The Story Of Joan Of Arc And How She Changed The World | History For Sleep

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Welcome back, my tired Wanderers
France in the early. 1400s is 

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not the France of travel guides 
or wine country romance. 

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It is a country cracked open by 
Decades of War its northern 

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Fields occupied its rightful 
King still waiting to claim a 

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throne. 
He was born to inherit. 

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Villages along the Louis sleep 
likely and keep their prayers 

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brief and direct. 
Tonight, you follow a girl from 

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the quietest corner of grief who
with no Army title or obvious, 

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reason for anyone to listen to 
fix it and become a boss in her 

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own way. 
So, if these slow requested 

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peaceful stories from the past, 
help you snooze like a puppy. 

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Feel free to follow. 
If you have not already, leave a

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thumbs up review and let me know
where you're listening from and 

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what time it is to tonight. 
Now settle into the pillow, get 

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comfortable in your bed and let 
us begin. 

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Okay, picture this you arrive 
first at a meadow, not a Grand 

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Meadow, not the kind that shows 
up in gilded paintings or 

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Cathedral windows. 
But an ordinary stretch of River

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Valley grass in North Eastern, 
France, that smells of Cold Soil

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in the morning and warm thatch 
in the evening when the cooking 

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fires begin, The river Mews 
moves quietly past the edges of 

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a small village called Dom Remi.
And on most days, the loudest 

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sound here is the slow steady 
movement of sheep across a field

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before sundown. 
This is where Johanna was born, 

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sometime around the year, 1412. 
She would eventually be known 

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across centuries. 
As Joan of Arc, though that 

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surname dark was simply her 
father's family name in the 

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regional style of Lorraine. 
She never used it in any formal 

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way. 
She called herself johanne Lapu 

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sell meaning the maiden and was 
quite particular about the 

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distinction, a habit of 
precision that would later serve

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her and setting where few things
served her at all. 

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Her father Jacques dark was a 
farmer with enough land and 

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enough, local standing to hold 
minor administrative duties in 

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the village. 
He was not wealthy in any way 

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that left, clear traces, but he 
was not invisible either. 

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He knew the church hierarchy 
under understood the regional 

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Lord and had a working knowledge
of the social Ledger, that small

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village life depends on Her 
mother is Belle. 

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Romy was a woman of deep and 
practical faith. 

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The kind that did not separate 
prayer from daily work because 

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she understood them as the same,
impulse expressed through 

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different tasks. 
Joan was the youngest daughter. 

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Among five children her 
childhood took the shape of 

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agricultural life in its 
unrefined, form, early mornings,

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physical labor, the careful 
accounting of what the land gave

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in one season, and the weather 
removed in another. 

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She learned to sew to spin wool,
to manage the domestic work of a

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farmhouse with this kind of 
steady competence that looks 

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unremarkable. 
Until you realize how much of it

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runs on precision and patience? 
She later told the court that 

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examined her entire life, that 
she believes she could sow as 

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well as any woman in rule. 
Give what Rouen would one day 

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come to me to her? 
This is one of the strange 

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coincidence is embedded in her 
story. 

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She could not read. 
She could not write. 

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These were ordinary gaps for a 
farming girl in 15th century. 

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Rural, France and carried. 
No particular shame in her 

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community. 
What she had instead was the 

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gathered intelligence of someone
who learns the world through 

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direct observation, rather than 
text, the way a sheep moves when

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cold rain is coming. 
Temperature of the river on 

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different days of the week. 
The slight shift in a neighbor's

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expression. 
That means the news traveling 

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through the village that morning
is not the kind anyone hoped to 

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hear the village itself. 
Had a particular texture that 

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shaped her in ways, she probably
could not have articulated. 

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The church of Saint Remy stood 
near the center. 

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Its stonewalls familiar from 
earliest childhood its Bell 

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marking the hours in a rhythm. 
She had absorbed before she 

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could count, the house is of 
Dom, Remy clustered along the 

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river in the way that farming 
communities always have close 

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enough for Mutual support. 
Spread enough for the animals 

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and the garden plots that 
sustained each household. 

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There were perhaps 200 people 
living there during Jones, 

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childhood enough to form a 
genuine Community with its own 

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internal politics. 
Its own stories about which 

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families had disputes going back
to before anyone living, could 

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remember the origin. she knew 
all of the names and their 

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animals and the particular sound
of their footsteps on the packed

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dirt path. 
That ran through the center of 

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the village this kind of knowing
accumulated quietly over years 

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is the foundation of the 
observational intelligence. 

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She would carry into much larger
and more consequential rooms. 

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In the Meuse Valley, had a 
particular quality, the light 

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came in at a low angle and 
turned the river. 

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Silver for about an hour each 
morning. 

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The fields were harvested in 
stages, each crop pulled in 

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before the cold arrived and the 
smell of turned soil and wood. 

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Smoke settled over the village, 
like a second layer of 

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atmosphere. 
Winter arrived, abruptly and 

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stayed a long time and the 
community Drew inward in the way

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that communities do, when the 
roads become difficult and the 

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neighboring Village three miles 
away might as well be 30. people

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gathered told stories debated, 
the news that arrived with 

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Travelers argued about local 
matters that would have seemed 

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small from any distance But 
we're not small when you lived 

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inside them Jonah absorbed all 
of it she absorbed the way 

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winter argument, sounded 
different from Summer ones, more

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careful more contained because 
there was no where to walk off 

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afterward. 
She absorbed the way her mother 

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organized, the household to make
a difficult season film managed 

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rather than merely endured she 
absorbed the rhythm of the 

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church yet, as a structure 
within which the chaos of 

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weather and War and illness 
could be held, not resolved, but

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held domme occupied a 
politically uncomfortable 

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position. 
The Village sat right on the 

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boundary between territory. 
Loyal to the French crown and 

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lands held by the begun faction 
which had Allied itself formally

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with England. 
Loyalty in that part of the 

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country was often a matter of 
geography, rather than deeply 

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examined conviction and the 
consequences were not abstract. 

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They arrived in the form of 
soldiers passing through without

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explanation livestock that 
disappeared overnight and the 

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particular quality of Silence a 
community maintains. 

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When it is trying not to attract
attention from the wrong 

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direction. 
The 100 Years War, a name 

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assigned later by historians, 
who had the luxury of knowing 

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when it would end. 
Had been grinding through 

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France, since 1337. 
It had begun as a dispute over 

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the French throne and played out
across Generations as a slow 

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dismantling of everything. 
France and assumed was permanent

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about itself. 
By the time Joan was growing up 

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in domini. 
The conflicted out lasted her 

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grandparents. 
There was no clear sign, it 

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would not Outlast her as well. 
The defining disaster of her 

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early childhood arrived in 
October 1415 at the Battle of 

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Agincourt. 
The English King Henry, the 5th 

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had achieved their what military
historians. 

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Still find slightly puzzling to 
fully. 

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Explain. 
His army was exhausted under 

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supplied and considerably 
outnumbered by a French Force 

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drawn largely from the country's
nobility. 

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What followed was a catastrophic
French defeat in a single 

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afternoon caused by muddy 
ground. 

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The English use of longbowmen 
and the kind of overconfidence 

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that tends to be invisible to 
its practitioners right up until

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the moment. 
It is not. 

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The defeat opened the door to 
the Treaty of troyes in 1420, a 

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document that amounted to France
formally agreeing to its own 

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disappearance. 
Under its terms, the French 

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King, Charles the sixth, who was
suffering from severe episodes 

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of mental illness, and may not 
have fully understood, what he 

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was signing disinherited, his 
own son and named the English 

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king, as heir to the French 
throne. 

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The dofan Charles was left 
wandering. 

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The southern regions with a 
fractured Court, uncertain 

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finance's an enemies who refer 
to him as the king of borj. 

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It was appointed joke about how 
little territory. 

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He convincingly controlled and 
the joke had a sharp edge. 

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He had not been crowned at 
reims. 

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In the symbolic language of 
medieval French King ship this 

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mattered. 
Deeply Reams was where French 

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King's consecration, where 
Serenity confirmed, what birth 

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alone could not fully establish.
Without that ceremony his 

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authority remained permanently 
contestable and his enemies 

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contested, it often. 
And with considerable energy, 

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Joan did not process any of this
in political terms. 

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She absorbed it. 
The way children in difficult. 

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Places always do through what? 
Adults, try not to say in front 

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of them, but fail to hide 
entirely. 

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Her father's expression when 
Travelers arrived with news. 

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Slight extra weight in her 
mother's evening prayers. 

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The awareness felt rather than 
argued that something in the 

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world was badly out of place and
had been for a very long time. 

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She attended mass at the church 
of Saint Remi a modest Stone 

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building where prayers had been 
accumulating in the walls for 

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Generations the way cold 
accumulates and stone floors. 

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She developed even before 
adolescents, a reputation for 

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religious seriousness that 
exceeded what her neighbor's 

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considered standard. 
A friend's attended Mass because

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it was required. 
Jonah tended. 

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And then remained after the 
others gone. 

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A friend said their prayers 
before sleep. 

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Joan by her own later account 
said hers repeatedly. 

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And with a quality of attention 
that the rest of her day could 

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not match. 
This was not the narrow 

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contracted piety of someone 
running from something. 

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She played. 
She ran through the fields on 

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feast days new, every animal in 
her father's Care by individual 

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temperament. 
And had firm opinions about 

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which Saints feast days made the
best occasions for being outside

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with friends at the edge of the 
woods. 

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Near Don Murray me, stood a 
large oak tree that the villages

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called the Ladies tree or 
sometimes the fairies tree where

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children dance on certain, feast
days and hung garland from the 

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lower branches Joan went there, 
too. 

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She confirmed this detail later 
under sustained and unfriendly, 

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questioning by people hoping it 
would incriminate her, adding 

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firmly that she had never 
personally had anything to do 

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with any fairies and found the 
repeated suggestion entirely 

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unnecessary. 
Her Village was raided. 

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At least once during her 
childhood, Cattle were taken. 

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The family sheltered in a larger
nearby town until the situation 

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stabilized enough to return, 
Joan remembered this, not as a 

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story, she told Gatherings, but 
as a physical impression, the 

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absence of familiar things, the 
interruption of the orderly 

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World, a farming family builds 
through small decisions 

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accumulated over years. 
The cattle came back eventually 

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but the kind of certainty that 
goes with them when they are 

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taking does not always return at
the same pace. 

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By her early teens, she was 
known in dombra me as a serious 

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and capable, girl, with an 
unusual, quality of focused 

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attention, a generosity toward a
Neighbors in need and a 

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willingness to sit quietly with 
her own thoughts. 

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When other children her age were
doing anything, but she prayed 

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more than her peers. 
She stayed in church longer. 

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She noticed things that other 
people walk past without 

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slowing. 
She was not yet a Visionary or 

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if she was. 
She had not yet found the 

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language for what was beginning.
Inside her. 

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That was about to change in the 
garden. 

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It was a summer afternoon 
sometime around the year 1425, 

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and Joan was approximately 13 
years old. 

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She was in her father's Garden 
which by her later account, was 

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where she'd been on several 
unremarkable days. 

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Before this one. 
She did not describe herself as 

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being in an elevated State. 
She was not fasting, not in the 

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middle of prayer, not engaged in
any of the dramatic preparations

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that religious experience tends 
to get a signed in retrospect. 

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She was simply standing there in
the ordinary warmth of a 

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Lorraine after noon when 
everything changed. 

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What she heard or felt or 
perceived she described in her 

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later trial testimony with a 
careful Precision that suggests 

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she spent years looking for the 
right words before she was 

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forced to use them in public. 
He said there was a voice. 

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She said a great light came with
it, arriving from the direction 

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of the church. 
She said she was frightened the 

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first time and then less 
frightened, and then not 

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frightened at all. 
You said the voice told her to 

231
00:13:00,308 --> 00:13:03,800
be good and to attend church 
often and that guidance would 

232
00:13:03,800 --> 00:13:07,500
come the voice identified itself
over subsequent visits as 

233
00:13:07,500 --> 00:13:11,000
Michael the Archangel, who 
occupied a particular place in 

234
00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:13,700
the popular religious 
imagination of medieval France 

235
00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:17,500
as the protector of the kingdom,
and the guardian of French Royal

236
00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:20,200
destiny. 
The connection was not 

237
00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:23,100
arbitrary. 
Sent Michael's pilgrimage site 

238
00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:27,600
at monsun Michelle had become 
over the preceding Century, a 

239
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:31,000
symbol of French Resistance to 
English claims, a place that had

240
00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,800
never fallen to English forces, 
and who significant was widely 

241
00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:37,600
understood. 
For Joan growing up in a 

242
00:13:37,608 --> 00:13:40,200
Borderland village, where the 
English presence was not an 

243
00:13:40,200 --> 00:13:42,700
abstraction. 
The identity of this particular 

244
00:13:42,700 --> 00:13:45,400
voice. 
Carried specific, weight later, 

245
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:48,500
voices, brought the presences of
Saint Catherine of Alexandria 

246
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:52,600
and Saint Margaret of Antioch. 
Both widely venerated across 

247
00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:56,800
France, both associated in the 
popular tradition, with the kind

248
00:13:56,800 --> 00:13:59,500
of Courage that holds firm under
extreme pressure. 

249
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:03,000
And with the specific strength 
required, to maintain a position

250
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:06,200
when powerful people are 
demanding you abandoned it. 

251
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:11,200
The combination was in 
retrospect, an accurate forecast

252
00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:15,100
of exactly what she would need. 
Joan kept all of this to 

253
00:14:15,100 --> 00:14:17,400
herself. 
She told nobody. 

254
00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:22,100
She went about her daily life. 
Tended, the animals helped her 

255
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:26,400
mother with the house attended 
mass and let the voices settle 

256
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:29,200
into the rhythm of her days 
without making them a matter of 

257
00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:33,200
public discussion. 
This lasted for several years. 

258
00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:36,900
The gap between her first 
experience, and the moment she 

259
00:14:36,900 --> 00:14:39,800
began acting on what she was 
hearing is one of the more 

260
00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:42,800
quietly remarkable details in 
her entire story. 

261
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:46,100
It is the detail of someone who 
listened for a long time before 

262
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,600
deciding to move which is not 
usually how Visionaries as 

263
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:53,800
depicted in popular imagination,
but which was in jones' case 

264
00:14:53,808 --> 00:14:57,000
demonstrably. 
True. those years were not 

265
00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:02,000
passive years, she was watching,
The news from across France 

266
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,500
continued to be bad. 
English forces extended their 

267
00:15:05,500 --> 00:15:08,600
Holdings towns. 
That had been French for 

268
00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:12,500
Generations changed hands. 
The do files caught in the South

269
00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:15,400
remained in the comfortable, 
holding pattern of Institutions 

270
00:15:15,400 --> 00:15:17,400
that have accepted reduced 
expectations. 

271
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:22,600
The voices continued and Joan 
continued to carry them in 

272
00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:25,700
silence like something too 
valuable and too strange to 

273
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:29,800
share before the time was right.
What does it feel like to spend 

274
00:15:29,800 --> 00:15:31,600
years? 
Listening to something nobody 

275
00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:34,400
else can hear? 
And to be absolutely certain of 

276
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:38,000
what it is asking. 
Joan never described her in a 

277
00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:40,800
life In terms that would satisfy
a modern reader looking for 

278
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:44,500
psychological complexity. 
She described the voices as 

279
00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:47,100
bringing Comfort. 
She described the light that 

280
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:49,100
came with them as something she 
looked forward to. 

281
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:52,700
She did not describe doubt about
their nature though. 

282
00:15:52,700 --> 00:15:55,900
She acknowledged when asked 
directly that she prayed that 

283
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:59,400
what she was hearing was 
genuinely good and not a 

284
00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:01,600
deception. 
The question of how she 

285
00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:05,000
maintained that certainly across
years of ordinary Farm Life in a

286
00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:08,900
border Village during a war, is 
won the trial, records, cannot 

287
00:16:08,900 --> 00:16:12,200
fully answer. 
The voice is grew more specific 

288
00:16:12,200 --> 00:16:17,300
over time more urgent. 
They told her gradually and with

289
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:20,400
increasing Precision, what she 
was supposed to do. 

290
00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:24,800
She was to drive the English out
of France, she was to bring the 

291
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:28,200
doffer child to razz to be 
properly crowned she was to 

292
00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:31,500
restore France to itself. 
These were not modest 

293
00:16:31,500 --> 00:16:34,100
instructions. 
Joan listened. 

294
00:16:34,700 --> 00:16:37,900
She did not dismiss what she 
heard but she also did not 

295
00:16:37,900 --> 00:16:40,600
immediately announced it to the 
nearest available authority. 

296
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:44,600
Figure she sat with it for 
years, testing it in her own 

297
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:48,700
mind, watching the world around 
her, observing the continuing 

298
00:16:48,700 --> 00:16:52,400
progress of the war and the 
continuing absence of any French

299
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:55,300
King, who could actually unite 
the country against it. 

300
00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:59,400
It is worth pausing here to 
consider who she was when the 

301
00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:02,600
voice is first arrived. 
She was not a night. 

302
00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:04,900
She was not the daughter of a 
night. 

303
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:09,800
She was not a trained soldier, a
trained administrator or a 

304
00:17:09,800 --> 00:17:13,300
trained theologian. 
She had no weapons, no 

305
00:17:13,300 --> 00:17:17,500
institutional backing, no formal
education of any kind. 

306
00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:21,400
She was a farming girl from a 
village that most people in 

307
00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:24,500
Paris had never heard of in a 
country that had been trying and

308
00:17:24,500 --> 00:17:27,000
failing for decades to solve the
exact problem. 

309
00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:30,400
The voices were assigning to her
and yet the voice is kept 

310
00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:35,100
arriving summer afternoons and 
winter Mornings in the field and

311
00:17:35,100 --> 00:17:38,200
near the church. 
She described them consistently 

312
00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,700
as coming with light and with 
the quality of authority that 

313
00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:46,000
she found impossible to dismiss,
not because she was naive about 

314
00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:49,400
the possibility of deception. 
But because each appearance 

315
00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:51,500
carried the same specific 
Clarity. 

316
00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:56,000
The same recognizable quality 
and moved in the same direction.

317
00:17:57,200 --> 00:18:00,800
The Medieval World was full of 
visionary claims and the church 

318
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:03,800
had established careful 
processes for evaluating them. 

319
00:18:05,100 --> 00:18:08,100
Both genuine spiritual 
experience and sincere but 

320
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:12,500
misdirected enthusiasm existed 
in the records and separating 

321
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,300
them required. 
Attention, what made Jones 

322
00:18:15,300 --> 00:18:17,500
situation? 
Unusual was not the claim of 

323
00:18:17,500 --> 00:18:21,700
divine guidance itself which was
not unprecedented among women 

324
00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:26,500
Mystics of a century but Civic 
practical military nature of 

325
00:18:26,500 --> 00:18:30,400
what she was being asked to do. 
Other Visionaries of her era 

326
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:34,800
were asked to pray to fast to 
care for the sick to write down 

327
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,400
their experiences for the 
benefit of later readers. 

328
00:18:38,100 --> 00:18:40,100
Joan was being asked to lead 
armies. 

329
00:18:40,100 --> 00:18:43,400
The voices continued through her
adolescents, growing more 

330
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:46,800
specific and more urgent as the 
military situation in France. 

331
00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:53,200
Deteriorated. by 1428, when was 
about 16, the city of Orleans 

332
00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:56,600
had come under English Siege 
Orleans was a crucial City. 

333
00:18:56,600 --> 00:19:00,000
On the Noir, the point where the
English Advanced toward the dose

334
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,300
remaining territory, could be 
most effectively stopped, or 

335
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:08,000
most effectively continued. if 
Ally off fell the road South was

336
00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:11,900
opened if Ally unhail'd so did 
the possibility of a French 

337
00:19:11,908 --> 00:19:16,000
recovery The voice is told that 
all a needed her. 

338
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:19,500
She began for the first time to 
speak about what she had been 

339
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:25,100
hearing. her father did not take
it well, According to accounts 

340
00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:28,400
gathered in the rehabilitation 
trial conducted decades after 

341
00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:30,900
her death. 
He told her brother's that if 

342
00:19:30,900 --> 00:19:33,700
she tried to leave home with a 
group of soldiers, they should 

343
00:19:33,700 --> 00:19:37,600
drown her rather than allow it. 
This is either a measure of how 

344
00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:41,300
seriously he took what she was 
proposing or flexion of the 

345
00:19:41,300 --> 00:19:44,900
range of Parental responses of 
available in 15th century, 

346
00:19:44,900 --> 00:19:48,600
rural, France. 
It was not by any generous 

347
00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:51,900
reading and encouraging start to
what would become one of the 

348
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:54,200
most consequential careers of 
the century. 

349
00:19:55,100 --> 00:19:57,900
Jones conviction in what she 
was, hearing was not diminished 

350
00:19:57,900 --> 00:20:00,600
by the difficulty of getting 
anyone to help her act on it. 

351
00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:05,100
She found in a distant cousin 
named durin lesoir someone 

352
00:20:05,100 --> 00:20:08,800
willing to take her to the 
nearby town of vulner where a 

353
00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,400
royal Garrison was stationed 
under the command of a captain 

354
00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:15,400
named, Robert core. 
The Boudreaux was a practical 

355
00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:18,100
man with a soldiers. 
Instinct for what was and was 

356
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:22,800
not a workable proposition. 
When Jon arrived at his door and

357
00:20:22,800 --> 00:20:26,000
informed him, that she needed an
escort to take her to the dofa. 

358
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:30,000
Because she had been sent to say
France his response was to tell 

359
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:32,500
her relative to take her home 
and give her a good slap. 

