What Are Quantum Fields?

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Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, you know how in science fictions are all kinds of fields. You mean like big expansive lawns. No, I mean like force fields or energy fields. Oh my god, you know none of that is real, right? What the force from Star Wars is not real? None of it. Absolutely, none of that is real. Wait? Wait, what about like energy fields? Those are real? Right? Energy fields are not real. But there's something that's even weird or even cooler that is real. Wait, cooler than star wars. Cooler than star Wars are quantum fields. And that's a thing that is real and is everywhere in the universe. I don't believe it. I think you just made it up. We physicists did, in fact, invent quantum fields. But it turns out because it accurately predicts what happens in the universe, it might just be real. Is that like field of dream Like if you think of it, people will believe it. That's right, quantum fields of quantum dreams. That's basically what being a physicist is all about, having quantum dreams. And you're the Kevin Costner in the situation him and I'm Daniel, and welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the universe. This is Daniel and Jorge. This is the podcast you're looking for exactly um. Yeah. On this podcast, we try to talk to you about everything in the universe. Things that are big, things that are small, things that are invisible but fill the entire universe, things that are everywhere, things you had no idea existed, but determine everything about your existence that's right. Today on the podcast, we'll talk about quantum fields. What are they? Where are they? Who are they? What are they good for? Absolutely nothing? Say it again. Is it's just a family whose last name is field, or it's a bunch of discrete playing fields somewhere quantum fields, you're gonna have one field, you can have two fields. You can't have two and a half fields. They're quantized, but once you enter, you don't really know where you're going or where you are now. A quantum field theory is something you hear about, you might have heard. It's part of modern physics. It's a theory that people use to do calculations. It's really awesome, it's impressive. But what isn't What is a quantum field? What is the theory of quantum fields? What relationship does that have to you or the rest of your life or anything at all. Well, it's more than just a part of modern physics. It's kind of like the foundation of our theory about the universe. Right, that's right. It's kind of like the language of physics currently. You know, it's quantum field theory is to modern physics the way like English is to Shakespeare. You know. We use the tools of quantum field theory to try to talk about what's going on in the universe, and it's remarkably successful. It's incredibly successful. When you guys want to use pig latin, I thought that was the We only do that when you come by, Jorge to try to confuse you. Um. But it's like the foundation of modern physics. And it's also super duper accurate. Like you guys are pretty sure is it the right way to describe the universe? Yeah, Well, on one hand, it's super duper accurate. Like we can predict the way particles interact with fields, and we can make predictions out to lots of decimal places, and then we can go out and measure how those particles interact with the fields, and it turns out those predictions are correct to like one in millions and millions. So you know, you have, on one hand, like a theoretical calculation that you've written downs is like an idea that predicts an experiment, and then you go out and you check it with a super precise experiment and get the same answer, and uh, you know it's so accurate that you think maybe this is the true story of the universe. It's not just like human ideas. This is like revealing the source code kind of thing. So you're pretty close to saying quantum fields are true. They're they're like the truth of the universe. Yes, that's except that we also know they can't be the final answer. Oh yeah, well well we'll get into it. But I will admit I don't have a clear idea of what a quantum field is um and we were wondering how many of you out there had some ideas about what it would be. So, as usual, I walked around the u C Irvine campus and I asked a bunch of very friendly, very accommentating, very willing to answer random questions you see, Irvine undergrads, and I asked them what is quantum field theory? Here's what people had to say. I have no idea, but I have heard of before. All right, Um, it's probably really to quantum mechanics UM. I'm not sure exactly what it is, but I think it describes the different factor of fields that you use in quantum mechanics. UM. Maybe the way cell atomic particles instracted with one another cool um, similar to quantum mechanics chemistry. I don't know what it is, but I've heard of it. It's something to do with general relativity. Is it trying to marry that together with quantum theory? Are the waves involved and residents of particles? Something like that? Maybe? All right, some pretty pretty good answers. I feel like, though the word quantum just give it away, you know, asked what is the quantum Google book, you can just say, oh, I think it's related to quantum particles, right, and you would be sort of right, yeah, but that's not really an answer, right, you know. Um? And and we know one of those answers is actually not from a UC Irvine undergraduate. That's from a fellow who wrote in and said that he was disappointed with the quality of the answers that the undergrads were giving. He thought he could do better. So I said, all right, here's the next question from the next podcast. Don't do any research and record your answer. And he wrote back a very humbled email and he said, Okay, you're right. It's harder than I thought it was, but he was still