Life in Victorian England Was Nearly Unrecognizable by Modern Standards | Boring History For Sleep

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Good evening. 
You wonderfully over dramatic 

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blanket. 
Architect, I'm glad you 

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constructed Your Nest and 
arrived. 

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The rain is sliding softly 
through the dark steady enough 

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to quiet, even the most stubborn
thoughts. 

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Tonight we're easing into life 
and Victorian England. 

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A world, whose ordinary routines
would feel almost unrecognizable

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to us shaped by Customs, 
expectations and quiet social 

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rules that guided every hour If 
this calm reflection helps you 

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unwind, feel free to subscribe 
or leave a like and tell me 

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where you're listening from and 
what time it is for you. 

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Now let your head settle into 
the pillow length and your 

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breath and let's get right into 
it. 

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You awaken Darkness there 
whether it's actually early 

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morning or still the middle of 
the night remains unclear. 

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There's no bedside clock glowing
with red numbers. 

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No smartphone screen to check. 
The heavy, curtains block, 

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whatever weak, light might be 
seeping through the London, Fog 

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outside, and you lie. 
Still for a moment, waiting for 

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your eyes to adjust to the 
complete and total absence of 

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Illumination. 
The mattress beneath. 

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You feels different from 
anything you've experienced 

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before. 
It's not the yielding memory 

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foam or the supportive Springs 
you might expect. 

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Instead, you're resting on 
layers of horse hair and wool 

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packed into a heavy ticking 
fabric, that's developed 

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permanent values, where bodies 
of pressed Knight off to night. 

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the mattress sits a top ropes, 
actual ropes, stretched across 

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the bed frame and these ropes of
loosened over time creating a 

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slight hammock effect that 
you've grown accustomed to Your 

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grandmother wasn't joking when 
she talked about tightening the 

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bedrocks. 
That was an actual household 

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chore performed with a wooden 
key designed specifically for 

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the purpose. 
You reach out in the darkness 

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fingers searching for the small 
table beside the bed. 

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Your hand finds the cold ceramic
of a Candlestick, then the 

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little box of matches beside it.
Striking a match in complete, 

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darkness requires a practice 
hand, the sulfurous smell fills 

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your nostrils as the flame 
catches. 

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You touch it carefully to the 
candle wick. 

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The tiny Flames seems absurdly 
inadequate for pushing back, the

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shadows in your bedroom, but 
it's what you have, the room 

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materializes around you and 
flickering amber light if your 

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middle class comfortable, but 
not wealthy. 

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Your bedroom is likely smaller 
than a modern walk-in closet. 

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The walls are papered in a 
pattern that's faded where 

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sunlight hits it during the day.
And there's a faint smell of 

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coal smoke. 
That never quite leaves any room

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in the house. 
A wash stands against one wall 

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holding a large ceramic Bowl and
Pitcher. 

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Both the decorated with blue 
flowers, though you have chip 

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the edge of the bowl twice 
already. 

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You swing your legs out of bed, 
and your feet, meet not carpet, 

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but cold wooden floorboards. 
There might be a small, rug 

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beside the bed if your 
fortunate, but Walter wall 

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carpeting is for the quite 
wealthy. 

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The floorboards are uneven. 
This house was built 70 years 

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ago and would settles he know 
which boards Creek and 

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generally. 
Avoid them though. 

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In stocking feet, the cold is 
more pressing than the noise. 

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Chamber pots sits discreetly 
under the bed hidden by the bed.

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Skirts during the day. 
Using it in the middle of the 

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night is simply practical. 
The Outhouse is across the yard 

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and the indoor water closet. 
If your household has one at 

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all, is on a different floor. 
Chamber pots are Facts of Life. 

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Emptied each morning by whoever 
draws that particular Short 

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Straw in the household routine. 
If you employ a servant that 

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task Falls to her, if you don't.
Well, everyone manages their 

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own. but it's more mourning now 
or near enough and you need to 

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actually wash The picture on 
your wash stand is filled with 

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water but it's cold. 
Ice, cold in Winter. 

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Merely cool in summer. 
There's no hot water tap to 

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turn. 
If you want hot water, someone 

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has to heat it on the kitchen 
stove and carry it up stairs. 

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Most mornings that seems like an
excessive luxury for a simple 

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wash. 
You pour water from the pitcher 

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into the bowl and it's flashes 
with a sound. 

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That's loud in the quiet house. 
The water is so cold. 

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It actually hurts your hands 
when you plunge the men. 

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You Splash it on your face, 
gasping slightly at the shock, 

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then reach for the small piece 
of soap city in its dish. 

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Soap is Harsh made primarily 
from animal fats and lie, and it

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doesn't love the way modern soap
does. 

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It has a faint. 
Hello smell. 

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That never entirely disappears, 
no matter what essential oils 

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have been added to mask it. 
washing is a targeted operation,

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you wash your face, your hands 
and your neck, you might wash 

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your feet if they feel 
particularly grimy but a full 

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bath that happens, perhaps once 
a week and it's an enormous 

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production. 
The tin bathtub has to be 

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dragged from wherever it's 
stored. 

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Probably hanging on a nail in 
the scullery. 

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Water has to be heated in 
kettles and pots on the stove. 

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Then carried to, wherever you've
positioned the tub. 

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By the time you filled it enough
to actually bathe you hold 

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gallons of water and Spencer 
significant time and fuel 

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heating it. the victorians 
aren't quite as bath of verse as

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popular myths, suggests But 
they're certainly more strategic

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about it than you are in the 
21st century. 

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Daily showers simply don't exist
for the average person. 

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The very well. 
He might have experimental 

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bathroom fixtures with elaborate
Shower systems. 

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But these are Curiosities not 
standards. 

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Most people, wash daily at their
washstands and bathing in the 

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kitchen or bedroom. 
Whichever room is warmest. 

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Your toothbrush sits in a cup on
the washstand. 

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Yes, Victoria's do brush their 
teeth. 

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They're not quite as religiously
as modern dentists would prefer.

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The toothbrush has animal 
bristles, probably bore hair, 

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and the toothpowder you use as a
mixture of chalk and various 

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additives, some of them will 
helpful than others. 

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Some tooth powders contain 
charcoal, which actually works 

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reasonably well. 
Others contain ground, 

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cuttlefish bone or even 
pulverized brick. 

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You dip, the Wet Brush into the 
powder and scrub your teeth 

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tasting. 
The chalky slightly gritty 

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mixture. 
There's no mint flavor, no, 

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promise of Arctic freshness. 
It's simply tastes like chalk 

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because largely that's what it 
is. 

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Rinsing your mouth requires you 
to spit into the wash Bowl which

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now contains soapy water from 
washing your face. 

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The Whole Bowl will be carried 
down stairs later and dumped in 

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the slot sink or outside in the 
yard, nothing is wasted. 

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If it can be reused that soapy 
water might wash the front steps

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or water, the kitchen Garden. 
Now comes the truly 

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time-consuming part of your 
morning, getting dressed, you'll

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standing in your night shirt, a 
long, loose garment made a 

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flannel that falls to your 
knees. 

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If you're a man and to your 
ankles, if you're a woman, This 

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is what you've slept in, because
sleeping in nothing at all, 

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isn't really done and sleeping 
in your day. 

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Clothes would be impossibly 
uncomfortable and would wear 

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them out far too quickly. 
If you're a woman your morning, 

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dressing routine is about to 
consume the better part of an 

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hour, and that's if you're 
efficient and dressing for an 

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ordinary day at home. 
The foundation of your entire 

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outfit is the chemise. 
A simple loose undergarment made

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of linen or cotton that serves 
as a washable barrier between 

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your skin and all the more 
complex garments that will layer

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on top of it. 
This chemise is what you'll, 

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actually wash regularly. 
Since washing the outer clothes 

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is difficult and tends to wear 
them out. 

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Next. 
Come the drawers. 

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Victorian underwear is not a 
brief efficient garments. 

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Drawers are two separate legs 
that tie at the waist meeting in

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the middle but not sewn 
together. 

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This design makes using the 
toilets somewhat more 

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manageable. 
Give them the layers of 

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clothing. 
You'll be wearing though, 

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manageable is relative when 
you're dealing with five or six 

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layers of fabric. 
Now, the corset. 

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Modern understanding of 
Victorian corsets swings wildly 

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between two extremes either. 
They were instruments of torture

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that damaged, internal organs 
and caused women to faint 

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constantly. 
Well, they were comfortable 

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supportive garments that get an 
unfairly bad reputation. 

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The truth, as usual sits 
somewhere in the middle, 

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probably closer to the second 
interpretation than the first. 

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Your corset is made of heavy 
cotton or curtail reinforced 

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with strips of baleen whale bone
though, by the late Victorian 

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period, increasingly likely to 
be Steel. 

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The corset has two purposes. 
It shapes your torso, into the 

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fashionable, silhouette of the 
era, and it provides support. 

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For the heavy skirts, you are 
about to pile on top of it. 

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Without a corset, the weight of 
a full Victorian outfit, would 

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rest entirely on your hips and 
waist with it? 

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That weight is distributed more 
evenly across your torso. 

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Lacing the corset requires 
either flexibility or 

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assistance. 
If you have a lady made shall 

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lace you in, if you don't, 
you'll either have enlisted, a 

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family member to help or you'll 
have become remarkably Adept, 

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reaching behind yourself, the 
lacing starts at the bottom and 

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works upward on the goal is not 
to create the WASP wasted 18 

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inch tortured device of myth. 
Most women lace, their corsets 

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for comfort and support pulling 
them snug, but not desperately 

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tight. 
Fainting. 

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Victorian woman is more a 
product of Paul ventilation, 

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tight rooms, full of people. 
And perhaps the occasional of 

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cold gas than she is about 
corset in oxygen, deprivation. 

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that said fashion does demand a 
defined waist and you do pull 

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the laces tighter than pure 
Comfort would suggest Your torso

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is now rigid in a way that 
modern people would find 

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startling. 
You can't slouch, you can't bend

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from the waist. 
Your posture is automatically 

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upright, because the corset 
simply won't let you collapse 

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into yourself the way you might 
while sitting on a modern couch.

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Over the course it goes. 
A corset cover. 

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A simple garment designed to 
keep the corset from showing 

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through your outer clothes and 
to provide a smoother line. then

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come the petticoats multiple 
petticoats How many depends on 

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the season the current fashion 
and what you can afford to own 

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and wash in Winter? 
You might wear three or four 

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flannel petticoats for warmth. 
In summer two cotton ones might 

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suffice. 
Each Petticoat is a full circle 

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of fabric gathered at the waist,
and each one adds weight and 

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bulk. 
By the 1860s, you might be 

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wearing a criminal in instead of
multiple petticoats, a cage 

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structure made of steel Hoops 
suspended from your waist. 

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The crinoline creates the 
enormous bell shaped skirts 

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fashionable and mid-century. 
And while it looks absurdly 

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cumbersome, it's actually 
somewhat liberating compared to 

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the weight of all those 
petticoats Your legs can move 

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freely inside the cage and the 
fabric of your dress, doesn't 

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cling to your legs. 
When you walk. 

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The crinoline does create other 
problems. 

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Navigating doorways, becomes a 
strategic operation sitting down

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requires careful maneuvering and
the entire structure can swing 

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and tilt in ways. 
You don't intend if you move too

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quickly. 
The dress itself goes on over 

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everything else. 
If it's a day dress for wearing 

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around the house, it might 
button up the front, which means

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you can dress yourself. 
More formal dresses button up 

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the back, require in a systems, 
the buttons and numerous 20 or 

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30 is Not Unusual. 
And they're small fiddly things 

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that take time to manage. 
No, zippers exist. 

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Buttons, Hooks and laces are 
your options. 

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The dress has long sleeves, a 
high neck and enough Fabric in 

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the skirt to cover all those 
petticoats or the criminal in 

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beneath it. 
The fabric is probably wool or 

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cotton died in colors that will 
fade with washing and sun 

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exposure. 
Patterns are popular Stripes. 

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Small prints and plaids. 
Addresses, heavy, the total 

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weight of your outfits, draws 
corset, corset cover, petticoats

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or criminal in Andres might be 
10 or 12 pounds. 

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You're wearing the equivalent of
a weighted vest all day every 

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day. 
For men. 

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The dressing process is less 
architecturally complex but 

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still involves more layers than 
modern casual dress. 

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00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:43,400
You start with a long-sleeved, 
undershirt and long drawers. 

230
00:12:43,400 --> 00:12:46,600
That go to your ankles. 
These serve the same purpose as 

231
00:12:46,600 --> 00:12:49,000
a woman. 
She means a washable layer 

232
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:50,600
between you and your outer 
clothes. 

233
00:12:51,400 --> 00:12:54,100
Over these go. 
Your trousers, which button 

234
00:12:54,100 --> 00:12:57,100
rather than zip? 
A fly zipper won't become 

235
00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,700
standard for decades. 
Yet your trousers are held up by

236
00:13:00,700 --> 00:13:05,000
braces suspenders because belts 
won't become fashionable for, 

237
00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:09,200
men's trousers, until the early 
20th century. next comes your 

238
00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:13,700
shirt which is separate from the
collar and cuffs The collar is a

239
00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:17,100
stiff separate piece that 
buttons onto the shirt as of the

240
00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:19,700
cuffs. 
This system exists because 

241
00:13:19,700 --> 00:13:22,900
collars and cuffs get dirty 
quickly while the shirt body 

242
00:13:22,900 --> 00:13:26,000
remains relatively clean. 
So you can change colors and 

243
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:28,300
cast daily while washing the 
shirt less frequently. 

244
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:32,900
The collar is uncomfortably 
stiff designed to stand up 

245
00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:35,600
around your neck and it will 
chase by the end of the day. 

246
00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:40,900
Wesco jacket, tie shoes, that 
lace up, no slip, ons, no 

247
00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:44,700
velcro, no convenient. 
If you're going outside, you'll 

248
00:13:44,700 --> 00:13:47,800
add a hat because going 
bare-headed in public, simply 

249
00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:49,700
isn't done for a respectable 
person. 

250
00:13:49,700 --> 00:13:53,300
The whole process of getting 
dressed as taken you, perhaps, 

251
00:13:53,300 --> 00:13:56,600
20 minutes, which is quick 
compared to your wife or 

252
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:59,700
sisters, but still far longer 
than the five minutes you might 

253
00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:02,600
spend in the 21st century 
pulling on jeans and a t-shirt, 

254
00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:06,300
You're finally dressed and 
you're already tired from the 

255
00:14:06,300 --> 00:14:08,500
effort, but the day is just 
beginning. 

256
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:12,700
You make your way down stairs, 
navigate by candlelight. 

257
00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:16,100
If it's still dark, or by the 
weak gray light filtering 

258
00:14:16,100 --> 00:14:19,800
through Windows. 
If dawn has broken The stairs 

259
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:23,500
Creak under your feet. 
The sound is so familiar, you 

260
00:14:23,500 --> 00:14:27,100
barely notice it anymore. 
If you're in a typical middle 

261
00:14:27,100 --> 00:14:31,100
class home the stairs and narrow
and steep designed to save 

262
00:14:31,100 --> 00:14:34,900
space, the banister is smooth 
from years of hands. 

263
00:14:34,900 --> 00:14:37,800
Sliding along it. 
The kitchen is in the basement 

264
00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:41,000
or on the ground floor, at the 
back of the house, the location 

265
00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,100
depending on. 
Whether you live in a townhouse 

266
00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:46,500
or a detached home, it's the 
warmest room in the house 

267
00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:51,000
because the stove is already 
lit. somewhat either you or a 

268
00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:54,700
household servant has been up 
for an hour, already cooking the

269
00:14:54,700 --> 00:14:58,600
stove back to life, from its 
overnight, damping, adding coal 

270
00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:02,600
and waiting for the heat to 
build, The kitchen smells like 

271
00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:06,900
cold, smoke, cooking food, and 
the faint mustiness, that's 

272
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:10,700
common to Victorian houses. 
There's no exhaust fan to pull. 

273
00:15:10,708 --> 00:15:14,600
Cooking smells out of the room. 
No range hood and no mechanical 

274
00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:18,300
ventilation at all. 
The smell simply linger until 

275
00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:21,200
windows can be opened, which 
won't happen until the weather 

276
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:22,800
is warm enough to spare the 
Heat. 

277
00:15:23,700 --> 00:15:27,200
Breakfast is a serious meal, not
the grabbed granola bar or 

278
00:15:27,200 --> 00:15:29,200
coffee consumed while rushing 
out the door. 

279
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:33,200
If your middle class breakfast, 
might include porridge, bread 

280
00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:37,400
with butter or Jam, perhaps eggs
and maybe kippers or bacon if 

281
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:41,100
it's a prosperous household. 
T is the universal beverage 

282
00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:45,600
coffee exists, but is less 
common, and the tea is black and

283
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,600
strong served with milk and 
sugar, if you can afford both. 

284
00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:53,100
The porridge is made from oats 
cooked slowly in milk or water 

285
00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:55,300
until it leaves the right 
consistency. 

286
00:15:55,300 --> 00:16:00,500
It served hot possibly with a 
splash of cream or a spoonful of

287
00:16:00,508 --> 00:16:02,100
treacle if you're feeling 
indulgent. 

288
00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:06,700
The texture is smooth and 
warming and the heat of it is. 

289
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:10,000
Welcome on a cold morning. 
You eat it with a proper spoon 

290
00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:12,500
at a proper table sitting in a 
proper chair. 

291
00:16:12,500 --> 00:16:15,200
There's no eating standing up at
the counter. 

292
00:16:15,200 --> 00:16:19,200
No breakfast consumed in the 
car, during the commute, the 

293
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:21,300
bread was baked yesterday or the
day before. 

294
00:16:21,300 --> 00:16:25,500
Either in your own kitchen or 
purchased from the local Baker. 

295
00:16:25,500 --> 00:16:29,500
It's white bread if your middle 
class or wealthy because white 

296
00:16:29,500 --> 00:16:32,700
bread is more expensive and 
therefore more, prestigious 

297
00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:36,800
brown bread is what poor people 
eat, despite the fact that it's 

298
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:42,200
actually more nutritious The 
bread is dense and yeasty with a

299
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:45,600
thick crust that requires a 
serrated knife to cut through. 

300
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:49,500
You slice it yourself and spread
it with butter that's been 

301
00:16:49,500 --> 00:16:51,500
sitting in a covered dish on the
sideboard. 

302
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:56,400
The butter is real butter. 
Cultured and slightly Tangy. 

303
00:16:56,400 --> 00:17:00,100
Nothing like the mild. 
Sweet butter of the modern era. 

304
00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:04,200
If there are eggs, they're 
probably boiled in their shells 

305
00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:06,400
or fried in butter or bacon 
grease. 

306
00:17:07,099 --> 00:17:10,200
The eggs come from chickens, you
might actually know either 

307
00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:12,300
chickens and your own small yard
or chickens. 

308
00:17:12,300 --> 00:17:14,800
Belonging to the local farmer 
who supplies your household. 

309
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:19,300
The eggs taste different from 
Modern Supermarket eggs richer 

310
00:17:19,300 --> 00:17:23,599
and somehow more substantial. 
The yolks are deep yellow almost

311
00:17:23,599 --> 00:17:26,300
orange. 
You sit at the table with other 

312
00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:30,100
members of your household, 
family members, perhaps a 

313
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:31,600
border. 
If you take one in for extra 

314
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:35,500
income conversation is quiet and
focused on the day ahead. 

315
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:39,800
What errands need running what 
work needs doing? 

316
00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:42,700
Is the cold delivery scheduled 
for today. 

317
00:17:43,700 --> 00:17:46,000
Did the butcher's boy. 
Leave the order yesterday as 

318
00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:48,500
promised? 
There's no background noise of 

319
00:17:48,508 --> 00:17:52,100
television news or radio. 
No one is checking their phone 

320
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:55,000
because phones exist. 
Only a stationary devices used 

321
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:58,400
for specific calls not as 
constant companions. 

322
00:17:59,700 --> 00:18:03,700
The sounds are human voices. 
The clink of Cutlery against 

323
00:18:03,700 --> 00:18:07,300
plates, The Tick of the clock, 
on the mantle piece and the 

324
00:18:07,300 --> 00:18:11,100
muted Roar of the coal stove. 
Eating takes time. 

325
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,200
You're not rushing to finish 
breakfast in 7 minutes, so you 

326
00:18:14,208 --> 00:18:17,900
can Sprint to the train station.
The pace of Life simply doesn't 

327
00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:19,900
accommodate that kind of hurry 
for most people. 

328
00:18:19,900 --> 00:18:23,800
You eat slowly and methodically 
chewing properly because 

329
00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:27,100
digestion starts in the mouth 
and everyone knows that eating 

330
00:18:27,100 --> 00:18:29,700
too quickly leads to dispatch 
here and other stomach 

331
00:18:29,700 --> 00:18:33,300
complaints and the tears from a 
pot that's been warming on the 

332
00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:35,100
stove. 
It's strong enough that you can 

333
00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:39,000
barely see through it and the 
first sip is nearly scolding you

334
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,700
blow on it. 
Gently waiting for it to cool to

335
00:18:41,700 --> 00:18:45,400
a drinkable temperature. 
The tea Taste of tannins and 

336
00:18:45,400 --> 00:18:49,100
bitterness soften buy milk and 
sweetened with sugar, if you're 

337
00:18:49,100 --> 00:18:52,700
fortunate enough to have it. 
Sugar is less expensive than it 

338
00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:56,200
used to be nothing like the 
luxury item, it was a century 

339
00:18:56,200 --> 00:19:00,100
ago but it's still something you
use thoughtfully not wastefully.

340
00:19:01,100 --> 00:19:04,000
After breakfast, the dishes, 
don't go in a dishwasher because

341
00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:05,500
dishwashers won't exist for 
decades. 

342
00:19:05,500 --> 00:19:10,000
They go in the sink. 
A deep stone or ceramic Basin 

343
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:14,200
with a single cold water tap. 
Hot water has to be heated on 

344
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:16,200
the stove and added to the 
washing up water. 

345
00:19:17,300 --> 00:19:21,100
Somehow has to wash these dishes
by hand using the same harsh. 

346
00:19:21,100 --> 00:19:25,200
Soap used for personal washing 
if you employ a scullery maid or

347
00:19:25,208 --> 00:19:27,500
a general servant, this task is 
hers. 

348
00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:31,600
If you don't, it's divided among
family members or Falls to 

349
00:19:31,608 --> 00:19:35,200
whoever has the most time. 
The dishes are washed rinsed, 

350
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:38,600
dried with a linen, towel, and 
put away in the dresser or 

351
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:40,800
cupboard. 
Nothing is disposable. 

352
00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:44,200
There are no paper plate. 
No plastic cups and no takeaway 

353
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:48,600
containers every dish, every 
utensil and every cup will be 

354
00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:50,400
used again tomorrow in the day 
after that. 

355
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:52,900
And next year and possibly will 
be passed down to the Next 

356
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:56,100
Generation. 
Objects are valuable, they 

357
00:19:56,100 --> 00:19:59,500
represent labor and resources 
and money and they're treated 

358
00:19:59,508 --> 00:20:02,200
accordingly. 
Eventually you need to leave the

359
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:05,600
house perhaps you're going to 
work or to shop or to pay a 

360
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:08,000
social call. 
The process of leaving the house

361
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,500
is more involved than it would 
be in the 21st century. 

362
00:20:10,500 --> 00:20:13,600
You don't simply grab your keys 
and wallet and head out the 

363
00:20:13,608 --> 00:20:16,000
door. 
First, there's the question of 

364
00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:19,600
appropriate Outdoor Clothing, if
you're a woman you need to add 

365
00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:22,300
in an additional layer, a jacket
or short coat. 

366
00:20:22,300 --> 00:20:25,200
For mild weather, a heavier 
cloak or coat for cold weather, 

367
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:29,400
you need gloves, always gloves 
because going out without gloves

368
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,100
would Mark you as someone who 
works with their hands, someone 

369
00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:35,500
lower class. 
Your gloves are probably cotton 

370
00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:39,500
or kid, leather fitted to your 
hands and fastened with multiple

371
00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:42,200
small buttons at the wrist you 
need a hat. 

372
00:20:43,100 --> 00:20:45,700
Not wearing a hat Outdoors is 
simply not done for a 

373
00:20:45,708 --> 00:20:48,700
respectable woman. 
Your hat might be a small 

374
00:20:48,700 --> 00:20:52,600
Bonnet, a larger hat with a 
brim, or one of the elaborate 

375
00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:55,500
Creations that will become 
popular later in the Victorian 

376
00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:59,600
era. stunned with ribbon's 
flowers, feathers and even 

377
00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:04,800
attire taxidermied Birds The hat
pins that hold it in place a 

378
00:21:04,800 --> 00:21:06,700
long sharp and potentially 
lethal. 

379
00:21:07,500 --> 00:21:09,900
Women have been known to use 
them for self-defense and 

380
00:21:09,900 --> 00:21:13,000
emergencies. 
If you're a man, you need your 

381
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,200
hat, your gloves and you're 
walking stick. 

382
00:21:15,200 --> 00:21:17,600
If you carry one, you check your
pocket. 

383
00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:20,200
Watch to see the time the 
watches attached to your 

384
00:21:20,208 --> 00:21:23,000
waistcoat by a chain and 
checking it requires. 

385
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:25,000
Pulling it from your pocket 
opening. 

386
00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,900
The cover reading the time, 
closing the cover and returning 

387
00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:32,100
it to your pocket. 
This small ritual will happen 

388
00:21:32,100 --> 00:21:33,800
dozens of times throughout the 
day. 

389
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:37,600
You step out your front door 
onto the street and the assault 

390
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:41,400
on your senses is immediate. 
The air smells wrong to Modern 

391
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:45,200
sensibilities as coal smoke. 
Of course, the smell of 

392
00:21:45,208 --> 00:21:48,800
thousands of coal fires burning 
in thousands of homes and 

393
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:52,400
businesses, creating a haze, 
that hangs over the city like a 

394
00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:55,800
physical presence. 
On days when the fog is thick, 

395
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:59,300
this smoke combines with 
moisture to create the notorious

396
00:21:59,300 --> 00:22:02,300
London. 
Pea soup, fog a yellow brown 

397
00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:04,300
Merck. 
So thick you can barely see your

398
00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:07,600
hand in front of your face. 
But there are other smells too 

399
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:10,500
horse because horses are 
everywhere. 

400
00:22:11,300 --> 00:22:13,900
They're the primary mode of 
transportation for people and 

401
00:22:13,900 --> 00:22:17,700
goods alike, and a working horse
produces somewhere, between 15 

402
00:22:17,700 --> 00:22:19,900
and 35 pounds of manure every 
day. 

403
00:22:20,700 --> 00:22:23,400
In London alone. 
There are 100s of thousands of 

404
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,300
horses. 
The math is unavoidable, the 

405
00:22:26,300 --> 00:22:29,700
streets are covered in horse, 
droppings and Crossing sweepers 

406
00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:32,000
work full-time. 
Trying to clear paths through 

407
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:36,600
the muck for pedestrians. 
The smell of horse manure, mixes

408
00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:40,000
with human waste because despite
the best efforts of sanitation 

409
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:43,600
workers, the sewage system is 
imperfect at best and 

410
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:47,000
overwhelmed at worst. 
There are still plenty of houses

411
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:50,700
using cesspits and of connecting
to the main sewers and these 

412
00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:52,700
pits occasionally overflow or 
leak. 

413
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:56,400
The smell on hot summer days can
be genuinely over. 

414
00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:00,300
Mixed into this aromatic 
Symphony of the smells of 

415
00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:04,300
Industry coal tar, various 
chemicals, tanning leather, 

416
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:08,900
rendering animal fat and smoking
meat. every neighborhood has its

417
00:23:08,900 --> 00:23:11,600
own particular scent, profile, 
depending on what businesses 

418
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:15,200
operate, their The Tannery 
District smells powerfully of 

419
00:23:15,208 --> 00:23:20,300
chemicals and Rotting Flesh. 
The dock smell of fish tarot and

420
00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:23,900
saltwater, the wealthy 
residential areas, smell 

421
00:23:23,900 --> 00:23:25,500
slightly better, but only 
slightly. 

422
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:29,700
He still have horses. 
Still have coal fires and still 

423
00:23:29,700 --> 00:23:34,100
having perfect Sanitation. the 
street itself is paved, if 

424
00:23:34,100 --> 00:23:38,500
you're lucky with cobblestones, 
or with wooden blocks, Wooden 

425
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,500
block, Paving is quieter than 
cobblestones when horses and 

426
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:45,100
Wagon Wheels pass over it. 
But it tends to absorb all those

427
00:23:45,100 --> 00:23:48,400
lovely Street, fluids and become
spectacularly, smelly and warm 

428
00:23:48,408 --> 00:23:51,100
weather. 
Unpaved streets and muddy when 

429
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:53,100
it rains and Dusty when it's 
dry. 

430
00:23:53,100 --> 00:23:55,600
And the mud is not just dirt and
water. 

431
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:59,600
It's mixed with all the organic 
materials, the horses and humans

432
00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:02,700
have contributed. 
You walk carefully watching 

433
00:24:02,700 --> 00:24:05,400
where you step holding your 
skirts up slightly. 

434
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,100
If you're a woman to keep the 
hems from dragging through the 

435
00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:11,100
worst of it. 
If you're very wealthy, you 

436
00:24:11,100 --> 00:24:14,100
might have a footmen or servant 
walking ahead of you clearing a 

437
00:24:14,100 --> 00:24:16,600
path. 
If you're ordinary, you navigate

438
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:19,300
on your own and hope your boots 
are waterproof enough. 

439
00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:22,800
The noise is constant and 
overwhelming, if you're not used

440
00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:27,500
to it, I unshod Hooves striking 
cobblestones create a continuous

441
00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:30,700
clatter Wagon Wheels, Rumble and
grind. 

442
00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:36,200
Street vendors call out their 
Wares vegetables, fish knives to

443
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:40,700
sharpen chairs to men, end, milk
and newspapers. 

444
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,900
Each vendor has their own 
distinctive cry, and you learned

445
00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:47,900
to identify what's being sold by
the Rhythm and Melody of the 

446
00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:50,500
call before you pass the actual 
words. 

447
00:24:51,300 --> 00:24:55,400
People fill the streets, walking
working, selling buying and 

448
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:57,000
going about the business of 
life. 

449
00:24:57,900 --> 00:25:01,400
There are men in suits and top 
hats women in dresses and 

450
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,800
bonnets and children in 
miniature versions of adult 

451
00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:07,000
clothing because children's 
casual wear, doesn't really 

452
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:09,700
exist yet. 
There are street sweepers, 

453
00:25:09,700 --> 00:25:15,000
chimney sweeps, lamplighters 
police, constables, delivery 

454
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:18,500
boys. 
Messenger, boys, flower Sellers 

455
00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:22,200
and match girls. 
If you need to travel farther 

456
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:25,500
than walking distance allows you
have options though. 

457
00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:29,200
They're expensive compared to 
walking the Omnibus a horse 

458
00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:32,000
drawn, carriage that carries 
multiple passengers along a 

459
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,800
fixed route costs. 
A few Pence for a ride. 

460
00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:39,100
You climb aboard and find a seat
on one of the long benches that 

461
00:25:39,100 --> 00:25:40,500
run along the side of the 
vehicle. 

462
00:25:40,500 --> 00:25:44,600
The Omnibus sways and jolts over
the uneven Street surface. 

463
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:48,100
There's no suspension system to 
speak off and you feel every 

464
00:25:48,100 --> 00:25:49,900
bump and pothole through your 
seat. 

465
00:25:50,700 --> 00:25:53,600
Your fellow passengers are 
cross-section of London Society,

466
00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:57,900
a Clarke heading to his office. 
A shopkeepers wife going to 

467
00:25:57,908 --> 00:26:01,400
visit a sister, a Governor's 
traveling to her employers house

468
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:06,100
and a man whose occupation you 
can't quite determine Everyone 

469
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:09,700
sits in plight silence or 
conducts, quiet conversations 

470
00:26:09,700 --> 00:26:13,200
eating or drinking on the 
Omnibus would be horribly. 

471
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:15,600
Rude. 
Playing music from a portable 

472
00:26:15,608 --> 00:26:19,200
device doesn't exist as a 
concept, which is probably just 

473
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:21,700
as well. 
The journey takes far longer 

474
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:24,100
than the same trip would take in
the 21st century. 

475
00:26:24,100 --> 00:26:28,100
The horses can only move so fast
through crowded streets. 

476
00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:32,400
Traffic jams are absolutely a. 
Victorian problem though, they 

477
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,000
involve horses and carts rather 
than cars. 

478
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:38,600
Sometimes the Omnibus stops 
entirely for several minutes 

479
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:40,400
while some blockage ahead 
clears. 

480
00:26:41,300 --> 00:26:44,100
You wait, patiently because 
there's no alternative and 

481
00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:48,100
everyone is a custom to travel 
taking time. if you're worthy, 

482
00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:53,100
you might hire a cab a handsome 
cab or a four wheeler The 

483
00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:56,800
handsome cab is faster and more 
maneuverable with the driver 

484
00:26:56,800 --> 00:26:59,300
sitting behind and above the 
passenger compartment. 

485
00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:03,100
You enter through doors at the 
front, settle onto the leather 

486
00:27:03,100 --> 00:27:06,700
seat and communicate with the 
driver through a small hatch in 

487
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:10,100
the roof. 
Cab smells of leather horse and 

488
00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:13,500
tobacco, smoke from previous 
passengers, the wealthiest don't

489
00:27:13,500 --> 00:27:15,000
use public transportation at 
all. 

490
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:19,000
They own their own carriages, 
maintain their own horses and 

491
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:20,900
employ their own Coachmen and 
grooms. 

492
00:27:20,900 --> 00:27:25,100
This is expensive. 
A horse needs to be fed stabled 

493
00:27:25,100 --> 00:27:27,500
and cared for every day whether 
you use it or not. 

494
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:32,300
Carriage needs maintenance, a 
Coachmen needs wages, owning 

495
00:27:32,300 --> 00:27:35,000
your own equipped is a 
significant status symbol 

496
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:37,300
precisely because it's so 
expensive. 

497
00:27:38,300 --> 00:27:40,700
Shopping in Victorian England is
not a quick trip to the 

498
00:27:40,700 --> 00:27:43,000
supermarket. 
There are no supermarkets. 

499
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:47,000
Instead you go to multiple 
specialized shops, each one 

500
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:50,800
selling a narrow range of goods,
you visit the butcher for meet 

501
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:52,900
the green growth of a 
vegetables. 

502
00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:56,200
The baker for bread. 
The Draper for fabric the 

503
00:27:56,200 --> 00:28:00,400
haberdasher for small Notions, 
the chemist for medicine and the

504
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:03,800
dairy milk and cheese. 
Each shop is a separate. 

505
00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:07,400
Errand, a separate transaction, 
and a separate conversation. 

506
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:10,100
The grosser doesn't sell fresh 
vegetables. 

507
00:28:10,100 --> 00:28:14,000
He sells dried Goods tea sugar, 
flour, Candide, items and 

508
00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:18,200
preserves, His shops smells of 
tea and spices and the slight 

509
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:20,600
mustiness of dry goods stored in
bins. 

510
00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:24,300
The goods are pre-packaged. 
When you buy sugar, the 

511
00:28:24,300 --> 00:28:28,200
groceries it out from a large 
barrel or bin raped in paper 

512
00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:30,700
Twisted into a cone shape and 
hands it to you. 

513
00:28:31,300 --> 00:28:34,600
Tears measured from a teacher 
chest flower is scooped and 

514
00:28:34,608 --> 00:28:37,700
raped. 
The transaction is personal, the

515
00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:39,500
grosser. 
Knows you by name, if you're a 

516
00:28:39,500 --> 00:28:42,000
regular custard customer, he 
knows what you usually buy. 

517
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:46,400
And when he might extend you 
credit putting your purchases on

518
00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:48,500
account to be paid at the end of
the week or month. 

519
00:28:49,300 --> 00:28:52,700
This system of credit is crucial
for many families who get paid 

520
00:28:52,700 --> 00:28:56,300
weekly or monthly and need to 
spread their expenses across the

521
00:28:56,300 --> 00:28:59,800
pay period. 
At the butcher you discuss what 

522
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:03,600
cuts of meat you want? 
There's no refrigerated display 

523
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:07,300
case with pre-cut wrapped 
portions, the meat hangs on 

524
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:11,200
hooks or sits on marble slabs, 
the butcher Cuts, what you 

525
00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:15,700
request weighs. 
It wraps it in paper in summer, 

526
00:29:15,708 --> 00:29:20,100
the shop smells powerfully of 
meat and blood flies or a 

527
00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:22,200
constant problem despite the 
book's best efforts. 

528
00:29:23,100 --> 00:29:26,600
Your accustomed to the smell and
the Flies, their Facts of Life. 

529
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,000
The green Grocers shop is 
seasonal in a way modern 

530
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:33,600
supermarket, and not in Winter. 
Your options are root 

531
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,900
vegetables, potatoes, carrots, 
turnips and onions. 

532
00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:40,800
There are no fresh tomatoes in 
January and no strawberries in 

533
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:44,100
December. 
You eat Watson season or what's 

534
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:46,100
been preserved from the previous
growing season. 

535
00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:50,500
Canned, goods exist but are 
still relatively expensive and 

536
00:29:50,500 --> 00:29:54,600
not entirely trusted. 
Preserving food at home in jars 

537
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:58,500
is common and your pantry might 
be stocked with jams pickles and

538
00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:00,900
preserved fruits put up during 
the summer months. 

539
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:03,900
Shops closed early by modern 
standards. 

540
00:30:03,900 --> 00:30:08,200
Many shops closed entirely on 
Sundays when Commerce is 

541
00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:11,700
considered inappropriate. 
This means all your shopping has

542
00:30:11,700 --> 00:30:14,600
to be accomplished within the 
Limited hours that shops are 

543
00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:17,300
open during the week. 
There's no running to the 

544
00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:20,500
24-hour convenience store at 11 
at night because you've run out 

545
00:30:20,500 --> 00:30:24,400
of milk. if you're a woman of 
the household managing the 

546
00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:28,000
shopping errands as part of your
daily responsibility, if you 

547
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:31,400
employ servants, you might send 
a servant to handle routine 

548
00:30:31,400 --> 00:30:34,800
purchases, while you personally,
select more important or 

549
00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:38,900
expensive items, the groceries 
don't come to you, you go to the

550
00:30:38,900 --> 00:30:42,800
grocery, which means walking or 
taking the Omnibus from shop to 

551
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:46,500
shop carrying your purchases or 
have them delivered later. 

552
00:30:47,300 --> 00:30:50,000
Some shops will deliver 
particularly for larger or 

553
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:52,700
heavier? 
Orders the delivery boy, appears

554
00:30:52,700 --> 00:30:55,400
at your door later in the day 
with your Parcels, your 

555
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:58,700
expected, to be home to receive 
deliveries, or to have someone 

556
00:30:58,700 --> 00:31:00,300
home who can accept them on your
behalf. 

557
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:03,600
Leaving packages on the doorstep
isn't really done. 

558
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:08,100
Theft is too common and valuable
Goods need to be signed for and 

559
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:12,300
verified money is different too.
British currently in the 

560
00:31:12,300 --> 00:31:15,500
Victorian era operates on a 
complex system of pounds 

561
00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:21,700
Shillings and Pence. 12 Pence to
a shilling. 20 shillings to a 

562
00:31:21,700 --> 00:31:24,100
pound. 
There are also half pennies 

563
00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:28,400
farthings. 
Floorings crowns, half crowns, 

564
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:31,900
and gimmies. 
Mental arithmetic is a crucial 

565
00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:34,800
life skill because you need to 
calculate costs and change in 

566
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:37,800
your head while shopping. 
The coins are silver and copper 

567
00:31:37,800 --> 00:31:42,100
heavy in your purse or pocket. 
Sovereign a gold pound. 

568
00:31:42,100 --> 00:31:46,300
Coin is a significant piece of 
money and you don't carry one 

569
00:31:46,300 --> 00:31:48,800
casually. 
Paper money exists. 

570
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:51,000
But is used primarily for larger
transactions. 

571
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:55,600
For daily shopping, you use 
coins and the weight of the them

572
00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:58,700
is noticeable. 
Handful of copper pennies waste 

573
00:31:58,700 --> 00:32:01,600
significantly. 
More than modern coins you pay 

574
00:32:01,600 --> 00:32:03,200
for each transaction 
individually. 

575
00:32:03,200 --> 00:32:07,400
There's no credit card to swipe.
No contactless payment no 

576
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:11,500
pulling out your phone to tap 
and pay you count out coins, the

577
00:32:11,500 --> 00:32:14,600
shopkeeper counts them again and
change his calculated and 

578
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:18,000
counted back to you. 
The transaction is physical and 

579
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:20,600
tactile in a way that electronic
payments are not. 

580
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:24,600
A few work and most people do 
work in some capacity. 

581
00:32:24,600 --> 00:32:27,600
Your working day. 
Looks nothing like a modern 

582
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:31,200
nine-to-five office job the 
concept of The Weeknd barely 

583
00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:35,100
exists for most workers, Sundays
a day of rest for religious 

584
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:37,200
reasons. 
But Saturday is a working day. 

585
00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:40,100
For most people though. 
Some Industries have begun 

586
00:32:40,100 --> 00:32:42,400
experimenting with Saturday off 
holidays. 

587
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:46,500
If you're a clerk or someone who
works in an office, your hours 

588
00:32:46,508 --> 00:32:49,500
might be something like eight in
the morning until 6 or 7 in the 

589
00:32:49,508 --> 00:32:53,200
evening Monday, through 
Saturday, that's roughly 60 

590
00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:55,500
hours a week. 
There are no labor laws, 

591
00:32:55,500 --> 00:32:59,200
limiting your hours, no, 
mandatory breaks, and no 

592
00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:02,700
overtime pay, you work the 
hours, your employer demands. 

593
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:05,500
And if you don't like it, 
there's someone else who needs 

594
00:33:05,500 --> 00:33:07,600
the job and will accept the 
conditions. 

595
00:33:09,300 --> 00:33:11,500
The office itself is different 
from a modern workplace. 

596
00:33:11,500 --> 00:33:16,400
If you're lucky, you have a desk
a chair and access to a window. 

597
00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:20,400
If you're less, lucky your 
crammed into a poorly lit 

598
00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:23,100
poorly, ventilated room with 
dozens of other clocks. 

599
00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:27,000
All of you copying documents by 
hand or doing, calculations with

600
00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:30,100
pen and paper. 
There are no computers, no 

601
00:33:30,100 --> 00:33:32,600
calculators. 
And no copy machines. 

602
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:36,200
Everything is done by hand. 
The work is repetitive and 

603
00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:38,700
tedious. 
You might spend your entire day 

604
00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:43,500
copying ledgers entering figures
and reconciling accounts, your 

605
00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:45,400
hand cramps from holding the 
pen. 

606
00:33:46,200 --> 00:33:48,800
The nibs scratches a cross the 
paper with a sound that 

607
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:52,500
multiplies into a chorus and 
there are 50 Clarks in the room.

608
00:33:52,500 --> 00:33:56,800
All righting simultaneously. 
Mistakes have to be scratched 

609
00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:00,400
out and corrected by hand. 
There's no delete key. 

610
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:04,500
No undo function. 
The pain you use is a metal nib 

611
00:34:04,500 --> 00:34:06,300
fitted into a wooden or bone 
holder. 

612
00:34:06,300 --> 00:34:10,000
You dip it in ink every few 
words and if you're not careful,

613
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:13,800
you'll get ink on your fingers 
on your cuffs and on the paper. 

614
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:17,900
Blotting paper is essential. 
You have to block each line 

615
00:34:17,900 --> 00:34:20,199
before moving to the next or the
ink will smudge. 

616
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:23,500
The whole process is slow and 
painstaking. 

617
00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:27,600
If you work in manufacturing or 
industry, your conditions are 

618
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:30,900
probably worse. 
Factory work means long hours. 

619
00:34:30,900 --> 00:34:34,800
In dangerous conditions for 
Lopez a textile worker. 

620
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:38,699
Might operate machinery for 12 
to 14 hours a day, six days, a 

621
00:34:38,699 --> 00:34:41,300
week. 
The Machinery is loud, dangerous

622
00:34:41,300 --> 00:34:44,400
and unforgiving. 
Fingers and hands are lost to 

623
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:45,900
machines with disturbing 
regularity. 

624
00:34:47,199 --> 00:34:51,100
There are no safety guards. 
No OSHA regulation and no 

625
00:34:51,100 --> 00:34:54,000
workers compensation. 
If you're injured, the factory 

626
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:56,800
is hot in summer. 
Cold in winter in the air is 

627
00:34:56,808 --> 00:34:59,500
full of lint or dust or chemical
fumes. 

628
00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:00,900
Depending on what is being 
manufactured. 

629
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:05,900
You breathe it all day, every 
day, and you develop a cough 

630
00:35:05,900 --> 00:35:09,500
that never quite goes away. 
Lung disease, is a common among 

631
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:13,200
Factory workers, but you can't 
afford to stop working so you 

632
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:15,800
work through the cough and hope 
it doesn't get worse. 

633
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:19,900
If you're a woman working in a 
factory, you earn less than a 

634
00:35:19,900 --> 00:35:22,800
man doing the same job. 
This isn't even controversial, 

635
00:35:22,800 --> 00:35:26,000
it's simply accepted that 
women's labor is worth less. 

636
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:29,000
You might turn half or two 
thirds of what your male 

637
00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:32,100
coworkers earned and you're 
expected to be grateful for the 

638
00:35:32,100 --> 00:35:36,200
opportunity to work at all. 
Domestic service is another 

639
00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:39,000
common occupation particularly 
for young women. 

640
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:43,000
If you're a housemaid you live 
in your employer's home often in

641
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:45,700
a small room in the Attic, 
you're on call. 

642
00:35:45,700 --> 00:35:49,000
Essentially all the time, your 
official hours might be six in 

643
00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:52,100
the morning until 9 or 10 at 
night with a few hours off in 

644
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:54,900
the afternoon. 
But in practice, if your 

645
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:57,800
employer rings for you at 
midnight, you're expected to 

646
00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:00,100
answer. 
The work is physically 

647
00:36:00,100 --> 00:36:02,700
demanding. 
You carry Cola upstairs, to keep

648
00:36:02,700 --> 00:36:06,000
the fires burning carry hot 
water for washing and bathing 

649
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:08,600
you. 
Scrub floors on your hands and 

650
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,600
knees. 
You beat carpets, wash, windows,

651
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:15,600
polish, silver, black, the 
stove, prepare meals, washed 

652
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:19,600
dishes and do laundry by hand. 
The labor is endless and 

653
00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:22,700
exhausting. 
But domestic service does come 

654
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:25,900
with certain advantages. 
You have a place to sleep and 

655
00:36:25,900 --> 00:36:28,900
regular meals, which is more 
than some people can say. 

656
00:36:28,900 --> 00:36:32,000
If you work for a good family, 
you might be treated with some 

657
00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:35,300
kindness and respect. 
If you work for a bad family, 

658
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:38,100
your essentially trapped in a 
situation where you have very 

659
00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:41,000
little power and very few 
options for recourse. 

660
00:36:41,900 --> 00:36:44,900
There are no employment laws, 
protecting you from overwork or 

661
00:36:44,900 --> 00:36:46,900
abuse. 
There's no minimum wage. 

662
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:51,000
There are no mandated breaks or 
vacation days, you work the 

663
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:53,100
hours. 
You're told to work, you do the 

664
00:36:53,100 --> 00:36:56,100
tasks you're told to do. 
And if you don't like it, you 

665
00:36:56,100 --> 00:36:59,100
can leave. 
But then you'll have no job, no 

666
00:36:59,100 --> 00:37:02,800
income, possibly no place to 
live and no reference for your 

667
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:06,100
next position. 
When the Working Day finally 

668
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:08,800
ends, you make your way home 
through streets that are growing

669
00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:12,100
dark. 
In winter, it's fully dark by 

670
00:37:12,100 --> 00:37:15,200
four or five, in the afternoon 
and navigating the streets 

671
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:18,700
becomes more difficult. 
The street lamps are being lit 

672
00:37:18,700 --> 00:37:22,100
by The lamplighters Men, Who 
walk their Roots every evening 

673
00:37:22,100 --> 00:37:25,900
carrying, long poles, with 
tapers, at the end lighting, 

674
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:29,600
each Gaslamp individually. 
The gas lamps, provide some 

675
00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:32,500
illumination, but it's nothing 
like the bright electric, 

676
00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:36,100
streetlights of the modern era. 
The light is yellow and dim 

677
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:39,800
creating pools of brightness 
beneath each lamp while leaving 

678
00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:44,100
the space is between in Shadow. 
Walking after dark requires 

679
00:37:44,100 --> 00:37:46,800
caution, you might carry a small
Lantern. 

680
00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:49,800
If your prudent though, this 
marks you as someone with money.

681
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:52,700
Since lanterns and candles cost 
money. 

682
00:37:53,700 --> 00:37:56,100
The streets are less crowded 
now, but not empty. 

683
00:37:56,900 --> 00:38:00,400
People are still moving about 
workers heading home, delivery 

684
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:03,900
men finishing their rounds and 
people heading to Public houses 

685
00:38:03,900 --> 00:38:07,600
or other entertainments. 
Women traveling alone after dark

686
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:09,800
risk, their reputations and 
their safety. 

687
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:13,900
If you're a respectable woman, 
you generally don't go out alone

688
00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:16,300
after dark and less necessity 
demands it. 

689
00:38:17,100 --> 00:38:20,400
Arrived home, hang up your coat 
and hat and begin the evening 

690
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:23,400
routine. 
If it's winter fires, need to be

691
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:26,300
up again or have fresh coal 
added lamps. 

692
00:38:26,300 --> 00:38:29,800
Need to be lit throughout the 
house gaslighting exist. 

693
00:38:29,800 --> 00:38:32,800
In many homes by this period, 
but it's expensive. 

694
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:35,700
So you like only the lamps you 
absolutely need. 

695
00:38:36,700 --> 00:38:40,000
You might read by a single lamp 
straining, your eyes in the dim 

696
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:44,500
light because lighting a second 
lamp seems wasteful dinner or 

697
00:38:44,500 --> 00:38:48,600
supper, depending on your social
class is the main meal of the 

698
00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:52,400
day for many families. 
If your middle class, this might

699
00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:56,000
be served around 6 or 7 in the 
evening, the meal is more 

700
00:38:56,000 --> 00:39:00,600
substantial than breakfast. 
Perhaps roasted meat, potatoes 

701
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:02,900
vegetables, bread and pudding 
for dessert. 

702
00:39:03,900 --> 00:39:06,600
Everything is cooked on that 
same cold stove that's been 

703
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:09,600
burning all day. 
The meal is served at a table 

704
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:11,100
where everyone sits down 
together. 

705
00:39:11,100 --> 00:39:14,900
There's no eating in front of a 
television, no scrolling through

706
00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:18,600
your phone while you eat. 
Conversation is expected, 

707
00:39:18,600 --> 00:39:20,600
though. 
It follows certain patterns, and

708
00:39:20,600 --> 00:39:23,000
rules. 
You, don't talk about unpleasant

709
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:25,700
topics at the dinner table. 
You don't monopolize the 

710
00:39:25,700 --> 00:39:30,100
conversation children are seen 
but not heard or at least not 

711
00:39:30,100 --> 00:39:33,400
heard much. 
After dinner the evening 

712
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:36,300
stretches ahead with fewer 
options than a modern person. 

713
00:39:36,300 --> 00:39:39,800
Might expect if your middle 
class and reasonably prosperous,

714
00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:42,200
you might have a small library 
of books. 

715
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:46,400
Reading is a primary form of 
entertainment and novels are 

716
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:48,400
eagerly consumed. 
Dickens. 

717
00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:51,900
Trollope the brontes, and George
Eliot. 

718
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:55,400
These authors published their 
novels in serial form in 

719
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:58,900
Magazine's and families, eagerly
await the next installment. 

720
00:39:59,900 --> 00:40:03,200
Reading aloud is common. 
One person might read to the 

721
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:08,200
group, While others do hand 
work, sewing mending or 

722
00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:12,000
embroidery, Women's hands are 
rarely idling in the evening. 

723
00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:14,200
There's always mending to be 
done. 

724
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:18,500
Always closed to be made or 
altered and always stocking to 

725
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:21,200
be darned. 
These tasks are done by 

726
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:24,400
Lamplight which is hard on the 
eyes but necessary. 

727
00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:28,600
If you have a piano or other 
musical instrument, there might 

728
00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:32,600
be music a daughter, might play 
and sing while family members. 

729
00:40:32,600 --> 00:40:35,200
Listen. 
The music comes from sheet 

730
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:38,900
music, purchased from shops or 
borrowed from friends, there are

731
00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:41,200
no recordings, no radio and no 
streaming services. 

732
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:45,200
If you want music, someone has 
to produce it Live cards and 

733
00:40:45,208 --> 00:40:47,000
board games are popular 
entertainment. 

734
00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:50,300
Families might play whist chess 
or drafts. 

735
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:54,000
The games are played slowly, and
thoughtfully, as a social 

736
00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:56,100
activity, as much as a 
competitive one. 

737
00:40:56,900 --> 00:40:58,700
Conversation flows around the 
game. 

738
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:02,600
News is exchange and gossip is 
carefully shared. 

739
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:06,200
If you're feeling social, you 
might have guessed or visit 

740
00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:09,500
someone else's home these 
visits, follow strict protocols,

741
00:41:09,500 --> 00:41:13,800
you don't just drop by you. 
Send a calling card ahead or you

742
00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:15,400
visit during specific calling 
hours. 

743
00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:19,100
Will you wait to be invited? 
When you visit you dress 

744
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:22,900
appropriately, you bring a small
gift, perhaps new, observe the 

745
00:41:22,900 --> 00:41:24,700
proprieties of polite 
conversation. 

746
00:41:25,600 --> 00:41:29,200
Tea or coffee is served along 
with small cakes or biscuits. 

747
00:41:30,100 --> 00:41:34,200
The conversation ranges, across 
appropriate topics, family news,

748
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:39,300
local events, books music, and 
perhaps carefully moderated 

749
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:42,100
discussion of politics. 
If everyone present is known to 

750
00:41:42,100 --> 00:41:45,700
share similar views, you 
absolutely don't discuss 

751
00:41:45,700 --> 00:41:48,900
religion in mixed company and 
you're very careful about 

752
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:52,100
controversial, topics the 
evening ends, early by modern 

753
00:41:52,100 --> 00:41:54,500
standards. 
There's no reason to stay up 

754
00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:57,200
late when you'll need to wake 
early tomorrow and when staying 

755
00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:59,500
up means burning expensive lamp 
oil gas. 

756
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:03,700
By nine or ten in the evening, 
most households are preparing 

757
00:42:03,700 --> 00:42:06,000
for bed. 
The nighttime routine is the 

758
00:42:06,008 --> 00:42:09,500
inverse of the morning. 
You undress carefully hanging or

759
00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:12,300
folding clothes that will be 
worn again tomorrow or later in 

760
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:15,100
the week. 
Washing is minimal hats. 

761
00:42:15,100 --> 00:42:19,100
A quick wash of face and hands. 
Full bathing as a weekend 

762
00:42:19,100 --> 00:42:21,000
Affair. 
Not a daily ritual. 

763
00:42:21,900 --> 00:42:24,800
You might use the chamber pot 
one final time before bed. 

764
00:42:24,800 --> 00:42:29,200
The house is already cooling as 
Fires at the night in Winter. 

765
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:34,700
Your bedroom is cold, genuinely 
cold, not merely cool, there's 

766
00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:38,100
no Central Heating. 
You might have a warming pan 

767
00:42:38,100 --> 00:42:40,900
filled with hot coals to warm 
the sheets before you climb in, 

768
00:42:40,900 --> 00:42:44,400
or you might just shiver your 
way into a cold bed and wait for

769
00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:47,900
your body heat to warm it. 
You blow out the candle or turn 

770
00:42:47,900 --> 00:42:50,400
down the Gas Lamp and Darkness, 
Falls completely. 

771
00:42:51,300 --> 00:42:53,200
There's no glow from 
streetlights outside. 

772
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:58,400
No LED displays and no light 
pollution, the darkness is total

773
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:01,200
and absolute. 
You lie in bed, listening to the

774
00:43:01,200 --> 00:43:04,600
sound of the house settling, the
distant sound of horses in the 

775
00:43:04,608 --> 00:43:07,300
street and the muffled sounds of
Neighbors. 

776
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:11,000
Sleep comes more easily when 
your day has been physically 

777
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:13,800
demanding and you're 
entertainment options limited. 

778
00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:17,400
You haven't spent the evening 
staring at bright screens, 

779
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:21,700
disrupting your circadian 
rhythms, you'll simply tired and

780
00:43:21,700 --> 00:43:24,600
sleep as well. 
Come laundry day deserves its 

781
00:43:24,600 --> 00:43:27,600
own particular attention because
it's such an enormous 

782
00:43:27,600 --> 00:43:29,900
undertaking that it colors the 
entire week. 

783
00:43:30,700 --> 00:43:33,000
In most households laundry 
happens. 

784
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:37,600
Once a week often on Monday the 
process consumes most of the 

785
00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:40,600
day, and a significant amount of
physical labor. 

786
00:43:41,500 --> 00:43:44,500
The laundry isn't done in a 
machine that you load add 

787
00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:46,000
detergent, to, and walk away 
from. 

788
00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:50,900
It's done by hand in stages 
using equipment that seems 

789
00:43:50,900 --> 00:43:54,800
primitive by modern standards 
but represents sophisticated 

790
00:43:54,800 --> 00:43:58,300
technology for its time. 
If your fortunate, you have a 

791
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:01,300
copper, a large metal tub. 
Built into a brick or stone 

792
00:44:01,300 --> 00:44:05,000
housing with a fire underneath. 
You fill this copper with water,

793
00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:09,100
hold from the pump, or tap build
a fire underneath and heat the 

794
00:44:09,100 --> 00:44:12,500
water to Boiling. 
The water has to be truly hot 

795
00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:15,800
boiling or near boiling to 
properly clean the clothes and 

796
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:17,900
to kill any Vermin. 
That might be residing in the 

797
00:44:17,900 --> 00:44:21,200
fabric. 
While the water heats, you sort 

798
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:24,900
the laundry into categories. 
White separate from colors. 

799
00:44:24,900 --> 00:44:29,700
Find fabric separate from heavy 
ones and heavily soiled items 

800
00:44:29,700 --> 00:44:32,900
separate from lightly. 
Soiled each category will be 

801
00:44:32,900 --> 00:44:35,600
washed differently. 
You can't just throw everything 

802
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:38,000
in together, the way you might 
with a modern washing machine, 

803
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:41,200
the White's go in first into the
boiling water. 

804
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:46,200
Soap is grated or shaved into 
the water solid bars of soap, 

805
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:50,200
not liquid detergent. 
The soap is Harsh and effective 

806
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:54,300
made from lie and animal fats 
and it requires hot water to 

807
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:57,500
work properly. 
You agitate the clothes using a 

808
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:00,700
wooden stick or dolly. 
Pushing and lifting and turning 

809
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:02,100
the fabric through the hot 
water. 

810
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:07,200
This is hot steaming work. 
The room fills with moisture and

811
00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:10,800
the smell of soap and wet Fabric
in somewhere. 

812
00:45:10,800 --> 00:45:13,600
It's almost unbearably hot in 
Winter. 

813
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:17,000
The heat is welcome at first but
becomes oppressive as the hours 

814
00:45:17,000 --> 00:45:20,600
where on You're standing for 
hours leaning over the tub, 

815
00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:23,600
lifting heavy wet Fabric and 
wringing It Out by hand. 

816
00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:28,500
After washing the clothes need 
to be rinsed multiple rinses to 

817
00:45:28,500 --> 00:45:31,400
get all the soap out. 
Each rinse requires more water 

818
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:35,900
hauled and heated if necessary. 
Clothes are lifted from the wash

819
00:45:35,900 --> 00:45:41,200
water, run out transferred to 
rinse, water agitated again, and

820
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:44,300
wrung out again. 
The process repeats until the 

821
00:45:44,300 --> 00:45:48,100
rinse water runs clear. 
Ringing out heavy wet fabric by 

822
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:50,500
hand. 
Is brutally hard on your hands 

823
00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:53,200
and arms. 
The fabric is twisted and 

824
00:45:53,200 --> 00:45:55,900
squeezed to force out as much 
water as possible. 

825
00:45:56,700 --> 00:46:00,500
Some households have a, mangle a
device with two rollers that you

826
00:46:00,500 --> 00:46:03,900
feed the fabric through turning 
a crank to press the water out. 

827
00:46:04,700 --> 00:46:07,600
This is easier than ringing by 
hand, but it's still physical 

828
00:46:07,600 --> 00:46:09,300
work. 
And you have to be careful. 

829
00:46:09,300 --> 00:46:12,800
Not to catch your fingers in the
role as the clean run out, 

830
00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:14,500
laundry, then has to be hung to 
dry. 

831
00:46:14,500 --> 00:46:18,500
If weather permits, you hang out
outside on, clothesline, strong 

832
00:46:18,500 --> 00:46:22,300
across the yard or garden. 
Sheets and large items are Peg 

833
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:24,000
to the line with a wooden 
clothes pins. 

834
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:27,800
Small items might be draped over
bushes or spread on the grass. 

835
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:31,500
If their items like lace, that 
need to be shaped or drying if 

836
00:46:31,500 --> 00:46:35,000
the weather doesn't cooperate. 
And in England, that's often the

837
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:37,100
case. 
The laundry has to be hung 

838
00:46:37,100 --> 00:46:40,400
indoors every available. 
Space becomes draped, with 

839
00:46:40,400 --> 00:46:43,100
drying clothes. 
Lines are strong across the 

840
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:45,400
kitchen or a dedicated drying 
room. 

841
00:46:45,400 --> 00:46:48,700
If you have won the house 
becomes humid and full of the 

842
00:46:48,700 --> 00:46:52,500
smell of damp fabric. 
Drying takes much longer indoors

843
00:46:52,500 --> 00:46:56,400
and in winter items might take 
days to fully dry. 

844
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:01,900
Once dry, everything needs to be
ironed and by ironed, we mean 

845
00:47:01,900 --> 00:47:04,800
ironed with heavy flat irons 
heated on the stove. 

846
00:47:05,500 --> 00:47:07,600
You typically have two or three 
ions. 

847
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:10,100
So while one is in use the 
others are heating. 

848
00:47:10,100 --> 00:47:13,600
The Iron's are solid metal. 
Weighing five or six pounds. 

849
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:16,900
Each, you test the temperature 
by holding the iron near your 

850
00:47:16,908 --> 00:47:21,400
cheek or by spitting on it if 
the spits sizzles and evaporates

851
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:23,000
immediately, the iron is hot 
enough. 

852
00:47:23,900 --> 00:47:27,700
Ironing is skilled work. 
Too cool and the iron doesn't 

853
00:47:27,700 --> 00:47:31,600
smooth, the fabric properly too 
hot and you scorch or burn the 

854
00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:34,100
fabric. 
You have to judge the heat by 

855
00:47:34,100 --> 00:47:38,900
feel and adjust accordingly. you
are an everything sheets, 

856
00:47:38,900 --> 00:47:42,200
pillowcases shirts, blouses, 
petticoats, and even 

857
00:47:42,200 --> 00:47:46,600
handkerchiefs Wrinkled fabric is
a sign of slovenliness and you 

858
00:47:46,608 --> 00:47:49,200
can't have that. 
The starch is another 

859
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:52,800
complication items that need to 
be crisp collars. 

860
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:56,100
Cuffs certain types of 
decorative fabric are starched. 

861
00:47:56,900 --> 00:48:00,700
You make starch from scratch. 
Boiling up a mixture of starch 

862
00:48:00,700 --> 00:48:04,100
powder and water dipping the 
items in it, letting them 

863
00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:07,600
partially dry, then ironing them
moist or slightly damp. 

864
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:12,200
The result is fabric that stands
up crisply, but the process is 

865
00:48:12,200 --> 00:48:15,600
time-consuming and requires 
practice to get right. 

866
00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:20,200
By the end of laundry day, 
you're exhausted your back, 

867
00:48:20,200 --> 00:48:22,700
aches, from bending over tubs 
and ironing boards. 

868
00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:26,500
Your hands are red and wrinkled 
from hot water, possibly cracked

869
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:30,000
and sore from the harsh soap. 
If you've employed a lawn dress 

870
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:32,900
or if a household servant, does 
the laundry, your spare, the 

871
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:35,000
worst of it. 
But you still oversee the 

872
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:37,900
process and might help with the 
ironing or other finishing work.

873
00:48:37,900 --> 00:48:41,900
This is why clothing is worn 
multiple times between washing, 

874
00:48:41,900 --> 00:48:45,000
you simply can't wash everything
after everywhere. 

875
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:47,200
In the labor involved, is too 
great. 

876
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:51,000
And the washing itself was out 
the fabric. undergarments might 

877
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:53,900
be changed daily or every few 
days depending on your standards

878
00:48:53,900 --> 00:48:57,200
of cleanliness and how many 
changes of underclothes you own 

879
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:02,500
How to garments a brushed aired 
spot cleaned, and warned many 

880
00:49:02,500 --> 00:49:05,800
times before being subjected to 
the full washing process. 

881
00:49:06,700 --> 00:49:09,900
When you become ill in Victorian
England, your experience of 

882
00:49:09,900 --> 00:49:12,700
sickness and treatment is 
dramatically different from 

883
00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:16,000
modern medicine. 
The Germ theory of disease is 

884
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:20,000
only just becoming accepted in 
medical circles and many doctors

885
00:49:20,000 --> 00:49:22,900
still don't fully believe that 
tiny invisible organisms can 

886
00:49:22,900 --> 00:49:27,200
cause illness If you develop a 
fever or feel generally unwell, 

887
00:49:27,200 --> 00:49:31,100
you might try treating yourself 
first with home remedies passed 

888
00:49:31,100 --> 00:49:34,800
down through families. 
Willow bark tea for fever and 

889
00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:37,400
pain. 
This actually works because 

890
00:49:37,400 --> 00:49:41,300
willow bark contains salicylic 
acid, the precursor to aspirin. 

891
00:49:42,100 --> 00:49:43,900
Honey and lemon for sore 
throats. 

892
00:49:43,900 --> 00:49:47,600
Various herbal, concoctions for 
Digestive complaints. 

893
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:51,100
Some of these remedies have 
genuine medicinal properties 

894
00:49:51,100 --> 00:49:53,000
though. 
The reasons they work aren't 

895
00:49:53,000 --> 00:49:56,400
fully understood. 
Others are pure Superstition but

896
00:49:56,400 --> 00:50:00,300
might provide a placebo effect. 
If the illness persists or worse

897
00:50:00,300 --> 00:50:03,700
than you might consulted doctor,
though this depends entirely on 

898
00:50:03,700 --> 00:50:07,500
your ability to pay. 
Doctors are expensive, and 

899
00:50:07,500 --> 00:50:09,800
Medical Care is not free. 
At the point of use. 

900
00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:13,800
You pay for the doctor's visit, 
you pay for any medicines 

901
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:17,000
prescribed and you pay for any 
procedures performed. 

902
00:50:17,800 --> 00:50:21,700
Poor people often can't afford 
doctors and rely on charity 

903
00:50:21,700 --> 00:50:24,400
clinics or simply hope they 
recover on their own. 

904
00:50:25,300 --> 00:50:27,700
The doctor when he arrives 
examines you through your 

905
00:50:27,700 --> 00:50:29,600
clothing. 
For the most part, if you're a 

906
00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:33,100
woman, physical examination is 
minimal compared to Modern 

907
00:50:33,100 --> 00:50:35,400
standards, he might take your 
pulse. 

908
00:50:35,400 --> 00:50:38,300
Look at your tongue and press on
your abdomen through your 

909
00:50:38,300 --> 00:50:40,900
clothes. 
He might use a stethoscope to 

910
00:50:40,900 --> 00:50:43,600
listen to your chest. 
This is relatively new 

911
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:47,200
technology and not all doctors, 
trust it as much as their own 

912
00:50:47,200 --> 00:50:50,800
practice deer. 
Diagnosis is often guesswork 

913
00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:53,000
based on symptoms and the 
doctors experience. 

914
00:50:53,000 --> 00:50:57,800
There are no blood tests, no 
x-rays, no CT scans and no way 

915
00:50:57,800 --> 00:50:59,600
to look inside the body, except 
through surgery. 

916
00:51:00,700 --> 00:51:03,500
Doctors diagnose based on what 
they can see in here and what 

917
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:06,400
the patient reports. 
Treatment might involve 

918
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:09,100
medicine's, many of which are 
used to this or actively 

919
00:51:09,100 --> 00:51:12,200
harmful. 
Payton medicines are popular 

920
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:16,100
bottled, concoctions with secret
formulas, that came to cure 

921
00:51:16,100 --> 00:51:18,500
everything from consumption to 
melancholy. 

922
00:51:19,400 --> 00:51:23,300
Many of these contain alcohol 
opium or cocaine which certainly

923
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:25,500
make you feel different, even if
they don't cure anything. 

924
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:29,700
Some contain toxic substances, 
like, Mercury or lead. 

925
00:51:30,400 --> 00:51:34,400
Lorden tincture of opium is 
widely available and widely used

926
00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:37,300
for everything from coughs to 
menstrual cramps to helping 

927
00:51:37,300 --> 00:51:40,500
fussy baby sleep. 
Its effective as a pain, 

928
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:43,500
reliever and sedative. 
But it's also highly addictive 

929
00:51:43,500 --> 00:51:46,800
and many people developed 
dependencies without fully 

930
00:51:46,800 --> 00:51:48,400
understanding what's happening 
to them. 

931
00:51:49,100 --> 00:51:52,100
If you need surgery, you're 
facing an ordeal that might kill

932
00:51:52,100 --> 00:51:54,100
you. 
Even if the underlying condition

933
00:51:54,100 --> 00:51:58,600
wouldn't have anesthesia exists 
by mid-century ether and 

934
00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:00,800
chloroform but it's not always 
used. 

935
00:52:00,800 --> 00:52:05,100
And even when it is the dosing 
is imprecise to little and you 

936
00:52:05,100 --> 00:52:09,300
feel everything too much. 
And you might not wake up, the 

937
00:52:09,300 --> 00:52:12,300
surgery itself is dangerous. 
Not because surgeons lack skill.

938
00:52:12,300 --> 00:52:16,200
Many are quite skilled but 
because anti-septic technique is

939
00:52:16,208 --> 00:52:19,800
barely understood. 
A surgeon might operate in his 

940
00:52:19,800 --> 00:52:24,200
regular clothes possibly with a 
dirty apron over the he doesn't 

941
00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:27,500
scrub his hands or sterilize. 
His instruments Beyond wiping, 

942
00:52:27,500 --> 00:52:30,300
them clean. 
The concept that invisible 

943
00:52:30,300 --> 00:52:32,300
germs. 
Caused infections is still 

944
00:52:32,300 --> 00:52:35,600
gaining acceptance, and many 
surgeons resisted. 

945
00:52:36,600 --> 00:52:39,500
Infections after surgery, a 
common and often fatal. 

946
00:52:40,300 --> 00:52:42,900
Sepsis gangrene and blood 
poisoning. 

947
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:46,400
These are routine complications 
that kill otherwise healthy 

948
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:49,100
patients, there are no 
antibiotics. 

949
00:52:49,800 --> 00:52:52,800
Once an infection sets in, 
there's little that can be done 

950
00:52:52,800 --> 00:52:55,600
except hope the patient's 
natural defenses, fight it off. 

951
00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:58,800
Childbirth is particularly 
dangerous for women. 

952
00:52:58,800 --> 00:53:02,300
Maternal mortality is high 
compared to Modern standards 

953
00:53:02,300 --> 00:53:07,100
women die, from Hemorrhage, from
infections, from a clamps. 

954
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:10,700
And from complications, that 
would be easily treatable in the

955
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:13,900
modern era. 
Infant mortality is even higher 

956
00:53:13,900 --> 00:53:18,300
many babies, don't survive their
first year. if a woman goes into

957
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:21,300
labor, she's attended by a 
midwife or if she is wealthy, 

958
00:53:21,300 --> 00:53:26,400
perhaps a doctor The birth takes
place at home usually in the 

959
00:53:26,408 --> 00:53:29,100
woman's own bed. 
Pain relief is limited. 

960
00:53:29,100 --> 00:53:33,500
Some women are giving cloroform 
to ease the worst of it but many

961
00:53:33,500 --> 00:53:38,300
simply endure, the labor might 
last hours or days if 

962
00:53:38,300 --> 00:53:42,200
complications arise, the options
are limited and often brutal if 

963
00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:45,300
the baby is stuck the doctor 
might use forceps to pull it out

964
00:53:45,300 --> 00:53:47,900
risking damage to both mother 
and child. 

965
00:53:47,900 --> 00:53:51,600
If the baby dies in the womb and
won't deliver naturally, it 

966
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:54,500
might have to be dismembered and
removed piece by piece, to save 

967
00:53:54,500 --> 00:53:57,700
the mother's life. 
If the mother's pelvis is too 

968
00:53:57,700 --> 00:54:00,700
small for the baby to pass, 
there's no cesarean section. 

969
00:54:00,700 --> 00:54:04,600
As a safe option, the operation 
exists, but is usually fatal to 

970
00:54:04,600 --> 00:54:07,800
the mother. 
Many women die in childbirth or 

971
00:54:07,800 --> 00:54:11,600
shortly after from purple fever,
a bacterial infection, 

972
00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:14,900
contracted during delivery. 
This infection could be 

973
00:54:14,908 --> 00:54:18,700
prevented by proper hand washing
and sanitary conditions but 

974
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:20,300
these practices aren't 
Universal. 

975
00:54:20,300 --> 00:54:23,900
Yet some doctors wash their 
hands before attending births 

976
00:54:24,500 --> 00:54:27,400
Many don't. 
Dental Care is primitive and 

977
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:30,000
painful. 
If you have a toothache, you 

978
00:54:30,000 --> 00:54:34,400
might try home remedies clove 
oil to numb the pain, various 

979
00:54:34,400 --> 00:54:38,500
rinses and poultices. 
If the tooth is too damaged to 

980
00:54:38,500 --> 00:54:42,400
save extraction is the only 
option this is done without 

981
00:54:42,400 --> 00:54:46,500
anesthesia in many cases or with
minimal numbing the dentist uses

982
00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:48,600
pliers, to grab the tooth and 
rent it out. 

983
00:54:49,400 --> 00:54:52,900
The pain is excruciating, the 
risk of infection is high, and 

984
00:54:52,900 --> 00:54:55,700
the procedure is traumatic 
enough, that people often put it

985
00:54:55,700 --> 00:54:57,100
off until the pain becomes 
unbearable. 

986
00:54:58,300 --> 00:55:03,000
False teeth exist. 
Dentures made from ivory bone or

987
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:06,100
in some cases, human teeth 
extracted from Corpses. 

988
00:55:07,100 --> 00:55:10,400
The fit is often poor, they're 
uncomfortable and they don't 

989
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:14,200
work as well as natural teeth. 
But they're better than gaps in 

990
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:16,500
your smile. 
If you can afford them, mental 

991
00:55:16,500 --> 00:55:19,000
illness is poorly understood and
often treated cruelly. 

992
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:22,800
If you develop severe mental 
health problems, you might be 

993
00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:25,800
confined to an asylum where 
conditions range from really 

994
00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:27,400
unpleasant to genuinely 
horrific. 

995
00:55:28,300 --> 00:55:30,100
Treatment might involve cold 
baths. 

996
00:55:30,100 --> 00:55:34,200
Isolation restraints, or various
quack remedies. 

997
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:38,500
The understanding that mental 
illness has biological and 

998
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:41,000
chemical components does not 
really exist yet. 

999
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:45,600
As the year progresses, the 
rhythm of Victorian life, shifts

1000
00:55:45,600 --> 00:55:48,400
with the seasons, in ways, more 
pronounced than modern climate 

1001
00:55:48,400 --> 00:55:51,400
controlled. 
Existence allows your far more 

1002
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:54,100
attuned to seasonal changes, 
because your comfort and even 

1003
00:55:54,108 --> 00:55:56,900
survival depend on adapting to 
them. 