360
00:20:33,300 --> 00:20:36,800
He came back the following year,
persistence is not always a 

361
00:20:36,800 --> 00:20:40,400
virtue, but in Jones case, it 
had a specific and difficult to 

362
00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:45,000
dismiss quality. 
She returned to VOC in January 

363
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:49,600
of 1429, asked again and 
remained in the town waiting for

364
00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:52,200
an answer. 
People invoke cooler began to 

365
00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:55,300
notice her. 
They talked with her. a few of 

366
00:20:55,300 --> 00:20:58,600
them cautiously and slightly to 
their own surprise started to 

367
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:03,200
believe she might be watching to
be What changed the Boudreaux 

368
00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:06,400
cause mind is not entirely clear
from the surviving records. 

369
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:09,700
Part of it may have been the 
news arriving around this time 

370
00:21:09,700 --> 00:21:13,600
of another French military 
disaster near the town of rouge 

371
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,100
a battle that came to be called 
The Battle of the herrings in 

372
00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:20,400
the somewhat undignified way, 
that many medieval engagements 

373
00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:23,700
receive their names. 
French had attempted to 

374
00:21:23,700 --> 00:21:27,500
intercept an English Supply. 
Convoy carrying Provisions that 

375
00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:31,200
included salt, fish for Lent and
had been rooted in the attempt 

376
00:21:31,200 --> 00:21:34,200
when France was losing battles 
against fish deliveries. 

377
00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:37,400
Perhaps a girl from a River. 
Village was not the worst option

378
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:40,600
to remaining. 
Devoted record gave her an 

379
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:43,100
escort. 
He sent her to shine on with a 

380
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:45,600
small group of soldiers and a 
safe conduct letter. 

381
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:48,700
Before she left, he gave her a 
sword. 

382
00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:52,700
Joan cut her hair, short dressed
in men's clothing, for the 

383
00:21:52,700 --> 00:21:56,200
journey as the voices had 
instructed and began the 11-day 

384
00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,600
ride to shine through country 
that was partly controlled by 

385
00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:02,900
people who would have found her 
presence extremely inconvenient,

386
00:22:04,500 --> 00:22:07,000
she arrived in the late February
of 1429. 

387
00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:11,000
She was 17 years old. 
The journey to she Norm was 

388
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:14,700
roughly 350 miles through a 
landscape, that could not 

389
00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:19,000
honestly be called safe. 
Joan and her escort traveled 

390
00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:20,900
mostly at night to avoid 
Burgundian. 

391
00:22:20,900 --> 00:22:24,600
Patrols crossing rivers at 
obscure Fords and moving through

392
00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:28,300
the kind of Countryside where 
Travelers are registered and 

393
00:22:28,300 --> 00:22:31,600
remembered without anyone 
intending to cause harm, they 

394
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:33,300
slept in what cover they could 
find. 

395
00:22:34,100 --> 00:22:36,400
They moved through the cold of a
French February, with the 

396
00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:38,900
urgency of people who understood
what capture would mean. 

397
00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:43,600
She arrived intact which was not
guaranteed when they Departed. 

398
00:22:44,300 --> 00:22:47,500
Sheon was the current seat of 
the do fans uncertain Court. 

399
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:51,400
It sat above the vienne river on
a Rocky Ridge, in the law of 

400
00:22:51,408 --> 00:22:55,200
Valley, it's Castle large enough
to House the full operators of a

401
00:22:55,208 --> 00:23:00,400
court in Exile. 
Advisors clergy petitioners and 

402
00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:03,000
nights with better Ambitions 
than prospects. 

403
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:06,900
The dolphin Charles was not by 
most contemporary accounts and 

404
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:11,400
inspiring figure. 
He was cautious suspicious and 

405
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:14,400
quietly aware that people who 
arrived claiming Divine 

406
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:18,300
Messengers for him 10 to fall in
to one of two categories. 

407
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:21,500
Neither of which had ended 
particularly well for previous 

408
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:24,100
examples. 
Word of Jones. 

409
00:23:24,100 --> 00:23:25,500
Arrivel. 
Proceeded her. 

410
00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:29,600
The story was unusual enough 
that it traveled faster than she

411
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:32,800
did, and the court debated 
whether to receive a tall 

412
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:36,400
theological examination, was 
conducted to determine whether 

413
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:38,500
she was Orthodox, which she 
passed. 

414
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:42,100
A physical examination was 
conducted to confirm. 

415
00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:45,800
She was indeed a maiden. which 
seems a strange requirement in 

416
00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:48,600
retrospect, but was apparently 
considered relevant to the 

417
00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:52,000
question of whether her Divine 
commission was genuine She 

418
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,300
passed that examination as well,
with the kind of composed 

419
00:23:55,300 --> 00:23:57,500
dignity. 
That suggested, she decided to 

420
00:23:57,500 --> 00:24:02,600
find the whole process tedious 
rather than humiliating The 

421
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:05,500
famous scene of Joan, 
identifying the dofan among his 

422
00:24:05,500 --> 00:24:08,900
courtiers has become one of the 
most repeated moments of her 

423
00:24:08,900 --> 00:24:12,200
story. 
Documented in multiple accounts,

424
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:16,100
including the rehabilitation 
trial testimony, gathered 

425
00:24:16,100 --> 00:24:19,700
decades after her death. 
Charles addressed himself as an 

426
00:24:19,708 --> 00:24:23,000
ordinary nobleman and placed 
another man in the ceremonial 

427
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,800
position to see where the Joan 
would be deceived. 

428
00:24:26,700 --> 00:24:29,800
She was not. 
She walked through the crowded 

429
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:33,400
Hall by passed the decoy 
entirely and found Charles in 

430
00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:35,500
the crowd. 
Whether this happened with 

431
00:24:35,500 --> 00:24:39,000
precisely, the dramatic Clarity,
that later accounts described is

432
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:41,500
something historians approach 
with appropriate caution. 

433
00:24:42,500 --> 00:24:44,900
What is established is that John
met? 

434
00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:48,600
The dofan that the meeting was 
memorable enough to be recounted

435
00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:52,500
in detail by multiple Witnesses 
years afterward and that 

436
00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:55,200
whatever she said to him in the 
private audience, that followed 

437
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:57,300
produced a visible change in his
manner. 

438
00:24:58,500 --> 00:25:01,400
Contemporary accounts note that 
child's emerged from their 

439
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,400
private conversation. 
Looking noticeably different 

440
00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:08,100
than when he went in lighter in 
some quality that had been 

441
00:25:08,108 --> 00:25:10,800
visible in him for years. 
What? 

442
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,400
She told him remained 
undisclosed in any surviving 

443
00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:16,200
document. 
She referred afterward to having

444
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:20,000
shared a secret with him that 
only God could have known which 

445
00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:23,400
is the kind of statement nearly 
impossible to evaluate across 

446
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:27,400
six centuries and which was 
probably not easy to evaluate at

447
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:30,000
the time either. 
What It produced was a 

448
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:32,600
willingness on Charles's part to
continue listening. 

449
00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:37,200
The court was not uniformly, 
persuaded His advisors were a 

450
00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:41,500
varied group some with genuine 
concern for France and some with

451
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:44,800
sharper concern for their own 
positions within an arrangement.

452
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:48,200
That was at least stable in ways
that Victory and Recovery might 

453
00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:50,600
unsettle. 
Several of them were deeply, 

454
00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:53,800
skeptical and would remain. 
So regardless of anything Jones 

455
00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,600
said or demonstrated Because the
cost of being wrong about her, 

456
00:25:57,600 --> 00:26:01,200
in the direction of belief was 
considerably higher from a 

457
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:04,500
political perspective than the 
cost of being wrong in the 

458
00:26:04,500 --> 00:26:07,800
direction of dismissal. 
She was sent to party at be 

459
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,800
examined again. 
This Time by a panel of 

460
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:15,200
theologians and church officials
assembled specifically to assess

461
00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:17,300
whether her Divine commission 
was credible. 

462
00:26:18,100 --> 00:26:21,500
The examination lasted 
approximately three weeks and 

463
00:26:21,500 --> 00:26:25,100
covered her theology. 
A morals, her account of her 

464
00:26:25,108 --> 00:26:28,300
visions and various other 
aspects of her claim and 

465
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:31,100
considerable detail. 
The surviving Poitier 

466
00:26:31,100 --> 00:26:34,500
conclusions are incomplete but 
what remains suggests, she 

467
00:26:34,500 --> 00:26:38,300
answered every question without 
hesitation and with a directness

468
00:26:38,300 --> 00:26:41,400
that the examiners apparently 
found difficult to set aside. 

469
00:26:42,700 --> 00:26:45,800
One Theologian reportedly 
observed that she gave answers 

470
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:47,900
too wise for a girl of her age 
and condition. 

471
00:26:48,900 --> 00:26:51,600
This sounds like a compliment 
and may have been intended as 

472
00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:54,400
one. 
Panel found no Harris and no 

473
00:26:54,400 --> 00:26:56,800
deception. 
They recommended that the 

474
00:26:56,800 --> 00:26:59,800
dolphin trustor at least with 
the specific task. 

475
00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:02,900
She was claiming to be sent for 
she was given armor. 

476
00:27:02,900 --> 00:27:06,700
She was given a small household 
to manage the Practical demands 

477
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:10,700
of a military campaign. 
She was given soldiers and she 

478
00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:12,800
was given at her specific 
request. 

479
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:17,000
A banner that she described in 
detail to the Craftsman who made

480
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:20,200
it. 
White covered with Lily's, 

481
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:25,700
bearing, the names of Jesus and 
Mary exactly as the voices are 

482
00:27:25,700 --> 00:27:28,700
described it to her. 
She carried this Banner 

483
00:27:28,700 --> 00:27:31,800
throughout her campaigns and was
more protective of it than of 

484
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:35,200
any weapon assigned to her. 
There is also the matter of the 

485
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:38,200
sword. 
Joan told those around her that 

486
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:41,200
a search should be conducted at 
the church of Saint Catherine de

487
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:43,300
fiori. 
Where she said a sword was 

488
00:27:43,300 --> 00:27:47,700
buried behind the altar. 
Search was conducted a sword was

489
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:50,600
found. 
The church confirmed its 

490
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:53,900
presence. 
This detail was reported widely 

491
00:27:53,900 --> 00:27:57,300
at the time and has attracted 
interpretations ranging from 

492
00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:01,100
miraculous Discovery to the more
straightforward possibility that

493
00:28:01,100 --> 00:28:04,300
she had heard of the sword from 
someone who had visited the 

494
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:06,300
church. 
Joan offered. 

495
00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:09,300
No explanation Beyond stating 
that the voices are told her. 

496
00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:11,600
It was there. 
What ever its origin. 

497
00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:15,600
She had it. 
She had armor a banner soldiers 

498
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:19,000
and a commission from the only 
man in France with both the 

499
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:21,600
right to issue, such a 
commission and a powerful 

500
00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:23,700
personal reason to hope it would
succeed. 

501
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:27,100
The Dolphins Court had not 
entirely believed her. 

502
00:28:27,100 --> 00:28:30,900
It had more precisely decided 
that the situation in Allen was 

503
00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,500
desperate enough that a 17 year 
old Farmers Daughter with an 

504
00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:38,600
unusual relationship to Divine 
guidance was worth trying, this 

505
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,600
is a fine distinction but it is 
an honest one. 

506
00:28:42,500 --> 00:28:46,000
Jones set out for Orleans in 
late April of 1429. 

507
00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:49,100
She was not given formal command
of the army. 

508
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:53,400
She was given something closer 
to an advisory and symbolic role

509
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:57,100
somewhere between a mascot and a
mascot who might actually know 

510
00:28:57,100 --> 00:29:00,800
what she was doing. 
The distance between those two 

511
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,400
positions would become very 
clear very quickly. 

512
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:07,300
The people of all Leon came out 
to see her arrive by Torchlight 

513
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:11,300
on the night of April 29th. 
Contemporary accounts, describe 

514
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:14,800
the crowd, pressing close to a 
horse, reaching out to touch her

515
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:18,000
armor. 
She was a 17 year old girl from 

516
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:21,400
a village nobody had heard of 
and she'd come to save a city 

517
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:24,100
that had been under siege for 
seven months with supplies 

518
00:29:24,100 --> 00:29:26,200
running low. 
And no clear reason to expect 

519
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:28,900
Improvement. 
They came out in the dark to see

520
00:29:28,900 --> 00:29:31,300
her because they needed to see 
someone who was certain. 

521
00:29:31,300 --> 00:29:36,600
She was that at least Orleans in
April of 1429 was a city that 

522
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:39,300
had been under English Siege 
since October of the previous 

523
00:29:39,300 --> 00:29:43,700
year. 7 months of a seed is a 
particular kind of exhaustion. 

524
00:29:43,700 --> 00:29:47,700
It is not the sharp exhaustion 
of a single battle, but the 

525
00:29:47,700 --> 00:29:50,900
accumulated weight of a city 
that has been anxious for so 

526
00:29:50,900 --> 00:29:54,100
long that anxiety stopped 
feeling like an event and 

527
00:29:54,100 --> 00:29:56,600
started feeling like the normal 
condition of being alive. 

528
00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:00,400
Applies had been stretched. 
Morale, had been managed 

529
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:02,800
carefully sorties against the 
English. 

530
00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:06,400
Fortifications had been made and
had produced inconclusive 

531
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:10,000
results. 
The city was not yet Fallen, but

532
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:12,300
the trajectory was not pointing 
upward. 

533
00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:16,100
The English besieging Force had 
constructed, a network of 

534
00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,800
fortified towers and Earthworks 
around the city called Bastille 

535
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:23,300
from which they controlled 
movement in and out of all Leon 

536
00:30:23,300 --> 00:30:25,400
while avoiding a direct assault 
on his walls. 

537
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:29,400
The approach was methodical and 
from an English strategic 

538
00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:33,800
standpoint entirely sensible. 
Star of the city into 

539
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:37,000
submission. 
No dramatic heroics required. 

540
00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:41,700
Patience and supply lines. 
And the slower arithmetic of who

541
00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:46,200
runs out of food first, Joan 
spent her first days in Allen's 

542
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:49,300
in a man of that tends to get 
skipped over in the more 

543
00:30:49,300 --> 00:30:51,000
dramatic retellings of her 
story. 

544
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:55,600
She prayed She studied the fort 
of occasions carefully. 

545
00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,000
She spoke at length with the 
French military commanders about

546
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:03,000
strategy and she sent letters to
the English commanders calling 

547
00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:07,200
on them to withdraw and warning 
them in specific and unambiguous

548
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:09,800
terms of what was coming if they
did not. 

549
00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:14,100
The letters survived in partial 
form in the historical record 

550
00:31:14,100 --> 00:31:16,000
and they are not diplomatic 
documents. 

551
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:20,000
They are written in the voice of
someone who has already decided,

552
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,900
how events are going to proceed 
and is extending the courtesy of

553
00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:26,700
advanced. 
Notice the English commanders 

554
00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:29,600
who received these letters were 
by contemporary accounts, not 

555
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:33,000
amused on reportedly. 
Sent back a response that was 

556
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:34,600
not suitable for a general 
audience. 

557
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:37,600
Joan received it without visible
distress. 

558
00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:42,100
She also toured the city. 
She rode through the streets and

559
00:31:42,100 --> 00:31:45,400
the people of Alan came out to 
see her passing close. 

560
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:48,800
Trying to catch a glimpse of 
this girl, from Lorraine who 

561
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:51,400
arrived with a banner and a 
reputation that had traveled 

562
00:31:51,400 --> 00:31:55,300
faster than she had. 
They had been under siege for 

563
00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:57,900
seven months. 
They had been frightened for 

564
00:31:57,900 --> 00:32:00,700
seven months, what Joan gave 
them in those. 

565
00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:04,400
First days was not a battle 
plan, it was something harder to

566
00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:06,800
articulate and considerably more
necessary. 

567
00:32:07,700 --> 00:32:10,500
The visible evidence that 
someone outside their situation 

568
00:32:10,500 --> 00:32:14,400
believed without qualification, 
that the situation was going to 

569
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:17,300
change. 
This kind of confidence has a 

570
00:32:17,308 --> 00:32:21,500
physical quality to it. 
You can feel it in a room or in 

571
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:24,700
a street. 
It moves from person to person, 

572
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:29,500
not through argument, but 
through proximity Joan had it in

573
00:32:29,500 --> 00:32:32,500
abundance, and the people of all
the on responded to it in the 

574
00:32:32,500 --> 00:32:34,900
way that people who have been 
afraid for a very long time. 

575
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:39,200
Respond to the sudden presence 
of someone who is Not Afraid at 

576
00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:41,600
all. 
The French Commander at Orleans 

577
00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:45,200
was Yonder, do Noir, sometimes 
called the bastard of Orleans. 

578
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:48,500
An illegitimate son of the 
Orleans Royal Line who had been 

579
00:32:48,500 --> 00:32:51,300
defending the city and who 
approached Jones arrival with 

580
00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:54,400
the measured skepticism of an 
experienced professional 

581
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:58,700
encountering something outside 
his previous experience, He 

582
00:32:58,700 --> 00:33:02,000
later became one of her most 
consistent supporters and his 

583
00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:05,300
testimony at the rehabilitation 
trial decades. 

584
00:33:05,300 --> 00:33:08,800
After her death provided, some 
of the most detailed, first-hand

585
00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:11,600
accounts of what she was 
actually like in the field. 

586
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:15,800
He describes someone who argued 
forcefully for her tactical 

587
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:18,200
instincts. 
He was almost always, right? 

588
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:21,600
When she did and who accepted 
the limits of her formal 

589
00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:24,700
Authority, while working 
persistently against them. 

590
00:33:24,700 --> 00:33:29,400
The first major engagement came 
on, May 4th French forces. 

591
00:33:29,400 --> 00:33:32,200
Attack the English fortification
of Saint, Louis on the Eastern 

592
00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:36,600
side of the city in captured it 
Jones, precise role in this 

593
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:38,900
action, is described differently
in different accounts. 

594
00:33:39,700 --> 00:33:42,600
But what is consistent across? 
All of them is that she was 

595
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:46,900
present visible and that her 
presence produced a measurable 

596
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:49,300
effect on the behavior of the 
troops around her. 

597
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:53,000
Carried her Banner throughout 
the fighting rather than a 

598
00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:55,400
weapon. 
This was a deliberate choice. 

599
00:33:55,400 --> 00:34:00,100
Not a practical limitation. 
She later confirmed that she 

600
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:03,000
preferred her Banner to a sword 
because she did not wish to kill

601
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:05,900
anyone. 
Statement that sounds strikingly

602
00:34:05,900 --> 00:34:09,699
incongruous in a military 
setting, but that was consistent

603
00:34:09,699 --> 00:34:13,000
with her documented Behavior 
across every engagement of her 

604
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:15,699
campaign. 
She was there for France. 

605
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:18,600
The voices are told her, she was
not there for the fighting 

606
00:34:18,600 --> 00:34:22,000
itself and she kept that 
distinction clear in her own 

607
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,600
conduct, even when the fighting 
was happening directly around 

608
00:34:25,600 --> 00:34:29,699
her on May 6th French forces 
attacked and captured the 

609
00:34:29,699 --> 00:34:33,900
fortification called lessor. 
John was wounded during this 

610
00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,900
engagement struck in the foot by
a piece of iron she continued 

611
00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:41,000
fighting after the injury, the 
critical thought of occasion of 

612
00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:43,300
lateral. 
The English held Gatehouse 

613
00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:47,199
controlling the bridge over the 
Loire fell on May 7th after a 

614
00:34:47,199 --> 00:34:49,400
sustained assault that lasted 
through most of the day. 

615
00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:53,000
During this assault, Jon was 
struck by an arrow in the 

616
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:55,600
shoulder. 
A wound, deep enough to require 

617
00:34:55,600 --> 00:34:58,300
extraction which was 
accomplished with without any 

618
00:34:58,300 --> 00:35:01,500
form of anesthetic by means that
must have been excruciating. 

619
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:05,800
Contemporary accounts of this 
wound and her response to it are

620
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:08,900
among the most consistent 
details in the entire historical

621
00:35:08,900 --> 00:35:12,600
record because multiple 
Witnesses who did not know each 

622
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:17,400
other's testimony described the 
same sequence, Joan wet briefly 

623
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:20,500
when the arrow was drawn out. 
She confirmed this detail 

624
00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:23,500
herself later without apology or
embellishment. 

625
00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:27,400
She then prayed, she then asked 
how much longer the assault 

626
00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:29,200
would take. 
She then returned to the 

627
00:35:29,208 --> 00:35:33,100
fighting the English abandoned 
lateral and retreated to cross 

628
00:35:33,100 --> 00:35:35,500
the bridge that had held against
French attempts for seven 

629
00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:38,000
months. 
On May 8th the English, 

630
00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:40,700
commanders assembled, their 
remaining forces and offered 

631
00:35:40,700 --> 00:35:43,400
battle in an open field outside 
the city walls. 

632
00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:45,300
The French came out to meet 
them. 

633
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:48,200
The two armies faced each other 
across the field for 

634
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:50,800
approximately an hour in the 
flat light of the May morning, 

635
00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:54,000
then the English with Drew 
leaving their Siege equipment, 

636
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:57,400
where it stood The siege of 
Orleans was over. 

637
00:35:57,400 --> 00:36:01,900
It had lasted more than 200 days
and ended in nine. 

638
00:36:03,100 --> 00:36:05,500
What happened at Orlando? 
In those nine days in May 

639
00:36:05,500 --> 00:36:08,600
produced an immediate and 
significant shift in the way. 

640
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:12,900
The war was perceived on both 
sides, the French had been by 

641
00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:17,800
any honest accounting of recent 
events, losing All the 

642
00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:21,000
unchanged, the Tactical 
situation but it changed 

643
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:23,800
something harder to measure and 
considerably, more important 

644
00:36:23,800 --> 00:36:26,700
cities that have been quietly 
calculating. 