willing to do it, so I thought that was totally awesome. So he sent us. He sent us his description of quantum field theory. Do you think that we think in society today we think for smarter than we are because we have Google at our fingertips. You know, I feel like you know everything because we kind of do. If we just give us a second to tap it on our phones, it's easier to access information. But sometimes that makes me feel less smart because I feel like I have less information actually in my head and I'm relying more and more on these facilities that are outside my brain. You know this, Even though the cognitive connection between me and Google keeps increasing, I don't feel like that makes me smarter. It just makes me plus Google smarter. What what about the day that you get you connect your phone through your brain or something, then you're sort of technically as smart as Google. The day that I become Google. That's the singularity, the Google's singularity. Yeah, we all connect our brains, we all become one mega consciousness. The Google were smoking over there today, Jorge, I want some pass that over. It's the googlarity, the Google larity. I look forward to that. But well, we know they're related to quantum theory, quantum field um. So let's let's let's break it down. First of all, what is a field to a physicist? Right? So, a field is just it's like a fluid that feels all of space. It's like it's something that's everywhere and everywhere in space. You have a number, right, And it comes from things like the electromagnetic field. People were puzzling a hundred years or so ago, like how do to magnets push each other apart without touching? Right? There was this action at a distance mystery like that's sort of spooky, like a yeah, right are they? How are they actually pushing each other apart? You know? And this really puzzled physicists for a while, and they came up with this idea of a field, the idea that each magnet has a magnetic field. It's this invisible thing that surrounds it, which will push on any other magnet that enters that magnetic field. Right, and the magnetic field is strongest near the source of the magnet and then it drops off just as you would expect because the magnet super far away won't feel anything. And just came because they noticed that how one magnet pulls or pushes on another sort of depends on where you put them relative to each other, right, Like where you put it around the other other one, that's right. And so they came up they said, well, wait, maybe every magnet generates in space this invisible thing. We'll call it a magnetic field, and that's the thing that does the pushing. And sort of a mystery that came up immediately was like is the field a real thing? Is it actually they're a physical thing that's that exists in the universe, Like does it have substance and can you play baseball on it? Or is it just a way that we calculate things, you know, just like a tool in our minds to help us understand things, Like is it a thing like you said, it could be like a fluid, or it could just be like a mathematical construct exactly exactly. And that's the questions people are still grappling with, right. One philosophical problem was how can things that are not touching push and pull on each other? And they answer that with okay, we just invent fields all right? Now the question is our fields a real thing or are they something else? You know, that's the joy of philosophies that every time you answer a question, it just creates another question which is just as deep. But what do you mean by a field is like a number? Because the way I learned about it in engineering is that a field is basically something that gives you a number depending on where you stand or where you are in space. That's right, Every point in space has a number associated with it with each field. So for example, the magnetic field from a magnet, there's a strength of that field. There's a field strength and every location. So as you're saying, you can ask what is the field strength here right next to the magnet and you get a number. What is the field strength way over there, far away from the magnet, and you get a smaller number. So the magnetic fiel field has a number at every point in space. And you can have different kinds of fields you can feel that just have a number. Those are called scale or fields. That's just a fancy way of saying a number, or you can have vector fields. You can have a field where at every point you have an arrow that points in a certain direction. It's like kind of like, are you saying it's a field that's kind of like a map, like it tells you what is it every position in space? Yeah? Or a map is kind of like a field actually, um, yeah, exactly. So you can think of for like a map is how much magnetic field is there here? How much magnetic field is there there? And you know everywhere in space there is magnetic field and easither you're strong or it's weak. Right, it can be if you're talking about like ordinary classical fields like from a hundred and fifty years ago, then they can be zero. Right, No magnets means there's a field there, but the field value is zero. So the question is is a field just like a map that we hold in our hands it tells these things? Or are we actually living on a map? Right? Like is a field a real thing of substance? Yeah? And the answer that question is we have no idea. And it's sort of a philosophical question more than a scientific one. Right. If you have a calculational tool a field that lets you predict the outcome of experiments and that works really really well. Doesn't matter if it's really physically true the thing that's happening, um or just or just a the way do you do these calculations? What's the difference? Right? Um? You know, if we weren't here with those fields exist, right, well, that's not really a question you can answer because if we weren't here, there'd be nobody to answer