1004
00:55:57,800 --> 00:56:01,900
Winter means darkness and cold 
the days of brutally short. 

1005
00:56:01,900 --> 00:56:05,100
In December, you might have 
barely eight hours of daylight 

1006
00:56:05,100 --> 00:56:09,200
and much of that is weak and 
watery, filtered through fog and

1007
00:56:09,200 --> 00:56:13,100
cold smoke. 
You awaken Darkness work through

1008
00:56:13,100 --> 00:56:16,300
a few hours of dim daylight and 
finish your day in darkness, 

1009
00:56:16,300 --> 00:56:19,700
again. 
The cold is inescapable, your 

1010
00:56:19,700 --> 00:56:22,600
house is cold except for the 
rooms where fires are burning 

1011
00:56:22,600 --> 00:56:25,200
and even those rooms are only 
warm near the fire. 

1012
00:56:25,900 --> 00:56:28,300
The areas away from the 
fireplace remain chilly. 

1013
00:56:28,900 --> 00:56:34,200
You dress in layers wool, 
flannel more wool, and you still

1014
00:56:34,208 --> 00:56:37,900
feel cold. 
Going outside means bundling in 

1015
00:56:37,900 --> 00:56:42,400
cloaks shawls mufflers and 
gloves and hoping you don't have

1016
00:56:42,400 --> 00:56:46,500
to stay out long. 
Streets in Winter miserable, the

1017
00:56:46,500 --> 00:56:49,200
mud freezes into ruts that turn 
to Slippery ice. 

1018
00:56:49,900 --> 00:56:53,300
Snow turns quickly to Grace Lush
mixed with all the usual Street 

1019
00:56:53,300 --> 00:56:56,200
to try to. 
Your feet are always cold, and 

1020
00:56:56,200 --> 00:56:58,300
often wet. 
Because Boot waterproofing is 

1021
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:01,800
imperfect. 
Chill, blames painful. 

1022
00:57:01,800 --> 00:57:04,600
Inflammation of the skin caused 
by cold and poor. 

1023
00:57:04,600 --> 00:57:07,100
Circulation are a common winter 
complaint. 

1024
00:57:08,100 --> 00:57:12,000
Food in winter is monotonous 
root, vegetables, preserved 

1025
00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:14,400
Meats, dried beans pickled 
things. 

1026
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:17,000
And what you've managed to 
preserve from the previous 

1027
00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:20,000
growing season. 
Fresh fruits are rare. 

1028
00:57:20,700 --> 00:57:23,300
Fresh vegetables are limited to 
what can be stored in Roots 

1029
00:57:23,300 --> 00:57:25,400
sellers. 
Utter lot of stews, and 

1030
00:57:25,408 --> 00:57:27,900
porridge, and bread filling, but
not exciting. 

1031
00:57:29,000 --> 00:57:31,600
Spring brings relief, that's 
almost overwhelming after the 

1032
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:35,200
long dark winter. 
The days length and noticeably 

1033
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:38,200
the temperatures are warm enough
that you don't need quite as 

1034
00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:41,000
many layers. 
The coal fires can be allowed to

1035
00:57:41,000 --> 00:57:44,800
burn lower or even go out on 
warmer days, saving on cold 

1036
00:57:44,800 --> 00:57:47,100
costs and improving the air 
quality in the house. 

1037
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:50,600
Food becomes more varied as 
fresh vegetables, start to 

1038
00:57:50,600 --> 00:57:53,900
appear in markets. 
The first spring greens are 

1039
00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:57,800
celebrated, Watercress young, 
lettuce and early peas. 

1040
00:57:58,800 --> 00:58:02,400
After months of stored route, 
vegetables, fresh green food 

1041
00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:04,800
tastes almost impossibly, 
bright, and vital. 

1042
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:07,900
Spring cleaning is a major 
household event. 

1043
00:58:07,900 --> 00:58:11,500
Windows that have been shuttle. 
Winter are open to air out. 

1044
00:58:11,500 --> 00:58:14,400
The house. 
Carpets are taken up beaten and 

1045
00:58:14,400 --> 00:58:16,400
cleaned curtains. 
A washed. 

1046
00:58:16,400 --> 00:58:20,400
Every surface is scrubbed. 
The cold Sutton Grime that 

1047
00:58:20,400 --> 00:58:22,600
accumulated over. 
Winter is tackled with 

1048
00:58:22,600 --> 00:58:25,200
determination. 
Summer brings its own 

1049
00:58:25,200 --> 00:58:27,600
challenges. 
The heat can be oppressive 

1050
00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:31,800
particularly in the city where 
building's trap warmth and the 

1051
00:58:31,800 --> 00:58:33,700
lack of trees means little 
shade. 

1052
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:36,700
Your heavy. 
Victorian clothing is designed 

1053
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:40,100
more for modesty than comfort 
and you suffering it during 

1054
00:58:40,100 --> 00:58:43,500
Heatwave. 
The men in their suits and women

1055
00:58:43,500 --> 00:58:45,800
in their corseted layers swelter
together. 

1056
00:58:46,600 --> 00:58:49,500
The smell of the city 
intensifies in summer heat. 

1057
00:58:50,400 --> 00:58:53,600
All those organic materials that
contribute to Street, Funk 

1058
00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:57,800
become more pungent, The sewers 
smell worse, rotting garbage 

1059
00:58:57,800 --> 00:59:01,000
smells worse. 
People smell worse because daily

1060
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:03,800
bathing isn't standard and 
deodorant as we know, it doesn't

1061
00:59:03,800 --> 00:59:06,700
exist. 
Disease, spreads more readily in

1062
00:59:06,700 --> 00:59:09,500
some heat cholera typhoid and 
dysentery. 

1063
00:59:09,500 --> 00:59:12,800
All these thrive in warm weather
and poor Sanitation. 

1064
00:59:13,800 --> 00:59:16,800
Summers can bring epidemic 
outbreaks that kill hundreds or 

1065
00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:21,200
thousands Public Health 
authorities, post warning, but 

1066
00:59:21,200 --> 00:59:24,500
there's limited understanding of
how to prevent the spread and 

1067
00:59:24,500 --> 00:59:28,600
limited ability to implement 
widespread Solutions even when 

1068
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:32,000
understanding exists. 
But some also brings Pleasures, 

1069
00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:35,600
long, daylight hours mean you're
not always working or living by 

1070
00:59:35,600 --> 00:59:37,900
Lamplight. 
Fresh fruits appear, 

1071
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:42,500
strawberries cherries, plums, 
pears, and apples. 

1072
00:59:43,400 --> 00:59:46,700
The variety in food is a welcome
change from Winter monotony. 

1073
00:59:47,400 --> 00:59:50,400
If you are wealthy enough to 
leave the city, this is when you

1074
00:59:50,400 --> 00:59:54,100
might DeCamp to the countryside 
or the Seaside, escaping the 

1075
00:59:54,100 --> 00:59:56,700
Heat and smell and disease of 
urban summer. 

1076
00:59:58,000 --> 01:00:03,000
Autumn is Harvest Time and food 
is abundant the markets overflow

1077
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:06,200
with produce. 
This is when preserving happens 

1078
01:00:06,200 --> 01:00:11,300
making jams and jealous pickling
vegetables, drying fruits, and 

1079
01:00:11,300 --> 01:00:14,000
preparing. 
For the scarcity of winter is 

1080
01:00:14,000 --> 01:00:16,300
also, when you assess your fuel 
stores, make sure you have 

1081
01:00:16,300 --> 01:00:18,600
enough coal laid in for the 
coming cold months. 

1082
01:00:19,800 --> 01:00:22,900
The changing seasons also 
dictate social calendars in ways

1083
01:00:22,900 --> 01:00:27,300
that go beyond mere weather. the
London season the period, when 

1084
01:00:27,300 --> 01:00:31,000
wealthy families are in town for
social events, runs from late 

1085
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:35,200
spring through early summer, The
rest of the year, many wealthy 

1086
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:37,100
families are at their country 
estate's. 

1087
01:00:37,100 --> 01:00:41,200
Social patterns flow around 
these movements religious and 

1088
01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:44,300
secular holidays. 
Mark the year Christmas is 

1089
01:00:44,300 --> 01:00:47,900
celebrated though not with quite
the commercial frenzy of modern 

1090
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:50,900
times. 
Gift giving is more modest. 

1091
01:00:51,700 --> 01:00:54,900
Focus is more on religious 
observance and special Foods. 

1092
01:00:54,900 --> 01:00:59,100
The non elaborate press presents
Easter Whitson and Vary Saints 

1093
01:00:59,100 --> 01:01:01,100
days. 
These provide breaks in the 

1094
01:01:01,108 --> 01:01:04,100
working year and occasions for 
special meals or activities. 

1095
01:01:04,900 --> 01:01:07,100
Your awareness of time itself is
different. 

1096
01:01:07,100 --> 01:01:12,000
You mark Time by church, bells 
by the river of meals, and by 

1097
01:01:12,000 --> 01:01:16,600
the sun's position if you're 
Outdoors Clock time exists but 

1098
01:01:16,600 --> 01:01:19,600
it's less tyrannical than it 
becomes in the modern era of 

1099
01:01:19,600 --> 01:01:24,700
shift work and strict schedules.
Time is more fluid more human. 

1100
01:01:24,700 --> 01:01:29,300
Scaled measured in tasks 
completed rather than hours on a

1101
01:01:29,300 --> 01:01:31,500
clock. 
Perhaps more than any physical 

1102
01:01:31,500 --> 01:01:34,300
detail, the rules, governing 
social interaction, make 

1103
01:01:34,300 --> 01:01:36,400
Victorian life feel foreign to 
Modern sensibilities. 

1104
01:01:37,500 --> 01:01:40,400
There are elaborate codes 
dictating every aspect of social

1105
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:44,100
behavior and violating these 
codes carries real consequences.

1106
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:47,900
If you're a woman, your 
reputation is your most valuable

1107
01:01:47,900 --> 01:01:50,700
possession and it's 
frighteningly fragile. 

1108
01:01:51,500 --> 01:01:54,600
Being seen alone with a man who 
isn't your husband or a close 

1109
01:01:54,600 --> 01:01:57,000
male relative can damage your 
reputation? 

1110
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:00,800
Receiving a man's visit without 
a chaperone present is in 

1111
01:02:00,800 --> 01:02:03,600
proper. 
Walking alone after dark is 

1112
01:02:03,600 --> 01:02:06,700
questionable. 
Showing too much ankle is in 

1113
01:02:06,700 --> 01:02:09,100
modest. 
Laughing too loudly. 

1114
01:02:09,100 --> 01:02:12,600
As a lady, like these aren't 
just old-fashioned preferences. 

1115
01:02:12,600 --> 01:02:17,000
Their serious social rules with 
teeth a woman with a damaged 

1116
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:20,200
reputation finds herself, 
excluded from polite, Society. 

1117
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:25,500
Marriage prospects, dry up, 
invitation cease, women 

1118
01:02:25,500 --> 01:02:29,200
Whisperer about you. 
Men assume things about you, and

1119
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:31,900
there's very little you can do 
to repair the damage once it's 

1120
01:02:31,900 --> 01:02:34,600
done. 
The rules for courtship are 

1121
01:02:34,600 --> 01:02:38,600
particularly complex a man and 
woman who are interested in each

1122
01:02:38,600 --> 01:02:40,900
other. 
Can't simply start dating in the

1123
01:02:40,908 --> 01:02:43,600
modern sense. 
They need proper introductions 

1124
01:02:43,600 --> 01:02:47,100
through, mutual acquaintances or
family members, they can't be 

1125
01:02:47,100 --> 01:02:50,300
alone together. 
All meetings Must Be chaperoned.

1126
01:02:50,300 --> 01:02:54,900
Love Letters can be exchanged, 
but even this is slightly 

1127
01:02:54,900 --> 01:02:59,600
scandalous. holding hands in 
public would be shocking kissing

1128
01:02:59,600 --> 01:03:04,000
before engagement would be 
utterly ruinous if discovered If

1129
01:03:04,000 --> 01:03:06,600
a couple becomes engaged, 
they're slightly more freedom, 

1130
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:10,100
but not much. 
Engagement might last months or 

1131
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:13,900
years depending on the couple's 
financial situation and family 

1132
01:03:13,900 --> 01:03:16,700
Arrangements. 
During this time, there are 

1133
01:03:16,700 --> 01:03:20,000
establishing their household 
saving money and preparing for 

1134
01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:22,400
married life. 
They still can't be alone 

1135
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:24,100
together without risking 
Scandal. 

1136
01:03:24,100 --> 01:03:27,100
The wedding itself is a more 
modest Affair than than many 

1137
01:03:27,108 --> 01:03:29,800
modern weddings at least for 
middle class families. 

1138
01:03:30,800 --> 01:03:33,900
The ceremony takes place in a 
church, the bride wears. 

1139
01:03:33,900 --> 01:03:36,800
Her best dress rather than a 
special wedding gown, unless 

1140
01:03:36,800 --> 01:03:39,100
she's quite wealthy. 
And there's a small reception 

1141
01:03:39,100 --> 01:03:43,400
with tea and cake, Honeymoon's 
exist, but a luxury is not 

1142
01:03:43,400 --> 01:03:47,300
expectations. 
Once married, the power dynamics

1143
01:03:47,300 --> 01:03:51,300
shift, dramatically a married 
woman has few legal rights. 

1144
01:03:51,300 --> 01:03:53,800
Her property becomes her 
husband's property. 

1145
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:56,600
Any money, she earns belongs to 
him. 

1146
01:03:56,600 --> 01:03:59,200
He has legal authority, over 
children. 

1147
01:04:00,100 --> 01:04:04,000
He can dictate where the family 
lives, how money is spent and 

1148
01:04:04,000 --> 01:04:07,500
how children are raised. 
Some men are kind and treat 

1149
01:04:07,500 --> 01:04:10,400
their wives as partners. 
Others are tyrannical. 

1150
01:04:10,400 --> 01:04:15,300
The law gives women little 
recourse divorces possible but 

1151
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:19,000
scandalous and difficult. 
A man can divorce his wife for 

1152
01:04:19,000 --> 01:04:21,700
adultery a woman seeking divorce
from her. 

1153
01:04:21,700 --> 01:04:25,700
Husband needs to prove adultery 
plus some additional Factor like

1154
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:29,800
cruelty or desertion, even a 
successful divorce ruined a 

1155
01:04:29,800 --> 01:04:33,100
woman's social standing. 
She's unlikely to be received in

1156
01:04:33,100 --> 01:04:36,700
polite Society again and a 
prospects for remarriage a 

1157
01:04:36,700 --> 01:04:39,200
minimal for men. 
The social rules are less 

1158
01:04:39,208 --> 01:04:42,700
restrictive but still present. 
A gentleman doesn't discuss 

1159
01:04:42,700 --> 01:04:46,300
certain topics in mixed company.
He doesn't speak crudely in the 

1160
01:04:46,300 --> 01:04:49,200
presence of ladies. 
He pays his debts promptly. 

1161
01:04:49,200 --> 01:04:52,700
He honors his word. 
He treats servants with distance

1162
01:04:52,700 --> 01:04:55,600
but not cruelty. 
He provides for his family. 

1163
01:04:56,600 --> 01:04:58,800
Class distinctions are rigid and
visible. 

1164
01:04:58,800 --> 01:05:02,100
You can generally tell someone 
social class by their clothing, 

1165
01:05:02,100 --> 01:05:04,700
their speech, their occupation, 
and where they live. 

1166
01:05:05,400 --> 01:05:08,200
Moving between classes is 
difficult though, not 

1167
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:10,900
impossible. 
It Tradesmen who becomes 

1168
01:05:10,900 --> 01:05:14,900
successful might aspire to 
gentility but he'll likely face 

1169
01:05:14,900 --> 01:05:19,100
subtle or not subtle snobbery 
from those born to higher 

1170
01:05:19,100 --> 01:05:21,500
stations. 
The middle class itself, has 

1171
01:05:21,500 --> 01:05:25,600
gradations upper middle class, 
professionals doctors, lawyers 

1172
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:28,900
and successful Merchants, live 
differently from lower, middle 

1173
01:05:28,900 --> 01:05:32,800
class, Clarks and shopkeepers. 
everyone is acutely aware of 

1174
01:05:32,800 --> 01:05:35,500
these distinctions and works 
hard to maintain their position 

1175
01:05:35,500 --> 01:05:39,700
or improve it Servants occupy, 
an odd position in the social 

1176
01:05:39,700 --> 01:05:42,300
hierarchy. 
They work intimately with their 

1177
01:05:42,300 --> 01:05:45,800
employers, seeing them in 
situations of vulnerability and 

1178
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:49,100
privacy, yet the social distance
remains vast. 

1179
01:05:49,900 --> 01:05:54,100
A good servant is deferential 
quiet and almost invisible 

1180
01:05:54,100 --> 01:05:56,900
except when actually needed. 
Servants. 

1181
01:05:56,900 --> 01:06:00,600
Have their own hierarchy too the
Butler and housekeeper ranking 

1182
01:06:00,600 --> 01:06:04,000
of the footmen and housemaids 
who rank above the scholarly 

1183
01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:07,800
made and kitchen boys. 
The working class exists in a 

1184
01:06:07,800 --> 01:06:11,800
separate sphere in entirely 
manual laborers Factory workers 

1185
01:06:11,800 --> 01:06:15,100
and Street vendors. 
They followed different social 

1186
01:06:15,100 --> 01:06:19,500
rules where different clothes, 
eat different food and really 

1187
01:06:19,500 --> 01:06:22,500
into sect with the middle and 
upper classes, except as 

1188
01:06:22,500 --> 01:06:23,900
servants or in commercial 
transactions. 

1189
01:06:25,200 --> 01:06:28,800
Poverty is visible and common 
Beggars on street corners. 

1190
01:06:28,800 --> 01:06:32,600
Homeless children sleeping in 
doorways, women desperate 

1191
01:06:32,600 --> 01:06:36,100
enough, to turn to prostitution.
These are daily sites in 

1192
01:06:36,100 --> 01:06:38,900
Victorian cities. 
The response from more 

1193
01:06:38,900 --> 01:06:42,200
comfortable classes is often a 
mixture of charitable impulse 

1194
01:06:42,200 --> 01:06:46,100
and moral judgment, the poorer 
sometimes, deserving objects of 

1195
01:06:46,108 --> 01:06:49,800
charity. 
Sometimes moral failures who 

1196
01:06:49,800 --> 01:06:53,700
brought their circumstances on 
themselves, the truth is usually

1197
01:06:53,700 --> 01:06:57,700
far more complex, but nuanced 
isn't always welcome as your day

1198
01:06:57,700 --> 01:07:00,000
in Victorian England, wines 
toward its clothes. 

1199
01:07:00,000 --> 01:07:03,300
You find yourself moving through
familiar evening routines. 

1200
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:07,700
Though, the familiarity is hard 
one through repetition rather 

1201
01:07:07,700 --> 01:07:10,400
than born from a lifetime of 
modern convenience. 

1202
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:14,300
You've banked the fires for the 
night leaving just enough. 

1203
01:07:14,300 --> 01:07:17,000
Coal to keep a small flame alive
until morning. 

1204
01:07:18,000 --> 01:07:21,500
The house is cooling all ready, 
the warmth from the days, fires 

1205
01:07:21,500 --> 01:07:25,300
dissipating, into the night air.
You've checked the locks on the 

1206
01:07:25,300 --> 01:07:28,300
doors and the latches. 
On the Windows security is a 

1207
01:07:28,308 --> 01:07:32,100
real concern and while you're 
not wealthy enough to be a prime

1208
01:07:32,100 --> 01:07:35,100
target for burglars, you're also
not so poor that you have 

1209
01:07:35,100 --> 01:07:38,400
nothing worth stealing. 
Like the kitchen has been 

1210
01:07:38,408 --> 01:07:40,000
cleaned and set to rights for 
tomorrow. 

1211
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:43,700
The dishes from supper have been
washed dried and put away. 

1212
01:07:44,600 --> 01:07:48,100
Table has been wiped clean. 
Tomorrow's breakfast dishes, sit

1213
01:07:48,100 --> 01:07:52,000
ready, the routine is comforting
in its predictability, even if 

1214
01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:55,900
the work itself is tiresome. 
He climb the stairs again. 

1215
01:07:55,900 --> 01:07:58,900
Candlestick in hand Shadows. 
Dancing on the walls. 

1216
01:07:58,900 --> 01:08:03,400
As you pass the house, creaks 
and settles around you familiar 

1217
01:08:03,400 --> 01:08:05,300
sounds. 
That would alarm a modern person

1218
01:08:05,300 --> 01:08:10,100
but that you barely notice. 
Old house is make noise, that's 

1219
01:08:10,100 --> 01:08:12,300
simply how they are in your 
bedroom. 

1220
01:08:12,300 --> 01:08:15,800
You go through the ritual of 
undressing carefully removing 

1221
01:08:15,800 --> 01:08:18,200
and storing the layers. 
You Don this morning with such 

1222
01:08:18,200 --> 01:08:21,300
effort, the dress comes off and 
is hung or folded. 

1223
01:08:21,300 --> 01:08:25,500
The corset is Unleashed and set 
aside, the petticoats are 

1224
01:08:25,508 --> 01:08:29,399
removed each layer appeals away 
until your back to your simple 

1225
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:34,300
nightshirt, ready for sleep. 
You wash quickly and cold water.

1226
01:08:34,300 --> 01:08:38,100
One more time, face hands, 
perhaps feet. 

1227
01:08:38,899 --> 01:08:41,800
The water in the pitcher has 
been sitting all day and his ice

1228
01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:44,200
cold. 
You grit your teeth, through the

1229
01:08:44,200 --> 01:08:47,500
brief shock of it. 
The bed is cold when you climb 

1230
01:08:47,500 --> 01:08:50,899
in and you curl into your self 
waiting, for your body heat to 

1231
01:08:50,899 --> 01:08:54,500
warm the space around you. 
The Sheep smell faintly of 

1232
01:08:54,500 --> 01:08:56,700
lavender from the sachet kept in
the linen. 

1233
01:08:56,700 --> 01:09:00,000
Press a small luxury that makes 
the bed more pleasant. 

1234
01:09:00,899 --> 01:09:04,800
The mattress is familiar in its 
lumps and valleys and you find 

1235
01:09:04,800 --> 01:09:07,600
your usual sleeping position 
without conscious thought. 

1236
01:09:08,500 --> 01:09:12,800
Outside the sounds of the city 
continued but a muted, a distant

1237
01:09:12,800 --> 01:09:17,000
voice, the clop of a late horse,
the far off whistle of a train. 

1238
01:09:17,899 --> 01:09:21,399
These sounds fade as sleep 
approaches and you drift away 

1239
01:09:21,399 --> 01:09:25,100
from Consciousness, ready to 
wait and do it all again 

1240
01:09:25,100 --> 01:09:28,300
tomorrow. 
Life in Victorian England was 

1241
01:09:28,300 --> 01:09:31,100
exhausting and comfortable and 
constraining by modern 

1242
01:09:31,100 --> 01:09:34,000
standards. 
It required constant physical 

1243
01:09:34,000 --> 01:09:37,200
labor for tasks that are now 
automated or eliminated. 

1244
01:09:37,899 --> 01:09:41,000
It offered far fewer choices and
far less personal freedom. 

1245
01:09:41,899 --> 01:09:44,100
Disease and death were close to 
Companions. 

1246
01:09:44,100 --> 01:09:46,600
Poverty was grinding and escaped
from. 

1247
01:09:46,600 --> 01:09:49,800
It was difficult yet, it was 
also a life lived at a more 

1248
01:09:49,800 --> 01:09:53,899
human Pace in some ways. 
Days had natural rhythms tied to

1249
01:09:53,899 --> 01:09:57,500
light and dark communities. 
Were more immediate and personal

1250
01:09:57,500 --> 01:10:00,500
skills were learned and 
practiced and valued. 

1251
01:10:01,500 --> 01:10:05,700
The satisfaction of completed 
tasks a clean floor, amended 

1252
01:10:05,700 --> 01:10:09,700
shirt, a well-cooked meal was 
tangible, and real, you wouldn't

1253
01:10:09,700 --> 01:10:11,100
want to live this life 
permanently. 

1254
01:10:11,100 --> 01:10:13,800
Not really, the trade-offs are 
too significant. 

1255
01:10:15,300 --> 01:10:19,000
But understanding how different 
daily existence was just a 

1256
01:10:19,000 --> 01:10:22,400
handful of generations ago makes
the modern world seem less 

1257
01:10:22,400 --> 01:10:26,000
inevitable and more remarkable. 
Every convenience you take for 

1258
01:10:26,000 --> 01:10:30,200
granted clean water from a tap, 
instant light at the flip of a 

1259
01:10:30,208 --> 01:10:34,000
switch a hot shower. 
Whenever you want one represents

1260
01:10:34,000 --> 01:10:37,600
generations of innovation and 
labor and gradual Improvement. 

1261
01:10:38,600 --> 01:10:41,900
The victorians lived in a world 
nearly unrecognizable by modern 

1262
01:10:41,900 --> 01:10:43,800
standards. 
Yet, they were still 

1263
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:48,300
fundamentally human. 
They loved worried hoped and 

1264
01:10:48,300 --> 01:10:50,900
dreamed. 
They found joy in small 

1265
01:10:50,900 --> 01:10:53,900
pleasures and endured hardships 
with whatever Grace they could 

1266
01:10:53,900 --> 01:10:57,100
muster. 
They were your ancestors, not so

1267
01:10:57,100 --> 01:10:59,800
distant. 
In time, living lives, both 

1268
01:10:59,800 --> 01:11:02,200
completely foreign and strangely
familiar. 

1269
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:06,700
As you drift towards sleep in 
your own comfortable bed, with 

1270
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:09,300
your modern convenience is 
surrounding you in the dark. 

1271
01:11:09,300 --> 01:11:12,700
You might spare a thought for 
all those people who lived and 

1272
01:11:12,700 --> 01:11:15,900
died in that vanished world 
doing the best they could with 

1273
01:11:15,900 --> 01:11:19,200
what they had one exhausting day
at a time. 

1274
01:11:23,400 --> 01:11:26,200
You're settling in to the late 
1800s, and early 1900s. 

1275
01:11:26,200 --> 01:11:30,500
And people first began studying 
the mind, not through philosophy

1276
01:11:30,500 --> 01:11:33,800
alone, but through careful of 
Salvation and quiet, 

1277
01:11:33,800 --> 01:11:38,600
experimentation This was a time 
when Psychology was new 

1278
01:11:38,600 --> 01:11:42,600
uncertain, and filled with more 
questions than answers. 

1279
01:11:42,600 --> 01:11:47,600
When researchers worked in small
rooms with simple tools, trying 

1280
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:50,600
to understand something that had
never been systematically 

1281
01:11:50,600 --> 01:11:54,600
studied before. 
Before psychology existed, as a 

1282
01:11:54,600 --> 01:11:57,300
formal discipline. 
People already knew their own 

1283
01:11:57,308 --> 01:12:01,100
minds quite well, you woke each 
morning with thoughts forming. 

1284
01:12:01,100 --> 01:12:04,400
Before you opened your eyes. 
You noticed how attention 

1285
01:12:04,400 --> 01:12:07,100
shifted from task to task 
throughout the day? 

1286
01:12:08,000 --> 01:12:10,400
You felt emotions, rise, and 
fade. 

1287
01:12:10,400 --> 01:12:14,500
You remembered yesterday while 
planning tomorrow, all of this 

1288
01:12:14,500 --> 01:12:18,700
happened naturally without 
textbooks, or laboratory is In 

1289
01:12:18,700 --> 01:12:21,500
the middle 1800s. 
If you wanted to understand 

1290
01:12:21,500 --> 01:12:25,100
thinking, you simply observed 
yourself and others going about 

1291
01:12:25,100 --> 01:12:28,000
ordinary life. 
You notice that some memory 

1292
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:30,300
stayed clear While others faded 
within hours. 

1293
01:12:31,200 --> 01:12:34,500
You recognize the concentrating 
on one thing, meant other things

1294
01:12:34,500 --> 01:12:37,300
Slipped Away. 
You understood that tiredness 

1295
01:12:37,300 --> 01:12:39,700
changed? 
How you thought making simple 

1296
01:12:39,700 --> 01:12:41,600
decisions, feel Difficult by 
evening? 

1297
01:12:42,900 --> 01:12:45,100
People describe these 
experiences to one another 

1298
01:12:45,100 --> 01:12:47,900
constantly. 
The teacher might mention how 

1299
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:49,800
students seem to learn better in
the morning. 

1300
01:12:50,500 --> 01:12:53,900
The shopkeeper might notice that
familiar customers faces came to

1301
01:12:53,900 --> 01:12:55,700
mind more easily than their 
names. 

1302
01:12:56,900 --> 01:12:59,600
Apparent might observe that 
children remembered stories 

1303
01:12:59,600 --> 01:13:03,000
better when they were calm and 
rested, these observations 

1304
01:13:03,000 --> 01:13:06,200
weren't scientific, but they 
were accurate in their own way. 

1305
01:13:07,200 --> 01:13:10,300
The idea that thoughts could be 
studied systematically seems 

1306
01:13:10,300 --> 01:13:14,400
strange at first. 
Thinking felt private invisible 

1307
01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:19,200
and impossible to measure. 
Unlike the heart or lungs the 

1308
01:13:19,200 --> 01:13:22,200
Mind produced nothing you could 
weigh or see under a microscope,

1309
01:13:22,200 --> 01:13:26,500
it's simply existed creating 
experience is that only? 

1310
01:13:26,500 --> 01:13:29,600
You could know directly. 
Yet, people had always been 

1311
01:13:29,600 --> 01:13:31,800
curious about why they thought 
the way they did. 

1312
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:36,200
Why did some faces seem 
instantly familiar While others 

1313
01:13:36,200 --> 01:13:38,900
remain strangers? 
Even after multiple meetings, 

1314
01:13:38,900 --> 01:13:41,900
why could you remember a song 
from childhood? 

1315
01:13:41,900 --> 01:13:43,700
But forget what you ate three 
days ago. 

1316
01:13:44,600 --> 01:13:47,500
Why did Solving a puzzle 
sometimes require stepping away 

1317
01:13:47,500 --> 01:13:49,400
and returning later with fresh 
eyes? 

1318
01:13:50,600 --> 01:13:52,200
These questions didn't feel 
urgent. 

1319
01:13:52,200 --> 01:13:54,200
They were simply part of Being 
Human. 

1320
01:13:54,200 --> 01:13:57,500
Notice, during Quiet Moments or 
mentioned in passing 

1321
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:00,900
conversation, no one expected to
finish answers. 

1322
01:14:00,900 --> 01:14:05,600
The mind was just something you 
lived with accepting its quirks 

1323
01:14:05,600 --> 01:14:09,900
and patterns as part of daily 
existence, By the mid-1800s. 

1324
01:14:09,900 --> 01:14:13,800
A few people began wondering if 
these everyday observations 

1325
01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:15,800
could lead somewhere more 
organized. 

1326
01:14:16,500 --> 01:14:20,200
Perhaps patterns existed that 
applied to everyone perhaps 

1327
01:14:20,200 --> 01:14:23,700
memory attention and thought 
followed rules that could be 

1328
01:14:23,708 --> 01:14:25,500
discovered through patient 
study. 

1329
01:14:26,200 --> 01:14:29,600
Perhaps the Mind despite being 
invisible, could still be 

1330
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:32,400
understood. 
This shift happened gradually. 

1331
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:36,600
It wasn't a sudden Revelation 
but a slow accumulation of 

1332
01:14:36,600 --> 01:14:40,600
curiosity. someone might keep a 
journal noting when they 

1333
01:14:40,600 --> 01:14:44,800
remembered things, clearly 
versus when details blurred and 

1334
01:14:44,800 --> 01:14:48,100
other person might wonder why 
certain tasks felt automatic 

1335
01:14:48,100 --> 01:14:50,600
While others required constant 
attention. 

1336
01:14:51,700 --> 01:14:54,700
These small questions began 
Gathering into something larger.

1337
01:14:54,700 --> 01:14:58,200
The people asking these 
questions were revolutionaries. 

1338
01:14:58,200 --> 01:15:02,300
They were teachers doctors 
philosophers and simply 

1339
01:15:02,300 --> 01:15:05,400
thoughtful individuals who 
noticed patterns in daily life. 

1340
01:15:06,300 --> 01:15:09,300
They had no special equipment 
and no established methods. 

1341
01:15:09,300 --> 01:15:12,400
They just had questions and the 
patience to sit with them. 

1342
01:15:14,000 --> 01:15:16,000
What made this period 
interesting was how little 

1343
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:21,300
anyone actually Textbooks 
explaining how memory worked, no

1344
01:15:21,300 --> 01:15:25,100
diagrams showing how attention 
functioned, no theories about 

1345
01:15:25,100 --> 01:15:27,300
why practice made some tasks 
easier. 

1346
01:15:28,200 --> 01:15:31,300
Just people noticing wondering 
and occasionally writing down 

1347
01:15:31,300 --> 01:15:35,000
what they observed. this 
uncertainty created a kind of 

1348
01:15:35,008 --> 01:15:39,000
openness without established 
answers, people could explore 

1349
01:15:39,000 --> 01:15:44,300
freely They could propose ideas,
test them gently and revise them

1350
01:15:44,300 --> 01:15:47,000
without feeling they were 
contradicting established truth.

1351
01:15:47,700 --> 01:15:50,700
The mind was a mystery but it 
was a mystery, they lived with 

1352
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:54,000
every day, making it familiar 
even while remaining 

1353
01:15:54,000 --> 01:15:57,700
unexplained. 
Daily life provided constant 

1354
01:15:57,700 --> 01:15:59,800
opportunities for informal 
observation. 

1355
01:16:00,600 --> 01:16:03,600
Walking through a city, you 
noticed how quickly you stopped 

1356
01:16:03,600 --> 01:16:06,400
hearing the constant noise of 
traffic and conversation. 

1357
01:16:07,400 --> 01:16:10,400
Your mind filtered out, the 
familiar attending only to 

1358
01:16:10,400 --> 01:16:12,600
unusual sounds or sudden 
changes. 

1359
01:16:13,400 --> 01:16:15,900
This happened automatically 
without conscious decision, 

1360
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:20,200
reading a book, demonstrated 
similar patterns your eyes. 

1361
01:16:20,200 --> 01:16:23,400
Moved across words, but you 
won't aware of each individual 

1362
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:26,600
letter. 
Somehow meaning emerged directly

1363
01:16:26,600 --> 01:16:30,300
from the marks on the page. 
Only when you encountered an 

1364
01:16:30,300 --> 01:16:33,900
unfamiliar word to the process 
slowed down becoming deliberate 

1365
01:16:33,900 --> 01:16:37,000
and conscious. 
Conversations revealed other 

1366
01:16:37,000 --> 01:16:40,400
aspects of thinking. you could 
follow what someone said, while 

1367
01:16:40,400 --> 01:16:44,100
simultaneously planning your 
response, You remembered earlier

1368
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:47,400
parts of the conversation while 
hearing new information, you 

1369
01:16:47,400 --> 01:16:51,900
interpreted tone and expression.
Alongside actual words, all of 

1370
01:16:51,900 --> 01:16:55,200
this happened smoothly, 
requiring, no apparent effort 

1371
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:58,800
yet certain mental tasks, felt 
genuinely difficult. 

1372
01:16:59,900 --> 01:17:02,500
Learning a new skill, demanded 
concentration. 

1373
01:17:03,500 --> 01:17:06,400
Remembering long sequences of 
information took work. 

1374
01:17:07,200 --> 01:17:08,600
Maintaining attention on 
something. 

1375
01:17:08,600 --> 01:17:13,000
Boring required constant effort.
These difficulties were just as 

1376
01:17:13,000 --> 01:17:16,900
much a part of mental life as 
the effortless aspects. people 

1377
01:17:16,900 --> 01:17:21,400
noticed that moods affected 
thinking, when cheerful problems

1378
01:17:21,400 --> 01:17:25,500
seemed to manageable and ideas 
flowed easily, When sad or 

1379
01:17:25,500 --> 01:17:29,900
worried, even simple tasks felt 
burdened and concentration 

1380
01:17:29,900 --> 01:17:33,100
became difficult. 
The connection between emotion 

1381
01:17:33,100 --> 01:17:36,200
and thought was obvious though. 
No one understood the mechanisms

1382
01:17:36,200 --> 01:17:39,100
behind it. 
Physical state matter too 

1383
01:17:39,100 --> 01:17:43,500
hunger, made thinking harder 
illness disrupted concentration.

1384
01:17:44,600 --> 01:17:46,100
Pain. 
Drew attention away from other 

1385
01:17:46,100 --> 01:17:50,400
concerns, the Mind clearly 
depended on the body though, the

1386
01:17:50,400 --> 01:17:54,700
exact nature of that dependence 
remained on clear Age brought 

1387
01:17:54,700 --> 01:17:57,600
changes in mental abilities that
everyone could observe. 

1388
01:17:58,400 --> 01:18:01,600
Children learned quickly but 
struggled with abstract ideas. 

1389
01:18:02,500 --> 01:18:04,900
Adults could think through 
complex problems. 

1390
01:18:04,900 --> 01:18:08,400
But sometimes had trouble 
learning new skills, older 

1391
01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:11,100
people accumulated, vast 
knowledge but might struggle to 

1392
01:18:11,100 --> 01:18:14,300
remember recent events. 
These patterns were familiar, 

1393
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:18,400
noticed across Generations. 
Individual differences, were 

1394
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:21,500
equally apparent. 
Some people seemed naturally 

1395
01:18:21,500 --> 01:18:25,200
good with numbers, others had 
exceptional memories for faces 

1396
01:18:25,200 --> 01:18:27,700
or names. 
Still others could learn 

1397
01:18:27,700 --> 01:18:31,000
languages easily or show talent 
for music or art. 

1398
01:18:32,000 --> 01:18:35,400
These variations suggested that 
mines while sharing basic 

1399
01:18:35,400 --> 01:18:38,100
features also differed in 
significant ways. 

1400
01:18:39,400 --> 01:18:42,800
All of these observations 
existed before formal psychology

1401
01:18:42,800 --> 01:18:46,600
accumulated through ordinary 
living rather than systematic 

1402
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:49,200
study. 
They formed a foundation of 

1403
01:18:49,200 --> 01:18:52,300
common knowledge about mental 
life, reliable enough for 

1404
01:18:52,300 --> 01:18:55,400
practical purposes, even without
scientific explanation. 

1405
01:18:56,300 --> 01:18:59,600
What early psychologists would 
attempt was taking this informal

1406
01:18:59,600 --> 01:19:02,900
knowledge in making it precise. 
They wanted to move from 

1407
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:06,100
noticing patterns to 
understanding why those patterns

1408
01:19:06,100 --> 01:19:09,000
existed. 
They hope to transform everyday 

1409
01:19:09,000 --> 01:19:11,200
observations in to systematic 
knowledge. 

1410
01:19:11,200 --> 01:19:17,500
That could be tested refined and
extended. this ambition faced an

1411
01:19:17,500 --> 01:19:20,800
immediate problem unlike 
studying rocks or plants or 

1412
01:19:20,800 --> 01:19:24,900
chemical reactions studying the 
Mind meant studying the very 

1413
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:28,600
thing doing the studying your 
mind had to observe itself, 

1414
01:19:28,600 --> 01:19:32,100
creating a kind of circularity 
that made objective 

1415
01:19:32,100 --> 01:19:36,500
investigation, difficult, 
Despite this challenge, the 

1416
01:19:36,500 --> 01:19:40,600
attempt seemed worth making the 
Mind shaped every aspect of 

1417
01:19:40,600 --> 01:19:43,600
human life. 
Understanding it better, might 

1418
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:46,500
improve education. 
Help people think more clearly 

1419
01:19:46,500 --> 01:19:50,400
and address the suffering caused
by mental, difficulties the 

1420
01:19:50,400 --> 01:19:53,600
potential benefits Justified 
working through methodological 

1421
01:19:53,600 --> 01:19:56,700
problems. 
So in small rooms and quiet 

1422
01:19:56,700 --> 01:20:00,300
laboratory is with simple 
equipment and careful notes. 

1423
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:04,700
The first psychologists began 
their work building on every day

1424
01:20:04,700 --> 01:20:08,500
of observations but try to go 
beyond them seeking patterns and

1425
01:20:08,500 --> 01:20:10,500
principles. 
That could explain the rich 

1426
01:20:10,500 --> 01:20:15,000
complex frustrating and 
fascinating experience of being 

1427
01:20:15,000 --> 01:20:19,400
a conscious thinking person. 
The first people who try to 

1428
01:20:19,408 --> 01:20:22,900
study psychology formerly worked
in small rooms with simple 

1429
01:20:22,900 --> 01:20:25,300
tools. 
They use pocket watches to 

1430
01:20:25,300 --> 01:20:29,100
measure reaction times they 
created, basic puzzles to test 

1431
01:20:29,100 --> 01:20:32,200
memory. 
Their notebooks recording 

1432
01:20:32,200 --> 01:20:34,700
observations in neat handwriting
by Lamplight. 

1433
01:20:34,700 --> 01:20:37,700
Each evening. 
Wilhelm wundt opened a 

1434
01:20:37,700 --> 01:20:40,400
laboratory in Leipzig, Germany 
in 1879. 

1435
01:20:40,400 --> 01:20:44,200
This wasn't a laboratory in the 
modern sense with gleaming 

1436
01:20:44,200 --> 01:20:48,400
equipment and computer screens. 
It was a room with tables chairs

1437
01:20:48,400 --> 01:20:52,700
paper and a few instruments for 
measuring time and basic sensory

1438
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:54,900
responses. 
The work done. 

1439
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:58,700
There was quiet and repetitive. 
Researchers would sit with 

1440
01:20:58,700 --> 01:21:01,300
volunteers and ask them to 
describe their thoughts. 

1441
01:21:01,300 --> 01:21:05,100
While performing simple tasks. 
Someone might look at a colored 

1442
01:21:05,100 --> 01:21:08,100
card and try to explain exactly 
what they experienced. 

1443
01:21:09,000 --> 01:21:12,400
Another person might listen to a
tone and describe how it felt 

1444
01:21:12,400 --> 01:21:15,800
different from another tone. 
These descriptions were recorded

1445
01:21:15,800 --> 01:21:18,100
carefully. 
And then reviewed later, the 

1446
01:21:18,100 --> 01:21:21,300
goal was to break Consciousness 
into its smallest parts. 

1447
01:21:22,100 --> 01:21:25,900
If thinking was made up of basic
Sensations, feeling and images, 

1448
01:21:25,900 --> 01:21:29,100
perhaps understanding those 
pieces would reveal how the 

1449
01:21:29,100 --> 01:21:31,900
whole mind worked. 
It seemed logical. 

1450
01:21:32,700 --> 01:21:35,500
Scientists have been breaking 
physical matter into smaller 

1451
01:21:35,500 --> 01:21:38,400
elements for decades. 
Why not do the same with 

1452
01:21:38,400 --> 01:21:40,900
thought? 
This approach called 

1453
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:45,700
introspection required, patience
volunteers had to pay very close

1454
01:21:45,700 --> 01:21:48,800
attention to their own mental 
processes and describe them. 

1455
01:21:48,800 --> 01:21:52,500
Accurately researchers have to 
listen, carefully and record 

1456
01:21:52,500 --> 01:21:56,000
everything precisely. 
Then they have to compare notes 

1457
01:21:56,000 --> 01:21:58,700
looking for patterns across 
different people and different 

1458
01:21:58,700 --> 01:22:01,100
tasks. 
The work was slow. 

1459
01:22:01,100 --> 01:22:05,600
A single experiment might take 
weeks to complete with the same 

1460
01:22:05,600 --> 01:22:08,300
simple task. 
Repeated hundreds of times 

1461
01:22:08,300 --> 01:22:12,300
researchers wanted to be 
thorough to make sure their 

1462
01:22:12,300 --> 01:22:15,300
observations were consistent. 
The avoided rushing toward 

1463
01:22:15,300 --> 01:22:18,500
conclusions but problems 
appeared quickly. 

1464
01:22:19,400 --> 01:22:22,400
When different people described 
the same experience, there are 

1465
01:22:22,408 --> 01:22:24,900
accounts often differed one 
person. 

1466
01:22:24,900 --> 01:22:27,700
Might report seeing a color as a
simple sensation. 

1467
01:22:28,600 --> 01:22:32,600
Another might immediately think 
of an object that color mixing 

1468
01:22:32,600 --> 01:22:37,600
memory with pure perception. 
Third, might feel an emotion 

1469
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:40,700
connected to the color adding 
yet another layer. 

1470
01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:43,100
These differences were 
confusing. 

1471
01:22:43,100 --> 01:22:47,100
If everyone's mind work the same
way, shouldn't their 

1472
01:22:47,100 --> 01:22:50,300
descriptions match. 
The researchers tried being more

1473
01:22:50,300 --> 01:22:53,700
precise with their instructions,
they trained volunteers more 

1474
01:22:53,700 --> 01:22:56,300
carefully. 
They repeated experiments again,

1475
01:22:56,300 --> 01:23:01,500
and again, still the variations 
persisted Some researchers began

1476
01:23:01,500 --> 01:23:04,500
to suspect that asking people to
describe their thoughts, might 

1477
01:23:04,500 --> 01:23:09,300
actually change those thoughts. 
The act of observing your own 

1478
01:23:09,300 --> 01:23:12,700
thinking seemed to interfere 
with natural mental processes. 

1479
01:23:12,700 --> 01:23:16,100
It was like trying to study how 
you walked by thinking about 

1480
01:23:16,100 --> 01:23:19,600
every step, The attention 
required for observation. 

1481
01:23:19,600 --> 01:23:21,300
Altered? 
What you were trying to observe?

1482
01:23:22,100 --> 01:23:25,900
This created a genuine dilemma. 
How could you study something 

1483
01:23:25,900 --> 01:23:27,700
that changed when you looked at 
it? 

1484
01:23:27,700 --> 01:23:32,200
The problem felt fundamental not
something that better equipment 

1485
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:35,800
or more careful methods could 
solve it was built into the 

1486
01:23:35,800 --> 01:23:39,600
nature of Consciousness itself. 
Other scientists tried different

1487
01:23:39,600 --> 01:23:43,000
approaches her manner being 
house decided to study memory 

1488
01:23:43,000 --> 01:23:45,000
using something that had no 
prior meaning. 

1489
01:23:45,700 --> 01:23:49,400
He created nonsense, syllables 
combinations of letters that 

1490
01:23:49,400 --> 01:23:53,500
form no real words. 
Then he memorized lists of these

1491
01:23:53,500 --> 01:23:57,600
silicones testing himself, 
repeatedly to see how memory 

1492
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:00,900
changed over time. 
This work was tedious. 

1493
01:24:02,200 --> 01:24:05,500
Epping House, sat alone, 
memorizing lists, testing 

1494
01:24:05,500 --> 01:24:08,100
himself recording results, then 
doing it all. 

1495
01:24:08,100 --> 01:24:11,100
Again, the next day. 
He continued for months 

1496
01:24:11,100 --> 01:24:14,700
building, a careful record of 
how quickly forgot and how 

1497
01:24:14,700 --> 01:24:19,000
repetition helped him remember. 
The data accumulated slowly 

1498
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:23,200
filling notebook after notebook.
What he discovered was both 

1499
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:26,900
interesting and limited memory 
did follow certain patterns. 

1500
01:24:28,100 --> 01:24:32,400
Information faded quickly at 
first then more slowly over time

1501
01:24:32,400 --> 01:24:37,500
repetition helped, but with 
diminishing returns spacing 

1502
01:24:37,500 --> 01:24:39,800
practice sessions. 
Worked better than cramming, 

1503
01:24:39,800 --> 01:24:43,200
everything at once. 
These findings were genuine, but

1504
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:46,300
they also felt narrow memorizing
nonsense. 

1505
01:24:46,300 --> 01:24:48,100
Syllables wasn't like, 
remembering your childhood 

1506
01:24:48,100 --> 01:24:51,400
learning a skill or recognizing 
a friend's face. 

1507
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:55,000
The controlled Simplicity, that 
made the experiment possible 

1508
01:24:55,000 --> 01:24:57,900
also made it feel distant from 
real mental life. 

1509
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:01,200
Still the work. 
Demonstrated that memory could 

1510
01:25:01,200 --> 01:25:04,900
be studied quantitatively You 
could measure how much was 

1511
01:25:04,900 --> 01:25:08,700
remembered, how long it took to 
learn and how quickly forgetting

1512
01:25:08,700 --> 01:25:12,900
occurred. these measurements 
provided something solid to work

1513
01:25:12,900 --> 01:25:16,600
with, even if they captured only
a tiny slice of what memory 

1514
01:25:16,600 --> 01:25:21,200
actually was, Other researchers,
explored different aspects of 

1515
01:25:21,200 --> 01:25:24,200
thinking. 
Some studied how people reacted 

1516
01:25:24,200 --> 01:25:28,200
to unexpected sounds or lights 
or others investigated, how 

1517
01:25:28,200 --> 01:25:30,800
practice improved performance on
simple tasks. 

1518
01:25:31,700 --> 01:25:35,100
Each study added a small piece 
of information, but no Grand 

1519
01:25:35,100 --> 01:25:38,200
picture emerged. 
The early psychologists kept 

1520
01:25:38,200 --> 01:25:41,000
working. 
Despite this on certainly, They 

1521
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:43,000
revised their methods when 
problems appeared. 

1522
01:25:43,000 --> 01:25:46,300
They borrowed ideas from each 
other, they published their 

1523
01:25:46,300 --> 01:25:50,000
findings in new journals created
specifically for psychological 

1524
01:25:50,000 --> 01:25:53,500
research. 
The field grew but slowly 

1525
01:25:53,500 --> 01:25:57,900
without dramatic breakthroughs. 
What sustained them was genuine 

1526
01:25:57,900 --> 01:26:01,500
curiosity and the belief that 
patients would eventually yield 

1527
01:26:01,500 --> 01:26:04,700
understanding. 
They weren't expecting quick 

1528
01:26:04,700 --> 01:26:06,800
answers. 
They were building something 

1529
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:10,600
from nothing. establishing basic
methods and questions that 

1530
01:26:10,600 --> 01:26:15,300
future researchers could refine 
and expand Equipment remains 

1531
01:26:15,300 --> 01:26:16,700
simple throughout this early 
period. 

1532
01:26:17,600 --> 01:26:21,100
A chronometer for measuring time
cards with colors or shapes 

1533
01:26:21,100 --> 01:26:25,500
lists of words or syllables 
simple mechanical devices for 

1534
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:27,600
presenting. 
Stimuli at controlled intervals.

1535
01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:29,900
Nothing required advanced. 
Technology? 

1536
01:26:29,900 --> 01:26:33,800
Or significant expense. 
This Simplicity had advantages 

1537
01:26:33,800 --> 01:26:36,900
experiments could be replicated 
easily in different 

1538
01:26:36,900 --> 01:26:39,500
Laboratories. 
Students could learn methods 

1539
01:26:39,500 --> 01:26:43,100
quickly, the focus stayed on 
observations rather than getting

1540
01:26:43,100 --> 01:26:47,400
distracted by complex apparatus.
The questions being asked were 

1541
01:26:47,400 --> 01:26:49,600
fundamental enough, that simple 
tools to fight. 

1542
01:26:50,500 --> 01:26:53,300
Funding for this work came 
primarily from University's 

1543
01:26:53,300 --> 01:26:56,700
which supported research as part
of their educational mission. 

1544
01:26:57,500 --> 01:27:01,000
Amounts were modest. 
A laboratory might operate on 

1545
01:27:01,000 --> 01:27:03,800
the equivalent of a few thousand
modern dollars per year. 

1546
01:27:04,900 --> 01:27:07,200
Researchers didn't expect wealth
from their work. 

1547
01:27:07,200 --> 01:27:11,600
Just enough support to continue.
The pace of publication was 

1548
01:27:11,600 --> 01:27:15,300
slowed by later standards. 
A researcher might publish two 

1549
01:27:15,300 --> 01:27:18,800
or three papers in a good year. 
Each paper reported carefully 

1550
01:27:18,800 --> 01:27:23,200
conducted studies often 
representing months of work, The

1551
01:27:23,200 --> 01:27:25,600
emphasis was on quality and 
thoroughness rather than 

1552
01:27:25,600 --> 01:27:28,800
quantity of output. 
Reviewing others work for 

1553
01:27:28,800 --> 01:27:32,800
journals was taken seriously. 
Researchers read submissions 

1554
01:27:32,800 --> 01:27:37,500
carefully, checking methods and 
questioning interpretations they

1555
01:27:37,500 --> 01:27:40,700
provided detailed feedback 
helping authors improve their 

1556
01:27:40,700 --> 01:27:43,300
work. 
This peer review helped maintain

1557
01:27:43,300 --> 01:27:46,300
standards, even as the field was
still defining, what those 

1558
01:27:46,300 --> 01:27:49,100
standards should be. 
Mistakes were common and 

1559
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:52,300
acknowledged openly and 
experiment, might fail to 

1560
01:27:52,300 --> 01:27:55,000
produce clear results. 
A method might proved 

1561
01:27:55,000 --> 01:27:58,000
unreliable. 
A theory, might be contradicted 

1562
01:27:58,000 --> 01:28:01,600
by new observations researchers 
reported these failures 

1563
01:28:01,600 --> 01:28:05,200
alongside successes treating 
them as valuable information 

1564
01:28:05,200 --> 01:28:09,000
about what didn't work. 
This honesty created a culture 

1565
01:28:09,000 --> 01:28:11,900
where admitting difficulty or 
uncertainty was acceptable. 

1566
01:28:12,800 --> 01:28:15,600
No one expected researchers to 
always be right? 

1567
01:28:15,600 --> 01:28:18,600
They expected them to be 
careful, honest. 

1568
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:21,800
And willing to revise their 
thinking when evidence demanded 

1569
01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:26,600
it, Debates occurred regularly. 
Researchers disagreed about 

1570
01:28:26,600 --> 01:28:30,400
methods interpretations, and the
fields proper direction. 

1571
01:28:31,300 --> 01:28:33,700
These disagreements were 
conducted through Journal 

1572
01:28:33,700 --> 01:28:37,000
articles and Conference 
presentations, with each side 

1573
01:28:37,000 --> 01:28:38,500
presenting, arguments and 
evidence. 

1574
01:28:39,400 --> 01:28:42,900
The tone was generally 
respectful focused on ideas 

1575
01:28:42,900 --> 01:28:47,700
rather than personal criticism. 
Some debates continued for years

1576
01:28:47,700 --> 01:28:51,100
without resolution different, 
Laboratories used different 

1577
01:28:51,100 --> 01:28:52,900
methods and reached different 
conclusions. 

1578
01:28:54,200 --> 01:28:57,200
Without clear ways to decide 
between competing approaches, 

1579
01:28:57,200 --> 01:29:01,000
both might persist each 
Gathering supporters and 

1580
01:29:01,000 --> 01:29:05,500
continuing to produce research. 
this theoretical diversity, 

1581
01:29:05,500 --> 01:29:09,200
could be frustrated, but it also
protected against premature 

1582
01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:13,200
consensus The field and settled 
too quickly on particular 

1583
01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:16,100
methods or theories, it might 
have locked itself into 

1584
01:29:16,100 --> 01:29:17,900
approaches that later proved 
Limited. 

1585
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:21,100
Ongoing disagreement kept 
options, open. 

1586
01:29:21,900 --> 01:29:25,400
What unified researchers despite
their differences was commitment

1587
01:29:25,400 --> 01:29:29,000
to empirical investigation. 
whatever their theoretical 

1588
01:29:29,000 --> 01:29:31,700
preferences, they agree that 
observation should Guide 

1589
01:29:31,700 --> 01:29:36,300
Understanding speculation alone 
wasn't enough, ideas needed, 

1590
01:29:36,300 --> 01:29:39,900
testing through, systematic 
study, this empirical 

1591
01:29:39,900 --> 01:29:43,900
commitment, didn't eliminate 
bias or error, but it provided a

1592
01:29:43,900 --> 01:29:47,700
standard for evaluation Theories
that couldn't be tested or that 

1593
01:29:47,700 --> 01:29:51,200
contradicted. 
Repeated observations lost 

1594
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,400
credibility. 
Those supported by consistent 

1595
01:29:54,400 --> 01:29:57,100
evidence gained acceptance, at 
least provisionally. 

1596
01:29:58,600 --> 01:30:00,900
The relationship between 
psychology and philosophy 

1597
01:30:00,900 --> 01:30:02,500
remained closed during this 
period. 

1598
01:30:03,500 --> 01:30:07,200
Many psychologists had trained 
in philosophy and continued 

1599
01:30:07,200 --> 01:30:10,600
reading philosophical work. 
They borrowed Concepts and 

1600
01:30:10,600 --> 01:30:13,600
questions from philosophical 
discussions of mine and 

1601
01:30:13,600 --> 01:30:16,200
knowledge. 
Psychology was trying to 

1602
01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:19,800
establish independence from 
Philosophy by emphasizing 

1603
01:30:19,800 --> 01:30:23,100
empirical methods. 
Philosophers might debate, the 

1604
01:30:23,100 --> 01:30:26,900
nature of Consciousness in 
definitely psychologists wanted 

1605
01:30:26,900 --> 01:30:30,200
observations that could settle 
disagreements or at least 

1606
01:30:30,200 --> 01:30:33,700
constrained speculation. 
This tension between 

1607
01:30:33,700 --> 01:30:36,900
philosophical questions and 
empirical methods would persist 

1608
01:30:36,900 --> 01:30:39,900
throughout psychologies 
development. the deepest 

1609
01:30:39,900 --> 01:30:42,900
questions about mind and 
Consciousness, often, resisted 

1610
01:30:42,900 --> 01:30:47,100
experimental investigation Yet 
focusing only on what could be 

1611
01:30:47,100 --> 01:30:49,500
measured risked missing. 
What was most important? 

1612
01:30:50,900 --> 01:30:54,100
Early psychologists navigated 
this tension with varying 

1613
01:30:54,100 --> 01:30:56,700
degrees of success. 
Some maintained broad 

1614
01:30:56,700 --> 01:31:00,000
philosophical perspectives while
conducting careful experiments 

1615
01:31:00,700 --> 01:31:03,300
Others focused narrowly on what 
could be measured. 

1616
01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:05,500
Setting aside. 
Larger questions. 

1617
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:08,600
Both approaches contributed to 
the fields development. 

1618
01:31:09,700 --> 01:31:12,700
As psychology developed 
researchers gathered in 

1619
01:31:12,700 --> 01:31:16,500
universities forming small 
communities of people interested

1620
01:31:16,500 --> 01:31:21,300
in the same questions. these 
were large departments, often 

1621
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:25,900
psychology existed as a corner 
of philosophy or physiology with

1622
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:30,100
just one or two people pursuing 
its seriously Students came to 

1623
01:31:30,100 --> 01:31:33,200
study with established 
researchers, learning, methods, 

1624
01:31:33,200 --> 01:31:36,700
through direct apprenticeship, 
they attended lectures of 

1625
01:31:36,700 --> 01:31:40,200
experiments and eventually 
designed their own studies. 

1626
01:31:41,000 --> 01:31:44,300
The teaching was personal and 
informal with much of the 

1627
01:31:44,300 --> 01:31:47,200
learning happening through 
conversation rather than formal 

1628
01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:50,300
instruction. 
Universities in Germany, became 

1629
01:31:50,300 --> 01:31:54,000
early centers for this work. 
Like Sig were not worked 

1630
01:31:54,000 --> 01:31:56,800
affected students from across 
Europe and America. 

1631
01:31:57,700 --> 01:32:01,000
People traveled considerable 
distances to spend a year or 

1632
01:32:01,000 --> 01:32:02,500
two. 
Learning psychological research 

1633
01:32:02,500 --> 01:32:05,600
methods. 
They lived simply attended, 

1634
01:32:05,600 --> 01:32:09,800
lectures worked in Laboratories 
and discussed ideas during long 

1635
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:13,500
walks or evening, gatherings. 
This created Networks. 

1636
01:32:14,600 --> 01:32:17,300
Students who studied together 
stayed in contact, after 

1637
01:32:17,300 --> 01:32:20,300
returning to their home 
countries, they wrote letters, 

1638
01:32:20,300 --> 01:32:24,600
sharing observations and asking 
questions when someone developed

1639
01:32:24,600 --> 01:32:27,800
a new experimental technique 
others heard about it through 

1640
01:32:27,800 --> 01:32:30,000
correspondence, and tried 
adapting it for their own 

1641
01:32:30,000 --> 01:32:33,500
research. 
Academic conferences began to 

1642
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:36,800
include psychology. 
Researchers presented their 

1643
01:32:36,800 --> 01:32:40,400
findings to small audiences 
often, just a dozen or 20 

1644
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:42,900
people. 
These presentations spark 

1645
01:32:42,900 --> 01:32:45,600
discussion that continued 
informally afterward. 

1646
01:32:46,400 --> 01:32:48,600
Someone might mention a problem,
they encountered in their 

1647
01:32:48,600 --> 01:32:51,800
research and others would 
suggest possible solutions or 

1648
01:32:51,800 --> 01:32:55,500
alternative approaches the 
atmosphere was collegial rather 

1649
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:59,200
than competitive. everyone 
recognized that the field was 

1650
01:32:59,200 --> 01:33:02,800
too new and uncertain for 
rivalry to make sense, they 

1651
01:33:02,800 --> 01:33:05,700
needed each other's ideas and 
insights, they were all 

1652
01:33:05,700 --> 01:33:08,200
struggling with the same 
fundamental challenge of how to 

1653
01:33:08,200 --> 01:33:12,200
study, something's elusive, as 
thought, Professional journals 

1654
01:33:12,200 --> 01:33:15,700
dedicated to psychology started,
appearing in the late 1800s. 

1655
01:33:16,700 --> 01:33:20,000
These provided formal channels 
for sharing research Beyond 

1656
01:33:20,000 --> 01:33:24,000
personal correspondence. 
Articles were typically short, 

1657
01:33:24,000 --> 01:33:27,600
and descriptive reporting 
observations and methods without

1658
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:31,600
much theoretical speculation. 
The emphasis was on careful 

1659
01:33:31,600 --> 01:33:35,800
documentation rather than bold 
claims reading these journals 

1660
01:33:35,800 --> 01:33:38,500
mentoring, a mixture of 
promising, findings and 

1661
01:33:38,500 --> 01:33:42,500
acknowledged failures. 
Researchers routinely reported 

1662
01:33:42,500 --> 01:33:44,600
experiments that didn't work as 
expected. 

1663
01:33:44,600 --> 01:33:48,900
They describe problems with 
their methods, they question 

1664
01:33:48,900 --> 01:33:52,400
their own interpretations. 
This honesty reflected the 

1665
01:33:52,400 --> 01:33:56,300
fields uncertainty, but also its
commitment to gradual, honest 

1666
01:33:56,300 --> 01:33:59,100
progress. 
Teaching psychology to 

1667
01:33:59,100 --> 01:34:01,600
undergraduates required 
developing new courses. 

1668
01:34:02,600 --> 01:34:05,700
What should be included, how 
should it be organized? 

1669
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:08,400
Professors tried different 
approaches. 

1670
01:34:08,400 --> 01:34:12,000
Some emphasizing philosophical 
questions about the Mind. 

1671
01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:15,000
Others focussing on 
experimental, methods and 

1672
01:34:15,000 --> 01:34:18,700
findings core structures. 
Varied considerably from one 

1673
01:34:18,700 --> 01:34:22,400
University to another Students 
often found psychology, 

1674
01:34:22,400 --> 01:34:27,100
interesting but frustrating. 
field had few definitive answers

1675
01:34:27,100 --> 01:34:34,300
to offer unlike a natamycin 
Psychology dealt in 

1676
01:34:34,300 --> 01:34:37,200
probabilities Tendencies and 
ongoing debates. 

1677
01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:41,700
This uncertainty could feel 
unsatisfying, but it also 

1678
01:34:41,700 --> 01:34:44,400
attracted, students who enjoyed 
open questions. 

1679
01:34:45,600 --> 01:34:47,800
The growth of academic 
psychology created 

1680
01:34:47,800 --> 01:34:51,100
opportunities. 
Universities began hiring people

1681
01:34:51,100 --> 01:34:54,700
specifically to teach and 
research psychology rather than 

1682
01:34:54,700 --> 01:34:56,200
fitting it into other 
departments. 

1683
01:34:57,100 --> 01:35:01,000
Laboratory is expanded Beyond 
single rooms to include multiple

1684
01:35:01,000 --> 01:35:02,900
spaces for different types of 
research. 

1685
01:35:03,900 --> 01:35:08,000
Funding though, modest became 
more available as institutions 

1686
01:35:08,000 --> 01:35:11,100
recognize psychology as a 
legitimate field of study. 

1687
01:35:11,900 --> 01:35:16,000
In international connections, 
strength and researchers visited

1688
01:35:16,000 --> 01:35:19,400
laboratory in other countries, 
observing different approaches 

1689
01:35:19,400 --> 01:35:21,900
and technique's. 
They discovered that while 

1690
01:35:21,900 --> 01:35:25,700
fundamental questions were 
Universal cultural context 

1691
01:35:25,700 --> 01:35:27,600
shaped how those questions were 
explored. 

1692
01:35:28,400 --> 01:35:31,700
A researcher in America, might 
emphasize practical applications

1693
01:35:31,700 --> 01:35:35,500
while someone in Germany focuses
on theoretical foundations. 

1694
01:35:36,400 --> 01:35:39,400
This exchange of ideas happen. 
Through multiple channels 

1695
01:35:39,400 --> 01:35:43,700
simultaneously letters Journal 
articles conference 

1696
01:35:43,700 --> 01:35:48,100
presentations, and personal 
visits all contributed The field

1697
01:35:48,100 --> 01:35:51,600
developed unevenly with some 
areas advancing faster than 

1698
01:35:51,600 --> 01:35:54,400
others. 
Overall direction was toward 

1699
01:35:54,400 --> 01:35:56,800
greater sophistication and wider
participation. 

1700
01:35:58,100 --> 01:36:01,300
What held these communities 
together was a shared commitment

1701
01:36:01,300 --> 01:36:05,100
to understanding the Mind 
through observation, rather than

1702
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:08,700
speculation alone? 
They valued careful methods 

1703
01:36:08,700 --> 01:36:12,100
honest reporting and patients 
with uncertainty. 

1704
01:36:13,300 --> 01:36:16,100
They recognized that answers 
would come slowly if they came 

1705
01:36:16,100 --> 01:36:19,500
at all, but the process of 
searching seemed worthy in 

1706
01:36:19,500 --> 01:36:22,000
itself. 
Language differences. 

1707
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:25,200
Created some barriers. 
Much important work was 

1708
01:36:25,200 --> 01:36:28,200
published in German. 
Requiring researchers elsewhere 

1709
01:36:28,200 --> 01:36:30,500
to learn the language or wait 
for translations. 

1710
01:36:31,500 --> 01:36:33,700
French in English. 
Also served as languages of 

1711
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:37,400
psychological research but no 
single language dominated. 

1712
01:36:38,200 --> 01:36:41,100
This meant ideas, spread more 
slowly than they might have. 

1713
01:36:41,100 --> 01:36:44,300
Otherwise Translational, work 
became important. 

1714
01:36:45,200 --> 01:36:47,900
Researchers who knew multiple 
languages helped to make 

1715
01:36:47,900 --> 01:36:50,400
findings accessible across 
linguistic boundaries. 

1716
01:36:51,100 --> 01:36:54,700
They translated articles, 
summarized foreign work for 

1717
01:36:54,700 --> 01:36:58,000
local audiences and facilitated 
correspondence. 

1718
01:36:58,000 --> 01:37:02,700
Between researchers who didn't 
share a common language. women 

1719
01:37:02,700 --> 01:37:05,500
face significant barriers 
entering psychology during this 

1720
01:37:05,500 --> 01:37:09,100
period universities often 
excluded them from formal 

1721
01:37:09,100 --> 01:37:12,900
programs or restricted their 
participation Despite these 

1722
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:16,800
obstacles, some women pursued, 
psychological research, often 

1723
01:37:16,800 --> 01:37:20,300
working informally or in 
subordinate positions, their 

1724
01:37:20,300 --> 01:37:23,800
contributions were frequently 
overlooked or attributed to male

1725
01:37:23,800 --> 01:37:26,400
colleague's. 
If you women managed to 

1726
01:37:26,400 --> 01:37:29,900
establish themselves as serious 
researchers, they had to be 

1727
01:37:29,900 --> 01:37:32,900
exceptionally talented and 
persistent to overcome the 

1728
01:37:32,900 --> 01:37:35,300
barriers. 
They face their presence. 

1729
01:37:35,300 --> 01:37:37,500
Gradually began changing 
assumptions. 

1730
01:37:37,500 --> 01:37:40,700
About who could do psychological
research, though. 

1731
01:37:40,700 --> 01:37:42,900
Fully inclusion would take many 
more decades. 

1732
01:37:44,200 --> 01:37:46,700
The social class background of 
early psychologist was 

1733
01:37:46,700 --> 01:37:48,700
typically, middle or upper 
middle class. 

1734
01:37:49,600 --> 01:37:52,800
University educational required 
resources, that working class 

1735
01:37:52,800 --> 01:37:56,700
families, rarely had. 
This limited the diversity of 

1736
01:37:56,700 --> 01:38:00,300
perspectives in the field. 
Research questions and 

1737
01:38:00,300 --> 01:38:04,200
interpretations reflected the 
backgrounds and concerns of 

1738
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:08,700
relatively privileged academics.
Awareness of these limitations 

1739
01:38:08,700 --> 01:38:12,700
was minimal During the period. 
Researchers generally assumed 

1740
01:38:12,700 --> 01:38:15,700
their findings applied 
universally without considering 

1741
01:38:15,700 --> 01:38:19,100
how class culture, or other 
factors might matter. 

1742
01:38:20,000 --> 01:38:22,800
This assumption would be 
questioned more thoroughly in 

1743
01:38:22,800 --> 01:38:26,000
later decades, but early 
psychologists worked within it 

1744
01:38:26,000 --> 01:38:29,200
unconsciously. 
Academic hierarchy shaped 

1745
01:38:29,200 --> 01:38:33,100
research practices established 
professors held, significant 

1746
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:36,800
Authority and their theoretical 
preferences influenced what? 

1747
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:40,000
Kinds of research seemed 
worthwhile Junior. 

1748
01:38:40,000 --> 01:38:42,800
Researchers often worked on 
problems, their mentors 

1749
01:38:42,800 --> 01:38:45,500
considered important gaining 
independence. 

1750
01:38:45,500 --> 01:38:48,500
Only gradually as they establish
their own reputation. 

1751
01:38:49,800 --> 01:38:52,800
This hierarchical structure had 
both advantages and 

1752
01:38:52,800 --> 01:38:56,300
disadvantages, it provided 
mentorship and maintained 

1753
01:38:56,300 --> 01:38:59,300
standards. 
It also sometimes stifled in a 

1754
01:38:59,300 --> 01:39:03,200
nation when established figures 
rejected new approaches The 

1755
01:39:03,200 --> 01:39:05,700
balance between tradition and 
Innovation and remained a 

1756
01:39:05,700 --> 01:39:09,700
constant negotiation informal. 
Gatherings were, as important as

1757
01:39:09,700 --> 01:39:12,800
formal ones, researchers met for
coffee or tea. 

1758
01:39:12,800 --> 01:39:16,900
Discussing ideas, in relaxed 
setting, they dined together 

1759
01:39:16,900 --> 01:39:19,900
took walks and visited each 
other's homes. 

1760
01:39:19,900 --> 01:39:24,200
The social interactions built 
trust and understanding the 

1761
01:39:24,200 --> 01:39:27,100
facilitated intellectual 
exchange, personal 

1762
01:39:27,100 --> 01:39:30,700
relationships, influenced, 
intellectual ones, Friendships 

1763
01:39:30,700 --> 01:39:33,700
formed during student years 
often lasted throughout careers 

1764
01:39:33,700 --> 01:39:36,200
creating networks of mutual 
support. 

1765
01:39:37,100 --> 01:39:40,200
People helped each other find 
positions reviewed each other's 

1766
01:39:40,200 --> 01:39:42,400
work and collaborated on 
research projects. 

1767
01:39:43,900 --> 01:39:46,200
The academic years, Rhythm 
shaped research. 

1768
01:39:47,200 --> 01:39:50,000
Terms filled with teaching left,
less time for experiments. 

1769
01:39:50,800 --> 01:39:53,700
Breaks Allowed intensive, focus 
on research and writing. 

1770
01:39:54,300 --> 01:39:57,200
Some might be spent traveling to
visit other Laboratories or 

1771
01:39:57,200 --> 01:40:00,800
attending conferences. 
This cyclical pattern became the

1772
01:40:00,800 --> 01:40:03,200
framework within which 
psychology developed. 

1773
01:40:03,900 --> 01:40:07,000
University's valued research but
also demanded teaching. 

1774
01:40:07,600 --> 01:40:09,300
Balancing. 
Both required careful. 

1775
01:40:09,300 --> 01:40:13,600
Time management. some 
researchers excel at both others

1776
01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:17,100
found one of the other more 
congenial, most did what was 

1777
01:40:17,100 --> 01:40:19,800
necessary to maintain their 
positions, while pursuing, the 

1778
01:40:19,800 --> 01:40:23,700
work that interested the most 
Researched students provided to 

1779
01:40:23,700 --> 01:40:26,700
Central assistance. 
They helped conduct experiments 

1780
01:40:26,700 --> 01:40:29,300
organized data and maintain 
equipment. 

1781
01:40:30,200 --> 01:40:33,500
In return, they learn methods 
and eventually developed 

1782
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:35,700
Independence as researchers as 
the cells. 

1783
01:40:35,700 --> 01:40:39,100
This apprenticeship model in 
short continuity across 

1784
01:40:39,100 --> 01:40:42,500
Generations, the relationship 
between research and teaching 

1785
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:46,900
was seen as mutually beneficial.
Teaching forced researchers to 

1786
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:50,500
organize their knowledge. 
Clearly, Research provided fresh

1787
01:40:50,500 --> 01:40:53,900
material for teaching and 
demonstrated, the active nature 

1788
01:40:53,900 --> 01:40:56,900
of the field. 
Students benefited from learning

1789
01:40:56,900 --> 01:41:00,500
from active researchers rather 
than just textbooks public 

1790
01:41:00,500 --> 01:41:03,300
interest in Psychology was 
growing but remained limited 

1791
01:41:03,300 --> 01:41:07,000
occasional lectures for General,
audiences introduce 

1792
01:41:07,000 --> 01:41:09,100
psychological ideas to 
non-specialists. 

1793
01:41:09,800 --> 01:41:12,800
Newspapers sometimes reported on
Research findings. 

1794
01:41:13,800 --> 01:41:16,600
But psychology hadn't yet 
captured widespread popular 

1795
01:41:16,600 --> 01:41:19,000
attention the way it would in 
later decades. 

1796
01:41:19,000 --> 01:41:23,700
This relative obscurity had 
advantages, researchers could 

1797
01:41:23,700 --> 01:41:26,700
work without excessive scrutiny 
or pressure for immediate 

1798
01:41:26,700 --> 01:41:29,800
practical results. 
They could pursue questions that

1799
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:33,100
interested them without worrying
about public opinion or funding 

1800
01:41:33,100 --> 01:41:35,500
pressures, Beyond basic 
institutional support. 

1801
01:41:36,700 --> 01:41:39,700
The communities forming around 
Psychology was small enough that

1802
01:41:39,700 --> 01:41:42,800
most active researchers knew 
each other at least by 

1803
01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:46,300
reputation. 
This created a sense of shared 

1804
01:41:46,300 --> 01:41:49,900
Enterprise, everyone was 
contributing to something new 

1805
01:41:49,900 --> 01:41:53,500
building a field that hadn't 
existed a generation earlier. 

1806
01:41:54,500 --> 01:41:57,200
Early psychologists notice 
quickly that mental work, 

1807
01:41:57,200 --> 01:42:00,100
required rest. 
After several hours of 

1808
01:42:00,100 --> 01:42:02,600
concentration, attention 
wandered. 

1809
01:42:03,100 --> 01:42:06,500
Memory became less reliable, 
simple tasks. 

1810
01:42:06,500 --> 01:42:10,400
Took longer the mind like the 
body had limits. 