645
00:36:26,700 --> 00:36:29,700
The terms of negotiated 
surrender, reconsidered their 

646
00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:32,600
arithmetic. 
Soldiers who had been fighting 

647
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:36,100
with competence but without 
conviction found something in 

648
00:36:36,100 --> 00:36:37,900
what had happened? 
That gave them a different 

649
00:36:37,900 --> 00:36:42,000
quality of resolve. 
Jones specific contribution to 

650
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,600
the outcome is genuinely 
difficult to isolate from the 

651
00:36:44,608 --> 00:36:48,600
broader military effort. 
She did not design the tactics. 

652
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:51,400
She had no formal command 
Authority. 

653
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:55,900
What she had was presents and 
presents in the particular form.

654
00:36:55,900 --> 00:37:00,900
She carried it visible, fearless
unhurried, and apparently 

655
00:37:00,900 --> 00:37:04,200
unconcerned with 
self-preservation proved to be a

656
00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:08,000
kind of strategic asset for 
which military terminology does 

657
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:11,600
not have a clean category, but 
whose effects were unmistakable 

658
00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:14,400
in the behavior of the forces 
around her, in the weeks, 

659
00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:17,100
following all alone, Joan pushed
for Rapid follow up action, 

660
00:37:17,100 --> 00:37:20,300
arguing that the English were 
disorganized from the defeat, 

661
00:37:20,300 --> 00:37:23,200
and that sustained pressure on 
remaining English held 

662
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:27,000
positions, along the Loire would
consolidate the advantage before

663
00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:30,400
it dissipated. 
This position was not shared by 

664
00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:33,900
all the commanders around her 
several of whom preferred a more

665
00:37:33,900 --> 00:37:36,600
deliberate pace. 
The historical record of these 

666
00:37:36,600 --> 00:37:40,500
internal discussions tends to 
show Joan consistently, write 

667
00:37:40,500 --> 00:37:43,500
about the timing and the 
commanders consistently more 

668
00:37:43,500 --> 00:37:48,000
cautious. 
The towns of Zhao monzul, sea 

669
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,900
and Pate followed in Rapid 
succession over the next several

670
00:37:50,900 --> 00:37:54,200
weeks. 
Town by Town fortification by 

671
00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:57,000
fortification. 
The Loire Valley was cleared. 

672
00:37:57,900 --> 00:38:01,100
At the Battle of Pattaya. 
In June, the English Field Army 

673
00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:04,600
that had been the backbone of 
their campaign was effectively 

674
00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:08,800
destroyed as a fighting force, 
The English Commander John fast 

675
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:12,500
of escaped, but his military 
reputation did not survive the 

676
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:15,300
day. 
The lawyer Valley was opened the

677
00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:18,000
road to Rams was no longer a 
theoretical possibility. 

678
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,900
Joan went to the Doh fan told 
him, it was time to go north and

679
00:38:21,900 --> 00:38:25,200
be crowned. 
He agreed after the appropriate 

680
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:28,200
amount of deliberation which 
with Charles tended to be 

681
00:38:28,208 --> 00:38:31,300
considerable. 
The marched terrains began in 

682
00:38:31,300 --> 00:38:36,400
late June of 1429 and it was not
by any objective assessment, a 

683
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:37,800
straightforward military 
proposition. 

684
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:42,600
Rain sat at the heart of 
territory either directly held 

685
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:46,700
by English and Burgundian forces
or thoroughly sympathetic to 

686
00:38:46,700 --> 00:38:49,100
them. 
The road from the Loire Valley 

687
00:38:49,100 --> 00:38:52,200
to Rands covered roughly 200 
miles of country. 

688
00:38:52,200 --> 00:38:56,500
That should buy every military 
logic available have been 

689
00:38:56,500 --> 00:39:00,200
extremely hazardous for a French
Royal procession to Traverse. 

690
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:03,100
It was not in the end very 
hazardous at all. 

691
00:39:03,108 --> 00:39:06,600
This is one of the more 
remarkable practical details of 

692
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:10,600
Jones entire career and it tends
to be overshadowed by the more 

693
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:14,400
dramatic events at all and Roar 
the march to raise succeeded. 

694
00:39:14,400 --> 00:39:17,800
Largely without major battle 
town, after town along the route

695
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:20,400
of the surrendered, before the 
Army arrived, or sent word of 

696
00:39:20,408 --> 00:39:22,600
their willingness to do. 
So, once it appeared on the 

697
00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:27,700
horizon, Oxnard negotiated 
Troy's held out for a few days 

698
00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:31,300
and then opened its Gates. 
The symbolism of Troy's in 

699
00:39:31,300 --> 00:39:33,800
particular was not lost on 
anyone who remembered recent 

700
00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:36,100
French history. 
It was in Troy that the 

701
00:39:36,108 --> 00:39:41,100
disastrous Treaty of 1420 had 
been signed the document that a 

702
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:43,700
disinherited, the doe fan and 
handed France to the English 

703
00:39:43,700 --> 00:39:46,300
crown. 
The city that had hosted the 

704
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:49,600
signing now admitted the man. 
It had been used to exclude 

705
00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:53,400
history when it chooses to be 
direct can be very direct. 

706
00:39:54,700 --> 00:39:56,800
Joan rode with the Army 
throughout the March. 

707
00:39:57,500 --> 00:39:59,800
She had been given a more 
clearly military role after 

708
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:03,400
Orleans a practical judgment 
having demonstrated itself 

709
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:06,700
clearly enough that even the 
most skeptical commanders were 

710
00:40:06,700 --> 00:40:08,500
quietly. 
Adjusting their positions, 

711
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:11,700
contemporary accounts, describe 
her riding at the front of the 

712
00:40:11,700 --> 00:40:14,200
column, a white Banner catching 
light. 

713
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:15,800
Above the heads of the soldiers 
behind her. 

714
00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:19,400
A figure distinctive enough in 
full armor that recognition 

715
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:20,800
required. 
No announcement. 

716
00:40:22,100 --> 00:40:26,800
The Army arrived before Reigns 
on July 16th. 1429. 

717
00:40:27,700 --> 00:40:30,700
The city was in burgundy and 
hands and had been for years. 

718
00:40:31,600 --> 00:40:34,100
The capitulation that followed 
the Army's appearance came 

719
00:40:34,100 --> 00:40:36,000
quickly. 
And without significant 

720
00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:38,700
violence, which give them the 
length of the preceding. 

721
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:41,200
Occupation was surprising to 
most of those present. 

722
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,600
The accounts suggest that the 
site of a French Royal army with

723
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:49,300
Joan at his visible Center 
produced a calculation in the 

724
00:40:49,300 --> 00:40:53,100
city's leadership about the 
direction of the future and that

725
00:40:53,100 --> 00:40:56,300
calculation came down decisively
against further resistance. 

726
00:40:57,700 --> 00:41:01,000
A coronation of Charles, the 
seventh took place on July 17th,

727
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:05,300
1429 in the Cathedral of Notre 
Dame's. 

728
00:41:05,300 --> 00:41:08,300
This was the same Cathedral 
where French King's have been 

729
00:41:08,308 --> 00:41:10,800
crowned. 
Since the 9th century, the same 

730
00:41:10,800 --> 00:41:14,800
building, the same city, the 
same consecrated function, that 

731
00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:18,800
had been interrupted by the 
occupation, Through all of those

732
00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:21,700
years, the cathedrals clergy had
continued, their work 

733
00:41:21,700 --> 00:41:24,300
maintaining the building 
observing. 

734
00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:27,900
The liturgical calendar, keeping
the candles changed in the 

735
00:41:27,900 --> 00:41:31,500
incense burning. 
They had been waiting in the 

736
00:41:31,500 --> 00:41:35,300
slow and patient way that old 
religious institutions wait for 

737
00:41:35,300 --> 00:41:38,900
the ceremony to resume to 
appreciate what the coronation 

738
00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:41,400
meant. 
It helps to understand what it 

739
00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:44,600
was understood to accomplish in 
the world of 1429. 

740
00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:49,700
A French King who was not 
crowned at Rams, was in a sense 

741
00:41:49,700 --> 00:41:54,000
that felt genuinely incomplete 
people at the time, not fully a 

742
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:57,800
king The ceremony was not merely
symbolic in the way that modern 

743
00:41:57,800 --> 00:41:59,800
ceremony is. 
Sometimes feel symbolic. 

744
00:41:59,800 --> 00:42:01,900
It was understood as a 
transformation. 

745
00:42:01,900 --> 00:42:05,600
A confirming of sacred status 
through the anointing oil. 

746
00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:09,200
That gave the king's Authority. 
A quality no military Victory. 

747
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:13,700
Could produce a no political 
Arrangement could duplicate The 

748
00:42:13,700 --> 00:42:17,300
dofan had been legitimate by 
Blood for years, he became a 

749
00:42:17,300 --> 00:42:19,100
legitimate in the fullest 
medieval sense. 

750
00:42:19,100 --> 00:42:23,700
Only in his only in that 
Cathedral only with that oil and

751
00:42:23,700 --> 00:42:27,300
Joan had put him there, evil 
coronation, ceremonies were 

752
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:29,300
extended and elaborate 
Productions. 

753
00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:32,700
Combining Christian ritual with 
dynastic theater, in 

754
00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:35,400
proportions, difficult for 
modern, observers to properly 

755
00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:38,900
calibrate. 
They were prayers anointings 

756
00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:43,000
with consecrated oil drawn from 
the ancient ampulla kept at 

757
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:47,000
Reams for exactly this purpose. 
Civic vestments and specific 

758
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:50,700
objects and specific words that 
had to be said in the correct 

759
00:42:50,700 --> 00:42:54,400
order for the ceremony to carry 
the weight, the Medieval World 

760
00:42:54,400 --> 00:42:58,800
assigned to ceremonies the 
Archbishop of Rems presided, the

761
00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:01,500
French nobility who had made the
journey were assembled in the 

762
00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:05,100
Nave The people of ram packed 
the streets outside and pressed 

763
00:43:05,100 --> 00:43:08,300
toward the cathedral doors, and 
the sound that filled the city 

764
00:43:08,300 --> 00:43:11,900
on that July Morning, was the 
sound of a country recognizing 

765
00:43:11,900 --> 00:43:14,900
something that had been absent 
for a very long time. 

766
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:18,600
Joan stood throughout the sermon
in near the altar holding her 

767
00:43:18,600 --> 00:43:21,400
Banner. 
Her later explanation for why 

768
00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:24,800
her Banner was present at the 
coronation rather than the 

769
00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:27,400
banners of the commanders who 
had fought alongside her in the 

770
00:43:27,400 --> 00:43:29,500
field was characteristically 
Direct. 

771
00:43:30,500 --> 00:43:34,100
She said it had borne, the bird 
and deserved the honor. 

772
00:43:34,900 --> 00:43:39,300
This explanation was accepted by
everyone who heard it possibly 

773
00:43:39,300 --> 00:43:42,200
because it was difficult to 
argue with and possibly, because

774
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:46,100
by this point, people had 
largely stopped trying When the 

775
00:43:46,100 --> 00:43:49,200
crown was placed on Charles's 
head and the ceremony completed 

776
00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:52,300
Joan milk before him, the 
accounts of those who witnessed 

777
00:43:52,300 --> 00:43:55,300
the moment, described her 
weeping not with grief or 

778
00:43:55,300 --> 00:43:58,300
exhaustion, but with the 
particular quality of relief 

779
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:01,600
that arrives when something 
enormous has been completed, 

780
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:04,400
that you are not entirely 
certain you would live to see 

781
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:07,500
through to the end. 
Charles the seventh was King of 

782
00:44:07,508 --> 00:44:09,800
France in the full ceremonial 
sense. 

783
00:44:09,800 --> 00:44:14,700
He had the crown, the city, the 
cathedral, the oil, and the 

784
00:44:14,700 --> 00:44:17,000
witnesses. 
The English claimed to his 

785
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:20,400
throne grounded, partly in his 
disinheritance and partly in the

786
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:23,600
absence of exactly. 
The ceremony had been answered 

787
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,900
as clearly as the Medieval World
knew how to answer anything. 

788
00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:30,700
For Joan personally, the 
coronation at Rams, completed 

789
00:44:30,700 --> 00:44:33,000
the specific mission of the 
voices and given her. 

790
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:35,700
She had pushed the English back 
from the Loire. 

791
00:44:35,700 --> 00:44:37,800
She had brought the dough to 
rammed. 

792
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:41,300
These were the two tasks 
described her with precision. 

793
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:46,100
What came after was less clearly
mapped, she continued to serve 

794
00:44:46,100 --> 00:44:48,600
with the French military in the 
months, following the coronation

795
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:52,300
participating in attempts, to 
push toward Paris and in 

796
00:44:52,300 --> 00:44:54,900
operations along, the northern 
margins of the recovered 

797
00:44:54,900 --> 00:44:57,500
territory. 
These campaigns were less, 

798
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:00,900
uniformly, successful. 
The Assault on Paris. 

799
00:45:00,900 --> 00:45:04,400
In September 1429 failed after a
full day of fighting. 

800
00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:08,500
Joan was wounded again. 
This time by a crossbow bolt in 

801
00:45:08,508 --> 00:45:11,300
the thigh. 
The Retreat from Paris was 

802
00:45:11,300 --> 00:45:14,700
ordered against her stated 
recommendation and those present

803
00:45:14,700 --> 00:45:17,900
later noted that she was not 
quiet about her opposition to 

804
00:45:17,900 --> 00:45:21,100
the decision. 
The political context of the 

805
00:45:21,100 --> 00:45:23,800
Court was shifting in ways that 
were not straightforwardly 

806
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:27,200
favorable to her. 
Charles having obtained, his 

807
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:29,400
coronation had other interests 
to balance. 

808
00:45:29,400 --> 00:45:33,600
Now including a Troost 
negotiation with burgundy that 

809
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:37,000
required diplomatic restraint 
incompatible with continued 

810
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:40,500
aggressive campaigning Jones. 
Greatest value to the king had 

811
00:45:40,500 --> 00:45:43,300
been concentrated in the 
specific period between her 

812
00:45:43,300 --> 00:45:46,400
arrival at chinon. 
And the moment the crown settled

813
00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:50,800
onto Charles's head at rounds, 
What came after was politically 

814
00:45:50,800 --> 00:45:54,100
more complicated. 
She continued campaigning. 

815
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:58,500
She remained certain of what she
was doing and why even as the 

816
00:45:58,500 --> 00:46:01,800
military context became less 
clearly in her favor and the 

817
00:46:01,808 --> 00:46:04,800
political support around her 
became less reliably present. 

818
00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:08,800
She wrote letters during this 
period, several of which 

819
00:46:08,800 --> 00:46:12,900
survived addressed to cities and
commanders and factions. 

820
00:46:12,900 --> 00:46:17,300
All of them, carry the same 
quality of directness, that a 

821
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:18,500
characterized her from the 
beginning. 

822
00:46:19,500 --> 00:46:22,600
She was not by any evidence, 
someone who adjusted her 

823
00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:24,800
certainly to match the 
temperature of the room. 

824
00:46:25,800 --> 00:46:29,700
This quality had been her most 
powerful asset at Orlando, when 

825
00:46:29,700 --> 00:46:33,100
the room was full of frightened 
soldiers, who needed someone 

826
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:36,000
unshakable? 
Would be considerably more 

827
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:38,300
complicated. 
When the room was a courtroom in

828
00:46:38,300 --> 00:46:42,700
ruar on May, 23rd of 1430 Joan 
was captured outside the city of

829
00:46:42,708 --> 00:46:45,700
comprehend. 
She had been leading a sortie 

830
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:47,800
against Burgundian forces 
threatening the city. 

831
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:52,000
During the retreat back towards 
the city Gates, She was pulled 

832
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:54,200
from her horse by a bagundi and 
Archer. 

833
00:46:54,900 --> 00:46:58,000
She did not get up as a free 
person for the better part of a 

834
00:46:58,000 --> 00:47:00,400
year. 
She did not get up again at all 

835
00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:03,600
after the trial that followed 
her capture has been the subject

836
00:47:03,600 --> 00:47:08,100
of historical discussion ever 
since the city Gates were closed

837
00:47:08,100 --> 00:47:12,000
by one account before she and 
her rear guarded fully retreated

838
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:14,800
inside. 
Whether this was a deliberate 

839
00:47:14,800 --> 00:47:18,900
abandonment, a miscommunication,
all the result of military 

840
00:47:18,900 --> 00:47:22,000
confusion in a rapidly 
deteriorating tactical. 

841
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:26,700
Situation has not been 
definitively resolved. what is 

842
00:47:26,700 --> 00:47:30,100
clear is that the gates were 
closed, Jon was outside them, 

843
00:47:30,100 --> 00:47:33,800
and the begun Indians took her 
She was held initially by the 

844
00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:36,700
begun Indian count. 
Who captured her John of locks 

845
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:40,200
on Berg and then transferred to 
the English for 10,000 leave. 

846
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:46,200
This was an enormous sum the 
kind paid for King's The English

847
00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:47,700
were aware of what they were 
paying for. 

848
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:51,700
She was taken to rule the 
administrative center of the 

849
00:47:51,700 --> 00:47:53,400
English. 
Occupation of northern France 

850
00:47:53,400 --> 00:47:55,500
and held in a military prison 
there. 

851
00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:59,900
The conditions violated the 
standard protocols for handling 

852
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:02,500
female prisoners. 
Who were supposed to be held in 

853
00:48:02,500 --> 00:48:05,900
ecclesiastical custody under 
female supervision. 

854
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:10,300
Joan was guarded by male 
soldiers, chained on certain 

855
00:48:10,300 --> 00:48:14,200
days and held in conditions that
the rehabilitation trial would 

856
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:18,700
document in considerable detail.
The Practical difficulty of her 

857
00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:22,400
imprisonment was not incidental.
It was part of the process. 

858
00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:27,200
The trial was organized under 
the authority of piercing, the 

859
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:31,400
bishop of Beauvais whose diocese
included compean and who had 

860
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:34,500
been displaced from his position
by French military advances. 

861
00:48:35,900 --> 00:48:38,400
He was a man with both the 
motivation and the 

862
00:48:38,400 --> 00:48:41,000
ecclesiastical standing to run 
the proceedings. 

863
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:45,300
The charge was heresy. 
specifically involving her 

864
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:49,300
wearing of men's clothing, which
canon law had specific positions

865
00:48:49,300 --> 00:48:53,300
on and the nature of her claim 
Divine guidance, which the 

866
00:48:53,300 --> 00:48:56,100
tribunal was determined to 
characterize, as demonic in 

867
00:48:56,100 --> 00:49:02,100
origin, rather than divine, The 
trial began in January 1431. 

868
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:05,700
It continued through multiple 
sessions over several months. 

869
00:49:06,700 --> 00:49:10,000
Joan was questioned without any 
representative acting in her 

870
00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:13,900
defense, under conditions, that 
violated multiple provisions of 

871
00:49:13,900 --> 00:49:17,000
canon law in ways, the 
rehabilitation trial would later

872
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:20,000
catalog at length. 
She was examined by men who had 

873
00:49:20,008 --> 00:49:23,000
spent careers preparing to 
analyze exactly the kinds of 

874
00:49:23,008 --> 00:49:25,700
claims she was making, and she 
answered them without 

875
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:28,700
preparation materials, without 
legal assistance. 

876
00:49:28,700 --> 00:49:31,500
And without anyone in the room 
whose interest was in her 

877
00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:36,500
survival, the trial records of 
the most extensive documentary 

878
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:39,600
source for Jones own words that 
survived from her life time. 

879
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:43,000
They are so documents produced 
by people who intended to use 

880
00:49:43,000 --> 00:49:46,100
them to kill her. 
Reading them clearly requires 

881
00:49:46,100 --> 00:49:49,300
holding both facts together at 
the same time without allowing 

882
00:49:49,300 --> 00:49:52,700
either one to cancel the other. 
She was questioned about the 

883
00:49:52,700 --> 00:49:57,000
voices, what they said, how they
appeared, what they asked of 

884
00:49:57,000 --> 00:49:59,400
her. 
She was asked whether she knew 

885
00:49:59,400 --> 00:50:02,700
if she was in God's grace, which
was a technically sophisticated,

886
00:50:02,700 --> 00:50:07,200
theological trap. 
He said, yes, she was claiming 

887
00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:10,200
certainly about her own 
spiritual state that the church 

888
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:15,100
regarded as presumptuous He said
no she was admitting doubt about

889
00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:18,400
her Divine Mission, she answered
that if she was not in God's 

890
00:50:18,400 --> 00:50:21,700
grace, she hoped God would put 
her there and if she was she 

891
00:50:21,700 --> 00:50:24,900
hoped he would keep her there. 
The court moved past this answer

892
00:50:24,900 --> 00:50:27,300
without lingering. 
She was questioned about her 

893
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:30,900
clothing, about the precise 
circumstances of her military 

894
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:35,100
role about the details of her 
childhood in domini, including 

895
00:50:35,100 --> 00:50:38,600
the oak tree in the forest which
the court clearly hoped to 

896
00:50:38,600 --> 00:50:42,100
connect to something heretical. 
She answered the question about 

897
00:50:42,100 --> 00:50:44,400
the tree with the same composed 
firmness. 

898
00:50:44,400 --> 00:50:47,800
She brought to everything else. 
Confirming, what was true and 

899
00:50:47,800 --> 00:50:50,600
declining to confirm? 
What was not even when 

900
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:53,400
confirming, it might have made 
the question as less persistent.

901
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:57,000
She was questioned about whether
she had ever seen her Saints and

902
00:50:57,000 --> 00:51:00,800
physical form about the specific
appearance of Saint Michael, 

903
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:02,900
about whether Saint Catherine 
had hair. 

