47,300 --> 00:53:49,300
the detriment of everything else
in his life. 

1066
00:53:49,300 --> 00:53:52,500
He was the type of person who 
couldn't do anything halfway. 

1067
00:53:52,500 --> 00:53:56,600
Alexander made a choice in 1797 
that would follow him for the 

1068
00:53:56,600 --> 00:53:59,800
rest of his life. 
In an attempt to dispel Rumours 

1069
00:53:59,800 --> 00:54:02,300
that he had exploited his role 
as treasury secretary for 

1070
00:54:02,300 --> 00:54:05,600
personal financial gain, he 
released a pamphlet confessing 

1071
00:54:05,600 --> 00:54:08,100
to an affair. 
The Reynolds pamphlet as it was 

1072
00:54:08,108 --> 00:54:10,600
called demonstrated that 
Alexander was innocent of 

1073
00:54:10,608 --> 00:54:14,300
financial corruption, but guilty
of adultery, both Alexanders 

1074
00:54:14,300 --> 00:54:17,400
complex personality and his 
dedication to public Integrity 

1075
00:54:17,400 --> 00:54:20,700
were evident in this choice. 
Instead of letting people think 

1076
00:54:20,700 --> 00:54:24,000
he had violated The public's 
confidence, he decided to ruin 

1077
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:27,100
his own reputation. 
This was basically political 

1078
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:30,400
suicide in a time when political
and personal reputations were 

1079
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:32,900
intertwined. 
Although Alexander's aspirations

1080
00:54:32,900 --> 00:54:34,900
for higher office were 
essentially dashed by the 

1081
00:54:34,900 --> 00:54:37,600
Scandal. 
His impact on American political

1082
00:54:37,600 --> 00:54:39,700
and economic advancement 
remained unabated. 

1083
00:54:40,500 --> 00:54:43,600
He still advised other political
leaders wrote about public 

1084
00:54:43,600 --> 00:54:47,400
policy and practice law. his 
theories of influence 

1085
00:54:47,400 --> 00:54:51,000
discussions of Economic Policy, 
constitutional, interpretation, 

1086
00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:54,200
and federal power most 
significantly, the Reynolds 

1087
00:54:54,200 --> 00:54:57,000
pamphlet exposed a fundamental 
aspect of Alexander's 

1088
00:54:57,000 --> 00:55:00,700
personality, He was prepared to 
incur significant personal 

1089
00:55:00,700 --> 00:55:03,700
expenses in order to uphold his 
honor as a public official. 

1090
00:55:04,500 --> 00:55:07,400
He was aware that democracy 
relies on people having faith in

1091
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:10,100
their leaders and he was 
unwilling to let that Faith be 

1092
00:55:10,100 --> 00:55:14,100
undermined, even if it meant 
ruining, his own reputation in a

1093
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:17,000
duel with Aaron Burr, on the 
Weehawken, New Jersey Cliffs on 

1094
00:55:17,008 --> 00:55:20,900
July 11th, 1804 Alexander 
Hamilton, lost his life. 

1095
00:55:21,700 --> 00:55:24,100
The Dual symbolize something 
greater about the nature of 

1096
00:55:24,100 --> 00:55:27,500
honor and public service in 
early America, but it was also 

1097
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:30,000
the result of years of political
and personal hostility. 

1098
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:33,900
A newspaper article that quoted 
Alexander criticizing Burr's 

1099
00:55:33,900 --> 00:55:36,200
character was the direct cause 
of the duel. 

1100
00:55:36,200 --> 00:55:39,900
Alexander refused to offer Burr 
an apology that would have 

1101
00:55:39,900 --> 00:55:43,200
appeased by a sense of Honor. 
They were forced to meet on the 

1102
00:55:43,208 --> 00:55:46,700
field of Honor due to the social
norms of the time, Alexander 

1103
00:55:46,700 --> 00:55:49,100
wrote letters to his wife and 
friends the night before the 

1104
00:55:49,100 --> 00:55:52,500
duel outlining his reasoning and
offering insights into his life 

1105
00:55:52,500 --> 00:55:55,300
and work. 
These letters show a man who 

1106
00:55:55,300 --> 00:55:58,200
felt constrained by the social 
Morris of his class and time. 

1107
00:55:58,200 --> 00:56:00,900
But who was also deeply 
conflicted about the duel. 

1108
00:56:00,900 --> 00:56:03,900
He felt that he would lose his 
ability to influence public 

1109
00:56:03,900 --> 00:56:06,800
affairs and become ineffective 
as an advocate for the causes, 

1110
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:09,400
he supported if he gave in to 
burst challenge. 

1111
00:56:09,400 --> 00:56:13,200
The actual duel was short and 
tragic both men. 

1112
00:56:13,200 --> 00:56:17,900
Fired burst shot found its Mark 
while Alexander's perhaps on 

1113
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:22,100
purpose went wide. 
The following day, Alexander 

1114
00:56:22,100 --> 00:56:24,600
passed away. 
Surrounded by loved ones who 

1115
00:56:24,600 --> 00:56:26,400
understood that. 
One of the most extraordinary 

1116
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:30,300
careers in American politics was
coming to an end Alexander's 

1117
00:56:30,300 --> 00:56:32,900
life, which had already made a 
significant contribution to 

1118
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:35,700
American development and 
appeared to hold even more 

1119
00:56:35,700 --> 00:56:38,700
promise for future 
accomplishments was cut short at

1120
00:56:38,700 --> 00:56:41,900
the age of 49. 
In addition to establishing the 

1121
00:56:41,900 --> 00:56:45,000
nation's Financial system and 
many of the precedents that 

1122
00:56:45,008 --> 00:56:46,700
would shape future Economic 
Policy. 

1123
00:56:46,700 --> 00:56:50,300
He had contributed to the 
creation of the Constitution and

1124
00:56:50,300 --> 00:56:53,900
expressed a vision of American 
potential that still shapes up 

1125
00:56:53,900 --> 00:56:57,000
perception of what the nation 
could achieve, however his 

1126
00:56:57,000 --> 00:56:59,700
intellectual rather than 
practical Legacy may have been 

1127
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:01,100
his most significant 
contribution. 

1128
00:57:02,100 --> 00:57:05,500
Alexander proved that Concepts 
have repercussions, that 

1129
00:57:05,500 --> 00:57:08,400
thoughtful consideration of 
difficult issues, can result in 

1130
00:57:08,400 --> 00:57:11,900
workable answers and that new 
institutions can be created that

1131
00:57:11,900 --> 00:57:13,500
better meet. 
The needs of people than the 

1132
00:57:13,500 --> 00:57:16,400
ones they replace. 
It's worthwhile to reflect on 

1133
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:18,900
how Alexander Hamilton's 
theories, still influence. 

1134
00:57:18,900 --> 00:57:21,900
Our modern world as you sink 
further into your cozy chair, 

1135
00:57:21,900 --> 00:57:24,100
and maybe finish that cup of 
tea. 

1136
00:57:25,000 --> 00:57:27,700
His financial system, laid the 
groundwork for the next two 

1137
00:57:27,700 --> 00:57:30,500
centuries of economic expansion 
in the United States. 

1138
00:57:31,400 --> 00:57:34,900
Debates concerning individual 
rights and federal Authority are

1139
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:37,100
still governed by the 
constitutional principles he 

1140
00:57:37,100 --> 00:57:40,000
outlined. 
His vision of America as a 

1141
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:43,800
modern diverse and economically 
vibrant country came to pass. 

1142
00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:47,800
However Alexander's, most 
lasting contribution may be his 

1143
00:57:47,800 --> 00:57:51,500
example of how intelligence 
perseverance and a dedication to

1144
00:57:51,500 --> 00:57:53,900
a cause greater than oneself can
help. 

1145
00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:56,300
One overcome the circumstances 
of one's birth. 

1146
00:57:57,000 --> 00:58:00,600
He demonstrated that concepts 
are important that thorough 

1147
00:58:00,600 --> 00:58:03,300
examination of difficult issues 
can result in worker balances 

1148
00:58:03,300 --> 00:58:05,800
and that wisely and 
strategically planned 

1149
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:08,800
institutions, can meet the needs
of people for many generations. 

1150
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:11,900
Alexander Hamilton's story 
provides an alternative 

1151
00:58:11,900 --> 00:58:15,800
Viewpoint in our owner when we 
confront problems that seem into

1152
00:58:15,800 --> 00:58:18,200
mountable and solutions, that 
seem unattainable. 

1153
00:58:18,200 --> 00:58:21,400
The fundamental societal 
structures were being 

1154
00:58:21,400 --> 00:58:25,300
reconstructed and questioned 
during the time, he lived which 

1155
00:58:25,300 --> 00:58:27,600
was a time of great uncertainty 
and change. 

1156
00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:31,000
He had to come up with novel 
solutions, to problems that had 

1157
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:34,300
never been sold before. 
However, he approached these 

1158
00:58:34,300 --> 00:58:37,600
difficulties with methodical 
thought, meticulous analysis, 

1159
00:58:37,600 --> 00:58:41,100
and an unwavering faith that 
people could come up with better

1160
00:58:41,100 --> 00:58:44,500
ways to arrange their shared 
lives, rather than with fear or 

1161
00:58:44,500 --> 00:58:47,000
despair. 
He realized that creating a 

1162
00:58:47,000 --> 00:58:50,300
successful society called for 
both bold leadership and patient

1163
00:58:50,300 --> 00:58:53,500
compromised, as well as 
Visionary thinking and attention

1164
00:58:53,500 --> 00:58:55,600
to detail. 
The America that Alexander 

1165
00:58:55,600 --> 00:58:59,200
Hamilton helped build, never 
reached its full potential, He 

1166
00:58:59,200 --> 00:59:02,100
passed away before the nation 
had expanded farifield of the 

1167
00:59:02,100 --> 00:59:04,700
Atlantic coast before the 
Industrial Revolution. 

1168
00:59:04,700 --> 00:59:08,400
He had predicted had truly begun
and before the Diversified 

1169
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:11,200
wealthy and internationally 
significant country, he had 

1170
00:59:11,200 --> 00:59:14,900
imagined had come to pass. 
However he had sown the seeds 

1171
00:59:14,900 --> 00:59:17,000
that would eventually bear fruit
that he could hardly have 

1172
00:59:17,000 --> 00:59:20,400
dreamed of the most significant 
lesson from Alexander Hamilton's

1173
00:59:20,400 --> 00:59:22,200
life. 
May be that the task of creating

1174
00:59:22,200 --> 00:59:25,600
a better world is never fully 
completed that every generation 

1175
00:59:25,600 --> 00:59:28,400
inherits the successes and 
unsolved issues of its 

1176
00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:32,000
predecessors and that our own 
contributions will be evaluated 

1177
00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:35,200
based on how well, we further 
The Continuous Endeavor of human

1178
00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:38,200
progress rather than how well we
sold every issue. 

1179
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:40,600
As you get ready for bed 
tonight, you make consider the 

1180
00:59:40,600 --> 00:59:43,700
amazing fact that our thoughts 
on politics economics and 

1181
00:59:43,700 --> 00:59:47,500
Society are still shaped by the 
ideas of a young man from a 

1182
00:59:47,500 --> 00:59:50,800
small Caribbean island who 
passed away more than 200 years 

1183
00:59:50,800 --> 00:59:53,100
ago. 
It serves as a reminder, that 

1184
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:56,000
people's lives can have far 
reaching effects that are beyond

1185
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,600
their, wildest expectations and 
that it is never For a waste of 

1186
00:59:59,600 --> 01:00:01,500
time to carefully. 
Consider how to improve the 

1187
01:00:01,500 --> 01:00:04,000
world. 
Alexander Hamilton was a strong 

1188
01:00:04,000 --> 01:00:06,700
believer in the ability of human
reason, to resolve difficult 

1189
01:00:06,700 --> 01:00:10,200
issues, the potential for 
establishing institutions that 

1190
01:00:10,200 --> 01:00:13,100
promote the common good. 
And the capacity of regular 

1191
01:00:13,100 --> 01:00:15,000
people to achieve extraordinary 
Feats. 

1192
01:00:15,000 --> 01:00:18,400
When given the chance, these 
were hard one lessons from a 

1193
01:00:18,400 --> 01:00:19,800
life spent battling real 
problems. 

1194
01:00:19,800 --> 01:00:22,300
And real responsibilities not 
naive. 

1195
01:00:22,300 --> 01:00:24,600
Optimism. 
His narrative implies that 

1196
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:27,400
overcoming obstacles with 
consideration and perseverance 

1197
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:30,800
rather than avoiding them is the
way to meaningful success. 

1198
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:35,100
Patient analysis and Innovative 
thinking frequently yield 

1199
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:37,600
solutions to seemingly 
intractable problems. 

1200
01:00:37,600 --> 01:00:40,800
When enough people are dedicated
to the cause of change 

1201
01:00:40,800 --> 01:00:43,600
institutions, that seem 
permanent and unalterable, can 

1202
01:00:43,600 --> 01:00:46,700
be changed or replaced. 
Most significantly Alexander 

1203
01:00:46,700 --> 01:00:49,200
Hamilton's life shows that 
despite uncertainty and 

1204
01:00:49,200 --> 01:00:52,300
disappointment, it is possible 
to hold on to hope and purpose. 

1205
01:00:52,300 --> 01:00:57,600
He endured personal Scandal War 
economic crisis political unrest

1206
01:00:57,600 --> 01:01:01,100
and innumerable other setbacks 
but he never lost hope that with

1207
01:01:01,100 --> 01:01:03,600
clear thinking and hard work 
people could make tomorrow 

1208
01:01:03,600 --> 01:01:06,300
better than today. 
That seems like a nice thing to 

1209
01:01:06,300 --> 01:01:09,300
think as you go to sleep. 
That the future is still up in 

1210
01:01:09,300 --> 01:01:13,000
the air that people are still 
intelligent and kind and that 

1211
01:01:13,000 --> 01:01:15,800
everyone has the chance to add 
something worthwhile to the 

1212
01:01:15,800 --> 01:01:18,100
continuing Narrative of our 
shared existence. 

1213
01:01:19,100 --> 01:01:21,700
After beginning his life, as an 
orphan teenager on a small 

1214
01:01:21,708 --> 01:01:25,500
island, Alexander Hamilton went 
on to contribute to the founding

1215
01:01:25,500 --> 01:01:27,900
of a Nation. 
What else could we do? 

1216
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:31,700
Sweet dreams and may you awaken 
tomorrow with a semblance of 

1217
01:01:31,700 --> 01:01:33,600
Alexander. 
Hamilton's quiet, faith. 

1218
01:01:33,600 --> 01:01:35,900
That difficult issues can be 
resolved. 

1219
01:01:35,900 --> 01:01:39,800
That brilliant ideas have the 
power to transform the world and

1220
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:42,300
that there is always more 
significant work to be done. 

1221
01:01:46,600 --> 01:01:49,600
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite reading chair on a

1222
01:01:49,600 --> 01:01:51,600
foggy. 
Edinburgh evening in 1886. 

1223
01:01:52,500 --> 01:01:54,300
The gas lamps. 
Flicker outside your window, 

1224
01:01:54,300 --> 01:01:57,300
casting Shadows on cobblestone 
streets. 

1225
01:01:57,300 --> 01:02:01,700
That seemed to whisper secrets. 
This exact atmosphere enveloped 

1226
01:02:01,700 --> 01:02:05,800
a young medical student named 
Arthur Conan Doyle as he sat in 

1227
01:02:05,800 --> 01:02:08,800
his cramped, flat staring at a 
blank piece of paper and 

1228
01:02:08,800 --> 01:02:11,200
questioning how he would manage 
to pay his rent. 

1229
01:02:12,300 --> 01:02:14,400
You know that feeling when 
you're desperately, trying to 

1230
01:02:14,408 --> 01:02:17,500
come up with a brilliant idea in
your brain, feels like it's been

1231
01:02:17,500 --> 01:02:21,300
stuffed with cotton wool. 
Well, that's precisely where 

1232
01:02:21,300 --> 01:02:23,900
Arthur found himself. 
He'd been scribbling away at 

1233
01:02:23,900 --> 01:02:26,900
various stories trying to make a
name for himself as a writer, 

1234
01:02:26,900 --> 01:02:30,500
but nothing seemed to stick. 
His medical practice was about 

1235
01:02:30,500 --> 01:02:33,700
to successful as a chocolate 
teapot and his bank account was 

1236
01:02:33,700 --> 01:02:37,400
looking rather anemic. 
But here's where the story gets 

1237
01:02:37,400 --> 01:02:39,900
captivating. 
Arthur had been studying under 

1238
01:02:39,900 --> 01:02:44,400
Professor named Dr. Joseph Bell.
And this man was absolutely 

1239
01:02:44,400 --> 01:02:46,800
extraordinary. 
Not in a flashy. 

1240
01:02:46,800 --> 01:02:50,100
Look at me, sort of way, but in 
a quietly, brilliant fashion, 

1241
01:02:50,100 --> 01:02:51,500
that would make your jaw. 
Drop. 

1242
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:54,300
Dr. Belle. 
Have this uncanny ability to 

1243
01:02:54,300 --> 01:02:57,000
look at a patient and deduce. 
Their entire life story. 

1244
01:02:57,000 --> 01:02:59,400
Just from observing the smallest
details. 

1245
01:03:00,400 --> 01:03:02,800
It glanced at someone's hands 
and tell them their profession. 

1246
01:03:02,800 --> 01:03:06,700
Notice a particular type of mud 
on their boots and know exactly 

1247
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:08,600
which part of Edinburgh. 
They'd walk through that 

1248
01:03:08,600 --> 01:03:10,800
morning. 
It was like watching a magician 

1249
01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:14,600
except the tricks were real and 
the magic was simply Keen. 

1250
01:03:14,600 --> 01:03:16,700
Observation mixed with logical 
thinking. 

1251
01:03:18,000 --> 01:03:20,600
Arthur would sit in those 
medical lectures completely 

1252
01:03:20,600 --> 01:03:23,300
mesmerized watching Dr. Belle 
work. 

1253
01:03:23,300 --> 01:03:25,700
His deductive Wizardry on 
unsuspecting patients. 

1254
01:03:26,700 --> 01:03:29,200
The excellent doctor would peer 
at a man's fingernails and 

1255
01:03:29,200 --> 01:03:32,700
announcements are, I see, you're
a carpenter who has been working

1256
01:03:32,700 --> 01:03:34,700
with Oak recently, and judging 
by that. 

1257
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:37,600
Slight stain, on your thumb, 
you've been using a particular 

1258
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:39,900
type of varnish. 
That's only sold in three shops 

1259
01:03:39,900 --> 01:03:42,700
in the city. 
The patients would stare at him,

1260
01:03:42,700 --> 01:03:45,200
like he just read their minds 
but Arthur began to understand 

1261
01:03:45,200 --> 01:03:46,800
that it wasn't mine reading at 
all. 

1262
01:03:46,800 --> 01:03:49,300
It was merely the skill of 
recognizing. 

1263
01:03:49,300 --> 01:03:51,000
What? 
Others missed and linking 

1264
01:03:51,000 --> 01:03:54,900
seemingly unconnected elements. 
Dr. Belle wasn't performing 

1265
01:03:54,900 --> 01:03:57,300
magic tricks. 
He was demonstrating that the 

1266
01:03:57,300 --> 01:03:59,900
world is full of Clues. 
If you just know how to read 

1267
01:03:59,900 --> 01:04:02,900
them. 
As Arthur sat in his flat, that 

1268
01:04:02,900 --> 01:04:06,100
foggy evening, the memory of Dr.
Bell's methods began to 

1269
01:04:06,108 --> 01:04:09,500
percolate through his mind, like
a perfectly brewed cup of tea. 

1270
01:04:10,300 --> 01:04:14,100
What if he thought someone could
solve crimes using these same 

1271
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:17,000
techniques? 
What if a detective could see, 

1272
01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:21,400
not just what happened at a 
crime scene, but how who, and 

1273
01:04:21,400 --> 01:04:26,000
why The idea began to take shape
slowly like a photograph 

1274
01:04:26,000 --> 01:04:28,900
developing in a dark room. 
Arthur. 

1275
01:04:28,900 --> 01:04:32,600
Imagine a tall thin man with 
sharp features and even sharper 

1276
01:04:32,600 --> 01:04:35,200
intellect. 
He had the ability to enter a 

1277
01:04:35,200 --> 01:04:38,800
room and instantly identify the 
17 details that others had 

1278
01:04:38,800 --> 01:04:41,300
overlooked. 
A person who found the Ordinary 

1279
01:04:41,300 --> 01:04:44,100
World rather dull, but came 
alive when presented with a 

1280
01:04:44,108 --> 01:04:48,500
puzzle that needed solving. 
And so in that small Edinburgh, 

1281
01:04:48,500 --> 01:04:51,600
flat with the fog pressing 
against the windows and the 

1282
01:04:51,608 --> 01:04:55,100
Gaslamp flickering on his desk. 
Arthur Conan Doyle began to 

1283
01:04:55,100 --> 01:04:57,900
write about a Consulting 
detective named Sherlock Holmes.

1284
01:04:58,600 --> 01:05:01,300
He had no idea that he was about
to create the most famous 

1285
01:05:01,300 --> 01:05:04,600
fictional detective in history 
or that over a century later. 

1286
01:05:04,600 --> 01:05:07,600
People would still be arguing 
about whether Holmes was real or

1287
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:10,100
not. 
Dr. Bell's methods, didn't just 

1288
01:05:10,100 --> 01:05:13,600
Inspire the character Arthur 
created, he was a blend of 

1289
01:05:13,600 --> 01:05:17,800
Victorian anxieties, scientific 
optimism and the growing belief 

1290
01:05:17,800 --> 01:05:19,300
that logic could solve any 
problem. 

1291
01:05:20,300 --> 01:05:23,100
Holmes, represented everything. 
The Victorian era wanted to 

1292
01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:26,600
believe about itself, that 
reason would triumph over chaos 

1293
01:05:26,600 --> 01:05:30,200
that careful observation could 
reveal truth and that even the 

1294
01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:33,100
most complex Mysteries could be 
unraveled by a sufficiently 

1295
01:05:33,100 --> 01:05:36,100
clever mind. 
Little did Arthur know that his 

1296
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:39,500
creation would outlive him 
outgrow him and eventually 

1297
01:05:39,500 --> 01:05:42,600
become more real to many people 
than the man who dreamed him up.

1298
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:45,800
Let's delve deeper into Doctor, 
Joseph Bell. 

1299
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:48,700
As comprehending him as akin to 
comprehending the hidden element

1300
01:05:48,700 --> 01:05:51,500
in your grandmother's. 
Renowned recipe without him. 

1301
01:05:51,500 --> 01:05:54,500
There would be no Sherlock 
Holmes, and the world would be a

1302
01:05:54,500 --> 01:05:56,300
significantly less interesting 
place. 

1303
01:05:57,200 --> 01:05:59,400
Dr. Belle wasn't your typical 
Victorian gentleman. 

1304
01:05:59,400 --> 01:06:02,100
While other doctors of his hero 
were still debating. 

1305
01:06:02,100 --> 01:06:04,800
Whether washing hands between 
patients was really necessary. 

1306
01:06:04,800 --> 01:06:08,200
Bell was revolutionizing the 
entire approach to medical 

1307
01:06:08,200 --> 01:06:11,000
diagnosis. 
He believed that a doctor's job 

1308
01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:14,000
was not just to treat symptoms, 
but to become a detective of the

1309
01:06:14,000 --> 01:06:17,700
human body piece in together, 
Clues to solve the mystery of 

1310
01:06:17,700 --> 01:06:19,400
what was actually wrong with a 
patient. 

1311
01:06:20,900 --> 01:06:23,400
Imagine walking into his 
classroom at the University of 

1312
01:06:23,400 --> 01:06:25,400
Edinburgh. 
The room would be thick with 

1313
01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:28,800
anticipation, the students, 
waited to see what Miracle of 

1314
01:06:28,800 --> 01:06:30,600
deduction, their Professor would
perform that day. 

1315
01:06:31,600 --> 01:06:33,100
Bellwood. 
Summon a volunteer patient 

1316
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:35,900
prompting, a hapless individual 
to shuffle forward. 

1317
01:06:35,900 --> 01:06:39,500
Likely pondering, their current 
circumstances Bellwood 

1318
01:06:39,500 --> 01:06:41,100
meticulously circular around 
them. 

1319
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:43,600
His Keen eyes scrutinizing. 
Every detail. 

1320
01:06:43,600 --> 01:06:47,000
Ah, he might say stroking, his 
chin thoughtfully. 

1321
01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:50,800
I see you've recently returned 
from the continent Germany. 

1322
01:06:50,800 --> 01:06:53,600
I'd say based on the particular 
type of clay, under your 

1323
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:56,800
fingernails, your regarding by 
profession that you've been 

1324
01:06:56,800 --> 01:07:00,300
doing some carpentry work 
lately, Oak judging by the wood 

1325
01:07:00,300 --> 01:07:03,100
shavings in your hair and that 
slightly limp suggest you 

1326
01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:04,700
injured. 
Your left leg about three weeks 

1327
01:07:04,700 --> 01:07:08,500
ago, probably from a fall. 
The patient would not in a 

1328
01:07:08,500 --> 01:07:11,100
mazeman confirming every detail 
while the student scribbled 

1329
01:07:11,100 --> 01:07:13,500
frantically in their notebooks 
trying to capture the magic. 

1330
01:07:14,400 --> 01:07:16,200
But Bell would always explain 
his reasoning. 

1331
01:07:16,200 --> 01:07:18,600
The clay was a specific type 
found. 

1332
01:07:18,600 --> 01:07:22,500
Only in certain German regions. 
Calluses on the man's hands, 

1333
01:07:22,500 --> 01:07:25,500
show the pattern of someone who 
worked with plants but had 

1334
01:07:25,500 --> 01:07:28,100
recently been gripping, 
different tools, the wood 

1335
01:07:28,100 --> 01:07:31,200
shavings were a clear indicator 
and the man's preference for his

1336
01:07:31,200 --> 01:07:33,700
right leg during walking 
revealed, a recent injury. 

1337
01:07:34,800 --> 01:07:37,600
What made Bell. 
Truly extraordinary wasn't just 

1338
01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:39,500
his powers of observation, 
though. 

1339
01:07:39,500 --> 01:07:42,900
Those were remarkable but his 
ability to teach others to see 

1340
01:07:42,900 --> 01:07:45,900
the world differently. 
He would tell his students that 

1341
01:07:45,900 --> 01:07:48,100
most people looked but didn't 
observe. 

1342
01:07:48,100 --> 01:07:52,700
They saw a man with dirty hands 
and thought laborer, but they 

1343
01:07:52,700 --> 01:07:55,400
missed the specific type of dirt
that could tell them exactly 

1344
01:07:55,400 --> 01:07:58,000
what kind of work he did and 
where he'd been doing it. 

1345
01:07:58,700 --> 01:08:01,400
Bell had this wonderful way of 
making the ordinary seem 

1346
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:04,000
extraordinary. 
He'd pick up a walking. 

1347
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:06,800
Stick left behind by a patient 
and turned it into a treasure 

1348
01:08:06,800 --> 01:08:09,900
Trove of information. 
The wear patterns on the handle 

1349
01:08:09,900 --> 01:08:13,200
could tell him if the owner was 
left or right handed the type of

1350
01:08:13,200 --> 01:08:15,500
wood and craftsmanship reveal 
their social class. 

1351
01:08:16,300 --> 01:08:19,100
Scratches and dents told stories
of how it had been used. 

1352
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:22,700
Even the height of the stick 
provided clues about the owner 

1353
01:08:22,700 --> 01:08:25,899
statue and gate Arthur Conan 
Doyle would sit in these 

1354
01:08:25,899 --> 01:08:29,300
demonstrations. 
Absolutely captivated years 

1355
01:08:29,300 --> 01:08:32,200
later he would write about Dr. 
Belle with obvious affection, 

1356
01:08:32,200 --> 01:08:35,100
describing him as a man who 
could diagnose, not just 

1357
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:39,600
diseases, but in Tire life 
stories, Belt became Arthur's 

1358
01:08:39,600 --> 01:08:41,899
model for what a truly observant
person could achieve. 

1359
01:08:41,899 --> 01:08:44,200
And those classroom 
demonstrations became the 

1360
01:08:44,200 --> 01:08:48,399
blueprint for countless 
Sherlock, Holmes Adventures, But

1361
01:08:48,399 --> 01:08:50,800
here's something delightfully 
ironic about the whole 

1362
01:08:50,800 --> 01:08:53,899
situation. 
Dr. Belle, the man who inspired 

1363
01:08:53,899 --> 01:08:56,500
the world's most famous 
detective was, actually quite 

1364
01:08:56,500 --> 01:09:00,200
modest about his abilities. 
He insisted that his methods 

1365
01:09:00,200 --> 01:09:02,600
weren't magical or even 
particularly difficult. 

1366
01:09:02,600 --> 01:09:06,399
They just required patience 
practice, and a willingness to 

1367
01:09:06,399 --> 01:09:08,600
pay attention to details. 
That others ignored. 

1368
01:09:09,399 --> 01:09:11,100
Bellwood. 
Often say that the key to his 

1369
01:09:11,100 --> 01:09:14,100
success was simply remembering 
that every person carries their 

1370
01:09:14,100 --> 01:09:17,700
story written on their body, in 
their clothes and in their 

1371
01:09:17,700 --> 01:09:21,100
mannerisms, most people he 
explained are so focused on 

1372
01:09:21,108 --> 01:09:23,000
looking ahead that they never 
really look around. 

1373
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:25,300
They missed the poetry written 
in. 

1374
01:09:25,300 --> 01:09:28,500
Calluses the stories told by 
shoe leather and the novels 

1375
01:09:28,500 --> 01:09:30,399
hidden in the way someone holds 
their shoulders. 

1376
01:09:31,300 --> 01:09:33,800
When Arthur finally created 
Sherlock Holmes, he was 

1377
01:09:33,800 --> 01:09:37,100
essentially asking the question.
What if someone took Dr? 

1378
01:09:37,100 --> 01:09:40,300
Bell's methods and applied them?
Not to medicine but to cry. 

1379
01:09:41,200 --> 01:09:44,500
What if that Keen eye for detail
and logical mind were turned 

1380
01:09:44,500 --> 01:09:47,300
towards solving Mysteries and 
stead of diagnosing illnesses. 

1381
01:09:48,399 --> 01:09:51,399
The result was a character who 
could walk into a room and 

1382
01:09:51,399 --> 01:09:54,100
immediately see things that 
would take Ordinary People hours

1383
01:09:54,100 --> 01:09:56,300
to notice if they notice them at
all. 

1384
01:09:56,300 --> 01:09:59,400
Let's transport ourselves to 
Victorian London for a moment 

1385
01:09:59,400 --> 01:10:02,800
because understanding the world 
that Embrace Sherlock Holmes is 

1386
01:10:02,800 --> 01:10:05,200
like understanding why certain 
songs become hits. 

1387
01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:09,300
It's all about timing atmosphere
and what people desperately need

1388
01:10:09,300 --> 01:10:11,300
to hear at exactly the right 
moment. 

1389
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:15,900
Picture London in the 1890s and 
you'll find yourself in a city 

1390
01:10:15,908 --> 01:10:19,600
that was both magnificent and 
terrifying often simultaneously.

1391
01:10:20,600 --> 01:10:24,000
The industrial revolution had 
transformed it into this massive

1392
01:10:24,000 --> 01:10:27,500
sprawling, Beast of a metropolis
with over 4 million. 

1393
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:30,600
People crammed into spaces that 
had been designed for maybe a 

1394
01:10:30,600 --> 01:10:33,700
quarter of that number. 
The city was growing so fast 

1395
01:10:33,700 --> 01:10:36,800
that it seemed to be bursting at
the seams like a sausage. 

1396
01:10:36,800 --> 01:10:39,700
That's been over stuffed. 
You'd walk down streets where 

1397
01:10:39,700 --> 01:10:42,100
magnificent. 
Victorian Mansion, stood just a 

1398
01:10:42,108 --> 01:10:45,100
few blocks away from slums that 
would make your stomach turn. 

1399
01:10:45,800 --> 01:10:48,800
The contrast was jarring, one 
moment, you might be strolling 

1400
01:10:48,800 --> 01:10:52,200
past elegant, gaslit boulevards 
where well-dressed gentleman tip

1401
01:10:52,200 --> 01:10:54,500
their hats to ladies in a labret
bustles. 

1402
01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:58,100
And the next you'd find yourself
in narrow fog, choked Alleyways,

1403
01:10:58,100 --> 01:11:01,500
where the sun barely penetrated 
and danger, lurked around every 

1404
01:11:01,500 --> 01:11:04,700
corner, This was the London of 
Jack the Ripper off after all. 

1405
01:11:05,900 --> 01:11:07,700
The very real terror of those 
unsolved. 

1406
01:11:07,700 --> 01:11:10,500
Murders had gripped, the city 
just a few years before Holmes 

1407
01:11:10,500 --> 01:11:13,400
made his debut. 
People were genuinely frightened

1408
01:11:13,400 --> 01:11:15,600
and the police seemed completely
baffled. 

1409
01:11:16,300 --> 01:11:19,600
The idea that someone could 
commit such horrible crimes and 

1410
01:11:19,600 --> 01:11:23,200
simply vanish into the urban 
maze was deeply, unsettling to a

1411
01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:25,600
society that prided itself on 
order and progress. 

1412
01:11:26,500 --> 01:11:27,900
But here's where it gets 
intriguing. 

1413
01:11:28,600 --> 01:11:30,900
This era was also the age of 
scientific optimism. 

1414
01:11:30,900 --> 01:11:34,200
People believe that rational 
thinking and careful observation

1415
01:11:34,200 --> 01:11:37,900
could solve any problem, Darwin 
had shown them that even the 

1416
01:11:37,900 --> 01:11:40,200
mysteries of human existence 
could be unraveled through 

1417
01:11:40,200 --> 01:11:43,100
patient study. 
Electric lights, were beginning 

1418
01:11:43,100 --> 01:11:46,300
to push back the darkness, and 
the telegraph was shrinking. 

1419
01:11:46,300 --> 01:11:49,000
The world. 
There was this wonderful sense 

1420
01:11:49,000 --> 01:11:51,700
that Humanity was on the verge 
of conquering all the great 

1421
01:11:51,700 --> 01:11:55,300
mysteries of existence. 
Into this mixture of fear and 

1422
01:11:55,300 --> 01:11:58,700
hope step Sherlock Holmes and he
was Flawless for the moment. 

1423
01:11:58,700 --> 01:12:02,400
This character could make sense 
of the chaos of city life. 

1424
01:12:02,400 --> 01:12:06,700
He could walk into the most 
baffling situation and through 

1425
01:12:06,700 --> 01:12:09,900
pure logic and observation 
restore order to the world. 

1426
01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:13,500
He was like a light house in a 
storm, cutting through the fog 

1427
01:12:13,500 --> 01:12:15,900
of uncertainty with the bright 
beam of reason. 

1428
01:12:17,100 --> 01:12:20,200
The timing couldn't have been 
better, people wanted stories 

1429
01:12:20,200 --> 01:12:22,900
that showed the world made sense
that every problem had a 

1430
01:12:22,908 --> 01:12:26,300
solution that good could win 
over evil through cleverness 

1431
01:12:26,300 --> 01:12:28,200
rather than luck or divine 
intervention. 

1432
01:12:29,300 --> 01:12:32,200
Holmes represented, the 
Victorian dream of the rational 

1433
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:35,300
man who could solve any puzzle. 
If he just applied enough 

1434
01:12:35,300 --> 01:12:36,700
intelligence and careful 
observation. 

1435
01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:40,700
But there was another layer to 
London's Readiness for homes. 

1436
01:12:40,700 --> 01:12:44,700
The city had transformed into a 
vibrant Hub of individuals from 

1437
01:12:44,700 --> 01:12:47,700
diverse backgrounds. 
In a single day, you might 

1438
01:12:47,700 --> 01:12:51,200
encounter a Russian count, a 
Chinese Merchant and Irish 

1439
01:12:51,200 --> 01:12:55,500
Docker and a Scottish Professor.
Each person carried Their Own 

1440
01:12:55,500 --> 01:12:59,800
Story, their own secrets and 
their own Mysteries The city 

1441
01:12:59,800 --> 01:13:02,800
itself had become a kind of 
living breathing puzzle and 

1442
01:13:02,800 --> 01:13:05,500
people were fascinated by the 
idea that someone could read the

1443
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:06,800
clues. 
Hidden in plain sight. 

1444
01:13:07,800 --> 01:13:10,900
The police blessed their hearts 
were doing their best, but they 

1445
01:13:10,900 --> 01:13:13,900
were essentially using medieval 
methods to solve modern crime. 

1446
01:13:14,700 --> 01:13:17,900
They heavily relied on 
confession eyewitness testimony 

1447
01:13:17,900 --> 01:13:20,000
and capturing criminals in the 
act. 

1448
01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:24,000
The idea of carefully examining 
a crime scene for clues of using

1449
01:13:24,000 --> 01:13:27,300
scientific methods to analyze 
evidence of building a case 

1450
01:13:27,300 --> 01:13:30,200
through logical deduction. 
These were revolutionary 

1451
01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:32,700
Concepts that most real 
detectives hadn't even 

1452
01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:35,400
considered. 
So, when readers open those 

1453
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:37,600
early Holmes stories, they 
weren't just getting 

1454
01:13:37,600 --> 01:13:39,900
entertainment. 
They were getting a glimpse of 

1455
01:13:39,900 --> 01:13:42,900
what crime solving could be like
if someone really smart was in 

1456
01:13:42,900 --> 01:13:46,300
charge. 
Holmes represented everything 

1457
01:13:46,300 --> 01:13:49,100
that Victorian readers wished. 
Their actual police force could 

1458
01:13:49,108 --> 01:13:53,500
be observant, logical, 
Incorruptible and successful. 

1459
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:56,900
The story is also tapped into 
something deeply satisfying 

1460
01:13:56,900 --> 01:13:58,400
about. 
The Victorian belief in 

1461
01:13:58,400 --> 01:14:02,200
progress, here was proof that 
human intelligence properly 

1462
01:14:02,200 --> 01:14:06,700
applied, could triumph over any 
challenge Holmes never solved 

1463
01:14:06,700 --> 01:14:08,000
crimes, through luck or 
accident. 

1464
01:14:08,000 --> 01:14:10,100
He solved them. 
Through careful observation, 

1465
01:14:10,100 --> 01:14:14,500
logical thinking and refusing to
accept that any mystery was 

1466
01:14:14,500 --> 01:14:17,200
unsolvable. 
This was a society that was 

1467
01:14:17,208 --> 01:14:19,300
simultaneously proud of its 
achievements. 

1468
01:14:19,300 --> 01:14:22,700
And worried about its problems, 
crime was Rising. 

1469
01:14:22,700 --> 01:14:25,300
The cities were becoming more 
complex and dangerous. 

1470
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:27,800
And traditional Solutions were 
not working. 

1471
01:14:28,600 --> 01:14:30,900
Home's, offered hope that 
intelligence and Method, could 

1472
01:14:30,900 --> 01:14:33,700
restore order to a world that 
sometimes seem to be spinning 

1473
01:14:33,700 --> 01:14:36,000
out of control. 
Now, here's where our story 

1474
01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:39,400
takes a fascinating turn because
Arthur Conan Doyle, didn't just 

1475
01:14:39,400 --> 01:14:42,600
create a character he 
accidentally invented an entire 

1476
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:45,100
literary. 
Genre Before the arrival of 

1477
01:14:45,100 --> 01:14:48,000
Holmes crime fiction lacked a 
crucial component. 

1478
01:14:48,000 --> 01:14:52,600
You see crime stories existed 
before homes, but they were 

1479
01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:55,600
quite different creatures. 
Most of them were Sensational 

1480
01:14:55,600 --> 01:14:58,200
Tales focused on the gruesome 
details of murders. 

1481
01:14:58,200 --> 01:15:00,300
All the dramatic capture of 
villains. 

1482
01:15:01,100 --> 01:15:03,800
They were less about solving 
puzzles and more about shocking 

1483
01:15:03,800 --> 01:15:05,600
readers with Tales of urban 
horror. 

1484
01:15:06,700 --> 01:15:09,400
Think of them as the Victorian 
equivalent of those breathless 

1485
01:15:09,400 --> 01:15:11,500
newspaper headlines. 
You see at the grocery store 

1486
01:15:11,500 --> 01:15:14,900
checkout designed to grab 
attention, rather than Engage 

1487
01:15:14,900 --> 01:15:17,500
The Mind. 
The few detective stories that 

1488
01:15:17,500 --> 01:15:20,800
did exist were often clumsy 
Affairs where the solution came 

1489
01:15:20,800 --> 01:15:24,100
out of nowhere, like a magician,
pulling a rabbit from a hat 

1490
01:15:24,100 --> 01:15:27,800
without showing it to you first.
Readers were expected to sit 

1491
01:15:27,800 --> 01:15:30,600
back and be amazed rather than 
participate in the solving 

1492
01:15:30,600 --> 01:15:33,000
process. 
It was entertaining but it 

1493
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:34,800
wasn't particularly satisfying 
entertainment. 

1494
01:15:35,900 --> 01:15:38,600
Then Along came home and 
suddenly everything changed 

1495
01:15:38,600 --> 01:15:42,200
Arthur created, what would 
become known as Fair played 

1496
01:15:42,200 --> 01:15:45,500
Detective fiction stories where 
the reader was giving all the 

1497
01:15:45,500 --> 01:15:49,100
same Clues as the detective and 
could theoretically solve the 

1498
01:15:49,100 --> 01:15:52,600
mystery themselves. 
Of course, most of us would miss

1499
01:15:52,600 --> 01:15:55,600
the significance of tobacco, Ash
patterns, all the 17 different 

1500
01:15:55,600 --> 01:15:58,600
types of footprints, but the 
clues were there for anyone 

1501
01:15:58,600 --> 01:16:01,300
sharp in enough to spot them. 
This Innovation was 

1502
01:16:01,300 --> 01:16:05,100
revolutionary instead of just 
reading about crime, people 

1503
01:16:05,100 --> 01:16:08,700
could now participate in solving
them Arthur had turned passive 

1504
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:11,900
entertainment into an 
interactive experience readers 

1505
01:16:11,900 --> 01:16:14,400
would eagerly follow home 
through his investigations 

1506
01:16:14,400 --> 01:16:17,500
trying to spot. 
The clues that tempting to 

1507
01:16:17,500 --> 01:16:20,200
deduce the solution before the 
brilliant, detective revealed 

1508
01:16:20,200 --> 01:16:23,200
it, It was akin to the 
difference between observing 

1509
01:16:23,200 --> 01:16:25,500
someone play a game and engaging
in it yourself. 

1510
01:16:26,500 --> 01:16:28,700
But Arthur's Innovation went 
deeper than just including 

1511
01:16:28,700 --> 01:16:31,300
Clues. 
He devised an impeccable and 

1512
01:16:31,300 --> 01:16:34,400
gratifying framework for 
detective stories, which remains

1513
01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:37,300
in use today. 
Every home story follows a 

1514
01:16:37,300 --> 01:16:40,300
similar pattern. 
A baffling mystery is presented 

1515
01:16:40,300 --> 01:16:42,500
homes. 
Observes details, that others 

1516
01:16:42,500 --> 01:16:44,800
Miss. 
He forms a theory based on 

1517
01:16:44,800 --> 01:16:47,500
logical deduction and then he 
proves his theory through. 

1518
01:16:47,500 --> 01:16:51,000
Dramatic revelation. 
Once you've immersed yourself in

1519
01:16:51,000 --> 01:16:54,700
this, well, choreographed dance.
Other types of crime stories. 

1520
01:16:54,700 --> 01:16:58,200
Begin to feel incomplete. 
The Genius of this structure is 

1521
01:16:58,200 --> 01:17:00,600
that it mirrors the way our 
minds work when we're trying to 

1522
01:17:00,600 --> 01:17:03,700
solve a problem? 
We gather information, we form 

1523
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:07,000
hypotheses, we test them and we 
reach conclusions. 

1524
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:10,700
Holmes's stories felt natural 
because they followed the same 

1525
01:17:10,700 --> 01:17:14,000
thought processes that readers 
used in their own lives just 

1526
01:17:14,000 --> 01:17:17,900
with much more dramatic Stakes. 
Arthur also created something 

1527
01:17:17,900 --> 01:17:21,600
that hadn't existed before the 
recurring detective character. 

1528
01:17:22,500 --> 01:17:24,700
Previous crime stories 
typically, featured different 

1529
01:17:24,700 --> 01:17:27,800
protagonists in each Tale. 
But home's was the same. 

1530
01:17:27,800 --> 01:17:31,300
Brilliant detective in every 
story, growing more familiar to 

1531
01:17:31,300 --> 01:17:34,700
readers with the adventure. 
People began to feel like they 

1532
01:17:34,700 --> 01:17:36,900
knew him personally. 
Like he was a friend. 

1533
01:17:36,908 --> 01:17:39,500
They could rely on to make sense
of a confusing world. 

1534
01:17:39,500 --> 01:17:42,900
This familiarity allowed Arthur 
to develop homes as character in

1535
01:17:42,900 --> 01:17:45,100
ways that wouldn't have been 
possible with one-off 

1536
01:17:45,100 --> 01:17:49,000
protagonists. readers learned 
about his habits, his methods, 

1537
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:53,700
his preferences and even his 
weaknesses Holmes became real to

1538
01:17:53,700 --> 01:17:55,900
people in a way that few 
fictional characters ever 

1539
01:17:55,900 --> 01:17:59,400
achieve, he wasn't just a 
problem-solving machine, he was 

1540
01:17:59,408 --> 01:18:02,700
a person with quirks and flaws 
and a distinctive personality 

1541
01:18:03,800 --> 01:18:06,700
The success of homes is stories.
Also established the template 

1542
01:18:06,700 --> 01:18:10,500
for the detective sidekick Dr. 
Watson played a crucial role as 

1543
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:12,200
the reader's representative in 
the story. 

1544
01:18:12,200 --> 01:18:15,500
He was intelligent enough to 
understand home's explanation, 

1545
01:18:15,500 --> 01:18:18,400
but not so brilliant that he 
could solve the mysteries in 

1546
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:20,700
himself. 
He asked the questions that 

1547
01:18:20,700 --> 01:18:23,900
readers wanted to ask and 
expressed the amazement that 

1548
01:18:23,900 --> 01:18:26,200
viewers felt when home's 
revealed his deductions. 

1549
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:29,500
Arthur stumbled upon something 
that would become one of the 

1550
01:18:29,500 --> 01:18:31,800
most enduring formulas in all of
literature. 

1551
01:18:31,800 --> 01:18:36,200
The brilliant detective, the 
loyal companion, the baffling 

1552
01:18:36,200 --> 01:18:39,600
mystery, the careful 
investigation, The Logical 

1553
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:42,400
solution. 
These elements were so perfectly

1554
01:18:42,400 --> 01:18:45,300
balanced that they created a 
template that countless writers 

1555
01:18:45,300 --> 01:18:47,300
would follow for the next 
century and beyond. 

1556
01:18:48,400 --> 01:18:51,600
What's particularly remarkable 
is that Arthur didn't set out to

1557
01:18:51,600 --> 01:18:54,200
create a new genre. 
He was merely attempting to 

1558
01:18:54,200 --> 01:18:56,800
craft entertaining stories that 
would contribute to his 

1559
01:18:56,800 --> 01:19:00,800
financial stability, but in 
creating homes, he attacked into

1560
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:04,500
something fundamental about how 
human minds work and what kinds 

1561
01:19:04,500 --> 01:19:06,800
of stories satisfy us at the 
deepest level. 

1562
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:10,700
The impact was immediate and 
Lasting other writers began 

1563
01:19:10,700 --> 01:19:13,400
creating their own detective 
characters, but they all 

1564
01:19:13,400 --> 01:19:16,800
followed the homes model. 
The genre that Arthur had 

1565
01:19:16,800 --> 01:19:19,300
accidentally invented became one
of the most popular forms of 

1566
01:19:19,300 --> 01:19:24,100
fiction. spawning thousands of 
books, plays movies and 

1567
01:19:24,100 --> 01:19:27,700
television shows, here's where 
our story takes an ironic twist,

1568
01:19:27,700 --> 01:19:32,400
that would make Holmes himself 
smile, Riley, Arthur Conan 

1569
01:19:32,400 --> 01:19:35,400
Doyle, having created the most 
beloved detective in literary. 

1570
01:19:35,400 --> 01:19:37,900
History began to view his 
Creation with something 

1571
01:19:37,900 --> 01:19:40,600
approaching horror. 
It's like watching someone 

1572
01:19:40,600 --> 01:19:43,200
created a beautiful garden and 
then become frustrated when 

1573
01:19:43,200 --> 01:19:45,400
everyone wants to talk about the
flowers instead of the 

1574
01:19:45,400 --> 01:19:49,200
vegetables you see Arthur had 
bigger Ambitions than writing 

1575
01:19:49,200 --> 01:19:52,800
detective stories, he fancied 
himself, a serious literary 

1576
01:19:52,800 --> 01:19:54,300
author. 
The kind who would write 

1577
01:19:54,300 --> 01:19:57,300
important historical novels that
would be studied in universities

1578
01:19:57,300 --> 01:20:00,300
for Generations. 
He dreamed of crafting sweeping 

1579
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:04,400
epics about medieval, knights 
and Noble causes stories that 

1580
01:20:04,400 --> 01:20:07,100
would Elevate the human spirit 
and earn him a place among the 

1581
01:20:07,100 --> 01:20:10,300
foremost literary Masters. but 
every time he published a 

1582
01:20:10,308 --> 01:20:13,400
historical novel readers would 
politely applaud and then 

1583
01:20:13,400 --> 01:20:17,700
immediately asked When's the 
next home Story coming out, it 

1584
01:20:17,700 --> 01:20:19,600
was like being a chef who 
creates an elaborate 

1585
01:20:19,600 --> 01:20:23,100
seven-course meal, only to have 
everyone ignore the artistically

1586
01:20:23,100 --> 01:20:26,300
arranged vegetables and ask for 
more of the simple bread rolls. 

1587
01:20:27,400 --> 01:20:30,000
The problem was that Holmes had 
become phenomenally successful. 

1588
01:20:31,000 --> 01:20:34,200
By the 1890s Arthur was earning 
more money from his detective 

1589
01:20:34,200 --> 01:20:36,100
stories than he had ever dreamed
possible. 

1590
01:20:36,800 --> 01:20:39,500
The Strand magazine was paying 
him handsomely for each new 

1591
01:20:39,500 --> 01:20:42,100
home's adventure, and readers, 
couldn't get enough of them, 

1592
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:45,700
however, Arthur realized that 
success could also be a form of 

1593
01:20:45,700 --> 01:20:48,500
isolation. 
He began to feel like home's was

1594
01:20:48,500 --> 01:20:50,800
overshadowing everything else he
wanted to accomplish. 

1595
01:20:51,700 --> 01:20:54,500
People introduced him as the 
creator of Sherlock Holmes. 

1596
01:20:54,500 --> 01:20:57,800
Not as the author of historical 
novels about medieval England, 

1597
01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:01,600
His serious literary, work was 
being treated as a side project.

1598
01:21:01,600 --> 01:21:05,000
While his detective stories were
considered his main achievement 

1599
01:21:05,900 --> 01:21:08,100
It was deeply frustrating for a 
man who had worked. 

1600
01:21:08,100 --> 01:21:10,700
So hard to establish himself as 
a serious writer. 

1601
01:21:11,600 --> 01:21:14,800
In 1893 Arthur made one of the 
most shocking decisions in 

1602
01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:17,400
literary history. 
Bringing the situation to its 

1603
01:21:17,400 --> 01:21:19,800
peak. 
He decided to kill off Sherlock 

1604
01:21:19,800 --> 01:21:22,300
Holmes. 
He did not kill off Sherlock. 

1605
01:21:22,300 --> 01:21:26,600
Holmes gradually through old age
or in a subtle manner instead, 

1606
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:30,200
he did so dramatically in a 
story called the final problem, 

1607
01:21:30,200 --> 01:21:33,500
he sent home's tumbling over the
riken before Falls in. 

1608
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:36,800
Switzerland locked in Mortal 
Combat with his arch, nemesis 

1609
01:21:36,800 --> 01:21:40,600
Professor Moriarty Arthur 
believed he was liberating 

1610
01:21:40,600 --> 01:21:43,700
himself from the detective, whom
he considered a burden. 

1611
01:21:43,700 --> 01:21:47,100
He imagined that with Holmes 
gone readers would finally pay 

1612
01:21:47,100 --> 01:21:50,100
attention to his other work. 
He could write about historical 

1613
01:21:50,100 --> 01:21:53,800
subjects, explore spiritual 
themes and create the kind of 

1614
01:21:53,808 --> 01:21:56,000
literature that would earn him 
lasting respect. 

1615
01:21:57,100 --> 01:21:59,700
But Arthur seriously 
underestimated how much people 

1616
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:02,500
loved homes. 
The reaction to the final 

1617
01:22:02,500 --> 01:22:05,600
problem was unlike anything. 
The literary world had ever seen

1618
01:22:05,600 --> 01:22:10,300
readers were devastated. 
The Strand magazine, lost 20,000

1619
01:22:10,300 --> 01:22:13,600
subscribers overnight. 
People wore black armbands in 

1620
01:22:13,600 --> 01:22:17,000
mourning, some readers wrote, 
Furious letters, accusing Arthur

1621
01:22:17,000 --> 01:22:19,700
of literary murder. 
Others simply refused to believe

1622
01:22:19,700 --> 01:22:23,000
that home's was really dead. 
The outcry was so intense that 

1623
01:22:23,000 --> 01:22:26,200
it surprised even after he'd 
considered home's to be merely 

1624
01:22:26,200 --> 01:22:29,300
another character in, yet 
another story but to readers 

1625
01:22:29,300 --> 01:22:32,300
homes, had evolved into 
something far more significant. 

1626
01:22:32,300 --> 01:22:36,500
He was a symbol of rational 
thought triumphing over chaos of

1627
01:22:36,500 --> 01:22:38,800
Justice. 
Prevailing over, evil of 

1628
01:22:38,800 --> 01:22:41,000
intelligence, solving problems 
that seemed impossible. 

1629
01:22:41,900 --> 01:22:44,000
Killing home's felt like killing
hope itself. 

1630
01:22:44,800 --> 01:22:48,200
For 8 years, Arthur held firm. 
He continued writing his 

1631
01:22:48,200 --> 01:22:51,600
historical novels his spiritual 
exploration, and his serious 

1632
01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:54,500
literary works. 
But the ghost of Holmes, 

1633
01:22:54,500 --> 01:22:57,700
haunted, everything he did. 
Rita's kept asking when the 

1634
01:22:57,700 --> 01:23:00,700
detective would return 
Publishers kept offering him 

1635
01:23:00,700 --> 01:23:03,800
enormous sums for new home 
stories and Arthur kept 

1636
01:23:03,800 --> 01:23:05,500
insisting. 
That the character was dead and 

1637
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:09,700
buried. 
Finally, in 1901, Arthur gave 

1638
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:13,700
into the pressure, he wrote The 
Hound of the Baskervilles, which

1639
01:23:13,700 --> 01:23:16,200
he positioned as a story from 
before Holmes's death. 

1640
01:23:16,900 --> 01:23:18,900
But readers weren't satisfied 
with a prequel. 

1641
01:23:18,900 --> 01:23:22,100
They wanted their detective back
in the present, solving new 

1642
01:23:22,100 --> 01:23:25,700
Mysteries. 
The demand was so intense that 

1643
01:23:25,700 --> 01:23:27,500
Arthur eventually had to perform
literary. 

1644
01:23:27,500 --> 01:23:30,200
Resurrection surgery, bringing 
home's back to life in the 

1645
01:23:30,200 --> 01:23:32,600
adventure of the empty house in 
1903. 

1646
01:23:33,900 --> 01:23:36,800
Arthur's explanation for how 
home survived the fall was in 

1647
01:23:36,800 --> 01:23:39,000
genius. 
But clearly written by someone 

1648
01:23:39,000 --> 01:23:41,400
who was trying to solve a 
problem, he'd never intended to 

1649
01:23:41,400 --> 01:23:44,000
create. 
Home had faked his death. 

1650
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:47,100
He explained living in hiding 
for three years while tracking 

1651
01:23:47,100 --> 01:23:49,000
down the rest of Moriarty's 
organization. 

1652
01:23:49,000 --> 01:23:52,800
It was a clever solution that 
you could almost hear Arthur 

1653
01:23:52,800 --> 01:23:55,600
sighing, as he wrote it. 
The whole episode reveals 

1654
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:58,500
something, fascinating about the
relationship between authors and

1655
01:23:58,500 --> 01:24:02,000
their creations, Arthur had 
intended homes to be a temporary

1656
01:24:02,000 --> 01:24:04,700
character. 
A means to an end a way to pay 

1657
01:24:04,700 --> 01:24:07,100
the bills while he worked on 
more important projects. 

1658
01:24:07,900 --> 01:24:10,700
Great fictional characters have 
a way of taking on lives of 

1659
01:24:10,700 --> 01:24:13,800
their own becoming more real to 
readers than the people who 

1660
01:24:13,800 --> 01:24:16,900
created them. 
For the remainder of his life. 

1661
01:24:16,900 --> 01:24:20,200
Arthur continued to write home 
stories yet, he never fully 

1662
01:24:20,200 --> 01:24:22,400
reconciled with the success of 
his creation. 

1663
01:24:22,400 --> 01:24:26,300
He was proud of the detective's 
popularity, but he was also 

1664
01:24:26,300 --> 01:24:29,400
frustrated that his serious work
never received the same 

1665
01:24:29,400 --> 01:24:32,000
attention. 
It's one of literature's finest 

1666
01:24:32,000 --> 01:24:34,600
ironies that the work Arthur 
considered his lesser 

1667
01:24:34,600 --> 01:24:36,800
achievement, turned out to be 
his greatest contribution to the

1668
01:24:36,800 --> 01:24:38,700
world. 
Now, let's dive into something 

1669
01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:41,400
that makes the home stories 
particularly fascinating. 

1670
01:24:42,200 --> 01:24:44,900
The way Arthur woe real 
scientific Advance is into his 

1671
01:24:44,900 --> 01:24:48,000
fictional detective work. 
It's like watching someone build

1672
01:24:48,000 --> 01:24:50,800
a bridge between the world of 
imagination and the world of 

1673
01:24:50,800 --> 01:24:53,600
scientific progress, creating 
something that was both 

1674
01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:57,700
entertaining and educational. 
Arthur wasn't just a writer. 

1675
01:24:57,700 --> 01:25:00,800
He was a trained physician who 
had studied the latest 

1676
01:25:00,800 --> 01:25:04,600
scientific methods of his time 
when he created homes, he was 

1677
01:25:04,608 --> 01:25:07,900
essentially asking the question.
What would crime solving look 

1678
01:25:07,900 --> 01:25:09,200
like? 
If it were approached with the 

1679
01:25:09,200 --> 01:25:13,300
same scientific rigor, that was 
revolutionizing medicine and 

1680
01:25:13,300 --> 01:25:16,800
other fields? 
consider homes as famous method 

1681
01:25:16,800 --> 01:25:19,900
of deducing, someone's entire 
life story from Tiny, physical 

1682
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:23,700
Clues, This approach wasn't just
literally fantasy. 

1683
01:25:23,700 --> 01:25:27,300
It was based on real scientific 
principles that Arthur had 

1684
01:25:27,300 --> 01:25:30,900
learned in medical school. 
Dr. Joseph Bell had shown that 

1685
01:25:30,900 --> 01:25:33,600
careful observation could reveal
incredible amounts of 

1686
01:25:33,600 --> 01:25:35,700
information about a person's 
life and habits. 

1687
01:25:36,600 --> 01:25:39,300
Arthur took this concept and 
applied it to detective, work, 

1688
01:25:39,300 --> 01:25:42,400
creating a character who could 
read people like books. 

1689
01:25:43,100 --> 01:25:45,800
Holmes's use of fingerprints is 
particularly intriguing because 

1690
01:25:45,800 --> 01:25:47,500
Arthur was actually ahead of his
time. 

1691
01:25:47,500 --> 01:25:50,700
Police forces didn't widely, use
fingerprinting until the early 

1692
01:25:50,700 --> 01:25:55,100
1900s despite the publication of
the first home story in 1887 

1693
01:25:55,100 --> 01:25:58,500
Arthur, had read about the 
scientific work on fingerprints 

1694
01:25:58,500 --> 01:26:01,300
and Incorporated it into his 
fiction before most real 

1695
01:26:01,300 --> 01:26:05,400
detectives and even heard of it.
In many ways, home's was using 

1696
01:26:05,400 --> 01:26:07,900
forensic techniques that 
wouldn't become standard police 

1697
01:26:07,900 --> 01:26:09,600
procedure for another decade or 
two. 

1698
01:26:10,500 --> 01:26:13,300
The same was true for many other
scientific methods that Holmes 

1699
01:26:13,300 --> 01:26:16,500
employed the analyzed 
handwriting studied different 

1700
01:26:16,500 --> 01:26:19,900
types of tobacco Ash examined 
Footprints, with scientific 

1701
01:26:19,900 --> 01:26:23,500
precision and used chemical test
to detect blood stains. 

1702
01:26:24,400 --> 01:26:27,600
These weren't just clever plot 
devices, they were based on real

1703
01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:30,700
scientific techniques that were 
being developed in Laboratories 

1704
01:26:30,700 --> 01:26:33,700
around the world. 
Arthur was particularly 

1705
01:26:33,700 --> 01:26:36,000
fascinated by the emerging field
of Toxicology. 

1706
01:26:37,200 --> 01:26:39,900
Study of poisons and their 
effects on the human body. 

1707
01:26:39,900 --> 01:26:43,700
Arthur's medical background, and
his interest in using science to

1708
01:26:43,700 --> 01:26:46,900
solve, crimes are evident in 
several home stories that 

1709
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:49,300
feature exotic poisons and their
detection. 

1710
01:26:50,200 --> 01:26:52,600
He understood that poison was 
often a weapon of choice for 

1711
01:26:52,600 --> 01:26:55,500
Cleaver criminals, because it 
was difficult to detect with the

1712
01:26:55,500 --> 01:26:57,800
crude methods of available to 
most police forces. 

1713
01:26:58,900 --> 01:27:02,400
Holmes's laboratory at 221B, 
Baker Street was filled with the

1714
01:27:02,400 --> 01:27:05,000
kind of equipment that real 
scientists were using to make 

1715
01:27:05,000 --> 01:27:08,900
breakthrough discoveries. 
Any serious research facility of

1716
01:27:08,908 --> 01:27:11,100
the time would have contained 
the chemical operators 

1717
01:27:11,100 --> 01:27:13,800
microscopes and reference books 
that Arthur described. 

1718
01:27:14,600 --> 01:27:16,900
He was showing readers that 
scientific methods could be 

1719
01:27:16,900 --> 01:27:18,500
applied to criminal 
investigation. 

1720
01:27:18,500 --> 01:27:21,800
Turning detective work from a 
matter of luck and intuition 

1721
01:27:21,800 --> 01:27:25,900
into a systematic process. 
But Arthur's genius was in. 

1722
01:27:25,908 --> 01:27:28,900
Making these scientific methods 
accessible to ordinary readers. 

1723
01:27:28,900 --> 01:27:32,300
He didn't bog down his stories 
with technical details or 

1724
01:27:32,300 --> 01:27:34,400
lengthy explanations of 
scientific principles. 

1725
01:27:34,400 --> 01:27:38,400
Instead he showed homes using 
these methods in action. 

1726
01:27:38,400 --> 01:27:41,200
Sold in crime through careful 
observation and logical 

1727
01:27:41,200 --> 01:27:43,600
analysis. 
Rita's could follow the 

1728
01:27:43,600 --> 01:27:46,700
detectives reasoning process 
without needing background in 

1729
01:27:46,700 --> 01:27:50,300
chemistry or biology. 
This approach had an unexpected 

1730
01:27:50,300 --> 01:27:53,700
educational affect many readers 
learned about scientific 

1731
01:27:53,700 --> 01:27:56,600
methods, through holmes' 
stories, often without realizing

1732
01:27:56,600 --> 01:27:59,000
they were getting a science 
lesson along with their 

1733
01:27:59,000 --> 01:28:01,900
entertainment, the stories 
helped popularize. 

1734
01:28:01,900 --> 01:28:04,500
The idea that rational 
scientific thinking could solve 

1735
01:28:04,500 --> 01:28:08,000
complex problems contributing to
the growing public respect for 

1736
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:11,100
scientific methods. 
The Victorian belief that human 

1737
01:28:11,100 --> 01:28:13,000
behavior, followed logical 
patterns, that were 

1738
01:28:13,000 --> 01:28:16,400
understandable and predictable 
also influenced homes as 

1739
01:28:16,400 --> 01:28:19,600
approach to Crime solving. if 
you studied someone carefully 

1740
01:28:19,600 --> 01:28:22,900
enough home suggested, you could
understand their motivations 

1741
01:28:22,900 --> 01:28:27,400
predict their actions and solve 
the puzzles, they created This 

1742
01:28:27,400 --> 01:28:29,700
was a reassuring message for 
readers who were living through 

1743
01:28:29,700 --> 01:28:32,200
a period of Rapid social change 
and uncertainty. 

1744
01:28:33,000 --> 01:28:35,600
The scientific accuracy of homes
is methods, varied? 

1745
01:28:35,600 --> 01:28:39,100
Of course, some of his 
deductions were based on solid 

1746
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:42,000
observational principles While 
others were more fantastic. 

1747
01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:45,600
But Arthur was careful to 
ground, even his most dramatic 

1748
01:28:45,600 --> 01:28:47,800
solution in plausible, 
scientific reasoning. 

1749
01:28:48,500 --> 01:28:50,900
He wanted readers to believe 
that Holmes's methods could 

1750
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:54,100
actually work even if they were 
sometimes exaggerated for 

1751
01:28:54,100 --> 01:28:57,300
dramatic effect. 
What's particularly remarkable 

1752
01:28:57,300 --> 01:29:00,200
is how many of homes is 
fictional forensic techniques. 

1753
01:29:00,200 --> 01:29:03,600
Eventually became standard 
police procedure Arthur's 

1754
01:29:03,600 --> 01:29:06,600
imagination frequently for Saul 
real, scientific advancements 

1755
01:29:06,600 --> 01:29:09,800
proposing, investigative 
techniques that would not gain 

1756
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:12,000
widespread acceptance for years 
or decades. 

1757
01:29:13,100 --> 01:29:15,800
In many ways, the home store is 
served as a kind of training 

1758
01:29:15,800 --> 01:29:18,900
manual for future detectives 
showing them possibilities. 

1759
01:29:18,900 --> 01:29:20,700
They might not have considered 
otherwise. 

1760
01:29:21,500 --> 01:29:23,600
The scientific Foundation of 
homes is methods. 

1761
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:26,000
Also helped to establish The 
credibility of detective 

1762
01:29:26,000 --> 01:29:29,200
fiction, as a genre. 
These were just wild adventures 

1763
01:29:29,200 --> 01:29:31,300
stories. 
There were logical puzzles, that

1764
01:29:31,300 --> 01:29:33,100
could be sold through careful 
reasoning. 

1765
01:29:34,000 --> 01:29:37,100
This intellectual respectability
helped, Elevate crime, fiction 

1766
01:29:37,100 --> 01:29:39,400
from Mere Sensational 
entertainment, to a more 

1767
01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:42,800
sophisticated form of literature
as we reach the end of our cozy 

1768
01:29:42,800 --> 01:29:45,000
Journey Through the origins of 
Sherlock Holmes. 

1769
01:29:45,000 --> 01:29:48,200
It's worth pondering. 
Why this character has refused 

1770
01:29:48,200 --> 01:29:50,900
to stay buried in the Victorian 
era where he was born. 

1771
01:29:51,900 --> 01:29:55,400
Like a particularly persistent 
ghost home has horned every 

1772
01:29:55,400 --> 01:29:59,000
generation since Arthur, first 
dreamed him up adapting to New 

1773
01:29:59,000 --> 01:30:01,700
Times while somehow remaining 
eternally himself. 

1774
01:30:02,600 --> 01:30:05,200
The remarkable thing about homes
is, how he's managed to 

1775
01:30:05,200 --> 01:30:07,000
transcend his original time and 
place. 

1776
01:30:07,000 --> 01:30:09,400
You can transplant him to modern
day. 

1777
01:30:09,400 --> 01:30:11,700
London. 
Give him a smartphone and access

1778
01:30:11,700 --> 01:30:14,300
to the internet and he still 
fundamentally the same 

1779
01:30:14,300 --> 01:30:16,900
character. 
His methods change. 

1780
01:30:16,900 --> 01:30:20,000
You might use DNA analysis 
instead of tobacco, Ash 

1781
01:30:20,000 --> 01:30:22,700
identification, but is 
essential, nature remains 

1782
01:30:22,700 --> 01:30:25,300
unchanged. 
He continues to be a brilliant 

1783
01:30:25,308 --> 01:30:28,900
Outsider, who perceives what 
others Overlook a man capable of

1784
01:30:28,908 --> 01:30:31,400
bringing order to chaos through 
sheer intellect. 

1785
01:30:32,400 --> 01:30:35,100
This adaptability suggests that 
Arthur tapped into something 

1786
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:38,000
deeper than just Victorian 
anxieties about crime and urban 

1787
01:30:38,008 --> 01:30:40,300
life. 
He created a character who 

1788
01:30:40,300 --> 01:30:43,700
represents Timeless human 
desires the wish to make sense 

1789
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:47,100
of a confusing world. 
The hope that intelligence can 

1790
01:30:47,100 --> 01:30:49,900
triumph over evil and the 
comfort of knowing that there's 

1791
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:52,400
someone out there who can solve 
problems that seem impossible to

1792
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:55,300
the rest of us. 
Every generation has found its 

1793
01:30:55,300 --> 01:30:58,800
reasons to love homes. during 
the world wars, he represented 

1794
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:01,500
British resilience and the 
Triumph of civilization over 

1795
01:31:01,500 --> 01:31:06,000
barbarism In the 1960s, he 
became a counterculture hero. 

1796
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:09,200
The ultimate individualist who 
refused to conform to social 

1797
01:31:09,200 --> 01:31:12,300
expectations in our current age 
of information overload. 

1798
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:15,300
He's the person who can cut 
through the noise and find the 

1799
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:18,400
signal and can separate truth 
from the overwhelming flood of 

1800
01:31:18,408 --> 01:31:22,500
data that surrounds us. 
The stories themselves have 

1801
01:31:22,500 --> 01:31:25,200
taken on a life that goes far 
beyond what Arthur ever 

1802
01:31:25,200 --> 01:31:29,100
imagined. 
There are more than 25,000 home 

1803
01:31:29,100 --> 01:31:32,000
stories that have been written 
by other authors, creating a 

1804
01:31:32,000 --> 01:31:34,900
vast literary universe. 
That continues to expand more 

1805
01:31:34,900 --> 01:31:37,000
than a century after the 
characters creation. 

1806
01:31:38,000 --> 01:31:40,500
Holmes appeared in every medium 
imaginable. 

1807
01:31:40,500 --> 01:31:45,600
Radio shows, television series 
movies, video games, and even 

1808
01:31:45,600 --> 01:31:49,600
virtual reality experiences. 
But perhaps, the most remarkable

1809
01:31:49,600 --> 01:31:53,200
thing about homes is how he's 
managed to become more real than

1810
01:31:53,200 --> 01:31:57,100
many, actual people you can 
visit 221B Baker Street in 

1811
01:31:57,100 --> 01:32:00,100
London, where there's a museum 
dedicated to the fictional 

1812
01:32:00,100 --> 01:32:03,000
Detective. 
The Royal Mail issues stamps, 

1813
01:32:03,000 --> 01:32:05,600
featuring homes. 
The British government has given

1814
01:32:05,600 --> 01:32:08,800
him an official address, there 
are societies around the world, 

1815
01:32:08,800 --> 01:32:11,600
dedicated to studying his 
methods and analyzing his 

1816
01:32:11,600 --> 01:32:14,300
adventures as if they were 
historical documents. 

1817
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:17,100
This blurring of the line 
between fiction and reality, 

1818
01:32:17,100 --> 01:32:20,000
would have amused off. 
Arthur you spent so much of his 

1819
01:32:20,000 --> 01:32:22,200
later life. 
Trying to convince people that 

1820
01:32:22,200 --> 01:32:24,100
Holmes was just a character in 
stories. 

1821
01:32:24,100 --> 01:32:27,400
He'd written. 
But the Public's insistence on 

1822
01:32:27,400 --> 01:32:29,800
treating homes. 
As a real person speaks to 

1823
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:32,700
something profound about the 
power of outstanding, fictional 

1824
01:32:32,700 --> 01:32:36,000
characters to capture our 
imaginations and become part of 

1825
01:32:36,008 --> 01:32:40,700
our shared cultural reality. 
The influence of homes on real 

1826
01:32:40,700 --> 01:32:42,800
world, detective work has been 
enormous. 

1827
01:32:43,600 --> 01:32:46,200
Police departments around the 
world have adopted methods that 

1828
01:32:46,200 --> 01:32:49,700
homes used in fiction decades 
before they became standard 

1829
01:32:49,700 --> 01:32:52,700
practice. 
The careful examination of crime

1830
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:56,200
scenes, the scientific analysis 
of evidence and the 

1831
01:32:56,200 --> 01:32:58,000
psychological profiling of 
suspects. 

1832
01:32:58,000 --> 01:33:01,100
These techniques that seem 
obvious to us now were 

1833
01:33:01,100 --> 01:33:03,200
revolutionary when Arthur first 
wrote about them. 

1834
01:33:03,200 --> 01:33:06,800
Holmes has also influenced how 
we think about problem solving 

1835
01:33:06,800 --> 01:33:09,300
in general. 
Is method of careful 

1836
01:33:09,300 --> 01:33:13,200
observation, logical deduction, 
and systematic analysis has been

1837
01:33:13,200 --> 01:33:17,100
applied to Fields, far beyond 
criminal investigation, Business

1838
01:33:17,100 --> 01:33:19,900
Leaders. 
Scientists and Educators have 

1839
01:33:19,900 --> 01:33:23,800
all found ways to apply home 
thinking to their challenges as 

1840
01:33:23,800 --> 01:33:26,400
you settle back into your 
comfortable, chair, and perhaps,

1841
01:33:26,400 --> 01:33:30,600
Close Your Eyes For a Moment. 
Consider this Somewhere in the 

1842
01:33:30,608 --> 01:33:32,200
world. 
Right now, someone is 

1843
01:33:32,200 --> 01:33:35,700
discovering Sherlock Holmes for 
the first time their 

1844
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:39,200
experiencing that same sense of 
wonder that readers felt more 

1845
01:33:39,200 --> 01:33:41,600
than a century ago. 
When they first encountered the 

1846
01:33:41,600 --> 01:33:45,900
tall thin detective with his 
piercing eyes and incredible 

1847
01:33:45,900 --> 01:33:49,700
deductive abilities. 
Character that Arthur Conan 

1848
01:33:49,700 --> 01:33:53,000
Doyle created in frustration, 
developed with reluctance and 

1849
01:33:53,000 --> 01:33:55,900
tried to kill off, in 
exasperation has become one of 

1850
01:33:55,900 --> 01:33:58,200
the most enduring figures in all
of literature. 

1851
01:33:58,800 --> 01:34:01,800
Holmes represents our Eternal, 
hope that reason can triumph 

1852
01:34:01,800 --> 01:34:04,800
over chaos, that careful, 
observation can reveal Hidden 

1853
01:34:04,800 --> 01:34:06,800
Truths. 
And that there's always a 

1854
01:34:06,800 --> 01:34:10,800
logical solution to even the 
most baffling mystery. in a 

1855
01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:14,300
world that often seems random 
and senseless homes offers, the 

1856
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:16,600
comforting assurance, that 
everything makes sense, if you 

1857
01:34:16,600 --> 01:34:19,600
just know how to look at it 
properly, He's the friend. 

1858
01:34:19,600 --> 01:34:23,000
We all wish we had the mind. 
We all wish we possessed. 

1859
01:34:23,000 --> 01:34:25,700
And the reassurance, we all need
that somewhere out there. 

1860
01:34:25,700 --> 01:34:28,900
Some one is smart enough to 
solve the problems that baffle 

1861
01:34:28,900 --> 01:34:35,600
the rest of us. 
Imagine yourself curled up in a 

1862
01:34:35,600 --> 01:34:38,000
cozy, chair, with a mug of 
something warm, because we're 

1863
01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:40,200
going to meet one of the most 
misunderstood figures in 

1864
01:34:40,200 --> 01:34:43,000
American history. 
Perhaps, you and your parents, 

1865
01:34:43,000 --> 01:34:44,900
whom the Disney song About Davy 
Crockett. 