1811
01:42:10,400 --> 01:42:13,200
Research sessions were 
typically, kept short. 

1812
01:42:13,800 --> 01:42:17,200
An hour of focused work was 
often the maximum before 

1813
01:42:17,200 --> 01:42:19,900
researchers and volunteers both 
needed breaks. 

1814
01:42:20,700 --> 01:42:23,800
Continuing past that point 
produced diminishing returns, 

1815
01:42:24,600 --> 01:42:27,500
Fatigue introduced errors and 
made observations less 

1816
01:42:27,500 --> 01:42:30,500
trustworthy. 
This wasn't seen as a problem to

1817
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:34,900
overcome, but as a basic fact 
about how Minds worked Just as 

1818
01:42:34,900 --> 01:42:38,400
muscles needed recovery after 
exertion thinking required 

1819
01:42:38,400 --> 01:42:41,600
periods, of rest. 
Pushing Beyond natural limits. 

1820
01:42:41,600 --> 01:42:45,300
Didn't produce better results. 
It just produced tired people 

1821
01:42:45,300 --> 01:42:48,900
making mistakes. 
Researchers built rest in to 

1822
01:42:48,900 --> 01:42:51,500
their schedule to delivery. 
They worked in the morning. 

1823
01:42:51,500 --> 01:42:55,200
When Minds were fresh, they took
long lunch breaks often, 

1824
01:42:55,200 --> 01:42:58,700
including walks Outdoors. 
After noon, session's were 

1825
01:42:58,700 --> 01:43:02,100
shorter and focused on Leicester
demanding tasks like reviewing 

1826
01:43:02,100 --> 01:43:06,300
notes or discussing findings. 
Evening work was typically 

1827
01:43:06,300 --> 01:43:08,600
light. 
Perhaps some reading or 

1828
01:43:08,600 --> 01:43:10,500
organizing materials for the 
next day. 

1829
01:43:11,300 --> 01:43:15,600
This Rhythm felt natural it 
matched, how people had always 

1830
01:43:15,600 --> 01:43:19,400
worked before, electric lights 
and demanding schedules made 

1831
01:43:19,400 --> 01:43:21,200
continuous activities seem 
normal. 

1832
01:43:22,200 --> 01:43:25,600
Early psychologists trusted that
their best thinking happened 

1833
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:28,800
when they were not forcing it 
when they allowed ideas to 

1834
01:43:28,800 --> 01:43:31,200
settle and clarify through 
patient reflection. 

1835
01:43:32,000 --> 01:43:34,200
University supported this 
approach through their 

1836
01:43:34,200 --> 01:43:38,500
structures, academic schedules, 
included long periods between 

1837
01:43:38,500 --> 01:43:41,000
terms when research could 
proceed without teaching 

1838
01:43:41,000 --> 01:43:44,200
obligations. 
These breaks weren't seen as 

1839
01:43:44,200 --> 01:43:48,400
vacations but as essential time 
for deep work, writing, and 

1840
01:43:48,400 --> 01:43:51,700
careful thought. 
Walking became an important part

1841
01:43:51,700 --> 01:43:55,000
of intellectual life. 
Many researchers took daily 

1842
01:43:55,000 --> 01:43:58,100
walks using the time to think 
through problems without the 

1843
01:43:58,100 --> 01:43:59,900
pressure of producing immediate 
answers. 

1844
01:44:00,700 --> 01:44:04,400
The gentle repetitive motion of 
walking seemed to help ideas 

1845
01:44:04,400 --> 01:44:06,500
flow more freely than sitting at
a desk. 

1846
01:44:06,500 --> 01:44:10,500
Trying to force solutions, some 
discoveries happened during 

1847
01:44:10,500 --> 01:44:14,300
these walks or during other 
restful activities, a researcher

1848
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:17,700
might struggle with a problem 
for days, then suddenly see a 

1849
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:19,800
solution while lying in bed 
before sleep. 

1850
01:44:20,700 --> 01:44:24,300
This pattern, reinforced the 
value of stepping away from work

1851
01:44:24,300 --> 01:44:26,300
rather than grinding through 
difficulty. 

1852
01:44:27,100 --> 01:44:31,200
Sleep itself became a subject of
Interest, researchers noticed 

1853
01:44:31,200 --> 01:44:34,300
that sleep changed thinking. 
The problem that seemed 

1854
01:44:34,300 --> 01:44:36,800
impossible in the evening might 
appear manageable after a 

1855
01:44:36,800 --> 01:44:39,500
night's rest. 
This wasn't magical but 

1856
01:44:39,500 --> 01:44:42,900
reflected how sleep allowed 
mental processes to continue 

1857
01:44:42,900 --> 01:44:44,400
working without conscious 
effort. 

1858
01:44:45,200 --> 01:44:47,700
Dreams were noted but not yet. 
Deeply studied. 

1859
01:44:47,700 --> 01:44:51,500
They seemed to reflect daily 
concerns mixed with random 

1860
01:44:51,500 --> 01:44:55,200
images and feelings. 
Some researchers kept dream 

1861
01:44:55,200 --> 01:44:58,700
journals curious about patterns 
but without methods for 

1862
01:44:58,700 --> 01:45:02,100
systematic study dreams 
remained, mostly personal 

1863
01:45:02,100 --> 01:45:04,800
experience is rather than 
scientific data. 

1864
01:45:05,700 --> 01:45:08,500
The importance of rest extended.
To longer time scales, 

1865
01:45:08,500 --> 01:45:12,900
researchers took summer holiday 
seriously, using the time to 

1866
01:45:12,900 --> 01:45:14,800
recover from intense academic 
work. 

1867
01:45:14,800 --> 01:45:19,800
It traveled visited, family, 
pursued, hobbies and generally 

1868
01:45:19,800 --> 01:45:22,700
let their minds wander away from
professional concerns. 

1869
01:45:23,700 --> 01:45:27,100
Returning, an Autumn, they often
found themselves refreshed and 

1870
01:45:27,100 --> 01:45:31,200
ready for new projects. 
This approach contrasted sharply

1871
01:45:31,200 --> 01:45:34,200
with later academic culture, 
which would emphasize 

1872
01:45:34,200 --> 01:45:37,800
productivity output and constant
activity. 

1873
01:45:38,800 --> 01:45:42,900
Early psychologists worked hard,
but they also trusted that rest 

1874
01:45:42,900 --> 01:45:46,700
was productive in its own way. 
Ideas needed time to develop 

1875
01:45:46,700 --> 01:45:49,800
understanding required patience.
Not just effort. 

1876
01:45:50,600 --> 01:45:54,000
The same principles apply to 
students cramming for exams was 

1877
01:45:54,000 --> 01:45:58,200
recognized as ineffective 
compared to steady spaced study 

1878
01:45:58,200 --> 01:46:01,600
with regular breaks. 
Teachers encouraged students to 

1879
01:46:01,600 --> 01:46:05,500
maintain balance schedules 
warning against the exhaustion 

1880
01:46:05,500 --> 01:46:07,500
that came from excessive work 
without rest. 

1881
01:46:08,400 --> 01:46:10,500
None of this was formalized into
Theory. 

1882
01:46:11,100 --> 01:46:14,100
It was simply accepted wisdom 
based on observation and 

1883
01:46:14,100 --> 01:46:17,400
experience. 
People knew that tired Minds 

1884
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:20,400
didn't work well so they have 
avoided becoming unnecessarily 

1885
01:46:20,400 --> 01:46:23,200
tired. 
This seemed obvious rather than 

1886
01:46:23,200 --> 01:46:26,000
insightful. 
What made it noteworthy was how 

1887
01:46:26,000 --> 01:46:29,900
it shaped the pace of research. 
Psychology developed slowly 

1888
01:46:29,900 --> 01:46:32,400
partly because researchers 
refused to rush. 

1889
01:46:33,200 --> 01:46:37,000
He worked carefully rested, 
thoroughly and accepted that 

1890
01:46:37,000 --> 01:46:38,900
understanding would come 
gradually. 

1891
01:46:40,300 --> 01:46:43,900
This patient was not laziness 
but recognition that the Mind 

1892
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:48,100
including their own minds had 
natural rhythms that should be 

1893
01:46:48,100 --> 01:46:52,800
respected rather than fought. 
Seasonal changes influenced work

1894
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:57,000
patterns. winter brought longer 
periods indoors suited to 

1895
01:46:57,000 --> 01:47:00,800
reading and writing Spring 
invited more outdoor activity 

1896
01:47:00,800 --> 01:47:04,500
and social interaction. 
Summer allowed travel and rest, 

1897
01:47:04,500 --> 01:47:08,100
Autumn marked returns to 
teaching an intensive research. 

1898
01:47:08,800 --> 01:47:12,700
This natural cycle was accepted 
and incorporated into academic 

1899
01:47:12,700 --> 01:47:15,300
life. 
The quality of rest mattered as 

1900
01:47:15,308 --> 01:47:18,800
much as its quantity. 
Simply stopping work, wasn't 

1901
01:47:18,800 --> 01:47:22,000
enough. 
Rest needed to involve genuine 

1902
01:47:22,000 --> 01:47:25,300
disengagement, allowing the mind
to turn toward different 

1903
01:47:25,300 --> 01:47:28,500
concerns or simply wander. 
Without purpose. 

1904
01:47:28,500 --> 01:47:32,600
This kind of restored mental 
energy more effectively than 

1905
01:47:32,600 --> 01:47:35,900
forced and activity, while still
thinking about work. 

1906
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:39,100
Some researchers found 
particular activities, 

1907
01:47:39,100 --> 01:47:44,100
restorative music gardening 
conversation with friends and 

1908
01:47:44,100 --> 01:47:46,200
light. 
Physical exercise, all provided 

1909
01:47:46,200 --> 01:47:49,700
relief from mental labor. 
These activities were seen as 

1910
01:47:49,700 --> 01:47:52,700
distractions from important 
work, but as necessary 

1911
01:47:52,700 --> 01:47:56,600
components of the sustainable 
intellectual life, the 

1912
01:47:56,600 --> 01:47:58,800
relationship between physical 
and mental rest was 

1913
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:00,600
acknowledged, but not fully 
understood. 

1914
01:48:01,400 --> 01:48:03,700
Exercise seem to help mental 
Clarity. 

1915
01:48:03,700 --> 01:48:08,200
But by improving circulation or 
simply by providing a break from

1916
01:48:08,208 --> 01:48:12,300
thinking, Fresh air and natural.
Light were valued with many 

1917
01:48:12,300 --> 01:48:15,500
researchers preferring to work 
near windows or taking breaks 

1918
01:48:15,500 --> 01:48:18,200
Outdoors. 
Time away from research. 

1919
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:21,600
Often led to Fresh perspectives,
returning to a problem after 

1920
01:48:21,600 --> 01:48:25,600
days or weeks away researchers 
sometimes noticed aspects they 

1921
01:48:25,600 --> 01:48:29,000
had missed before. 
Distance provided Clarity that 

1922
01:48:29,000 --> 01:48:32,400
close attention obscured. 
This made vacations and 

1923
01:48:32,400 --> 01:48:35,100
sabbaticals not just 
restorative, but intellectually 

1924
01:48:35,100 --> 01:48:39,000
productive. 
Yakadu structure supported these

1925
01:48:39,000 --> 01:48:42,700
patterns long summer, breaks 
shorter, winter holidays, and 

1926
01:48:42,700 --> 01:48:46,600
periodic, sabbaticals allowed 
researchers to step back from 

1927
01:48:46,600 --> 01:48:49,000
immediate concerns. 
They could read. 

1928
01:48:49,000 --> 01:48:53,500
Broadly consider new directions 
or simply rest without feeling 

1929
01:48:53,500 --> 01:48:55,300
they were neglecting 
responsibilities. 

1930
01:48:56,400 --> 01:48:59,100
Conversations about research 
often happen during restful 

1931
01:48:59,100 --> 01:49:01,500
activities. 
Walking with a colleague, 

1932
01:49:01,500 --> 01:49:04,600
sharing a meal sitting in a 
comfortable room. 

1933
01:49:04,600 --> 01:49:08,100
With tea, these settings for 
facilitated discussion, that 

1934
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:10,400
felt less pressured than formal 
meetings. 

1935
01:49:11,400 --> 01:49:14,800
Ideas could be explored 
tentatively without commitment 

1936
01:49:14,800 --> 01:49:18,100
to particular positions. 
The value placed on rest 

1937
01:49:18,100 --> 01:49:20,100
reflected. 
A broader understanding of 

1938
01:49:20,100 --> 01:49:23,600
intellectual work as requiring, 
the whole person, not just 

1939
01:49:23,600 --> 01:49:28,300
focused concentration. physical 
health, emotional balance, 

1940
01:49:28,300 --> 01:49:32,500
social connection, and mental 
rest, all contributed to 

1941
01:49:32,500 --> 01:49:36,400
thinking, clearly neglecting any
of these diminished intellectual

1942
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:40,400
capacity, This holistic view 
would be challenged by later 

1943
01:49:40,400 --> 01:49:42,900
emphasis on productivity and 
specialization. 

1944
01:49:43,800 --> 01:49:47,400
But for early psychologists, it 
remained a guiding principle. 

1945
01:49:48,000 --> 01:49:51,100
They were whole people trying to
understand the whole mind and 

1946
01:49:51,100 --> 01:49:54,800
that required attending to all 
aspects of human life, including

1947
01:49:54,800 --> 01:49:57,100
the fundamental need for rest 
and renewal. 

1948
01:49:57,900 --> 01:50:01,000
Early psychologists developed 
simple experiments to understand

1949
01:50:01,000 --> 01:50:05,000
how Minds processed information.
These studies used ordinary 

1950
01:50:05,000 --> 01:50:07,800
materials and straightforward 
tasks nothing. 

1951
01:50:07,800 --> 01:50:12,500
Complex or intimidating memory 
research, often involved lists. 

1952
01:50:13,200 --> 01:50:16,700
A researcher would read a series
of words or numbers then asked 

1953
01:50:16,700 --> 01:50:18,700
volunteers to recall as many as 
possible. 

1954
01:50:19,600 --> 01:50:22,700
By varying, the length of lists,
the speed of presentation. 

1955
01:50:22,700 --> 01:50:26,500
And the time before testing 
researchers mapped basic 

1956
01:50:26,500 --> 01:50:27,800
patterns of remembering and 
forgetting. 

1957
01:50:29,100 --> 01:50:32,000
What they found was that memory 
had clear limits. 

1958
01:50:32,700 --> 01:50:35,900
Most people could remember about
seven items after a single 

1959
01:50:35,900 --> 01:50:39,100
presentation. 
Longer list required repetition 

1960
01:50:39,100 --> 01:50:41,400
items. 
At the beginning and end of 

1961
01:50:41,408 --> 01:50:43,900
lists were remembered better 
than items in the middle. 

1962
01:50:44,700 --> 01:50:47,400
These patterns appeared, 
consistently across different 

1963
01:50:47,400 --> 01:50:50,000
people and different types of 
material. 

1964
01:50:50,800 --> 01:50:54,900
This consistency was encouraging
it suggested memory, followed 

1965
01:50:54,900 --> 01:50:57,500
regular principles, not random 
processes. 

1966
01:50:57,500 --> 01:51:00,900
If you could predict memory 
Performance Based on simple 

1967
01:51:00,900 --> 01:51:04,200
variables like list length and 
position, perhaps deeper 

1968
01:51:04,200 --> 01:51:07,600
understanding was possible. 
Researchers tested, many 

1969
01:51:07,600 --> 01:51:11,700
variations did meaningful words 
work differently than nonsense 

1970
01:51:11,700 --> 01:51:14,100
syllables. 
Did pictures produce better 

1971
01:51:14,100 --> 01:51:17,500
memory Than Words? 
Did emotional content affect 

1972
01:51:17,500 --> 01:51:20,700
recall? 
Each question, led to careful 

1973
01:51:20,700 --> 01:51:25,500
studies producing a gradual 
accumulation of findings for 

1974
01:51:25,500 --> 01:51:27,300
getting proved as interesting as
remembering. 

1975
01:51:28,000 --> 01:51:30,600
Epping houses work show that 
most for getting happened 

1976
01:51:30,600 --> 01:51:33,700
quickly within the first hours 
or days after learning. 

1977
01:51:34,700 --> 01:51:37,600
After that, the rate of 
forgetting slowed, considerably.

1978
01:51:38,700 --> 01:51:41,700
Material that survived a few 
days off and persisted for much 

1979
01:51:41,700 --> 01:51:44,300
longer. 
This pattern made sense of 

1980
01:51:44,300 --> 01:51:47,300
common experience. 
As you might forget a name in 

1981
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:49,700
its after hearing it, but 
information, you still 

1982
01:51:49,700 --> 01:51:51,900
remembered a week. 
Later would like to stay 

1983
01:51:51,900 --> 01:51:55,600
accessible for months or years. 
The initial consolidation. 

1984
01:51:55,600 --> 01:51:59,900
Period was crucial repetition 
helped memory, but not in simple

1985
01:51:59,900 --> 01:52:02,800
ways. 
Spacing repetitions over time, 

1986
01:52:02,800 --> 01:52:06,600
worked better than massing them 
together. 10 practice sessions 

1987
01:52:06,600 --> 01:52:10,500
spread, across 10 days, produced
better attention than 10 

1988
01:52:10,500 --> 01:52:14,400
sessions in a single day. 
This spacing effect appeared, 

1989
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:17,000
reliably across different 
materials and tasks. 

1990
01:52:17,700 --> 01:52:21,300
Understanding why spacing helped
required speculation? 

1991
01:52:21,300 --> 01:52:25,400
Perhaps memory needed time to 
consolidate between practice 

1992
01:52:25,400 --> 01:52:27,800
sessions. 
Perhaps spacing reduced 

1993
01:52:27,800 --> 01:52:31,300
interference between similar 
memories Perhaps, it's simply 

1994
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:34,200
maintained motivation, better 
than tedious repetition. 

1995
01:52:35,100 --> 01:52:38,800
The mechanisms remained unclear,
but the effect was consistent. 

1996
01:52:40,000 --> 01:52:43,400
Perception studies, examined how
people noticed and interpreted 

1997
01:52:43,400 --> 01:52:46,500
sensory information? 
Researchers presented. 

1998
01:52:46,500 --> 01:52:51,800
Simple stimuli like light sounds
or touches then asked volunteers

1999
01:52:51,800 --> 01:52:56,400
to report what they experienced.
By varying intensity duration 

2000
01:52:56,400 --> 01:52:58,800
and context. 
They explored how Minds 

2001
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:02,200
translated physical Sensations 
in to conscious experience. 

2002
01:53:03,000 --> 01:53:06,100
One persistent finding was that 
perception wasn't passive. 

2003
01:53:06,100 --> 01:53:09,700
People didn't simply receive 
sensory information like blank 

2004
01:53:09,700 --> 01:53:14,900
pages, accepting Inc, instead 
expectations attention. 

2005
01:53:15,500 --> 01:53:18,700
Prior experience shaped what 
people noticed and how they 

2006
01:53:18,700 --> 01:53:22,100
interpreted it. 
The same sound might be heard 

2007
01:53:22,100 --> 01:53:24,700
differently depending on what 
the listener expected? 

2008
01:53:24,700 --> 01:53:26,400
Or what else was happening 
around them? 

2009
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:28,800
Context effects appeared 
everywhere. 

2010
01:53:29,600 --> 01:53:32,800
A gray patch looked lighter 
against a dark background and 

2011
01:53:32,800 --> 01:53:34,200
darker against a light 
background. 

2012
01:53:35,500 --> 01:53:38,500
Tone sounded different when 
preceded by other tones than 

2013
01:53:38,500 --> 01:53:41,900
when presented alone. 
Touch felt different depending 

2014
01:53:41,900 --> 01:53:43,700
on what area of skin received 
it. 

2015
01:53:44,500 --> 01:53:47,800
Perception was always relative. 
Always influenced by 

2016
01:53:47,800 --> 01:53:52,000
surroundings this relativity, 
complicated attempts to identify

2017
01:53:52,000 --> 01:53:55,700
simple laws of perception. 
What seemed like a 

2018
01:53:55,708 --> 01:53:59,100
straightforward relationship 
between stimulus and sensation 

2019
01:53:59,100 --> 01:54:01,300
turned out to involve multiple 
factors. 

2020
01:54:02,100 --> 01:54:05,000
Researchers had to control 
context carefully to get 

2021
01:54:05,008 --> 01:54:08,000
consistent results. 
Tension itself. 

2022
01:54:08,000 --> 01:54:11,400
Became a focus of study 
researchers noticed that 

2023
01:54:11,400 --> 01:54:14,000
concentrating on one thing and 
missing others. 

2024
01:54:14,000 --> 01:54:18,100
They tested this with simple 
tasks, while focusing on 

2025
01:54:18,100 --> 01:54:21,700
Counting sounds, people might 
fail to notice a light flashing,

2026
01:54:22,600 --> 01:54:25,700
while watching one object move, 
they might miss another object 

2027
01:54:25,700 --> 01:54:29,500
appearing nearby. this revealed 
attention as selective and 

2028
01:54:29,500 --> 01:54:32,400
limited you couldn't pay full 
attention to everything 

2029
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:37,500
simultaneously instead Focus 
moved from one thing to another 

2030
01:54:37,500 --> 01:54:42,300
with most sensory information 
going unnoticed, this wasn't a 

2031
01:54:42,300 --> 01:54:46,600
flaw, but a necessary feature of
how mind worked Filtering. 

2032
01:54:46,600 --> 01:54:49,500
Vast amounts of information to 
manage what seemed most 

2033
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:52,600
relevant. 
The capacity limits of attention

2034
01:54:52,600 --> 01:54:56,300
were measured in various ways. 
How many objects could someone 

2035
01:54:56,300 --> 01:54:59,400
track simultaneously? 
How quickly could attention 

2036
01:54:59,400 --> 01:55:03,400
shift between different tasks? 
How did dividing attention 

2037
01:55:03,400 --> 01:55:05,800
between multiple things affect 
performance on each? 

2038
01:55:06,600 --> 01:55:09,700
The answers varied somewhat. 
But showed consistent patterns 

2039
01:55:09,700 --> 01:55:14,500
visual attention was studied, 
using simple displays arrays of 

2040
01:55:14,500 --> 01:55:17,800
letters, or symbols were 
presented briefly and people 

2041
01:55:17,800 --> 01:55:22,000
reported what they saw. 
Results showed that only a few 

2042
01:55:22,008 --> 01:55:24,300
items could be consciously 
perceived at once. 

2043
01:55:24,300 --> 01:55:27,400
Even though the, I received 
information about the entire 

2044
01:55:27,400 --> 01:55:31,400
display, Most visual 
information, never reach 

2045
01:55:31,400 --> 01:55:34,700
conscious awareness. 
Auditory attention showed 

2046
01:55:34,700 --> 01:55:38,100
similar selectivity in a room 
full of conversation. 

2047
01:55:38,100 --> 01:55:41,700
You could focus on one speaker 
and follow what they said. 

2048
01:55:41,700 --> 01:55:44,200
While other voices became 
background noise. 

2049
01:55:45,300 --> 01:55:48,800
This selective listening later 
called the cocktail, party 

2050
01:55:48,800 --> 01:55:52,600
effect, demonstrated, how 
powerful attention could filter 

2051
01:55:52,600 --> 01:55:54,800
information? 
Learning through. 

2052
01:55:54,800 --> 01:55:58,500
Practice showed interesting 
patterns. when people first 

2053
01:55:58,500 --> 01:56:02,100
attempted and unfamiliar tasks, 
they needed to Think Through 

2054
01:56:02,100 --> 01:56:06,500
each step deliberately With 
repetition, the task became 

2055
01:56:06,500 --> 01:56:09,400
smoother and required less 
conscious attention. 

2056
01:56:10,200 --> 01:56:11,700
Eventually, it could be 
performed. 

2057
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:14,300
Almost automatically 
researchers. 

2058
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:15,900
Traced this progression 
carefully. 

2059
01:56:15,900 --> 01:56:19,400
They had volunteers practice 
simple activities like tapping 

2060
01:56:19,400 --> 01:56:22,900
patterns, or solving basic 
problems measuring speed and 

2061
01:56:22,900 --> 01:56:27,400
accuracy across many sessions. 
The improvements were consistent

2062
01:56:27,400 --> 01:56:32,200
quick gains at first then 
gradual refinement eventually, 

2063
01:56:32,200 --> 01:56:34,900
reaching a plateau, where 
further practice produced little

2064
01:56:34,900 --> 01:56:37,500
change. 
This suggested that learning 

2065
01:56:37,500 --> 01:56:41,100
involved forming habits. 
Stable patterns of action that 

2066
01:56:41,100 --> 01:56:43,100
required minimal thought once 
established. 

2067
01:56:44,100 --> 01:56:48,200
Habits freed attention for other
things and experience piano 

2068
01:56:48,200 --> 01:56:49,900
player could focus on 
expression. 

2069
01:56:49,900 --> 01:56:51,700
While fingers found notes 
automatically. 

2070
01:56:52,900 --> 01:56:56,400
A skilled reader could attend to
meaning while recognizing words 

2071
01:56:56,400 --> 01:57:00,000
without conscious effort. 
The role of mistakes and 

2072
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:03,500
learning was noticed early. 
When people made errors during 

2073
01:57:03,500 --> 01:57:06,500
practice, they often corrected 
themselves on subsequent 

2074
01:57:06,500 --> 01:57:09,500
attempts. 
This self-correction seemed 

2075
01:57:09,500 --> 01:57:13,400
important for improvement. 
Simply repeating actions without

2076
01:57:13,400 --> 01:57:15,900
noticing and adjusting mistakes 
didn't lead to better 

2077
01:57:15,900 --> 01:57:18,800
performance. 
Feedback proved essential for 

2078
01:57:18,800 --> 01:57:21,400
learning. 
When people received clear 

2079
01:57:21,400 --> 01:57:23,800
information about whether 
they're responses were correct, 

2080
01:57:23,800 --> 01:57:27,100
they improved faster than when 
practicing without feedback. 

2081
01:57:28,200 --> 01:57:31,300
This applied to both simple 
motor tasks and more complex 

2082
01:57:31,300 --> 01:57:34,600
problems solving. 
Researchers also studied how 

2083
01:57:34,600 --> 01:57:37,100
people grouped information to 
make it easier to remember? 

2084
01:57:38,000 --> 01:57:42,000
Instead of memorizing, 15 random
numbers, someone might notice 

2085
01:57:42,000 --> 01:57:45,500
patterns or break the sequence 
into smaller chunks, this 

2086
01:57:45,500 --> 01:57:48,500
organizational strategy helped 
memory, even though the amount 

2087
01:57:48,500 --> 01:57:51,500
of information remained the same
the capacity to organize 

2088
01:57:51,500 --> 01:57:55,000
information seem to distinguish 
expert from novice performance. 

2089
01:57:55,000 --> 01:57:59,900
Experts didn't necessarily have 
better or memory They organized 

2090
01:57:59,900 --> 01:58:03,200
information more efficiently 
recognizing patterns and 

2091
01:58:03,200 --> 01:58:05,600
chunking details and meaningful 
units. 

2092
01:58:06,300 --> 01:58:09,200
This reduced the memory load and
made information easier to 

2093
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:12,300
retrieve contacts affected 
everything. 

2094
01:58:13,100 --> 01:58:16,000
People remembered information 
better when tested in the same 

2095
01:58:16,000 --> 01:58:17,400
environment where they learned 
it. 

2096
01:58:18,100 --> 01:58:20,800
They performed tasks more 
successfully when conditions 

2097
01:58:20,800 --> 01:58:24,200
match their practice sessions. 
This suggested that memory 

2098
01:58:24,200 --> 01:58:27,600
wasn't just about storing 
information but about connecting

2099
01:58:27,600 --> 01:58:29,400
it to circumstances and 
surroundings. 

2100
01:58:30,500 --> 01:58:32,800
Physical state during learning 
also mattered. 

2101
01:58:33,500 --> 01:58:36,700
Being tired or uncomfortable 
during study made later recall 

2102
01:58:36,700 --> 01:58:39,500
more difficult. 
Being alert and comfortable 

2103
01:58:39,500 --> 01:58:42,400
helped. 
The bodies condition influenced 

2104
01:58:42,400 --> 01:58:45,200
the minds function in ways that 
were obvious, but not yet 

2105
01:58:45,200 --> 01:58:48,300
understood. 
Researchers noted individual 

2106
01:58:48,300 --> 01:58:49,700
differences throughout these 
studies. 

2107
01:58:50,500 --> 01:58:53,100
Some people had naturally better
memory others. 

2108
01:58:53,100 --> 01:58:54,500
Learned motor skills more 
quickly. 

2109
01:58:55,300 --> 01:58:58,300
Still others showed Superior 
attention or faster perception. 

2110
01:58:59,300 --> 01:59:01,500
These variations were documented
but not easy. 

2111
01:59:01,500 --> 01:59:05,300
The question of whether practice
could overcome natural 

2112
01:59:05,300 --> 01:59:09,300
differences, remained uncertain.
Some evidence suggested that 

2113
01:59:09,300 --> 01:59:12,700
extensive practice could bring 
almost anyone to high levels of 

2114
01:59:12,700 --> 01:59:16,000
performance. 
Other evidence suggested limits 

2115
01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:17,600
that practice could not fully 
overcome. 

2116
01:59:18,400 --> 01:59:21,400
The interaction between talent 
and training remained complex. 

2117
01:59:22,200 --> 01:59:24,800
The tiger effects appeared, 
repeatedly, and studies. 

2118
01:59:25,700 --> 01:59:28,500
Performance declined. 
After extended periods of work 

2119
01:59:28,500 --> 01:59:32,200
errors became more common 
Reaction Time. 

2120
01:59:32,200 --> 01:59:36,700
Slowed restored abilities. 
Sometimes even improving them 

2121
01:59:36,700 --> 01:59:39,700
Beyond pretty fatigued levels. 
As if the brake allowed 

2122
01:59:39,700 --> 01:59:43,900
consolidation of learning, This 
made long experimental sessions 

2123
01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:46,300
in practical. 
After an hour or two 

2124
01:59:46,308 --> 01:59:49,900
participants showed clear signs 
of tiredness, continuing 

2125
01:59:49,900 --> 01:59:54,400
produced unreliable data. 
Better to stop rest and resume 

2126
01:59:54,400 --> 01:59:57,700
the next day than to push 
through declining performance. 

2127
01:59:58,900 --> 02:00:01,900
The accumulated findings from 
memory perception and learning 

2128
02:00:01,900 --> 02:00:04,000
studies. 
Created a picture of Mind as 

2129
02:00:04,000 --> 02:00:07,000
active limited and shaped by 
experience. 

2130
02:00:08,200 --> 02:00:11,100
People didn't passively receive 
information, but actively 

2131
02:00:11,100 --> 02:00:15,400
processed it, filtered by 
attention organized, by prior 

2132
02:00:15,400 --> 02:00:18,700
knowledge and stored in forms 
that made later retrieval 

2133
02:00:18,700 --> 02:00:22,700
possible but not guaranteed 
These findings were modest but 

2134
02:00:22,700 --> 02:00:27,100
genuine they described real 
regularity and how Minds worked 

2135
02:00:27,100 --> 02:00:30,100
they could be replicated in 
different Laboratories by 

2136
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:33,100
different researchers. 
They formed a foundation of 

2137
02:00:33,100 --> 02:00:36,600
reliable knowledge even though 
much about underlying mechanisms

2138
02:00:36,600 --> 02:00:39,600
remained unknown It's daylight 
faded. 

2139
02:00:39,600 --> 02:00:42,800
Early psychologists often turned
from active research. 

2140
02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:46,500
To quieter work, evening's were 
for reviewing the days 

2141
02:00:46,500 --> 02:00:50,400
observations organizing notes 
and writing up findings. 

2142
02:00:51,200 --> 02:00:54,500
This transition from doing to 
reflecting was built into the 

2143
02:00:54,500 --> 02:00:58,400
rhythm of scholarly life. 
Laboratories emptied as evening 

2144
02:00:58,400 --> 02:01:00,800
approached. 
Volunteers went home. 

2145
02:01:00,800 --> 02:01:04,800
Equipment was put away carefully
cleaned and prepared for the 

2146
02:01:04,800 --> 02:01:07,500
next day. 
Researchers gathered their 

2147
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:10,600
notebooks and returned to 
offices or personal studies to 

2148
02:01:10,600 --> 02:01:12,300
continue. 
Working in a different mode. 

2149
02:01:12,300 --> 02:01:16,000
Writing was done by hand, 
sometimes by Lamplight or 

2150
02:01:16,000 --> 02:01:19,000
Gaslight before. 
Electric lighting became common 

2151
02:01:19,900 --> 02:01:23,500
The physical act of writing was 
slow, requiring thought about 

2152
02:01:23,500 --> 02:01:25,600
each sentence before committing 
it to paper. 

2153
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:28,900
Revisions meant recopy entire 
Pages. 

2154
02:01:28,900 --> 02:01:32,400
This enforced, deliberation 
match, the careful nature of the

2155
02:01:32,400 --> 02:01:36,500
research itself, notes from 
experiments needed organization,

2156
02:01:36,500 --> 02:01:41,600
raw observations had to be 
sorted, patterns identified, and

2157
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:43,700
preliminary interpretations 
considered. 

2158
02:01:44,700 --> 02:01:47,400
These work required 
concentration, but was less 

2159
02:01:47,400 --> 02:01:50,000
mentally taxing than conducting 
experiments. 

2160
02:01:50,000 --> 02:01:53,700
It felt more contemplative 
allowing researchers to see 

2161
02:01:53,700 --> 02:01:55,400
their findings from a slight 
distance. 

2162
02:01:56,500 --> 02:01:59,300
Many researchers. 
Kept detailed research journals 

2163
02:01:59,300 --> 02:02:01,300
separate from their experimental
notes. 

2164
02:02:02,100 --> 02:02:06,200
These journals included thoughts
about methodology questions that

2165
02:02:06,200 --> 02:02:10,900
arose during the day ideas for 
future studies and Reflections 

2166
02:02:10,900 --> 02:02:15,000
on challenges encountered, they 
served as private spaces for 

2167
02:02:15,000 --> 02:02:18,700
working through uncertainty 
without the pressure of formal 

2168
02:02:18,700 --> 02:02:22,500
presentation, Writing for 
publication, was a different 

2169
02:02:22,500 --> 02:02:26,900
task entirely articles needed to
clear structure and precise 

2170
02:02:26,900 --> 02:02:29,500
language. 
Finding had to be presented 

2171
02:02:29,500 --> 02:02:32,700
objectively without overstating.
Their significance. 

2172
02:02:33,500 --> 02:02:36,600
Methods required enough detail 
that others could replicate the 

2173
02:02:36,600 --> 02:02:39,100
work. 
This demanded Clarity that was 

2174
02:02:39,108 --> 02:02:41,400
harder to achieve than the 
original research. 

2175
02:02:42,200 --> 02:02:45,800
The process usually began with 
an outline main finding would be

2176
02:02:45,808 --> 02:02:48,800
identified then organized into a
logical sequence. 

2177
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:51,400
Supporting evidence would be 
arranged. 

2178
02:02:52,100 --> 02:02:55,600
Connect connections to previous 
research would be noted only 

2179
02:02:55,600 --> 02:02:58,500
after this organizational work 
would actual writing begin. 

2180
02:02:59,500 --> 02:03:02,900
First drafts were often rough. 
Getting ideas onto paper 

2181
02:03:02,900 --> 02:03:06,600
mattered, more than polish. 
Later revisions would refine 

2182
02:03:06,600 --> 02:03:09,400
language, clarify, arguments, 
and correct errors. 

2183
02:03:10,300 --> 02:03:13,800
Multiple drafts were normal each
improving on the last through 

2184
02:03:13,800 --> 02:03:17,400
careful editing. 
Reading drafts, allowed helped, 

2185
02:03:17,400 --> 02:03:19,800
catch awkward phrasing and 
logical gaps. 

2186
02:03:19,800 --> 02:03:23,100
Hearing the words, revealed 
problems that silent reading 

2187
02:03:23,100 --> 02:03:26,000
missed. 
Many researchers made this part 

2188
02:03:26,000 --> 02:03:29,000
of their revision process. 
Speaking their writing to 

2189
02:03:29,000 --> 02:03:31,500
themselves in? 
Quiet rooms colleagues. 

2190
02:03:31,500 --> 02:03:35,300
Sometimes reviewed drafts, 
before submission, to journals a

2191
02:03:35,300 --> 02:03:37,500
trusted friend, might read a 
paper and offer suggestions. 

2192
02:03:37,500 --> 02:03:41,000
This informal. 
Peer review helps, strengthen 

2193
02:03:41,000 --> 02:03:42,700
our arguments and catch 
oversights. 

2194
02:03:43,500 --> 02:03:46,800
It all provided emotional 
support reassuring, authors that

2195
02:03:46,800 --> 02:03:50,700
their work had value. 
Researchers typically worked on 

2196
02:03:50,700 --> 02:03:52,400
several writing projects 
simultaneously. 

2197
02:03:53,600 --> 02:03:57,400
A paper describing a completed 
study might be in revision while

2198
02:03:57,400 --> 02:04:01,100
another was being drafted and a 
third was still just an outline 

2199
02:04:01,100 --> 02:04:03,800
with notes. 
This allowed them to shift 

2200
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:06,800
between projects depending on 
energy and inspirational. 

2201
02:04:07,800 --> 02:04:10,200
Some days writing floating 
easily. 

2202
02:04:10,800 --> 02:04:14,500
Ideas, connected naturally 
arguments assembled themselves 

2203
02:04:14,500 --> 02:04:19,000
on the right word to appeared. 
Other days, every sentence 

2204
02:04:19,000 --> 02:04:22,000
required effort and nothing 
seemed to come together 

2205
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:25,000
properly. 
Researchers learn to accept this

2206
02:04:25,000 --> 02:04:29,200
variation working, when writing 
came easily and doing other 

2207
02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:30,300
tasks. 
When it didn't. 

2208
02:04:31,500 --> 02:04:35,400
Evening, writing sessions often 
included correspondence letters 

2209
02:04:35,400 --> 02:04:38,200
to colleagues. 
Discussing research responding 

2210
02:04:38,200 --> 02:04:41,500
to questions about published 
work or simply maintaining 

2211
02:04:41,500 --> 02:04:43,200
professional friendships for 
common. 

2212
02:04:43,900 --> 02:04:46,800
These exchanges kept researchers
connected to the broader 

2213
02:04:46,800 --> 02:04:51,000
community and provided informal 
feedback on developing ideas. 

2214
02:04:52,000 --> 02:04:54,400
The tone of letters was 
typically warm and personal 

2215
02:04:54,400 --> 02:04:58,200
researchers shared, not just 
findings, but also struggles, 

2216
02:04:58,200 --> 02:05:03,200
uncertainties and questioned. 
They offered encouragement and 

2217
02:05:03,200 --> 02:05:05,700
suggestions. 
They build relationships that 

2218
02:05:05,700 --> 02:05:09,200
went beyond purely, professional
interaction, some researchers 

2219
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:12,000
preferred dictating to 
assistance rather than writing 

2220
02:05:12,000 --> 02:05:14,800
directly. 
Speaking thoughts, allowed 

2221
02:05:14,800 --> 02:05:19,300
sometimes made arguments clearer
assistance would transcribe then

2222
02:05:19,300 --> 02:05:22,600
researchers would review. 
And revise the written text this

2223
02:05:22,600 --> 02:05:26,000
collaboration was practical but 
also shaped how ideas were 

2224
02:05:26,000 --> 02:05:29,500
expressed Reading, others work 
was an essential evening 

2225
02:05:29,500 --> 02:05:33,400
activity, new Journal issues, 
arrived, regularly, requiring 

2226
02:05:33,400 --> 02:05:37,400
review, books from colleagues, 
needed attention. staying 

2227
02:05:37,400 --> 02:05:39,700
current with the field and 
spending considerable time 

2228
02:05:39,700 --> 02:05:43,400
reading, considering others 
methods and findings and 

2229
02:05:43,400 --> 02:05:47,100
thinking about how they related 
to one's own research, this 

2230
02:05:47,100 --> 02:05:50,900
reading wasn't passive, 
researchers took notes wrote, 

2231
02:05:50,900 --> 02:05:55,000
marginal comments and sometimes 
drafted responses or critiques. 

2232
02:05:55,700 --> 02:05:59,300
Engaging, actively with others, 
ideas, helped clarify, their own

2233
02:05:59,300 --> 02:06:03,100
thinking, it also revealed gaps 
in the field that might suggest 

2234
02:06:03,100 --> 02:06:07,100
new research directions. 
Occasionally reading sparked, 

2235
02:06:07,100 --> 02:06:10,300
immediate inspiration. 
An article might mention a 

2236
02:06:10,300 --> 02:06:13,300
method that could be adapted or 
described a finding that 

2237
02:06:13,300 --> 02:06:16,000
connected unexpectedly to the 
Red Zone work. 

2238
02:06:16,900 --> 02:06:20,700
These moments of recognition 
felt valuable worth the hours of

2239
02:06:20,700 --> 02:06:24,300
routine, reading that proceeded 
them Evening's also brought 

2240
02:06:24,300 --> 02:06:26,900
administrative work teaching 
needed. 

2241
02:06:26,900 --> 02:06:30,800
Preparation laboratory supplies 
had to be ordered students 

2242
02:06:30,800 --> 02:06:32,600
papers required reading and 
feedback. 

2243
02:06:33,600 --> 02:06:36,600
These practical tasks 
interrupted intellectual work 

2244
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:39,000
but were necessary parts of 
akademik life. 

2245
02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:43,800
Despite these demands evening's 
generally felt calmer than days.

2246
02:06:44,600 --> 02:06:47,700
The pressure to produce 
immediate results ease, there 

2247
02:06:47,700 --> 02:06:50,600
was space for thinking that 
wandered Beyond current projects

2248
02:06:50,600 --> 02:06:54,300
for considering larger questions
about the fields Direction and 

2249
02:06:54,300 --> 02:06:57,300
for wondering about problems, 
that have no Clear Solutions 

2250
02:06:57,300 --> 02:07:00,200
yet. 
Some researchers worked late 

2251
02:07:00,200 --> 02:07:02,900
into the night when particularly
engaged with the writing project

2252
02:07:02,900 --> 02:07:07,000
or interesting problem. 
Others maintain strict schedules

2253
02:07:07,000 --> 02:07:10,400
stopping work at a set, our 
regardless of what remained 

2254
02:07:10,400 --> 02:07:12,800
undone. 
Both approaches reflected 

2255
02:07:12,800 --> 02:07:15,800
different temperaments, but 
similar recognition that 

2256
02:07:15,800 --> 02:07:17,900
sustainable work required 
boundaries. 

2257
02:07:18,700 --> 02:07:22,200
The physical setting of evening.
Work mattered, a comfortable, 

2258
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:25,800
chair, adequate light, and 
minimal distraction. 

2259
02:07:25,800 --> 02:07:28,200
All contributed to sustained 
concentration. 

2260
02:07:29,400 --> 02:07:32,700
Many researchers, cultivated 
particular spaces for writing 

2261
02:07:32,700 --> 02:07:36,000
places that felt conducive to 
focused thought. 

2262
02:07:36,900 --> 02:07:39,700
Temperature and air quality 
affected evening, productivity 

2263
02:07:39,700 --> 02:07:44,500
rooms, that were too warm made 
concentration difficult, poor 

2264
02:07:44,500 --> 02:07:47,800
ventilation created stuffiness, 
that interfered with thinking. 

2265
02:07:48,800 --> 02:07:52,300
Researchers learn to maintain 
comfortable conditions, opening 

2266
02:07:52,300 --> 02:07:54,500
Windows or adjusting heating as 
needed. 

2267
02:07:55,500 --> 02:07:58,600
Some people worked better with 
complete silence others, 

2268
02:07:58,600 --> 02:08:02,700
preferred soft background. 
Sounds a few worked in cafes or 

2269
02:08:02,700 --> 02:08:06,400
library's finding that ambient 
activity, helped them, Focus. 

2270
02:08:07,500 --> 02:08:10,800
Personal preferences bearing but
everyone recognized that 

2271
02:08:10,800 --> 02:08:14,900
influenced work quality. 
Before sleep, many researchers, 

2272
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:16,800
spent time with 
non-professional, reading or 

2273
02:08:16,800 --> 02:08:20,200
family activities. 
They recognize that stepping 

2274
02:08:20,200 --> 02:08:23,400
fully away from work, help them 
return to it refreshed. 

2275
02:08:24,000 --> 02:08:25,300
The Mind needed. 
Variety. 

2276
02:08:25,300 --> 02:08:29,200
Not just rest. 
Like reading before bed help 

2277
02:08:29,200 --> 02:08:32,500
transition towards sleep, 
nothing too engaging or 

2278
02:08:32,500 --> 02:08:35,200
thought-provoking just Pleasant 
material. 

2279
02:08:35,200 --> 02:08:37,500
That didn't demand intense 
concentration. 

2280
02:08:38,200 --> 02:08:43,400
Novels essays poetry, anything 
that felt relaxing rather than 

2281
02:08:43,400 --> 02:08:46,600
stimulating. 
Evening routines often included,

2282
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:50,300
reviewing the next day's planes.
What experiments was scheduled, 

2283
02:08:50,300 --> 02:08:54,400
what writing needed attention, 
what meetings or teaching 

2284
02:08:54,400 --> 02:08:57,800
obligations existed. 
This brief preview helped 

2285
02:08:57,800 --> 02:09:01,700
organize thoughts and reduced 
morning uncertainly. transition 

2286
02:09:01,700 --> 02:09:05,200
from evening, work to rest was 
gradual rather than abrupt 

2287
02:09:05,900 --> 02:09:08,100
Working intensity decreased in 
stages. 

2288
02:09:08,900 --> 02:09:12,500
Demanding writing, gave way to 
lighter reading, which gave way 

2289
02:09:12,500 --> 02:09:16,000
to Casual activities, which gave
way to prepare for sleep. 

2290
02:09:16,800 --> 02:09:19,800
This gentle progression 
respected natural rhythms rather

2291
02:09:19,800 --> 02:09:22,700
than fighting them. 
This evening rhythm of 

2292
02:09:22,700 --> 02:09:27,400
reflection writing reading and 
gradual disengagement created 

2293
02:09:27,400 --> 02:09:31,400
continuity, between active 
research and restorative rest. 

2294
02:09:32,300 --> 02:09:36,000
Work didn't stop abruptly, but 
transitioned through stages of 

2295
02:09:36,000 --> 02:09:39,100
decreasing intensity until sleep
could arrive naturally. 

2296
02:09:40,100 --> 02:09:42,600
Sleep was understood as 
essential for mental function, 

2297
02:09:42,600 --> 02:09:46,100
long before psychologists 
studied its systematically. 

2298
02:09:46,900 --> 02:09:50,900
Everyone knew that poor sleep 
made thinking difficult and that

2299
02:09:50,900 --> 02:09:53,900
adequate rest, improved 
concentration and memory. 

2300
02:09:54,500 --> 02:09:57,300
This common knowledge shaped how
researchers approached their 

2301
02:09:57,300 --> 02:10:00,100
work. 
Evening routines often included,

2302
02:10:00,100 --> 02:10:03,800
winding down deliberately. 
After finishing work researchers

2303
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:06,800
might read something under 
demanding, take an evening, walk

2304
02:10:06,800 --> 02:10:11,500
or engage in like conversation. 
These activities help transition

2305
02:10:11,500 --> 02:10:14,800
from the focused attention of 
work to the relaxed State 

2306
02:10:14,800 --> 02:10:18,500
conducive to sleep. 
The importance of regular sleep 

2307
02:10:18,500 --> 02:10:20,300
schedule. 
Rules was recognized early. 

2308
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:22,700
Going to bed at roughly the same
time. 

2309
02:10:22,700 --> 02:10:24,500
Each night made falling asleep, 
easier. 

2310
02:10:25,400 --> 02:10:28,400
Waking at consistent times, made
mornings less difficult. 

2311
02:10:28,400 --> 02:10:32,200
The body seemed to function 
better with predictable rhythms 

2312
02:10:32,200 --> 02:10:34,700
bedrooms were kept simple and 
comfortable. 

2313
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:39,200
Heavy curtains blocked light. 
Bedding was clean and warm 

2314
02:10:39,200 --> 02:10:43,400
temperatures were kept moderate.
These practical Arrangements, 

2315
02:10:43,400 --> 02:10:47,000
reflected and understanding that
the environment affected Sleep 

2316
02:10:47,000 --> 02:10:49,900
Quality. 
Dreams were acknowledged as part

2317
02:10:49,908 --> 02:10:53,000
of mental life, but remained 
large Leon explored. 

2318
02:10:53,900 --> 02:10:56,500
People remember dreams with 
varying clarity. 

2319
02:10:57,100 --> 02:11:00,600
Some mornings brought Vivid 
recall of strange, narratives, 

2320
02:11:00,600 --> 02:11:03,200
and images. 
Other mornings dreams 

2321
02:11:03,200 --> 02:11:06,600
disappeared immediately upon 
waking leaving only vague 

2322
02:11:06,600 --> 02:11:09,800
impressions. 
Searches occasionally kept dream

2323
02:11:09,800 --> 02:11:12,700
journals recording what they 
remembered upon waking. 

2324
02:11:13,600 --> 02:11:17,500
Patterns emerged dreams often 
included elements from recent 

2325
02:11:17,500 --> 02:11:20,600
experiences mixed with older 
memories and impossible 

2326
02:11:20,600 --> 02:11:23,700
combination. 
They felt real while happening 

2327
02:11:23,700 --> 02:11:25,700
but became obviously irrational 
upon waking. 

2328
02:11:26,700 --> 02:11:29,700
What dreams meant or how they 
related to waking thought 

2329
02:11:29,700 --> 02:11:33,000
remained unclear. 
Some researchers suspected 

2330
02:11:33,000 --> 02:11:35,800
dreams might reveal something 
about how memory worked. 

2331
02:11:36,400 --> 02:11:39,400
Showing how the mind combined 
information in unusual ways, 

2332
02:11:39,400 --> 02:11:42,800
others thought dreams might 
simply be random, mental, 

2333
02:11:42,800 --> 02:11:44,900
activity during sleeping, 
meaningful. 

2334
02:11:44,900 --> 02:11:49,300
Only in their meaninglessness. 
The content of Dreams varied 

2335
02:11:49,300 --> 02:11:52,100
enormously between individuals 
and across nights. 

2336
02:11:52,800 --> 02:11:57,000
Some dreams felt coherent with 
recognizable narrative and clear

2337
02:11:57,000 --> 02:12:00,800
sequences. 
Others were fragmentary jumping 

2338
02:12:00,800 --> 02:12:02,700
between scenes without 
connection. 

2339
02:12:02,700 --> 02:12:05,800
Emotions. 
In dreams could be intense. 

2340
02:12:05,800 --> 02:12:10,000
Sometimes, more Vivid than 
waking feelings, recurring 

2341
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:13,900
dreams were noted, as curious 
phenomena the same scenes or 

2342
02:12:13,900 --> 02:12:17,300
situations might appear 
repeatedly over months or years.

2343
02:12:18,100 --> 02:12:21,800
These repetitions suggested some
kind of significance but what 

2344
02:12:21,800 --> 02:12:23,300
they meant to remained 
mysterious. 

2345
02:12:24,300 --> 02:12:26,100
Nightmares. 
Occasionally troubled, sleep. 

2346
02:12:27,000 --> 02:12:29,900
Most people experience the 
occasionally they typically 

2347
02:12:29,900 --> 02:12:33,400
involved threats or danger, 
creating anxiety that could wake

2348
02:12:33,400 --> 02:12:36,700
the sleeper. 
Upon waking the threat revealed 

2349
02:12:36,700 --> 02:12:39,900
itself as imaginary. 
But the emotional impact lingard

2350
02:12:40,800 --> 02:12:44,100
Without methods for studying 
dreams systematically, they 

2351
02:12:44,100 --> 02:12:47,500
remained personal experience as 
rather than scientific data. 

2352
02:12:48,600 --> 02:12:51,400
Researchers, noted them with 
interest but didn't build 

2353
02:12:51,400 --> 02:12:55,400
theories around them. 
Focused on aspects of mental 

2354
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:56,900
life. 
That could be observed and 

2355
02:12:56,900 --> 02:13:00,500
measured during waking hours. 
The quality of sleep, affected 

2356
02:13:00,500 --> 02:13:05,300
research directly, After a poor 
night's rest experiments, took 

2357
02:13:05,300 --> 02:13:09,100
longer mistakes increased and 
patience worth in. 

2358
02:13:10,000 --> 02:13:13,100
Researchers learn to postpone 
difficult work, when they felt 

2359
02:13:13,100 --> 02:13:16,200
tired, recognizing that forcing 
concentration. 

2360
02:13:16,200 --> 02:13:19,000
When exhausted produced 
unreliable results. 

2361
02:13:19,900 --> 02:13:22,500
This meant treating sleep. 
As a professional necessity, 

2362
02:13:22,500 --> 02:13:26,200
rather than a personal weakness,
taking time to rest properly, 

2363
02:13:26,200 --> 02:13:28,700
wasn't Indulgence. 
But practical requirement for 

2364
02:13:28,700 --> 02:13:32,200
good work. 
Universities generally supported

2365
02:13:32,200 --> 02:13:33,600
this through reasonable 
schedules. 

2366
02:13:33,600 --> 02:13:35,500
That didn't demand constant 
availability. 

2367
02:13:36,700 --> 02:13:39,000
Seasonal patterns influence, 
sleep and work. 

2368
02:13:39,000 --> 02:13:42,800
Winter, Darkness meant longer 
evening's and later mournings. 

2369
02:13:43,500 --> 02:13:47,200
Some are light extended active 
hours but also invited more time

2370
02:13:47,200 --> 02:13:49,800
Outdoors. 
Researchers are just adjusted 

2371
02:13:49,800 --> 02:13:52,700
their shared Jewels with Seasons
rather than fighting natural 

2372
02:13:52,700 --> 02:13:55,500
rhythms. 
The relationship between mental 

2373
02:13:55,500 --> 02:13:58,700
work and physical, rest was 
noted, but not fully understood.

2374
02:13:59,600 --> 02:14:02,600
Thinking hard seemed to require 
physical recovery just as 

2375
02:14:02,600 --> 02:14:03,600
manual. 
Labor did. 

2376
02:14:04,500 --> 02:14:08,300
He of intense mental effort, 
left people genuinely tired 

2377
02:14:08,300 --> 02:14:11,200
needing sleep, as much as 
someone who had worked 

2378
02:14:11,200 --> 02:14:13,700
physically. 
Some researchers wondered 

2379
02:14:13,700 --> 02:14:16,000
whether different types of 
mental work required. 

2380
02:14:16,000 --> 02:14:19,900
Different kinds of rest. 
Did creative thinking deplete 

2381
02:14:19,900 --> 02:14:22,900
resources differently than 
memorization, or calculation. 

2382
02:14:23,700 --> 02:14:26,700
Did some activities actually 
restore mental energy rather 

2383
02:14:26,700 --> 02:14:30,300
than consuming it? 
These questions were raised but 

2384
02:14:30,300 --> 02:14:33,400
not answered. 
What was clear was that regular 

2385
02:14:33,400 --> 02:14:35,500
sleep pattern supported better 
thinking? 

2386
02:14:36,300 --> 02:14:39,700
Going to bed and waking at 
consistent Times, May daily work

2387
02:14:39,700 --> 02:14:43,800
easier irregularly sleep 
disrupted concentration and mood

2388
02:14:43,800 --> 02:14:46,700
making routine tasks feel harder
than they should. 

2389
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:51,100
Physical activity during the day
seem to promote better sleep at 

2390
02:14:51,100 --> 02:14:54,000
night. 
Researchers who took walks or 

2391
02:14:54,000 --> 02:14:57,700
engaged in light exercise, 
reported sleeping more soundly 

2392
02:14:57,700 --> 02:14:59,400
than those who remained set 
entry. 

2393
02:15:00,200 --> 02:15:03,000
This suggested connections 
between physical and mental 

2394
02:15:03,000 --> 02:15:06,600
states that were yet. 
Understood Diet affected sleep 

2395
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:09,700
as well, heavy meals later in 
the evening made, rest 

2396
02:15:09,700 --> 02:15:12,500
uncomfortable. 
Stimulating drinks, like coffee 

2397
02:15:12,500 --> 02:15:16,000
or tea interfere with falling 
asleep if consumed to close to 

2398
02:15:16,000 --> 02:15:18,900
bed time. 
Moderation and timing, matted 

2399
02:15:18,900 --> 02:15:23,300
naps, occasionally appeared in 
researchers, schedule's a brief 

2400
02:15:23,300 --> 02:15:26,200
off of new rest could Restore 
alertness for evening work. 

2401
02:15:27,100 --> 02:15:30,500
This wasn't seen as laziness, 
but does an efficient use of 

2402
02:15:30,500 --> 02:15:34,800
Natural Energy patterns. 
Some people felt renewed after 

2403
02:15:34,800 --> 02:15:39,400
20 minutes of rest, others 
needed longer but the principal 

2404
02:15:39,400 --> 02:15:42,100
of midday recovery was widely 
accepted. 

2405
02:15:43,400 --> 02:15:46,300
The practice of napping varied 
by culture and individual 

2406
02:15:46,300 --> 02:15:49,300
preference. 
Some researchers found them 

2407
02:15:49,300 --> 02:15:51,200
essential others. 
Never napped. 

2408
02:15:52,200 --> 02:15:56,000
Both groups, recognize that What
mattered was total rest quality.

2409
02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:59,600
Over a full day and night, not 
adherence to any particular 

2410
02:15:59,600 --> 02:16:02,900
pattern. 
The transition to sleep was 

2411
02:16:02,900 --> 02:16:05,100
sometimes described in the 
research notes. 

2412
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:09,100
People noticed the drift from 
waking thought to sleeps Edge, 

2413
02:16:09,100 --> 02:16:12,500
when ideas became less 
controlled and logic, loosened. 

2414
02:16:13,200 --> 02:16:16,300
This transitional State felt 
distinct from both alert, 

2415
02:16:16,300 --> 02:16:20,300
Consciousness and full sleep. 
Suggesting that mental States 

2416
02:16:20,300 --> 02:16:24,200
existed on a Continuum rather 
than a sharp categories. 

2417
02:16:25,300 --> 02:16:27,800
Thoughts while falling asleep 
off, often had a dreamlike 

2418
02:16:27,800 --> 02:16:31,400
quality more associative and 
less constrained the normal 

2419
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:33,700
thinking. 
Images might appear, 

2420
02:16:33,700 --> 02:16:38,900
spontaneously ideas, might 
connect in unexpected ways, this

2421
02:16:38,900 --> 02:16:41,600
state could occasionally yield 
insights, that more focused 

2422
02:16:41,600 --> 02:16:44,900
thinking missed. 
Some researchers kept paper and 

2423
02:16:44,907 --> 02:16:47,000
Pen beside their beds to capture
late night. 

2424
02:16:47,000 --> 02:16:50,400
Thoughts, an idea that seemed 
important while falling asleep 

2425
02:16:50,400 --> 02:16:53,400
might vanish by morning. 
Writing it down. 

2426
02:16:53,400 --> 02:16:56,299
Preserved it though. 
Morning often revealed that the 

2427
02:16:56,299 --> 02:16:59,299
Insight was less significant 
than it seemed in the moment. 

2428
02:17:00,299 --> 02:17:02,299
Morning, waking brought its own 
patterns. 

2429
02:17:02,299 --> 02:17:05,500
Some people woke alert 
immediately others needed. 

2430
02:17:05,500 --> 02:17:09,799
Time for full Consciousness to 
return. these differences seem 

2431
02:17:09,799 --> 02:17:13,299
stable for each individual, 
another example of variation, 

2432
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:16,799
within General patterns, The 
first thoughts upon waking 

2433
02:17:16,799 --> 02:17:19,500
sometimes addressed problems 
that have been troubling the day

2434
02:17:19,500 --> 02:17:21,600
before. 
The Mind seemed to have worked 

2435
02:17:21,600 --> 02:17:24,900
on them during sleep, 
occasionally producing Solutions

2436
02:17:24,900 --> 02:17:28,400
or New Perspectives. 
This wasn't guaranteed, but it 

2437
02:17:28,400 --> 02:17:30,700
happened often enough to be 
noticed and valued. 

2438
02:17:31,400 --> 02:17:34,400
The role of sleep in memory was 
suspected but not proven. 

2439
02:17:35,299 --> 02:17:38,400
Researchers noticed that 
material studyed before sleep, 

2440
02:17:38,400 --> 02:17:40,799
sometimes seemed clearer than 
the next morning. 

2441
02:17:41,500 --> 02:17:44,700
This suggested sleep might help 
organize or strengthen memories 

2442
02:17:44,700 --> 02:17:47,100
though the mechanisms remain 
unknown. 

2443
02:17:47,799 --> 02:17:51,400
Some evidence supported this 
informational reviewed, just 

2444
02:17:51,400 --> 02:17:54,299
before sleeping, was often 
recalled better than 

2445
02:17:54,299 --> 02:17:56,200
informational reviewed earlier 
in the day. 

2446
02:17:57,799 --> 02:18:00,600
Whether this reflected the 
absence of interference after 

2447
02:18:00,600 --> 02:18:03,600
sleep or some active 
consolidation process remained 

2448
02:18:03,600 --> 02:18:06,799
uncertain. 
Sleep deprivation experiments 

2449
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:10,500
were rare During the period as 
deliberately disrupting sleep 

2450
02:18:10,500 --> 02:18:14,100
seemed unethical and it 
practical researchers relied. 

2451
02:18:14,100 --> 02:18:17,700
Instead on natural variations, 
observing how performance 

2452
02:18:17,700 --> 02:18:21,299
changed after Poor vs? 
Good sleep, the results were 

2453
02:18:21,299 --> 02:18:24,000
consistent. 
Sleep loss impaired. 

2454
02:18:24,000 --> 02:18:29,100
Everything memory attention, 
learning, mood, and physical 

2455
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:31,799
coordination. 
All suffered when people didn't 

2456
02:18:31,799 --> 02:18:34,900
sleep adequately. 
Recovery required time. 

2457
02:18:34,900 --> 02:18:37,799
A single good night, didn't 
fully reverse the effects of 

2458
02:18:37,799 --> 02:18:41,200
several poor ones, these 
observations reinforce, the 

2459
02:18:41,200 --> 02:18:45,100
Practical importance of sleep. 
Researchers, who wanted to do 

2460
02:18:45,100 --> 02:18:49,299
good work needed to sleep. 
Well, this seemed obvious but it

2461
02:18:49,299 --> 02:18:51,600
was worth remembering when 
pressures to work longer hours 

2462
02:18:51,600 --> 02:18:55,200
appeared, Overall sleep was 
treated with respect as a 

2463
02:18:55,200 --> 02:18:58,000
fundamental requirement for 
mental health and intellectual 

2464
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:01,600
work. it wasn't something to 
minimize or overcome, but 

2465
02:19:01,600 --> 02:19:06,200
something to honor as a central 
This attitude shape, how 

2466
02:19:06,200 --> 02:19:09,299
research was conducted and how 
academic life was structured. 

2467
02:19:10,299 --> 02:19:13,500
Psychology is a formal field, 
didn't emerge through Sutton 

2468
02:19:13,500 --> 02:19:17,299
Revelation instead, it developed
through Decades of patient 

2469
02:19:17,299 --> 02:19:20,100
accumulation with each 
generation of researchers 

2470
02:19:20,100 --> 02:19:23,400
building modestly on what came 
before while remaining uncertain

2471
02:19:23,400 --> 02:19:28,200
about fundamental questions. 
By the early 1900s psychology at

2472
02:19:28,200 --> 02:19:30,900
established itself in 
University's across Europe and 

2473
02:19:30,900 --> 02:19:34,900
America. 
Laboratory is existed journals 

2474
02:19:34,900 --> 02:19:38,700
published regularly and students
could pursue formal training. 

2475
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:43,299
Yet the field still struggled 
with basic problems that had 

2476
02:19:43,299 --> 02:19:46,500
plagued it from the beginning. 
Introspection remained 

2477
02:19:46,500 --> 02:19:51,000
unreliable despite refinements 
in method and training, people's

2478
02:19:51,000 --> 02:19:54,000
descriptions of their thoughts. 
Continue to vary and ways that 

2479
02:19:54,000 --> 02:19:57,600
couldn't be fully resolved. 
This limitation pushed 

2480
02:19:57,600 --> 02:20:00,600
researchers toward approaches. 
That didn't rely on self-report 

2481
02:20:00,600 --> 02:20:04,200
emphasizing observable behavior 
and measurable performance 

2482
02:20:04,200 --> 02:20:08,300
instead. 
This shift happened gradually no

2483
02:20:08,300 --> 02:20:10,500
single researcher, or moment 
created it. 

2484
02:20:11,400 --> 02:20:13,300
Different. 
Laboratories began emphasizing 

2485
02:20:13,300 --> 02:20:15,300
different aspects of mental, 
life. 

2486
02:20:15,300 --> 02:20:19,000
Some focusing on learning in 
animals others on Child 

2487
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:22,300
Development and still others on 
perception and sensation. 

2488
02:20:23,500 --> 02:20:26,700
The field Diversified as people 
sought areas where progress 

2489
02:20:26,700 --> 02:20:30,100
seemed more achievable. 
What United these varied 

2490
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:32,500
approaches was commitment to 
observation and measurement. 

2491
02:20:33,400 --> 02:20:36,800
Even when studying something as 
internal as emotional thought, 

2492
02:20:36,800 --> 02:20:41,200
researchers looked for external 
indicators Behavior 

2493
02:20:41,200 --> 02:20:45,100
physiological. 
Response is performance on tasks

2494
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:48,100
and anything that could be 
observed repeatedly and 

2495
02:20:48,100 --> 02:20:50,000
measured, consistently became 
valuable. 

2496
02:20:50,900 --> 02:20:53,600
This emphasis on objectivity 
meant giving up some of the 

2497
02:20:53,600 --> 02:20:57,000
original ambition to understand 
conscious experience directly. 

2498
02:20:57,900 --> 02:21:00,200
You couldn't measure what it 
felt like to see red. 

2499
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:03,800
Or remember your childhood. 
You could only measure responses

2500
02:21:03,800 --> 02:21:07,300
choices and patterns of behavior
related to those experiences. 

2501
02:21:07,300 --> 02:21:10,800
For some this felt like a 
necessary compromise. 

2502
02:21:11,500 --> 02:21:14,700
For others, it seemed like a 
banding psychology is most 

2503
02:21:14,700 --> 02:21:17,700
important questions. 
These tensions, persisted 

2504
02:21:17,700 --> 02:21:21,800
creating ongoing debates about 
what psychology should study and

2505
02:21:21,800 --> 02:21:25,400
how it should proceed despite 
these disagreements research 

2506
02:21:25,400 --> 02:21:29,400
continued steadily. 
Studies accumulated in journals 

2507
02:21:29,400 --> 02:21:32,900
finding things were replicated 
or extended. 

2508
02:21:34,000 --> 02:21:37,900
Slowly reliable knowledge 
emerged about learning memory, 

2509
02:21:37,900 --> 02:21:40,700
perception development and many 
other topics. 

2510
02:21:41,700 --> 02:21:44,600
The knowledge was limited and 
provisional but it was so 

2511
02:21:44,600 --> 02:21:47,700
genuine progress from the near 
total ignorance of 50 years 

2512
02:21:47,700 --> 02:21:50,600
earlier. 
Teaching psychology, became more

2513
02:21:50,600 --> 02:21:55,500
standardized textbooks, appeared
organizing the fields finding in

2514
02:21:55,500 --> 02:21:59,300
to coherent presentations. these
texts are acknowledged 

2515
02:21:59,300 --> 02:22:02,400
uncertainty while also showing 
how much had been learned 

2516
02:22:03,300 --> 02:22:06,100
Students could now study 
psychology without feeling they 

2517
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:08,200
were entering completely 
unmapped territory. 

2518
02:22:09,100 --> 02:22:13,600
Applications began to emerge. 
Psychological principles 

2519
02:22:13,600 --> 02:22:17,200
informed education helping 
teachers understand how children

2520
02:22:17,200 --> 02:22:22,000
learned they shaped industrial 
practices improving training and

2521
02:22:22,000 --> 02:22:25,600
working conditions. they 
influence clinical work with 

2522
02:22:25,600 --> 02:22:29,300
people, experiencing mental 
difficulties Psychology was 

2523
02:22:29,300 --> 02:22:33,000
becoming useful even while 
remaining incomplete The methods

2524
02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:35,600
developed during this early 
period established patterns, 

2525
02:22:35,600 --> 02:22:38,700
that would persist. 
Controlled experiments, 

2526
02:22:38,700 --> 02:22:43,100
systematic observation, careful 
measurement statistical 

2527
02:22:43,100 --> 02:22:45,900
analysis, all became standard 
practices. 

2528
02:22:46,900 --> 02:22:50,500
These tools were perfect but 
they provided structure for 

2529
02:22:50,500 --> 02:22:53,300
investigating questions about 
mind and behavior. 

2530
02:22:54,200 --> 02:22:56,700
Collaboration across 
institutions, strength and 

2531
02:22:56,700 --> 02:23:01,300
researchers, shared methods 
replicated each other's findings

2532
02:23:01,300 --> 02:23:05,500
and build on previous work. 
This Collective Enterprise made 

2533
02:23:05,500 --> 02:23:08,600
progress more reliable than 
isolated individual. 

2534
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:11,500
Efforts could achieve 
International cooperation 

2535
02:23:11,500 --> 02:23:13,500
continued despite political 
tensions. 

2536
02:23:14,500 --> 02:23:17,700
Scientific communication crossed
National boundaries more easily 

2537
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:22,000
than other forms of exchange, 
researchers maintained contact 

2538
02:23:22,000 --> 02:23:24,300
with colleagues in other 
countries even when their 

2539
02:23:24,300 --> 02:23:27,600
governments were in conflict. 
The growth of graduate education

2540
02:23:27,600 --> 02:23:30,200
created pipelines of new 
researchers. 

2541
02:23:31,000 --> 02:23:34,600
Students trained in established 
Laboratories then started their 

2542
02:23:34,600 --> 02:23:38,200
own programs elsewhere, 
spreading methods and standards 

2543
02:23:38,200 --> 02:23:42,300
across institutions. 
This geographical expansion 

2544
02:23:42,300 --> 02:23:45,600
Diversified the field while 
maintaining some coherence in 

2545
02:23:45,600 --> 02:23:48,800
approach. 
Women gradually gained greater 

2546
02:23:48,800 --> 02:23:52,400
access to psychology. 
The barriers remain significant.

2547
02:23:53,200 --> 02:23:56,800
Their presence began changing 
the fields culture and expanding

2548
02:23:56,800 --> 02:23:59,500
the range of questions, 
considered worthy of study. 

2549
02:24:00,300 --> 02:24:03,900
Fuller quality was still far in 
the future, but progress was 

2550
02:24:03,900 --> 02:24:06,100
visible. 
Funding for psychological 

2551
02:24:06,100 --> 02:24:09,100
research, remained modest 
compared to physical sciences. 

2552
02:24:10,000 --> 02:24:13,800
This limited the scale and 
complexity of studies, but also 

2553
02:24:13,800 --> 02:24:17,000
kept researchers focused on 
questions that could be 

2554
02:24:17,000 --> 02:24:21,100
addressed with simple methods. 
Creativity in designing and 

2555
02:24:21,100 --> 02:24:24,500
formative experiments with 
minimal resources became valued.

2556
02:24:25,300 --> 02:24:27,100
What early psychologists got 
right? 

2557
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:30,000
Was their patience. 
They didn't rush to conclusions 

2558
02:24:30,000 --> 02:24:32,200
or claim more than evidence 
supported. 

2559
02:24:32,200 --> 02:24:36,800
They accepted uncertainty. 
As part of scientific work, they

2560
02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:39,400
revised ideas when observations 
demanded it. 

2561
02:24:40,100 --> 02:24:42,600
A collaborated across distances 
and traditions. 

2562
02:24:42,600 --> 02:24:45,900
They built institutions that 
could sustain research across 

2563
02:24:45,900 --> 02:24:50,700
Generations their willingness to
results and acknowledge failures

2564
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:53,600
created realistic. 
Expectations about scientific 

2565
02:24:53,600 --> 02:24:58,000
progress, not every experiment. 
Succeeded not every Theory 

2566
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:01,300
proved correct. 
This honesty made the positive 

2567
02:25:01,300 --> 02:25:04,900
findings more trustworthy. 
The culture, they established 

2568
02:25:04,900 --> 02:25:09,600
careful work over dramatic. 
Claims replication mattered as 

2569
02:25:09,608 --> 02:25:13,100
much as novelty. 
Clear description mattered as 

2570
02:25:13,100 --> 02:25:16,900
much as theoretical brilliant's.
These priorities helped 

2571
02:25:16,900 --> 02:25:20,200
psychology, develop solid 
foundations, even if they didn't

2572
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:24,400
produce exciting headlines. 
What they got wrong or at least 

2573
02:25:24,400 --> 02:25:27,600
struggled with was 
underestimating how complex the 

2574
02:25:27,600 --> 02:25:31,400
Mind actually was? 
They hoped to find simple laws 

2575
02:25:31,400 --> 02:25:35,000
governing thought and behavior 
analogous to physical laws 

2576
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:37,500
governing matter. 
Reality. 

2577
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:42,200
Proved Messier. mental life 
involved, layers of interaction,

2578
02:25:42,200 --> 02:25:47,100
between biology experience, 
culture, development, and 

2579
02:25:47,100 --> 02:25:51,800
individual variation, that 
resisted simple formulation This

2580
02:25:51,800 --> 02:25:55,000
complexity didn't invalidate 
their work but didn't mean that 

2581
02:25:55,000 --> 02:25:57,200
grand unified theories, remained
elusive. 

2582
02:25:58,000 --> 02:26:01,200
Psychology would develop as a 
collection of specialized areas 

2583
02:26:01,200 --> 02:26:03,600
each with its own methods and 
findings. 

2584
02:26:03,600 --> 02:26:07,300
Rather than as a single coherent
science with universal 

2585
02:26:07,300 --> 02:26:10,900
principles, the assumption that 
findings from studies of 

2586
02:26:10,900 --> 02:26:13,100
University students and Western 
countries. 

2587
02:26:13,100 --> 02:26:15,900
Applied universally proved 
problematic. 

2588
02:26:17,300 --> 02:26:20,300
Culture shaped cognition in 
profound ways that early 

2589
02:26:20,300 --> 02:26:25,200
researchers barely recognized. 
Spanning psychology Beyond its 

2590
02:26:25,200 --> 02:26:28,000
limited cultural Origins would 
take many decades. 

2591
02:26:29,000 --> 02:26:31,800
Ethical concerns about research 
practices, weren't always 

2592
02:26:31,800 --> 02:26:35,400
adequately addressed. 
Some studies caused discomfort 

2593
02:26:35,400 --> 02:26:39,200
or distressed to participants. 
Animals used in research, 

2594
02:26:39,200 --> 02:26:42,200
sometimes suffered 
unnecessarily, these issues 

2595
02:26:42,200 --> 02:26:46,000
would eventually lead to formal 
ethical guidelines but early 

2596
02:26:46,000 --> 02:26:48,800
psychology proceeded with less 
oversight than would later. 

2597
02:26:48,800 --> 02:26:51,500
Seemed acceptable. 
The relationship between 

2598
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:54,200
psychology and social issues 
remained underdeveloped. 

2599
02:26:55,200 --> 02:26:57,800
While some researchers believe 
psychology should address 

2600
02:26:57,800 --> 02:27:01,100
practical problems, others, 
preferred focusing on basic 

2601
02:27:01,100 --> 02:27:04,200
science. 
This tension between pure and 

2602
02:27:04,200 --> 02:27:07,000
applied research would continue 
throughout the Field's history. 

2603
02:27:07,000 --> 02:27:10,400
Later generations would 
introduce new approaches 

2604
02:27:10,400 --> 02:27:14,400
Neuroscience, would reveal brain
mechanisms underlying mental 

2605
02:27:14,400 --> 02:27:16,900
processes. 
Computers would provide 

2606
02:27:16,900 --> 02:27:19,200
metaphors and tools for modeling
cognition. 