904
00:51:02,900 --> 00:51:06,500
And whether it was long, She was
asked about whether the voices 

905
00:51:06,500 --> 00:51:07,900
are told her, she would be 
captured. 

906
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:11,500
She was asked about her banner 
and what exactly she believed it

907
00:51:11,500 --> 00:51:15,500
accomplished she was questioned 
about money about whether she 

908
00:51:15,500 --> 00:51:18,700
had received payment about 
whether she had promised gifts 

909
00:51:18,700 --> 00:51:22,000
or take and gifts, The 
questioning went on for months, 

910
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:25,100
the sessions were held in her 
prison chambered in the 

911
00:51:25,100 --> 00:51:27,900
courtroom. 
She answered alone without 

912
00:51:27,900 --> 00:51:31,700
counsel surrounded by trained. 
Ecclesiastical lawyers. 

913
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:35,400
Whose job was to find in her 
answers, something that could be

914
00:51:35,400 --> 00:51:38,900
formally condemned. 
The surviving transcript of 

915
00:51:38,900 --> 00:51:42,100
these sessions is a document, 
unlike most things from the 15th

916
00:51:42,100 --> 00:51:46,200
century, you can read it as a 
legal proceeding, which it was, 

917
00:51:46,208 --> 00:51:49,900
you can read it as a record of 
one of the more sustained acts 

918
00:51:49,900 --> 00:51:52,300
of institutional bullying in the
historical record. 

919
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:57,300
Both readings are accurate. 
What is also true, and harder to

920
00:51:57,300 --> 00:52:00,300
explain, is that a cross, 
hundreds of questions and 

921
00:52:00,300 --> 00:52:03,100
hundreds of answers. 
She never lost her basic 

922
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:05,600
orientation. 
She never gave them what they 

923
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:09,700
most needed which was a clear 
and provable lie or a clear 

924
00:52:09,708 --> 00:52:13,500
improvable heresy or a collapse 
under pressure into the kind of 

925
00:52:13,508 --> 00:52:17,300
incoherent that would have, made
the condemnation feel less like 

926
00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:20,300
a decision that had been made 
before she arrived in the room. 

927
00:52:20,300 --> 00:52:23,500
She maintained throughout the 
early session's that have voices

928
00:52:23,500 --> 00:52:27,300
were genuine and came from God. 
She maintained that her clothing

929
00:52:27,300 --> 00:52:29,400
had been sanctioned by Divine 
instruction. 

930
00:52:30,300 --> 00:52:33,800
She answered questions with the 
Precision and unexpectedness 

931
00:52:33,800 --> 00:52:37,300
that had characterized her at 
plaatje, though, the context was

932
00:52:37,300 --> 00:52:42,100
now reversed entirely. 
At poitiers, the examination had

933
00:52:42,100 --> 00:52:46,500
been conducted by people looking
for a reason to believe at Ruah,

934
00:52:46,500 --> 00:52:49,500
it was conducted by people who 
had already decided on the 

935
00:52:49,508 --> 00:52:52,700
conclusion and were constructing
a path to support it. 

936
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:56,900
In late May after months of 
questioning and threatened with 

937
00:52:56,900 --> 00:53:00,500
immediate burning at the stake, 
Jones signed a document of 

938
00:53:00,500 --> 00:53:04,200
abjuration acknowledging. 
In its stated terms that her 

939
00:53:04,200 --> 00:53:07,400
voices had been false and 
agreeing to submit entirely to 

940
00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:12,100
the church's Authority. 
The precise document, she signed

941
00:53:12,100 --> 00:53:14,800
and the document that was read 
aloud to the assembled Court, 

942
00:53:14,800 --> 00:53:18,400
may not have been identical. 
This was testified to by 

943
00:53:18,400 --> 00:53:21,500
Witnesses during the 
rehabilitation trial, who stated

944
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:24,500
that the document read to the 
crowd was substantially longer 

945
00:53:24,500 --> 00:53:28,900
than the one place before Jones.
A few days later she withdrew 

946
00:53:28,900 --> 00:53:31,900
the abjuration. 
She said, her voice is a told 

947
00:53:31,900 --> 00:53:33,500
her. 
She had done wrong by denying 

948
00:53:33,500 --> 00:53:35,900
them. 
She returned to wearing men's 

949
00:53:35,900 --> 00:53:38,600
clothing, a direct violation of 
the term. 

950
00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:41,400
She had agreed to which some 
historians read. 

951
00:53:41,400 --> 00:53:44,900
As a deliberate choice to force 
a conclusion, she had come to 

952
00:53:44,900 --> 00:53:49,000
see as unavoidable A judge's 
condemned her as relapsed 

953
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:52,500
heretic. 
On May 30th 1431. 

954
00:53:52,500 --> 00:53:56,500
Joan of Arc was brought to the 
Old Market Square in Rouen. 

955
00:53:56,500 --> 00:54:00,400
Tied to a stake over a pile of 
firewood and burned. 

956
00:54:01,100 --> 00:54:04,200
She was 19 years old, 
contemporary accounts, of her 

957
00:54:04,200 --> 00:54:07,000
death, described her asking, for
a cross to be held where she 

958
00:54:07,000 --> 00:54:10,600
could see it throughout. 
An English Soldier made a small 

959
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:13,600
cross from two sticks and passed
it up to her. 

960
00:54:13,600 --> 00:54:17,000
A larger crucifix was brought 
from a nearby church and held 

961
00:54:17,000 --> 00:54:20,600
before her by a priest named, 
his Amber De La Pierre Who 

962
00:54:20,600 --> 00:54:24,300
provided testimony about what he
witnessed that day when asked 

963
00:54:24,300 --> 00:54:27,300
during the rehabilitation 
proceedings decades later. 

964
00:54:28,700 --> 00:54:31,800
Multiple accounts describe her 
calling out the name of Jesus. 

965
00:54:31,800 --> 00:54:36,100
They describe members of the 
crowd weeping. they described 

966
00:54:36,100 --> 00:54:38,500
the weight of what they were 
watching, settling over the 

967
00:54:38,500 --> 00:54:42,100
Market Square, in a way that 
nobody presents seemed to know 

968
00:54:42,100 --> 00:54:46,700
how to carry The English 
Cardinal Henry Beaufort, who was

969
00:54:46,700 --> 00:54:49,600
present? 
Reportedly said, afterward that 

970
00:54:49,600 --> 00:54:53,200
they had burned a saint. 
It may have been the most honest

971
00:54:53,200 --> 00:54:57,000
assessment offered in rule that 
in entire morning ashes were 

972
00:54:57,000 --> 00:55:00,600
thrown into the scene. 
The story did not end in the 

973
00:55:00,608 --> 00:55:05,000
Market Square of rule, it rarely
does with history's. 

974
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:07,600
More consequential figures 
though the forms that 

975
00:55:07,600 --> 00:55:10,600
continuation takes are almost 
never predictable from the 

976
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:14,800
moment of ending 20 years after 
Jones execution, Charles the 

977
00:55:14,808 --> 00:55:17,900
seventh had Consolidated his 
position sufficiently to 

978
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:20,600
commission a formal examination 
of the original trial. 

979
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:24,500
The 100 Years War was moving 
toward its conclusion. 

980
00:55:24,500 --> 00:55:27,700
The English being methodically 
pressed out of French territory 

981
00:55:27,700 --> 00:55:31,300
through a combination of 
military effort and the gradual 

982
00:55:31,300 --> 00:55:34,300
collapse of the political 
alliances that had sustained 

983
00:55:34,300 --> 00:55:39,700
their occupation by the time. 
Charles re took rule in 1449 the

984
00:55:39,700 --> 00:55:42,900
city where Joan had been tried 
and killed was French again, 

985
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:46,200
which was one of those 
Geographic coincidences that 

986
00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:49,200
history occasionally produces 
with quiet and perfect 

987
00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:52,300
precision. 
The rehabilitation trial 

988
00:55:52,300 --> 00:55:58,100
conducted between 1455 and 1456 
examined, the original 

989
00:55:58,100 --> 00:56:00,200
proceedings and systematic 
detail. 

990
00:56:01,300 --> 00:56:05,300
Witnesses, who had been present 
at rule in 1431 were located in 

991
00:56:05,300 --> 00:56:07,900
questioned? 
The judges who had run the 

992
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:12,100
original trial were for the most
part dead by their, those who 

993
00:56:12,100 --> 00:56:15,700
remained and testified did not 
offer a bus to fence as of what 

994
00:56:15,700 --> 00:56:19,500
they had participated in. 
Trial records were examined by 

995
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:22,800
Canon lore. 
Experts who identified multiple 

996
00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:26,400
procedural violations. 
The original verdict was 

997
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:29,800
formerly overturned. 
Jones was declared innocent of 

998
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:33,800
all charges and recognized as a 
martyr, the rehabilitation 

999
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:36,400
verdict arrived too. 
Late to mean anything to Joan 

1000
00:56:36,400 --> 00:56:39,400
herself, which is the most 
straightforward, observation 

1001
00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:42,800
that can be made about it. 
It arrived in time to mean 

1002
00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:47,200
something to her family. 
Her mother Isabel Romy, a 

1003
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,800
traveled to Paris, to petition 
for the rehabilitation and lived

1004
00:56:50,800 --> 00:56:55,000
to hear the verdict read loud. 
The trial records include an 

1005
00:56:55,000 --> 00:56:58,300
account of her petition and her 
present in those records still 

1006
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:01,100
fighting for her daughter, more 
than 20 years after her death. 

1007
00:57:01,800 --> 00:57:05,100
Is one of the more quietly 
devastating details in the 

1008
00:57:05,100 --> 00:57:08,600
entire documentary history of 
Jones life, the verdict. 

1009
00:57:08,600 --> 00:57:10,900
Also meant something to the 
soldiers who had fought 

1010
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:14,600
alongside Jones and whose owner 
had been implicitly called into 

1011
00:57:14,600 --> 00:57:16,600
question by the original 
condemnation. 

1012
00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:20,400
It meant something to the 
ongoing National story of France

1013
00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:24,100
which was in the process of 
reconstructing itself from a 

1014
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:28,000
long catastrophe and which 
needed in the way that countries

1015
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:31,600
sometimes need these things, a 
figure whose meaning could be 

1016
00:57:31,600 --> 00:57:34,300
shared across different factions
and different political 

1017
00:57:34,300 --> 00:57:37,400
positions. 
Joan was available for this 

1018
00:57:37,400 --> 00:57:39,400
purpose. 
In a way that most historical 

1019
00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:43,400
figures are not partly because 
she had operated independently 

1020
00:57:43,400 --> 00:57:46,600
enough of any single faction 
that no one group could claim 

1021
00:57:46,600 --> 00:57:48,500
exclusive ownership of her 
Legacy. 

1022
00:57:49,300 --> 00:57:52,500
The centuries that followed her 
Rehabilitation produced a 

1023
00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:54,800
remarkable variety of uses for 
story. 

1024
00:57:55,500 --> 00:57:58,400
She appeared in Chronicles and 
in poems, in stage Productions, 

1025
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:02,000
in the work of major writers, 
across several centuries. 

1026
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:04,400
And several countries, she 
appeared in the work of 

1027
00:58:04,400 --> 00:58:08,300
Shakespeare, not flattering his 
Joan being drawn as a sorceress 

1028
00:58:08,300 --> 00:58:12,200
and a fraud, which reflects the 
political context of late, 16th 

1029
00:58:12,200 --> 00:58:13,900
century, England more 
accurately. 

1030
00:58:13,900 --> 00:58:17,000
Then it reflects any honest 
engagement with the historical 

1031
00:58:17,000 --> 00:58:19,600
record. 
She appeared in the work of 

1032
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:22,600
Voltaire. 
Also not flattering for 

1033
00:58:22,600 --> 00:58:25,300
different reasons, and with the 
different kind of distortion. 

1034
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:29,000
She appeared as a symbol of 
French national identity During 

1035
00:58:29,000 --> 00:58:33,500
the Revolution and again during 
the Napoleonic period and again 

1036
00:58:33,500 --> 00:58:36,400
during the franco-prussian war 
of a 1870. 

1037
00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:40,200
She appeared during the German 
occupation of France in the 20th

1038
00:58:40,200 --> 00:58:43,600
century in one of History's more
striking examples of 

1039
00:58:43,600 --> 00:58:47,800
simultaneous appropriation. 
Her Image and her story were 

1040
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:51,300
invoked both by the French 
Resistance, which Drew on her, 

1041
00:58:51,300 --> 00:58:54,900
Defiance of occupying foreign 
powers, and by the Vichy 

1042
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:58,800
government, which Drew on her 
piety and her obedience to 

1043
00:58:58,800 --> 00:59:01,800
established Authority. 
Jonah self would almost 

1044
00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:04,900
certainly have found this 
parallelism bewildering and 

1045
00:59:04,900 --> 00:59:06,500
historians who have written 
about it. 

1046
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:09,700
Have found it Illuminating and 
ways that say less about Joan 

1047
00:59:09,700 --> 00:59:12,700
than about how completely. 
A historical figure can be 

1048
00:59:12,708 --> 00:59:14,900
separated from their original 
context. 

1049
00:59:14,900 --> 00:59:19,300
Once enough, centuries of 
passed, The formal process of 

1050
00:59:19,300 --> 00:59:22,400
Saint Hood began. 
Remarkably late relative to the 

1051
00:59:22,408 --> 00:59:24,800
depth and breadth of her popular
veneration. 

1052
00:59:25,700 --> 00:59:29,600
The Catholic Church opened her 
beatification cause in 1894 

1053
00:59:29,600 --> 00:59:33,500
following centuries of a local 
and unofficial honor that had 

1054
00:59:33,500 --> 00:59:36,700
outrun institutional recognition
by considerable margin. 

1055
00:59:36,700 --> 00:59:43,600
She was beatified in 1909. 
She was canonized in 1920 489 

1056
00:59:43,600 --> 00:59:47,700
years after her death. 
By Pope Benedict, the 15th in a 

1057
00:59:47,700 --> 00:59:50,200
ceremony in Rome on May 16th of 
that year. 

1058
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:55,000
Her feast day was set for May 
30th, the anniversary of her 

1059
00:59:55,000 --> 00:59:58,300
execution. 
The historical surrounding Joan 

1060
00:59:58,300 --> 01:00:02,500
is by the standards of 15th 
century figures, unusually rich.

1061
01:00:03,500 --> 01:00:07,600
The trial, transcripts survive 
in several copies translated 

1062
01:00:07,600 --> 01:00:10,300
from French into Latin and later
back. 

1063
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:13,900
The process introducing some 
distortions, but leaving the 

1064
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:17,200
core content, intact enough to 
have supported generations of 

1065
01:00:17,208 --> 01:00:20,700
scholarly analysis. 
The rehabilitation trial 

1066
01:00:20,700 --> 01:00:23,100
testimony provides a second 
documentary layer. 

1067
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:26,300
People who had known her 
speaking about her in enough 

1068
01:00:26,300 --> 01:00:30,100
detail that something genuine of
her actual personality comes 

1069
01:00:30,100 --> 01:00:33,300
through. 
The Chronicles of Christine De 

1070
01:00:33,300 --> 01:00:36,300
pizan, who wrote him, praise of 
Joan during Jones's own 

1071
01:00:36,300 --> 01:00:38,200
Lifetime. 
And who was one of the rare 

1072
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:39,700
contemporaries to have 
recognized? 

1073
01:00:39,700 --> 01:00:43,200
What was happening in real time,
had another perspective on how 

1074
01:00:43,200 --> 01:00:46,500
the world of 1429 perceived what
Joan was doing, while she was 

1075
01:00:46,508 --> 01:00:49,700
still alive to be perceived, 
what comes through the trial. 

1076
01:00:49,700 --> 01:00:52,800
Transcripts, if you read them 
with sustained, attention is a 

1077
01:00:52,800 --> 01:00:57,000
person whose Clarity of purpose 
was so complete that it operated

1078
01:00:57,000 --> 01:00:59,500
independently of the categories 
of available to the people 

1079
01:00:59,500 --> 01:01:03,800
questioning her They asked about
God and about institutional 

1080
01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:07,100
Authority and about the 
relationship between Divine 

1081
01:01:07,100 --> 01:01:10,400
instruction and the churches, 
right to interpret it. 

1082
01:01:11,500 --> 01:01:14,200
She gave answers that did not 
fit neatly into any of the 

1083
01:01:14,200 --> 01:01:16,100
positions. 
The questioners had prepared for

1084
01:01:17,000 --> 01:01:19,600
she said, her voice is were 
genuine, and she was not 

1085
01:01:19,600 --> 01:01:22,900
prepared to say otherwise 
because they were She said, the 

1086
01:01:22,900 --> 01:01:25,800
church had Authority in its 
proper domain and she was not 

1087
01:01:25,800 --> 01:01:29,200
prepared to dispute that either.
She said, both things were 

1088
01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:32,500
simultaneously, true and 
declined to be argued out of 

1089
01:01:32,500 --> 01:01:34,900
either position by people who 
insisted, they were 

1090
01:01:34,900 --> 01:01:39,900
contradictory this quality of 
thought, direct, and steady and 

1091
01:01:39,900 --> 01:01:43,300
genuinely difficult to Corner 
appears throughout, her 

1092
01:01:43,300 --> 01:01:46,800
documented words across every 
context in which those words 

1093
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:49,100
were recorded. 
It was not the argument of 

1094
01:01:49,100 --> 01:01:52,300
someone trained in theology. 
It was the argument of someone 

1095
01:01:52,300 --> 01:01:54,600
who had spent years, listening 
carefully to something. 

1096
01:01:54,600 --> 01:01:58,200
She believed was true. 
And had reached through that 

1097
01:01:58,200 --> 01:02:01,700
listing, a certainty, that 
formal training could not have 

1098
01:02:01,700 --> 01:02:04,600
given her and formal training 
could not take away. 

1099
01:02:06,000 --> 01:02:08,500
The writers who have tried to 
account for her across five 

1100
01:02:08,500 --> 01:02:11,600
centuries, have reached for 
different Frameworks and found 

1101
01:02:11,600 --> 01:02:15,700
all of them slightly inadequate.
She resists being made purely 

1102
01:02:15,700 --> 01:02:19,200
into a symbol because the trial 
records, keep showing you an 

1103
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:23,600
actual person, specific and 
particular and occasionally 

1104
01:02:23,600 --> 01:02:25,400
impatient with the question at 
hand. 

1105
01:02:26,300 --> 01:02:29,900
She resists being reduced to a 
psychological case study because

1106
01:02:29,900 --> 01:02:34,100
the external events of her story
are two consequential and too. 

1107
01:02:34,100 --> 01:02:37,000
Well, documented to be explained
as the product of inner 

1108
01:02:37,000 --> 01:02:40,800
experience alone, she changed 
the outcome of a war that 

1109
01:02:40,800 --> 01:02:43,400
happened. 
The voices may have started it, 

1110
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:47,000
but the battles of Allah and 
pate and the march to Reigns 

1111
01:02:47,000 --> 01:02:49,700
were real and the consequences 
of them were real. 

1112
01:02:50,600 --> 01:02:54,700
What she remains across all the 
attempts to contain her in a 

1113
01:02:54,700 --> 01:02:57,700
single meaning, is the story of 
someone who was given an 

1114
01:02:57,708 --> 01:03:00,500
impossible task in treated as a 
reasonable one. 

1115
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:03,900
Someone who looked at the 
distance between where she was 

1116
01:03:03,900 --> 01:03:07,300
and where she was supposed to go
and did not experience it as 

1117
01:03:07,308 --> 01:03:10,300
discouraging. 
Someone who understood that, 

1118
01:03:10,300 --> 01:03:15,300
certainty, offered consistently 
and without apology can function

1119
01:03:15,300 --> 01:03:18,000
as a kind of compass for people 
who have lost their own. 

1120
01:03:19,500 --> 01:03:23,000
France itself, eventually came 
through the 100 Years War and 

1121
01:03:23,000 --> 01:03:25,800
became something recognizable as
a unified country. 

1122
01:03:27,500 --> 01:03:30,700
The English left formerly in 
1453, when the Battle of 

1123
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:33,800
castillon ended, the last major,
in English military campaign on 

1124
01:03:33,800 --> 01:03:37,300
the continent, the war that had 
defined the entire world of 

1125
01:03:37,300 --> 01:03:40,700
Jones childhood that had been 
present in the background of 

1126
01:03:40,700 --> 01:03:43,600
every prayer. 
Her mother said concluded 

1127
01:03:43,600 --> 01:03:45,500
without Jones surviving to see 
it. 

1128
01:03:46,600 --> 01:03:49,600
But the trajectory that led to 
its conclusion ran through 

1129
01:03:49,608 --> 01:03:54,400
Orleans and through the ilua 
campaign and through rarest and 

1130
01:03:54,400 --> 01:03:57,400
through the particular moment, 
when a 17 year old from a 

1131
01:03:57,400 --> 01:04:00,700
village beside the Muse, walk 
through a crowded Hall at 

1132
01:04:00,700 --> 01:04:04,600
Chinook and found without 
apparent difficulty, the man who

1133
01:04:04,600 --> 01:04:07,100
was not yet a king but who 
needed to become one. 

1134
01:04:07,100 --> 01:04:11,200
Remy still exists. 
The village is called Dom remila

1135
01:04:11,200 --> 01:04:13,900
pusil. 
Now a change to a place name 

1136
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:16,000
that takes roughly 500 years to 
earn. 

1137
01:04:17,200 --> 01:04:19,200
The house where Joan grew up has
been preserved. 