1866
01:34:45,700 --> 01:34:47,600
Frontier hero with the coonskin 
cap. 

1867
01:34:49,000 --> 01:34:51,800
Instead of starting with bear 
wrestling or political speeches,

1868
01:34:51,800 --> 01:34:55,300
the true tale of David Crockett 
begins with a Restless lad who 

1869
01:34:55,300 --> 01:34:58,300
couldn't settle in to anything, 
and he was far more fascinating 

1870
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:02,300
than any myth. 
David sometimes known as Davey 

1871
01:35:02,300 --> 01:35:06,500
until the politicians had their 
hands on him was born in 1786 

1872
01:35:06,500 --> 01:35:09,800
into a nomadic family, in a 
one-room cabin and what is now 

1873
01:35:09,800 --> 01:35:13,700
Eastern Tennessee. 
John his father was the type of 

1874
01:35:13,700 --> 01:35:16,100
man who had constantly look to 
the adjacent Valley for 

1875
01:35:16,100 --> 01:35:18,600
brighter. 
Prospects, young David likely 

1876
01:35:18,600 --> 01:35:21,200
assumed that having a permanent 
address was something that only 

1877
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:23,600
other people experience because 
the Crockett's packed up and 

1878
01:35:23,600 --> 01:35:26,500
moved. 
So frequently, now it's easy to 

1879
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:29,600
picture rugged outdoorsy kids 
growing up on the frontier, but 

1880
01:35:29,600 --> 01:35:31,400
David was really quite The 
Eccentric. 

1881
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:35,700
Unlike his peers, David appeared
to have an aversion to sitting 

1882
01:35:35,700 --> 01:35:38,000
still even though they were 
learning to plow fields, and 

1883
01:35:38,000 --> 01:35:41,200
tend to livestock school. 
As he knew, it seemed to snug as

1884
01:35:41,200 --> 01:35:44,300
a pair of pine box shoes. 
And his thoughts ran a mark like

1885
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:47,400
a free chicken. 
Formal education wasn't for him.

1886
01:35:47,400 --> 01:35:50,900
After only four days of class, 
this decision would come back to

1887
01:35:50,900 --> 01:35:54,000
haunt him years later when he 
struggled to sound adult in 

1888
01:35:54,000 --> 01:35:59,000
letters to his wife. at the 
tender age of 13 David's father,

1889
01:35:59,000 --> 01:36:03,300
likely destroyed rented him out 
to a cattle driver Envision 

1890
01:36:03,300 --> 01:36:06,400
yourself as a 13 year old, who 
is unexpectedly tasked with 

1891
01:36:06,400 --> 01:36:09,300
transporting, hundreds of 
finicky cows over Uncharted 

1892
01:36:09,300 --> 01:36:12,700
land. 
David learned that cows had zero

1893
01:36:12,700 --> 01:36:15,700
regard for a Young Person's 
timetable or dignity as he 

1894
01:36:15,700 --> 01:36:18,500
trudged through muck for months 
while sleeping under the stars. 

1895
01:36:19,500 --> 01:36:21,700
However, he felt a connection to
that trip. 

1896
01:36:22,600 --> 01:36:25,400
Because of his Restless 
personality, he thrived on the 

1897
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:28,900
wide Road where he was always 
moving and had to tackle 

1898
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:31,900
difficulties as they arose. 
David had gained the 

1899
01:36:31,908 --> 01:36:34,900
self-assurance that comes from 
facing adversity, head-on, and 

1900
01:36:34,900 --> 01:36:37,400
had grown three inches. 
By the time he reached home, 

1901
01:36:38,200 --> 01:36:41,700
However, he still had issues 
with his studies in a family 

1902
01:36:41,700 --> 01:36:43,200
where everyone could write their
names. 

1903
01:36:43,200 --> 01:36:46,100
He felt like the outcast because
he still couldn't read past 

1904
01:36:46,100 --> 01:36:47,700
first grade when he was 15 years
old. 

1905
01:36:48,700 --> 01:36:50,300
So he struck a bargain with his 
dad. 

1906
01:36:51,100 --> 01:36:52,600
He'd pay off the family's 
obligations. 

1907
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:55,800
If he could go back to school. 
Imagine a classroom full of 

1908
01:36:55,800 --> 01:36:58,700
seven year olds with 15 year old
David crammed. 

1909
01:36:58,700 --> 01:37:03,100
In his banging, the small desk, 
trying to learn his letters at a

1910
01:37:03,100 --> 01:37:05,400
time when other boys is age or 
already planning marriage and 

1911
01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:08,200
starting families. 
Although it must have been 

1912
01:37:08,200 --> 01:37:11,100
difficult for his pride. 
David persisted for a few months

1913
01:37:11,100 --> 01:37:13,600
as he gradually acquired. 
The fundamental abilities 

1914
01:37:13,600 --> 01:37:16,300
necessary for the complex life 
that lay ahead. 

1915
01:37:17,400 --> 01:37:20,600
Like many other youngsters David
found himself thrust into 

1916
01:37:20,600 --> 01:37:22,500
manhood on the frontier before 
he was ready. 

1917
01:37:23,200 --> 01:37:27,100
At the age of 16, he had found a
job with a nearby farmer where 

1918
01:37:27,100 --> 01:37:30,500
he could support his family and 
begin to shape his future even 

1919
01:37:30,500 --> 01:37:33,100
when things became rough. 
He had a way of making people 

1920
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:36,100
laugh and his stubborn streak 
would keep them going long after

1921
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:38,800
they gave up. 
He wasn't the brightest student 

1922
01:37:38,800 --> 01:37:42,500
or the toughest worker, but he 
had something else in those 

1923
01:37:42,500 --> 01:37:45,000
formative years. 
He virtually appears as a 

1924
01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:48,300
towering lanky boy with enormous
hands and a wicked grin. 

1925
01:37:48,300 --> 01:37:50,100
That seems to be perpetually 
hatching. 

1926
01:37:50,100 --> 01:37:53,700
A plot parents were first 
frightened by his Boundless 

1927
01:37:53,700 --> 01:37:57,200
Energy, but they eventually came
to forgive him for his charisma.

1928
01:37:58,200 --> 01:38:01,000
Years would pass before he 
became the renowned frontiersmen

1929
01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:04,800
but he had all the making of an 
outlaw, an innate desire to 

1930
01:38:04,808 --> 01:38:08,200
strike off on his own and the 
growing suspicion that the easy 

1931
01:38:08,200 --> 01:38:12,200
way out might not be the best 
choice. delving, further into 

1932
01:38:12,200 --> 01:38:15,500
our narrative, let us discuss 
how a young, David discovered, a

1933
01:38:15,500 --> 01:38:19,300
profound truth The ability to 
bring joy to another person's 

1934
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:22,300
life is nearly as valuable as 
their material needs. 

1935
01:38:22,300 --> 01:38:26,300
Almost there, David was smitten 
with a girl from the 

1936
01:38:26,300 --> 01:38:28,700
neighborhood named Polly Finney.
When he was 19 years old. 

1937
01:38:29,500 --> 01:38:31,600
Polly the daughter of a fairly 
well-off farmer. 

1938
01:38:31,600 --> 01:38:34,700
Had her misgiving about this 
clumsy young man who couldn't 

1939
01:38:34,700 --> 01:38:38,200
seem to commit to a career. 
She wasn't your typical Frontier

1940
01:38:38,200 --> 01:38:41,600
woman though by local standards.
She was actually quite refined. 

1941
01:38:42,400 --> 01:38:44,700
As a charmingly awkward, wooing 
tactic. 

1942
01:38:44,700 --> 01:38:47,900
David would attend social events
in the hopes of winning her over

1943
01:38:47,900 --> 01:38:49,900
with his impressive, 
storytelling, abilities. 

1944
01:38:49,900 --> 01:38:52,600
And more importantly, his still 
developing practical 

1945
01:38:52,600 --> 01:38:55,500
capabilities. 
The catch was that David had 

1946
01:38:55,500 --> 01:38:57,900
never mastered accurate shooting
to you. 

1947
01:38:57,900 --> 01:39:01,900
This may not appear significant 
but in 1805 Tennessee a guy who 

1948
01:39:01,900 --> 01:39:04,800
failed to strike his Target was 
as valuable as a chocolate 

1949
01:39:04,800 --> 01:39:07,500
teapot. 
David realized he was in over 

1950
01:39:07,500 --> 01:39:09,000
his head. 
When Polly's, father proposed 

1951
01:39:09,000 --> 01:39:11,600
they go hunting together. 
It was a test of David 

1952
01:39:11,600 --> 01:39:14,400
suitability as a possible son in
law thereafter. 

1953
01:39:14,400 --> 01:39:17,100
He did what any reasonable young
man in love would do. 

1954
01:39:18,000 --> 01:39:21,100
He practiced until his ears, 
rang Non-Stop, and his shoulder 

1955
01:39:21,100 --> 01:39:24,500
turned purple from overuse 
whenever he had a spare moment. 

1956
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:27,900
He would borrow rifles for 
ammunition and shoot at anything

1957
01:39:27,900 --> 01:39:29,200
that would remain still long 
enough. 

1958
01:39:29,900 --> 01:39:32,500
David transformed, the entire 
County into his own private 

1959
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:36,200
range by using objects, such as 
tin cans, fence, posts, and 

1960
01:39:36,200 --> 01:39:38,900
trees. 
He was able to thread a 50, yard

1961
01:39:38,900 --> 01:39:42,700
musket ball needle, by the 
timely wed, Polly in 1806, a 

1962
01:39:42,700 --> 01:39:46,600
testament to his perseverance. 
I mean, not exactly, but it's 

1963
01:39:46,600 --> 01:39:49,300
near enough. 
Marriage was both a blessing and

1964
01:39:49,300 --> 01:39:51,800
a curse for David. 
Though she brought stability 

1965
01:39:51,800 --> 01:39:54,300
poly. 
Also, introduced expectations to

1966
01:39:54,300 --> 01:39:57,400
his Restless temperament. 
No one should live in a tent 

1967
01:39:57,400 --> 01:39:59,800
with a wife. 
It wasn't enough to just eat 

1968
01:39:59,800 --> 01:40:02,900
whatever the kids caught or 
foraged, they required regular 

1969
01:40:02,900 --> 01:40:05,300
meals. 
The age-old conundrum of how to 

1970
01:40:05,308 --> 01:40:08,300
reconcile risk-taking with one's
responsibilities was before 

1971
01:40:08,300 --> 01:40:11,100
David. 
His response was as imaginative 

1972
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:13,600
as usual. 
He would go on hunting trips for

1973
01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:17,100
weeks at a stretch returning 
with a bounty of wild turkey 

1974
01:40:17,100 --> 01:40:20,300
bear and deer that would feed 
the family and be sold off. 

1975
01:40:21,400 --> 01:40:25,000
These were no ordinary camping. 
Excursions, rather David would 

1976
01:40:25,000 --> 01:40:28,900
go far into Uncharted Territory.
Often more than 100 miles from 

1977
01:40:28,900 --> 01:40:32,100
civilization. 
Subsisting only on wild foods 

1978
01:40:32,100 --> 01:40:33,600
and his ever improving 
Marksmanship. 

1979
01:40:34,800 --> 01:40:37,800
The remarkable thing about David
hunting skills is that they came

1980
01:40:37,800 --> 01:40:41,400
about almost unintentionally. 
He had no aspirations of 

1981
01:40:41,400 --> 01:40:44,500
becoming a world-renowned 
marksman, his only goals were to

1982
01:40:44,500 --> 01:40:47,700
provide for his family and on 
occasion, treat Polly to a store

1983
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:51,400
bought dress. 
But David became someone special

1984
01:40:51,400 --> 01:40:54,100
over those countless hours of 
tracking animals through dense 

1985
01:40:54,100 --> 01:40:58,300
forests and Crossing streams. 
He had an almost miraculous 

1986
01:40:58,300 --> 01:41:01,500
knack for reading the forest. 
For seeing when and where 

1987
01:41:01,500 --> 01:41:03,400
animals would be, and how they 
would act. 

1988
01:41:04,400 --> 01:41:07,400
When David returned from hunting
trips with tales, that were too 

1989
01:41:07,400 --> 01:41:10,100
Fantastical to be true. 
His neighbors started to take 

1990
01:41:10,108 --> 01:41:13,100
note Bears that he had pursued 
for several days. 

1991
01:41:13,100 --> 01:41:15,100
Prior to. 
Obtaining, the ideal photograph 

1992
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:18,300
using Justice patients and 
knowledge of the deer's habits. 

1993
01:41:18,300 --> 01:41:21,000
He had successfully brought them
within Arms, Reach. 

1994
01:41:21,000 --> 01:41:24,500
He seemed to have the power to 
hypnotize, wild turkeys with his

1995
01:41:24,500 --> 01:41:27,100
turkey calls. 
The unintended consequence of 

1996
01:41:27,100 --> 01:41:29,800
David's Rising profile. 
As a hunter though, was that 

1997
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:32,400
others began looking to him to 
fix their own issues as well. 

1998
01:41:33,400 --> 01:41:36,900
Animals in Danger from a wolf 
pack, Dave Crockett should be 

1999
01:41:36,900 --> 01:41:39,400
summoned. 
Strange footprints around the 

2000
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:41,200
chicken coop, he'll take care of
it. 

2001
01:41:42,200 --> 01:41:44,700
Unidentified rumbling in the 
forest later at night. 

2002
01:41:45,500 --> 01:41:49,000
Hopefully, my point is clear. 
The ability to narrate stories 

2003
01:41:49,000 --> 01:41:52,300
was what set David apart from 
other Adept Hunters along with 

2004
01:41:52,300 --> 01:41:54,200
the meat. 
He brought home exciting new 

2005
01:41:54,200 --> 01:41:57,600
experiences even a mundane 
hunting trip would seem like an 

2006
01:41:57,600 --> 01:41:59,600
epic adventure when he was in 
his element. 

2007
01:41:59,600 --> 01:42:03,300
What was all the close calls 
flashes of Genius planning and 

2008
01:42:03,300 --> 01:42:06,300
of course, the occasional 
idiotic move that almost cost 

2009
01:42:06,300 --> 01:42:09,000
him his life. 
David had a talent for making 

2010
01:42:09,000 --> 01:42:11,100
even old Tales sound, thrilling,
a new. 

2011
01:42:11,100 --> 01:42:13,700
So even though Polly would roll 
her eyes, she would listen 

2012
01:42:13,700 --> 01:42:16,700
intently. 
When David was in his 

2013
01:42:16,708 --> 01:42:20,100
mid-twenties he had settled into
a routine hunt. 

2014
01:42:20,100 --> 01:42:24,800
Provide tell stories, repeat. 
While he was still a young 

2015
01:42:24,808 --> 01:42:27,800
husband attempting to master the
most important role of his life.

2016
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:30,300
He was laying the groundwork for
the fame. 

2017
01:42:30,300 --> 01:42:33,100
That would come later. 
You would think, David's issues 

2018
01:42:33,100 --> 01:42:34,900
would go away if he just 
mastered hunting? 

2019
01:42:34,900 --> 01:42:36,700
But surprises are a part of 
life. 

2020
01:42:37,500 --> 01:42:40,000
David learned the hard way that 
not even his famed. 

2021
01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:42,900
Hunting abilities could ensure 
Financial stability on the 

2022
01:42:42,900 --> 01:42:46,500
frontier as his family expanded 
Polly had bestowed upon him. 

2023
01:42:46,500 --> 01:42:48,700
Two boys, John Wesley and 
William. 

2024
01:42:50,000 --> 01:42:52,500
Modifications, that would 
radically alter David's, life 

2025
01:42:52,500 --> 01:42:56,800
occurred, in 1813, David joined.
The Tennessee militia as a Scout

2026
01:42:56,800 --> 01:43:00,600
during the creek War which broke
out in Alabama, along with many 

2027
01:43:00,600 --> 01:43:03,500
other young, men seeking 
excitement, stable employment 

2028
01:43:03,500 --> 01:43:05,900
and an opportunity to serve 
their Nation. 

2029
01:43:07,000 --> 01:43:09,800
Unlike in the movies. 
This wasn't somewhere, like 

2030
01:43:09,800 --> 01:43:13,200
military Expedition. 
David devoted most of his time 

2031
01:43:13,200 --> 01:43:16,400
to slogging through marshes 
searching, for Creek, fighters 

2032
01:43:16,400 --> 01:43:19,700
who were more familiar with the 
area than he was and discovering

2033
01:43:19,700 --> 01:43:22,400
that military food was 
infinitely worse than anything. 

2034
01:43:22,400 --> 01:43:26,500
He had ever prepared himself. 
However, David learned, an 

2035
01:43:26,500 --> 01:43:29,200
important lesson, during his 
time in the military, he was 

2036
01:43:29,200 --> 01:43:32,900
born with leadership skills. 
His fellow troops, relied on him

2037
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:36,100
for guidance confidence in his 
judgment, in high stakes 

2038
01:43:36,100 --> 01:43:41,200
situations, and inspiration when
time seemed bleacked As a 

2039
01:43:41,200 --> 01:43:44,200
leader, he didn't believe in 
barking out commands and 

2040
01:43:44,200 --> 01:43:45,900
expecting followers to follow 
suit. 

2041
01:43:45,900 --> 01:43:49,900
Instead, he set a good example 
by treating everyone with the 

2042
01:43:49,900 --> 01:43:52,700
same laid-back. 
Respect, he'd learned to value 

2043
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:55,700
in a world where acting 
superficially may result in 

2044
01:43:55,700 --> 01:43:59,000
death. 
After serving his Country, David

2045
01:43:59,000 --> 01:44:02,400
came home to discover that his 
Fame had expanded Beyond Tales 

2046
01:44:02,400 --> 01:44:04,900
of hunting. 
He had a reputation for being 

2047
01:44:04,900 --> 01:44:07,700
calm Under Pressure. 
Able to make tough calls without

2048
01:44:07,700 --> 01:44:10,500
letting his humor get in the way
and someone who could handle 

2049
01:44:10,500 --> 01:44:14,400
himself in Risky situations. 
These traits would be crucial 

2050
01:44:14,400 --> 01:44:16,900
for David as he approached. 
What he would later refer to as 

2051
01:44:16,900 --> 01:44:19,400
his bare period. 
To make matters. 

2052
01:44:19,400 --> 01:44:21,700
Worse bears in early 19th 
century. 

2053
01:44:21,700 --> 01:44:26,100
Tennessee, were enormous common 
and completely disrespectful of 

2054
01:44:26,100 --> 01:44:29,600
human property rights. 
When bears came into towns and 

2055
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:33,200
search of food, they would rip 
apart huts and generally make 

2056
01:44:33,200 --> 01:44:36,200
life difficult for the people 
who would manage to establish a 

2057
01:44:36,200 --> 01:44:39,400
civilized society. 
When confronted with a problem 

2058
01:44:39,400 --> 01:44:43,200
there, most people, either hope 
it would go away or summoned, a 

2059
01:44:43,200 --> 01:44:45,000
more courageous friend or 
relative for assistance. 

2060
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:49,000
When others saw obstacles, David
saw opportunity. 

2061
01:44:49,700 --> 01:44:52,300
Their hunting, he came to see, 
maybe more than simply a hobby. 

2062
01:44:52,300 --> 01:44:56,200
It could be a full-fledged 
Enterprise, The meat from bears 

2063
01:44:56,200 --> 01:45:00,000
was highly prized their fat 
could be processed into oil for 

2064
01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:03,600
use in cooking and lighting and 
their fur was constantly sought 

2065
01:45:03,600 --> 01:45:06,300
after. 
So when farms and municipalities

2066
01:45:06,300 --> 01:45:09,500
needed help with a bear problem,
they would call David, who 

2067
01:45:09,500 --> 01:45:11,400
became something of a specialist
in the field. 

2068
01:45:12,100 --> 01:45:15,800
He was meticulous and to be 
honest, slightly obsessed when 

2069
01:45:15,800 --> 01:45:19,300
it came to hunting bears. 
David would take on the role of 

2070
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:22,500
a naturalist studying certain 
Bears, observing and studying 

2071
01:45:22,500 --> 01:45:26,200
their behaviors for several days
or weeks before devising tactics

2072
01:45:26,200 --> 01:45:28,300
that were adapted to their 
unique personalities. 

2073
01:45:28,300 --> 01:45:31,700
Yes, the Bears personalities. 
David maintained. 

2074
01:45:31,700 --> 01:45:35,500
The each one was unique with its
own set of peculiarities tastes 

2075
01:45:35,500 --> 01:45:38,500
and degrees of brainpower. 
The outcomes were remarkable 

2076
01:45:38,500 --> 01:45:43,600
David killed. 58 bears in one. 
Very fruitful winter, Just one 

2077
01:45:43,600 --> 01:45:47,500
season, not cross a number of 
years, he was able to become so 

2078
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:51,200
proficient at hunting bears that
he could find kill and prepare 

2079
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:53,500
one in a day or less before 
moving onto the next. 

2080
01:45:54,400 --> 01:45:57,400
Title, that David felt somewhat 
humiliating yet gratifying was 

2081
01:45:57,400 --> 01:46:00,900
bear hunter of the district, a 
Monica, that his neighbor's 

2082
01:46:00,900 --> 01:46:03,900
began to use about him. 
However, there were unforeseen 

2083
01:46:03,900 --> 01:46:06,500
obstacles on the path to success
in the Bear in Industry. 

2084
01:46:06,500 --> 01:46:09,700
David's hunting trips became 
increasingly longer and more 

2085
01:46:09,700 --> 01:46:13,600
frequent often lost in weeks. 
It must have been incredibly 

2086
01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:16,600
challenging for Polly to manage 
their household and raise their 

2087
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:19,800
children all by herself. 
The more muddy and wild smelling

2088
01:46:19,800 --> 01:46:22,300
David would come home. 
After his bare exploits, the 

2089
01:46:22,300 --> 01:46:26,400
more varied feeling would have 
During his time, spent hunting 

2090
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:30,200
bears, David also began to rise 
from the status of Local Hero to

2091
01:46:30,208 --> 01:46:32,000
that of legendary figure in his 
own right. 

2092
01:46:32,000 --> 01:46:35,900
His extraordinary success and 
amusing anecdotes made him a 

2093
01:46:35,900 --> 01:46:38,400
popular speaker. 
And people started asking him to

2094
01:46:38,400 --> 01:46:40,300
parties only to hear about his 
travels. 

2095
01:46:41,300 --> 01:46:43,800
When David realized, he could 
take his life's events and 

2096
01:46:43,800 --> 01:46:46,300
transform them into stories. 
That could Captivate an 

2097
01:46:46,300 --> 01:46:48,700
audience. 
He knew he had a great aptitude 

2098
01:46:48,700 --> 01:46:51,500
for performing. 
David never felt the need to 

2099
01:46:51,500 --> 01:46:54,100
embellish his hunting 
achievements, which is an 

2100
01:46:54,100 --> 01:46:56,900
intriguing aspect. 
It was astonishing enough that 

2101
01:46:56,900 --> 01:46:59,700
it was true. 
However, he did hone an ability 

2102
01:46:59,700 --> 01:47:01,500
to paint vivid pictures of Every
Day. 

2103
01:47:01,500 --> 01:47:05,000
Life bringing drama and humor to
what others might perceive as 

2104
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:08,800
dull happening. 
An ordinary bear hunt devolved 

2105
01:47:08,800 --> 01:47:11,800
into a Titanic, showdown between
humanity and the natural world. 

2106
01:47:11,800 --> 01:47:14,000
Replete with terrifying, 
moments. 

2107
01:47:14,000 --> 01:47:17,600
Brilliant moments. 
And more often than not at least

2108
01:47:17,600 --> 01:47:20,300
one instance of David's actions 
that were ingenious at the 

2109
01:47:20,308 --> 01:47:22,200
moment, but almost cost him his 
life. 

2110
01:47:23,100 --> 01:47:25,900
As we wind down for the next 
chapter, it's important to 

2111
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:29,100
discuss how sometimes we have no
choice but to start over 

2112
01:47:29,100 --> 01:47:31,100
regardless of how prepared we 
are. 

2113
01:47:31,800 --> 01:47:34,500
While David was expecting to 
become famous in his hometown, 

2114
01:47:34,500 --> 01:47:38,000
for his bear hunting exploits 
unexpectedly gained a reputation

2115
01:47:38,000 --> 01:47:40,600
as someone who could solve 
problems and get things done. 

2116
01:47:41,400 --> 01:47:43,900
Because of his Stellar 
reputation, his neighbors, 

2117
01:47:43,900 --> 01:47:46,800
elected him to the position of 
magistrate in 1817. 

2118
01:47:46,800 --> 01:47:50,100
A magistrate was effectively a 
municipal judge who presided 

2119
01:47:50,100 --> 01:47:52,000
over smaller cases and 
disagreements. 

2120
01:47:52,800 --> 01:47:55,900
Just to refresh your memory, 
David's official education was 

2121
01:47:55,900 --> 01:47:58,200
limited to a few months in a 
one-room schoolhouse. 

2122
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:01,700
So when he was suddenly tasked 
with interpreting laws and 

2123
01:48:01,700 --> 01:48:04,800
administering Justice, it was 
like expecting someone who had 

2124
01:48:04,800 --> 01:48:06,800
never piloted an airplane to 
ride horses. 

2125
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:11,000
However, David brought his usual
mix of modesty and common sense 

2126
01:48:11,000 --> 01:48:13,500
to the task. 
He had a really relaxed demeanor

2127
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:17,600
in court fairness practical 
Solutions and David skill in 

2128
01:48:17,600 --> 01:48:19,900
mediating disputes amongst 
squabbling. 

2129
01:48:19,900 --> 01:48:22,600
Neighbors were more important 
than complicated procedures and 

2130
01:48:22,600 --> 01:48:25,700
legal press presidents. 
David would advise the disputing

2131
01:48:25,700 --> 01:48:28,900
Farmers to go for a walk over 
the contested ground and try to 

2132
01:48:28,900 --> 01:48:30,900
come to an agreement when they 
were arguing over? 

2133
01:48:30,900 --> 01:48:33,600
Who owned? 
What David may substitute 

2134
01:48:33,600 --> 01:48:36,600
Community work for a fine where 
the offender is unable to pay 

2135
01:48:36,600 --> 01:48:39,300
the original amount. 
His ruling were, mostly 

2136
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:42,400
reasonable and Equitable, 
however, they lacked legal 

2137
01:48:42,400 --> 01:48:45,400
sophistication. 
Greater political prospects 

2138
01:48:45,400 --> 01:48:47,300
arose as a result of the 
Magistrate Office. 

2139
01:48:48,200 --> 01:48:50,600
No one could have been more 
surprised than David when he was

2140
01:48:50,600 --> 01:48:54,100
elected to the Tennessee State 
Assembly in 1821. 

2141
01:48:55,600 --> 01:48:57,700
Present in the state. 
Capital was a man whose 

2142
01:48:57,700 --> 01:49:00,900
constituency was represented by 
someone who continued to 

2143
01:49:00,900 --> 01:49:02,200
struggle with language and 
spelling. 

2144
01:49:03,100 --> 01:49:06,200
However, David's political 
ideology was surprisingly 

2145
01:49:06,200 --> 01:49:08,800
uncomplicated. 
The government had to assist 

2146
01:49:08,800 --> 01:49:10,700
common people in resolving 
actual issues. 

2147
01:49:10,700 --> 01:49:13,000
Not add further burdens to their
lives. 

2148
01:49:13,000 --> 01:49:17,600
His character was congruent with
his approach to legislation in 

2149
01:49:17,600 --> 01:49:20,500
contrast to his fellow 
legislators, David spoke frankly

2150
01:49:20,500 --> 01:49:23,800
about the issues at hand rather 
than delivering, lengthy 

2151
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:26,000
ceremonial speeches. 
Replete with allusions to 

2152
01:49:26,000 --> 01:49:29,700
classical figures and legalese 
Regardless of party pressure. 

2153
01:49:29,700 --> 01:49:33,100
He usually voted according to 
his conscience which included 

2154
01:49:33,100 --> 01:49:35,900
supporting legislation that 
would help low-income households

2155
01:49:35,900 --> 01:49:38,900
purchase land and opposing 
policies that appeared to 

2156
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:43,600
benefit primarily the wealthy 
However, everything changed when

2157
01:49:43,600 --> 01:49:47,000
a tragic event occurred, David 
was left to raise their three 

2158
01:49:47,000 --> 01:49:49,600
children alone after Polly 
passed away in 1815. 

2159
01:49:50,700 --> 01:49:53,800
A devastating loss befell him 
with Polly as his Rock. 

2160
01:49:53,800 --> 01:49:56,400
He was able to channel his 
Restless Spirit while keeping 

2161
01:49:56,400 --> 01:49:59,100
the peace at home. 
David felt completely 

2162
01:49:59,100 --> 01:50:02,000
disoriented with without her and
it had nothing to do with 

2163
01:50:02,000 --> 01:50:05,900
navigating the terrain hunting 
farming, raising children and 

2164
01:50:05,900 --> 01:50:08,500
attending to his political 
responsibilities were. 

2165
01:50:08,500 --> 01:50:10,700
All things that David attempted 
to handle on his own for 

2166
01:50:10,700 --> 01:50:12,900
appeared. 
It was a hopeless predicament. 

2167
01:50:13,600 --> 01:50:16,500
David sought assistance after 
realizing, he couldn't give his 

2168
01:50:16,500 --> 01:50:18,600
children, the attention, they 
required due to his busy 

2169
01:50:18,600 --> 01:50:21,500
lifestyle. 
Elizabeth Patton was a widow 

2170
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:23,800
with two children when he wed 
her in 1816. 

2171
01:50:24,700 --> 01:50:27,600
Elizabeth had the patient's 
competence and practicality to 

2172
01:50:27,600 --> 01:50:30,200
manage, David's unorthodox, 
professional trajectory. 

2173
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:33,500
While the blended family Dynamic
was harmonious. 

2174
01:50:33,500 --> 01:50:36,600
David's aspirations for public 
office were intensifying. 

2175
01:50:36,600 --> 01:50:41,400
He became a United States 
senator in 1827 David Crockett, 

2176
01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:43,400
who had spent his whole life in 
the woods and small. 

2177
01:50:43,400 --> 01:50:47,100
Frontier towns, suddenly found 
himself navigating the complex 

2178
01:50:47,100 --> 01:50:50,000
political landscape of the 
nation's capital when he was 

2179
01:50:50,008 --> 01:50:52,800
elected to the House of 
Representatives, which required 

2180
01:50:52,800 --> 01:50:55,300
him to leave Tennessee for 
extended periods of time to 

2181
01:50:55,300 --> 01:50:59,900
serve in Washington DC, At 
dinner parties this towering 

2182
01:50:59,900 --> 01:51:02,800
unassuming Congressman would 
tell tales about his bear hunts 

2183
01:51:02,800 --> 01:51:05,500
and appeared genuinely 
bewildered by the complex, 

2184
01:51:05,500 --> 01:51:08,100
social conventions that dictated
political life. 

2185
01:51:09,000 --> 01:51:11,300
The members of Washington 
Society were at a lost to 

2186
01:51:11,300 --> 01:51:13,800
understand him. 
The folksy demeanor of David 

2187
01:51:13,800 --> 01:51:16,000
belied his acute intellect and 
strong ideals. 

2188
01:51:16,000 --> 01:51:19,700
His colleague had assumed, he 
was alive frontiersmen, who was 

2189
01:51:19,700 --> 01:51:22,900
easily influenced. 
Land policy was the central 

2190
01:51:22,900 --> 01:51:26,100
political problem for David. 
Poor households were having a 

2191
01:51:26,100 --> 01:51:28,700
hard time getting Farmland. 
He thought while Rich 

2192
01:51:28,700 --> 01:51:32,500
speculators were buying up large
tracks for investment People who

2193
01:51:32,500 --> 01:51:36,200
had been living on and improving
land without legal title known 

2194
01:51:36,200 --> 01:51:39,300
as squatters would be granted 
the right to acquire that land 

2195
01:51:39,300 --> 01:51:40,900
at reasonable prices through the
law. 

2196
01:51:40,900 --> 01:51:44,000
He suggested. 
Although David saw it as a 

2197
01:51:44,008 --> 01:51:47,300
matter of basic Justice, it 
pitted him against influential 

2198
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:49,100
groups that favored the status 
quo. 

2199
01:51:49,100 --> 01:51:53,300
David won over voters, but 
alienated powerful politicians 

2200
01:51:53,300 --> 01:51:54,900
with his support for common 
settlers. 

2201
01:51:54,900 --> 01:51:57,900
David became more and more 
alienated within his own 

2202
01:51:57,900 --> 01:52:00,500
political party. 
As he fought against certain of 

2203
01:52:00,500 --> 01:52:03,600
President, Andrew Jackson's 
policies, especially the Indian 

2204
01:52:03,600 --> 01:52:06,400
Removal Act which he believed to
be morally, reprehensible, 

2205
01:52:07,500 --> 01:52:11,000
Ironically, David actually had 
very complex political ideas 

2206
01:52:11,000 --> 01:52:13,200
despite how simple they appeared
to him. 

2207
01:52:13,900 --> 01:52:16,400
Democracy. 
He realized entails more than 

2208
01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:19,200
just majority rule. 
It also entails defending the 

2209
01:52:19,200 --> 01:52:22,200
rights of the defenseless. 
He thought the government should

2210
01:52:22,200 --> 01:52:23,900
look out for everyone's best 
interests. 

2211
01:52:23,900 --> 01:52:25,400
Not just the wealthy and 
Powerful. 

2212
01:52:26,300 --> 01:52:28,500
For politicians who favored 
easier Arrangements. 

2213
01:52:28,500 --> 01:52:31,100
They were not novel, Notions but
they were uncomfortable. 

2214
01:52:32,000 --> 01:52:34,600
David came to terms with the 
fact that his time as Tennessee 

2215
01:52:34,600 --> 01:52:37,700
politician, was likely numbered 
by the early 1830s. 

2216
01:52:38,500 --> 01:52:41,800
He lost popularity due to his 
rejection of popular ideas and 

2217
01:52:41,800 --> 01:52:44,900
amassed, an army of foes, due to
his unwavering adherence to his 

2218
01:52:44,908 --> 01:52:49,300
principles adapting to political
reality or forging, a new route 

2219
01:52:49,300 --> 01:52:53,900
entirely would shape the 
remainder of his life. as you 

2220
01:52:53,900 --> 01:52:57,100
settle in, for this section of 
David's Journey, you'll find out

2221
01:52:57,100 --> 01:53:01,200
how at the same time, it can be 
freeing and terrible to stand up

2222
01:53:01,200 --> 01:53:03,700
for your beliefs, even if it 
means losing everything you've 

2223
01:53:03,700 --> 01:53:07,900
worked for David stay in the 
nation's capital was as 

2224
01:53:07,900 --> 01:53:09,900
entertaining as watching a fish 
scale, a tree. 

2225
01:53:09,900 --> 01:53:14,000
It was his job to represent his 
constituents vote on legislation

2226
01:53:14,000 --> 01:53:17,900
and serve on committees. 
He felt like he was speaking a 

2227
01:53:17,900 --> 01:53:20,000
different language when it came 
to the culture of political 

2228
01:53:20,000 --> 01:53:23,500
manipulation. 
David adamantly refused to let 

2229
01:53:23,500 --> 01:53:26,500
the political ramifications of 
his votes, influences 

2230
01:53:26,500 --> 01:53:29,100
decision-making. 
In contrast to his fellow 

2231
01:53:29,100 --> 01:53:32,500
lawmakers who established 
coalitions and traded votes like

2232
01:53:32,500 --> 01:53:35,200
poker chips. 
When David's beliefs were in 

2233
01:53:35,200 --> 01:53:38,100
line with public opinion, this 
strategy was effective. 

2234
01:53:38,100 --> 01:53:40,800
Nevertheless, it proved 
Troublesome when they were not 

2235
01:53:41,800 --> 01:53:44,200
Most of his Tennessee 
constituents wanted Native, 

2236
01:53:44,200 --> 01:53:46,700
American territories open for 
white colonization. 

2237
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:49,700
Therefore they supported the 
Indian Removal Act of 1830. 

2238
01:53:50,900 --> 01:53:53,600
Not because he was a specially 
Progressive on racial Problems 

2239
01:53:53,600 --> 01:53:56,800
by today's standards but because
David had met and respected 

2240
01:53:56,800 --> 01:53:59,700
Native Americans as individuals,
he was opposed to it. 

2241
01:54:00,400 --> 01:54:02,900
He thought it was morally, 
reprehensible to forcefully, 

2242
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:05,600
uproot entire communities from 
their ancient homelands. 

2243
01:54:06,300 --> 01:54:10,600
Classic David Crockett, 
passionate direct and totally at

2244
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:13,600
variants with political Acumen. 
That was his opposition speech 

2245
01:54:13,600 --> 01:54:16,500
in Congress. 
Concerning the distinction 

2246
01:54:16,500 --> 01:54:19,700
between what is legally required
and what is morally acceptable. 

2247
01:54:19,700 --> 01:54:22,000
He spoke about Cherokee 
families. 

2248
01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:24,900
He had known as well as 
Government dishonesty and broken

2249
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:27,400
promises. 
Despite his colleague's 

2250
01:54:27,400 --> 01:54:30,100
courteous listening. 
They ultimately voted to have 

2251
01:54:30,100 --> 01:54:33,500
him removed from office even 
while David's vote, didn't sway,

2252
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:35,700
the result. 
It did demonstrate that he was 

2253
01:54:35,700 --> 01:54:38,200
unreliable when it came to 
supporting party policies. 

2254
01:54:39,000 --> 01:54:41,700
There were covert, but effective
efforts by the political Elite 

2255
01:54:41,700 --> 01:54:45,000
to undermine David. 
More trustworthy members were 

2256
01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:48,300
giving committee assignments, 
important meeting, invitations, 

2257
01:54:48,300 --> 01:54:51,600
were misplaced his colleagues 
and Congress no longer sought 

2258
01:54:51,600 --> 01:54:55,600
his advice on proposed laws. 
As he continued to serve as a 

2259
01:54:55,608 --> 01:54:58,900
representative for his area. 
David felt further and further 

2260
01:54:58,900 --> 01:55:00,500
removed from the political 
process. 

2261
01:55:01,600 --> 01:55:04,300
David faced political 
persecution in his home state of

2262
01:55:04,308 --> 01:55:07,300
Tennessee due to his stance 
against Indian relocation. 

2263
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:10,900
His detractors said, he'd been 
entangled in the corruption of 

2264
01:55:10,900 --> 01:55:14,100
Washington politics and had lost
touch with his Heritage and that

2265
01:55:14,100 --> 01:55:17,900
he cared more about Indians than
his own constituency. although 

2266
01:55:17,900 --> 01:55:21,100
David had changed while serving 
in Congress, it was not in the 

2267
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:24,100
manner, his detractors had 
envisioned and this fact made 

2268
01:55:24,100 --> 01:55:27,300
the criticism all the more 
hurtful David had grown 

2269
01:55:27,300 --> 01:55:30,200
increasingly certain that much 
political expertise was nothing 

2270
01:55:30,200 --> 01:55:32,400
more than a pretense to escape 
moral accountability. 

2271
01:55:32,400 --> 01:55:35,100
Rather than being politically 
intelligent. 

2272
01:55:35,100 --> 01:55:38,200
He is seen co-workers vote for 
initiatives, they were 

2273
01:55:38,200 --> 01:55:40,900
personally against just because 
it suited their political 

2274
01:55:40,900 --> 01:55:43,500
agenda. 
He was witnessed to the manner 

2275
01:55:43,500 --> 01:55:46,900
in which powerful people's 
pockets dictated laws that were 

2276
01:55:46,900 --> 01:55:50,900
ill-suited to the common welfare
rather than turning him cynical,

2277
01:55:50,900 --> 01:55:53,500
The Experience had helped him 
better understand what was 

2278
01:55:53,500 --> 01:55:57,700
important to him. as usual David
remained unyielding in the face 

2279
01:55:57,700 --> 01:56:01,100
of political pressure, He did 
not learn to moderate his views 

2280
01:56:01,100 --> 01:56:05,400
or compromise, more skillfully. 
Rather, he got more vocal he 

2281
01:56:05,400 --> 01:56:07,900
started traveling around 
Tennessee, giving talks in which

2282
01:56:07,900 --> 01:56:11,100
he details, his voting record. 
The reasons for his opposition 

2283
01:56:11,100 --> 01:56:14,300
to popular ideas and his 
Newfound, knowledge of the inner

2284
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:17,800
workings of government. 
Though, entertaining David had a

2285
01:56:17,800 --> 01:56:21,400
natural talent for storytelling.
These remarks were political 

2286
01:56:21,400 --> 01:56:24,600
suicide. 
Campaigning for the 1833. 

2287
01:56:24,600 --> 01:56:27,600
Election was a bloodbath. 
There was no shortage of 

2288
01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:30,500
ammunition for David's 
detractors, his stance against 

2289
01:56:30,500 --> 01:56:33,400
popular initiatives. 
His many trips out of Tennessee,

2290
01:56:33,400 --> 01:56:38,100
while in Congress, and his ties 
to controversial causes For 

2291
01:56:38,100 --> 01:56:40,500
someone whose whole sense of 
self was based on serving the 

2292
01:56:40,500 --> 01:56:43,000
people being portrayed, as an 
alien who had become 

2293
01:56:43,000 --> 01:56:45,700
disconnected from everyday, life
must have been extremely 

2294
01:56:45,700 --> 01:56:48,800
hurtful. 
David retaliated with Candor and

2295
01:56:48,800 --> 01:56:51,700
humor, which proved ineffective,
against a well-organized, 

2296
01:56:51,700 --> 01:56:55,100
political enemy, no matter, the 
political Fallout, he pledged to

2297
01:56:55,100 --> 01:56:58,400
keep voting, his conscience and 
told voters, just how he felt 

2298
01:56:58,400 --> 01:57:02,600
about a variety of subjects. 
It was Noble base on principles 

2299
01:57:02,600 --> 01:57:06,100
and destined to fail. 
As the votes were tallied, 

2300
01:57:06,100 --> 01:57:08,000
David's congressional seat was 
vacated. 

2301
01:57:08,000 --> 01:57:11,800
He was out of politics and faced
an uncertain future after years 

2302
01:57:11,800 --> 01:57:16,100
of Public Service, he was at the
age of 47 which was neither two 

2303
01:57:16,100 --> 01:57:19,400
young nor too old to retire 
gracefully but two old to start 

2304
01:57:19,400 --> 01:57:22,300
over comfortably. 
David was aware that he needed 

2305
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:23,900
to find his life's purpose 
while. 

2306
01:57:25,100 --> 01:57:27,400
Elizabeth remained patient 
regarding their financial 

2307
01:57:27,400 --> 01:57:31,100
condition, all though David was 
disappointed, he was all so 

2308
01:57:31,100 --> 01:57:34,300
liberated from unattainable 
expectations as a result of his 

2309
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:37,000
loss. 
He was free from the burden of 

2310
01:57:37,000 --> 01:57:39,500
considering the potential 
political repercussions of his 

2311
01:57:39,500 --> 01:57:42,100
statements and the impact they 
could have on his career. 

2312
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:45,900
It had been years since he could
do or say anything he wanted 

2313
01:57:45,900 --> 01:57:48,500
without worrying about how it 
might affect his chances of 

2314
01:57:48,500 --> 01:57:51,600
winning the next election. 
The price he had to pay for this

2315
01:57:51,600 --> 01:57:54,500
Independence, was Financial 
instability public 

2316
01:57:54,500 --> 01:57:57,400
disillusionment, and the 
realization that his time in 

2317
01:57:57,408 --> 01:58:01,600
politics was essentially over. 
It did, however, bring with it 

2318
01:58:01,600 --> 01:58:04,800
opportunities. 
Texas that enormous Western 

2319
01:58:04,800 --> 01:58:07,600
territory where independence 
from Mexico was being discussed 

2320
01:58:07,600 --> 01:58:11,300
started to play on David's mind.
To all appearances. 

2321
01:58:11,300 --> 01:58:14,200
It was the type of community 
where a guy could start over 

2322
01:58:14,200 --> 01:58:16,900
where values might take 
precedence over party, 

2323
01:58:16,900 --> 01:58:20,800
affiliation As we settle in, for
the last stretch of David's 

2324
01:58:20,800 --> 01:58:24,300
Journey will witness first-hand 
how the conclusion of one dream 

2325
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:28,100
may pave the way for a new and 
perhaps more significant one. 

2326
01:58:29,000 --> 01:58:30,800
David pondered his next move for
months. 

2327
01:58:30,800 --> 01:58:34,000
After his electoral loss, his 
life had been organized and 

2328
01:58:34,000 --> 01:58:38,000
directed by politics for more 
than 10 years and now it was all

2329
01:58:38,000 --> 01:58:40,300
gone. 
He resembled a river that had 

2330
01:58:40,300 --> 01:58:43,200
been blocked for a long time and
suddenly the barrier had broke 

2331
01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:46,500
and releasing him but also 
leaving him with no idea where 

2332
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:49,000
to go. 
Evidently suffering with what 

2333
01:58:49,000 --> 01:58:52,400
felt like early retirement from 
the only work that had ever 

2334
01:58:52,400 --> 01:58:55,600
truly suited him. 
Elizabeth observed as Peter 

2335
01:58:55,600 --> 01:58:58,500
paced around their cabin 
starting and then abandoning 

2336
01:58:58,500 --> 01:59:01,400
projects. 
David usually came up with the 

2337
01:59:01,400 --> 01:59:04,200
solution if Tennessee wasn't 
interested in him. 

2338
01:59:04,200 --> 01:59:07,700
He'd look for another place. 
That was when Americans were 

2339
01:59:07,700 --> 01:59:11,000
looking for a location to start 
over where land was inexpensive 

2340
01:59:11,000 --> 01:59:14,100
and Prospects were endless. 
Many began to hear stories of 

2341
01:59:14,108 --> 01:59:16,500
Texas. 
The Mexican government was 

2342
01:59:16,500 --> 01:59:20,000
actively courting American 
settlers by Distributing large 

2343
01:59:20,000 --> 01:59:23,100
tracks of land to those families
who were ready to uproot and go.

2344
01:59:23,900 --> 01:59:27,100
Texas was the Pinnacle of new 
beginnings for David who had 

2345
01:59:27,108 --> 01:59:29,100
lived his whole life seeking 
opportunity. 

2346
01:59:30,100 --> 01:59:33,100
It wasn't just personal reasons,
that led David to textus. 

2347
01:59:33,100 --> 01:59:35,200
Something major was about to 
happen. 

2348
01:59:35,200 --> 01:59:37,700
According to his political 
instincts, and he had been 

2349
01:59:37,700 --> 01:59:40,600
keeping up with the news about 
the escalating tensions, between

2350
01:59:40,600 --> 01:59:42,500
the Mexican Government and 
American settlers. 

2351
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:46,200
The settlers dissatisfaction 
with Mexican policies. 

2352
01:59:46,200 --> 01:59:50,500
Such as those that limited local
autonomy, mandated Catholicism 

2353
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:53,900
among settlers and restricted 
immigration was growing. 

2354
01:59:55,000 --> 01:59:57,300
Conflicts where regular people 
were caught between their 

2355
01:59:57,300 --> 01:59:59,800
everyday demands and Far Away 
government policies. 

2356
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:02,700
Were Echoes of those that have 
molded David's own political 

2357
02:00:02,700 --> 02:00:06,700
career. 
He saw in late 1835, David set 

2358
02:00:06,700 --> 02:00:08,800
off for Texas on an exploratory 
Mission. 

2359
02:00:08,800 --> 02:00:13,400
He intended to serve the area, 
perhaps, purchase some land, and

2360
02:00:13,400 --> 02:00:16,000
then returned to Tennessee to 
finalize his plans to move. 

2361
02:00:16,900 --> 02:00:19,400
nevertheless, he was also 
cognizant of the fact that 

2362
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:23,600
regardless of his intentions, he
might find himself, embroiled if

2363
02:00:23,600 --> 02:00:27,400
political events in Texas were 
to escalate When faced with 

2364
02:00:27,408 --> 02:00:30,500
disagreements about right and 
wrong David had never been Adept

2365
02:00:30,500 --> 02:00:33,700
at maintaining objectivity. 
By traveling through Arkansas 

2366
02:00:33,700 --> 02:00:36,800
and into Texas, with a small 
band of followers, David was 

2367
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:39,200
able to learn about the local 
conditions and interact with 

2368
02:00:39,200 --> 02:00:41,300
American settlers on multiple 
occasions. 

2369
02:00:41,300 --> 02:00:44,600
What he discovered was a people 
who were both Mexican and 

2370
02:00:44,600 --> 02:00:47,600
American in their cultural and 
practical identities. 

2371
02:00:47,600 --> 02:00:50,800
They were attempting to form 
communities based on familiar 

2372
02:00:50,800 --> 02:00:54,000
Traditions, while also adjusting
to new rules and expectations. 

2373
02:00:54,900 --> 02:00:57,400
Hardworking couples wanting a 
better life for their children. 

2374
02:00:57,400 --> 02:01:00,700
The settlers David met mirrored,
his neighbor's in Tennessee. 

2375
02:01:00,700 --> 02:01:04,700
They want Solitude to cultivate 
land, engage in trade, and Rule 

2376
02:01:04,700 --> 02:01:08,600
themselves rationally. 
However, Mexican policies that 

2377
02:01:08,600 --> 02:01:11,400
appeared more intent on 
controlling them than helping 

2378
02:01:11,400 --> 02:01:13,300
them. 
Grow, were becoming more and 

2379
02:01:13,300 --> 02:01:17,700
more frustrating for them. 
David came away from his talks 

2380
02:01:17,700 --> 02:01:20,700
with these families with the 
conviction that the settlers 

2381
02:01:20,700 --> 02:01:23,300
would require Leaders with 
expertise in both military 

2382
02:01:23,300 --> 02:01:27,200
strategy and political reality 
in the event of an impending 

2383
02:01:27,200 --> 02:01:30,100
battle. 
The timing of David's arrival. 

2384
02:01:30,100 --> 02:01:33,200
In Texas was impeccable, though,
he could not have predicted it. 

2385
02:01:34,000 --> 02:01:36,600
A tense situation had quickly 
developed between the Mexican 

2386
02:01:36,600 --> 02:01:39,900
authorities and the settlers 
dissolving, the Mexican Congress

2387
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:42,400
and advancing for total control 
General. 

2388
02:01:42,400 --> 02:01:45,800
Santa Anna jeopardized the 
minimal autonomy that had 

2389
02:01:45,800 --> 02:01:47,300
initially attracted American 
Immigration. 

2390
02:01:48,300 --> 02:01:51,600
The Texans who had just begun to
organize resistance, were in 

2391
02:01:51,600 --> 02:01:54,300
need of prominent, political and
Military personalities, who 

2392
02:01:54,300 --> 02:01:55,800
might provide credibility to 
their. 

2393
02:01:55,800 --> 02:01:59,700
Cause the scenario seemed like 
an opportunity for David to put 

2394
02:01:59,700 --> 02:02:03,700
his political experience and 
knowledge to use for causes in 

2395
02:02:03,700 --> 02:02:06,700
which he truly believed. 
The Texas settlers were 

2396
02:02:06,700 --> 02:02:09,700
demanding much, they simply 
wanted to be able to follow 

2397
02:02:09,700 --> 02:02:12,300
their own Traditions when it 
came to government freely 

2398
02:02:12,300 --> 02:02:14,900
practiced, their religion and 
have a say in matters that 

2399
02:02:14,900 --> 02:02:18,200
directly touch them. 
Now that he was away from home 

2400
02:02:18,200 --> 02:02:21,100
politics, David could endorse 
the same causes. 

2401
02:02:21,100 --> 02:02:25,000
He had fought for in Congress. 
San Antonio was under seed when 

2402
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:29,700
David arrived in February 1836 
as general, Santa Anna's Mexican

2403
02:02:29,700 --> 02:02:33,000
armies closed in the small 
garrisons sought sanctuary in 

2404
02:02:33,000 --> 02:02:36,800
the Alamo, a former mission. 
With only 200 Defenders up 

2405
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:39,900
against thousands of Mexican 
forces, the situation was Dire. 

2406
02:02:40,600 --> 02:02:43,500
However, David knew from his 
military experience that with 

2407
02:02:43,500 --> 02:02:47,100
persistence and cunning, even in
the face of overwhelming odds, 

2408
02:02:47,100 --> 02:02:51,200
victory was possible. 
For David, staying in the Alamo 

2409
02:02:51,200 --> 02:02:54,000
wasn't a choice at all. 
Everything he had ever done up 

2410
02:02:54,000 --> 02:02:55,800
to this point had been leading 
up to this point. 

2411
02:02:55,800 --> 02:02:59,600
His years spent hunting alone 
in, perilous Wilderness his 

2412
02:02:59,600 --> 02:03:02,800
lessons in leadership, under 
duress, from military duty, and 

2413
02:03:02,800 --> 02:03:05,400
the lessons he had learned about
the value of sticking up for 

2414
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:09,700
beliefs, no matter the cost from
his political career 50 years 

2415
02:03:09,700 --> 02:03:12,500
old, and still clinging to the 
belief that certain conflicts 

2416
02:03:12,500 --> 02:03:15,500
were worth fighting for. 
He had a wife and children back 

2417
02:03:15,500 --> 02:03:19,500
in Tennessee, the symbolic and 
Military significance of David's

2418
02:03:19,500 --> 02:03:21,300
Presence at the Alamo. 
Cannot be overstated. 

2419
02:03:22,200 --> 02:03:24,400
He was willing to put his 
reputation on the line for 

2420
02:03:24,400 --> 02:03:27,800
Texas's Independence, and he had
served as a congressman in the 

2421
02:03:27,808 --> 02:03:31,100
United States. 
His ruling bolstered support for

2422
02:03:31,100 --> 02:03:34,100
the Texas scores and showed that
the war was about National 

2423
02:03:34,100 --> 02:03:37,400
issues of self-governance and 
personal freedom, rather than 

2424
02:03:37,400 --> 02:03:41,000
Petty Regional disputes. 
David had to have understood his

2425
02:03:41,000 --> 02:03:44,000
chances of survival were limited
as the Mexican Army in circle 

2426
02:03:44,000 --> 02:03:47,500
the Alamo, but he was also wise 
enough to know that values. 

2427
02:03:47,500 --> 02:03:51,300
Not survival are often more 
essential and that its better to

2428
02:03:51,300 --> 02:03:54,900
lose a battle than to lose a 
life for a greater cause The 

2429
02:03:54,900 --> 02:03:57,000
Restless youngster suddenly had 
something to stand for. 

2430
02:03:57,000 --> 02:04:00,600
I'll link the evening together. 
Is coming to a close and with 

2431
02:04:00,600 --> 02:04:03,600
it, we reach the beginning and 
finish of David's Story. 

2432
02:04:03,600 --> 02:04:06,700
The moment when a Restless 
politician from the frontier 

2433
02:04:06,700 --> 02:04:09,500
became an enduring emblem of 
American bravery and 

2434
02:04:09,500 --> 02:04:12,200
Independence. 
From February 23rd until March 

2435
02:04:12,200 --> 02:04:16,700
6th. 1836 the Alamo was besieged
for 13 days. 

2436
02:04:16,700 --> 02:04:20,600
A former Congressman seeking A 
New Beginning, David Crockett 

2437
02:04:20,600 --> 02:04:24,100
became a symbol of Common People
prepared to give their all for 

2438
02:04:24,100 --> 02:04:26,700
the idea of self-determination 
during those two weeks. 

2439
02:04:27,800 --> 02:04:30,600
A complicated man who had spent 
50 years trying to balance 

2440
02:04:30,600 --> 02:04:32,800
practical demands with moral 
beliefs. 

2441
02:04:32,800 --> 02:04:35,700
The David who fought at the 
Alamo was nothing like the 

2442
02:04:35,700 --> 02:04:37,700
legendary figure with the 
coonskin cap. 

2443
02:04:38,500 --> 02:04:40,900
Inside the Alamo. 
David had a duel purpose 

2444
02:04:40,900 --> 02:04:43,900
bolstering morale and providing 
Military Support. 

2445
02:04:44,700 --> 02:04:47,900
His background as a scout in the
creek war made him an asset for 

2446
02:04:47,900 --> 02:04:51,200
planning and reconnaissance, but
more significantly, his 

2447
02:04:51,200 --> 02:04:54,200
storytelling skills, lifted 
morale in what everyone knew 

2448
02:04:54,200 --> 02:04:56,700
would be their last days. 
Picture. 

2449
02:04:56,700 --> 02:04:59,700
This David was keeping his 
fellow Defenders, motivated, 

2450
02:04:59,700 --> 02:05:02,700
during those long hours of 
waiting for the last attack by 

2451
02:05:02,700 --> 02:05:05,600
telling stories about his bear 
hunts and political experiences.

2452
02:05:06,900 --> 02:05:08,600
In the Mayhem of the last 
conflict. 

2453
02:05:09,300 --> 02:05:12,300
Precise circumstances of David's
demise are murky at best. 

2454
02:05:12,300 --> 02:05:15,800
A generation of Americans was 
inspired by his presence at the 

2455
02:05:15,808 --> 02:05:19,200
Alamo and considered his death 
as proof that Democratic ideas 

2456
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:23,100
were worth dying for We all know
that he died fighting and never 

2457
02:05:23,100 --> 02:05:25,600
surrendered. 
The defeated Congressman had 

2458
02:05:25,600 --> 02:05:28,400
figured out how to cast the most
consequential vote of his life. 

2459
02:05:29,200 --> 02:05:32,200
Fascinatingly though. 
The real David Crockett started 

2460
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:34,800
Fading Into Oblivion shortly 
after he passed away. 

2461
02:05:35,700 --> 02:05:37,800
And that is what truly defines 
his legacy. 

2462
02:05:38,600 --> 02:05:41,400
Newspapers began reporting 
greatly embellished accounts of 

2463
02:05:41,400 --> 02:05:44,500
his Frontier Adventures within a
few months, in a matter of 

2464
02:05:44,508 --> 02:05:46,200
years. 
He went from being portrayed as 

2465
02:05:46,200 --> 02:05:49,400
a mere mortal to a superhero who
could drink the Mississippi 

2466
02:05:49,400 --> 02:05:53,100
River dry, and beat his weight 
in Wildcats and cheap novels. 

2467
02:05:53,900 --> 02:05:56,700
Even though the real David, most
likely, never sported, a 

2468
02:05:56,700 --> 02:05:58,900
coonskin cap, it came to 
symbolize him. 

2469
02:05:58,900 --> 02:06:02,300
A meticulous and principled, 
politician became a naive 

2470
02:06:02,300 --> 02:06:05,300
Frontiersman. 
What this change reveals about 

2471
02:06:05,300 --> 02:06:07,300
the way Americans have 
historically treated their 

2472
02:06:07,300 --> 02:06:11,000
Heroes as significant. 
A Heroes should be simple and 

2473
02:06:11,000 --> 02:06:14,600
are symbols, should be obvious, 
the complicated real life, David

2474
02:06:14,600 --> 02:06:17,800
Crockett who had difficulty 
spelling but had strong moral 

2475
02:06:17,800 --> 02:06:21,100
convictions was on accomplished 
Hunter and a brilliant. 

2476
02:06:21,100 --> 02:06:24,200
Political thinker and was too 
complicated for simplistic 

2477
02:06:24,200 --> 02:06:27,500
mythology. 
Because of this, he became a 

2478
02:06:27,508 --> 02:06:30,700
cartoon character in popular 
culture which oversimplified 

2479
02:06:30,700 --> 02:06:34,500
him, despite this a crucial 
aspect of the historical, David 

2480
02:06:34,500 --> 02:06:38,000
managed to evade the myths 
regardless of the numerous urban

2481
02:06:38,000 --> 02:06:40,800
legends surrounding him. 
The fundamental truth that 

2482
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:43,800
captivated audiences. 
The common people are capable of

2483
02:06:43,800 --> 02:06:46,000
extraordinary Deeds that 
principles. 

2484
02:06:46,000 --> 02:06:49,600
Take precedence over political 
expediency and that at times 

2485
02:06:49,600 --> 02:06:52,700
during the right thing demands 
giving up everything remain 

2486
02:06:52,700 --> 02:06:55,800
powerful. 
The impact that David had on 

2487
02:06:55,800 --> 02:06:58,000
American society did not see 
with his death. 

2488
02:06:58,000 --> 02:07:01,800
A regular guy thrown into 
extraordinary circumstances who 

2489
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:05,400
Rises to the occasion, he became
an archetype of the reluctant 

2490
02:07:05,400 --> 02:07:07,800
hero. 
Throughout American story 

2491
02:07:07,800 --> 02:07:10,900
telling for over two centuries 
characters like Jimmy Stewart 

2492
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:14,100
from Frank, Capra, films, and 
contemporary politicians who 

2493
02:07:14,100 --> 02:07:17,200
highlight their humble origins 
of repeated, David's example of 

2494
02:07:17,200 --> 02:07:20,000
honest leadership. 
The way, David dealt with the 

2495
02:07:20,000 --> 02:07:22,800
conflict between pragmatic 
politics and moral convictions 

2496
02:07:22,800 --> 02:07:25,400
is what gives his story modern 
relevance? 

2497
02:07:26,400 --> 02:07:29,600
Compromises, inevitable in 
effective leadership but he was 

2498
02:07:29,600 --> 02:07:32,400
aware that there are certain 
beliefs that must never be 

2499
02:07:32,400 --> 02:07:35,400
compromised. 
The ups and downs of striving 

2500
02:07:35,400 --> 02:07:37,800
for moral Integrity. 
In intricate, political 

2501
02:07:37,800 --> 02:07:40,600
institutions are laid bare by 
his political career. 

2502
02:07:41,500 --> 02:07:44,400
The lesson we may learn from 
David's tragic political career 

2503
02:07:44,400 --> 02:07:47,800
is that he was never effective 
because he refused to compromise

2504
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:50,200
his ideals. 
That seeming failure. 

2505
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:53,500
However, became something far 
more substantial when he died at

2506
02:07:53,500 --> 02:07:56,900
the Alamo David, by laying down 
his life, for the independence 

2507
02:07:56,900 --> 02:08:00,400
of Texas demonstrated that there
are values higher than political

2508
02:08:00,400 --> 02:08:02,400
power. 
And that true citizens of a 

2509
02:08:02,408 --> 02:08:06,000
Democratic Society are willing 
to put their personal interests 

2510
02:08:06,000 --> 02:08:08,700
on the back burner in order to 
uphold greater ideals. 

2511
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:13,300
Think about David's rise from a 
fidgety youngster to an American

2512
02:08:13,300 --> 02:08:15,000
icon. 
As you drift off to sleep 

2513
02:08:15,000 --> 02:08:18,900
tonight, he was never able to 
settle down become politically 

2514
02:08:18,900 --> 02:08:21,300
powerful or a massive 
substantial riches. 

2515
02:08:22,300 --> 02:08:24,800
The knowledge that he had spent 
his life in accordance with his 

2516
02:08:24,800 --> 02:08:28,100
own, moral compass that he'd 
utilized his talents for causes,

2517
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:30,600
he believed in, and that he had 
not backed down. 

2518
02:08:30,600 --> 02:08:33,300
When faced with the final test 
was something more significant 

2519
02:08:33,300 --> 02:08:35,600
to him. 
Instead of being the heroic 

2520
02:08:35,600 --> 02:08:39,000
frontiersmen, portrayed in 
popular culture, the real David 

2521
02:08:39,000 --> 02:08:42,600
Crockett was a multi-faceted 
imperfect human being who 

2522
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:45,300
demonstrated that regular 
individuals are capable of 

2523
02:08:45,300 --> 02:08:47,200
remarkable acts of moral 
bravery. 

2524
02:08:48,100 --> 02:08:50,100
Being heroic isn't about having 
it all together. 

2525
02:08:50,100 --> 02:08:52,900
It's about having the courage to
fight for what you think is, 

2526
02:08:52,900 --> 02:08:54,700
right? 
No matter the cost. 

2527
02:08:55,500 --> 02:08:57,500
His narrative serves as a 
reminder of this. 

2528
02:08:58,400 --> 02:09:01,100
As we wrap up our evening 
together, it's worth reflecting 

2529
02:09:01,100 --> 02:09:03,500
on how we all encounter 
situations where we have to 

2530
02:09:03,508 --> 02:09:06,300
decide between doing what's easy
and what's right? 

2531
02:09:06,300 --> 02:09:09,300
Or putting our own interests 
ahead of our moral compass. 

2532
02:09:10,000 --> 02:09:12,500
The moral decisions made by 
average citizens form, the 

2533
02:09:12,508 --> 02:09:16,600
Bedrock of our Democratic and 
free society as David Crockett's

2534
02:09:16,600 --> 02:09:19,900
account hints, rest easy. 
And always keep in mind that 

2535
02:09:19,900 --> 02:09:22,400
being heroic does not 
necessitate a coonskin cap. 

2536
02:09:22,400 --> 02:09:25,100
No matter the cost. 
You must have the guts to follow

2537
02:09:25,100 --> 02:09:33,100
your own moral compass. 
Okay, check this out. 

2538
02:09:33,100 --> 02:09:36,800
Your stepping into the year 1066
and you've just witnessed the 

2539
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:38,700
most successful hostile 
Takeover. 

2540
02:09:38,700 --> 02:09:41,500
In English History, though, they
didn't call it that back then. 

2541
02:09:42,600 --> 02:09:45,200
William the Conqueror who 
probably would have made an 

2542
02:09:45,200 --> 02:09:49,400
excellent corporate CEO has just
defeated Harold at Hastings and 

2543
02:09:49,400 --> 02:09:51,800
suddenly everyone who matters is
speaking French. 

2544
02:09:51,800 --> 02:09:55,500
The Norman Court wasn't like the
chaotic Saxon Halls of old. 

2545
02:09:55,500 --> 02:09:59,000
Where Warriors might burst into 
song between courses and dogs 

2546
02:09:59,000 --> 02:10:02,600
wandered, freely, among the 
rushes know, William brought 

2547
02:10:02,600 --> 02:10:05,900
Continental sophistication to 
England, which was rather like 

2548
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:08,900
introducing fine wine to a group
of people who'd been perfectly 

2549
02:10:08,900 --> 02:10:11,100
happy with ale. 
You can imagine the culture 

2550
02:10:11,100 --> 02:10:15,000
shock, One day you're an 
Anglo-Saxon Noble comfortable, 

2551
02:10:15,000 --> 02:10:18,000
in your familiar world of mead 
halls and familiar customs. 

2552
02:10:18,000 --> 02:10:21,000
And the next day, there's a 
french-speaking king issuing 

2553
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:23,200
orders in a language. 
That sounds like someone 

2554
02:10:23,200 --> 02:10:26,000
gargling honey. 
The Normans didn't just conquer 

2555
02:10:26,000 --> 02:10:29,700
England, they redecorated it 
entirely William's Court, moved 

2556
02:10:29,700 --> 02:10:33,100
constantly a medieval Roadshow 
that would have given Modern 

2557
02:10:33,100 --> 02:10:36,400
event planners nightmares. 
The Royal household packed up 

2558
02:10:36,400 --> 02:10:39,600
every few weeks and trudged from
Castle to Castle carrying. 

2559
02:10:39,600 --> 02:10:42,000
Everything from the King's 
favorite chair to the Royal 

2560
02:10:42,000 --> 02:10:44,800
toilet seat. 
Yes, medieval kings had portable

2561
02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:47,300
toilet seats. 
Even conquerors need comfort. 

2562
02:10:47,300 --> 02:10:50,600
The domesday book, Williams 
famous survey of England reads, 

2563
02:10:50,600 --> 02:10:53,000
like the world's most 
comprehensive tax audit. 

2564
02:10:53,600 --> 02:10:56,500
Imagine teams of Norman, 
Clarke's descending on English 

2565
02:10:56,500 --> 02:10:59,700
Villages like medieval 
accountants, counting every 

2566
02:10:59,700 --> 02:11:03,500
pigeon, and patch of turnips. 
The locals must have watched 

2567
02:11:03,500 --> 02:11:05,300
these proceedings with the same 
enthusiasm. 

2568
02:11:05,300 --> 02:11:07,600
Modern people show for tax 
season. 

2569
02:11:07,600 --> 02:11:10,000
What made the Norman Court 
fascinating? 

2570
02:11:10,000 --> 02:11:13,200
Was that it was essentially a 
startup that achieved success 

2571
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:17,300
Beyond anyone's expectations. 
William took a relatively small 

2572
02:11:17,300 --> 02:11:20,200
group of French Nobles and 
convinced them to cross the 

2573
02:11:20,200 --> 02:11:22,500
channel and reinvent an entire 
Kingdom. 

2574
02:11:23,500 --> 02:11:26,500
They brought new architecture, 
new laws, new fashions. 

2575
02:11:26,500 --> 02:11:29,800
And most importantly, new ideas 
about how Royal courts should 

2576
02:11:29,800 --> 02:11:32,900
function the Normans turn, the 
English Court into Europe's. 

2577
02:11:32,900 --> 02:11:35,700
Most efficient government 
machine, they created a 

2578
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:38,100
bureaucracy. 
So organized that historians 

2579
02:11:38,100 --> 02:11:41,000
still Marvel at it today. 
Every penny was accounted for 

2580
02:11:41,000 --> 02:11:45,100
every legal decision recorded 
and every Royal progress plan 

2581
02:11:45,100 --> 02:11:49,000
with military precision. 
The Saxons had been Jazz 

2582
02:11:49,000 --> 02:11:52,300
musicians improvising freely and
following their instincts. 

2583
02:11:52,300 --> 02:11:55,400
The Normans were a full 
orchestra playing from 

2584
02:11:55,400 --> 02:11:58,900
carefully, written sheet music. 
What's remarkable is how quickly

2585
02:11:58,900 --> 02:12:02,500
the two cultures began to blend 
within a generation Norman, 

2586
02:12:02,500 --> 02:12:05,500
Knights were marrying English, 
arroces and their children, grew

2587
02:12:05,500 --> 02:12:07,800
up by lingual. 
The court became a place where 

2588
02:12:07,800 --> 02:12:11,500
French efficiency met English 
practicality creating something 

2589
02:12:11,500 --> 02:12:14,200
entirely new. 
You might say it was the 

2590
02:12:14,200 --> 02:12:17,800
Medieval equivalent of fusion 
Cuisine accepting of mixing 

2591
02:12:17,800 --> 02:12:20,800
thigh and Mexican flavors. 
They were blending governmental 

2592
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:23,200
systems. 
The castle became the symbol of 

2593
02:12:23,200 --> 02:12:25,800
this new order. 
He's worked just fortresses, 

2594
02:12:25,800 --> 02:12:30,200
they were corporate headquarters
Law, Courts, tax, office's and 

2595
02:12:30,200 --> 02:12:32,800
luxury hotels. 
All rolled into massive Stone 

2596
02:12:32,800 --> 02:12:35,300
packages. 
You were entering the nerve 

2597
02:12:35,300 --> 02:12:37,200
center of a kingdom. 
That was systematically 

2598
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:40,100
reorganizing from the ground up.
When you stepped into a Norman 

2599
02:12:40,100 --> 02:12:42,500
Castle's. 
Great Hall fast, forward to the 

2600
02:12:42,500 --> 02:12:45,600
plantagenets and you'll find 
yourself in what amounts to the 

2601
02:12:45,600 --> 02:12:47,400
world's longest running family 
drama. 

2602
02:12:48,200 --> 02:12:51,700
If the Normans were efficient 
administrators, the plantagenets

2603
02:12:51,700 --> 02:12:54,400
were passionate performers, who 
happened to run a kingdom on the

2604
02:12:54,408 --> 02:12:56,600
side. 
Henry the second, the first 

2605
02:12:56,600 --> 02:13:00,000
plantagenet king inherited, an 
Empire that stretched from the 

2606
02:13:00,000 --> 02:13:01,700
Scottish borders to the 
Pyrenees. 

2607
02:13:02,400 --> 02:13:05,900
Managing this required him to be
part politician, part, general 

2608
02:13:05,900 --> 02:13:08,800
part Diplomat and part traveling
salesman. 

2609
02:13:09,500 --> 02:13:12,700
He was constantly on the Move, 
governing his vast territories, 

2610
02:13:12,700 --> 02:13:15,400
with the energy of someone who 
had far too much medieval 

2611
02:13:15,400 --> 02:13:19,000
coffee, if such a thing had 
existed, the plantagenet court 

2612
02:13:19,000 --> 02:13:21,400
was where politics became 
personal in the most spectacular

2613
02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:24,300
ways. 
Take Henry's marriage to Eleanor

2614
02:13:24,300 --> 02:13:27,600
of Aquitaine a woman who was 
essentially the power broker of 

2615
02:13:27,600 --> 02:13:30,000
her age. 
Eleanor had already been queen 

2616
02:13:30,000 --> 02:13:32,600
of France before marrying Henry 
bringing with her the 

2617
02:13:32,600 --> 02:13:34,600
sophisticated culture of 
Southern France. 

2618
02:13:35,600 --> 02:13:38,200
He turned the English Court into
a place where Troubadour sang 

2619
02:13:38,200 --> 02:13:42,300
Love Songs poets competed for 
Royal favor and courtly romance.

2620
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:46,200
Flourished, like exotic flowers,
in a hot house but Eleanor and 

2621
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:49,400
Henry's married was less romance
novel and more psychological 

2622
02:13:49,400 --> 02:13:52,200
Thriller. 
They spent years alternately 

2623
02:13:52,200 --> 02:13:55,200
partnering in ambitious 
political scheme and plotting 

2624
02:13:55,200 --> 02:13:58,700
each other's downfall. 
Their four Sons Henry, the young

2625
02:13:58,700 --> 02:14:02,700
king Richard, the lionheart 
Jeffrey and John grew up 

2626
02:14:02,708 --> 02:14:05,600
watching their parents complex 
relationship and apparently 

2627
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:07,700
decided that family Harmony was 
overrated. 

2628
02:14:07,700 --> 02:14:11,000
The result was a royal family 
that treated succession planning

2629
02:14:11,000 --> 02:14:14,100
like a contact sport. 
The prince's rebelled against 

2630
02:14:14,100 --> 02:14:17,800
their father formed alliances 
with foreign Kings and generally

2631
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:19,600
behaved, like teenagers with 
armies. 

2632
02:14:20,400 --> 02:14:24,100
When Henry the young king died 
in the 1183, he was technically 

2633
02:14:24,100 --> 02:14:25,800
still in Rebellion against his 
father. 

2634
02:14:26,500 --> 02:14:29,200
Family, dinners must have been 
extraordinarily awkward. 

2635
02:14:29,200 --> 02:14:32,200
Richard the first, the lionheart
spent most of his Reign away 

2636
02:14:32,200 --> 02:14:34,200
from England crusading in the 
Holy Land. 

2637
02:14:35,000 --> 02:14:37,400
He treated his kingdom, rather 
like a wealthy parent, might 

2638
02:14:37,400 --> 02:14:40,400
treat a trust fund a reliable 
source of income for more 

2639
02:14:40,400 --> 02:14:43,200
exciting. 
Adventures elsewhere, Richard 

2640
02:14:43,200 --> 02:14:46,300
spoke little English and visited
England, perhaps twice during 

2641
02:14:46,300 --> 02:14:49,600
his ten year reign. 
However, he continues to be one 

2642
02:14:49,600 --> 02:14:53,000
of England's, most renowned 
monarchs demonstrating that time

2643
02:14:53,000 --> 02:14:56,300
apart can truly deepen, one's 
affection, Then Came John. 

2644
02:14:56,300 --> 02:14:59,300
And if you've seen any movie 
about Robin Hood, you know, John

2645
02:14:59,300 --> 02:15:02,600
as the villain. 
The real John was more complex 

2646
02:15:02,600 --> 02:15:06,100
than Hollywood suggests, less 
cartoonishly evil more 

2647
02:15:06,100 --> 02:15:09,500
disastrously incompetent. 
He succeeded in losing the 

2648
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:11,800
majority of his French 
territories facing 

2649
02:15:11,800 --> 02:15:15,000
excommunication from the pope 
and inciting armed Rebellion 

2650
02:15:15,000 --> 02:15:19,100
among his own barons. 
In 1215 they literally cornered 

2651
02:15:19,100 --> 02:15:22,400
him at running and made him. 
Sign Magna carter which was 

2652
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:23,800
medieval England's way of 
saying. 

2653
02:15:23,800 --> 02:15:27,600
We need to have a serious talk 
about your management style, the

2654
02:15:27,600 --> 02:15:29,900
plantation at court during 
John's Reign, likely felt like 

2655
02:15:29,900 --> 02:15:33,500
working for a startup in which 
the CEO continually makes 

2656
02:15:33,500 --> 02:15:36,100
decisions that everyone knows 
will lead to failure. 