2607
02:27:19,900 --> 02:27:23,300
Cultural psychology which show 
how context shaped thinking and 

2608
02:27:23,300 --> 02:27:26,400
profound ways. 
Each Innovation added to 

2609
02:27:26,400 --> 02:27:28,900
understanding while also 
revealing how much remained 

2610
02:27:28,900 --> 02:27:32,400
unknown? 
The cognitive revolution in the 

2611
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:35,400
mid-20th century would 
rehabilitate the study of mental

2612
02:27:35,400 --> 02:27:38,700
processes that behaviorism, at 
least. 

2613
02:27:39,500 --> 02:27:41,700
Researchers were develop new 
methods for investigating 

2614
02:27:41,700 --> 02:27:46,800
thought, attention and memory 
without relying on problematic 

2615
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:49,700
introspection. 
This represented both the 

2616
02:27:49,700 --> 02:27:53,100
continuation and revision of 
early psychologies goals. 

2617
02:27:54,100 --> 02:27:56,800
Biological approaches would 
connect psychology to the 

2618
02:27:56,800 --> 02:27:58,800
broader science of the brain and
body. 

2619
02:27:59,500 --> 02:28:02,700
Understanding neural mechanisms 
didn't eliminate the need for 

2620
02:28:02,700 --> 02:28:06,800
psychological explanation. but 
it provided complimentary levels

2621
02:28:06,800 --> 02:28:10,500
of analysis that enriched 
understanding developmental 

2622
02:28:10,500 --> 02:28:13,900
perspectives would show how 
psychological processes changed 

2623
02:28:13,900 --> 02:28:17,200
across the lifespan. 
What was true of adults wasn't 

2624
02:28:17,200 --> 02:28:21,500
necessarily true of children or 
infants age-related changes 

2625
02:28:21,500 --> 02:28:23,600
revealed. 
How experienced shaped mental 

2626
02:28:23,600 --> 02:28:27,700
capacities over time, Social 
psychology would demonstrate how

2627
02:28:27,700 --> 02:28:30,400
profoundly other people 
influenced individual, thought, 

2628
02:28:30,400 --> 02:28:33,700
and behavior. 
Many findings from research on 

2629
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:38,000
isolated individuals turned out 
not to apply when social context

2630
02:28:38,000 --> 02:28:42,000
was considered understanding 
Minds meant understanding their 

2631
02:28:42,000 --> 02:28:45,400
social nature. 
Clinical applications would both

2632
02:28:45,400 --> 02:28:48,500
benefit from and contribute to 
basic cycleogical knowledge. 

2633
02:28:49,500 --> 02:28:52,200
Practical work with people 
experiencing psychological 

2634
02:28:52,200 --> 02:28:56,000
difficulties raised questions 
and provided observations that 

2635
02:28:56,000 --> 02:28:59,500
informed Theory. 
Theory in turn suggested, new 

2636
02:28:59,500 --> 02:29:03,000
therapeutic approaches, but all 
these later developments built 

2637
02:29:03,000 --> 02:29:05,500
on foundations laid by early 
psychologists. 

2638
02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:09,300
Their methods though. 
Refined remained recognizable. 

2639
02:29:10,300 --> 02:29:12,800
Their questions, though. 
Reformulated stayed relevant. 

2640
02:29:13,700 --> 02:29:16,200
Their commitment to empirical 
investigation over pure 

2641
02:29:16,200 --> 02:29:18,500
speculation, continued, guiding 
the field. 

2642
02:29:19,400 --> 02:29:23,200
The field they created was 
imperfect limited by available 

2643
02:29:23,200 --> 02:29:26,000
methods and shaped by the 
assumptions of their time. 

2644
02:29:26,600 --> 02:29:30,100
Yet it represented genuine 
progress in Humanities long 

2645
02:29:30,100 --> 02:29:34,000
attempt to understand itself. 
Questions that once seemed 

2646
02:29:34,000 --> 02:29:37,300
purely philosophical became 
addressable through systematic 

2647
02:29:37,300 --> 02:29:39,700
investigation. 
As you rest. 

2648
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:42,800
Now you can think of those early
researchers working in quiet, 

2649
02:29:42,800 --> 02:29:46,800
Laboratories writing, careful 
notes, discussing ideas with 

2650
02:29:46,800 --> 02:29:49,900
colleagues and accepting the 
slow pace of discovery. 

2651
02:29:51,600 --> 02:29:54,400
They understood that knowledge 
comes gradually through patient,

2652
02:29:54,400 --> 02:29:57,700
accumulation rather than 
dramatic breakthroughs. 

2653
02:29:57,700 --> 02:30:00,600
Their work continues in 
Laboratories around the world 

2654
02:30:00,600 --> 02:30:02,600
today. 
Still pursuing the same 

2655
02:30:02,600 --> 02:30:06,600
fundamental questions about how 
minds work Still using 

2656
02:30:06,600 --> 02:30:10,400
observation and measurement 
still accepting uncertainty as 

2657
02:30:10,400 --> 02:30:13,600
part of the process. 
The methods of improved, the 

2658
02:30:13,600 --> 02:30:16,700
questions of become more 
refined, but the basic approach 

2659
02:30:16,700 --> 02:30:20,400
remains recognizable. 
Psychology almost failed. 

2660
02:30:20,400 --> 02:30:23,800
Not because the researchers lack
Talent OR dedication, but 

2661
02:30:23,800 --> 02:30:27,700
because the task was harder than
anyone imagined The minds 

2662
02:30:27,700 --> 02:30:32,200
complexity exceeded early, 
expectations methods, proved 

2663
02:30:32,200 --> 02:30:35,800
more limited than hope to. 
Progress came more slowly than 

2664
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:39,600
anticipated that psychology 
succeeded at all. 

2665
02:30:39,600 --> 02:30:42,100
Reflects the researchers 
willingness to proceed without 

2666
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:45,300
certainty, building 
understanding one careful, 

2667
02:30:45,300 --> 02:30:48,300
observation at a time. 
Trusting that patience and 

2668
02:30:48,300 --> 02:30:50,400
honesty would eventually yield 
insight. 

2669
02:30:51,200 --> 02:30:56,000
They worked within constraints, 
accepted setbacks revised ideas 

2670
02:30:56,000 --> 02:30:59,300
and maintained commitment to 
empirical investigation. 

2671
02:30:59,300 --> 02:31:03,500
Even when dramatic breakthroughs
remained elusive, The 

2672
02:31:03,500 --> 02:31:05,800
institutions they built 
survived, their individual 

2673
02:31:05,800 --> 02:31:08,500
careers. 
University's maintain 

2674
02:31:08,500 --> 02:31:11,800
psychology. 
Departments journals continued 

2675
02:31:11,800 --> 02:31:15,700
publishing research programs 
persisted across Generations. 

2676
02:31:15,700 --> 02:31:20,200
This continuity allowed 
knowledge to accumulate, despite

2677
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:24,400
the fields difficulties students
trained by early psychologists 

2678
02:31:24,400 --> 02:31:27,700
became the next generation of 
researchers carrying forward, 

2679
02:31:27,700 --> 02:31:31,300
methods and standards while also
introducing Innovations. 

2680
02:31:32,200 --> 02:31:36,200
This generation's created both 
stability and evolution 

2681
02:31:36,200 --> 02:31:39,000
preserving. 
What worked while adapting to 

2682
02:31:39,000 --> 02:31:42,200
New Challenges? 
The community, they formed 

2683
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:44,700
provided Mutual support and 
critical feedback. 

2684
02:31:44,700 --> 02:31:48,200
Researchers weren't isolated, 
but connected through 

2685
02:31:48,200 --> 02:31:50,400
correspondence, conferences, and
publications. 

2686
02:31:51,800 --> 02:31:55,500
This network helps sustain 
individual effort and maintain 

2687
02:31:55,500 --> 02:31:59,100
Collective standards. 
Their legacy includes, not just 

2688
02:31:59,100 --> 02:32:03,100
specific findings, but also 
approaches to studying the mind.

2689
02:32:03,800 --> 02:32:06,700
The idea that mental processes 
could be investigated 

2690
02:32:06,700 --> 02:32:09,600
empirically, but careful, 
observation and measurement 

2691
02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:13,100
could yield understanding. 
That patience and honesty 

2692
02:32:13,100 --> 02:32:15,400
mattered more than Brilliance or
creativity. 

2693
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:18,700
These principles shaped 
psychologies development. 

2694
02:32:19,500 --> 02:32:22,400
The questions, they raise often 
mattered more than the answers. 

2695
02:32:22,400 --> 02:32:25,000
They found, how does attention 
work? 

2696
02:32:25,000 --> 02:32:27,200
What determines what we 
remember? 

2697
02:32:27,200 --> 02:32:31,900
How do we learn? 
Why do people differ these 

2698
02:32:31,900 --> 02:32:36,100
questions guide in decades of 
subsequent research, even when 

2699
02:32:36,100 --> 02:32:39,800
initial answers proved in 
complete, Their humility about 

2700
02:32:39,800 --> 02:32:41,700
what could be known? 
Served psychology. 

2701
02:32:41,700 --> 02:32:45,800
Well, By acknowledging limits 
and uncertainties, they created 

2702
02:32:45,800 --> 02:32:50,100
realistic expectations. 
Progress didn't require solving 

2703
02:32:50,100 --> 02:32:53,200
old problems immediately but 
merely advancing understanding 

2704
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:56,400
incrementally. 
The Rhythm they established 

2705
02:32:56,400 --> 02:33:01,100
balancing active research with 
reflection and rest, recognize 

2706
02:33:01,100 --> 02:33:03,700
that intellectual work, required
the whole person. 

2707
02:33:05,100 --> 02:33:08,400
Sustainable productivity came 
from respecting natural limits 

2708
02:33:08,400 --> 02:33:12,600
building in recovery time and 
trusting that answers would 

2709
02:33:12,600 --> 02:33:15,700
emerge through patient 
engagement, rather than forced 

2710
02:33:15,700 --> 02:33:17,200
effort. 
So sleep. 

2711
02:33:17,200 --> 02:33:20,900
Now knowing that even the most 
complex questions can yield to 

2712
02:33:20,900 --> 02:33:25,700
Gentle persistent inquiry that 
understanding develops through 

2713
02:33:25,700 --> 02:33:29,500
rest as much as effort, and that
the slower accumulation of 

2714
02:33:29,500 --> 02:33:32,500
careful, thought creates lasting
knowledge that serves 

2715
02:33:32,500 --> 02:33:36,500
generations to come. 
The first psychologists worked 

2716
02:33:36,500 --> 02:33:39,900
within uncertainty making room 
for what they didn't know. 

2717
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:43,600
And in that patient, space of 
not, knowing they began to 

2718
02:33:43,600 --> 02:33:51,400
understand. now, imagine this in
that comfy bed of yours, your 

2719
02:33:51,400 --> 02:33:54,100
standing on the deck of research
vessel in the middle of the 

2720
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:58,600
Pacific Ocean, 300 miles from 
the nearest land It's just 

2721
02:33:58,600 --> 02:34:02,300
passed Dawn and the water around
you is that particular shade of 

2722
02:34:02,300 --> 02:34:04,700
blue that doesn't exist? 
Anywhere else on Earth. 

2723
02:34:05,500 --> 02:34:09,000
Not the blue of swimming pools 
or tropical lagoons that 

2724
02:34:09,000 --> 02:34:12,600
something deeper more honest. 
The kind of blew that makes you 

2725
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:14,100
realize. 
The ocean isn't trying to be 

2726
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:16,600
pretty for anyone. 
Below your feet. 

2727
02:34:16,600 --> 02:34:19,000
The ocean floor, lies nearly 
four miles down. 

2728
02:34:19,000 --> 02:34:22,300
If you could somehow drain all 
this water away, you'd be 

2729
02:34:22,308 --> 02:34:25,200
standing at the edge of a cliff 
that makes the Grand Canyon look

2730
02:34:25,200 --> 02:34:28,300
like a drainage ditch. 
But you can't see any of that 

2731
02:34:28,300 --> 02:34:31,000
from here. 
All you can see is the gentle 

2732
02:34:31,000 --> 02:34:33,700
roll of swells, that began 
somewhere near New Zealand and 

2733
02:34:33,700 --> 02:34:36,800
will end eventually on a beach 
in California. 

2734
02:34:38,100 --> 02:34:40,600
The research submersible hangs 
from a crane. 

2735
02:34:41,400 --> 02:34:43,400
It white Hull gleaming in the 
early light. 

2736
02:34:43,400 --> 02:34:45,600
It looks exactly like what it 
is. 

2737
02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:49,800
A very expensive, very 
sophisticated metal ball with 

2738
02:34:49,800 --> 02:34:52,900
Windows. 
The head researcher a woman 

2739
02:34:52,900 --> 02:34:56,700
who's made this descent 17 times
checks her watch and Nod to The 

2740
02:34:56,700 --> 02:34:59,100
Crew. 
He climb inside through a hatch.

2741
02:34:59,100 --> 02:35:02,100
That is barely wide enough for 
your shoulders settle into a 

2742
02:35:02,108 --> 02:35:05,200
seat designed by someone who'd, 
apparently never met a human 

2743
02:35:05,208 --> 02:35:09,500
spine and watch as they see you 
in The Descent. 

2744
02:35:09,500 --> 02:35:12,200
Begins with all the drama of a 
grocery store elevator. 

2745
02:35:13,000 --> 02:35:15,000
For the first few minutes, 
you'll still in the zone. 

2746
02:35:15,000 --> 02:35:16,500
Where normal ocean things 
happened. 

2747
02:35:16,500 --> 02:35:19,200
The water is that luminous 
Caribbean Blue? 

2748
02:35:19,200 --> 02:35:21,700
That makes you understand why 
people pay thousands of dollars 

2749
02:35:21,700 --> 02:35:25,300
to go snorkeling. 
Sunlight streams down in shafts 

2750
02:35:25,300 --> 02:35:28,300
that look almost solid as if you
could grab onto them. 

2751
02:35:28,300 --> 02:35:32,100
Small, fish dot pass, the 
viewport species, you might 

2752
02:35:32,100 --> 02:35:34,900
recognize from aquariums or 
fishing documentaries. 

2753
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:39,800
The water is about 75 degrees 
which is to say perfectly 

2754
02:35:39,800 --> 02:35:42,800
Pleasant the temperature of a 
bath, you would actually want to

2755
02:35:42,800 --> 02:35:47,400
get into at 50 feet down. 
You notice the first change, the

2756
02:35:47,400 --> 02:35:49,400
red wavelengths of light of 
vanished. 

2757
02:35:49,400 --> 02:35:52,700
If you'd brought a tomato with 
you which would be weird but 

2758
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:56,200
bear with me, it would look. 
Black blood looks black down 

2759
02:35:56,200 --> 02:35:59,500
here too which is something that
surprises new divers when they 

2760
02:35:59,500 --> 02:36:02,700
cut themselves and see what 
appears to be including from 

2761
02:36:02,700 --> 02:36:05,100
their skin. 
The ocean is eating the color 

2762
02:36:05,100 --> 02:36:07,000
spectrum. 
One wavelength at a time, 

2763
02:36:07,008 --> 02:36:11,000
starting with the warm tones, 
the colors of fire and Sunset 

2764
02:36:11,000 --> 02:36:14,100
and everything humans 
traditionally associate with 

2765
02:36:14,100 --> 02:36:17,600
safety. 
At 100 feet, the orange goes 

2766
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:21,500
then yellow at 300 feet, which 
is about as deep as recreational

2767
02:36:21,500 --> 02:36:22,800
scuba divers. 
Ever go. 

2768
02:36:22,800 --> 02:36:26,600
And honestly good for them, for 
knowing their limits, the water 

2769
02:36:26,600 --> 02:36:29,300
is still relatively warm and 
still bright enough to read by. 

2770
02:36:29,300 --> 02:36:33,200
But already, you've descended 
farther than 99% of humans ever 

2771
02:36:33,200 --> 02:36:35,900
will. 
Now in a realm visited only by 

2772
02:36:35,900 --> 02:36:39,700
professional divers military 
submarines and people who made 

2773
02:36:39,700 --> 02:36:43,900
some really interesting Life 
Choices. 600 feet the green 

2774
02:36:43,900 --> 02:36:46,800
wavelengths. 
Filter out the water around, you

2775
02:36:46,800 --> 02:36:49,900
is now entirely blue and purple.
The colors of bruises. 

2776
02:36:49,900 --> 02:36:53,700
And Twilight, the temperature 
has dropped to 50 degrees, which

2777
02:36:53,700 --> 02:36:56,700
doesn't sound that cold until 
you remember that water conducts

2778
02:36:56,700 --> 02:37:01,500
heat away from your body 25 
times faster than are outside. 

2779
02:37:01,500 --> 02:37:05,000
This pressurized capsule 
hyperthermia would be competing 

2780
02:37:05,000 --> 02:37:07,800
with nitrogen Narcosis for which
could kill you first. 

2781
02:37:07,800 --> 02:37:11,500
It would be a close race. 
This is the Twilight Zone 

2782
02:37:11,500 --> 02:37:13,700
officially called the 
mesopelagic. 

2783
02:37:13,700 --> 02:37:18,000
The Twilight Zone, sounds much 
better and scientists appreciate

2784
02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:21,600
a good name as much as anyone 
some light still penetrates here

2785
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:24,500
but it's the kind of light that 
makes you squint that never 

2786
02:37:24,500 --> 02:37:28,000
quite feels like enough. 
If This Were a place on land it 

2787
02:37:28,000 --> 02:37:30,600
would be that moment just after 
Sunset when you're trying to 

2788
02:37:30,600 --> 02:37:33,900
decide if you should turn on the
headlights or if you can make it

2789
02:37:33,900 --> 02:37:36,600
home first. 
You definitely turn on the 

2790
02:37:36,600 --> 02:37:40,100
Headlights by 1000 feet. 
Even the blue is starting to 

2791
02:37:40,108 --> 02:37:43,300
give up the water. 
Looks less like water and more 

2792
02:37:43,300 --> 02:37:45,700
like smoke. 
Like your descending through 

2793
02:37:45,700 --> 02:37:48,000
some dense medium. 
That can't quite decide. 

2794
02:37:48,000 --> 02:37:51,800
What state of matter, it wants 
to be the temperature is 45 

2795
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:54,500
degrees. 
Now, outside the submersible, 

2796
02:37:54,500 --> 02:37:58,400
the pressure is roughly 45 times
what it is at the surface, which

2797
02:37:58,400 --> 02:38:01,700
means every square inch of your 
body would be experiencing 45 

2798
02:38:01,700 --> 02:38:04,400
pounds of force, the 
submersible's. 

2799
02:38:04,400 --> 02:38:07,700
Hull is 6 inches of titanium 
designed by people who stayed 

2800
02:38:07,700 --> 02:38:10,300
awake during their physics 
classes, and you're suddenly 

2801
02:38:10,300 --> 02:38:14,000
very grateful for their 
attention, to detail a 2000 

2802
02:38:14,000 --> 02:38:15,500
feet. 
You enter the midnight zone, the

2803
02:38:15,500 --> 02:38:17,700
Beth at pelagic, and the last of
the light goes out. 

2804
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:21,400
Not gradually not with any 
ceremony, just gone. 

2805
02:38:21,400 --> 02:38:25,200
You've been descending for about
40 minutes and now you're in. 

2806
02:38:25,200 --> 02:38:27,800
The kind of Darkness that City 
dwellers don't even have a 

2807
02:38:27,808 --> 02:38:30,400
reference. 
For, is not the darkness of a 

2808
02:38:30,400 --> 02:38:33,400
room with the lights off, where 
your eyes adjust, and you can 

2809
02:38:33,400 --> 02:38:35,100
still make out the shape of the 
furniture. 

2810
02:38:36,100 --> 02:38:39,600
It's not the darkness of auroral
road at night where you still 

2811
02:38:39,600 --> 02:38:42,400
have Starlight. 
This is the darkness of being 

2812
02:38:42,400 --> 02:38:47,900
inside a mountain inside a cave.
Inside the Earth itself, the 

2813
02:38:47,900 --> 02:38:51,100
only light now comes from your 
submersible's external floods, 

2814
02:38:51,100 --> 02:38:55,000
which cut through the water and 
start white beams that make the 

2815
02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:56,800
darkness Beyond them seem even 
more. 

2816
02:38:56,800 --> 02:39:02,600
Absolute And in those beams, you
see them particles Millions upon

2817
02:39:02,600 --> 02:39:06,000
millions of particles drifting 
down through the water, like the

2818
02:39:06,000 --> 02:39:11,000
world's slowest snowstorm. 
This is Marine snow the detritus

2819
02:39:11,000 --> 02:39:13,800
of the ocean surface. 
Everything that lived and died 

2820
02:39:13,800 --> 02:39:17,000
up where the sun shines. 
Now, making its long, slow 

2821
02:39:17,000 --> 02:39:21,000
Journey to the bottom. 
Dead Plankton fragments of fish 

2822
02:39:21,000 --> 02:39:24,200
scales fecal. 
Pellets from whales sharks and 

2823
02:39:24,200 --> 02:39:29,500
sardines, bits of jellyfish, 
scraps of seaweed, The water is 

2824
02:39:29,500 --> 02:39:32,900
thick with Organic. 
Confetti each spec representing 

2825
02:39:32,900 --> 02:39:36,600
something that was once alive. 
In the world of it, takes weeks 

2826
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:40,300
for this material to drift down 
from the surface tumbling, end 

2827
02:39:40,300 --> 02:39:44,100
over end Through The Dark Water,
getting smaller as bacteria, 

2828
02:39:44,100 --> 02:39:47,600
break it down and being eaten 
and recent by creatures that 

2829
02:39:47,600 --> 02:39:50,900
live at different depths. 
This is what sustains the deep 

2830
02:39:50,900 --> 02:39:53,700
ocean leftovers from someone 
else's party. 

2831
02:39:54,600 --> 02:39:58,000
The temperature is 38 degrees. 
Now, if you could somehow step 

2832
02:39:58,000 --> 02:40:02,100
outside which you absolutely 
cannot and should not even think

2833
02:40:02,100 --> 02:40:06,000
about the pressure, would be 
approximately 100 and 120 times.

2834
02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:09,300
What it is at the surface, your 
lungs would collapse before. 

2835
02:40:09,300 --> 02:40:14,300
You could even inhale your ear, 
drums would rupture gas spaces 

2836
02:40:14,300 --> 02:40:16,100
in your body would compressed 
and nothing. 

2837
02:40:16,100 --> 02:40:19,900
It would be to put it mildly a 
bad experience. 

2838
02:40:20,800 --> 02:40:25,100
At 3,000 feet your deeper than 
the vast majority of submarines 

2839
02:40:25,100 --> 02:40:27,100
ever. 
Go military vessels. 

2840
02:40:27,100 --> 02:40:31,100
Generally tap out around 2,000 
feet because at some point even 

2841
02:40:31,100 --> 02:40:33,900
governments decide that 
discretion is the better part of

2842
02:40:33,900 --> 02:40:37,400
not being crushed like a soda, 
can you're now in a depth Zone 

2843
02:40:37,400 --> 02:40:40,700
visited, only by research 
vessels, certain species of 

2844
02:40:40,700 --> 02:40:44,400
whales that are frankly showing 
off and fish species that have 

2845
02:40:44,400 --> 02:40:46,400
never seen sunlight, and never 
will. 

2846
02:40:47,300 --> 02:40:51,100
The Marine snow continues, its 
endless drift, your submersible 

2847
02:40:51,100 --> 02:40:54,200
passes through clouds of it. 
And for a moment, you could 

2848
02:40:54,200 --> 02:40:56,700
almost convinced yourself. 
You're in a gentle, snowstorm 

2849
02:40:56,700 --> 02:41:01,100
maybe in Vermont, maybe anywhere
except three miles on the water 

2850
02:41:01,100 --> 02:41:03,800
in the Pacific. 
But then you see something move 

2851
02:41:03,800 --> 02:41:06,900
in the darkness, beyond your 
lights, something larger than 

2852
02:41:06,900 --> 02:41:08,700
the particles, something 
deliberate. 

2853
02:41:08,700 --> 02:41:14,100
And you remember exactly where 
you are, at 3500 feet, you've 

2854
02:41:14,100 --> 02:41:16,600
descended deeper than the 
Titanic rests. 

2855
02:41:17,200 --> 02:41:20,900
That ship took two and a half 
miles to reach the bottom and it

2856
02:41:20,900 --> 02:41:24,500
took 93 years before someone 
sent a submersible down to 

2857
02:41:24,500 --> 02:41:26,800
photograph. 
It, the water temperature is now

2858
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:31,500
36 degrees just above freezing 
cold enough that you can see 

2859
02:41:31,500 --> 02:41:34,200
your breath inside the capsule, 
despite the heating system. 

2860
02:41:35,200 --> 02:41:38,700
The pressure is nearly 2,000 
pounds per square inch at the 

2861
02:41:38,700 --> 02:41:43,200
surface, your body displaces 
about two gallons of air down 

2862
02:41:43,200 --> 02:41:46,300
here that same amount of air 
would fit in a tennis ball and 

2863
02:41:46,300 --> 02:41:51,400
still you keep descending. 
Still somehow this father to go 

2864
02:41:51,400 --> 02:41:53,800
the ocean. 
You realize is almost 

2865
02:41:53,800 --> 02:41:58,300
incomprehensibly deep. 
If Mount Everest, all 29,000 

2866
02:41:58,300 --> 02:42:01,000
feet of, it were placed in the 
deepest part of the ocean. 

2867
02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:03,900
There would still be a mile of 
water of the summit. 

2868
02:42:03,900 --> 02:42:07,000
The average depth of the ocean 
is over 12,000 feet. 

2869
02:42:07,900 --> 02:42:10,800
Humans live on what amounts to 
Tiny dry Islands. 

2870
02:42:10,800 --> 02:42:15,300
Poking up through a global Water
envelope that covers 71% of the 

2871
02:42:15,300 --> 02:42:19,900
planet surface. 
At 4000 feet, your descents 

2872
02:42:19,900 --> 02:42:23,700
slows the seafloor is 
approaching, not the dramatic 

2873
02:42:23,700 --> 02:42:29,000
trenches but the abyssal plain 
the endless flat muddy expanse 

2874
02:42:29,000 --> 02:42:32,000
that covers more of Earth's 
surface than all the continents.

2875
02:42:32,000 --> 02:42:35,100
Combined your lights illuminate.
Said of that. 

2876
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:38,200
Hasn't been Disturbed in 
thousands of years fine. 

2877
02:42:38,200 --> 02:42:41,300
Particles that settle over 
everything like dust on an 

2878
02:42:41,300 --> 02:42:44,200
abandoned house. 
The last Photon of sunlight that

2879
02:42:44,200 --> 02:42:47,000
could theoretically Reach This 
depth gave up about two miles 

2880
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:51,100
ago You are now in a place of 
absolute Eternal Night. 

2881
02:42:51,900 --> 02:42:55,200
As place where the sun is a 
rumor, where Darkness isn't the 

2882
02:42:55,208 --> 02:42:58,600
absence of light, but rather the
default state of existence 

2883
02:42:58,600 --> 02:43:02,000
interrupted only by the 
bioluminescent flashes of 

2884
02:43:02,008 --> 02:43:05,900
creatures, making their own 
rules about illumination and 

2885
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:09,000
yet, as your submersible, 
finally touches bottom, with a 

2886
02:43:09,000 --> 02:43:10,700
gentle bump and a puff of 
sediment. 

2887
02:43:10,700 --> 02:43:15,500
You see something moving, 
multiple somethings the ocean 

2888
02:43:15,500 --> 02:43:18,100
floor. 
Supposedly so hostile to life is

2889
02:43:18,100 --> 02:43:21,600
crawling with it, the fading of 
light, it turns out was just the

2890
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:24,400
beginning. 
First thing you notice about the

2891
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:29,200
abyssal plain is how flat it is.
I mean, really genuinely flat in

2892
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:32,600
a way that makes Kansas look 
positively mountainous from your

2893
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:34,900
viewport. 
The sea floor stretches away in 

2894
02:43:34,900 --> 02:43:37,200
all directions. 
Like a parking lot designed by 

2895
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:40,000
someone with no imagination and 
unlimited space. 

2896
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:45,300
Sediment is uniform, grey brown 
famous talcum powder, and it 

2897
02:43:45,300 --> 02:43:47,700
appears to go on forever in 
every direction. 

2898
02:43:48,800 --> 02:43:52,300
The pressure outside is now 
around 6,000 pounds per square 

2899
02:43:52,300 --> 02:43:56,200
inch to put that in perspective.
If you could somehow stand on 

2900
02:43:56,200 --> 02:44:00,300
the sea floor, unprotected you'd
experience about 400 times. 

2901
02:44:00,300 --> 02:44:02,200
The pressure that's crushing 
your car tires. 

2902
02:44:02,200 --> 02:44:05,400
Right now, every square inch of 
your body would be supporting 

2903
02:44:05,400 --> 02:44:09,000
the weight of a small car. 
This is the kind of pressure 

2904
02:44:09,000 --> 02:44:11,600
that makes steel spheres Creak 
and groan. 

2905
02:44:11,600 --> 02:44:15,100
The kind of pressure that turned
the Titans submersible into 

2906
02:44:15,100 --> 02:44:18,200
compressed fragments in about 4 
milliseconds. 

2907
02:44:18,200 --> 02:44:20,800
During its ill-fated descent to 
the Titanic. 

2908
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:24,800
Your submersible, thankfully was
designed by people who 

2909
02:44:24,800 --> 02:44:26,600
understood exactly what water 
pressure. 

2910
02:44:26,600 --> 02:44:31,100
A depth means the titanium Hull 
is thicker than your thigh with 

2911
02:44:31,100 --> 02:44:35,000
no straight seams where stress 
could concentrate and no clever 

2912
02:44:35,000 --> 02:44:37,900
Corners were physics. 
Could gain a foothold, it's 

2913
02:44:37,900 --> 02:44:41,200
essentially a very sophisticated
ball because balls as it turns 

2914
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:44,200
out a very good at handling on 
the directional pressure 

2915
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:47,400
Submarines are cylindrical 
because they need to move 

2916
02:44:47,400 --> 02:44:50,100
through water efficiently 
submersible. 

2917
02:44:50,100 --> 02:44:53,700
That just need to not implode a 
spherical because spheres 

2918
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:56,700
distribute stress evenly across 
their entire surface. 

2919
02:44:57,700 --> 02:45:00,700
The water temperature is 
stabilized at around 36 degrees 

2920
02:45:00,700 --> 02:45:05,500
Fahrenheit just barely above 
freezing at this depth water 

2921
02:45:05,500 --> 02:45:08,600
actually becomes slightly more 
dense than it is at the surface 

2922
02:45:08,600 --> 02:45:12,100
compressed by its own weight 
into something that's not quite 

2923
02:45:12,100 --> 02:45:15,400
the H2O, you're used to. 
If you could examine it at the 

2924
02:45:15,408 --> 02:45:18,700
molecular level you'd see the 
water molecules packed together 

2925
02:45:18,700 --> 02:45:22,400
more tightly than they ever get 
in your glass at dinner outside 

2926
02:45:22,400 --> 02:45:24,400
a creature swims. 
Past your viewport. 

2927
02:45:24,400 --> 02:45:26,600
Something that looks vaguely 
fish. 

2928
02:45:26,600 --> 02:45:29,200
Like if fish were designed by 
someone who'd only heard them 

2929
02:45:29,200 --> 02:45:31,000
described over a bad phone 
connection. 

2930
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:35,600
It's about eight inches long, 
translucent with eyes that are 

2931
02:45:35,600 --> 02:45:37,900
disproportionately huge and 
teeth that are 

2932
02:45:37,900 --> 02:45:39,800
disproportionately pointier than
seems necessary. 

2933
02:45:39,800 --> 02:45:43,300
This is a bristle mouth. 
One of the most numerous 

2934
02:45:43,300 --> 02:45:46,000
vertebrates on Earth and you've 
probably never heard of it 

2935
02:45:46,000 --> 02:45:49,300
because it lives where humans 
don't, there are more bristle 

2936
02:45:49,300 --> 02:45:52,200
mouths in the ocean and there 
are humans on land that they 

2937
02:45:52,200 --> 02:45:54,800
live in a place. 
So removed from our experience 

2938
02:45:54,800 --> 02:45:59,000
that we barely acknowledge their
existence The submersible's 

2939
02:45:59,000 --> 02:46:02,600
manipulator, arm extends 
collecting a settlement sample. 

2940
02:46:02,600 --> 02:46:05,200
The movement is excruciatingly 
slow. 

2941
02:46:05,200 --> 02:46:08,600
Because everything moves slowly 
down here, water at this depth 

2942
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:13,200
has a viscosity about 60% higher
than at the surface, which means

2943
02:46:13,200 --> 02:46:16,400
pushing through it feels less 
like swimming and more like 

2944
02:46:16,400 --> 02:46:19,900
moving through cold honey. 
For the creatures that live 

2945
02:46:19,900 --> 02:46:22,200
here. 
Speed is mostly irrelevant. 

2946
02:46:22,200 --> 02:46:27,100
Anyway, where exactly would they
hurry to a sea cucumber trundles

2947
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:31,400
past and trundles is really the 
only appropriate verb It's 

2948
02:46:31,400 --> 02:46:33,900
moving at approximately the 
speed of erosion. 

2949
02:46:33,900 --> 02:46:36,200
One of those animals that makes 
sloths. 

2950
02:46:36,200 --> 02:46:39,300
Look hyperactive. 
Sea cucumbers are essentially 

2951
02:46:39,300 --> 02:46:42,800
animated vacuum cleaners 
crawling across the sediment and

2952
02:46:42,800 --> 02:46:46,500
ingesting anything organic. 
They encounter they process, the

2953
02:46:46,500 --> 02:46:50,000
mud extract, whatever calories, 
they can from the sparse, 

2954
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:53,700
organic matter and excrete, 
pellets of slightly, reorganized

2955
02:46:53,700 --> 02:46:56,900
mud. 
It's not glamorous, but it's a 

2956
02:46:56,900 --> 02:47:01,900
living Technically the pressure 
affects everything down here in 

2957
02:47:01,900 --> 02:47:04,700
ways that seem almost designed 
to make life inconvenient. 

2958
02:47:05,900 --> 02:47:09,100
Gas bladders, which many fish 
use to control their buoyancy 

2959
02:47:09,100 --> 02:47:12,300
and shallow water. 
A completely useless at this 

2960
02:47:12,300 --> 02:47:14,600
depth. 
Pressure would compress them to 

2961
02:47:14,600 --> 02:47:17,100
nothing. 
So the fish that live here of 

2962
02:47:17,100 --> 02:47:20,100
either giving up on gas and 
entirely or replace them with 

2963
02:47:20,100 --> 02:47:22,900
deposits of lighter than water 
oils that don't compress. 

2964
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:25,700
It's the difference between 
trying to use a balloon for 

2965
02:47:25,700 --> 02:47:28,300
buoyancy versus using a chunk of
Styrofoam. 

2966
02:47:29,200 --> 02:47:32,500
One option adapts to pressure, 
the other just gets crushed, 

2967
02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:35,000
you'll submersible, drifts 
forward slowly. 

2968
02:47:35,000 --> 02:47:39,200
It's Motors barely audible as it
hums through the hole in the 

2969
02:47:39,208 --> 02:47:42,300
distance and distance is weird 
down here because there are no 

2970
02:47:42,308 --> 02:47:45,300
reference points. 
You see a cluster of what looks 

2971
02:47:45,300 --> 02:47:48,200
like tube worms. 
Each one rising from the 

2972
02:47:48,200 --> 02:47:50,500
sediment like an abandoned 
Periscope. 

2973
02:47:50,500 --> 02:47:54,100
These are polyte worms, and 
they've constructed tubes from 

2974
02:47:54,108 --> 02:47:58,200
mucus and sediment particles. 
They extend their feathery, 

2975
02:47:58,200 --> 02:48:01,800
feeding appendages into the 
water hoping to snag some of 

2976
02:48:01,808 --> 02:48:05,600
that Marine snow as it drifts 
past they've been growing for 

2977
02:48:05,600 --> 02:48:08,400
decades. 
Possibly centuries adding 

2978
02:48:08,400 --> 02:48:10,300
millimeters to their tubes each 
year. 

2979
02:48:10,300 --> 02:48:14,700
A rat tail fish appears at the 
edge of your lights named for 

2980
02:48:14,700 --> 02:48:18,600
its long, tapering tail. 
That looks exactly like you'd 

2981
02:48:18,600 --> 02:48:21,300
expect from the name. 
It hovers near the sea floor. 

2982
02:48:21,300 --> 02:48:23,900
Essentially waiting for 
something edible to wander by. 

2983
02:48:24,700 --> 02:48:27,800
Hunting down here isn't so much 
hunting as it is strategic 

2984
02:48:27,800 --> 02:48:29,700
loitering. 
With food. 

2985
02:48:29,700 --> 02:48:33,600
So scarce Predators can't afford
to waste energy, chasing prey, 

2986
02:48:33,600 --> 02:48:36,300
they parked themselves 
somewhere, promising and wait. 

2987
02:48:37,100 --> 02:48:40,800
Sometimes for days. 
The metabolic rate of deep sea 

2988
02:48:40,800 --> 02:48:44,700
fish is astonishingly low often.
Just two to three percent of 

2989
02:48:44,700 --> 02:48:48,400
what surface fish require. 
They've evolved to run on fumes.

2990
02:48:48,400 --> 02:48:51,800
The pressure means that simple 
biological processes. 

2991
02:48:51,800 --> 02:48:55,700
Work differently down here, cell
membranes, which are fluid at 

2992
02:48:55,700 --> 02:48:59,000
the surface would become rigid, 
and useless at this depth, 

2993
02:48:59,000 --> 02:49:02,800
except that deep sea organisms, 
have adapted their membrane 

2994
02:49:02,800 --> 02:49:06,100
lipids to stay flexible. 
Under Pressure proteins, that 

2995
02:49:06,108 --> 02:49:09,000
would denature and fall apart in
shallow water, fish have been 

2996
02:49:09,008 --> 02:49:12,300
modified with subtle molecular 
changes that make them stable 

2997
02:49:12,300 --> 02:49:14,700
Under Pressure. 
This light comparing a house, 

2998
02:49:14,708 --> 02:49:18,100
built for California versus 
house built for Alaska, same 

2999
02:49:18,100 --> 02:49:22,000
basic structure, different 
engineering requirements, You 

3000
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:24,400
notice something odd about the 
fish that passed through your 

3001
02:49:24,400 --> 02:49:29,200
lights, many of them appear to 
be melting, not literally, but 

3002
02:49:29,200 --> 02:49:31,700
their flesh has a weird 
gelatinous quality. 

3003
02:49:31,700 --> 02:49:35,200
A translucent that makes them 
look like they're made of 

3004
02:49:35,200 --> 02:49:38,900
partially set jello. 
This isn't diseased or damaged 

3005
02:49:38,900 --> 02:49:43,800
its adaptation at these depths 
where food is scarce and every 

3006
02:49:43,800 --> 02:49:48,200
calorie counts when maintaining 
a dense muscular body is a waste

3007
02:49:48,200 --> 02:49:50,900
of resources. 
These fish have essentially 

3008
02:49:50,900 --> 02:49:54,600
given up on structural Integrity
in favor of energy conservation.

3009
02:49:54,600 --> 02:49:58,600
Their water balloons. 
Because down here, there's no 

3010
02:49:58,600 --> 02:50:01,200
evolutionary pressure to be 
streamlined or sturdy. 

3011
02:50:01,900 --> 02:50:05,600
There are no fast currents to 
fight against, no Predators fast

3012
02:50:05,600 --> 02:50:09,100
enough to make fleeing 
worthwhile, an isopod crawls 

3013
02:50:09,100 --> 02:50:11,000
across the set of sediment a 
creature, that looks 

3014
02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:14,000
distressingly like a pill bug 
that got into the steroids. 

3015
02:50:14,000 --> 02:50:17,600
It's about 10 inches long, 
armored and moving with the 

3016
02:50:17,600 --> 02:50:20,800
deliberation of something that 
has nowhere to be in an eternity

3017
02:50:20,800 --> 02:50:24,600
to get there. 
Giant isopods are scavengers the

3018
02:50:24,600 --> 02:50:28,000
vultures of the deep ocean. 
They can go years without eating

3019
02:50:28,000 --> 02:50:31,300
their metabolism, slowed to a 
level at barely qualifies as 

3020
02:50:31,300 --> 02:50:33,800
life. 
When a whale carcass or large 

3021
02:50:33,800 --> 02:50:37,300
fish drops to the sea floor. 
They congregated in numbers that

3022
02:50:37,300 --> 02:50:38,800
would make a horror movie 
direct. 

3023
02:50:38,800 --> 02:50:41,800
A weep with joy. 
Stripping the remains down to 

3024
02:50:41,800 --> 02:50:44,000
Bare Bones over the course of 
months. 

3025
02:50:44,800 --> 02:50:48,400
The submersible's sonar pings 
mapping the seafloor around you,

3026
02:50:48,400 --> 02:50:51,300
the sound travels strangely down
here. 

3027
02:50:51,300 --> 02:50:54,100
Water pressure, affects the 
speed of sound. 

3028
02:50:54,100 --> 02:50:57,100
Making it travel about 3% faster
than at the surface. 

3029
02:50:57,100 --> 02:51:01,400
But more interesting is what the
sonar reveals the abyssal plain 

3030
02:51:01,400 --> 02:51:03,000
isn't quite as flat as it 
appeared. 

3031
02:51:03,000 --> 02:51:07,100
There are subtle variations 
gentle Hills and Valleys 

3032
02:51:07,100 --> 02:51:10,600
measured in meters and features 
that took millions of years to 

3033
02:51:10,600 --> 02:51:14,500
form a sediment accumulated. 
Grain by grain Century. 

3034
02:51:14,500 --> 02:51:18,300
By Century you're sitting in a 
place where sediment accumulates

3035
02:51:18,300 --> 02:51:21,300
at roughly one, centimeter every
Thousand Years. 

3036
02:51:22,300 --> 02:51:25,600
The mud directly beneath your 
submersible is there for older 

3037
02:51:25,600 --> 02:51:30,200
than human civilization, older 
than agriculture older than the 

3038
02:51:30,200 --> 02:51:33,400
last ice age. 
Your resting on layers of time 

3039
02:51:33,400 --> 02:51:36,700
compressed into geology. 
Each stratum representing 

3040
02:51:36,700 --> 02:51:41,200
Millennia of marine snow slowly 
drifting down and settling the 

3041
02:51:41,200 --> 02:51:43,900
Grenadier. 
Fish swims past and the deep sea

3042
02:51:43,900 --> 02:51:46,100
resident with the large head and
tapering body. 

3043
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:48,500
That seems to be standard issued
down here. 

3044
02:51:49,400 --> 02:51:53,600
Its eyes are huge and dark 
adapted to detect the faintest 

3045
02:51:53,600 --> 02:51:57,200
bioluminescent flashes. 
Those eyes can't form clear 

3046
02:51:57,200 --> 02:51:59,100
images. 
There's not enough light for 

3047
02:51:59,100 --> 02:52:02,700
that but they're extraordinarily
sensitive to movement and dim 

3048
02:52:02,700 --> 02:52:04,800
glows. 
The grenadiers essentially, 

3049
02:52:04,800 --> 02:52:08,700
navigating by glimpses and 
suggestions piecing together a 

3050
02:52:08,700 --> 02:52:11,100
picture of its World from 
fragments of light that wouldn't

3051
02:52:11,100 --> 02:52:15,000
register to humanize at all. 
The pressure outside continues 

3052
02:52:15,000 --> 02:52:17,900
to press against the 
submersible's hull, the force of

3053
02:52:17,900 --> 02:52:21,200
several million pounds. 
The titanium flexes 

3054
02:52:21,200 --> 02:52:25,400
microscopically Distributing the
stress inside your comfortable 

3055
02:52:25,400 --> 02:52:28,800
at one atmosphere of pressure. 
The same as a nice spring day at

3056
02:52:28,800 --> 02:52:31,700
sea level. 
But between you, and the ocean 

3057
02:52:31,700 --> 02:52:35,400
floor is just six inches of 
metal and Engineering Beyond 

3058
02:52:35,400 --> 02:52:38,100
which the pressure is sufficient
to compress bone. 

3059
02:52:38,100 --> 02:52:42,100
A jellyfish drifts past though, 
calling it a jellyfish is 

3060
02:52:42,100 --> 02:52:44,500
generous. 
It's more like a translucent 

3061
02:52:44,500 --> 02:52:47,800
blob with tentacles. 
So delicate it looks like it 

3062
02:52:47,800 --> 02:52:49,800
might come apart. 
If you looked at it too hard, 

3063
02:52:49,800 --> 02:52:54,500
these deep sea jellies are about
95% water with just enough, 

3064
02:52:54,500 --> 02:52:58,300
biology to qualify as alive. 
They drift through the darkness 

3065
02:52:58,300 --> 02:53:01,800
trailing tentacles that can 
extend for 20 or 30 feet, 

3066
02:53:01,800 --> 02:53:05,700
waiting for something small and 
unlucky to blunder into them 

3067
02:53:05,700 --> 02:53:09,600
when they capture prey, which 
happens rarely buy how thin 

3068
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:12,300
these jellies are? 
They digested over the course of

3069
02:53:12,300 --> 02:53:14,900
weeks. 
Everything happens in slow 

3070
02:53:14,900 --> 02:53:18,300
motion down here, the weight of 
water shapes everything at this 

3071
02:53:18,300 --> 02:53:22,200
depth, it determines body 
structure hunting strategies 

3072
02:53:22,200 --> 02:53:25,600
reproduction and even the 
chemistry of life itself, 

3073
02:53:26,700 --> 02:53:29,900
Creatures here have evolved 
Under Pressure literal, physical

3074
02:53:29,900 --> 02:53:34,100
pressure that would kill surface
organisms instantly, they've 

3075
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:36,900
sold engineering problems. 
That human Engineers struggle 

3076
02:53:36,900 --> 02:53:40,000
with and they've done it, not 
through intelligence or design. 

3077
02:53:40,000 --> 02:53:44,300
But through the simple brutal 
process of trying, everything. 

3078
02:53:44,300 --> 02:53:49,000
Keeping what works discarding? 
What doesn't and repeating for 

3079
02:53:49,000 --> 02:53:52,600
50 million years? 
Your lights sweep across the set

3080
02:53:52,600 --> 02:53:57,000
of something catches your eye. 
Tracks long. 

3081
02:53:57,000 --> 02:54:00,800
Parallel grooves in the mud 
leading off into the darkness. 

3082
02:54:01,500 --> 02:54:05,200
Something walked here recently, 
recently being a relative term 

3083
02:54:05,200 --> 02:54:08,300
when sediment takes Millennia to
settle, the tracks could be 

3084
02:54:08,300 --> 02:54:12,200
hours old or decades old. 
Time moves differently when the 

3085
02:54:12,200 --> 02:54:14,800
environment changes. 
So slowly that centuries are 

3086
02:54:14,800 --> 02:54:17,900
barely noticeable. 
The submersible begins to rise 

3087
02:54:17,900 --> 02:54:20,900
ascending slowly from the 
abyssal plain toward the next 

3088
02:54:20,900 --> 02:54:24,200
leg of your journey. 
As you lift away from the sea 

3089
02:54:24,200 --> 02:54:27,500
floor, you take one last. 
Look at that uniform muddy 

3090
02:54:27,500 --> 02:54:32,500
expands, it looks lifeless. 
Barren, a place where nothing 

3091
02:54:32,500 --> 02:54:35,600
should exist. 
And yet impossibly life, 

3092
02:54:35,600 --> 02:54:39,200
persists, Adapted to pressure, 
that would crush submarines 

3093
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:43,300
cold, that would kill in minutes
and darkness That Never Ends 

3094
02:54:43,300 --> 02:54:46,700
life persists, because life is 
stubborn that way because 

3095
02:54:46,700 --> 02:54:50,400
chemistry finds even under six 
thousand pounds per square inch 

3096
02:54:50,400 --> 02:54:53,300
of water. 
The weight of water, doesn't end

3097
02:54:53,300 --> 02:54:57,200
a life, it just changes. 
The terms, the thermometer on 

3098
02:54:57,200 --> 02:55:00,800
your instrument panel reads, 
35.7 degrees Fahrenheit. 

3099
02:55:01,700 --> 02:55:04,200
This isn't the kind of cold that
makes you put on a sweater. 

3100
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:08,900
This is the kind of cold that 
permeates everything that seeps 

3101
02:55:08,900 --> 02:55:12,300
into molecular structures and 
slows chemical reactions to 

3102
02:55:12,300 --> 02:55:14,600
accrual. 
This is cold. 

3103
02:55:14,600 --> 02:55:18,100
That has lasted unchanged for 
millions of years. 

3104
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:21,000
Here's something that will 
reorganize your perspective. 

3105
02:55:21,900 --> 02:55:25,600
The deep ocean doesn't really do
seasons while the surface might 

3106
02:55:25,608 --> 02:55:29,600
warm in summer, and cool in 
Winter down here at 12,000 feet.

3107
02:55:29,600 --> 02:55:33,000
The temperature has been 
essentially constant since long 

3108
02:55:33,000 --> 02:55:36,400
before, humans started 
recording, whether the ice ages 

3109
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:39,800
came and went massive glaciers 
covered half of Europe and North

3110
02:55:39,800 --> 02:55:42,700
America melted, reformed and 
melted again. 

3111
02:55:43,400 --> 02:55:46,300
And down here, the temperature 
may be changed by half a degree.

3112
02:55:46,300 --> 02:55:49,700
May be. 
This stability is both a 

3113
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:52,300
blessing and a curse for deep 
sea life. 

3114
02:55:53,200 --> 02:55:56,100
The blessing is predictability 
organisms. 

3115
02:55:56,100 --> 02:55:57,400
Don't need to adapt to 
temperature. 

3116
02:55:57,400 --> 02:56:00,900
Swing's don't need to prepare 
for winter or endure summer 

3117
02:56:00,900 --> 02:56:03,400
Heatwave. 
The curses that they've become 

3118
02:56:03,400 --> 02:56:06,700
so specialized for cold that 
even minor temperature increases

3119
02:56:06,700 --> 02:56:09,600
would be catastrophic. 
These creatures are like people 

3120
02:56:09,600 --> 02:56:12,100
who've only ever lived in one 
climate, their entire lives 

3121
02:56:12,100 --> 02:56:16,000
who've built every aspect of 
their biology around, specific 

3122
02:56:16,000 --> 02:56:20,000
environmental conditions. 
Squid Glides past your viewport.

3123
02:56:20,000 --> 02:56:23,800
Its body about two feet long 
arms trailing behind in warmer 

3124
02:56:23,800 --> 02:56:25,000
water. 
A squid. 

3125
02:56:25,000 --> 02:56:27,500
This size would be darting 
around changing colors 

3126
02:56:27,500 --> 02:56:30,600
demonstrating, the kind of 
hyperactive energy that makes 

3127
02:56:30,600 --> 02:56:34,800
squid both fascinating and 
exhausting to watch this one 

3128
02:56:34,800 --> 02:56:36,200
moves. 
Like it's swimming through 

3129
02:56:36,200 --> 02:56:40,600
molasses which in a sense it is 
given the viscosity of cold 

3130
02:56:40,600 --> 02:56:45,000
pressurized water its metabolism
runs at a fraction of the speed 

3131
02:56:45,000 --> 02:56:48,300
of its surface dwelling cousins,
where a coastal squid, might 

3132
02:56:48,300 --> 02:56:50,500
live two years. 
This one could live 20 

3133
02:56:51,500 --> 02:56:54,100
Everything happens slower. 
When you're running your biology

3134
02:56:54,100 --> 02:56:58,200
on economy mode, the cold 
effects proteins in fascinating 

3135
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:02,300
ways at surface temperatures, 
proteins are flexible Dynamic 

3136
02:57:02,300 --> 02:57:06,500
molecules that fold and unfold 
bind to things and release them 

3137
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:09,900
and generally act like the busy 
little molecular machines they 

3138
02:57:09,900 --> 02:57:13,200
are But cold makes molecules 
sluggish. 

3139
02:57:13,200 --> 02:57:16,500
It reduces the kinetic energy of
available for chemical 

3140
02:57:16,500 --> 02:57:19,600
reactions. 
So, deep sea organisms produce 

3141
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:22,600
proteins that are specifically 
adapted to work at low 

3142
02:57:22,600 --> 02:57:24,500
temperatures. 
Proteins. 

3143
02:57:24,500 --> 02:57:26,400
That would actually stop 
functioning properly. 

3144
02:57:26,400 --> 02:57:29,400
If you warm them up, these 
creatures would be poisoned by 

3145
02:57:29,400 --> 02:57:33,300
warm water, not because heated 
itself is toxic but because 

3146
02:57:33,300 --> 02:57:36,800
there are entire buyer chemistry
would stop working correctly. 

3147
02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:41,600
A fish swims past that appears 
to have antifreeze in its blood,

3148
02:57:41,600 --> 02:57:46,600
which as it turns out it does. 
Many deep-sea fish produce 

3149
02:57:46,600 --> 02:57:50,500
antifreeze proteins molecules 
that prevent ice crystals from 

3150
02:57:50,500 --> 02:57:54,300
forming in their tissues. 
Now, you might reasonably point 

3151
02:57:54,300 --> 02:57:56,700
out that 36 degrees is above 
freezing. 

3152
02:57:56,700 --> 02:57:58,700
So why would they need 
antifreeze? 

3153
02:57:58,700 --> 02:58:02,000
Excellent question. 
The answer is that these 

3154
02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:06,000
pressures the freezing point of 
water drops slightly also fish 

3155
02:58:06,000 --> 02:58:08,500
body fluids have a lower 
freezing point than pure water 

3156
02:58:08,500 --> 02:58:11,200
anyway because they contain 
salts and proteins. 

3157
02:58:11,200 --> 02:58:14,700
But some deep sea fish, have 
added an extra margin of safety 

3158
02:58:14,700 --> 02:58:18,600
producing glycoproteins that 
bind to any ice crystals that 

3159
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:20,500
start to form and prevent them 
from growing. 

3160
02:58:20,500 --> 02:58:24,500
Its biological insurance against
a catastrophe that might occur 

3161
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:28,000
once in a million years. 
The cold also means that 

3162
02:58:28,000 --> 02:58:30,500
decomposition happens at a 
geological pace. 

3163
02:58:31,400 --> 02:58:35,300
When a fish dies in warm surface
water bacteria break it down 

3164
02:58:35,300 --> 02:58:38,400
within days. 
Down here that same fish might 

3165
02:58:38,400 --> 02:58:41,000
remain relatively intact for 
months or even years. 

3166
02:58:41,900 --> 02:58:45,200
The cold slows bacterial 
metabolism, just like it slows, 

3167
02:58:45,200 --> 02:58:47,600
everything else. 
This has interesting 

3168
02:58:47,600 --> 02:58:52,000
implications the deep ocean is 
in effect, a preservation 

3169
02:58:52,000 --> 02:58:55,400
chamber, whale carcasses can 
remain on the seafloor for 

3170
02:58:55,400 --> 02:58:58,100
decades. 
Slowly being consumed by a 

3171
02:58:58,100 --> 02:59:00,800
succession of Specialists 
organic matter, that would 

3172
02:59:00,800 --> 02:59:04,500
vanish quickly and warm water. 
Persists, providing a long-term 

3173
02:59:04,500 --> 02:59:08,200
food source for the scavengers 
patient enough to find it, your 

3174
02:59:08,200 --> 02:59:11,600
lights illuminate, a cluster of 
amphipods, small Crustaceans 

3175
02:59:11,600 --> 02:59:14,900
that look like swimming commas 
clustered around what appears to

3176
02:59:14,900 --> 02:59:19,400
be a fragment of something 
organic could be fish flesh. 

3177
02:59:19,400 --> 02:59:22,200
Could be whale. 
Blubber could be the remains of 

3178
02:59:22,200 --> 02:59:26,100
a jellyfish that died at the 
surface 6 months ago and finally

3179
02:59:26,100 --> 02:59:29,000
drifted down here. 
The amphipods are eating it with

3180
02:59:29,000 --> 02:59:31,600
the enthusiasm of people who 
aren't sure when they're leading

3181
02:59:31,600 --> 02:59:34,800
again, because they genuinely 
aren't sure when they're late 

3182
02:59:34,800 --> 02:59:37,500
again. 
Food is so scarce down here, 

3183
02:59:37,500 --> 02:59:39,700
that finding a meal is an event 
worth documenting. 

3184
02:59:39,700 --> 02:59:43,300
The submersible's external 
sensors record, the water 

3185
02:59:43,300 --> 02:59:47,300
salinity, dissolved, oxygen 
levels and Trace chemical 

3186
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:51,600
composition, the oxygen content 
is surprisingly, High cold water

3187
02:59:51,600 --> 02:59:55,000
holds more dissolved oxygen than
warm water which is one of the 

3188
02:59:55,000 --> 02:59:57,700
few advantages of operating in 
what amounts, to a natural 

3189
02:59:57,700 --> 03:00:01,400
refrigerator, many deep-sea 
organisms have evolved large 

3190
03:00:01,400 --> 03:00:05,200
Gill surfaces to extract that 
oxygen efficiently Because while

3191
03:00:05,200 --> 03:00:08,200
there's plenty of oxygen 
available, the cold temperature 

3192
03:00:08,200 --> 03:00:10,500
means their metabolic Machinery 
Works slowly. 

3193
03:00:10,500 --> 03:00:15,300
So they need to maximize intake 
a comb jelly drifts past his 

3194
03:00:15,300 --> 03:00:18,500
rows of cilia, creating those 
characteristic rainbow ripples 

3195
03:00:18,500 --> 03:00:21,900
as they catch your light's. 
Comb jellies are among the most 

3196
03:00:21,900 --> 03:00:23,800
alien looking creatures in the 
ocean. 

3197
03:00:23,800 --> 03:00:27,100
All translucent geometry and 
flowing movement. 

3198
03:00:27,100 --> 03:00:31,100
This one is about the size of 
your fisting, slowly through the

3199
03:00:31,100 --> 03:00:34,600
water. 
And warm surface waters comb 

3200
03:00:34,600 --> 03:00:36,500
jellies can swim with surprising
speed. 

3201
03:00:36,500 --> 03:00:41,000
The Cilia beating rapidly, this 
one moves, like its underwater, 

3202
03:00:41,000 --> 03:00:43,900
which okay? 
It is underwater. 

3203
03:00:43,900 --> 03:00:46,900
But you know what I mean. 
It moves like it's underwater 

3204
03:00:46,900 --> 03:00:53,000
even for something underwater. 
Slow dream-like as if swimming 

3205
03:00:53,000 --> 03:00:56,600
Through Time rather than water. 
The cold has another effect that

3206
03:00:56,600 --> 03:00:59,100
scientists didn't fully 
appreciate until recently. 

3207
03:00:59,900 --> 03:01:04,800
It affects intelligence. 
Many deep sea fish have smaller 

3208
03:01:04,800 --> 03:01:07,800
brains relative to their body 
size than surface fish. 

3209
03:01:07,800 --> 03:01:12,000
This isn't because they're 
stupid will they might be but 

3210
03:01:12,000 --> 03:01:14,700
that's not the point. 
Brain tissue is metabolically 

3211
03:01:14,700 --> 03:01:18,100
expensive. 
Requiring significant energy to 

3212
03:01:18,100 --> 03:01:22,200
maintain in an environment where
food is scarce and metabolism is

3213
03:01:22,200 --> 03:01:26,100
slow maintaining a large. 
Brain is a luxury, few species 

3214
03:01:26,100 --> 03:01:29,700
can afford. 
So deep sea fish, have evolved 

3215
03:01:29,700 --> 03:01:33,100
to operate on minimal, neural 
Hardware, like running a modern 

3216
03:01:33,108 --> 03:01:37,800
computer on a processor from 
1995 it works, but don't expect 

3217
03:01:37,800 --> 03:01:40,700
miracles. 
He seek you come across as the 

3218
03:01:40,700 --> 03:01:44,200
sediment, with the urgency of a 
glacier sea, cucumbers are 

3219
03:01:44,200 --> 03:01:47,500
basically the Roomba vacuum 
cleaners of the depot except 

3220
03:01:47,500 --> 03:01:51,100
slow or less intelligent, which 
is saying something given that 

3221
03:01:51,100 --> 03:01:52,700
roomba's regularly gets stuck 
on. 

3222
03:01:52,700 --> 03:01:55,500
Shoelaces. 
This particular specimen is 

3223
03:01:55,500 --> 03:01:59,300
about a foot long, dark brown, 
and covered in small PA that 

3224
03:01:59,300 --> 03:02:02,200
might serve some function or 
might just be along for the 

3225
03:02:02,200 --> 03:02:04,400
ride. 
It's processing said about, 

3226
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:07,300
extracting whatever, Trace 
organic matter. 

3227
03:02:07,300 --> 03:02:10,900
It can find and leaving behind 
neat, little piles of ways 

3228
03:02:10,900 --> 03:02:13,900
pellets. 
In cold water, this process 

3229
03:02:13,900 --> 03:02:16,100
takes even longer than it would 
in warm water. 

3230
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:20,800
This sea cucumber might move 10 
feet in a day and consider it a 

3231
03:02:20,800 --> 03:02:23,500
productive outing. 
The cold also affects 

3232
03:02:23,500 --> 03:02:26,900
reproduction in ways that seem 
almost designed to frustrate the

3233
03:02:26,900 --> 03:02:29,600
animals. 
Involved many deep sea species, 

3234
03:02:29,600 --> 03:02:33,400
reach sexual maturity slowly. 
We're talking years or even 

3235
03:02:33,400 --> 03:02:36,000
decades. 
The anglerfish you saw earlier 

3236
03:02:36,000 --> 03:02:40,300
with its bioluminescent lure. 
It might not be ready to mate 

3237
03:02:40,300 --> 03:02:44,100
until it's 15 years old compared
that to surface fish species 

3238
03:02:44,100 --> 03:02:47,900
that reach maturity in months. 
The cold temperature slows 

3239
03:02:47,900 --> 03:02:51,400
growth rates, delays 
development, and generally makes

3240
03:02:51,400 --> 03:02:53,200
the entire process of 
reproduction. 

3241
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:57,400
An investment that requires 
serious long-term planning, a 

3242
03:02:57,400 --> 03:02:58,900
Dumbo octopus. 
Appears at the edge of your 

3243
03:02:58,900 --> 03:03:01,600
lights named for the ear like 
fins on its head. 

3244
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:04,100
That make it look like Disney's 
elephant, had a really strange 

3245
03:03:04,100 --> 03:03:08,100
evolutionary pathway Dumbo 
octopuses live at depths ranging

3246
03:03:08,100 --> 03:03:12,200
from 10,000 to 20,000 feet, 
making them some of the deepest 

3247
03:03:12,200 --> 03:03:15,300
living octopuses known. 
They hover just above the sea 

3248
03:03:15,300 --> 03:03:17,200
floor. 
Flapping those ear fins and slow

3249
03:03:17,200 --> 03:03:20,100
motion of looking for small 
worms and Crustaceans. 

3250
03:03:20,100 --> 03:03:24,400
Everything about this octopus 
says low energy lifestyle. 

3251
03:03:25,200 --> 03:03:28,400
It doesn't jet around like it's 
shallow water cousins, it 

3252
03:03:28,400 --> 03:03:31,600
doesn't change color rapidly. 
Its chromatophores, likely works

3253
03:03:31,600 --> 03:03:35,000
sluggishly at this temperature, 
it simply drifts along 

3254
03:03:35,000 --> 03:03:38,000
occasionally, extending an arm 
to grab something edible. 

3255
03:03:38,000 --> 03:03:41,300
Then continuing, its endless 
slow-motion, patrol of the 

3256
03:03:41,300 --> 03:03:45,600
Abyss, the submersible's heating
system kicks on with a quiet hum

3257
03:03:45,600 --> 03:03:48,900
inside your comfortable at about
68 degrees. 

3258
03:03:48,900 --> 03:03:52,500
But the cold outside is 
constantly trying to infiltrate 

3259
03:03:52,500 --> 03:03:56,600
conducting through the titanium 
Hull, despite the insulation. 

3260
03:03:56,600 --> 03:03:59,700
It's a reminder that you're 
essentially sitting in a warm 

3261
03:03:59,708 --> 03:04:03,100
bubble, surrounded by a cold 
that has persisted longer than 

3262
03:04:03,100 --> 03:04:06,500
our species as existed. 
Scientists have discovered that 

3263
03:04:06,500 --> 03:04:09,700
many deep sea organisms produce 
what are called, cold shock 

3264
03:04:09,700 --> 03:04:14,000
proteins molecules that help 
stabilize other proteins at low 

3265
03:04:14,000 --> 03:04:17,000
temperatures preventing them 
from folding incorrectly or 

3266
03:04:17,000 --> 03:04:20,400
aggregating into useless clumps.
It's like having molecular 

3267
03:04:20,400 --> 03:04:23,000
chaperones that make sure all 
the other proteins, maintain 

3268
03:04:23,000 --> 03:04:25,200
their shapes and keep doing 
their jobs. 

3269
03:04:25,400 --> 03:04:27,800
Spite working in what? 
Amounts to a giant underwater 

3270
03:04:27,800 --> 03:04:31,100
freezer, a jellyfish of truly 
impressive size. 

3271
03:04:31,100 --> 03:04:33,800
Appears ahead of you. 
It's Bell is at least three feet

3272
03:04:33,800 --> 03:04:38,500
across translucent with dozens 
of tentacles trailing behind it.

3273
03:04:38,500 --> 03:04:42,200
Like streamers. 
This is a deep sea Medusa and 

3274
03:04:42,200 --> 03:04:44,900
it's probably been drifting 
through these cold waters for 

3275
03:04:44,900 --> 03:04:49,500
years growing slowly, capturing,
whatever small creatures are. 

3276
03:04:49,500 --> 03:04:53,300
Unlucky enough to brush against 
its stinging tentacles in warm 

3277
03:04:53,300 --> 03:04:54,800
water. 
A jellyfish. 

3278
03:04:54,800 --> 03:04:58,100
This size might live for a few 
months in the cold deep ocean. 

3279
03:04:58,100 --> 03:05:01,700
It could assist for decades its 
tissues breaking down. 

3280
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:05,300
So slowly that time becomes 
almost irrelevant, the cold 

3281
03:05:05,300 --> 03:05:08,800
doesn't just slow life down, it 
changes the entire strategy. 

3282
03:05:09,800 --> 03:05:14,200
Surface dwelling organisms, live
fast reproduce quickly and die 

3283
03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:16,700
young. 
Deep, sea organisms, lift 

3284
03:05:16,700 --> 03:05:20,700
slowly, reproduce rarely, and 
persist for decades or 

3285
03:05:20,700 --> 03:05:23,000
centuries. 
It's the difference between a 

3286
03:05:23,000 --> 03:05:24,800
sprinter and an Ultra 
marathoner. 

3287
03:05:25,500 --> 03:05:29,300
Between burning bright and 
burning long, your submersible 

3288
03:05:29,300 --> 03:05:31,700
continues, its journey across 
the abyssal. 

3289
03:05:31,700 --> 03:05:35,400
Plain through water, that has 
been cold since before they were

3290
03:05:35,400 --> 03:05:37,900
humans to feel cold through an 
environment. 

3291
03:05:37,900 --> 03:05:41,500
So stable that Evolution here 
happens, even more slowly than 

3292
03:05:41,500 --> 03:05:43,500
usual. 
The organisms around. 

3293
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:47,400
You aren't surviving the cold. 
They've transcended it becoming 

3294
03:05:47,400 --> 03:05:50,800
so perfectly adapted to it. 
That the cold is simply their 

3295
03:05:50,800 --> 03:05:52,900
default State. 
The only temperature they've 

3296
03:05:52,900 --> 03:05:57,700
ever known or could tolerate the
thermometer still reads 35.7 

3297
03:05:57,700 --> 03:06:01,600
degrees. 
It will read 35.7 degrees 1000 

3298
03:06:01,600 --> 03:06:06,000
years from now, 100,000 years 
from now, the cold, the Outlast 

3299
03:06:06,000 --> 03:06:09,600
ice ages, doesn't fluctuate, 
doesn't change, and doesn't care

3300
03:06:09,600 --> 03:06:11,100
about what's happening on the 
surface. 

3301
03:06:11,100 --> 03:06:16,600
It's simply persists patient and
eternal shaping life into forms 

3302
03:06:16,600 --> 03:06:21,200
that moves slowly think slowly 
grows slowly and endure. 

3303
03:06:21,200 --> 03:06:25,200
Your hovering about 50 feet of 
the abyssal plain, and you 

3304
03:06:25,200 --> 03:06:27,300
haven't seen anything. 
Eat anything else for the past 

3305
03:06:27,300 --> 03:06:32,600
45 minutes. this turns out as 
completely normal, Down here. 

3306
03:06:32,600 --> 03:06:35,400
Food isn't scared. 
It's essentially theoretical. 

3307
03:06:35,400 --> 03:06:37,400
It's something. 
You've heard exists. 

3308
03:06:37,400 --> 03:06:39,200
Something your grandparents 
mentioned. 

3309
03:06:39,200 --> 03:06:42,200
Once something you might 
encounter at some point before 

3310
03:06:42,200 --> 03:06:45,900
you die of old age. 
The Marine snow continues, its 

3311
03:06:45,900 --> 03:06:48,900
endless drift downward. 
And now, you understand why they

3312
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:51,600
call it that, it really does 
look like snow. 

3313
03:06:51,600 --> 03:06:54,900
Except the snow falls at roughly
three to four miles per hour. 

3314
03:06:55,500 --> 03:06:59,000
This stuff this Falls at about 
four feet per day. 

3315
03:07:00,100 --> 03:07:03,400
Particle leaving the surface. 
Today won't reach this depth for

3316
03:07:03,400 --> 03:07:06,300
about a month and a half. 
And by the time it gets here, 

3317
03:07:06,300 --> 03:07:09,300
it's been picked over by every 
hungry creature at every depth 

3318
03:07:09,300 --> 03:07:13,100
along the way what reaches the 
abyssal plain is basically the 

3319
03:07:13,100 --> 03:07:15,900
crumbs from someone else's 
Crumbs from someone else's 

3320
03:07:15,900 --> 03:07:18,500
crumbs. 
Scientists estimate that only 

3321
03:07:18,500 --> 03:07:21,600
about 1% of the organic matter 
produced at the surface ever 

3322
03:07:21,600 --> 03:07:25,800
make it to the deep sea floor, 
one percent, imagine living in a

3323
03:07:25,808 --> 03:07:29,700
place where 99% of all food is 
destroyed before it reaches you 

3324
03:07:29,700 --> 03:07:33,900
and the 1% that remains has been
thoroughly pre-tied by everyone 

3325
03:07:33,900 --> 03:07:36,300
else's. 
Now, imagine that the good 

3326
03:07:36,300 --> 03:07:40,000
time's the feast periods, that's
the deep ocean. 

3327
03:07:41,000 --> 03:07:43,900
A transparent squid, hangs 
Motionless In The Water ahead of

3328
03:07:43,900 --> 03:07:45,900
you. 
And when I say transparent, I 

3329
03:07:45,900 --> 03:07:48,700
mean, you can literally see its 
internal organs through its 

3330
03:07:48,700 --> 03:07:51,700
skin. 
This isn't some artistic Choice.

3331
03:07:51,700 --> 03:07:55,600
It's camouflage in A Place With 
No Light being invisible, 

3332
03:07:55,600 --> 03:07:59,700
doesn't help much But this squid
likely migrates Upward at night 

3333
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:03,200
to feed in slightly shallower 
Waters where transparency is 

3334
03:08:03,200 --> 03:08:06,900
actually useful right now though
it's just hanging there. 

3335
03:08:07,500 --> 03:08:11,900
Doing absolutely nothing because
doing nothing is the only energy

3336
03:08:11,900 --> 03:08:14,400
efficient strategy when food is 
this rare. 

3337
03:08:15,700 --> 03:08:19,400
Squid stomach is visible through
its translucent tissue, and it's

3338
03:08:19,400 --> 03:08:21,000
empty. 
Not just empty. 

3339
03:08:21,000 --> 03:08:24,900
Like, I should probably soon but
empty, like a last eight three 

3340
03:08:24,900 --> 03:08:27,900
weeks ago and I'm fine with 
that. deep sea creatures, have 

3341
03:08:27,900 --> 03:08:31,000
evolved metabolic rate so low 
that they make hibernating 

3342
03:08:31,000 --> 03:08:34,800
bears, look, hyperactive, this 
squid Mighty twice a month and 

3343
03:08:34,800 --> 03:08:39,100
consider itself well, fed Here's
a fun fact that will rearrange 

3344
03:08:39,100 --> 03:08:42,400
your understanding of energy. 
Some deep sea fish have 

3345
03:08:42,400 --> 03:08:46,300
metabolic rate so low that they 
burn fewer calories per day than

3346
03:08:46,300 --> 03:08:50,700
a battery releases. 
We're talking about animals that

3347
03:08:50,700 --> 03:08:52,800
operate on less than 10 calories
per day. 

3348
03:08:53,700 --> 03:08:56,900
A single potato, chip contains 
more energy than some deep sea 

3349
03:08:56,900 --> 03:08:59,000
fish. 
Consume in a week, they have 

3350
03:08:59,008 --> 03:09:02,300
essentially learned to run their
entire biology on standby mode. 

3351
03:09:03,000 --> 03:09:06,100
Keeping just enough functions 
active to qualify as alive 

3352
03:09:06,100 --> 03:09:10,700
waiting, for the rare moment 
when food actually appears a rat

3353
03:09:10,700 --> 03:09:13,600
tail fish swims past, and you 
notice something odd about his 

3354
03:09:13,600 --> 03:09:17,000
body composition. 
It's mostly water and very 

3355
03:09:17,000 --> 03:09:20,400
little muscle. 
Maybe 20% of its body weight is 

3356
03:09:20,400 --> 03:09:23,800
actual tissue. 
The rest is water and gelatinous

3357
03:09:23,800 --> 03:09:26,100
protein. 
This is the deep sea equivalent 

3358
03:09:26,100 --> 03:09:30,100
of a budget, laptop maximum 
size, minimum components. 

3359
03:09:30,100 --> 03:09:33,700
The fish needs to be large 
enough to avoid predation, and 

3360
03:09:33,700 --> 03:09:36,700
to hold sufficient eggs for 
reproduction, but it can't 

3361
03:09:36,700 --> 03:09:39,300
afford the energy cost of 
maintaining muscle tissue. 

3362
03:09:39,300 --> 03:09:42,200
It rarely uses. 
So it's essentially a water 

3363
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:45,400
balloon with just enough biology
attached to keep things running.

3364
03:09:46,200 --> 03:09:49,400
Your lights catch something 
falling, a larger chunk of 

3365
03:09:49,400 --> 03:09:53,900
organic matter, maybe the size 
of a softball to sending faster 

3366
03:09:53,900 --> 03:09:57,300
than the usual Marine snow. 
This is what scientists call 

3367
03:09:57,300 --> 03:10:00,400
fasting particles chunks of 
fecal. 

3368
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:04,000
Matter from surface whales, dead
jellyfish and fragments of large

3369
03:10:04,000 --> 03:10:06,700
fish. 
This is Prime real estate in the

3370
03:10:06,708 --> 03:10:09,500
deep ocean. 
The equivalent of finding a 20 

3371
03:10:09,500 --> 03:10:13,500
dollar bill on the sidewalk. 
Within moments small Crustaceans

3372
03:10:13,500 --> 03:10:16,400
appear from the darkness. 
Converging on this falling 

3373
03:10:16,400 --> 03:10:18,300
treasure, they'll strip it 
clean. 

3374
03:10:18,300 --> 03:10:21,500
Before it reaches the sea floor,
fighting over scraps, that 

3375
03:10:21,500 --> 03:10:25,300
surface creatures would consider
garbage The food, scarcity? 

3376
03:10:25,300 --> 03:10:27,500
Affects every aspect of life 
down here. 