1138
01:04:19,200 --> 01:04:22,800
It Stonewall Still Standing that
once held the sound of her 

1139
01:04:22,800 --> 01:04:26,000
mother's prayers that absorbed 
the light of evening's, when the

1140
01:04:26,000 --> 01:04:29,600
family gathered, while the world
outside was cold and uncertain. 

1141
01:04:30,600 --> 01:04:33,800
Convinced it you can stand in 
the room where a girl grew up 

1142
01:04:33,800 --> 01:04:37,400
who could not read could not 
write, had never held a weapon 

1143
01:04:37,400 --> 01:04:41,600
or commanded a soldier or sat in
any Court more significant than 

1144
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:44,800
her father's kitchen and who 
changed the political direction 

1145
01:04:44,800 --> 01:04:47,700
of a country because she was 
convinced, she was supposed to 

1146
01:04:47,700 --> 01:04:50,300
and could not find a reason 
convincing enough to make her 

1147
01:04:50,300 --> 01:04:52,800
stop. 
The window of that house looks 

1148
01:04:52,800 --> 01:04:56,600
out toward the same river that 
she looked out towards as a 

1149
01:04:56,600 --> 01:04:59,500
child. 
The Muse is still there, still 

1150
01:04:59,500 --> 01:05:03,000
moving in the same direction. 
Still making the same sound, it 

1151
01:05:03,000 --> 01:05:10,000
made in 1412 and 1425 and 1429. 
The meadow Beyond it is still 

1152
01:05:10,000 --> 01:05:13,000
Green in the right season. 
The oak trees at the edge of the

1153
01:05:13,000 --> 01:05:15,308
woods are different trees. 
Now obviously five and a half 

1154
01:05:15,316 --> 01:05:18,500
centuries of trees having come 
and gone in the same spot but 

1155
01:05:18,500 --> 01:05:21,700
the woods are still there at the
same edge of the same field and 

1156
01:05:21,700 --> 01:05:24,900
on quiet mornings, the light on 
the grass is probably not very 

1157
01:05:24,900 --> 01:05:27,300
different from what it was when 
Joan walked through it. 

1158
01:05:28,300 --> 01:05:32,800
History keeps what it keeps. 
It does not always explain why 

1159
01:05:32,800 --> 01:05:34,800
it keeps some things and loses 
others. 

1160
01:05:34,800 --> 01:05:38,800
Why one girl from one Village in
one particular year became the 

1161
01:05:38,800 --> 01:05:42,400
kind of story that gets told for
600 years While most of the 

1162
01:05:42,400 --> 01:05:45,300
people who lived in similar 
villages in similar years, left 

1163
01:05:45,300 --> 01:05:47,800
no. 
Trace at all, the explanation 

1164
01:05:47,800 --> 01:05:50,800
probably has something to do 
with the choice, she made and 

1165
01:05:50,800 --> 01:05:52,500
something to do with the 
particular moment. 

1166
01:05:52,500 --> 01:05:55,800
Those choices intercepted with 
and something to do with the 

1167
01:05:55,800 --> 01:05:58,800
fact that the trial and Rule 
preserved her words with a 

1168
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:02,000
thoroughness that her enemies 
intended as condemnation. 

1169
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:04,600
And that turned out to be 
something closer to an 

1170
01:06:04,600 --> 01:06:08,700
inadvertent archive. 
She spoke clearly they wrote it 

1171
01:06:08,700 --> 01:06:13,000
down, the rest is what it is. 
Tonight, you have followed her 

1172
01:06:13,008 --> 01:06:16,400
from that, Meadow beside the 
Muse, through the fields where 

1173
01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:20,000
the voices first arrived, along 
the winter road, to vaakula 

1174
01:06:20,000 --> 01:06:23,800
through the examination Halls, 
at chinon, through the burning 

1175
01:06:23,800 --> 01:06:27,600
weeks, at our law up the long 
road to rounds, through the cold

1176
01:06:27,600 --> 01:06:31,000
prison at Rouen and into the 
long bright contested, 

1177
01:06:31,000 --> 01:06:33,100
permanence of what she became in
the centuries. 

1178
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:36,800
After There is no tidy 
conclusion to offer there. 

1179
01:06:36,800 --> 01:06:38,700
Rarely is with someone like 
Joan. 

1180
01:06:38,700 --> 01:06:42,000
What there is in Stead is the 
image of a girl standing in a 

1181
01:06:42,008 --> 01:06:45,500
garden on an ordinary summer 
afternoon, hearing something she

1182
01:06:45,500 --> 01:06:48,900
could not account for and 
deciding without drama and 

1183
01:06:48,900 --> 01:06:51,700
without any particular 
announcement that she was going 

1184
01:06:51,700 --> 01:06:55,700
to take it seriously. 
The Sheep was still in the field

1185
01:06:55,700 --> 01:06:59,100
behind her father's house. 
The Muse was still moving past 

1186
01:06:59,100 --> 01:07:02,100
the village as it always had. 
The oak tree at the edge of the 

1187
01:07:02,100 --> 01:07:05,200
woods was probably full of birds
in different to everything. 

1188
01:07:05,200 --> 01:07:09,600
Doing exactly what oak trees do 
on summer afternoons and the 

1189
01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:13,300
world quiet for just that moment
had no way of knowing what was 

1190
01:07:13,300 --> 01:07:16,900
coming. 
Let it be enough to night to 

1191
01:07:16,900 --> 01:07:20,800
know that she did. 
Rest, well, my tired Wanderers. 

1192
01:07:20,800 --> 01:07:25,000
If this story settled something 
in you, consider sharing it with

1193
01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:27,800
someone else who might need the 
company of a long quiet night. 

1194
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:30,100
I will be here when you come 
back. 

1195
01:07:36,600 --> 01:07:40,300
You wake Before Dawn in a small 
rented room above a cafe and all

1196
01:07:40,300 --> 01:07:44,600
southern France. 
It's 1888 and the pre-dawn 

1197
01:07:44,600 --> 01:07:47,400
Darkness carries the smell of 
yesterday's coffee grounds and 

1198
01:07:47,408 --> 01:07:52,200
turpentine, your name is Vincent
van Gogh there, almost, nobody 

1199
01:07:52,200 --> 01:07:54,700
knows it yet. 
And your feet, hit the cold 

1200
01:07:54,700 --> 01:07:57,500
floorboards with the same 
purpose they've had for years. 

1201
01:07:58,400 --> 01:08:02,800
Today, you will paint. 
The ritual begins in silence. 

1202
01:08:02,800 --> 01:08:05,400
You don't like the lamp 
immediately because your eyes 

1203
01:08:05,408 --> 01:08:08,400
need to adjust naturally. 
The way a Baker's hands. 

1204
01:08:08,400 --> 01:08:11,600
Need to learn dope before the 
oven warms You've discovered 

1205
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:14,300
that rushing this transition 
from sleep to wakefulness. 

1206
01:08:14,300 --> 01:08:18,800
Produces paintings that feel 
hurried disconnected from the 

1207
01:08:18,800 --> 01:08:21,800
pulse of actual seeing. 
So you sit on the edge of your 

1208
01:08:21,800 --> 01:08:25,200
narrow bed, listening to the 
town slowly, remember itself. 

1209
01:08:26,100 --> 01:08:30,600
Shutter creaking open somewhere 
a dog's distant bark, the first 

1210
01:08:30,600 --> 01:08:34,500
cartwheels grinding against 
cobblestones your room measures,

1211
01:08:34,500 --> 01:08:38,000
roughly 12 feet by 10 feet. 
You know, this, because you've 

1212
01:08:38,000 --> 01:08:40,800
painted it and painting, 
something means measuring it 

1213
01:08:40,800 --> 01:08:44,200
with your eyes, a thousand 
times, the walls of the color of

1214
01:08:44,200 --> 01:08:47,800
old cream stained here in there 
with accidental dorms of paint 

1215
01:08:47,800 --> 01:08:51,899
from when you've gestured to 
enthusiastically, Your bed has a

1216
01:08:51,899 --> 01:08:54,300
simple. 
Wooden frame two chairs, sit 

1217
01:08:54,300 --> 01:08:58,200
against one wall, the cane 
seats, worn smooth, above them. 

1218
01:08:58,200 --> 01:09:01,200
Hangs a small mirror. 
You rarely look into not from 

1219
01:09:01,200 --> 01:09:04,700
vanity or its opposite. 
But because your face is never 

1220
01:09:04,700 --> 01:09:06,800
interested you the way other 
phases do. 

1221
01:09:06,800 --> 01:09:11,700
You're not the subject, the 
world is the morning light when 

1222
01:09:11,700 --> 01:09:14,300
it finally arrives, doesn't 
burst through your window like a

1223
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:18,399
trumpet announcement. 
It seeps in gradually the way 

1224
01:09:18,399 --> 01:09:21,700
watercolor bleeds across wet 
paper, you've learned that. 

1225
01:09:21,700 --> 01:09:25,600
This is how most real things 
happen not with drama, but with 

1226
01:09:25,600 --> 01:09:30,000
patience The light touches your 
wash basin first then creeps 

1227
01:09:30,000 --> 01:09:33,500
across to your shoes, which 
you've left by the door cake 

1228
01:09:33,500 --> 01:09:35,399
with yes. 
To these dried mud from the 

1229
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:38,899
fields, you don't own many 
shoes, you wear them until they 

1230
01:09:38,899 --> 01:09:42,000
fall apart, then you patch them,
then you wear them some more. 

1231
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:46,500
Money spent on unnecessary 
shoes, is money not spent on 

1232
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:50,300
paint. 
Stand and stretch feeling your 

1233
01:09:50,300 --> 01:09:54,700
spine, crack in three distinct, 
places your 35 years old though.

1234
01:09:54,700 --> 01:09:57,200
Your body. 
Sometimes feels older years of 

1235
01:09:57,200 --> 01:10:01,500
poor nutrition walking miles 
every day, sleeping in cheap 

1236
01:10:01,500 --> 01:10:05,200
rooms with thin mattresses. 
These things, accumulate in your

1237
01:10:05,208 --> 01:10:08,800
joints like interest on a debt, 
but your hands are steady. 

1238
01:10:08,800 --> 01:10:11,600
That's what matters. 
Your hands are strong and 

1239
01:10:11,600 --> 01:10:15,000
certain even when your mind 
isn't the morning, a pollution 

1240
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:19,100
is a practical most military in 
their efficiency, cold water, 

1241
01:10:19,100 --> 01:10:22,800
from the Basin on your face, 
scrubbing away sleep and 

1242
01:10:22,800 --> 01:10:26,200
yesterday's paint that somehow 
always ends up on your temples 

1243
01:10:26,200 --> 01:10:29,400
and behind your ears. 
You've stopped questioning how 

1244
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:33,100
paint migrates to these unlikely
places artists are always 

1245
01:10:33,100 --> 01:10:36,900
slightly decorated with their 
work, like bakers with flour or 

1246
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:40,300
blacksmiths with soot, you dry 
your face with a rough towel, 

1247
01:10:40,300 --> 01:10:43,700
then, run your fingers through 
your red hair, which sticks up 

1248
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:46,100
in several directions and will 
continue to do. 

1249
01:10:46,100 --> 01:10:49,900
So, regardless of your efforts 
vanity about grooming seems 

1250
01:10:49,900 --> 01:10:52,600
absurd when you're about to 
spend 10 hours, staring at 

1251
01:10:52,600 --> 01:10:56,700
sunflowers breakfast is whatever
is available which usually isn't

1252
01:10:56,700 --> 01:11:01,200
much today, it's bread from two 
days ago, harder now but still 

1253
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:04,500
edible when torn into pieces. 
You eat it standing by the 

1254
01:11:04,500 --> 01:11:07,500
window looking out at the 
street, below the baker across 

1255
01:11:07,500 --> 01:11:11,800
the way is opening his shutters 
a woman in a dark dress sweeps, 

1256
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:15,500
her doorstep with brisk 
irritated Strokes as if the dust

1257
01:11:15,500 --> 01:11:19,400
as personally offended her a cat
slides along a wall like liquid.

1258
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:23,600
You memorize these things 
without trying. your brain has 

1259
01:11:23,600 --> 01:11:26,800
become a collection box for 
visual information constantly 

1260
01:11:26,800 --> 01:11:31,200
Gathering material even during 
the supposedly Idol moments the 

1261
01:11:31,200 --> 01:11:34,500
coffee when you make it taste 
like burnt Earth and Desperation

1262
01:11:35,300 --> 01:11:37,600
You've never been good at 
cooking and coffee. 

1263
01:11:37,600 --> 01:11:41,900
Making is a subset of that 
larger failure, but it's hot and

1264
01:11:41,900 --> 01:11:44,300
it contains caffeine which means
it fulfills. 

1265
01:11:44,300 --> 01:11:46,800
Its function. 
You've learned not to demand 

1266
01:11:46,800 --> 01:11:49,000
that things, be more than they 
are coffee. 

1267
01:11:49,000 --> 01:11:51,800
Should taste good, but it 
doesn't have to painting should 

1268
01:11:51,800 --> 01:11:54,800
sell, but it doesn't have to 
not, everything needs to be 

1269
01:11:54,800 --> 01:11:56,900
perfect. 
Most things just need to be 

1270
01:11:56,900 --> 01:11:59,100
done. 
While you drink your review, 

1271
01:11:59,100 --> 01:12:02,200
your mental inventory of 
supplies, titanium, white is 

1272
01:12:02,200 --> 01:12:05,700
running low Prussian Blue has 
maybe three more paintings in 

1273
01:12:05,700 --> 01:12:08,200
the tube. 
The linseed oil needs replacing 

1274
01:12:08,200 --> 01:12:09,800
soon. 
Chrome, yellow. 

1275
01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:13,300
Your beloved yellow, your 
sunshine and paste form is 

1276
01:12:13,300 --> 01:12:16,500
adequate for now. 
You calculate costs in your head

1277
01:12:16,500 --> 01:12:18,800
matching them against the 
monthly allowance. 

1278
01:12:18,800 --> 01:12:20,500
Your brother Theo sends from 
Paris. 

1279
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:24,000
The mathematics are always 
depressing, so you don't Linger 

1280
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:28,000
on them, you'll make it work. 
You always make it work even if 

1281
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:31,400
it means eating less bread next 
week, the light is stronger. 

1282
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:35,000
Now turning the walls gold, and 
this is the moment you've been 

1283
01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:37,400
waiting for without realizing 
you were waiting. 

1284
01:12:37,400 --> 01:12:42,100
The moment when the day declares
its color intention today will 

1285
01:12:42,100 --> 01:12:45,900
be warm toned. 
You can already tell the shadows

1286
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:47,600
will have purple in them by 
afternoon. 

1287
01:12:47,600 --> 01:12:52,100
The sky will be that particular 
shade of blue that only exists 

1288
01:12:52,100 --> 01:12:57,000
involves as if God mixed Ultra 
Marine with hope and spreaded 

1289
01:12:57,000 --> 01:13:01,000
overhead like a blessing. 
You finish your coffee and set 

1290
01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:04,200
the cup on the small table. 
Then you stand still for a 

1291
01:13:04,200 --> 01:13:07,100
moment, feeling your body settle
into readiness. 

1292
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:10,900
Your shoulders, drop your 
breathing slows. 

1293
01:13:10,900 --> 01:13:15,700
This is the transition point. 
The threshold between being a 

1294
01:13:15,700 --> 01:13:20,800
person who sleeps neets and a 
person who sees and creates it's

1295
01:13:20,800 --> 01:13:23,300
a shift, you've practiced so 
many times, it's become 

1296
01:13:23,300 --> 01:13:26,800
automatic like a priest, 
entering a church or a soldier 

1297
01:13:26,800 --> 01:13:28,900
picking up a rifle, this is what
you do. 

1298
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:32,800
This is who you are, you reach 
for your coat, a brown jacket 

1299
01:13:32,800 --> 01:13:37,000
that seen better years as you 
shrug it on, you feel the weight

1300
01:13:37,000 --> 01:13:40,900
of brushes in the inside pocket,
a reassuring pressure against 

1301
01:13:40,900 --> 01:13:43,700
your ribs, your fingers, check 
automatically? 

1302
01:13:43,700 --> 01:13:46,000
Yes. 
The small Sketchbook is still 

1303
01:13:46,000 --> 01:13:48,400
there. 
A stub of graphite wrapped in 

1304
01:13:48,408 --> 01:13:50,700
string. 
Your portable memory for when 

1305
01:13:50,700 --> 01:13:54,900
oil and canvas aren't practical.
Everything you need is accounted

1306
01:13:54,900 --> 01:13:58,200
for everything. 
Necessary is present before 

1307
01:13:58,200 --> 01:13:59,900
leaving. 
You glanced once more around the

1308
01:13:59,900 --> 01:14:01,900
room. 
It's not much this temporary 

1309
01:14:01,900 --> 01:14:05,500
home but it's yours. 
Bed, where you collapse after 12

1310
01:14:05,500 --> 01:14:08,600
hour, painting sessions, the 
chairs, where you sit and write 

1311
01:14:08,600 --> 01:14:11,800
long letters to Theo, trying to 
explain what you're seeing, what

1312
01:14:11,800 --> 01:14:13,700
your attempting and why it 
matters. 

1313
01:14:13,700 --> 01:14:17,500
The mirror that reflects a man 
who looks perpetually surprised 

1314
01:14:17,500 --> 01:14:20,800
by his own face, the window that
frames the world like a 

1315
01:14:20,808 --> 01:14:23,200
painting. 
You haven't started yet, then 

1316
01:14:23,200 --> 01:14:26,600
you open the door and step into 
the morning, ready to do what, 

1317
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:29,100
you've always done. 
Look at ordinary things. 

1318
01:14:29,100 --> 01:14:32,400
Until they become extraordinary.
Then try to capture that 

1319
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:35,500
transformation on canvas before 
the magic evaporates. 

1320
01:14:35,500 --> 01:14:38,200
It's not a mystical process. 
It's work. 

1321
01:14:38,200 --> 01:14:41,100
It's practice. 
It's, what happens when you show

1322
01:14:41,100 --> 01:14:44,600
up every single day, even when 
you don't feel like it. 

1323
01:14:44,600 --> 01:14:48,500
Even when the previous day's 
painting was terrible, even when

1324
01:14:48,500 --> 01:14:51,600
nobody's buying and nobody's 
watching and nobody particularly

1325
01:14:51,600 --> 01:14:54,200
cares. 
The street outside smells like 

1326
01:14:54,200 --> 01:14:57,500
horse manure and flowering, 
Jasmine, an oddly Pleasant 

1327
01:14:57,500 --> 01:15:01,000
combination, that you've come to
associate with purpose, you turn

1328
01:15:01,008 --> 01:15:04,500
left toward the fields, toward 
the light, Toward whatever today

1329
01:15:04,500 --> 01:15:08,000
will show you if your patient 
enough to see it, the walk to 

1330
01:15:08,000 --> 01:15:11,100
your painting spot isn't 
exercise, its education. 

1331
01:15:11,100 --> 01:15:14,000
You've covered this route 
doesn't have times but it's 

1332
01:15:14,000 --> 01:15:17,300
never the same twice because 
light is never the same twice 

1333
01:15:17,300 --> 01:15:22,400
and like changes everything it 
touches today, the morning sun 

1334
01:15:22,400 --> 01:15:25,200
Slants from the East, turning 
the Yellowstone, building into 

1335
01:15:25,200 --> 01:15:28,400
blocks of butter. 
Shadows pool in doorways. 

1336
01:15:28,400 --> 01:15:31,000
Like spilling. 
You notice these things the way 

1337
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:36,000
a musician notices pitch 
automatically constantly unable 

1338
01:15:36,000 --> 01:15:39,800
to turn it off even if you want 
it to Your pace is steady but 

1339
01:15:39,800 --> 01:15:42,600
not hurried. 
Hurrying, makes you miss things.

1340
01:15:42,600 --> 01:15:45,700
You learn this years ago when 
you were trying to be a minister

1341
01:15:45,700 --> 01:15:50,300
rushing between appointments and
pastoral visits and realized you

1342
01:15:50,300 --> 01:15:53,600
were moving through the world 
without actually seeing it now. 

1343
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:57,400
You move deliberately your eyes 
scanning left to right up and 

1344
01:15:57,400 --> 01:15:59,600
down, taking in the whole visual
field. 

1345
01:15:59,600 --> 01:16:02,000
Like a camera with an impossibly
wide lens. 

1346
01:16:03,100 --> 01:16:05,800
An old woman sits on a low stool
outside her house. 

1347
01:16:06,600 --> 01:16:10,000
Peeling potatoes into a tin base
and hands move with the 

1348
01:16:10,000 --> 01:16:12,800
efficiency of someone who's 
performed this task 10,000 

1349
01:16:12,800 --> 01:16:15,900
times. 
Potato skins fall in Long, 

1350
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:19,900
spirals Brown and cream. 
You note the curve of her back, 

1351
01:16:19,900 --> 01:16:22,900
the angle of a wrists and the 
way the light catches, the blade

1352
01:16:22,900 --> 01:16:25,300
of a knife, you don't stop to 
sketch. 

1353
01:16:25,300 --> 01:16:27,700
Her stopping would make a 
self-conscious and would change 

1354
01:16:27,700 --> 01:16:30,500
the naturalness of the scene, 
but you file away the image 

1355
01:16:30,500 --> 01:16:35,000
later, maybe next week, maybe 
next year, a painting will need 

1356
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:38,500
an old woman's hands, and you'll
remember these hands the 

1357
01:16:38,500 --> 01:16:41,600
streets, narrow, as you leave 
the Town Center, The buildings 

1358
01:16:41,600 --> 01:16:44,800
lean toward each other overhead,
creating a tunnel of Shade 

1359
01:16:44,800 --> 01:16:48,100
that's 10 degrees cooler than 
the sunny patches, your boots. 