2657
02:15:36,800 --> 02:15:38,400
Yet. 
No one can determine how to 

2658
02:15:38,400 --> 02:15:40,800
intervene. 
The Barons ultimately took 

2659
02:15:40,800 --> 02:15:44,400
action establishing the first 
formal limits on Royal power in 

2660
02:15:44,400 --> 02:15:48,100
English History. 
John's son Henry III inherited 

2661
02:15:48,100 --> 02:15:50,800
this mess at age 9. 
Growing up as a child. 

2662
02:15:50,800 --> 02:15:54,100
King meant the Henry's entire 
education and kingship came from

2663
02:15:54,100 --> 02:15:57,100
watching Regents and advisors, 
managed the kingdoms recovery 

2664
02:15:57,100 --> 02:16:01,100
from his father's disasters. 
Perhaps this explains why Henry 

2665
02:16:01,100 --> 02:16:04,700
developed such an obsession with
beautiful things, architecture 

2666
02:16:04,700 --> 02:16:07,100
art and luxury goods. 
That would make medieval 

2667
02:16:07,100 --> 02:16:10,500
Instagram followers, weep With 
Envy Henry, the third's court 

2668
02:16:10,500 --> 02:16:12,800
was where English Royal 
ceremonial really began to 

2669
02:16:12,800 --> 02:16:16,200
flourish He reconstructed 
Westminster Abbey in the gothic 

2670
02:16:16,200 --> 02:16:19,300
style, setting the stage for the
crowning of English monarchs for

2671
02:16:19,300 --> 02:16:23,200
the ensuing 8th centuries. 
He collected art patronize 

2672
02:16:23,200 --> 02:16:26,200
Scholars, and turn the Royal 
Court into a cultural center 

2673
02:16:26,200 --> 02:16:28,100
that attracted Talent from 
across Europe. 

2674
02:16:28,100 --> 02:16:31,500
The plantagenets established 
patterns that would echo through

2675
02:16:31,500 --> 02:16:34,600
English, Royal history, the 
tension between the king's 

2676
02:16:34,600 --> 02:16:36,799
personal desires and his public 
duties. 

2677
02:16:36,799 --> 02:16:40,000
The constant need to balance 
English interests against 

2678
02:16:40,000 --> 02:16:43,299
Continental Ambitions and the 
recurring discovery, that even 

2679
02:16:43,299 --> 02:16:45,799
Kings must occasionally listen 
to their subjects, opinions 

2680
02:16:45,799 --> 02:16:48,400
about governance. 
Edward the first arrived on the 

2681
02:16:48,400 --> 02:16:51,000
throne, like someone finally 
reading the instruction manual 

2682
02:16:51,000 --> 02:16:53,100
after generations of 
improvisation. 

2683
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:56,200
Where his predecessors had 
stumbled through the 

2684
02:16:56,200 --> 02:16:59,600
complexities of medieval 
kingship Edward approached the 

2685
02:16:59,600 --> 02:17:02,000
job with the systematic, 
thoroughness of a master 

2686
02:17:02,000 --> 02:17:04,600
Craftsman. 
You can picture Edwards Court as

2687
02:17:04,600 --> 02:17:06,600
a place where everything finally
ran on time. 

2688
02:17:07,299 --> 02:17:09,000
This was a king who conquered 
Wales. 

2689
02:17:09,000 --> 02:17:12,400
Not through dramatic, Cavalry 
Charges, but through methodical 

2690
02:17:12,400 --> 02:17:14,600
strategic planning and Superior 
Logistics. 

2691
02:17:14,600 --> 02:17:18,100
He built a ring of castles that 
looked like they'd been designed

2692
02:17:18,100 --> 02:17:20,900
by someone, who'd studied every 
military engineering textbook, 

2693
02:17:20,900 --> 02:17:24,900
ever written. 
Which in a sense, Edward had the

2694
02:17:24,900 --> 02:17:26,799
court of Edward. 
The first buzzed with legal 

2695
02:17:26,799 --> 02:17:28,299
innovations that would have 
impressed. 

2696
02:17:28,299 --> 02:17:32,400
Modern constitutional lawyers 
Edward didn't just rule he 

2697
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:36,500
legislated He created new laws, 
reformed old ones and 

2698
02:17:36,500 --> 02:17:39,200
established legal procedures 
that lasted for centuries. 

2699
02:17:40,000 --> 02:17:42,000
His statutes read. 
Like the work of someone who 

2700
02:17:42,000 --> 02:17:44,600
genuinely enjoyed the technical 
challenges of governance. 

2701
02:17:45,400 --> 02:17:49,000
While other kings or lawmaking 
as a tedious, necessity, Edward 

2702
02:17:49,000 --> 02:17:51,100
treated it as creative problem 
solving. 

2703
02:17:51,100 --> 02:17:54,700
But Edwards, greatest Innovation
was turning Royal ceremony in to

2704
02:17:54,700 --> 02:17:57,900
political theater. 
His conquest of Wales coal 

2705
02:17:57,900 --> 02:18:00,900
culminated in one of history's, 
most effective publicity stunts,

2706
02:18:00,900 --> 02:18:05,600
presenting his infant son Edward
later, Edward the second to the 

2707
02:18:05,600 --> 02:18:09,799
Welsh as their prince of Wales. 
A native-born ruler who happened

2708
02:18:09,799 --> 02:18:12,400
to speak? 
No Welsh, but whose birth in 

2709
02:18:12,400 --> 02:18:14,799
carefull and castle made him. 
Technically, Welsh enough to 

2710
02:18:14,799 --> 02:18:16,500
satisfy the political 
requirements. 

2711
02:18:16,500 --> 02:18:19,700
The court during Edward's Reign 
felt like the headquarters of a 

2712
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:23,700
successful consulting firm 
organized, purposeful, and 

2713
02:18:23,700 --> 02:18:25,700
slightly intimidating to 
Outsiders. 

2714
02:18:26,600 --> 02:18:29,799
Foreign ambassadors, arrived 
expecting medieval chaos and 

2715
02:18:29,799 --> 02:18:32,500
instead found Clarks who could 
produce any document within 

2716
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:36,000
minutes treasury officials who 
knew exactly how much money was 

2717
02:18:36,000 --> 02:18:39,100
available for any proposed 
Venture and a king who actually 

2718
02:18:39,100 --> 02:18:41,799
read The Briefing papers, 
Edwards relationship with 

2719
02:18:41,799 --> 02:18:44,700
Parliament illustrates his 
practical approach to politics. 

2720
02:18:44,700 --> 02:18:47,400
He didn't summon Parliament, 
because he believed in 

2721
02:18:47,400 --> 02:18:51,000
Democratic principles, such 
ideas were still centuries in 

2722
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:53,500
the future. 
He called Parliament because he 

2723
02:18:53,500 --> 02:18:56,799
needed money for his military 
campaigns and he discovered that

2724
02:18:56,799 --> 02:18:59,799
representatives were more likely
to approve taxes if they felt 

2725
02:18:59,799 --> 02:19:02,500
consulted about how those taxes 
would be spent. 

2726
02:19:03,700 --> 02:19:07,100
It was medieval crowdfunding 
with a constitutional twist, the

2727
02:19:07,100 --> 02:19:10,900
courts daily routine, reflected 
Edward systemic, nature morning,

2728
02:19:10,900 --> 02:19:12,900
councils dealt with 
administrative business. 

2729
02:19:12,900 --> 02:19:15,600
After noon. 
Session's handled legal appeals 

2730
02:19:15,600 --> 02:19:18,600
and evening's were reserved for 
diplomatic reception and 

2731
02:19:18,600 --> 02:19:21,500
cultural events. 
Even the Royal meals. 

2732
02:19:21,500 --> 02:19:24,700
Followed precise protocols, not 
because Edward was particularly 

2733
02:19:24,700 --> 02:19:28,000
formal, but because he'd figured
out that consistent procedures. 

2734
02:19:28,000 --> 02:19:31,200
Prevented the sort of chaos that
had plagued earlier Reigns, 

2735
02:19:31,200 --> 02:19:34,799
Edwards, Queen Eleanor of 
Castile brought her own 

2736
02:19:34,808 --> 02:19:37,400
sophisticated household that 
merged seamlessly with the 

2737
02:19:37,400 --> 02:19:40,299
English Court. 
Eleanor was no mere ornamental 

2738
02:19:40,299 --> 02:19:42,700
Royal wife. 
She was a political partner who 

2739
02:19:42,700 --> 02:19:45,900
managed extensive, Estates 
engaged in diplomatic 

2740
02:19:45,900 --> 02:19:49,200
negotiations and helped create 
the cultural atmosphere that 

2741
02:19:49,200 --> 02:19:52,100
made Edwards Court. 
A magnet for European Talent. 

2742
02:19:52,100 --> 02:19:55,400
The famous Eleanor crosses. 
The elaborate monuments Edward 

2743
02:19:55,400 --> 02:19:57,700
directed at every place. 
Ellen as funeral procession 

2744
02:19:57,700 --> 02:19:59,400
rested on its way to 
Westminster. 

2745
02:19:59,400 --> 02:20:01,800
Well not just expressions of 
Royal grief. 

2746
02:20:01,800 --> 02:20:04,300
They were architectural 
advertisements for the 

2747
02:20:04,300 --> 02:20:06,800
plantagenet dynasties 
sophistication and power. 

2748
02:20:06,800 --> 02:20:10,100
Each cross served as a visual 
cue that those ruling. 

2749
02:20:10,100 --> 02:20:13,500
This Kingdom understood both of 
emotional depth, and artistic 

2750
02:20:13,500 --> 02:20:16,400
Excellence, Edwards Court, 
produced the administrative 

2751
02:20:16,400 --> 02:20:19,100
Innovation that allowed in 
England to function as a unified

2752
02:20:19,100 --> 02:20:21,700
Kingdom, rather Than a 
collection of semi-independent 

2753
02:20:21,700 --> 02:20:25,100
regions, the Royal Chancery 
developed standardized 

2754
02:20:25,100 --> 02:20:27,800
procedures for everything from 
diplomatic correspondence. 

2755
02:20:27,800 --> 02:20:31,300
To land grants, the exchequer 
refined accounting methods, that

2756
02:20:31,300 --> 02:20:33,800
tracked, Royale income with 
Precision that would have 

2757
02:20:33,808 --> 02:20:35,200
impressed Renaissance. 
Bankers. 

2758
02:20:35,200 --> 02:20:39,200
When Edward died in 1307, he 
left his son a kingdom that 

2759
02:20:39,200 --> 02:20:42,500
functioned like a well-designed 
machine unfortunately. 

2760
02:20:42,500 --> 02:20:45,600
As we'll discover, not every 
King was mechanically inclined. 

2761
02:20:45,600 --> 02:20:48,900
Edward the second inherited. 
His father's efficient Kingdom 

2762
02:20:48,900 --> 02:20:51,900
and promptly, demonstrated. 
That governmental expertise 

2763
02:20:51,900 --> 02:20:55,800
isn't necessarily genetic. 
If Edward the first Court had 

2764
02:20:55,800 --> 02:20:59,100
been a Precision, timepiece, his
son's caught was more like an 

2765
02:20:59,100 --> 02:21:02,500
expensive watch the kept losing 
time because the owner could not

2766
02:21:02,500 --> 02:21:03,800
stop fiddling with the 
mechanism. 

2767
02:21:03,800 --> 02:21:06,900
The problem wasn't that Edward. 
The second intelligence or 

2768
02:21:06,900 --> 02:21:10,300
education, he'd received the 
finest, medieval schooling of 

2769
02:21:10,300 --> 02:21:13,700
available and understood Royal 
duties perfectly well in theory.

2770
02:21:14,500 --> 02:21:17,400
The problem was that Edward. 
The second found the actual work

2771
02:21:17,400 --> 02:21:19,500
of King ship, monumentally 
boring. 

2772
02:21:20,300 --> 02:21:23,500
He preferred spending time with 
his close friends engaging in 

2773
02:21:23,500 --> 02:21:26,400
manual crafts and generally 
behaving like someone who'd 

2774
02:21:26,400 --> 02:21:29,500
inherited a successful family 
business but would rather be 

2775
02:21:29,500 --> 02:21:32,900
pursuing artistic interests, 
this created the medieval 

2776
02:21:32,900 --> 02:21:36,000
equivalent of an office where 
the CEOs spends most of his time

2777
02:21:36,000 --> 02:21:39,100
in the employee break room while
important decisions pile up on 

2778
02:21:39,108 --> 02:21:41,800
his desk. 
Edwards Court became a place 

2779
02:21:41,800 --> 02:21:44,600
where ambitious, Nobles competed
not for the Kings attention 

2780
02:21:44,600 --> 02:21:48,300
regarding policy matters. 
But for positions in his inner 

2781
02:21:48,300 --> 02:21:51,100
Social Circle, the situation 
became complicated. 

2782
02:21:51,100 --> 02:21:53,700
When Edward developed an 
intensely close relationship 

2783
02:21:53,700 --> 02:21:57,000
with Piers gaveston, a young 
nobleman who possessed, the 

2784
02:21:57,008 --> 02:21:59,200
medieval equivalent of magnetic 
charisma. 

2785
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:04,100
Galveston was witty stylish and 
completely uninterested in the 

2786
02:22:04,100 --> 02:22:07,100
sort of respectful, deference 
that other Nobles expected to 

2787
02:22:07,100 --> 02:22:10,600
receive from Royal favourites. 
He nicknamed the powerful URLs 

2788
02:22:10,600 --> 02:22:13,300
with insulting pet names and 
generally behaved. 

2789
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:15,800
Like someone who'd never read 
the handbook on, medieval Court 

2790
02:22:15,800 --> 02:22:17,900
Politics, the established 
nobility. 

2791
02:22:17,900 --> 02:22:20,800
Watched this relationship with 
the mounting horror of senior 

2792
02:22:20,800 --> 02:22:23,800
Executives discovering that the 
bosses college roommate has been

2793
02:22:23,800 --> 02:22:25,100
appointed as their new 
supervisor. 

2794
02:22:26,200 --> 02:22:28,100
Gaveston wasn't just 
inappropriate. 

2795
02:22:28,100 --> 02:22:31,500
He was effective at making the 
traditional power Brokers, feel 

2796
02:22:31,500 --> 02:22:34,900
excluded, from important 
decisions, the court, split into

2797
02:22:34,900 --> 02:22:38,200
factions, those who found the 
situation tolerable and those 

2798
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:42,200
who decidedly did not the result
was a series of political crises

2799
02:22:42,200 --> 02:22:45,200
that read like, medieval office 
politics taken to their logical 

2800
02:22:45,200 --> 02:22:48,000
extreme. 
The Barons repeatedly forced 

2801
02:22:48,000 --> 02:22:51,800
Edward to send gaveston into 
Exile, Edward repeatedly, found 

2802
02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:54,700
ways to bring him back and gave 
us an repeatedly. 

2803
02:22:54,700 --> 02:22:56,500
Managed to offend everyone who 
mattered. 

2804
02:22:57,400 --> 02:23:01,400
The cycle continued until 1312. 
When a group of URLs decided to 

2805
02:23:01,400 --> 02:23:04,700
solve the problem permanently, 
by murdering gaveston Edwards 

2806
02:23:04,700 --> 02:23:07,300
reaction to his favorites death.
Transformed him from an 

2807
02:23:07,300 --> 02:23:10,700
ineffective but harmless King 
into a genuinely dangerous enemy

2808
02:23:11,700 --> 02:23:15,000
The gentle artistic Soul who 
preferred crafts to Conquest 

2809
02:23:15,000 --> 02:23:18,100
suddenly developed a talent for 
sustained Vengeance. 

2810
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:19,700
That would have impressed his 
Warrior. 

2811
02:23:19,700 --> 02:23:23,400
Father, the court became a place
where courteous calculated not 

2812
02:23:23,400 --> 02:23:26,200
just political Advantage, but 
personal survival. 

2813
02:23:26,200 --> 02:23:29,900
The dispenser family, Hue, the 
Elder and Huey the younger 

2814
02:23:29,900 --> 02:23:33,700
replaced Galveston as Edwards 
closest advisors but they 

2815
02:23:33,700 --> 02:23:36,500
brought none of Galveston's 
charm and all of his talent for 

2816
02:23:36,500 --> 02:23:39,500
making enemies. 
The dispensers treated Royal 

2817
02:23:39,500 --> 02:23:43,400
favour as a licensed for 
systemic corruption, using their

2818
02:23:43,400 --> 02:23:46,600
positions to acquire lands 
titles and wealth through 

2819
02:23:46,600 --> 02:23:48,700
methods that would have 
embarrassed medieval robber 

2820
02:23:48,700 --> 02:23:50,900
barons. 
Meanwhile, Edwards, Queen, 

2821
02:23:50,900 --> 02:23:53,600
Isabella of France. 
Watched her husband's 

2822
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:56,900
relationships with male favorite
and gradual descent into 

2823
02:23:56,900 --> 02:23:59,900
Political paranoia with the 
patience of someone waiting for 

2824
02:23:59,900 --> 02:24:01,600
the right moment to file for 
divorce. 

2825
02:24:01,600 --> 02:24:04,800
If such a thing had existed in 
medieval Royal marriage 

2826
02:24:04,800 --> 02:24:07,700
contracts, Isabella's 
transformation from neglected 

2827
02:24:07,700 --> 02:24:10,800
wife to political revolutionary,
deserves its own chapter, in any

2828
02:24:10,800 --> 02:24:14,600
study of medieval character 
development, She began the reign

2829
02:24:14,600 --> 02:24:17,700
as a conventional, Royal, 
consort dutifully producing 

2830
02:24:17,700 --> 02:24:18,900
heirs and managing her 
household. 

2831
02:24:20,200 --> 02:24:24,400
By 1325, she had evolved into a 
master political strategist who 

2832
02:24:24,400 --> 02:24:27,100
could give lessons in regime 
change to Modern intelligence 

2833
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:29,700
agencies her alliance with Roger
Mortimer. 

2834
02:24:29,700 --> 02:24:33,300
One of England's, most powerful 
Barons created the medieval 

2835
02:24:33,300 --> 02:24:34,600
equivalent of a shadow 
government. 

2836
02:24:35,500 --> 02:24:37,600
Isabella and Mortimer 
established themselves in 

2837
02:24:37,600 --> 02:24:40,800
France, gathered military 
support and planned their 

2838
02:24:40,808 --> 02:24:43,000
invasion of England with the 
thoroughness that Edward. 

2839
02:24:43,000 --> 02:24:45,400
The second had never applied to 
actual governance. 

2840
02:24:45,400 --> 02:24:49,000
When is Isabella's, forces 
landed in England, in 1326 

2841
02:24:49,000 --> 02:24:51,900
Edwards government collapsed 
with the speed of a house of 

2842
02:24:51,900 --> 02:24:55,900
cards in a stiff breeze, the 
king who had spent 20 years 

2843
02:24:55,900 --> 02:24:58,000
alienating. 
His most important supporters 

2844
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:01,400
discovered that loyalty cannot 
be stored like grain in a Royal 

2845
02:25:01,400 --> 02:25:04,300
Warehouse. 
It spoils if neglected for too 

2846
02:25:04,300 --> 02:25:09,000
long Edwards capture and forced 
abdication in 1327 ended one of 

2847
02:25:09,000 --> 02:25:11,800
the most psychologically complex
rains in English History. 

2848
02:25:12,800 --> 02:25:14,400
His court had become a 
cautionary. 

2849
02:25:14,400 --> 02:25:17,400
Tale about what happens when 
personal relationships override 

2850
02:25:17,400 --> 02:25:20,100
political judgment. 
And when kings forget that, 

2851
02:25:20,100 --> 02:25:23,400
their private preferences cannot
be separated from their public 

2852
02:25:23,400 --> 02:25:26,300
responsibilities Edward. 
The third inherited, a kingdom 

2853
02:25:26,308 --> 02:25:29,300
that desperately needed someone 
who actually wanted to be king. 

2854
02:25:30,200 --> 02:25:32,100
Fortunately, that's exactly what
they got. 

2855
02:25:33,300 --> 02:25:35,900
Where his father had approached 
kingship, like a reluctant 

2856
02:25:35,900 --> 02:25:39,100
employee showing up for a job. 
He'd never wanted Edward, the 

2857
02:25:39,100 --> 02:25:42,200
third embraced royal power with 
the enthusiasm of someone who'd 

2858
02:25:42,200 --> 02:25:44,600
been waiting his entire life for
the opportunity. 

2859
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:47,400
The court of Edward, the third 
felt like a medieval version of 

2860
02:25:47,400 --> 02:25:50,000
Mission Control during an 
exciting Space Program. 

2861
02:25:50,000 --> 02:25:53,500
Everything was focused on the 
great project of proving that 

2862
02:25:53,500 --> 02:25:56,500
England could compete with 
France as a major European 

2863
02:25:56,500 --> 02:25:59,000
power. 
This required transforming 

2864
02:25:59,000 --> 02:26:03,000
English, military capabilities 
diplomatic relationships and 

2865
02:26:03,000 --> 02:26:06,100
cultural Prestige. 
Simultaneously Edward solution, 

2866
02:26:06,100 --> 02:26:08,500
was to turn Warfare into a 
combination of professional 

2867
02:26:08,500 --> 02:26:11,200
efficiency. 
In chivalrous spectacle, his 

2868
02:26:11,200 --> 02:26:13,700
court became the headquarters 
for military innovations, that 

2869
02:26:13,700 --> 02:26:17,200
would revolutionize European 
combat English longbowmen 

2870
02:26:17,200 --> 02:26:20,300
weren't just skilled archers, 
they were Precision weapons 

2871
02:26:20,300 --> 02:26:22,500
specialist, whose training 
regiments would have impressed 

2872
02:26:22,500 --> 02:26:25,600
modern Olympic coaches, the 
creation of the order of the 

2873
02:26:25,608 --> 02:26:28,600
Garter in 1348. 
Illustrate Edwards. 

2874
02:26:28,600 --> 02:26:32,200
Genius for combining practical 
politics with romantic imagery. 

2875
02:26:33,100 --> 02:26:35,800
The Story Goes that Edward 
rescued, a lady's gutter that 

2876
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:39,500
had fallen during a court dance,
declaring honey, sweaty, Molly 

2877
02:26:39,500 --> 02:26:40,900
pass. 
Shame on him. 

2878
02:26:40,900 --> 02:26:44,100
Who thinks evil of it? 
Whether this actually happened 

2879
02:26:44,100 --> 02:26:45,800
matters less than Edwards 
Insight. 

2880
02:26:45,800 --> 02:26:48,900
That nightly honor needed 
institutional structure to 

2881
02:26:48,908 --> 02:26:51,900
remain politically useful. 
The Garter nights weren't just 

2882
02:26:51,900 --> 02:26:54,800
ceremonial appointments. 
They were Edwards Corps military

2883
02:26:54,800 --> 02:26:58,100
and political leadership bound 
together by Oaths that merged 

2884
02:26:58,100 --> 02:27:00,100
personal loyalty with service to
the kingdom. 

2885
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:03,700
It was medieval team building 
with lasting constitutional 

2886
02:27:03,700 --> 02:27:06,900
implications Edwards Court 
during the early phases of the 

2887
02:27:06,900 --> 02:27:09,500
100 Years War buzzed with the 
confidence of a successful 

2888
02:27:09,500 --> 02:27:11,200
startup. 
That's just secured major 

2889
02:27:11,200 --> 02:27:16,000
funding the victory at crazy, in
1346 proved that English 

2890
02:27:16,000 --> 02:27:18,900
Tactical Innovations could 
defeat traditional French 

2891
02:27:18,900 --> 02:27:22,900
military superiority The capture
of Cali gave England, a 

2892
02:27:22,900 --> 02:27:25,600
permanent foothold on the 
continent, the victory at 

2893
02:27:25,600 --> 02:27:28,600
poitiers and 1356 where Edward 
son? 

2894
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:32,100
The black prince captured, the 
French King himself established,

2895
02:27:32,100 --> 02:27:34,000
the English. 
Royal Family's reputation as 

2896
02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:37,400
Europe's Most formidable 
military Dynasty but courts that

2897
02:27:37,400 --> 02:27:40,500
revolve around military success.
Facing never double challenges 

2898
02:27:40,500 --> 02:27:44,100
when the victory stop coming. 
The black death, which reached 

2899
02:27:44,100 --> 02:27:47,900
England in 1348, killed 
approximately 1/3 of the 

2900
02:27:47,900 --> 02:27:50,700
population and disrupted. 
The economic systems. 

2901
02:27:50,700 --> 02:27:52,900
That funded Edwards, Continental
ambitions. 

2902
02:27:53,700 --> 02:27:56,400
Suddenly, the court found itself
managing not just military 

2903
02:27:56,400 --> 02:27:59,400
campaigns, but social 
Revolution, the plagues 

2904
02:27:59,400 --> 02:28:01,900
aftermath created labor. 
Shortages that gave surviving 

2905
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:04,300
peasants, unprecedented 
bargaining power. 

2906
02:28:05,000 --> 02:28:08,000
Traditional social hierarchies 
began shifting in ways that made

2907
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:11,100
established Nobles nervous. 
The court had to navigate 

2908
02:28:11,100 --> 02:28:13,900
between maintaining traditional 
Privileges and acknowledging. 

2909
02:28:13,900 --> 02:28:17,200
New Economic realities, Edward 
age into someone who learned 

2910
02:28:17,200 --> 02:28:19,600
that even successful Kings 
cannot control all the 

2911
02:28:19,600 --> 02:28:21,800
variables, that determine their 
Reigns outcomes. 

2912
02:28:22,500 --> 02:28:25,000
The energetic Warrior who 
launched England's bid for 

2913
02:28:25,000 --> 02:28:27,900
Continental Empire became a 
somewhat Melancholy figure 

2914
02:28:27,900 --> 02:28:30,400
presiding over a kingdom. 
That was simultaneously more 

2915
02:28:30,400 --> 02:28:32,200
powerful, and more troubled than
it had. 

2916
02:28:32,200 --> 02:28:35,600
Been at his accession the court 
during Edwards, final years 

2917
02:28:35,600 --> 02:28:39,200
reflected, this complexity Royal
ceremonies maintain their 

2918
02:28:39,200 --> 02:28:42,700
magnificent diplomatic 
negotiations, continue to cross 

2919
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:45,600
Europe and Military campaigns 
proceeded, according to 

2920
02:28:45,600 --> 02:28:48,800
established strategies. 
But underneath the familiar 

2921
02:28:48,800 --> 02:28:52,000
routines, everyone could sense 
that the assumptions underlying 

2922
02:28:52,000 --> 02:28:54,700
Edwards, early successes were 
becoming increasingly 

2923
02:28:54,700 --> 02:28:57,100
questionable. 
The black prince is premature 

2924
02:28:57,100 --> 02:29:00,600
death in, 1376 symbolized the 
broader challenges facing the 

2925
02:29:00,600 --> 02:29:04,500
plantation at system, Edward the
third had created a court 

2926
02:29:04,500 --> 02:29:07,200
culture based on chivalrous, 
military Excellence, but 

2927
02:29:07,200 --> 02:29:09,900
chivalry offered limited 
guidance for managing plague 

2928
02:29:09,900 --> 02:29:13,300
disrupted social structures 
economic inflation and the 

2929
02:29:13,308 --> 02:29:15,600
growing political sophistication
of England's. 

2930
02:29:15,600 --> 02:29:20,000
Urban populations when Edward 
the third died in 1377, he left 

2931
02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:22,900
a kingdom that had achieved his 
goal of establishing England as 

2932
02:29:22,900 --> 02:29:26,400
a major European power. 
But at costs that his successes 

2933
02:29:26,400 --> 02:29:29,500
would spend Generations, 
calculating 10 year old Richard,

2934
02:29:29,500 --> 02:29:32,700
the Second inherited a kingdom 
expecting another warrior king 

2935
02:29:32,700 --> 02:29:35,700
and instead got an artist who 
happened to wear a crown. 

2936
02:29:36,500 --> 02:29:39,400
If Edward the third's court had 
been focused outward toward 

2937
02:29:39,400 --> 02:29:43,100
Continental Conquest Richards, 
Court turned inward toward 

2938
02:29:43,100 --> 02:29:46,300
creating something 
unprecedented, a royal household

2939
02:29:46,300 --> 02:29:49,600
that treated cultural 
sophistication as seriously as 

2940
02:29:49,600 --> 02:29:52,100
previous generations. 
Had treated military prowess, 

2941
02:29:52,100 --> 02:29:55,400
you can imagine the confusion 
this caused among Nobles, who'd 

2942
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:57,500
spent their entire careers 
preparing for careers, as 

2943
02:29:57,500 --> 02:30:00,800
Knights and Military Commanders.
Suddenly, they found themselves 

2944
02:30:00,800 --> 02:30:03,500
in a court where success went 
understanding, poetry 

2945
02:30:03,500 --> 02:30:07,300
appreciating architectural 
Innovation, and navigating 

2946
02:30:07,300 --> 02:30:10,400
social protocols that resembled 
elaborate performance is more 

2947
02:30:10,400 --> 02:30:12,300
than traditional feudal 
relationships. 

2948
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:15,500
Richards, Court developed its 
own aesthetic that Modern Art 

2949
02:30:15,500 --> 02:30:17,300
historians still study with 
fascination. 

2950
02:30:18,300 --> 02:30:20,500
The king, commissioned 
illuminated manuscripts. 

2951
02:30:20,500 --> 02:30:23,600
That looked like medieval 
graphic novels patronized 

2952
02:30:23,600 --> 02:30:26,400
architect to created buildings, 
that seemed to float. 

2953
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:30,000
Despite being constructed from 
heavy Stone and surrounded 

2954
02:30:30,000 --> 02:30:33,500
himself with intellectuals who 
treated political philosophy as 

2955
02:30:33,500 --> 02:30:35,600
an art form, worthy of Lifetime 
dedication. 

2956
02:30:35,600 --> 02:30:39,100
The famous Wilton diptych 
probably created for Richard's 

2957
02:30:39,100 --> 02:30:43,300
Court, captures the atmosphere 
perfectly Shows Richard being 

2958
02:30:43,300 --> 02:30:46,000
presented to the Virgin, Mary by
his patron saints. 

2959
02:30:46,000 --> 02:30:49,700
But the paintings real subject 
is the idea that Royal Authority

2960
02:30:49,700 --> 02:30:52,600
derives from Divine aesthetic 
judgment rather than military 

2961
02:30:52,600 --> 02:30:55,000
prowess. 
Richard looks less like a 

2962
02:30:55,000 --> 02:30:58,000
warrior more like a medieval art
critic, whose discovered 

2963
02:30:58,000 --> 02:31:00,800
something beautiful. 
This cultural revolution wasn't 

2964
02:31:00,800 --> 02:31:03,600
just decorative. 
Richard understood that Royal 

2965
02:31:03,600 --> 02:31:05,400
Authority needed. 
New Foundations. 

2966
02:31:05,400 --> 02:31:07,900
Now that the Black Death had 
disrupted traditional social 

2967
02:31:07,900 --> 02:31:10,600
hierarchies. 
If Kings could no longer rely 

2968
02:31:10,600 --> 02:31:13,200
solely on military, force, and 
feudal, obligation to maintain 

2969
02:31:13,200 --> 02:31:16,700
power, they needed to create new
forms of prestige and Authority.

2970
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:19,800
Richard's solution was to make 
the Royal Court. 

2971
02:31:19,800 --> 02:31:23,100
So culturally magnificent, that 
association with it, became 

2972
02:31:23,100 --> 02:31:26,400
irresistible to ambitious. 
Nobles, the result was a court 

2973
02:31:26,400 --> 02:31:29,100
where political negotiations 
felt like elaborate theatrical 

2974
02:31:29,100 --> 02:31:33,000
performances, Richard developed 
ceremonies that turned routine 

2975
02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:35,900
administrative tasks into 
rituals that demonstrated Royal 

2976
02:31:35,900 --> 02:31:39,100
Authority through aesthetic 
Excellence rather than raw power

2977
02:31:39,100 --> 02:31:42,000
foreign ambassadors. 
Arrived expecting traditional 

2978
02:31:42,000 --> 02:31:45,100
medieval formality and instead 
encountered governmental 

2979
02:31:45,100 --> 02:31:48,800
procedures that seem designed by
choreographers Richards personal

2980
02:31:48,800 --> 02:31:52,300
style, reflected, this approach 
he dressed with an attention to 

2981
02:31:52,300 --> 02:31:53,500
detail. 
That would have impressed 

2982
02:31:53,500 --> 02:31:56,400
Renaissance fashion designers 
spoke with the Precision of 

2983
02:31:56,400 --> 02:31:59,800
someone who studied rhetoric as 
a fine art and carried himself 

2984
02:31:59,800 --> 02:32:02,900
with the conscience of a 
performer who understood that 

2985
02:32:02,900 --> 02:32:06,000
every public appearance was a 
political statement, the king's 

2986
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:07,600
relationship with literature 
produced. 

2987
02:32:07,600 --> 02:32:10,200
Some of the most important 
cultural developments in English

2988
02:32:10,200 --> 02:32:13,000
History. 
Richard's, Court patronized 

2989
02:32:13,000 --> 02:32:16,100
Geoffrey Chaucer whose 
Canterbury Tales captures the 

2990
02:32:16,100 --> 02:32:18,900
social complexity of late, 
medieval England with 

2991
02:32:18,900 --> 02:32:21,800
psychological insight, that 
still amazes modern readers. 

2992
02:32:22,600 --> 02:32:26,200
Position as a royal Customs, 
official allowed him to observe 

2993
02:32:26,200 --> 02:32:29,700
English society from both 
aristocratic and Commercial 

2994
02:32:29,700 --> 02:32:33,200
perspectives, giving his writing
a breath that purely academic 

2995
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:36,100
poets could not match. 
But Richards, aesthetic approach

2996
02:32:36,100 --> 02:32:38,400
to King ship created, its own 
political challenges. 

2997
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:41,800
Nobles, who'd expected to 
advance their careers through 

2998
02:32:41,800 --> 02:32:44,500
military service. 
Found themselves competing in 

2999
02:32:44,500 --> 02:32:48,600
cultural Arenas, where they felt
disadvantaged The court became a

3000
02:32:48,600 --> 02:32:50,400
place where traditional 
Warriors, tried to master 

3001
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:54,300
skills, sophisticated 
conversation appreciation of 

3002
02:32:54,308 --> 02:32:58,700
artistic subtlety, understanding
of literary references that seem

3003
02:32:58,700 --> 02:33:01,500
to have little connection to the
Practical business of governing 

3004
02:33:01,500 --> 02:33:04,300
a kingdom. 
The Peasants Revolt of 1381, 

3005
02:33:04,300 --> 02:33:07,400
tested Richards, unconventional 
approach to Royal Authority. 

3006
02:33:08,100 --> 02:33:10,800
When what Tyler, LED thousands 
of rebellious peasants to 

3007
02:33:10,800 --> 02:33:13,900
London, demanding social, and 
economic reforms that would have

3008
02:33:13,908 --> 02:33:17,300
dismantled the feudal system. 
The 14 year old King Face, his 

3009
02:33:17,300 --> 02:33:21,400
first major, political crisis, 
His response, demonstrated both 

3010
02:33:21,400 --> 02:33:24,400
the strengths and limitations of
his aesthetic approach to power.

3011
02:33:24,400 --> 02:33:27,700
Richard met the rebels 
personally, using his Royal 

3012
02:33:27,700 --> 02:33:30,800
presents and rhetorical skills 
to diffuse their immediate 

3013
02:33:30,800 --> 02:33:34,300
anger, For a moment, it seemed 
as if the young kings cultural 

3014
02:33:34,300 --> 02:33:37,600
sophistication might succeed, 
where traditional military 

3015
02:33:37,600 --> 02:33:41,400
responses would have fail. but 
when Tyler was killed during the

3016
02:33:41,400 --> 02:33:45,300
negotiations, promise of reforms
was quickly forgotten and the 

3017
02:33:45,300 --> 02:33:48,200
Revolt was suppressed with 
traditional violence, The 

3018
02:33:48,200 --> 02:33:50,700
Experience seems to have 
convinced Richard that cultural 

3019
02:33:50,700 --> 02:33:53,300
Authority alone wasn't 
sufficient for Royal survival, 

3020
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:57,800
His court during the 1390 is 
combined aesthetic, magnificence

3021
02:33:57,800 --> 02:34:00,600
with increasingly authoritarian 
political methods. 

3022
02:34:01,500 --> 02:34:04,200
Richard began demanding, new 
forms of Royal reverence 

3023
02:34:04,200 --> 02:34:06,100
creating ceremonies that 
elevated. 

3024
02:34:06,100 --> 02:34:09,300
The king above traditional 
feudal relationships, the famous

3025
02:34:09,300 --> 02:34:12,000
scene where Richard required 
Nobles, to approach his throne 

3026
02:34:12,000 --> 02:34:15,400
on their knees and address him. 
Only when spoken to wasn't just 

3027
02:34:15,400 --> 02:34:18,400
Royal vanity, it was a 
systematic attempt to 

3028
02:34:18,400 --> 02:34:21,800
reconstruct Royal Authority 
along different lines than his 

3029
02:34:21,800 --> 02:34:25,100
predecessors had used. 
Richard understood that if 

3030
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:28,000
cultural Prestige was going to 
replace military dominance as 

3031
02:34:28,000 --> 02:34:31,300
the foundation of royal power, 
then Royal dignity needed. 

3032
02:34:31,300 --> 02:34:34,400
Unprecedented protection by the 
late 1390. 

3033
02:34:34,400 --> 02:34:37,400
Richards Court had become a 
place where aesthetic Excellence

3034
02:34:37,400 --> 02:34:39,300
co-existed with political 
paranoia. 

3035
02:34:40,400 --> 02:34:42,000
The king who had created 
England's. 

3036
02:34:42,000 --> 02:34:44,900
Most culturally sophisticated 
Royal household was 

3037
02:34:44,900 --> 02:34:48,200
simultaneously alienating the 
noble families who support he 

3038
02:34:48,200 --> 02:34:51,500
needed for political survival. 
The beautiful ceremonies and 

3039
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:54,600
magnificent art were real 
achievements but they couldn't 

3040
02:34:54,600 --> 02:34:57,700
substitute for the Practical 
political skills that successful

3041
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:01,000
medieval King ship required. 
When Henry bowling broke deposed

3042
02:35:01,000 --> 02:35:04,700
Richard the Second in 399. 
He faced a challenge that no 

3043
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:07,600
previous English. 
King had confronted How do you 

3044
02:35:07,608 --> 02:35:11,200
establish legitimacy when you've
just proven that Royal Authority

3045
02:35:11,200 --> 02:35:14,400
isn't actually sacred Henry. 
The 4th Court had to function 

3046
02:35:14,400 --> 02:35:17,600
simultaneously as a functioning 
government and as a constant 

3047
02:35:17,600 --> 02:35:20,800
argument for why the lancastrian
dynasty deserve to rule England,

3048
02:35:20,800 --> 02:35:24,100
the solution was to create a 
court culture that emphasized 

3049
02:35:24,100 --> 02:35:26,900
practical competence over 
aesthetic, magnificence. 

3050
02:35:27,700 --> 02:35:29,800
Where Richards Court had felt 
like an art gallery. 

3051
02:35:29,800 --> 02:35:33,100
That occasionally conducted 
government business Henry's 

3052
02:35:33,100 --> 02:35:35,900
Court, operated more like a 
well-run law firm that happened 

3053
02:35:35,900 --> 02:35:39,100
to be housed in Royal palaces 
Henry, the fourth understood 

3054
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:41,000
that his questionable claim to 
the throne meant. 

3055
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:43,400
He needed to govern more 
effectively than Kings with 

3056
02:35:43,400 --> 02:35:46,800
uncontested legitimacy. 
His Court established 

3057
02:35:46,800 --> 02:35:49,900
administrative procedures aimed 
at showcasing Royal competence 

3058
02:35:49,900 --> 02:35:54,900
by ensuring visible efficiency. 
Foreign ambassadors and domestic

3059
02:35:54,900 --> 02:35:58,100
Nobles alike could see that this
government actually worked. 

3060
02:35:58,800 --> 02:36:01,900
Bills were paid on time. 
Legal decisions were rendered 

3061
02:36:01,900 --> 02:36:05,200
promptly and Military campaigns 
were organized with professional

3062
02:36:05,200 --> 02:36:07,500
thoroughness. 
The lancastrian, courts 

3063
02:36:07,500 --> 02:36:10,000
relationship with Parliament 
illustrates this practical 

3064
02:36:10,000 --> 02:36:12,600
approach. 
Henry didn't call of element 

3065
02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:15,700
because he enjoyed legislative 
debate but because he needed 

3066
02:36:15,700 --> 02:36:18,300
regular communication with the 
social groups who support 

3067
02:36:18,300 --> 02:36:19,900
maintained his dynasties 
position. 

3068
02:36:20,800 --> 02:36:23,800
Parliamentary sessions during 
Henry's Reign felt less like 

3069
02:36:23,800 --> 02:36:27,000
Royal ceremonies and more like 
business meetings where 

3070
02:36:27,000 --> 02:36:30,400
practical people discussed, 
practical problems, this created

3071
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:33,100
a court atmosphere, that was 
less visually spectacular than 

3072
02:36:33,100 --> 02:36:35,100
Richards, but more politically 
sustainable. 

3073
02:36:36,200 --> 02:36:39,000
Henry's courtiers Advance their 
careers through administrative 

3074
02:36:39,000 --> 02:36:42,100
competence military, 
Effectiveness and practical 

3075
02:36:42,100 --> 02:36:44,900
problem-solving rather than 
cultural sophistication or 

3076
02:36:44,900 --> 02:36:48,400
aesthetic sensitivity. 
The change was not necessarily 

3077
02:36:48,400 --> 02:36:51,300
an improvement, England lost 
some of the cultural 

3078
02:36:51,300 --> 02:36:53,100
achievements that Richards 
patronage had. 

3079
02:36:53,100 --> 02:36:56,300
Fostered, it was more suited to 
the political realities of 

3080
02:36:56,300 --> 02:36:59,700
Europe to King ship Henry the 
5th in Heritage, this practical 

3081
02:36:59,700 --> 02:37:03,000
Court culture, and applied it to
the grandest possible project 

3082
02:37:03,000 --> 02:37:06,700
proven that the lancastrian 
dynasty could achieve military 

3083
02:37:06,700 --> 02:37:10,100
successes that would justify its
questionable Origins. 

3084
02:37:11,100 --> 02:37:13,500
His court became the planet 
headquarters for the most 

3085
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:15,700
successful military campaign in 
English History. 

3086
02:37:15,700 --> 02:37:19,300
The preparation for Henry's 
French campaigns reveals how the

3087
02:37:19,300 --> 02:37:22,100
Lancaster Inn Court had evolved 
into something resembling a 

3088
02:37:22,100 --> 02:37:25,300
modern general staff. 
Every aspect of the Aging Court.

3089
02:37:25,300 --> 02:37:29,300
Campaign Logistics intelligence 
gathering diplomatic 

3090
02:37:29,300 --> 02:37:32,400
preparation. 
Financial planning was organized

3091
02:37:32,400 --> 02:37:34,200
with systematic attention to 
detail. 

3092
02:37:34,200 --> 02:37:36,700
That previous generations of 
English kings, and rarely 

3093
02:37:36,700 --> 02:37:39,500
achieved Henry's Court. 
During the French campaigns. 

3094
02:37:39,500 --> 02:37:42,000
Must have felt like Mission 
Control during a successful 

3095
02:37:42,000 --> 02:37:44,900
space program. 
Maps, covered the walls. 

3096
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:48,600
Dispatchers arrived daily from 
Agents throughout France and 

3097
02:37:48,600 --> 02:37:50,800
treasury officials. 
Calculated the cost of 

3098
02:37:50,800 --> 02:37:53,600
maintaining English armies on 
foreign soil with accounting 

3099
02:37:53,600 --> 02:37:56,300
Precision that would have 
impressed Renaissance Bankers 

3100
02:37:56,300 --> 02:38:00,100
the victory at Agincourt in 
1415, provided exactly the 

3101
02:38:00,100 --> 02:38:02,300
legitimacy. 
Boost that lancastrian kingship 

3102
02:38:02,300 --> 02:38:05,600
needed Henry had proven that. 
His dynasty could achieve 

3103
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:09,000
military successes that rivaled 
the greatest accomplishments of 

3104
02:38:09,000 --> 02:38:12,200
the plantagenets. 
The courts practical approach to

3105
02:38:12,200 --> 02:38:14,100
governance had produced 
practical results. 

3106
02:38:14,100 --> 02:38:17,900
That no one could question. 
But Henry's early death in 1422 

3107
02:38:17,900 --> 02:38:20,000
left. 
His infant son, Henry, the sixth

3108
02:38:20,000 --> 02:38:23,400
to inherit both the French 
conquests and the systematic 

3109
02:38:23,400 --> 02:38:27,300
Court culture that had achieved 
the This created a fascinating 

3110
02:38:27,300 --> 02:38:29,400
problem. 
What happens when a court 

3111
02:38:29,400 --> 02:38:31,900
designed around practical 
competence is headed by someone?

3112
02:38:31,900 --> 02:38:33,600
Who is more interested in 
scholarly. 

3113
02:38:33,600 --> 02:38:37,200
Pursuits, an administrative 
efficiency Henry, the sixth 

3114
02:38:37,200 --> 02:38:39,100
Court represents. 
One of the most intriguing 

3115
02:38:39,100 --> 02:38:43,000
experiments in English, Royal 
history, The King was genuinely 

3116
02:38:43,000 --> 02:38:47,100
Pious, intellectually gifted and
temperamentally unsuited for the

3117
02:38:47,100 --> 02:38:50,000
aggressive political leadership 
that his father's Legacy 

3118
02:38:50,000 --> 02:38:53,500
required, his courtiers found 
themselves managing a kingdom on

3119
02:38:53,500 --> 02:38:55,800
behalf of someone who has more 
interested in founding 

3120
02:38:55,800 --> 02:38:59,200
educational institutions that 
maintaining military conquests. 

3121
02:38:59,200 --> 02:39:02,300
The result was a court where 
practical administrators 

3122
02:39:02,300 --> 02:39:04,900
gradually took over the 
functions that previous Kings 

3123
02:39:04,900 --> 02:39:08,200
had performed personally. 
This might have worked if 

3124
02:39:08,200 --> 02:39:11,100
Henry's Noble's had been content
with administrative kingship, 

3125
02:39:11,100 --> 02:39:14,700
but many of them had their own 
ideas about how Royal Authority 

3126
02:39:14,700 --> 02:39:16,000
should function. 
Henry. 

3127
02:39:16,000 --> 02:39:18,700
The sixth Court was too well, 
organized for its own good, 

3128
02:39:18,700 --> 02:39:23,000
which contributed to the start 
of the wars of the Roses. the 

3129
02:39:23,000 --> 02:39:25,900
efficient administrative systems
that Henry the fourth and Henry,

3130
02:39:25,900 --> 02:39:30,100
the 5th had created to function 
even when the king himself 

3131
02:39:30,100 --> 02:39:34,200
provided minimal leadership, 
This allowed ambitious Nobles to

3132
02:39:34,200 --> 02:39:36,700
use Royal administrative 
machinery for their purposes 

3133
02:39:36,700 --> 02:39:39,600
turning the crowns own 
governmental Effectiveness 

3134
02:39:39,600 --> 02:39:43,500
against lancastrian Authority by
the 1450s, the Lancaster Inn 

3135
02:39:43,500 --> 02:39:46,200
Court had become a place where 
formal governmental procedures 

3136
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:50,100
continued while actual political
power shifted toward Noble 

3137
02:39:50,100 --> 02:39:52,500
factions that were preparing for
Civil War. 

3138
02:39:53,700 --> 02:39:56,000
The courtiers who created 
England's most efficient 

3139
02:39:56,000 --> 02:39:58,200
medieval government found 
themselves managing the 

3140
02:39:58,200 --> 02:40:00,800
systematic destruction of the 
dynasty they'd serve. 

3141
02:40:00,800 --> 02:40:03,000
So effectively head with the 
fourth Court. 

3142
02:40:03,000 --> 02:40:06,800
After 1461 face, The Peculiar 
challenge of governing a kingdom

3143
02:40:06,800 --> 02:40:08,900
where everyone had just learned 
that King's could be 

3144
02:40:08,908 --> 02:40:12,400
overthrowing by subjects with 
sufficient military support and 

3145
02:40:12,400 --> 02:40:16,100
political determination. 
The Orca solution was to create 

3146
02:40:16,100 --> 02:40:19,500
a royal. 
The court was so magnificently 

3147
02:40:19,500 --> 02:40:22,300
impressive that people would 
forget how recently, the dynasty

3148
02:40:22,300 --> 02:40:24,400
had come to power. 
Edward understood that 

3149
02:40:24,400 --> 02:40:27,300
successful usurpers, need to 
establish legitimacy, through 

3150
02:40:27,300 --> 02:40:29,000
demonstration, rather than 
argument. 

3151
02:40:29,900 --> 02:40:32,300
His court became a showcase 
designed to prove. 

3152
02:40:32,300 --> 02:40:34,800
That York is kingship 
represented, not just political 

3153
02:40:34,800 --> 02:40:38,400
change, but cultural advancement
every ceremony, every 

3154
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:42,300
architectural project and every 
diplomatic reception was planned

3155
02:40:42,300 --> 02:40:45,800
to demonstrate that this dynasty
governed with the sophistication

3156
02:40:45,800 --> 02:40:48,700
that justified. 
Its hold on power the orcas 

3157
02:40:48,700 --> 02:40:51,800
courts daily routine reflected 
this strategy morning, 

3158
02:40:51,800 --> 02:40:54,600
administrative session's handled
governmental business with 

3159
02:40:54,600 --> 02:40:57,800
efficiency that maintained 
continuity from lancastrian 

3160
02:40:57,800 --> 02:41:00,200
practices. 
But after noon in evening 

3161
02:41:00,200 --> 02:41:02,900
events, showcased Royal 
magnificence that surpassed 

3162
02:41:02,900 --> 02:41:05,300
anything in England had seen. 
Since Richard, the Second 

3163
02:41:05,300 --> 02:41:08,900
aesthetic, experiments Edwards, 
personal style contributed 

3164
02:41:08,900 --> 02:41:12,800
significantly to his atmosphere.
The King was exceptionally talde

3165
02:41:12,800 --> 02:41:15,800
strikingly handsome and 
possessed the sort of natural 

3166
02:41:15,800 --> 02:41:18,800
Charisma that made people want 
to be associated with his court.

3167
02:41:19,800 --> 02:41:22,900
Foreign visitors, consistently 
reported that Edward looked like

3168
02:41:22,900 --> 02:41:26,300
what they expected a king to 
look like which provided exactly

3169
02:41:26,300 --> 02:41:29,100
the sort of visual legitimacy 
that usurped dynasties 

3170
02:41:29,100 --> 02:41:32,300
particularly needed. 
But the Yorkers Court's real 

3171
02:41:32,300 --> 02:41:34,500
Innovation was its approach to 
economic policy. 

3172
02:41:35,600 --> 02:41:38,600
Edward, the Fourth was the first
English king to understand that 

3173
02:41:38,600 --> 02:41:42,500
Royal Authority in the late 15th
century needed to be financially

3174
02:41:42,500 --> 02:41:45,400
self-sustaining. 
His court developed trading 

3175
02:41:45,400 --> 02:41:48,300
relationships, investment, 
strategies and revenue, 

3176
02:41:48,300 --> 02:41:51,200
generating systems that made the
crown less dependent on 

3177
02:41:51,200 --> 02:41:54,500
parliamentary grants than any 
previous medieval Dynasty. 

3178
02:41:54,500 --> 02:41:57,700
This economic independence 
allowed Edward to create a court

3179
02:41:57,700 --> 02:42:00,600
culture that combined political 
Effectiveness with cultural 

3180
02:42:00,600 --> 02:42:04,700
sophistication, Royal patronage 
during his Reign supported 

3181
02:42:04,700 --> 02:42:08,100
architectural projects, 
manuscript illumination and 

3182
02:42:08,100 --> 02:42:10,800
musical innovations, that 
demonstrated England's, growing 

3183
02:42:10,800 --> 02:42:14,000
cultural confidence. 
The court became a place where 

3184
02:42:14,000 --> 02:42:16,000
practical governance and 
aesthetic, achievement 

3185
02:42:16,000 --> 02:42:19,600
reinforced each other, rather 
than competing for Royal 

3186
02:42:19,600 --> 02:42:22,200
attention Edwards. 
Married to Elizabeth Woodville 

3187
02:42:22,200 --> 02:42:25,800
in 1464 illustrates both the 
strengths and the complications 

3188
02:42:25,800 --> 02:42:28,600
of this approach. 
Elizabeth wasn't a foreign 

3189
02:42:28,600 --> 02:42:30,200
Prince. 
Whose marriage would cement 

3190
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:33,300
diplomatic alliances. 
She was an English Widow whose 

3191
02:42:33,300 --> 02:42:35,900
family connections could 
strengthen domestic political 

3192
02:42:35,900 --> 02:42:38,400
Networks. 
The decision was politically 

3193
02:42:38,400 --> 02:42:41,700
practical that socially 
controversial, creating Court 

3194
02:42:41,700 --> 02:42:44,400
factions that would influence 
English politics for decades. 

3195
02:42:44,400 --> 02:42:48,000
The Woodville families rapid 
advancement through Royal favor 

3196
02:42:48,000 --> 02:42:51,900
created, the medieval equivalent
of nepotism concerns but their 

3197
02:42:51,900 --> 02:42:54,600
actual administrative competence
was generally impressive. 

3198
02:42:55,600 --> 02:42:58,000
Elizabeth's relatives, brought 
new energy and fresh 

3199
02:42:58,000 --> 02:43:00,800
perspectives, to court positions
that had sometimes, become 

3200
02:43:00,800 --> 02:43:03,300
routine under previous dynasties
Edwards. 

3201
02:43:03,300 --> 02:43:06,200
Court during the 1470s 
represented, the high point of 

3202
02:43:06,200 --> 02:43:10,100
yorkist achievement the king had
successfully combined military, 

3203
02:43:10,100 --> 02:43:13,300
Effectiveness administrative 
competence and cultural 

3204
02:43:13,300 --> 02:43:16,100
sophistication in ways that seem
to justify the walls of the 

3205
02:43:16,100 --> 02:43:19,600
Roses as necessary modernization
rather than destructive civil 

3206
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:21,800
conflict. 
The brief restoration of Henry, 

3207
02:43:21,800 --> 02:43:25,700
the 6th and 1470 to 1471 
provided an inadvertent 

3208
02:43:25,700 --> 02:43:29,200
demonstration of how much 
English Royal Court culture had 

3209
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:32,900
evolved Underwood's leadership. 
Henry's restored, Corps felt our

3210
02:43:32,900 --> 02:43:35,900
kayak and ineffective compared 
to the yorkist innovation's that

3211
02:43:35,908 --> 02:43:37,600
courtiers had recently 
experienced. 

3212
02:43:39,100 --> 02:43:42,700
When Edward returned from exile 
to reclaim his throne, he found 

3213
02:43:42,700 --> 02:43:45,600
that many previously neutral 
Nobles and decided that Yorkies 

3214
02:43:45,600 --> 02:43:48,200
King ship was simply more 
impressive than Lancaster and 

3215
02:43:48,200 --> 02:43:52,800
Alternatives Edwards sudden 
death in 1483 at age, 40 ended 

3216
02:43:52,800 --> 02:43:56,200
this experiment in systemic 
Royal magnificence before. 

3217
02:43:56,200 --> 02:44:00,000
Its long-term Effectiveness 
could be fully evaluated His 

3218
02:44:00,000 --> 02:44:01,800
brother. 
Richard the third inherited a 

3219
02:44:01,808 --> 02:44:04,600
kingdom where caught culture had
become Central to political 

3220
02:44:04,600 --> 02:44:07,400
legitimacy. 
But where the specific elements 

3221
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:10,200
of that culture were closely 
associated with Edwards, 

3222
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:13,300
personal Charisma, and 
leadership, style Richard, the 

3223
02:44:13,300 --> 02:44:15,200
third's court represents. 
One of history's. 

3224
02:44:15,200 --> 02:44:18,500
Most fascinating studies in the 
relationship between political 

3225
02:44:18,500 --> 02:44:20,100
Effectiveness and public 
perception. 

3226
02:44:20,900 --> 02:44:23,700
By most objective measures, 
Richard was a competent 

3227
02:44:23,700 --> 02:44:26,700
administrator who governed 
England efficiently during his 

3228
02:44:26,700 --> 02:44:29,200
brief reign. 
His court maintained the 

3229
02:44:29,200 --> 02:44:31,500
organizational systems that 
Edward had established. 

3230
02:44:31,500 --> 02:44:35,800
The cultural patronage that had 
made Yorkies kingship impressive

3231
02:44:35,800 --> 02:44:39,800
and handled domestic and foreign
policy with reasonable skill but

3232
02:44:39,800 --> 02:44:42,700
Richard's Court could never 
escape the circumstances of his 

3233
02:44:42,700 --> 02:44:45,700
accession to power, The 
Disappearance of his nephews. 

3234
02:44:45,700 --> 02:44:50,400
Edward, the fifth and Richard 
Duke of York created suspicions 

3235
02:44:50,400 --> 02:44:53,100
that no amount of governmental 
competence could overcome 

3236
02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:57,000
Richard found himself managing a
court where formal procedures 

3237
02:44:57,000 --> 02:44:59,900
continued normally while 
underlying political support 

3238
02:44:59,900 --> 02:45:03,600
steadily eroded, the irony of 
Richard's reign was that he'd 

3239
02:45:03,600 --> 02:45:06,500
inherited the most sophisticated
Royal Court in English History. 

3240
02:45:06,500 --> 02:45:10,100
At precisely the moment when 
courts of sophistication cease 

3241
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:13,400
to matter, The yorkist 
Innovations in governmental 

3242
02:45:13,400 --> 02:45:17,300
efficiency cultural patronage 
and economic independence were 

3243
02:45:17,300 --> 02:45:20,000
genuine achievements but they 
couldn't compensate for 

3244
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:23,800
fundamental questions about 
dynastic legitimacy when Henry 

3245
02:45:23,800 --> 02:45:26,200
Tudor landed at Milford Haven in
1485. 

3246
02:45:26,200 --> 02:45:30,700
He represented not just another 
dynastic claimant, but a return 

3247
02:45:30,700 --> 02:45:33,800
to the principle that Royal 
courts should be judged 

3248
02:45:33,800 --> 02:45:37,500
primarily on their political 
Effectiveness rather than their 

3249
02:45:37,500 --> 02:45:41,300
cultural achievements. 
The Battle of Bosworth field 

3250
02:45:41,300 --> 02:45:44,200
ended the orcust experiment and 
began a new phase in English 

3251
02:45:44,200 --> 02:45:48,000
Royal Court development Henry, 
the seventh Court after 1485, 

3252
02:45:48,000 --> 02:45:51,100
functioned like a startup 
company, whose founder 

3253
02:45:51,100 --> 02:45:53,700
understood that survival 
required completely different 

3254
02:45:53,700 --> 02:45:56,500
strategies than those needed for
initial success. 

3255
02:45:57,500 --> 02:45:59,600
Having won the crown through 
military Victory. 

3256
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,500
Henry faced the challenge of 
establishing a dynasty that 

3257
02:46:02,508 --> 02:46:05,200
could maintain power through 
means other than continued 

3258
02:46:05,200 --> 02:46:07,200
Warfare. 
The early Tudor Court was 

3259
02:46:07,200 --> 02:46:09,900
deliberately modest compared to 
your kissed magnificence. 

3260
02:46:10,700 --> 02:46:13,300
Henry, understood that 
impressive ceremonies and 

3261
02:46:13,300 --> 02:46:16,600
cultural patronage were luxuries
that usurped dynasties could 

3262
02:46:16,600 --> 02:46:20,000
afford only after establishing 
unquestioned legitimacy. 

3263
02:46:21,100 --> 02:46:23,700
His court focused on 
administrative competence 

3264
02:46:23,700 --> 02:46:27,700
financial responsibility and the
systematic elimination of 

3265
02:46:27,700 --> 02:46:30,600
potential Rivals. 
You can pick your Henry's Court 

3266
02:46:30,600 --> 02:46:33,600
as a place, where a countenance 
held higher status than poets, 

3267
02:46:33,600 --> 02:46:36,400
where treasury records received 
more attention than 

3268
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:40,100
architectural projects and where
every expenditure was evaluated 

3269
02:46:40,100 --> 02:46:42,300
for its contribution to dynastic
security. 

3270
02:46:43,900 --> 02:46:46,300
This wasnt because Henry lacked 
appreciation for cultural 

3271
02:46:46,300 --> 02:46:49,500
ceremony, but because he 
understood the priorities that 

3272
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:53,500
newly established dynasties must
observe the courts daily routine

3273
02:46:53,500 --> 02:46:55,800
reflected. 
These priorities morning 

3274
02:46:55,800 --> 02:46:57,700
sessions, dealt with financial 
planning. 

3275
02:46:57,700 --> 02:46:59,800
That would have impressed, 
modern budget analysts. 

3276
02:47:00,500 --> 02:47:03,200
Afternoon meetings, handled 
diplomatic correspondence. 

3277
02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:06,000
That gradually established 
England's credibility, with 

3278
02:47:06,000 --> 02:47:09,200
European powers who are still 
uncertain about Tudor 

3279
02:47:09,200 --> 02:47:12,100
legitimacy. 
Evening events were modest 

3280
02:47:12,100 --> 02:47:14,900
Affairs, that demonstrated Royal
dignity without the 

3281
02:47:14,900 --> 02:47:17,100
extravagance. 
That might suggest governmental 

3282
02:47:17,100 --> 02:47:20,200
irresponsibility, Henry's 
marriage to Elizabeth of York 

3283
02:47:20,200 --> 02:47:22,900
was, perhaps the most successful
political Alliance in English 

3284
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:25,500
History. 
By uniting the yorkist and 

3285
02:47:25,500 --> 02:47:29,100
lancastrian claims Henry, 
created a dynasty, whose 

3286
02:47:29,100 --> 02:47:32,300
legitimacy was based on National
reconciliation rather than 

3287
02:47:32,300 --> 02:47:35,300
factional victory. 
The court became a place where 

3288
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:38,300
former enemies worked together 
on shared governmental projects 

3289
02:47:38,300 --> 02:47:41,500
demonstrating that the wars of 
the Roses are truly ended. 

3290
02:47:41,500 --> 02:47:44,200
The Tudor courts approached to 
Noble management was 

3291
02:47:44,200 --> 02:47:47,300
particularly Innovative rather 
than trying to eliminate 

3292
02:47:47,300 --> 02:47:49,800
powerful. 
Aristocratic families Henry 

3293
02:47:49,800 --> 02:47:53,200
created systems, that channeled 
Noble ambition towards service 

3294
02:47:53,200 --> 02:47:56,100
to the crowd. 
Court positions became 

3295
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:58,400
opportunities for career 
advancement, that required, 

3296
02:47:58,400 --> 02:48:01,100
demonstrated, loyalty and 
competence rather than 

3297
02:48:01,100 --> 02:48:04,700
hereditary privilege alone. 
This created a court atmosphere 

3298
02:48:04,700 --> 02:48:07,400
that combined traditional 
medieval higher Archie with 

3299
02:48:07,400 --> 02:48:09,900
meritocratic elements that 
anticipated later. 

3300
02:48:09,900 --> 02:48:13,400
Governmental developments. 
Noble birth remained important, 

3301
02:48:13,400 --> 02:48:16,800
but actual responsibility was 
distributed based on proven 

3302
02:48:16,800 --> 02:48:19,300
ability to advance Tudor 
dynastic. 

3303
02:48:19,300 --> 02:48:22,300
Interests Henry, the seventh 
success in establishing 

3304
02:48:22,300 --> 02:48:25,600
Financial Independence for the 
crown had profound implications 

3305
02:48:25,600 --> 02:48:29,100
for court culture. 
Unlike previous dynasties, that 

3306
02:48:29,100 --> 02:48:31,800
needed to maintain parliamentary
support for regular Tax. 

3307
02:48:31,800 --> 02:48:35,400
Grants, the Tudor Court could 
plan long-term projects, without

3308
02:48:35,400 --> 02:48:38,500
constant, negotiation, with 
potentially hostile legislative 

3309
02:48:38,500 --> 02:48:41,100
assemblies. 
This financial autonomy allowed 

3310
02:48:41,100 --> 02:48:44,000
Henry the 8th to inherit a court
that could support, dramatic, 

3311
02:48:44,000 --> 02:48:45,700
cultural and political 
Innovations. 

3312
02:48:46,500 --> 02:48:49,400
Where his father had necessarily
focused on consolidation and 

3313
02:48:49,400 --> 02:48:51,900
survival Henry. 
The 8th could pursue Grand 

3314
02:48:51,900 --> 02:48:54,600
Ambitions that were transforming
English, Royal Authority and 

3315
02:48:54,600 --> 02:48:58,000
fundamental ways Henry. 
The 8th Court represents the 

3316
02:48:58,000 --> 02:49:00,400
moment when medieval King ship 
evolved into something 

3317
02:49:00,400 --> 02:49:04,200
recognizably modern The young 
king inherited, his father's 

3318
02:49:04,200 --> 02:49:07,500
financial resources and 
administrative competence but 

3319
02:49:07,500 --> 02:49:09,900
applied them to projects that 
would have seemed impossible to 

3320
02:49:09,900 --> 02:49:13,600
previous generations of English.
Monarchs Henry, the 8th a 

3321
02:49:13,600 --> 02:49:16,900
dramatic change in Royal Court 
culture as Illustrated in the 

3322
02:49:16,900 --> 02:49:19,000
field of the cloth of gold in 
1520. 

3323
02:49:20,200 --> 02:49:22,500
This meeting with Francis. 
The first of France was 

3324
02:49:22,500 --> 02:49:25,600
essentially a three week. 
Festival that demonstrated 

3325
02:49:25,600 --> 02:49:28,700
English wealth, cultural 
sophistication, and 

3326
02:49:28,700 --> 02:49:31,400
technological capability. 
On a scale that amazed 

3327
02:49:31,400 --> 02:49:34,900
contemporary Observers. 
The temporary buildings, 

3328
02:49:34,900 --> 02:49:37,800
constructed for the event, 
rivaled permanent Royal palaces 

3329
02:49:37,800 --> 02:49:40,700
in their magnificence. 
But Henry's Court culture wasn't

3330
02:49:40,700 --> 02:49:44,200
just about impressive displays, 
the king assembled intellectual 

3331
02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:46,800
and artistic talent that 
transformed England's cultural 

3332
02:49:46,800 --> 02:49:51,500
landscape, Thomas More hands, 
Holbein Thomas, cranmer and 

3333
02:49:51,500 --> 02:49:54,800
Thomas Cromwell all contributed 
to creating a court that 

3334
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:58,000
combined Renaissance Learning, 
artistic Innovation and 

3335
02:49:58,000 --> 02:50:00,900
administrative efficiency and 
unprecedented ways. 

3336
02:50:00,900 --> 02:50:04,100
The Kings break, with Rome in 
the 1530s transformed, the 

3337
02:50:04,100 --> 02:50:05,800
English Court into something 
unprecedented. 

3338
02:50:05,800 --> 02:50:09,500
A royal household that functions
simultaneously as a government 

3339
02:50:09,500 --> 02:50:13,000
Headquarters, A Center of 
religious reform, and a cultural

3340
02:50:13,000 --> 02:50:16,100
laboratory experimenting with 
new forms of Royal Authority, 

3341
02:50:16,100 --> 02:50:19,400
Henry's Court during the 
Reformation years buzzed with 

3342
02:50:19,400 --> 02:50:21,800
the energy of people who 
understood, they were 

3343
02:50:21,800 --> 02:50:24,700
participating in his historical 
changes that would reshape 

3344
02:50:24,700 --> 02:50:27,900
European civilization. 
Courtiers found themselves 

3345
02:50:27,900 --> 02:50:30,700
managing not just traditional 
governmental business but also 

3346
02:50:30,700 --> 02:50:34,000
the systematic reorganization of
English religious life, the 

3347
02:50:34,000 --> 02:50:37,000
redistribution of monastic 
wealth, and the creation of new 

3348
02:50:37,000 --> 02:50:38,800
legal Frameworks for Royal 
Supremacy. 

3349
02:50:38,800 --> 02:50:41,800
The dissolution of the 
monasteries provided Henry's 

3350
02:50:41,800 --> 02:50:44,000
court with resources that 
previous English kings could 

3351
02:50:44,000 --> 02:50:47,600
hardly have imagined. 
Certainly centuries of religious

3352
02:50:47,600 --> 02:50:50,100
patronage had given the crown 
control over vast. 

3353
02:50:50,100 --> 02:50:54,100
Estates architectural, Treasures
libraries and artistic 

3354
02:50:54,100 --> 02:50:56,700
collections. 
The court became a place where 

3355
02:50:56,700 --> 02:51:00,000
former monastic buildings, were 
converted into Royal residences 

3356
02:51:00,000 --> 02:51:03,800
where illuminated manuscripts 
were repurposed for secular use 

3357
02:51:03,800 --> 02:51:07,100
and where centuries of religious
art were evaluated for their 

3358
02:51:07,100 --> 02:51:10,800
potential contribution to Royal 
magnificence Thomas cromwell's 

3359
02:51:10,800 --> 02:51:12,500
role in managing these 
Transformations. 

3360
02:51:12,500 --> 02:51:15,300
Demonstrates how Tudor Court 
culture had evolved Beyond 

3361
02:51:15,300 --> 02:51:16,800
traditional feudal 
relationships. 

3362
02:51:17,500 --> 02:51:20,900
Cromwell was neither a powerful 
nobleman Nora church official, 

3363
02:51:20,900 --> 02:51:24,600
but a lawyer and administrator 
whose expertise in governmental 

3364
02:51:24,600 --> 02:51:26,300
procedure. 
Made him indispensable to 

3365
02:51:26,300 --> 02:51:29,900
Henry's revolutionary projects. 
His rise to power illustrate. 

3366
02:51:29,900 --> 02:51:33,100
How the Tudor Court had become a
meritocracy where technical 

3367
02:51:33,100 --> 02:51:35,600
competence could overcome 
traditional social limitations 

3368
02:51:35,600 --> 02:51:39,400
Henry six, marriages created a 
court atmosphere, where personal

3369
02:51:39,400 --> 02:51:42,700
relationships and political 
calculations became inseparably 

3370
02:51:42,700 --> 02:51:45,100
intertwined. 
Each wedding brought new 

3371
02:51:45,100 --> 02:51:49,100
families into Royal favor each 
divorce or execution eliminated 

3372
02:51:49,100 --> 02:51:52,200
established Court networks. 
And each new Queen created 

3373
02:51:52,200 --> 02:51:54,700
opportunities for ambitious 
courtiers, to advance their 

3374
02:51:54,700 --> 02:51:57,900
careers, through association 
with their household, the court 

3375
02:51:57,900 --> 02:52:00,000
during Henry's. 
Final years, had become a place 

3376
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:03,400
where survival required constant
attention to the king's changing

3377
02:52:03,400 --> 02:52:07,100
moods shifting, political 
alliances and evolving religious

3378
02:52:07,100 --> 02:52:09,800
policies. 
Courtiers developed the sort of 

3379
02:52:09,800 --> 02:52:12,400
psychological sensitivity, that 
would have impressed. 

3380
02:52:12,400 --> 02:52:16,100
Modern Diplomatic Corps learning
to interpret, Royal gestures 

3381
02:52:16,100 --> 02:52:20,500
decode, ambiguous statements and
anticipate policy changes before

3382
02:52:20,500 --> 02:52:23,700
they were officially announced. 
Elizabeth, the first inherited a

3383
02:52:23,708 --> 02:52:26,900
kingdom exhausted by religious 
upheaval and dynastic on 

3384
02:52:26,900 --> 02:52:31,000
certainly then spent 45 years 
transforming her Court in to the

3385
02:52:31,000 --> 02:52:34,000
most successful piece of 
political theater in European 

3386
02:52:34,000 --> 02:52:36,800
history. 
If Henry, the 8th Court had been

3387
02:52:36,808 --> 02:52:39,000
a workshop for religious and 
political Innovation. 

3388
02:52:39,000 --> 02:52:42,500
Elizabeth's Court was a stage 
where every day brought new 

3389
02:52:42,500 --> 02:52:44,900
performance is designed to 
demonstrate that England. 

3390
02:52:44,900 --> 02:52:47,000
Had heard cultural and political
greatness. 

3391
02:52:47,000 --> 02:52:50,500
You can imagine the challenge 
Elizabeth face as a young Queen 

3392
02:52:50,500 --> 02:52:53,800
in 1558. 
She was unmarried in an age when

3393
02:52:53,800 --> 02:52:57,200
female rules was considered 
unnatural religiously, suspect 

3394
02:52:57,200 --> 02:52:59,600
in a kingdom divided between 
Catholic and Protestant, 

3395
02:52:59,600 --> 02:53:02,600
factions and politically 
vulnerable in a Europe where 

3396
02:53:02,600 --> 02:53:04,100
major Powers were actively 
plotting. 

3397
02:53:04,100 --> 02:53:07,400
England's destruction. 
Her solution was to create a 

3398
02:53:07,408 --> 02:53:10,500
court culture. 
So dazzling, the domestic and 

3399
02:53:10,500 --> 02:53:13,600
foreign observers became too 
fascinated by the spectacle to 

3400
02:53:13,600 --> 02:53:16,600
focus on the underlying 
vulnerabilities, the Elizabethan

3401
02:53:16,600 --> 02:53:18,200
Court operated on 
multiple-level. 

3402
02:53:18,200 --> 02:53:21,600
Simultaneously, the surface 
level was pure pageantry, 

3403
02:53:21,600 --> 02:53:25,600
elaborate costumes, complex 
ceremonies and artistic displays

3404
02:53:25,600 --> 02:53:28,400
that made Royal receptions feel 
like theatrical performances. 

3405
02:53:29,700 --> 02:53:32,600
but underneath the spectacle was
a sophisticated intelligence 

3406
02:53:32,600 --> 02:53:35,500
operation that gathered 
information from a cross Europe,

3407
02:53:35,500 --> 02:53:39,100
a diplomatic Network that played
Major Powers against each other 

3408
02:53:39,100 --> 02:53:42,300
and an administrative system, 
that managed England's 

3409
02:53:42,300 --> 02:53:45,700
transformation into a major 
commercial power Elizabeth's, 

3410
02:53:45,700 --> 02:53:48,900
famous progresses annual tours 
through England's, Countryside 

3411
02:53:48,900 --> 02:53:53,400
illustrate this, multi-layered 
approach perfectly From one 

3412
02:53:53,400 --> 02:53:57,100
perspective, these were costly 
exercises in Royal vanity that 

3413
02:53:57,100 --> 02:54:00,300
allowed the queen to enjoy 
magnificent Hospitality at her 

3414
02:54:00,300 --> 02:54:03,100
subjects expense. 
From another perspective, they 

3415
02:54:03,100 --> 02:54:04,600
were systematic efforts to 
demonstrate. 

3416
02:54:04,600 --> 02:54:08,000
Royal accessibility gather 
intelligence about local 

3417
02:54:08,000 --> 02:54:11,300
conditions and maintain personal
relationships with the noble 

3418
02:54:11,300 --> 02:54:14,500
families, who support the crown 
needed for political stability. 

3419
02:54:14,500 --> 02:54:17,700
The progress is also served as 
mobile, advertisements for 

3420
02:54:17,700 --> 02:54:20,900
Elizabeth and achievement. 
When the Queens enormous 

3421
02:54:20,900 --> 02:54:24,600
Entourage arrived at the country
estate local populations, could 

3422
02:54:24,600 --> 02:54:28,100
see for themselves, the wealth 
sophistication and cultural 

3423
02:54:28,100 --> 02:54:31,300
confidence of their government. 
These visits were live 

3424
02:54:31,300 --> 02:54:34,100
demonstrations that England 
under Elizabeth was prospering 

3425
02:54:34,100 --> 02:54:36,800
in ways that justified the 
religious and political changes 

3426
02:54:36,800 --> 02:54:39,700
of the previous generation, the 
courts relationship with 

3427
02:54:39,700 --> 02:54:42,200
literature during Elizabeth's 
Reign created some of the 

3428
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:44,500
greatest achievements in English
cultural history. 

3429
02:54:45,600 --> 02:54:48,900
Edmond Spencer's. 
The fairy queen was essentially 

3430
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:51,200
an extended compliment to 
Elizabeth that happened to be 

3431
02:54:51,200 --> 02:54:52,700
written in some of the most 
beautiful. 