3377
03:10:27,500 --> 03:10:31,400
Take reproduction. 
Many deep sea fish are, what's 

3378
03:10:31,400 --> 03:10:34,700
called broadcast spawners? 
They release eggs, and sperm 

3379
03:10:34,700 --> 03:10:38,300
into the water and hoped some of
the meat in food, Rich, surface 

3380
03:10:38,300 --> 03:10:41,800
waters, fish can afford to 
produce hundreds of thousands of

3381
03:10:41,800 --> 03:10:46,200
tiny eggs because most will die.
But enough, will survive in the 

3382
03:10:46,208 --> 03:10:48,900
deep ocean. 
Females produce, far, fewer 

3383
03:10:48,900 --> 03:10:51,600
eggs. 
But each one is large and packed

3384
03:10:51,600 --> 03:10:54,600
with nutrients, giving the 
larvae a better chance of 

3385
03:10:54,600 --> 03:10:57,400
surviving the brutal early weeks
when they're too small to 

3386
03:10:57,400 --> 03:11:00,300
compete for food. 
Effectively a gulper eel appears

3387
03:11:00,300 --> 03:11:03,500
in your lights and it's exactly 
as unsettling as the name. 

3388
03:11:03,500 --> 03:11:09,400
Suggests Its mouth is normalis 
literally four times the size of

3389
03:11:09,400 --> 03:11:12,900
its body opening to a size that 
looks physically impossible. 

3390
03:11:12,900 --> 03:11:16,500
This is because when you never 
know, when your lead again you 

3391
03:11:16,500 --> 03:11:18,800
can't afford to be picky about 
price size. 

3392
03:11:18,800 --> 03:11:22,100
If something Edibles swims past,
you need to be able to swallow 

3393
03:11:22,100 --> 03:11:23,900
it. 
Whether it's smaller than you 

3394
03:11:23,900 --> 03:11:28,100
roughly your size or in some 
remarkable cases actually larger

3395
03:11:28,100 --> 03:11:29,900
than you. 
The gold per reel has 

3396
03:11:29,900 --> 03:11:32,700
essentially evolved into a 
self-propelled stomach that 

3397
03:11:32,700 --> 03:11:36,800
occasionally encounters food. 
But here's the thing, even that 

3398
03:11:36,800 --> 03:11:40,600
enormous mouth goes unused. 
Most of the time, scientists 

3399
03:11:40,600 --> 03:11:43,200
have examined gold per eal, 
stomachs and found them. 

3400
03:11:43,200 --> 03:11:46,800
Empty more often than not This 
fish can go months without 

3401
03:11:46,800 --> 03:11:50,500
eating. 
Its metabolism is so slow that a

3402
03:11:50,500 --> 03:11:53,900
single meal. 
Even a small one can sustain it 

3403
03:11:53,900 --> 03:11:56,300
for weeks. 
It drifts through the darkness 

3404
03:11:56,300 --> 03:11:57,600
mouth. 
A gape. 

3405
03:11:57,600 --> 03:12:00,900
Essentially trolling for food on
the off-chance that something 

3406
03:12:00,900 --> 03:12:04,100
edible might swim into it. 
It's the most passive hunting 

3407
03:12:04,100 --> 03:12:07,500
strategy imaginable and it works
about as well as you would 

3408
03:12:07,500 --> 03:12:11,300
expect which is to say barely a 
haul of marine snow accumulates 

3409
03:12:11,300 --> 03:12:14,600
on the sea floor, beneath you 
forming small Mounds that rise. 

3410
03:12:14,600 --> 03:12:17,300
Perhaps an inch above, the 
surrounding sediment, these 

3411
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:20,800
Mounds represent months or years
of accumulation and their 

3412
03:12:20,800 --> 03:12:24,900
hotspots of biological activity,
which in this context means that

3413
03:12:24,900 --> 03:12:29,000
two or three CQ cumbers, might 
visit them in a given decade the

3414
03:12:29,000 --> 03:12:31,000
CQ cumbers will process this 
settlement. 

3415
03:12:31,000 --> 03:12:34,900
Extracting, what ever? 
Trace organic matter remains and

3416
03:12:34,900 --> 03:12:36,800
leave behind slightly different 
settlement. 

3417
03:12:38,000 --> 03:12:41,700
It's the Deep Ocean's version of
farming except slower and 

3418
03:12:41,700 --> 03:12:44,400
sadder. 
The food scarcity is led to some

3419
03:12:44,400 --> 03:12:48,800
truly bizarre feeding strategies
Some deep sea fish have, Jaws 

3420
03:12:48,800 --> 03:12:51,700
that can dislocate to allow them
to swallow prey larger than 

3421
03:12:51,700 --> 03:12:54,500
themselves. 
Others have expandable, stomachs

3422
03:12:54,500 --> 03:12:57,000
that can stretch to accommodate 
rare large meals. 

3423
03:12:57,000 --> 03:13:00,500
It's like showing up to a buffet
once a year and trying to eat 

3424
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,600
enough to last until the next 
one, the strategy Works 

3425
03:13:03,600 --> 03:13:07,100
technically but it's not 
something you'd recommend a 

3426
03:13:07,100 --> 03:13:09,900
vampire squid drifts past and 
despite the name it doesn't suck

3427
03:13:09,900 --> 03:13:12,300
blood it. 
Got its name from the dark 

3428
03:13:12,300 --> 03:13:15,900
webbing between its arms, which 
looks like a vampire's cloak 

3429
03:13:15,900 --> 03:13:18,900
when it inverts the arms over 
itself in a defensive posture, 

3430
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:21,500
but here's what makes the 
vampire squid special. 

3431
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:24,700
It's one of the few deep sea 
creatures that figured out a 

3432
03:13:24,708 --> 03:13:27,500
clever food hack. 
Instead of waiting for live 

3433
03:13:27,500 --> 03:13:31,200
prey, it collects Marine snow, 
those drifting particles of 

3434
03:13:31,200 --> 03:13:34,900
organic matter using filaments 
covered in sticky mucus. 

3435
03:13:35,800 --> 03:13:39,000
It then runs these filaments 
through its arms, scraping off 

3436
03:13:39,000 --> 03:13:42,200
the collected particles and 
eating them his dignified. 

3437
03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:45,200
No. 
Does it sound like something a 

3438
03:13:45,200 --> 03:13:47,300
creature would do if it had 
literally any other option? 

3439
03:13:47,300 --> 03:13:52,200
No, but it works. 
The vampire squid is essentially

3440
03:13:52,200 --> 03:13:55,000
become a filter feeder in a 
place where to feeding shouldn't

3441
03:13:55,000 --> 03:13:59,400
be viable, because they're so 
little to filter It surviving on

3442
03:13:59,400 --> 03:14:03,200
scraps of scraps and somehow 
impossibly. 

3443
03:14:03,200 --> 03:14:07,300
It's making it work, your 
submersible sensors detect. 

3444
03:14:07,300 --> 03:14:11,000
A localized area of slightly 
higher, biological activity 

3445
03:14:11,000 --> 03:14:15,000
ahead. 
As you approach, you see why a 

3446
03:14:15,000 --> 03:14:19,500
whale full. 
A gray whale dead for perhaps a 

3447
03:14:19,500 --> 03:14:21,600
decade. 
Lies on the sea floor, like a 

3448
03:14:21,608 --> 03:14:24,000
gift from the gods. 
Its flesh. 

3449
03:14:24,000 --> 03:14:27,400
Has been Stripped Away by 
scavengers but it's bones remain

3450
03:14:27,400 --> 03:14:30,000
and they're covered with strange
white filaments. 

3451
03:14:30,700 --> 03:14:34,400
These are zombie worms. 
Yes, that's their actual name 

3452
03:14:34,400 --> 03:14:37,400
and their dissolving. 
The whale bones to extract the 

3453
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:41,200
lipids trapped inside. 
This whale carcass, which were 

3454
03:14:41,200 --> 03:14:45,100
decomposing months in warm 
shallow water will sustain a 

3455
03:14:45,100 --> 03:14:48,100
community of specialist down 
here for 50 or 60 years. 

3456
03:14:49,000 --> 03:14:51,900
This is what counts as a bananza
in the deep ocean. 

3457
03:14:51,900 --> 03:14:55,500
A dead whale. 
That'll last two generationals. 

3458
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:59,500
The scarcity of food has shaped 
every aspect of evolution down 

3459
03:14:59,500 --> 03:15:02,000
here. 
Deep sea fish have reduced 

3460
03:15:02,000 --> 03:15:05,700
skeletal dancer City, less bone 
means less tissue to maintain. 

3461
03:15:05,700 --> 03:15:08,900
They have minimal scales or no 
scales at all. 

3462
03:15:08,900 --> 03:15:12,300
Their brains are smaller. 
Their organs are compact. 

3463
03:15:12,300 --> 03:15:15,500
Everything nonessential has been
Stripped Away In The Name of 

3464
03:15:15,500 --> 03:15:18,400
energy officials. 
They're like organisms that have

3465
03:15:18,400 --> 03:15:20,500
been through a ruthless 
corporate restructuring. 

3466
03:15:20,500 --> 03:15:24,200
Cut down to only the Departments
that absolutely must keep 

3467
03:15:24,200 --> 03:15:26,800
running. 
Tripod fish sits on the sea 

3468
03:15:26,800 --> 03:15:30,200
floor ahead and it's doing 
exactly what its name suggests. 

3469
03:15:30,900 --> 03:15:32,900
Standing on three elongated 
fins. 

3470
03:15:32,900 --> 03:15:37,100
Like a camera tripod, it's 
facing into the current such as 

3471
03:15:37,100 --> 03:15:41,500
it is waiting for food to drift 
past this fish can stand here 

3472
03:15:41,500 --> 03:15:44,400
for days. 
Barely moving barely breathing 

3473
03:15:44,400 --> 03:15:47,800
and conserving every possible 
Cal when something edible 

3474
03:15:47,800 --> 03:15:52,300
touches its sensory Rays, it'll 
strike a quick snap of Jaws that

3475
03:15:52,300 --> 03:15:54,700
represents more energy 
expenditure than the fish is 

3476
03:15:54,700 --> 03:15:58,200
made in the past week. 
Then it'll return to its tripod 

3477
03:15:58,200 --> 03:16:01,400
stance and wait, some more. 
This is hunting in the deep 

3478
03:16:01,400 --> 03:16:06,800
ocean standing, very still for a
very long time and hoping Food, 

3479
03:16:06,800 --> 03:16:09,700
scarcity. 
Oddly enough has led to less 

3480
03:16:09,700 --> 03:16:13,300
competition when resources are 
this sparse defending a 

3481
03:16:13,300 --> 03:16:14,500
territory? 
Makes no sense. 

3482
03:16:14,500 --> 03:16:16,700
Because there's nothing worth 
defending. 

3483
03:16:17,700 --> 03:16:21,300
Fighting over food costs more 
energy than just waiting for the

3484
03:16:21,300 --> 03:16:24,900
next bit of marine. 
Snow to drift past so deep sea 

3485
03:16:24,900 --> 03:16:27,600
creatures, have largely 
abandoned territorial Behavior, 

3486
03:16:27,600 --> 03:16:32,100
they simply spread out maximize 
their spacing and hope their 

3487
03:16:32,100 --> 03:16:35,100
particular patch of seafloor. 
Receives slightly more than 

3488
03:16:35,100 --> 03:16:37,200
average, rainfall of organic 
matter. 

3489
03:16:37,200 --> 03:16:40,700
Your submersible begins to 
ascend, leaving the abyssal 

3490
03:16:40,700 --> 03:16:43,400
plain behind. 
As you rise, you look down at 

3491
03:16:43,400 --> 03:16:47,200
the sea floor, one more time at 
the vast muddy expanse. 

3492
03:16:47,200 --> 03:16:50,900
Where food is rare enough to be 
precious where creatures have 

3493
03:16:50,900 --> 03:16:53,900
evolved to survive on almost 
nothing and where the entire 

3494
03:16:53,900 --> 03:16:56,600
ecosystem operates on energy 
margins. 

3495
03:16:56,600 --> 03:17:00,500
So thin the surface organisms 
couldn't even comprehend them 

3496
03:17:00,500 --> 03:17:04,900
when food becomes fiction like 
becomes patients and down here, 

3497
03:17:04,900 --> 03:17:08,600
patience is the only virtue that
matters your submissible is 

3498
03:17:08,600 --> 03:17:11,600
moving laterally. 
Now, crossing the abyssal plain 

3499
03:17:11,600 --> 03:17:15,800
towards something, the sonar 
detected and now our ago origin 

3500
03:17:15,800 --> 03:17:18,900
from the sea floor, like a 
mountain Range that never quite 

3501
03:17:18,900 --> 03:17:21,200
breaks. 
The surface, your approaching, 

3502
03:17:21,200 --> 03:17:24,800
what's called a mid-ocean ridge?
One of the places where tectonic

3503
03:17:24,800 --> 03:17:28,100
plates are spreading apart and 
Earth is literally creating new 

3504
03:17:28,100 --> 03:17:33,300
seafloor pumping out fresh rock 
from the mantle below The water 

3505
03:17:33,300 --> 03:17:35,900
temperature ahead is rising. 
Not much. 

3506
03:17:35,900 --> 03:17:40,300
You've gone from 36 degrees to 
38 degrees but in a place where 

3507
03:17:40,300 --> 03:17:43,800
temperature has been constant 
for millions of years. 2 degrees

3508
03:17:43,800 --> 03:17:47,300
feels like a revolution. 
Your sensors are also detecting.

3509
03:17:47,300 --> 03:17:50,100
Chemical anomalies hydrogen, 
sulfide. 

3510
03:17:50,100 --> 03:17:54,300
Methane and metals in solution. 
Something ahead is profoundly 

3511
03:17:54,300 --> 03:17:57,800
changing, the chemistry of the 
water and then you see it. 

3512
03:17:58,600 --> 03:18:02,400
A black smoker, it rises from 
the sea floor, like a chimney 

3513
03:18:02,400 --> 03:18:06,200
from Hell roughly 20 feet tall 
made of minerals that have 

3514
03:18:06,200 --> 03:18:08,600
precipitated out of superheated 
water. 

3515
03:18:08,600 --> 03:18:13,100
And from its opening, billowing 
up into the cold, ocean comes a 

3516
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:17,000
dark plume that looks like smoke
but is actually water water 

3517
03:18:17,000 --> 03:18:19,300
heated to over 600 degrees 
Fahrenheit. 

3518
03:18:19,300 --> 03:18:23,900
So hot, it would boil instantly 
at the surface but stays liquid 

3519
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:27,500
down here because the pressure 
is too intense to let vaporize. 

3520
03:18:27,500 --> 03:18:31,400
This is a hydrothermal vent and 
it represents a complete 

3521
03:18:31,400 --> 03:18:34,000
inversion of everything you've 
learned about the depot potion. 

3522
03:18:34,800 --> 03:18:37,000
This is a place of heat in the 
cold Abyss. 

3523
03:18:37,700 --> 03:18:41,800
A chemical energy in a food, 
starved Wasteland of a bundts 

3524
03:18:41,800 --> 03:18:45,100
and scarcity and its absolutely 
crawling with life. 

3525
03:18:46,000 --> 03:18:47,700
The area around the vent is 
covered. 

3526
03:18:47,700 --> 03:18:50,400
And I mean, covered with tube 
worms. 

3527
03:18:50,400 --> 03:18:53,700
They're called riftia and 
they're about as weird as 

3528
03:18:53,700 --> 03:18:56,600
organisms. 
Get each one is six feet long 

3529
03:18:56,600 --> 03:18:59,100
white with brilliant, red 
plumes. 

3530
03:18:59,100 --> 03:19:03,200
Extending from their tubes, they
have no mouth, no digestive 

3531
03:19:03,200 --> 03:19:07,000
system, and no anus. 
They survive entirely through a 

3532
03:19:07,000 --> 03:19:09,900
symbiotic relationship with 
bacteria that live inside their 

3533
03:19:09,900 --> 03:19:12,500
bodies. 
The bacteria, use the hydrogen 

3534
03:19:12,500 --> 03:19:15,900
sulfide from the vent water, 
which is toxic to most organisms

3535
03:19:15,900 --> 03:19:18,100
to produce energy through 
chemosynthesis. 

3536
03:19:18,100 --> 03:19:20,800
And they share that energy with 
the worm. 

3537
03:19:20,800 --> 03:19:24,800
The worm in return provides, the
bacteria with hydrogen, sulfide 

3538
03:19:24,800 --> 03:19:27,800
and oxygen. 
Its photosynthesis without the 

3539
03:19:27,800 --> 03:19:31,300
photo part life powered by 
Earth's internal heat rather 

3540
03:19:31,300 --> 03:19:34,100
than the Sun. 
A white crab scuttles are the 

3541
03:19:34,100 --> 03:19:37,100
tube worms storks picking at the
plumes with its claws. 

3542
03:19:37,100 --> 03:19:39,500
This is a vent crab and its 
blind. 

3543
03:19:39,500 --> 03:19:43,300
Its eyes of regressed to useless
Nubians because there's no light

3544
03:19:43,300 --> 03:19:46,400
down here anywhere and 
maintaining functional eyes 

3545
03:19:46,400 --> 03:19:48,900
costs energy that could be 
better spent elsewhere. 

3546
03:19:49,800 --> 03:19:52,500
But it doesn't need eyes. 
It can sense the chemical 

3547
03:19:52,500 --> 03:19:56,000
gradients in the water finding 
its way toward food sources by 

3548
03:19:56,000 --> 03:19:59,100
chemistry alone. 
The black smoker continues to 

3549
03:19:59,108 --> 03:20:02,900
Billow its dark plume, which is 
actually mineral-rich water 

3550
03:20:02,900 --> 03:20:07,700
precipitating out, iron copper 
zinc and other metals as it hits

3551
03:20:07,700 --> 03:20:11,100
the cold ocean over time. 
This precipitation builds the 

3552
03:20:11,100 --> 03:20:15,200
chimney taller adding layer upon
layer of minerals, some of these

3553
03:20:15,200 --> 03:20:19,100
chimneys grow for decades 
reaching Heights of 60 or 70 

3554
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:21,200
feet before they collapse under 
their own weight. 

3555
03:20:21,200 --> 03:20:25,000
While seal themselves shut with 
mineral deposits, a shrimp 

3556
03:20:25,000 --> 03:20:27,900
swarms around the vent opening, 
thousands of them. 

3557
03:20:27,900 --> 03:20:30,900
So densely packed. 
They look like a living carpet. 

3558
03:20:31,700 --> 03:20:34,000
These are venturing and their 
farming bacteria. 

3559
03:20:34,000 --> 03:20:37,200
They've evolved specialized 
structures on their backs where 

3560
03:20:37,200 --> 03:20:40,700
bacteria grow and the shrimp 
position themselves at, just the

3561
03:20:40,700 --> 03:20:44,200
right distance from the vent. 
Close enough to benefit from the

3562
03:20:44,200 --> 03:20:47,100
chemical Rich water far enough, 
not to cook. 

3563
03:20:47,100 --> 03:20:50,700
They literally stared at the 
edge of boiling harvesting 

3564
03:20:50,700 --> 03:20:54,400
microorganisms that are 
themselves harvesting energy 

3565
03:20:54,400 --> 03:20:58,000
from toxic minerals. 
The temperature, gradients, here

3566
03:20:58,000 --> 03:21:03,600
are extreme the water exiting, 
the vent is over, 600 Degrees 6 

3567
03:21:03,600 --> 03:21:06,500
inches away. 
Its 300 degrees, a foot away, 

3568
03:21:06,500 --> 03:21:10,600
its 100 degrees. 2 feet away. 
Its back to ambient temperature,

3569
03:21:10,600 --> 03:21:14,500
that same 36 degrees, that 
characterizes the rest of the 

3570
03:21:14,500 --> 03:21:18,100
Abyss organisms here have to 
navigate thermal boundaries, 

3571
03:21:18,100 --> 03:21:21,400
that would be instantly lethal 
if crossed positioning 

3572
03:21:21,400 --> 03:21:23,300
themselves with Precision in a 
Zone. 

3573
03:21:23,300 --> 03:21:26,600
That's simultaneously warm 
enough to support chemosynthetic

3574
03:21:26,600 --> 03:21:29,400
bacteria. 
But cool enough, not to denature

3575
03:21:29,400 --> 03:21:33,800
proteins, a giant clams sits 
near the base of the Venture 

3576
03:21:33,800 --> 03:21:36,200
chimney. 
Its shell, easily three feet 

3577
03:21:36,200 --> 03:21:40,700
across Like the tube worms, it 
has no need for a conventional 

3578
03:21:40,700 --> 03:21:44,200
digestive system. 
It's full of chemosynthetic 

3579
03:21:44,200 --> 03:21:47,200
bacteria that do the heavy 
lifting of energy production. 

3580
03:21:47,200 --> 03:21:51,600
The clam just sits there, 
filtering vent, water, providing

3581
03:21:51,600 --> 03:21:55,300
its bacterial partners with 
hydrogen sulfide and collecting 

3582
03:21:55,300 --> 03:21:56,600
the nutrients. 
They produce. 

3583
03:21:57,300 --> 03:22:00,600
It's been sitting in this exact 
spot for potentially 100 years. 

3584
03:22:00,600 --> 03:22:03,800
Growing slowly surrounded by 
toxic chemicals. 

3585
03:22:03,800 --> 03:22:05,900
That would kill most organisms 
within minutes. 

3586
03:22:05,900 --> 03:22:09,600
What's remarkable about these 
vent ecosystems is that they're 

3587
03:22:09,600 --> 03:22:10,900
completely independent of the 
Sun. 

3588
03:22:10,900 --> 03:22:16,300
Every other ecosystem on Earth 
forests, grasslands, coral 

3589
03:22:16,300 --> 03:22:20,400
reefs, even the Deep oceans. 
A Bissell Plains, ultimately 

3590
03:22:20,400 --> 03:22:22,900
depends on photosynthesis 
energy. 

3591
03:22:22,900 --> 03:22:25,800
Enters through plants or 
phytoplankton and then moves up 

3592
03:22:25,800 --> 03:22:29,900
through food chains. 
Here at hydrothermal vents 

3593
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:33,100
energy enters Through Chemistry 
bacteria. 

3594
03:22:33,100 --> 03:22:36,200
Take hydrogen, sulfide and 
produce organic compounds. 

3595
03:22:36,200 --> 03:22:39,500
Those bacteria, become the 
foundation of an entire food 

3596
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:41,900
web. 
This means that if the sun went 

3597
03:22:41,900 --> 03:22:43,800
out tomorrow, which lets be 
clear. 

3598
03:22:43,800 --> 03:22:46,800
It won't, but hypothetically, 
these vent communities. 

3599
03:22:46,800 --> 03:22:50,200
Would be fine. 
They wouldn't even notice their 

3600
03:22:50,200 --> 03:22:53,700
powered by Earth's, internal 
heat by the radioactive decay of

3601
03:22:53,708 --> 03:22:57,600
elements in the mantle, and by 
geological processes that will 

3602
03:22:57,600 --> 03:23:01,400
continue for billions of years. 
After the sun expands into a red

3603
03:23:01,400 --> 03:23:05,100
giant, and consumes the inner 
planets, an octopus appears at 

3604
03:23:05,100 --> 03:23:08,500
the edge of your light's pale 
and ghostly its hunting 

3605
03:23:08,500 --> 03:23:12,900
extending its arms into crevices
between rocks, searching for 

3606
03:23:12,900 --> 03:23:16,200
crabs or shrimp. 
This is one of the few places in

3607
03:23:16,200 --> 03:23:19,200
the deep ocean, where Predators 
can actually find enough food to

3608
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:22,700
justify hunting actively the 
concentration of life. 

3609
03:23:22,700 --> 03:23:26,100
Here is so unusual. 
So, contrary to the sparse 

3610
03:23:26,100 --> 03:23:29,600
distribution of organisms on the
Abyssal plain that it almost 

3611
03:23:29,600 --> 03:23:31,500
feels like you've traveled to a 
different planet. 

3612
03:23:31,500 --> 03:23:35,400
The black smoker pulses, 
slightly not dramatically, just 

3613
03:23:35,400 --> 03:23:37,900
a subtle variation in the plume.
Intensity. 

3614
03:23:37,900 --> 03:23:41,800
This is because the flow isn't 
constant, it varies with 

3615
03:23:41,800 --> 03:23:45,000
pressure changes deep in the 
Earth's crust with the opening 

3616
03:23:45,000 --> 03:23:48,700
and closing of microscopic, 
fissures in the rock below when 

3617
03:23:48,700 --> 03:23:51,400
events flow stops. 
The ecosystem dies. 

3618
03:23:51,400 --> 03:23:55,700
The tube worms are unable to 
move, simply perish, the 

3619
03:23:55,700 --> 03:24:00,300
bacteria, die, the crabs, leave 
Within months, a thriving 

3620
03:24:00,300 --> 03:24:01,900
Community can become a 
graveyard. 

3621
03:24:02,900 --> 03:24:07,000
But new vents are always forming
along the mid-ocean ridges tube 

3622
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:10,500
worm, larvae drift in the 
currents waiting to detect the 

3623
03:24:10,500 --> 03:24:12,800
chemical signature of hydrogen 
sulfide. 

3624
03:24:12,800 --> 03:24:16,300
When they find a new vent, they 
settle and begin building their 

3625
03:24:16,300 --> 03:24:20,500
tubes, within a few years, a new
community establishes itself. 

3626
03:24:20,500 --> 03:24:25,000
The vents are a femoral on 
geological time scales, each one

3627
03:24:25,000 --> 03:24:29,600
might last 20 or 30 years before
it seals shut, But the system as

3628
03:24:29,600 --> 03:24:32,800
a whole persists because there 
are always new vents forming 

3629
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:36,800
somewhere along the 40,000 mile 
long mid-ocean ridge system. 

3630
03:24:36,800 --> 03:24:40,500
A fish swims past that looks 
relatively normal or at least as

3631
03:24:40,500 --> 03:24:43,900
normal as deep sea fish, look, 
but with one striking feature, 

3632
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:47,100
its gills are bright red, almost
fluorescent. 

3633
03:24:47,100 --> 03:24:50,700
This is a vent fish and those 
red gills are packed with 

3634
03:24:50,700 --> 03:24:53,700
hemoglobin that specially 
adapted to handle both the low 

3635
03:24:53,700 --> 03:24:57,500
oxygen of deep water and the 
presence of hydrogen sulfide, 

3636
03:24:57,500 --> 03:25:01,500
which normally interferes with 
oxygen transport in blood, it 

3637
03:25:01,500 --> 03:25:04,200
solved a chemical problem that 
would stump most organisms, 

3638
03:25:04,200 --> 03:25:07,800
allowing it to live in water 
that simultaneously, oxygen, 

3639
03:25:07,800 --> 03:25:11,300
poor and toxin Rich. 
The submersible sensors are 

3640
03:25:11,300 --> 03:25:13,500
recording constantly 
temperature. 

3641
03:25:13,500 --> 03:25:17,300
Chemical composition, pH levels,
and flow rates. 

3642
03:25:17,300 --> 03:25:22,700
The water, here is a citic pH 
around 5 or 6 and loaded with 

3643
03:25:22,700 --> 03:25:25,600
heavy metals by surface 
standards. 

3644
03:25:25,600 --> 03:25:28,300
This is a toxic waste dump by 
the stand. 

3645
03:25:28,500 --> 03:25:32,800
Organisms, it's Paradise. 
A white smoker appears in the 

3646
03:25:32,800 --> 03:25:35,400
distance a related but different
phenomenon. 

3647
03:25:35,400 --> 03:25:38,700
Where black smokers emit Dark, 
mineral-rich Water? 

3648
03:25:38,700 --> 03:25:41,100
White smokers emit 
lighter-colored. 

3649
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:44,700
Fluids that are cooler. 
Only about 200 to 300 degrees. 

3650
03:25:45,500 --> 03:25:47,400
And contain different dissolved 
minerals. 

3651
03:25:47,400 --> 03:25:50,300
They support similar, but 
distinct communities. 

3652
03:25:50,300 --> 03:25:52,300
Different species of tube, 
worms. 

3653
03:25:52,300 --> 03:25:54,400
Different bacteria and different
crabs. 

3654
03:25:54,400 --> 03:25:57,600
Evolution has produced 
Specialists for every 

3655
03:25:57,600 --> 03:26:00,600
conceivable niche. 
In this environment, what 

3656
03:26:00,600 --> 03:26:04,200
scientists find most exciting 
about hydrothermal vents isn't 

3657
03:26:04,200 --> 03:26:08,400
just that life exists here. 
What it implies, if life can 

3658
03:26:08,400 --> 03:26:12,200
thrive in toxic, superheated 
water powered by chemistry 

3659
03:26:12,200 --> 03:26:15,600
rather than sunlight in complete
darkness under crushing 

3660
03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:18,800
pressure. 
Well, it suggests life might be 

3661
03:26:18,800 --> 03:26:21,100
possible in places. 
We'd previously, ridden offers 

3662
03:26:21,100 --> 03:26:25,400
uninhabitable the subsurface 
ocean of Jupiter's moon, Europa 

3663
03:26:25,400 --> 03:26:32,400
maybe the underground water of 
Mars, possibly The concept of a 

3664
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:35,700
habitable zone has expanded. 
Dramatically since hydrothermal 

3665
03:26:35,700 --> 03:26:39,500
vents were discovered in 1977, a
bacterial mat. 

3666
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:42,600
Spread to cross the Rocks near 
the vent, base, white and fuzzy.

3667
03:26:42,600 --> 03:26:45,900
Looking these bacteria are 
probably growing at the fastest 

3668
03:26:45,900 --> 03:26:49,600
rate, any organism, grows in the
deep ocean which is still slow 

3669
03:26:49,600 --> 03:26:53,200
by surface standards but blazing
fast compared to the millimeter 

3670
03:26:53,200 --> 03:26:55,200
per year. 
Growth of most deep sea life. 

3671
03:26:55,200 --> 03:26:59,400
They're converting, hydrogen 
sulfide to energy, reproducing 

3672
03:26:59,400 --> 03:27:03,200
and forming layers of biomass 
that other organisms will graze 

3673
03:27:03,200 --> 03:27:05,700
on. 
The concentration of life. 

3674
03:27:05,700 --> 03:27:09,300
Here is staggering compared to 
the baron Bissell plane on the 

3675
03:27:09,300 --> 03:27:10,600
plane. 
You might see a fish. 

3676
03:27:10,600 --> 03:27:13,900
Every few hours here you can 
count hundreds of all organisms 

3677
03:27:13,900 --> 03:27:15,600
in a single frame of the 
viewport. 

3678
03:27:16,600 --> 03:27:19,600
It's the difference between a 
desert and a 086 between 

3679
03:27:19,600 --> 03:27:23,400
starvation and abundance. 
The submersible begins to pull 

3680
03:27:23,400 --> 03:27:26,700
away from the vent and as it 
does, you watch the community 

3681
03:27:26,700 --> 03:27:30,700
received Into Darkness. 
The bright plume of black smoke.

3682
03:27:30,700 --> 03:27:33,000
A water continues to build up 
wood. 

3683
03:27:33,900 --> 03:27:37,500
Tube worms, wave their red. 
Plumes in the current, the crabs

3684
03:27:37,500 --> 03:27:40,900
continue, their endless 
Scavenging, and somewhere in the

3685
03:27:40,900 --> 03:27:44,500
rock below magma is heating 
water, dissolving minerals, and 

3686
03:27:44,500 --> 03:27:46,200
creating the chemical 
foundation. 

3687
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:50,700
For this entire impossible, 
ecosystem, where black smokers 

3688
03:27:50,700 --> 03:27:53,800
raw with life. 
The Deep Ocean's rules are 

3689
03:27:53,800 --> 03:27:57,700
suspended Food is abundant 
growth is quick. 

3690
03:27:58,600 --> 03:28:01,700
The temperature rises above 
freezing and life. 

3691
03:28:01,700 --> 03:28:06,200
Improbably thrives, your 
submersible has left the 

3692
03:28:06,200 --> 03:28:08,600
hydrothermal vent behind and 
return to the vast. 

3693
03:28:08,600 --> 03:28:12,600
Dark expanse of the open water 
column The depth gauge reads 

3694
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:16,800
11,000 feet. 
The temperature is back to 36 

3695
03:28:16,800 --> 03:28:19,600
degrees, the pressure is a snore
Miss. 

3696
03:28:19,600 --> 03:28:22,600
And now, for the first time, 
since you pass through the 

3697
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:26,900
Twilight Zone hours ago, you're 
about to see light real light 

3698
03:28:26,900 --> 03:28:30,800
produced by living organisms, 
for purposes, that would make a 

3699
03:28:30,800 --> 03:28:34,900
Communications engineer envious.
First flash is so brief. 

3700
03:28:34,900 --> 03:28:38,300
You almost miss it. 
A blue green spark about 50 feet

3701
03:28:38,300 --> 03:28:40,600
away. 
Lasting may be a 10th of a 

3702
03:28:40,600 --> 03:28:43,500
second, then another then three 
more in quick. 

3703
03:28:43,500 --> 03:28:49,000
Succession forming a pattern. 
Dot dot, dot dash dash dash, dot

3704
03:28:49,000 --> 03:28:53,200
dot, you're not receiving a 
morse code socks, but you are 

3705
03:28:53,200 --> 03:28:55,800
witnessing one of the most 
sophisticated communication 

3706
03:28:55,800 --> 03:28:58,600
systems in nature 
bioluminescence. 

3707
03:28:59,800 --> 03:29:04,100
Down here where sunlight never 
reaches, roughly 90% of 

3708
03:29:04,100 --> 03:29:06,000
organisms produce their own 
light. 

3709
03:29:06,000 --> 03:29:10,300
Not weak, light not ambiguous 
glows, but actual photons 

3710
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:12,000
generated through chemical 
reactions. 

3711
03:29:12,000 --> 03:29:16,100
Usually involving a molecule 
called luciferin reacting with 

3712
03:29:16,100 --> 03:29:18,600
an enzyme called luciferous the 
name. 

3713
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:22,400
Sound like they came from a 
fantasy novel luciferin 

3714
03:29:22,400 --> 03:29:26,300
literally light bringing named 
after Lucifer, the light bearer.

3715
03:29:27,300 --> 03:29:30,800
Scientists in the 19th century. 
Had a flair for dramatic naming,

3716
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:34,200
a jellyfish, drifts passed your 
viewport and as it does it 

3717
03:29:34,200 --> 03:29:38,100
pulses with light. 
Not bright light more like the 

3718
03:29:38,100 --> 03:29:41,800
glow of a watch dial, but enough
to illuminate, its Bell and 

3719
03:29:41,800 --> 03:29:45,600
trailing tentacles in a ghostly 
blue green, the color isn't 

3720
03:29:45,600 --> 03:29:47,900
random. 
Blue green light with 

3721
03:29:47,900 --> 03:29:52,000
wavelengths around 470, 
nanometers travels farthest 

3722
03:29:52,000 --> 03:29:55,200
through sea water. 
Red light is absorbed within 

3723
03:29:55,200 --> 03:29:58,600
feet of the source. 
But Bluegreen can travel dozens 

3724
03:29:58,600 --> 03:30:00,700
of yards before being scattered 
or absorbed. 

3725
03:30:00,700 --> 03:30:04,200
So evolution is tuned. 
Most bioluminescence to this 

3726
03:30:04,200 --> 03:30:07,800
narrow band of the spectrum, the
color that actually works in 

3727
03:30:07,800 --> 03:30:10,100
this environment. 
Another flash. 

3728
03:30:10,100 --> 03:30:12,400
This one from something small 
and fast. 

3729
03:30:12,400 --> 03:30:15,100
Moving is Zips. 
Across your field of view, 

3730
03:30:15,100 --> 03:30:18,600
leaving a trailer of light. 
Aluminous contrail in the 

3731
03:30:18,600 --> 03:30:21,500
Blackwater, This might be a coat
pod. 

3732
03:30:21,500 --> 03:30:25,500
One of the tiny Crustaceans that
form the base of the oceans food

3733
03:30:25,500 --> 03:30:30,000
web and down here, when 
threatened many coats release, a

3734
03:30:30,000 --> 03:30:33,600
burst of bioluminescent 
chemicals, creating a flash that

3735
03:30:33,600 --> 03:30:36,900
starts Predators or more 
cleverly illuminates, the 

3736
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:40,000
Predator making it visible to 
its own predators. 

3737
03:30:40,700 --> 03:30:45,000
Its biological misdirection. 
I might be eaten, but you're 

3738
03:30:45,000 --> 03:30:48,400
definitely being seen. 
A lantern fish appears in your 

3739
03:30:48,400 --> 03:30:50,700
lights. 
One of the most common fish in 

3740
03:30:50,700 --> 03:30:52,700
the ocean. 
The most people have never heard

3741
03:30:52,700 --> 03:30:55,700
of them because they live in the
mess of page Zone and only 

3742
03:30:55,700 --> 03:30:58,700
mention of the surface. 
At night, its side to covered 

3743
03:30:58,700 --> 03:31:02,600
with photo Force, specialized 
light producing, organs arranged

3744
03:31:02,600 --> 03:31:05,700
in precise patterns. 
Each species has a different 

3745
03:31:05,700 --> 03:31:08,100
pattern, like a barcode made of 
light. 

3746
03:31:08,100 --> 03:31:11,600
This is how lantern fish 
recognized their own species in 

3747
03:31:11,600 --> 03:31:16,000
the dark by reading each other's
light patterns the lantern fish 

3748
03:31:16,000 --> 03:31:20,400
swims beneath your submersible 
and as it does its ventral photo

3749
03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:24,300
Force glow, softly, this is 
called counter illumination. 

3750
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:28,500
Fish matches the faint 
downwelling light from above 

3751
03:31:28,500 --> 03:31:31,200
making itself, invisible to 
Predators. 

3752
03:31:31,200 --> 03:31:34,300
Looking up from below it. 
Active camouflage, using 

3753
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:38,400
bioluminescence a biological 
version of what stealth aircraft

3754
03:31:38,400 --> 03:31:40,900
do with radar. 
The fish isn't trying to be 

3755
03:31:40,900 --> 03:31:43,300
bright. 
It's trying to be precisely as 

3756
03:31:43,300 --> 03:31:47,200
bright as the background, which 
is much harder a dragon fish 

3757
03:31:47,200 --> 03:31:50,400
materializes from the darkness 
and it's carrying its own 

3758
03:31:50,400 --> 03:31:53,300
spotlight. 
Beneath its eye is a photo for 

3759
03:31:53,300 --> 03:31:55,200
that. 
Emits red light which is 

3760
03:31:55,200 --> 03:31:59,200
extremely unusual in the deep 
ocean most organisms can't see 

3761
03:31:59,200 --> 03:32:02,300
red light at this depth. 
They lack the necessary photo 

3762
03:32:02,300 --> 03:32:06,700
receptors, but dragon fish can 
they've evolved the ability to 

3763
03:32:06,700 --> 03:32:09,800
see red and they've evolved the 
ability to produce it. 

3764
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:13,400
This gives them a private 
channel of communication and 

3765
03:32:13,400 --> 03:32:17,300
more importantly, a hunting 
tool, they can illuminate prey 

3766
03:32:17,300 --> 03:32:19,500
without the prey knowing their 
being illuminated. 

3767
03:32:19,500 --> 03:32:22,500
It's like having night vision 
goggles in a world where 

3768
03:32:22,500 --> 03:32:26,300
everyone else is blind. 
The dragon Fishers light sweeps 

3769
03:32:26,300 --> 03:32:29,300
across the water, like a search.
Like, and for a moment, you see 

3770
03:32:29,300 --> 03:32:33,700
several small Crustaceans Frozen
in its beam illuminated in 

3771
03:32:33,700 --> 03:32:35,100
wavelengths. 
They can't detect. 

3772
03:32:36,000 --> 03:32:37,500
They have no idea they've been 
spotted. 

3773
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:41,300
Then the dragon fish strike's 
inhaling one of them and 

3774
03:32:41,300 --> 03:32:42,900
disappears back into the 
darkness. 

3775
03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:48,300
Fauna 4 drifts passed. 
Colonial organism that looks 

3776
03:32:48,300 --> 03:32:52,600
like a long stringy jellyfish. 
The entire length of, it may be 

3777
03:32:52,608 --> 03:32:57,400
30 feet is decorated with tiny. 
Bioluminescent, light's making 

3778
03:32:57,400 --> 03:32:59,200
it look like an underwater 
Christmas tree. 

3779
03:32:59,200 --> 03:33:03,400
These lights serve multiple 
purposes, attracting prey 

3780
03:33:03,400 --> 03:33:07,800
startling predators and maybe 
communicating with others. 

3781
03:33:08,900 --> 03:33:12,800
The Colony pulses its lights in 
waves creating patterns that 

3782
03:33:12,800 --> 03:33:15,800
Ripple along its length. 
You're watching a light show 

3783
03:33:15,800 --> 03:33:18,500
designed by Evolution for an 
audience of Hungry Fish. 

3784
03:33:18,500 --> 03:33:21,600
Your submersibles external light
switch off. 

3785
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:24,900
The crew wants to observe 
bioluminescence without 

3786
03:33:24,900 --> 03:33:28,300
interference for a moment during
complete darkness. 

3787
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:32,300
Kind of Darkness, that makes you
understand what absence of light

3788
03:33:32,300 --> 03:33:36,100
really means. 
And then slowly you start to see

3789
03:33:36,100 --> 03:33:41,700
them flashes glows, pulses. 
The water around, you is alive 

3790
03:33:41,700 --> 03:33:45,100
with light, a squid, produces a 
burst of luminous Inc. 

3791
03:33:45,900 --> 03:33:49,500
Not blacking like its surface 
relatives use, but glowing ink. 

3792
03:33:50,600 --> 03:33:54,700
Cloud of light, hangs in the 
water roughly squid shaped while

3793
03:33:54,700 --> 03:33:57,100
the squid itself jets away into 
the darkness. 

3794
03:33:58,000 --> 03:34:01,200
The Predator that was pursuing 
it lunges at the glowing decoy, 

3795
03:34:01,200 --> 03:34:05,100
giving the squid precious 
seconds to escape its by logical

3796
03:34:05,100 --> 03:34:07,200
sleight of hand. 
I'm over here. 

3797
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:09,800
No. 
Wait, I'm over there. 

3798
03:34:09,800 --> 03:34:12,500
Actually, I'm nowhere near 
either of those locations. 

3799
03:34:13,700 --> 03:34:16,400
Fish swims past with photophores
and its mouth. 

3800
03:34:16,400 --> 03:34:20,200
When it opens its jaws, the 
inside glows, creating a 

3801
03:34:20,208 --> 03:34:23,300
luminous cave that small prey 
might mistake for shelter. 

3802
03:34:23,300 --> 03:34:26,800
They swim toward the light, 
seeking safety and find teeth 

3803
03:34:26,800 --> 03:34:31,900
instead, It's the anglerfish 
strategy refined of a lure 

3804
03:34:31,900 --> 03:34:35,300
dangling in front the entire 
mouth becomes the Trap the 

3805
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:39,100
bioluminescence down here serves
so many purposes that scientists

3806
03:34:39,100 --> 03:34:43,400
are still cataloging them. 
Defense startle, Predators 

3807
03:34:43,400 --> 03:34:47,200
illuminate them for their 
predators or create decoys 

3808
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:52,100
hunting lure, prey illuminate, 
prey invisibly if you have read 

3809
03:34:52,100 --> 03:34:55,500
light or create hunting 
Partnerships by signaling to 

3810
03:34:55,500 --> 03:35:00,900
others, Communication, species 
recognition, mate, attraction 

3811
03:35:00,900 --> 03:35:04,100
and territorial displays 
camouflage. 

3812
03:35:05,000 --> 03:35:07,900
Counter illumination to 
disappear against downwelling 

3813
03:35:07,900 --> 03:35:12,000
light, a jellyfish passes by 
that looks unremarkable, until 

3814
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:16,100
something bumps into it. 
Then it explodes with light. 

3815
03:35:17,000 --> 03:35:20,300
Bright pulsing ring rings. 
That radiate out from the point 

3816
03:35:20,300 --> 03:35:23,300
of contact, this is a burglar 
alarmed display. 

3817
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:26,700
The jellyfish is trying to 
attract attention to whatever 

3818
03:35:26,700 --> 03:35:29,600
just touched it. 
Hoping that attention comes in 

3819
03:35:29,600 --> 03:35:32,800
the form of a predator that will
eat the thing that bumped into 

3820
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:35,200
it. 
It's desperate loud. 

3821
03:35:35,200 --> 03:35:38,600
And surprisingly affective. 
Many fish will immediately 

3822
03:35:38,600 --> 03:35:41,400
Retreat from anything that 
suddenly lights up like a police

3823
03:35:41,400 --> 03:35:43,400
car. 
Some of the light patterns 

3824
03:35:43,400 --> 03:35:46,300
you're seeing aren't random 
flashes but coded signals 

3825
03:35:46,300 --> 03:35:50,300
certain species of squid produce
specific patterns when they're 

3826
03:35:50,300 --> 03:35:53,700
looking for mates. 
Particular sequences of flashes 

3827
03:35:53,700 --> 03:35:55,500
that translate roughly to, I'm 
available. 

3828
03:35:55,500 --> 03:35:58,600
I'm the right species and I'm in
breeding condition. 

3829
03:35:59,600 --> 03:36:02,500
Other squid produce different 
patterns that mean, this 

3830
03:36:02,500 --> 03:36:06,400
territory is occupied, or I'm 
too large to be worth attacking.

3831
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:11,400
A flashlight fish appears. 
Yes that's its actual name with 

3832
03:36:11,400 --> 03:36:14,800
large photo Force beneath its 
eyes that it can cover with. 

3833
03:36:14,800 --> 03:36:19,300
Specialized flaps of skin, 
creating a control of signal. 

3834
03:36:19,300 --> 03:36:25,300
It flashes in patterns three, 
quick, pause two quick pause, 

3835
03:36:25,300 --> 03:36:29,000
one long. 
Other flash light fish respond 

3836
03:36:29,000 --> 03:36:31,700
with their own patterns. 
You're watching a conversation 

3837
03:36:31,700 --> 03:36:35,600
conducted entirely in blinks a 
discussion of whatever matters 

3838
03:36:35,600 --> 03:36:40,100
to flash like Fish Feeding 
spots, mating of availability 

3839
03:36:40,100 --> 03:36:44,500
local Predators, the content 
doesn't matter as much as the 

3840
03:36:44,500 --> 03:36:48,100
fact that it's happening. 
Social communication using light

3841
03:36:48,100 --> 03:36:51,600
in a place where light was 
supposed to be impossible, the 

3842
03:36:51,600 --> 03:36:54,600
submersible's lights come back 
on and the bioluminescence 

3843
03:36:54,600 --> 03:36:58,000
vanishes washed out by the 
bright artificial illumination. 

3844
03:36:58,000 --> 03:37:01,400
It's a reminder that what you're
seeing was actually quite dim. 

3845
03:37:02,200 --> 03:37:06,000
Photons produced One reaction at
a time efficient but not 

3846
03:37:06,000 --> 03:37:09,600
powerful. 
Typical bioluminescent organism 

3847
03:37:09,600 --> 03:37:12,400
produces about as much light as 
a single LED. 

3848
03:37:12,400 --> 03:37:16,400
It seems brighter in absolute 
Darkness but it's nowhere near 

3849
03:37:16,400 --> 03:37:18,600
the intensity of sunlight or 
even a flashlight. 

3850
03:37:19,800 --> 03:37:23,700
An anglerfish swim slowly passed
and its lure is glowing. 

3851
03:37:23,700 --> 03:37:27,900
Again, that famous dangling 
appendage with bioluminescent 

3852
03:37:27,900 --> 03:37:31,500
bacteria, living inside it, the 
bacteria glow continuously. 

3853
03:37:31,500 --> 03:37:34,800
And the angle of fish controls, 
whether the light is visible by 

3854
03:37:34,800 --> 03:37:37,900
covering or uncovering, the 
organ with specialized pigment 

3855
03:37:37,900 --> 03:37:40,800
cells. 
It's an on-off switch control by

3856
03:37:40,800 --> 03:37:44,900
chromatophores, the same cells 
that squid and octopuses used to

3857
03:37:44,900 --> 03:37:48,000
change color. 
By biology as repurposed, the 

3858
03:37:48,000 --> 03:37:50,600
same tools for completely 
different applications. 

3859
03:37:51,400 --> 03:37:55,100
The depth gauge. 
Now, reads 12,000 feet your 

3860
03:37:55,100 --> 03:37:57,100
approaching. 
The deepest zones, most of 

3861
03:37:57,100 --> 03:38:01,200
merciful, can reach the hadal 
Zone named after Hades. 

3862
03:38:01,200 --> 03:38:05,000
And even here in what should be 
a realm of absolute Darkness? 

3863
03:38:05,000 --> 03:38:09,500
Life carries, its own light, not
as Defiance, not as celebration,

3864
03:38:09,500 --> 03:38:14,800
but as a tool, a way to survive,
communicate hunt and reproduce 

3865
03:38:14,800 --> 03:38:16,900
in a place where survival seems 
impossible. 

3866
03:38:17,700 --> 03:38:20,800
The light that carries messages 
isn't trying to illuminate the 

3867
03:38:20,800 --> 03:38:23,000
darkness. 
It's just trying to say 

3868
03:38:23,000 --> 03:38:26,700
something one flash at a time. 
I'm here, I'm hungry, I'm 

3869
03:38:26,700 --> 03:38:31,600
available, I'm dangerous, I'm 
food, stay away, come closer, 

3870
03:38:31,600 --> 03:38:35,700
simple messages, really, but 
delivered with photons and of 

3871
03:38:35,700 --> 03:38:38,500
sound with chemistry instead of 
electricity. 

3872
03:38:38,500 --> 03:38:41,900
And with Elegance, that makes 
human Communication System. 

3873
03:38:41,900 --> 03:38:45,200
Seemed almost crude the 
chronometer on your instrument 

3874
03:38:45,200 --> 03:38:48,100
panel indicates, you've been 
descending and exploring for six

3875
03:38:48,100 --> 03:38:51,600
hours, but down here at 13,000 
feet. 

3876
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:56,200
You could be told it's been six 
minutes or six days and you'd 

3877
03:38:56,200 --> 03:38:59,700
have no way to verify it time 
works differently when nothing 

3878
03:38:59,700 --> 03:39:04,400
around you indicates its passage
no Sunrise, no Sunset, no 

3879
03:39:04,400 --> 03:39:07,300
temperature changes, no seasons 
and no Tides. 

3880
03:39:07,300 --> 03:39:09,900
Strong enough to notice. 
Just the Eternal. 

3881
03:39:09,900 --> 03:39:13,900
Now stretching in all 
directions, a bristle worm 

3882
03:39:13,900 --> 03:39:15,600
crawls across the sediment 
beneath you. 

3883
03:39:15,600 --> 03:39:19,300
And based on the growth rings in
segments, scientists estimate. 

3884
03:39:19,300 --> 03:39:22,400
This individual is somewhere 
between 40 and 60 years old, 

3885
03:39:22,400 --> 03:39:26,200
it's been alive since the 
Kennedy administration possibly 

3886
03:39:26,200 --> 03:39:30,100
moving at roughly the speed of 
tectonic, plates, eating 

3887
03:39:30,100 --> 03:39:32,500
settlement and processing 
nutrients. 

3888
03:39:32,500 --> 03:39:36,100
So slowly that its metabolism is
barely distinguishable from 

3889
03:39:36,100 --> 03:39:38,700
geology. 
Time in the deep ocean is not 

3890
03:39:38,700 --> 03:39:42,400
measured in days or weeks, but 
in decades and centuries that 

3891
03:39:42,400 --> 03:39:45,100
CQ. 
But you saw earlier, Based on 

3892
03:39:45,108 --> 03:39:47,200
growth rate studies, it might be
100 years old. 

3893
03:39:47,200 --> 03:39:50,500
The tube worms at the 
hydrothermal vent can live for 

3894
03:39:50,500 --> 03:39:54,900
250 years adding microscopic 
amounts to their length each 

3895
03:39:54,900 --> 03:39:57,400
year. 
So patient, they make tortoises 

3896
03:39:57,400 --> 03:39:59,700
look. 
Impulsive Grenadier. 

3897
03:39:59,700 --> 03:40:02,200
Fish hovers near the seafloor. 
Essentially doing nothing. 

3898
03:40:03,100 --> 03:40:06,200
It's been doing nothing for the 
past three days, not because 

3899
03:40:06,200 --> 03:40:09,900
it's lazy but because with a 
metabolic rate, this low doing 

3900
03:40:09,900 --> 03:40:13,600
nothing is its default State. 
Who will wait here until 

3901
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:15,300
something edible comes within 
range? 

3902
03:40:15,300 --> 03:40:17,100
Then it will strike with 
movement. 

3903
03:40:17,100 --> 03:40:19,900
So slow, you could probably 
dodged it if you were paying 

3904
03:40:19,908 --> 03:40:23,100
attention, the strike will 
consume more calories than the 

3905
03:40:23,100 --> 03:40:26,500
fish is burned in the past week,
which is why it won't attempt to

3906
03:40:26,500 --> 03:40:28,300
another one. 
Unless success seems very 

3907
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:31,700
probable, you'll submersible, 
settles onto the sea floor, with

3908
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:35,200
a gentle bump stirring up a 
small cloud of sediment that 

3909
03:40:35,200 --> 03:40:38,800
takes several minutes to settle 
at the surface Disturbed, 

3910
03:40:38,800 --> 03:40:42,400
settlement would resettle in 
second, maybe a minute at the 

3911
03:40:42,400 --> 03:40:46,600
most down here in cold, discus, 
water the particles drifted 

3912
03:40:46,600 --> 03:40:48,400
downward. 
With the enthusiasm of a 

3913
03:40:48,408 --> 03:40:53,000
teenager asked to chores, There 
in no, hurry, there's no current

3914
03:40:53,000 --> 03:40:57,300
to speak of no disturbance and 
no reason for haste the 

3915
03:40:57,300 --> 03:41:00,600
settlement Cloud, finally 
settles, and you can see the 

3916
03:41:00,600 --> 03:41:05,500
surface clearly again, uniform 
undisturbed mud, extending in 

3917
03:41:05,500 --> 03:41:08,500
every direction. 
The layer of sediment. 

3918
03:41:08,500 --> 03:41:11,700
You just Disturbed was probably 
deposited over the course of 

3919
03:41:11,708 --> 03:41:15,800
several thousand years. 
The layer beneath it another 

3920
03:41:15,800 --> 03:41:19,000
several thousand years. 
You can call down through the 

3921
03:41:19,000 --> 03:41:22,300
mud here and read Earth's 
history like a very boring book.

3922
03:41:22,300 --> 03:41:25,100
Each centimeter representing a 
millennium. 

3923
03:41:25,100 --> 03:41:30,200
Each meter representing a 
geological age, a c-pen rises 

3924
03:41:30,200 --> 03:41:33,200
from the sediment, a colonial 
organism that looks like an 

3925
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:36,500
old-fashioned quill pen, which 
is exactly where it got its 

3926
03:41:36,500 --> 03:41:38,700
name. 
This individual is about two 

3927
03:41:38,700 --> 03:41:41,400
feet tall. 
Swaying, almost imperceptibly, 

3928
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:43,900
incurance too weak to register 
on your instruments. 

3929
03:41:43,900 --> 03:41:48,500
Its filter feeding extending 
polyps to catch whatever organic

3930
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:51,600
particles drift passed based on 
its size. 

3931
03:41:51,600 --> 03:41:55,400
This sea pen is, probably at 
least 200 years old, it was here

3932
03:41:55,400 --> 03:41:58,800
before the American Revolution. 
It will be here long after your 

3933
03:41:58,800 --> 03:42:02,600
great-grandchildren a dust. 
Slow pace of life down here. 

3934
03:42:02,600 --> 03:42:05,600
Isn't a disadvantage. 
It's an adaptation. 

3935
03:42:06,400 --> 03:42:09,300
In an environment with minimal 
food, limited, temperature, 

3936
03:42:09,300 --> 03:42:13,000
variation, and few Predators. 
There's no evolutionary pressure

3937
03:42:13,000 --> 03:42:15,000
to move fast or reproduce 
quickly. 

3938
03:42:15,000 --> 03:42:18,200
The organisms that thrive. 
Here are the ones that learn to 

3939
03:42:18,200 --> 03:42:22,300
run their biology on minimal 
energy to live slowly and to 

3940
03:42:22,300 --> 03:42:24,800
wait. 
They're the biological 

3941
03:42:24,800 --> 03:42:28,700
equivalent of high efficiency, 
Vehicles optimized, not for 

3942
03:42:28,700 --> 03:42:30,800
Speed. 
But for distance per calorie. 

3943
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:35,200
A tripod fish remains in, its 
characteristic stance elevated 

3944
03:42:35,200 --> 03:42:39,200
on elongated fin Rays facing 
into the imperceptible current. 

3945
03:42:39,200 --> 03:42:42,800
It's been in this exact position
for, at least the past week, 

3946
03:42:42,800 --> 03:42:46,100
based on the undisturbed 
sediment around its feet. 

3947
03:42:46,100 --> 03:42:49,600
It will probably remain here for
another week and the week after 

3948
03:42:49,600 --> 03:42:54,100
that moving cost energy standing
still and waiting for food to 

3949
03:42:54,100 --> 03:42:55,700
come to you costs almost 
nothing. 

3950
03:42:56,600 --> 03:43:00,800
In the deep ocean is measured by
growth rings in fishier Bones by

3951
03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:03,200
radioactive decay in sediment 
layers. 

3952
03:43:03,200 --> 03:43:05,800
And by the slow accumulation of 
marine. 

3953
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:10,400
Snow the glass sponge nearby 
might be 500 years old older 

3954
03:43:10,400 --> 03:43:13,400
than the founding of Saint 
Petersburg older than the Taj 

3955
03:43:13,400 --> 03:43:15,700
Mahal. 
It's been sitting on the spot 

3956
03:43:15,700 --> 03:43:18,100
filtering water since the Ming 
Dynasty. 

3957
03:43:18,100 --> 03:43:22,000
If it could speak it would tell 
you that changes, something that

3958
03:43:22,000 --> 03:43:24,100
happens to other people in other
places. 

3959
03:43:24,100 --> 03:43:28,100
Your submersible sampling arm 
extends and collects a core of 

3960
03:43:28,108 --> 03:43:31,700
sediment. 
Chups two feet long, containing 

3961
03:43:31,700 --> 03:43:34,600
mud that represents roughly 2 
million years of deposition. 

3962
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:38,500
The bottom of this core is from 
the place to scene from a time. 

3963
03:43:38,500 --> 03:43:41,200
When mastered ones, walk the 
earth and humans were just 

3964
03:43:41,200 --> 03:43:44,200
figuring out fire. 
The top player was deposited 

3965
03:43:44,200 --> 03:43:47,700
last Tuesday, or may be last 
month at this rate of 

3966
03:43:47,708 --> 03:43:49,900
accumulation. 
The distinction is meaningless. 

3967
03:43:51,100 --> 03:43:54,700
Crinoids its attached to a rock 
and Aquino Derm. 

3968
03:43:54,700 --> 03:43:56,500
That looks like a flower made of
arms. 

3969
03:43:56,500 --> 03:44:00,300
Crinoids are sometimes called 
living fossils, though, that 

3970
03:44:00,300 --> 03:44:03,100
term is somewhat misleading 
because all organisms are 

3971
03:44:03,100 --> 03:44:05,700
equally evolved. 
Having had the same amount of 

3972
03:44:05,700 --> 03:44:09,200
time to adapt their environments
but crinoids do look. 

3973
03:44:09,200 --> 03:44:12,900
Remarkably similar to their 
ancestors from 300 million years

3974
03:44:12,900 --> 03:44:15,900
ago which suggests that their 
body plan works. 

3975
03:44:15,900 --> 03:44:19,100
Well enough that there's been no
pressure to change it if it's 

3976
03:44:19,100 --> 03:44:23,300
not broken, don't fix it. 
Even if not fixing it means 

3977
03:44:23,300 --> 03:44:25,200
staying the same for geological 
errors. 

3978
03:44:26,000 --> 03:44:28,700
The slow time of the deep ocean 
means that recovery from 

3979
03:44:28,700 --> 03:44:31,000
disturbance takes decades or 
centuries. 

3980
03:44:31,000 --> 03:44:34,800
If a submarine scrapes across 
the sea floor, the tracks can 

3981
03:44:34,800 --> 03:44:39,300
remain visible for 50 years. 
If deep sea mining were to occur

3982
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:43,100
the Disturbed areas, wouldn't 
recover in any human meaningful 

3983
03:44:43,100 --> 03:44:45,700
time frame. 
The organisms here have adapted 

3984
03:44:45,700 --> 03:44:48,500
to stability to an environment 
that changes. 

3985
03:44:48,500 --> 03:44:53,000
So slowly that they can afford 
to grow slowly reproduce, slowly

3986
03:44:53,000 --> 03:44:57,200
and recover slowly. 
Rapid change is something their 

3987
03:44:57,200 --> 03:45:01,000
biology simply isn't equipped to
handle a sea spider walks. 

3988
03:45:01,000 --> 03:45:04,100
Across the settlement, not 
actually a spider, but a 

3989
03:45:04,100 --> 03:45:07,700
pecking, a gonad Creatures so 
weird that scientists had to 

3990
03:45:07,700 --> 03:45:11,400
give it its own taxonomic class.
This particular specimen is 

3991
03:45:11,400 --> 03:45:14,800
about the size of your hand. 
Moving with the deliberation of 

3992
03:45:14,808 --> 03:45:18,000
something, that understands it 
has all day and all night, and 

3993
03:45:18,000 --> 03:45:19,600
all year to get wherever it's 
going. 

3994
03:45:20,400 --> 03:45:24,000
Its legs probe, the mud 
searching for small worms or 

3995
03:45:24,000 --> 03:45:28,100
hydroids when it finds, one it 
will feed for hours, possibly 

3996
03:45:28,100 --> 03:45:30,300
days. 
Extracting nutrients. 

3997
03:45:30,300 --> 03:45:33,400
With the enthusiasm of someone 
reading terms and conditions, 

3998
03:45:33,400 --> 03:45:37,400
the concept of circadian, 
rhythms, the 24-hour biological 

3999
03:45:37,400 --> 03:45:39,500
cycles that govern most surface 
life. 

4000
03:45:39,500 --> 03:45:43,700
Barely exists down here. 
There's no daylight cycle to 

4001
03:45:43,700 --> 03:45:47,500
synchronize to no reason for an 
organism to be more active at 

4002
03:45:47,500 --> 03:45:50,900
one time than another. 
Some deep sea fish show activity

4003
03:45:50,900 --> 03:45:53,900
patterns that correspond to the 
vertical migration of prey from 

4004
03:45:53,900 --> 03:45:59,100
above Peaks of activity every 12
or 24 hours, but many show, no 

4005
03:45:59,100 --> 03:46:01,700
Cycles at all. 
They feed when they encounter 

4006
03:46:01,700 --> 03:46:05,300
food rest, when they don't and 
ignore the passage of time 

4007
03:46:05,300 --> 03:46:08,600
entirely. 
Your instruments detect a slight

4008
03:46:08,600 --> 03:46:10,100
current. 
Water. 

4009
03:46:10,100 --> 03:46:13,500
Moving at approximately, one 
centimeter per second or about 

4010
03:46:13,500 --> 03:46:16,600
two feet per minute. 
This is what passes for strong 

4011
03:46:16,600 --> 03:46:20,200
flow in the deep ocean. 
Land, you wouldn't even feel 

4012
03:46:20,200 --> 03:46:23,000
this, it wouldn't roughly a hair
or cool, your skin. 

4013
03:46:23,000 --> 03:46:26,800
But down here, it's sufficient 
to influence where organisms 

4014
03:46:26,800 --> 03:46:30,500
settle, which direction they 
faced and how they position 

4015
03:46:30,500 --> 03:46:32,800
themselves to maximize food 
capture. 

4016
03:46:32,800 --> 03:46:36,500
A bacterial Colony, grows on a 
piece of Driftwood that somehow 

4017
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:39,300
made it down here. 
Probably sank off to being 

4018
03:46:39,300 --> 03:46:41,100
waterlogged for months at the 
surface. 

4019
03:46:41,100 --> 03:46:45,200
The wood is being slowly 
consumed by bacteria and 

4020
03:46:45,300 --> 03:46:47,600
Specialized wood boring by 
valve's. 

4021
03:46:47,600 --> 03:46:52,100
This process will take decades. 
Similar piece of wood on land 

4022
03:46:52,100 --> 03:46:55,700
would be decomposed within 
years, maybe months in a humid 

4023
03:46:55,700 --> 03:46:58,700
environment. 
But down here in cold water, 

4024
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:01,000
with limited oxygen and sparse 
bacterial. 

4025
03:47:01,000 --> 03:47:05,000
Populations decomposition 
happens at geological speeds. 

4026
03:47:05,700 --> 03:47:09,300
The slow time has stranger 
effect on Evolution with 

4027
03:47:09,300 --> 03:47:12,400
generation times, measured in 
decades, rather than years. 

4028
03:47:12,400 --> 03:47:16,200
And population sizes, often 
small due to food scarcity, 

4029
03:47:16,200 --> 03:47:21,100
genetic changes take longer to 
spread through population's, but

4030
03:47:21,100 --> 03:47:24,700
there's no less competition, 
fewer environmental changes to 

4031
03:47:24,700 --> 03:47:27,600
adapt to and therefore less 
selective pressure. 

4032
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:32,000
Evolution here happens in slow 
motion, which is fitting for 

4033
03:47:32,008 --> 03:47:34,500
organisms that do everything in 
slow motion. 

4034
03:47:35,100 --> 03:47:39,100
Cuscal swims past one of the 
deepest dwelling fish ever 

4035
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:42,600
recorded, found at depths 
exceeding 27,000 feet. 

4036
03:47:43,500 --> 03:47:45,700
It moves through the water with 
minimal effort. 

4037
03:47:45,700 --> 03:47:50,000
Its body undulating slowly time 
for this fish is measured 

4038
03:47:50,000 --> 03:47:51,500
differently than for surface 
fish. 

4039
03:47:52,300 --> 03:47:55,200
Where a tuner might burn through
its energy reserves in hours of 

4040
03:47:55,200 --> 03:47:59,000
high-speed swimming. 
This Cascade can go weaks on a 

4041
03:47:59,000 --> 03:48:01,400
single small meal. 
It's playing a completely 

4042
03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:05,000
different game one where 
patients isn't a virtue but a 

4043
03:48:05,000 --> 03:48:08,000
survival requirement. 
The submersible's clock 

4044
03:48:08,000 --> 03:48:11,100
indicates, you've been on the 
bottom for 90 minutes, but it 

4045
03:48:11,100 --> 03:48:14,100
feels both longer and shorter 
than that longer. 

4046
03:48:14,100 --> 03:48:18,200
Because so little has happened. 
No dramatic events, no sudden 

4047
03:48:18,200 --> 03:48:22,300
movements, no changes in the 
environment shorter because the 

4048
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:24,800
unchanging nature of your 
surroundings makes time feel 

4049
03:48:24,800 --> 03:48:28,600
compressed as if you just 
arrived, it's already time to 

4050
03:48:28,600 --> 03:48:31,000
leave. 
This is time at the bottom of 

4051
03:48:31,000 --> 03:48:33,700
the world. 
Not linear not urgent. 

4052
03:48:33,700 --> 03:48:37,000
Not bound by the rotations and 
revolution's that governs 

4053
03:48:37,000 --> 03:48:40,800
surface life just the slow 
accumulation of moments and to 

4054
03:48:40,800 --> 03:48:43,000
ours. 
In today's into decades into 

4055
03:48:43,000 --> 03:48:47,600
centuries, each one identical to
the last each one like to be 

4056
03:48:47,600 --> 03:48:50,600
identical to the next. 
Time down here. 

4057
03:48:50,600 --> 03:48:54,700
Doesn't pass it. 
Accumulates your submersible is 

4058
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:58,200
ascending now. 
Rising slowly through water that

4059
03:48:58,200 --> 03:49:03,300
humans have visited perhaps 20 
times in all of history. 20 

4060
03:49:03,300 --> 03:49:05,800
visits to a realm that covers 
more than half. 

4061
03:49:05,800 --> 03:49:09,800
The planet's surface, we've sent
more missions to the Moon. 12 

4062
03:49:09,800 --> 03:49:13,600
Apollo Landings alone than to 
the deepest parts of the ocean. 

4063
03:49:14,600 --> 03:49:17,100
We have better maps of Mars than
of the sea floor. 

4064
03:49:17,100 --> 03:49:20,000
There are more people who've 
walked in space than have been 

4065
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:23,000
to the hadal Zone. 
This fact should bother you more

4066
03:49:23,000 --> 03:49:26,000
than it does. 
We've designated ourselves, the 

4067
03:49:26,000 --> 03:49:29,400
dominant species on Earth, the 
only ones with self-awareness 

4068
03:49:29,400 --> 03:49:32,800
and technology and Grand 
Ambitions, and yet we've barely 

4069
03:49:32,800 --> 03:49:35,800
explored our own Planet. 
The deep ocean Remains, the 

4070
03:49:35,800 --> 03:49:37,800
largest unexplored, Frontier on 
Earth. 

4071
03:49:37,800 --> 03:49:41,000
Not because it's impossible to 
reach, but because it's 

4072
03:49:41,000 --> 03:49:45,400
expensive difficult and yields 
knowledge rather than profit in 

4073
03:49:45,400 --> 03:49:47,800
1960. 
Jacques piccard and Don Walsh 

4074
03:49:47,800 --> 03:49:49,800
descended to the bottom of the 
challenge of deep. 

4075
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:54,100
The deepest point in the ocean 
nearly 36,000 feet down. 

4076
03:49:54,100 --> 03:49:58,100
They spent 20 minutes on the 
bottom, saw a flat fish in a 

4077
03:49:58,100 --> 03:50:03,600
shrimp and return to the surface
then nothing It would be 52 

4078
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:08,500
years before anyone returned to 
that depth. 52 years in that 

4079
03:50:08,500 --> 03:50:12,100
time, we sent humans to the 
Moon, six times launched, 

4080
03:50:12,100 --> 03:50:15,200
hundreds of satellites built, 
the International Space Station,

4081
03:50:15,200 --> 03:50:18,300
and sent probes to every planet 
in the solar system. 

4082
03:50:19,200 --> 03:50:23,200
But the deepest part of our own 
ocean one, visit every 50 years 

4083
03:50:23,200 --> 03:50:26,300
sounds about, right. 
The deep ocean doesn't make for 

4084
03:50:26,300 --> 03:50:30,300
good television. 
There are no stunning Vistas, no

4085
03:50:30,300 --> 03:50:34,200
dramatic Landscapes, and no 
charismatic megafauna. 

4086
03:50:34,900 --> 03:50:37,800
Just darkness. 
Mud and weird fish. 

4087
03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:40,700
It's hard to get funding for 
exploring mud. 

4088
03:50:40,700 --> 03:50:43,400
It's hard to get public interest
in creatures that look like 

4089
03:50:43,400 --> 03:50:47,200
mistakes spaces. 
Sexy, the ocean floor is not 

4090
03:50:47,200 --> 03:50:50,700
your assent. 
Continues 8,000 feet now. 

4091
03:50:50,700 --> 03:50:55,600
Rising through the Abyssal Zone,
the organisms, your passing, the

4092
03:50:55,600 --> 03:50:58,500
jellyfish, the squid. 
The strange fish with impossible

4093
03:50:58,500 --> 03:51:00,900
proportions. 
Have probably never seen a 

4094
03:51:00,900 --> 03:51:03,200
submersible before might never 
see one. 

4095
03:51:03,200 --> 03:51:06,500
Again, your lights are likely 
the brightest illumination of 

4096
03:51:06,500 --> 03:51:12,000
experience since well ever. 
Your UFO to them, an 

4097
03:51:12,000 --> 03:51:15,500
inexplicable intrusion of light,
and noise, and artificial 

4098
03:51:15,500 --> 03:51:18,100
geometry into their world of 
organic curves, and 

4099
03:51:18,100 --> 03:51:22,000
bioluminescent Whispers 
scientists estimate that we've 

4100
03:51:22,000 --> 03:51:25,800
explored less than 5% of the 
ocean floor 5%. 

4101
03:51:25,800 --> 03:51:29,600
We know more about the surface 
of Venus where the temperature 

4102
03:51:29,600 --> 03:51:33,600
is 900 Degrees and the pressure 
would flatten you instantly than

4103
03:51:33,600 --> 03:51:35,900
about significant portion of our
own sea floor. 

4104
03:51:36,600 --> 03:51:40,900
We've mapped 100% of Venus, 
we've mapped 5% of the ocean 

4105
03:51:40,900 --> 03:51:43,900
floor at high resolution 6,000 
feet. 

4106
03:51:43,900 --> 03:51:47,600
Now your passing through zones, 
where scientists of collected, 

4107
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:51,200
perhaps a dozen specimens of 
certain species, we know these 

4108
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:53,800
creatures exist because we've 
accidentally caught them in 

4109
03:51:53,800 --> 03:51:56,100
Nets. 
But we don't know how they live,

4110
03:51:56,100 --> 03:52:00,100
where they breed, what they eat 
or how long they survive. 

4111
03:52:01,000 --> 03:52:03,600
We have their bodies, but not 
their stories. 

4112
03:52:03,600 --> 03:52:06,700
The deep ocean, resists, human 
intrusion, not through 

4113
03:52:06,700 --> 03:52:09,900
hostility, but through 
indifference, it doesn't care 

4114
03:52:09,900 --> 03:52:14,300
that we want to explore it. 
It can continue its cold dark, 

4115
03:52:14,300 --> 03:52:18,000
high pressure existence. 
Whether we visit or not, the 

4116
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:20,100
organisms here have been 
evolving for hundreds of 

4117
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:23,400
millions of years without human 
input and they'll continue 

4118
03:52:23,400 --> 03:52:26,200
evolving long. 
After we're gone, our submarines

4119
03:52:26,200 --> 03:52:29,600
and submersibles of footnotes in
their world grief anomalies that

4120
03:52:29,600 --> 03:52:32,900
appear collect a few samples, 
take some photographs and 

4121
03:52:32,900 --> 03:52:37,500
vanish. 4,000 feet your 
approaching the depth where 

4122
03:52:37,500 --> 03:52:41,100
submarines operate where human 
technology becomes more common. 

4123
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:44,100
But even here the visits are 
rare. 

4124
03:52:44,700 --> 03:52:47,800
The military submarine might 
pass through these Waters once a

4125
03:52:47,800 --> 03:52:51,000
month or once a year research 
vessels, come even less 

4126
03:52:51,000 --> 03:52:53,500
frequently. 
The creatures here live their 

4127
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:56,400
entire lives in near total 
isolation from Human 

4128
03:52:56,400 --> 03:52:59,000
observation. 
There's something humbling about

4129
03:52:59,000 --> 03:53:01,100
that. 
We like to think we've conquered

4130
03:53:01,100 --> 03:53:04,100
Earth, that we've cataloged its 
creatures, and mapped its 

4131
03:53:04,100 --> 03:53:05,900
terrain and understood its 
systems. 

4132
03:53:05,900 --> 03:53:09,400
But the deep ocean reminds us 
that most of this planet is 

4133
03:53:09,400 --> 03:53:12,700
beyond our reach operating. 
According to rules, we barely 

4134
03:53:12,700 --> 03:53:18,000
understand populated by 
creatures, with never seen 2000 

4135
03:53:18,000 --> 03:53:20,100
feet. 
Now you're in the Bethel Zone, 

4136
03:53:20,100 --> 03:53:23,300
where a few more submersible's 
operate where some commercial 

4137
03:53:23,300 --> 03:53:28,100
fishing impacts the ecosystem. 
But even here human presence is 

4138
03:53:28,100 --> 03:53:30,300
Braddock. 
A trawler might drag the 

4139
03:53:30,300 --> 03:53:32,300
seafloor. 
Once destroying Century old 

4140
03:53:32,300 --> 03:53:36,200
Coraline minutes, then move on. 
The damage remains for decades, 

4141
03:53:36,200 --> 03:53:38,900
but the humans who caused it 
never returned to see it. 

4142
03:53:38,900 --> 03:53:42,100
Scientists estimate that there 
are potentially one million 

4143
03:53:42,100 --> 03:53:45,100
species living in the deep ocean
that we haven't discovered yet 

4144
03:53:45,100 --> 03:53:49,600
one million in an age where we 
can sequence genomes and edit 

4145
03:53:49,600 --> 03:53:51,600
genes and create artificial 
intelligence. 