1360
01:16:48,100 --> 01:16:52,200
Those perpetually muddy boots, 
click against the cobblestones 

1361
01:16:52,200 --> 01:16:53,900
with a rhythm, that's almost 
musical. 

1362
01:16:53,900 --> 01:16:57,100
Click click click, click. 
Click like a metronome, keeping 

1363
01:16:57,100 --> 01:17:00,400
time for a very slow song. 
You pass the blacksmith shop 

1364
01:17:00,400 --> 01:17:03,600
already hot. 
Despite the early hour The Smith

1365
01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:06,600
himself a man with four arms. 
Like, hams is working the 

1366
01:17:06,600 --> 01:17:11,000
Bellows, the forge glows, orange
red, and you paused, despite 

1367
01:17:11,000 --> 01:17:14,700
yourself because that particular
quality of light, incandescent 

1368
01:17:14,700 --> 01:17:19,300
dangerous alive is one of the 
hardest things to capture on 

1369
01:17:19,300 --> 01:17:21,500
canvas. 
How do you paint light? 

1370
01:17:21,500 --> 01:17:24,000
That's all so heat. 
How do you make a viewer? 

1371
01:17:24,000 --> 01:17:26,100
Feel warmth through a cold layer
of paint. 

1372
01:17:26,900 --> 01:17:29,500
These are the questions that 
wake you at 3 in the morning and

1373
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:31,300
refused to let you return to 
sleep. 

1374
01:17:32,400 --> 01:17:34,800
Smith nods at you. 
You nod back. 

1375
01:17:34,800 --> 01:17:38,900
He thinks you're odd. 
You can tell everyone thinks 

1376
01:17:38,900 --> 01:17:42,200
you're odd You've heard The 
Whispers seen the side, long 

1377
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:45,700
glances, the crazy Dutch 
painter, who stares at things 

1378
01:17:45,700 --> 01:17:49,900
too long, who talks to himself 
while working who once cut off 

1379
01:17:49,900 --> 01:17:52,800
part of his own ear during a 
crisis, you still can't fully 

1380
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:54,300
explain. 
Even to yourself. 

1381
01:17:55,100 --> 01:17:59,000
But the Smith is polite and 
politeness is enough, you don't 

1382
01:17:59,000 --> 01:18:02,600
need friendship from everyone, 
you meet, you need light, and 

1383
01:18:02,600 --> 01:18:05,200
form and color. 
And those things don't care if 

1384
01:18:05,200 --> 01:18:09,400
your popular Beyond The Smith's 
shop, the building start to thin

1385
01:18:09,400 --> 01:18:11,200
out. 
Guards appear. 

1386
01:18:11,200 --> 01:18:15,000
Then small plots of vegetables, 
then Open Fields stretching 

1387
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:18,200
towards the horizon. 
This is where your heading to 

1388
01:18:18,200 --> 01:18:21,600
the edge of civilization, where 
human Arrangement gives way to 

1389
01:18:21,600 --> 01:18:24,500
Natural chaos. 
You've always felt more 

1390
01:18:24,500 --> 01:18:27,000
comfortable here in the 
transitional zones. 

1391
01:18:27,000 --> 01:18:31,200
Not quite Town, not quite 
Countryside, places where 

1392
01:18:31,200 --> 01:18:33,900
anything might happen where the 
rules are still being 

1393
01:18:33,900 --> 01:18:36,600
negotiated. 
The Earth Beneath Your Feet 

1394
01:18:36,600 --> 01:18:40,000
changes from Stone to packed. 
Dirt to soft to soil. 

1395
01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:43,300
You can feel the difference 
through your boots, Souls the 

1396
01:18:43,300 --> 01:18:45,200
way a sailor. 
Feels the mood of the sea, 

1397
01:18:45,200 --> 01:18:49,000
through the deck of a ship. 
The ground here is red-orange 

1398
01:18:49,000 --> 01:18:52,200
and iron rich. 
The color of rust and clay and 

1399
01:18:52,200 --> 01:18:55,200
dried blood. 
It stains, everything it touches

1400
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:59,000
your boots, your trouser, cuffs 
your hands. 

1401
01:18:59,000 --> 01:19:01,500
When you sit in the fields and 
steady yourself against the 

1402
01:19:01,500 --> 01:19:04,800
Earth, you've tried to mix this 
exact color in paint. 

1403
01:19:05,500 --> 01:19:08,500
Burnt sienna with a touch of 
cadmium orange and maybe some 

1404
01:19:08,500 --> 01:19:10,900
raw Umber. 
But you've never quite matched. 

1405
01:19:10,900 --> 01:19:13,500
It. 
Nature's palette is always more 

1406
01:19:13,500 --> 01:19:15,800
complex than anything you can 
mix on your own. 

1407
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:20,000
Birds wheel overhead dark shapes
against the brightening sky. 

1408
01:19:20,900 --> 01:19:22,600
Swallows. 
You think though, you're not 

1409
01:19:22,608 --> 01:19:24,700
particularly good at identifying
species. 

1410
01:19:25,700 --> 01:19:29,500
They move with such confidence. 
Such certainty of purpose. 

1411
01:19:30,300 --> 01:19:33,100
You envy them. 
This sometimes they never seem 

1412
01:19:33,100 --> 01:19:35,900
to doubt which direction to fly,
or whether they're flying 

1413
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:39,000
matters, they simply fly because
flying is what they do. 

1414
01:19:39,000 --> 01:19:42,800
And that's enough. 
Feels open before you like a 

1415
01:19:42,800 --> 01:19:46,600
green and gold Sea weet. 
Mostly with the occasional 

1416
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:48,700
interruptions of poppies, 
though. 

1417
01:19:48,700 --> 01:19:52,200
Shocking red, punctuation marks 
that make the whole landscape 

1418
01:19:52,200 --> 01:19:54,700
vibrate. 
You've painted Poppy's more 

1419
01:19:54,700 --> 01:19:57,900
times than you can count but you
still have not captured what 

1420
01:19:57,900 --> 01:20:02,300
they actually do to a field. 
They don't just add color, they 

1421
01:20:02,300 --> 01:20:06,500
had violent urgency and a kind 
of visual shouting that demands 

1422
01:20:06,500 --> 01:20:10,000
attention. 
Field without poppies, is a 

1423
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:13,800
sentence without passion. 
The field with poppies is a 

1424
01:20:13,800 --> 01:20:16,300
sentence ending in an 
exclamation point. 

1425
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:19,200
You walk along the edge of a 
wheat field, running your hand, 

1426
01:20:19,200 --> 01:20:23,000
through the tops of the grain. 
Stalks, they're dry and Whisper 

1427
01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:26,500
Soft like the sound of Secrets 
being shared, the wheat is 

1428
01:20:26,500 --> 01:20:29,200
nearly ready for Harvest. 
You can tell by the weight of 

1429
01:20:29,208 --> 01:20:32,000
the seed heads and the way they 
bow toward Earth as if praying 

1430
01:20:32,600 --> 01:20:36,700
In a week, maybe two men will 
come with scythes and reduce all

1431
01:20:36,700 --> 01:20:39,800
this gold to stubble. 
The thought makes you walk fast 

1432
01:20:39,800 --> 01:20:42,000
faster. 
You need to paint this before it

1433
01:20:42,000 --> 01:20:43,500
disappears. 
Everything. 

1434
01:20:43,500 --> 01:20:46,500
Beautiful is temporary 
everything worth looking at will

1435
01:20:46,500 --> 01:20:49,300
eventually be gone. 
You'll painting spot today is a 

1436
01:20:49,300 --> 01:20:52,200
slight rise. 
Overlooking, the fields near a 

1437
01:20:52,200 --> 01:20:54,900
Twisted, Olive Tree that you've 
painted before, but never quite 

1438
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:57,500
captured. 
Tree has character. 

1439
01:20:57,500 --> 01:20:59,500
That's the only way to describe 
it. 

1440
01:20:59,500 --> 01:21:03,000
It's been shaped by wind and 
drought and time into something 

1441
01:21:03,000 --> 01:21:05,300
that looks half dead but refuses
to give up. 

1442
01:21:06,200 --> 01:21:07,000
Gray. 
Green leaves. 

1443
01:21:07,000 --> 01:21:10,200
Shimmer in the breeze. 
The trunk is nulled like an 

1444
01:21:10,200 --> 01:21:12,800
arthritic hand. 
You love this tree. 

1445
01:21:12,800 --> 01:21:14,800
You love it. 
The way you love your brother, 

1446
01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:18,400
Theo uncomplicated and deep. 
And without needing reasons. 

1447
01:21:19,200 --> 01:21:22,600
You sat down your canvas and 
painting supplies, arranging 

1448
01:21:22,600 --> 01:21:25,200
them with the care of a surgeon 
preparing instruments. 

1449
01:21:25,200 --> 01:21:28,800
The easel goes here, facing 
Northeast to catch the changing 

1450
01:21:28,800 --> 01:21:31,900
light. 
The canvas, a rough weave. 

1451
01:21:31,900 --> 01:21:34,400
You stretch yourself because 
professional stretching costs 

1452
01:21:34,400 --> 01:21:36,600
money. 
You don't have Fits onto the 

1453
01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:40,400
easel with a satisfying. 
Click, your paint box opens like

1454
01:21:40,400 --> 01:21:43,900
a small Treasure Chest. 
Revealing tubes, squeezed flat. 

1455
01:21:43,900 --> 01:21:47,800
At the bottom colors arranged by
temperature cools on the left, 

1456
01:21:47,800 --> 01:21:52,600
warms on the right, your palate.
A rectangular board warns, 

1457
01:21:52,600 --> 01:21:56,200
smooth and stained with 100 
previous paintings rests on your

1458
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:57,000
left. 
Forearm. 

1459
01:21:57,700 --> 01:21:59,100
Brushes. 
Go in your right hand. 

1460
01:21:59,100 --> 01:22:02,000
A cluster of bristles like a 
small bouquet. 

1461
01:22:02,900 --> 01:22:06,500
But before you start painting, 
you sit this is important. 

1462
01:22:07,500 --> 01:22:10,400
You've learned that beginning to
quickly produces work, that's 

1463
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:14,200
enthusiastic but superficial you
need to let the place settle in 

1464
01:22:14,200 --> 01:22:16,100
to you. 
You need to let your eyes 

1465
01:22:16,100 --> 01:22:19,600
adjust, not just to the light 
but to the specific personality 

1466
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:23,100
of this particular morning every
day has its own character. 

1467
01:22:23,100 --> 01:22:27,000
So mood Today, feels 
contemplative. 

1468
01:22:27,000 --> 01:22:31,900
The light is soft. 
Shadows, gentle a day, for 

1469
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:34,500
careful observation rather than 
dramatic gesture. 

1470
01:22:35,400 --> 01:22:39,200
You watch the wheat moving waves
responding to breezes, you can't

1471
01:22:39,200 --> 01:22:42,800
feel from this distance. 
The motion is Hypnotic and 

1472
01:22:42,800 --> 01:22:47,100
calming, you let your mind empty
becoming nothing but a pair of 

1473
01:22:47,100 --> 01:22:50,100
eyes, a recording device for the
world's visual information. 

1474
01:22:51,200 --> 01:22:54,600
This is the closest you come to 
meditation, though, you'd never 

1475
01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:58,700
call it that. 
Simply looking looking until you

1476
01:22:58,700 --> 01:23:02,600
see a farmer appears in the 
middle distance, a dark figure 

1477
01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:05,300
against the gold. 
He's examining something in the 

1478
01:23:05,300 --> 01:23:07,300
field. 
Bending down, straightening up, 

1479
01:23:07,300 --> 01:23:11,700
moving in, that slow, considered
way, that farmers, have people 

1480
01:23:11,700 --> 01:23:14,800
who know that rushing 
accomplishes, nothing the crops 

1481
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:17,100
grow on their own schedule 
regardless of human. 

1482
01:23:17,100 --> 01:23:21,000
And patience, you're watching 
for 10 minutes, 15 memorizing, 

1483
01:23:21,000 --> 01:23:23,100
the shapes. 
He makes the way his body 

1484
01:23:23,100 --> 01:23:24,900
relates to the landscape around 
him. 

1485
01:23:24,900 --> 01:23:28,200
You won't paint him today. 
He'll be gone before you're 

1486
01:23:28,200 --> 01:23:29,600
ready. 
But you'll remember him. 

1487
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:32,000
He'll appear in some future, 
painting. 

1488
01:23:32,000 --> 01:23:35,200
A tiny figure giving scaled to 
an endless field. 

1489
01:23:35,200 --> 01:23:40,800
A human presence making nature 
comprehensive Farmer straightens

1490
01:23:40,800 --> 01:23:43,200
one. 
Final time, then walks away 

1491
01:23:43,200 --> 01:23:46,200
disappearing behind a distant 
line of trees. 

1492
01:23:46,200 --> 01:23:49,800
You're alone again with the 
fields and the sky and the tree 

1493
01:23:49,800 --> 01:23:53,400
that refuses to die. 
The light is shifted slightly in

1494
01:23:53,400 --> 01:23:56,100
the time you've been sitting. 
What was gentle. 

1495
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,000
As becoming assertive, the 
Shadows are sharper. 

1496
01:23:59,000 --> 01:24:01,900
The colors are warmer. 
It's time to begin. 

1497
01:24:01,900 --> 01:24:04,900
You stand, feeling your knees 
crack again. 

1498
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:09,400
Then you pick up a brush, load 
it with thinned paint and make 

1499
01:24:09,400 --> 01:24:13,800
the first mark on the canvas. 
A single line defining the 

1500
01:24:13,800 --> 01:24:16,500
Horizon. 
It's a small gesture barely 

1501
01:24:16,500 --> 01:24:20,500
noticeable but it's everything. 
it's the moment when possibility

1502
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:24,300
becomes actuality when the blank
canvas stops being frightening 

1503
01:24:24,300 --> 01:24:28,900
and becomes, simply a problem to
solve you've begun the rest will

1504
01:24:28,900 --> 01:24:32,000
follow because the rest always 
follows, you just have to keep 

1505
01:24:32,000 --> 01:24:35,700
going one brush stroke after 
another until the day runs out 

1506
01:24:35,700 --> 01:24:38,400
or the painting is finished, 
which ever comes first. 

1507
01:24:39,400 --> 01:24:42,400
First hour of painting is always
a conversation with doubt. 

1508
01:24:43,100 --> 01:24:47,500
Your hand moves automatically 
blocking in the major shapes sky

1509
01:24:47,500 --> 01:24:51,200
here, filled their tree in the 
middle distance but your mind, 

1510
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:54,400
questioned. 
Everything is the horizon line 

1511
01:24:54,400 --> 01:24:57,800
too high too low. 
Should the wheat be more yellow 

1512
01:24:57,800 --> 01:25:00,500
or more gold? 
Does that olive tree look like 

1513
01:25:00,500 --> 01:25:02,200
an olive tree or like a child 
scribble? 

1514
01:25:02,800 --> 01:25:05,500
These questions don't paralyze 
you anymore, but they're always 

1515
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:08,500
present like a background hum. 
You've learned to work through. 

1516
01:25:08,500 --> 01:25:11,400
You paint standing up. 
Always standing. 

1517
01:25:12,100 --> 01:25:15,200
You tried painting seated once 
years ago and found it made you 

1518
01:25:15,200 --> 01:25:19,000
timid Something about being at 
eye level with the canvas, gave 

1519
01:25:19,000 --> 01:25:21,300
you permission to be too 
careful, too. 

1520
01:25:21,300 --> 01:25:24,900
Precious standing forces. 
You to engage physically, your 

1521
01:25:24,900 --> 01:25:28,800
whole body, participates legs 
for balance, core for stability,

1522
01:25:28,800 --> 01:25:33,000
shoulders for large gestures and
wrists for fine control. 

1523
01:25:34,300 --> 01:25:36,000
Painting isn't just a hand 
activity. 

1524
01:25:36,000 --> 01:25:39,600
It's a full body commitment to 
transferring what you see, onto 

1525
01:25:39,600 --> 01:25:41,800
a surface that will never fully 
cooperate. 

1526
01:25:43,000 --> 01:25:45,100
The paint goes on in layers 
though. 

1527
01:25:45,100 --> 01:25:48,100
Not the neat, patient layers 
that academic painters. 

1528
01:25:48,100 --> 01:25:52,300
Use your layers are messy urgent
and build up quickly. 

1529
01:25:52,300 --> 01:25:55,700
While the light still holds its 
current quality, you've learned 

1530
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:57,900
that light moves faster than 
paint trees. 

1531
01:25:57,900 --> 01:26:01,500
So you work on wet colors 
bleeding into each other, on the

1532
01:26:01,500 --> 01:26:03,700
canvas, the same way they blend 
in nature. 

1533
01:26:03,700 --> 01:26:07,100
This technique frustrates, our 
teachers who want clean edges 

1534
01:26:07,100 --> 01:26:10,100
and proper procedures, but those
teachers aren't here in the 

1535
01:26:10,108 --> 01:26:11,600
field. 
Watching how yellow wheat 

1536
01:26:11,600 --> 01:26:14,900
transitions to blue shadow 
nature, doesn't have clean 

1537
01:26:14,900 --> 01:26:17,000
edges. 
Nature is all transition. 

1538
01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:20,000
All great nation. 
All one thing, becoming another 

1539
01:26:20,000 --> 01:26:22,700
thing. 
Your brushwork is distinctive 

1540
01:26:22,700 --> 01:26:24,400
though, you don't think about 
it, while working. 

1541
01:26:25,300 --> 01:26:29,000
Short directional Strokes, that 
follow the form of whatever your

1542
01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:32,800
painting, the wheat grows 
upward, so your brush Strokes 

1543
01:26:32,800 --> 01:26:35,500
grow upward, the wind moves 
rightward. 

1544
01:26:35,500 --> 01:26:37,800
So your brush Strokes lean 
rightward. 

1545
01:26:38,700 --> 01:26:41,900
People who see your paintings, 
sometimes comment on how visible

1546
01:26:41,900 --> 01:26:45,400
the brushwork is how they can 
see each individual Mark. 

1547
01:26:45,400 --> 01:26:48,000
You made this bothers the more 
than it bothers you. 

1548
01:26:48,900 --> 01:26:50,500
You're not trying to hide your 
process. 

1549
01:26:50,500 --> 01:26:53,800
You're not trying to create a 
smooth photographic allusion. 

1550
01:26:53,800 --> 01:26:56,600
You're trying to capture the 
energy of seeing itself. 

1551
01:26:56,600 --> 01:26:59,000
The way, the eye moves across a 
scene. 

1552
01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:02,700
Constantly collecting 
information constantly in motion

1553
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:08,400
The Morning Light strength. 
And with it comes Heat by 10 

1554
01:27:08,400 --> 01:27:11,200
oclock, sweat his running down, 
your temples mixing with the 

1555
01:27:11,200 --> 01:27:13,300
inevitable paints, much as on 
your face. 

1556
01:27:13,300 --> 01:27:16,900
You don't notice when your 
painting your body becomes, 

1557
01:27:16,900 --> 01:27:20,900
secondary just the mechanism 
that moves the brushes hunger, 

1558
01:27:20,900 --> 01:27:25,700
thirst, physical, discomfort. 
These things registered dimly, 

1559
01:27:25,700 --> 01:27:27,800
like news from a distant 
country. 

1560
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:29,500
You're not particularly 
interested in. 

1561
01:27:29,500 --> 01:27:32,800
You'll deal with your body's 
needs later right. 

1562
01:27:32,800 --> 01:27:35,600
Now, there's only the canvas and
the field and the gradually 

1563
01:27:35,600 --> 01:27:38,200
narrowing gap between what you 
see and what you're making. 

1564
01:27:39,200 --> 01:27:41,700
Step back, periodically to 
assess your progress. 

1565
01:27:41,700 --> 01:27:45,400
This is crucial working too 
close for too long. 

1566
01:27:45,408 --> 01:27:47,400
Produces paintings that fall 
apart. 

1567
01:27:47,400 --> 01:27:48,900
When viewed from a normal 
distance. 

1568
01:27:50,000 --> 01:27:52,500
The stepping back is also 
dangerous because it allows 

1569
01:27:52,500 --> 01:27:55,300
doubt to creep in. 
From 6 feet away. 

1570
01:27:55,300 --> 01:28:00,100
Every mistake becomes obvious 
that Shadows too purple that 

1571
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:03,200
highlight is too bright. 
The wheat looks flat and 

1572
01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:05,500
lifeless. 
The tree looks like it's 

1573
01:28:05,500 --> 01:28:07,700
floating rather than growing 
from Earth. 

1574
01:28:08,500 --> 01:28:11,700
You catalog, these failures 
methodically then step forward 

1575
01:28:11,700 --> 01:28:15,500
again and start correcting them.
This is the work not the 

1576
01:28:15,500 --> 01:28:19,800
inspired moments but the patient
revision making mistakes, 

1577
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:24,600
recognizing them, fixing them 
over and over until the painting

1578
01:28:24,600 --> 01:28:27,200
is either finished or ruined 
which sometimes amounts to the 

1579
01:28:27,200 --> 01:28:30,600
same thing around noon, you 
permit yourself a break. 

1580
01:28:31,400 --> 01:28:34,200
You set down your brushes and 
sit in the shade of the Olive 

1581
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:35,000
Tree. 
You've been painting. 

1582
01:28:35,900 --> 01:28:38,900
Your legs are stiff from 
standing your right shoulder 

1583
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:41,300
aches. 
From holding the palate, your 

1584
01:28:41,300 --> 01:28:43,000
eyes are tired from the bright 
light. 

1585
01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:46,000
These are good pains earned 
pains. 