3432
02:54:52,700 --> 02:54:56,000
Poetry in the English language, 
Christopher, Marlowe and William

3433
02:54:56,000 --> 02:54:59,200
Shakespeare wrote plays that 
explored themes, of power, and 

3434
02:54:59,200 --> 02:55:02,400
ambition, and political 
legitimacy with psychological 

3435
02:55:02,400 --> 02:55:06,100
depth, that still amazes modern 
audience's, but this wasn't just

3436
02:55:06,100 --> 02:55:08,300
Royal patronage of talented 
artists. 

3437
02:55:09,100 --> 02:55:11,800
Elizabeth understood that 
cultural achievement was a form 

3438
02:55:11,800 --> 02:55:14,600
of political power. 
And foreign ambassadors 

3439
02:55:14,600 --> 02:55:17,200
attended, performance of 
Shakespeare's plays at court. 

3440
02:55:17,200 --> 02:55:19,800
They were witnessing 
demonstrations of English, 

3441
02:55:19,800 --> 02:55:22,600
intellectual sophistication that
carried diplomatic implications 

3442
02:55:22,600 --> 02:55:25,300
a kingdom that could produce 
such art. 

3443
02:55:25,300 --> 02:55:28,800
Was clearly not the backward, 
isolated nation, that hostile. 

3444
02:55:28,800 --> 02:55:32,200
European, observers preferred to
imagine the famous question of 

3445
02:55:32,200 --> 02:55:33,200
Elisabeth. 
Marriage. 

3446
02:55:33,200 --> 02:55:35,900
Demonstrates Health thoroughly. 
She had integrated personal 

3447
02:55:35,900 --> 02:55:37,700
decisions with political 
strategy. 

3448
02:55:38,600 --> 02:55:41,700
Every potential marriage 
Alliance was simultaneously, a 

3449
02:55:41,700 --> 02:55:45,300
romantic possibility, a 
diplomatic negotiation, and a 

3450
02:55:45,300 --> 02:55:48,000
piece of theatrical performance 
designed to keep foreign powers 

3451
02:55:48,000 --> 02:55:50,700
guessing about English. 
Intentions, the Queen's 

3452
02:55:50,700 --> 02:55:54,700
courtship with various suitors, 
Philip the second of Spain Eric,

3453
02:55:54,700 --> 02:55:58,700
the 14th of Sweden Archduke 
Charles of Austria and most 

3454
02:55:58,700 --> 02:56:02,700
famously Robert Dudley Earl of 
Leicester provided ongoing 

3455
02:56:02,700 --> 02:56:05,500
entertainment that distracted 
attention from more sensitive 

3456
02:56:05,500 --> 02:56:08,700
political matters Elizabeth 
managed to keep multiple 

3457
02:56:08,700 --> 02:56:12,100
marriage negotiations active for
decades without actually 

3458
02:56:12,100 --> 02:56:15,400
committing to any of them using 
romantic possibility. 

3459
02:56:15,400 --> 02:56:18,900
As a diplomatic tool with 
unprecedented skill, the courts 

3460
02:56:18,900 --> 02:56:20,800
response to the Spanish Armada 
in 1588. 

3461
02:56:20,800 --> 02:56:24,800
Showcased Elizabethan political 
theater at his most effective. 

3462
02:56:25,500 --> 02:56:28,800
Elizabeth's appearance before 
her troops at Tilbury, declaring

3463
02:56:28,800 --> 02:56:31,900
that she had the body of a 
weakened feeble woman but the 

3464
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:35,100
heart and stomach of a king was 
political communication that 

3465
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:38,600
transformed a potential military
disaster into a moment of 

3466
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:41,400
national inspiration. 
The victory over the Spanish 

3467
02:56:41,400 --> 02:56:43,800
Armada validated, all of 
Elizabeth's, governmental 

3468
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:47,700
strategies simultaneously, 
English Naval Innovations had, 

3469
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:51,000
proven Superior to Spanish, 
military tradition, Protestant 

3470
02:56:51,000 --> 02:56:53,900
religious conviction had 
apparently received Divine 

3471
02:56:53,900 --> 02:56:57,400
approval, and Elizabeth's, son, 
married status, which critics 

3472
02:56:57,400 --> 02:57:00,600
had long considered a national 
weakness, suddenly appeared to 

3473
02:57:00,600 --> 02:57:03,300
be evidence of her unique 
dedication to England's welfare,

3474
02:57:03,300 --> 02:57:07,200
the Elizabethan Court during the
1590s felt like the headquarters

3475
02:57:07,200 --> 02:57:10,500
of a successful Revolution that 
had exceeded, everyone's 

3476
02:57:10,500 --> 02:57:14,800
expectations England had become 
a major European power despite 

3477
02:57:14,800 --> 02:57:18,000
lacking the traditional 
resources, vast territories, 

3478
02:57:18,000 --> 02:57:22,200
massive population's, abundant 
precious metals that other 

3479
02:57:22,200 --> 02:57:25,000
powers relied upon for their 
International influence. 

3480
02:57:25,000 --> 02:57:28,100
Elizabeth's achievement, was to 
demonstrate that a relatively 

3481
02:57:28,100 --> 02:57:31,900
small Kingdom could compete with
Continental Empires, through 

3482
02:57:31,900 --> 02:57:35,900
Superior organization, cultural 
sophistication and political 

3483
02:57:35,900 --> 02:57:39,400
creativity. 
Her Court became the model that 

3484
02:57:39,400 --> 02:57:43,200
later English monarchs would 
many attempt to emulate her, but

3485
02:57:43,200 --> 02:57:46,200
few can match her unique 
combination of theatrical Flair,

3486
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:48,700
and practical. 
Effectiveness James, the first 

3487
02:57:48,700 --> 02:57:52,000
arrival in England. 
In 1603 created a fascinating 

3488
02:57:52,000 --> 02:57:55,500
collision between Scottish Royal
traditions and Elizabethan Court

3489
02:57:55,500 --> 02:57:58,000
culture. 
James brought with him ideas 

3490
02:57:58,000 --> 02:58:00,200
about kingship. 
That were theoretically more 

3491
02:58:00,200 --> 02:58:03,300
sophisticated than Elizabeth's, 
practical approach, but proved 

3492
02:58:03,300 --> 02:58:05,300
less suited to English political
realities. 

3493
02:58:05,300 --> 02:58:09,000
The Jacobian Court, resembled a 
university that had unexpectedly

3494
02:58:09,000 --> 02:58:13,300
taken on governmental duties. 
James was genuinely learned, he 

3495
02:58:13,300 --> 02:58:16,100
wrote books on political Theory,
Theology and even Tobacco 

3496
02:58:16,100 --> 02:58:18,200
Control. 
But his intellectual approach to

3497
02:58:18,200 --> 02:58:21,100
King ship, sometimes conflicted 
with the Practical political 

3498
02:58:21,100 --> 02:58:23,800
skills that successful, English 
Monarchy required. 

3499
02:58:23,800 --> 02:58:26,500
You can picture the culture 
shock that occurred when James 

3500
02:58:26,500 --> 02:58:29,200
is Scottish courteous and 
countered the complex Protocols 

3501
02:58:29,200 --> 02:58:32,700
of Elizabethan Court life. 
The Scots were accustomed to 

3502
02:58:32,700 --> 02:58:35,400
more informal relationships 
between the king and his Nobles.

3503
02:58:35,400 --> 02:58:38,600
While English courtiers had 
developed elaborate ceremonial 

3504
02:58:38,600 --> 02:58:40,700
procedures. 
That treated Royal access as a 

3505
02:58:40,700 --> 02:58:43,000
carefully. 
Rational privilege, the result 

3506
02:58:43,000 --> 02:58:45,900
was a court where two different 
styles of monarchy existed in 

3507
02:58:45,900 --> 02:58:49,100
constant tension. 
James preferred scholarly 

3508
02:58:49,100 --> 02:58:51,100
discussion and theoretical 
debate. 

3509
02:58:51,100 --> 02:58:53,800
While his English, courtiers 
were more comfortable with the 

3510
02:58:53,808 --> 02:58:57,000
sort of political theater that 
had made Elizabeth reign 

3511
02:58:57,000 --> 02:58:59,500
successful. 
The mixture produced some 

3512
02:58:59,500 --> 02:59:02,300
fascinating cultural 
achievements, but also political

3513
02:59:02,300 --> 02:59:04,900
complications that would 
influence English history for 

3514
02:59:04,900 --> 02:59:07,400
Generations. 
James is caught patronized, the 

3515
02:59:07,400 --> 02:59:09,300
translation of the Bible that 
bears, his name. 

3516
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:14,000
The King James version completed
in 1611 which became one of the 

3517
02:59:14,000 --> 02:59:18,000
most influential works of 
English prose ever written. the 

3518
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:20,800
king's personal involvement in 
this project demonstrates, how 

3519
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:24,000
Jacobian caught culture, could 
combine serious intellectual 

3520
02:59:24,000 --> 02:59:27,600
work with practical, political 
purposes, The new Bible 

3521
02:59:27,600 --> 02:59:31,000
translation was simultaneously, 
a scholarly achievement, a 

3522
02:59:31,000 --> 02:59:33,600
religious statement, and a 
political document designed to 

3523
02:59:33,608 --> 02:59:36,500
establish Royal authority over 
English spiritual life. 

3524
02:59:36,500 --> 02:59:39,600
The courts relationship with 
theater during James's Reign. 

3525
02:59:39,600 --> 02:59:43,700
Produced some of Shakespeare's 
greatest plays King Lear Macbeth

3526
02:59:43,700 --> 02:59:46,900
and the Tempest were all written
for Royal audiences. 

3527
02:59:46,900 --> 02:59:49,400
Who understood the political 
themes, these Works explored. 

3528
02:59:50,400 --> 02:59:53,100
When courtiers watched Macbeth's
meditation on the relationship 

3529
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:56,200
between ambition and legitimacy,
they were seeing their own 

3530
02:59:56,200 --> 02:59:59,000
political concerns, reflected in
dramatic, poetry of 

3531
02:59:59,000 --> 03:00:02,300
extraordinary power. 
The jameses theoretical approach

3532
03:00:02,300 --> 03:00:05,000
to monarchy created, practical 
problems that became 

3533
03:00:05,000 --> 03:00:07,200
increasingly serious as his 
reign progressed. 

3534
03:00:08,000 --> 03:00:10,900
His belief in the divine, right 
of kings was intellectually 

3535
03:00:10,900 --> 03:00:14,200
coherent, but politically and 
practical in a kingdom, where 

3536
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:16,800
Parliament had grown accustomed 
to being consulted about major 

3537
03:00:16,800 --> 03:00:20,000
policy decisions. 
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 

3538
03:00:20,000 --> 03:00:23,100
provided James with an 
opportunity to demonstrate that 

3539
03:00:23,100 --> 03:00:25,900
his scholarly approach to 
kingship could handle serious, 

3540
03:00:25,900 --> 03:00:29,300
political crises his 
investigation of the conspiracy 

3541
03:00:29,300 --> 03:00:32,500
showed genuine detective skills 
and his management of the 

3542
03:00:32,500 --> 03:00:35,200
aftermath demonstrated. 
Both Mercy, toward the innocent 

3543
03:00:35,200 --> 03:00:37,900
and decisive action against 
genuine threats. 

3544
03:00:37,900 --> 03:00:41,500
However, James is financial 
management created ongoing 

3545
03:00:41,500 --> 03:00:44,400
tensions that his son, Charles 
the first would inherit along 

3546
03:00:44,400 --> 03:00:47,900
with the crown. the Jack had 
been caught was expensive in 

3547
03:00:47,900 --> 03:00:50,700
ways that even Elizabeth 
magnificent progresses had not 

3548
03:00:50,700 --> 03:00:54,400
been James distributed titles 
lands and pensions with 

3549
03:00:54,400 --> 03:00:57,500
generosity that reflected his 
theoretical belief, that Royal 

3550
03:00:57,500 --> 03:01:00,100
magnificent was essential to 
monarchical dignity. 

3551
03:01:00,900 --> 03:01:03,600
But his practical accounting 
skills were less impressive than

3552
03:01:03,600 --> 03:01:06,800
his theoretical knowledge, 
Charles the first inherited, his

3553
03:01:06,800 --> 03:01:10,200
father's intellectual approached
King ship, but lacked James's 

3554
03:01:10,200 --> 03:01:12,200
political flexibility and 
personal charisma. 

3555
03:01:13,000 --> 03:01:15,900
Charles's Court, became a place 
where theoretical Perfection was

3556
03:01:15,900 --> 03:01:19,400
pursued with systemic, 
Dedication, that ignored the 

3557
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:22,200
political compromises that 
successful monarchy, required. 

3558
03:01:22,200 --> 03:01:25,400
The Caroline. 
Court during the 1630s achieved,

3559
03:01:25,400 --> 03:01:27,200
a level of artistic and cultural
sophistication. 

3560
03:01:27,200 --> 03:01:31,400
That rivaled the greatest 
European achievements, Anthony 

3561
03:01:31,400 --> 03:01:35,000
Van Dyke's, portraits of Charles
and his family created visual 

3562
03:01:35,000 --> 03:01:38,400
representations of Royal dignity
that still influence how we 

3563
03:01:38,400 --> 03:01:42,900
imagined 17th century monarchy 
The court musks designed by 

3564
03:01:42,900 --> 03:01:45,500
Inigo Jones. 
Combined architecture music 

3565
03:01:45,500 --> 03:01:50,200
poetry and Theatrical spectacle 
in ways that amazed contemporary

3566
03:01:50,200 --> 03:01:52,300
observers. 
But this cultural achievement 

3567
03:01:52,300 --> 03:01:55,100
existed in increasing tension, 
with political realities. 

3568
03:01:55,100 --> 03:01:58,400
That Charles seemed to ignore 
his court. 

3569
03:01:58,400 --> 03:02:01,900
Became a place where beautiful 
ceremonies and magnificent art 

3570
03:02:01,900 --> 03:02:04,700
co-existed with governmental 
policies that were 

3571
03:02:04,700 --> 03:02:07,800
systematically alienating, the 
social groups who support the 

3572
03:02:07,800 --> 03:02:09,500
English. 
Monarchy traditionally required 

3573
03:02:09,500 --> 03:02:13,600
the 11-year period, when Charles
ruled without Parliament, the so

3574
03:02:13,600 --> 03:02:18,200
called personal rule from 1629 
to 1640, transformed the Royal 

3575
03:02:18,200 --> 03:02:20,400
Court in to something 
unprecedented in English 

3576
03:02:20,400 --> 03:02:22,600
History. 
A government that functioned 

3577
03:02:22,600 --> 03:02:25,400
independently of the legislative
institutions that had been 

3578
03:02:25,400 --> 03:02:27,900
Central to English political 
developments since Medieval 

3579
03:02:27,900 --> 03:02:31,100
Times Charles's Court during 
these years operated with 

3580
03:02:31,100 --> 03:02:33,200
efficiency that would have 
impressed his Tudor 

3581
03:02:33,200 --> 03:02:35,600
predecessors. 
But its effective news, was 

3582
03:02:35,600 --> 03:02:38,900
undermined by growing popular 
conviction that the King was 

3583
03:02:38,900 --> 03:02:41,200
governing in ways that violated 
fundament. 

3584
03:02:41,200 --> 03:02:44,000
Little English political 
Traditions, the court became 

3585
03:02:44,000 --> 03:02:47,000
isolated from the broader 
political nation in ways that 

3586
03:02:47,000 --> 03:02:49,000
made future conflicts almost 
inevitable. 

3587
03:02:49,000 --> 03:02:52,400
When Charles finally, recalled 
parliament in 1640. 

3588
03:02:52,400 --> 03:02:55,400
His court, found itself 
confronting political opposition

3589
03:02:55,400 --> 03:02:58,600
that had been growing stronger. 
While Royal Authority had been 

3590
03:02:58,600 --> 03:03:02,000
growing more rigid The result 
was a political crisis that 

3591
03:03:02,000 --> 03:03:04,900
neither traditional Royal 
Authority, nor Innovative Court 

3592
03:03:04,900 --> 03:03:08,000
culture could resolve through 
conventional means the execution

3593
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:10,800
of Charles. 
The first in 1649 created a 

3594
03:03:10,800 --> 03:03:13,900
unique situation in European 
history, a major Kingdom 

3595
03:03:13,900 --> 03:03:16,600
attempting to function without 
any Royal Court at all. 

3596
03:03:17,700 --> 03:03:20,000
The Commonwealth period 
represents the ultimate test of 

3597
03:03:20,000 --> 03:03:23,100
whether traditional governmental
functions required traditional 

3598
03:03:23,100 --> 03:03:26,200
Royal ceremonies and protocols, 
Oliver cromwell's, government 

3599
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:27,600
faced. 
The challenge of maintaining 

3600
03:03:27,600 --> 03:03:31,500
domestic order an international 
respectability without the 

3601
03:03:31,500 --> 03:03:34,500
institutional structures that 
had supported English political 

3602
03:03:34,500 --> 03:03:38,000
Authority for centuries. 
The result was a series of 

3603
03:03:38,000 --> 03:03:41,000
improvised solutions that were 
sometimes successful but never 

3604
03:03:41,000 --> 03:03:44,800
entirely convincing to domestic 
or foreign observers you can 

3605
03:03:44,800 --> 03:03:47,400
imagine the confusion that 
ordinary English people felt 

3606
03:03:47,400 --> 03:03:50,400
when familiar Royal ceremonies 
simply disappeared from public 

3607
03:03:50,400 --> 03:03:53,200
life. 
No more Royal progresses through

3608
03:03:53,200 --> 03:03:55,700
the countryside, no more, 
elaborate Court. 

3609
03:03:55,700 --> 03:03:59,200
Celebrations, to Mark important 
occasions, and no more visible 

3610
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:02,600
demonstrations of governmental 
continuity that had reassured 

3611
03:04:02,600 --> 03:04:04,900
previous generations about 
political stability. 

3612
03:04:04,900 --> 03:04:08,600
The cromwellian court, though, 
it was never officially called a

3613
03:04:08,600 --> 03:04:11,000
court developed. 
Its own protocols, that 

3614
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:14,500
attempted to combine Republican,
Simplicity with the ceremonial 

3615
03:04:14,500 --> 03:04:17,000
dignity that governmental 
authorities seem to require 

3616
03:04:18,100 --> 03:04:20,900
Foreign ambassadors still needed
to be received with appropriate.

3617
03:04:20,900 --> 03:04:24,100
Formality important, stator 
occasions, still required, 

3618
03:04:24,100 --> 03:04:27,500
public ceremonies and political 
Authority, still needed visible 

3619
03:04:27,500 --> 03:04:29,300
demonstrations of its 
legitimacy. 

3620
03:04:29,300 --> 03:04:32,000
Cromwell's, personal style 
reflected this challenge. 

3621
03:04:32,000 --> 03:04:35,200
He rejected Royal titles and 
traditional monarchical 

3622
03:04:35,200 --> 03:04:38,600
ceremonies but he lived in. 
Royal palaces used Royal 

3623
03:04:38,600 --> 03:04:42,100
ceremonial objects and gradually
adopted many of the protocols 

3624
03:04:42,100 --> 03:04:43,500
that had previously been 
associated. 

3625
03:04:43,500 --> 03:04:47,000
With crowned Kings, the line 
between Republican leadership 

3626
03:04:47,000 --> 03:04:50,000
and monarchical Authority proved
more difficult to maintain than 

3627
03:04:50,000 --> 03:04:51,600
theoretical political 
philosophy. 

3628
03:04:51,600 --> 03:04:54,700
Had suggested the Commonwealth 
periods, cultural achievements 

3629
03:04:54,700 --> 03:04:57,900
were real but different from 
traditional Royal patronage. 

3630
03:04:58,600 --> 03:05:01,800
John Milton's political writings
including the tenure of kings 

3631
03:05:01,800 --> 03:05:06,000
and magistrates and later 
Paradise, Lost explored, themes 

3632
03:05:06,000 --> 03:05:08,800
of authority, rebellion and 
political legitimacy with 

3633
03:05:08,800 --> 03:05:12,100
intellectual depth that 
surpassed most Court sponsored 

3634
03:05:12,100 --> 03:05:14,700
literature. 
But these Works were produced 

3635
03:05:14,700 --> 03:05:18,000
despite governmental policy 
rather than because of Royal 

3636
03:05:18,000 --> 03:05:20,600
encouragement, the absence of a 
Royal Court. 

3637
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:23,200
Also affected English 
international relations in ways 

3638
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:26,200
that became increasingly 
problematic as the Commonwealth 

3639
03:05:26,200 --> 03:05:29,600
period continued. 
European monarchs were reluctant

3640
03:05:29,600 --> 03:05:32,900
to treat cromwell's government 
as a legitimate equal partly, 

3641
03:05:32,900 --> 03:05:34,800
because it lacked the ceremonial
structures. 

3642
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:37,000
That traditional diplomacy 
required for normal 

3643
03:05:37,000 --> 03:05:41,500
International relationships. 
When Cromwell died in 1658 his 

3644
03:05:41,500 --> 03:05:44,100
son, Richard briefly attempted 
to continue the Commonwealth 

3645
03:05:44,100 --> 03:05:47,300
system, but the experiment 
quickly, demonstrated that 

3646
03:05:47,300 --> 03:05:50,600
Republican government required 
personal Authority, that could 

3647
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:52,500
not be inherited through family 
succession. 

3648
03:05:52,500 --> 03:05:56,000
The irony was that affective 
Republican leadership seemed to 

3649
03:05:56,000 --> 03:05:58,400
require many of the same 
qualities that successful 

3650
03:05:58,400 --> 03:06:01,100
monarchy demanded. 
Charles the second's returned to

3651
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:04,200
England in 1660 created, one of 
the most remarkable 

3652
03:06:04,200 --> 03:06:06,200
transformations in English Court
history. 

3653
03:06:07,500 --> 03:06:10,300
The king had spent his Exile in 
French and Dutch courts. 

3654
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:12,500
That had continued developing 
while England. 

3655
03:06:12,500 --> 03:06:16,300
Experimented with republicanism 
When Charles established his 

3656
03:06:16,300 --> 03:06:19,300
restored Court, he brought 
Continental innovations that 

3657
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:21,200
revolutionized English Royal 
culture. 

3658
03:06:21,200 --> 03:06:24,700
The restoration Court felt like 
a party that had been postponed 

3659
03:06:24,700 --> 03:06:27,800
for 11 years and was finally 
being celebrated with 

3660
03:06:27,800 --> 03:06:32,200
accumulated enthusiasm Charles 
understood that his restoration 

3661
03:06:32,200 --> 03:06:35,500
needed to demonstrate, not just 
political legitimacy, but 

3662
03:06:35,500 --> 03:06:39,000
cultural superiority over the 
Republican experiment that a 

3663
03:06:39,000 --> 03:06:41,300
temporarily replaced. 
Traditional, monarchy, you can 

3664
03:06:41,300 --> 03:06:44,100
picture the excitement that must
have filled London when familiar

3665
03:06:44,100 --> 03:06:46,400
Royal ceremonies returned to 
English public life. 

3666
03:06:47,200 --> 03:06:50,100
The coronation processions 
caught celebrations and Royal 

3667
03:06:50,100 --> 03:06:53,400
progresses provided Visual 
Evidence that normal political 

3668
03:06:53,400 --> 03:06:56,700
order had been restored. 
Charles's Court was more than 

3669
03:06:56,700 --> 03:06:58,800
just a return to pre-civil war 
Traditions. 

3670
03:06:58,800 --> 03:07:01,600
It was an upgrade that 
incorporated, the best features 

3671
03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:04,500
of European Royal culture. 
The king's personal style, 

3672
03:07:04,500 --> 03:07:08,000
reflected his Continental 
education, Charles was witty 

3673
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:11,200
sophisticated and possessed, the
sort of easy charm that made 

3674
03:07:11,200 --> 03:07:12,900
people want to spend time in his
presence. 

3675
03:07:13,800 --> 03:07:16,500
His court became a place where 
conversation was considered an 

3676
03:07:16,500 --> 03:07:19,500
art form where scientific 
discussion co-existed with 

3677
03:07:19,500 --> 03:07:22,600
theatrical entertainment and 
where English cultural life 

3678
03:07:22,600 --> 03:07:25,600
reconnected with broader 
European developments, the Royal

3679
03:07:25,608 --> 03:07:29,500
Society, founded in 1660 
illustrates how the restoration 

3680
03:07:29,500 --> 03:07:32,400
courts supported intellectual 
achievements that combined 

3681
03:07:32,400 --> 03:07:34,600
practical utility with cultural 
Prestige. 

3682
03:07:34,600 --> 03:07:38,800
When Isaac Newton, Christopher 
and Robert Hooke conducted their

3683
03:07:38,800 --> 03:07:40,400
experiments under Royal 
patronage. 

3684
03:07:40,400 --> 03:07:42,400
They were advancing human 
knowledge. 

3685
03:07:42,400 --> 03:07:45,300
While simultaneously 
demonstrating that the English 

3686
03:07:45,300 --> 03:07:48,900
Monarchy supported the sort of 
scientific progress, that was 

3687
03:07:48,900 --> 03:07:50,900
transforming European 
civilization. 

3688
03:07:50,900 --> 03:07:54,400
Charles's Court was also where 
English theater achieve some of 

3689
03:07:54,408 --> 03:07:58,200
its greatest successes Kings 
enthusiastic support for 

3690
03:07:58,200 --> 03:08:00,700
dramatic performance, is helped 
create the conditions that 

3691
03:08:00,700 --> 03:08:04,800
produced restoration comedy. 
Theatrical form that combined 

3692
03:08:04,800 --> 03:08:08,400
sophisticated social observation
with entertainment that appealed

3693
03:08:08,400 --> 03:08:10,300
to both courtly and popular 
audiences. 

3694
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:14,100
But the restoration courts, most
significant Innovation was its 

3695
03:08:14,100 --> 03:08:18,000
approach to religious diversity.
Charles's personal Catholic 

3696
03:08:18,000 --> 03:08:21,300
sympathies were balanced by his 
political understanding that 

3697
03:08:21,300 --> 03:08:24,000
England required, Protestant 
Royal Authority, for domestic 

3698
03:08:24,000 --> 03:08:26,700
stability. 
His court became a place, where 

3699
03:08:26,700 --> 03:08:28,900
religious differences were 
managed through practical 

3700
03:08:28,900 --> 03:08:30,800
tolerance, rather than 
theoretical. 

3701
03:08:30,800 --> 03:08:33,600
Resolution this created a court 
atmosphere. 

3702
03:08:33,600 --> 03:08:36,200
That was more intellectually 
diverse than England had 

3703
03:08:36,200 --> 03:08:39,200
experienced since before the 
Reformation, Catholic's 

3704
03:08:39,200 --> 03:08:43,300
anglicans and various Protestant
denominations, all found places 

3705
03:08:43,300 --> 03:08:46,500
in court life, though, their 
relationships were sometimes 

3706
03:08:46,500 --> 03:08:47,900
tense. 
And always politically 

3707
03:08:47,900 --> 03:08:51,400
complicated. 
The Great Fire of London in 1666

3708
03:08:51,400 --> 03:08:54,700
provided Charles's court with an
opportunity to demonstrate Royal

3709
03:08:54,700 --> 03:08:56,800
leadership during a genuine 
National crisis. 

3710
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:01,100
The king's personal involvement 
in firefighting efforts and his 

3711
03:09:01,100 --> 03:09:03,900
support for Christopher. 
Wren's rebuilding plans showed 

3712
03:09:03,900 --> 03:09:06,500
that the restored monarchy could
provide effective practical 

3713
03:09:06,500 --> 03:09:10,100
leadership, as well as 
ceremonial magnifiscents James. 

3714
03:09:10,100 --> 03:09:13,400
The second succession in 1685 
created immediate tension 

3715
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:16,500
between the court culture that 
Charles had established and 

3716
03:09:16,500 --> 03:09:18,900
James's determination to restore
Catholicism. 

3717
03:09:18,900 --> 03:09:23,400
As England's official religion. 
James had inherited his brother 

3718
03:09:23,400 --> 03:09:26,500
sophisticated court system but 
lacked Charles's political 

3719
03:09:26,500 --> 03:09:29,300
sensitivity about the religious 
compromises that the English 

3720
03:09:29,300 --> 03:09:31,900
Monarchy required. 
The Jacobite Court during 

3721
03:09:31,900 --> 03:09:34,800
James's brief Reign felt like a 
place where people were waiting 

3722
03:09:34,800 --> 03:09:36,800
for something dramatic to happen
though. 

3723
03:09:36,800 --> 03:09:40,500
No one was quite sure what form 
that drama would take James's 

3724
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:42,100
policies, systematically 
alienated. 

3725
03:09:42,100 --> 03:09:44,600
The Protestant political 
establishment that had supported

3726
03:09:44,600 --> 03:09:47,300
his brothers restoration, while 
his court ceremonies 

3727
03:09:47,300 --> 03:09:50,400
increasingly emphasized, 
Catholic religious elements that

3728
03:09:50,400 --> 03:09:53,500
made most English observers 
nervous when William of Orange 

3729
03:09:53,500 --> 03:09:57,600
landed in England, in 1688 
James's Court collapsed with 

3730
03:09:57,608 --> 03:10:00,700
startling speed. 
The king who had inherited the 

3731
03:10:00,700 --> 03:10:02,900
most sophisticated Royal 
household in English. 

3732
03:10:02,900 --> 03:10:06,100
History, found himself with 
almost no domestic political 

3733
03:10:06,100 --> 03:10:08,100
support. 
When the crisis finally arrived,

3734
03:10:08,100 --> 03:10:11,900
the Glorious Revolution of 1688 
fundamentally changed. 

3735
03:10:11,900 --> 03:10:14,700
The relationship between 
English, Royal courts and 

3736
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:18,000
political Authority. 
William the third and Mary, the 

3737
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:20,900
second established to court 
system that operated within 

3738
03:10:20,900 --> 03:10:24,100
constitutional limitations that 
would have seemed impossible to 

3739
03:10:24,100 --> 03:10:26,000
earlier generations of English. 
Monarchs. 

3740
03:10:26,000 --> 03:10:29,100
The new Royal Court had to 
function simultaneously as a 

3741
03:10:29,100 --> 03:10:32,200
ceremonial Center that 
maintained monarchical dignity 

3742
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:35,500
and as a governmental 
institution that acknowledged 

3743
03:10:35,500 --> 03:10:38,100
parliamentary Supremacy over 
major policy decision. 

3744
03:10:39,400 --> 03:10:42,200
This required developing new 
protocols that preserved Royal 

3745
03:10:42,200 --> 03:10:44,900
Prestige, while respecting the 
political realities, that the 

3746
03:10:44,900 --> 03:10:46,400
Glorious Revolution had 
established. 

3747
03:10:46,400 --> 03:10:49,600
You can imagine the delicate 
balance that caught officials 

3748
03:10:49,600 --> 03:10:51,800
needed to maintain during the 
transitional period. 

3749
03:10:52,600 --> 03:10:55,900
Royal ceremonies still needed to
demonstrate appropriate Majesty,

3750
03:10:55,900 --> 03:10:59,100
but they couldn't suggest that 
the crowned Authority that 

3751
03:10:59,100 --> 03:11:02,200
Parliament now controlled 
foreign diplomats still needed 

3752
03:11:02,200 --> 03:11:05,200
to be received with suitable 
formality but diplomatic 

3753
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:08,200
policies required, legislative 
approval in ways that 

3754
03:11:08,200 --> 03:11:11,700
complicated traditional Royal 
prerogatives, the Hannah Varian 

3755
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:15,000
succession in 1714, brought 
another Continental influence to

3756
03:11:15,008 --> 03:11:18,200
English Court culture, But 
George, the first Court face, 

3757
03:11:18,200 --> 03:11:21,300
the additional challenge of 
establishing legitimacy for a 

3758
03:11:21,300 --> 03:11:23,300
dynasty with limited English 
connections. 

3759
03:11:24,000 --> 03:11:26,700
The early Georgian Court 
compensated for this linguistic 

3760
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:29,900
and cultural Distance by 
developing ceremonial procedures

3761
03:11:29,900 --> 03:11:33,400
that emphasize constitutional 
propriety rather than personal 

3762
03:11:33,400 --> 03:11:35,500
Charisma. 
George the second Court 

3763
03:11:35,500 --> 03:11:37,900
achieved, a more comfortable 
balance between German Royal 

3764
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:40,400
traditions and English 
constitutional requirements. 

3765
03:11:41,100 --> 03:11:44,000
The king spoke better English 
than his father understood 

3766
03:11:44,000 --> 03:11:47,500
English, political customs, more
thoroughly and created a court 

3767
03:11:47,500 --> 03:11:49,300
atmosphere that successfully 
combined. 

3768
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:52,900
Continental sophistication with 
domestic, political sensitivity,

3769
03:11:52,900 --> 03:11:55,400
but it was during George. 
The third's, long Reign that the

3770
03:11:55,408 --> 03:11:58,700
Georgian Court System reached 
its mature form George. 

3771
03:11:58,700 --> 03:12:01,000
The third was the first 
Hanoverian Monarch who was 

3772
03:12:01,008 --> 03:12:04,000
thoroughly English in 
educational temperament and 

3773
03:12:04,000 --> 03:12:07,300
political understanding his 
court became the template for 

3774
03:12:07,300 --> 03:12:10,300
constitutional monarchy that 
would influence British royal 

3775
03:12:10,300 --> 03:12:13,300
culture for the next two 
centuries, the Georgian courts 

3776
03:12:13,300 --> 03:12:16,200
daily routine reflected these 
constitutional limitations 

3777
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:19,200
Morning sessions, dealt with 
ceremonial business. 

3778
03:12:19,200 --> 03:12:22,200
That maintained Royal dignity 
without challenging 

3779
03:12:22,200 --> 03:12:25,500
parliamentary Authority. 
After noon, meetings, handled 

3780
03:12:25,500 --> 03:12:28,500
diplomatic correspondence. 
That required coordination with 

3781
03:12:28,500 --> 03:12:30,700
government ministers, who were 
responsible to Parliament. 

3782
03:12:30,700 --> 03:12:34,300
Rather than to the crown alone, 
George the third's court, during

3783
03:12:34,300 --> 03:12:36,800
the American Revolution, 
demonstrates how constitutional 

3784
03:12:36,800 --> 03:12:41,000
monarchy functioned during major
political crises, the king 

3785
03:12:41,000 --> 03:12:44,100
personally posed American 
independence, but his court had 

3786
03:12:44,100 --> 03:12:47,000
to manage a military conflict 
that was primarily directed by 

3787
03:12:47,000 --> 03:12:48,400
ministers. 
Who are accountable to 

3788
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:50,900
Parliament. 
Royal Authority and 

3789
03:12:50,900 --> 03:12:53,500
parliamentary government 
operated in parallel rather than

3790
03:12:53,500 --> 03:12:56,600
in the hierarchical relationship
that had characterized earlier 

3791
03:12:56,600 --> 03:12:58,800
periods. 
The Court's response to George 

3792
03:12:58,800 --> 03:13:02,000
the third's periodic, mental 
illness created unprecedented 

3793
03:13:02,000 --> 03:13:05,400
constitutional challenges that 
required improvised Solutions, 

3794
03:13:06,200 --> 03:13:09,700
The Regency crisis of 1788 
forced Parliament and the Royal 

3795
03:13:09,700 --> 03:13:12,600
household to develop procedures 
for managing governmental 

3796
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:14,900
continuity. 
When the Monarch was unable to 

3797
03:13:14,900 --> 03:13:16,600
perform his constitutional 
duties. 

3798
03:13:16,600 --> 03:13:19,700
These experiences established 
precedence that would prove 

3799
03:13:19,700 --> 03:13:22,800
crucial during the formal 
Regency period from 1811 to 

3800
03:13:22,800 --> 03:13:25,100
1820. 
When the future, George the 

3801
03:13:25,100 --> 03:13:26,800
fourth governed on his father's 
behalf. 

3802
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:30,000
The Regents he called 
represented the full flowering 

3803
03:13:30,000 --> 03:13:33,900
of Georgian Royal culture. 
Sophisticated Cosmopolitan and 

3804
03:13:33,900 --> 03:13:37,700
expensive enough to scandalize 
contemporary critics, George the

3805
03:13:37,700 --> 03:13:40,600
fourth's court as Prince, Regent
achieved, a level of cultural 

3806
03:13:40,600 --> 03:13:43,600
patronage that rivaled the 
greatest European achievements. 

3807
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:46,900
The rebuilding of the royal 
Pavilion at Brighton, the 

3808
03:13:46,900 --> 03:13:49,400
planning of Regent Street and 
Regents Park in London. 

3809
03:13:49,400 --> 03:13:53,200
And the support for artists 
writers and musicians, created a

3810
03:13:53,200 --> 03:13:55,800
court culture that combined 
aesthetic achievement with 

3811
03:13:55,800 --> 03:13:59,800
constitutional propriety 
Victoria's accession in 1837 

3812
03:13:59,800 --> 03:14:02,200
created a dramatic 
transformation in English Court 

3813
03:14:02,200 --> 03:14:05,600
culture that reflected broader 
changes in social attitudes, 

3814
03:14:05,600 --> 03:14:10,200
economic relationships and 
Imperial responsibilities, The 

3815
03:14:10,200 --> 03:14:12,700
18 year old Queen inherited, a 
court system that had been 

3816
03:14:12,708 --> 03:14:15,500
designed for Georgian Royal 
lifestyle but would need to 

3817
03:14:15,508 --> 03:14:18,700
accommodate Victorian moral 
expectations and Global Imperial

3818
03:14:18,700 --> 03:14:21,300
duties. 
The early, Victorian Court faced

3819
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:23,700
the challenge of establishing 
respect for a young female 

3820
03:14:23,700 --> 03:14:26,300
Monarch in an age. 
When political Authority was 

3821
03:14:26,300 --> 03:14:28,600
generally associated with 
masculine leadership. 

3822
03:14:29,600 --> 03:14:32,100
Victorious solution was to 
create a court culture that 

3823
03:14:32,100 --> 03:14:36,100
emphasized moral Authority, 
domestic virtue and Imperial 

3824
03:14:36,100 --> 03:14:39,400
responsibility rather than the 
personal Charisma, or cultural 

3825
03:14:39,400 --> 03:14:41,800
sophistication that had 
characterized early Royal 

3826
03:14:41,800 --> 03:14:44,000
Traditions. 
You can imagine the dramatic 

3827
03:14:44,000 --> 03:14:46,800
change in the court atmosphere 
that Victoria's moral standards 

3828
03:14:46,800 --> 03:14:49,500
produced. 
When Georgian Court life had 

3829
03:14:49,500 --> 03:14:53,200
celebrated wit sophistication 
and a certain tolerance for 

3830
03:14:53,200 --> 03:14:55,800
personal Scandal. 
Victorian Court culture, 

3831
03:14:55,800 --> 03:14:59,800
emphasized, Duty propriety and 
the sort of moral earnestness 

3832
03:14:59,800 --> 03:15:02,700
that would have made earlier 
generations of courtiers, deeply

3833
03:15:02,700 --> 03:15:06,200
uncomfortable, Victoria's 
married to Prince Albert in 1840

3834
03:15:06,200 --> 03:15:09,500
established the partnership that
would define Victorian Royal 

3835
03:15:09,500 --> 03:15:11,000
culture for the next two 
decades. 

3836
03:15:12,200 --> 03:15:14,500
Albert Braut, German 
thoroughness, and intellectual 

3837
03:15:14,500 --> 03:15:17,800
seriousness to English Court 
life, creating an atmosphere 

3838
03:15:17,800 --> 03:15:21,600
where governmental efficiency 
cultural patronage, and moral 

3839
03:15:21,600 --> 03:15:24,200
Improvement, were pursued with 
systemic dedication. 

3840
03:15:24,200 --> 03:15:27,300
The Victorian courts approached 
to ceremonial Innovation 

3841
03:15:27,300 --> 03:15:29,500
illustrates this. 
New seriousness of purpose. 

3842
03:15:30,400 --> 03:15:34,000
The great exhibition of 1851 
organized under Albert's 

3843
03:15:34,000 --> 03:15:36,700
leadership was simultaneously a 
celebration of British 

3844
03:15:36,700 --> 03:15:40,000
industrial achievement a 
demonstration of Imperial wealth

3845
03:15:40,000 --> 03:15:42,600
and a moral statement about the 
benefits of international 

3846
03:15:42,600 --> 03:15:45,100
cooperation and technological 
progress. 

3847
03:15:45,100 --> 03:15:48,300
Albert's influence on court 
culture, extended far beyond 

3848
03:15:48,300 --> 03:15:51,800
ceremonial occasions, he 
reorganized Royal finances. 

3849
03:15:51,800 --> 03:15:55,100
Modernized Royal Estates and 
established new standards for 

3850
03:15:55,100 --> 03:15:57,900
the sort of cultural patronage 
that the monarchy should provide

3851
03:15:58,800 --> 03:16:01,600
The prince consort treated Royal
duties with the systematic 

3852
03:16:01,600 --> 03:16:03,400
attention to detail that 
successful. 

3853
03:16:03,400 --> 03:16:06,500
Businesses required applying 
commercial principles to 

3854
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:10,100
monarchical responsibilities the
courts, daily routine, during 

3855
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:12,700
Albert's lifetime reflected. 
This business like approach, 

3856
03:16:13,500 --> 03:16:15,900
Morning sessions, handled 
administrative business with 

3857
03:16:15,900 --> 03:16:18,300
efficiency. 
That would have impressed Tudor 

3858
03:16:18,300 --> 03:16:20,900
bureaucrats. 
After noon meetings, dealt with 

3859
03:16:20,900 --> 03:16:24,400
the charitable organizations 
educational institutions and 

3860
03:16:24,400 --> 03:16:27,100
cultural projects that have 
become Central to Victorian 

3861
03:16:27,100 --> 03:16:31,300
Royal identity Victoria's grief 
after Albert's death in 1861, 

3862
03:16:31,300 --> 03:16:34,300
transformed the court. 
Once again this time in ways 

3863
03:16:34,300 --> 03:16:38,300
that created long-term problems 
for monarchical Prestige, the 

3864
03:16:38,300 --> 03:16:41,400
Queen's withdrawal from public 
ceremonial duties meant that the

3865
03:16:41,400 --> 03:16:44,400
Victorian Court maintained its 
administrative functions while 

3866
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:46,100
losing much of its symbolic 
visibility. 

3867
03:16:46,100 --> 03:16:49,400
The court during Victoria's 
widowhood operated like a 

3868
03:16:49,400 --> 03:16:52,500
governmental Department, whose 
chief executive had chosen to 

3869
03:16:52,508 --> 03:16:55,600
work from home. 
While Royal business proceeded, 

3870
03:16:55,600 --> 03:16:59,300
efficiently, the ceremonial 
aspects of monarchy which served

3871
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:02,200
as public demonstrations of 
constitutional continuity. 

3872
03:17:02,200 --> 03:17:05,400
Saw a significant reduction, 
this created opportunities for 

3873
03:17:05,400 --> 03:17:07,800
other members of the royal 
family, particularly the Prince 

3874
03:17:07,800 --> 03:17:10,600
of Wales, the future. 
Edward the seventh to develop, 

3875
03:17:10,600 --> 03:17:12,800
alternative approaches to Royal 
public life. 

3876
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:17,000
Edwards caught in Waiting became
a center for the sort of social 

3877
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:19,600
activities that Victoria's 
morning had eliminated from 

3878
03:17:19,600 --> 03:17:22,500
official Royal culture. 
The tension between Victoria's 

3879
03:17:22,500 --> 03:17:25,700
withdrawn approach and Edwards 
social style created two 

3880
03:17:25,700 --> 03:17:28,400
different models of Royal 
behavior that coexisted 

3881
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:30,900
uncomfortably within the same 
constitutional system. 

3882
03:17:32,000 --> 03:17:35,400
The Queen's moral Authority was 
unquestioned, but her son's 

3883
03:17:35,400 --> 03:17:37,800
understanding of Royal 
ceremonial requirements, seemed 

3884
03:17:37,800 --> 03:17:40,900
more suited to practical, 
political needs Victoria's 

3885
03:17:40,900 --> 03:17:44,700
golden jubilee in 1887 and 
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 

3886
03:17:44,700 --> 03:17:47,400
demonstrated that the Queen's 
moral Authority. 

3887
03:17:47,400 --> 03:17:49,300
Had created a new form of 
monarchical. 

3888
03:17:49,300 --> 03:17:52,900
Prestige these celebrations were
just British occasions. 

3889
03:17:52,900 --> 03:17:56,300
They were Imperial festivals. 
That demonstrated how Victorian 

3890
03:17:56,300 --> 03:17:58,800
Royal culture had expanded to 
Encompass Global 

3891
03:17:58,800 --> 03:18:01,300
responsibilities. 
The Victorian courts final 

3892
03:18:01,300 --> 03:18:04,500
achievement was astonishing, the
Constitutional framework that 

3893
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:07,200
would allow the British Monarchy
to survive the Democratic 

3894
03:18:07,200 --> 03:18:08,900
transformation of the 20th 
century. 

3895
03:18:09,900 --> 03:18:13,000
Victorious combination of moral 
Authority, Imperial 

3896
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:16,300
responsibility, and 
constitutional propriety created

3897
03:18:16,300 --> 03:18:19,700
a template for monarchical. 
Relevance that proved adaptable 

3898
03:18:19,700 --> 03:18:22,700
to changing political 
circumstances as we reach the 

3899
03:18:22,700 --> 03:18:25,100
end of our gentle Journey 
Through the centuries of Royal 

3900
03:18:25,100 --> 03:18:26,900
courts. 
You might find yourself 

3901
03:18:26,900 --> 03:18:29,900
reflecting on how these ancient 
patterns still echo in 

3902
03:18:29,900 --> 03:18:33,000
contemporary life. 
The challenges that medieval 

3903
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:36,300
kings faced balancing personal 
desires with public 

3904
03:18:36,300 --> 03:18:39,300
responsibilities managing 
competing interest groups, 

3905
03:18:39,300 --> 03:18:42,100
adapting traditional 
institutions to changing 

3906
03:18:42,100 --> 03:18:46,300
circumstances remain remarkably 
familiar to anyone who observes 

3907
03:18:46,300 --> 03:18:48,700
modern politics or 
organizational leadership 

3908
03:18:48,700 --> 03:18:51,000
English. 
Royal courts of old from William

3909
03:18:51,000 --> 03:18:54,100
the conquerors afficient Norman 
Administration to Victoria's 

3910
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:57,600
moral Imperial Authority, 
illustrating Humanity's 

3911
03:18:57,600 --> 03:19:00,700
continuing experiment, with the 
relationship between individual 

3912
03:19:00,700 --> 03:19:02,700
Authority and Collective. 
Governance. 

3913
03:19:02,700 --> 03:19:06,500
Each generation discovered that 
successful leadership required a

3914
03:19:06,500 --> 03:19:10,200
dapping inherited Traditions to 
contemporary realities while 

3915
03:19:10,200 --> 03:19:12,700
maintaining enough continuity to
preserve institutional 

3916
03:19:12,700 --> 03:19:15,100
legitimacy. 
Perhaps, the most striking 

3917
03:19:15,100 --> 03:19:19,200
pattern is how consistently 
English, Royal courts, served as

3918
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:20,700
Laboratories for political 
innovation. 

3919
03:19:21,900 --> 03:19:24,500
The Magna Carta emerged from 
King John's administrative 

3920
03:19:24,500 --> 03:19:27,000
failures Parliament developed 
from Edward. 

3921
03:19:27,000 --> 03:19:30,600
The first financial needs the 
Reformation Grew From Henry, the

3922
03:19:30,600 --> 03:19:34,500
8th personal circumstances, and 
constitutional monarchy evolved 

3923
03:19:34,500 --> 03:19:36,900
from the Glorious revolutions, 
political Necessities. 

3924
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:39,300
These weren't planned 
developments Guided by 

3925
03:19:39,300 --> 03:19:42,300
theoretical political 
philosophy, they were practical 

3926
03:19:42,300 --> 03:19:45,500
solutions to immediate problems,
created by people who were 

3927
03:19:45,500 --> 03:19:48,400
trying to make inherited 
governmental systems work under 

3928
03:19:48,400 --> 03:19:52,300
changing circumstances. 
The Genius of English political 

3929
03:19:52,300 --> 03:19:55,500
development was its capacity to 
transform temporary expedience 

3930
03:19:55,500 --> 03:19:59,300
into permanent constitutional 
principles, the human Stories 

3931
03:19:59,300 --> 03:20:02,900
Behind These institutional 
changes, Eleanor of aquitaine's 

3932
03:20:02,900 --> 03:20:05,900
political sophistication, 
Richard the Second aesthetic 

3933
03:20:05,900 --> 03:20:09,500
innovation's Elizabeth the first
theatrical State craft and 

3934
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:11,500
Charles the second's. 
Continental sophistication. 

3935
03:20:11,500 --> 03:20:15,300
Remind us that political systems
are ultimately expressions of 

3936
03:20:15,300 --> 03:20:18,300
individual personality 
interacting with historical 

3937
03:20:18,300 --> 03:20:20,900
circumstance. 
As you settle deeper into your 

3938
03:20:20,900 --> 03:20:23,500
comfortable spot. 
Tonight, you might consider how 

3939
03:20:23,500 --> 03:20:26,300
these Royal courts created, the 
governmental Traditions that 

3940
03:20:26,300 --> 03:20:28,600
still influenced Democratic 
societies today. 

3941
03:20:29,600 --> 03:20:32,300
The idea that political 
Authority requires popular 

3942
03:20:32,300 --> 03:20:36,400
consent, that governmental power
should be limited by law and 

3943
03:20:36,400 --> 03:20:39,400
that cultural achievement, 
enhances political legitimacy, 

3944
03:20:39,400 --> 03:20:43,300
these Concepts developed through
centuries of experimentation in 

3945
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:46,300
Royal households that were 
trying to solve practical, 

3946
03:20:46,300 --> 03:20:47,800
problems of leadership and 
governance. 

3947
03:20:47,800 --> 03:20:50,800
The English Royal courts 
Evolution from medieval warrior 

3948
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:54,500
Kings to constitutional monarchs
reflects Humanities broader 

3949
03:20:54,500 --> 03:20:57,000
journey toward more 
sophisticated forms of social 

3950
03:20:57,000 --> 03:21:00,100
organization. 
Each generation built upon 

3951
03:21:00,100 --> 03:21:03,100
previous achievements while 
adapting to New Challenges, 

3952
03:21:03,100 --> 03:21:06,500
creating institutional, 
continuity that allowed gradual 

3953
03:21:06,500 --> 03:21:10,100
transformation rather than 
revolutionary upheaval tonight, 

3954
03:21:10,100 --> 03:21:12,900
as you drift towards sleep, you 
carry with you, the stories of 

3955
03:21:12,900 --> 03:21:17,200
nearly 1000 years of human 
creativity adaptation and the 

3956
03:21:17,208 --> 03:21:20,900
endless fascinating complexity 
of people learn to live together

3957
03:21:20,900 --> 03:21:24,900
in organized societies. 
Sweet dreams and may your rest 

3958
03:21:24,908 --> 03:21:27,700
be as peaceful as a medieval 
Monastery Garden on a quiet 

3959
03:21:27,700 --> 03:21:34,300
summer evening. 
Picture this. 

3960
03:21:35,100 --> 03:21:38,200
Your city down to dinner and 
there's no Fork beside your 

3961
03:21:38,200 --> 03:21:39,700
plate. 
None. 

3962
03:21:40,500 --> 03:21:43,000
All you have is a knife 
resembling a miniature sword in 

3963
03:21:43,000 --> 03:21:45,900
your hands. 
Welcome to Medieval Europe, 

3964
03:21:45,900 --> 03:21:49,700
where eating wasn't just a meal.
It was performance art and 

3965
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:53,200
everyone was terrible at it. 
You reach for that roasted 

3966
03:21:53,200 --> 03:21:55,400
chicken leg grease. 
Already making your fingers 

3967
03:21:55,400 --> 03:21:59,100
slippery as a greased pig at a 
County Fair. person next to you 

3968
03:21:59,100 --> 03:22:01,900
is tearing into bread with the 
dedication of someone defusing, 

3969
03:22:01,900 --> 03:22:04,300
a bomb crumbs, flying 
everywhere, like tiny edible 

3970
03:22:04,300 --> 03:22:08,000
confetti What's the table? 
Someone's attempting to eat soup

3971
03:22:08,000 --> 03:22:09,500
by lifting the bolt to their 
lips? 

3972
03:22:09,500 --> 03:22:12,700
Creating what can only be 
described as a small waterfall 

3973
03:22:12,700 --> 03:22:16,400
of broth down their chin? 
This was dinner every single 

3974
03:22:16,400 --> 03:22:20,300
night for centuries, your 
ancestors possessed a wealth of 

3975
03:22:20,308 --> 03:22:23,900
intelligence and creativity as 
evidence, by the cathedrals they

3976
03:22:23,900 --> 03:22:28,100
built and the Poetry they pined.
But somehow the simple concept 

3977
03:22:28,100 --> 03:22:31,200
of stabbing food with small 
metal tines and bringing it 

3978
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:34,300
gracefully to your mouth. 
That brilliant Innovation was 

3979
03:22:34,300 --> 03:22:37,400
still centuries away. 
The knife had been around 

3980
03:22:37,400 --> 03:22:39,500
forever practically since 
humans. 

3981
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:41,200
Figured out how to bang rocks 
together. 

3982
03:22:42,000 --> 03:22:44,700
Spoon showed up when someone got
tired of cupping their hands to 

3983
03:22:44,700 --> 03:22:48,000
drink soup and decided a shell, 
or carved piece of wood, might 

3984
03:22:48,000 --> 03:22:53,000
work better. but the fork, Falk 
was the middle child of utensils

3985
03:22:53,000 --> 03:22:55,300
arriving? 
Fashionably late to the party 

3986
03:22:55,300 --> 03:22:58,500
and immediately causing drama. 
You have to understand the 

3987
03:22:58,500 --> 03:23:00,700
world. 
The forks entered, this century 

3988
03:23:00,700 --> 03:23:03,200
was a time when people thought 
bathing to frequently was 

3989
03:23:03,200 --> 03:23:05,900
dangerous to your health when 
bloodletting was considered 

3990
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:09,200
sound medical practice, and when
everyone was convinced, the 

3991
03:23:09,200 --> 03:23:10,700
Earth was the center of the 
universe. 

3992
03:23:12,200 --> 03:23:14,600
Into this world of questionable 
decision-making. 

3993
03:23:14,600 --> 03:23:17,900
Came a utensil that would 
eventually revolutionize not 

3994
03:23:17,900 --> 03:23:21,200
just how we eat, but how we 
consider civilization itself. 

3995
03:23:22,400 --> 03:23:25,600
The thing is eating with, your 
hands wasn't just accepted. 

3996
03:23:25,600 --> 03:23:28,400
It was the sophisticated way to 
do everything. 

3997
03:23:28,400 --> 03:23:32,700
There were rules elaborate 
etiquette guides that read like 

3998
03:23:32,700 --> 03:23:35,100
instruction manuals for 
diffusing explosives. 

3999
03:23:35,800 --> 03:23:37,800
You use three fingers of your 
right hand. 

4000
03:23:37,800 --> 03:23:41,300
Never your left, you wiped your 
hands on the communal napkin, 

4001
03:23:41,300 --> 03:23:44,800
not your clothes, you didn't 
reach across the table, like you

4002
03:23:44,800 --> 03:23:48,200
were performing yoga. 
These were suggestions, they 

4003
03:23:48,200 --> 03:23:50,700
were the difference between 
being invited back to dinner and

4004
03:23:50,700 --> 03:23:54,300
being labeled a social outcast. 
Imagine trying to eat spaghetti 

4005
03:23:54,300 --> 03:23:56,300
this way, actually don't match 
it. 

4006
03:23:56,300 --> 03:24:00,200
It's too painful. 
People manage somehow but meals 

4007
03:24:00,200 --> 03:24:02,800
took forever and everyone went 
to bed with food under their 

4008
03:24:02,800 --> 03:24:05,000
fingernails and gravy stains on 
the sleeves. 

4009
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:07,000
That would make a modern parent.
Have a nervous breakdown. 

4010
03:24:07,900 --> 03:24:10,700
The wealthy had it slightly 
better, they could afford more 

4011
03:24:10,700 --> 03:24:14,000
elaborate knives sometimes with 
decorative handles that cost 

4012
03:24:14,000 --> 03:24:17,400
more than most people's houses. 
They had servants whose job was 

4013
03:24:17,408 --> 03:24:20,900
essentially professional food, 
cutting standing by to slice 

4014
03:24:20,900 --> 03:24:24,400
things into manageable pieces, 
but even the richest person in 

4015
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:27,100
medieval Europe looked like a 
toddler at dinner time compared 

4016
03:24:27,100 --> 03:24:31,100
to how we eat now. 
The mess was truly overwhelming.

4017
03:24:31,100 --> 03:24:34,700
Dining halls in castles needed 
to be cleaned after every meal 

4018
03:24:34,700 --> 03:24:36,800
like someone had hosted a food 
fight convention. 

4019
03:24:37,600 --> 03:24:40,100
Dogs wandered, freely under 
tables, which sounds Charming 

4020
03:24:40,100 --> 03:24:42,700
until he realized, they were 
basically living vacuum cleaners

4021
03:24:42,700 --> 03:24:45,200
cleaning up, the constant shower
of dropped food. 

4022
03:24:46,100 --> 03:24:48,500
Table manners, included 
instructions on how to throw 

4023
03:24:48,500 --> 03:24:50,900
bones over your shoulder 
properly because apparently, 

4024
03:24:50,900 --> 03:24:53,300
there was a right way and a 
wrong way to discard chicken 

4025
03:24:53,300 --> 03:24:56,000
remains. 
This was the world desperately 

4026
03:24:56,000 --> 03:24:58,800
waiting for the fork, even 
though nobody knew they were 

4027
03:24:58,808 --> 03:25:02,000
waiting for it. 
Like being thirsty in a desert 

4028
03:25:02,000 --> 03:25:05,400
and not knowing water exists. 
Medieval diners struggled 

4029
03:25:05,400 --> 03:25:08,300
through meal after meal, never 
imagining there might be a 

4030
03:25:08,308 --> 03:25:11,700
better way. 
They adapted, they managed and 

4031
03:25:11,700 --> 03:25:13,400
they developed impressive 
hand-eye coordination. 

4032
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:16,600
But they never quite conquered 
the simple Act of eating 

4033
03:25:16,600 --> 03:25:19,600
gracefully. 
Little did they know far away in

4034
03:25:19,600 --> 03:25:22,000
the Byzantine Empire? 
A Revolution was quietly 

4035
03:25:22,000 --> 03:25:24,700
Brewing. 
This revolution did not involve 

4036
03:25:24,700 --> 03:25:28,100
armies or politics. 
Instead it was something far 

4037
03:25:28,100 --> 03:25:29,600
more dangerous to the 
established order. 

4038
03:25:29,600 --> 03:25:32,600
The utensil that would make 
everyone realize, just how 

4039
03:25:32,600 --> 03:25:34,500
barbaric their dinner habits had
become. 

4040
03:25:34,500 --> 03:25:40,200
Now, let's travel back to 1,480 
to a world where Constantinople 

4041
03:25:40,200 --> 03:25:43,700
glittered like a jewel and the 
Byzantine Empire was the height 

4042
03:25:43,700 --> 03:25:47,000
of sophistication. 
This is where our story takes a 

4043
03:25:47,000 --> 03:25:50,200
fascinating turn because the 
fork didn't just appear out of 

4044
03:25:50,200 --> 03:25:52,700
nowhere. 
It arrived with all the drama of

4045
03:25:52,700 --> 03:25:56,500
a soap, opera complete with a 
scandalous, princess and enough,

4046
03:25:56,500 --> 03:25:58,600
cultural shock to power a small 
City. 

4047
03:25:59,600 --> 03:26:02,500
Meet the afternoon. 
Explainer a Byzantine princess 

4048
03:26:02,500 --> 03:26:05,200
who was about to become the most
controversial dinner, guests in 

4049
03:26:05,200 --> 03:26:08,200
European history. 
She Was preparing to marry 

4050
03:26:08,200 --> 03:26:11,900
Dominican silver. 
The Doja Venice in what was 

4051
03:26:11,900 --> 03:26:14,000
essentially a medieval power 
couple merger. 

4052
03:26:15,100 --> 03:26:18,400
But hidden in her trousseau 
among the silks and jewels, that

4053
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:21,600
would make a modern bride. 
Weep With Envy was something far

4054
03:26:21,600 --> 03:26:24,100
more revolutionary than any 
crown or necklace. 

4055
03:26:24,800 --> 03:26:28,200
She had fours. 
Actual honest to goodness two 

4056
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:32,000
pronged gold golden 4X. 
You have to understand that this

4057
03:26:32,000 --> 03:26:34,900
situation is not comparable to 
packing an extra phone charger 

4058
03:26:34,900 --> 03:26:37,900
for a trip. 
In Byzantine culture, using 

4059
03:26:37,900 --> 03:26:41,100
small elegant Forks was, as 
normal as using Chopsticks in 

4060
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:45,500
China or saying here in Canada. 
They'd been doing it for 

4061
03:26:45,500 --> 03:26:47,700
Generations. 
Having picked up the Habit from 

4062
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:51,200
various cultural exchanges with 
the Middle East where similar 

4063
03:26:51,200 --> 03:26:52,700
utensils had been around even 
longer. 

4064
03:26:53,600 --> 03:26:58,100
To the offer new Forks were just
civilized, it's akin to putting 

4065
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:00,300
on shoes or refraining from 
eating with your feet. 

4066
03:27:01,100 --> 03:27:03,800
But when she arrived in Venice 
and delicately lifted food to 

4067
03:27:03,800 --> 03:27:06,200
her mouth using these, 
mysterious pronged implements, 

4068
03:27:06,200 --> 03:27:08,900
the reaction was immediate and 
intense. 

4069
03:27:09,700 --> 03:27:11,800
Picture, the silence that falls 
over a room. 

4070
03:27:11,800 --> 03:27:14,900
When someone commits a major 
social blunder, except this 

4071
03:27:14,900 --> 03:27:17,200
silent had the weight of 
religious horror behind it. 

4072
03:27:18,200 --> 03:27:21,600
The Venetian Nobles watched in 
Fascination and growing alarm as

4073
03:27:21,600 --> 03:27:24,200
this foreign princess never, 
once touched to food with her 

4074
03:27:24,200 --> 03:27:28,400
hands, she speared piece of meat
with surgical Precision 12 

4075
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:30,400
Pastor. 
Like, she was conducting a tiny 

4076
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:34,200
Orchestra and somehow managed to
eat an entire meal without 

4077
03:27:34,200 --> 03:27:37,000
getting a single drop of Source 
on her, elaborate sleeves. 

4078
03:27:37,700 --> 03:27:40,800
It was like watching magic, 
although this magic was also 

4079
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:43,800
deeply unsettling. 
The local clergy had what can 

4080
03:27:43,800 --> 03:27:46,300
only be described as a 
collective nervous breakdown. 

4081
03:27:47,200 --> 03:27:50,700
Here was this woman using what 
looks suspiciously like tiny 

4082
03:27:50,700 --> 03:27:54,900
pitchforks, the very symbol of 
the Devil Himself to eat food 

4083
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:58,000
that God had clearly intended to
be touched by human hands. 

4084
03:27:59,200 --> 03:28:02,400
Father Giovanni, the local 
Bishop, who probably never seen 

4085
03:28:02,400 --> 03:28:05,000
anything more controversial than
someone taking an extra 

4086
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:07,600
communion wafer. 
Declared that these diabolic 

4087
03:28:07,600 --> 03:28:11,300
instruments were in a front to 
Divine will But here's where it 

4088
03:28:11,300 --> 03:28:13,800
gets intriguing. 
Some people were secretly 

4089
03:28:13,800 --> 03:28:17,200
impressed, you could see it in 
their eyes, the way they watched

4090
03:28:17,200 --> 03:28:19,100
the afternoon, eat with the kind
of Fascination. 

4091
03:28:19,100 --> 03:28:21,900
Usually reserved for watching a 
master Craftsman at work. 

4092
03:28:22,700 --> 03:28:25,800
She never dropped food. 
Never got her hands dirty and 

4093
03:28:25,800 --> 03:28:28,600
never had to excuse herself to 
wash up between horses. 

4094
03:28:29,400 --> 03:28:33,000
While everyone else remained in 
the chaotic present, she was 

4095
03:28:33,000 --> 03:28:36,900
living in the future. 
The Italian Nobles encountered, 

4096
03:28:36,900 --> 03:28:39,800
a dilemma on one hand. 
Their religious leaders were 

4097
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:42,900
basically calling Forks. 
The devil's, Cutlery on the 

4098
03:28:42,900 --> 03:28:46,300
other hand watching someone eat 
with such Grace and efficiency 

4099
03:28:46,300 --> 03:28:49,300
was like, seeing a glimpse of 
what human civilization could 

4100
03:28:49,300 --> 03:28:51,700
become. 
It was the Medieval equivalent 

4101
03:28:51,700 --> 03:28:53,600
of watching. 
Someone use a Smartphone when 

4102
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:55,600
you're still trying to figure 
out how to work a rotary 

4103
03:28:55,600 --> 03:28:58,000
telephone. 
The new for her Parts seemed 

4104
03:28:58,000 --> 03:29:01,400
genuinely puzzled by the fuss. 
In her letters back to 

4105
03:29:01,400 --> 03:29:04,000
Constantinople. 
Yes, she wrote about this 

4106
03:29:04,000 --> 03:29:06,000
because apparently folk drama 
was worth documenting. 

4107
03:29:06,000 --> 03:29:09,700
She described the Venetian 
dining customs with the kind of 

4108
03:29:09,708 --> 03:29:13,600
diplomatic tact that barely 
concealed her horror She wrote 

4109
03:29:13,600 --> 03:29:15,800
about grown men wrestling with 
meat, like they were in 

4110
03:29:15,800 --> 03:29:18,500
hand-to-hand combat about 
elaborate hand-washing. 

4111
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:21,800
Ceremonies that took longer than
the actual eating and about the 

4112
03:29:21,800 --> 03:29:24,900
constant reign of food particles
that made every meal feel like 

4113
03:29:24,900 --> 03:29:29,200
dining in a gentle hail storm. 
The cultural Clash was so 

4114
03:29:29,200 --> 03:29:32,100
intense that when he often who 
died, just two years later 

4115
03:29:32,100 --> 03:29:36,000
possibly from plague, the local 
religious authorities declared 

4116
03:29:36,000 --> 03:29:39,500
it Divine punishment for her 
unnatural eating habits. the 

4117
03:29:39,500 --> 03:29:43,000
forks were quietly packed away 
treated, like, cursed objects 

4118
03:29:43,000 --> 03:29:46,800
that had brought doomed to their
user, but you can't uninvent an 

4119
03:29:46,800 --> 03:29:50,700
idea, especially one as useful 
as the fork Those few Venetian 

4120
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:53,600
Nobles who had watched the new 
eat, didn't forget what they'd 

4121
03:29:53,600 --> 03:29:55,800
seen. 
They tucked that memory away 

4122
03:29:55,800 --> 03:29:59,300
like a secret recipe or a hidden
treasure map, waiting for the 

4123
03:29:59,300 --> 03:30:00,700
right moment to bring it back to
light. 

4124
03:30:00,700 --> 03:30:05,500
The seed was planted. 
In the very heart of medieval 

4125
03:30:05,500 --> 03:30:08,400
Europe, a handful of people now 
knew there was a better way to 

4126
03:30:08,400 --> 03:30:12,200
eat, they'd seen the future of 
dining and it had two prongs and

4127
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:15,500
the power to change everything 
for the next several centuries. 

4128
03:30:15,500 --> 03:30:18,200
After they often his brief, 
dramatic introduction of forks 

4129
03:30:18,200 --> 03:30:20,800
to Europe, something fascinating
happened. 

4130
03:30:20,800 --> 03:30:24,300
Absolutely nothing. 
Well, not nothing exactly. 

4131
03:30:24,300 --> 03:30:28,300
But the kind of stubborn foot 
dragging resistance, to change 

4132
03:30:28,300 --> 03:30:30,600
that would make a teenager 
refusing to clean their room 

4133
03:30:30,600 --> 03:30:34,200
look like enthusiastic 
cooperation. the four could show

4134
03:30:34,200 --> 03:30:39,200
up demonstrated, its obvious 
superiority and then Europe, 

4135
03:30:39,200 --> 03:30:41,500
collectively decided to pretend 
it had never happened. 

4136
03:30:41,500 --> 03:30:44,500
It was like that friend, who 
shows you an amazing new 

4137
03:30:44,500 --> 03:30:46,900
restaurant. 
But instead of trying it, you 

4138
03:30:46,900 --> 03:30:49,900
keep going back to the same fast
food place, because changes 

4139
03:30:49,900 --> 03:30:52,100
scare me. 
And the fries are predictably 

4140
03:30:52,100 --> 03:30:55,200
mediocre. 
This event wasn't just about 

4141
03:30:55,200 --> 03:30:57,500
eating utensils though, that's 
what made it. 

4142
03:30:57,500 --> 03:31:00,000
So perfect for human nature to 
dig in its heels. 

4143
03:31:01,000 --> 03:31:03,000
The fork symbolized, a more 
profound threat. 

4144
03:31:03,000 --> 03:31:06,100
The notion that the traditional 
methods may not always be 

4145
03:31:06,100 --> 03:31:09,800
optimal, and if people started 
questioning how they ate, who 

4146
03:31:09,800 --> 03:31:11,600
knew what else? 
They might start questioning. 

4147
03:31:12,600 --> 03:31:14,400
Church. 
Meanwhile, had developed a full 

4148
03:31:14,408 --> 03:31:17,200
theological position on Forks, 
that would have been hilarious 

4149
03:31:17,200 --> 03:31:19,800
if it won't. 
So, influential, According to 

4150
03:31:19,808 --> 03:31:23,200
various religious authorities. 
God had given humans hands 

4151
03:31:23,200 --> 03:31:27,400
specifically for eating. 
Using artificial extensions like

4152
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:30,300
Forks was therefore questioning 
Divine wisdom. 

4153
03:31:30,300 --> 03:31:34,300
It was the Medieval equivalent 
of mansplaining except in 

4154
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:36,900
explaining why you don't need 
help parallel parking. 

4155
03:31:36,900 --> 03:31:39,500
They were explaining why you 
don't need help eating soup. 

4156
03:31:40,300 --> 03:31:43,000
Some particularly creative 
clergy argued that the suffering

4157
03:31:43,000 --> 03:31:44,500
involved in eating with your 
hands. 

4158
03:31:44,500 --> 03:31:48,700
The burns from hot food, the 
mess, the general difficulty was

4159
03:31:48,700 --> 03:31:51,400
spiritually, beneficial 
character building, they called 

4160
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:54,000
it. 
Apparently graceful dining was a

4161
03:31:54,000 --> 03:31:57,100
path to moral corruption because
nothing says slippery slope to 

4162
03:31:57,100 --> 03:31:59,100
damnation. 
Quite like not getting grease. 

4163
03:31:59,100 --> 03:32:00,500
Under your fingernails during 
dinner. 

4164
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:04,300
But the real resistance came 
from something much more human 

4165
03:32:04,300 --> 03:32:08,400
social embarrassment. 
A few people who did try to use 

4166
03:32:08,400 --> 03:32:11,500
forks to discovered something 
modern, early adopters know, 

4167
03:32:11,500 --> 03:32:14,700
well Bing the first person to 
use new technology makes you 

4168
03:32:14,700 --> 03:32:17,700
look, either pretentious or 
ridiculous and sometimes both 

4169
03:32:17,700 --> 03:32:20,800
simultaneously. 
Picture yourself at a medieval 

4170
03:32:20,800 --> 03:32:23,700
Feast carefully using a fork 
while everyone around. 

4171
03:32:23,700 --> 03:32:27,000
You is diving in hands. 
First, you're eating elegantly 

4172
03:32:27,000 --> 03:32:30,500
efficiently and cleanly and 
every single person at the table

4173
03:32:30,500 --> 03:32:32,600
is staring at you. 
Like you've sprouted a second 

4174
03:32:32,600 --> 03:32:35,300
head. 
Someone inevitably makes a joke 

4175
03:32:35,300 --> 03:32:38,300
about your fancy heirs. 
And suddenly you're the person 

4176
03:32:38,300 --> 03:32:40,300
who thinks they're too 
acceptable for normal eating, 

4177
03:32:40,300 --> 03:32:44,200
nobody wants to be that person 
the social pressure was 

4178
03:32:44,200 --> 03:32:47,400
enormous. 
Medieval Society operated on 

4179
03:32:47,400 --> 03:32:50,300
Conformity, akin to the 
intensity of a high school 

4180
03:32:50,308 --> 03:32:53,100
cafeteria, but with greater 
stakes and longer lasting 

4181
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:56,400
consequences. 
Stand out too much and you 

4182
03:32:56,400 --> 03:33:00,000
weren't just unpopular. 
You are suspicious those who are

4183
03:33:00,000 --> 03:33:02,500
suspicious often faced 
uncomfortable questions from 

4184
03:33:02,500 --> 03:33:04,800
authorities, who were not known 
for their humor. 

4185
03:33:04,800 --> 03:33:07,800
Therefore, the fork retreated, 
both literally and figuratively.

4186
03:33:08,700 --> 03:33:11,700
A few Merchants might have them 
tucked away for private, use 

4187
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:15,800
some Italian Nobles, kept them 
as Curiosities conversation 

4188
03:33:15,800 --> 03:33:18,600
pieces to show sophisticated 
dinner, guests from foreign 

4189
03:33:18,600 --> 03:33:21,000
lands. 
However, how do they actually 

4190
03:33:21,000 --> 03:33:24,700
function in daily life? 
The forks impact on regular 

4191
03:33:24,700 --> 03:33:26,700
dining could be compared to that
of a unicorn. 

4192
03:33:26,700 --> 03:33:30,100
Meanwhile, the Practical 
problems of eating with hands 

4193
03:33:30,100 --> 03:33:34,900
continue to be well problematic.
Medieval medicine such as it was

4194
03:33:34,900 --> 03:33:37,000
recommended, all sorts of 
elaborate. 

4195
03:33:37,000 --> 03:33:40,600
Hand-washing rituals to prevent 
disease, not understanding that 

4196
03:33:40,600 --> 03:33:43,300
maybe the solution wasn't more 
washing, but less hand to food 

4197
03:33:43,300 --> 03:33:46,300
contact in the first place. 
They were treating the symptom 

4198
03:33:46,300 --> 03:33:48,900
while ignoring the obvious cure 
sitting right there in their 

4199
03:33:48,900 --> 03:33:51,600
jewelry boxes. 
The irony was magnificent. 

4200
03:33:51,600 --> 03:33:55,400
This civilization was capable of
constructing Notre Dame, 

4201
03:33:55,400 --> 03:33:58,900
formulating intricate 
philosophical theories and 

4202
03:33:58,900 --> 03:34:02,700
producing art that continues to 
astonish even after centuries. 

4203
03:34:03,700 --> 03:34:06,400
But suggests that they might 
want to try stabbing their food 

4204
03:34:06,400 --> 03:34:09,700
with small metal Implement, 
instead of grabbing it with 

4205
03:34:09,700 --> 03:34:11,800
their fingers. 
Absolutely. 

4206
03:34:11,800 --> 03:34:16,800
Not too radical, too strange. 
Two foreign. 

4207
03:34:17,600 --> 03:34:20,500
This resistance would have been 
mildly amusing except for one 

4208
03:34:20,500 --> 03:34:25,000
thing, it lasted for centuries. 
Generations of Europeans were 

4209
03:34:25,000 --> 03:34:29,500
born lived their entire lives 
eating with their hands and died

4210
03:34:29,500 --> 03:34:31,300
without ever. 
Seriously, considering that 

4211
03:34:31,300 --> 03:34:35,500
there might be a better way. 
The fork waited patiently in the

4212
03:34:35,508 --> 03:34:38,900
wings like an understudy who 
knows they could steal the show 

4213
03:34:38,900 --> 03:34:40,600
if only someone would give them 
a chance. 

4214
03:34:41,500 --> 03:34:44,100
A change, as it always does was 
coming. 

4215
03:34:45,000 --> 03:34:48,200
Slowly quietly. 
And from the most unexpected 

4216
03:34:48,200 --> 03:34:51,600
directions, the fort was about 
to Stage, its come back. 

4217
03:34:52,500 --> 03:34:56,300
And this time, it wouldn't be 
alone by the early 1600. 

4218
03:34:56,300 --> 03:34:59,400
Something intriguing was 
happening in France and for once

4219
03:34:59,400 --> 03:35:03,000
it wasn't a revolution involving
heads and baskets, Upon 

4220
03:35:03,000 --> 03:35:05,200
returning from a diplomatic 
mission to Italy. 