the question or do the experiment, right. So they're really tricky little philosophical puzzles. And that's a whole area of philosophical exploration that I'm totally not qualified to talk about, but I often do anyway that do. That's the basis of our entire podcast. That's the field of our podcast. Now, you know, there's a huge conflict between philosophers of science and physicists who think there's philosophers of science and spout off glibly sometimes um an uninformed way in front of mass audiences and then get taken down by actual philosophers of science. So that's a common mistake to make, which is why I wanted to put that qualifier out there. In the world economic war kind of between the pilosophers and physicists who venture into philosophy. Yes, exactly, exactly right. And there are some physicists who really have learned about philosophy and can speak knowledgeably about it. And then there are others who think they can speak knowledge of me about it but don't actually know anything. It sounds like an exciting fight, ironically speaking. All right, so, um, so that's a field. That's kind of what it is. It's kind of like a map of space that tells you something. Um, And then you can have particles in these fields, right, Like a particle is part of the field, or something can be on the field. Yes. One of the most interesting thing about field theories or theories of fields is it tells you that particles are not the most basic thing in the universe. The particles are, in fact, just vibrations of the field. Like particles are a real thing. Right, We feel them, we see them, we are them. But this tells us what they where they come from? Right the rules. It tells us that if you want to understand how particles move, you really have to understand these fields, because the particles are just vibrations in those fields, but vibrations of what of the fields? Right, Like the fields are you know, a thing and they vibrate, which means they have energy, right, and localized excitations of these fields. Right. Imagine for example, a big rubber sheet that fills the universe right, totally flat, but you could um poke it and send a wave through it, right, and that wave can travel. It's energy that's traveling by oscillating this field. And that's what particles are. There are oscillations in fields. But if I poke a sheet, it'll sort of dissipate, It'll go outwards and dissipate. A particle kind of likes to stay in one place. Well, I don't know what particles like. You've done any interviews with particles, and you can um, there's lots of waste of vibrated sheet, right, you can vibrted sheet, so you get a localized packet that's traveling. Right. It's easier to think about, for example, in one dimension, like instead of a sheet, think of a rope. Like if I'm holding a rope and you're holding a rope, I can wiggle it to send you like a little wiggle along the rope, so you can get a message. Right, And you're saying a particle is one of these wiggles. A particle is a localized excitation of the quantum field exactly. And the crazy thing is every particle has its own field. So like in the universe, everywhere there's an electron field, and everywhere there's an electron that's the electron field wiggling, wiggling, And there's also a um cork field, right, an upcork field. Everywhere there's an upcork The upcork field is wiggling. Like a particle is something that's causing the field to vibrate or it's like it is the vibration of the field. It is the vibration exactly, That's what it is. Yeah, And so that's what we're all made out of. Like you and I are made out of protons and quirks and electrons, and so we're all just like massive collections of little vibrations. That's right. It's all actually vibrations. Man, those dudes, that's not a vibrations were everything they were right in exactly. And so for if you like to think of yourself as made of particles, and you wonder like, well, what are the particles made out of? Right, I mean, they might be made out of smaller and smaller particles. But at some point you get down to the smallest particle and what's that particle made out of? And you think, oh, universe stuff. Well, it turns out the universe stuff might be quantum fields, right, that it's the quantum fields that are oscillating that make a particle. Okay, So that's a definition of a quantum field. It's it's the stuff of the universe. We're done. Yeah, So a field is just like a fluid field space. It could doesn't have to become quantum. It could be like electromagnetic or in any kind of field. But a quantum field is a field that describes the motion of a quantum object, like a particle. And so since we're dealing with particles and they move really fast and they have quantum entical properties, we deal with quantum fields. Okay, So a quantum field is what describes the things that we're made out of, right, because we're all made out of quantum particles, that's right, And every particle that makes us up is actually just a vibration of one of those fields, you know. And it's a really different way to look at the universe. Like when physicists started and they were thinking about quantum mechanics. They were thinking about, like what happens to a particle? You know what, what is this electron story? It starts off over here and then it goes off over there. And that's the way we're used to do in physics, right, Like you think about a ball, what happens to this ball as it rolls down the hill. It's very natural to sort of follow the story of the ball. So we tried to do that with us, follow the story. The electron problem is quantum particles don't behave like that, Like they don't have a path, right, It's not like you're here and then you're here and then you're here. Is all this uncertainty, But more than that, they're being destroyed and created all the time. Like an electron doesn't just fly through space. It flies through space, it turns into aton and