4146
03:53:51,600 --> 03:53:55,000
We still don't know what lives 
in. 70 percent of our own Planet

4147
03:53:55,000 --> 03:53:58,500
were cataloging exoplanets in 
other solar systems while 

4148
03:53:58,500 --> 03:54:03,400
remaining fundamentally ignorant
of our Ocean's debts. 1000 feet.

4149
03:54:04,400 --> 03:54:09,000
Light is beginning to penetrate 
from above faint blue, but real 

4150
03:54:09,000 --> 03:54:11,300
sunlight. 
You're leaving the midnight 

4151
03:54:11,300 --> 03:54:14,900
zone, entering the Twilight Zone
and approaching the realm where 

4152
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:18,700
human activity is common. 
Fishing vessels, submarines 

4153
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:23,300
underwater, cables, offshore 
drilling platforms technology is

4154
03:54:23,308 --> 03:54:26,500
everywhere up here. 
Contrast is striking. 

4155
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:29,700
In the space of a few hours, 
you've moved from a place. 

4156
03:54:29,700 --> 03:54:33,200
Essentially Untouched by 
Humanity to a place where human 

4157
03:54:33,200 --> 03:54:36,800
impact is everywhere. 
From sea floor that hasn't been 

4158
03:54:36,800 --> 03:54:40,800
Disturbed in Millennia to 
Water's fished commerciali from 

4159
03:54:40,800 --> 03:54:46,600
darkness and isolation to light 
and intrusion 500 feet. you can 

4160
03:54:46,608 --> 03:54:50,500
see the surface now, a boundary 
between worlds, a transition 

4161
03:54:50,500 --> 03:54:55,900
from the familiar to the alien 
above Sunlight warmth, human 

4162
03:54:55,900 --> 03:54:59,500
ship's satellite and billions of
people living their lives. 

4163
03:54:59,500 --> 03:55:02,200
Mostly unaware of what exists 
below below. 

4164
03:55:03,300 --> 03:55:07,400
The cold, the dark, the pressure
and the strange slow. 

4165
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:09,400
Life. 
That persists in conditions that

4166
03:55:09,400 --> 03:55:11,800
would kill surface organisms 
instantly. 

4167
03:55:12,700 --> 03:55:15,700
The submersible breaks through 
the surface with a splash. 

4168
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:18,900
That seems absurdly loud. 
After hours of near silence 

4169
03:55:18,900 --> 03:55:23,300
water streams off the hull, the 
hatch opens and warm are floods 

4170
03:55:23,300 --> 03:55:25,800
in. 
Are that feels tropical compared

4171
03:55:25,800 --> 03:55:29,900
to the refrigerated interior? 
You climb out into sunlight that

4172
03:55:29,900 --> 03:55:34,200
seems impossibly bright painful.
Almost the research vessels 

4173
03:55:34,200 --> 03:55:36,300
crane lifts the submersible from
the water. 

4174
03:55:36,300 --> 03:55:40,600
The ocean surface rolls? 
Gently looking exactly the same 

4175
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:42,000
as it. 
Did six hours ago. 

4176
03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:46,200
Nothing about it suggests, What 
Lies Beneath the miles of cold 

4177
03:55:46,200 --> 03:55:49,600
Darkness, the strange creatures 
the slow, time the alien. 

4178
03:55:49,600 --> 03:55:52,800
Ecosystems, the surface keeps 
its Secrets. 

4179
03:55:52,800 --> 03:55:56,900
You'll write a report scientists
will study or samples. 

4180
03:55:56,900 --> 03:56:01,200
A few photographs will be 
published, and then everyone 

4181
03:56:01,200 --> 03:56:04,200
will mostly forget. 
Because the deep ocean doesn't 

4182
03:56:04,200 --> 03:56:07,400
capture imagination. 
The way space does it doesn't 

4183
03:56:07,400 --> 03:56:09,900
promise mineral wealth or 
strategic Advantage? 

4184
03:56:09,900 --> 03:56:14,300
It's just their deep and dark 
and full of weird fish. 

4185
03:56:15,200 --> 03:56:17,800
But for the creatures down 
there, this is everything. 

4186
03:56:19,100 --> 03:56:22,300
Is there in entire world? 
The only World they've ever 

4187
03:56:22,300 --> 03:56:28,000
known or will know and we are to
them vanishingly rare, the 

4188
03:56:28,000 --> 03:56:32,000
Legends, rumors, inexplicable 
lights that appear once in a 

4189
03:56:32,008 --> 03:56:35,400
lifetime, if at all. 
The rare moments, we arrived 

4190
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:38,400
changed nothing for them. 
The deep ocean continues. 

4191
03:56:38,400 --> 03:56:42,400
Its cold dark existence. 
The Marine snow keeps falling. 

4192
03:56:43,100 --> 03:56:44,600
Tube worms. 
Keep filtering. 

4193
03:56:44,600 --> 03:56:47,300
Hydrogen sulfide. 
The tripod fish. 

4194
03:56:47,300 --> 03:56:51,400
Keep waiting for food. 
Time moves, slowly pressure 

4195
03:56:51,400 --> 03:56:55,700
remains constant and life 
persists in the dark with or 

4196
03:56:55,700 --> 03:56:58,900
without us, you're standing on 
the deck of the research vessel 

4197
03:56:58,900 --> 03:57:01,200
watching the sun, set over the 
Pacific. 

4198
03:57:02,100 --> 03:57:05,500
The water is turning from Blue 
to purple to almost black as the

4199
03:57:05,500 --> 03:57:08,400
light fades in an hour, it'll be
completely dark. 

4200
03:57:08,400 --> 03:57:11,100
So surface dark the kind where 
you can still see stars and 

4201
03:57:11,100 --> 03:57:14,400
shiplights, not deep ocean dark,
which is a different thing 

4202
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:18,100
entirely somewhere beneath this 
ship four miles down, life is 

4203
03:57:18,100 --> 03:57:20,800
continuing exactly as it has for
millions of years. 

4204
03:57:21,800 --> 03:57:25,700
CQB numbers are processing 
sediment, fish awaiting for 

4205
03:57:25,708 --> 03:57:27,800
food. 
Bacteria are converting 

4206
03:57:27,800 --> 03:57:31,500
chemicals into energy at 
hydrothermal vents and none of 

4207
03:57:31,500 --> 03:57:34,600
them know or care that humans 
exist, that we've built 

4208
03:57:34,600 --> 03:57:37,900
civilizations and Technologies 
and dreams of exploring the 

4209
03:57:37,908 --> 03:57:40,100
universe. 
The deep ocean represents 

4210
03:57:40,100 --> 03:57:44,100
Earth's final frontier, not. 
Because it's the last place to 

4211
03:57:44,100 --> 03:57:47,200
explore chronologically, but 
because it might be the last 

4212
03:57:47,200 --> 03:57:49,900
place we actually do explore 
thoroughly. 

4213
03:57:50,900 --> 03:57:53,800
Space is the dream that captures
human imagination. 

4214
03:57:53,800 --> 03:57:57,300
Mars. 
The moons of Jupiter exoplanets,

4215
03:57:57,300 --> 03:58:01,100
orbiting distant Stars, These 
are the Frontiers that Inspire 

4216
03:58:01,100 --> 03:58:05,600
funding and public interest. 
The deep ocean is just there. 

4217
03:58:06,400 --> 03:58:12,700
Wet dark expensive to visit and 
full of uncharismatic Foreigner,

4218
03:58:12,700 --> 03:58:16,400
but here's what we're missing. 
The deep ocean is genuinely 

4219
03:58:16,400 --> 03:58:19,800
alien in ways that Mars isn't. 
Mars is a dead world. 

4220
03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:24,300
It's cold dry and sterile. 
If there's life there, it's 

4221
03:58:24,300 --> 03:58:28,100
probably microbial. 
Probably hiding underground and 

4222
03:58:28,100 --> 03:58:30,300
probably not doing anything 
particularly interesting. 

4223
03:58:30,300 --> 03:58:33,500
The deep ocean is teeming with 
complex life. 

4224
03:58:34,300 --> 03:58:36,500
Organisms with bizarre 
adaptations. 

4225
03:58:36,500 --> 03:58:40,100
Intricate ecosystems and 
evolutionary solutions to 

4226
03:58:40,100 --> 03:58:41,500
problems. 
We didn't know existed. 

4227
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:46,400
It's alien life on our own 
planet and were largely ignoring

4228
03:58:46,400 --> 03:58:49,100
it. 
The pressure, the cold, the 

4229
03:58:49,100 --> 03:58:51,500
darkness. 
These aren't just obstacles to 

4230
03:58:51,500 --> 03:58:54,000
exploration their selective 
forces. 

4231
03:58:54,000 --> 03:58:56,600
That have created organisms 
fundamentally different from 

4232
03:58:56,600 --> 03:58:58,500
anything in our terrestrial 
experience. 

4233
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:03,600
A huddle snail fish that looks 
like it's melting a gulper eel. 

4234
03:59:03,600 --> 03:59:07,400
That's mostly mouth a bar life 
fish with a transparent head and

4235
03:59:07,400 --> 03:59:11,200
upward pointing tubular eyes. 
These aren't science fiction 

4236
03:59:11,200 --> 03:59:13,600
creatures. 
They're real organisms that 

4237
03:59:13,600 --> 03:59:17,100
evolved to solve real problems 
in real environments and we 

4238
03:59:17,100 --> 03:59:20,200
barely know them. 
Most deep sea species are known 

4239
03:59:20,200 --> 03:59:22,500
from a handful of specimens, if 
that? 

4240
03:59:23,400 --> 03:59:27,000
We have rough ideas about their 
diets, vague estimates of their 

4241
03:59:27,000 --> 03:59:30,400
populations and speculation 
about their reproduction. 

4242
03:59:30,400 --> 03:59:35,600
It's 2026 and we can sequence, 
the Genome of any organism we 

4243
03:59:35,600 --> 03:59:38,600
can catch but we can't catch 
most of them because we don't 

4244
03:59:38,600 --> 03:59:40,200
know where they live or how to 
find them. 

4245
03:59:40,200 --> 03:59:44,000
The sun is gone. 
Now stars are appearing more 

4246
03:59:44,000 --> 03:59:47,200
than you can see from cities but
still washed out by the ship's 

4247
03:59:47,200 --> 03:59:49,500
lights. 
Real darkness. 

4248
03:59:49,500 --> 03:59:51,700
The kind that makes the Deep 
Ocean's. 

4249
03:59:51,700 --> 03:59:55,700
Darkness meaningful is hard to 
find on Earth's surface anymore.

4250
03:59:55,700 --> 03:59:59,500
We've illuminated the land. 
Lit up our cities and banished 

4251
03:59:59,500 --> 04:00:03,500
the night through technology. 
But the deep ocean remains dark 

4252
04:00:03,500 --> 04:00:07,400
in different to our lights. 
Unchanged by our presence. 

4253
04:00:07,400 --> 04:00:11,600
Scientists talk about 
charismatic megafauna, the 

4254
04:00:11,600 --> 04:00:15,300
pandas Tigers elephants, and 
whales organisms that capture 

4255
04:00:15,300 --> 04:00:17,800
public imagination and drive 
conservation efforts. 

4256
04:00:18,600 --> 04:00:22,700
The deep ocean has almost no 
charismatic megafauna giant 

4257
04:00:22,700 --> 04:00:26,000
squids may be though, we filmed 
living specimens, only a handful

4258
04:00:26,000 --> 04:00:29,100
of times. 
Most deep sea creatures are 

4259
04:00:29,100 --> 04:00:33,400
small, weird translucent and 
utterly lacking in appeal to 

4260
04:00:33,400 --> 04:00:36,600
anyone who isn't a marine 
biologist or genuinely strange. 

4261
04:00:36,600 --> 04:00:40,600
This presents a problem. 
How do you can Serve and Protect

4262
04:00:40,600 --> 04:00:42,700
ecosystems that people don't 
care about? 

4263
04:00:43,800 --> 04:00:46,700
How do you prevent deep sea 
mining when the alternative is 

4264
04:00:46,700 --> 04:00:50,100
mud? 
How do you regulate fishing in 

4265
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:52,600
areas? 
No one visits for species. 

4266
04:00:52,600 --> 04:00:55,300
No one's heard of the answer so 
far. 

4267
04:00:55,300 --> 04:00:59,000
Has been, we mostly don't. 
The deep ocean remains, largely 

4268
04:00:59,000 --> 04:01:01,600
unregulated, unexplored, and 
unprotected. 

4269
04:01:02,500 --> 04:01:05,100
A few Marine reserves exist but 
they're drops in an ocean 

4270
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:08,500
commercial interests are already
eyeing, the mineral deposits 

4271
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:12,800
around hydrothermal vents rich 
in Copper zinc and Rare Earth 

4272
04:01:12,800 --> 04:01:15,300
elements. 
The economics are compelling. 

4273
04:01:15,300 --> 04:01:20,000
The ecological costs are unknown
but likely severe a crew member 

4274
04:01:20,000 --> 04:01:24,000
walks past heading below deck. 
Ship rocks, gently in the 

4275
04:01:24,000 --> 04:01:26,200
swells. 
Somewhere in the darkness, 

4276
04:01:26,200 --> 04:01:30,000
Dolphins might be riding the 
bear wave or bioluminescent 

4277
04:01:30,000 --> 04:01:32,400
Plankton might be creating 
glowing trails. 

4278
04:01:32,400 --> 04:01:34,800
In the water. 
The surface ocean is still 

4279
04:01:34,800 --> 04:01:37,100
magical in place is still 
capable of wonder. 

4280
04:01:37,900 --> 04:01:42,700
But the real Mysteries, the real
alien environments are below the

4281
04:01:42,700 --> 04:01:44,800
deep. 
Ocean is Earth's largest biome 

4282
04:01:44,800 --> 04:01:47,800
plains alone. 
Cover more area than all 

4283
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:49,400
terrestrial. 
Habitats combined. 

4284
04:01:50,200 --> 04:01:53,100
And we've sampled it about as 
thoroughly as you'd sample a 

4285
04:01:53,100 --> 04:01:57,300
continent by collecting a few 
dozen shovels of dirt were 

4286
04:01:57,300 --> 04:02:01,200
extrapolating ecosystems from 
fragments inferring food, webs 

4287
04:02:01,200 --> 04:02:04,300
from partial evidence and 
guessing at population Dynamics 

4288
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:08,000
based on mathematical models. 
This is fine for generating 

4289
04:02:08,000 --> 04:02:11,200
hypotheses but it's a poor 
foundation for protecting 

4290
04:02:11,200 --> 04:02:12,700
ecosystems. 
We don't understand. 

4291
04:02:13,800 --> 04:02:16,100
How do you assess the impact of 
deep sea mining? 

4292
04:02:16,100 --> 04:02:17,500
When you don't know what lives 
there? 

4293
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:20,000
How do you prevent extinctions 
of species? 

4294
04:02:20,000 --> 04:02:23,600
You haven't discovered, how do 
you balance resource extraction 

4295
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:27,200
against ecological preservation?
And the ecology is mostly 

4296
04:02:27,200 --> 04:02:29,300
guesswork. 
Stars are bright. 

4297
04:02:29,300 --> 04:02:33,500
Now you can see the Milky Way a 
pale band across the sky. 

4298
04:02:34,300 --> 04:02:36,600
Billions of stars, many with 
planets. 

4299
04:02:36,600 --> 04:02:39,500
Some of those planets 
potentially harboring life, 

4300
04:02:39,500 --> 04:02:43,200
we're spending billions on 
telescope and space missions to 

4301
04:02:43,200 --> 04:02:46,000
find that life. 
While simultaneously ignoring 

4302
04:02:46,000 --> 04:02:49,400
complex ecosystems in our own 
Ocean's, there's no 

4303
04:02:49,400 --> 04:02:53,000
contradiction really Space and 
oceanic exploration aren't in 

4304
04:02:53,000 --> 04:02:55,900
competition. 
We could fund both adequately if

4305
04:02:55,900 --> 04:02:58,700
we chose to, but the funding 
ratios reveal. 

4306
04:02:58,700 --> 04:03:03,000
Our priorities, space gets the 
money, the public interest and 

4307
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:06,100
the grand Ambitions. 
The ocean gets what's left over,

4308
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:09,000
which isn't much. 
Maybe that's human nature. 

4309
04:03:09,800 --> 04:03:12,900
We've always looked outward 
toward Horizons toward what's 

4310
04:03:12,900 --> 04:03:14,900
beyond the next Hill or across 
the next ocean. 

4311
04:03:14,900 --> 04:03:18,600
Looking down into depths that 
crush and freeze and hide their 

4312
04:03:18,608 --> 04:03:21,900
secrets doesn't trigger the same
exploratory, impulse. 

4313
04:03:22,600 --> 04:03:24,600
But the ocean depths are 
genuinely here. 

4314
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:29,300
Genuinely alien and genuinely 
full of discoveries, waiting to 

4315
04:03:29,300 --> 04:03:32,300
be made the deep ocean will 
Outlast Humanity. 

4316
04:03:32,300 --> 04:03:37,500
When We're Gone, whether in 100 
years or 100 million the epistle

4317
04:03:37,500 --> 04:03:39,800
planes will still be 
accumulating settlement. 

4318
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:44,400
Hydrothermal vents will still be
creating Oasis of life and the 

4319
04:03:44,400 --> 04:03:46,600
hadal snailfish will still be 
doing whatever. 

4320
04:03:46,600 --> 04:03:50,700
It is hadal snailfish do the 
ocean doesn't need us. 

4321
04:03:50,700 --> 04:03:54,300
It was here before we evolved 
and it'll be here after we're 

4322
04:03:54,300 --> 04:03:56,200
extinct. 
But we need it in ways. 

4323
04:03:56,208 --> 04:03:59,200
We probably don't fully 
appreciate the ocean. 

4324
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:03,400
Regulates climate produces 
oxygen absorbs carbon dioxide 

4325
04:04:03,400 --> 04:04:07,000
and drives weather patterns. 
The deep ocean is part of that 

4326
04:04:07,000 --> 04:04:11,100
system, not isolated from the 
surface, but connected through 

4327
04:04:11,100 --> 04:04:15,200
the slow mixing of water, the 
vertical migration of organisms 

4328
04:04:15,200 --> 04:04:19,200
and the reign of organic matter 
from above, and we're changing 

4329
04:04:19,200 --> 04:04:20,800
it. 
Ocean acidification. 

4330
04:04:20,800 --> 04:04:24,700
Caused by absorbed, CO2 is 
affecting deep sea organisms 

4331
04:04:24,700 --> 04:04:28,000
that have never dealt with ph 
changes warming. 

4332
04:04:28,000 --> 04:04:30,600
Surface waters are altering 
circulation patterns that 

4333
04:04:30,600 --> 04:04:34,100
determine when nutrients go, 
which affects what sinks to the 

4334
04:04:34,100 --> 04:04:37,700
Deep plastic microparticles have
been found at the bottom of the 

4335
04:04:37,700 --> 04:04:40,300
Marianna trench. 
We've managed to pollute the 

4336
04:04:40,600 --> 04:04:42,400
Deepest part of the ocean. 
A place. 

4337
04:04:42,400 --> 04:04:46,200
We barely visit the deep ocean 
is Earth's final frontier. 

4338
04:04:46,200 --> 04:04:49,800
Not because it's the last place 
left to explore, but because it 

4339
04:04:49,800 --> 04:04:52,800
might be the last place we 
actually recognize as worth 

4340
04:04:52,800 --> 04:04:55,500
exploring before. 
It's too late before we've 

4341
04:04:55,500 --> 04:04:57,600
changed it too much to 
understand what it was. 

4342
04:04:58,500 --> 04:05:02,300
Before we've lost species, we 
never knew existed the ship's 

4343
04:05:02,300 --> 04:05:05,600
engines rumbled to life. 
You're heading back to Port, 

4344
04:05:05,600 --> 04:05:10,100
back to land, back to the world 
of air and sunlight and 

4345
04:05:10,100 --> 04:05:12,400
reasonable pressure. 
The deep ocean. 

4346
04:05:12,400 --> 04:05:14,700
Recedes behind you, not 
physically. 

4347
04:05:14,700 --> 04:05:18,700
It's still right there under the
ship but conceptually it becomes

4348
04:05:18,700 --> 04:05:21,000
something you visited rather 
than something you're 

4349
04:05:21,000 --> 04:05:24,600
experiencing a memory rather 
than an immediate reality. 

4350
04:05:24,600 --> 04:05:26,700
And that's how most people 
experience. 

4351
04:05:26,700 --> 04:05:30,000
The deep ocean. 
There's an abstraction a fact 

4352
04:05:30,008 --> 04:05:32,800
mentioned in documentaries. 
A place that exists 

4353
04:05:32,800 --> 04:05:35,700
theoretically but has no bearing
on daily life. 

4354
04:05:36,400 --> 04:05:40,100
It's easier that way easier than
contemplating, the vast cold, 

4355
04:05:40,100 --> 04:05:42,800
dark volume of water that cover 
most of the planet. 

4356
04:05:43,700 --> 04:05:45,800
Easier than Imagining the 
strange slow. 

4357
04:05:45,800 --> 04:05:50,100
Life that persists there. 
But it exists regardless, the 

4358
04:05:50,100 --> 04:05:52,400
deep ocean doesn't need our 
acknowledgment or our 

4359
04:05:52,400 --> 04:05:57,800
understanding it's simply is 
eternal patient indifferent. 

4360
04:05:58,600 --> 04:06:02,500
Earth's quiet deaths. 
Were life found ways to persist 

4361
04:06:02,500 --> 04:06:06,200
that surface organisms would 
consider impossible where time 

4362
04:06:06,200 --> 04:06:09,200
moves differently, where light 
is a message rather than an 

4363
04:06:09,200 --> 04:06:12,800
environment and where food is 
rare and patience is everything.

4364
04:06:14,200 --> 04:06:17,800
Final frontier isn't out there 
Among the Stars, it's down 

4365
04:06:17,800 --> 04:06:20,400
there. 
Beneath our ships beneath our 

4366
04:06:20,400 --> 04:06:23,100
feet when we stand on the shore 
alien. 

4367
04:06:23,100 --> 04:06:27,400
Vast mostly unknown and largely 
ignored. 

4368
04:06:27,400 --> 04:06:31,000
While we dream of Mars, the 
Stars wheel overhead. 

4369
04:06:31,000 --> 04:06:35,100
The ocean roles beneath and 
somewhere in the darkness below,

4370
04:06:35,100 --> 04:06:39,200
a depth that crushed. 
Submarines life continues. 

4371
04:06:39,200 --> 04:06:45,300
Its slow patient existence with 
or without our attention with or

4372
04:06:45,300 --> 04:06:51,300
without our understanding just 
continuing as it has, as it will

4373
04:06:51,300 --> 04:06:53,400
in the end. 
That's what the deep ocean 

4374
04:06:53,400 --> 04:06:56,200
teaches us. 
Assistance matters more than 

4375
04:06:56,200 --> 04:07:01,900
speed patients matters more than
urgently and life finds ways to 

4376
04:07:01,900 --> 04:07:04,000
exist in conditions that seem 
impossible. 

4377
04:07:05,100 --> 04:07:07,300
The creatures of the deep aren't
trying to impress anyone, 

4378
04:07:07,300 --> 04:07:10,700
they're not putting on a show, 
they're simply living in the 

4379
04:07:10,700 --> 04:07:12,400
only way that works in their 
environment. 

4380
04:07:13,400 --> 04:07:16,100
And maybe that's the lesson 
worth keeping as you head back 

4381
04:07:16,100 --> 04:07:19,800
to shore back to human 
complexity and artificial light 

4382
04:07:19,800 --> 04:07:24,000
life is remarkably good at being
life, even in places where it 

4383
04:07:24,000 --> 04:07:27,100
shouldn't work, even under 
conditions that would kill most 

4384
04:07:27,100 --> 04:07:32,700
organisms instantly. 
The deep ocean exists, vast cold

4385
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:37,900
dark and patient always there 
always waiting. 

4386
04:07:37,900 --> 04:07:41,400
Always doing what it's done for 
hundreds of millions of years 

4387
04:07:41,400 --> 04:07:46,400
and we occasionally briefly 
expensively visit, its edges and

4388
04:07:46,400 --> 04:07:50,800
Marvel at what we find then 
return to the surface to the 

4389
04:07:50,800 --> 04:07:55,000
light to the warm shallows. 
Where humans belong the Deep 

4390
04:07:55,000 --> 04:08:05,800
remains, quiet, Eternal unknown.
You're sitting in a cave 

4391
04:08:05,800 --> 04:08:09,100
entrance on a hillside in what 
will someday be called County, 

4392
04:08:09,100 --> 04:08:12,000
Clare Ireland. 
The ear doesn't matter because 

4393
04:08:12,000 --> 04:08:16,000
years haven't been invented yet,
but the season does its deep 

4394
04:08:16,000 --> 04:08:18,800
winter and the sun has just 
slipped below the Western 

4395
04:08:18,800 --> 04:08:21,700
Horizon around four. 
In the afternoon, your breath 

4396
04:08:21,700 --> 04:08:25,400
makes small clouds in the frigid
air and your fingers are already

4397
04:08:25,400 --> 04:08:28,500
going numb despite the sheepskin
wrapped around your shoulders. 

4398
04:08:29,400 --> 04:08:32,700
Behind you deeper in the cave. 
Someone has been tending. 

4399
04:08:32,700 --> 04:08:36,100
The fire all day. 
This isn't just any fire, it's 

4400
04:08:36,100 --> 04:08:38,400
the fire. 
The one, your family group is 

4401
04:08:38,400 --> 04:08:39,800
kept alive for three 
generations. 

4402
04:08:41,000 --> 04:08:43,800
You know, this because your 
grandmother told you and her 

4403
04:08:43,800 --> 04:08:46,800
grandmother told her. 
The fire predates, everyone's 

4404
04:08:46,800 --> 04:08:50,100
memory a living thing that 
demands constant attention. 

4405
04:08:50,100 --> 04:08:54,100
Let it die, and you'll spend 
hours trying to coax new Flames 

4406
04:08:54,100 --> 04:08:56,000
from a friction drill and a 
piece of dried. 

4407
04:08:56,000 --> 04:08:59,400
Fungus. 
Your arms aching your patience 

4408
04:08:59,400 --> 04:09:04,000
worn thin as birch bark 
Firelight doesn't reach far 

4409
04:09:04,000 --> 04:09:08,500
perhaps 15 feet from the half, 
maybe 20 if someone's just added

4410
04:09:08,500 --> 04:09:12,400
fresh pine logs that spit and 
crackle enthusiastically beyond 

4411
04:09:12,400 --> 04:09:14,400
that radius. 
The darkness isn't just an 

4412
04:09:14,400 --> 04:09:17,500
absence of light. 
It's a presents, something 

4413
04:09:17,500 --> 04:09:20,500
thick, and alive that presses 
against your small circle of 

4414
04:09:20,500 --> 04:09:23,200
warmth. 
You can hear things moving out 

4415
04:09:23,200 --> 04:09:25,900
there in the winter night. 
Probably just a fox. 

4416
04:09:25,900 --> 04:09:29,300
Hopefully, just a fox. 
Your cousin is rotating. 

4417
04:09:29,300 --> 04:09:30,900
A haunch of venison over the 
flames. 

4418
04:09:30,900 --> 04:09:33,200
And the smell makes your stomach
clenched with hunger. 

4419
04:09:34,000 --> 04:09:37,700
Like plays across her face, 
making her feature, shift and 

4420
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:40,200
dance and the shadows in this 
light. 

4421
04:09:40,200 --> 04:09:44,600
Every one looks different older 
stranger like versions of 

4422
04:09:44,600 --> 04:09:46,000
themselves from some other 
world. 

4423
04:09:47,100 --> 04:09:49,600
Flames create a theater of 
Shadows on the cave. 

4424
04:09:49,600 --> 04:09:54,500
Walls, enormous and distorted 
turning simple human gestures 

4425
04:09:54,500 --> 04:09:58,700
into Mythic pantomimes. 
Fire was Humanities first, great

4426
04:09:58,700 --> 04:10:02,100
technology, more important than 
the wheel and more revolutionary

4427
04:10:02,100 --> 04:10:06,000
than agriculture before. 
Fire, your species huddled in 

4428
04:10:06,000 --> 04:10:12,400
darkness 12 hours out of every 
24, Vulcan and better night 

4429
04:10:12,400 --> 04:10:16,200
vision, After the fire, you 
would push back the darkness. 

4430
04:10:16,200 --> 04:10:18,900
Just enough to create a space 
that was yours. 

4431
04:10:18,900 --> 04:10:24,200
Not Conquered never that but 
negotiated with An agreement 

4432
04:10:24,200 --> 04:10:27,800
between humanity and the night. 
The Hearth is never, just about 

4433
04:10:27,800 --> 04:10:30,400
light though. 
Light is certainly part of its 

4434
04:10:30,400 --> 04:10:32,100
magic. 
It's about heat. 

4435
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:34,500
Yes. 
And cooking and keeping 

4436
04:10:34,500 --> 04:10:36,600
Predators nervous enough to 
maintain their distance. 

4437
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:41,100
But watch out everyone arranges 
themselves around it always 

4438
04:10:41,100 --> 04:10:45,600
facing inward backs to the 
protected cave wall, eyes drawn 

4439
04:10:45,600 --> 04:10:48,200
to the Flames. 
Fire is Hypnotic. 

4440
04:10:48,200 --> 04:10:51,500
You could watch it for hours and
sometimes you do because there's

4441
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:54,300
not much else to do once 
Darkness Falls in the days, work

4442
04:10:54,300 --> 04:10:56,900
is finished. 
Firelight is intimate. 

4443
04:10:56,900 --> 04:11:00,700
It only reaches so far creating 
a boundary between your group 

4444
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:03,500
and everything else. 
Inside this circle of 

4445
04:11:03,508 --> 04:11:07,500
Illumination your safe, warm and
fed. 

4446
04:11:08,300 --> 04:11:11,200
Outside it. 
The world is full of things that

4447
04:11:11,200 --> 04:11:14,000
would happily eat you. 
This is the first human 

4448
04:11:14,000 --> 04:11:17,100
experience of inside versus 
outside in the metaphorical 

4449
04:11:17,100 --> 04:11:19,100
sense. 
The division between 

4450
04:11:19,100 --> 04:11:23,000
civilization and Wilderness 
safety and danger and us and 

4451
04:11:23,000 --> 04:11:25,800
them. 
All of its starts here with a 

4452
04:11:25,800 --> 04:11:28,000
fire at the center and darkness 
at the edges. 

4453
04:11:28,900 --> 04:11:31,000
Quality of firelight is 
something you'll never 

4454
04:11:31,000 --> 04:11:34,700
experience in your modern life, 
no matter how many candles you 

4455
04:11:34,700 --> 04:11:37,800
like during a power outage, it's
not deadly. 

4456
04:11:37,800 --> 04:11:41,100
It doesn't stay the same color, 
or intensity for more than a few

4457
04:11:41,100 --> 04:11:44,700
seconds at a time. 
The Flames, Surge and subside. 

4458
04:11:44,700 --> 04:11:47,800
Like breathing, casting 
everything in shades of orange 

4459
04:11:47,800 --> 04:11:52,900
and gold and deep red. 
Faces appear a disappear objects

4460
04:11:52,900 --> 04:11:55,300
at the edge of the firelight 
seem to flicker in and out of 

4461
04:11:55,308 --> 04:11:58,200
existence. 
Your ancestors were just 

4462
04:11:58,200 --> 04:12:00,900
shooting around fires. 
They were performing one of the 

4463
04:12:00,900 --> 04:12:03,300
most important maintenance tasks
in human history. 

4464
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:07,300
Someone always had to watch the 
Flames had fuel before they died

4465
04:12:07,300 --> 04:12:09,100
too. 
Low and protect the coals 

4466
04:12:09,100 --> 04:12:12,300
through the night. 
In some cultures, letting the 

4467
04:12:12,300 --> 04:12:15,100
communal fire go out was 
considered such a serious 

4468
04:12:15,100 --> 04:12:17,400
failure. 
That it carried severe, social 

4469
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:19,900
penalties. 
You'd let down not just your 

4470
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:23,400
family but your entire 
Community, condemning everyone 

4471
04:12:23,400 --> 04:12:27,400
to cold Darkness until fire 
could be rekindled, an arduous 

4472
04:12:27,400 --> 04:12:31,300
process that might take hours. 
There's an art to fire tending, 

4473
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:35,800
that you learn young too much. 
Would Smothers the Flames too 

4474
04:12:35,800 --> 04:12:39,100
little and they die to Embers 
that provide warmth but no light

4475
04:12:39,900 --> 04:12:42,600
Wet wood creates more smoke than
illumination. 

4476
04:12:42,600 --> 04:12:47,100
Sending everyone into coughing. 
Fits resinous, Pine lights 

4477
04:12:47,100 --> 04:12:51,200
quickly. 
But Burns fast Oak Burns, slowly

4478
04:12:51,200 --> 04:12:53,600
and steadily but takes forever 
to catch. 

4479
04:12:54,400 --> 04:12:56,500
But bark makes excellent 
kindling. 

4480
04:12:56,500 --> 04:12:59,900
Dry dung. 
Well, it's not pleasant to think

4481
04:12:59,900 --> 04:13:02,000
about but it burns. 
Surprisingly. 

4482
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:06,200
Well, when wood is scarce the 
smoke from your Fire Rises and 

4483
04:13:06,200 --> 04:13:09,400
pools against the cave ceiling 
before finding its way out 

4484
04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:11,100
through cracks and the cave 
entrance. 

4485
04:13:12,000 --> 04:13:16,500
Your eyes water, constantly, 
your clothes, your hair, your 

4486
04:13:16,500 --> 04:13:19,100
skin, everything reaches of 
smoke. 

4487
04:13:19,100 --> 04:13:21,900
All the time. 
You stopped noticing months ago,

4488
04:13:21,900 --> 04:13:25,900
this is just what people smell. 
Like, centuries from now 

4489
04:13:25,900 --> 04:13:29,300
archaeologists, will be able to 
identify where ancient people's 

4490
04:13:29,300 --> 04:13:33,700
lived by testing soil samples 
for microscopic charcoal. 

4491
04:13:33,700 --> 04:13:37,900
Particles your presence here in 
this cave around. 

4492
04:13:37,900 --> 04:13:41,200
This fire will remain detectable
for thousands of years. 

4493
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:46,300
Beyond your fire Circle. 
The winter night is absolute no 

4494
04:13:46,300 --> 04:13:49,500
street lights. 
No house lights, no distant 

4495
04:13:49,500 --> 04:13:51,700
glow. 
From a neighboring Village, just

4496
04:13:51,700 --> 04:13:53,600
darkness. 
So complete that you can't see 

4497
04:13:53,600 --> 04:13:55,700
your hand 6 inches from your 
face. 

4498
04:13:56,500 --> 04:13:59,800
The stars are brilliant when 
clouds permit brighter than 

4499
04:13:59,808 --> 04:14:01,500
anything. 
You've seen in your light, 

4500
04:14:01,500 --> 04:14:04,100
polluted Modern Life, but 
Starlight doesn't help. 

4501
04:14:04,100 --> 04:14:07,100
You see where you're walking, or
what might be watching you from 

4502
04:14:07,100 --> 04:14:10,700
the Shadows. 
So you stay near the fire, you 

4503
04:14:10,700 --> 04:14:14,000
arrange your entire life around 
its maintenance and it's limited

4504
04:14:14,000 --> 04:14:17,200
radius of Illumination. 
You wait when there's enough 

4505
04:14:17,200 --> 04:14:20,900
dawn like to see by work through
the day then Retreat to the 

4506
04:14:20,900 --> 04:14:25,400
Fireside, as Darkness Falls your
world shrinks to what the Flames

4507
04:14:25,400 --> 04:14:29,100
reveal. 
Stories are told here skills are

4508
04:14:29,100 --> 04:14:32,900
taught tools are prepared and 
children fall asleep to the 

4509
04:14:32,900 --> 04:14:36,300
sound of crackling wood and 
quiet conversations. 

4510
04:14:36,300 --> 04:14:39,900
This is Humanity's first 
experience of artificial light 

4511
04:14:39,900 --> 04:14:43,100
though, artificial seems like 
the wrong word for something. 

4512
04:14:43,100 --> 04:14:46,700
So Elemental. 
Fire is half-tamed nature. 

4513
04:14:46,700 --> 04:14:49,700
Neither fully wild North fully 
domesticated. 

4514
04:14:49,700 --> 04:14:54,000
It consumes what ever you feed 
it in different to your needs 

4515
04:14:54,000 --> 04:14:58,300
dangerous. 
Even when contained, Spark jumps

4516
04:14:58,300 --> 04:15:00,000
from The Hearth and lands on 
your wool. 

4517
04:15:00,000 --> 04:15:02,400
Cloak, you brush it away quickly
before. 

4518
04:15:02,400 --> 04:15:05,900
It can smolder into a hole fire 
serves you, but only if you 

4519
04:15:05,908 --> 04:15:09,800
remain Vigilant respectful and 
properly afraid, the elders in 

4520
04:15:09,800 --> 04:15:11,700
your group. 
Remember, stories passed down 

4521
04:15:11,700 --> 04:15:15,300
from their Elders about times 
when fire went out during a 

4522
04:15:15,300 --> 04:15:18,100
harsh winter. 
When illness or accident meant? 

4523
04:15:18,100 --> 04:15:21,200
No one could end it properly. 
The darkness that followed was 

4524
04:15:21,200 --> 04:15:23,900
terrifying. 
Not just physically cold, but 

4525
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:27,300
spiritually desolate. 
Restarting a fire required. 

4526
04:15:27,300 --> 04:15:30,400
Finding dry wood. 
In wet, weather preparing Tinder

4527
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:33,700
carefully and spending hours 
creating friction hot enough to 

4528
04:15:33,700 --> 04:15:37,900
ignite the kindling. 
Success was never guaranteed. 

4529
04:15:39,100 --> 04:15:43,100
some groups, the story say, 
didn't survive such failures, he

4530
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:46,300
watched the Flames dance and 
realized that this fire connects

4531
04:15:46,300 --> 04:15:49,300
you to an unbroken chain of 
light, stretching back further 

4532
04:15:49,300 --> 04:15:52,700
than memory, Every night for 
thousands of generations. 

4533
04:15:52,700 --> 04:15:55,800
Humans have gathered around 
fires just like this one. 

4534
04:15:56,500 --> 04:15:59,600
Particular would might change 
the shape of the half might 

4535
04:15:59,600 --> 04:16:03,400
differ, but the essential 
experience remains constant. 

4536
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:09,300
Warm light safety and Community.
All contained, within a small 

4537
04:16:09,300 --> 04:16:11,200
radius of flickering 
illumination. 

4538
04:16:11,200 --> 04:16:13,900
Your youngest sibling is 
learning fire tending. 

4539
04:16:13,900 --> 04:16:17,500
Now, watching the Flames 
intently learning to read their 

4540
04:16:17,500 --> 04:16:20,300
language. 
When the fire burns, yellow and 

4541
04:16:20,300 --> 04:16:24,000
high, you're using fresh wood 
when it's settles to blue 

4542
04:16:24,000 --> 04:16:26,300
flames. 
Close to the coals, the wood has

4543
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:28,900
mostly burned away. 
Red Embers mean. 

4544
04:16:28,900 --> 04:16:31,800
The fire is dying but can be 
revived with careful attention. 

4545
04:16:32,800 --> 04:16:36,200
Black smoke means, wet wood, or 
insufficient oxygen. 

4546
04:16:36,200 --> 04:16:39,400
These lessons are as important 
as any other knowledge. 

4547
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:43,200
The child will acquire fire 
shapes your understanding of 

4548
04:16:43,200 --> 04:16:46,400
time as well as space you 
measure the evening by the 

4549
04:16:46,400 --> 04:16:49,800
amount of wood remaining by how 
low the Flames of burned. 

4550
04:16:49,800 --> 04:16:53,400
And by, when coals need to be 
banked for the night, There are 

4551
04:16:53,400 --> 04:16:56,400
no clocks here, no precise 
measurements of hours and 

4552
04:16:56,400 --> 04:17:01,100
minutes time is the fire burning
down daylight fading and stars 

4553
04:17:01,100 --> 04:17:04,600
Wheeling overhead. 
The rhythms are natural tied to 

4554
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:07,300
observable phenomena rather than
abstract numbers. 

4555
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:11,400
As the evening deepens people, 
begin preparing for Sleep. 

4556
04:17:11,400 --> 04:17:15,300
The fire is built up. 
One final time, then carefully 

4557
04:17:15,300 --> 04:17:17,700
arranged so it will burn slowly 
through the night. 

4558
04:17:18,500 --> 04:17:22,400
Someone tonight is your turn 
will wake periodically to add 

4559
04:17:22,400 --> 04:17:24,400
wood to ensure the Fire doesn't 
die. 

4560
04:17:24,400 --> 04:17:27,000
Completely. 
This Night Watch is necessary 

4561
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:30,200
but not particularly arduous. 
You've done it since childhood. 

4562
04:17:30,200 --> 04:17:34,400
You know the feel of waking in 
darkness, the brief moment of 

4563
04:17:34,400 --> 04:17:37,600
disorientation and then the 
automatic movement toward the 

4564
04:17:37,600 --> 04:17:40,900
half to add fuel. 
The problem with fire is that it

4565
04:17:40,908 --> 04:17:44,800
wants to stay in one place and 
you frequently need to be in 

4566
04:17:44,800 --> 04:17:48,100
another place. 
This created certain logistical 

4567
04:17:48,100 --> 04:17:51,900
challenges that occupied your 
ancestors considerable Ingenuity

4568
04:17:51,900 --> 04:17:56,700
for thousands of years you're 
walking through a forest at dusk

4569
04:17:56,700 --> 04:17:59,700
following a path, you know, by 
feel as much as sight. 

4570
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:03,400
In your hand. 
You're carrying a torch nothing 

4571
04:18:03,400 --> 04:18:07,500
fancy just a branch of pine 
wrapped with strips of Birchbox 

4572
04:18:07,500 --> 04:18:11,700
soaked in animal fat. 
It burns with a smoky sputtering

4573
04:18:11,700 --> 04:18:14,900
flame that smells like a 
combination of campfire and old 

4574
04:18:14,900 --> 04:18:17,900
cooking grease. 
Every 30 feet or so you have to 

4575
04:18:17,900 --> 04:18:20,500
stop and scrape away the 
accumulated carbon at the 

4576
04:18:20,508 --> 04:18:23,500
burning end. 
Otherwise it will crust over and

4577
04:18:23,500 --> 04:18:27,100
extinguish itself. 
This torch will last perhaps 45 

4578
04:18:27,100 --> 04:18:30,300
minutes if you're lucky and the 
wind doesn't pick up after that,

4579
04:18:30,300 --> 04:18:33,100
you'll need to lighten another 
one from the dying flames of the

4580
04:18:33,100 --> 04:18:36,200
first, you're carrying three 
spares in your other hand or 

4581
04:18:36,200 --> 04:18:39,000
already prepared. 
The mathematics of torch life 

4582
04:18:39,000 --> 04:18:41,700
versus distance to travel is 
something you calculate 

4583
04:18:41,700 --> 04:18:45,300
automatically now the same way 
you might calculate whether you 

4584
04:18:45,300 --> 04:18:48,600
have enough gas to reach. 
The next station, Torchlight is 

4585
04:18:48,600 --> 04:18:52,400
democratic in a way that 
firelight, isn't it moves with 

4586
04:18:52,400 --> 04:18:55,800
you and extends your radius of 
safety beyond the half? 

4587
04:18:56,500 --> 04:19:00,800
But it's also limited creating a
small bubble of Illumination in 

4588
04:19:00,800 --> 04:19:05,100
an ocean of Darkness, the Light 
reaches, perhaps 10 feet ahead 

4589
04:19:05,100 --> 04:19:09,200
of you enough to see roots that 
might trip you and to make large

4590
04:19:09,200 --> 04:19:12,800
Predators, think twice before 
approaching it doesn't. 

4591
04:19:12,800 --> 04:19:15,600
However, let you see much of 
what's Happening beyond that. 

4592
04:19:15,600 --> 04:19:19,600
Circle, The Darkness outside 
your torch light isn't just dark

4593
04:19:19,600 --> 04:19:22,400
it somehow darker than it was 
before you lit. 

4594
04:19:22,400 --> 04:19:26,200
The torch as if the flame 
creates Shadow as much as light 

4595
04:19:26,200 --> 04:19:29,700
ancient people's use, torches, 
the way you use flash lights 

4596
04:19:29,700 --> 04:19:32,200
with the same frustrations and 
benefits. 

4597
04:19:33,000 --> 04:19:36,200
They Carried torches to, and 
from the fields after dark, They

4598
04:19:36,200 --> 04:19:38,100
Carried. 
Torches down mine shafts. 

4599
04:19:38,100 --> 04:19:41,600
And into caves, They Carried 
tortures, through city streets 

4600
04:19:41,600 --> 04:19:45,500
before Street lighting existed, 
torches were so fundamental to 

4601
04:19:45,500 --> 04:19:49,100
ancient life that they show up 
in mythology art and literature 

4602
04:19:49,100 --> 04:19:52,600
constantly. 
The Olympic torch, the torch 

4603
04:19:52,600 --> 04:19:56,100
carrying Statue of Liberty and 
the Torches that angry 

4604
04:19:56,100 --> 04:19:58,000
villagers. 
Always seem to have handy in 

4605
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:01,500
classic horror films. 
Making a good torch required. 

4606
04:20:01,500 --> 04:20:04,500
Genuine skill, simply setting, a
stick on fire. 

4607
04:20:04,500 --> 04:20:08,600
Produced terrible results. 
It burned too far to created too

4608
04:20:08,600 --> 04:20:11,600
much smoke and extinguished at 
the slightest Breeze. 

4609
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:14,600
The best torches combined 
materials carefully. 

4610
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:19,000
A dense core of hardwood wrapped
with bark or fabric strips 

4611
04:20:19,000 --> 04:20:21,400
soaked in fat, or resin or 
pitch. 

4612
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:25,700
Some cultures added sulfur for a
brighter flame others 

4613
04:20:25,700 --> 04:20:28,600
experimented with different, 
wrapping techniques to control 

4614
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:31,700
the burn rate. 
They were professional torch 

4615
04:20:31,700 --> 04:20:34,900
makers in ancient cities 
Specialists, who understood the 

4616
04:20:34,900 --> 04:20:38,000
chemistry and physics of 
combustion centuries. 

4617
04:20:38,000 --> 04:20:41,700
Before those Sciences had names,
he passed another traveler 

4618
04:20:41,700 --> 04:20:45,300
going, the opposite direction. 
Also carrying a torch You not to

4619
04:20:45,300 --> 04:20:47,800
each other. 
As you pass two, small moving 

4620
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:51,200
points of light in the immense 
city of Darkness for a moment. 

4621
04:20:51,200 --> 04:20:54,300
As you walk away from each 
other, you can see their torch 

4622
04:20:54,300 --> 04:20:58,800
light receding into the distance
behind you a small Comfort proof

4623
04:20:58,800 --> 04:21:00,600
that you're not completely alone
out here. 

4624
04:21:01,300 --> 04:21:04,300
The forest at night is a 
different place than the forest 

4625
04:21:04,300 --> 04:21:08,700
by day sounds carry differently 
distances become impossible to 

4626
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:12,100
judge that tree walked past this
morning looks vaguely 

4627
04:21:12,100 --> 04:21:15,000
threatening and tort Shadow your
torch illuminates. 

4628
04:21:15,000 --> 04:21:18,000
The eyes of something watching 
from the underbrush two points 

4629
04:21:18,000 --> 04:21:20,800
of reflected light greenish 
Goulding. 

4630
04:21:21,800 --> 04:21:25,700
You pause, whatever it is. 
Paul's is you take a step. 

4631
04:21:25,700 --> 04:21:30,200
It fades Back Into Darkness, 
your heart is pounding harder 

4632
04:21:30,200 --> 04:21:32,200
than it should be for a simple 
walk home. 

4633
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:36,300
Torches had significant 
disadvantages beyond their short

4634
04:21:36,300 --> 04:21:41,200
burn time they required both 
hands in a sense one to hold the

4635
04:21:41,200 --> 04:21:43,700
torch and want to steady it 
against wind or to carry other 

4636
04:21:43,700 --> 04:21:47,800
items they created Sparks that 
could ignite your clothing or 

4637
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:52,100
dry grass, they broadcast your 
position to anyone or anything 

4638
04:21:52,100 --> 04:21:55,000
watching in wet weather. 
They were nearly useless. 

4639
04:21:56,000 --> 04:21:58,400
Stirring and smoking but 
providing minimal light. 

4640
04:21:59,200 --> 04:22:02,300
Smart people carried, extra 
kindling and fat soaked cloth to

4641
04:22:02,300 --> 04:22:04,600
restart torches, that refused to
stay lit. 

4642
04:22:04,600 --> 04:22:08,500
Yet despite these limitations, 
torches represented a revolution

4643
04:22:08,500 --> 04:22:13,100
in human Mobility. the four 
torches Darkness meant staying 

4644
04:22:13,100 --> 04:22:18,100
put After torches Darkness, 
meant preceding carefully, but 

4645
04:22:18,100 --> 04:22:21,200
still proceeding, you could 
travel at night, if necessary, 

4646
04:22:21,200 --> 04:22:26,300
you could work after Sunset, you
could investigate strange noises

4647
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:29,400
outside your settlement rather 
than huddling inside wondering 

4648
04:22:29,400 --> 04:22:33,000
what was making them. 
A torch extended human agency 

4649
04:22:33,000 --> 04:22:36,300
Beyond daylight hours, pushing 
back against the tyranny of the 

4650
04:22:36,308 --> 04:22:39,500
sun schedule. 
In ancient cities, torchbearers 

4651
04:22:39,500 --> 04:22:41,500
were common sights on streets 
after dark. 

4652
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:45,200
Sometimes servants, lighting the
way for wealthy employers, 

4653
04:22:45,200 --> 04:22:49,300
sometimes hired Guide to the 
safest route through dangerous 

4654
04:22:49,300 --> 04:22:52,000
neighborhoods, a torment. 
You had somewhere to be 

4655
04:22:52,000 --> 04:22:56,300
resources to spare and the 
confidence to travel after Dark.

4656
04:22:57,200 --> 04:23:00,300
It was a small statement of 
power over natural rhythms that 

4657
04:23:00,300 --> 04:23:03,800
had governed human life since 
the species began your own 

4658
04:23:03,808 --> 04:23:06,800
torches burning lower. 
Now the flame creeping down 

4659
04:23:06,800 --> 04:23:09,500
toward your hand. 
You stop and light. 

4660
04:23:09,500 --> 04:23:13,100
Your second Torch from the first
holding them together until the 

4661
04:23:13,100 --> 04:23:17,100
new one catches properly. 
First torch you drop and grind 

4662
04:23:17,100 --> 04:23:20,100
out with your heel. 
Can't risk, leaving it burning 

4663
04:23:20,100 --> 04:23:21,600
where it might start a forest 
fire. 

4664
04:23:22,300 --> 04:23:26,500
These small careful actions 
repeated by millions of people 

4665
04:23:26,500 --> 04:23:30,100
over thousands of years. 
Prevented disasters, you'll 

4666
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:33,100
never know about A path begins 
to slope upward. 

4667
04:23:33,100 --> 04:23:37,100
You can see lights ahead, the 
fires of your village, glowing 

4668
04:23:37,100 --> 04:23:40,800
orange through the trees. 
Each house has its own half, 

4669
04:23:40,800 --> 04:23:44,400
creating a constellation of warm
light against the hillside 

4670
04:23:44,400 --> 04:23:47,500
during winter, before everyone 
goes to sleep, The Village 

4671
04:23:47,500 --> 04:23:50,000
glows, softly and the Darkness 
visible for Miles. 

4672
04:23:50,000 --> 04:23:54,200
That glow means safety shelter, 
food and family. 

4673
04:23:54,200 --> 04:23:58,600
You Quicken your pace eager to 
be home to put down your torch 

4674
04:23:58,600 --> 04:24:01,300
and warm Yourself by a fire. 
That doesn't need to be carried 

4675
04:24:01,300 --> 04:24:04,800
through the night, the invention
of the lantern essentially, a 

4676
04:24:04,800 --> 04:24:07,800
torch protected by translucent 
panels solved. 

4677
04:24:07,800 --> 04:24:11,500
Some of the Torches problems. 
Horns, scraped thin enough to be

4678
04:24:11,500 --> 04:24:14,000
semi-transparent. 
Could protect a flame from wind 

4679
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:17,900
while still allowing light to 
pass through later oil paper 

4680
04:24:17,900 --> 04:24:21,400
served a similar function. 
These early lanterns were crewed

4681
04:24:21,400 --> 04:24:23,900
by later standards but 
represented significant 

4682
04:24:23,900 --> 04:24:27,800
improvements Overexposed Flames,
a lantern was less likely to be 

4683
04:24:27,808 --> 04:24:32,300
extinguished by a sudden gust. 
Less likely to drop Sparks on 

4684
04:24:32,300 --> 04:24:35,000
flammable materials and could be
carried. 

4685
04:24:35,000 --> 04:24:37,100
More safely through crowded 
spaces. 

4686
04:24:37,100 --> 04:24:40,900
You've seen lanterns in the 
market Town, carried by 

4687
04:24:40,900 --> 04:24:45,100
merchants and officials who 
could afford such luxuries The 

4688
04:24:45,100 --> 04:24:49,500
light they cast is softer than 
Torchlight more diffused but 

4689
04:24:49,500 --> 04:24:52,800
also more reliable. 
The good lantern with adequate 

4690
04:24:52,800 --> 04:24:56,500
oil could burn for hours without
attention, making it ideal for 

4691
04:24:56,500 --> 04:24:58,300
night-watches and extended 
travel. 

4692
04:24:59,300 --> 04:25:02,300
The towns nightwatchman carries 
one as he makes his rounds, 

4693
04:25:02,300 --> 04:25:06,200
calling out the hours, and 
checking doors, his Lantern has 

4694
04:25:06,200 --> 04:25:08,900
become. 
So associated with his role that

4695
04:25:08,900 --> 04:25:12,300
children play at being Watchmen,
carrying makeshift lanterns, and

4696
04:25:12,308 --> 04:25:15,000
mimicking, his calls, torches, 
all. 

4697
04:25:15,000 --> 04:25:17,200
So played in Portland, 
ceremonial roles in your 

4698
04:25:17,200 --> 04:25:20,600
culture, wedding's, often 
included torch lip professionals

4699
04:25:20,600 --> 04:25:24,200
with the bride, being a squatted
to her new home by torchbearers 

4700
04:25:25,100 --> 04:25:28,900
Funeral similarly used torches. 
The Flames representing the 

4701
04:25:28,900 --> 04:25:32,600
spirits Journey from this world 
to the next summer solstice 

4702
04:25:32,600 --> 04:25:35,800
celebration involved. 
Building enormous bonfire Towers

4703
04:25:35,800 --> 04:25:39,700
then using torches to light them
simultaneously at Sunset, 

4704
04:25:39,700 --> 04:25:43,800
creating spectacular displays 
visible across the countryside. 

4705
04:25:43,800 --> 04:25:46,800
The military applications of 
tortures were equally 

4706
04:25:46,800 --> 04:25:51,500
significant Armies on the March 
needed to set up Camp, Post 

4707
04:25:51,500 --> 04:25:54,600
centuries and coordinate 
movements after dark signal 

4708
04:25:54,600 --> 04:25:56,700
fires on. 
Hilltops could transmit messages

4709
04:25:56,700 --> 04:26:00,200
across vast distances faster 
than any Messenger on foot or 

4710
04:26:00,208 --> 04:26:03,800
horse a chain of Beacon fires. 
Stretching along a coastline, 

4711
04:26:03,800 --> 04:26:05,400
could warn of invasion within 
hours. 

4712
04:26:05,400 --> 04:26:09,500
Alerting populations to Danger 
long before the threat arrived. 

4713
04:26:09,500 --> 04:26:12,700
You remember hearing stories 
about the great Beacon chain 

4714
04:26:12,700 --> 04:26:15,800
that once stretched across the 
land linking watchtowers, and 

4715
04:26:15,800 --> 04:26:19,200
fortifications, when enemies 
approached, the first Tower 

4716
04:26:19,200 --> 04:26:22,100
would like its Beacon. 
Which would be seen by the next 

4717
04:26:22,100 --> 04:26:24,100
Tower which would like its own 
fire. 

4718
04:26:24,100 --> 04:26:27,800
And so on down the line, the 
system was simple but effective 

4719
04:26:27,800 --> 04:26:31,400
turning light itself into a 
communication Network, spanning 

4720
04:26:31,400 --> 04:26:35,200
hundreds of miles You're sitting
in a Stone House on the 

4721
04:26:35,208 --> 04:26:40,800
Mediterranean Coast and its some
time around 800 BCE night is 

4722
04:26:40,800 --> 04:26:44,400
fallen and rather than retiring 
to bed, you're working on a 

4723
04:26:44,400 --> 04:26:45,900
fishing net. 
That needs repair before 

4724
04:26:45,900 --> 04:26:48,500
tomorrow's expedition. 
You're able to do this because 

4725
04:26:48,500 --> 04:26:51,900
of the object sitting on the 
table beside you, a simple clay,

4726
04:26:51,900 --> 04:26:54,600
oil lamp. 
No larger than your palm filled 

4727
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:57,000
with olive oil and fitted with a
small linen Wick. 

4728
04:26:57,000 --> 04:27:01,500
The lamps light is modest barely
enough to illuminate your hands 

4729
04:27:01,500 --> 04:27:03,300
and the section of net your 
mending. 

4730
04:27:03,900 --> 04:27:07,200
But it's steady in a way that 
Torchlight never was and it 

4731
04:27:07,200 --> 04:27:09,000
doesn't require a constant 
attention. 

4732
04:27:09,000 --> 04:27:13,100
The wick drawers oil upward 
through capillary action, a 

4733
04:27:13,100 --> 04:27:14,100
phenomenon. 
You don't understand. 

4734
04:27:14,100 --> 04:27:18,000
But have learned to trust and 
burns with a small bright flame 

4735
04:27:18,000 --> 04:27:21,300
that smells faintly of olives 
and smoke oil, lamps 

4736
04:27:21,300 --> 04:27:23,200
represented. 
A massive Leap Forward in 

4737
04:27:23,200 --> 04:27:26,100
lighting technology, though. 
They still had significant 

4738
04:27:26,100 --> 04:27:29,600
limitations. 
The light they cast was weak by 

4739
04:27:29,600 --> 04:27:32,700
modern standards enough for 
close work, but not for 

4740
04:27:32,700 --> 04:27:35,300
Illuminating. 
An entire room, you needed 

4741
04:27:35,300 --> 04:27:37,600
multiple lamps for that and 
olive oil. 

4742
04:27:37,600 --> 04:27:40,300
Was expensive enough that most 
families used its spare in 

4743
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:42,800
English. 
The wealthy might burn lamps 

4744
04:27:42,800 --> 04:27:46,300
freely throughout their homes. 
Everyone else calculated 

4745
04:27:46,300 --> 04:27:48,500
carefully, how many hours of 
lamp light? 

4746
04:27:48,500 --> 04:27:51,900
They could afford the oil lamps 
invention, appears independently

4747
04:27:51,900 --> 04:27:55,500
in multiple ancient cultures 
Mediterranean peoples, used 

4748
04:27:55,500 --> 04:27:58,300
olive oil. 
Asian cultures used various 

4749
04:27:58,300 --> 04:28:01,800
vegetable oils. 
And Northern Europeans used fish

4750
04:28:01,800 --> 04:28:04,600
oil or animal fat, the principal
remained. 

4751
04:28:04,600 --> 04:28:08,400
The same a reservoir to hold 
fuel, a wick to draw that fuel 

4752
04:28:08,400 --> 04:28:12,400
to a flame and a design that 
prevented the entire apparatus 

4753
04:28:12,400 --> 04:28:15,900
from becoming a fire hazard. 
Early lamps were simply shells 

4754
04:28:15,900 --> 04:28:19,500
or hollowed Stones filled with 
fat and a plant fiber Wick. 

4755
04:28:20,300 --> 04:28:23,800
Later versions became more 
sophisticated shaped clay, 

4756
04:28:23,800 --> 04:28:27,600
bronze, or iron vessels with 
spouts to hold the wick and 

4757
04:28:27,600 --> 04:28:29,900
handles for carrying your lamp 
is beautiful. 

4758
04:28:29,900 --> 04:28:32,600
In its simplicity, Clay is 
reddish. 

4759
04:28:32,600 --> 04:28:36,100
Brown shaped like an elongated 
teardrop with a pinched spout. 

4760
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:39,700
At one end, where the Wickham 
emerges as a small hole at the 

4761
04:28:39,700 --> 04:28:42,900
wide Dental refilling. 
The Potter who made it decorated

4762
04:28:42,900 --> 04:28:45,500
the top with a simple pattern of
radiating lines. 

4763
04:28:45,500 --> 04:28:49,400
You bought it from him last year
for three fish, it's one of your

4764
04:28:49,400 --> 04:28:52,800
prized possessions, the light. 
It produces has a different 

4765
04:28:52,800 --> 04:28:56,100
quality than firelight from the 
half more focused. 

4766
04:28:56,100 --> 04:28:59,800
Less flickering with a slightly 
bluish tint compared to the 

4767
04:28:59,808 --> 04:29:03,200
orange glow of burning wood. 
You can read by this light of 

4768
04:29:03,200 --> 04:29:06,500
your literate, which you're not 
For your neighbor who runs the 

4769
04:29:06,500 --> 04:29:09,800
wine shop keeps his accounts by 
Lamplight, well into the night, 

4770
04:29:09,800 --> 04:29:13,600
the lamp allows him to extend 
his working hours to review his 

4771
04:29:13,600 --> 04:29:17,000
numbers and to plan his orders 
in the evening when his shop is 

4772
04:29:17,000 --> 04:29:20,100
closed. 
Oil lamps changed nighttime, 

4773
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:21,900
behavior. 
In ways that torches never 

4774
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:24,700
could. 
They enabled sedentary work you 

4775
04:29:24,700 --> 04:29:28,600
could sit and weave, right? 
Mend calculator or repair tools 

4776
04:29:28,600 --> 04:29:32,400
for extended periods, without 
constantly tending to a torch or

4777
04:29:32,408 --> 04:29:35,400
moving closer to the half. 
They were portable but didn't 

4778
04:29:35,400 --> 04:29:37,700
require constant replacement 
like torches. 

4779
04:29:38,500 --> 04:29:41,200
A well-made lamp with a good 
supply of oil could burn all 

4780
04:29:41,200 --> 04:29:43,400
night if needed. 
Though, that level of 

4781
04:29:43,400 --> 04:29:46,700
extravagance was rare outside 
wealthy households, or temples 

4782
04:29:46,700 --> 04:29:50,100
the wick requires occasional 
trimming, you do this. 

4783
04:29:50,100 --> 04:29:52,900
Now, pinching off the chart end 
with your calloused fingers. 

4784
04:29:52,900 --> 04:29:57,600
The flame sputters for a moment,
then burns, brighter and steady 

4785
04:29:57,600 --> 04:30:00,800
a properly trimmed Wick is the 
difference between a lamp that 

4786
04:30:00,808 --> 04:30:03,400
smokes and smells and one that 
burns cleanly. 

4787
04:30:04,300 --> 04:30:07,200
You learned this through trial 
and error wasting oil and 

4788
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:09,800
filling a house with black smoke
before you figure out the 

4789
04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:12,700
correct technique different 
oils, produced different 

4790
04:30:12,700 --> 04:30:15,200
results. 
All of oil, burned cleanly. 

4791
04:30:15,200 --> 04:30:19,300
But was expensive fish oil was 
cheaper but smelled distinctly 

4792
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:23,000
Oceanic Specially, when the 
flame wasn't burning, hot enough

4793
04:30:23,000 --> 04:30:27,200
castor oil burned brightly but 
required specific Wick materials

4794
04:30:27,200 --> 04:30:30,400
to work properly. 
Animal fat could be used but 

4795
04:30:30,400 --> 04:30:33,400
tended to produce more smoke and
needed higher temperatures to 

4796
04:30:33,400 --> 04:30:35,700
remain liquid. 
Every culture developed 

4797
04:30:35,700 --> 04:30:37,900
preferences based on what 
resources were locally 

4798
04:30:37,900 --> 04:30:40,500
available. 
Religious ceremonies relied 

4799
04:30:40,500 --> 04:30:44,700
heavily on oil lamps temples and
shrines kept Perpetual, Flames 

4800
04:30:44,700 --> 04:30:48,500
burning and dedicated lamps 
tended by priests or Temple 

4801
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:51,200
servants. 
These Flames represented divine 

4802
04:30:51,200 --> 04:30:55,100
presence, continuity and 
connection between the human and

4803
04:30:55,100 --> 04:30:58,000
divine realms. 
Letting a temple lamp. 

4804
04:30:58,000 --> 04:31:00,200
Go out was considered a terrible
Omen. 

4805
04:31:00,200 --> 04:31:03,400
Some lamps were designed 
specifically for religious use. 

4806
04:31:03,400 --> 04:31:07,400
Elaborate bronze vessels with 
multiple Wicks ornate 

4807
04:31:07,400 --> 04:31:09,400
decorations and chains for 
hanging. 

4808
04:31:10,300 --> 04:31:12,100
You're almost finished with your
net repair. 

4809
04:31:12,100 --> 04:31:15,400
When you notice the flame 
dimming slightly, you check the 

4810
04:31:15,400 --> 04:31:19,400
oil level low, but enough to 
finish this work, tomorrow, 

4811
04:31:19,400 --> 04:31:22,300
you'll need to refill the lamp 
from the large clay, vessel in 

4812
04:31:22,308 --> 04:31:25,500
the corner, where you store your
olive oil supply, you budget 

4813
04:31:25,500 --> 04:31:29,000
carefully balancing the need for
evening lighter against the oils

4814
04:31:29,000 --> 04:31:31,000
are the uses and cooking and 
preserving food. 

4815
04:31:32,200 --> 04:31:35,200
Life is a series of small 
calculations like this. 

4816
04:31:36,000 --> 04:31:39,300
Trade-offs between competing 
needs with limited resources. 

4817
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:42,000
Outside. 
You can hear the night Watchman 

4818
04:31:42,000 --> 04:31:44,100
passing through the street 
calling out. 

4819
04:31:44,100 --> 04:31:47,000
That all is well. 
He carries a lantern 

4820
04:31:47,000 --> 04:31:50,000
essentially, an oil lamp and 
closed in a frame with 

4821
04:31:50,000 --> 04:31:53,900
translucent panels of horn, or 
animal skin, to protect the 

4822
04:31:53,900 --> 04:31:58,600
flame from wind, his light bulbs
and sways as he walks casting 

4823
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:00,800
moving Shadows against the walls
of houses. 

4824
04:32:00,800 --> 04:32:04,700
His voice is reassuring. 
A reminder that someone is 

4825
04:32:04,700 --> 04:32:07,900
watching that the darkness isn't
entirely unguarded. 

4826
04:32:09,300 --> 04:32:11,600
Lamp design. 
Evolved continuously over 

4827
04:32:11,600 --> 04:32:13,900
centuries. 
Simple open Bolls. 

4828
04:32:13,900 --> 04:32:17,200
Gave way to covered vessels with
small filling holes and pinched 

4829
04:32:17,200 --> 04:32:20,500
spouts. 
Spouts became longer to project 

4830
04:32:20,500 --> 04:32:23,800
the flame forward. 
Multiple Wick lamps provided 

4831
04:32:23,800 --> 04:32:27,300
more light from a single 
Reservoir, reflective surfaces 

4832
04:32:27,300 --> 04:32:29,700
behind lamps, Amplified their 
illumination. 

4833
04:32:29,700 --> 04:32:32,100
Each Improvement was 
incremental. 

4834
04:32:32,900 --> 04:32:36,200
Collectively, they transformed a
crude light source into a 

4835
04:32:36,200 --> 04:32:39,800
sophisticated technology. 
The Romans became particularly 

4836
04:32:39,800 --> 04:32:42,800
skilled at lamp. 
Making producing thousands of 

4837
04:32:42,800 --> 04:32:45,300
ceramic, lamps and standardized 
workshops. 

4838
04:32:45,300 --> 04:32:48,800
These lamps were decorated with 
images of gods, animals 

4839
04:32:48,800 --> 04:32:53,300
Gladiators, and geometric 
patterns, art objects as much as

4840
04:32:53,300 --> 04:32:57,300
functional tools. 
Wealthy Romans owned, dozens of 

4841
04:32:57,300 --> 04:33:00,100
lamps, using them to illuminate,
dinner parties. 

4842
04:33:00,100 --> 04:33:03,500
And evening, social Gatherings, 
the lamps were arranged, 

4843
04:33:03,500 --> 04:33:06,900
strategically around rooms, 
creating lighting effects, that 

4844
04:33:06,900 --> 04:33:09,300
showcase the hosts wealth and 
taste. 

4845
04:33:10,099 --> 04:33:13,400
Lamp fuel was sometimes centered
with herbs or flowers to mask 

4846
04:33:13,400 --> 04:33:15,900
the smell of burning oil and 
create Pleasant. 

4847
04:33:15,900 --> 04:33:20,099
Atmospheres lavender oil, 
Rosemary or rose petals might be

4848
04:33:20,099 --> 04:33:23,300
added to the fuel creating 
fragrances that mix with the 

4849
04:33:23,300 --> 04:33:27,200
warm smell of burning oil. 
This practice was expensive and 

4850
04:33:27,200 --> 04:33:31,099
reserved for special occasions, 
but it demonstrated how people 

4851
04:33:31,099 --> 04:33:32,900
sort to make their artificial 
light. 

4852
04:33:32,900 --> 04:33:35,700
Not just functional but 
beautiful and pleasant. 

4853
04:33:36,700 --> 04:33:39,800
The trade and lamp, oil was 
substantial and economically. 

4854
04:33:39,800 --> 04:33:44,800
Important Olive Growers, oil 
presses merchants and lamp 

4855
04:33:44,800 --> 04:33:46,900
makers. 
All depended on the demand for 

4856
04:33:46,900 --> 04:33:50,300
illumination. 
In Mediterranean regions olive 

4857
04:33:50,300 --> 04:33:53,300
oil production was geared, as 
much toward lighting as toward 

4858
04:33:53,300 --> 04:33:55,599
cooking. 
Poor Olive Harvest, meant not 

4859
04:33:55,599 --> 04:33:59,000
just food shortages, but 
Darkness as families, rational 

4860
04:33:59,000 --> 04:34:02,300
their remaining oil carefully 
through the winter months, you 

4861
04:34:02,300 --> 04:34:05,400
finish your net repair and trim 
the wick one final time before 

4862
04:34:05,400 --> 04:34:07,700
extinguishing the lamp the 
processes. 

4863
04:34:07,700 --> 04:34:11,300
Deliberate, you don't just blow 
out the flame which would fill 

4864
04:34:11,300 --> 04:34:15,400
the room with akward smoke. 
Instead you use a small bronze 

4865
04:34:15,400 --> 04:34:18,800
tool designed for the purpose, 
pressing the wick down into the 

4866
04:34:18,808 --> 04:34:20,700
oil until the flame is 
smothered. 

4867
04:34:20,700 --> 04:34:24,400
The room plunges into darkness 
leaving, only the dim glow from 

4868
04:34:24,400 --> 04:34:27,900
the Hearthfire across the room. 
Your eyes need a moment to 

4869
04:34:27,900 --> 04:34:30,200
adjust before. 
You can safely, navigate your 

4870
04:34:30,200 --> 04:34:33,099
sleeping area. 
You're standing in a monastery 

4871
04:34:33,099 --> 04:34:37,300
in medieval England, sometime 
around 1200 CE, it's late 

4872
04:34:37,300 --> 04:34:40,000
evening and you're in the 
scriptorium where monks spend 

4873
04:34:40,000 --> 04:34:43,700
their days copying manuscripts. 
The room is filled with a soft 

4874
04:34:43,700 --> 04:34:45,900
steady glow from dozens of 
candles. 

4875
04:34:46,599 --> 04:34:50,599
Beeswax candles that burn with a
gentle honey scent and a light 

4876
04:34:50,608 --> 04:34:54,400
that bright enough to read by 
but soft enough not to strain. 

4877
04:34:54,400 --> 04:34:58,700
The eyes candles weren't new by 
this period but their widespread

4878
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:02,099
use represented a significant 
advancement over oil lamps in 

4879
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:05,400
many situations they were 
portable created. 

4880
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:09,400
No liquid fuel to spill produced
minimal smoke if made properly 

4881
04:35:09,400 --> 04:35:12,599
and could be extinguished and 
relit with relative ease. 

4882
04:35:12,599 --> 04:35:16,400
They also burned down gradually 
which made them useful for 

4883
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:19,300
measuring time. 
Specially marked candles could 

4884
04:35:19,300 --> 04:35:22,800
track hours during religious 
services or night-watches the 

4885
04:35:22,800 --> 04:35:26,500
candles Illuminating the 
scriptorium are expensive made 

4886
04:35:26,500 --> 04:35:29,300
from beeswax collected from the 
monasteries highs. 

4887
04:35:30,000 --> 04:35:33,000
Beeswax candles, burn cleanly, 
and smell Pleasant. 

4888
04:35:33,000 --> 04:35:35,500
Making them. 
The preferred choice for 

4889
04:35:35,500 --> 04:35:39,599
churches and Wealthy households.
The common people use Tallow 

4890
04:35:39,599 --> 04:35:42,800
candles made from rendered, 
animal fat. much cheaper but 

4891
04:35:42,800 --> 04:35:46,700
also smellier and smokier a 
Tallow candle burning is a 

4892
04:35:46,700 --> 04:35:50,000
distinctly different olfactory 
experience than beeswax with 

4893
04:35:50,000 --> 04:35:53,099
undertones of old meat and 
grease that never entirely 

4894
04:35:53,099 --> 04:35:57,800
dissipate You watch a monk 
working at his desk copying 

4895
04:35:57,800 --> 04:36:01,599
lines from an illuminated 
manuscript, the candle beside 

4896
04:36:01,599 --> 04:36:04,400
him is thick. 
Perhaps six inches tall, burning

4897
04:36:04,400 --> 04:36:08,400
steadily in a simple iron, 
holder every hour or so he trims

4898
04:36:08,400 --> 04:36:11,200
the wick with a small pair of 
scissors designed specifically 

4899
04:36:11,200 --> 04:36:14,700
for this purpose. 
Snuffers their called though 

4900
04:36:14,700 --> 04:36:17,300
that name is slightly misleading
since they're for trimming 

4901
04:36:17,300 --> 04:36:21,200
rather than extinguishing the 
trimmed Wick Falls away leaving 

4902
04:36:21,200 --> 04:36:23,000
behind a cleaner, brighter 
Flame. 

4903
04:36:23,700 --> 04:36:26,200
Candle making was both a 
household tasks and a 

4904
04:36:26,200 --> 04:36:29,500
professional trade families. 
Made their own Tallow candles by

4905
04:36:29,500 --> 04:36:33,700
dipping Wick's repeatedly into 
melted fat Building up layers 

4906
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:37,200
until the candle reached the 
desired, thickness, professional

4907
04:36:37,200 --> 04:36:40,300
Chandlers, produced higher 
quality candles using molds and 

4908
04:36:40,308 --> 04:36:44,800
better materials selling them in
markets and to institutions, the

4909
04:36:44,800 --> 04:36:47,500
Chandlers killed in medieval 
cities, was powerful and 

4910
04:36:47,500 --> 04:36:51,400
well-respected, like was 
valuable Those Who provided it 

4911
04:36:51,400 --> 04:36:55,700
enjoyed special status. 
The process of making a dipped 

4912
04:36:55,700 --> 04:36:57,500
candle is meditative and 
tedious. 

4913
04:36:57,500 --> 04:37:01,000
You prepare your Wick, usually 
braided cotton or linen, 

4914
04:37:01,000 --> 04:37:03,700
strands. 
You heat your wax or Tallow 

4915
04:37:03,700 --> 04:37:07,200
until it's fully melted then you
begin dipping sink. 