4221
03:35:05,200 --> 03:35:08,700
King Henry, the third found his 
mind, completely captivated by 

4222
03:35:08,700 --> 03:35:11,700
the sight seed scene. 
He was not impressed by the art 

4223
03:35:11,700 --> 03:35:15,200
architecture or even the wine. 
Even though they were all 

4224
03:35:15,200 --> 03:35:18,500
impressive, know what had 
captured, the French King's 

4225
03:35:18,500 --> 03:35:21,300
attention was watching. 
Italian Aristocrats eat like 

4226
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:24,000
civilized human beings. 
You have to understand. 

4227
03:35:24,000 --> 03:35:27,000
This was Henry, the third were 
talking about a king who was 

4228
03:35:27,000 --> 03:35:30,200
famous for his love of fashion, 
his elaborate Court ceremonies 

4229
03:35:30,200 --> 03:35:33,200
and his General appreciation for
anything that made life, more 

4230
03:35:33,200 --> 03:35:35,900
refined. 
And elegant he was essentially 

4231
03:35:35,900 --> 03:35:38,600
the medieval equivalent of 
someone who subscribed to every 

4232
03:35:38,600 --> 03:35:40,600
lifestyle magazine and actually 
read them. 

4233
03:35:40,600 --> 03:35:44,000
So when he saw Italian Nobles 
using forks, with the kind of 

4234
03:35:44,008 --> 03:35:47,800
graceful Precision that made 
eating look like ballet, he 

4235
03:35:47,800 --> 03:35:50,300
experienced what can only be 
described as a cultural 

4236
03:35:50,300 --> 03:35:52,500
epiphany. 
But here's where French 

4237
03:35:52,500 --> 03:35:55,500
politics, got deliciously, 
complicated Henry. 

4238
03:35:55,500 --> 03:35:58,000
The third could not simply 
returned to France and Proclaim.

4239
03:35:58,000 --> 03:36:01,700
Greetings, everyone, I have 
discovered remarkable eating 

4240
03:36:01,700 --> 03:36:04,500
utensils. 
This was a king who had to worry

4241
03:36:04,500 --> 03:36:07,900
about his image, his authority, 
and the delicate balance of 

4242
03:36:07,900 --> 03:36:10,600
keeping, both the nobility and 
the church satisfied. 

4243
03:36:11,900 --> 03:36:14,900
Introducing Forks wasn't just 
about improving dining 

4244
03:36:14,900 --> 03:36:17,400
etiquette. 
It was about cultural revolution

4245
03:36:17,400 --> 03:36:21,700
discussed as Cutlery. 
Therefore Henry, like any astute

4246
03:36:21,700 --> 03:36:24,600
politician began modestly and 
presented it as his own 

4247
03:36:24,608 --> 03:36:27,400
creation. 
He began hosting intimate dinner

4248
03:36:27,400 --> 03:36:30,700
parties, where almost casually. 
These elegant little pronged 

4249
03:36:30,700 --> 03:36:33,000
implements would appear beside 
each place setting. 

4250
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:35,600
He didn't make a big 
announcement or is she Royal 

4251
03:36:35,600 --> 03:36:39,300
decrees. 
He just used them with the kind 

4252
03:36:39,300 --> 03:36:42,000
of nonchalant confidence that 
made everyone else feel like 

4253
03:36:42,000 --> 03:36:44,000
maybe they'd been missing 
something important. 

4254
03:36:44,900 --> 03:36:48,300
The reaction was immediate and 
predictably French half, the 

4255
03:36:48,300 --> 03:36:51,500
court, was scandalized, the 
other half was intrigued and 

4256
03:36:51,500 --> 03:36:55,000
everyone was talking about it. 
Knowing French culture. 

4257
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:59,000
This was precisely the intended 
message, nothing spreads faster 

4258
03:36:59,000 --> 03:37:01,700
in France than a new way to 
demonstrate sophistication. 

4259
03:37:01,700 --> 03:37:05,700
If it involves making other 
people feel slightly uncivilized

4260
03:37:05,700 --> 03:37:08,600
by comparison. 
But the Real Genius of Henry's 

4261
03:37:08,600 --> 03:37:11,700
approach was how he framed it. 
This process wasn't about 

4262
03:37:11,700 --> 03:37:14,900
foreign influence or abandoning 
French Traditions know. 

4263
03:37:14,900 --> 03:37:18,200
This was about French 
superiority about being more 

4264
03:37:18,200 --> 03:37:22,200
refined or civilized and more 
elegantly French than anyone 

4265
03:37:22,200 --> 03:37:27,508
else in Europe. 4 of French 
cultural advancement a way to 

4266
03:37:27,516 --> 03:37:29,700
demonstrate that France was 
leading the world in 

4267
03:37:29,700 --> 03:37:32,400
sophistication and Superior 
taste. 

4268
03:37:33,200 --> 03:37:36,500
The French nobility never wants 
to be outdone in matters of 

4269
03:37:36,500 --> 03:37:39,200
style embraced forks with the 
kind of enthusiasm. 

4270
03:37:39,200 --> 03:37:43,400
Usually reserved for new fashion
trends, Suddenly everyone needed

4271
03:37:43,400 --> 03:37:46,700
to have the most beautiful 
Forks, the most elegant Fork 

4272
03:37:46,700 --> 03:37:49,300
techniques, and the most refined
for Kate. 

4273
03:37:50,400 --> 03:37:52,400
In a characteristically, French 
manner. 

4274
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:56,100
The pursuit of Civility turned 
into a fierce competition with 

4275
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:59,600
Cutlery serving as a scorecard. 
This is where the topic becomes 

4276
03:37:59,600 --> 03:38:03,300
particularly intriguing as the 
French not only adopted Forks, 

4277
03:38:03,300 --> 03:38:07,400
but also enhance their design 
Talion Forks were functional yet

4278
03:38:07,400 --> 03:38:11,300
basic typically featuring only 
two prongs and prioritizing 

4279
03:38:11,300 --> 03:38:14,800
utility over Aesthetics. 
French artists and examined. 

4280
03:38:14,800 --> 03:38:17,200
The simple implements and 
concluded may not. 

4281
03:38:17,200 --> 03:38:20,400
We can do better. 
Italian Forks were functional 

4282
03:38:20,400 --> 03:38:24,000
but basic typically featuring 
only two prongs and designed 

4283
03:38:24,000 --> 03:38:26,400
primarily for utility rather 
than Aesthetics. 

4284
03:38:27,300 --> 03:38:30,400
French Craftsmen looked at the 
simple tools and thought may 

4285
03:38:30,400 --> 03:38:34,200
know, we can do better. 
The added prongs refined the 

4286
03:38:34,200 --> 03:38:37,900
curves, decorated the handles 
and turned eating utensils. 

4287
03:38:37,900 --> 03:38:40,900
Into works of art. 
French forketta kit became 

4288
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:44,300
incredibly elaborate with rules 
that made medieval handy eating 

4289
03:38:44,300 --> 03:38:45,800
ceremonies look simple by 
comparison. 

4290
03:38:46,900 --> 03:38:50,500
That were specific ways to hold 
your fork particular angles for 

4291
03:38:50,500 --> 03:38:53,500
approaching different foods and 
protocols for fork placement. 

4292
03:38:53,500 --> 03:38:55,900
That could communicate 
everything from your mood, to 

4293
03:38:55,900 --> 03:38:58,700
your intentions for the evening.
It was like learning a new 

4294
03:38:58,708 --> 03:39:02,300
language, except the alphabet 
was made of tiny metal tines. 

4295
03:39:03,700 --> 03:39:06,700
The church in France chose a 
much more diplomatic approach 

4296
03:39:06,700 --> 03:39:09,600
than their medieval predecessors
skillfully, reading the 

4297
03:39:09,600 --> 03:39:11,700
political winds. 
Like experienced Sailors, 

4298
03:39:11,700 --> 03:39:15,900
instead of declaring Forks, 
demonic French clergy positioned

4299
03:39:15,900 --> 03:39:18,700
themselves, as Arbiters of 
proper Christian Fork usage. 

4300
03:39:18,700 --> 03:39:22,800
They developed guidelines for 
Spiritual for etiquette ensuring

4301
03:39:22,800 --> 03:39:25,900
that even this newfangled eating
method could be performed in a 

4302
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:29,800
manner pleasing to God This was 
a prime example of theological 

4303
03:39:29,800 --> 03:39:33,900
adaptation within a generation 
eating with your hands at a 

4304
03:39:33,900 --> 03:39:37,200
French Court function, became 
the kind of social suicide that 

4305
03:39:37,200 --> 03:39:39,700
would make medieval peasants 
look sophisticated by 

4306
03:39:39,700 --> 03:39:43,000
comparison. 
The fork had not only arrived in

4307
03:39:43,008 --> 03:39:46,500
France it had been completely 
absorbed into French identity 

4308
03:39:46,500 --> 03:39:50,100
transformed from a foreign 
curiosity in to an essential 

4309
03:39:50,100 --> 03:39:54,100
element of French superiority 
and from France with all the 

4310
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:56,500
inevitable force of French 
cultural influence. 

4311
03:39:56,500 --> 03:39:59,400
The fork began its real conquest
of Europe. 

4312
03:40:00,200 --> 03:40:02,900
Other courts looked at French 
refinement with envy and 

4313
03:40:02,900 --> 03:40:05,200
recognition. 
Their Cuisine was the future of 

4314
03:40:05,200 --> 03:40:07,900
dining and they were either 
going to join it or be left 

4315
03:40:07,900 --> 03:40:10,200
behind looking barbaric by 
comparison. 

4316
03:40:10,200 --> 03:40:13,800
The revolution had begun one 
elegant bite at a time. 

4317
03:40:13,808 --> 03:40:16,200
What happened? 
Next was like watching the 

4318
03:40:16,200 --> 03:40:19,100
medieval equivalent of something
going viral on social media 

4319
03:40:19,100 --> 03:40:23,600
except in cat videos, it was 
eating utensils and instead of 

4320
03:40:23,600 --> 03:40:27,200
overnight Fame, it took about 50
years to spread across Europe. 

4321
03:40:28,100 --> 03:40:31,400
But for the 1600s, the time was 
lightning speed for a cultural 

4322
03:40:31,400 --> 03:40:33,900
revolution. 
The pattern was always the same 

4323
03:40:33,900 --> 03:40:37,600
and frankly, it was beautiful to
observe a French diplomat would 

4324
03:40:37,600 --> 03:40:41,100
arrive at some European Court 
set up for a formal dinner and 

4325
03:40:41,100 --> 03:40:43,000
then proceeded to eat with a 
level of Grace and 

4326
03:40:43,000 --> 03:40:45,500
sophistication that made 
everyone else look like they 

4327
03:40:45,500 --> 03:40:47,500
were having their first meal 
with a posable thumbs. 

4328
03:40:48,600 --> 03:40:52,200
The local nobility would watch 
in Fascination as this visitor, 

4329
03:40:52,200 --> 03:40:55,200
somehow managed to consume an 
entire Feast with that. 

4330
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:58,700
Once touching food with their 
hands dropping anything or 

4331
03:40:58,700 --> 03:41:00,300
getting Source on their 
elaborate clothing. 

4332
03:41:01,300 --> 03:41:03,100
You can imagine the 
conversations after these 

4333
03:41:03,100 --> 03:41:05,200
dinners. 
Picture groups of German 

4334
03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:08,000
Prince's or English laws, 
huddled together, Whispering 

4335
03:41:08,000 --> 03:41:10,200
like teenagers who just 
discovered something their 

4336
03:41:10,200 --> 03:41:11,600
parents didn't want them to know
about. 

4337
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:15,800
Did you see how he ate that 
roast, those little pronged 

4338
03:41:15,800 --> 03:41:17,400
things? 
Where do you suppose? 

4339
03:41:17,400 --> 03:41:20,300
He got them? 
My cousin, visited Paris last 

4340
03:41:20,300 --> 03:41:22,000
year and said everyone there 
eats like that. 

4341
03:41:22,000 --> 03:41:26,100
Now, The Tipping Point came, 
when European nobility realized 

4342
03:41:26,100 --> 03:41:29,100
they had a choice, learn to use 
forks or look like country 

4343
03:41:29,100 --> 03:41:32,500
bumpkins, every time they hosted
foreign dignitaries and if 

4344
03:41:32,500 --> 03:41:35,400
there's one thing Aristocrats 
throughout history of hated more

4345
03:41:35,400 --> 03:41:38,500
than paying taxes, it's looking 
unsophisticated in front of 

4346
03:41:38,508 --> 03:41:41,600
their peers. 
England, predictably held out 

4347
03:41:41,600 --> 03:41:44,600
the longest, the English had 
perfected, the art of Being 

4348
03:41:44,600 --> 03:41:47,500
stubbornly traditional while 
simultaneously claiming to be 

4349
03:41:47,500 --> 03:41:48,900
more civilized than everyone 
else. 

4350
03:41:48,900 --> 03:41:52,100
And they were about to abandon 
this comfortable contradiction 

4351
03:41:52,100 --> 03:41:55,800
for some French eating fashioned
British Nobles continued eating 

4352
03:41:55,800 --> 03:41:57,900
with their hands. 
While making pointed comments, 

4353
03:41:57,900 --> 03:42:00,400
about continental affectations 
and foreign nonsense. 

4354
03:42:01,300 --> 03:42:02,900
But even the English couldn't 
resist forever. 

4355
03:42:02,900 --> 03:42:06,000
Especially after a particularly 
embarrassing, diplomatic dinner 

4356
03:42:06,000 --> 03:42:09,300
with a visiting French 
Ambassador, Eternal entire meal,

4357
03:42:09,300 --> 03:42:12,300
without spilling a drop while 
the English host looked like, 

4358
03:42:12,300 --> 03:42:14,500
they were engaged in 
hand-to-hand combat with their 

4359
03:42:14,500 --> 03:42:16,900
food. 
The story spread through London 

4360
03:42:16,900 --> 03:42:20,500
Society with the kind of 
devastating efficiency that only

4361
03:42:20,500 --> 03:42:22,200
true. 
Truly mortifying, gossip can 

4362
03:42:22,200 --> 03:42:24,700
achieve. 
What's fascinating is how each 

4363
03:42:24,700 --> 03:42:27,500
country adapted the fork to 
their own cultural identity? 

4364
03:42:27,500 --> 03:42:30,700
The Germans naturally, made them
incredibly sturdy. 

4365
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:34,000
And functional German Forks 
could probably double as small 

4366
03:42:34,000 --> 03:42:37,500
weapons in an emergency and 
their Fork etiquette emphasized 

4367
03:42:37,500 --> 03:42:40,700
deficiency and precision. 
The Germans emphasized, 

4368
03:42:40,700 --> 03:42:44,000
efficiency and precision over 
nonsense and Frills ensuring 

4369
03:42:44,000 --> 03:42:45,900
their Forks were functional and 
effective. 

4370
03:42:46,600 --> 03:42:49,100
The Spanish developed. 
Elaborate silver Forks, that 

4371
03:42:49,100 --> 03:42:52,500
were practically jewelry turning
meals into opportunities to 

4372
03:42:52,500 --> 03:42:54,400
display wealth, and artistic 
taste. 

4373
03:42:55,100 --> 03:42:57,900
Spanish Fork, etiquette became 
intertwined with concepts of 

4374
03:42:57,908 --> 03:43:01,200
honor and family. 
Pride insult, someone's Fork 

4375
03:43:01,200 --> 03:43:04,200
technique, and you might find 
yourself facing a duel at dawn. 

4376
03:43:05,100 --> 03:43:07,900
The Italians who had been 
quietly using Forks all along, 

4377
03:43:07,900 --> 03:43:10,100
while the rest of Europe had 
their Collective cultural 

4378
03:43:10,100 --> 03:43:12,400
breakdown. 
Suddenly found themselves in the

4379
03:43:12,408 --> 03:43:14,900
amusing position of being Trend,
Setters by accident. 

4380
03:43:16,100 --> 03:43:18,900
Italian Fork makers became the 
most sought after Craftsman in 

4381
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:21,600
Europe exporting, their 
knowledge to courts that were 

4382
03:43:21,608 --> 03:43:24,300
desperately trying to catch up 
to what Italians had been doing 

4383
03:43:24,300 --> 03:43:27,300
for centuries, but here's where 
the story gets intriguing. 

4384
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:31,400
The fork didn't just change how 
people ate it started, changing 

4385
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:32,900
how they thought about 
everything else. 

4386
03:43:33,700 --> 03:43:36,300
Experienced in the Civilized 
pleasure of eating without 

4387
03:43:36,300 --> 03:43:39,900
getting your hands, dirty leads 
you to notice other areas where 

4388
03:43:39,900 --> 03:43:41,400
there might be better ways to do
things. 

4389
03:43:42,200 --> 03:43:45,200
European courts that adopted 
Forks, also began developing 

4390
03:43:45,200 --> 03:43:49,100
more sophisticated approaches to
hygiene, fashion, architecture, 

4391
03:43:49,100 --> 03:43:53,100
and social interaction. 
The fork served as a catalyst 

4392
03:43:53,100 --> 03:43:56,300
for civilization encouraging 
individuals to consider the 

4393
03:43:56,300 --> 03:43:59,400
possibility that the traditional
methods of doing things, might 

4394
03:43:59,400 --> 03:44:02,700
not be the only ones. 
The Ripple effects were 

4395
03:44:02,700 --> 03:44:05,200
widespread. 
Dinner parties became more 

4396
03:44:05,200 --> 03:44:08,700
elaborate and refined with hosts
competing to demonstrate their 

4397
03:44:08,700 --> 03:44:11,200
Mastery. 
Of four etiquette cookbook, 

4398
03:44:11,200 --> 03:44:14,100
writers began, developing 
recipes, specifically designed 

4399
03:44:14,100 --> 03:44:17,500
for 4 Keating, leading to more 
complex and delicate Cuisine. 

4400
03:44:17,500 --> 03:44:20,700
Table Linens became more 
important because nobody wanted 

4401
03:44:20,700 --> 03:44:23,900
to ruin beautiful fabric with 
food stains that proper for cues

4402
03:44:23,900 --> 03:44:26,700
could prevent. 
Even the common people who 

4403
03:44:26,700 --> 03:44:29,700
couldn't afford fancy silver 
Forks, began making crude 

4404
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:31,400
versions from wood or cheap 
metal. 

4405
03:44:32,900 --> 03:44:36,600
The desire to eat like civilized
humans once awakened proved 

4406
03:44:36,600 --> 03:44:39,900
impossible to suppress. 
Street vendors started selling 

4407
03:44:39,900 --> 03:44:41,800
simple. 
Wooden Forks alongside their 

4408
03:44:41,800 --> 03:44:45,400
food recognizing that customers 
would pay extra for the 

4409
03:44:45,400 --> 03:44:48,000
privilege of eating without 
getting their hands messy. 

4410
03:44:49,200 --> 03:44:52,600
By the late, 1600s, the 
transformation was nearly 

4411
03:44:52,600 --> 03:44:55,200
complete. 
What had started as one 

4412
03:44:55,200 --> 03:44:58,400
Byzantine princesses dining 
preference and become the 

4413
03:44:58,400 --> 03:44:59,800
standard of European 
civilization. 

4414
03:45:01,400 --> 03:45:04,400
Fork had won. 
Not through force or 

4415
03:45:04,400 --> 03:45:07,400
legislation, but through the 
simple irresistible appeal of a 

4416
03:45:07,408 --> 03:45:10,800
better way to live, but the real
Revolution was just beginning. 

4417
03:45:10,800 --> 03:45:14,600
The fort quietly began reshaping
the entire Foundation of how 

4418
03:45:14,600 --> 03:45:16,200
humans organize their lives 
together. 

4419
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:19,500
And what happened next wasn't 
just about better table, manners

4420
03:45:19,500 --> 03:45:22,000
or cleaner hands. 
Think about it this way. 

4421
03:45:23,000 --> 03:45:26,200
Thousands of years meals had 
been communal free-for-alls, 

4422
03:45:26,200 --> 03:45:28,000
where everyone reached into 
shared dishes. 

4423
03:45:28,000 --> 03:45:31,700
Tore food with their hands and 
basically turned dinnertime into

4424
03:45:31,700 --> 03:45:34,200
a contact sport. 
Privacy at meals. 

4425
03:45:35,000 --> 03:45:37,700
Possible personal space. 
What's that? 

4426
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:42,600
Individual portions completely 
foreign concept, everyone ate 

4427
03:45:42,600 --> 03:45:45,500
from the same dishes, shared the
same serving utensils and 

4428
03:45:45,500 --> 03:45:48,700
basically spent every meal in 
Intimate, physical contact with 

4429
03:45:48,700 --> 03:45:51,500
their fellow diners. 
But once you provide people, 

4430
03:45:51,500 --> 03:45:55,800
individual 4X something magical 
happens suddenly, everyone can 

4431
03:45:55,800 --> 03:45:59,000
have their portion served on 
their own plate eaten with their

4432
03:45:59,000 --> 03:46:01,500
utensils. 
For the first time in human 

4433
03:46:01,500 --> 03:46:04,500
history meals became personal 
private experience. 

4434
03:46:04,500 --> 03:46:07,000
Is that happened to occur in the
same room as other people? 

4435
03:46:07,900 --> 03:46:10,700
This might seem like a small 
change but it was actually 

4436
03:46:10,700 --> 03:46:13,500
revolutionary. 
The individual Fork led to 

4437
03:46:13,500 --> 03:46:17,200
individual plates, which led to 
individual place settings, which

4438
03:46:17,200 --> 03:46:20,000
led to the entire concept of 
personal space at the dinner 

4439
03:46:20,000 --> 03:46:22,200
table. 
People grew accustomed to 

4440
03:46:22,200 --> 03:46:25,300
personal space during meals. 
They began to Crave it in other 

4441
03:46:25,300 --> 03:46:28,500
areas as well. 
European architecture began 

4442
03:46:28,500 --> 03:46:32,000
changing and fascinating ways. 
Dining rooms became more 

4443
03:46:32,000 --> 03:46:34,900
spacious with room for 
individual chairs around tables 

4444
03:46:34,900 --> 03:46:38,000
designed for personal place 
settings rather than communal 

4445
03:46:38,000 --> 03:46:42,100
benches around shared platters. 
Houses began including separate 

4446
03:46:42,100 --> 03:46:45,400
dining areas distinct from 
kitchens because Fork based 

4447
03:46:45,400 --> 03:46:48,000
dining was elegant enough to 
deserve its own special space. 

4448
03:46:48,000 --> 03:46:52,400
The social implications were 
enormous in the old days of 

4449
03:46:52,400 --> 03:46:55,800
communal eating meals were 
inherently Democratic, everyone 

4450
03:46:55,800 --> 03:46:59,000
reached for the same food. 
Everyone got messy together and 

4451
03:46:59,000 --> 03:47:01,500
social hierarchies temporarily 
dissolved in the shared. 

4452
03:47:01,500 --> 03:47:04,100
Struggle to consumed dinner with
outstanding or embarrassing 

4453
03:47:04,100 --> 03:47:07,000
yourself. 
But individual place settings 

4454
03:47:07,000 --> 03:47:11,000
changed all that suddenly you 
could demonstrate social status 

4455
03:47:11,000 --> 03:47:13,700
through your Cutlery, your 
individual plate and your 

4456
03:47:13,700 --> 03:47:16,900
personal napkin, the wealthy 
could eat differently from the 

4457
03:47:16,900 --> 03:47:20,900
poor, not just in terms of what 
they ate but also how they ate 

4458
03:47:20,900 --> 03:47:23,700
it. 
Fork etiquette became a class 

4459
03:47:23,700 --> 03:47:27,000
marker a way to instantly 
identify who belonged in polite 

4460
03:47:27,000 --> 03:47:29,700
society, and who didn't? 
This led to something 

4461
03:47:29,700 --> 03:47:32,800
unprecedented. 
The rise of formal dining 

4462
03:47:32,800 --> 03:47:36,400
education. 
For the first time in history, 

4463
03:47:36,400 --> 03:47:39,100
people needed to be taught how 
to eat properly. 

4464
03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:43,600
To get books appeared, detailing
the correct way to hold a fork, 

4465
03:47:43,600 --> 03:47:46,400
the proper angle for approaching
different foods and the 

4466
03:47:46,400 --> 03:47:49,100
appropriate Fork switching 
techniques for various courses. 

4467
03:47:50,200 --> 03:47:53,200
Eating became a skill that 
required instruction, practice 

4468
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:56,100
and social polish. 
The economic Ripple effects were

4469
03:47:56,100 --> 03:48:00,000
staggering entire industry 
sprang up around Fork based 

4470
03:48:00,000 --> 03:48:02,600
dining. 
Silversmith guilds became 

4471
03:48:02,600 --> 03:48:06,100
incredibly powerful specializing
in increasingly, elaborate 

4472
03:48:06,100 --> 03:48:09,300
Cutlery table? 
Lin in manufacturing exploded 

4473
03:48:09,300 --> 03:48:11,100
because proper Fork dining 
required. 

4474
03:48:11,100 --> 03:48:14,500
Proper table, settings, China 
and pottery makers, developed 

4475
03:48:14,500 --> 03:48:17,900
new designs specifically for 
individual play settings rather 

4476
03:48:17,900 --> 03:48:21,100
than communal serving dishes. 
but here's the really 

4477
03:48:21,100 --> 03:48:24,800
fascinating part, the fork 
helped create modern concepts of

4478
03:48:24,800 --> 03:48:28,400
privacy individuality and 
personal hygiene that we now 

4479
03:48:28,400 --> 03:48:31,900
take completely for granted Once
people became accustomed to 

4480
03:48:31,900 --> 03:48:34,700
eating without touching their 
food, they started expecting 

4481
03:48:34,700 --> 03:48:37,300
that same level of cleanliness, 
in other areas of life. 

4482
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:41,700
Bathing became more frequent and
more private personal clothing 

4483
03:48:41,700 --> 03:48:44,500
became more important since you 
weren't constantly getting food 

4484
03:48:44,500 --> 03:48:47,800
stains on everything. 
People began developing stronger

4485
03:48:47,800 --> 03:48:51,300
concepts of personal property, 
personal space, and personal 

4486
03:48:51,300 --> 03:48:55,200
responsibility. 
The fork in its quiet way, 

4487
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:58,300
helped create the foundation for
modern individualism. 

4488
03:48:59,100 --> 03:49:01,500
Medical knowledge Advanced too, 
though. 

4489
03:49:01,500 --> 03:49:04,500
Not always accurately. 
Doctors began promoting theories

4490
03:49:04,500 --> 03:49:07,100
about the health benefits of 
forking claiming it. 

4491
03:49:07,100 --> 03:49:10,000
Prevented various diseases and 
promoted better digestion. 

4492
03:49:10,700 --> 03:49:13,700
They weren't entirely wrong 
reducing hand, food contact, 

4493
03:49:13,700 --> 03:49:17,000
certainly helped with hygiene, 
but they also credited forks 

4494
03:49:17,000 --> 03:49:19,900
with curing everything from 
Melancholy to gout, which was 

4495
03:49:19,900 --> 03:49:23,800
probably optimistic, the 
Protestant work ethic which was 

4496
03:49:23,800 --> 03:49:27,200
developing around the same time 
embraced Fork dining as evidence

4497
03:49:27,200 --> 03:49:31,000
of human Improvement and moral 
advancement Being able to eat 

4498
03:49:31,000 --> 03:49:33,800
cleanly and efficiently, became 
associated with virtue 

4499
03:49:33,800 --> 03:49:36,200
self-control and Spiritual 
Development. 

4500
03:49:36,200 --> 03:49:40,100
People literally saw proper Fork
technique as a sign of being 

4501
03:49:40,100 --> 03:49:42,900
closer to God. 
Trade routes shifted to 

4502
03:49:42,900 --> 03:49:45,400
accommodate the demand for 
Quality Cutlery, and the 

4503
03:49:45,400 --> 03:49:49,100
materials needed to make it. 
Mining operations expanded to 

4504
03:49:49,100 --> 03:49:51,500
provide silver and other metals 
for Falk production 

4505
03:49:51,500 --> 03:49:54,400
International. 
Commerce patterns changed as 

4506
03:49:54,400 --> 03:49:57,300
quartz competed to import. 
The finest Cutlery from the most

4507
03:49:57,300 --> 03:50:00,300
skilled Craftsmen. 
This influence extended to 

4508
03:50:00,300 --> 03:50:04,000
Warfare will be at indirectly 
officers who could demonstrate 

4509
03:50:04,000 --> 03:50:06,400
proper four? 
Etiquette were considered more 

4510
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:09,300
suitable for diplomatic missions
and interaction with foreign 

4511
03:50:09,300 --> 03:50:11,700
nobility. 
Military protocol began 

4512
03:50:11,700 --> 03:50:15,100
including dining etiquette as 
part of Officer training because

4513
03:50:15,100 --> 03:50:17,700
how you ate determined, whether 
you could effectively represent 

4514
03:50:17,700 --> 03:50:19,500
your country at formal 
functions. 

4515
03:50:20,200 --> 03:50:23,400
By 1700 the fork had quietly, 
revolutionized European 

4516
03:50:23,400 --> 03:50:26,600
civilization, in ways that went 
far beyond the dinner table. 

4517
03:50:27,300 --> 03:50:30,600
What had started as a simple 
solution to Messi eating had 

4518
03:50:30,600 --> 03:50:33,500
become the foundation for modern
concepts of individual dignity, 

4519
03:50:33,500 --> 03:50:36,700
personal refinement, and 
civilized society. 

4520
03:50:36,700 --> 03:50:40,700
And the best part will didn't 
even realize it was happening. 

4521
03:50:40,700 --> 03:50:43,700
As we settle into the final 
chapter of our Fork story. 

4522
03:50:43,700 --> 03:50:47,600
You're probably wondering how a 
simple eating utensil managed to

4523
03:50:47,600 --> 03:50:50,900
completely transform human 
civilization without anyone 

4524
03:50:50,900 --> 03:50:54,500
really noticing well. 
Grab your favorite blanket and 

4525
03:50:54,500 --> 03:50:57,100
get comfortable, because the 
ending of this tale is both 

4526
03:50:57,100 --> 03:50:59,900
satisfying and surprisingly 
relevant to your Modern Life. 

4527
03:51:01,400 --> 03:51:04,000
By the early 1700s, the four 
could achieved something 

4528
03:51:04,000 --> 03:51:07,600
remarkable, it had become so 
completely integrated into 

4529
03:51:07,600 --> 03:51:10,900
European society that people 
couldn't imagine life without 

4530
03:51:10,900 --> 03:51:13,800
it. 
Children, grew up learning Fork 

4531
03:51:13,800 --> 03:51:16,900
techniques alongside their 
alphabet and proper Fork 

4532
03:51:16,900 --> 03:51:19,900
etiquette was as essential to 
education as reading and 

4533
03:51:19,900 --> 03:51:22,700
writing. 
The transformation was so 

4534
03:51:22,700 --> 03:51:24,600
complete. 
That Europeans began looking 

4535
03:51:24,600 --> 03:51:27,400
back at their hand. 
Eating ancestors, with the same 

4536
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:30,100
mixture of horror and 
Fascination that we might 

4537
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:32,800
reserve for watching people eat 
soup with their feet. 

4538
03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:36,800
But the real Triumph wasn't just
European adoption. 

4539
03:51:36,800 --> 03:51:39,600
It was what happened. 
When Europeans began spreading 

4540
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:42,400
their influence around the 
world, wherever European 

4541
03:51:42,400 --> 03:51:45,100
Merchants diplomats missionaries
and colonists went. 

4542
03:51:45,100 --> 03:51:48,000
They brought their forks with 
them and everywhere. 

4543
03:51:48,000 --> 03:51:50,700
They went local, population's 
were faced with the same Choice.

4544
03:51:50,700 --> 03:51:54,100
Their ancestors had confronted 
centuries earlier adapt to this 

4545
03:51:54,100 --> 03:51:57,400
new way of eating or risk, being
considered and civilized. 

4546
03:51:58,300 --> 03:52:00,900
The fork became a symbol of 
European sophistication. 

4547
03:52:00,900 --> 03:52:03,900
And by extension European 
superiority. 

4548
03:52:05,500 --> 03:52:08,100
Such an event had some 
unfortunate implications for 

4549
03:52:08,100 --> 03:52:11,800
Global cultural exchange, but it
also demonstrated the forks 

4550
03:52:11,800 --> 03:52:14,500
incredible power to reshape how 
people thought about 

4551
03:52:14,500 --> 03:52:18,200
civilization itself. 
Using a fork, wasn't just about 

4552
03:52:18,200 --> 03:52:20,600
eating any more. 
It was about joining the modern 

4553
03:52:20,600 --> 03:52:23,700
world. 
American colonists naturally 

4554
03:52:23,700 --> 03:52:26,500
took to forks with the 
enthusiasm of people who were 

4555
03:52:26,500 --> 03:52:28,700
already rebelling against 
traditional ways of doing 

4556
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:30,900
things. 
By the time of the American 

4557
03:52:30,900 --> 03:52:33,200
Revolution. 
Proper Fork usage was so 

4558
03:52:33,200 --> 03:52:36,500
embedded in colonial culture 
that British observers commented

4559
03:52:36,500 --> 03:52:38,600
on American dining refinement 
with surprise. 

4560
03:52:39,300 --> 03:52:41,900
The fork had helped Americans 
develop their own distinct 

4561
03:52:41,900 --> 03:52:45,300
cultural identity separate from 
both their European Origins and 

4562
03:52:45,308 --> 03:52:49,200
their Frontier circumstances. 
What's truly remarkable is how 

4563
03:52:49,200 --> 03:52:52,800
the fort continued evolving? 
Even after its basic acceptance.

4564
03:52:52,800 --> 03:52:56,500
The Industrial Revolution 
brought mass production, making 

4565
03:52:56,500 --> 03:52:59,300
decent Forks available to 
Ordinary People for the first 

4566
03:52:59,300 --> 03:53:03,000
time in history. suddenly proper
dining wasn't just for the 

4567
03:53:03,000 --> 03:53:06,700
wealthy, anyone could afford the
basic tools of civilized, eating

4568
03:53:07,700 --> 03:53:10,500
Different cultures adapted, the 
fork and fascinating ways 

4569
03:53:10,500 --> 03:53:13,500
Americans developed the 
distinctive habit of cutting 

4570
03:53:13,500 --> 03:53:16,400
food with the knife. 
In the right hand and fork in 

4571
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:19,100
the left, then switching the 
fork to the right hand for 

4572
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:21,400
eating. 
A practice that still makes 

4573
03:53:21,400 --> 03:53:25,600
European slightly crazy. 
Russians created elaborate Fork,

4574
03:53:25,600 --> 03:53:29,200
based dining rituals that 
incorporated vodka service Asian

4575
03:53:29,200 --> 03:53:33,200
cultures that adopted Western 
dining Customs developed hybrid,

4576
03:53:33,200 --> 03:53:35,800
approaches that combined 
traditional eating techniques 

4577
03:53:35,800 --> 03:53:38,800
with European Fork etiquette. 
But here's where the story gets 

4578
03:53:38,800 --> 03:53:43,300
really interesting for you 
sitting here in 2025 Forks 

4579
03:53:43,300 --> 03:53:47,400
Journey from radical Innovation 
to Universal acceptance, follows

4580
03:53:47,400 --> 03:53:51,500
almost exactly the same pattern 
as every major technological 

4581
03:53:51,500 --> 03:53:53,400
adoption you've witnessed in 
your life time. 

4582
03:53:53,400 --> 03:53:56,300
Think about it. 
The fork faced religious 

4583
03:53:56,300 --> 03:53:59,500
opposition like genetic 
engineering cultural resistance 

4584
03:53:59,500 --> 03:54:02,700
like electric cars, 
generational, divides like 

4585
03:54:02,700 --> 03:54:06,600
smartphones and social class 
implications like organic food. 

4586
03:54:07,500 --> 03:54:10,500
Earlier doctors were considered 
pretentious show-offs, like 

4587
03:54:10,500 --> 03:54:13,500
people with the first cell 
phones while later doctors 

4588
03:54:13,500 --> 03:54:16,700
eventually felt embarrassed 
about clinging to old ways, like

4589
03:54:16,700 --> 03:54:19,300
people who still use paper maps 
the forks. 

4590
03:54:19,300 --> 03:54:22,000
Succeeded for the same reasons 
that successful Innovations, 

4591
03:54:22,000 --> 03:54:24,600
always succeed it solved a real 
problem. 

4592
03:54:24,600 --> 03:54:28,400
It was demonstrably better than 
existing Solutions and it made 

4593
03:54:28,400 --> 03:54:31,500
users feel more sophisticated 
and capable sound familiar. 

4594
03:54:31,500 --> 03:54:35,800
It should it's the blueprint for
every successful technology 

4595
03:54:35,800 --> 03:54:39,300
adoption from automobiles to 
artificial intelligence, what's 

4596
03:54:39,300 --> 03:54:42,000
even more fascinating is how the
fork created unexpected 

4597
03:54:42,000 --> 03:54:45,600
consequences, that nobody 
anticipated, just like how the 

4598
03:54:45,608 --> 03:54:48,000
internet was supposed to be 
about information sharing, but 

4599
03:54:48,000 --> 03:54:50,800
ended up, revolutionizing 
Commerce, entertainment and 

4600
03:54:50,800 --> 03:54:53,500
social interaction. 
The fork was supposed to be 

4601
03:54:53,500 --> 03:54:56,800
about cleaner eating, but ended 
up creating modern concepts of 

4602
03:54:56,800 --> 03:54:59,800
privacy, individuality and 
personal dignity. 

4603
03:55:01,100 --> 03:55:04,200
Today, as you use your fork 
without thinking about it, your 

4604
03:55:04,200 --> 03:55:06,700
participating in a tradition 
that represents one of 

4605
03:55:06,700 --> 03:55:09,900
Humanity's greatest 
achievements, the ability to 

4606
03:55:09,900 --> 03:55:12,800
recognize, a better way of doing
things and actually changed to 

4607
03:55:12,800 --> 03:55:15,400
adopt it. 
That's rare of and you might 

4608
03:55:15,408 --> 03:55:19,500
think most Innovations fail not 
because they don't work but 

4609
03:55:19,500 --> 03:55:22,200
because people resist change 
even when it would clearly 

4610
03:55:22,200 --> 03:55:25,400
improve their lives. 
The fork serves as a reminder 

4611
03:55:25,400 --> 03:55:27,900
that Civilization encompasses 
more than just major 

4612
03:55:27,900 --> 03:55:30,800
breakthroughs such as the 
discovery of fire or the 

4613
03:55:30,808 --> 03:55:34,100
invention of the wheel. 
Sometimes the most important 

4614
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:36,700
progress comes from small 
seemingly insignificant 

4615
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:39,700
improvements that gradually 
reshape how we think about 

4616
03:55:39,700 --> 03:55:42,100
ourselves and our relationship 
to the world around us. 

4617
03:55:42,800 --> 03:55:45,500
So the next time you pick up a 
fork, take a moment to 

4618
03:55:45,500 --> 03:55:47,000
appreciate the Incredible 
Journey. 

4619
03:55:47,000 --> 03:55:50,100
At represents you're holding a 
tool that helped, create the 

4620
03:55:50,100 --> 03:55:54,100
modern world, the transformed 
human society and that continues

4621
03:55:54,100 --> 03:55:57,200
to demonstrate our species. 
Remarkable ability to improve 

4622
03:55:57,200 --> 03:56:00,000
adapt and become more than we 
were before. 

4623
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:04,500
When you reflect on it, this is 
precisely the kind of gentle 

4624
03:56:04,500 --> 03:56:06,100
Revolution. 
That deserves celebration. 

4625
03:56:12,500 --> 03:56:15,300
When Emperor, alexios the first,
comment on us to dispatched, his

4626
03:56:15,300 --> 03:56:16,200
emissaries to Pope. 
Urban. 

4627
03:56:16,200 --> 03:56:20,000
The second in 1095, he hardly 
imagined his diplomatic 

4628
03:56:20,000 --> 03:56:21,800
Outreach. 
Would unleash two centuries of 

4629
03:56:21,800 --> 03:56:23,100
Bloodshed across three 
continents. 

4630
03:56:24,000 --> 03:56:25,900
The bees and tine ruler. 
Merely sought military 

4631
03:56:25,900 --> 03:56:29,200
assistance against the seljuk 
Turks who had significant 

4632
03:56:29,200 --> 03:56:32,000
portion of Anatolia following 
the Battle of manhatt. 

4633
03:56:33,200 --> 03:56:34,700
What? 
Transpired in Stead was the 

4634
03:56:34,700 --> 03:56:37,800
weaponization of religious fur 
on an unprecedented scale. 

4635
03:56:38,700 --> 03:56:40,900
Pope Urban, the second is 
response at the Council of 

4636
03:56:40,900 --> 03:56:44,800
Claremore, transcended mere 
strategic calculation, The 

4637
03:56:44,800 --> 03:56:48,200
papacy having emerged from the 
investiture controversy with its

4638
03:56:48,200 --> 03:56:50,300
Authority. 
Diminished saw an opportunity 

4639
03:56:50,300 --> 03:56:53,600
Urban speech. 
So often sanitized in modern 

4640
03:56:53,600 --> 03:56:57,600
retellings, was a masterclass in
medieval propaganda deploying 

4641
03:56:57,600 --> 03:57:01,000
fabricated, atrocity stories in 
a scatological fear-mongering. 

4642
03:57:01,900 --> 03:57:04,800
He falsely claimed that Eastern 
Christians face systematic 

4643
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:07,800
extermination and that Muslim 
forces were desecrating. 

4644
03:57:07,800 --> 03:57:09,300
Christian. 
Holy sites in ways that 

4645
03:57:09,300 --> 03:57:11,300
historical records simply do not
support. 

4646
03:57:12,700 --> 03:57:16,900
Let the Deeds of your ancestors.
Inspire, you Urban proclaimed to

4647
03:57:16,900 --> 03:57:19,800
the assembled nobility and 
clergy invoking. 

4648
03:57:19,800 --> 03:57:24,800
Not biblical compassion, but 
rather Carolinian Conquest. thus

4649
03:57:24,800 --> 03:57:27,900
Crusade was marketed not merely 
as a defensive action but as a 

4650
03:57:27,900 --> 03:57:32,200
path to spiritual and material 
Redemption, Urban Innovation was

4651
03:57:32,200 --> 03:57:36,000
profound, he offered cleanery 
indulgences complete Absolution 

4652
03:57:36,000 --> 03:57:39,600
from temporal punishment for 
sins to those who took up arms. 

4653
03:57:39,600 --> 03:57:43,100
This spiritual economy of 
violence, transformed killing 

4654
03:57:43,100 --> 03:57:46,400
from a sin requirements in to a 
means of achieving it. 

4655
03:57:47,400 --> 03:57:50,200
What historians often overlooked
is how the Crusades emerged 

4656
03:57:50,200 --> 03:57:52,900
precisely when Europe was 
experiencing its. 

4657
03:57:52,900 --> 03:57:55,500
First sustained period of 
economic growth since the 

4658
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:57,100
collapse of the Western Roman 
Empire. 

4659
03:57:57,900 --> 03:58:00,600
Agricultural Innovations, had 
increased food production, 

4660
03:58:00,600 --> 03:58:04,000
creating population, pressures, 
and land, scarcity, among the 

4661
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:07,000
noble classes. 
The promise of new territories, 

4662
03:58:07,000 --> 03:58:09,500
serve the interests of younger 
Sons, disinherited, by 

4663
03:58:09,500 --> 03:58:12,900
primogeniture Urban's, call 
offered a providential solution 

4664
03:58:12,900 --> 03:58:15,700
to social pressures that 
threatened to destabilize the 

4665
03:58:15,700 --> 03:58:18,300
feudal order. 
The earliest crusading armies 

4666
03:58:18,300 --> 03:58:21,700
included, not just Knights, but 
apocalyptic peasant bands, led 

4667
03:58:21,700 --> 03:58:23,200
by charismatic, figures like 
Peter. 

4668
03:58:23,200 --> 03:58:27,200
The hermit these popular 
movements largely written out of

4669
03:58:27,200 --> 03:58:30,400
triumphalist narratives 
conducted the first perms 

4670
03:58:30,400 --> 03:58:33,600
against Jewish communities 
across the Rhineland In cities, 

4671
03:58:33,600 --> 03:58:37,700
like, worms mints and cologne. 
Thousands of Jews were 

4672
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:40,400
slaughtered when they refused 
forced baptism. 

4673
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:43,800
Bishop Albert of Mainz his 
eyewitness account notes. 

4674
03:58:43,800 --> 03:58:48,100
That Unless they chose baptism 
the Crusaders, killed the women,

4675
03:58:48,100 --> 03:58:49,900
as well as the men and nursing 
infants. 

4676
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:53,800
This violence wasn't an 
aberration, but a logical 

4677
03:58:53,800 --> 03:58:56,600
extension of a worldview that 
regarded non-christians as 

4678
03:58:56,600 --> 03:58:59,900
legitimate targets. 
When these irregular forces 

4679
03:58:59,900 --> 03:59:03,400
reached bizan territory, they 
subjected Orthodox, Christian 

4680
03:59:03,400 --> 03:59:06,400
communities to pillaging an 
assault revealing how quickly 

4681
03:59:06,400 --> 03:59:09,300
religious justifications could 
be abandoned when plunder was at

4682
03:59:09,300 --> 03:59:12,500
stake. 
Emperor alexios alarmed by the 

4683
03:59:12,500 --> 03:59:15,500
supposed allies. 
Hastily transported them across 

4684
03:59:15,500 --> 03:59:18,900
the Bosphorus where most were 
promptly must Sacred by seljuk 

4685
03:59:18,900 --> 03:59:21,800
forces at civetot an episode 
sympathetic. 

4686
03:59:21,800 --> 03:59:24,600
Chronicle, strategically 
minimized, the military 

4687
03:59:24,600 --> 03:59:28,100
contingents that followed led by
figures like Godfrey of bouillon

4688
03:59:28,100 --> 03:59:31,900
Raymond of Toulouse and bohemond
of taranto were hardly more 

4689
03:59:31,900 --> 03:59:34,700
disciplined. 
They extorted Provisions from 

4690
03:59:34,700 --> 03:59:38,000
Byzantine cities and refused to 
swear the customary feudal, 

4691
03:59:38,000 --> 03:59:41,600
Oaths to alexios exposing the 
political Ambitions that drove 

4692
03:59:41,600 --> 03:59:44,600
many Crusade leaders. 
Their journey through Anatolia 

4693
03:59:44,600 --> 03:59:48,500
was marked by tactical blunders 
and internal power struggles 

4694
03:59:48,500 --> 03:59:51,100
that somehow escaped the 
sanitized Chronicles produced by

4695
03:59:51,108 --> 03:59:53,400
clerical propagandists like 
culture of shark. 

4696
03:59:53,400 --> 03:59:56,900
What emerges from primary 
sources is not a divinely 

4697
03:59:56,900 --> 04:00:00,400
ordained Mission but a chaotic 
military Expedition Riven by 

4698
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:04,700
competing interests logistical 
failures of gears and strategic 

4699
04:00:04,700 --> 04:00:08,000
in coherence. 
The Crusaders were not unified 

4700
04:00:08,000 --> 04:00:11,100
by shared purpose, so much as 
trapped in a mutual dependency 

4701
04:00:11,100 --> 04:00:14,100
of hostile territory. 
There are eventual success 

4702
04:00:14,100 --> 04:00:17,800
against overwhelming odds at 
Antioch and Jerusalem owed, more

4703
04:00:17,800 --> 04:00:20,400
to factual divisions among their
Muslim opponents. 

4704
04:00:20,400 --> 04:00:24,600
Unexpected disease, outbreaks 
and sheer desperation than to 

4705
04:00:24,600 --> 04:00:29,000
divine intervention or military 
brilliance. the mythologizing 

4706
04:00:29,000 --> 04:00:32,300
began almost immediately 
transforming a brutal campaign 

4707
04:00:32,300 --> 04:00:35,600
of Conquest into a miraculous 
Triumph of Fate, the fall of 

4708
04:00:35,608 --> 04:00:40,300
Jerusalem on July the 15th, 1099
stanzas, perhaps the single most

4709
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:44,300
notorious episode of the entire 
crusading era, The typical 

4710
04:00:44,300 --> 04:00:47,300
narrative, describes the 
conquest as exceptionally 

4711
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:50,800
brutal, even by medieval 
standards, but seldom examines, 

4712
04:00:50,800 --> 04:00:54,500
the cycle mechanics that enabled
such violence or its broader, 

4713
04:00:54,500 --> 04:00:56,300
implications for Crusader 
governance. 

4714
04:00:57,600 --> 04:00:59,900
When the city's defenses, 
finally buckled after a 

4715
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:03,200
month-long Siege Crusader 
forces, moved methodically 

4716
04:01:03,200 --> 04:01:07,600
through the streets Raymond of 
Aguilera and I witness described

4717
04:01:07,600 --> 04:01:11,000
the scene at the Temple mount. 
Men Road in blood up to their 

4718
04:01:11,000 --> 04:01:14,300
knees and Bridal Reigns in the 
temple and Port of Solomon. 

4719
04:01:14,300 --> 04:01:16,400
Men, rode in blood up to their 
knees. 

4720
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:20,200
This was not the chaotic frenzy 
often depicted in popular 

4721
04:01:20,200 --> 04:01:23,400
accounts archaeological, 
evidence indicates a systematic 

4722
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:26,700
execution of the city's 
inhabitants, The Crusade as 

4723
04:01:26,700 --> 04:01:30,000
corralled civilians into 
confined spaces, synagogues, 

4724
04:01:30,000 --> 04:01:32,600
mosques and Courtyards where 
they could be officially 

4725
04:01:32,600 --> 04:01:35,200
dispatched. 
What's missing from many 

4726
04:01:35,200 --> 04:01:37,400
accounts is how this violence 
was ritualized. 

4727
04:01:38,200 --> 04:01:40,700
Survivors, reported, the 
Crusaders singing, hymns and 

4728
04:01:40,700 --> 04:01:44,000
religious canticles during the 
massacre, their Bloodshed wasn't

4729
04:01:44,000 --> 04:01:47,800
merely strategic, but 
performative, a violent liturgy 

4730
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:50,000
symbolizing, the purification of
Sacred Space. 

4731
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:53,500
When Godfrey of Boolean entered 
the Church of the Holy 

4732
04:01:53,500 --> 04:01:57,700
Sepulchre, he did so Barefoot 
and impenitent Garb even as his 

4733
04:01:57,700 --> 04:01:59,600
followers continued, their 
bloody work. 

4734
04:02:00,400 --> 04:02:02,900
This ritualized violence 
established a template, that 

4735
04:02:02,900 --> 04:02:04,900
would be repeated throughout the
crusading, period. 

4736
04:02:04,900 --> 04:02:08,400
The immediate aftermath revealed
the contradictions inherent in 

4737
04:02:08,400 --> 04:02:11,700
the Crusader project. 
Having secured Christianity's 

4738
04:02:11,700 --> 04:02:14,400
holiest sites. 
Most Crusaders fulfilled, their 

4739
04:02:14,408 --> 04:02:18,700
vows and returned to Europe. 
Only a small fraction remained 

4740
04:02:18,700 --> 04:02:21,700
to hold these conquests. 
The kingdom of Jerusalem, that 

4741
04:02:21,700 --> 04:02:24,900
emerged was a precarious entity,
a narrow Coastal strip, 

4742
04:02:24,900 --> 04:02:28,100
perpetually on the defensive, 
never possessing the demographic

4743
04:02:28,100 --> 04:02:31,500
depth to secure its existence 
without constant reinforcement 

4744
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:34,100
from Europe. 
The governance structures 

4745
04:02:34,100 --> 04:02:37,000
established by the remaining 
Crusaders have been romanticized

4746
04:02:37,000 --> 04:02:41,600
as a model of feudal efficiency.
The reality was Far Messier, the

4747
04:02:41,600 --> 04:02:44,400
Frankish nobility that ruled. 
The kingdom refused meaningful 

4748
04:02:44,400 --> 04:02:45,900
integration with the local 
population. 

4749
04:02:47,100 --> 04:02:48,900
While other conquerors 
throughout history, had 

4750
04:02:48,900 --> 04:02:51,400
typically intermarried with 
indigenous Elites to secure 

4751
04:02:51,400 --> 04:02:54,700
their rule, the Crusader States 
maintained, rigid social 

4752
04:02:54,700 --> 04:02:58,200
segregation even Eastern. 
Christians were relegated to 

4753
04:02:58,200 --> 04:03:00,900
secondary status creating a 
two-tiered society that 

4754
04:03:00,900 --> 04:03:03,500
undermines the kingdoms 
legitimacy among its subjects. 

4755
04:03:04,300 --> 04:03:07,400
perhaps, most revealing was the 
Crusader States economic 

4756
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:11,500
Foundation Despite religious 
justifications the kingdom of 

4757
04:03:11,500 --> 04:03:14,600
Jerusalem quickly demonstrated 
its fundamentally extractive 

4758
04:03:14,600 --> 04:03:17,500
nature. 
The Italian Maritime republics 

4759
04:03:17,500 --> 04:03:21,200
Venice, Genoa and Pisa 
established, commercial quarters

4760
04:03:21,200 --> 04:03:24,800
in coastal cities, turning holy 
war into profitable Enterprise? 

4761
04:03:25,700 --> 04:03:28,100
These Merchants secured 
monopolies on trade between 

4762
04:03:28,100 --> 04:03:31,200
Eastern West transforming, 
religious pilgrimage into a 

4763
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:34,400
commercial activity. 
The kingdom levied taxes on 

4764
04:03:34,400 --> 04:03:37,800
Muslim Caravans passing through 
its territories profiting, from 

4765
04:03:37,800 --> 04:03:41,400
the very Commerce with infidels 
that Crusader rhetoric 

4766
04:03:41,400 --> 04:03:44,300
condemned. 
Agricultural production, relied 

4767
04:03:44,300 --> 04:03:46,600
on the exploitation of the 
Native peasantry through a 

4768
04:03:46,600 --> 04:03:49,100
system that differed little from
surfed him. 

4769
04:03:49,700 --> 04:03:52,400
Indigenous farmers were 
subjected to oppressive taxation

4770
04:03:52,400 --> 04:03:57,300
that channeled to a thin layer 
of Frankish nobility the 

4771
04:03:57,300 --> 04:04:00,500
military orders, the Templars 
and hospitals became major 

4772
04:04:00,500 --> 04:04:03,300
landholders developing 
sophisticated financial 

4773
04:04:03,300 --> 04:04:05,500
instruments that made them 
Europe's first multinational 

4774
04:04:05,500 --> 04:04:09,600
corporations, the gap between 
rhetorical ideals and governance

4775
04:04:09,600 --> 04:04:11,900
realities widened with each 
passing decade. 

4776
04:04:11,900 --> 04:04:16,000
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

4777
04:04:16,000 --> 04:04:19,400
their origins in the religious 
Warfare Crusader leaders 

4778
04:04:19,400 --> 04:04:22,200
regularly formed alliances with 
Muslim Powers against rival. 

4779
04:04:22,200 --> 04:04:26,200
Christian factions Baldwin fur, 
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 

4780
04:04:26,200 --> 04:04:29,100
against Damascus. 
The principality of Antioch 

4781
04:04:29,100 --> 04:04:33,500
allied with a leppo against 
these expedient Arrangements 

4782
04:04:33,500 --> 04:04:36,600
exposed the fundamentally 
political nature of Institutions

4783
04:04:36,600 --> 04:04:39,200
and supposedly dedicated to 
defending the faith. 

4784
04:04:40,000 --> 04:04:42,700
The indigenous response to 
Crusader rule was neither the 

4785
04:04:42,700 --> 04:04:45,700
uniform hostility portrayed in 
nationalist, historiographies, 

4786
04:04:45,700 --> 04:04:49,300
Norther passive, acceptance 
suggested by Colonial narrative,

4787
04:04:49,300 --> 04:04:53,500
logical evidence reveals 
creative forms of resistance and

4788
04:04:53,500 --> 04:04:56,400
accommodation. 
Local Christians, maintain their

4789
04:04:56,400 --> 04:04:58,900
religious practices while 
adapting to new political 

4790
04:04:58,900 --> 04:05:01,600
realities. 
Muslim communities preserve 

4791
04:05:01,600 --> 04:05:03,800
their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

4792
04:05:03,800 --> 04:05:07,400
Jewish communities, though. 
Devastated by the initial 

4793
04:05:07,400 --> 04:05:09,600
Conquest. 
Eventually re-established 

4794
04:05:09,600 --> 04:05:11,100
themselves, and peripheral 
areas. 

4795
04:05:11,900 --> 04:05:14,600
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 
a lasting impact due to its 

4796
04:05:14,600 --> 04:05:17,000
brutality. 
For Muslim populations 

4797
04:05:17,000 --> 04:05:19,500
throughout the region. 
It represented not just a 

4798
04:05:19,500 --> 04:05:23,000
military defeat but a profound 
betrayal of inter-communal norms

4799
04:05:23,000 --> 04:05:26,100
that are generally protected, 
civilian populations, during 

4800
04:05:26,100 --> 04:05:28,600
Warfare. 
The psychological impact 

4801
04:05:28,600 --> 04:05:32,300
reverberated far, beyond the 
immediate victims creating a 

4802
04:05:32,300 --> 04:05:35,300
narrative of existential threat,
that would fuel counter Crusades

4803
04:05:35,300 --> 04:05:38,200
for generations to come. 
Most striking was the Kingdom's 

4804
04:05:38,200 --> 04:05:41,900
diplomatic pragmatism despite 
their origins in the religious 

4805
04:05:41,900 --> 04:05:45,200
Warfare Crusader leaders 
regularly formed alliances with 

4806
04:05:45,200 --> 04:05:48,800
Muslim Powers against rival. 
Christian factions Baldwin fur, 

4807
04:05:48,800 --> 04:05:51,400
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 
against Damascus. 

4808
04:05:51,400 --> 04:05:54,800
The principality of Antioch 
allied with a leppo against 

4809
04:05:54,800 --> 04:05:59,300
these expedient Arrangements 
exposed the fundamentally 

4810
04:05:59,300 --> 04:06:02,800
political nature of Institutions
and supposedly dedicated to 

4811
04:06:02,800 --> 04:06:05,600
defending the faith. 
The indigenous response to 

4812
04:06:05,608 --> 04:06:08,800
Crusader rule was neither the 
uniform hostility portrayed in 

4813
04:06:08,800 --> 04:06:11,800
nationalist, historiographies, 
Norther passive, acceptance 

4814
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:16,300
suggested by Colonial narrative,
logical evidence reveals 

4815
04:06:16,300 --> 04:06:18,500
creative forms of resistance and
accommodation. 

4816
04:06:19,300 --> 04:06:22,100
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

4817
04:06:22,100 --> 04:06:25,600
adapting to new political 
realities Muslim communities, 

4818
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:28,200
preserve their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

4819
04:06:28,200 --> 04:06:31,800
Jewish communities, though, 
devastated by the initial 

4820
04:06:31,800 --> 04:06:34,600
Conquest, eventually 
re-established themselves, and 

4821
04:06:34,600 --> 04:06:37,700
peripheral areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

4822
04:06:37,700 --> 04:06:39,500
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality. 

4823
04:06:40,300 --> 04:06:42,200
For Muslim populations 
throughout the region. 

4824
04:06:42,200 --> 04:06:45,600
It represented not just a 
military defeat but a profound 

4825
04:06:45,600 --> 04:06:49,100
betrayal of inter-communal norms
that are generally protected, 

4826
04:06:49,100 --> 04:06:51,100
civilian populations, during 
Warfare. 

4827
04:06:51,800 --> 04:06:54,800
The psychological impact 
reverberated far, beyond the 

4828
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:58,100
immediate victims creating a 
narrative of existential threat,

4829
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:01,700
that would fuel counter Crusades
for generations to come Pope in 

4830
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:05,200
the third who had authorized The
Crusade initially expressed 

4831
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:08,700
shock but quickly, accepted the 
reality, legitimizing, the 

4832
04:07:08,700 --> 04:07:12,200
conquest, as Divine judgment on 
Greeks schismatics, this 

4833
04:07:12,200 --> 04:07:14,900
theological flexibility 
demonstrated how easily 

4834
04:07:14,900 --> 04:07:18,200
crusading ideology could be 
retrofitted to justify naked 

4835
04:07:18,200 --> 04:07:19,900
aggression against fellow 
Christians. 

4836
04:07:21,300 --> 04:07:24,300
The Latin Empire established in 
Constantinople would last less 

4837
04:07:24,300 --> 04:07:27,500
than six decades, but the breach
between eastern and western 

4838
04:07:27,500 --> 04:07:31,400
Christianity, proved permanent 
The Children's Crusade and 

4839
04:07:31,400 --> 04:07:34,100
Fourth Crusade book ended a 
crucial transition. 

4840
04:07:34,100 --> 04:07:37,700
What began as a defensive 
response to a specific request 

4841
04:07:37,700 --> 04:07:40,800
for military assistance evolved 
into an Institutional framework 

4842
04:07:40,800 --> 04:07:44,300
that could justify virtually any
exercise of violence when 

4843
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:46,200
properly. 
Sanctioned by Coliseum 

4844
04:07:46,200 --> 04:07:49,300
authorities, The victims of 
crusading violence. 

4845
04:07:49,300 --> 04:07:53,400
Now, included Eastern, 
Christians Jews, Baltic, pagans,

4846
04:07:53,400 --> 04:07:56,700
Christian Heretics and political
opponents of the papacy. 

4847
04:07:58,200 --> 04:08:00,900
Jerusalem had become almost 
incidental to a movement that 

4848
04:08:00,900 --> 04:08:03,400
had developed its own. 
Internal logic of sacred 

4849
04:08:03,400 --> 04:08:06,600
violence, the Islamic response 
to the Crusades challenges, 

4850
04:08:06,600 --> 04:08:08,500
simplistic Narrative of 
religious polarization. 

4851
04:08:09,900 --> 04:08:13,000
Initially Muslim, rulers viewed.
The First Crusade, not as an 

4852
04:08:13,000 --> 04:08:16,500
existential religious threat, 
but as merely another Byzantine 

4853
04:08:16,500 --> 04:08:20,700
backed in to a politically 
fragmented region, The limited 

4854
04:08:20,700 --> 04:08:23,200
resources committed to resisting
the initial Invasion. 

4855
04:08:23,200 --> 04:08:27,700
Reflected this miscalculation. 
Only gradually did a coherent 

4856
04:08:27,700 --> 04:08:30,500
counter Crusade. 
Ideology emerge transforming, 

4857
04:08:30,500 --> 04:08:33,100
localized resistance in to a 
pan-islamic response. 

4858
04:08:34,100 --> 04:08:37,100
The early Muslim worlds disunity
was, its critical vulnerability.

4859
04:08:38,300 --> 04:08:42,300
When Jerusalem fell in 1099, the
Fatimid caliphate of Egypt was 

4860
04:08:42,300 --> 04:08:45,400
engaged in bitter rivalry with 
the Abbasid caliphate centered 

4861
04:08:45,400 --> 04:08:48,700
in Baghdad. 
The seljuk Turkish Empire was 

4862
04:08:48,700 --> 04:08:50,700
fragmenting into competing 
Emirates. 

4863
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:54,200
These divisions allowed the 
numerically inferior Crusaders 

4864
04:08:54,200 --> 04:08:57,100
to establish footholds and 
territories that might otherwise

4865
04:08:57,100 --> 04:09:01,000
have been easily defended. 
The first systematic. 

4866
04:09:01,000 --> 04:09:05,000
Intellectual response came from 
Ali, IBN Tahir al-salami, who 

4867
04:09:05,000 --> 04:09:10,200
composed the book of holy war 
around 11:05 Al salami 

4868
04:09:10,200 --> 04:09:12,700
interpreted the Crusader 
Invasion as Divine punishment, 

4869
04:09:12,700 --> 04:09:14,800
from Muslim, disunity and moral 
activity. 

4870
04:09:15,600 --> 04:09:18,600
Particularly the abandonment of 
jihad as a communal obligation. 

4871
04:09:19,700 --> 04:09:22,600
His work received limited 
attention in his lifetime, but 

4872
04:09:22,600 --> 04:09:25,100
established conceptual 
Frameworks that later leaders 

4873
04:09:25,100 --> 04:09:29,100
would deploy more effectively. 
In mad at Dean's engi, the 

4874
04:09:29,100 --> 04:09:31,900
Turkish at most, and Aleppo 
represented. 

4875
04:09:31,900 --> 04:09:34,000
The first phase of organized. 
Counter Crusade. 

4876
04:09:34,000 --> 04:09:37,000
His recapture of a desert in 
1144. 

4877
04:09:37,000 --> 04:09:41,000
The first major Crusader state 
to fall inspired a new 

4878
04:09:41,008 --> 04:09:44,300
Consciousness among Muslim, 
Elites zeng's propaganda. 

4879
04:09:44,300 --> 04:09:48,300
Portrayed him as a mujahid holy 
Warrior rather than merely a 

4880
04:09:48,300 --> 04:09:52,000
territorial ruler. 
His assassination in 1146 

4881
04:09:52,000 --> 04:09:55,600
prevented further advances, but 
his son, Nora Dean continued, 

4882
04:09:55,600 --> 04:09:59,100
this ideological project. 
Nurettin Innovations were 

4883
04:09:59,100 --> 04:10:02,100
structural rather than merely 
rhetorical he systematically. 

4884
04:10:02,100 --> 04:10:05,900
Redirected religious endowments 
Wok to fund military campaigns 

4885
04:10:05,900 --> 04:10:09,100
against the Crusader states. 
He sponsored the construction of

4886
04:10:09,100 --> 04:10:13,800
madrasas religious schools that 
promoted Jihad ideology while 

4887
04:10:13,800 --> 04:10:16,900
commissioning architectural 
projects like the minbar pulpit 

4888
04:10:16,900 --> 04:10:19,000
intended for Jerusalem's 
Al-Aqsa. 

4889
04:10:19,000 --> 04:10:22,900
Mosque after its recapture this 
material culture of counter 

4890
04:10:22,900 --> 04:10:26,100
Crusade created tangible symbols
around which resistance could 

4891
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:28,800
coalesce. 
The Byzantine seljuk peace 

4892
04:10:28,800 --> 04:10:32,900
treaty of 1160 allowed neurodin 
to focus exclusively on the 

4893
04:10:32,900 --> 04:10:35,800
Latin States creating 
unprecedented pressure on the 

4894
04:10:35,800 --> 04:10:39,600
kingdom of Jerusalem. 
Where nurse forces intervened in

4895
04:10:39,600 --> 04:10:43,700
Fatimid succession, struggles 
his Kurdish, General seller, a 

4896
04:10:43,700 --> 04:10:48,200
Dean Saladin eventually, emerged
as ruler of Egypt, creating a 

4897
04:10:48,200 --> 04:10:50,600
united front against the 
Crusader States for the first 

4898
04:10:50,600 --> 04:10:54,500
time saladin's, complex Legacy 
has been distorted, by both 

4899
04:10:54,500 --> 04:10:59,000
Western Romanticism and modern 
Arab nationalism contemporary 

4900
04:10:59,000 --> 04:11:01,200
evidence suggests. 
He was neither the Chevelle Rick

4901
04:11:01,200 --> 04:11:04,300
Paragon portrayed by Walter, 
Scott Nora, Proto nationalist, 

4902
04:11:04,300 --> 04:11:09,500
hero His initial campaigns 
prioritized eliminating and 

4903
04:11:09,500 --> 04:11:11,500
secure in his own toasting 
interests. 

4904
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:14,300
Only after consolidating power 
did. 

4905
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:16,900
He fully Embrace counter Crusade
as his Central purpose? 

4906
04:11:16,900 --> 04:11:20,800
The Battle of Hatton in 1187 
represented. 

4907
04:11:20,800 --> 04:11:23,600
The culmination of Decades of 
strategic preparation and 

4908
04:11:23,600 --> 04:11:27,300
ideological development 
Saladin's victory was not merely

4909
04:11:27,300 --> 04:11:30,600
military, but psychological, the
capture of the True Cross, and 

4910
04:11:30,600 --> 04:11:33,600
mass execution, of Templar, and 
hospital, and nights. 

4911
04:11:33,600 --> 04:11:36,400
Symbolically reversed, the 
humiliation of Jerusalem's fall 

4912
04:11:36,400 --> 04:11:40,300
nearly a century earlier. 
When Jerusalem surrendered later

4913
04:11:40,300 --> 04:11:43,800
that year saladin's calculated 
clemency toward its Christian 

4914
04:11:43,800 --> 04:11:46,700
inhabitants. 
Explicitly contrasted with the 

4915
04:11:46,700 --> 04:11:51,100
1099 Massacre establishing moral
superiority within the conflicts

4916
04:11:51,100 --> 04:11:54,700
narrative. 
The Third Crusade from 1189 to 

4917
04:11:54,700 --> 04:11:58,200
1192 revealed, the change 
dynamics of the conflict. 

4918
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:02,600
Despite mobilizing the full 
resources of England, France, 

4919
04:12:02,600 --> 04:12:06,500
and the Holy Roman Empire, the 
Expedition secured, only a 

4920
04:12:06,500 --> 04:12:09,800
narrow Coastal strip, and 
negotiated access to Jerusalem 

4921
04:12:09,800 --> 04:12:12,800
for pilgrims. 
This limited outcome, despite 

4922
04:12:12,800 --> 04:12:15,900
unprecedented investment 
Illustrated the counter Crusades

4923
04:12:15,900 --> 04:12:18,600
of effectiveness. 
The Muslim world had developed 

4924
04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:21,700
institutional resilience against
external aggression, while 

4925
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:24,900
crusading had become a fiscally 
ruinous obligation for European 

4926
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:27,600
monarchs. 
Less acknowledged in traditional

4927
04:12:27,600 --> 04:12:30,600
narratives is how the counter 
Crusade transformed Islamic 

4928
04:12:30,600 --> 04:12:34,000
institutions, the military 
dominance of slave Soldier, 

4929
04:12:34,000 --> 04:12:37,500
mamluk units, accelerated during
this period, eventually 

4930
04:12:37,500 --> 04:12:40,500
culminating in the mamluk 
sultanate that would deliver the

4931
04:12:40,500 --> 04:12:43,000
final blow to Crusader presence 
in the Levant. 

4932
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:46,800
Religious endowments were 
increasingly militarized, 

4933
04:12:46,800 --> 04:12:48,800
diverting resources from civil 
development. 

4934
04:12:49,700 --> 04:12:53,000
Political legitimacy became 
increasingly tied to Auntie, 

4935
04:12:53,000 --> 04:12:56,300
Frankish credentials narrowing 
the space for pragmatic 

4936
04:12:56,300 --> 04:12:59,600
coexistence. 
The ayuba dynasty established by

4937
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:03,000
Saladin initially maintained his
balanced approach, but gradually

4938
04:13:03,000 --> 04:13:06,500
succumb to internal rivalries. 
When are you bid rulers? 

4939
04:13:06,500 --> 04:13:08,900
Negotiated the surrender of 
Jerusalem to Frederick the 

4940
04:13:08,908 --> 04:13:11,600
second during the sixth crusade 
in 12:29. 

4941
04:13:12,400 --> 04:13:15,100
They faced intense opposition 
from religious Scholars and the 

4942
04:13:15,108 --> 04:13:18,800
general population. 
The city was retaken by Ayoub 

4943
04:13:18,800 --> 04:13:21,900
bid forces in 1244, 
demonstrating how counter 

4944
04:13:21,900 --> 04:13:25,100
Crusade ideology had become 
self-sustaining, able to 

4945
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:27,500
override Elite diplomatic 
calculations. 

4946
04:13:28,700 --> 04:13:31,400
The Mongol invasions of the 
mid-13th century initially 

4947
04:13:31,400 --> 04:13:33,600
appeared to Signal a new 
Christian Muslim, alignment 

4948
04:13:33,600 --> 04:13:36,800
against a common threat. 
The Mongols destroyed, the 

4949
04:13:36,800 --> 04:13:40,600
Abbasid caliphate in 1258 
creating a political vacuum that

4950
04:13:40,600 --> 04:13:44,500
transformed Regional Dynamics. 
When Mongol forces entered 

4951
04:13:44,500 --> 04:13:47,000
Syria, they allied with 
christian powers against the 

4952
04:13:47,000 --> 04:13:50,200
mamluks of Egypt, who had 
overthrown the IU bids, the 

4953
04:13:50,200 --> 04:13:53,900
mamluk victory at angel in 1260 
halted Mongol advancement. 

4954
04:13:53,900 --> 04:13:57,100
And paradoxical reinforced 
counter Crusade ideology by 

4955
04:13:57,100 --> 04:13:59,700
linking it to broader resistance
against foreign domination. 

4956
04:14:00,700 --> 04:14:03,500
The final stage of the counter 
Crusade culminated in the 

4957
04:14:03,500 --> 04:14:07,400
systematic dismantling of 
Crusader territory and a mamluk 

4958
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:10,400
stall, Sultan baibars, and his 
successors. 

4959
04:14:11,600 --> 04:14:18,700
The fall of Antioch 1268 Tripoli
1289 and finally a Cree 1291 

4960
04:14:18,700 --> 04:14:21,500
eliminated Latin presence in the
Levant. 

4961
04:14:22,300 --> 04:14:24,900
These campaigns were marked by 
meticulous planning 

4962
04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:28,700
technological innovation, 
particularly in Siege Warfare 

4963
04:14:28,700 --> 04:14:32,800
and strategic ruthlessness. 
The centuries long encounter had

4964
04:14:32,800 --> 04:14:35,300
transformed both Islamic 
military organization and 

4965
04:14:35,300 --> 04:14:38,300
religious thought, creating new 
paradigms that would influence 

4966
04:14:38,300 --> 04:14:41,800
Muslim societies for generations
to come the brutality of the 

4967
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:44,600
Crusades extended beyond the 
battlefield into the realm of 

4968
04:14:44,600 --> 04:14:48,000
cultural Warfare. 
While physical violence, in 

4969
04:14:48,000 --> 04:14:51,200
immediate victims, the crusading
movements of salt on cultural 

4970
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:54,400
identity and knowledge produced 
casualties that would never be 

4971
04:14:54,400 --> 04:14:56,900
counted. 
This time mention of Crusader 

4972
04:14:56,900 --> 04:15:01,300
brutality remains under explored
overshadows shadowed by more 

4973
04:15:01,300 --> 04:15:03,600
visually dramatic aspects of 
military conflict. 

4974
04:15:03,600 --> 04:15:06,900
The library of Tripoli, 
reportedly containing over three

4975
04:15:06,900 --> 04:15:10,200
million volumes represented one 
of the medieval world's greatest

4976
04:15:10,200 --> 04:15:13,900
repository of knowledge. 
Crusaders systematically 

4977
04:15:13,900 --> 04:15:15,600
destroyed. 
This Irreplaceable collection 

4978
04:15:15,600 --> 04:15:21,000
when they captured the city in 
1189 Raymond of agile who had 

4979
04:15:21,000 --> 04:15:23,700
earlier glorified the bloodbath 
at Jerusalem described this 

4980
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:26,900
destruction as necessary because
many texts contained The 

4981
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:29,100
Abominable teachings of 
Muhammad. 

4982
04:15:29,100 --> 04:15:32,400
The specific targeting of 
libraries was not incidental but

4983
04:15:32,400 --> 04:15:35,700
ideological an attack on 
knowledge systems that challenge

4984
04:15:35,700 --> 04:15:40,200
Latin Christian exclusivity The 
Crusaders cultural program 

4985
04:15:40,200 --> 04:15:43,400
extended to the built 
environment upon capturing 

4986
04:15:43,400 --> 04:15:46,400
Jerusalem, they immediately 
converted the Dome of the Rock 

4987
04:15:46,400 --> 04:15:50,000
in to a church called templum 
domini and also mosque in to 

4988
04:15:50,000 --> 04:15:53,200
Temple of Solomon. 
These Appropriations were 

4989
04:15:53,200 --> 04:15:54,900
coupled with iconographic 
editions. 

4990
04:15:54,900 --> 04:15:57,600
That overlaid Christian 
symbolism onto his name, sacred 

4991
04:15:57,600 --> 04:16:00,700
spaces, art historians of 
documented how Crusader 

4992
04:16:00,700 --> 04:16:03,200
modifications deliberately 
obscured or defaced. 

4993
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:06,100
His name inscription while 
preserving architectural 

4994
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:08,100
elements that could be 
incorporated into Christian 

4995
04:16:08,100 --> 04:16:10,500
narrative. 
Frameworks linguistic violence 

4996
04:16:10,500 --> 04:16:12,800
characterized the Crusader 
States throughout their 

4997
04:16:12,800 --> 04:16:15,700
existence. 
Despite ruling predominantly 

4998
04:16:15,700 --> 04:16:17,800
arabic speaking population for 
Generations. 