something else, then it turns back into an electron, and then it creates this other thing which exists for a bill of second and then comes back. This is like frothing mass of stuff that's happening. And the quantum mechanics we first developed couldn't describe that at all because it was very difficult to describe the creation or destruction of particles. So you sort of like reboot your thinking completely and say, let's ignore the story of one particle and just think about like the particles in general. Right, let's think about all the particles. It's just like vibrations of this sheet that fills the universe. And then we don't have to worry about the story of particle A and the story of particle B. Because, um, you're saying an electron. If you think of it as a thing, and that thing disappears and turns into something else, then you're left wondering what happened to that thing? Yeah, Like Kevin the electron, what is his story? He disappeared and he came back. Is it's still Kevin? Right, Like in the quantum field theory version, Like all the electrons are Kevin because all the electrons are the same, right, Every electron is identical. Right, there's no difference between this electron and that electron. Where all Kevin, we're all made out of Kevin. Turns out that's the answer to the life, the universe and everything. Kevin. There's like twelve Kevin's listening to this, going, I knew it. I hope we have more than twelve Kevin's listening to this. Well, let's get a little bit deeper into it. But first let's take a quick break. Okay, so you're saying that the universe is not empty. It's like it's filled with these quantum fields that just kind of permeate everything. And they might be imaginary or they might be real things, but they premiate the entire universe. And we, like particles us matter, are just kind of like um little vibrations in these fields, that's right. And they lay on top of each other, right, Every point in space can have an electron field and an upcork field, and a down cork field, and a Higgs boson on field and electromagnetic field. We have lots of different kinds of fields, and you know, it might turn out eventually that we figure out how they're all really just part of one big field. But right now, we have lots of different kinds of fields that all sort of lay on top of each other. They're all the same size, or all the size of the universe. Every piece of space has all these fields, and some of them are zero ish, you know, they're low, and some of them have energy in them, which is why you have the electron here. So if you have like an electron on your left, that means the electron field is excited there. And if you have an upcork on your right, it means the upcork field is excited there and the electron field is not. Right. But and they can sort of talk to each other, right, Like an electron, you could have a little vibration in the electron field and then suddenly that disappears and it gets transferred to a different field and becomes a different particle exactly. And those are the forces. So quantum field theory can describe matter. That's what we've been talking about. They could also describe the forces like the electromagnetic field is a way for charge particle fields to interact with each other. Right, you have one electron over here, another electron over there. How do they talk to each other? Well, turns out the electron field and the photon field interact, and so one electron can talk to another electron by shooting a ripple through the photon field, which is like sending a photon between one electron and the other through another field. Yes, exactly, the fields coupled to each other, they interact otherwise would be pretty boring universe, and in these fields fill the entire universe. So are they related to space, like if if space grows, these fields grow as well. Yes, exactly, it's a basic part of space, right, you can't have space without these fields. As far as we know. There's no fieldless part of space, and every part of space has these fields. It's like there's a hum at every point in the universe. There's no quiet place in the universe exactly. And you might be thinking, well, what if you have an empty space, maybe all the fields are just zero. Right, Well, that's the fascinating thing about quantum fields, right because uncertainty principle, because there's a maximum amount of information you can have. You can't have quantum field to be exactly at zero. There's a minimum amount of inner g they have to have, so they can bubble and slosh in a way that gives you that uncertainty. Wait wait, wait, um, there's there's kind of like an inherent energy in these quantum fields. That's right, Like they're positive. I guess they're they're not zero exactly. You can't have quantum fields exactly at zero, and so there's always some energy there and this is the energy of empty space, right, and that energy means you have energy and you can create an electron and depositron which then annihilate themselves back into a photon or back into something else. So this energy is always bubbling and frothing. And I feel like this kind of makes it kind of makes anything possible. Right like before, when you when you were is there something specific you want to do? Accomplish with the punting field, you wanted to do your dishes, get away with something I wanted to get away with, or or imagine that I can do you No, What I mean is in the sense that before, if you were keeping track of all particles, like if I was made out of the Kevin particles, then there's sort of no way for me to suddenly disappear and a you're over there. But now, because everything is a quantum field, I could choose magically for some reason. Rights, It's not like because we have quantum fields, there are no rules, right, There are specific rules for how quantum fields interact with each other and and how things propagate through quantum fields, and you