4916
04:37:07,200 --> 04:37:10,300
The wick into the liquid. 
Pull it out, let it cool 

4917
04:37:10,300 --> 04:37:14,300
slightly and dip again. 
Each dip adds a thin layer. 

4918
04:37:14,300 --> 04:37:18,099
You need dozens of dips to 
create a candle of useful size. 

4919
04:37:18,099 --> 04:37:21,800
The work takes hours and fills 
your house with the smell of hot

4920
04:37:21,800 --> 04:37:26,000
wax or cooking fat molded 
candles were faster to produce 

4921
04:37:26,000 --> 04:37:29,599
but required equipment. 
A pewter tin mold shaped like a 

4922
04:37:29,599 --> 04:37:32,400
tube with a hole at the bottom 
for the wicked to pass through 

4923
04:37:32,400 --> 04:37:35,200
pour in the melted wax. 
Let it cool completely. 

4924
04:37:35,200 --> 04:37:39,000
Then push out the finished 
candle multiple molds allowed. 

4925
04:37:39,000 --> 04:37:42,599
Chandlers to produce candles in 
batches making the process more 

4926
04:37:42,599 --> 04:37:45,700
efficient. 
The best molds created candles 

4927
04:37:45,700 --> 04:37:49,200
with smooth sides and even 
burning characteristics, the 

4928
04:37:49,200 --> 04:37:52,200
amount of light candle produced 
became a unit of measurement. 

4929
04:37:53,099 --> 04:37:56,700
Foot candle Define as the 
illumination cast by one candle,

4930
04:37:56,700 --> 04:38:01,099
at a distance of one foot. 
This unit persisted into the 

4931
04:38:01,099 --> 04:38:04,900
modern era eventually evolving 
into the Lumen medieval. 

4932
04:38:04,900 --> 04:38:07,800
People were intimately familiar 
with how many candles were 

4933
04:38:07,800 --> 04:38:10,900
needed to illuminate. 
A room adequately, and Wealthy 

4934
04:38:10,900 --> 04:38:13,200
households. 
Employed servants, specifically 

4935
04:38:13,200 --> 04:38:16,400
to manage candle supplies and 
ensure proper lighting 

4936
04:38:16,400 --> 04:38:19,400
throughout the house. 
Candles had one significant 

4937
04:38:19,400 --> 04:38:21,800
advantage over lamps and certain
contexts. 

4938
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:24,200
They could be easily moved and 
positioned. 

4939
04:38:25,099 --> 04:38:28,500
You could carry a candle in a 
simple, holder upstairs down, 

4940
04:38:28,500 --> 04:38:33,200
hallways and into storage rooms.
Candlesticks came in elaborate 

4941
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:37,099
varieties, tall stands for 
hallways, short holders, for 

4942
04:38:37,099 --> 04:38:41,700
tables wall, sconces for rooms 
and chandeliers with multiple 

4943
04:38:41,700 --> 04:38:45,300
arms, for great Halls. 
Each design solved a specific 

4944
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:48,599
lighting problem while also 
displaying wealth and status. 

4945
04:38:49,599 --> 04:38:52,900
A Catholic Church was perhaps 
the largest consumer of candles 

4946
04:38:52,900 --> 04:38:56,099
in medieval Europe. 
Altar candles burned during 

4947
04:38:56,099 --> 04:39:00,000
every service votive candles 
flickered in alcoves, dedicated 

4948
04:39:00,000 --> 04:39:04,000
to Saints, Processional candles 
were carried during ceremonies. 

4949
04:39:04,800 --> 04:39:07,599
The Paschal candle blessed 
during the east of vigil 

4950
04:39:07,599 --> 04:39:11,400
represented Christ Light 
entering the world, religious 

4951
04:39:11,400 --> 04:39:14,599
candle used was so extensive 
that monasteries with their own 

4952
04:39:14,599 --> 04:39:18,300
Apiaries, had significant 
economic advantages, they could 

4953
04:39:18,300 --> 04:39:21,900
produce their own beeswax. 
Rather than purchasing it, you 

4954
04:39:21,900 --> 04:39:24,700
notice how the candlelight in 
this scriptorium creates a 

4955
04:39:24,700 --> 04:39:28,800
particular atmosphere quieter to
somehow then daylight more 

4956
04:39:28,800 --> 04:39:32,599
contemplative amongst work in 
near silence their pens 

4957
04:39:32,599 --> 04:39:35,599
scratching against parchment. 
The only sounds being the 

4958
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:38,600
occasional turned page or 
whispered prayer, the light 

4959
04:39:38,600 --> 04:39:41,300
seems appropriate for this work 
of preservation and devotion. 

4960
04:39:41,300 --> 04:39:45,200
As if the candles themselves 
participate in the sacred task 

4961
04:39:45,200 --> 04:39:49,000
of copying religious texts, a 
draw from somewhere causes 

4962
04:39:49,000 --> 04:39:52,700
several candles to flick a 
simultaneously and among Rises 

4963
04:39:52,700 --> 04:39:56,900
to investigate candles, were 
sent to air movement a strong 

4964
04:39:56,900 --> 04:40:00,000
draft could extinguish the 
entirely or cause them to burn 

4965
04:40:00,000 --> 04:40:03,000
unevenly creating long drips 
down one side. 

4966
04:40:04,200 --> 04:40:07,500
Windows were kept closed at 
night, not just for warmth, but 

4967
04:40:07,500 --> 04:40:10,800
to protect the lights, heavy 
curtains, served double duty 

4968
04:40:10,800 --> 04:40:14,800
insulating against cold and 
blocking wins that might disturb

4969
04:40:14,800 --> 04:40:18,200
the flames. 
The monk trimming Wix carries a 

4970
04:40:18,200 --> 04:40:20,900
small, ceramic Bowl to collect 
the trimmed portions. 

4971
04:40:20,900 --> 04:40:25,500
Nothing is wasted, even these 
tiny scraps of Wick and adhering

4972
04:40:25,500 --> 04:40:28,700
wax will be saved. 
And eventually incorporated into

4973
04:40:28,700 --> 04:40:33,700
new candles wax was too valuable
to discard even in an 

4974
04:40:33,700 --> 04:40:36,000
institution as wealthy as this 
monastery. 

4975
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:39,300
The principle of careful 
Resource Management permeated 

4976
04:40:39,300 --> 04:40:42,900
every aspect of life in ages 
when materials were expensive 

4977
04:40:42,900 --> 04:40:45,400
and labor was cheap. 
Candle snuffers. 

4978
04:40:45,400 --> 04:40:48,800
Bell-shaped tools on long. 
Handles, were used to extinguish

4979
04:40:48,800 --> 04:40:52,500
candles without spreading smoke,
or spattering, hot wax, you 

4980
04:40:52,500 --> 04:40:55,900
watch, as a monk, makes his 
rounds with a Snuffer carefully.

4981
04:40:55,900 --> 04:40:59,400
Extinguishing candles that no 
longer needed as monks, complete

4982
04:40:59,400 --> 04:41:01,000
their work and retire for the 
night. 

4983
04:41:01,000 --> 04:41:05,300
The process is ritualistic 
Performed with the same care and

4984
04:41:05,300 --> 04:41:07,300
attention as any other monastic 
Duty. 

4985
04:41:08,300 --> 04:41:11,000
Different colored candles serve 
different purposes in church 

4986
04:41:11,000 --> 04:41:14,100
settings. 
White candles were standard for 

4987
04:41:14,100 --> 04:41:17,900
most Services red candles appear
during certain feast days. 

4988
04:41:17,900 --> 04:41:22,500
Black handles were used during 
Good Friday The colors carried 

4989
04:41:22,500 --> 04:41:25,600
symbolic weight, part of the 
elaborate visual language of 

4990
04:41:25,600 --> 04:41:28,900
medieval Christianity. 
Even the number of candles had 

4991
04:41:28,900 --> 04:41:32,000
meaning two, candles 
represented, the Dual nature of 

4992
04:41:32,000 --> 04:41:35,900
Christ and seven candles 
corresponded to the seven gift 

4993
04:41:35,900 --> 04:41:39,400
of the Holy Spirit, the wealthy 
experimented with candles made 

4994
04:41:39,400 --> 04:41:43,300
from spermaceti, a waxy 
substance, derived from sperm 

4995
04:41:43,300 --> 04:41:47,100
whales these candles burn, even 
more cleanly than beeswax and 

4996
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:50,000
produced bright white light, 
however they were 

4997
04:41:50,000 --> 04:41:52,900
extraordinarily expensive 
reserved for royalty in the 

4998
04:41:52,908 --> 04:41:55,600
highest nobility. 
A sperm acetic candle 

4999
04:41:55,600 --> 04:41:59,200
represented, not just light, but
an ostentatious display of 

5000
04:41:59,200 --> 04:42:02,400
wealth, a statement that the 
owner could afford to burn the 

5001
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:04,700
finest materials simply for 
illumination. 

5002
04:42:04,700 --> 04:42:08,800
Poor households used Rush lights
as an economical alternative to 

5003
04:42:08,800 --> 04:42:11,500
candles. 
These were made by soaking the 

5004
04:42:11,500 --> 04:42:14,000
pithy core of Rush plants in 
animal fat. 

5005
04:42:14,000 --> 04:42:17,700
They burned quickly and produced
minimal light, but they were 

5006
04:42:17,700 --> 04:42:20,100
cheaper enough for even the 
poorest family to afford. 

5007
04:42:20,900 --> 04:42:24,900
A rush, like might burn for just
20 minutes, requiring constant 

5008
04:42:24,900 --> 04:42:27,300
replacement throughout the 
evening families. 

5009
04:42:27,300 --> 04:42:29,000
Using Rush lights, lived with 
much. 

5010
04:42:29,000 --> 04:42:32,800
Dimmer illumination than their 
neighbors, He walked through the

5011
04:42:32,800 --> 04:42:36,600
monastery Cloisters as evening 
deepens into night, and the 

5012
04:42:36,600 --> 04:42:40,600
transformation is striking 
during the day, the stone arches

5013
04:42:40,600 --> 04:42:43,100
and corridors seem austere 
almost cold. 

5014
04:42:44,200 --> 04:42:48,000
Candlelight, they become warm 
and mysterious Shadows pooling 

5015
04:42:48,000 --> 04:42:51,300
in Corners, the voltage ceiling,
barely visible above. 

5016
04:42:51,300 --> 04:42:55,600
This is a different building 
after dark experienced in a 

5017
04:42:55,600 --> 04:42:59,000
fundamentally different way. 
Architecture designed for 

5018
04:42:59,000 --> 04:43:02,900
daylight takes on new character.
When revealed by flickering 

5019
04:43:02,900 --> 04:43:07,200
Flames the monastery belt Tower 
houses, a special candle used 

5020
04:43:07,200 --> 04:43:12,000
for timekeeping Thick handle 
marked with hours burning at a 

5021
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:13,800
consistent rate. 
That allows the bell ring at a 

5022
04:43:13,808 --> 04:43:16,800
track time through the night. 
When the flame reaches each 

5023
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:19,700
Mark, he rings the bell to call 
monks to prayer. 

5024
04:43:19,700 --> 04:43:23,100
This system isn't perfectly 
accurate but it's reliable 

5025
04:43:23,100 --> 04:43:26,700
enough for the monasteries needs
time measured by a burning 

5026
04:43:26,700 --> 04:43:29,700
candle has a different texture 
than time measured by mechanical

5027
04:43:29,700 --> 04:43:33,700
clocks, more fluid, more 
connected to physical processes 

5028
04:43:33,700 --> 04:43:35,200
of consumption and 
transformation. 

5029
04:43:35,200 --> 04:43:39,000
Your attending a Diwali 
celebration in India, sometime 

5030
04:43:39,000 --> 04:43:42,800
around 1500 CE. 
The entire city is transformed 

5031
04:43:42,800 --> 04:43:46,900
into a constellation of small 
lights, thousands upon thousands

5032
04:43:46,900 --> 04:43:51,200
of clay oil lamps called Diaz 
arranged on windowsills 

5033
04:43:51,200 --> 04:43:56,400
doorsteps roof tops and streets.
Each deer is a simple thing, a 

5034
04:43:56,400 --> 04:43:59,700
small clay Bowl filled with oil 
or ghee with a cotton wick 

5035
04:43:59,700 --> 04:44:02,700
floating in it. 
Individually they provide 

5036
04:44:02,700 --> 04:44:05,100
minimal illumination 
collectively. 

5037
04:44:05,100 --> 04:44:08,100
They create a spectacle that 
transforms the Knight into 

5038
04:44:08,100 --> 04:44:10,700
something magical light has 
always carried. 

5039
04:44:10,700 --> 04:44:12,400
Meaning beyond the merely 
practical. 

5040
04:44:13,200 --> 04:44:16,800
And cultures around the world 
like represents knowledge divine

5041
04:44:16,800 --> 04:44:22,200
presence, hope celebration and 
Triumph over Darkness both 

5042
04:44:22,200 --> 04:44:26,600
literal and metaphorical. 
The ways people use light, when 

5043
04:44:26,600 --> 04:44:31,300
where, and why they lit lamps or
candles or fires reveal as much 

5044
04:44:31,300 --> 04:44:33,900
about their spiritual lives as 
their material ones. 

5045
04:44:34,600 --> 04:44:37,600
You walk through the streets, 
admiring the displays some 

5046
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:40,800
households have a range, their 
deers in elaborate patterns, 

5047
04:44:40,800 --> 04:44:45,400
spirals lotus, flowers and 
geometric designs, that seemed 

5048
04:44:45,400 --> 04:44:50,100
to Glow with intention. 
Children carry sparklers waving 

5049
04:44:50,100 --> 04:44:52,000
them to create brief Trails of 
light. 

5050
04:44:52,000 --> 04:44:56,000
In the darkness, the smell of 
burning oil mixes with incense 

5051
04:44:56,000 --> 04:44:58,300
and the center Festival Foods 
being prepared. 

5052
04:44:59,200 --> 04:45:01,900
This is light, used not for work
or safety. 

5053
04:45:01,900 --> 04:45:06,800
But for Joy for creating Beauty,
for honoring the Divine, the 

5054
04:45:06,800 --> 04:45:09,900
festival, celebrates the return 
of Lord Rama to his kingdom, 

5055
04:45:09,900 --> 04:45:13,800
after 14 years of Exile, and the
lights, represent the lamps that

5056
04:45:13,800 --> 04:45:17,300
citizens lit to guide him home 
and celebrate his return. 

5057
04:45:17,300 --> 04:45:20,700
But the meaning has deepened 
over centuries to Encompass 

5058
04:45:20,700 --> 04:45:24,800
broader themes, the victory of 
light over Darkness knowledge, 

5059
04:45:24,800 --> 04:45:27,400
over ignorance. 
And good over evil. 

5060
04:45:27,400 --> 04:45:31,800
Each tiny flame, becomes a 
prayer, a hope, a connection to 

5061
04:45:31,800 --> 04:45:34,100
something larger than individual
existence. 

5062
04:45:35,000 --> 04:45:37,800
In another time and place your 
standing in a Jewish household 

5063
04:45:37,800 --> 04:45:42,900
on the 8th night of Hanukkah. 
The menorah holds nine candles 8

5064
04:45:42,900 --> 04:45:46,600
for the 8th of the holiday. 
Plus the shamash the helper 

5065
04:45:46,600 --> 04:45:49,400
candle used to light the others,
the ritual of lighting, the 

5066
04:45:49,400 --> 04:45:53,900
menorah follows a specific order
right to left adding one candle 

5067
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:56,600
each night until all later 
burning on the final evening. 

5068
04:45:56,600 --> 04:45:59,700
The light from these candles is 
not to be used for practical 

5069
04:45:59,700 --> 04:46:02,400
purposes. 
You don't read by them or 

5070
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:06,000
navigate by them, they exist 
purely to remember to 

5071
04:46:06,000 --> 04:46:09,200
commemorate and to maintain 
connection with history and 

5072
04:46:09,200 --> 04:46:11,800
Faith. 
The story being commemorated is 

5073
04:46:11,800 --> 04:46:15,400
specific, the rededication of 
the second temple in Jerusalem 

5074
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:18,300
and the Miracle of oil, that 
should have burned for one day 

5075
04:46:18,300 --> 04:46:21,000
lasting 8 days. 
But like all religious 

5076
04:46:21,000 --> 04:46:24,300
observance, is the particular 
story opens onto Universal 

5077
04:46:24,300 --> 04:46:29,400
themes, lighters endurance, 
light as Unexpected Grace, like 

5078
04:46:29,400 --> 04:46:32,900
to persistence against 
overwhelming odds, the menorah 

5079
04:46:32,900 --> 04:46:35,800
as placement in a window ensures
that the Lights Proclaim their 

5080
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:39,200
message to the street, sharing 
the miracle, publicly rather 

5081
04:46:39,200 --> 04:46:42,500
than keeping it private. 
The Christians had their own 

5082
04:46:42,500 --> 04:46:46,800
traditions of sacred, light 
candlemas celebrated on February

5083
04:46:46,800 --> 04:46:50,400
2nd involved, bringing all the 
household candles to church for 

5084
04:46:50,400 --> 04:46:53,000
blessing. 
These blessed candles would 

5085
04:46:53,000 --> 04:46:56,700
protect the home ward off evil 
and ensure prosperity for the 

5086
04:46:56,700 --> 04:46:59,100
coming year. 
The traditional acknowledge that

5087
04:46:59,100 --> 04:47:02,500
light was more than mere 
illumination, it carried power, 

5088
04:47:02,500 --> 04:47:06,500
meaning and protection Beyond, 
its physical properties in 

5089
04:47:06,500 --> 04:47:09,600
Celtic lands. 
Before Christianity arrived, the

5090
04:47:09,600 --> 04:47:12,800
Festival of samain marked the 
transition from the light half 

5091
04:47:12,800 --> 04:47:16,900
of the year to the dark half. 
Large bonfires were lit on, 

5092
04:47:16,908 --> 04:47:21,300
hilltops visible for miles, 
around families, carried torches

5093
04:47:21,300 --> 04:47:25,300
lit from the sacred fires, back 
to their own halves rekindling 

5094
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:27,800
their household Flames with 
Sanctified fire. 

5095
04:47:27,800 --> 04:47:31,800
The ritual connected individual 
homes to the community and to 

5096
04:47:31,800 --> 04:47:34,200
the Turning of Seasons using 
light. 

5097
04:47:34,200 --> 04:47:36,800
As both a practical tool and a 
spiritual symbol. 

5098
04:47:36,800 --> 04:47:40,900
The Japanese obon festival 
honors deceased ancestors and 

5099
04:47:40,900 --> 04:47:43,600
part of its observance, involves
lighting lanterns to guide 

5100
04:47:43,600 --> 04:47:45,300
Spirits back to the living 
world. 

5101
04:47:46,300 --> 04:47:50,400
Paper lanterns hang from Eaves 
and posts glowing softly in the 

5102
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:52,800
summer. 
Darkness on the final night of 

5103
04:47:52,800 --> 04:47:55,900
the festival floating lanterns 
are set a drift on rivers and 

5104
04:47:55,900 --> 04:47:58,500
latex. 
Carrying prayers and farewells 

5105
04:47:58,500 --> 04:48:02,400
back to the spirit world, the 
lights Bob and drift Downstream 

5106
04:48:02,400 --> 04:48:05,100
gradually disappearing into the 
darkness. 

5107
04:48:05,100 --> 04:48:09,200
A beautiful Melancholy image of 
impermanence and connection. 

5108
04:48:09,200 --> 04:48:12,600
Winter solstice celebrations, 
across numerous cultures, 

5109
04:48:12,600 --> 04:48:16,400
involved lighting fires, all 
lamps to encourage the sun's 

5110
04:48:16,400 --> 04:48:19,500
return to prove, that light, 
still existed, even in the 

5111
04:48:19,508 --> 04:48:23,800
darkest part of the year. 
Scandinavian tradition of Saint 

5112
04:48:23,800 --> 04:48:27,200
Lucia's day involved. 
Young women wearing crowns of 

5113
04:48:27,200 --> 04:48:31,100
candles bringing light and food 
to households during the darkest

5114
04:48:31,100 --> 04:48:33,600
weeks of Winter. 
The symbolism was clear. 

5115
04:48:34,400 --> 04:48:35,800
We carry light through the 
darkness. 

5116
04:48:35,800 --> 04:48:40,500
We maintain hope and we refuse 
to surrender to the long night. 

5117
04:48:41,300 --> 04:48:44,600
You're at a Buddhist temple 
during Vesak, the celebration of

5118
04:48:44,600 --> 04:48:47,000
Buddha's birth in lightning and 
death. 

5119
04:48:47,600 --> 04:48:50,500
The temple complex is adorned 
with thousands of lanterns 

5120
04:48:50,500 --> 04:48:54,100
creating a warm glow that seems 
to pulse with spiritual energy 

5121
04:48:54,100 --> 04:48:57,800
monks and lay people alike, 
carry small lamps and procession

5122
04:48:57,800 --> 04:49:02,400
circling the temple grounds, the
accumulated light of hundreds of

5123
04:49:02,408 --> 04:49:05,300
individual Flames. 
Creating an illumination that 

5124
04:49:05,300 --> 04:49:08,800
feels qualitatively different 
from any electric light you've 

5125
04:49:08,800 --> 04:49:12,900
experienced in your Modern Life 
Light in these contexts wasn't 

5126
04:49:12,900 --> 04:49:15,100
measured in lumens or foot 
candles. 

5127
04:49:15,100 --> 04:49:20,200
It wasn't evaluated based on 
efficiency or duration, instead,

5128
04:49:20,200 --> 04:49:23,900
it was appreciated for its 
symbolic weight, its connection 

5129
04:49:23,900 --> 04:49:28,100
to meaning and memory, and its 
devotion, a single candle 

5130
04:49:28,100 --> 04:49:31,100
burning in memory of a deceased.
Loved one provided almost no 

5131
04:49:31,100 --> 04:49:35,300
practical illumination, but its 
purpose was not practical, it 

5132
04:49:35,300 --> 04:49:40,400
was witness remembrance and 
continuing connections or 

5133
04:49:40,400 --> 04:49:44,000
astron's maintained, sacred 
fires and fire temples, tended 

5134
04:49:44,000 --> 04:49:47,700
continuously by priests These 
files were considered living 

5135
04:49:47,700 --> 04:49:51,300
manifestations of the Divine, 
requiring careful feeding and 

5136
04:49:51,300 --> 04:49:55,500
protection different grades of 
fire existed, household fires, 

5137
04:49:55,500 --> 04:49:58,900
Community fires and most sacred 
of all the attached behran. 

5138
04:49:58,900 --> 04:50:02,800
A fire, requiring, the Gathering
and combination of 16 different 

5139
04:50:02,800 --> 04:50:05,100
types of fire in elaborate 
purification. 

5140
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:09,000
Ceremonies the fire could never 
be allowed to go out with 

5141
04:50:09,000 --> 04:50:12,000
priests maintaining constant 
vigil over its preservation. 

5142
04:50:12,000 --> 04:50:15,400
You observe how different 
cultures develop distinct 

5143
04:50:15,400 --> 04:50:18,900
Aesthetics of light. 
Chinese lanterns made of paper 

5144
04:50:18,900 --> 04:50:22,200
and bamboo painted with 
auspicious, symbols and proverbs

5145
04:50:22,900 --> 04:50:26,400
Moroccan lanterns of Pierce 
metal creating intricate, Shadow

5146
04:50:26,400 --> 04:50:30,700
patterns on surrounding walls. 
Indian hanging lamps of brass 

5147
04:50:30,700 --> 04:50:34,200
with multiple Wicks arranged in 
rows, each traditional 

5148
04:50:34,200 --> 04:50:36,900
expressed, something about how 
people understood and valued 

5149
04:50:36,900 --> 04:50:41,600
light turning functional objects
into works of art. even in the 

5150
04:50:41,608 --> 04:50:44,700
darkness, you find that the 
human impulse toward ritual and 

5151
04:50:44,700 --> 04:50:48,100
celebration manifest through 
light birthday, candles 

5152
04:50:48,100 --> 04:50:52,100
represent years lived, and 
wishes made Memorial candles 

5153
04:50:52,100 --> 04:50:55,600
honor of those who died. 
Vigil candles, accompany prayers

5154
04:50:55,600 --> 04:50:59,200
for the sick or truffled the 
Olympic torch carries flame 

5155
04:50:59,200 --> 04:51:03,000
across continents, connecting 
Nations through a shared symbol 

5156
04:51:03,000 --> 04:51:06,900
of Hope and excellence. 
None of these uses make economic

5157
04:51:06,900 --> 04:51:09,500
sense. 
They're inefficient expensive 

5158
04:51:09,500 --> 04:51:12,200
and accomplished. 
No practical work yet they 

5159
04:51:12,200 --> 04:51:15,300
persist because light means 
something Beyond mere visibility

5160
04:51:16,500 --> 04:51:19,200
recessions by Torchlight or 
Candlelight created. 

5161
04:51:19,200 --> 04:51:22,000
Memorable. 
Spectacles, medieval religious 

5162
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:23,800
processions. 
Wound through streets with 

5163
04:51:23,800 --> 04:51:27,600
participants carrying candles 
creating rivers of light flowing

5164
04:51:27,600 --> 04:51:31,200
through Darkness Japanese, 
Shrine festivals featured, 

5165
04:51:31,200 --> 04:51:34,200
participants carrying 
illuminated portable shrines, 

5166
04:51:34,200 --> 04:51:37,100
through streets. 
These moving lights, transformed

5167
04:51:37,100 --> 04:51:40,500
familiar spaces, making the 
everyday, World seem strange, 

5168
04:51:40,500 --> 04:51:44,400
and sacred In some traditions, 
the act of lighting itself 

5169
04:51:44,400 --> 04:51:47,900
became ritualized. 
Specific prayers accompanied, 

5170
04:51:47,900 --> 04:51:50,800
the lighting of Sabbath candles 
certain holidays. 

5171
04:51:50,800 --> 04:51:54,400
Required fires to be lit in 
particular, ways from specific 

5172
04:51:54,400 --> 04:51:58,100
materials at specific times with
specific invocations. 

5173
04:51:59,000 --> 04:52:02,600
The lighting was as important as
the light itself and the Act 

5174
04:52:02,600 --> 04:52:06,000
was, as meaningful as the 
outcome, you notice how sacred 

5175
04:52:06,000 --> 04:52:08,400
light often involves Community 
participation. 

5176
04:52:09,300 --> 04:52:12,700
One person likes a candle then 
shares that flame with others 

5177
04:52:12,700 --> 04:52:16,500
who share with still others 
until hundreds of individual 

5178
04:52:16,500 --> 04:52:18,700
lights Bloom from a single 
Source. 

5179
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:23,000
The metaphor is obvious, but 
powerful, like multiplies 

5180
04:52:23,000 --> 04:52:26,800
without diminishing knowledge, 
shared enriches everyone, and 

5181
04:52:26,800 --> 04:52:30,700
one small flame can illuminate, 
an entire Gathering, you're 

5182
04:52:30,700 --> 04:52:32,700
reviewing the household account 
in the middle class, London 

5183
04:52:32,700 --> 04:52:37,300
home, sometime around 1750, the 
numbers are frustrating, the 

5184
04:52:37,300 --> 04:52:40,100
cost of candles alone represents
a significant portion of your 

5185
04:52:40,100 --> 04:52:44,400
family's budget, not as much as 
food or rent, certainly, but 

5186
04:52:44,400 --> 04:52:46,100
enough to require careful 
management. 

5187
04:52:46,100 --> 04:52:49,800
You burn cheap Tallow candles in
the kitchen and servants 

5188
04:52:49,800 --> 04:52:52,800
quarters. 
Save the better beeswax candles 

5189
04:52:52,800 --> 04:52:57,100
for the Parlor where you 
entertain guests, Even so the 

5190
04:52:57,100 --> 04:53:00,400
expense adds up. 
Before electricity lighting was 

5191
04:53:00,400 --> 04:53:02,000
expensive enough to 
meaningfully. 

5192
04:53:02,000 --> 04:53:05,500
Constrain Behavior. 
Poor families went to bed soon 

5193
04:53:05,500 --> 04:53:07,600
after Sunset because they 
couldn't afford to burn. 

5194
04:53:07,600 --> 04:53:10,000
Lights middling families 
carefully. 

5195
04:53:10,000 --> 04:53:13,300
Rational their lighting using 
good candles sparingly and 

5196
04:53:13,300 --> 04:53:15,700
making do with cheaper 
alternatives when possible. 

5197
04:53:15,700 --> 04:53:19,200
Only the wealthy could afford to
like their homes as freely as 

5198
04:53:19,200 --> 04:53:21,600
they wished. 
And even, they paid attention to

5199
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:24,900
the cost. 
The economics of light affected 

5200
04:53:24,900 --> 04:53:28,400
every level of society 
differently rural Farmers had 

5201
04:53:28,400 --> 04:53:31,900
access to animal fat for Tallow 
candles but might lack. 

5202
04:53:31,900 --> 04:53:33,600
The means to buy better 
alternatives. 

5203
04:53:34,300 --> 04:53:37,400
Urban workers could purchase 
various grades of candles and 

5204
04:53:37,400 --> 04:53:40,200
lamp oil but earned barely 
enough to afford, basic 

5205
04:53:40,200 --> 04:53:43,600
necessities, the wealthy 
employed, specialized servants 

5206
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:47,800
lamp Bois candle, snuffers and 
torch bearers whose entire role 

5207
04:53:47,800 --> 04:53:50,100
involved managing the households
lighting needs. 

5208
04:53:50,800 --> 04:53:53,600
You calculate how many hours of 
light you can afford this week 

5209
04:53:53,600 --> 04:53:55,800
evening, Gatherings must be 
planned carefully. 

5210
04:53:55,800 --> 04:53:59,000
If your hosting guests, you need
to burn more candles to make a 

5211
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:02,000
good impression, but that means 
fewer hours of light on other 

5212
04:54:02,000 --> 04:54:05,300
nights reading must be done 
during daylight or by the most 

5213
04:54:05,300 --> 04:54:08,700
economical light sources. 
Sewing mending. 

5214
04:54:08,700 --> 04:54:11,300
And other clothes work are 
scheduled for the brightest part

5215
04:54:11,300 --> 04:54:14,900
of the day or postponed. 
Until you can justify the cost 

5216
04:54:14,900 --> 04:54:17,500
of proper illumination. 
The poor made difficult, 

5217
04:54:17,500 --> 04:54:20,200
trade-offs, a family earning 
barely enough to eat. 

5218
04:54:20,200 --> 04:54:23,300
Might choose between buying 
candles and buying food often 

5219
04:54:23,300 --> 04:54:25,700
food. 
One people went to bed early. 

5220
04:54:25,700 --> 04:54:28,300
Not because they were especially
tired, but because sitting in 

5221
04:54:28,300 --> 04:54:31,700
darkness was depressing and 
unproductive Winter. 

5222
04:54:31,700 --> 04:54:35,200
Evenings were long and dark and 
the inability to afford light 

5223
04:54:35,200 --> 04:54:38,500
made them longer and darker 
still some crafts and trades 

5224
04:54:38,500 --> 04:54:41,400
required light to function. 
And the cost of that light was 

5225
04:54:41,400 --> 04:54:45,200
built into the price of goods 
and services assuming are 

5226
04:54:45,200 --> 04:54:46,500
needed. 
Good light to work leather 

5227
04:54:46,500 --> 04:54:49,500
properly. 
A tailor needed it for fine 

5228
04:54:49,500 --> 04:54:51,600
stitching. 
I watch maker, absolutely 

5229
04:54:51,600 --> 04:54:53,600
required, it for delicate, 
repairs. 

5230
04:54:54,500 --> 04:54:57,200
The skilled tradespeople 
invested in better lighting 

5231
04:54:57,200 --> 04:54:59,100
because their livelihoods 
demanded it. 

5232
04:54:59,700 --> 04:55:02,600
But they paid a price in the 
form of significant ongoing 

5233
04:55:02,600 --> 04:55:04,800
expenses for candles or lamp 
oil. 

5234
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:08,000
Street lighting, where it 
existed at all, was rudimentary 

5235
04:55:08,000 --> 04:55:11,100
and expensive in. 
London householders were 

5236
04:55:11,100 --> 04:55:13,900
required by law to hang 
lanterns, outside their doors on

5237
04:55:13,900 --> 04:55:16,500
Dark Nights. 
Creating a patchwork of light 

5238
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:18,400
that barely illuminated the 
streets. 

5239
04:55:18,400 --> 04:55:22,600
The system was unreliable people
forgot or couldn't afford the 

5240
04:55:22,600 --> 04:55:26,200
oil or simply ignored the 
requirement walking through the 

5241
04:55:26,200 --> 04:55:29,500
city after dark remained 
dangerous with criminals. 

5242
04:55:29,500 --> 04:55:33,500
Taking advantage of poorly lit 
areas and victims, have limited 

5243
04:55:33,500 --> 04:55:37,100
ability to see threats 
approaching The cost of light 

5244
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:40,900
created a kind of temporal 
inequality, the wealthy, could 

5245
04:55:40,900 --> 04:55:44,900
extend their days hosting 
evening, salons and parties that

5246
04:55:44,900 --> 04:55:49,100
can continue well past dark. 
They could read work and 

5247
04:55:49,100 --> 04:55:52,400
socialize during hours when 
poorer people had no choice but 

5248
04:55:52,400 --> 04:55:55,000
to sleep, his wasn't a trivial 
Advantage. 

5249
04:55:55,000 --> 04:55:57,800
It meant more hours for 
Education, networking 

5250
04:55:57,800 --> 04:55:59,700
entertainment and productive 
work. 

5251
04:56:00,600 --> 04:56:03,300
The ability to light the 
darkness was in effect. 

5252
04:56:03,300 --> 04:56:07,600
The ability to buy time itself, 
institutions had different 

5253
04:56:07,600 --> 04:56:11,000
economics than individuals 
churches could afford to keep 

5254
04:56:11,000 --> 04:56:14,100
multiple candles burning because
they serve communities rather 

5255
04:56:14,100 --> 04:56:17,800
than families universities and 
colleges maintained reading 

5256
04:56:17,800 --> 04:56:21,400
rooms with adequate lighting 
enabling Scholars to study. 

5257
04:56:21,400 --> 04:56:24,100
After Sunset. 
Governments lit, official 

5258
04:56:24,100 --> 04:56:27,400
buildings and public spaces. 
As demonstrations of power and 

5259
04:56:27,400 --> 04:56:29,900
resources. 
These institutional lights 

5260
04:56:29,900 --> 04:56:33,000
created islands of Illumination 
in otherwise, dark cities. 

5261
04:56:33,800 --> 04:56:36,400
You've heard about experiments 
with new types of lamps, 

5262
04:56:36,400 --> 04:56:39,700
something about gaslighting, 
being tested in some public 

5263
04:56:39,700 --> 04:56:42,200
spaces. 
The idea seems fantastic. 

5264
04:56:43,200 --> 04:56:46,900
Pipes carrying flammable gas 
through the streets with flames,

5265
04:56:46,900 --> 04:56:49,600
burning at regular intervals 
from special fixtures. 

5266
04:56:49,600 --> 04:56:52,600
It sounds dangerous. 
But apparently the light is much

5267
04:56:52,600 --> 04:56:56,100
brighter than candles or oil 
lamps and the cost per hour of 

5268
04:56:56,100 --> 04:56:59,800
Illumination is low. 
Still You doubt, it will become 

5269
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:02,000
white. 
Sprayed, how could such a system

5270
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:04,300
possibly be maintained across an
entire city? 

5271
04:57:05,100 --> 04:57:08,200
The economics of light influence
social structures in ways, your 

5272
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:11,800
only beginning to understand 
servants rows Before Dawn and 

5273
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:15,700
worked until well after dark 
Often by inadequate light that 

5274
04:57:15,700 --> 04:57:18,000
strained, their eyes and made 
their work more difficult. 

5275
04:57:18,000 --> 04:57:22,200
Their labor subsidized their 
employers Comfort, including the

5276
04:57:22,200 --> 04:57:25,800
management of expensive Lighting
systems, the distribution of 

5277
04:57:25,800 --> 04:57:28,400
Light Within a household 
reflected the distribution of 

5278
04:57:28,400 --> 04:57:31,600
power. 
Masters got the best light and 

5279
04:57:31,600 --> 04:57:35,500
servants may do with minimal 
illumination or work by daylight

5280
04:57:35,500 --> 04:57:39,200
whenever possible professional, 
lamplighters formed guilds and 

5281
04:57:39,200 --> 04:57:42,000
maintained regular employment in
cities with Street Lighting 

5282
04:57:42,000 --> 04:57:44,800
systems. 
They made rounds each evening 

5283
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:48,500
with ladders and long poles. 
Lighting lamps along designated 

5284
04:57:48,500 --> 04:57:51,600
routes in the morning. 
They reversed the process 

5285
04:57:51,600 --> 04:57:54,200
extinguishing lamps and 
collecting unused oil. 

5286
04:57:55,000 --> 04:57:58,500
The work was steady but not 
glamorous and the pay, reflected

5287
04:57:58,500 --> 04:58:02,800
the low status of manual labor 
still, it was preferable to many

5288
04:58:02,800 --> 04:58:05,200
Alternatives available to 
working class men. 

5289
04:58:06,200 --> 04:58:09,300
The market for lighting Products
was substantial and stratified. 

5290
04:58:10,100 --> 04:58:14,000
expensive beeswax candles for 
the wealthy middling Tallow 

5291
04:58:14,000 --> 04:58:17,600
candles for the respectable poor
and cheap Rush lights for those 

5292
04:58:17,600 --> 04:58:22,000
barely scraping by Different 
grades of lamp oils, serve 

5293
04:58:22,000 --> 04:58:26,100
different markets, candlesticks 
lanterns, snuffers, and other 

5294
04:58:26,100 --> 04:58:28,200
lighting. 
Implements came inversions 

5295
04:58:28,200 --> 04:58:29,900
appropriate for every social 
class. 

5296
04:58:29,900 --> 04:58:33,300
You could tell a family's 
approximate wealth and Status by

5297
04:58:33,300 --> 04:58:36,600
examining their lighting 
Provisions somehow holds try to 

5298
04:58:36,608 --> 04:58:40,300
economize by making their own 
candles, but this required time 

5299
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:44,400
skill and access to raw 
materials The Tallow had to be 

5300
04:58:44,400 --> 04:58:47,700
rendered from animal fat 
filtered to remove impurities, 

5301
04:58:47,700 --> 04:58:50,100
then used for dipping or 
molding. 

5302
04:58:50,700 --> 04:58:54,500
The process was time-consuming 
and smelly filling the house 

5303
04:58:54,500 --> 04:58:58,500
with the odor of hot animal fat.
Many families decided that 

5304
04:58:58,500 --> 04:59:00,200
purchasing candles from 
professional. 

5305
04:59:00,200 --> 04:59:03,800
Chandlers was worth the extra 
expense to avoid the unpleasant 

5306
04:59:03,800 --> 04:59:07,400
work, the seasonal variation, in
daylight hours, affected 

5307
04:59:07,400 --> 04:59:11,100
household, economic 
significantly, Summer evenings, 

5308
04:59:11,100 --> 04:59:15,000
required less artificial, light 
reducing expenses and allowing 

5309
04:59:15,000 --> 04:59:18,000
families to extend their waking 
hours without additional cost, 

5310
04:59:18,000 --> 04:59:21,100
winter demanded much more light 
straining. 

5311
04:59:21,100 --> 04:59:25,300
Budgets, precisely when other 
expenses heating, warm clothing,

5312
04:59:25,300 --> 04:59:29,900
preserved Foods all so increased
the darkest months were often 

5313
04:59:29,900 --> 04:59:33,300
the hardest monthly economically
with multiple needs competing 

5314
04:59:33,300 --> 04:59:36,800
for limited resources. 
You finish your accounting with 

5315
04:59:36,800 --> 04:59:39,300
a sigh. 
The candle budget will need to 

5316
04:59:39,300 --> 04:59:42,100
be reduced next month to cover 
an unexpected expense. 

5317
04:59:42,100 --> 04:59:46,800
This means fewer evening, social
Gatherings more work completed 

5318
04:59:46,800 --> 04:59:49,200
during daylight hours and early 
bedtime. 

5319
04:59:50,400 --> 04:59:53,700
It's a small adjustment, but it 
reminds you, how much of your 

5320
04:59:53,700 --> 04:59:56,800
life is constrained by the 
economics of something, as basic

5321
04:59:56,800 --> 04:59:59,900
as light, you long for a time 
when illumination might be 

5322
04:59:59,900 --> 05:00:02,100
cheap. 
And abundant though, you can't 

5323
05:00:02,100 --> 05:00:05,100
imagine how such a world could 
possibly come to exist. 

5324
05:00:06,000 --> 05:00:09,300
You're in a blacksmith's, Forge 
late in the evening, and work 

5325
05:00:09,300 --> 05:00:13,300
continues, despite the darkness 
outside, but the forge provides 

5326
05:00:13,300 --> 05:00:16,800
its own illumination. the fire 
burning at temperatures, hot 

5327
05:00:16,800 --> 05:00:19,500
enough to soften iron casts 
enough light to see by, 

5328
05:00:19,500 --> 05:00:23,800
especially once your eyes are 
just The glow is reddish. 

5329
05:00:23,800 --> 05:00:28,500
Orange painting everything in 
shades of warmth and Shadow. 

5330
05:00:28,500 --> 05:00:31,600
You can see the blacksmith's 
face, clearly when he leans 

5331
05:00:31,600 --> 05:00:34,900
close to the forge, but he 
disappears into silhouette when 

5332
05:00:34,900 --> 05:00:38,800
he steps back to his anvil. 
Certain types of work created 

5333
05:00:38,800 --> 05:00:41,800
their own light and people 
organize their labor around. 

5334
05:00:41,800 --> 05:00:44,900
This fact, blacksmiths could 
work in the evening because 

5335
05:00:44,900 --> 05:00:47,200
their forges illuminated their 
workspaces. 

5336
05:00:48,100 --> 05:00:51,100
Baker started their days in the 
middle of the night but there 

5337
05:00:51,100 --> 05:00:53,200
are others provided light as 
well as heat. 

5338
05:00:53,200 --> 05:00:58,100
Metal workers glass blowers and 
anyone else who's crafted fire 

5339
05:00:58,100 --> 05:01:01,600
had a lighting solution though? 
It wasn't always sufficient for 

5340
05:01:01,600 --> 05:01:04,300
detail work. 
The quality of Forge, light is 

5341
05:01:04,300 --> 05:01:08,300
particular very bright near the 
fire but the illumination falls 

5342
05:01:08,300 --> 05:01:11,500
off quickly. 
Colors are distorted with 

5343
05:01:11,500 --> 05:01:14,800
everything taking on warm tones 
that make it difficult to judge 

5344
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:18,500
the true appearance of objects. 
The blacksmith knows this and 

5345
05:01:18,500 --> 05:01:21,600
often takes work pieces outside 
during daylight to examine them 

5346
05:01:21,600 --> 05:01:24,500
properly. 
What looks smooth and even by 

5347
05:01:24,500 --> 05:01:27,700
Forge, light might reveal flaws 
in natural illumination. 

5348
05:01:27,700 --> 05:01:30,600
You watch as the blacksmith 
Heats a piece of iron until it 

5349
05:01:30,600 --> 05:01:34,300
glows first red then orange then
yellow white at the hottest 

5350
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:37,000
point. 
The metal itself, becomes a 

5351
05:01:37,000 --> 05:01:39,200
source of light bright enough to
read by. 

5352
05:01:39,200 --> 05:01:42,400
If you were foolish enough to 
get that close, he hammers it 

5353
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:46,300
against the Anvil and Sparks, 
Fly with each impact, creating 

5354
05:01:46,300 --> 05:01:49,500
brief fireworks that illuminate 
the workshop in flickering 

5355
05:01:49,500 --> 05:01:52,600
bursts. 
The darkness between Sparks is 

5356
05:01:52,600 --> 05:01:56,300
somehow darker, your eyes 
constantly adjusting to changes 

5357
05:01:56,300 --> 05:01:59,200
in light level. 
The rhythmic work of the forge 

5358
05:01:59,200 --> 05:02:01,600
creates a kind of temporal 
structure to the evening. 

5359
05:02:01,600 --> 05:02:05,500
He the metal hammer, it check 
the shape and return it to the 

5360
05:02:05,500 --> 05:02:07,900
fire. 
Each cycle, involves moving 

5361
05:02:07,900 --> 05:02:11,400
between different light levels, 
the brilliant glow of the forge,

5362
05:02:11,400 --> 05:02:14,800
the dimmer light of the work 
area and the near darkness of 

5363
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:17,900
the corners, where tools and 
materials are stored, the 

5364
05:02:17,900 --> 05:02:21,300
blacksmith navigates, these 
transitions automatically, his 

5365
05:02:21,300 --> 05:02:23,300
body remembering where 
everything is located. 

5366
05:02:24,300 --> 05:02:27,500
Other trades found different 
solutions to working after dark 

5367
05:02:27,500 --> 05:02:31,000
fishermen often worked by 
Moonlight when the lunar cycle 

5368
05:02:31,008 --> 05:02:34,700
permitted or carried torches 
were necessary night fishing 

5369
05:02:34,700 --> 05:02:37,000
required, different skills than 
daylight fishing. 

5370
05:02:37,000 --> 05:02:41,600
You learn to navigate by feel 
and sound as much as sight to 

5371
05:02:41,600 --> 05:02:44,000
interpret Ripples and splashes 
you couldn't see. 

5372
05:02:44,000 --> 05:02:47,300
Clearly the torture tracted 
certain fish while scaring 

5373
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:50,800
others away creating different 
opportunities and challenges 

5374
05:02:50,800 --> 05:02:54,700
than daylight fishing presented.
Mine has worked underground 

5375
05:02:54,700 --> 05:02:58,600
where no natural light ever 
reached entirely dependent on 

5376
05:02:58,600 --> 05:03:01,800
lamps or candles. 
A minus lamp was a critical 

5377
05:03:01,800 --> 05:03:04,600
piece of equipment as important 
as any tool. 

5378
05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:07,400
Running out of light. 
While deep underground could be 

5379
05:03:07,408 --> 05:03:11,500
fatal, you might become 
disoriented unable to find your 

5380
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:13,900
way back to the shaft, 
surrounded by Darkness. 

5381
05:03:13,900 --> 05:03:18,000
So complete, it created a kind 
of panic miners, learned a 

5382
05:03:18,000 --> 05:03:20,800
rational, their like carefully 
to navigate partially, by memory

5383
05:03:20,800 --> 05:03:23,900
and feel and to always carry 
back up illumination. 

5384
05:03:24,900 --> 05:03:27,800
The dangers of working by 
inadequate, light were real and 

5385
05:03:27,800 --> 05:03:31,300
common Crafts People strain 
their eyes, trying to see detail

5386
05:03:31,300 --> 05:03:35,000
by dim Lamplight. 
Accidents increased after dark 

5387
05:03:35,000 --> 05:03:40,200
misjudged distances, missed 
steps tools that slipped because

5388
05:03:40,200 --> 05:03:41,900
you couldn't quite see what you 
were doing. 

5389
05:03:41,900 --> 05:03:45,200
Some trades simply couldn't be 
performed safely without good 

5390
05:03:45,200 --> 05:03:49,200
light and people learned which 
tasks to save for daylight and 

5391
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:52,300
which could be attempted By 
Flame women's work. 

5392
05:03:52,300 --> 05:03:56,900
Often continue after dark out of
necessity spinning, weaving 

5393
05:03:56,900 --> 05:04:00,800
sewing and mending needed to be 
done and days weren't long 

5394
05:04:00,800 --> 05:04:02,800
enough to complete everything 
during daylight hours. 

5395
05:04:02,800 --> 05:04:07,100
So women worked by firelight or 
Lamplight sitting close to the 

5396
05:04:07,100 --> 05:04:10,400
flame eyes, straining to see 
fine details. 

5397
05:04:10,400 --> 05:04:14,100
The cost was measured in 
headaches, I strained and 

5398
05:04:14,100 --> 05:04:16,800
gradual loss of close Vision, 
over years of working in 

5399
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:20,900
inadequate illumination, You 
observe a spin, a working by the

5400
05:04:20,900 --> 05:04:24,400
half in the blacksmith's home. 
She sits close to the fire 

5401
05:04:24,400 --> 05:04:28,500
disaster in one hand, spindle in
the other drawing out, fiber and

5402
05:04:28,500 --> 05:04:30,400
twisting it into thread through 
movement. 

5403
05:04:30,400 --> 05:04:33,700
So practice, their almost 
unconscious, the firelight 

5404
05:04:33,700 --> 05:04:37,700
Caster hands in sharp relief. 
Making the thread visible as it 

5405
05:04:37,700 --> 05:04:41,900
formed, but the light is 
inconsistent surging and fading 

5406
05:04:41,900 --> 05:04:45,200
with the Flames, requiring 
constant, adjustment and 

5407
05:04:45,200 --> 05:04:48,700
attention. 
Textile work spinning weaving. 

5408
05:04:48,700 --> 05:04:52,100
Sowing demanded, good vision and
steady hands. 

5409
05:04:53,000 --> 05:04:56,400
Women performing this work by an
adequate light developed eye 

5410
05:04:56,400 --> 05:04:58,900
problems earlier than men. 
Doing outdoor physical labor. 

5411
05:04:59,600 --> 05:05:02,600
Strain of focusing on fine 
detail in poor illumination to 

5412
05:05:02,600 --> 05:05:05,500
cumulative toll. 
Some women were effectively 

5413
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:09,700
blind for close work by their 
forties unable to thread needles

5414
05:05:09,700 --> 05:05:10,900
or see fine. 
Stitches. 

5415
05:05:10,900 --> 05:05:14,900
Relegated to simpler tasks that 
didn't require acute vision. 

5416
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:18,500
The Potters Workshop operates on
a different Rhythm. 

5417
05:05:18,500 --> 05:05:22,400
Clay work requires good light to
see subtle imperfections and 

5418
05:05:22,400 --> 05:05:25,300
variations in thickness Potters 
who had to work. 

5419
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:28,300
After dark position, their 
wheels near Windows to capture 

5420
05:05:28,300 --> 05:05:32,200
the last of the evening light or
arranged multiple lamps around 

5421
05:05:32,200 --> 05:05:35,300
their workspace. 
At considerable expense throwing

5422
05:05:35,300 --> 05:05:37,700
pots by firelight alone was 
nearly impossible. 

5423
05:05:37,700 --> 05:05:41,500
The inconsistent illumination 
made it too difficult to judge 

5424
05:05:41,500 --> 05:05:45,500
the vessels shape and symmetry 
Glass blowers had, perhaps the 

5425
05:05:45,500 --> 05:05:48,200
best nighttime working 
conditions among Kraft's people.

5426
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:52,300
The molten glass itself glowed 
brilliantly and the furnace is 

5427
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:55,400
provided ample, light, and heat.
Watching a glass. 

5428
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:57,900
Blow a work after dark was 
spectacular. 

5429
05:05:58,900 --> 05:06:01,700
The Blob of glowing glass on the
end of the blowpipe lit, the 

5430
05:06:01,700 --> 05:06:05,000
entire Workshop, casting the 
worker in silhouette as they 

5431
05:06:05,000 --> 05:06:08,900
shaped and formed the material 
Sparks and smaller pieces of 

5432
05:06:08,900 --> 05:06:12,800
glass flew like tiny meteors 
when glass was cut or broke and 

5433
05:06:13,500 --> 05:06:16,000
You notice how different crafts 
developed different 

5434
05:06:16,000 --> 05:06:20,300
relationships with Darkness. 
Some resisted it struggling to 

5435
05:06:20,300 --> 05:06:22,500
maintain adequate light for 
precise work. 

5436
05:06:22,500 --> 05:06:26,300
Others accommodated. 
It adjusting work schedules to 

5437
05:06:26,300 --> 05:06:29,800
maximize use of daylight and 
minimize dependence on 

5438
05:06:29,800 --> 05:06:33,300
artificial illumination. 
Still others, Incorporated. 

5439
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:36,900
It like the blacksmith whose 
work actually created the light 

5440
05:06:36,900 --> 05:06:40,100
necessary to see by The 
Apprentice system, partly 

5441
05:06:40,100 --> 05:06:41,900
reflected the economics of 
light. 

5442
05:06:42,700 --> 05:06:45,700
Young apprentices were sent to 
bed early partly to conserve 

5443
05:06:45,700 --> 05:06:48,700
candles and lamp oil. 
They Rose Before, Dawn and 

5444
05:06:48,700 --> 05:06:51,500
worked by daylight under 
supervision learning their 

5445
05:06:51,500 --> 05:06:53,200
trades. 
During hours when light was free

5446
05:06:53,200 --> 05:06:56,700
Masters, who could afford to 
work longer hours by artificial 

5447
05:06:56,700 --> 05:07:00,400
light gained competitive 
advantages more productivity 

5448
05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:04,700
fast to completion of complex 
projects and the ability to take

5449
05:07:04,700 --> 05:07:08,200
on urgent orders, requiring 
nighttime work seasonal, 

5450
05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:10,600
variations affected work 
patterns significantly. 

5451
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:14,900
Summer meant, long working days,
taking full advantage of 

5452
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:18,200
extended daylight winter. 
Men, shorted days and more 

5453
05:07:18,200 --> 05:07:21,200
dependent on expensive, 
artificial light with some 

5454
05:07:21,200 --> 05:07:23,200
trades. 
Essentially shutting down off to

5455
05:07:23,200 --> 05:07:26,200
dark, While others invested in 
lighting and continued working 

5456
05:07:26,200 --> 05:07:29,700
the rhythm of work, followed the
rhythm of the sun, more closely 

5457
05:07:29,700 --> 05:07:33,400
than any modern workplace can 
imagine The night shift is 

5458
05:07:33,400 --> 05:07:37,200
modern industry, understands it 
barely existed some work 

5459
05:07:37,200 --> 05:07:40,600
continued after dark out of 
necessity Baker's. 

5460
05:07:40,600 --> 05:07:43,400
Preparing morning bread, 
nightwatchman patrolling streets

5461
05:07:43,400 --> 05:07:47,600
and midwives attending births. 
At any hour, the idea of 

5462
05:07:47,608 --> 05:07:50,800
deliberately scheduling large 
numbers of workers to labor 

5463
05:07:50,800 --> 05:07:54,200
through the night was largely 
impractical before adequate 

5464
05:07:54,200 --> 05:07:56,200
lighting made such Arrangements 
feasible. 

5465
05:07:56,200 --> 05:08:00,400
You're walking through Edinburgh
on a moonless night in 1780 and 

5466
05:08:00,400 --> 05:08:02,600
the Darkness is thick enough to 
feel solid. 

5467
05:08:02,600 --> 05:08:04,900
The street lighting is sporadic 
at best. 

5468
05:08:04,900 --> 05:08:09,000
Some oil lamps hanging from 
Posts of major intersections but

5469
05:08:09,000 --> 05:08:13,100
long stretches of Road remain 
completely dark your carrying a 

5470
05:08:13,108 --> 05:08:16,300
lantern, which helps. 
But the light doesn't extend far

5471
05:08:16,300 --> 05:08:18,500
enough to prevent you from 
occasionally stepping in 

5472
05:08:18,500 --> 05:08:22,800
something unpleasant that you'd 
rather not identify cities after

5473
05:08:22,800 --> 05:08:24,200
dark. 
Would dangerous places? 

5474
05:08:24,200 --> 05:08:28,100
And insufficient lighting was a 
major reason why criminals 

5475
05:08:28,100 --> 05:08:31,700
worked under cover of Darkness 
knowing that victims couldn't 

5476
05:08:31,700 --> 05:08:34,500
identify them. 
And constables couldn't easily 

5477
05:08:34,500 --> 05:08:38,400
give Chase getting home safely 
after dark often meant hiring a 

5478
05:08:38,408 --> 05:08:40,800
link boy. 
A youth carrying a torch to 

5479
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:43,800
light your way or traveling in 
groups for safety. 

5480
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:48,000
The wealthy had servants, who 
accompanied them with lanterns, 

5481
05:08:48,000 --> 05:08:51,200
everyone else took their 
chances, the watch system 

5482
05:08:51,200 --> 05:08:54,700
attempted to maintain order with
nightwatchman patrolling streets

5483
05:08:54,700 --> 05:08:58,400
and calling out the hours. 
But Watchmen were often elderly 

5484
05:08:58,400 --> 05:09:02,700
poorly paid and not particularly
effective at preventing crime, 

5485
05:09:02,700 --> 05:09:05,900
their lanterns helped them 
navigate, but also advertise 

5486
05:09:05,900 --> 05:09:08,200
their positions to anyone, 
wanting to avoid them. 

5487
05:09:08,900 --> 05:09:12,100
Criminals simply worked in the 
areas between watch roots in the

5488
05:09:12,100 --> 05:09:15,100
dark spaces, where no one was 
looking some cities, 

5489
05:09:15,100 --> 05:09:17,500
experimented with public 
Lighting systems. 

5490
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:21,000
Paris had been installing oil 
lamps on May just streets. 

5491
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:24,900
Since the 16th is creating a 
network of lights that were lit 

5492
05:09:24,900 --> 05:09:28,600
each evening and extinguished, 
at dawn, the system required, an

5493
05:09:28,600 --> 05:09:31,800
army of lamplighters and lamps 
offers workers, who made their 

5494
05:09:31,800 --> 05:09:35,500
rounds with ladders and long 
poles managing, thousands of 

5495
05:09:35,500 --> 05:09:39,300
lamps across the city. 
The cost was enormous, but the 

5496
05:09:39,300 --> 05:09:42,100
benefits in terms of reduced 
crime and improve nighttime 

5497
05:09:42,100 --> 05:09:45,800
Commerce made, it worthwhile 
London was slower to adopt 

5498
05:09:45,800 --> 05:09:49,500
comprehensive Street lighting. 
Relying on the patchwork system 

5499
05:09:49,500 --> 05:09:53,100
of householder lanterns. 
Supplemented by a few public 

5500
05:09:53,100 --> 05:09:56,400
lands in busier areas, the 
result was inconsistent. 

5501
05:09:56,400 --> 05:09:58,300
Some streets were reasonably 
well lit. 

5502
05:09:58,300 --> 05:10:01,900
While others remained dark 
passages, best avoided after 

5503
05:10:01,900 --> 05:10:05,400
Sunset maps of London, published
in this period sometimes 

5504
05:10:05,400 --> 05:10:08,700
included notations about which 
streets were safe to Traverse at

5505
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:11,200
night. 
He strange form of cartography 

5506
05:10:11,200 --> 05:10:13,500
that mapped danger as much as 
geography. 

5507
05:10:13,500 --> 05:10:17,400
He passed a Tavern like a noise 
spilling from its Open Door. 

5508
05:10:18,200 --> 05:10:21,900
inside, you can see customers 
drinking by candlelight the room

5509
05:10:21,900 --> 05:10:25,900
hazy with tobacco smoke Tavern 
stayed open late because they 

5510
05:10:25,900 --> 05:10:28,900
could afford the light necessary
to do business after dark. 

5511
05:10:28,900 --> 05:10:31,600
They became social centers by 
default. 

5512
05:10:31,600 --> 05:10:33,800
Where else could people Gather 
in the evening? 

5513
05:10:33,800 --> 05:10:37,800
The pub served as a kind of 
communal, living room, a lit 

5514
05:10:37,800 --> 05:10:41,100
space in the dark city, where 
news was exchanged deals were 

5515
05:10:41,100 --> 05:10:43,800
made and the hours between 
supper and bedtime could be 

5516
05:10:43,808 --> 05:10:45,900
passed. 
In company, like, soil, 

5517
05:10:45,900 --> 05:10:49,300
collectors were working emptying
chamber pots, and cesspits doing

5518
05:10:49,300 --> 05:10:52,000
work that polite Society 
preferred not to think about. 

5519
05:10:52,000 --> 05:10:55,600
They worked at night partly to 
avoid offending, daytime 

5520
05:10:55,600 --> 05:10:58,300
sensibilities. 
But also because Darkness 

5521
05:10:58,300 --> 05:11:01,000
provided some cover for work 
that no one wanted to watch 

5522
05:11:01,000 --> 05:11:05,200
their lanterns bobbed through 
alleys and rear courts marking 

5523
05:11:05,200 --> 05:11:08,200
their progress through tusks 
that were necessary of deeply 

5524
05:11:08,200 --> 05:11:10,500
unpleasant. 
You hear the Nightingale, man, 

5525
05:11:10,500 --> 05:11:13,000
making his rounds. 
A vendor selling small. 

5526
05:11:13,000 --> 05:11:17,000
Songbirds in cages conducting 
business primarily after dark 

5527
05:11:17,000 --> 05:11:19,200
because that's when his 
customers were home from work. 

5528
05:11:19,200 --> 05:11:23,500
He carries a lantern to show his
Wares and the birds sing despite

5529
05:11:23,500 --> 05:11:26,500
the dark. 
Their voices, strangely cheerful

5530
05:11:26,500 --> 05:11:29,200
in the night streets. 
You wonder if they confused 

5531
05:11:29,200 --> 05:11:31,500
about the time of day or if they
simply don't care when they 

5532
05:11:31,508 --> 05:11:34,600
sing, as long as someone is 
listening, Street lighting, 

5533
05:11:34,600 --> 05:11:37,300
transformed, urban geography, 
and subtle ways. 

5534
05:11:37,300 --> 05:11:40,900
Well, its streets became 
desirable addresses with 

5535
05:11:40,900 --> 05:11:43,800
property values reflecting the 
relative safety and convenience 

5536
05:11:43,800 --> 05:11:47,600
of good illumination. 
Dark streets were avoided when 

5537
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:51,500
possible creating invisible, 
boundaries within cities, the 

5538
05:11:51,500 --> 05:11:54,500
pattern of light and Shadow 
shaped how people move through 

5539
05:11:54,500 --> 05:11:58,400
Urban spaces creating preferred 
routes and no-go areas. 

5540
05:11:59,300 --> 05:12:02,500
The introduction of gaslighting 
would revolutionize cities in 

5541
05:12:02,500 --> 05:12:06,000
ways that were only Beginning To
Be Imagined within your lifetime

5542
05:12:06,000 --> 05:12:08,600
though. 
You don't know this yet streets 

5543
05:12:08,600 --> 05:12:11,500
will be lit by gas lamps that 
burn brighter and more steadily 

5544
05:12:11,500 --> 05:12:15,700
than oil lamps ever could the 
change will transform urban life

5545
05:12:15,700 --> 05:12:19,800
extending Commerce reducing 
crime and making nighttime 

5546
05:12:19,800 --> 05:12:22,900
navigation, far. 
Less treacherous, but for now, 

5547
05:12:22,900 --> 05:12:26,300
you navigate by Lantern light 
and Moonlight stepping carefully

5548
05:12:26,300 --> 05:12:30,200
through a city that Darkness, 
still controls public squares 

5549
05:12:30,200 --> 05:12:32,700
and Market places, receive 
priority for lighting 

5550
05:12:32,700 --> 05:12:35,800
installation. 
These were spaces where Commerce

5551
05:12:35,800 --> 05:12:39,500
happened where people gathered 
and where a city's prosperity 

5552
05:12:39,500 --> 05:12:43,000
and civility were on display. 
Good Lighting in these areas, 

5553
05:12:43,000 --> 05:12:46,100
served both practical and 
symbolic functions it 

5554
05:12:46,100 --> 05:12:48,600
facilitated trade and social 
interaction. 

5555
05:12:48,600 --> 05:12:51,800
While also demonstrating civil 
order and progress. 

5556
05:12:51,800 --> 05:12:55,100
You notice how the few Street 
lamps create pools of light 

5557
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:59,900
separated by expanses of 
Darkness, Walking between lamps 

5558
05:12:59,900 --> 05:13:03,600
means periodic, transitions from
relative, visibility to near 

5559
05:13:03,600 --> 05:13:07,700
total darkness with your eyes. 
Constantly adjusting the 

5560
05:13:07,700 --> 05:13:09,800
psychological effect is 
unsettling. 

5561
05:13:10,400 --> 05:13:12,900
You feel exposed under the 
lamps, vulnerable, in the 

5562
05:13:12,900 --> 05:13:16,000
darkness between them. 
The profession of Link boy 

5563
05:13:16,000 --> 05:13:17,800
emerged to address the lighting 
Gap. 

5564
05:13:17,800 --> 05:13:21,500
These were typically poor youth 
who carried torches or lanterns 

5565
05:13:21,500 --> 05:13:25,000
and escorted people through dark
streets for a small fee. 

5566
05:13:25,000 --> 05:13:28,700
The work was a regular and 
poorly paid but it was available

5567
05:13:28,700 --> 05:13:31,500
to anyone with access to a torch
and knowledge of the city 

5568
05:13:31,500 --> 05:13:35,700
streets link boys position 
themselves busy corners and near

5569
05:13:35,700 --> 05:13:39,200
theaters offering their services
to anyone venturing Into the 

5570
05:13:39,200 --> 05:13:42,300
Night. 
Theater goes provided reliable 

5571
05:13:42,300 --> 05:13:44,400
business for link, boys and 
Sudan. 

5572
05:13:44,400 --> 05:13:48,300
Check carriers performance is 
ended after dark releasing 

5573
05:13:48,300 --> 05:13:51,000
well-dressed audiences in to 
streets that were often quite 

5574
05:13:51,000 --> 05:13:53,600
dark. 
The wealthy audience members 

5575
05:13:53,600 --> 05:13:56,900
hired sedan chairs or private 
carriages with a tendon torch. 

5576
05:13:56,900 --> 05:14:00,600
Bearers middle class Patron's 
hired, link, boys or walked in 

5577
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:03,000
groups. 
The poor simply walked home as 

5578
05:14:03,000 --> 05:14:04,800
quickly as possible hoping for 
the best. 

5579
05:14:05,800 --> 05:14:09,200
Prostitutes work, the dark 
streets using Shadows for 

5580
05:14:09,200 --> 05:14:12,800
anonymity and negotiating 
business in doorways and allies 

5581
05:14:12,800 --> 05:14:15,200
the darkness that made streets. 
Dangerous. 

5582
05:14:15,200 --> 05:14:17,900
Also made them useful for 
activities that required 

5583
05:14:17,900 --> 05:14:20,000
discretion. 
The relationship between 

5584
05:14:20,000 --> 05:14:23,300
illumination and moral order was
something city authorities 

5585
05:14:23,300 --> 05:14:26,400
understood well. 
Better lighting meant better 

5586
05:14:26,400 --> 05:14:29,000
surveillance and better 
surveillance meant better 

5587
05:14:29,000 --> 05:14:32,400
control of behavior, you pass, 
the remains of someone's evening

5588
05:14:32,400 --> 05:14:35,700
meal thrown into the street 
bones, vegetable peelings and 

5589
05:14:35,700 --> 05:14:39,200
other less identifiable 
materials in darkness streets 

5590
05:14:39,200 --> 05:14:41,600
become repositories, for all 
kinds of waste. 

5591
05:14:42,100 --> 05:14:44,600
With people disposing of things 
they wouldn't dare throw out 

5592
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:47,500
during daylight the morning, 
cleaning crews will deal with 

5593
05:14:47,500 --> 05:14:49,800
it. 
But for now the debris adds 

5594
05:14:49,800 --> 05:14:51,600
another Hazard to nighttime 
navigation. 

5595
05:14:52,500 --> 05:14:55,700
The sound of footsteps behind 
you causes a moment of anxiety. 

5596
05:14:56,800 --> 05:14:59,000
You turn to see another 
pedestrian with a lantern 

5597
05:14:59,000 --> 05:15:01,600
nodding. 
As the pass, the encounter is 

5598
05:15:01,608 --> 05:15:04,900
brief, but illustrates constant 
calculations people make about 

5599
05:15:04,900 --> 05:15:07,700
risk and safety. 
Who else is on the street? 

5600
05:15:08,400 --> 05:15:10,800
Are they walking with purpose or
lingering? 

5601
05:15:10,800 --> 05:15:15,100
Suspiciously do they have light 
every encounter after dark 

5602
05:15:15,100 --> 05:15:16,500
carried? 
A Potential Threat? 

5603
05:15:17,400 --> 05:15:20,700
Churches and Cathedrals often 
maintained exterior lamps, as 

5604
05:15:20,700 --> 05:15:25,000
acts of Charity, providing light
for travelers and demonstrating 

5605
05:15:25,000 --> 05:15:28,200
religious commitment to aiding 
the vulnerable, these lamps 

5606
05:15:28,200 --> 05:15:31,300
burned throughout the night. 
Tended, by Church, caretakers 

5607
05:15:31,300 --> 05:15:35,800
creating small, sanctuaries of 
light in the Darkness, Travelers

5608
05:15:35,800 --> 05:15:38,900
knew to look for church lamps 
when navigating unfamiliar areas

5609
05:15:38,900 --> 05:15:43,000
after dark, the contrast between
daytime and nighttime cities was

5610
05:15:43,000 --> 05:15:46,400
Stark. 
During the day streets filled 

5611
05:15:46,400 --> 05:15:49,500
with vendors, workers vehicles 
and pedestrians. 

5612
05:15:49,500 --> 05:15:53,800
Moving purposefully through 
familiar spaces after dark, the 

5613
05:15:53,800 --> 05:15:57,700
same streets became different 
places, emptier more dangerous 

5614
05:15:57,700 --> 05:16:00,500
and navigable only with 
artificial light and 

5615
05:16:00,500 --> 05:16:04,100
considerable caution. 
The city effectively contracted 

5616
05:16:04,100 --> 05:16:08,200
after sunset, with large areas 
becoming virtually uninhabitable

5617
05:16:08,200 --> 05:16:12,200
until dawn. 
You're in Baltimore in 1816 and 

5618
05:16:12,200 --> 05:16:15,200
you've just witnessed something 
remarkable a demonstration of 

5619
05:16:15,200 --> 05:16:17,200
gaslighting in a downtown 
building. 

5620
05:16:17,200 --> 05:16:22,400
The light is like nothing you've
ever seen steady bright almost 

5621
05:16:22,400 --> 05:16:25,900
harsh compared to the soft glow 
of candles and oil lamps, you've

5622
05:16:25,900 --> 05:16:29,300
known your entire life. 
The room is illuminated evenly 

5623
05:16:29,300 --> 05:16:32,400
with none of the shadows, and 
dark Corners that characterize 

5624
05:16:32,400 --> 05:16:36,000
every other lit space you've 
experienced This is the 

5625
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:37,300
beginning of the end for the 
world. 

5626
05:16:37,300 --> 05:16:39,700
You've known that you can't 
fully appreciate that. 

5627
05:16:39,700 --> 05:16:42,300
Yet gaslighting represents a 
transitional. 

5628
05:16:42,300 --> 05:16:46,200
Technology still based on 
combustion, still requiring 

5629
05:16:46,200 --> 05:16:49,900
pipes and maintenance still 
producing heat and using oxygen.

5630
05:16:51,100 --> 05:16:54,100
But it's the first lighting 
technology that divorces the 

5631
05:16:54,100 --> 05:16:57,800
source of fuel from the point of
use, the gas is manufactured 

5632
05:16:57,800 --> 05:17:00,800
elsewhere transported through 
pipes and burned at fixtures 

5633
05:17:00,800 --> 05:17:04,100
throughout the building. 
It's a small conceptual step, 

5634
05:17:04,100 --> 05:17:07,600
but it changes everything. 
The gas itself is made from coal

5635
05:17:07,600 --> 05:17:12,300
heated in sealed retorts, and it
releases flammable Vapors, these

5636
05:17:12,300 --> 05:17:15,900
Vapors are captured purified and
stored in large gas holders 

5637
05:17:15,900 --> 05:17:20,100
before being distributed through
iron pipes, the entire system 

5638
05:17:20,100 --> 05:17:23,400
requires significant 
infrastructure investment, Gas 

5639
05:17:23,400 --> 05:17:25,500
Works, pipes meters and fixed 
pictures. 

5640
05:17:25,500 --> 05:17:28,900
It's not something individual 
can create in their homes. 

5641
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:32,600
It requires organized systems 
companies, capital and 

5642
05:17:32,600 --> 05:17:35,600
technology. 
That transforms lighting from a 

5643
05:17:35,600 --> 05:17:37,700
household concern into a public 
utility. 

5644
05:17:37,700 --> 05:17:41,800
You watch as the demonstrator, 
adjust the flame, turning a 

5645
05:17:41,800 --> 05:17:45,000
small key that increases or 
decreases the flow of gas. 

5646
05:17:45,800 --> 05:17:49,200
The light responds instantly 
brightening or dimming with 

5647
05:17:49,200 --> 05:17:51,800
precise control. 
That would be impossible with 

5648
05:17:51,800 --> 05:17:55,300
candles or oil lamps. 
This control ability is part of 

5649
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:59,300
the Revolution light that obeys.
Your immediate commands that 

5650
05:17:59,300 --> 05:18:01,100
requires no trimming or 
refilling. 

5651
05:18:01,100 --> 05:18:04,300
The burns. 
Consistently our after our, as 

5652
05:18:04,300 --> 05:18:08,400
long as the gas flows, the smell
is different too cold. 

5653
05:18:08,400 --> 05:18:11,600
Gas has a distinctive slightly 
unpleasant odor though. 

5654
05:18:11,600 --> 05:18:14,400
The demonstration organizers 
have added ventilation to make 

5655
05:18:14,400 --> 05:18:17,600
the space comfortable. 
Later, systems will add aromatic

5656
05:18:17,600 --> 05:18:21,600
compounds to gas to make leaks 
detectable But for now, the 

5657
05:18:21,600 --> 05:18:23,200
smell is just part of the 
experience. 

5658
05:18:24,400 --> 05:18:27,100
You notice that despite the 
bright light, the room is 

5659
05:18:27,108 --> 05:18:31,600
getting warm gaslights produce 
substantial heat, a side effect 

5660
05:18:31,600 --> 05:18:35,000
that will make some evenings 
uncomfortable and gas-lit spaces

5661
05:18:35,000 --> 05:18:37,900
outside. 
Your told they're beginning to 

5662
05:18:37,900 --> 05:18:40,100
install gas street lights in 
major cities. 

5663
05:18:40,100 --> 05:18:43,400
Baltimore itself will have 
gastric lighting within a few 

5664
05:18:43,408 --> 05:18:45,800
years. 
The Lamppost will be taller than

5665
05:18:45,800 --> 05:18:49,200
oil lamp posts. 
The Flames enclosed in glass to 

5666
05:18:49,200 --> 05:18:52,100
protect them from wind, 
lamplighters will still make 

5667
05:18:52,100 --> 05:18:55,300
their rounds each evening, but 
now they'll be lighting gas, 

5668
05:18:55,300 --> 05:18:59,100
rather than oil using long poles
to turn the gas valves and 

5669
05:18:59,100 --> 05:19:02,300
ignite the flames. 
The economic implications are 

5670
05:19:02,300 --> 05:19:06,400
enormous gaslighting costs 
significantly less per hour of 

5671
05:19:06,400 --> 05:19:10,700
Illumination than candles or oil
lamps making extended nighttime 

5672
05:19:10,700 --> 05:19:12,400
activity affordable for more 
people. 

5673
05:19:13,300 --> 05:19:16,300
Factories will be able to run 
evening shifts shops. 

5674
05:19:16,300 --> 05:19:20,100
Will stay open after dark social
life, will extend further into 

5675
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:22,600
the night. 
The working day will stretch 

5676
05:19:22,600 --> 05:19:26,200
beyond the boundaries, the sun 
had always set Not everyone is 

5677
05:19:26,200 --> 05:19:29,800
enthusiastic about these changes
can handle makers, see their 

5678
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:33,400
livelihood, threatened, some 
people find gaslighting garish 

5679
05:19:33,400 --> 05:19:35,000
and unpleasant compared to the 
familiar. 