4999
04:16:17,800 --> 04:16:21,000
Most Frankish Nobles never 
learned the language of their 

5000
04:16:21,000 --> 04:16:23,800
subjects. 
Linguistic isolation was not 

5001
04:16:23,800 --> 04:16:27,500
merely practical, but 
ideological a refusal to engage 

5002
04:16:27,500 --> 04:16:31,500
with local cultural Frameworks. 
When administrative necessity 

5003
04:16:31,500 --> 04:16:35,100
required translation, this work 
was typically performed by local

5004
04:16:35,100 --> 04:16:38,800
Christians or Jews creating 
mediated power relationships. 

5005
04:16:38,800 --> 04:16:40,700
That reinforced Colonial 
hierarchies. 

5006
04:16:41,900 --> 04:16:45,100
Crusaders ideological impact, 
extended beyond the immediate 

5007
04:16:45,100 --> 04:16:47,700
conflict zones. 
In Europe, the movement 

5008
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:51,000
accelerated, the development of 
a persecuting society that would

5009
04:16:51,000 --> 04:16:53,500
reach its full expression in the
late medieval period. 

5010
04:16:54,400 --> 04:16:57,100
The juridical framework was 
gradually turned inward 

5011
04:16:57,100 --> 04:17:00,400
providing templates for 
persecuting domestic minorities 

5012
04:17:00,400 --> 04:17:04,100
after being established to 
identify and punish enemies of 

5013
04:17:04,108 --> 04:17:07,900
the Cross abroad. 
The fourth letter in Council of 

5014
04:17:07,908 --> 04:17:12,000
1215, which formalised much 
crusading theology also. 

5015
04:17:12,000 --> 04:17:14,200
Mandated, that Jews were 
distinctive clothing, 

5016
04:17:14,200 --> 04:17:17,300
institutionalizing their 
otherness intellectual 

5017
04:17:17,300 --> 04:17:19,800
casualties included, the 
severing of philosophical and 

5018
04:17:19,800 --> 04:17:22,800
scientific exchanges that have 
previously flourished across 

5019
04:17:22,800 --> 04:17:25,700
religious boundaries. 
The translation movement 

5020
04:17:25,700 --> 04:17:29,300
centered in Toledo and Sicily, 
which had transmitted critical 

5021
04:17:29,300 --> 04:17:33,300
Greek, text preserved in Arabic 
commentaries facing suspicion. 

5022
04:17:34,200 --> 04:17:37,300
As crusading ideology, hardened 
boundaries, between Christian 

5023
04:17:37,300 --> 04:17:38,700
and Muslim. 
Intellectual worlds 

5024
04:17:38,700 --> 04:17:41,700
opportunities for cross 
fertilization diminished 

5025
04:17:41,700 --> 04:17:45,100
delaying European access to 
crucial classical knowledge for 

5026
04:17:45,100 --> 04:17:47,600
Generations. 
Even artistic production was 

5027
04:17:47,600 --> 04:17:51,000
militarized, the Shah sonderland
initially composed before the 

5028
04:17:51,000 --> 04:17:54,200
first crusade was expanded and a
modified to incorporate 

5029
04:17:54,200 --> 04:17:57,300
crusading themes. 
Transforming a regional conflict

5030
04:17:57,300 --> 04:18:00,200
into an existential struggle 
between Christianity and Islam. 

5031
04:18:01,300 --> 04:18:04,200
This literary weaponization 
created, cultural templates. 

5032
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:06,700
That would influence European 
perceptions of Muslims for 

5033
04:18:06,700 --> 04:18:09,400
centuries. 
Similar Charles similar 

5034
04:18:09,400 --> 04:18:12,400
Transformations occurred in 
Visual Arts, where depictions of

5035
04:18:12,400 --> 04:18:15,400
Muslims became increasingly, 
stereotyped, and dehumanized in 

5036
04:18:15,400 --> 04:18:17,600
manuscript illumination and 
church, sculpture. 

5037
04:18:18,400 --> 04:18:21,000
Women's experience as During the
crusading period revealed 

5038
04:18:21,000 --> 04:18:23,500
particularly complex, dimensions
of cultural violence. 

5039
04:18:24,400 --> 04:18:28,800
Anaconda's Alexia documents, how
female nobles were forced into 

5040
04:18:28,800 --> 04:18:32,100
marriages with Crusader leaders 
creating bloodline claims to 

5041
04:18:32,108 --> 04:18:35,600
Eastern territories. 
In the Crusade Estates policies,

5042
04:18:35,600 --> 04:18:39,000
regarding intermarriage shifted.
According to demographic 

5043
04:18:39,000 --> 04:18:42,600
necessity, rather than 
principled acceptance, local 

5044
04:18:42,600 --> 04:18:45,300
Christian families, permitted 
temporary accommodations with 

5045
04:18:45,300 --> 04:18:48,200
Frankish women when they were 
scarce but these Arrangements 

5046
04:18:48,200 --> 04:18:52,000
remained exceptional rather than
normative The cultural Legacy of

5047
04:18:52,008 --> 04:18:55,300
Crusader brutality survived long
after the military conflicts 

5048
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:58,500
ended, the Portuguese and 
Spanish Voyages of Discovery 

5049
04:18:58,500 --> 04:19:01,900
explicitly framed, their 
Enterprises as extensions of 

5050
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:05,500
crusading with Columbus carrying
a crusader Banner when he landed

5051
04:19:05,500 --> 04:19:08,500
in the Americas. 
The juridical Frameworks 

5052
04:19:08,500 --> 04:19:10,300
developed to dispossess Muslims 
and Jews. 

5053
04:19:10,300 --> 04:19:12,500
In Iberia following the 
Reconquista were directly 

5054
04:19:12,500 --> 04:19:15,800
transported to the Americas. 
Informing Colonial practices 

5055
04:19:15,800 --> 04:19:18,600
toward indigenous populations 
the papal. 

5056
04:19:18,600 --> 04:19:21,600
Bulls that divided the new world
between European powers, 

5057
04:19:21,600 --> 04:19:25,800
explicitly referenced crusading,
precedence in the Muslim world. 

5058
04:19:25,800 --> 04:19:28,900
The cultural memory of Crusader 
aggression created enduring 

5059
04:19:28,900 --> 04:19:31,300
suspicion toward Western 
intellectual Traditions. 

5060
04:19:31,300 --> 04:19:35,200
The early openness toward Greek 
philosophical traditions which 

5061
04:19:35,200 --> 04:19:38,200
had produced figures like 
avicenna and evierose faceing 

5062
04:19:38,200 --> 04:19:40,900
resistance within Muslim 
intellectual circles. 

5063
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:44,800
theological positions that 
emphasized distinctive, Islamic 

5064
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:48,000
identity gained prominence over 
those that had sought common 

5065
04:19:48,000 --> 04:19:51,700
philosophical ground with other 
traditions, This cultural 

5066
04:19:51,700 --> 04:19:54,300
retrenchment represented a 
significant loss for 

5067
04:19:54,300 --> 04:19:57,600
intellectual exchange across 
civilizational boundaries. 

5068
04:19:57,600 --> 04:20:02,000
Perhaps most profoundly the 
Crusades transformed religious 

5069
04:20:02,000 --> 04:20:05,400
violence from an incidental 
feature of political conflict 

5070
04:20:05,400 --> 04:20:07,500
into a central expression of 
devotional. 

5071
04:20:08,600 --> 04:20:11,400
By sanctifying Warfare through 
elaborate theological 

5072
04:20:11,400 --> 04:20:14,600
Frameworks, the movement created
templates for religious 

5073
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:18,500
militancy that transcended its 
immediate historical context. 

5074
04:20:18,500 --> 04:20:22,500
These templates proved 
remarkably adaptable capable of 

5075
04:20:22,500 --> 04:20:25,300
being invoked in radically 
different circumstances across 

5076
04:20:25,300 --> 04:20:28,200
centuries. 
The cultural brutality of the 

5077
04:20:28,200 --> 04:20:31,200
Crusades thus extended far 
beyond the immediate violence of

5078
04:20:31,200 --> 04:20:34,200
conquest and occupation 
reshaping how religious 

5079
04:20:34,200 --> 04:20:36,800
communities understood the cells
in relation to others. 

5080
04:20:36,800 --> 04:20:40,100
When the Crusaders Rule people 
had to deal with intimate forms 

5081
04:20:40,100 --> 04:20:42,900
of violence every day that are 
often left out of stories that 

5082
04:20:42,900 --> 04:20:46,200
are mostly about battles. 
These daily acts of violence, 

5083
04:20:46,200 --> 04:20:49,500
which hurt, people's bodies, 
families, and spiritual lives, 

5084
04:20:49,500 --> 04:20:51,200
were part of life for 
indigenous. 

5085
04:20:51,200 --> 04:20:55,400
People living on Crusader lands,
evidence from archaeology court 

5086
04:20:55,400 --> 04:20:58,100
records and non-latin, 
Chronicles shows patterns of 

5087
04:20:58,108 --> 04:21:00,700
dominance that went beyond 
regular military operations. 

5088
04:21:00,700 --> 04:21:03,600
Movement itself became a tool of
control. 

5089
04:21:03,600 --> 04:21:07,100
The Crusader States set up 
complex networks of internal 

5090
04:21:07,100 --> 04:21:10,100
checkpoints that made it hard 
for Palestinian Farmers to get 

5091
04:21:10,100 --> 04:21:13,400
to their farms and crops. 
Toll booths made it costly for 

5092
04:21:13,400 --> 04:21:17,000
locals to travel between towns. 
These limits, significantly 

5093
04:21:17,000 --> 04:21:20,200
impacted Muslim pilgrimage 
routes transforming religious 

5094
04:21:20,200 --> 04:21:22,400
Journeys into periods of 
frequent harassment and 

5095
04:21:22,400 --> 04:21:26,700
financial demands. 
In the 1180 IBN, jubayr was 

5096
04:21:26,700 --> 04:21:29,300
moving through Crusader lands 
and wrote about how Muslim 

5097
04:21:29,300 --> 04:21:31,000
Travelers were detained. 
Without a reason. 

5098
04:21:31,000 --> 04:21:34,400
Had their goods taken away and 
were physically abused at these 

5099
04:21:34,400 --> 04:21:38,000
border areas. 
Physical punishment and crusader

5100
04:21:38,000 --> 04:21:40,300
law systems. 
Demonstrated racial hierarchy. 

5101
04:21:41,000 --> 04:21:44,300
The Lira disa sees court records
show that the sentence is given 

5102
04:21:44,300 --> 04:21:45,900
to francs. 
And Native Christians were very 

5103
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:49,000
different and the sentences 
given to Muslims and Jews were 

5104
04:21:49,000 --> 04:21:51,400
even tougher. 
Frankish people who broke 

5105
04:21:51,400 --> 04:21:54,600
property laws were usually 
fined, but native people who 

5106
04:21:54,600 --> 04:21:56,200
broke the law could be 
mutilated. 

5107
04:21:57,200 --> 04:21:59,900
Written reports of different 
punishments are backed up by 

5108
04:21:59,900 --> 04:22:02,100
archaeological evidence from 
burial sites. 

5109
04:22:02,900 --> 04:22:06,200
Skeletal remains show patterns 
of amputated, Limbs and Trauma 

5110
04:22:06,200 --> 04:22:08,500
consistent with judicial 
torture. 

5111
04:22:08,500 --> 04:22:11,100
That a more common in 
non-french. 

5112
04:22:12,600 --> 04:22:15,800
Under Crusader rule home's 
turned into dangerous places 

5113
04:22:15,800 --> 04:22:18,900
Latin settlers were given more 
property rights than native 

5114
04:22:18,900 --> 04:22:21,200
people. 
And Native landowners were often

5115
04:22:21,200 --> 04:22:23,700
turned into tenants on land that
their families had owned for 

5116
04:22:23,700 --> 04:22:27,100
Generations. 
In cities housing was separated 

5117
04:22:27,100 --> 04:22:30,000
with Muslims and Eastern 
Christians, living in separate 

5118
04:22:30,000 --> 04:22:33,100
areas that got more crowded as 
Latin settlers moved in and took

5119
04:22:33,100 --> 04:22:36,400
the best spots. 
How logical digs in accurate and

5120
04:22:36,400 --> 04:22:38,500
tired. 
During the Crusader era show, 

5121
04:22:38,500 --> 04:22:41,300
the Stark difference between the
large Frankish compounds and the

5122
04:22:41,300 --> 04:22:44,500
more crowded native areas 
getting to water, which was 

5123
04:22:44,500 --> 04:22:47,300
important in the temperature of 
the Levant became another way of

5124
04:22:47,300 --> 04:22:50,300
controlling people. 
The Crusader government changed,

5125
04:22:50,300 --> 04:22:53,600
the flow of water to help Latin 
towns and military bases, which 

5126
04:22:53,600 --> 04:22:57,500
messed up traditional irrigation
systems in Jerusalem systems 

5127
04:22:57,500 --> 04:23:00,800
were increasingly reserved for 
Frank issues, these restrictions

5128
04:23:00,800 --> 04:23:03,500
meant that native people had to 
drive farther to get water. 

5129
04:23:04,300 --> 04:23:07,300
This hydraulic colonialism in 
entirely changed farming 

5130
04:23:07,300 --> 04:23:10,400
methods, and Community habits 
that are developed over 100s of 

5131
04:23:10,408 --> 04:23:12,200
years to make the best use of 
water. 

5132
04:23:13,400 --> 04:23:17,400
During the Crusades religious 
experience, changed in big ways,

5133
04:23:17,400 --> 04:23:21,100
Muslims and Jews could practice 
their faiths, but there were 

5134
04:23:21,100 --> 04:23:23,200
many restrictions in many 
places. 

5135
04:23:23,200 --> 04:23:28,000
Going to the mosque was limited.
So Muslims from rural areas 

5136
04:23:28,000 --> 04:23:30,800
often had to go to cities for 
Friday prayers where they could 

5137
04:23:30,800 --> 04:23:34,100
be watched more closely. 
In places where there were many 

5138
04:23:34,100 --> 04:23:37,100
Christians, the call to prayer 
at hand was not allowed. 

5139
04:23:38,600 --> 04:23:40,900
The band stopped a key part of 
Muslim life. 

5140
04:23:41,800 --> 04:23:44,500
Jewish community's had to deal 
with new rules about building 

5141
04:23:44,500 --> 04:23:48,200
and fixing up synagogues. 
Hockey's logical evidence showed

5142
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:51,300
that Jewish religious buildings 
were purposely left out of urban

5143
04:23:51,300 --> 04:23:54,800
makeover projects. 
There were many problems for 

5144
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:58,100
Christian villages in the East, 
theoretically they shared the 

5145
04:23:58,100 --> 04:24:01,000
same Faith as the Crusaders yet,
their distinct religious 

5146
04:24:01,000 --> 04:24:03,600
beliefs, and liturgical 
practices were increasingly 

5147
04:24:03,600 --> 04:24:07,300
undermining each other. 
The Latin, patriarchy regularly 

5148
04:24:07,300 --> 04:24:10,700
replaced Orthodox, Bishops with 
Latin appointed ones disrupting 

5149
04:24:10,700 --> 04:24:13,000
the historical lines of 
succession within the church. 

5150
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:16,600
Latin power stepped in and took 
away the religious freedom of 

5151
04:24:16,600 --> 04:24:19,900
Greek, Armenian Syrian and 
Coptic Christians. 

5152
04:24:19,900 --> 04:24:22,700
There are actions caused 
divisions Within These Christian

5153
04:24:22,700 --> 04:24:25,200
communities, that lasted longer 
than the Crusader States 

5154
04:24:25,200 --> 04:24:27,500
themselves. 
During the Crusades, it was 

5155
04:24:27,508 --> 04:24:29,600
challenging to start a family 
and be sexual. 

5156
04:24:30,800 --> 04:24:34,100
When Latin men married, local. 
Christian, women, especially it 

5157
04:24:34,100 --> 04:24:36,900
caused complicated legal 
questions about inheritance and 

5158
04:24:36,900 --> 04:24:40,100
Status these unions placed their
children in a challenging 

5159
04:24:40,100 --> 04:24:44,000
situation frequently faceing 
abuse from both sides for 

5160
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:45,800
Muslim. 
Women being Crusaders made the 

5161
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:49,400
more vulnerable Contemporary 
Islamic legal opinions known as 

5162
04:24:49,400 --> 04:24:52,700
fatwa discussed the prevalence 
of abuse against women by 

5163
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:55,500
Crusader troops. 
These papers demonstrate, the 

5164
04:24:55,500 --> 04:24:58,000
struggle of communities to 
maintain their Unity amid. 

5165
04:24:58,000 --> 04:25:02,200
Systematic dominance under the 
Crusader senorial system working

5166
04:25:02,200 --> 04:25:05,800
in agriculture changed. 
Native American farmers would 

5167
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:09,600
give a new responsibilities such
as working as corvey on Crusader

5168
04:25:09,600 --> 04:25:12,400
building projects to meet the 
needs of European markets. 

5169
04:25:12,400 --> 04:25:14,500
Traditional planting patterns 
were changed. 

5170
04:25:15,200 --> 04:25:18,200
Cash crops like sugarcane, which
needed a lot of watering and 

5171
04:25:18,200 --> 04:25:19,800
processing were given more 
attention. 

5172
04:25:20,500 --> 04:25:23,200
Archaeological and paleo 
Botanical studies show that 

5173
04:25:23,200 --> 04:25:26,300
these changes had long-lasting 
effects on the environment such 

5174
04:25:26,300 --> 04:25:29,500
as more soil, erosion, and tree 
loss that changed the levantine 

5175
04:25:29,500 --> 04:25:32,600
landscape forever every day 
conversations were full of 

5176
04:25:32,608 --> 04:25:36,300
linguistic. 
Abuse Latin or old French court.

5177
04:25:36,300 --> 04:25:39,100
Cases often required native 
defendants to rely on bias 

5178
04:25:39,100 --> 04:25:41,600
translators. 
More business contracts, 

5179
04:25:41,600 --> 04:25:44,900
required Latin documents, making
it harder for Arabs to do 

5180
04:25:44,900 --> 04:25:46,900
business. 
Over Generations. 

5181
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:50,900
This linguistic, exclusion led 
to a kind of cultural Amnesia as

5182
04:25:50,900 --> 04:25:53,700
indigenous communities fought to
keep up their literary and 

5183
04:25:53,700 --> 04:25:56,200
intellectual Traditions, while 
being shut out of government 

5184
04:25:56,200 --> 04:25:58,700
programs. 
Medical Care, showed and 

5185
04:25:58,700 --> 04:26:00,700
strength, and the Order of 
things and Society. 

5186
04:26:01,500 --> 04:26:04,400
Historical records praised, the 
hospitals built by the military 

5187
04:26:04,400 --> 04:26:06,700
orders. 
But most of their clients were 

5188
04:26:06,700 --> 04:26:10,500
pilgrims and settlers from Latin
America, native people, relied 

5189
04:26:10,500 --> 04:26:13,100
on traditional networks of 
healing that had fewer means 

5190
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:17,200
when the Crusaders were in 
charge Archaeological evidence 

5191
04:26:17,200 --> 04:26:20,400
from Cemetery sites shows that 
the health of native people. 

5192
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:23,400
In those areas, got worse during
the Crusader time. 

5193
04:26:24,100 --> 04:26:27,100
Skeletal pathologies show that 
they were malnourished and sick 

5194
04:26:27,100 --> 04:26:30,200
more than people who lived there
before the Crusaders, these 

5195
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:32,800
kinds of personal violence were 
not just a side effect of 

5196
04:26:32,800 --> 04:26:35,600
Crusader rule. 
They were what it was the 

5197
04:26:35,600 --> 04:26:38,000
Crusader States. 
Didn't just keep their power by 

5198
04:26:38,000 --> 04:26:40,800
the winning battles. 
They also kept it by enforcing 

5199
04:26:40,800 --> 04:26:44,200
daily rules of body control, 
space, separation and spiritual 

5200
04:26:44,200 --> 04:26:47,100
disturbance. 
And Saladin took back Jerusalem 

5201
04:26:47,100 --> 04:26:49,800
in 1187. 
That was just as important that 

5202
04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:52,300
he lifted these daily 
restrictions on movement worship

5203
04:26:52,300 --> 04:26:54,600
and property ownership. 
As it was that he won the war 

5204
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:57,400
itself. 
Native people's support for his 

5205
04:26:57,400 --> 04:26:59,100
troops. 
Wasn't based on some vague 

5206
04:26:59,100 --> 04:27:01,600
theological agreement. 
It was a response to the 

5207
04:27:01,600 --> 04:27:03,500
personal violence of Crusader 
rule. 

5208
04:27:03,500 --> 04:27:05,800
The Crusades continued to be 
violent. 

5209
04:27:05,800 --> 04:27:10,000
After 8:00 fell in 1291 
diplomatic relations, religious 

5210
04:27:10,000 --> 04:27:12,100
discourse, and cultural memory 
still echo. 

5211
04:27:12,100 --> 04:27:15,400
Its effects understanding the 
crusading movements Legacy 

5212
04:27:15,400 --> 04:27:18,500
demands appreciating how its 
violence altered institutions 

5213
04:27:18,500 --> 04:27:21,500
and mentalities throughout 
civilization, generating 

5214
04:27:21,500 --> 04:27:24,400
patterns that remain today 
diplomatic consequences. 

5215
04:27:24,400 --> 04:27:29,800
Followed immediately. 
In 1302 Mongol Emperor, gazan 

5216
04:27:29,800 --> 04:27:33,500
Khan issued piece over here to 
European nations, offering 

5217
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:36,300
United action against the 
mamluks and creating distrust, 

5218
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:39,600
Pope Boniface the 8th wondered 
if Islam had tainted. 

5219
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:43,300
The Mongols Christianity, this 
diplomatic setback showed how 

5220
04:27:43,300 --> 04:27:46,400
much crusading ideology has 
limited cross civilizational 

5221
04:27:46,400 --> 04:27:49,400
cooperation. 
Pragmatic coalitions were nearly

5222
04:27:49,400 --> 04:27:52,000
unimaginable due to the 
religious Warfare Paradigm 

5223
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:55,000
crusading violence. 
Set permanent precedence in 

5224
04:27:55,008 --> 04:27:58,900
European politics. special 
levies for expeditions generated

5225
04:27:58,900 --> 04:28:02,700
new fiscal mechanisms that 
increased state power, Henry. 

5226
04:28:02,700 --> 04:28:06,000
The second of England, imposed 
the salad and tie in an 1188. 

5227
04:28:06,000 --> 04:28:09,300
One of the earliest systematic 
National taxes in medieval 

5228
04:28:09,300 --> 04:28:12,000
Europe. 
Financial advances, outlasted 

5229
04:28:12,000 --> 04:28:14,700
the Crusades and became 
permanent parts of new States. 

5230
04:28:15,700 --> 04:28:18,800
Sternal cruelty helped extract 
resources from local communities

5231
04:28:18,800 --> 04:28:22,300
crusading laws, were assimilated
in European communities, 

5232
04:28:22,300 --> 04:28:25,800
domestic religious minorities. 
Gradually adopted fourth lateran

5233
04:28:25,800 --> 04:28:29,500
Council restrictions against 
enemies of the Medieval 

5234
04:28:29,500 --> 04:28:32,400
Inquisition used existing 
methods to locate and suppress 

5235
04:28:32,400 --> 04:28:34,100
Muslim resistance, and conquered
regions. 

5236
04:28:34,100 --> 04:28:37,000
Crusades were used against 
cathars and Southern France. 

5237
04:28:37,000 --> 04:28:40,800
Pagan people in North Eastern 
Europe and people opponents in 

5238
04:28:40,800 --> 04:28:43,500
Italy. 
European societies, handled 

5239
04:28:43,500 --> 04:28:46,400
internal diversity differently. 
Due to this procedural Legacy. 

5240
04:28:47,200 --> 04:28:50,800
Colonial expansions after the 
15th century expressly cited, 

5241
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:54,100
Crusades Portuguese, armies 
deliberately continued. 

5242
04:28:54,100 --> 04:28:57,400
The Crusades when they took 
Suter in North Africa and 1415. 

5243
04:28:58,200 --> 04:29:01,300
Columbus thought his journeys 
would revive the possibility of 

5244
04:29:01,300 --> 04:29:04,700
Fringe Jerusalem by a voiding 
Muslim controlled territory. 

5245
04:29:06,200 --> 04:29:10,100
People bulls that directly cited
crusading Powers Justified the 

5246
04:29:10,108 --> 04:29:13,400
Spanish conquest of the Americas
by providing indigenous 

5247
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:15,800
Americans. 
With foundations, for battle 

5248
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:19,100
against Muslims, the memory of 
Crusader assault affected 

5249
04:29:19,100 --> 04:29:22,400
ottoman institution and 
diplomacy the millets system 

5250
04:29:22,400 --> 04:29:24,700
which United religious 
minorities under their 

5251
04:29:24,700 --> 04:29:27,800
leadership with relative 
autonomy, was partially a 

5252
04:29:27,800 --> 04:29:30,500
response to Crusader subjugation
of Eastern Christians. 

5253
04:29:30,500 --> 04:29:33,500
Ottoman, diplomatic 
correspondence, with European 

5254
04:29:33,500 --> 04:29:36,300
nation. 
Sometimes invoked Crusader 

5255
04:29:36,300 --> 04:29:40,100
atrocities to frame current 
disputes. the sultanate to 

5256
04:29:40,100 --> 04:29:43,100
Sacred site contradicted, the 
Crusader Narrative of Freedom, 

5257
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:46,500
the Crusades called significant 
theological and institutional 

5258
04:29:46,500 --> 04:29:49,600
damage to Eastern Christians 
Eastern Christians who 

5259
04:29:49,600 --> 04:29:52,300
acknowledged papal Authority 
while keeping their liturgical 

5260
04:29:52,300 --> 04:29:56,200
Customs formed unih churches, 
dividing, Orthodox communities 

5261
04:29:56,200 --> 04:30:00,200
permanently The Maronite Church 
in Lebanon, the Greek Catholic 

5262
04:30:00,200 --> 04:30:03,600
Church in Syria and Palestine 
and the Armenian Catholic Church

5263
04:30:03,600 --> 04:30:05,900
of evolved from these difficult 
talks, between Eastern, 

5264
04:30:05,900 --> 04:30:09,600
Christians and Latin Authority. 
Modern Middle Eastern. 

5265
04:30:09,600 --> 04:30:12,900
Sectarian Dynamics are shaped by
these ecclesiastical divisions 

5266
04:30:12,900 --> 04:30:16,500
political identities, Jewish 
communities across Europe, saw 

5267
04:30:16,500 --> 04:30:18,900
the Crusades as a major break 
with Christianity. 

5268
04:30:19,600 --> 04:30:22,500
The first Crusades targeted 
brutality against Rhineland 

5269
04:30:22,500 --> 04:30:26,100
Villages devastated, centuries 
old Jewish study centres and 

5270
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:27,700
caused a steady, Eastward 
migration. 

5271
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:31,400
Sacred, poetry put him 
commemorated. 

5272
04:30:31,400 --> 04:30:33,500
These massacres preserving their
memory. 

5273
04:30:34,500 --> 04:30:37,100
Theological links between 
crusading and anti-jewish 

5274
04:30:37,100 --> 04:30:40,400
violence, set precedence for 
successive persecutions. 

5275
04:30:40,400 --> 04:30:46,200
Including expulsions, from 
England, 1290 France. 1306 and 

5276
04:30:46,200 --> 04:30:50,300
Spain. 4992, cultural Legacy 
created lasting symbols 

5277
04:30:50,300 --> 04:30:53,000
nationalist. 
Colonial and religious groups 

5278
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:54,700
used the Crusader cross for 
centuries. 

5279
04:30:54,700 --> 04:30:58,500
The Swedish flag used during the
northern Crusades and the 

5280
04:30:58,508 --> 04:31:02,300
International Red Cross flag. 
Paradox at Clear humanitarian 

5281
04:31:02,300 --> 04:31:06,800
symbol bear The Crusade across 
these visual continuity, show 

5282
04:31:06,800 --> 04:31:09,400
How Deeply crusading 
iconography, shaped European 

5283
04:31:09,400 --> 04:31:11,800
culture. 
Often without historical 

5284
04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:14,900
context. 
Literary and artistic depiction 

5285
04:31:14,900 --> 04:31:17,900
skewed. 
Stories medieval epic poems. 

5286
04:31:17,900 --> 04:31:21,700
Like the song of Roland made 
Muslims into monsters shaping 

5287
04:31:21,700 --> 04:31:23,500
European perceptions for 
Generations. 

5288
04:31:23,500 --> 04:31:27,600
Renaissance paintings of Moors 
used Crusader iconography. 

5289
04:31:28,400 --> 04:31:31,100
These cultural Productions 
actively maintained differences 

5290
04:31:31,100 --> 04:31:33,200
between Christian Europe and the
Muslim world. 

5291
04:31:34,100 --> 04:31:37,400
Modern nationalism in the 19th 
century, politicized crusading 

5292
04:31:37,400 --> 04:31:40,100
memory. 
European Colonial powers in the 

5293
04:31:40,108 --> 04:31:43,100
Middle East Justified their 
presence with Crusader Tales. 

5294
04:31:43,800 --> 04:31:46,600
Press coverage, purposely 
evoked, Crusader imagery when 

5295
04:31:46,600 --> 04:31:49,800
British general Allenby invaded 
Jerusalem in 1917. 

5296
04:31:50,700 --> 04:31:52,800
Syrian French mandate 
authorities rebuilt. 

5297
04:31:52,800 --> 04:31:56,100
Crusader Castle's as proof of 
their dominance Arab 

5298
04:31:56,100 --> 04:31:57,900
nationalist. 
Organization's defined their 

5299
04:31:57,908 --> 04:32:01,200
struggle as continuing saladin's
liberation of Jerusalem in 

5300
04:32:01,200 --> 04:32:04,100
response to Colonial 
appropriation political 

5301
04:32:04,100 --> 04:32:06,800
discourse about the Crusade 
shows their unfinished business.

5302
04:32:07,700 --> 04:32:10,200
The immediate uproar, 
demonstrated the lasting impact 

5303
04:32:10,200 --> 04:32:12,500
of the term. 
When President George W, bush, 

5304
04:32:12,500 --> 04:32:17,000
referred to the war on terrorism
crusade in 2001, extremist 

5305
04:32:17,000 --> 04:32:20,400
movements in Western countries. 
Use crusading iconography 

5306
04:32:20,400 --> 04:32:23,700
showing the conflicts enduring 
relevance to Modern Problems 

5307
04:32:23,700 --> 04:32:27,600
excavations continued to reveal 
Crusade of violence is material 

5308
04:32:27,600 --> 04:32:31,800
Legacy. recent excavations at 
caesarea, maritima found, 

5309
04:32:31,800 --> 04:32:35,300
Frankish, and Christian Mass, 
Graves from baybars, 1265 

5310
04:32:35,300 --> 04:32:38,700
Conquest, The bone remains 
indicate hurried burial after 

5311
04:32:38,708 --> 04:32:42,500
systematic execution. 
Echoing Crusader tactics at 

5312
04:32:42,500 --> 04:32:44,100
Jerusalem about two centuries 
before. 

5313
04:32:45,100 --> 04:32:48,500
Popular culture romanticizes, 
but this archaeological record 

5314
04:32:48,500 --> 04:32:51,400
is sobering. 
Many Eastern Mediterranean 

5315
04:32:51,400 --> 04:32:54,100
tourism economies whitewash, 
Crusader, Bloodshed by 

5316
04:32:54,100 --> 04:32:58,000
commodifying their past. 
Crusader castles like crack de 

5317
04:32:58,000 --> 04:33:00,400
chavalier in Syria and Belvoir 
in Israel. 

5318
04:33:00,400 --> 04:33:03,900
A portrayed as architectural 
Marvels rather than military 

5319
04:33:03,900 --> 04:33:06,800
weaponry. 
This limited commemoration shows

5320
04:33:06,800 --> 04:33:09,800
continued difficulties in 
confronting Crusader brutality 

5321
04:33:09,800 --> 04:33:12,500
and its effects on Western 
Middle Eastern relations. 

5322
04:33:13,400 --> 04:33:16,599
A pistol melodically the 
Crusades changed how different 

5323
04:33:16,599 --> 04:33:18,700
civilizations perceived 
themselves and others. 

5324
04:33:19,700 --> 04:33:23,200
This time hardened religious 
identities Associated territory 

5325
04:33:23,200 --> 04:33:27,099
with confession and Sanctified 
violence in defense of Fate, all

5326
04:33:27,099 --> 04:33:29,800
of which continued to impact 
contemporary conflicts. 

5327
04:33:30,900 --> 04:33:33,300
The Crusades changed the 
conceptual terrain of 

5328
04:33:33,300 --> 04:33:36,599
international contacts. 
True revolutionary, historical 

5329
04:33:36,599 --> 04:33:38,500
events. 
Create new paradigms that last 

5330
04:33:38,500 --> 04:33:41,800
beyond their immediate 
influence, By this metric, the 

5331
04:33:41,800 --> 04:33:43,599
Crusades violence was one of 
history's. 

5332
04:33:43,599 --> 04:33:47,700
Most significant events after 
nearly a millennium Urban. 

5333
04:33:47,700 --> 04:33:50,599
The second fatal sermon at 
Claremont continues to impact 

5334
04:33:50,599 --> 04:33:54,200
our world because it cuts to the
heart of how civilization's 

5335
04:33:54,200 --> 04:33:57,300
identify themselves and others. 
Crucifer violence. 

5336
04:33:57,300 --> 04:33:59,700
Hans modern discourse. 
As the Middle East struggles 

5337
04:33:59,700 --> 04:34:03,000
with recurrent Wars and Europe, 
grapples with religious and 

5338
04:34:03,000 --> 04:34:06,099
cultural identity. 
Addressing this history is 

5339
04:34:06,099 --> 04:34:08,000
enduring legacies. 
Requires understanding its 

5340
04:34:08,000 --> 04:34:10,800
complexity Beyond triumphalist, 
narratives and simplistic 

5341
04:34:10,800 --> 04:34:14,400
condemnations The Crusades 
cruelty was a revolutionary 

5342
04:34:14,400 --> 04:34:16,500
historical process with lasting 
effects. 

5343
04:34:21,700 --> 04:34:24,800
To yourself settling into a worn
leather, chair by crackling fire

5344
04:34:24,800 --> 04:34:27,300
holding a steaming mug of 
something warm. 

5345
04:34:28,099 --> 04:34:31,200
Now, let me tell you about a 
time, when your biggest medical 

5346
04:34:31,200 --> 04:34:33,599
worry, wasn't whether your 
insurance would cover a 

5347
04:34:33,599 --> 04:34:36,599
procedure, but whether the local
Barberton had remembered to 

5348
04:34:36,599 --> 04:34:39,700
sharpen, his saw that morning. 
You're about to step into the 

5349
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:43,099
wonderfully bizarre, world of 
medieval medicine, where logic 

5350
04:34:43,099 --> 04:34:45,700
took a permanent vacation and 
Common Sense. 

5351
04:34:45,700 --> 04:34:48,000
Apparently got lost somewhere 
around the 5th Century. 

5352
04:34:48,000 --> 04:34:51,200
This book isn't just any old 
history lesson. 

5353
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,400
It's a gentle stroll through 
Humanity's, most creative 

5354
04:34:54,400 --> 04:34:57,599
attempts at staying alive. 
Back when people thought your 

5355
04:34:57,599 --> 04:35:00,200
personality was determined by, 
how much yellow bile you had 

5356
04:35:00,200 --> 04:35:03,599
sloshing around inside you 
imagine waking up in the year, 

5357
04:35:03,599 --> 04:35:07,099
1347 with a headache today. 
You might reach for some 

5358
04:35:07,099 --> 04:35:11,099
ibuprofen and call it good. 
But in medieval times, well, 

5359
04:35:11,099 --> 04:35:14,000
first someone would need to 
examine the color of your urine,

5360
04:35:14,000 --> 04:35:17,300
preferably while holding it up 
to the Morning Light, like a 

5361
04:35:17,300 --> 04:35:18,900
sommelier of evaluating a fine 
wine. 

5362
04:35:18,900 --> 04:35:22,800
Next they would determine the 
direction of the wind consult, 

5363
04:35:22,800 --> 04:35:25,700
the position of Mars and 
potentially drill a small hole 

5364
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:28,700
in your skull to release any 
evil spirits, the headache 

5365
04:35:28,700 --> 04:35:30,400
remedy. 
Might involve wearing a necklace

5366
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:34,500
made of peony roots or Betty yet
having someone read Latin poetry

5367
04:35:34,500 --> 04:35:37,800
to your forehead. 
Medieval folks lived in a world 

5368
04:35:37,800 --> 04:35:40,400
where everything interconnected 
in the most intricate ways 

5369
04:35:40,400 --> 04:35:44,099
possible, your health depended 
not just on what you ate or how 

5370
04:35:44,099 --> 04:35:47,800
much you exercise but on whether
you'd angered any Saints lately.

5371
04:35:47,800 --> 04:35:51,200
If you'd be looking at too many 
beautiful women apparently 

5372
04:35:51,200 --> 04:35:54,200
hazardous to male health or 
whether you'd committed the 

5373
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:58,500
grave of bathing to frequently. 
the medieval medical toolkit, 

5374
04:35:58,500 --> 04:36:02,200
resembled a combination of a 
spice rack a garden shed, and a 

5375
04:36:02,200 --> 04:36:05,000
church all combined with a 
generous dose of wishful 

5376
04:36:05,000 --> 04:36:08,599
thinking Positions of the time. 
And I use that term loosely 

5377
04:36:08,599 --> 04:36:11,700
carried around bags filled with 
dried herbs that smelled like 

5378
04:36:11,700 --> 04:36:14,800
your grandmother's attic 
mysterious powders that might 

5379
04:36:14,800 --> 04:36:17,500
have been anything from ground 
pearls to pulverize unicorn 

5380
04:36:17,500 --> 04:36:19,000
horn. 
Spoiler alert. 

5381
04:36:19,000 --> 04:36:22,300
It was usually just regular old 
horn and an impressive 

5382
04:36:22,300 --> 04:36:25,099
collection of sharp objects that
would make a modern surgeon 

5383
04:36:25,099 --> 04:36:27,700
weep. 
But here's what makes this all 

5384
04:36:27,700 --> 04:36:30,099
so endearing. 
These weren't stupid people. 

5385
04:36:30,099 --> 04:36:33,599
They were working with the best 
information they had which 

5386
04:36:33,599 --> 04:36:36,800
admittedly wasn't much. 
They looked at the human body. 

5387
04:36:36,800 --> 04:36:39,400
Like it was a mysterious black 
box that occasionally made 

5388
04:36:39,400 --> 04:36:42,400
alarming noises and they did 
their level best to figure out 

5389
04:36:42,400 --> 04:36:45,400
what all the buttons did. 
Occasionally, they encountered 

5390
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:48,599
luck. 
More often, well, let's just say

5391
04:36:48,599 --> 04:36:51,900
that surviving medieval medicine
was almost as challenging as 

5392
04:36:51,900 --> 04:36:54,900
surviving medal diseases. 
The beautiful thing about 

5393
04:36:54,900 --> 04:36:57,700
medieval medical beliefs is how 
thoroughly they committed to 

5394
04:36:57,700 --> 04:37:00,300
their theories. 
When they concluded that all 

5395
04:37:00,300 --> 04:37:01,800
illness. 
Stemmed from an imbalance of 

5396
04:37:01,808 --> 04:37:03,700
four bodily, fluids known as 
humans. 

5397
04:37:03,700 --> 04:37:06,900
They delve deeply into this 
particular area of logic 

5398
04:37:06,900 --> 04:37:09,599
everything. 
And I mean, everything got 

5399
04:37:09,599 --> 04:37:12,099
explained through this lens 
feeling sad. 

5400
04:37:12,099 --> 04:37:15,200
If you're feeling sad, it's 
likely due to an abundance of 

5401
04:37:15,200 --> 04:37:19,000
black bile angry undoubtedly. 
There is an abundance of yellow 

5402
04:37:19,000 --> 04:37:21,900
bile in love. 
Oh, that's just your blood 

5403
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:25,200
getting a bit too enthusiastic 
as you sink into your chair in 

5404
04:37:25,200 --> 04:37:26,900
the fire pops. 
You may wonder how people 

5405
04:37:26,900 --> 04:37:30,400
survive back then, the answer 
lies in a blend of exceptional. 

5406
04:37:30,400 --> 04:37:34,500
Human fortitude, serendipitous 
circumstances and the remarkable

5407
04:37:34,500 --> 04:37:36,200
ability of the human body to 
self-heal. 

5408
04:37:36,200 --> 04:37:40,700
Even when we attempt to disrupt 
this process, so pour yourself, 

5409
04:37:40,700 --> 04:37:43,500
another cup of whatever's 
warming your hands and let's 

5410
04:37:43,500 --> 04:37:47,300
continue this journey together. 
We're going to delve into a 

5411
04:37:47,308 --> 04:37:49,599
world where medical treatment 
was a blend of theater, 

5412
04:37:49,599 --> 04:37:54,000
chemistry, experiments and 
religious ceremonies, and yet 

5413
04:37:54,000 --> 04:37:57,700
somehow miraculously people can 
continue to improve. 

5414
04:37:57,700 --> 04:38:01,599
Let's talk about the Cornerstone
of medieval medicine, the theory

5415
04:38:01,599 --> 04:38:05,000
of the four humors, think of it 
as the medieval equivalent of 

5416
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:08,599
personality tests except instead
of asking, whether your more of 

5417
04:38:08,608 --> 04:38:11,900
a dog person or a cat person, 
they were checking how much 

5418
04:38:11,900 --> 04:38:14,200
phlegm you were producing and 
whether your blood was feeling 

5419
04:38:14,200 --> 04:38:19,000
particularly sang with that day.
you had four main characters, in

5420
04:38:19,000 --> 04:38:24,200
this bodily, drama blood, phlegm
yellow, bile and black bile, 

5421
04:38:24,900 --> 04:38:27,800
these weren't just random fluids
sloshing around inside you. 

5422
04:38:27,800 --> 04:38:31,900
Oh no they were sophisticated 
complex substances that 

5423
04:38:31,900 --> 04:38:35,599
determined everything from your 
mood to your favorite color to 

5424
04:38:35,599 --> 04:38:38,500
whether you are likely to become
a successful Merchant or a 

5425
04:38:38,500 --> 04:38:41,900
Melancholy poet. 
Blood stood Out Among the group.

5426
04:38:42,599 --> 04:38:45,500
If you had too much blood, you 
were sanguine cheerful 

5427
04:38:45,500 --> 04:38:49,300
optimistic and probably the life
of every medieval party. 

5428
04:38:50,400 --> 04:38:54,200
Sanguine folks were supposedly 
hot and moist but evil medicine 

5429
04:38:54,200 --> 04:38:57,000
was surprisingly concerned with 
everyone's internal temperature 

5430
04:38:57,000 --> 04:39:00,500
and humidity levels with rosy 
cheeks and an unfortunate 

5431
04:39:00,500 --> 04:39:03,900
tendency to be overly trusting. 
Cure for excess. 

5432
04:39:03,900 --> 04:39:07,200
Blood was refreshingly 
straightforward, just removed 

5433
04:39:07,200 --> 04:39:10,200
some of it. 
Medieval Physicians, approached 

5434
04:39:10,200 --> 04:39:12,400
bloodletting, with the 
enthusiasm of a wide in 

5435
04:39:12,400 --> 04:39:14,900
Enthusiast, discussing a 
particularly excellent vintage. 

5436
04:39:16,000 --> 04:39:20,099
Phlegm, meanwhile was the calm 
steady type too much phlegm 

5437
04:39:20,099 --> 04:39:21,800
made. 
You flake Matic, slow, 

5438
04:39:21,800 --> 04:39:25,400
thoughtful about as exciting as 
watching, paint dry in a 

5439
04:39:25,400 --> 04:39:28,099
monastery. 
Phlegmatic people were cold and 

5440
04:39:28,099 --> 04:39:31,200
moist, which sounds deeply 
unpleasant when you put it that 

5441
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:33,900
way. 
They were the reliable ones, the

5442
04:39:33,900 --> 04:39:35,300
people you'd want doing your 
taxes. 

5443
04:39:35,300 --> 04:39:37,900
If medieval people had taxes, 
the way we understand them 

5444
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:40,400
today. 
Yellow bile served as the 

5445
04:39:40,400 --> 04:39:43,600
Catalyst literally, it was hot 
and dry. 

5446
04:39:43,600 --> 04:39:47,000
And if you had too much of it, 
you became choleric quick, 

5447
04:39:47,000 --> 04:39:50,000
tempered, and ambitious, and 
probably the type who would 

5448
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:52,400
challenge someone to a duel, 
over a perceived slight about 

5449
04:39:52,400 --> 04:39:55,900
your horse choleric, people were
natural leaders, which was 

5450
04:39:55,900 --> 04:39:58,200
convenient because they were 
also natural arguers. 

5451
04:39:59,000 --> 04:40:01,700
Black bile was the emotional 
side of medieval humors. 

5452
04:40:02,400 --> 04:40:06,700
Too much black bile made. 
You melancholic sad artistic and

5453
04:40:06,700 --> 04:40:08,700
prone to staring wistfully out 
of Windows. 

5454
04:40:08,700 --> 04:40:12,100
While composing tragic, poetry 
about unrequited love. 

5455
04:40:13,000 --> 04:40:16,100
Melancholic people were cold and
dry and they were often 

5456
04:40:16,100 --> 04:40:19,100
incredibly intelligent though. 
They used that intelligence 

5457
04:40:19,100 --> 04:40:21,800
primarily to contemplate. 
The fundamental sadness of 

5458
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:24,600
existence. 
Now here's where it gets really 

5459
04:40:24,600 --> 04:40:27,200
interesting. 
Your humoral balance could 

5460
04:40:27,200 --> 04:40:31,200
change based on your age diet. 
The season and Mercury's 

5461
04:40:31,200 --> 04:40:32,500
position. 
Yes. 

5462
04:40:32,500 --> 04:40:35,200
Medieval medicine was also 
surprisingly astrological. 

5463
04:40:35,900 --> 04:40:38,200
A perfectly balanced person 
would have, just the right 

5464
04:40:38,200 --> 04:40:41,400
amount of each humor creating a 
kind of internal Harmony that 

5465
04:40:41,400 --> 04:40:44,700
would make them healthy wise and
probably insufferably 

5466
04:40:44,700 --> 04:40:47,400
well-adjusted. 
The Practical implications of 

5467
04:40:47,400 --> 04:40:50,700
this system were enormous 
medieval Physicians, didn't just

5468
04:40:50,700 --> 04:40:53,800
treat diseases, they treated 
entire personality types. 

5469
04:40:53,800 --> 04:40:56,000
They wouldn't just give you 
herbs and send you off. 

5470
04:40:56,000 --> 04:40:58,800
If you were sad, first, they 
determine that. 

5471
04:40:58,800 --> 04:41:02,000
You obviously had too much black
bile, then they'd prescribe a 

5472
04:41:02,000 --> 04:41:04,900
complete lifestyle, overhaul 
designed to heat you up and dry 

5473
04:41:04,900 --> 04:41:07,400
you out a bit. 
Such an intervention might 

5474
04:41:07,400 --> 04:41:10,300
involve eating different foods. 
More hot moist things to 

5475
04:41:10,300 --> 04:41:12,900
counteract all that cold dry 
black bile. 

5476
04:41:13,500 --> 04:41:17,200
Changing your exercise routine, 
moving to a different climate or

5477
04:41:17,200 --> 04:41:19,000
even taking up a more cheerful 
profession. 

5478
04:41:19,800 --> 04:41:23,100
Medieval medicine was nothing. 
If not holistic though, there 

5479
04:41:23,100 --> 04:41:25,800
are idea of it included factors 
that modern medicine, might 

5480
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:29,200
consider slightly irrelevant 
like the moral character of your

5481
04:41:29,200 --> 04:41:32,300
ancestors and whether you'd been
exposed to Too Much Moonlight 

5482
04:41:32,300 --> 04:41:35,000
recently. 
The beauty of the humoral system

5483
04:41:35,000 --> 04:41:39,000
was its elegant Simplicity every
medical problem had a clear 

5484
04:41:39,000 --> 04:41:43,000
cause and a logical solution. 
Are you experiencing symptoms of

5485
04:41:43,000 --> 04:41:45,300
illness? 
Clearly, your humors were 

5486
04:41:45,300 --> 04:41:48,100
imbalanced, pushing your humors 
back into balance. 

5487
04:41:48,100 --> 04:41:51,900
Was the simple treatment, akin 
to adjusting the setting on a 

5488
04:41:51,900 --> 04:41:55,700
complex biological thermostat. 
Of course, the challenge was 

5489
04:41:55,700 --> 04:41:59,300
figuring out exactly which jokes
were misbehaving and by how much

5490
04:42:00,200 --> 04:42:03,500
This process required 
considerable skill or at least a

5491
04:42:03,500 --> 04:42:06,600
great deal of confidence which 
explains why medieval Physicians

5492
04:42:06,600 --> 04:42:10,600
devoted so much time to 
examining bodily fluids with the

5493
04:42:10,600 --> 04:42:13,400
same intensity as wine critics 
at a tasting competition. 

5494
04:42:13,400 --> 04:42:17,500
Imagine you're not feeling well 
in medieval times so you decide 

5495
04:42:17,500 --> 04:42:20,700
to visit the local physician. 
As you enter their chamber, you 

5496
04:42:20,700 --> 04:42:24,100
anticipate a setting akin to a 
modern doctor's office but in 

5497
04:42:24,100 --> 04:42:27,600
Stead you encounter a scene akin
to a hybrid of an alchemist 

5498
04:42:27,600 --> 04:42:29,400
laboratory and a fortune, 
tellers parlor. 

5499
04:42:29,400 --> 04:42:33,300
Replete with jars filled with 
unidentifiable floating objects.

5500
04:42:33,900 --> 04:42:37,200
Your medieval doctor would want 
to see your urine first, not 

5501
04:42:37,200 --> 04:42:39,000
your insurance card or medical 
history. 

5502
04:42:39,900 --> 04:42:42,600
Not just a small sample mind you
but a nice. 

5503
04:42:42,608 --> 04:42:45,400
Big flask of the stuff. 
Preferably your first morning 

5504
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:46,900
production. 
When it was at its most 

5505
04:42:46,900 --> 04:42:50,300
diagnostically informative, 
medieval Physicians were 

5506
04:42:50,300 --> 04:42:53,600
absolutely obsessed with urine 
and they had elevated its 

5507
04:42:53,600 --> 04:42:56,100
examination to an art form that 
would make modern lab 

5508
04:42:56,100 --> 04:42:59,600
technicians jealous. 
They possess special floss known

5509
04:42:59,600 --> 04:43:04,000
as matures specifically designed
for urine examination and they 

5510
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:07,300
would scrutinize these fluffs as
if they were evaluating precious

5511
04:43:07,300 --> 04:43:11,900
gems. 
Color Clarity smell and even the

5512
04:43:11,900 --> 04:43:14,500
way it settled in the flask 
could tell them everything they 

5513
04:43:14,500 --> 04:43:15,900
needed to know about your 
condition. 

5514
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:19,900
If your urine had an unusual 
color, it could reveal a 

5515
04:43:19,900 --> 04:43:21,500
multitude of diagnostic 
possibilities. 

5516
04:43:21,500 --> 04:43:25,700
Red urine might indicate too 
much blood clearly while dark 

5517
04:43:25,700 --> 04:43:27,900
urine suggested, an excess of 
black bile. 

5518
04:43:27,900 --> 04:43:31,400
If your urine was particularly 
aromatic that, could mean your 

5519
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:34,400
kidneys were working overtime or
possibly that you'd be eating 

5520
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:37,400
too much garlic which was 
apparently a medical concern 

5521
04:43:37,400 --> 04:43:40,300
worth noting. 
Some Physicians claimed they 

5522
04:43:40,300 --> 04:43:42,400
could tell not just what was 
wrong with you but all. 

5523
04:43:42,400 --> 04:43:46,000
So predict your future health, 
your romantic prospects and 

5524
04:43:46,000 --> 04:43:48,800
whether your crops would do well
that year all from a single 

5525
04:43:48,800 --> 04:43:52,600
flask of morning urine, But 
urine was just the beginning. 

5526
04:43:52,600 --> 04:43:56,300
Medieval doctors were also 
intrigued by your pulse but 

5527
04:43:56,300 --> 04:43:59,000
their interpretation was more 
imaginative than todays. 

5528
04:43:59,000 --> 04:44:02,200
They didn't just count beats per
minute, they analyzed the 

5529
04:44:02,200 --> 04:44:05,300
quality of the pulse, its Rhythm
its strength and its character. 

5530
04:44:06,300 --> 04:44:08,700
Pulse could be described as 
jumping like a grasshopper 

5531
04:44:08,700 --> 04:44:11,700
creeping, like a snake or 
flowing, like honey. 

5532
04:44:11,700 --> 04:44:14,700
And each of these poetic 
descriptions supposedly revealed

5533
04:44:14,700 --> 04:44:16,700
different aspects of your 
internal condition. 

5534
04:44:17,600 --> 04:44:21,400
Your complexion was another 
crucial diagnostic tool medieval

5535
04:44:21,400 --> 04:44:23,100
Physicians. 
Could read your face, like a 

5536
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:25,400
map. 
Finding clues in the color of 

5537
04:44:25,400 --> 04:44:28,800
your cheeks, the brightness of 
your eyes and the texture of 

5538
04:44:28,808 --> 04:44:32,900
your skin. a ruddy complexion 
might indicate too much blood 

5539
04:44:32,900 --> 04:44:36,900
while a pale one appearance 
suggested insufficient vital 

5540
04:44:36,900 --> 04:44:40,600
Heat They paid particular 
attention to your nose, which 

5541
04:44:40,600 --> 04:44:43,600
they believed was directly 
connected to your brain and 

5542
04:44:43,600 --> 04:44:46,300
therefore, a reliable indicator 
of your mental state. 

5543
04:44:47,700 --> 04:44:50,900
The examination process also 
involved a considerable amount 

5544
04:44:50,900 --> 04:44:52,800
of what we might call lifestyle 
counseling. 

5545
04:44:53,500 --> 04:44:56,300
Your physician would want to 
know about your diet, your 

5546
04:44:56,300 --> 04:44:59,600
sleeping habits, your emotional 
state, and your recent 

5547
04:44:59,600 --> 04:45:02,500
activities. 
Have you been exposed to any 

5548
04:45:02,500 --> 04:45:05,100
strong emotions lately? 
How do you eaten anything 

5549
04:45:05,100 --> 04:45:08,300
particularly heating or cooling?
Had you been in the presents of 

5550
04:45:08,308 --> 04:45:11,900
anyone with suspicious humoral 
imbalance is they were all so 

5551
04:45:11,900 --> 04:45:15,300
deeply interested in your dreams
which they considered Windows 

5552
04:45:15,300 --> 04:45:18,500
into your internal state. 
Dreaming about water might 

5553
04:45:18,500 --> 04:45:22,000
indicate excess phlegm while 
dreams of fire could suggest too

5554
04:45:22,000 --> 04:45:24,800
much yellow bile. 
If you dreamed about flying, 

5555
04:45:24,800 --> 04:45:27,900
that was clearly a sign that 
your natural heat was trying to 

5556
04:45:27,900 --> 04:45:30,900
escape your body, which required
immediate cooling therapy. 

5557
04:45:31,800 --> 04:45:34,100
Medieval Physicians. 
Also paid attention to your 

5558
04:45:34,100 --> 04:45:37,200
astrological sign and the 
current position of the planets.

5559
04:45:37,200 --> 04:45:40,700
Your health was intimately 
connected to Celestial movements

5560
04:45:40,700 --> 04:45:43,400
and a good physician would 
consult Star Charts before 

5561
04:45:43,400 --> 04:45:45,200
making any major treatment 
decisions. 

5562
04:45:45,200 --> 04:45:48,600
If Mars was in an aggressive 
position, it might not be the 

5563
04:45:48,600 --> 04:45:51,600
best time for bloodletting. 
While a favorable Venus might 

5564
04:45:51,600 --> 04:45:53,600
enhance the effectiveness of 
love potions. 

5565
04:45:53,600 --> 04:45:57,700
Prescribed for melancholy The 
diagnostic process could take 

5566
04:45:57,700 --> 04:46:01,600
hours involving details 
questioning careful, observation

5567
04:46:01,600 --> 04:46:04,300
and quite a bit of thoughtful 
stroking of beards. 

5568
04:46:04,300 --> 04:46:07,300
Medieval Physicians were 
apparently required to have 

5569
04:46:07,300 --> 04:46:10,800
impressive facial hair. 
By the end of it, your physician

5570
04:46:10,800 --> 04:46:13,200
would have a complete picture. 
Not just of your physical 

5571
04:46:13,200 --> 04:46:16,700
condition, but of your moral 
character, your spiritual State 

5572
04:46:16,700 --> 04:46:18,600
and your place in the cosmic 
order. 

5573
04:46:18,600 --> 04:46:21,700
Now we come to perhaps the most 
famous and from our modern 

5574
04:46:21,700 --> 04:46:24,900
perspective, most alarming 
aspect of medieval medicine 

5575
04:46:24,900 --> 04:46:28,500
bloodletting If you lived in 
medieval times, you would have 

5576
04:46:28,500 --> 04:46:31,900
seen this practice as often as 
we see a spare in now headache, 

5577
04:46:31,900 --> 04:46:34,500
it's time to administer some 
bloodletting. 

5578
04:46:35,300 --> 04:46:38,800
Fever undoubtedly there is an 
abundance of blood present. 

5579
04:46:38,800 --> 04:46:40,900
Are you experiencing a mood 
swing? 

5580
04:46:41,600 --> 04:46:43,100
Clearly your blood needs some 
attention. 

5581
04:46:43,100 --> 04:46:47,000
The logic behind bloodletting 
was actually quite elegant in a 

5582
04:46:47,000 --> 04:46:50,000
Twisted medieval sort of way. 
Remember those four jokes. 

5583
04:46:50,000 --> 04:46:52,900
We talked about will blood was 
the most active and abundant of 

5584
04:46:52,908 --> 04:46:56,100
these a medieval Physicians 
believe that most illnesses were

5585
04:46:56,100 --> 04:46:59,300
caused by having too much of it.
So the obvious solution was to 

5586
04:46:59,300 --> 04:47:02,000
remove the excess like letting 
air out of an over-inflated 

5587
04:47:02,000 --> 04:47:05,700
balloon, except the balloon was 
you and the air was your life 

5588
04:47:05,700 --> 04:47:08,500
force. 
Medieval bloodletting wasn't 

5589
04:47:08,500 --> 04:47:11,700
just a matter of making a small 
cut and collecting a couple too.

5590
04:47:11,700 --> 04:47:15,300
Oh, no, they had elevated it to 
a sophisticated art with 

5591
04:47:15,300 --> 04:47:19,000
multiple techniques specialized 
tools and elaborate theories 

5592
04:47:19,000 --> 04:47:22,100
about timing and technique you 
could choose from various 

5593
04:47:22,100 --> 04:47:25,300
bloodletting methods like 
selecting items from a deeply 

5594
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:28,500
disturbing medical menu. 
There was Venice section which 

5595
04:47:28,500 --> 04:47:32,500
involved making strategic cuts 
into major veins. medieval 

5596
04:47:32,500 --> 04:47:35,200
Physicians had mapped out the 
human body like a roadmap 

5597
04:47:35,200 --> 04:47:39,100
identifying the best veins for 
different conditions arm Vans 

5598
04:47:39,100 --> 04:47:41,800
were good for head problems leg 
veins helped with abdominal 

5599
04:47:41,800 --> 04:47:45,000
issues and there were specific 
veins that were thought to be 

5600
04:47:45,000 --> 04:47:48,300
connected to different organs 
through invisible Pathways that 

5601
04:47:48,300 --> 04:47:52,000
made perfect sense if you didn't
think about them too hard, Then 

5602
04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:54,700
there was cupping, which 
involved placing heated cups on 

5603
04:47:54,700 --> 04:47:56,500
your skin to draw blood to the 
surface. 

5604
04:47:56,500 --> 04:47:59,300
The cups would create suction as
they cooled. 

5605
04:47:59,300 --> 04:48:02,800
Pulling your skin up into little
domes and supposedly drawing out

5606
04:48:02,800 --> 04:48:05,600
the problematic blood along with
whatever evil humors were 

5607
04:48:05,600 --> 04:48:08,300
causing your trouble. 
occasionally, they'd make small 

5608
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:11,500
Cuts, first turning the cupping 
session into a more efficient, 

5609
04:48:11,500 --> 04:48:15,100
blood extraction process, 
Leeches were the Gen teal option

5610
04:48:15,100 --> 04:48:18,000
considered more refined and 
controlled than crude cutting? 

5611
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:21,900
Medieval Physicians maintained 
collections of medical leeches. 

5612
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:25,700
Like, modern doctors keep 
stethoscopes and they had strong

5613
04:48:25,700 --> 04:48:29,000
opinions about leech, quality 
and technique a good lead. 

5614
04:48:29,000 --> 04:48:32,300
Should be hungry, but not 
desperate active, but not overly

5615
04:48:32,300 --> 04:48:35,500
aggressive and preferably 
sourced from clean running water

5616
04:48:35,500 --> 04:48:39,800
rather than stagnant ponds. 
The timing of bloodletting was 

5617
04:48:39,800 --> 04:48:42,900
crucial and required Consulting 
multiple sources of information.

5618
04:48:44,000 --> 04:48:47,500
The phase of the moon mattered 
certain phases, were better for 

5619
04:48:47,500 --> 04:48:50,600
bloodletting than others. 
The astrological sign was 

5620
04:48:50,600 --> 04:48:53,500
important as was the current 
position of various planets. 

5621
04:48:54,200 --> 04:48:57,400
The season, affected the quality
of your blood and even the time 

5622
04:48:57,400 --> 04:48:59,600
of day could influence the 
success of the procedure. 

5623
04:49:00,700 --> 04:49:03,200
Medieval Physicians had 
elaborate charts showing the 

5624
04:49:03,200 --> 04:49:05,500
best times to bleed from 
different parts of the body. 

5625
04:49:06,400 --> 04:49:09,000
Spring was generally beneficial 
for bloodletting because that's 

5626
04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:12,500
when blood was thought to be 
most active like sap rising in 

5627
04:49:12,500 --> 04:49:14,600
trees. 
But you had to be careful, not 

5628
04:49:14,600 --> 04:49:17,100
to overdo it during hot summer 
months when your natural heat 

5629
04:49:17,100 --> 04:49:20,200
was already elevated. 
The amount of blood removed was 

5630
04:49:20,200 --> 04:49:23,100
determined by a complex 
calculation involving your age 

5631
04:49:23,100 --> 04:49:26,500
Constitution. 
The nature of your illness and 

5632
04:49:26,500 --> 04:49:30,500
various environmental factors. 
Young strong people could handle

5633
04:49:30,500 --> 04:49:32,900
more blood-letting than elderly 
or weak individuals. 

5634
04:49:32,900 --> 04:49:35,000
Someone with a sanguine 
temperament. 

5635
04:49:35,000 --> 04:49:37,100
Might need more aggressive 
treatment than someone who was 

5636
04:49:37,108 --> 04:49:40,300
naturally flag. 
What's remarkable is, how 

5637
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:42,200
enthusiastic people were about 
this treatment? 

5638
04:49:43,100 --> 04:49:45,900
Bloodletting wasn't something. 
You endured it was something you

5639
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:48,100
looked forward to like a 
medieval spa day. 

5640
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:51,100
People would schedule regular 
bloodletting session as 

5641
04:49:51,100 --> 04:49:53,800
preventive medicine, and 
Physicians, would recommend it 

5642
04:49:53,800 --> 04:49:55,900
for everything from preventing 
illness to improving your 

5643
04:49:55,908 --> 04:49:58,000
complexion, to enhance your 
mental clarity. 

5644
04:49:59,100 --> 04:50:01,900
Barber surgeons who combined 
hair cutting with minor medical 

5645
04:50:01,900 --> 04:50:04,600
procedures advertised their 
bloodletting Services. 

5646
04:50:04,600 --> 04:50:06,000
Alongside their grooming 
options. 

5647
04:50:06,000 --> 04:50:09,400
You can get a shave a haircut 
and have some excess blood 

5648
04:50:09,400 --> 04:50:13,200
removed all in one convenient 
visit The traditional barber 

5649
04:50:13,200 --> 04:50:16,400
pole with his red and white 
stripes, actually represents 

5650
04:50:16,400 --> 04:50:19,800
bloodied bandages wrapped around
a pole, a cheerful, reminder of 

5651
04:50:19,800 --> 04:50:21,100
the professionals medical 
heritage. 

5652
04:50:22,000 --> 04:50:24,500
The social aspect of 
bloodletting was also important.

5653
04:50:24,500 --> 04:50:28,700
It was often performed in groups
turning medical treatment into a

5654
04:50:28,700 --> 04:50:31,400
social event where people could 
catch up on local gossip while 

5655
04:50:31,400 --> 04:50:34,500
having their humors rebalanced 
wealthy families, would 

5656
04:50:34,500 --> 04:50:37,400
sometimes hire Physicians to 
perform bloodletting sessions 

5657
04:50:37,400 --> 04:50:39,700
for the entire household. 
Like, hosting a, very 

5658
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:42,700
specialized dinner party, 
medieval medicine cabinets were 

5659
04:50:42,700 --> 04:50:46,200
incredibly chaotic causing a 
modern pharmacist to shudder and

5660
04:50:46,200 --> 04:50:48,700
confusion. 
Imagine opening a medieval 

5661
04:50:48,700 --> 04:50:51,500
Physicians bag and finding 
everything from dried Beatles to

5662
04:50:51,500 --> 04:50:54,700
powdered unicorn horn, which was
actually narwhal Tusk. 

5663
04:50:54,700 --> 04:50:57,600
But don't tell anyone. 
Alongside herbs that might 

5664
04:50:57,600 --> 04:51:00,000
actually work and substances 
that definitely wouldn't. 

5665
04:51:00,000 --> 04:51:04,200
But smelled intriguing enough to
see medicinal The medieval 

5666
04:51:04,200 --> 04:51:06,900
approached to herbal medicine, 
was refreshingly inclusive. 

5667
04:51:07,600 --> 04:51:10,900
If something existed in nature, 
someone had probably tried using

5668
04:51:10,900 --> 04:51:14,200
it as medicine. 
This approach led to an enormous

5669
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:17,000
farmer that included, not just 
plants. 

5670
04:51:17,000 --> 04:51:22,000
But also animal parts minerals 
and substances that defied easy 

5671
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:25,200
categorization. 
Medieval Physicians, were like 

5672
04:51:25,208 --> 04:51:28,500
enthusiastic collectors, who 
never met a potential remedy. 

5673
04:51:28,500 --> 04:51:30,200
They didn't want to try at least
once. 

5674
04:51:31,000 --> 04:51:34,700
For instance the theory act 
regarded as the ultimate remedy 

5675
04:51:34,700 --> 04:51:38,300
could contain anywhere from 60 
to 100 different ingredients 

5676
04:51:38,300 --> 04:51:41,500
depending on the maker. 
The recipe included vipers 

5677
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:44,500
flesh, which had to be prepared 
in a very specific way. 

5678
04:51:44,500 --> 04:51:49,600
Opium various spices herbs and 
enough other ingredients to 

5679
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:52,800
stock a small Apothecary. 
In some cities, the complex 

5680
04:51:52,800 --> 04:51:55,200
process of making Theory act 
became a public event. 

5681
04:51:55,200 --> 04:51:58,800
Drawing crowds to witness the 
master apothecary's perform 

5682
04:51:58,800 --> 04:52:02,200
their mysterious Magic. 
But most medieval remedies were 

5683
04:52:02,200 --> 04:52:05,200
more accessible built around 
herbs and plants that grew 

5684
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:08,500
locally and could be prepared in
any reasonably well equipped 

5685
04:52:08,500 --> 04:52:11,000
kitchen. 
People expected, medieval 

5686
04:52:11,000 --> 04:52:14,400
Housewives to understand, basic 
herbal medicine, just as modern 

5687
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:16,200
parents, understand basic first 
aid. 

5688
04:52:17,000 --> 04:52:18,900
They maintained herb garden 
Gardens with plants, 

5689
04:52:18,900 --> 04:52:21,900
specifically chosen for their 
medicinal properties and they 

5690
04:52:21,908 --> 04:52:24,600
passed down recipes and 
techniques through generations 

5691
04:52:24,600 --> 04:52:27,000
of women who took their healing 
responsibilities. 

5692
04:52:27,000 --> 04:52:31,000
Seriously, Willow bark was used 
for pain relief and actually 

5693
04:52:31,000 --> 04:52:34,500
worked, because it contains 
salicin a compound related to 

5694
04:52:34,500 --> 04:52:37,200
aspirin. 
Medieval people didn't know why 

5695
04:52:37,200 --> 04:52:40,400
it worked, but they knew it did,
which was good enough for 

5696
04:52:40,400 --> 04:52:43,400
practical purposes. 
Similarly, digitalis from 

5697
04:52:43,400 --> 04:52:46,200
foxglove was used for heart 
problems and while it was 

5698
04:52:46,200 --> 04:52:49,400
dangerously easy to overdose on,
it was actually an effective 

5699
04:52:49,400 --> 04:52:53,300
cardiac medication. 
But for every real remedy, there

5700
04:52:53,300 --> 04:52:56,200
were many that were Pure Fantasy
dressed up in medical terms. 

5701
04:52:57,000 --> 04:52:59,500
People prescribed powdered 
pearls for melancholy, 

5702
04:52:59,500 --> 04:53:02,600
presumably due to the belief 
that their lustrous Beauty could

5703
04:53:02,600 --> 04:53:06,000
uplift Spirits ground up 
precious stones were mixed into 

5704
04:53:06,000 --> 04:53:09,400
medicines not because they had 
any therapeutic value but 

5705
04:53:09,400 --> 04:53:12,500
because expensive ingredients 
were more powerful than cheap 

5706
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:14,500
ones. 
Animal-based remedies were 

5707
04:53:14,500 --> 04:53:18,100
particularly creative, unicorn 
horn was the most prestigious 

5708
04:53:18,100 --> 04:53:21,700
thought to neutralize poisons, 
and cure virtually any ailment. 

5709
04:53:21,700 --> 04:53:26,300
But, since actual unicorns were,
in short supply, most unicorn 

5710
04:53:26,300 --> 04:53:28,900
horn was actually powered or an 
authoress horn. 

5711
04:53:28,900 --> 04:53:32,400
Now, while Tusk would just 
regular old animal horn that had

5712
04:53:32,400 --> 04:53:34,300
been blessed by someone with 
impressive religious 

5713
04:53:34,300 --> 04:53:38,100
credentials, Medieval Physicians
also, prescribed remedies made 

5714
04:53:38,100 --> 04:53:41,700
from human body parts, which 
sounds Ghosh, but made perfect 

5715
04:53:41,700 --> 04:53:44,100
sense. 
According to their logic, if 

5716
04:53:44,108 --> 04:53:47,100
someone had died in perfect 
health, usually a young person 

5717
04:53:47,100 --> 04:53:50,100
who had suffered an accident. 
Parts of their body could be 

5718
04:53:50,100 --> 04:53:51,900
used to transfer that Health to 
sick. 

5719
04:53:51,900 --> 04:53:55,800
Patients This processed led to a
thriving trade in various 

5720
04:53:55,800 --> 04:53:58,500
human-derived medicines that 
we've probably don't need to 

5721
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:01,800
discuss in detail during our 
cozy bed time story. 

5722
04:54:02,800 --> 04:54:05,400
The preparation of these 
remedies was often as elaborate 

5723
04:54:05,400 --> 04:54:06,900
as their ingredients were 
exotic. 

5724
04:54:07,600 --> 04:54:11,100
Medieval medicine involved. 
A lot of precise timing specific

5725
04:54:11,100 --> 04:54:13,800
astronomical conditions and 
ritual elements. 

5726
04:54:13,800 --> 04:54:17,100
That transform simple cooking 
into something resembling a 

5727
04:54:17,100 --> 04:54:20,200
religious ceremony. 
Herbs had to be picked at the 

5728
04:54:20,200 --> 04:54:23,300
right phase of the moon. 
Dried in particular ways and 

5729
04:54:23,300 --> 04:54:25,200
combined. 
According to formulas, that had 

5730
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:27,500
been passed down through 
generations of practitioners. 

5731
04:54:28,300 --> 04:54:31,100
Medieval people also believed 
strongly in the power of 

5732
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:34,200
sympathetic magic, which meant 
that remedies should somehow 

5733
04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:35,600
resemble. 
Either the problem they were 

5734
04:54:35,600 --> 04:54:39,200
treating or the solution, they 
were trying to achieve yellow 

5735
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:41,300
herbs, were good for liver 
problems, because the liver 

5736
04:54:41,300 --> 04:54:44,600
produced yellow bile red 
substances were good for blood 

5737
04:54:44,600 --> 04:54:47,700
disorders, heart-shaped leaves, 
were obviously beneficial for 

5738
04:54:47,700 --> 04:54:50,500
heart conditions. 
These discoveries led to some 

5739
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:53,400
remarkably Creative Connections 
between appearance and function 

5740
04:54:54,600 --> 04:54:57,200
Botted leaves of lungwort were 
thought to resemble diseased 

5741
04:54:57,200 --> 04:54:59,100
lungs. 
So they were used to treat 

5742
04:54:59,100 --> 04:55:02,100
respiratory problems. 
Walnuts, which looks somewhat 

5743
04:55:02,100 --> 04:55:05,700
like tiny brains were considered
brain food long before anyone 

5744
04:55:05,700 --> 04:55:10,400
knew about a mega 3 fatty acids,
The dosing of medieval meds was 

5745
04:55:10,400 --> 04:55:13,400
more art than science, relying 
heavily on the Physicians 

5746
04:55:13,400 --> 04:55:17,300
experience and intuition. 
Too little might not work but 

5747
04:55:17,300 --> 04:55:20,000
too much could kill you. 
And the line between effective 

5748
04:55:20,000 --> 04:55:22,700
dose and fatal overdose was 
often uncomfortably thin. 

5749
04:55:22,700 --> 04:55:26,400
This is why medieval Physicians 
spent so much time, studying 

5750
04:55:26,400 --> 04:55:29,300
their patients, constitutions 
and carefully adjusting 

5751
04:55:29,300 --> 04:55:31,300
treatments. 
Based on individual factors, 

5752
04:55:31,300 --> 04:55:34,100
medieval surgery was not for the
faint of heart. 

5753
04:55:34,100 --> 04:55:37,100
And if you lived during this 
time, you would have approached 

5754
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:38,700
it with roughly the same 
enthusiasm. 

5755
04:55:38,700 --> 04:55:42,600
Most people today, reserved for 
root canal surgery, except 

5756
04:55:42,600 --> 04:55:45,800
medieval surgery was performed 
without anesthesia and 

5757
04:55:45,800 --> 04:55:49,000
antibiotics or any real 
understanding of how infections 

5758
04:55:49,000 --> 04:55:51,900
worked. 
The surgical toolkit of a 

5759
04:55:51,900 --> 04:55:54,200
medieval practitioner looked 
like something assembled by 

5760
04:55:54,200 --> 04:55:57,200
someone who had heard about 
surgery, second hand, but had 

5761
04:55:57,200 --> 04:55:58,700
never actually seen it 
performed. 

5762
04:55:59,500 --> 04:56:02,100
Their bags, were filled with 
saws, knives. 

5763
04:56:02,100 --> 04:56:05,700
Hot Irons for cauterizing, 
wounds, and various sharp. 

5764
04:56:05,700 --> 04:56:08,400
Implements that appeared to be 
designed more for carpentry than

5765
04:56:08,400 --> 04:56:11,300
for medicine. 
Medieval surgeons approached, 

5766
04:56:11,300 --> 04:56:13,500
the human body, with the 
confidence of people who had 

5767
04:56:13,500 --> 04:56:15,700
never heard of medical 
malpractice lawsuits. 

5768
04:56:16,400 --> 04:56:20,200
Trepanation drilling holes and 
skulls was surprisingly, common 

5769
04:56:20,200 --> 04:56:23,300
and was used to treat everything
from headaches to mental illness

5770
04:56:23,300 --> 04:56:25,600
to what they called, Melancholy 
Madness. 

5771
04:56:26,500 --> 04:56:30,800
The theory was the evil, spirits
excess humor or bad are had 

5772
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:33,500
gotten trapped inside the head 
and needed a way to escape. 