1586
01:28:46,000 --> 01:28:49,700
They mean you've worked really 
worked, not just dabbled 

1587
01:28:49,700 --> 01:28:54,300
lunches, whatever you brought 
from the room today an apple and

1588
01:28:54,300 --> 01:28:58,100
more of that terrible bread, you
eat slowly not because the food 

1589
01:28:58,100 --> 01:29:00,400
is good, but because slowing 
down is necessary. 

1590
01:29:01,100 --> 01:29:04,300
Your mind is still moving at 
painting speed processing, 

1591
01:29:04,300 --> 01:29:06,300
colors and shapes and 
relationships. 

1592
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:10,200
You need to let it settle. 
You need to let your eyes rest. 

1593
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:13,800
So you sit and chew and watch 
the field from the perspective 

1594
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:15,800
of idleness, rather than 
purpose. 

1595
01:29:17,000 --> 01:29:20,000
The field doesn't care, whether 
you're painting it or not, it's 

1596
01:29:20,000 --> 01:29:21,900
beautiful regardless of your 
attention. 

1597
01:29:22,800 --> 01:29:25,800
This is a comforting thought, 
the world doesn't need you to 

1598
01:29:25,800 --> 01:29:28,800
paint it. 
The world is fine on its own you

1599
01:29:28,800 --> 01:29:31,500
paint because you need to not 
because the world requires it. 

1600
01:29:31,500 --> 01:29:35,800
A lizard emerges from beneath a 
nearby Rock freezes from a 

1601
01:29:35,800 --> 01:29:39,700
moment in that peculiar lizard 
weigh utterly still as if 

1602
01:29:39,700 --> 01:29:43,400
playing a game of hide and seek 
with death, then Darts Away in a

1603
01:29:43,408 --> 01:29:47,200
blur of green. 
You smile quick movements are 

1604
01:29:47,200 --> 01:29:49,700
almost impossible to paint 
because there are over before 

1605
01:29:49,700 --> 01:29:52,200
you can analyze them, 
photography is better at 

1606
01:29:52,200 --> 01:29:56,400
capturing speed but photography,
misses everything else, the 

1607
01:29:56,400 --> 01:29:58,700
weight of the air, the quality 
of the light to the emotional, 

1608
01:29:58,700 --> 01:30:02,400
Resonance of a moment, you'll 
take the limitations of painting

1609
01:30:02,400 --> 01:30:03,900
over the limitations of 
Photography. 

1610
01:30:03,900 --> 01:30:07,500
Any day after eating, you don't 
immediately resume painting. 

1611
01:30:07,500 --> 01:30:12,200
Instead, you take out your small
Sketchbook and the graphite stub

1612
01:30:12,200 --> 01:30:14,200
painting as for Colour and 
light. 

1613
01:30:14,200 --> 01:30:17,700
But sketching is for 
understanding structure, you 

1614
01:30:17,700 --> 01:30:21,600
draw the Olive Tree quickly, 
Loosely not trying for accuracy,

1615
01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:25,600
but trying to feel How the tree 
grows how its branches relate to

1616
01:30:25,608 --> 01:30:29,400
its trunk and how the whole 
thing balances despite appearing

1617
01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:34,600
ready to topple over. 
Drawing is thinking drawing is 

1618
01:30:34,608 --> 01:30:37,900
learning to see. 
You fill two pages with versions

1619
01:30:37,900 --> 01:30:39,700
of the tree. 
Each one slightly different, 

1620
01:30:39,700 --> 01:30:43,700
each one teaching you something 
new about how null would occupy 

1621
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:46,200
space. 
The afternoon light is different

1622
01:30:46,200 --> 01:30:49,500
from the Morning Light. 
Harsher, less forgiving. 

1623
01:30:50,400 --> 01:30:53,100
Shadows shrink into the cells 
colors. 

1624
01:30:53,100 --> 01:30:57,100
Bleach out slightly as if the 
Sun is a kind of acid eating 

1625
01:30:57,100 --> 01:31:00,500
away at saturation. 
You return to the canvas with 

1626
01:31:00,500 --> 01:31:04,100
this awareness, adjusting your 
palate, adding more white to 

1627
01:31:04,100 --> 01:31:06,300
your mixtures and cooling, the 
yellow slightly. 

1628
01:31:07,100 --> 01:31:09,700
Every hour of the day requires 
different colors. 

1629
01:31:09,700 --> 01:31:13,300
This is why painting Outdoors is
both harder and more honest than

1630
01:31:13,300 --> 01:31:17,100
painting in a studio. 
The studio light stays constant 

1631
01:31:17,100 --> 01:31:20,700
nature, never stays still your 
back is hurting. 

1632
01:31:20,700 --> 01:31:23,700
Now a dull ache between your 
shoulder blades from the 

1633
01:31:23,700 --> 01:31:26,500
prolonged standing and reaching 
you ignore it. 

1634
01:31:27,200 --> 01:31:30,400
Pain is just information and 
this particular information 

1635
01:31:30,400 --> 01:31:33,200
isn't urgent. 
We've worked through worse 

1636
01:31:33,200 --> 01:31:36,600
through cold rain. 
That numbed your fingers through

1637
01:31:36,600 --> 01:31:39,600
headaches that made your vision 
blur through days, when 

1638
01:31:39,600 --> 01:31:41,800
depression, sat on your 
shoulders, like a physical 

1639
01:31:41,800 --> 01:31:45,200
weight. 
This is just a backache, this is

1640
01:31:45,200 --> 01:31:48,100
nothing. 
By mid-afternoon, the painting 

1641
01:31:48,100 --> 01:31:50,900
has reached that critical stage 
where it could go either way. 

1642
01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:54,600
There's either about to come 
together or about to fall apart.

1643
01:31:55,300 --> 01:31:58,700
You've been here hundreds of 
times before and it never gets 

1644
01:31:58,700 --> 01:32:02,100
less nerve-racking. 
The Temptation is to overwork it

1645
01:32:02,100 --> 01:32:05,300
to keep fussing with details, 
until you've killed whatever 

1646
01:32:05,300 --> 01:32:08,500
life, the painting had But 
you've also learned that 

1647
01:32:08,500 --> 01:32:10,600
stopping too soon. 
Leaves it unfinished. 

1648
01:32:10,600 --> 01:32:13,800
Incomplete. 
The trick is knowing when to 

1649
01:32:13,800 --> 01:32:17,500
push, and when to step away, 
This knowledge doesn't come from

1650
01:32:17,500 --> 01:32:20,500
Rules. 
It comes from failure from 

1651
01:32:20,500 --> 01:32:23,400
ruining enough paintings that 
you start to recognize the 

1652
01:32:23,400 --> 01:32:26,800
warning signs. 
You work more carefully now with

1653
01:32:26,800 --> 01:32:30,500
smaller brushes and more precise
touches a highlight on a wheat, 

1654
01:32:30,500 --> 01:32:33,400
stalk here, a deeper Shadow 
under the tree there. 

1655
01:32:34,100 --> 01:32:37,400
A few Strokes to suggest distant
mountains purple against the 

1656
01:32:37,400 --> 01:32:40,500
Blue Sky. 
Each addition is a small risk. 

1657
01:32:41,500 --> 01:32:44,100
Each Mark could be the one that 
pushes the painting from almost 

1658
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:47,200
good to actually good or from, 
almost good to ruined. 

1659
01:32:47,900 --> 01:32:50,900
You try not to think about this.
While working thinking, makes 

1660
01:32:50,900 --> 01:32:53,300
you tentative. 
You need to stay loose and 

1661
01:32:53,300 --> 01:32:55,600
confident. 
Even when you're not feeling 

1662
01:32:55,600 --> 01:32:58,100
confident at all, the sun is 
starting. 

1663
01:32:58,100 --> 01:32:59,900
Its descent. 
While the Horizon, when you 

1664
01:32:59,900 --> 01:33:03,000
finally set down your brushes a 
painting isn't finished. 

1665
01:33:03,000 --> 01:33:06,800
Your paintings are never really 
finished but it's done for 

1666
01:33:06,800 --> 01:33:09,400
today. 
The light has changed too much 

1667
01:33:09,408 --> 01:33:12,000
to continue. 
What you were seeing three hours

1668
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:15,300
ago, no longer exists. 
Tomorrow will bring different 

1669
01:33:15,300 --> 01:33:18,900
light different colors and 
different challenges, you'll 

1670
01:33:18,900 --> 01:33:20,200
return. 
Then if the weather holds and 

1671
01:33:20,200 --> 01:33:23,400
continue the conversation with 
the canvas, you clean your 

1672
01:33:23,400 --> 01:33:26,900
brushes methodically, wiping 
them on a rag until most of the 

1673
01:33:26,900 --> 01:33:30,200
painters removed then dipping 
them in turpentine and working 

1674
01:33:30,200 --> 01:33:35,000
the bristles against your palm. 
This is meditative work calming 

1675
01:33:35,000 --> 01:33:38,800
after the intensity of painting 
your brushes are your tools and 

1676
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:42,400
tools need respect a brush 
properly cared for will last 

1677
01:33:42,400 --> 01:33:45,300
years. 
A neglected brush dies in 

1678
01:33:45,300 --> 01:33:47,800
months. 
You can't afford to replace 

1679
01:33:47,800 --> 01:33:50,700
brushes off and so you treat 
them like the valuable 

1680
01:33:50,700 --> 01:33:53,200
instruments. 
They are the walk back to town 

1681
01:33:53,200 --> 01:33:56,700
is slower than the morning walk.
Your body is tired now, 

1682
01:33:56,700 --> 01:33:59,600
genuinely tired, rather than 
just stiff. 

1683
01:34:00,300 --> 01:34:02,700
Your eyes ache from squinting in
the bright light. 

1684
01:34:02,700 --> 01:34:06,000
Your hands are covered in paint.
Despite your best efforts, 

1685
01:34:06,000 --> 01:34:09,800
emerald green under your nails. 
Yellow okra on your knuckles and

1686
01:34:09,800 --> 01:34:13,200
Crimson Lake on your wrists. 
You look like you've been in a 

1687
01:34:13,208 --> 01:34:16,800
fight with a rainbow, this 
pleases you more than it should.

1688
01:34:16,800 --> 01:34:19,000
The town is busier in the late 
afternoon. 

1689
01:34:19,000 --> 01:34:22,800
People finishing workshops 
closing children playing in the 

1690
01:34:22,800 --> 01:34:25,100
streets. 
You move through this activity 

1691
01:34:25,100 --> 01:34:29,000
like a ghost present, but 
separate you're still half in 

1692
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:31,900
the field. 
Half in the painting, not quite 

1693
01:34:31,900 --> 01:34:37,300
ready to be fully human again. 
This transition takes time you 

1694
01:34:37,300 --> 01:34:41,300
learned years ago, not to rush 
it, not to try to snap back into

1695
01:34:41,300 --> 01:34:44,300
social normalcy. 
Immediately, after hours of 

1696
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:48,800
solitary Focus, your mind needs 
to decompress to remember how to

1697
01:34:48,800 --> 01:34:51,300
exist in a world of words rather
than colors. 

1698
01:34:52,100 --> 01:34:55,900
By the time you reach your room,
duskers Gathering, the sky has 

1699
01:34:55,900 --> 01:34:59,400
turned that particular shade of 
violet blue that only exists for

1700
01:34:59,400 --> 01:35:01,700
about 20 minutes, each evening a
color. 

1701
01:35:01,700 --> 01:35:04,700
So fleeting and perfect that 
you're always tempted to run 

1702
01:35:04,700 --> 01:35:06,600
back outside and try to capture 
it. 

1703
01:35:07,700 --> 01:35:10,600
But your body won't cooperate. 
You're done for the day 

1704
01:35:10,600 --> 01:35:12,300
tomorrow. 
Is for that color. 

1705
01:35:12,300 --> 01:35:14,900
Tomorrow's for everything you 
didn't finish today. 

1706
01:35:15,700 --> 01:35:19,200
Your room feel smaller after a 
day Outdoors the walls closer 

1707
01:35:19,200 --> 01:35:21,800
and the ceiling lower. 
You like the oil. 

1708
01:35:21,800 --> 01:35:25,300
Lamp carefully because oil cost 
money and must be rationed. 

1709
01:35:25,300 --> 01:35:28,600
And it's warm glow, pushes back 
the encroaching Darkness. 

1710
01:35:29,700 --> 01:35:32,800
The light is different from 
daylight softer and more golden 

1711
01:35:32,800 --> 01:35:35,300
turning. 
Everything it touches slightly 

1712
01:35:35,300 --> 01:35:38,600
Amber you've painted by 
Lamplight before though. 

1713
01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:42,200
You prefer natural light. 
Lamplight, Flatlands, things and

1714
01:35:42,200 --> 01:35:45,500
removes the subtle gray Nations 
that make forms feel solid. 

1715
01:35:45,500 --> 01:35:48,500
You pull water from the picture 
into the base and wash your 

1716
01:35:48,500 --> 01:35:51,200
hands watching. 
The paint dissolve and swirl 

1717
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:55,000
greens and yellows and blues. 
Creating temporary abstract 

1718
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:57,800
patterns before Vanishing down 
the drain. 

1719
01:35:58,500 --> 01:36:03,300
The water turns gray then murky.
Brown you scrub your nails with 

1720
01:36:03,300 --> 01:36:06,500
a small brush, dig paint from 
beneath them and rinse. 

1721
01:36:06,500 --> 01:36:09,900
Again, your hands never come 
completely clean anymore. 

1722
01:36:09,900 --> 01:36:14,300
There's always paint somewhere 
in the creases of your knuckles.

1723
01:36:14,300 --> 01:36:17,100
Around the beds of your nails. 
Staining the calluses on your 

1724
01:36:17,100 --> 01:36:20,300
palms. 
You've accepted this artist 

1725
01:36:20,300 --> 01:36:22,700
hands are meant to carry 
evidence of their work. 

1726
01:36:22,700 --> 01:36:25,500
Dinner is simple because dinner 
is always simple. 

1727
01:36:25,500 --> 01:36:30,200
Tonight is super from the cafe 
downstairs vegetable probably 

1728
01:36:30,200 --> 01:36:32,300
with chunks of bread for 
dipping. 

1729
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:38,000
The cafe owner Madame ginu knows
your financial situation without

1730
01:36:38,000 --> 01:36:41,000
you having to explain it. 
She charges you less than she 

1731
01:36:41,000 --> 01:36:44,200
should and occasionally the soup
is thicker than it ought to be 

1732
01:36:44,208 --> 01:36:47,700
with extra vegetables that were 
on the menu, you've painted her 

1733
01:36:47,700 --> 01:36:51,700
portrait twice as partial 
payment, She hung one in the 

1734
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:53,600
cafe. 
The other she keeps in her 

1735
01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:56,500
private rooms, which feels like 
a greater compliment than money 

1736
01:36:56,500 --> 01:36:59,000
could be. 
You eat at the small table by 

1737
01:36:59,000 --> 01:37:02,300
the window, watching the street 
below as Darkness, completes its

1738
01:37:02,300 --> 01:37:06,200
takeover of the Town shops of 
clothes shutters are being 

1739
01:37:06,208 --> 01:37:09,900
fastened. 
A few people hurry past heading 

1740
01:37:09,900 --> 01:37:12,600
home to families, and warm 
kitchens and conversations about

1741
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:16,200
normal things. 
The weather the Harvest, the 

1742
01:37:16,200 --> 01:37:18,700
neighbors new baby, you don't 
envy them. 

1743
01:37:18,700 --> 01:37:20,900
Exactly. 
But sometimes you wonder what 

1744
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:24,100
that life feels like the life of
someone who isn't compelled to 

1745
01:37:24,108 --> 01:37:28,200
transform seeing into painting, 
who can simply look at a sunset 

1746
01:37:28,200 --> 01:37:30,100
without needing to analyze its 
colors. 

1747
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:33,100
After eating, you clear the 
table and prepare for your 

1748
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:36,000
second work session of the Day 
writing to Theo. 

1749
01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:39,700
Your brother, in Paris, your 
financial supporter, your 

1750
01:37:39,700 --> 01:37:43,800
friend, your anchor to sanity, 
you owe him more than money can 

1751
01:37:43,800 --> 01:37:46,000
repay. 
The least you can do is write 

1752
01:37:46,000 --> 01:37:49,500
regularly keeping him, informed 
of your progress, your 

1753
01:37:49,500 --> 01:37:53,200
struggles, and your small 
victories, these letters have 

1754
01:37:53,200 --> 01:37:56,500
become a kind of Journal, a way 
of processing, your thoughts 

1755
01:37:56,500 --> 01:37:59,600
about art and life and the 
impossible task of trying to be 

1756
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:03,300
both. 
Your range paper pen and ink 

1757
01:38:03,300 --> 01:38:06,300
with the same care. 
You gave your painting supplies 

1758
01:38:06,300 --> 01:38:09,300
this morning. 
The paper is cheap, slightly 

1759
01:38:09,300 --> 01:38:12,000
rough but adequate, the pain is 
functional. 

1760
01:38:12,000 --> 01:38:15,200
The ink is black and ordinary 
but your handwriting gives it 

1761
01:38:15,200 --> 01:38:18,700
character. 
Quick, angular and urgent. 

1762
01:38:19,400 --> 01:38:23,200
You write the way you paint with
energy, rather than Elegance 

1763
01:38:23,200 --> 01:38:25,700
Theo has learned to decipher 
your script. 

1764
01:38:25,700 --> 01:38:28,600
Though, it takes effort, you've 
apologized for this. 

1765
01:38:28,600 --> 01:38:32,000
He's told you not to worry 
content matters, more than 

1766
01:38:32,000 --> 01:38:34,200
presentation. 
You begin. 

1767
01:38:34,200 --> 01:38:40,400
As always with dear Theo and 
then the words flow tonight. 

1768
01:38:40,400 --> 01:38:43,000
You write about the wheat field 
about the Olive Tree that 

1769
01:38:43,000 --> 01:38:46,500
defeats every attempt to capture
its essential character and 

1770
01:38:46,500 --> 01:38:49,600
about how the afternoon like 
changed the color of everything 

1771
01:38:49,600 --> 01:38:52,800
and required you to completely 
remake your palate. 

1772
01:38:52,800 --> 01:38:56,800
You write about practical 
matters, paint supplies, running

1773
01:38:56,800 --> 01:39:00,400
low, a new canvas. 
You need to stretch the rent you

1774
01:39:00,400 --> 01:39:04,600
at the end of the month, you 
write about the fear that you're

1775
01:39:04,600 --> 01:39:08,800
wasting his money, wasting his 
faith, in you and producing work

1776
01:39:08,800 --> 01:39:11,100
that nobody wants. 
And nobody will remember. 

1777
01:39:12,100 --> 01:39:15,300
But you also write about Hope 
about the moment this morning, 

1778
01:39:15,300 --> 01:39:17,100
when the light hit the wheat, 
just right? 

1779
01:39:17,100 --> 01:39:21,200
And you saw really saw how 
yellow and gold and green could 

1780
01:39:21,200 --> 01:39:25,200
exist in the same space without 
conflict about the joy of making

1781
01:39:25,200 --> 01:39:28,200
a brush stroke that captures 
exactly the curve of a tree 

1782
01:39:28,200 --> 01:39:31,700
branch about the conviction. 
Stubborn and probably foolish 

1783
01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:35,400
that what you're doing matters 
that these paintings are fields 

1784
01:39:35,400 --> 01:39:38,100
and flowers and ordinary people 
will mean something. 

1785
01:39:38,100 --> 01:39:41,500
To someone someday the letters 
to Theo are the only place you 

1786
01:39:41,500 --> 01:39:45,400
allow yourself complete honesty 
with other people you perform 

1787
01:39:45,400 --> 01:39:49,200
normalcy or at least try to. 
But the owner knows, the full 

1788
01:39:49,200 --> 01:39:53,100
extent of your struggles. 
The mental crisis, the financial

1789
01:39:53,100 --> 01:39:57,100
desperation, the social 
isolation and the Relentless 

1790
01:39:57,100 --> 01:40:01,600
self-criticism, he knows and he 
supports you anyway. 

1791
01:40:01,600 --> 01:40:04,300
This knowledge is. 
What keeps you going on the days

1792
01:40:04,300 --> 01:40:06,000
when nothing seems worth 
continuing? 

1793
01:40:06,800 --> 01:40:08,500
You write for an hour, may be 
more. 

1794
01:40:09,400 --> 01:40:11,500
The lamp flickers occasionally 
threatening to die. 

1795
01:40:11,500 --> 01:40:15,600
But hold steady your hand cramps
slightly from gripping the pain 

1796
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:20,100
but you ignore it there's still 
more to say Thoughts about color

1797
01:40:20,100 --> 01:40:23,800
theory, you've been developing 
observations about how peasants 

1798
01:40:23,800 --> 01:40:26,900
move through Landscapes and 
questioned about painters in 

1799
01:40:26,900 --> 01:40:28,500
Paris and what they're working 
on. 

1800
01:40:28,500 --> 01:40:31,500
You're curious about the art 
world but also grateful to be 

1801
01:40:31,500 --> 01:40:34,500
removed from it. 
Competition makes you anxious 

1802
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:37,400
other painters. 
Success feels like commentary on

1803
01:40:37,400 --> 01:40:40,900
your failure. 
Better to be here in all working

1804
01:40:40,900 --> 01:40:44,600
in isolation measuring yourself 
only against your previous work 

1805
01:40:45,500 --> 01:40:48,700
When you finally set down the 
pen, several pages are covered 

1806
01:40:48,700 --> 01:40:51,600
with your dense. 
Urgent script, you'll post this 

1807
01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:55,900
letter tomorrow and in a week or
so Theo's reply will arrive full

1808
01:40:55,900 --> 01:40:58,800
of encouragement, and practical 
advice, and small bits of money.