5680
05:19:35,000 --> 05:19:38,600
Glow of candles. 
There are safety concerns gas 

5681
05:19:38,600 --> 05:19:41,300
leaks can cause explosions. 
And several well-publicized 

5682
05:19:41,300 --> 05:19:44,600
accidents have made people 
nervous about having flammable 

5683
05:19:44,600 --> 05:19:48,700
gas pipe through their walls. 
The changes met with a mixture 

5684
05:19:48,700 --> 05:19:51,600
of excitement. 
And trepidation theaters were 

5685
05:19:51,600 --> 05:19:54,000
among the first to adopt 
gaslighting enthusiastically, 

5686
05:19:54,000 --> 05:19:57,300
the ability to control light 
levels, revolutionized 

5687
05:19:57,300 --> 05:20:01,100
stagecraft allowing for effects 
impossible, with candles or oil 

5688
05:20:01,100 --> 05:20:03,600
lamps lights. 
Could be dimmed gradually for 

5689
05:20:03,600 --> 05:20:07,800
dramatic effect, Brighton. 
For comedic scenes and adjusted 

5690
05:20:07,800 --> 05:20:11,300
throughout performance to 
enhance mood and meaning the 

5691
05:20:11,300 --> 05:20:14,000
theater became a showcase for 
lighting technology, 

5692
05:20:14,000 --> 05:20:17,400
demonstrating possibilities, 
that would eventually spread to 

5693
05:20:17,400 --> 05:20:21,000
other venues, the installation 
of gaslighting infrastructure. 

5694
05:20:21,000 --> 05:20:24,900
Created new occupations gas 
Fitters who installed pipes and 

5695
05:20:24,908 --> 05:20:28,500
fixtures gas inspectors who 
checked for leaks and safety 

5696
05:20:28,500 --> 05:20:31,100
compliance. 
And meter readers who tracked 

5697
05:20:31,100 --> 05:20:34,700
consumption an entire industry 
emerged around this new 

5698
05:20:34,700 --> 05:20:38,300
technology employing, thousands 
of workers and generating 

5699
05:20:38,300 --> 05:20:41,900
substantial capital investment. 
You're seeing the future, 

5700
05:20:41,900 --> 05:20:44,800
though, you don't realize it yet
in. 

5701
05:20:44,800 --> 05:20:47,700
Your lifetime gaslighting will 
transform cities factories and 

5702
05:20:47,708 --> 05:20:50,300
homes. 
But even gaslighting is just 

5703
05:20:50,300 --> 05:20:53,700
another transition already. 
Scientists are experimenting 

5704
05:20:53,700 --> 05:20:57,700
with something called electric 
light using batteries, and metal

5705
05:20:57,700 --> 05:21:00,400
filaments, to create 
illumination without combustion.

5706
05:21:00,400 --> 05:21:03,200
It sounds like science fiction, 
you can't. 

5707
05:21:03,200 --> 05:21:05,400
Imagine it will ever be 
practical for everyday. 

5708
05:21:05,400 --> 05:21:10,400
Use some enthusiasts Envision 
entire cities, lit by gas with 

5709
05:21:10,400 --> 05:21:13,100
streets bright enough to read by
homes. 

5710
05:21:13,100 --> 05:21:16,800
Illuminated, as thoroughly as 
daylight and work continuing 

5711
05:21:16,800 --> 05:21:21,800
Around the Clock, others warned 
of dangers, explosions fires, 

5712
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:25,700
and the moral hazards of 
extending human activity into 

5713
05:21:25,700 --> 05:21:27,800
hours that God intended for 
rest. 

5714
05:21:27,800 --> 05:21:31,600
The debate reflects broader 
anxiety is about technology and 

5715
05:21:31,600 --> 05:21:34,800
change about whether progress 
serves Humanity or threatened 

5716
05:21:34,800 --> 05:21:37,600
it. 
The gas company representatives 

5717
05:21:37,600 --> 05:21:39,300
are taking questions from the 
audience. 

5718
05:21:39,300 --> 05:21:43,800
How much will installation cost?
How is gas consumption measured 

5719
05:21:43,800 --> 05:21:47,000
and build What happens if Pike's
break or leak? 

5720
05:21:47,700 --> 05:21:50,300
Can gaslighting be used safely 
in homes with children. 

5721
05:21:50,300 --> 05:21:54,500
The question's reveal both 
interest and concerned a 

5722
05:21:54,500 --> 05:21:57,100
community trying to understand 
how this new technology will 

5723
05:21:57,100 --> 05:22:01,100
affect their lives. 
Walking home that evening your 

5724
05:22:01,100 --> 05:22:02,600
own oil lamps. 
Seems dimmer and less 

5725
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:04,300
satisfactory than it. 
Did this morning. 

5726
05:22:04,300 --> 05:22:08,100
You've seen what's possible and 
the old ways suddenly feel 

5727
05:22:08,100 --> 05:22:10,800
inadequate. 
The light you carry has served 

5728
05:22:10,800 --> 05:22:14,400
Humanity for thousands of years 
but its days are numbered. 

5729
05:22:15,100 --> 05:22:18,600
Within a century almost no one 
will use oil lamps or candles as

5730
05:22:18,600 --> 05:22:22,500
primary light sources, they'll 
become decorative, nostalgic, 

5731
05:22:22,500 --> 05:22:25,200
and reserved for special 
occasions and power outages. 

5732
05:22:25,200 --> 05:22:29,200
The darkness that surrounded 
your ancestors that shape their 

5733
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:33,200
days and structured, their 
societies that created fears and

5734
05:22:33,200 --> 05:22:35,500
rituals and careful economies of
light. 

5735
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:39,400
That darkness is about to 
retreat further than anyone 

5736
05:22:39,400 --> 05:22:42,200
imagined possible. 
The night will never be fully 

5737
05:22:42,200 --> 05:22:46,000
conquered, but it will be pushed
back contained and made less 

5738
05:22:46,000 --> 05:22:48,600
threatening and less absolute 
your witnessing. 

5739
05:22:48,600 --> 05:22:51,400
The beginning of that 
transformation, standing at the 

5740
05:22:51,400 --> 05:22:54,300
threshold, between the world of 
fire and the world of artificial

5741
05:22:54,300 --> 05:22:56,900
light that will Define the 
future elsewhere. 

5742
05:22:56,900 --> 05:23:00,500
In Laboratories and workshops 
experimenters are working with 

5743
05:23:00,500 --> 05:23:04,500
electricity art clamps using 
electric current between carbon 

5744
05:23:04,500 --> 05:23:07,900
electrodes can produce brilliant
light though their two bright 

5745
05:23:07,900 --> 05:23:09,900
and hot for most practical 
applications. 

5746
05:23:09,900 --> 05:23:14,800
The light they created harsh 
bluish white and fundamentally 

5747
05:23:14,800 --> 05:23:17,300
different from any flame base 
illumination. 

5748
05:23:18,300 --> 05:23:21,200
Most people who see art, clamp 
demonstrations are oppressed, 

5749
05:23:21,200 --> 05:23:24,800
but doubtful about practical 
applications Thomas Edison 

5750
05:23:24,800 --> 05:23:28,500
hasn't been born yet, but the 
trajectory taught his eventual 

5751
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:31,800
breakthrough as being 
established, each Improvement in

5752
05:23:31,800 --> 05:23:35,100
lighting, technology, creates 
demand for more and better 

5753
05:23:35,100 --> 05:23:39,300
illumination each new capability
reveals limitations of existing 

5754
05:23:39,300 --> 05:23:43,400
systems the path from fire to 
electricity passes through 

5755
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:46,100
gaslighting and that transition 
is beginning. 

5756
05:23:46,100 --> 05:23:49,500
Now, in your time, in your city,
you think about your 

5757
05:23:49,500 --> 05:23:52,500
grandparents who live their 
entire lives by candle and 

5758
05:23:52,500 --> 05:23:55,300
Lamplight? 
Never imagining Alternatives, 

5759
05:23:55,300 --> 05:23:57,200
you think about your 
grandchildren? 

5760
05:23:57,200 --> 05:23:59,900
You might grow up in a world 
where lighting is cheap, 

5761
05:23:59,900 --> 05:24:03,000
abundant and controllable and 
ways. 

5762
05:24:03,000 --> 05:24:07,500
You can barely imagine the pace 
of change is accelerating and 

5763
05:24:07,500 --> 05:24:10,100
you're living through a pivotal 
moment, when Millennia of 

5764
05:24:10,100 --> 05:24:13,500
lighting history are being 
compressed and transformed rest.

5765
05:24:13,500 --> 05:24:17,000
Well, knowing that the darkness,
your ancestors navigated with 

5766
05:24:17,000 --> 05:24:20,600
such care and Annuity has been 
mapped and measured and made 

5767
05:24:20,600 --> 05:24:23,500
familiar through thousands of 
years of human persistence, 

5768
05:24:23,500 --> 05:24:28,100
their solutions to the problem 
of Darkness, simple, practical 

5769
05:24:28,100 --> 05:24:31,100
and deeply meaningful. 
Like the path backward Through 

5770
05:24:31,100 --> 05:24:33,600
Time, showing us who we were 
before. 

5771
05:24:33,600 --> 05:24:36,500
We could banish the night with 
the flip of a switch, the 

5772
05:24:36,500 --> 05:24:39,400
Flames, they tended the lamps. 
They filled the candles, they 

5773
05:24:39,400 --> 05:24:41,500
dipped and the streets, they 
lit. 

5774
05:24:41,500 --> 05:24:45,200
All of these represent 
Humanities long conversation 

5775
05:24:45,200 --> 05:24:47,900
with Darkness, a dialogue that 
continues. 

5776
05:24:47,900 --> 05:24:51,400
Even now in the age of electric 
light sleep peacefully 

5777
05:24:51,400 --> 05:24:54,100
surrounded by the glow of 
understanding. 

5778
05:24:54,100 --> 05:24:57,800
In the knowledge, that light has
always been about more than mere

5779
05:24:57,800 --> 05:25:00,700
visibility. 
It's been about safety 

5780
05:25:00,700 --> 05:25:06,000
communities, meaning, and hope 
carried carefully through the 

5781
05:25:06,000 --> 05:25:16,700
long night. 
Imagine yourself curled up in a 

5782
05:25:16,700 --> 05:25:19,300
cozy, chair, with a mug of 
something warm, because we're 

5783
05:25:19,300 --> 05:25:21,500
going to meet one of the most 
misunderstood figures in 

5784
05:25:21,500 --> 05:25:24,300
American history. 
Perhaps you and your parents, 

5785
05:25:24,300 --> 05:25:27,900
whom the Disney song, About Davy
Crockett the frontier hero with 

5786
05:25:27,900 --> 05:25:31,800
the coonskin cap. 
Instead of starting with bear 

5787
05:25:31,800 --> 05:25:35,100
wrestling or political speeches,
the true tale of David Crockett 

5788
05:25:35,100 --> 05:25:37,700
begins with the Restless lad who
couldn't settle into anything 

5789
05:25:37,700 --> 05:25:40,600
and he was far more fascinating 
than any myth. 

5790
05:25:41,300 --> 05:25:45,400
David sometimes known as Davey 
until the politicians had their 

5791
05:25:45,400 --> 05:25:49,400
hands on him was born in 1786 
into a nomadic family and a 

5792
05:25:49,400 --> 05:25:51,300
one-room cabin in. 
What is now Eastern? 

5793
05:25:51,300 --> 05:25:54,900
Tennessee. 
John his father was the type of 

5794
05:25:54,900 --> 05:25:57,300
man who would constantly look to
the adjacent Valley for 

5795
05:25:57,300 --> 05:25:59,800
brighter. 
Prospects, young David likely 

5796
05:25:59,800 --> 05:26:02,400
assumed that having a permanent 
address was something that only 

5797
05:26:02,400 --> 05:26:04,800
other people experience because 
the Crockett's packed up and 

5798
05:26:04,800 --> 05:26:07,700
moved. 
So frequently, now it's easy to 

5799
05:26:07,700 --> 05:26:10,800
picture rugged outdoorsy kids 
growing up on the frontier but 

5800
05:26:10,800 --> 05:26:12,700
David was really quite the 
eccentric. 

5801
05:26:13,400 --> 05:26:16,700
Unlike his peers, David appeared
to have an aversion to sit in 

5802
05:26:16,700 --> 05:26:19,300
still even though they were 
learning to plow fields, and 

5803
05:26:19,300 --> 05:26:22,400
tend to livestock school. 
As he knew, it seemed to snug as

5804
05:26:22,400 --> 05:26:25,300
a pair of pine bark shoes. 
And his thoughts, ran a muck 

5805
05:26:25,300 --> 05:26:28,500
like a free chicken. 
Formal educational wasn't for 

5806
05:26:28,500 --> 05:26:30,100
him. 
After only four days of class, 

5807
05:26:30,100 --> 05:26:34,000
this decision will come back to 
haunt him years later when he 

5808
05:26:34,000 --> 05:26:36,100
struggled to sound adult in 
letters to his wife. 

5809
05:26:37,700 --> 05:26:42,300
At the tender age of 30, David's
father, likely destroyed rented,

5810
05:26:42,300 --> 05:26:45,900
him out to a cattle driver. 
Envision yourself as a 13 year 

5811
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:48,900
old, who is unexpectedly tasked 
with transporting, hundreds of 

5812
05:26:48,908 --> 05:26:51,000
finicky cows over Uncharted 
land. 

5813
05:26:52,000 --> 05:26:55,200
David learned that cows had zero
regard for a Young Person's 

5814
05:26:55,200 --> 05:26:58,400
timetable or dignity as he 
trudged through muck for months 

5815
05:26:58,400 --> 05:27:02,500
while sleeping under the stars. 
However, he felt a connection to

5816
05:27:02,500 --> 05:27:04,700
that trip. 
Because of his Restless 

5817
05:27:04,700 --> 05:27:08,500
personality, he thrived on the 
wide Road where he was always 

5818
05:27:08,500 --> 05:27:11,500
moving and had to tackle 
difficulties as they arose. 

5819
05:27:12,100 --> 05:27:14,400
David had gained the 
self-assurance that comes from 

5820
05:27:14,400 --> 05:27:17,400
facing adversity, head-on and 
had grown three inches. 

5821
05:27:17,400 --> 05:27:20,900
By the time he reached home, 
However, he still had issues 

5822
05:27:20,900 --> 05:27:24,000
with his studies in a family 
where everyone could write their

5823
05:27:24,000 --> 05:27:26,200
names. 
He felt like the outcast because

5824
05:27:26,200 --> 05:27:28,800
he still couldn't read past 
first grade when he was 15 years

5825
05:27:28,800 --> 05:27:31,100
old. 
So he struck a bargain with his 

5826
05:27:31,100 --> 05:27:33,100
dad. 
He'd pay off the family's 

5827
05:27:33,100 --> 05:27:34,800
obligations. 
If he could go back to school. 

5828
05:27:35,700 --> 05:27:39,000
Imagine a classroom full of 
seven year olds with 15 year old

5829
05:27:39,000 --> 05:27:42,200
David crammed. 
In his banging, the small desk, 

5830
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:45,600
trying to learn his letters at a
time when other boys is age or 

5831
05:27:45,600 --> 05:27:47,500
already planning marriage and 
starting families. 

5832
05:27:48,600 --> 05:27:50,700
Although it must have been 
difficult for his pride. 

5833
05:27:50,700 --> 05:27:53,500
David persisted for a few months
as he gradually acquired. 

5834
05:27:53,500 --> 05:27:56,900
The fundamental abilities 
necessary for the complex life 

5835
05:27:56,900 --> 05:28:00,500
that lay ahead. 
Like many other youngsters David

5836
05:28:00,500 --> 05:28:03,200
found himself thrust into 
manhood on the frontier before 

5837
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:06,700
he was ready. 
At the age of 16, he had found a

5838
05:28:06,700 --> 05:28:09,600
job with a nearby farmer where 
he could support his family and 

5839
05:28:09,600 --> 05:28:12,900
begin to shape his future even 
when things became rough. 

5840
05:28:12,900 --> 05:28:16,100
He had a way of making people 
laugh and his stubborn streak 

5841
05:28:16,100 --> 05:28:18,000
would keep them going long after
they gave up. 

5842
05:28:18,800 --> 05:28:22,000
He wasn't the brightest student 
or the toughest worker, but he 

5843
05:28:22,000 --> 05:28:24,600
had something else in those 
formative years. 

5844
05:28:24,600 --> 05:28:28,100
He virtually appears as a 
towering lanky boy with enormous

5845
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:31,000
hands and a wicked grin. 
That seems to be perpetually 

5846
05:28:31,000 --> 05:28:33,400
hatching. 
A plot parents were first 

5847
05:28:33,400 --> 05:28:37,000
frightened by his Boundless 
Energy that they eventually came

5848
05:28:37,000 --> 05:28:40,800
to forgive him for his charisma.
Years would pass before he 

5849
05:28:40,800 --> 05:28:44,100
became the renowned from tears, 
but he had all the makings of an

5850
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:47,800
outlaw, an innate desire to 
strike off on his own and the 

5851
05:28:47,800 --> 05:28:50,800
growing suspicion that the easy 
way out might not be the best 

5852
05:28:50,800 --> 05:28:55,200
choice. delving, further into 
our narrative, let us discuss 

5853
05:28:55,200 --> 05:28:59,100
how a young, David discovered, a
profound truth The ability to 

5854
05:28:59,100 --> 05:29:02,600
bring joy to another person's 
life is nearly as valuable as 

5855
05:29:02,600 --> 05:29:06,700
their material needs. 
Almost there, David was smitten 

5856
05:29:06,700 --> 05:29:08,700
with a girl from the 
neighborhood named Polly Finley.

5857
05:29:08,700 --> 05:29:12,200
When he was 19 years old. 
Polly the daughter of a fairly 

5858
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:14,300
well-off farmer. 
Had her misgivings about this 

5859
05:29:14,300 --> 05:29:17,200
clumsy young man who couldn't 
seem to commit to a career. 

5860
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:21,100
She wasn't your typical Frontier
woman though by local standards.

5861
05:29:21,100 --> 05:29:25,400
She was actually quite refined. 
As a charmingly awkward, wooing 

5862
05:29:25,400 --> 05:29:27,900
tactic. 
David would attend social events

5863
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:30,000
in the hopes of winning her over
with his impressive, 

5864
05:29:30,000 --> 05:29:32,800
storytelling, abilities. 
And more importantly, his still 

5865
05:29:32,800 --> 05:29:34,600
developing practical 
capabilities. 

5866
05:29:35,500 --> 05:29:38,200
The catch was that David had 
never mastered accurate shooting

5867
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:41,800
to use this may not appear 
significant but in 1805 

5868
05:29:41,800 --> 05:29:44,700
Tennessee a guy who failed to 
strike his Target was as 

5869
05:29:44,700 --> 05:29:48,700
valuable as a chocolate teapot. 
David realized he was in over 

5870
05:29:48,700 --> 05:29:50,400
his head. 
When police father proposed they

5871
05:29:50,400 --> 05:29:52,800
go hunting together. 
It was a test of David 

5872
05:29:52,800 --> 05:29:54,600
suitability as a possible son in
law. 

5873
05:29:54,600 --> 05:29:58,000
There are after he did what any 
reasonable young man in love 

5874
05:29:58,000 --> 05:30:00,500
with do. 
He practiced until his ears, 

5875
05:30:00,500 --> 05:30:03,800
rang Non-Stop, and his shoulder 
turned purple from overuse 

5876
05:30:03,800 --> 05:30:07,300
whenever he had a spare moment. 
He would borrow rifles for 

5877
05:30:07,300 --> 05:30:10,300
ammunition and shoot at anything
that would remain still long 

5878
05:30:10,300 --> 05:30:12,500
enough. 
David transformed, the entire 

5879
05:30:12,500 --> 05:30:15,300
County into his own private 
range by using objects, such as 

5880
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:18,000
tin cans, fence, posts, and 
trees. 

5881
05:30:18,000 --> 05:30:21,300
He was able to thread a 50, yard
musket ball needle, by the 

5882
05:30:21,300 --> 05:30:25,100
timely wed, Polly in 1806, a 
testament to his perseverance. 

5883
05:30:25,100 --> 05:30:28,400
I mean, not exactly, but it's 
near enough. 

5884
05:30:29,100 --> 05:30:31,400
Marriage was both a blessing and
a curse for David. 

5885
05:30:32,000 --> 05:30:34,100
Though she brought stability 
poly. 

5886
05:30:34,100 --> 05:30:36,600
Also, introduced expectations to
his Restless temperament. 

5887
05:30:37,400 --> 05:30:39,100
No one should live in a tent 
with a wife. 

5888
05:30:39,100 --> 05:30:42,400
It wasn't enough to just eat 
whatever the kids caught or 

5889
05:30:42,400 --> 05:30:44,600
foraged, they required regular 
meals. 

5890
05:30:44,600 --> 05:30:48,200
The age-old conundrum of how to 
reconcile risk-taking with one's

5891
05:30:48,200 --> 05:30:50,000
responsibilities was before 
David. 

5892
05:30:50,000 --> 05:30:52,900
His response was as imaginative 
as usual. 

5893
05:30:52,900 --> 05:30:56,700
He would go on hunting trips for
weeks at a stretch returning 

5894
05:30:56,700 --> 05:31:00,400
with a bounty of wild turkey bar
and deer that would feed the 

5895
05:31:00,400 --> 05:31:03,900
family and be sold off. 
These were no ordinary camping. 

5896
05:31:03,900 --> 05:31:08,100
Excursions, rather David would 
go far into Uncharted Territory.

5897
05:31:08,100 --> 05:31:10,500
Often more than 100 miles from 
civilization. 

5898
05:31:10,500 --> 05:31:14,500
Subsisting only on wild foods 
and his ever improving 

5899
05:31:14,500 --> 05:31:17,500
Marksmanship. 
The remarkable thing about David

5900
05:31:17,500 --> 05:31:20,500
hunting skills is that they came
about almost unintentionally. 

5901
05:31:20,500 --> 05:31:23,700
He had no aspirations of 
becoming a world-renowned 

5902
05:31:23,700 --> 05:31:27,200
marksman, his only goals were to
provide for his family and on 

5903
05:31:27,200 --> 05:31:29,400
occasion, treat Polly to a store
bought dress. 

5904
05:31:31,000 --> 05:31:34,000
But David became someone special
over those countless hours of 

5905
05:31:34,000 --> 05:31:37,100
tracking animals through dense 
forests and Crossing streams. 

5906
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:40,900
He had an almost miraculous 
knack for reading the forest. 

5907
05:31:41,500 --> 05:31:44,100
For seeing when and where 
animals would be, and how they 

5908
05:31:44,108 --> 05:31:46,900
would act. 
When David returned from hunting

5909
05:31:46,900 --> 05:31:49,600
trips with tales, that were too 
Fantastical to be true. 

5910
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:53,600
His neighbors started to take 
note Bears that he had pursued 

5911
05:31:53,600 --> 05:31:56,300
for several days prior to 
obtaining, the ideal photograph 

5912
05:31:56,300 --> 05:31:59,500
using Justice patience and 
knowledge of the deer's habits. 

5913
05:31:59,500 --> 05:32:02,100
He had successfully brought them
within Arms, Reach. 

5914
05:32:02,100 --> 05:32:05,700
He seemed to have the power to 
hypnotize, wild turkeys with his

5915
05:32:05,700 --> 05:32:08,300
turkey calls. 
The unintended consequence of 

5916
05:32:08,308 --> 05:32:11,000
David's Rising profile. 
As a hunter though, was that 

5917
05:32:11,000 --> 05:32:13,700
others began looking to him to 
fix their own issues as well. 

5918
05:32:14,600 --> 05:32:18,200
Animals in Danger from a wolf 
pack, Dave Crockett should be 

5919
05:32:18,200 --> 05:32:20,600
summoned. 
Strange footprints around the 

5920
05:32:20,600 --> 05:32:22,500
chicken coop, he'll take care of
it. 

5921
05:32:23,500 --> 05:32:26,000
Unidentified rumbling in the 
forest later at night. 

5922
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:30,300
Hopefully, my point is clear. 
The ability to narrate stories 

5923
05:32:30,300 --> 05:32:33,600
was what set David apart from 
other Adept Hunters along with 

5924
05:32:33,600 --> 05:32:35,500
the meat. 
He brought home exciting new 

5925
05:32:35,500 --> 05:32:38,900
experience's even among Dane 
hunting trip would seem like an 

5926
05:32:38,900 --> 05:32:40,800
epic adventure when he was in 
his element. 

5927
05:32:40,800 --> 05:32:44,600
What was all the close calls 
flashes of Genius planning and 

5928
05:32:44,600 --> 05:32:47,600
of course, the occasional 
idiotic move that almost cost 

5929
05:32:47,600 --> 05:32:50,300
him his life. 
David had a talent for making 

5930
05:32:50,300 --> 05:32:52,400
even old Tales sound thrilling 
in new. 

5931
05:32:52,400 --> 05:32:54,900
So even though pollywood roll 
her eyes, she would listen 

5932
05:32:54,900 --> 05:32:58,000
intently. 
When David was in his 

5933
05:32:58,008 --> 05:33:01,300
mid-twenties he had settled into
a routine hunt. 

5934
05:33:01,300 --> 05:33:06,000
Provide tell stories, repeat. 
While he was still a young 

5935
05:33:06,008 --> 05:33:09,000
husband attempting to master the
most important role of his life.

5936
05:33:09,000 --> 05:33:11,600
He was laying the groundwork for
the fame. 

5937
05:33:11,600 --> 05:33:14,400
That would come later. 
You would think, David's issues 

5938
05:33:14,400 --> 05:33:16,200
would go away if he just 
mastered hunting? 

5939
05:33:16,200 --> 05:33:18,000
But surprises are a part of 
life. 

5940
05:33:18,800 --> 05:33:21,300
David learned the hard way that 
not even his famed. 

5941
05:33:21,300 --> 05:33:24,100
Hunting abilities could ensure 
Financial stability on the 

5942
05:33:24,100 --> 05:33:27,800
frontier as his family expanded 
Polly had bestowed upon him. 

5943
05:33:27,800 --> 05:33:29,900
Two boys, John Wesley and 
William. 

5944
05:33:31,200 --> 05:33:33,600
Modifications, that would 
radically all day to David's 

5945
05:33:33,600 --> 05:33:36,500
life occurred in 1813. 
David joined. 

5946
05:33:36,500 --> 05:33:39,800
The Tennessee militia as a Scout
during the creek War which broke

5947
05:33:39,800 --> 05:33:42,900
out in Alabama, along with many 
other young, men seeking 

5948
05:33:42,900 --> 05:33:46,600
excitement, stable employment 
and an opportunity to serve 

5949
05:33:46,600 --> 05:33:50,000
their Nation. 
Unlike in the movies, this will 

5950
05:33:50,000 --> 05:33:52,000
wasn't somewhere like military 
Expedition. 

5951
05:33:52,900 --> 05:33:55,900
David devoted most of his time 
to slogging through marshes 

5952
05:33:55,900 --> 05:33:58,700
searching for Creek, fighters 
who were more familiar with the 

5953
05:33:58,700 --> 05:34:02,000
area than he was and discovering
that military food was 

5954
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:05,000
infinitely worse than anything. 
He had ever prepared himself. 

5955
05:34:05,900 --> 05:34:08,700
however, David learned, an 
important lesson, during his 

5956
05:34:08,700 --> 05:34:12,700
time in the military, he was 
born with leadership skills, his

5957
05:34:12,700 --> 05:34:16,100
fellow troops, relied on him for
guidance confidence in his 

5958
05:34:16,100 --> 05:34:19,300
judgment, in high stakes 
situations, and inspirational 

5959
05:34:19,300 --> 05:34:24,900
when time seemed As a leader, he
didn't believe in barking out 

5960
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:28,800
commands and expecting followers
to follow suit, instead, he set 

5961
05:34:28,800 --> 05:34:31,200
a good example by treating 
everyone with the same 

5962
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:34,200
laid-back. 
Respect he'd learned to value in

5963
05:34:34,200 --> 05:34:36,900
a world where acting 
superficially may result in 

5964
05:34:36,908 --> 05:34:40,300
death. 
After serving his Country, David

5965
05:34:40,300 --> 05:34:43,600
came home to discover that his 
Fame had expanded Beyond Tales 

5966
05:34:43,600 --> 05:34:46,100
of hunting. 
He had a reputation for being 

5967
05:34:46,100 --> 05:34:49,000
calm Under Pressure. 
Able to make tough calls without

5968
05:34:49,000 --> 05:34:51,700
letting his humor get in the way
and someone who could handle 

5969
05:34:51,700 --> 05:34:55,600
himself in Risky situations. 
These traits would be crucial 

5970
05:34:55,600 --> 05:34:58,100
for David as he approached. 
What he would later refer to as 

5971
05:34:58,100 --> 05:35:00,700
his bare period. 
To make matters. 

5972
05:35:00,700 --> 05:35:03,000
Worse bears in early 19th 
century. 

5973
05:35:03,000 --> 05:35:07,400
Tennessee, were enormous common 
and completely disrespectful of 

5974
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:10,800
human property rights. 
When bears came into towns in 

5975
05:35:10,800 --> 05:35:14,500
search of food, they would rip 
apart huts and generally make 

5976
05:35:14,500 --> 05:35:17,600
life difficult for the people 
who had managed to establish a 

5977
05:35:17,600 --> 05:35:20,700
civilized society. 
When confronted with a problem 

5978
05:35:20,700 --> 05:35:24,400
there, most people either hoped 
it would go away or summoned a 

5979
05:35:24,400 --> 05:35:26,300
more courageous friend or 
relative for assistance. 

5980
05:35:27,200 --> 05:35:30,300
When others saw obstacles, David
saw opportunity. 

5981
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:33,600
Their hunting, he came to see, 
maybe more than simply a hobby. 

5982
05:35:33,600 --> 05:35:37,500
It could be a full-fledged 
Enterprise The meat from bears 

5983
05:35:37,500 --> 05:35:41,200
was highly prized their fat 
could be processed into oil for 

5984
05:35:41,200 --> 05:35:44,300
use and cooking, and lighting 
and their fur was constantly 

5985
05:35:44,300 --> 05:35:47,500
sought after. 
So when farms and municipalities

5986
05:35:47,500 --> 05:35:50,800
needed help with a bear problem,
they would call David, who 

5987
05:35:50,800 --> 05:35:52,600
became something of a specialist
in the field. 

5988
05:35:53,400 --> 05:35:57,000
He was meticulous and to be 
honest, slightly obsessed when 

5989
05:35:57,000 --> 05:36:00,500
it came to hunting bears. 
David would take on the role of 

5990
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:03,800
a naturalist studying certain 
Bears, observing and studying 

5991
05:36:03,800 --> 05:36:07,400
their behaviors for several days
or weeks before devising tactics

5992
05:36:07,400 --> 05:36:09,500
that were adapted to their 
unique personalities. 

5993
05:36:09,500 --> 05:36:13,500
Yes, the Bears personalities. 
David maintained that each one 

5994
05:36:13,500 --> 05:36:17,200
was unique with its own set of 
peculiarities tastes and degrees

5995
05:36:17,200 --> 05:36:19,700
of brainpower. 
The outcomes were remarkable 

5996
05:36:19,700 --> 05:36:24,800
David killed. 58 bears in one. 
Very fruitful winter, Just one 

5997
05:36:24,800 --> 05:36:28,800
season, not cross a number of 
years, he was able to become so 

5998
05:36:28,800 --> 05:36:32,400
proficient at hunting bears that
he could find kill and prepare 

5999
05:36:32,400 --> 05:36:34,700
one in a day or less before 
moving onto the next. 

6000
05:36:35,600 --> 05:36:37,800
A title, that David felt 
somewhat humiliating yet 

6001
05:36:37,800 --> 05:36:41,500
gratifying was Bare of the 
district, a Monica, that his 

6002
05:36:41,500 --> 05:36:43,000
neighbor's began to use about 
him. 

6003
05:36:43,000 --> 05:36:46,800
However, there were unforeseen 
obstacles on the path to success

6004
05:36:46,800 --> 05:36:49,500
in the Bear in Industry. 
David's hunting trips became 

6005
05:36:49,500 --> 05:36:53,100
increasingly longer and more 
frequent often lasting weeks. 

6006
05:36:53,100 --> 05:36:56,500
It must have been incredibly 
challenging for to manage their 

6007
05:36:56,500 --> 05:36:59,100
household and raise their 
children, all by herself. 

6008
05:36:59,100 --> 05:37:01,900
The more muddy and wild smelling
David would come home. 

6009
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:05,100
After his bare exploits, the 
more varied feeling's poly would

6010
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:09,400
have During his time, spent 
hunting bears, David also began 

6011
05:37:09,400 --> 05:37:12,700
to rise from the status of Local
Hero to that of legendary figure

6012
05:37:12,700 --> 05:37:15,800
in his own right. 
His extraordinary success and 

6013
05:37:15,800 --> 05:37:17,700
amusing anecdotes made him a 
popular speaker. 

6014
05:37:17,700 --> 05:37:21,100
And people started asking him to
parties only to hear about his 

6015
05:37:21,100 --> 05:37:23,700
travels. 
When David realized, he could 

6016
05:37:23,700 --> 05:37:26,300
take his life's events and 
transform them into stories. 

6017
05:37:26,300 --> 05:37:27,700
That could Captivate an 
audience. 

6018
05:37:27,700 --> 05:37:30,600
He knew he had a great aptitude 
for performing. 

6019
05:37:31,400 --> 05:37:33,600
David never felt the need to 
embellish his hunting 

6020
05:37:33,600 --> 05:37:36,100
achievements, which is an 
intriguing aspect. 

6021
05:37:36,100 --> 05:37:38,700
It was astonishing enough that 
it was true. 

6022
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:42,600
However, he did hone an ability 
to paint vivid pictures of Every

6023
05:37:42,600 --> 05:37:45,000
Day. 
Life bringing drama and humor to

6024
05:37:45,000 --> 05:37:47,100
what others might perceive as 
dull happening. 

6025
05:37:48,400 --> 05:37:51,600
An ordinary bear hunt devolved 
into a Titanic, showdown between

6026
05:37:51,600 --> 05:37:54,700
humanity and the natural world. 
Replete with terrifying, 

6027
05:37:54,700 --> 05:37:56,400
moments. 
Brilliant moments. 

6028
05:37:56,400 --> 05:38:00,400
And more often than not at least
one instance of David's actions 

6029
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:03,200
that were ingenious at the 
moment, but almost cost him his 

6030
05:38:03,200 --> 05:38:05,600
life. 
As we wind down for the next 

6031
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:09,200
chapter, it's important to 
discuss how sometimes we have no

6032
05:38:09,200 --> 05:38:12,200
choice but to start over 
regardless of how prepared we 

6033
05:38:12,200 --> 05:38:14,400
are. 
While David was expecting to 

6034
05:38:14,400 --> 05:38:17,300
become famous in his hometown 
for his bear hunting exploits, 

6035
05:38:17,300 --> 05:38:20,200
the unexpectedly gained a 
reputation as someone who could 

6036
05:38:20,200 --> 05:38:21,800
solve problems and get things 
done. 

6037
05:38:22,700 --> 05:38:25,500
Because of his Stellar 
reputation is Neighbors elected 

6038
05:38:25,500 --> 05:38:28,000
him to the position of 
magistrate in 1817. 

6039
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:31,400
A magistrate was effectively a 
municipal judge who presided 

6040
05:38:31,400 --> 05:38:33,200
over smaller cases and 
disagreements. 

6041
05:38:34,000 --> 05:38:37,100
Just to refresh your memory, 
David's official education was 

6042
05:38:37,100 --> 05:38:39,400
limited to a few months in a 
one-room schoolhouse. 

6043
05:38:40,100 --> 05:38:43,000
So when he was suddenly tasked 
with interpreting laws and 

6044
05:38:43,000 --> 05:38:46,000
administering Justice, it was 
like expecting someone who had 

6045
05:38:46,008 --> 05:38:48,000
never piloted an airplane to 
ride horses. 

6046
05:38:48,000 --> 05:38:52,300
However, David brought his usual
mix of modesty and common sense 

6047
05:38:52,300 --> 05:38:54,700
to the task. 
He had a really relaxed demeanor

6048
05:38:54,700 --> 05:38:58,800
in court fairness practical 
Solutions and David skill in 

6049
05:38:58,800 --> 05:39:01,200
mediating disputes amongst 
squabbling. 

6050
05:39:01,200 --> 05:39:03,900
Neighbors were more important 
than complicated procedures and 

6051
05:39:03,900 --> 05:39:07,000
legal presents. 
David would advise the disputing

6052
05:39:07,000 --> 05:39:10,200
Farmers to go for a walk over 
the contested ground and try to 

6053
05:39:10,200 --> 05:39:12,200
come to an agreement when they 
were arguing over? 

6054
05:39:12,200 --> 05:39:14,600
Who owned? 
What David mace substitute 

6055
05:39:14,600 --> 05:39:17,900
Community work for a fine where 
the offender is unable to pay 

6056
05:39:17,900 --> 05:39:20,500
the original amount. 
His ruling were, mostly 

6057
05:39:20,500 --> 05:39:23,600
reasonable and Equitable, 
however, they lacked legal 

6058
05:39:23,600 --> 05:39:26,600
sophistication. 
Greater political prospects 

6059
05:39:26,600 --> 05:39:28,600
arose as a result of the 
Magistrate Office. 

6060
05:39:29,400 --> 05:39:31,800
No one could have been more 
surprised than David when he was

6061
05:39:31,808 --> 05:39:35,300
elected to the Tennessee State 
Assembly in 1821. 

6062
05:39:36,900 --> 05:39:39,300
Present in the state. 
Capital was a man whose 

6063
05:39:39,300 --> 05:39:42,100
constituency was represented by 
someone who continued to 

6064
05:39:42,100 --> 05:39:43,500
struggle with language and 
spelling. 

6065
05:39:44,300 --> 05:39:47,500
However, David's political 
ideology was surprisingly 

6066
05:39:47,500 --> 05:39:50,100
uncomplicated. 
The government had to assist 

6067
05:39:50,100 --> 05:39:52,000
common people in resolving 
actual issues. 

6068
05:39:52,000 --> 05:39:54,200
Not add further burdens to their
lives. 

6069
05:39:54,200 --> 05:39:58,800
His character was congruent with
his approach to legislation in 

6070
05:39:58,800 --> 05:40:01,700
contrast to his fellow 
legislators, David spoke frankly

6071
05:40:01,700 --> 05:40:05,100
about the issues at hand rather 
than delivering, lengthy 

6072
05:40:05,100 --> 05:40:07,200
ceremonial speeches. 
Replete with allusions to 

6073
05:40:07,200 --> 05:40:11,000
classical figures and legalese 
regardless of party pressure. 

6074
05:40:11,000 --> 05:40:14,400
He usually voted according to 
his conscience which included 

6075
05:40:14,400 --> 05:40:17,200
supporting legislation that 
would help low income households

6076
05:40:17,200 --> 05:40:20,100
purchase land and opposing 
policies that appeared to 

6077
05:40:20,100 --> 05:40:24,900
benefit primarily the wealthy 
However, everything changed when

6078
05:40:24,900 --> 05:40:28,300
a tragic event occurred, David 
was left to raise their three 

6079
05:40:28,300 --> 05:40:31,000
children alone after Polly 
passed away in 1815. 

6080
05:40:31,900 --> 05:40:34,800
A devastating loss. 
Bethel him with Polly as his 

6081
05:40:34,800 --> 05:40:37,700
Rock he was able to channel his 
Restless Spirit while keeping 

6082
05:40:37,700 --> 05:40:40,400
the peace at home. 
David felt completely 

6083
05:40:40,400 --> 05:40:43,200
disoriented with without her and
it had nothing to do with 

6084
05:40:43,200 --> 05:40:47,100
navigating the terrain hunting 
farming, raising children and 

6085
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:50,100
attending to his political 
responsibilities for all things 

6086
05:40:50,100 --> 05:40:53,100
that David attempted to handle 
on his own for a period, it was 

6087
05:40:53,100 --> 05:40:55,900
a hopeless. 
Predicament David sort of 

6088
05:40:55,900 --> 05:40:58,100
assistance after realizing, he 
couldn't give his children, the 

6089
05:40:58,100 --> 05:41:00,500
attention, they required due to 
his busy lifestyle. 

6090
05:41:01,200 --> 05:41:03,900
Elizabeth Patton was a widow 
with two children when he wed 

6091
05:41:03,900 --> 05:41:07,500
her in 1816. 
Elizabeth had the patient's 

6092
05:41:07,500 --> 05:41:10,300
competence and practicality to 
manage, David's unorthodox, 

6093
05:41:10,300 --> 05:41:14,000
professional trajectory. 
While the blended family Dynamic

6094
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:16,700
was harmonious. 
David's aspirations for public 

6095
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:19,600
office were intensifying. 
He became a United States 

6096
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:23,900
senator in 1827 David Crockett, 
who had spent his whole life in 

6097
05:41:23,900 --> 05:41:26,600
the woods and small. 
Frontier towns, suddenly found 

6098
05:41:26,600 --> 05:41:30,000
himself navigating the complex 
political landscape of the 

6099
05:41:30,000 --> 05:41:32,200
nation's capital when he was 
elected to the House of 

6100
05:41:32,200 --> 05:41:35,200
Representatives, which required 
him to leave Tennessee for 

6101
05:41:35,200 --> 05:41:39,100
extended periods of time to 
serve in Washington DC, At 

6102
05:41:39,100 --> 05:41:42,500
dinner parties this towering 
unassuming Congressman would 

6103
05:41:42,500 --> 05:41:45,300
tell tales about his bear hunts 
and appeared genuinely 

6104
05:41:45,300 --> 05:41:48,600
bewildered by the complex, 
social conventions that dictated

6105
05:41:48,600 --> 05:41:50,900
political life. 
The members of Washington 

6106
05:41:50,900 --> 05:41:53,100
Society were at a lost to 
understand him. 

6107
05:41:54,000 --> 05:41:56,900
Folksy, demeanor of David belied
his acute intellect and strong 

6108
05:41:56,900 --> 05:41:59,300
ideals. 
His colleagues at assumed, he 

6109
05:41:59,300 --> 05:42:01,900
was alive Frontiersman who was 
easily influenced. 

6110
05:42:02,700 --> 05:42:05,400
Land policy was the central 
political problem for David. 

6111
05:42:06,200 --> 05:42:08,600
Poor households were having a 
hard time getting Farmland. 

6112
05:42:08,600 --> 05:42:11,500
He thought while Rich 
speculators were buying up large

6113
05:42:11,500 --> 05:42:15,400
tracks for investment People who
had been living on and improving

6114
05:42:15,400 --> 05:42:19,300
land without legal title known 
as squatters would be granted 

6115
05:42:19,300 --> 05:42:21,900
the right to acquire that land 
at reasonable prices through the

6116
05:42:21,900 --> 05:42:22,800
law. 
He suggested. 

6117
05:42:23,700 --> 05:42:27,100
Although David saw it as a 
matter of basic Justice, it 

6118
05:42:27,100 --> 05:42:29,900
pitted him against influential 
groups that favored the status 

6119
05:42:29,900 --> 05:42:32,600
quo. 
David won over voters, but 

6120
05:42:32,600 --> 05:42:35,600
alienated powerful politicians 
with his support for common 

6121
05:42:35,600 --> 05:42:38,000
settlers. 
David became more and more 

6122
05:42:38,000 --> 05:42:40,000
alienated within his own 
political party. 

6123
05:42:40,000 --> 05:42:43,000
As he fought against certain of 
President, Andrew Jackson's 

6124
05:42:43,000 --> 05:42:46,700
policies, especially the Indian 
Removal Act which he believed to

6125
05:42:46,700 --> 05:42:50,600
be morally, reprehensible, 
Ironically, David actually had 

6126
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:54,200
very complex political ideas 
despite how simple they appeared

6127
05:42:54,200 --> 05:42:57,300
to him. 
Democracy he realized entailed 

6128
05:42:57,300 --> 05:43:00,500
more than just majority rule. 
It also entails defending the 

6129
05:43:00,500 --> 05:43:03,500
rights of the defenseless. 
He thought the government should

6130
05:43:03,500 --> 05:43:05,100
look out for everyone's best 
interests. 

6131
05:43:05,100 --> 05:43:06,600
Not just the wealthy and 
Powerful. 

6132
05:43:07,700 --> 05:43:09,800
For politicians who favored 
easier Arrangements. 

6133
05:43:09,800 --> 05:43:12,300
They were not novel, Notions but
they were uncomfortable. 

6134
05:43:13,200 --> 05:43:15,900
David came to terms with the 
fact that his time as Tennessee 

6135
05:43:15,900 --> 05:43:20,000
politician, was likely numbered 
by the early 1830s. he lost 

6136
05:43:20,000 --> 05:43:23,800
popularity due to his rejection 
of popular ideas and amassed, an

6137
05:43:23,800 --> 05:43:26,200
army of foes, due to his 
unwavering adherence to his 

6138
05:43:26,200 --> 05:43:30,500
principles adapting to political
reality or forging, a new route 

6139
05:43:30,500 --> 05:43:35,100
entirely would shape the 
remainder of his life. as you 

6140
05:43:35,100 --> 05:43:38,300
settle in, for this section of 
David's Journey, you'll find out

6141
05:43:38,300 --> 05:43:42,500
how at the same time, it can be 
freeing and terrible to stand up

6142
05:43:42,500 --> 05:43:44,900
for your beliefs, even if it 
means losing everything you've 

6143
05:43:44,900 --> 05:43:49,100
worked for David stay in the 
nation's capital was as 

6144
05:43:49,100 --> 05:43:51,100
entertaining as watching a fish 
scale, a tree. 

6145
05:43:51,100 --> 05:43:55,300
It was his job to represent his 
constituents vote on legislation

6146
05:43:55,300 --> 05:43:59,100
and serve on committees. 
He felt like he was speaking a 

6147
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:01,300
different language when it came 
to the culture of political 

6148
05:44:01,300 --> 05:44:04,800
manipulation. 
David adamantly refused to let 

6149
05:44:04,800 --> 05:44:07,700
the political ramifications of 
his votes, influences 

6150
05:44:07,700 --> 05:44:10,300
decision-making. 
In contrast to his fellow 

6151
05:44:10,300 --> 05:44:13,700
lawmakers who established 
coalitions and traded vote like 

6152
05:44:13,700 --> 05:44:17,200
poker chips. when David's 
beliefs were in line with public

6153
05:44:17,200 --> 05:44:20,700
opinion, this strategy was 
affected, nevertheless, it 

6154
05:44:20,700 --> 05:44:23,900
proved Troublesome when they 
were not Most of his Tennessee 

6155
05:44:23,900 --> 05:44:26,900
constituents wanted Native, 
American territories open for 

6156
05:44:26,900 --> 05:44:29,600
white colonization. 
Therefore they supported the 

6157
05:44:29,600 --> 05:44:33,600
Indian Removal Act of 1830. 
Not because he was a specially 

6158
05:44:33,600 --> 05:44:36,700
Progressive on racial Problems 
by today's standards but because

6159
05:44:36,700 --> 05:44:39,700
David had met and respected 
Native Americans as individuals,

6160
05:44:39,700 --> 05:44:42,600
he was opposed to it. 
He thought it was morally, 

6161
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:45,600
reprehensible to forcefully, 
uproot entire communities from 

6162
05:44:45,600 --> 05:44:48,800
their ancient homelands. 
Classic David Crockett, 

6163
05:44:48,800 --> 05:44:53,000
passionate direct and totally at
variants with political Acumen. 

6164
05:44:53,000 --> 05:44:55,300
That was his opposition speech 
in Congress. 

6165
05:44:56,500 --> 05:44:59,200
Concerning the distinction 
between what is legally required

6166
05:44:59,200 --> 05:45:02,900
and what is morally acceptable. 
He spoke about Cherokee 

6167
05:45:02,900 --> 05:45:04,600
families. 
He had known as well as 

6168
05:45:04,608 --> 05:45:06,500
Government dishonesty and broken
promises. 

6169
05:45:07,500 --> 05:45:09,500
Despite his colleague's 
courteous listening. 

6170
05:45:09,500 --> 05:45:13,300
They ultimately voted to have 
him removed from office even 

6171
05:45:13,300 --> 05:45:15,200
while David's vote, didn't sway,
the result. 

6172
05:45:15,200 --> 05:45:18,200
It did demonstrate that he was 
unreliable when it came to 

6173
05:45:18,200 --> 05:45:21,600
supporting party policies. 
There were covert, but effective

6174
05:45:21,600 --> 05:45:23,800
efforts by the political Elite 
to undermine David. 

6175
05:45:24,700 --> 05:45:27,500
More trustworthy members were 
given committee assignments. 

6176
05:45:27,500 --> 05:45:30,100
Important meeting invitations 
were misplaced. 

6177
05:45:30,900 --> 05:45:33,500
His colleagues and Congress no 
longer sought his advice on 

6178
05:45:33,500 --> 05:45:36,800
proposed laws. 
As he continued to serve as a 

6179
05:45:36,808 --> 05:45:40,200
representative for his area. 
David felt further and further 

6180
05:45:40,200 --> 05:45:41,700
removed from the political 
process. 

6181
05:45:42,900 --> 05:45:45,600
David faced political 
persecution in his home state of

6182
05:45:45,608 --> 05:45:48,600
Tennessee due to his stance 
against Indian relocation. 

6183
05:45:49,500 --> 05:45:52,100
His detractors said, he'd been 
entangled in the corruption of 

6184
05:45:52,108 --> 05:45:55,300
Washington politics and had lost
touch with his Heritage and that

6185
05:45:55,300 --> 05:45:58,000
he cared more about Indians than
his own constituency. 

6186
05:45:58,800 --> 05:46:02,100
Although David had changed while
serving in Congress, it was not 

6187
05:46:02,100 --> 05:46:05,400
in the man of his detractors had
envisioned and this fact made 

6188
05:46:05,400 --> 05:46:08,600
the criticism all the more 
hurtful David had grown 

6189
05:46:08,600 --> 05:46:11,500
increasingly certain that much 
political expertise was nothing 

6190
05:46:11,500 --> 05:46:13,600
more than a pretense to escape 
moral accountability. 

6191
05:46:13,600 --> 05:46:16,400
Rather than being politically 
intelligent. 

6192
05:46:16,400 --> 05:46:19,100
He is seen co-workers vote for 
initiative. 

6193
05:46:19,100 --> 05:46:21,800
They were personally against 
just because it suited their 

6194
05:46:21,800 --> 05:46:24,700
political agenda. 
He was witnessed to the manner 

6195
05:46:24,700 --> 05:46:28,100
in which powerful people's 
pockets dictated laws that were 

6196
05:46:28,100 --> 05:46:32,100
ill-suited to the common welfare
rather than turning him cynical,

6197
05:46:32,100 --> 05:46:34,800
The Experience had helped him 
better understand what was 

6198
05:46:34,800 --> 05:46:39,000
important to him. as usual David
remained unyielding in the face 

6199
05:46:39,000 --> 05:46:42,300
of political pressure, He did 
not learn to moderate his views 

6200
05:46:42,300 --> 05:46:46,600
or compromise, more skillfully. 
Rather, he got more vocal he 

6201
05:46:46,600 --> 05:46:49,100
started traveling around 
Tennessee, giving talks in which

6202
05:46:49,100 --> 05:46:52,400
he details, his voting record. 
The reasons for his opposition 

6203
05:46:52,400 --> 05:46:55,500
to popular ideas and his 
Newfound, knowledge of the inner

6204
05:46:55,500 --> 05:46:59,000
workings of government. 
Though, entertaining David had a

6205
05:46:59,008 --> 05:47:02,700
natural talent for storytelling.
These remarks were political 

6206
05:47:02,700 --> 05:47:05,900
suicide. 
Campaigning for the 1833. 

6207
05:47:05,900 --> 05:47:09,000
Election was a bloodbath. 
There was no shortage of 

6208
05:47:09,000 --> 05:47:11,800
ammunition for David's 
detractors, his stance against 

6209
05:47:11,800 --> 05:47:14,700
popular initiatives. 
His many trips out of Tennessee,

6210
05:47:14,700 --> 05:47:19,400
while in Congress, and his ties 
to controversial causes For 

6211
05:47:19,400 --> 05:47:21,800
someone whose whole sense of 
self was based on serving the 

6212
05:47:21,800 --> 05:47:24,200
people being portrayed, as an 
alien who had become 

6213
05:47:24,200 --> 05:47:26,900
disconnected from everyday, life
must have been extremely 

6214
05:47:26,900 --> 05:47:30,100
hurtful. 
David retaliated with Candor and

6215
05:47:30,100 --> 05:47:32,900
humor, which proved in effective
against a well-organized, 

6216
05:47:32,900 --> 05:47:36,400
political enemy, no matter, the 
political Fallout, he pledged to

6217
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:39,600
keep voting, his conscience and 
told voters, just how he felt 

6218
05:47:39,600 --> 05:47:43,900
about a variety of subjects. 
It was Noble based on principles

6219
05:47:43,900 --> 05:47:47,300
and destined to fail. 
As the votes were tallied, 

6220
05:47:47,300 --> 05:47:49,200
David's congressional seat was 
vacated. 

6221
05:47:49,200 --> 05:47:53,100
He was out of politics and faced
an uncertain future after years 

6222
05:47:53,100 --> 05:47:57,300
of Public Service, he was at the
age of 47, which was neither two

6223
05:47:57,300 --> 05:48:00,400
young, nor too old to retire 
gracefully, but the two old to 

6224
05:48:00,400 --> 05:48:03,500
start over comfortably. 
David was aware that he needed 

6225
05:48:03,500 --> 05:48:05,100
to find his life's purpose 
while. 

6226
05:48:06,400 --> 05:48:08,700
Elizabeth remained, patient 
regarding their financial 

6227
05:48:08,700 --> 05:48:11,400
condition. 
Although David was disappointed,

6228
05:48:11,400 --> 05:48:15,200
he was also liberated from 
unattainable expectations as a 

6229
05:48:15,200 --> 05:48:18,200
result of his loss. 
He was free from the burden of 

6230
05:48:18,200 --> 05:48:20,700
considering the potential 
political repercussions of his 

6231
05:48:20,700 --> 05:48:23,300
statements and the impact they 
could have on his career. 

6232
05:48:24,200 --> 05:48:27,100
It had been years since he could
do or say anything he wanted 

6233
05:48:27,100 --> 05:48:29,800
without worrying about how it 
might affect his chances of 

6234
05:48:29,800 --> 05:48:32,900
winning the next election. 
The price he had to pay for this

6235
05:48:32,900 --> 05:48:35,800
Independence, was Financial 
instability public 

6236
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:38,600
disillusionment, and the 
realization that his time in 

6237
05:48:38,608 --> 05:48:42,900
politics was essentially over. 
It did, however, bring with it 

6238
05:48:42,900 --> 05:48:46,100
opportunities. 
Texas that enormous Western 

6239
05:48:46,100 --> 05:48:48,800
territory where independence 
from Mexico was being discussed 

6240
05:48:48,800 --> 05:48:52,600
started to play on David's mind.
To all appearances. 

6241
05:48:52,600 --> 05:48:55,400
It was the type of community 
where a guy could start over 

6242
05:48:55,400 --> 05:48:58,100
where values might take 
precedence over party, 

6243
05:48:58,100 --> 05:49:01,900
affiliation As we settle in, for
the last stretch of David's 

6244
05:49:01,900 --> 05:49:05,500
Journey will witness first-hand 
how the conclusion of one dream 

6245
05:49:05,500 --> 05:49:09,300
may pave the way for a new and 
perhaps more significant one. 

6246
05:49:10,200 --> 05:49:12,100
David pondered his next move for
months. 

6247
05:49:12,100 --> 05:49:15,200
After his electoral loss, his 
life had been organized and 

6248
05:49:15,200 --> 05:49:19,200
directed by politics for more 
than 10 years and now it was all

6249
05:49:19,200 --> 05:49:21,500
gone. 
He resembled a river that had 

6250
05:49:21,508 --> 05:49:24,500
been blocked for a long time and
suddenly the barrier had broke 

6251
05:49:24,500 --> 05:49:27,700
and releasing him could also 
leaving him with no idea where 

6252
05:49:27,700 --> 05:49:30,300
to go. 
Evidently suffering with what 

6253
05:49:30,300 --> 05:49:33,700
felt like early retirement from 
the only work that had ever 

6254
05:49:33,700 --> 05:49:36,800
truly suited him. 
Elizabeth observed as Peter 

6255
05:49:36,800 --> 05:49:39,800
paced around their cabin 
starting and then abandoning 

6256
05:49:39,800 --> 05:49:42,600
projects. 
David usually came up with the 

6257
05:49:42,600 --> 05:49:45,500
solution if Tennessee wasn't 
interested in him. 

6258
05:49:45,500 --> 05:49:48,900
He'd look for another place. 
That was when Americans were 

6259
05:49:48,900 --> 05:49:52,300
looking for a location to start 
over where land was inexpensive 

6260
05:49:52,300 --> 05:49:55,400
and Prospects were endless. 
Many began to hear stories of 

6261
05:49:55,400 --> 05:49:57,700
Texas. 
The Mexican government was 

6262
05:49:57,700 --> 05:50:01,200
actively courting American 
settlers by Distributing large, 

6263
05:50:01,200 --> 05:50:04,300
tracts of land to those families
who were ready to uproot and go.

6264
05:50:05,200 --> 05:50:08,400
Texas was the Pinnacle of new 
beginnings for David who had 

6265
05:50:08,400 --> 05:50:10,300
lived his whole life seeking 
opportunity. 

6266
05:50:11,400 --> 05:50:14,400
It wasn't just personal reasons,
that led David to textus. 

6267
05:50:14,400 --> 05:50:16,500
Something major was about to 
happen. 

6268
05:50:16,500 --> 05:50:19,000
According to his political 
instincts, and he had been 

6269
05:50:19,000 --> 05:50:21,800
keeping up with the news about 
the escalating tension between 

6270
05:50:21,800 --> 05:50:24,000
the Mexican Government and 
American Settles. 

6271
05:50:24,800 --> 05:50:27,500
The settlers dissatisfaction 
with Mexican policies. 

6272
05:50:27,500 --> 05:50:31,700
Such as those that limited local
autonomy, mandated Catholicism 

6273
05:50:31,700 --> 05:50:35,200
among settlers and restricted 
immigration was growing. 

6274
05:50:36,500 --> 05:50:39,000
Flicks where regular people were
caught between their everyday 

6275
05:50:39,000 --> 05:50:41,100
demands and Far Away government 
policies. 

6276
05:50:41,100 --> 05:50:43,900
Were Echoes of those that have 
molded David's own political 

6277
05:50:43,900 --> 05:50:47,900
career. 
He saw In late 1835, David set 

6278
05:50:47,900 --> 05:50:50,100
off for Texas on an exploratory 
Mission. 

6279
05:50:50,100 --> 05:50:54,700
He intended to serve the area 
perhaps purchased some land and 

6280
05:50:54,700 --> 05:50:57,300
then returned to Tennessee to 
finalize his plans to move. 

6281
05:50:58,200 --> 05:51:00,600
nevertheless, he was also 
cognizant of the fact that 

6282
05:51:00,600 --> 05:51:04,800
regardless of his intentions, he
might find himself, embroiled if

6283
05:51:04,800 --> 05:51:08,600
political events in Texas were 
to escalate When faced with 

6284
05:51:08,608 --> 05:51:11,700
disagreements about right and 
wrong David had never been Adept

6285
05:51:11,700 --> 05:51:15,000
at maintaining objectivity. 
By traveling through Arkansas 

6286
05:51:15,000 --> 05:51:18,000
and into Texas, with a small 
band of followers, David was 

6287
05:51:18,000 --> 05:51:20,500
able to learn about the local 
conditions and interact with 

6288
05:51:20,500 --> 05:51:22,400
American settlers on multiple 
occasions. 

6289
05:51:22,400 --> 05:51:25,800
What he discovered was a people 
who were both Mexican and 

6290
05:51:25,800 --> 05:51:28,900
American in their cultural and 
practical identities. 

6291
05:51:28,900 --> 05:51:32,100
They were attempting to form 
communities based on familiar 

6292
05:51:32,100 --> 05:51:35,200
Traditions, while also adjusting
to new rules and expectations. 

6293
05:51:36,200 --> 05:51:38,700
Hard work in couples, wanting a 
better life for their children. 

6294
05:51:38,700 --> 05:51:41,900
The settlers David met mirrored,
his neighbor's and Tennessee. 

6295
05:51:41,900 --> 05:51:46,100
They want Solitude to cultivate 
land engaging trade, and Rule 

6296
05:51:46,100 --> 05:51:49,900
themselves rationally. 
However, Mexican policies that 

6297
05:51:49,900 --> 05:51:52,700
appeared more intent on 
controlling them and helping 

6298
05:51:52,700 --> 05:51:55,700
them grow will becoming more and
more frustrating for them. 

6299
05:51:57,200 --> 05:52:00,100
David came away from his talks 
with these families with the 

6300
05:52:00,100 --> 05:52:03,300
conviction that the settlers 
would require Leaders with 

6301
05:52:03,300 --> 05:52:06,900
expertise in both military 
strategy and political reality 

6302
05:52:06,900 --> 05:52:08,900
in the event of an impending 
battle. 

6303
05:52:09,900 --> 05:52:13,200
The timing of David's arrival. 
In Texas was impeccable, though,

6304
05:52:13,200 --> 05:52:16,500
he could not have predicted it. 
The tense situation had quickly 

6305
05:52:16,500 --> 05:52:19,100
developed between the Mexican 
authorities and the settlers 

6306
05:52:19,100 --> 05:52:22,800
dissolving, the Mexican Congress
and advancing for total control 

6307
05:52:22,800 --> 05:52:25,000
General. 
Santa Anna jeopardized the 

6308
05:52:25,008 --> 05:52:28,100
minimal autonomy that had 
initially attracted American 

6309
05:52:28,100 --> 05:52:30,900
Immigration. 
The Texans who had just begun to

6310
05:52:30,900 --> 05:52:34,100
organize resistance, were in 
need of prominent political and 

6311
05:52:34,100 --> 05:52:36,800
Military personalities. 
You might provide credibility to

6312
05:52:36,800 --> 05:52:40,700
their cause the scenario seemed 
like an opportunity for David to

6313
05:52:40,700 --> 05:52:44,900
put his Political experience and
knowledge to use for causes in 

6314
05:52:44,900 --> 05:52:48,500
which he truly believed. the 
Texas settlers were demanding 

6315
05:52:48,500 --> 05:52:51,300
much, they simply wanted to be 
able to follow their own 

6316
05:52:51,300 --> 05:52:54,000
Traditions when it came to 
government freely practiced, 

6317
05:52:54,000 --> 05:52:56,900
their religion and have a say in
matters that directly touch the 

6318
05:52:58,300 --> 05:53:01,400
Now that he was away from home 
politics, David could endorse 

6319
05:53:01,400 --> 05:53:03,800
the same causes. 
He had fought for in Congress. 

6320
05:53:04,600 --> 05:53:08,400
San Antonio was under sea when 
David arrived in February 1836 

6321
05:53:08,400 --> 05:53:12,400
as general, Santa Anna's, 
Mexican Army's closed in the 

6322
05:53:12,400 --> 05:53:14,700
small garrisons sought sanctuary
in the Alamo. 

6323
05:53:14,700 --> 05:53:18,200
A former mission. 
With only 200 Defenders up 

6324
05:53:18,200 --> 05:53:21,300
against thousands of Mexican 
forces, the situation was Dire. 

6325
05:53:21,900 --> 05:53:24,700
However, David knew from his 
military experience that with 

6326
05:53:24,700 --> 05:53:28,400
persistence and cunning, even in
the face of overwhelming odds, 

6327
05:53:28,400 --> 05:53:32,500
victory was possible. 
For David, staying in the Alamo 

6328
05:53:32,500 --> 05:53:35,200
wasn't a choice at all. 
Everything he had ever done up 

6329
05:53:35,200 --> 05:53:37,100
to this point had been leading 
up to this point. 

6330
05:53:37,100 --> 05:53:40,800
His years spent hunting alone 
in, perilous Wilderness his 

6331
05:53:40,800 --> 05:53:44,000
lessons in leadership, under 
duress, from military duty, and 

6332
05:53:44,000 --> 05:53:46,600
the lessons he had learned about
the value of sticking up for 

6333
05:53:46,600 --> 05:53:50,900
beliefs, no matter the cost from
his political career 50 years 

6334
05:53:50,900 --> 05:53:53,700
old, and still clinging to the 
belief that certain conflicts 

6335
05:53:53,700 --> 05:53:56,800
were worth fighting for. 
He had a wife and children back 

6336
05:53:56,800 --> 05:54:00,500
in Tennessee, the symbolic and 
Military significance of David's

6337
05:54:00,500 --> 05:54:02,500
Presence at the Alamo. 
Not be overstated. 

6338
05:54:03,400 --> 05:54:05,700
He was willing to put his 
reputation on the line for 

6339
05:54:05,700 --> 05:54:09,100
Texas's Independence, and he had
served as a congressman in the 

6340
05:54:09,100 --> 05:54:12,300
United States. 
His ruling bolstered support for

6341
05:54:12,300 --> 05:54:15,300
the Texas scores and showed that
the war was about National 

6342
05:54:15,300 --> 05:54:18,600
issues of self-governance and 
personal freedom, rather than 

6343
05:54:18,600 --> 05:54:22,300
Petty Regional disputes. 
David had to have understood his

6344
05:54:22,300 --> 05:54:25,200
chances of survival were limited
as the Mexican Army, and circle 

6345
05:54:25,200 --> 05:54:28,700
the Alamo, but he was also wise 
enough to know that values. 

6346
05:54:28,700 --> 05:54:32,400
Not survival are often more 
essential and that it's better 

6347
05:54:32,400 --> 05:54:36,100
to lose a battle than, to lose a
life for a great to cause The 

6348
05:54:36,100 --> 05:54:38,300
Restless youngster suddenly had 
something to stand for. 

6349
05:54:38,300 --> 05:54:41,900
I'll link the evening together. 
Is coming to a close and with 

6350
05:54:41,900 --> 05:54:44,800
it, we reach the beginning and 
finish of David's Story. 

6351
05:54:44,800 --> 05:54:48,000
The moment when a Restless 
politician from the frontier 

6352
05:54:48,000 --> 05:54:50,500
became an enduring emblem of 
American bravery and 

6353
05:54:50,508 --> 05:54:53,500
Independence. 
From February 23rd until March 

6354
05:54:53,500 --> 05:54:57,900
6th. 1836 the Alamo was besieged
for 13 days. 

6355
05:54:57,900 --> 05:55:01,800
A former Congressman seeking A 
New Beginning, David Crockett 

6356
05:55:01,800 --> 05:55:05,400
became a symbol of Common People
prepared to give their all for 

6357
05:55:05,400 --> 05:55:07,900
the idea of self-determination 
during those two weeks. 

6358
05:55:09,000 --> 05:55:12,000
A complicated man who had spent 
50 years trying to balance 

6359
05:55:12,000 --> 05:55:14,000
practical demands with moral 
beliefs. 

6360
05:55:14,000 --> 05:55:16,900
The David who fought at the 
Alamo was nothing like the 

6361
05:55:16,900 --> 05:55:18,900
legendary figure with the 
coonskin cap. 

6362
05:55:19,800 --> 05:55:22,200
Inside the Alamo. 
David had a dual purpose 

6363
05:55:22,200 --> 05:55:25,200
bolstering morale and providing 
Military Support. 

6364
05:55:26,000 --> 05:55:29,100
His background as a scout in the
creek war made him an asset for 

6365
05:55:29,100 --> 05:55:32,400
planning and reconnaissance, but
more significantly, his 

6366
05:55:32,400 --> 05:55:34,200
storytelling skills, lifted 
morale. 

6367
05:55:34,200 --> 05:55:36,900
In, what everyone knew would be 
their last days. 

6368
05:55:36,900 --> 05:55:41,000
Picture, this David was keeping 
his fellow Defenders motivated, 

6369
05:55:41,000 --> 05:55:44,000
during those long hours of 
waiting for the last attack by 

6370
05:55:44,000 --> 05:55:46,900
telling stories about his bear 
hunts and political experiences.

6371
05:55:48,200 --> 05:55:50,900
In the Mayhem of the last 
conflict, the precise 

6372
05:55:50,900 --> 05:55:53,600
circumstances of David's demise 
a murky at best. 

6373
05:55:53,600 --> 05:55:57,000
A generation of Americans was 
inspired by his presence at the 

6374
05:55:57,008 --> 05:56:00,500
Alamo and considered his death 
as proof that Democratic ideas 

6375
05:56:00,500 --> 05:56:04,200
were worth dying for We also 
know that he died fighting and 

6376
05:56:04,200 --> 05:56:07,000
never surrendered. 
The defeated Congressman had 

6377
05:56:07,000 --> 05:56:09,700
figured out how to cast the most
consequential vote of his life. 

6378
05:56:10,400 --> 05:56:13,400
Fascinatingly, though. 
The real David Crockett started 

6379
05:56:13,400 --> 05:56:17,200
Fading Into Oblivion shortly 
after he passed away, and that 

6380
05:56:17,200 --> 05:56:19,000
is what truly defines his 
legacy. 

6381
05:56:19,800 --> 05:56:22,600
Newspapers began reporting 
greatly embellished accounts of 

6382
05:56:22,600 --> 05:56:25,700
his Frontier Adventures within a
few months, in a matter of 

6383
05:56:25,708 --> 05:56:27,400
years. 
He went from being portrayed as 

6384
05:56:27,400 --> 05:56:30,700
a mere mortal to a superhero who
could drink the Mississippi 

6385
05:56:30,700 --> 05:56:34,300
River dry, and beat his weight 
in Wildcats and cheap novels. 

6386
05:56:35,100 --> 05:56:38,000
Even though the real David, most
likely, never sported, a 

6387
05:56:38,000 --> 05:56:40,100
coonskin cap, it came to 
symbolize him. 

6388
05:56:40,100 --> 05:56:43,600
A meticulous and principled, 
politician became a naive 

6389
05:56:43,600 --> 05:56:46,500
Frontiersman. 
What this change reveals about 

6390
05:56:46,500 --> 05:56:48,600
the way Americans have 
historically treated their 

6391
05:56:48,600 --> 05:56:52,300
Heroes as significant. 
A Heroes should be simple and 

6392
05:56:52,300 --> 05:56:55,400
are symbols, should be obvious. 
The complicated real life. 

6393
05:56:55,400 --> 05:56:58,400
David Crockett who had 
difficulty spelling but had 

6394
05:56:58,400 --> 05:57:02,200
strong moral convictions was an 
accomplished Hunter and a 

6395
05:57:02,200 --> 05:57:05,000
brilliant political thinker and 
was too complicated for 

6396
05:57:05,000 --> 05:57:08,800
simplistic mythology. 
Because of this, he became a 

6397
05:57:08,800 --> 05:57:12,000
cartoon character in popular 
culture which oversimplified 

6398
05:57:12,000 --> 05:57:15,700
him, despite this a crucial 
aspect of the historical, David 

6399
05:57:15,700 --> 05:57:19,200
managed to evade the myths 
regardless of the numerous urban

6400
05:57:19,200 --> 05:57:22,000
legends surrounding him. 
The fundamental truths that 

6401
05:57:22,008 --> 05:57:25,000
captivated audiences. 
The common people are capable of

6402
05:57:25,000 --> 05:57:27,300
extraordinary Deeds that 
principles. 

6403
05:57:27,300 --> 05:57:30,900
Take precedence over political 
expediency and that at times 

6404
05:57:30,900 --> 05:57:34,000
during the right thing demands 
giving up everything remain 

6405
05:57:34,000 --> 05:57:37,000
powerful. 
The impact that David had on 

6406
05:57:37,000 --> 05:57:39,300
American society did not see 
with his death. 

6407
05:57:39,300 --> 05:57:43,000
A regular guy thrown into 
extraordinary circumstances who 

6408
05:57:43,000 --> 05:57:46,600
Rises to the occasion, he became
an archetype of the reluctant 

6409
05:57:46,600 --> 05:57:49,000
hero. 
Throughout American story 

6410
05:57:49,000 --> 05:57:52,200
telling for over two centuries 
characters like Jimmy Stewart 

6411
05:57:52,200 --> 05:57:55,100
from Frank, Capra, films, and 
contemporary politicians. 

6412
05:57:55,100 --> 05:57:57,400
Who highlight their humble 
Origins have repeated. 

6413
05:57:57,400 --> 05:57:59,100
David's example of honest 
leadership. 

6414
05:58:00,000 --> 05:58:02,600
The way, David dealt with the 
conflict between pragmatic 

6415
05:58:02,600 --> 05:58:06,200
politics and moral convictions 
is what gives his story modern 

6416
05:58:06,200 --> 05:58:09,600
relevance compromises, 
inevitable ineffective 

6417
05:58:09,600 --> 05:58:12,800
leadership but he was also aware
that there are certain beliefs 

6418
05:58:12,800 --> 05:58:16,700
that must never be compromised. 
The ups and downs of striving 

6419
05:58:16,700 --> 05:58:19,100
for moral Integrity. 
In intricate, political 

6420
05:58:19,100 --> 05:58:21,800
institutions are laid bare by 
his political career. 

6421
05:58:22,800 --> 05:58:25,700
The lesson we may learn from 
David's tragic political career 

6422
05:58:25,700 --> 05:58:29,000
is that he was never effective 
because he refused to compromise

6423
05:58:29,000 --> 05:58:31,500
his ideals. 
That seeming failure. 

6424
05:58:31,500 --> 05:58:34,700
However, became something far 
more substantial when he died at

6425
05:58:34,700 --> 05:58:38,200
the Alamo David, by laying down 
his life, for the independence 

6426
05:58:38,200 --> 05:58:41,700
of Texas demonstrated that there
are values higher than political

6427
05:58:41,700 --> 05:58:43,900
power. 
And that true citizens of a 

6428
05:58:43,900 --> 05:58:47,200
Democratic Society are willing 
to put their personal interests 

6429
05:58:47,200 --> 05:58:49,900
on the back burner in order to 
uphold greater ideals. 

6430
05:58:51,200 --> 05:58:54,600
Think about David's rise from a 
fidgety youngster to an American

6431
05:58:54,600 --> 05:58:56,200
icon. 
As you drift off to sleep 

6432
05:58:56,200 --> 05:59:00,200
tonight, he was never able to 
settle down become politically 

6433
05:59:00,200 --> 05:59:02,500
powerful or a massive 
substantial riches. 

6434
05:59:03,500 --> 05:59:06,000
The knowledge that he had spent 
his life in accordance with his 

6435
05:59:06,000 --> 05:59:09,400
own, moral compass that he'd 
utilized his talents for causes,

6436
05:59:09,400 --> 05:59:11,800
he believed in, and that he had 
not backed down. 

6437
05:59:11,800 --> 05:59:14,500
When faced with the final test 
was something more significant 

6438
05:59:14,500 --> 05:59:16,900
to him. 
Instead of being the heroic 

6439
05:59:16,900 --> 05:59:20,300
frontiersmen, portrayed in 
popular culture, the real David 

6440
05:59:20,300 --> 05:59:23,900
Crockett was a multifaceted 
imperfect human being who 

6441
05:59:23,900 --> 05:59:26,500
demonstrated that regular 
individuals are capable of 

6442
05:59:26,500 --> 05:59:28,500
remarkable acts of moral 
bravery. 

6443
05:59:29,300 --> 05:59:31,300
Being heroic isn't about having 
it all together. 

6444
05:59:31,300 --> 05:59:34,100
It's about having the courage to
fight for what you think is, 

6445
05:59:34,100 --> 05:59:35,900
right? 
No matter the cost. 

6446
05:59:36,800 --> 05:59:38,700
His narrative serves as a 
reminder of this. 

6447
05:59:39,600 --> 05:59:42,300
As we wrap up our evening 
together, it's worth reflecting 

6448
05:59:42,300 --> 05:59:44,800
on how we all encounter 
situations where we have to 

6449
05:59:44,800 --> 05:59:47,600
decide between doing what's easy
and what's right? 

6450
05:59:47,600 --> 05:59:50,500
Or putting our own interests 
ahead of our moral compass. 

6451
05:59:51,200 --> 05:59:53,800
The moral decisions made by 
average citizens form, the 

6452
05:59:53,800 --> 05:59:57,600
Bedrock of our Democratic and 
free society as David Crockett's

6453
05:59:57,600 --> 06:00:01,200
account hints, rest easy. 
And always keep in mind that 

6454
06:00:01,200 --> 06:00:03,700
being heroic does not 
necessitate a coonskin cap. 

6455
06:00:03,700 --> 06:00:06,400
No matter the cost. 
You must have the guts to follow

6456
06:00:06,400 --> 06:00:07,500
your own moral compass.