5773
04:56:34,200 --> 04:56:35,900
And evil surgeons would 
carefully. 

5774
04:56:35,900 --> 04:56:39,000
Drill a small hole in the 
patient's skull sometimes while 

5775
04:56:39,000 --> 04:56:41,900
the patient was fully conscious 
and then wait to see if the 

5776
04:56:41,900 --> 04:56:43,600
problem Spirits would take the 
hint and leave. 

5777
04:56:44,300 --> 04:56:47,300
What's remarkable is that some 
patients actually survived this 

5778
04:56:47,300 --> 04:56:49,300
procedure. 
And even seem to get better 

5779
04:56:49,300 --> 04:56:52,000
afterward though, such 
Improvement was probably more 

5780
04:56:52,000 --> 04:56:55,200
due to the placebo effect and 
sheer luck than to any 

5781
04:56:55,200 --> 04:56:57,600
therapeutic value of having 
holes drilled in their heads. 

5782
04:56:58,500 --> 04:57:01,400
Medieval people interpreted the 
successes as proof that the 

5783
04:57:01,400 --> 04:57:04,600
treatment worked rather than 
evidence that the human body is 

5784
04:57:04,600 --> 04:57:07,600
surprisingly resilient. 
Cattrax surgery was another 

5785
04:57:07,600 --> 04:57:10,600
common procedure performed by 
traveling Specialists who would 

5786
04:57:10,600 --> 04:57:14,400
arrive in town perform a dozen 
or so cataract operations in a 

5787
04:57:14,400 --> 04:57:17,200
day and then leave before anyone
had time to evaluate the 

5788
04:57:17,200 --> 04:57:20,300
long-term results. 
The technique involved pushing 

5789
04:57:20,300 --> 04:57:23,500
the clouded lens back into the 
eye, with a sharp needle, which 

5790
04:57:23,500 --> 04:57:26,400
sometimes worked, and sometimes 
resulted in complete blindness. 

5791
04:57:26,400 --> 04:57:30,100
But at least it was quick. 
But medieval medicine wasn't 

5792
04:57:30,100 --> 04:57:33,100
purely physical. 
It was deeply intertwined, with 

5793
04:57:33,100 --> 04:57:34,800
spiritual healing and religious 
belief. 

5794
04:57:35,600 --> 04:57:38,300
Medieval people understood 
illness as having spiritual as 

5795
04:57:38,300 --> 04:57:41,300
well as physical causes which 
meant that treatment needed to 

5796
04:57:41,300 --> 04:57:42,800
address both the body and the 
Soul. 

5797
04:57:42,800 --> 04:57:46,100
This understanding led to a 
fascinating integration of 

5798
04:57:46,100 --> 04:57:49,300
medical and religious practices.
That would seem strange to 

5799
04:57:49,300 --> 04:57:50,900
modernize, but made perfect 
sense. 

5800
04:57:50,900 --> 04:57:53,500
In a world where the boundary 
between physical and spiritual 

5801
04:57:53,500 --> 04:57:56,800
was much more fluid. 
Saints were specialized medical 

5802
04:57:56,800 --> 04:57:59,900
Consultants each with their 
areas of expertise. 

5803
04:57:59,900 --> 04:58:02,500
Assemblies was good for throat 
problems. 

5804
04:58:02,500 --> 04:58:05,400
Saint Lucie handled, eye 
diseases, and Saint. 

5805
04:58:05,400 --> 04:58:07,500
Apollonia was the go-to Saint 
for dental issues. 

5806
04:58:08,300 --> 04:58:11,400
If you had a specific medical 
problem, there was probably a 

5807
04:58:11,400 --> 04:58:14,300
saint who had suffered a similar
Affliction during their 

5808
04:58:14,300 --> 04:58:17,100
martyrdom and could therefore 
provide targeted assistance. 

5809
04:58:17,100 --> 04:58:20,400
Pilgrimage was considered both a
medical treatment and a 

5810
04:58:20,400 --> 04:58:23,300
spiritual exercise. 
Medieval people would travel 

5811
04:58:23,300 --> 04:58:26,000
hundreds of miles to visit. 
Holy sites, where miraculous 

5812
04:58:26,000 --> 04:58:29,400
healings were said to occur. 
These Journeys served multiple 

5813
04:58:29,400 --> 04:58:32,900
purposes, the physical exercise 
was probably beneficial. 

5814
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:36,300
The change of scenery might help
with mental health and the Hope 

5815
04:58:36,300 --> 04:58:38,600
and Faith involved in the 
pilgrimage could have real 

5816
04:58:38,600 --> 04:58:41,700
therapeutic effects. 
Holy relics were another 

5817
04:58:41,700 --> 04:58:45,500
important category of medieval 
medicine a bone from a saint, a 

5818
04:58:45,500 --> 04:58:48,600
piece of cloth that had touched 
a holy person or water that had 

5819
04:58:48,600 --> 04:58:50,200
been blessed by someone with the
right. 

5820
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:52,800
Religious credentials, could 
also serve as powerful 

5821
04:58:52,800 --> 04:58:56,300
medicine's the more exotic and 
well, documented, The Relic, the

5822
04:58:56,300 --> 04:59:00,200
more effective it was believed 
to be Medieval hospitals were 

5823
04:59:00,200 --> 04:59:03,400
usually run by religious 
communities and focused as much 

5824
04:59:03,400 --> 04:59:05,500
on spiritual care as on physical
treatment. 

5825
04:59:06,700 --> 04:59:10,300
Patients, received regular 
prayers confession and spiritual

5826
04:59:10,300 --> 04:59:12,700
counseling alongside whatever 
Medical Treatments were 

5827
04:59:12,700 --> 04:59:15,100
available. 
The idea was that healing 

5828
04:59:15,100 --> 04:59:17,300
involved. 
The whole person not just their 

5829
04:59:17,300 --> 04:59:21,000
physical symptoms, this 
spiritual dimension of medieval 

5830
04:59:21,000 --> 04:59:23,900
medicine also included, 
elaborate rituals and ceremonies

5831
04:59:23,900 --> 04:59:26,400
designed to drive out evil 
influences. 

5832
04:59:27,400 --> 04:59:30,200
Exorcism was a recognized 
medical treatment for certain 

5833
04:59:30,200 --> 04:59:32,900
types of mental illness 
performed by clergy who 

5834
04:59:32,908 --> 04:59:34,500
specialized in spiritual 
healing. 

5835
04:59:35,200 --> 04:59:38,300
These ceremonies could last for 
hours or even days involving 

5836
04:59:38,300 --> 04:59:42,100
prayers, holy water, religious 
artifacts and considerable 

5837
04:59:42,100 --> 04:59:44,900
drama. 
What's fascinating is how this 

5838
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:47,600
spiritual approach. 
Sometimes produced, real result.

5839
04:59:48,400 --> 04:59:51,700
The combination of Hope 
Community Support ritual, 

5840
04:59:51,700 --> 04:59:55,100
healing and focused attention 
could have genuine therapeutic 

5841
04:59:55,100 --> 04:59:58,600
effects, especially for 
conditions that had strong cycle

5842
04:59:58,600 --> 05:00:01,800
components. 
Medieval people might not have 

5843
05:00:01,800 --> 05:00:04,800
understood the placebo effect, 
but they certainly knew how to 

5844
05:00:04,808 --> 05:00:07,300
harness the power of belief in 
community, in their healing 

5845
05:00:07,300 --> 05:00:10,700
practices, the integration of 
physical and spiritual healing. 

5846
05:00:10,700 --> 05:00:14,100
Also meant that medieval 
medicine was deeply, personal 

5847
05:00:14,100 --> 05:00:16,900
and holistic. 
Your physician wasn't just 

5848
05:00:16,900 --> 05:00:19,900
treating your symptoms, they 
were treating your entire life 

5849
05:00:19,900 --> 05:00:24,000
situation, your spiritual State,
your relationships and your 

5850
05:00:24,000 --> 05:00:27,400
place in the community. 
It was an approach that modern 

5851
05:00:27,400 --> 05:00:31,200
medicine is in some ways, still 
trying to figure out how to 

5852
05:00:31,200 --> 05:00:33,700
replicate as we conclude our 
intimate. 

5853
05:00:33,700 --> 05:00:36,800
Exploration of medieval 
medicine, you may be curious 

5854
05:00:36,800 --> 05:00:39,400
about the fate of these vibrant 
theories and inventive 

5855
05:00:39,400 --> 05:00:42,000
treatments. 
Did they just vanish overnight 

5856
05:00:42,000 --> 05:00:44,900
when someone invented the 
microscope or did they gradually

5857
05:00:44,900 --> 05:00:47,100
fade away? 
Like old tapestries left too 

5858
05:00:47,100 --> 05:00:49,800
long in the Sun? 
The truth is that medieval 

5859
05:00:49,800 --> 05:00:51,200
medicine didn't disappear all 
at. 

5860
05:00:51,200 --> 05:00:54,900
Once it evolved sometimes 
gracefully, and sometimes with 

5861
05:00:54,900 --> 05:00:57,700
the awkward, stumbling of a 
teenager trying to learn new 

5862
05:00:57,700 --> 05:01:01,800
dance steps, many medieval ideas
hung around well into the 

5863
05:01:01,808 --> 05:01:05,000
Renaissance and Beyond like 
house guests who don't quite 

5864
05:01:05,000 --> 05:01:06,500
know when it's time to leave the
party. 

5865
05:01:07,700 --> 05:01:10,800
The four humors theory, for 
instance, continued to 

5866
05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:14,400
influence, medical thinking, 
well into the 19th century even 

5867
05:01:14,400 --> 05:01:17,900
as new discoveries challenge. 
The basic premises Physicians, 

5868
05:01:17,900 --> 05:01:21,900
found ways to adapt and modify 
the system rather than a bandit 

5869
05:01:21,900 --> 05:01:24,800
entirely. 
The language of the human. 

5870
05:01:24,800 --> 05:01:28,000
So embedded in how people 
thought about personality and 

5871
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:31,000
health that we still use terms 
like sanguine phlegmatic 

5872
05:01:31,000 --> 05:01:35,600
choleric and melancholic today 
though now they're more likely 

5873
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:38,200
to appear in literature classes 
than medical textbooks. 

5874
05:01:38,900 --> 05:01:42,500
Bloodletting proved particularly
stubborn persisting as a 

5875
05:01:42,500 --> 05:01:44,500
standard medical treatment for 
centuries. 

5876
05:01:44,500 --> 05:01:48,100
After Medieval Times ended, 
George Washington himself was 

5877
05:01:48,100 --> 05:01:51,200
treated with extensive 
bloodletting during his final 

5878
05:01:51,200 --> 05:01:55,500
illness in 1799, receiving what 
modern doctors would consider a 

5879
05:01:55,500 --> 05:01:58,800
fatal amount of blood loss in a 
well-intentioned but misguided 

5880
05:01:58,800 --> 05:02:00,600
attempt to cure his throat 
infection. 

5881
05:02:01,900 --> 05:02:04,300
It took until the mid-19th 
century for the medical 

5882
05:02:04,300 --> 05:02:09,100
establishment to finally admit 
that maybe just maybe removing 

5883
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:10,700
large quantities of blood from 
sick. 

5884
05:02:10,700 --> 05:02:12,700
People wasn't actually helping 
them get better. 

5885
05:02:13,800 --> 05:02:16,700
But medieval medicine gave us 
some genuinely valuable 

5886
05:02:16,700 --> 05:02:20,300
contributions that we still use 
today. many of the herbal 

5887
05:02:20,300 --> 05:02:22,900
remedies that medieval 
Physicians prescribed contained 

5888
05:02:22,900 --> 05:02:25,800
active compounds, that modern 
science has validated and 

5889
05:02:25,800 --> 05:02:29,800
refined Aspirin comes from 
willow bark, digitalis from 

5890
05:02:29,800 --> 05:02:33,500
foxglove, and morphine from 
poppies all plants that medieval

5891
05:02:33,500 --> 05:02:35,300
healers used. 
Even though they didn't 

5892
05:02:35,300 --> 05:02:38,300
understand the chemistry behind,
why they worked the medieval 

5893
05:02:38,300 --> 05:02:40,900
emphasis on careful observation 
of patients, also, laid 

5894
05:02:40,900 --> 05:02:43,600
important groundwork for modern 
diagnostic techniques. 

5895
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:46,900
Medieval Physicians might have 
been wrong about what they were 

5896
05:02:46,900 --> 05:02:49,900
observing but they established 
the principle that healing 

5897
05:02:49,900 --> 05:02:52,900
required paying close attention 
to individual patients and their

5898
05:02:52,900 --> 05:02:56,400
specific symptoms. 
The practices of taking details.

5899
05:02:56,400 --> 05:03:00,400
Medical history examining bodily
fluids and monitoring changes. 

5900
05:03:00,400 --> 05:03:03,000
In patient conditions. 
All Trace their Roots back to 

5901
05:03:03,000 --> 05:03:07,400
Medieval Medical Practice Most 
importantly, medieval medicine 

5902
05:03:07,400 --> 05:03:09,700
established, the idea that 
healing was a professional 

5903
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:13,300
skill, that required training 
study and ongoing learning. 

5904
05:03:14,100 --> 05:03:16,700
Medieval universities began 
offering medical degrees, 

5905
05:03:16,700 --> 05:03:19,600
creating the foundation for 
modern medical education. 

5906
05:03:20,400 --> 05:03:23,800
The requirement that Physicians 
study anatomy, even if they're 

5907
05:03:23,800 --> 05:03:26,400
understanding, was limited 
established precedents that 

5908
05:03:26,408 --> 05:03:29,200
eventually led to much more 
accurate knowledge of how bodies

5909
05:03:29,200 --> 05:03:32,500
actually work. 
Medieval medicine or gave us the

5910
05:03:32,500 --> 05:03:35,700
concept of hospitals, as 
institutions dedicated to 

5911
05:03:35,700 --> 05:03:39,000
Healing, rather than just places
where sick people went to die. 

5912
05:03:39,800 --> 05:03:43,300
Medieval hospitals, usually run 
by religious orders established,

5913
05:03:43,300 --> 05:03:46,200
the principle that Society had a
responsibility to care for the 

5914
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:49,600
sick and that healing should be 
available to everyone not just 

5915
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:51,800
the wealthy. 
This approach was a 

5916
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:53,900
revolutionary idea that 
continues to influence 

5917
05:03:53,900 --> 05:03:55,600
Healthcare policy discussions 
today. 

5918
05:03:56,800 --> 05:03:59,300
The medieval integration of 
physical and spiritual healing. 

5919
05:03:59,300 --> 05:04:02,600
Also contributed valuable 
insights that modern medicine is

5920
05:04:02,600 --> 05:04:05,600
still exploring. 
The recognition that illness 

5921
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:09,200
affects the whole person, not 
just specific body parts, and 

5922
05:04:09,200 --> 05:04:11,200
that healing involves 
psychological and social 

5923
05:04:11,200 --> 05:04:14,900
factors, as well as purely 
physical ones, reflects on 

5924
05:04:14,908 --> 05:04:17,500
understanding that contemporary 
medicine is working to 

5925
05:04:17,500 --> 05:04:20,100
recapture. 
Even some of the more seemingly 

5926
05:04:20,100 --> 05:04:22,100
bizarre. 
Medieval practices contained 

5927
05:04:22,100 --> 05:04:24,500
Colonels of wisdom that were 
only now, beginning to 

5928
05:04:24,500 --> 05:04:28,700
appreciate the emphasis on diet,
exercise and lifestyle factors 

5929
05:04:28,700 --> 05:04:32,600
in maintaining Health, was 
remarkably sophisticated even if

5930
05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:34,100
the specific theories were 
wrong. 

5931
05:04:34,900 --> 05:04:37,200
The comprehension that mental 
and emotional states. 

5932
05:04:37,200 --> 05:04:40,500
Could impact physical health was
centuries ahead of its era. 

5933
05:04:41,300 --> 05:04:44,100
As you settle back into your 
comfortable, chair, and finish, 

5934
05:04:44,100 --> 05:04:45,700
the last drops of your warm 
drink. 

5935
05:04:45,700 --> 05:04:48,500
You might reflect on how 
medieval medicine for all its 

5936
05:04:48,500 --> 05:04:52,700
apparent strangeness represented
Humanities persistent creative 

5937
05:04:52,700 --> 05:04:56,100
and often touching attempts to 
understand and heal the 

5938
05:04:56,100 --> 05:04:57,800
mysterious vessel that carries 
us through life. 

5939
05:04:58,900 --> 05:05:01,600
These medieval Physicians and 
healers were working with 

5940
05:05:01,600 --> 05:05:04,500
limited information and 
primitive tools but they 

5941
05:05:04,500 --> 05:05:08,100
approach their tasks with 
dedication, creativity and 

5942
05:05:08,100 --> 05:05:12,400
genuine care for their patients.
They remind us that medicine is 

5943
05:05:12,400 --> 05:05:16,400
not just a science but also an 
art requiring not only technical

5944
05:05:16,400 --> 05:05:20,100
knowledge but also compassion 
creativity and the willingness 

5945
05:05:20,100 --> 05:05:22,900
to keep trying new approaches 
when old ones don't work. 

5946
05:05:23,800 --> 05:05:27,000
And perhaps most importantly, 
they show us that the desire to 

5947
05:05:27,000 --> 05:05:29,600
heal and help. 
Others is one of Humanity's most

5948
05:05:29,600 --> 05:05:33,500
enduring and Noble impulses. 
Persisting across centuries and 

5949
05:05:33,500 --> 05:05:36,700
cultures adapting to new 
knowledge while maintaining its 

5950
05:05:36,700 --> 05:05:39,900
essential character. 
Sleep well and be grateful for 

5951
05:05:39,900 --> 05:05:42,700
modern medicine, but don't 
forget to appreciate the long 

5952
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:45,100
winding often amusing path that 
led us here. 

5953
05:05:53,500 --> 05:05:56,300
You get up early in your modest 
room of the olive oil business. 

5954
05:05:56,300 --> 05:05:59,900
Not because you want to, but 
because your neighbors donkey 

5955
05:05:59,900 --> 05:06:02,300
has decided that four in the 
morning, is the best time to 

5956
05:06:02,300 --> 05:06:05,700
practice his vocal scales, 
Alexandria sleeps, under a 

5957
05:06:05,700 --> 05:06:07,800
blanket of stars that come 
through the thin wooden 

5958
05:06:07,800 --> 05:06:09,700
shutters. 
But, you know, better than most 

5959
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:11,200
that a good Merchant gets the 
worm. 

5960
05:06:11,200 --> 05:06:14,800
Or in your case the tastiest 
fish before anyone else, 

5961
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:18,300
discovers their hungry, You 
stretch out like a cat, that has

5962
05:06:18,300 --> 05:06:21,300
been sleeping on bags of grain. 
Instead of soft pillows, your 

5963
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:25,000
bare feet, touch the chili clay 
tiles, the smell of yesterday's 

5964
05:06:25,000 --> 05:06:27,500
bread, which will smells better 
in memory than it did when it 

5965
05:06:27,508 --> 05:06:30,500
was fresh is mixed with the 
smell of salt from the harbor 

5966
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:33,400
and spices from a doesn't other 
locations. 

5967
05:06:33,400 --> 05:06:36,500
You've come to love these quiet 
hours before the city knows how 

5968
05:06:36,500 --> 05:06:40,200
to make noise. 
The bronze mirror shows a face 

5969
05:06:40,200 --> 05:06:44,600
that has been through 43 years 
of Mediterranean Sun wined, and 

5970
05:06:44,600 --> 05:06:47,900
the occasional fight with people
who think that negotiating means

5971
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:50,800
starting at half your asking 
price and working your way down 

5972
05:06:50,800 --> 05:06:53,700
to Ridiculousness. 
Your hair used to be as black as

5973
05:06:53,700 --> 05:06:56,100
Egyptian eyeliner, but now it 
has enough. 

5974
05:06:56,100 --> 05:06:59,400
Silver strands to remind you 
that time is always moving, even

5975
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,000
if you don't see it, but your 
hands stay stable. 

5976
05:07:02,000 --> 05:07:05,000
Your eyes are sharp enough to 
spot a false coin from a cross 

5977
05:07:05,000 --> 05:07:08,400
the Market Square and you'll 
smile is genuine enough to greet

5978
05:07:08,400 --> 05:07:11,800
even the grumpiest customer The 
coolness of the water when you 

5979
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:14,400
Splash it on your face from the 
ceramic Basin wakes. 

5980
05:07:14,400 --> 05:07:17,700
You up every day, the city 
changes from a peaceful sleeping

5981
05:07:17,700 --> 05:07:21,600
giant to a busy place where 
people talk and do things a 

5982
05:07:21,600 --> 05:07:24,300
priest in the temple calls The 
Devout to morning prayers from a

5983
05:07:24,300 --> 05:07:27,700
distance, his voice drifts over 
the rooftops like incense on a 

5984
05:07:27,700 --> 05:07:31,000
light wind. 
Your tunic which is made of high

5985
05:07:31,000 --> 05:07:33,800
quality Egyptian, linen, slips 
over your shoulders like 

5986
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:37,200
something you wear every day. 
It's more useful than beautiful.

5987
05:07:37,200 --> 05:07:40,400
The leather belt, which has been
warned smoothed over the years 

5988
05:07:40,400 --> 05:07:43,700
Falls around your waist with the
satisfying weight of your coin 

5989
05:07:43,700 --> 05:07:45,500
purse. 
It's not heavy enough to make 

5990
05:07:45,500 --> 05:07:48,500
you worry about thieves but it's
heavy enough to make dealing to 

5991
05:07:48,500 --> 05:07:51,400
day worth your time, the leather
straps, go back to where they 

5992
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:52,700
belong. 
As soon as you put on your 

5993
05:07:52,700 --> 05:07:56,400
sandals like old friends, the 
wooden steps grown their morning

5994
05:07:56,400 --> 05:07:58,100
song as you go down to the shop 
below. 

5995
05:07:58,100 --> 05:08:01,600
You keep your real Treasures 
here, small jars of the greatest

5996
05:08:01,600 --> 05:08:05,200
oils flavored with herbs, that 
most Alexandria have never heard

5997
05:08:05,200 --> 05:08:09,300
of much less tasted They are 
next to enormous clay amphi full

5998
05:08:09,300 --> 05:08:12,900
of olive oil from Sicily and 
Cyprus Anatolian Rose Marie, 

5999
05:08:12,900 --> 05:08:15,300
Greek island time and your 
secret weapon. 

6000
05:08:16,200 --> 05:08:19,300
Special mix of herbs and spices 
that makes ordinary oil taste. 

6001
05:08:19,300 --> 05:08:20,900
So good. 
That even the most sophisticated

6002
05:08:20,900 --> 05:08:23,000
Roman matron would ask for the 
formula. 

6003
05:08:23,000 --> 05:08:26,900
You carefully wrap each of these
expensive containers and 

6004
05:08:26,900 --> 05:08:29,600
delicate fabric before putting 
them in a strong leather bag. 

6005
05:08:29,600 --> 05:08:32,300
To avoid the Calamity of broken 
pottery and squandered oil. 

6006
05:08:32,300 --> 05:08:35,000
You will walk like a drunk 
sailor before noon. 

6007
05:08:35,000 --> 05:08:36,800
If you carry too much weight on 
one side. 

6008
05:08:36,800 --> 05:08:39,900
It's too light and you don't 
have enough stuff to make money.

6009
05:08:39,900 --> 05:08:43,300
It's a fine line, like most 
things in the merchants life. 

6010
05:08:43,300 --> 05:08:46,400
If you push the street door 
gently, it will open and welcome

6011
05:08:46,400 --> 05:08:48,700
you into Alexandria's world 
before Daybreak. 

6012
05:08:48,700 --> 05:08:51,800
The stone streets are still 
called from the night air and 

6013
05:08:51,800 --> 05:08:54,100
you can feel how solid they are 
other early. 

6014
05:08:54,100 --> 05:08:57,200
Risers are out and about in the 
dark Bakers, heading to their 

6015
05:08:57,200 --> 05:08:59,600
ovens fishermen. 
Coming back from nocturnal, 

6016
05:08:59,600 --> 05:09:01,900
fishing trips with silver 
catches that gleam in the 

6017
05:09:01,908 --> 05:09:04,900
Moonlight and the odd City guard
trying to look alert, but 

6018
05:09:04,900 --> 05:09:07,000
clearly wanting to go back to 
sleep. 

6019
05:09:07,900 --> 05:09:10,100
As you walk near the harbor, the
fishing boats will soon. 

6020
05:09:10,100 --> 05:09:13,200
Come back with the day's, catch 
the sound of your breathing and 

6021
05:09:13,200 --> 05:09:15,700
the rhythm of your foot fall on 
the stone provide, a mild 

6022
05:09:15,700 --> 05:09:18,800
percussion, and you start to 
feel the meditative state that 

6023
05:09:18,800 --> 05:09:21,100
comes from completing familiar 
tasks in peace. 

6024
05:09:21,100 --> 05:09:25,100
The Satchel gently Taps your hip
with each step reminding you 

6025
05:09:25,100 --> 05:09:28,000
that you're ready to compete 
with clients win money from 

6026
05:09:28,000 --> 05:09:30,500
purses. 
And maybe if the gods are 

6027
05:09:30,500 --> 05:09:33,700
willing find something amazing 
and surprising in the huge 

6028
05:09:33,700 --> 05:09:37,000
Marketplace of human trade just 
like you have for the last 20 

6029
05:09:37,000 --> 05:09:39,100
years. 
The port comes into view, is you

6030
05:09:39,100 --> 05:09:41,000
round the last corner? 
It's Waters. 

6031
05:09:41,000 --> 05:09:43,700
Reflect the last stars, like 
diamonds on Black Velvet. 

6032
05:09:44,400 --> 05:09:47,200
The sun will soon color, the 
sky, pink and gold. 

6033
05:09:47,200 --> 05:09:48,800
The fishing boats will come 
back. 

6034
05:09:48,800 --> 05:09:51,900
Full of the work they did at 
night, and Alexandria will be 

6035
05:09:51,900 --> 05:09:55,300
awake and eager to buy sell 
trade and argue over everything 

6036
05:09:55,300 --> 05:09:58,300
from the price of grain to the 
quality of foreign wine. 

6037
05:09:58,300 --> 05:10:01,900
But just now, the city is owned 
by dreamers and Merchants who 

6038
05:10:01,900 --> 05:10:05,100
know that the best transactions 
happen when the world is still 

6039
05:10:05,100 --> 05:10:08,500
soft around the edges. 
Like now, when there are only a 

6040
05:10:08,500 --> 05:10:11,900
few minutes of silence left, The
fishing boats appear on the 

6041
05:10:11,908 --> 05:10:15,600
horizon, like a fleet of moths 
drawn to the lighthouse is Blaze

6042
05:10:15,600 --> 05:10:18,700
their triangular sails. 
Catching the first faint signs 

6043
05:10:18,700 --> 05:10:21,100
of dawn he set up shop by the 
Stone Key. 

6044
05:10:21,100 --> 05:10:24,100
Where Captain Markus typically 
docks his ship because his crew 

6045
05:10:24,100 --> 05:10:26,600
always brings in the biggest 
catches in Alexandria's Harbor. 

6046
05:10:26,600 --> 05:10:29,900
You don't like Marcus though 
because he tends to believe his 

6047
05:10:29,900 --> 05:10:31,700
own stories about the fish that 
got away. 

6048
05:10:32,700 --> 05:10:34,700
You can't help but sway a little
as you. 

6049
05:10:34,700 --> 05:10:37,700
Wait because the smooth waves 
breaking against the port wall, 

6050
05:10:37,700 --> 05:10:40,100
make a Cadence that calms your 
soul. 

6051
05:10:40,100 --> 05:10:43,100
As the other Merchants start to 
gather, you can hear the sounds 

6052
05:10:43,100 --> 05:10:46,100
of water and the distant screams
of Seagulls starting their own 

6053
05:10:46,100 --> 05:10:48,700
daily hunt. 
Everyone understands their place

6054
05:10:48,700 --> 05:10:52,400
in the pecking order because of 
years of successful deals failed

6055
05:10:52,400 --> 05:10:54,200
discussions. 
And the occasional huge fight 

6056
05:10:54,200 --> 05:10:56,900
over fish prices. 
There is also an Unwritten code 

6057
05:10:56,900 --> 05:10:58,400
of conduct for these morning 
meetings. 

6058
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:02,000
As Marcus is boat Glides toward 
the pier with the comfort of 

6059
05:11:02,000 --> 05:11:04,800
countless mornings. 
The Silvery flash of fish in the

6060
05:11:04,800 --> 05:11:07,300
Nets, is already evident at the 
front of the boat. 

6061
05:11:07,300 --> 05:11:10,200
The captain stands with a grin 
that splits his weathered face. 

6062
05:11:10,200 --> 05:11:13,400
This suggests either. 
A very good night of fishing or 

6063
05:11:13,400 --> 05:11:15,000
a really creative way to 
explain. 

6064
05:11:15,000 --> 05:11:16,600
Why the fish are smaller than 
usual. 

6065
05:11:16,600 --> 05:11:20,300
It's not always easy to discern.
The difference with Marcus, the 

6066
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:23,600
boat gently bumps against the 
peer, as you sail forward with 

6067
05:11:23,600 --> 05:11:25,900
the confidence of someone who 
has been playing this game. 

6068
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:29,100
Since Markus was just a young 
fisherman with more enthusiasm 

6069
05:11:29,100 --> 05:11:32,200
than Talent. 
As the crew begins to unload 

6070
05:11:32,200 --> 05:11:35,300
their Haul your experience die. 
Quickly makes a list of the 

6071
05:11:35,300 --> 05:11:37,900
options. 
Sea bass with bright. 

6072
05:11:37,900 --> 05:11:42,400
Clear eyes, red mullet that 
sparkle like rubies and a number

6073
05:11:42,400 --> 05:11:44,900
of fish species whose names. 
You haven't bothered to learn. 

6074
05:11:44,900 --> 05:11:48,800
But who's quality, you can tell 
with a single look, you usually 

6075
05:11:48,800 --> 05:11:51,000
pull the cork out of a tiny 
ceramic container. 

6076
05:11:51,000 --> 05:11:54,200
You take out of your bag, the 
smell of your special herb. 

6077
05:11:54,200 --> 05:11:57,600
Infused olive oil hints at. 
What could be making the simple 

6078
05:11:57,600 --> 05:12:01,100
Act of picking out, fish a sign 
of the supper to come the smell 

6079
05:12:01,100 --> 05:12:03,200
that escapes, makes a lot of 
adjacent Merchants. 

6080
05:12:03,200 --> 05:12:06,200
Look up markers, raises an 
eyebrows, he sees the well-known

6081
05:12:06,200 --> 05:12:08,900
ritual. 
You gesture to a really nice sea

6082
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:11,000
bass with two fingers and don't 
say anything. 

6083
05:12:12,000 --> 05:12:15,100
Marcus nods and begins to wrap 
the fish in wide seaweed leaves,

6084
05:12:15,100 --> 05:12:17,500
which is the old-fashioned way 
to package things. 

6085
05:12:17,500 --> 05:12:20,600
He likely sprays, the fish with 
the oil and then puts it back in

6086
05:12:20,600 --> 05:12:22,700
its container. 
When you give it to him, this is

6087
05:12:22,700 --> 05:12:25,200
a cooperation between 
Specialists to recognize that 

6088
05:12:25,200 --> 05:12:27,700
the best deals are good for 
everyone, not just one person. 

6089
05:12:29,000 --> 05:12:32,400
Years of practice of made it 
easy to trade coins, you both 

6090
05:12:32,400 --> 05:12:35,000
keep the Goodwill that will make
future business successful and 

6091
05:12:35,000 --> 05:12:37,800
fun, and Marcus gets paid 
properly for good fish. 

6092
05:12:38,600 --> 05:12:41,400
You get a product that will sell
for high prices to Quality 

6093
05:12:41,400 --> 05:12:44,500
conscious customers. 
No tense talks, no big gestures 

6094
05:12:44,500 --> 05:12:45,900
and no, trying to convince each 
other. 

6095
05:12:45,900 --> 05:12:48,300
That prices should go down 
because times are tough. 

6096
05:12:48,300 --> 05:12:51,300
It's just commerce between 
people who respect each other's 

6097
05:12:51,300 --> 05:12:53,800
knowledge. 
A young Egyptian quarter 

6098
05:12:53,800 --> 05:12:56,400
Merchant looks with interest as 
you weigh the wrapped, fish 

6099
05:12:56,400 --> 05:12:58,300
against the oil canisters in 
your backpack. 

6100
05:12:58,300 --> 05:13:01,600
His sandals are too fresh. 
This tunic is too clean. 

6101
05:13:01,600 --> 05:13:04,900
And his face is too eager. 
These are all signals that he 

6102
05:13:04,900 --> 05:13:07,300
hasn't yet, figured out that 
successful dealing is about 

6103
05:13:07,300 --> 05:13:10,200
building trust over time rather 
than making big deals. 

6104
05:13:11,100 --> 05:13:13,300
You look him in the eye and 
offer him a tiny knot of 

6105
05:13:13,300 --> 05:13:15,200
acknowledgment. 
You remember your own early 

6106
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:17,700
days, when every deal fell like 
a test you may fail. 

6107
05:13:17,700 --> 05:13:20,300
You know that everyone has to 
start someplace. 

6108
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:23,800
It's not the right time or place
for long chats but the young 

6109
05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:25,900
man's hopeful look. 
Makes it seem like he's hoping 

6110
05:13:25,900 --> 05:13:28,900
you'll share some advice. 
No matter how curious or 

6111
05:13:28,900 --> 05:13:31,100
well-meaning someone is the 
morning Market. 

6112
05:13:31,100 --> 05:13:33,900
Never waits for them. 
Fish will go rotten eventually. 

6113
05:13:33,900 --> 05:13:36,600
The Harvest starts to fill up 
with activity. 

6114
05:13:36,600 --> 05:13:39,200
As more boats, come back and 
more, Merchants set up, shop 

6115
05:13:39,200 --> 05:13:42,300
along the key, you reached your 
main goal, but the Serene 

6116
05:13:42,300 --> 05:13:45,200
morning on Beyonce is slowly 
replaced by the ordered bustle 

6117
05:13:45,200 --> 05:13:47,100
of business. 
The fish in your, Satchel 

6118
05:13:47,100 --> 05:13:50,600
represents the key to your 
success today, new better 

6119
05:13:50,600 --> 05:13:53,400
products that will sustain the 
increase prices, your devoted 

6120
05:13:53,400 --> 05:13:56,200
clients expect to pay for the 
things you propose. 

6121
05:13:57,200 --> 05:13:59,800
You start heading back toward 
the middle of the city where 

6122
05:13:59,800 --> 05:14:03,000
hege Market Square would soon be
full of people shopping 

6123
05:14:03,000 --> 05:14:06,900
merchants and The NeverEnding 
cycle of supply and demand, that

6124
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:09,700
made Alexandria, one of the most
prosperous towns in ancient 

6125
05:14:09,700 --> 05:14:13,400
times the sun rising over the 
water, warms your shoulders and 

6126
05:14:13,400 --> 05:14:15,600
informs you. 
That today is a great day to do 

6127
05:14:15,600 --> 05:14:18,600
business outside. 
The cobblestones Beneath Your 

6128
05:14:18,600 --> 05:14:21,600
Feet, tell the story of 
thousands of traders who have 

6129
05:14:21,600 --> 05:14:25,400
walked this same way with their 
products and dreams in quest of 

6130
05:14:25,408 --> 05:14:27,300
money. 
Every morning, you can count on 

6131
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:30,100
the same thing that somewhere in
the huge Market. 

6132
05:14:30,100 --> 05:14:32,800
Someone needs what you have and 
is willing to pay a fair price 

6133
05:14:32,800 --> 05:14:35,800
to take it home some days, you 
are lucky and get a lot of money

6134
05:14:35,800 --> 05:14:37,900
while other days. 
You barely break even 

6135
05:14:38,600 --> 05:14:40,600
Alexandria's, huge Market 
Square. 

6136
05:14:40,600 --> 05:14:44,000
Is like a blank canvas in front 
of you, waiting for artists to 

6137
05:14:44,000 --> 05:14:47,200
paint it with colors music and 
the Beautiful chaos of people 

6138
05:14:47,200 --> 05:14:49,700
trading. 
You get there, early enough to 

6139
05:14:49,700 --> 05:14:51,700
obtain your preferred spot on 
the Eastern side. 

6140
05:14:51,700 --> 05:14:54,600
Where the morning sun will warm 
your consumers without making 

6141
05:14:54,600 --> 05:14:57,600
them squint at your goods. 
This is better than being in the

6142
05:14:57,600 --> 05:15:00,400
Middle where the crowds of 
biggest and the competition is 

6143
05:15:00,400 --> 05:15:03,300
strongest. 
You stretched your woven Reed 

6144
05:15:03,300 --> 05:15:05,000
mat on the polished Stone 
sidewalk. 

6145
05:15:05,800 --> 05:15:08,500
It felt like a cherished blanket
and had the same weight and 

6146
05:15:08,500 --> 05:15:10,700
texture. 
This matters been with you to 

6147
05:15:10,708 --> 05:15:12,400
markets in three different 
cities. 

6148
05:15:12,400 --> 05:15:16,900
Seem countless transactions 
soaked up wine and olive oil and

6149
05:15:16,900 --> 05:15:20,500
somehow stayed strong after 
years of being folded, unfolded,

6150
05:15:20,500 --> 05:15:23,300
and even used as a seat during 
long discussions. 

6151
05:15:23,300 --> 05:15:27,200
After 20 years of trying and 
failing, you have learned how to

6152
05:15:27,200 --> 05:15:29,700
arrange items in a way that 
makes them seem their best. 

6153
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:33,300
The fish is the main thing and 
it still smells like fresh water

6154
05:15:33,300 --> 05:15:36,700
and his raped with seaweed. 
You put the olive oil contain as

6155
05:15:36,700 --> 05:15:39,100
around it in a way that shows 
off a lot without making it 

6156
05:15:39,100 --> 05:15:40,900
look. 
Cluttered they are close enough 

6157
05:15:40,900 --> 05:15:43,600
to make a statement but far 
enough apart so that customers 

6158
05:15:43,600 --> 05:15:45,700
don't get hurt when they reach 
for a closer look. 

6159
05:15:46,500 --> 05:15:49,900
Your exceptional herb-infused 
oils require their own section. 

6160
05:15:49,900 --> 05:15:52,900
They should be on a tiny wooden 
platform that's a little higher 

6161
05:15:52,900 --> 05:15:56,200
up and catches the light to show
off their beautiful golden 

6162
05:15:56,200 --> 05:15:58,200
color. 
These little bottles of magic 

6163
05:15:58,200 --> 05:16:01,400
may turn ordinary veggies into a
meal suitable for a Senators 

6164
05:16:01,400 --> 05:16:05,500
table and plain bread into 
something extraordinary. they're

6165
05:16:05,500 --> 05:16:08,800
not just cooking ingredients as 
the morning sun shines, through 

6166
05:16:08,800 --> 05:16:11,900
the colored glass bottles of 
certain containers, tiny 

6167
05:16:11,900 --> 05:16:16,000
rainbows, dance over the mat 
like Promises of flavor You stop

6168
05:16:16,008 --> 05:16:17,900
for a moment to glance at your 
competitors. 

6169
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:21,500
And the people who live near you
to your left, an old rural woman

6170
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:23,400
carefully, lays bundles of fresh
herbs. 

6171
05:16:24,200 --> 05:16:26,300
She knows the health things 
look, might be the difference 

6172
05:16:26,300 --> 05:16:29,700
between carrying home wilted 
items by Twilight or selling out

6173
05:16:29,700 --> 05:16:32,400
by noon. 
You notice her and you not in 

6174
05:16:32,400 --> 05:16:35,100
admiration as her wrinkled 
hands, move with the confidence 

6175
05:16:35,100 --> 05:16:38,100
that comes from years of skill. 
To your right? 

6176
05:16:38,100 --> 05:16:41,700
A young guy is struggling with a
remarkable arrangement of copper

6177
05:16:41,700 --> 05:16:44,200
pots that are clearly heavier 
than he imagined. 

6178
05:16:44,200 --> 05:16:46,800
They would be when he loaded 
them onto his cart this morning,

6179
05:16:46,800 --> 05:16:49,700
his face shows the particular 
read that comes from physical 

6180
05:16:49,700 --> 05:16:52,000
exertion. 
And it also shows that he 

6181
05:16:52,000 --> 05:16:54,700
starting to think he may have 
misjudged how much he can take 

6182
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:57,900
with such heavy products. 
You want to help but you've 

6183
05:16:57,900 --> 05:17:00,600
learned from experience that 
sometimes people see help as 

6184
05:17:00,600 --> 05:17:05,900
criticism in stead of Goodwill. 
The market is full of the first 

6185
05:17:05,900 --> 05:17:08,300
customers of the day who are 
moving slowly. 

6186
05:17:08,300 --> 05:17:11,200
And with interest, these early 
consumers are usually the 

6187
05:17:11,200 --> 05:17:13,500
pickiest. 
They know what quality is and 

6188
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:15,100
are willing to pay a fair price 
for it. 

6189
05:17:15,100 --> 05:17:18,100
They examined, swiftly, but 
carefully at the many options 

6190
05:17:18,100 --> 05:17:21,200
moving with the confidence of 
experienced buyers. 

6191
05:17:22,200 --> 05:17:24,500
A well-dressed woman is walking 
toward your display. 

6192
05:17:24,500 --> 05:17:28,000
Her gold, jewelry and linen 
outfit show that she is used to 

6193
05:17:28,000 --> 05:17:30,800
the better things in life. 
She stops when she sees your 

6194
05:17:30,800 --> 05:17:34,100
herb, infused oils picks up one 
of the containers and Pops, the 

6195
05:17:34,100 --> 05:17:36,700
cork to smell it. 
Her face goes from polite, 

6196
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:40,000
curiosity to genuine or like 
someone who has just found 

6197
05:17:40,000 --> 05:17:43,100
something that blows their mind.
You stay at a respectful 

6198
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:45,400
distance so she can look at your
things without feeling 

6199
05:17:45,400 --> 05:17:47,400
pressured. 
This client knows what she 

6200
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:48,900
wants, and has the means to get 
it. 

6201
05:17:48,900 --> 05:17:51,900
Your duty is to be available to 
answer her questions. 

6202
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:54,600
While respecting her 
independence, she carefully 

6203
05:17:54,600 --> 05:17:57,300
replaces the cork, as someone 
who has been let down by bad 

6204
05:17:57,300 --> 05:18:00,900
Goods in the past would, and 
then looks at the fish noting 

6205
05:18:00,900 --> 05:18:06,400
its firm flesh and Clear Eyes. 
The morning Market has its own 

6206
05:18:06,400 --> 05:18:10,100
different from the busy midday 
Market or the night time. 

6207
05:18:10,100 --> 05:18:13,000
Mark it, when people are looking
for deals, people are more 

6208
05:18:13,008 --> 05:18:16,700
polite when they negotiate and 
conversations acquire, it 

6209
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:19,300
appears like both buyers and 
sellers are taking their time to

6210
05:18:19,300 --> 05:18:22,300
make sure everyone is happy. 
The richest people shop at this 

6211
05:18:22,300 --> 05:18:25,500
time before the heat gets too 
hot and the crowds get too big 

6212
05:18:25,500 --> 05:18:29,100
to shop comfortably. 
The sound of coins passing hands

6213
05:18:29,100 --> 05:18:32,800
is a gratifying metallic whisper
that marks, the official start 

6214
05:18:32,800 --> 05:18:35,200
of your business day. 
The well-dressed woman has 

6215
05:18:35,200 --> 05:18:38,300
picked out the best fish from 
your display and a jar of your 

6216
05:18:38,300 --> 05:18:41,200
special oil. 
She paid without complaint and 

6217
05:18:41,200 --> 05:18:44,300
thanked you sincerely, you might
feel the same happiness. 

6218
05:18:44,300 --> 05:18:47,200
You always do when you give a 
customer high quality Goods that

6219
05:18:47,200 --> 05:18:50,100
they really love as she leaves 
with her delivery. 

6220
05:18:50,100 --> 05:18:53,400
Safely wrapped more customers 
are coming into the market. 

6221
05:18:53,400 --> 05:18:56,300
Since there are more things to 
choose from and trade is getting

6222
05:18:56,300 --> 05:18:58,500
stronger as the sun rises in the
morning. 

6223
05:18:58,500 --> 05:19:01,600
At warms the stones under your 
feet and signals that another 

6224
05:19:01,600 --> 05:19:04,700
successful day is coming in the 
biggest Marketplace of all time.

6225
05:19:04,700 --> 05:19:07,500
Your remaining Goods shine 
brightly on their read map 

6226
05:19:07,500 --> 05:19:10,900
waiting to be found by consumers
who know that some things are 

6227
05:19:10,900 --> 05:19:13,900
worth buying. 
By mid-morning, The Market 

6228
05:19:13,900 --> 05:19:15,900
Square. 
Is full of people trading doing 

6229
05:19:15,900 --> 05:19:19,500
business and having friendly 
arguments over prices that seem 

6230
05:19:19,500 --> 05:19:22,200
too good to be true. 
After years of practice, you've 

6231
05:19:22,200 --> 05:19:24,800
discovered a comfortable Pace 
that keeps you aware enough to 

6232
05:19:24,800 --> 05:19:28,100
see potential customers across 
the square and relaxed enough to

6233
05:19:28,100 --> 05:19:30,800
stay away from the Frantic 
energy that makes Shoppers 

6234
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:33,000
uneasy and more likely to keep 
going. 

6235
05:19:33,000 --> 05:19:35,800
Middle-aged guy in a toga that 
has seen better days. 

6236
05:19:35,800 --> 05:19:38,900
Approaches carefully trying to 
look more successful than he 

6237
05:19:38,900 --> 05:19:41,100
really is? 
He looks at your things with the

6238
05:19:41,100 --> 05:19:43,800
kind of attention that only 
someone who cares about quality,

6239
05:19:43,800 --> 05:19:47,600
but has to make every dollar 
count can have. you can see 

6240
05:19:47,600 --> 05:19:51,000
immediately what kind of person 
they are not sloppy, but 

6241
05:19:51,000 --> 05:19:54,200
careful, they might be a 
mid-level manager or an Adept 

6242
05:19:54,200 --> 05:19:56,100
craftsmen, who knows the 
difference between cheap and 

6243
05:19:56,100 --> 05:19:59,600
affordable He grabs, one of your
normal, olive oil containers, 

6244
05:19:59,600 --> 05:20:02,700
weighs it and looks through the 
ceramic container to see how 

6245
05:20:02,700 --> 05:20:05,000
clear the oil is. 
You take note of this 

6246
05:20:05,000 --> 05:20:07,900
information for subsequent use 
in the debate because his manner

6247
05:20:07,900 --> 05:20:10,200
is knowledgeable enough to 
suggest that he knows how to 

6248
05:20:10,200 --> 05:20:12,300
cook. 
Good salespeople, don't try to 

6249
05:20:12,300 --> 05:20:15,500
make people buy things instead, 
they help the proper individuals

6250
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:17,900
comprehend, why they should have
your products in their homes. 

6251
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:20,300
You don't try to sell him 
anything right away. 

6252
05:20:20,300 --> 05:20:24,000
Instead you wait for him to 
finish his test, a Merchants 

6253
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:27,100
best quality is patience, which 
is more important than making 

6254
05:20:27,100 --> 05:20:30,100
big gestures or giving 
convincing speeches when he 

6255
05:20:30,100 --> 05:20:32,400
finally looks up. 
You smile and tell him that the 

6256
05:20:32,400 --> 05:20:35,200
oil originates from olives, 
grown on the hills of Cyprus, 

6257
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:38,600
whether he wined gives them a 
particular flavor that goes well

6258
05:20:38,600 --> 05:20:40,300
with anything. 
From simple bread to 

6259
05:20:40,300 --> 05:20:44,200
complicated, stews. 
He clearly grows more intrigued 

6260
05:20:44,200 --> 05:20:47,600
and asks smart questions about 
how long this oil will last how 

6261
05:20:47,600 --> 05:20:50,100
to store it and what the 
greatest users for it. 

6262
05:20:50,100 --> 05:20:54,000
Are you provide an honest answer
saying that this oil is fine for

6263
05:20:54,000 --> 05:20:57,100
everyday cooking but your Urban 
fused version are better for 

6264
05:20:57,300 --> 05:21:00,200
Special occasions, or when he 
wants to impress visitors at 

6265
05:21:00,200 --> 05:21:02,900
dinner, it's important to 
provide him options without 

6266
05:21:02,900 --> 05:21:05,300
making him feel bad for thinking
about the cheaper one. 

6267
05:21:05,300 --> 05:21:09,100
You can show the differences by 
giving people small samples of 

6268
05:21:09,100 --> 05:21:12,400
both oils on pieces of bread 
that you set aside just for this

6269
05:21:12,400 --> 05:21:14,500
purpose. 
The man's face shows that he's 

6270
05:21:14,500 --> 05:21:16,500
found something. 
He didn't realize he wanted as 

6271
05:21:16,500 --> 05:21:20,100
he tastes the herb infused oil. 
The fight between want and 

6272
05:21:20,108 --> 05:21:23,500
budget has begun, you've learned
how to let customers decide for 

6273
05:21:23,500 --> 05:21:26,300
themselves, what they need and 
how much it's worth without 

6274
05:21:26,300 --> 05:21:29,100
getting in the way. 
While he thinks about what to 

6275
05:21:29,100 --> 05:21:30,600
do. 
You hear a disturbance at the 

6276
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:31,700
Copper Pot? 
Sellers stand. 

6277
05:21:31,700 --> 05:21:34,300
It sounds like thunder. 
As it rolls on the stone 

6278
05:21:34,300 --> 05:21:36,500
pavement. 
Like the young guy dropped, one 

6279
05:21:36,500 --> 05:21:39,500
of his heavy pops. 
You can't help but giggle at the

6280
05:21:39,508 --> 05:21:42,400
Young, Merchants embarrassed 
face as he runs after his 

6281
05:21:42,400 --> 05:21:45,500
missing products, other Sellers 
and customers run away to avoid 

6282
05:21:45,500 --> 05:21:48,700
the runaway kitchenware. 
This short break actually, helps

6283
05:21:48,700 --> 05:21:52,300
your buyer, make a decision. 
Sometimes people need to take a 

6284
05:21:52,300 --> 05:21:54,900
break from thinking too much and
simply go with their instincts. 

6285
05:21:54,900 --> 05:21:57,300
He has already reached for his 
coin person. 

6286
05:21:57,300 --> 05:22:00,100
Asked how to store the urban 
fused oil, so that it keeps its 

6287
05:22:00,100 --> 05:22:02,000
flavor when he looks back at 
your display. 

6288
05:22:02,000 --> 05:22:05,200
Now, that the deal is almost 
done, all you have to do is give

6289
05:22:05,200 --> 05:22:07,600
them great customer service. 
So he will come back and tell 

6290
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:10,400
others about you. 
You carefully wrap his purchase 

6291
05:22:10,400 --> 05:22:13,800
in a clean cloth and then take 
the time to explain how to store

6292
05:22:13,800 --> 05:22:17,300
it and suggest foods that will 
bring out its unique flavor. 

6293
05:22:17,300 --> 05:22:20,700
This extra knowledge, converts a
simple sale, into an investment 

6294
05:22:20,700 --> 05:22:23,300
in client pleasure. 
And the only expense is your 

6295
05:22:23,300 --> 05:22:26,500
time customers who are happy 
with your service become, loyal 

6296
05:22:26,500 --> 05:22:30,200
customers and loyal customers 
become brand ambassadors, who 

6297
05:22:30,200 --> 05:22:31,700
tell their friends about your 
booth. 

6298
05:22:32,400 --> 05:22:35,000
You think about the psychology 
of successful selling as he 

6299
05:22:35,008 --> 05:22:37,500
leaves? 
Evidently happy holding his 

6300
05:22:37,500 --> 05:22:40,000
package. 
When a customer comes to your 

6301
05:22:40,000 --> 05:22:42,900
display, they each have their 
own demands by budget and 

6302
05:22:42,900 --> 05:22:45,300
knowledge of the products. 
You don't have to convince 

6303
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:47,400
everyone to buy your most 
expensive things. 

6304
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:50,800
Instead, you should help each 
person figure out, which of your

6305
05:22:50,800 --> 05:22:53,900
products will make a small but 
important difference in their 

6306
05:22:53,900 --> 05:22:56,300
lives. 
The morning goes on with the 

6307
05:22:56,300 --> 05:22:59,700
steady stream of browsers and 
customers each of whom helps. 

6308
05:22:59,700 --> 05:23:02,800
You understand people better and
the thin line that separates 

6309
05:23:02,800 --> 05:23:05,800
Commerce from actual service, 
some customers buy things 

6310
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:08,500
quickly and easily because they 
know exactly what they want. 

6311
05:23:09,300 --> 05:23:13,100
Some people need time to look 
into things ask questions and 

6312
05:23:13,100 --> 05:23:15,300
slowly build their confidence in
their choices. 

6313
05:23:15,300 --> 05:23:19,200
Some visitors, use your stand as
a stop on a leisurely tour of 

6314
05:23:19,200 --> 05:23:22,600
Alexandria's shops enjoying the 
social side of buying at the 

6315
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:26,400
market You keep acting with the 
friendly professionalism, that 

6316
05:23:26,400 --> 05:23:28,600
has helped you build a good 
reputation over the years. 

6317
05:23:28,600 --> 05:23:32,300
Always honest about the pros and
cons of your products never 

6318
05:23:32,300 --> 05:23:36,600
pushy and always ready to help. 
In the long run this method 

6319
05:23:36,600 --> 05:23:40,100
builds trust contentment and the
kind of good word of mouth that 

6320
05:23:40,100 --> 05:23:42,900
drives new customers to your mat
week after week. 

6321
05:23:42,900 --> 05:23:45,500
This is better than the big 
sales that come from high 

6322
05:23:45,500 --> 05:23:48,400
pressure attacks. 
The Market Square becomes a 

6323
05:23:48,400 --> 05:23:51,300
sparkling seen as the sun rises 
to its highest point. 

6324
05:23:52,100 --> 05:23:55,400
Heat waves dance, like invisible
spirits of the stone pavement. 

6325
05:23:55,400 --> 05:23:59,100
Now tourists slaves, doing 
errands for their bosses and the

6326
05:23:59,100 --> 05:24:01,800
occasional local who can't wait 
until evening to shop or all in 

6327
05:24:01,800 --> 05:24:03,500
the market. 
Most of the mornings. 

6328
05:24:03,500 --> 05:24:05,600
Refined customers have gone home
to cool off. 

6329
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:08,900
The neighboring column that 
gives a narrow strip of shade is

6330
05:24:08,908 --> 05:24:11,300
one of the numerous 
architectural features that make

6331
05:24:11,300 --> 05:24:14,400
Alexandria's, Marketplace, 
beautiful, and sometimes 

6332
05:24:14,400 --> 05:24:16,900
beneficial. 
You've used it to your advantage

6333
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:20,300
by repositioning your display, 
the heat from the stones are 

6334
05:24:20,300 --> 05:24:22,900
still powerful enough to make 
you appreciate the wide brimmed 

6335
05:24:22,900 --> 05:24:24,100
hat. 
You bought from a Craftsman in 

6336
05:24:24,100 --> 05:24:25,600
the Ethiopian quarter last 
summer. 

6337
05:24:25,600 --> 05:24:29,700
Even though your Reed mat is now
in a cooler place during these 

6338
05:24:29,700 --> 05:24:33,200
hot midday hours Commerce slows 
down but it doesn't halt 

6339
05:24:33,200 --> 05:24:36,200
completely as a party of Roman 
visitors, walk through the 

6340
05:24:36,200 --> 05:24:38,500
market. 
Their Fair complexion is already

6341
05:24:38,500 --> 05:24:41,000
becoming pink. 
They seem to have miscalculated,

6342
05:24:41,000 --> 05:24:43,400
the North African sun, no matter
what. 

6343
05:24:43,400 --> 05:24:46,100
The weather is like they 
strolled from stall to vendor 

6344
05:24:46,100 --> 05:24:49,500
with the slightly overpowering. 
Excitement of individuals who 

6345
05:24:49,500 --> 05:24:52,100
are Keen to experience 
everything Alexandria has to 

6346
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:55,300
offer. 
A Roman woman with an expensive 

6347
05:24:55,300 --> 05:24:58,400
stroller. 
That shows she is used to luxury

6348
05:24:58,400 --> 05:25:01,700
stops by your display and looks 
at it with interest as someone 

6349
05:25:01,700 --> 05:25:04,200
who has access to the best items
from all over the Empire. 

6350
05:25:04,200 --> 05:25:06,800
She knows how to spot quality 
when she sees it. 

6351
05:25:07,400 --> 05:25:09,700
She carefully looks over your 
herb, infused oils. 

6352
05:25:09,700 --> 05:25:13,000
She says she's sorry, she 
doesn't speak the local dialect 

6353
05:25:13,000 --> 05:25:15,700
better but her Greek with a 
Latin accent is easy to 

6354
05:25:15,708 --> 05:25:18,400
understand your grammar isn't 
perfect. 

6355
05:25:18,400 --> 05:25:21,700
But you answer in your own 
careful Latin, which you've 

6356
05:25:21,700 --> 05:25:24,600
learned over the years of 
working with Roman clientele who

6357
05:25:24,600 --> 05:25:27,200
appreciate the effort, the 
discussion flows smoothly. 

6358
05:25:27,200 --> 05:25:30,400
As you talk about where your 
different oils come from and how

6359
05:25:30,400 --> 05:25:33,300
they can make the Italian meals.
She says, she misses from home 

6360
05:25:33,300 --> 05:25:35,700
taste better. 
Everyone like the concept of 

6361
05:25:35,700 --> 05:25:38,900
adding unusual flavors to 
familiar items and she buys 

6362
05:25:38,900 --> 05:25:42,400
several containers with the 
explicit purpose of revisiting 

6363
05:25:42,400 --> 05:25:44,200
her taste memory in a unique 
area. 

6364
05:25:45,300 --> 05:25:48,000
You can see that the young 
Copper Pot seller has now fixed 

6365
05:25:48,000 --> 05:25:51,000
up his display and seems to have
learned from his mistake. 

6366
05:25:51,000 --> 05:25:53,700
In the morning, the Romans are 
still looking about the market. 

6367
05:25:53,700 --> 05:25:56,900
He has put himself in a good 
position to catch anything that 

6368
05:25:56,900 --> 05:25:59,800
could try to get away and his 
pots are now arranged in a way 

6369
05:25:59,808 --> 05:26:02,800
that makes them more stable. 
His serious look shows that he 

6370
05:26:02,800 --> 05:26:04,900
is taking his Merchant 
education, seriously. 

6371
05:26:06,100 --> 05:26:09,100
The heat of midday brings both 
chances and problems. 

6372
05:26:09,100 --> 05:26:11,800
Even while fewer people are 
walking about at these hours, 

6373
05:26:11,800 --> 05:26:14,900
the ones who do tend to have 
specific needs that make them 

6374
05:26:14,900 --> 05:26:17,700
less sensitive to pricing and 
more focused on obtaining 

6375
05:26:17,700 --> 05:26:20,100
exactly what they want. 
People who live. 

6376
05:26:20,100 --> 05:26:22,500
There have been cooking 
emergencies that can't wait for 

6377
05:26:22,500 --> 05:26:25,300
cooler weather. 
Travelers are stocking up before

6378
05:26:25,300 --> 05:26:28,900
they continue their trips and 
Rich families are sending slaves

6379
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:30,900
to get certain items for fancy 
meals. 

6380
05:26:30,900 --> 05:26:35,100
A man who seems agitated and has
the energy of someone going 

6381
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:38,300
through a family crisis, walks 
up to your stand, his clever. 

6382
05:26:38,300 --> 05:26:41,100
Greek wife is making a special 
dinner for important guests 

6383
05:26:41,100 --> 05:26:43,000
today. 
That she can't find her good 

6384
05:26:43,000 --> 05:26:46,400
olive oil, their teenage son, 
who thinks that anything edible 

6385
05:26:46,400 --> 05:26:50,100
is, fair game for experimenting.
May have eaten it right now. 

6386
05:26:50,100 --> 05:26:52,900
The man needs oil and quality is
more vital than price. 

6387
05:26:53,700 --> 05:26:57,000
In times, like these experience,
pays off, it only takes a few 

6388
05:26:57,000 --> 05:26:59,100
seconds to figure out what a 
consumer really wants. 

6389
05:26:59,100 --> 05:27:02,400
And it's clear that this man 
needs more than details product,

6390
05:27:02,400 --> 05:27:06,200
descriptions to feel safe. 
You chose one container of urban

6391
05:27:06,200 --> 05:27:08,800
fused oil and one of your best 
regular oils. 

6392
05:27:08,800 --> 05:27:11,500
You say that the two together 
will provide you reliable 

6393
05:27:11,500 --> 05:27:14,700
cooking outcomes and the chance 
to make something special that 

6394
05:27:14,700 --> 05:27:16,300
will impress even the pickiest 
guests. 

6395
05:27:17,200 --> 05:27:20,000
He's obvious relief as he passes
over the money shows that you 

6396
05:27:20,000 --> 05:27:22,000
have correctly identified his 
problem. 

6397
05:27:22,000 --> 05:27:24,700
And priorities, you think his 
wife will be happy with the 

6398
05:27:24,708 --> 05:27:27,700
quality of her ingredients and 
the fact that her husband is 

6399
05:27:27,700 --> 05:27:30,100
taking charge of the situation 
as he rushes off. 

6400
05:27:30,100 --> 05:27:33,700
Holding his packages, like 
lifelines people, often come 

6401
05:27:33,700 --> 05:27:36,700
back to buy more after seeing 
the high quality ingredients can

6402
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:40,100
make cooking more special. 
The heat keeps rising in the 

6403
05:27:40,100 --> 05:27:43,200
early afternoon making the 
Market Square feel strange. 

6404
05:27:43,200 --> 05:27:46,300
People generally think that once
the Sun starts to drop in the 

6405
05:27:46,300 --> 05:27:50,100
west everything will get serious
again and conversations will get

6406
05:27:50,100 --> 05:27:53,100
more tranquil and motions will 
become more systematic. 

6407
05:27:53,100 --> 05:27:56,100
This is the time for patient 
businesses, that know that not 

6408
05:27:56,100 --> 05:27:57,900
everyone has the same chance to 
make money. 

6409
05:27:59,100 --> 05:28:02,100
During this slowest time you 
organize the rest of your stock,

6410
05:28:02,100 --> 05:28:05,600
wrapping up things that could be
damaged by the Heat and putting 

6411
05:28:05,600 --> 05:28:08,600
others in places where they can 
get little breeze that blows 

6412
05:28:08,600 --> 05:28:11,100
through the square, the stone 
column that Shields. 

6413
05:28:11,100 --> 05:28:13,800
You create small air currents. 
That make your location a little

6414
05:28:13,808 --> 05:28:17,000
more comfortable than the open 
sections where some Merchants 

6415
05:28:17,000 --> 05:28:19,700
still have to deal with the full
force of the Mediterranean Sun, 

6416
05:28:20,700 --> 05:28:22,600
during the warmest part of the 
Earth Day. 

6417
05:28:22,600 --> 05:28:26,500
A few more people look around 
mostly tourists, who have not 

6418
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:28,900
learned to respect local 
conventions about resting in the

6419
05:28:28,908 --> 05:28:31,900
afternoon or persons, with 
special needs, who put their 

6420
05:28:31,900 --> 05:28:34,800
requirements ahead of their 
comfort customers that shop 

6421
05:28:34,800 --> 05:28:37,300
during these hours, are 
sometimes very happy to locate 

6422
05:28:37,300 --> 05:28:39,900
exactly what they need when 
there are many other 

6423
05:28:39,900 --> 05:28:43,000
possibilities, but each sale 
takes a little more patience 

6424
05:28:43,000 --> 05:28:46,000
than in the morning. 
The Market Square comes back to 

6425
05:28:46,000 --> 05:28:49,500
life as the afternoon Sun starts
to set in a beautiful way over 

6426
05:28:49,500 --> 05:28:52,200
the Western Horizon. 
It's like a sleeping giant 

6427
05:28:52,200 --> 05:28:53,700
waking up. 
And remembering what it was 

6428
05:28:53,708 --> 05:28:57,000
meant to do when everything is 
bathed in warm amber light, and 

6429
05:28:57,000 --> 05:29:00,000
the Shadows are soft and 
forgiving the heat that made the

6430
05:29:00,000 --> 05:29:02,100
middle of the day. 
So unbearable, gives way to the 

6431
05:29:02,100 --> 05:29:05,100
magical light that photographers
would later call Golden hour. 

6432
05:29:06,100 --> 05:29:10,200
As the sun moves, your shadowed 
spot becomes less significant. 

6433
05:29:10,200 --> 05:29:13,500
You move your display again to 
take advantage of the better 

6434
05:29:13,500 --> 05:29:15,300
lighting. 
Even though sales have been 

6435
05:29:15,308 --> 05:29:18,900
steady all day, there are still 
a lot of stuff left over and it 

6436
05:29:18,900 --> 05:29:21,200
should be displayed in a way 
that makes the most of the 

6437
05:29:21,200 --> 05:29:24,200
beautiful evening light. 
The urban fused oils seem to 

6438
05:29:24,208 --> 05:29:27,300
hold on to the Warm Glow, 
creating a show that looks like 

6439
05:29:27,300 --> 05:29:30,900
a jewel and draws the attention 
of people from all parts of the 

6440
05:29:30,900 --> 05:29:34,000
square. 
People who shop in the morning 

6441
05:29:34,000 --> 05:29:37,700
and at noon, a considerably 
different from those who shot at

6442
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:39,600
night. 
These customers walk at a 

6443
05:29:39,600 --> 05:29:42,800
leisurely Pace, like people who 
have finished their daily tasks 

6444
05:29:42,800 --> 05:29:45,900
and have time to look around 
investigate and maybe find 

6445
05:29:45,900 --> 05:29:49,200
something new people who work 
during the day can finally see 

6446
05:29:49,200 --> 05:29:51,800
their favorite vendors. 
Families can walk around the 

6447
05:29:51,800 --> 05:29:54,900
market together and servants can
perform last minute Charles 

6448
05:29:54,900 --> 05:29:58,000
before going home. 
A retired scholar walks up to 

6449
05:29:58,000 --> 05:30:00,900
your stool with a serious look 
on his face. 

6450
05:30:00,900 --> 05:30:04,300
And a walking stick that softly 
Taps on the stone pavement, he 

6451
05:30:04,300 --> 05:30:07,400
looks over your products very 
thoroughly and asked questions 

6452
05:30:07,400 --> 05:30:08,800
that show. 
He knows a lot about 

6453
05:30:08,800 --> 05:30:11,500
Mediterranean cooking. 
It's clear that this person 

6454
05:30:11,500 --> 05:30:14,700
thinks cooking is both an art 
and a science and he's looking 

6455
05:30:14,700 --> 05:30:16,500
for items that will show off his
skills. 

6456
05:30:17,200 --> 05:30:20,000
You have the kind of deep 
conversations that make this job

6457
05:30:20,000 --> 05:30:23,700
so rewarding he wants to know 
where the herbs in your infused 

6458
05:30:23,700 --> 05:30:27,100
oils come from and how different
combinations can perform better 

6459
05:30:27,100 --> 05:30:30,100
with different cooking methods. 
The talk goes across everything 

6460
05:30:30,100 --> 05:30:33,100
from Greek techniques to make 
veggies taste better to Roman 

6461
05:30:33,100 --> 05:30:36,400
ways to cook fish, you all so 
find out that your customer has 

6462
05:30:36,400 --> 05:30:39,200
traveled a lot and collected 
recipes like some people collect

6463
05:30:39,200 --> 05:30:41,600
coins. 
He finally buys a lot of things 

6464
05:30:41,600 --> 05:30:43,700
including many containers of 
different oils. 

6465
05:30:43,700 --> 05:30:47,400
Each chosen for a specific 
cooking purpose that he happily 

6466
05:30:47,400 --> 05:30:50,200
describes. 
He tells you about uses for your

6467
05:30:50,200 --> 05:30:53,100
items that you hadn't thought 
of, and he promises to send 

6468
05:30:53,100 --> 05:30:55,300
other serious Cooks, he knows to
your stand. 

6469
05:30:55,300 --> 05:30:57,700
This is worth more than the 
rapid sale. 

6470
05:30:57,700 --> 05:31:01,100
No amount of yelling or flashy 
sales pitchers can compare to 

6471
05:31:01,100 --> 05:31:03,700
the value of loyal, customers 
telling their friends about your

6472
05:31:03,700 --> 05:31:06,000
business. 
You can tell that the young 

6473
05:31:06,000 --> 05:31:07,700
Copper Pot seller had a tough 
morning. 

6474
05:31:07,700 --> 05:31:11,600
But as the day goes on, you can 
see that he has had a good day 

6475
05:31:11,600 --> 05:31:14,100
with the pleasure of someone who
has effectively. 

6476
05:31:14,100 --> 05:31:15,800
Applied important Lessons 
Learned. 

6477
05:31:15,800 --> 05:31:19,700
He has cut down on his display 
by a lot and is carefully 

6478
05:31:19,700 --> 05:31:21,200
wrapping up the rest of his 
stock. 

6479
05:31:21,200 --> 05:31:24,100
It's nice to see new people get 
settled into the traditional 

6480
05:31:24,100 --> 05:31:26,700
dance of business. 
The marketplace takes on a 

6481
05:31:26,700 --> 05:31:28,700
different identity as the day 
comes to an end. 

6482
05:31:28,700 --> 05:31:31,600
People seem to think that the 
serious business of buying and 

6483
05:31:31,600 --> 05:31:34,800
selling is giving way to the 
social side of Market life as 

6484
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:36,300
talks. 
Get more casual and 

6485
05:31:36,300 --> 05:31:39,800
transactions, become less tense,
regular customers and sellers, 

6486
05:31:39,800 --> 05:31:42,600
talk about neighborhood, gossip 
family news and what they expect

6487
05:31:42,600 --> 05:31:45,200
to sell tomorrow. 
Kids who have been stuck indoors

6488
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:47,900
because of the Heat come out 
with their parents and add their

6489
05:31:47,900 --> 05:31:50,400
voices to the subtle murmur of 
evening Commerce. 

6490
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:53,700
The well-dressed woman who was 
your first customer of the day 

6491
05:31:53,700 --> 05:31:57,300
comes back with two companions 
who are clearly from out of 

6492
05:31:57,300 --> 05:31:59,100
town. 
This leads to your last big 

6493
05:31:59,100 --> 05:32:01,300
transaction of the day. 
Something you didn't expect. 

6494
05:32:01,300 --> 05:32:04,200
She talks about your herb 
infused oils. 

6495
05:32:04,200 --> 05:32:06,500
With the eagerness of someone 
who has already used the oil, 

6496
05:32:06,500 --> 05:32:09,200
she bought in the morning and is
happy with the results. 

6497
05:32:09,200 --> 05:32:12,300
You mentally, note your friends 
choices for later, use when they

6498
05:32:12,308 --> 05:32:16,300
buy in bulk as the sun sets 
painting, the Western sky with 

6499
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:18,900
pink and gold colors, that would
make even the gods. 

6500
05:32:18,900 --> 05:32:21,500
Stop and stare. 
You begin, the process of 

6501
05:32:21,500 --> 05:32:25,400
closing down your stall for the 
day, your coin purse, which is 

6502
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:28,700
substantially heavier now than 
it was at Daybreak represents 

6503
05:32:28,700 --> 05:32:32,300
both your financial success and 
the satisfaction that comes from

6504
05:32:32,300 --> 05:32:35,600
pairing high quality Goods with 
happy clients all day long. 

6505
05:32:36,400 --> 05:32:38,800
The last of the goods are 
carefully packaged for 

6506
05:32:38,800 --> 05:32:41,900
tomorrow's Market, each box is 
wrapped and secured so that they

6507
05:32:41,900 --> 05:32:44,500
will be in perfect shape for 
another day of probable sales. 

6508
05:32:45,300 --> 05:32:48,000
You read mat which is been a 
loyal friend on many Market days

6509
05:32:48,000 --> 05:32:51,300
is folded with the respect that 
comes from a reliable business 

6510
05:32:51,300 --> 05:32:54,100
partner, you take apart the 
wooden platform that contains 

6511
05:32:54,100 --> 05:32:56,400
your special oils and store it 
with your other tools. 

6512
05:32:57,200 --> 05:33:00,200
The market square around you 
steadily empties out as other 

6513
05:33:00,200 --> 05:33:02,200
vendors conclude their own 
closing tasks. 

6514
05:33:02,200 --> 05:33:05,100
Some people are packing up empty
containers with happy 

6515
05:33:05,100 --> 05:33:09,100
Expressions, after selling out, 
Others who might not be as lucky

6516
05:33:09,100 --> 05:33:12,900
or experienced emerging their 
leftover goods and getting ready

6517
05:33:12,900 --> 05:33:15,400
for tomorrow's event. 
No matter what happens today, 

6518
05:33:15,400 --> 05:33:19,000
tomorrow brings new chances. 
This shows that the merchants 

6519
05:33:19,000 --> 05:33:20,500
are always hopeful in every 
face. 

6520
05:33:21,300 --> 05:33:23,600
Walking home through 
Alexandria's quiet evening. 

6521
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,800
Streets is a nice break from The
Busy Market Commerce and the 

6522
05:33:26,800 --> 05:33:28,500
more subtle pleasures of daily 
life. 

6523
05:33:28,500 --> 05:33:32,100
Your leather bag which now 
houses in stead of products 

6524
05:33:32,100 --> 05:33:34,100
pleasantly brushes against your 
hip. 

6525
05:33:34,100 --> 05:33:36,900
With each stride, reminding you 
of what you've done that day. 

6526
05:33:37,600 --> 05:33:40,200
The cobblestones under your 
sandals, feel nice and familiar.

6527
05:33:40,200 --> 05:33:43,500
They are still warm from the 
days heat but not too hot. 

6528
05:33:44,200 --> 05:33:46,700
As people in the city like their
oil lamps and the smell of 

6529
05:33:46,700 --> 05:33:49,900
dinner cooking wafted Through 
the Windows and Doors, the city,

6530
05:33:49,900 --> 05:33:51,700
relaxes in to its nightly 
Rhythm. 

6531
05:33:51,700 --> 05:33:54,700
You smile at the prospect that 
the money May this morning, 

6532
05:33:54,708 --> 05:33:56,300
might go toward the family 
dinner tonight. 

6533
05:33:57,300 --> 05:33:59,300
Someone nearby is cooking fish 
with herbs. 

6534
05:33:59,300 --> 05:34:01,200
That smell a lot. 
Like the ones you use in your 

6535
05:34:01,200 --> 05:34:03,700
own personal blend. 
If it feels great to know that 

6536
05:34:03,700 --> 05:34:06,000
your work helps people get 
together over good food and 

6537
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:08,300
meals. 
You buy a loaf of bread from the

6538
05:34:08,308 --> 05:34:11,000
bakery, where you've been a 
regular customer for 15 years. 

6539
05:34:11,000 --> 05:34:13,400
The bread is still warm from the
ovens. 

6540
05:34:13,400 --> 05:34:17,500
The heavy set, man, who works as
a baker and constantly has flour

6541
05:34:17,500 --> 05:34:20,800
on his apron, asks, about your 
day, with the genuine interests 

6542
05:34:20,800 --> 05:34:24,700
of a small company owner, 
inquiring about another and not 

6543
05:34:24,700 --> 05:34:26,800
have approval and a loaf of 
bread that is a little bigger 

6544
05:34:26,800 --> 05:34:28,800
than what you paid for. 
Are the fruits of your short 

6545
05:34:28,800 --> 05:34:31,100
report of steady sales and happy
customers. 

6546
05:34:31,100 --> 05:34:34,300
This is the kind of small 
gesture of kindness, that makes 

6547
05:34:34,300 --> 05:34:37,500
a local business feel like a 
community instead of just a 

6548
05:34:37,500 --> 05:34:40,300
transaction. 
The Narrow Street that connects 

6549
05:34:40,300 --> 05:34:42,900
to your home and store feels 
like a safe place after the 

6550
05:34:42,900 --> 05:34:46,000
Market Square is so bustling. 
The voice is a software. 

6551
05:34:46,000 --> 05:34:49,300
The tempo is slower and the 
problems are more personal than 

6552
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:53,600
business-related kids play games
in small Courtyards and their 

6553
05:34:53,600 --> 05:34:55,600
laughter Echoes off the old 
stone walls. 