know, so we still have laws of physics. It's not like we're tossing the laws out the window and you do whatever you like. The parents are out of town, right um, there's it's just another way of looking at the universe. Okay, all right, I guess what I mean is, you know stuff can appear out of nowhere with these quantum fields. Yes, okay, it's certainly true that a lot of your intuition is wrong, and the quantum fields tell us that crazy things could happen, And then we do the experiments and it's right, right, quantum quantum field theory seems to be correct. It's a pretty interesting view of the universe. You know, we think of it as big and empty, but really there's sort of like a like a little froth in the background where a little like simmering bubbling. Yeah, exactly, there's no place that's actually empty. Either's energy everywhere, and it's it's filled with possibilities literally, and it's a it's a fascinating way to look at the universe, and it's led to a lot of insights. I mean, just like this mathematical way of thinking about things has revealed things about the universe we didn't know. For example, like what like the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson was just an idea. Right fifty years ago, Peter Higgs and several others said, huh, what if there was another field? We'll call it the Higgs field conveniently, And you know, where did you get this idea? Where did this idea come from? Right? Who wouldn't want to postulate a field that fills the universe? And it is named after themselves? Right? Do you think he named it after himself or people named it after him? Oh, there's a whole controversy there about who named the Higgs fields, And it comes down to um who submitted a paper first, and whether a paper is dated based on the submission date or the acceptance dage. You know, I mean like, did Higgs write in his paper I'm going to call this the Higgs field or did you say it's the age or b? And then that somebody said, oh, that's the field Higgs was talking about. Yes, somebody later referred to it as the Higgs field because Higgs paper has the earliest date on it. But he actually submitted his paper after some other folks. Their paper had a later date on it because the paper had the acceptance date on it, not the submission date. So somebody later gave Higgs credit, maybe inappropriately. Okay, so you're saying that these fields are not just kind of need to think about, but they've actually led to real discoveries and real understanding of the universe. Yeah. It was a guy named Steve Weinberg who read Higgs paper. He was looking at these fields and he was thinking, thinking, there's a mystery here, there's a pattern here that doesn't quite work, and that comes from trying to unify the fields. We've talked on other podcasts about how the electromagnetic field and the weak nuclear field, Right, those two forces are actually parts of the same thing, and they're very similar. But the difference is that the photon, the thing that moves the electromagnetic field, has no mass, right, It's it's massless. And the thing that moves the weak nuclear force are the w n z bosons. They're really heavy. So Weinberg was like, if these are two parts of the same thing, how come one has no mass and the other one has a huge amount of mass? Right? What could do that mathematically? Like theoretically, how could you make that happen? And the what he found was the simplest way to do that, the easiest, the clearest, like the without adding the minimal number of moving pieces was to add one more field. And so he read that paper by Higgs and he thought, Aha, that is just the field we need. So he said, if you add this field, and it explains this mystery why photons have no mass and why the w z have a lot of mass, But it, you know, creates another field that feels the universe. So let's go see if that's real. And but what's interesting is that there were other people positing other fields, right, Like, he wasn't the only one. He wasn't the only one. Other people had similar ideas, and then there are other totally competing ideas, you know, for ways to solve that mystery with other different fields. Yeah, exactly. So like I could say, hey, there's a horhe field that permius everything. Yeah, you could, and I would be a physicist. Boom, you're a physicist right here today on the podcast and deputize you. Yeah. Alright, So if you wanted to propose a field, they would have to solve a problem, right, like why this field and not some other fields? And you'd have to provide a way for us to check, like what in what experiment could we see the Jorge particle, right, which is an excitation of the Jorge field, right, and the same as the Higgs boson is an excited state of the Higgs field. Right. You have to provide some way for us to do that, and Peter Higgs did. He's like, oh, well, if you smash protons together this energy, you should see a certain number of Higgs particles. All right, So, um, i'll table that for my next career after we have a podcast host in a world where cartoonists try to be physicists. Before we keep going, let's take a short break. Um, okay. So yeah, it's it's like it's like, really the basic theory of everything, you know, matter, light, forces, energy, any kind of everything out there, we describe it using quantum fields. Almost everything is there? Yeah? Is there something we don't describe with quantum fields? Yeah, And it's always the same thing. It's the black sheep of physics. It's gravity. It's quantum field theory describes matter, it describes electromagnetism, it describes the weak nuclear force, it describes the strong nuclear force. It even can incorporate special relativity, meaning we understand what happens when electrons go super duper fast close to the speed of light. Right, But quantum field theory is easiest when space is flat. I mean, we can do quantum field theory and curved spaces, but it gets really nasty in