6554
05:34:55,600 --> 05:34:58,700
That have seen many nights like 
these elderly people sit at 

6555
05:34:58,700 --> 05:35:01,400
doorways and watch the world go 
by, with the patient attention 

6556
05:35:01,400 --> 05:35:04,200
of individuals who have learned 
to enjoy the drama of everyday 

6557
05:35:04,200 --> 05:35:06,500
life. 
As you walk in to your shop, 

6558
05:35:06,500 --> 05:35:09,500
which has been locked since 
Daybreak, The Familiar smell of 

6559
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:12,500
olive oil and the faint floral 
notes, that fill the whole 

6560
05:35:12,500 --> 05:35:16,100
building greet you, the huge 
storage and foreign which stand,

6561
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:18,200
like motionless guards in the 
darkening Sky. 

6562
05:35:18,200 --> 05:35:21,200
Hold both the wealth of the 
present and the promise of the 

6563
05:35:21,200 --> 05:35:23,600
future tomorrow. 
You'll need to restock some 

6564
05:35:23,600 --> 05:35:25,700
items. 
Maybe test out a new herb 

6565
05:35:25,700 --> 05:35:27,600
combination that came to you 
while you were talking to 

6566
05:35:27,600 --> 05:35:30,900
clients today and definitely 
organized the best possible mix 

6567
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:32,600
of products for another day in 
the market. 

6568
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:37,500
The stairs to your living space 
Creek, their nightly greeting, 

6569
05:35:37,500 --> 05:35:39,800
as you climb to the chamber, 
that serves as both a bedroom 

6570
05:35:39,808 --> 05:35:41,900
and a quiet escape from the 
business World below. 

6571
05:35:41,900 --> 05:35:45,200
You may finally relax here 
surrounded by things that tell 

6572
05:35:45,200 --> 05:35:47,100
the story of your 20 years as a 
merchant. 

6573
05:35:47,100 --> 05:35:50,500
The bronze mirror shows a face 
that is pleasantly tired from 

6574
05:35:50,500 --> 05:35:53,800
both mental and physical effort,
which is different from just 

6575
05:35:53,800 --> 05:35:56,100
being tired. 
You count the money, you 

6576
05:35:56,100 --> 05:35:58,500
generate every day because you 
need to keep an eye on your 

6577
05:35:58,500 --> 05:36:02,300
business's health and prepare 
for future purchases and 

6578
05:36:02,300 --> 05:36:04,200
Investments. 
Not because you want to the 

6579
05:36:04,200 --> 05:36:07,100
coins are more than just money, 
they show that you have good 

6580
05:36:07,100 --> 05:36:09,700
relationships with your 
customers, that your pricing and

6581
05:36:09,700 --> 05:36:12,500
quality judgement are still good
and that you'll have enough 

6582
05:36:12,500 --> 05:36:15,600
resources for New Opportunities.
When the Market opens tomorrow, 

6583
05:36:15,600 --> 05:36:18,800
you make the evening meal with 
food, you bought on your way 

6584
05:36:18,800 --> 05:36:21,400
home and it becomes a private 
celebration of the days. 

6585
05:36:21,400 --> 05:36:24,700
Work, a simple but full dinner 
made with bread from your local 

6586
05:36:24,700 --> 05:36:28,300
bakery cheese, from the seller 
to blocks away and a little bit 

6587
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:30,100
of your own. 
Best olive oil, connects you to 

6588
05:36:30,100 --> 05:36:33,100
the business and community that 
makes Alexandria such a terrific

6589
05:36:33,100 --> 05:36:39,100
place to live and work. 
As knight sets and the sounds of

6590
05:36:39,100 --> 05:36:43,100
the evening distant chatter, the
clip-clop of late Travelers 

6591
05:36:43,100 --> 05:36:45,400
donkeys, and the closing of 
shutters and doors. 

6592
05:36:45,400 --> 05:36:48,100
Create the sweet Lullaby of 
urban life. 

6593
05:36:48,100 --> 05:36:51,700
Winding down, you think about 
the routines and joys of the 

6594
05:36:51,700 --> 05:36:55,200
merchants existence each day 
brings new challenges and 

6595
05:36:55,200 --> 05:36:57,900
rewards the new group of people 
with different needs and 

6596
05:36:57,900 --> 05:37:01,400
personalities and opportunities,
to match products with clients 

6597
05:37:01,400 --> 05:37:05,300
who will really utilize them. 
As you get ready for bed, the 

6598
05:37:05,300 --> 05:37:08,800
lamp flame, flickers, softly 
making Shadows danced, on the 

6599
05:37:08,800 --> 05:37:11,100
walls that have kept. 
You safe during good times and 

6600
05:37:11,100 --> 05:37:13,400
bad when Alexandria was doing 
well. 

6601
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:17,000
And when politics May trade 
harder, the basic appeal of 

6602
05:37:17,000 --> 05:37:20,200
being a merchant has never 
changed the satisfaction of 

6603
05:37:20,200 --> 05:37:22,500
delivering high-quality Goods to
happy customers. 

6604
05:37:22,500 --> 05:37:25,900
The intellectual challenge of 
understanding markets and people

6605
05:37:25,900 --> 05:37:29,100
equally well and the knowledge 
that your work is helping the 

6606
05:37:29,100 --> 05:37:32,800
great human effort to provide 
food shelter and care for one 

6607
05:37:32,800 --> 05:37:35,100
another. 
Tomorrow will bring a fresh 

6608
05:37:35,100 --> 05:37:36,900
opportunity to do business 
ethically. 

6609
05:37:36,900 --> 05:37:39,900
In one of the biggest markets on
the globe, you'll meet new 

6610
05:37:39,900 --> 05:37:42,800
clientele with different needs 
and tastes, and you'll have new 

6611
05:37:42,800 --> 05:37:44,300
chance as to do business 
ethically. 

6612
05:37:44,300 --> 05:37:47,200
You can rest easy tonight. 
Knowing that you did a good job 

6613
05:37:47,200 --> 05:37:50,400
kept your relationship strong 
and had another successful day 

6614
05:37:50,400 --> 05:37:53,400
in the endlessly, interesting, 
Business of Being Human where 

6615
05:37:53,400 --> 05:37:56,400
everyone needs something. 
And the wise Merchants Joy is in

6616
05:37:56,408 --> 05:37:59,600
helping and find it. 
The donkey next door. 

6617
05:37:59,600 --> 05:38:02,000
Seems happy with how he sang 
this morning and goes to sleep 

6618
05:38:02,000 --> 05:38:04,400
peacefully while Alexandria 
sleeps. 

6619
05:38:04,400 --> 05:38:05,800
The merchants of tomorrow 
already. 

6620
05:38:05,800 --> 05:38:14,300
Dreaming of mourning. 
Harry Houdini's Story, begins 

6621
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:17,300
not with Fanfare, but with a 
toddler on a rickety ship Bound 

6622
05:38:17,300 --> 05:38:20,200
for America. 
Born, Eric Vice in Budapest on 

6623
05:38:20,200 --> 05:38:23,300
March, 24th 1874. 
He was the fourth of seven 

6624
05:38:23,300 --> 05:38:25,900
children to a rabbi father. 
In his wife, the family 

6625
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:29,300
emigrated to the United States 
in 1878 Landing. 

6626
05:38:29,300 --> 05:38:33,200
In Wisconsin, young Eric as he 
was nicknamed grew up on 

6627
05:38:33,200 --> 05:38:35,600
Miracles, far less glamorous 
than Grand Illusions. 

6628
05:38:35,600 --> 05:38:39,100
His father, lost his first 
pulpit in 1882 and the vase 

6629
05:38:39,100 --> 05:38:43,500
family fell into die at poverty.
Eric, a small town boy with 

6630
05:38:43,500 --> 05:38:46,600
lofty, aspirations skillfully. 
Juggled his work and survival 

6631
05:38:46,600 --> 05:38:50,100
obligations with his early 
Showbiz Instincts by age 9. 

6632
05:38:50,100 --> 05:38:52,800
He was performing as a trapeze 
artist and billing himself as 

6633
05:38:52,800 --> 05:38:55,200
Airy. 
The prince of the air, in one of

6634
05:38:55,200 --> 05:38:57,800
many makeshift tent shows even 
as a child. 

6635
05:38:57,800 --> 05:39:00,100
He seemed to understand that 
real Escape was needed. 

6636
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:04,000
Escaping hunger with shoe 
shining and newspaper rounds and

6637
05:39:04,000 --> 05:39:06,500
escaping obscurity by wowing 
circus crowds. 

6638
05:39:06,500 --> 05:39:09,000
The name Houdini was still years
away. 

6639
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:12,600
Eric Weiss spent his earlier, 
lessons, running errands for 

6640
05:39:12,608 --> 05:39:16,000
theaters and dabbling in 
gymnastics, at the age of 13, 

6641
05:39:16,000 --> 05:39:18,400
Eric Weiss and his father, 
relocated to New York City 

6642
05:39:18,400 --> 05:39:22,100
settling into a drafty boarding 
house situated on East 79th. 

6643
05:39:22,100 --> 05:39:25,700
Street, he took on any odd, jobs
available, even working as a 

6644
05:39:25,700 --> 05:39:29,200
wild-eyed, carnival Beast, Man. 
Simply to help his family make 

6645
05:39:29,200 --> 05:39:31,900
ends meet A rabbi and Appleton 
Wisconsin. 

6646
05:39:31,900 --> 05:39:34,400
Had once been his father's proud
position. 

6647
05:39:34,400 --> 05:39:38,300
Now the future escape artist was
dancing on tightrope for spare 

6648
05:39:38,300 --> 05:39:41,400
change. 
By his teens, he was tall and 

6649
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:45,900
simu in to make an impression 
and athletic cross-country 

6650
05:39:45,900 --> 05:39:50,300
Runner turned Showman. 
In 1891, Eric tried to turn his 

6651
05:39:50,300 --> 05:39:53,200
mechanical skill for locks and 
chains in to a magic career. 

6652
05:39:54,100 --> 05:39:58,600
You read the autobiography of 
French magician, Roboto, and 

6653
05:39:58,600 --> 05:40:02,300
wrongly assumed that adding an I
meant like Huda in French. 

6654
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:07,500
Thus, wise, became Vise and Eris
became Harry Houdini He later 

6655
05:40:07,500 --> 05:40:10,300
insisted Harry was in homage to 
his Idol, Harry kellar. 

6656
05:40:10,300 --> 05:40:13,800
But in truth, the name who dini 
mostly came from a childhood 

6657
05:40:13,800 --> 05:40:17,500
nickname for Eric This 
optimistic renaming did not 

6658
05:40:17,508 --> 05:40:20,600
instantly, conjure success. 
He and his younger brother, 

6659
05:40:20,600 --> 05:40:23,800
Theo, even formed a Vaudeville 
act called The Brothers Houdini 

6660
05:40:23,800 --> 05:40:26,400
which flopped so badly. 
They returned to New York near 

6661
05:40:26,400 --> 05:40:29,900
starvation wages. 
For years who Deanie's career 

6662
05:40:29,900 --> 05:40:33,500
was the opposite of spectacular.
He presented himself as the king

6663
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:36,200
of cards and performed in the 
sleazy dime museums. 

6664
05:40:36,200 --> 05:40:39,000
His first magic shows were 
routine parlor tricks that 

6665
05:40:39,000 --> 05:40:40,800
rarely paid more than a few 
dollars per night. 

6666
05:40:40,800 --> 05:40:43,700
The couple in their acts 
traversed, various Theatres 

6667
05:40:43,700 --> 05:40:46,900
their pockets brimming with 
talent but depleted by limited 

6668
05:40:46,900 --> 05:40:49,200
funds. 
One moment they were in Chicago 

6669
05:40:49,200 --> 05:40:53,900
at the 1893 World's Fair with 
Hope Diamond Shimmer the next 

6670
05:40:53,900 --> 05:40:56,300
just as quickly. 
They were boxed into an opium 

6671
05:40:56,300 --> 05:40:59,300
denside show. 
The early 20th century, Showbiz 

6672
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:02,900
was a terrifying experience, 
combining elements of starvation

6673
05:41:02,900 --> 05:41:06,300
and hardship. 
Through those struggles, who 

6674
05:41:06,300 --> 05:41:10,600
deenie learned of lesson 
confinement in a mess box posed,

6675
05:41:10,600 --> 05:41:12,900
a greater risk than imprisonment
by creditors. 

6676
05:41:12,900 --> 05:41:16,000
He tinkered with handcuffs and 
shackles in his off-hours 

6677
05:41:16,000 --> 05:41:19,300
convinced their must be a way 
out there was Little Wonder 

6678
05:41:19,300 --> 05:41:22,100
given his name that he became 
obsessed with getting out. 

6679
05:41:22,100 --> 05:41:25,600
He tested keys in his slimy 
apartment and studied 

6680
05:41:25,600 --> 05:41:27,300
locksmithing using ragged 
manuals. 

6681
05:41:28,100 --> 05:41:31,100
When Houdini first approached a 
lock one friend would later quip

6682
05:41:31,100 --> 05:41:34,000
that lock. 
Screamed at an SOS by morning. 

6683
05:41:35,200 --> 05:41:38,400
By 1894 his wife Bess formerly 
Wilhelmina. 

6684
05:41:38,400 --> 05:41:41,300
Rana was relieved that he was 
making more money as a doorman 

6685
05:41:41,300 --> 05:41:42,800
and bouncer than he was with his
magic. 

6686
05:41:42,800 --> 05:41:45,600
It took a few more years of 
scraping by before anything 

6687
05:41:45,600 --> 05:41:47,400
resembling a big break 
materialized. 

6688
05:41:47,400 --> 05:41:50,800
But let's say, the stage was set
for Houdini to really break out 

6689
05:41:50,800 --> 05:41:53,900
the year. 1889 was Houdini's, 
who dini moment. 

6690
05:41:53,900 --> 05:41:57,500
He was performing in Saint Paul 
Minnesota, doing the same card 

6691
05:41:57,500 --> 05:42:00,100
tricks and juggling acts that 
had entertained Midwestern 

6692
05:42:00,100 --> 05:42:03,800
saloons for a decade. 
When fate in the form of 

6693
05:42:03,800 --> 05:42:07,100
wardville, manager, Martin Beck 
not knocked on his dressing room

6694
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:09,500
door. 
Beck was already booking big 

6695
05:42:09,500 --> 05:42:12,300
novelty acts and needed 
something new to wow the 

6696
05:42:12,300 --> 05:42:15,400
audience. 
Who Houdini demonstrated to Beck

6697
05:42:15,400 --> 05:42:18,000
his preferred distraction 
technique, which involved 

6698
05:42:18,000 --> 05:42:21,000
escaping from a pair of prison, 
handcuffs a feat, that would 

6699
05:42:21,000 --> 05:42:25,000
have left most men speak less. 
The normally unflappable back 

6700
05:42:25,000 --> 05:42:28,300
size lit up. 
Stick with those Escape stunts, 

6701
05:42:28,300 --> 05:42:30,700
he advised, and I'll get you on 
the Orpheum circuit. 

6702
05:42:31,600 --> 05:42:34,300
Within weeks who deny was 
performing at the top wardville 

6703
05:42:34,300 --> 05:42:36,900
Halls Across America. 
The public had suddenly Gone 

6704
05:42:36,900 --> 05:42:39,500
Wild for the idea that a man 
could slip through steel 

6705
05:42:39,500 --> 05:42:42,000
restraints, as easily as you 
slip through airport, security. 

6706
05:42:42,000 --> 05:42:44,200
And who Deanie became their 
handcuff? 

6707
05:42:44,200 --> 05:42:48,200
Who dini He wasn't the first 
escape artist ever, but he 

6708
05:42:48,200 --> 05:42:50,200
invented the concept of Escape 
Mania. 

6709
05:42:51,100 --> 05:42:55,100
Every evening from Saint Paul to
Chicago, Houdini lived up to his

6710
05:42:55,100 --> 05:42:58,400
name by springing, free from 
County jail cells supplied by 

6711
05:42:58,400 --> 05:43:02,100
impressed, local sheriffs, tied 
in leather straps and dipped 

6712
05:43:02,100 --> 05:43:04,400
into rivers in wooden crates. 
He'd emerged minutes later 

6713
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:07,900
dripping but Unchained, he was 
performing escapes that were so 

6714
05:43:07,908 --> 05:43:10,700
physically. 
Impossible newspaper, Miss York 

6715
05:43:10,700 --> 05:43:14,000
and girls fainted one, local 
paper headlined. 

6716
05:43:14,000 --> 05:43:17,900
If I put these cuffs on you'll 
never escape and who Houdini 

6717
05:43:17,900 --> 05:43:21,200
escaped anyway asking of the 
headlines and leaving jailers to

6718
05:43:21,200 --> 05:43:23,300
eat another bite of plain donuts
for supper. 

6719
05:43:24,600 --> 05:43:28,300
By the year. 1900 Beckett 
arranged for Houdini to travel 

6720
05:43:28,300 --> 05:43:33,300
abroad, and in London Who deeney
Rose to even greater Fame in 

6721
05:43:33,300 --> 05:43:36,000
England, he encountered a 
notoriously skeptical, police 

6722
05:43:36,000 --> 05:43:39,200
force at Scotland Yard, the 
initial audition resulted in 

6723
05:43:39,200 --> 05:43:41,800
Houdini being restrained, in the
renowned yards iron's. 

6724
05:43:41,800 --> 05:43:44,400
He confidently walked out in 
just five minutes. 

6725
05:43:45,400 --> 05:43:48,400
Houdini immediately secured a 
six-month contract at London's 

6726
05:43:48,400 --> 05:43:51,000
Alhambra theater where he 
quickly Rose to fame. 

6727
05:43:51,000 --> 05:43:55,200
Americans and Brits are like 
flocked to his shows and to 

6728
05:43:55,200 --> 05:43:59,300
Houdini this was no illusion, 
his salary, shot up to, $300 a 

6729
05:43:59,300 --> 05:44:03,600
week, a fortune at the time, a 
young man who wants a beans and 

6730
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:06,800
rice, with Stage mates, in New 
York was now presenting gold 

6731
05:44:06,800 --> 05:44:08,500
medals to his mother and 
renting. 

6732
05:44:08,500 --> 05:44:14,400
A 25,000 dollar Brownstone in 
Harlem, by 1904 As a nice bonus 

6733
05:44:14,400 --> 05:44:16,800
for poor, Mama Weiss. 
He even bought her. 

6734
05:44:16,800 --> 05:44:19,700
Our gown rumored to have been 
made for Queen Victoria. 

6735
05:44:19,700 --> 05:44:22,800
The proudest hour of the 
family's history who deny later 

6736
05:44:22,800 --> 05:44:27,000
said, By his mid-twenties, 
Houdini had largely overcome. 

6737
05:44:27,000 --> 05:44:29,600
His poverty. 
Newspapers began calling him. 

6738
05:44:29,600 --> 05:44:31,800
The Handcuff King. 
So, a title. 

6739
05:44:31,800 --> 05:44:35,100
He wore with pride. 
He was also forthright about his

6740
05:44:35,100 --> 05:44:37,800
methods. 
Houdini freely admitted to 

6741
05:44:37,800 --> 05:44:40,900
hiding skeleton keys in his 
pockets, tucking bits of wire 

6742
05:44:40,900 --> 05:44:43,500
into his sleeve and 
occasionally, using his teeth to

6743
05:44:43,500 --> 05:44:45,800
pick a lock. 
He was genuinely risking his 

6744
05:44:45,800 --> 05:44:48,900
life to escape from jail cells. 
He studied every handcuff made 

6745
05:44:48,900 --> 05:44:51,600
and have what one locksmith 
friend turned photographic 

6746
05:44:51,600 --> 05:44:55,000
memory for tricky locking 
mechanisms, not that he needed 

6747
05:44:55,000 --> 05:44:59,400
memorization for long as Houdini
dryly noted in his 1910 book. 

6748
05:44:59,400 --> 05:45:03,000
A simple shoelace Loop could 
open old cuffs almost as cleanly

6749
05:45:03,000 --> 05:45:06,100
as a key. 
Every Newsboy in New York soon. 

6750
05:45:06,100 --> 05:45:08,900
Knew the name who Deanie? 
He discarded. 

6751
05:45:08,900 --> 05:45:11,700
His old card tricks, as easily 
as one with throw away last 

6752
05:45:11,700 --> 05:45:14,300
season shoe polish. 
He was now preoccupied with 

6753
05:45:14,300 --> 05:45:17,100
impossible. 
Escapees nail riveted packing 

6754
05:45:17,100 --> 05:45:20,700
crates, Straight Jackets, 
Berlin, Police sell turn arounds

6755
05:45:20,700 --> 05:45:24,200
and yes even a man called swim 
in a Chicago River once. 

6756
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:26,900
Houdini had invited. 
The very police. 

6757
05:45:26,900 --> 05:45:30,100
He was escaping from to hold him
down and watching them fail by 

6758
05:45:30,100 --> 05:45:32,500
midday was the best free 
publicity imaginable. 

6759
05:45:33,400 --> 05:45:35,100
Houdini had charged for being 
locked up. 

6760
05:45:35,100 --> 05:45:38,000
He probably would have paid off 
his entire contract and stash of

6761
05:45:38,000 --> 05:45:42,200
cuff keys. 
By 1905, the world knew him and 

6762
05:45:42,200 --> 05:45:45,100
his breathless. 
Newsmen wanted more more danger,

6763
05:45:45,100 --> 05:45:48,900
more distance, more Houdini, 
with the Handcuff tricks safely 

6764
05:45:48,900 --> 05:45:51,700
under his belt, who dini needed 
a new way to surprise the world 

6765
05:45:51,700 --> 05:45:55,100
and when it came to upping, the 
ante who Deen was a natural 

6766
05:45:55,100 --> 05:45:59,100
risk-taker. 
Around 1908, he retreated from 

6767
05:45:59,100 --> 05:46:02,800
handcuffs in favor of dramatic 
water escapes, the milk can 

6768
05:46:02,800 --> 05:46:06,000
escape his first major liquid 
act involved, who deny 

6769
05:46:06,000 --> 05:46:08,900
padlocking himself inside. 
A massive milk can filled with 

6770
05:46:08,900 --> 05:46:11,800
water, and challenging and 
audience member to seal the top 

6771
05:46:11,800 --> 05:46:15,300
then second later, he'd pop out,
like, he'd never skip breakfast.

6772
05:46:15,300 --> 05:46:18,900
The stunt was so successful. 
He took it overseas immediately 

6773
05:46:18,900 --> 05:46:21,800
and crowd members began betting,
whether who deenie would dangle 

6774
05:46:21,800 --> 05:46:24,300
like a drowned in SEC or slip 
out Victorious. 

6775
05:46:25,200 --> 05:46:29,100
Spoiler who dini one every time.
Much to the disappointment of 

6776
05:46:29,100 --> 05:46:32,100
the Boeing skeptic's, once the 
milk became well, known 

6777
05:46:32,100 --> 05:46:35,200
imitators crept in like moths to
a flame proof cloth. 

6778
05:46:35,200 --> 05:46:38,400
Who dini never wanted to be 
outdone went around building 

6779
05:46:38,400 --> 05:46:42,300
more, elaborate traps in 1912 he
unveiled what would become his 

6780
05:46:42,300 --> 05:46:45,500
most infamous gimmick? 
The Chinese water torture cell 

6781
05:46:45,500 --> 05:46:49,900
which Houdini himself preferred 
to call Simply upside down For 

6782
05:46:49,900 --> 05:46:51,800
that purpose. 
He commissioned a custom tank of

6783
05:46:51,800 --> 05:46:55,500
mahogany and steel. 
With a thick plate glass window 

6784
05:46:55,500 --> 05:46:59,900
and plumbing fixtures in effect 
a giant aquarium on its side, he

6785
05:46:59,900 --> 05:47:03,100
would be spread eagle and 
dropped in head, first feet. 

6786
05:47:03,100 --> 05:47:07,500
First Eyes, Only on the crowd as
water poured into fill the cell 

6787
05:47:07,500 --> 05:47:10,500
completely every spectator. 
Expected him to drown. 

6788
05:47:11,300 --> 05:47:14,900
Instead Houdini held his breath 
over three minutes. 

6789
05:47:14,900 --> 05:47:18,200
In fact, and unlocked his way 
out while completely upside 

6790
05:47:18,200 --> 05:47:20,700
down. 
The Act was so spectacular that 

6791
05:47:20,700 --> 05:47:22,900
audiences Believe The 
Illusionist had a fish like 

6792
05:47:22,900 --> 05:47:26,200
appearance and it remains one of
Houdini's greatest trials to 

6793
05:47:26,200 --> 05:47:30,000
this day. 
Along with water Feats, who do 

6794
05:47:30,000 --> 05:47:33,200
you need delighted in? 
Are Bernier bonus, cape's no 

6795
05:47:33,200 --> 05:47:36,500
tall building was safe. 
As long as he was in town one, 

6796
05:47:36,500 --> 05:47:39,500
early stuntman in Leeds. 
England, showed him Bound in a 

6797
05:47:39,508 --> 05:47:42,600
straight jacket, and then 
hoisted by his ankles, 200 feet 

6798
05:47:42,600 --> 05:47:45,500
up a crane above the crowd with 
fouls and watching. 

6799
05:47:45,500 --> 05:47:47,000
He would wiggle free and plain 
sight. 

6800
05:47:47,000 --> 05:47:50,000
A stunt that Drew comparable 
ticket sales to a Beatles 

6801
05:47:50,000 --> 05:47:53,200
concert or Super Bowl today. 
In New York, police actually 

6802
05:47:53,200 --> 05:47:55,300
banned him from dangling from 
Highwire officers. 

6803
05:47:55,300 --> 05:47:58,900
So who dini chartered a tugboat 
and performed his packed cabin 

6804
05:47:58,900 --> 05:48:01,900
overboard stunts in the East 
River on July, 7th 1912. 

6805
05:48:02,700 --> 05:48:06,400
They nailed a crate around him, 
sank it and then Houdini 

6806
05:48:06,400 --> 05:48:08,900
squeaked himself loose 
underwater before anyone ran to 

6807
05:48:08,900 --> 05:48:10,800
find the phone book on how to 
pronounce subpoena. 

6808
05:48:11,500 --> 05:48:14,200
Even death, defying wasn't 
enough, without death itself. 

6809
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:17,400
Who dini became equally famous 
for his buried alive. 

6810
05:48:17,400 --> 05:48:21,400
Acts though, those performances 
even gave him nightmares in a 

6811
05:48:21,400 --> 05:48:25,400
1915 stunt, he sent it to bury 
himself under six feet of dirt, 

6812
05:48:25,400 --> 05:48:28,300
using only his arms as 
excavation tools. 

6813
05:48:29,100 --> 05:48:31,700
The ground compacted around him 
halfway down. 

6814
05:48:31,700 --> 05:48:35,000
He began clawing rapidly only 
just managing to break the 

6815
05:48:35,000 --> 05:48:39,100
surface before Panic took hold. 
He emerged in a nearly comical 

6816
05:48:39,100 --> 05:48:42,500
jumble of dirty hair and frantic
apologies, who was rumored 

6817
05:48:42,500 --> 05:48:45,600
afterwards with the Houdini's, 
emergency call was one Houdini 

6818
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:46,500
please. 
No rush. 

6819
05:48:47,600 --> 05:48:49,900
Reporters frequently, 
questioned, whether Houdini was 

6820
05:48:49,900 --> 05:48:53,500
ticklish, had a sidecar attached
to these other coffin tricks 

6821
05:48:53,500 --> 05:48:56,400
tiplee who would joke that the 
obituary column posed, the 

6822
05:48:56,400 --> 05:48:59,900
greatest threat to his life. 
No matter how elaborate the Trap

6823
05:48:59,900 --> 05:49:03,600
who Deanie and his sister on 
transparency before some tricks,

6824
05:49:03,600 --> 05:49:06,200
he'd even stripped down and 
invite the audience to feel his 

6825
05:49:06,200 --> 05:49:10,000
biceps or punch him in the gut 
proving he had no hidden keys. 

6826
05:49:10,800 --> 05:49:13,700
For his straight jacket escapes,
he sometimes will nothing but a 

6827
05:49:13,700 --> 05:49:15,900
g-string. 
In the torture cell. 

6828
05:49:15,900 --> 05:49:17,600
He made sure. 
Everyone saw him chained up 

6829
05:49:17,600 --> 05:49:20,500
through glass. 
One wag equipped that Houdini 

6830
05:49:20,500 --> 05:49:23,600
had nothing to hide. 
In fact, he practically showed 

6831
05:49:23,600 --> 05:49:27,300
everything off stage. 
These tactics built his image as

6832
05:49:27,300 --> 05:49:29,500
a straight shooter or bare 
straight shooter. 

6833
05:49:29,500 --> 05:49:31,900
More precisely in a business 
known for Hocus. 

6834
05:49:31,900 --> 05:49:35,600
Pocus journalists lauded him as 
the only magician who performed 

6835
05:49:35,600 --> 05:49:39,100
without the veil of Deceit. 
Not realizing who denied that 

6836
05:49:39,100 --> 05:49:43,100
line himself on a poster? 
In any case, if Houdini had a 

6837
05:49:43,100 --> 05:49:46,100
motto in the trenches of public 
stunts, it would be, we may 

6838
05:49:46,100 --> 05:49:48,100
waterboard me, but we won't 
water. 

6839
05:49:48,100 --> 05:49:51,200
Skip me, thus, who Houdini 
consistently elevated the 

6840
05:49:51,200 --> 05:49:54,800
standard, and the anxiety of 
ticket holders till Newsboys 

6841
05:49:54,800 --> 05:49:59,000
began promoting The Next Houdini
spectacle, by 1914, who 

6842
05:49:59,000 --> 05:50:00,600
Houdini's signature escapees 
were polished. 

6843
05:50:00,600 --> 05:50:04,000
And Timeless critics noted that,
even his old milk, can act 

6844
05:50:04,000 --> 05:50:06,300
looked different. 
He would now sometimes float in 

6845
05:50:06,300 --> 05:50:10,100
iron grill inside it, raising 
the difficulty, Legend has it, 

6846
05:50:10,100 --> 05:50:13,100
who denied discarded, the grill 
later because the bars look too 

6847
05:50:13,100 --> 05:50:15,500
helpful. 
Like accidentally giving a 

6848
05:50:15,500 --> 05:50:17,200
ladder to someone who is 
supposed to be trapped. 

6849
05:50:17,900 --> 05:50:21,200
The torture sell itself, 
underwent refinements by the end

6850
05:50:21,200 --> 05:50:24,200
of his career, Houdini traveled,
with a spare, set of locks 

6851
05:50:24,200 --> 05:50:26,500
chains. 
And even a second cell in case 

6852
05:50:26,508 --> 05:50:30,800
of emergency, imagine yourself 
jammed headfirst in an iron, 

6853
05:50:30,800 --> 05:50:33,900
coffin of water with no key in a
ticking clock, he liked to say 

6854
05:50:33,900 --> 05:50:36,500
on posters it borders on the 
supernatural. 

6855
05:50:37,500 --> 05:50:40,300
The public believed him though 
naturally, no one was ever, 

6856
05:50:40,300 --> 05:50:41,300
quite sure. 
How he did it. 

6857
05:50:42,300 --> 05:50:45,900
Houdini's sidekick and wife, 
Bess often co-starred in a minor

6858
05:50:45,900 --> 05:50:48,100
role during these moments of 
theatrical faith. 

6859
05:50:48,700 --> 05:50:50,700
She handled the props managed 
the timing. 

6860
05:50:50,700 --> 05:50:54,000
And once nearly fainted, when an
assistant accidentally locked 

6861
05:50:54,000 --> 05:50:57,500
her in a safe on stage She 
recovered just long enough to 

6862
05:50:57,500 --> 05:51:01,000
Signal, who Dean to open it 
afterward, she quit that if 

6863
05:51:01,000 --> 05:51:03,900
Houdini had failed, she'd have 
to update his act of The 

6864
05:51:03,900 --> 05:51:08,600
Cremation cell. 
In every incredible stunts, best

6865
05:51:08,600 --> 05:51:12,000
was quietly in the wings. 
The real Houdini often joked 

6866
05:51:12,000 --> 05:51:13,700
that behind every greatest 
escape artist. 

6867
05:51:13,700 --> 05:51:15,500
There was an even greater stage 
manager. 

6868
05:51:16,300 --> 05:51:19,400
So while Harry starred in the 
cell of Doom, best was the 

6869
05:51:19,400 --> 05:51:23,300
silence Secretary of magic. 
Making sure who Dennis solos had

6870
05:51:23,300 --> 05:51:26,600
a solid on core who Houdini 
stunts had become a full-time 

6871
05:51:26,600 --> 05:51:29,900
job of being otherworldly. 
But the world was certainly 

6872
05:51:29,900 --> 05:51:34,100
watching newspapers and fans 
bellowed impossible at every 

6873
05:51:34,100 --> 05:51:37,100
escape, the law enforcement 
establishment, treated him with 

6874
05:51:37,100 --> 05:51:41,000
a mixture of admiration and 
embarrassment Los Angeles. 

6875
05:51:41,000 --> 05:51:44,600
Police insisted, he was a humbug
then grudgingly hired him to 

6876
05:51:44,600 --> 05:51:47,800
escape from the LA jail. 
He turned the entire planet's 

6877
05:51:47,800 --> 05:51:51,700
jail system into his toolbox. 
To Houdini these were hard 

6878
05:51:51,700 --> 05:51:53,300
lessons about locks and Human 
Nature. 

6879
05:51:54,100 --> 05:51:57,400
If you bend the rules just a bit
or break, the lock, everyone 

6880
05:51:57,400 --> 05:52:00,500
will ask you to break free next.
It was like the ultimate game of

6881
05:52:00,500 --> 05:52:03,100
tag except Houdini was always 
it. 

6882
05:52:03,100 --> 05:52:06,600
And chains were just part of the
catch by the late 1910s. 

6883
05:52:06,600 --> 05:52:09,900
Who Houdini's name had 
International cache, he was rich

6884
05:52:09,900 --> 05:52:12,000
and Restless. 
There were no more dime museums 

6885
05:52:12,000 --> 05:52:14,200
in New York, paying him by the 
burger and fries. 

6886
05:52:14,200 --> 05:52:18,500
Now he entertained Kings and 
commoners, He continued to tour 

6887
05:52:18,500 --> 05:52:22,100
constantly in Great Britain, 
Europe, Russia, and the 

6888
05:52:22,100 --> 05:52:24,600
Netherlands. 
And everywhere he went he 

6889
05:52:24,600 --> 05:52:27,500
Houdini challenged local police 
to one of his Escape belts, 

6890
05:52:27,500 --> 05:52:31,600
every city became a stage, every
prison or a Proving Ground. 

6891
05:52:32,500 --> 05:52:35,200
In Moscow, for example, he 
escaped from a boxcar Bound for 

6892
05:52:35,208 --> 05:52:37,700
Siberia. 
The key supposedly was kept at 

6893
05:52:37,700 --> 05:52:40,300
the North Pole. 
The beach new country conquered,

6894
05:52:40,300 --> 05:52:43,600
he collected souvenirs ordered 
from ministers, official 

6895
05:52:43,600 --> 05:52:47,100
certificates of Escape Artistry 
and sometimes even a lawsuit or 

6896
05:52:47,100 --> 05:52:50,400
two, you want sued a German 
officer for claiming who only 

6897
05:52:50,400 --> 05:52:54,200
escaped by bribery who Houdini 
proved the man Wrong by popping 

6898
05:52:54,200 --> 05:52:56,500
open the judges safe with the 
Court's own keys. 

6899
05:52:57,200 --> 05:52:59,800
Newsreels eventually lured. 
Houdini to the movies. 

6900
05:52:59,800 --> 05:53:04,100
He starred in a couple of early 
silent pictures in 1918 to 1990 

6901
05:53:04,100 --> 05:53:07,600
like the master mystery or he 
beat up a robot and got into a 

6902
05:53:07,600 --> 05:53:10,500
biplane Chase. 
Audience is scratch their heads 

6903
05:53:10,500 --> 05:53:13,600
though, was this an action film 
or a really weird magic show. 

6904
05:53:14,500 --> 05:53:17,600
Ultimately, Houdini found film 
less lucrative than Vaudeville 

6905
05:53:17,600 --> 05:53:19,900
as he told the press his box 
office. 

6906
05:53:19,900 --> 05:53:22,300
Receipts, beat Hollywood, silent
Charisma. 

6907
05:53:22,300 --> 05:53:24,400
So he returned to live 
audiences. 

6908
05:53:25,500 --> 05:53:29,400
He also had another pioneering 
gig in the skies in 1910. 

6909
05:53:29,400 --> 05:53:32,000
He became the first person to 
Pilot to powered airplane in 

6910
05:53:32,000 --> 05:53:34,800
Australia. 
He's lifting off more than just 

6911
05:53:34,800 --> 05:53:38,500
our Spirits, a reporter 
punishing wrote, Houdini was 

6912
05:53:38,500 --> 05:53:40,800
always seeking new challenges, 
whether it was digging through 

6913
05:53:40,800 --> 05:53:44,200
dirt or scaling clouds off stage
Houdini's. 

6914
05:53:44,200 --> 05:53:47,800
Fame, brought him a celebrity 
lifestyle to match, He joined 

6915
05:53:47,800 --> 05:53:51,100
organizations of magicians 
became president of the Society 

6916
05:53:51,100 --> 05:53:55,400
of American Magicians in 1917 
and insisted on professionalism 

6917
05:53:55,400 --> 05:53:59,400
among his peers. 
His Harlem Brownstone at 278 W 

6918
05:53:59,400 --> 05:54:02,700
to 100 13th. 
Street became a museum of sorts 

6919
05:54:02,700 --> 05:54:07,100
filled with rare tricks mystical
Oddities and books on every bit 

6920
05:54:07,100 --> 05:54:08,900
of a cult nonsense. 
He wanted to debunk. 

6921
05:54:09,800 --> 05:54:12,800
He bought a snazzy car, and a 
custom line suitcase of locks 

6922
05:54:12,800 --> 05:54:15,200
and picks in humorous Act of 
generosity. 

6923
05:54:15,200 --> 05:54:18,900
He reportedly spent his turns, 
on a ceremonial gown, 

6924
05:54:18,900 --> 05:54:22,200
purportedly tailored for Queen 
Victoria and threw a grand party

6925
05:54:22,200 --> 05:54:24,500
to Showcase. 
Omit all to ensure his 

6926
05:54:24,500 --> 05:54:26,500
impoverished. 
Mother could be the center of 

6927
05:54:26,500 --> 05:54:29,300
attention at the ball. 
That day, we could kill each 

6928
05:54:29,300 --> 05:54:32,900
other laughing Houdini later 
said for once he had shown up 

6929
05:54:32,908 --> 05:54:35,700
high society and their jaws had 
hit the floor at his wildness 

6930
05:54:35,700 --> 05:54:39,000
throughout the 1910s. 
Who Deanie was touring roughly 

6931
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:42,500
Like a Rockstar by 1920 who 
Houdini was earning a salary 

6932
05:54:42,500 --> 05:54:45,500
significantly higher than that 
of an ordinary stage magician. 

6933
05:54:46,300 --> 05:54:49,800
People literally traveled to his
show even coming on, pilgrimage 

6934
05:54:49,800 --> 05:54:53,100
when Houdini arrived in a city. 
He had realized that by turning 

6935
05:54:53,100 --> 05:54:55,400
every performance into the 
biggest stunt ever. 

6936
05:54:55,400 --> 05:54:57,200
He could keep the crowds coming 
back. 

6937
05:54:57,200 --> 05:55:01,200
So he did and in a way who Dean 
he had become that Rarity among 

6938
05:55:01,200 --> 05:55:04,300
entertainers, the guy who was 
famous primarily for surviving 

6939
05:55:04,300 --> 05:55:07,300
things. 
Yet, for all the flash, one 

6940
05:55:07,300 --> 05:55:10,800
aspect of Houdini's, Persona 
remained personal even at the 

6941
05:55:10,800 --> 05:55:14,100
height of Fame, he was curious 
almost whistle about the fringes

6942
05:55:14,100 --> 05:55:17,700
of existence, he himself once 
admitted that he'd love nothing 

6943
05:55:17,700 --> 05:55:21,300
more than a moments contact 
Beyond with his beloved mother 

6944
05:55:21,300 --> 05:55:26,400
who had died in 1913. 
So as 1920s optimism flourished,

6945
05:55:26,400 --> 05:55:29,700
Houdini quietly became the 
Moonlighting skeptic. 

6946
05:55:29,700 --> 05:55:33,100
He would attend sale answers in 
secret take on private 

6947
05:55:33,100 --> 05:55:36,600
investigation of mediums and 
write articles exposing the 

6948
05:55:36,600 --> 05:55:41,400
Machinery behind Ghostly tablos.
In short, he was determined to 

6949
05:55:41,400 --> 05:55:44,000
apply his Escape Artistry to the
spiritual Realm. 

6950
05:55:44,700 --> 05:55:47,600
But first one more leap. 
The biggest one yet was about to

6951
05:55:47,600 --> 05:55:50,900
unfold, even people who thought 
Houdini stunts were Hokum 

6952
05:55:50,900 --> 05:55:53,400
respected that his battles. 
Against phony Spirits were 

6953
05:55:53,400 --> 05:55:57,500
remarkably sincere in contrast 
to other magicians who casually 

6954
05:55:57,500 --> 05:56:00,300
pretended to be mediums on stage
who Deanie had? 

6955
05:56:00,300 --> 05:56:03,600
No desire to deceive. 
By the early 1920s. 

6956
05:56:03,600 --> 05:56:07,200
He had seen too many families 
ruined by con artists calling 

6957
05:56:07,200 --> 05:56:10,600
out from the void. 
On one hand, he was the showman 

6958
05:56:10,600 --> 05:56:13,500
who managed to smuggle himself 
into a floating tank, drowned 

6959
05:56:13,500 --> 05:56:17,200
and miraculously survived. 
On the other hand, he was a 

6960
05:56:17,200 --> 05:56:20,600
grieving, son, having promised 
his mother on her deathbed that,

6961
05:56:20,600 --> 05:56:23,300
if anyone in the family could 
communicate with the dead, he 

6962
05:56:23,300 --> 05:56:26,900
would be the first to test it. 
What transpired was Houdini's, 

6963
05:56:26,900 --> 05:56:30,700
most significant Act of date. 
He transformed into the Undead's

6964
05:56:30,700 --> 05:56:34,700
most terrifying, adversary along
with his wife Bess and a secret 

6965
05:56:34,700 --> 05:56:36,800
card Ray. 
The most famous being a lady 

6966
05:56:36,808 --> 05:56:38,800
named Rose mackenberg. 
A real life. 

6967
05:56:38,800 --> 05:56:42,500
Ghost detective who Houdini set 
about exposing human leeches. 

6968
05:56:42,500 --> 05:56:46,800
Who claimed to talk to the Dead?
They attended sails on the cover

6969
05:56:46,800 --> 05:56:50,300
even sabotage in stage. 
Levitations and phony knocking 

6970
05:56:50,300 --> 05:56:52,400
songs. 
They documented cunning tricks. 

6971
05:56:52,400 --> 05:56:56,000
Like smoked meat. 
Used to Spur ectoplasm sticky, 

6972
05:56:56,000 --> 05:56:58,200
bandages. 
Smuggled up sleeves and hidden 

6973
05:56:58,200 --> 05:57:02,400
colluding accomplices. 
When newspapers of the day ran 

6974
05:57:02,400 --> 05:57:04,900
stories of hoodoo, Houdini often
quipped. 

6975
05:57:04,900 --> 05:57:07,400
That at least the ghost stories 
had actual ghost writers. 

6976
05:57:07,400 --> 05:57:10,600
As he could barely find anyone 
willing to donate even a dime. 

6977
05:57:11,400 --> 05:57:13,400
Houdini's fire. 
For this Crusade came to a 

6978
05:57:13,408 --> 05:57:17,000
symbolic climax in 1926 when he 
testified before Congress. 

6979
05:57:17,000 --> 05:57:20,900
It was a rare appearance outside
the stage a stiff legislative 

6980
05:57:20,900 --> 05:57:22,800
hearing room instead of a 
wardville theater. 

6981
05:57:23,500 --> 05:57:27,100
Houdini accompanied by Senator 
Arthur Kappa boldly declared 

6982
05:57:27,100 --> 05:57:28,800
that. 
Spiritualism was a complete 

6983
05:57:28,800 --> 05:57:30,300
scam. 
He was not joking. 

6984
05:57:30,300 --> 05:57:33,400
He was a magician who had made a
career out of deceiving death 

6985
05:57:33,400 --> 05:57:36,400
and he boldly declared that 
these media should be ashamed. 

6986
05:57:37,500 --> 05:57:41,600
Society was transfixed 
newspapers called it up, raw sis

6987
05:57:41,600 --> 05:57:45,100
and the Apex of Houdini's anti 
spiritualist Crusade. 

6988
05:57:46,400 --> 05:57:49,100
Even supported bills to 
criminalize fake fortune telling

6989
05:57:49,100 --> 05:57:51,100
and phony spiritual 
Communications. 

6990
05:57:52,000 --> 05:57:54,700
Observers were aware that who 
Dean had previously performed 

6991
05:57:54,700 --> 05:57:58,800
fake sale answers on small 
stages solely for financial 

6992
05:57:58,800 --> 05:58:03,500
gain. but that was a long time 
ago and now the focus was on the

6993
05:58:03,508 --> 05:58:07,000
sidekick Charlotte and Filtered 
a bit of irony and sometimes 

6994
05:58:07,000 --> 05:58:09,100
joked. 
I put the ghost in Ghostbusters 

6995
05:58:09,100 --> 05:58:12,300
to audience's true. 
This Mission wasn't about 

6996
05:58:12,300 --> 05:58:17,300
laughs, it was deeply personal 
Best and Houdini had agreed on a

6997
05:58:17,308 --> 05:58:21,300
secret code Roosevelt. 
The title of bess's favorite 

6998
05:58:21,300 --> 05:58:24,200
song to confirm, whether Houdini
could truly communicate from the

6999
05:58:24,200 --> 05:58:27,800
other side after his death. 
So far, every message from the 

7000
05:58:27,800 --> 05:58:30,900
spirit world would have been 
hogwash to him and him to us. 

7001
05:58:31,900 --> 05:58:35,200
Who dini also wielded his Fame 
and organizational power in more

7002
05:58:35,200 --> 05:58:37,700
direct ways from 17 to his 
death. 

7003
05:58:37,700 --> 05:58:41,500
Houdini served as the President 
of The Magicians, Union society 

7004
05:58:41,500 --> 05:58:45,100
of American Magicians, urging 
his fellow magicians to expose 

7005
05:58:45,100 --> 05:58:47,400
frauds and to avoid joining the 
psychic movement. 

7006
05:58:47,400 --> 05:58:51,600
If a medium dead lecture him who
would challenge them on stage? 

7007
05:58:51,600 --> 05:58:54,200
He famously offered 10,000 
dollars. 

7008
05:58:54,200 --> 05:58:58,000
A small fortune to anyone who 
could perform a real spiritual 

7009
05:58:58,000 --> 05:58:59,200
feet. 
He couldn't explain. 

7010
05:59:00,100 --> 05:59:03,700
Unsurprisingly he never wrote 
any checks, he frequently 

7011
05:59:03,700 --> 05:59:06,400
asserted that claiming it was. 
All real was just as unethical 

7012
05:59:06,400 --> 05:59:08,200
as claiming the Titanic was 
Unsinkable. 

7013
05:59:08,200 --> 05:59:10,400
And we all know how that turned 
out. 

7014
05:59:11,300 --> 05:59:13,900
The public found who Dennis 
switched to Ghostbuster both 

7015
05:59:13,900 --> 05:59:17,700
fascinating and confusing. 
Here was a man who escaped death

7016
05:59:17,700 --> 05:59:21,200
physically now chasing after 
fake death claims. 

7017
05:59:22,100 --> 05:59:25,500
Some newspapers played along 
Duty reporting, every snare he 

7018
05:59:25,500 --> 05:59:27,500
made at so called spiritual 
journalism. 

7019
05:59:27,500 --> 05:59:30,700
Others grumbled that Houdini was
murdering market share for 

7020
05:59:30,700 --> 05:59:33,600
mediums. 
An editorial openly questioned. 

7021
05:59:33,600 --> 05:59:36,400
Whether Houdini saw himself as a
hero or a villain. 

7022
05:59:37,200 --> 05:59:40,100
Throughout it all who Houdini 
never utilized his magic to 

7023
05:59:40,100 --> 05:59:43,900
solve this problem instead, he 
relied on basic sleight of hand 

7024
05:59:43,900 --> 05:59:45,500
knowledge and Friends a 
intelligence. 

7025
05:59:46,400 --> 05:59:49,300
Houdini maintained a clear 
perspective in a world of 

7026
05:59:49,300 --> 05:59:51,900
Deceit. 
There are tricks in every trade 

7027
05:59:51,900 --> 05:59:54,800
and no one is more greedy than 
those who trade on the Dead. 

7028
05:59:55,500 --> 05:59:59,400
Houdini's Crusade gave him a new
identity, not just Escapist 

7029
05:59:59,400 --> 06:00:03,200
Entertainer but public educator.
He went on lecture tours. 

7030
06:00:03,200 --> 06:00:06,600
Not only on how to break locks 
but also on how to spot a fake 

7031
06:00:06,608 --> 06:00:10,200
mediums tacky gimmicks. 
For instance, he wants walked on

7032
06:00:10,200 --> 06:00:13,400
stage at a big spiritualist 
convention in tears, only to 

7033
06:00:13,400 --> 06:00:16,000
yank off his sham crystal ball 
and show the camera inside. 

7034
06:00:17,000 --> 06:00:19,800
People want Something to Believe
In he'd say, but at least they 

7035
06:00:19,800 --> 06:00:21,700
should know. 
If it's a dollop of egg or an 

7036
06:00:21,700 --> 06:00:24,400
echo of the real thing. 
In these interviews, he called 

7037
06:00:24,400 --> 06:00:27,900
charlatans Crooks and liars. 
And to sum, he was the very 

7038
06:00:27,900 --> 06:00:31,100
definition of a fanatic. 
However, for many others, 

7039
06:00:31,100 --> 06:00:34,700
particularly The Grieving widows
and widowers, he emerged as an 

7040
06:00:34,700 --> 06:00:38,600
improbable defender of reason. 
He brought in any expert psychic

7041
06:00:38,600 --> 06:00:41,700
or not, who had evidence of the 
afterlife and tested it under 

7042
06:00:41,700 --> 06:00:44,700
harsh light. 
He even brought in trained stage

7043
06:00:44,700 --> 06:00:47,400
hypnotists to test mediums 
claiming trance States. 

7044
06:00:48,200 --> 06:00:51,300
This all culminated in a 
congressional Hearing in 1926 

7045
06:00:51,300 --> 06:00:54,000
after, which Houdini felt 
Vindicated, that at least 

7046
06:00:54,008 --> 06:00:57,500
lawmakers were listening. 
He would brag years later that 

7047
06:00:57,500 --> 06:00:59,800
he had become history's first. 
Professional, Ghostbuster 

7048
06:00:59,800 --> 06:01:04,500
decades before Ghostbusters hit 
the pop charts, Houdini didn't 

7049
06:01:04,500 --> 06:01:07,700
anticipate, the intense personal
button, nature of this battle. 

7050
06:01:07,700 --> 06:01:11,900
He unintentionally stirred up 
controversy by becoming both a 

7051
06:01:11,900 --> 06:01:14,700
celebrity investigator, and a 
subject of tabloid curiosity 

7052
06:01:14,700 --> 06:01:17,100
newspapers. 
Reported with relish that 

7053
06:01:17,100 --> 06:01:20,200
Houdini was arrogant, 
unscientific or just plain, 

7054
06:01:20,200 --> 06:01:23,600
superstitions, some even claimed
the devil had cursed him at one 

7055
06:01:23,600 --> 06:01:26,400
sale once. 
Friends from his youth saw a 

7056
06:01:26,400 --> 06:01:28,600
change. 
The man who wants joyfully bowed

7057
06:01:28,600 --> 06:01:31,100
to, his audience's was now 
hostile toward clothing horses 

7058
06:01:31,100 --> 06:01:34,600
of the occult. he argued openly 
with old friends are Arthur 

7059
06:01:34,600 --> 06:01:36,800
Conan Doyle, the Sherlock, 
Holmes author, who had 

7060
06:01:36,808 --> 06:01:40,600
championed spiritualism, Doyle 
called Houdini blasphemer for 

7061
06:01:40,600 --> 06:01:43,500
exposing mediums. 
Who dini called Doyle a fool for

7062
06:01:43,500 --> 06:01:46,100
believing them. 
Their friendship once billed on,

7063
06:01:46,108 --> 06:01:49,700
mutual respect fractured on 
fraudulent Phantoms, despite the

7064
06:01:49,700 --> 06:01:52,200
growing friction, Houdini 
admitted he himself. 

7065
06:01:52,200 --> 06:01:55,700
Wanted a sign that maybe there 
was something Beyond but only if

7066
06:01:55,700 --> 06:01:59,800
it was genuine As president of 
magicians, he asked colleague to

7067
06:01:59,800 --> 06:02:03,800
help craft the ultimate sitting.
Before his first wife's death, 

7068
06:02:03,808 --> 06:02:08,100
they agreed on that secret code.
The early seances, Houdini and 

7069
06:02:08,100 --> 06:02:11,100
Bess held on Halloween, each 
year, became Legend year after 

7070
06:02:11,100 --> 06:02:12,800
year. 
She announced there was shell, 

7071
06:02:12,800 --> 06:02:16,000
was no message every time the 
telephone rang on those nights 

7072
06:02:16,000 --> 06:02:18,800
Houdini's. 
Heart would skip however who 

7073
06:02:18,800 --> 06:02:22,200
Deanie's final performance in 
1926 revealed something about 

7074
06:02:22,200 --> 06:02:24,400
him. 
A man who had defied every 

7075
06:02:24,400 --> 06:02:26,800
possible trick was now 
anticipating that he would 

7076
06:02:26,800 --> 06:02:30,600
approach death like any other 
Challenge and yet, like any 

7077
06:02:30,600 --> 06:02:33,000
outstanding showman, he would 
only tell the ending after the 

7078
06:02:33,000 --> 06:02:36,100
final curtain who Houdini's 
distaste for spiritualism? 

7079
06:02:36,100 --> 06:02:38,800
Had a consequence True Believers
in the movement. 

7080
06:02:38,800 --> 06:02:41,500
No longer saw who, Dennis the 
gentle jugular from New York, 

7081
06:02:41,500 --> 06:02:46,200
but rather as a charismatic 
figure Certain journalists began

7082
06:02:46,200 --> 06:02:49,600
printing that who had become a 
Villain Like an official family,

7083
06:02:49,600 --> 06:02:52,800
exterminator. 
At every funeral. some 

7084
06:02:52,800 --> 06:02:56,700
spiritualists leaders, took it 
personally after all who Dean 

7085
06:02:56,700 --> 06:03:01,900
had millions of dollars Fame and
a loyal following When he 

7086
06:03:01,900 --> 06:03:05,800
exposed their tricks on National
radio many mediums retaliated by

7087
06:03:05,800 --> 06:03:09,000
attacking his character. 
Conspiracy-minded, gossip 

7088
06:03:09,000 --> 06:03:12,300
columns suggested who deny only 
took on mediums, because his own

7089
06:03:12,300 --> 06:03:15,100
psychic powers will weak the 
irony being, of course. 

7090
06:03:15,100 --> 06:03:18,600
That who deny explicitly denied 
having any, mystical Powers 

7091
06:03:18,600 --> 06:03:21,700
other than what any talented 
locksmith and beastmen might 

7092
06:03:21,700 --> 06:03:23,600
possess. 
Sir. 

7093
06:03:23,600 --> 06:03:26,300
Arthur Conan Doyle was perhaps 
the most enraged public figure 

7094
06:03:26,300 --> 06:03:29,800
among Houdini's, upset 
constituency the two men had 

7095
06:03:29,800 --> 06:03:33,600
been warm acquaintances Doyle. 
Even participated means in 

7096
06:03:33,600 --> 06:03:37,800
seances with Houdini's mother in
1922, until Houdini began 

7097
06:03:37,800 --> 06:03:42,500
mocking, Doyle's beliefs Doyle 
who'd risked a claim by publicly

7098
06:03:42,500 --> 06:03:45,300
endorsing Spirits felt 
personally insulted, when 

7099
06:03:45,300 --> 06:03:48,900
Houdini compared metaphysics to 
a cheap parlor trick, the rift 

7100
06:03:48,900 --> 06:03:52,500
became bitter and enduring Doyle
persisted in attending Spirit, 

7101
06:03:52,500 --> 06:03:55,800
Gatherings and publicly. 
Declared Houdini heretic, even 

7102
06:03:55,800 --> 06:03:58,500
associating him with 
Supernatural curses one, 

7103
06:03:58,500 --> 06:04:02,300
Sensational headline, had it 
evil spirits put curse on Harry.

7104
06:04:02,300 --> 06:04:06,700
Houdini a joke Houdini himself 
read with weary amusement. 

7105
06:04:07,900 --> 06:04:11,000
The Friendship Never recovered. 
And the image of Doyle is True 

7106
06:04:11,000 --> 06:04:13,900
Believer versus who, Dennis the 
ultimate doubt, her became a 

7107
06:04:13,900 --> 06:04:16,700
literary trope. 
Sherlock Holmes with us who 

7108
06:04:16,700 --> 06:04:18,500
dini. 
Had a lovely ring to it. 

7109
06:04:18,500 --> 06:04:22,700
The tablets noted the feud 
Burton Houdini behind the 

7110
06:04:22,700 --> 06:04:25,100
scenes. 
He often confided in friends 

7111
06:04:25,100 --> 06:04:27,400
that he truly wanted 
spiritualism to be real. 

7112
06:04:27,400 --> 06:04:30,600
He had nearly started the ghost,
wrestling course himself, but 

7113
06:04:30,600 --> 06:04:32,400
Doyle's, dogmatism pushed him 
away. 

7114
06:04:33,400 --> 06:04:35,500
Still Houdini channeled 
frustration into action. 

7115
06:04:35,500 --> 06:04:39,000
He had City Newspapers, keep 
publishing the spiritualist 

7116
06:04:39,000 --> 06:04:41,600
victims wanted ads. 
Disguising himself to get 

7117
06:04:41,608 --> 06:04:45,200
invitations, then reported back 
to the public, the Silly Ways, 

7118
06:04:45,200 --> 06:04:48,800
mediums tried to fool them. 
To Houdini's credit, even when 

7119
06:04:48,800 --> 06:04:52,400
he poked fun at Saints theatrics
often with a pun or two, he 

7120
06:04:52,400 --> 06:04:56,000
never got mean-spirited. 
He liked to say, we all need a 

7121
06:04:56,000 --> 06:04:58,700
touching word after we lose 
someone, but let's make sure our

7122
06:04:58,700 --> 06:05:00,400
touching words aren't glued on 
by trickery. 

7123
06:05:01,500 --> 06:05:03,400
Not all blowback was public 
debate though. 

7124
06:05:03,400 --> 06:05:07,200
Some of it was deeply personal 
bests who Deanie's wife took the

7125
06:05:07,200 --> 06:05:10,500
brunt of their shared Obsession 
although she supported his 

7126
06:05:10,500 --> 06:05:13,100
Crusade Shield. 
So desperately yearned for any 

7127
06:05:13,100 --> 06:05:16,100
sign from Beyond that would 
indicate her husband was still 

7128
06:05:16,100 --> 06:05:21,500
with her, if he died first Every
Halloween from 1926 onward, best

7129
06:05:21,500 --> 06:05:24,000
sat in darkness, holding 
Houdini's, coffin, key, and 

7130
06:05:24,000 --> 06:05:26,600
singing. 
This secret song Waiting for 

7131
06:05:26,600 --> 06:05:30,900
Roosevelt believed their 
pre-arranged code Year after 

7132
06:05:30,900 --> 06:05:35,800
year, there was no response in 
1936 a decade After the Promise.

7133
06:05:35,800 --> 06:05:38,800
Best publicly declared that 
Houdini had indeed never reached

7134
06:05:38,800 --> 06:05:41,700
out. 
She said 10 years is long enough

7135
06:05:41,700 --> 06:05:45,800
to wait for any man. 
This tearful final Seance made 

7136
06:05:45,800 --> 06:05:48,200
headlines. 
Some people wrote it off as the 

7137
06:05:48,200 --> 06:05:51,400
end of a gimmick but magician 
still holds silent sessions at 

7138
06:05:51,400 --> 06:05:55,000
his grave to the day. 
However, in 1926 life continued 

7139
06:05:55,000 --> 06:05:58,500
with its usual peculiarities, 
Houdini continued touring and 

7140
06:05:58,500 --> 06:06:01,600
lecturing the world, still 
adored the escapists showman on 

7141
06:06:01,600 --> 06:06:04,200
stage. 
Those who knew him could see a 

7142
06:06:04,200 --> 06:06:06,300
seriousness in his eyes. 
That hadn't been there in the 

7143
06:06:06,300 --> 06:06:09,900
old days of card tricks. 
Every new bill for a seance 

7144
06:06:09,900 --> 06:06:13,200
critical lecture and every press
interview about medium, tricks 

7145
06:06:13,200 --> 06:06:17,400
added to an invisible tally. 
He kept in his mind at night, he

7146
06:06:17,400 --> 06:06:19,800
was said to have had unsettling 
dreams about being restrained or

7147
06:06:19,800 --> 06:06:22,600
drowning nightmares. 
No one could applaud as they 

7148
06:06:22,600 --> 06:06:24,500
did. 
His on stage, Jessica paids. 

7149
06:06:25,300 --> 06:06:27,800
Still every morning. 
He put on his costume as a 

7150
06:06:27,800 --> 06:06:29,700
tabloid published for 
photographer and lock in 

7151
06:06:29,700 --> 06:06:32,500
enthusiast. 
He joked in private letters. 

7152
06:06:33,500 --> 06:06:36,800
To defeat death is one thing to 
defeat, those who profit from 

7153
06:06:36,800 --> 06:06:39,700
Death. 
Scare tactic is another The 

7154
06:06:39,700 --> 06:06:43,000
public for its part had mixed 
reactions, many admired 

7155
06:06:43,000 --> 06:06:46,400
Houdini's honesty and back to 
his legislative efforts, some 

7156
06:06:46,400 --> 06:06:49,100
religious newspapers, even 
published his cynical gags. 

7157
06:06:49,100 --> 06:06:52,200
For example, who Dinah wrote 
that if fireflies came out, only

7158
06:06:52,200 --> 06:06:55,100
after someone died people would 
buy electric lights and of 

7159
06:06:55,100 --> 06:06:59,100
hiring mediums. for the portion 
of fans felt mildly betrayed 

7160
06:06:59,800 --> 06:07:02,000
after cheering him in a closed 
lines for years. 

7161
06:07:02,000 --> 06:07:05,200
A few older admirers were 
puzzled at seeing his name on 

7162
06:07:05,200 --> 06:07:08,800
expose of their favorite. 
Mediums magician colleagues 

7163
06:07:08,800 --> 06:07:11,700
either applauded his Integrity 
or grumbled that he was 

7164
06:07:11,700 --> 06:07:15,400
attracting too much controversy.
Societies magazines, began 

7165
06:07:15,400 --> 06:07:18,400
publishing articles, such as 
Houdini slaves, fairy photos, 

7166
06:07:18,400 --> 06:07:21,800
and Holmes create a Sievers ties
with Houdini, which gave the 

7167
06:07:21,800 --> 06:07:24,400
public the impression that he 
was a magician turned cop. 

7168
06:07:25,100 --> 06:07:27,600
Even who Dennis own press agents
had to scramble. 

7169
06:07:28,500 --> 06:07:31,300
They shifted headlines from 
Houdini's wild rides to 

7170
06:07:31,300 --> 06:07:34,700
Houdini's wild sites. 
Where wild here meant decidedly 

7171
06:07:34,700 --> 06:07:37,300
unimpressive magic without C 
through trickery. 

7172
06:07:38,100 --> 06:07:41,100
Some days, he waved off the dust
UPS by announcing a new escape 

7173
06:07:41,100 --> 06:07:43,300
challenge, like, dangling from a
plane. 

7174
06:07:44,200 --> 06:07:46,900
And the media happily obliged on
other days. 

7175
06:07:46,900 --> 06:07:49,800
Scribblers would ask him if his 
fight against ghostly is mentee 

7176
06:07:49,800 --> 06:07:51,600
now. 
Believed only in himself who 

7177
06:07:51,600 --> 06:07:54,800
Houdini would laugh and say if 
you can survive being locked in 

7178
06:07:54,800 --> 06:07:57,600
a safe and then thrown from a 
plane, the only thing you're 

7179
06:07:57,600 --> 06:08:02,000
sure of his gravity despite 
everything who deny appeared to 

7180
06:08:02,000 --> 06:08:04,700
accept the consequences there 
was the nature of a showman to 

7181
06:08:04,700 --> 06:08:07,500
feed on attention after all and 
nothing attracted headlines. 

7182
06:08:07,500 --> 06:08:09,500
Like who Deanie versus the 
Unseen World? 

7183
06:08:09,500 --> 06:08:13,600
Still, he knew his legacy was 
shifting. he wrote later that he

7184
06:08:13,600 --> 06:08:16,400
wanted to be remembered, not for
tricks or big muscles, but for 

7185
06:08:16,408 --> 06:08:21,200
fighting scams in his heart, he 
hoped people would credit him 

7186
06:08:21,200 --> 06:08:25,000
with something deeper since than
just a thousand straight jacket 

7187
06:08:25,000 --> 06:08:27,900
escapes. 
As the critics sneered and the 

7188
06:08:27,908 --> 06:08:31,400
spiritualist hissed, Houdini 
honed his wit and pick locks 

7189
06:08:31,400 --> 06:08:34,400
determined to end this act. 
According to his own terms, the 

7190
06:08:34,400 --> 06:08:37,300
Final Act of Houdini's life 
unfolded, like a scripted 

7191
06:08:37,300 --> 06:08:41,700
nightmare of his own on October 
9th, 1926 before forming in 

7192
06:08:41,700 --> 06:08:44,700
Albany New York, he injured his 
ankle during a trick, a 

7193
06:08:44,700 --> 06:08:46,600
reminder, that even a Superman 
has the limits. 

7194
06:08:46,600 --> 06:08:49,500
He hobbled through shows until 
doctors advised rest. 

7195
06:08:49,500 --> 06:08:52,400
But who deenie ever proud to 
deliver the show? 

7196
06:08:52,408 --> 06:08:55,900
Shrugged it off saying a broken 
ankle is not going to stop 

7197
06:08:55,900 --> 06:09:02,200
Houdini. 
Then came Halloween. 1926 is 

7198
06:09:02,200 --> 06:09:05,900
Prelude, while resting in 
Montreal on October the 22nd. 

7199
06:09:05,900 --> 06:09:09,700
After lecture a member of the 
audience, a punch loving medical

7200
06:09:09,700 --> 06:09:14,300
student asked to Deen if he was 
as tough as Rumours, not me out 

7201
06:09:14,300 --> 06:09:17,700
of you can who deny joked the 
student, Dr. J Gordon. 

7202
06:09:17,700 --> 06:09:20,500
Whitehead, obliged with the 
series of Swift. 

7203
06:09:20,500 --> 06:09:23,700
Blows to Houdini's stomach 
Landing several before Harry 

7204
06:09:23,700 --> 06:09:26,700
could tense up. 
Houdini gospel laughed it off. 

7205
06:09:26,700 --> 06:09:30,300
He called it a fun experiment, 
telling reporters later, he'd 

7206
06:09:30,300 --> 06:09:34,100
felt nothing but an empty pain. 
That evening, he boarded a train

7207
06:09:34,100 --> 06:09:37,200
for Detroit, attributing the 
discomfort in his gut to that 

7208
06:09:37,200 --> 06:09:39,100
playful punch in his stubborn 
foot. 

7209
06:09:40,400 --> 06:09:44,500
On October the 24th who Houdini 
show in Detroit began with an 

7210
06:09:44,500 --> 06:09:46,500
uncharacteristically. 
Slow start. 

7211
06:09:47,400 --> 06:09:50,400
He complained of cramps and cold
sweats after a late night 

7212
06:09:50,400 --> 06:09:53,100
performance, which he insisted 
on doing, despite temperatures 

7213
06:09:53,100 --> 06:09:56,100
spiking to 104 degrees 
Fahrenheit in his dressing room.

7214
06:09:56,100 --> 06:10:00,200
He collapsed backstage, a doctor
diagnosed, a cute appendicitis 

7215
06:10:00,200 --> 06:10:03,700
and urge immediate surgery who 
Deneen known for Pep talking as 

7216
06:10:03,700 --> 06:10:06,300
body reportedly. 
Grinned and said, I'll do this 

7217
06:10:06,300 --> 06:10:10,000
show if it's my last but by 6:00
a.m. he could no longer delay. 

7218
06:10:10,000 --> 06:10:14,500
Who was rushed into surgery, the
appendectomy revealed a ruptured

7219
06:10:14,500 --> 06:10:18,100
appendix had sent infection 
peritonitis coursing through his

7220
06:10:18,100 --> 06:10:21,000
abdomen. 
The Great Houdini now fought for

7221
06:10:21,000 --> 06:10:23,700
his life with novelty and his 
serums, and multiple operations 

7222
06:10:23,700 --> 06:10:27,700
that The Escape Artist metaphor.
He could not maneuver on October

7223
06:10:27,700 --> 06:10:31,400
the 31st, 1926 Halloween, he 
finally. 

7224
06:10:31,400 --> 06:10:35,400
Passed away a 52 year old man 
who had Brave death for our 

7225
06:10:35,400 --> 06:10:38,800
entertainment. 
His of reported final words were

7226
06:10:38,800 --> 06:10:42,300
hushed. 
I had a fighting the world was 

7227
06:10:42,300 --> 06:10:46,900
stunned, newspapers, published 
gloomy headlines, the master of 

7228
06:10:46,900 --> 06:10:50,600
escapes, had vanished possibly 
due to a cunning move or a 

7229
06:10:50,600 --> 06:10:53,200
stroke of fate. 
The official cause listed was 

7230
06:10:53,200 --> 06:10:55,200
peritonitis from a ruptured 
appendix. 

7231
06:10:55,900 --> 06:10:58,600
But already the legend of who 
dini needed an even more 

7232
06:10:58,600 --> 06:11:02,000
spectacular finale. 
Many whispered that the friendly

7233
06:11:02,000 --> 06:11:06,500
jab in Montreal had been more 
serious than Houdini let on A 

7234
06:11:06,500 --> 06:11:09,300
few doctors of the are indeed 
speculated that whiteheads blows

7235
06:11:09,300 --> 06:11:12,300
had caused the appendix to burst
While others argued the 

7236
06:11:12,300 --> 06:11:16,000
situation was mere coincidence. 
The truth remains something will

7237
06:11:16,000 --> 06:11:18,400
never fully know. 
Even some Modern medical 

7238
06:11:18,400 --> 06:11:20,800
journals debate. 
How often barely trauma are 

7239
06:11:20,800 --> 06:11:24,100
actually causes appendicitis. 
We do know this, the surgeon 

7240
06:11:24,100 --> 06:11:26,200
discovered, no abnormalities 
apart from the spirit of 

7241
06:11:26,208 --> 06:11:29,000
infection and Houdini's. 
Family, discreetly maintained at

7242
06:11:29,000 --> 06:11:32,700
us, that it was merely a tragic 
accident. but for the public, 

7243
06:11:32,700 --> 06:11:36,100
the timing belt eerie The man 
who spent his life escaping 

7244
06:11:36,100 --> 06:11:39,200
death had been tricked by one 
natural enemy. 

7245
06:11:40,000 --> 06:11:42,300
Time Millions turned out to 
silently. 

7246
06:11:42,300 --> 06:11:45,400
Imagine who Deen's version of 
the last greatest escape on 

7247
06:11:45,400 --> 06:11:49,200
that, dark Halloween. 
Biographers later noted it as a 

7248
06:11:49,208 --> 06:11:52,800
poetic. 
If tragic symmetry Houdini's, 

7249
06:11:52,800 --> 06:11:54,900
final moment occurred on the 
night of spirits. 

7250
06:11:54,900 --> 06:11:58,300
While doctors tended, his body, 
who Houdini's mind, reportedly 

7251
06:11:58,300 --> 06:12:00,700
raced to that, final promise, 
he'd made to best. 

7252
06:12:01,500 --> 06:12:04,600
Between operations in his 
hospital bed, Houdini mumbled 

7253
06:12:04,600 --> 06:12:08,000
the code, Roosevelt believed, 
fervently, hoping for a response

7254
06:12:08,000 --> 06:12:10,100
alas. 
He never came through. 

7255
06:12:10,100 --> 06:12:13,300
In fact, by some reports he 
asked for his notebook to jot 

7256
06:12:13,300 --> 06:12:16,700
down any bizarre occurrences as 
though expecting us to ghostly 

7257
06:12:16,700 --> 06:12:20,500
pain, to answer him. 
On November 1st, under the watch

7258
06:12:20,500 --> 06:12:23,700
of his stunned wife and two 
brothers who Houdini let go of 

7259
06:12:23,700 --> 06:12:26,600
his mortal frame. 
The world lost, not just an 

7260
06:12:26,600 --> 06:12:29,800
escape artist but a showman who 
had always insisted on reality, 

7261
06:12:29,800 --> 06:12:33,700
the news of his death 
disseminated swiftly, akin to 

7262
06:12:33,708 --> 06:12:37,100
Wild smoke emanating. 
From a fog machine movie houses.

7263
06:12:37,100 --> 06:12:41,500
Dimmed lights, theaters, held 
brief Memorial shows across the 

7264
06:12:41,500 --> 06:12:44,900
globe, magicians, knelt severing
a straight jacket on stage and 

7265
06:12:44,900 --> 06:12:48,400
observing a moment of silence. 
Indeed, Houdini had vanished 

7266
06:12:48,400 --> 06:12:51,200
from the realm of Life leaving 
Legacy of unresolved. 

7267
06:12:51,200 --> 06:12:54,700
Mysteries did his last heroic, 
act lie in hunting out any 

7268
06:12:54,700 --> 06:12:56,300
phony, mediums, or improving 
that. 

7269
06:12:56,300 --> 06:12:58,800
Even the greatest man someday 
given to fate. 

7270
06:12:59,700 --> 06:13:01,900
That remained a question for the
midnight philosophers. 

7271
06:13:02,700 --> 06:13:04,500
We are aware of how people 
remember him. 

7272
06:13:05,500 --> 06:13:09,100
As promised best held one, final
Seance, a decade later. 

7273
06:13:09,100 --> 06:13:13,300
And on Halloween 1936, she 
declared Houdini did not come 

7274
06:13:13,300 --> 06:13:16,600
through. 
Every year on that date magician

7275
06:13:16,600 --> 06:13:20,500
still gather at his grave site 
or when the city says, no gather

7276
06:13:20,500 --> 06:13:24,000
elsewhere to honor, the 
legendary Escapist, they close 

7277
06:13:24,000 --> 06:13:26,900
their eyes, they whisper the 
secret song, and whether a 

7278
06:13:26,900 --> 06:13:28,700
breeze does or not, they say it 
in unison. 

7279
06:13:28,700 --> 06:13:31,000
Roosevelt. 
Believe. 

7280
06:13:32,600 --> 06:13:37,300
It's tradition part. 
Tribute part hope Houdini 

7281
06:13:37,300 --> 06:13:39,000
himself would likely be amused 
by all. 

7282
06:13:39,000 --> 06:13:42,100
Perhaps making one last 
wonderful escape with a Sly 

7283
06:13:42,100 --> 06:13:44,100
grin. 
For nearly three centuries. 

7284
06:13:44,100 --> 06:13:46,700
We have never really known how 
he pulled most of his tricks off

7285
06:13:46,700 --> 06:13:48,600
and perhaps that mystery is 
fitting. 

7286
06:13:49,600 --> 06:13:51,800
Houdini left. 
No key to the afterlife behind. 

7287
06:13:51,800 --> 06:13:54,000
Only the legend of his Earthly 
feats. 

7288
06:13:54,800 --> 06:13:57,800
He remains a figure who cheated 
the Grim Reaper on stage time, 

7289
06:13:57,800 --> 06:14:00,200
and again, and who wrote in 
effect in a victory for 

7290
06:14:00,200 --> 06:14:03,500
mediocrity, every time he won. 
the individual who had 

7291
06:14:03,500 --> 06:14:07,400
experienced life in a unique 
way, imparted a final lesson to 

7292
06:14:07,400 --> 06:14:10,800
us, sometimes the greatest 
Escape is not from chains or 

7293
06:14:10,800 --> 06:14:12,000
water, but from the Ord,