space. Getting curved is exactly what general relativity says will happen. So what quantum field you're saying, don't work in space that is not flat, like, it only works in flat space. Not exactly. We can do it, but it's not easy. It's not a lot of fun. Why not? Why not? Um, it's a no, it's a great question. It's a great question. So the issue is more about figuring out how to get quantum field theory, to explain that curvature, to generate that curvature, to get a quantum field theory description of how space gets curved. Like, I like your space curves or contracts. What does that do to the quantum field? Doesn't it just squishes it or bends it? Oh? Yeah, you're right, it just squishes it. Thanks. We just solve that problem, all right, Um, check that off the list of modern physics mysteries. Nobel Prize please, Yeah, the squish function. We'll decide this function. Um. I think also the larger problem is that we don't know how to describe gravity in terms of a quantum field. Right, electromagna autism and all these other forces we can describe as oscillations in the field. Right, and that fields associated with its own particle. The photon is is the particles is associated with the field for electromagnetism, the gluon is the particle associated with the field. For the strong nuclear force. We have never been able to describe gravity in terms of a quantum field, like a gravitational field field space and has a particle associated with the graviton. We try to do that. We try to do those theories and write them down, but you get crazy answers, you get infinities where you should get reasonable numbers, and just doesn't work on and so even if you came up with the gravity quantum field and the graviton, it's still you're saying by itself, it's not consistent even in flat space. That's right, it's um. We can't make those theories work. I mean, people have tried, and people are trying, and they're writing down theories of quantum um gravity, but those theories don't make testable predictions that make sense. You know, They predict infinities. You know, what is the force between these two particles? Infinity? How much mass does this thing have? Infinite? So it makes predictions which your nonsense, and we haven't been able to fix them mathematically. What if it does have infinite masks? No wonder, I feel so sluggish today, I have infinite masks. Um alright, So quantum fields they PerMIATE everything. They describe everything that we know about almost except gravity, except gravity, and and and they're amazingly accurate, like you're you're telling me earlier. They can predict things up to like ten decimal places. Yes, exactly, it's super accurate. Like if you exclude gravity, we can do these experiments and we can check them and we get bang on the right answer to as far as we can measure. You know, it's a kind of thing that makes me wonder if we really have pulled back the curtain of nature and seeing the way the world really works. You know, yeah, yeah, that sort of makes me all wonder. You know, if this is the way the universe works? What makes these fields? Like, what's what's their origin? Where do they come from? You just never satisfied, are you, Jorge? We explain matter in terms of particles. We explained particles in terms of fields, But you're like, I want more. What makes up the fields? Yeah? How far? How far does the rabbit hole go? Yeah? I mean we've explained the way matter works in terms of particles, and particles work in terms of fields and so, and then of course the next natural question is you know what makes the fields? Are the fields actually just something else? Right? Uh, the wiggling of strings or you know, the dancing of tiny puppies or something. We don't know, and we don't know. If we get that answer, if there's not another question behind it, right, it goes even deeper. Is there an end of this rabbit hole? We have no idea. Frankly, I hope not. I think the answer is clear. It's made to Glorian's obviously making absolutely. Yeah, that was definitely a documentary. So you know, the next time you are out walking around in the world and you look up at the sky and you are amazed at how beautiful things are, remember that deep down underneath it's a hot, sasty, frothing mess of quantum fields, oscillating and interacting and bouncing against each other and doing crazy calculations just to make your everyday world work for you. Yeah, I like to think of it more as happy fields, maybe not so like nasty What if they're happy fields? Happy? What's happy about these fields? They're like zinging and zinging and interacting with each other, and they're like never resting, you know, they're they're not like slow lingorious lazy fields. You know, these are hyper fields. But it's interesting. I think it sort of makes me think that maybe in a way, we are all connected, you know, if we're all just vibrations in these mysterious quantum fields of stuff, we're all sort of part of all We're all connected, you know, we're all part of part of the same stuff that the universe is made out of. That's right, Me, you and Kevin, who are all really the same, all the Kens, all of them, all the Kevin's, We are all the Kevin's. Basically, that's my new religion, the Church of Kevin to the Church of the Flying Kevin Monster. Now we are all oscillations in the same universe expanding fields. That is true. All right, Well, I hope you enjoyed that quantum field discussion. Thanks for tuning in, And if you have some crazy concept in physics you'd like us to break down, send it to us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Or if your name is Kevin, we have reserved an email address for you, which is Kevin at Daniel and Jorge dot com. That's right, and if you have secrets to the universe, Kevin, please send them to us at that address. See you next time. Thanks for listening. If you still have a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. One