1809
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:01,600
The correspondence between you 
and your brother is the most 

1810
01:41:01,600 --> 01:41:04,600
important work. 
You do more important than any 

1811
01:41:04,600 --> 01:41:07,600
single painting. 
It's what keeps you connected to

1812
01:41:07,600 --> 01:41:09,900
the world? 
What reminds you that someone 

1813
01:41:09,900 --> 01:41:12,800
believes in, what your 
attempting, you fold, the letter

1814
01:41:12,800 --> 01:41:16,300
carefully and set it aside, then
you lean back in your chair and 

1815
01:41:16,300 --> 01:41:18,900
rub your eyes. 
Feeling the full weight of the 

1816
01:41:18,900 --> 01:41:21,700
days. 
Exhaustion your body aches. 

1817
01:41:21,700 --> 01:41:26,600
In a dozen places your mind 
feels pleasantly empty wrung out

1818
01:41:26,600 --> 01:41:28,700
like a sponge. 
This is good. 

1819
01:41:28,700 --> 01:41:32,900
Tiredness earned tiredness. 
You've worked hard today, 

1820
01:41:32,900 --> 01:41:36,100
physically in the field, 
intellectually in the letter. 

1821
01:41:36,900 --> 01:41:39,800
Tomorrow, you'll do it again and
the day after that. 

1822
01:41:39,800 --> 01:41:43,100
And the day after that, this is 
your life. 

1823
01:41:43,100 --> 01:41:48,200
Now this rhythm of work and rest
and work again, It's not the 

1824
01:41:48,200 --> 01:41:51,500
life, you imagined, as a young 
man, but it's the one you've 

1825
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:56,500
built and it's yours. 
Before sleeping, you allow 

1826
01:41:56,500 --> 01:42:00,100
yourself for small ritual, 
reviewing today's paintings. 

1827
01:42:00,100 --> 01:42:02,000
You've been doing this for 
months. 

1828
01:42:02,700 --> 01:42:04,900
A private exhibition for an 
audience of one. 

1829
01:42:05,700 --> 01:42:07,600
The painting from today leans 
against the wall. 

1830
01:42:07,600 --> 01:42:10,600
Still wet colors. 
Glowing slightly in the 

1831
01:42:10,600 --> 01:42:12,400
Lamplight. 
You study it. 

1832
01:42:12,400 --> 01:42:15,300
Critically cataloging its 
failures and occasional 

1833
01:42:15,300 --> 01:42:18,700
successes The wheat is better 
than yesterday's wheat, but 

1834
01:42:18,700 --> 01:42:22,400
still, not quite right. 
The sky needs more complexity. 

1835
01:42:22,400 --> 01:42:26,000
The olive tree looks stiff and 
unconvincing but there are 

1836
01:42:26,000 --> 01:42:28,400
moments. 
A few brushstrokes where you 

1837
01:42:28,400 --> 01:42:32,000
captured something true where 
paint transcended and became 

1838
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:36,400
wheat, became White became the 
actual feeling of standing in a 

1839
01:42:36,400 --> 01:42:39,100
field on a summer afternoon, 
you'll do better tomorrow. 

1840
01:42:39,100 --> 01:42:42,300
You always think this and it's 
usually true. 

1841
01:42:42,300 --> 01:42:47,100
Progress is incremental barely 
noticeable, day to day, but 

1842
01:42:47,100 --> 01:42:49,800
visible, when you compare 
paintings from months ago, to 

1843
01:42:49,800 --> 01:42:53,900
painting from today, your 
learning slowly how to see and 

1844
01:42:53,900 --> 01:42:57,100
how to translate seeing into 
something others can experience.

1845
01:42:58,200 --> 01:43:01,400
This learning never stops, 
you'll die not knowing 

1846
01:43:01,400 --> 01:43:03,300
everything you want to know 
about painting. 

1847
01:43:04,000 --> 01:43:07,500
This should depress you but 
somehow it doesn't the 

1848
01:43:07,500 --> 01:43:10,900
impossibility of Mastery is what
makes the work worth doing you 

1849
01:43:10,900 --> 01:43:15,000
extinguish the lamp and darkness
swallows the room, you undress 

1850
01:43:15,000 --> 01:43:17,700
in the dark. 
No point wasting matches and 

1851
01:43:17,700 --> 01:43:20,200
climb into bed. 
The sheets are rough. 

1852
01:43:20,200 --> 01:43:23,300
Wash so many times they've 
become as thin as paper. 

1853
01:43:23,300 --> 01:43:28,400
The mattress is Lumpy none of 
this matters within minutes. 

1854
01:43:28,400 --> 01:43:30,800
You're a sleep dreaming in 
colors. 

1855
01:43:30,800 --> 01:43:33,700
Your subconscious mind, 
continuing the work. 

1856
01:43:33,700 --> 01:43:37,400
Your conscious mind has paused 
tomorrow before Dawn, you'll 

1857
01:43:37,400 --> 01:43:40,600
wake and begin again. 
The ritual will repeat coffee 

1858
01:43:40,600 --> 01:43:45,500
walking painting letters sleep. 
It's a simple life, a narrow 

1859
01:43:45,500 --> 01:43:48,500
life, but it's the life that 
allows you to do the work. 

1860
01:43:48,500 --> 01:43:50,500
You were meant to do everything 
else. 

1861
01:43:50,500 --> 01:43:57,100
Comfort wealth, Fame connection 
is secondary to that. 

1862
01:43:57,900 --> 01:44:01,400
Your painting The World Is. 
You See It hoping that someday 

1863
01:44:01,400 --> 01:44:04,000
someone will look at your 
paintings and see it too. 

1864
01:44:04,900 --> 01:44:07,400
That hope is enough. 
It has to be enough. 

1865
01:44:07,400 --> 01:44:11,400
It's all you have six months 
pass in this rhythm. 

1866
01:44:12,300 --> 01:44:15,800
Autumn arrives, bringing 
different light cooler, 

1867
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:19,700
temperatures and changed colors.
The wheat fields are stubble 

1868
01:44:19,700 --> 01:44:23,300
now, harvested down to short, 
stalks that crunch under your 

1869
01:44:23,300 --> 01:44:25,500
boots. 
You paint the aftermath of 

1870
01:44:25,508 --> 01:44:29,400
harvest interested in how the 
land looks stripped and exposed 

1871
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:32,500
vulnerable in its bareness. 
The olive trees. 

1872
01:44:32,500 --> 01:44:35,100
Remain still Twisted still gray 
green. 

1873
01:44:35,100 --> 01:44:39,800
Still refusing to be adequately 
captured on canvas your stack of

1874
01:44:39,808 --> 01:44:43,900
finished paintings. 
Grows 20 canvases lean against 

1875
01:44:43,900 --> 01:44:49,100
the walls of your room, then 30 
then 40 there everywhere under 

1876
01:44:49,100 --> 01:44:52,300
the bed behind the door arranged
in Rows 3. 

1877
01:44:52,300 --> 01:44:54,300
Deep against every available 
wall. 

1878
01:44:54,300 --> 01:44:58,700
The room smells perpetually of 
linseed oil and turpentine a 

1879
01:44:58,700 --> 01:45:02,900
sharp chemical smell that you've
stopped noticing Madam ji new 

1880
01:45:02,900 --> 01:45:05,900
complains, occasionally that the
fumes are seeping into the cafe 

1881
01:45:05,900 --> 01:45:08,500
below making the coffee. 
Tastes strange. 

1882
01:45:08,500 --> 01:45:10,800
You apologize, but don't change 
anything. 

1883
01:45:11,700 --> 01:45:13,200
Where else would you store the 
paintings? 

1884
01:45:13,200 --> 01:45:14,300
There's no. 
Where else? 

1885
01:45:14,300 --> 01:45:17,300
This room is your studio, your 
gallery. 

1886
01:45:17,300 --> 01:45:21,100
And your archived the painting 
itself has become less agonizing

1887
01:45:21,100 --> 01:45:24,300
or perhaps you've simply grown 
accustomed to the agony. 

1888
01:45:24,900 --> 01:45:28,100
Your hand, no certain gestures 
now without your brain needing 

1889
01:45:28,100 --> 01:45:33,600
to direct them. sky goes on in 
Broad horizontal Strokes Cyprus 

1890
01:45:33,600 --> 01:45:36,900
trees, require vertical, slashes
of dark green and near black 

1891
01:45:37,700 --> 01:45:40,800
Faces need careful, 
construction, eyes position, 

1892
01:45:40,800 --> 01:45:45,700
just so and mouth suggesting 
emotion with outcoming cartoons.

1893
01:45:45,700 --> 01:45:48,200
These aren't rules you learned 
from teachers. 

1894
01:45:48,200 --> 01:45:52,400
These are conclusions drawn from
failure from painting. 

1895
01:45:52,400 --> 01:45:56,700
The same subjects over and over 
until your hands remembered what

1896
01:45:56,700 --> 01:46:00,200
your mind kept forgetting. 
You've developed a routine for 

1897
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:03,000
materials management. 
Every Sunday, you stretch 

1898
01:46:03,000 --> 01:46:07,200
canvases, six or seven at a time
for the coming week, the process

1899
01:46:07,200 --> 01:46:10,400
is meditative. 
Cutting canvas from the bolt, 

1900
01:46:10,400 --> 01:46:12,600
wrapping it around, wooden 
structure bars. 

1901
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:16,200
Pulling it tight, securing it 
with taxes, then applying a thin

1902
01:46:16,200 --> 01:46:19,600
layer of primer your hands. 
Perform these tasks while your 

1903
01:46:19,600 --> 01:46:21,700
mind wanders thinking about 
painting. 

1904
01:46:21,700 --> 01:46:25,200
You haven't started yet colors. 
You haven't tried and 

1905
01:46:25,200 --> 01:46:27,000
techniques. 
You want to experiment with? 

1906
01:46:28,100 --> 01:46:30,600
The physical work of 
preparation, freeze, your brain 

1907
01:46:30,600 --> 01:46:34,800
for planning money Remains the 
constant problem, the O sends 

1908
01:46:34,800 --> 01:46:38,100
what he can, but it's never 
quite enough irrational paint 

1909
01:46:38,100 --> 01:46:41,000
carefully mixing colors to make 
tubes last longer. 

1910
01:46:41,000 --> 01:46:44,500
Scraping pallets clean. 
So no paint goes to waste, 

1911
01:46:44,500 --> 01:46:49,100
you've learned to be frugal with
everything except canvas cheap, 

1912
01:46:49,100 --> 01:46:52,700
canvas produces poor results. 
So you spend money there, and 

1913
01:46:52,700 --> 01:46:56,900
economize elsewhere, eating less
walking instead of taking the 

1914
01:46:56,900 --> 01:46:59,800
train and wearing the same 
clothes until they literally 

1915
01:46:59,800 --> 01:47:02,200
fall apart. 
Your appearance has become 

1916
01:47:02,200 --> 01:47:06,100
somewhat disreputable, you know,
this, People, look at you, 

1917
01:47:06,100 --> 01:47:10,100
oddly, the redhead madman with 
paint under his nails and holes 

1918
01:47:10,100 --> 01:47:13,500
in his jacket. 
Let them look their opinions. 

1919
01:47:13,500 --> 01:47:17,200
Don't buy paint winter arrives, 
bringing complications. 

1920
01:47:17,200 --> 01:47:21,400
The fields are less interesting 
now, mostly mud and vegetation. 

1921
01:47:21,400 --> 01:47:26,200
The light is weaker grayer. 
You paint indoors more often 

1922
01:47:26,200 --> 01:47:30,400
still life's portraits, your own
room rendered from different 

1923
01:47:30,400 --> 01:47:33,400
angles, you paint your empty 
Chair by Lamplight. 

1924
01:47:33,400 --> 01:47:36,500
Trying to capture The Melancholy
of furniture waiting for someone

1925
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:39,700
who isn't coming The painting 
depresses you while you're 

1926
01:47:39,700 --> 01:47:42,100
making it but the depression 
feels necessary. 

1927
01:47:42,100 --> 01:47:45,500
Honest not, everything needs to 
be cheerful. 

1928
01:47:45,500 --> 01:47:49,400
Sadness is also worth 
documenting the social isolation

1929
01:47:49,400 --> 01:47:52,300
intensifies. 
During winter, people stay 

1930
01:47:52,300 --> 01:47:54,200
indoors. 
The streets are empty. 

1931
01:47:54,200 --> 01:47:58,300
You go days without speaking to 
anyone except Madame Janu and 

1932
01:47:58,300 --> 01:48:01,400
the occasional shopkeeper this 
should bother you more than it 

1933
01:48:01,400 --> 01:48:03,700
does. 
Humans are supposed to need 

1934
01:48:03,700 --> 01:48:06,600
other humans and are supposed to
require conversation and 

1935
01:48:06,600 --> 01:48:08,600
connection. 
But you've discovered that 

1936
01:48:08,600 --> 01:48:13,400
Solitude while lonely provides 
clarity when you're alone, you 

1937
01:48:13,400 --> 01:48:16,700
can hear your own thoughts. 
When you're alone, the world 

1938
01:48:16,700 --> 01:48:19,100
doesn't interrupt itself with 
opinions and expectations, 

1939
01:48:19,100 --> 01:48:22,200
loneliness is the price of 
focus. 

1940
01:48:22,200 --> 01:48:27,100
And you've decided, it's a price
worth paying You paint through a

1941
01:48:27,100 --> 01:48:30,900
bout of illness in January. 
Some kind of flu that leaves you

1942
01:48:30,900 --> 01:48:34,900
weak and feverish but not. 
So incapacitated that you can't 

1943
01:48:34,900 --> 01:48:38,800
work you paint with shaking 
hands producing strange, 

1944
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:41,700
distorted images that you'll 
later look at and wonder if 

1945
01:48:41,708 --> 01:48:44,900
they're terrible or brilliant. 
Probably terrible. 

1946
01:48:45,800 --> 01:48:48,300
But the act of painting while 
sick teaches you, something 

1947
01:48:48,300 --> 01:48:51,000
about your commitment. 
You're not doing this because 

1948
01:48:51,000 --> 01:48:53,700
it's Pleasant or easy. 
You're doing it because you 

1949
01:48:53,700 --> 01:48:57,100
can't not do it. 
The compulsion to paint is 

1950
01:48:57,108 --> 01:49:01,300
deeper than health deeper than 
comfort and possibly deeper than

1951
01:49:01,308 --> 01:49:04,500
sanity by February. 
You've been painting, seriously 

1952
01:49:04,500 --> 01:49:08,800
for nearly seven years, seven 
years, of daily work, thousands 

1953
01:49:08,800 --> 01:49:12,600
of hours at the easel, hundreds 
of completed paintings, and what

1954
01:49:12,600 --> 01:49:16,600
do you have to show for it? 
A room full of unsold canvases? 

1955
01:49:16,600 --> 01:49:19,500
A brother who believes in you 
but might be diluted. 

1956
01:49:19,500 --> 01:49:23,500
A handful of people in Paris who
think you have potential but not

1957
01:49:23,500 --> 01:49:27,800
enough to buy your work by 
conventional measures, you're a 

1958
01:49:27,808 --> 01:49:31,700
failure. 35 years old living in 
poverty producing art that 

1959
01:49:31,700 --> 01:49:34,200
nobody wants. 
But you've also learned 

1960
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:37,600
something that conventional 
measures don't capture, you've 

1961
01:49:37,600 --> 01:49:41,000
learned that work itself. 
Can be the reward that the act 

1962
01:49:41,000 --> 01:49:45,000
of seeing clearly of translating
what you see in to paint of 

1963
01:49:45,000 --> 01:49:47,900
solving the endless problems 
that every canvas presents. 

1964
01:49:47,900 --> 01:49:51,400
This is valuable regardless of 
whether anyone else appreciates 

1965
01:49:51,400 --> 01:49:55,500
it, you're not painting to 
become famous your painting 

1966
01:49:55,500 --> 01:49:58,900
because painting is how you make
sense of the world, how you pin 

1967
01:49:58,900 --> 01:50:01,900
down fleeting moments and 
preserve them and how you 

1968
01:50:01,900 --> 01:50:06,400
participate in life rather than 
just observing it Spring returns

1969
01:50:06,400 --> 01:50:10,800
and with it, comes Renewed 
Energy, the fields green up. 

1970
01:50:11,800 --> 01:50:16,900
Flowers appear, irises, poppies 
and wildflowers, you can't name 

1971
01:50:16,900 --> 01:50:20,500
you paint them all with 
something approaching Joy, which

1972
01:50:20,500 --> 01:50:24,000
is a rare emotion for you. 
Usually you work through anxiety

1973
01:50:24,000 --> 01:50:27,500
or determination or sheer 
stubbornness but spring is 

1974
01:50:27,500 --> 01:50:30,600
forgiving. 
Brings suggests possibilities. 

1975
01:50:31,400 --> 01:50:35,300
Spring makes you think that 
maybe possibly things could work

1976
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:37,900
out. 
Not fame or Fortune. 

1977
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:41,000
You've given up on those that 
something smaller and more 

1978
01:50:41,008 --> 01:50:44,200
important understanding 
connection. 

1979
01:50:45,000 --> 01:50:47,000
The feeling that what you're 
seeing matters to someone 

1980
01:50:47,000 --> 01:50:50,200
besides yourself. 
You paint orchards in bloom, 

1981
01:50:50,200 --> 01:50:53,800
trying to capture the Paradox of
delicate blossoms on rough 

1982
01:50:53,800 --> 01:50:56,900
Twisted, branches, you paint 
feels full of wheat. 

1983
01:50:56,900 --> 01:51:01,700
Again, this year's crop taller 
and greener than last year's you

1984
01:51:01,700 --> 01:51:06,400
paint people working Farmers 
laborers, women in Garden's 

1985
01:51:06,400 --> 01:51:09,600
because work is sacred and 
deserves documentation. 

1986
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:12,800
These people who spend their 
days, bending and lifting, and 

1987
01:51:12,800 --> 01:51:17,900
cultivating aren't subjects for 
pity their living on a doing, 

1988
01:51:17,900 --> 01:51:21,000
what needs doing? 
You try to show that in your 

1989
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:24,700
painting's, try to give them 
dignity, without sentimentality 

1990
01:51:24,700 --> 01:51:28,500
will technique continues of 
evolving your using thicker 

1991
01:51:28,500 --> 01:51:30,300
paint. 
Now, applying it in rough 

1992
01:51:30,300 --> 01:51:34,300
textured layers that catch the 
Light This approach is called 

1993
01:51:34,300 --> 01:51:36,700
impasto, though. 
You didn't know that when you 

1994
01:51:36,700 --> 01:51:39,800
started doing it, you just found
that thick paint better 

1995
01:51:39,800 --> 01:51:43,000
captured, the physicality of 
what you were seeing Fields. 

1996
01:51:43,000 --> 01:51:45,900
Aren't smooth, trees aren't 
smooth faces aren't smooth. 

1997
01:51:45,900 --> 01:51:48,100
Why should your paintings be 
smooth? 

1998
01:51:48,100 --> 01:51:52,100
The texture of the paint becomes
part of the meaning, a physical 

1999
01:51:52,100 --> 01:51:55,300
manifestation of the energy 
required, to see and record. 

2000
01:51:55,300 --> 01:51:59,400
You write to Theo about these 
developments, trying to explain 

2001
01:51:59,400 --> 01:52:02,600
what your attempting, your 
written, explanations always 

2002
01:52:02,600 --> 01:52:07,100
feel inadequate, painting is 
visual language and verbal 

2003
01:52:07,100 --> 01:52:10,000
language can only approximate 
what brush and color can say 

2004
01:52:10,000 --> 01:52:13,100
directly. 
But you try anyway because Theo 

2005
01:52:13,100 --> 01:52:16,800
is in Paris rounded by theories 
and movements and debates and 

2006
01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:19,500
you want to understand that what
you're doing here in Provincial 

2007
01:52:19,500 --> 01:52:23,100
Park of those large 
conversations, you're not 

2008
01:52:23,108 --> 01:52:26,300
isolated from the art world. 
You're just approaching it from 

2009
01:52:26,300 --> 01:52:29,400
a different direction working 
through problems on your own 

2010
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:30,900
terms. 
Rather than following 

2011
01:52:30,900 --> 01:52:34,700
fashionable Solutions, Summer 
arrives with its familiar heat 

2012
01:52:34,700 --> 01:52:37,000
and brilliant. 
Light your painting. 

2013
01:52:37,000 --> 01:52:40,500
Now the new were a year ago. 
You can see the Improvement. 

2014
01:52:40,500 --> 01:52:44,000
When you compare old paintings 
to new ones, the colors are more

2015
01:52:44,008 --> 01:52:47,900
confident, the compositions are 
stronger, the brushwork is more 

2016
01:52:47,900 --> 01:52:51,100
assured. 
This is what, practice does not 

2017
01:52:51,100 --> 01:52:55,000
overnight transformation, but 
gradual, almost imperceptible 

2018
01:52:55,000 --> 01:52:58,600
refinement. 
You'll still not satisfied and 

2019
01:52:58,600 --> 01:53:01,300
still see the gap between what 
you want to achieve and what you

2020
01:53:01,300 --> 01:53:06,000
actually achieve. 
But the Gap is narrowing, slowly

2021
01:53:06,000 --> 01:53:10,000
painfully. 
The Gap is narrowing, you don't 

2022
01:53:10,000 --> 01:53:14,700
think much about Legacy. 
Legacy implies future and you're

2023
01:53:14,700 --> 01:53:17,700
too focused on the present. 
Today's painting, this 

2024
01:53:17,700 --> 01:53:21,300
afternoon's light, the exact 
color of Shadows under olive 

2025
01:53:21,300 --> 01:53:24,700
trees at 4 in the evening. 
But occasionally usually late at

2026
01:53:24,700 --> 01:53:27,500
night, when you can't sleep, you
wonder what will happen to all 

2027
01:53:27,500 --> 01:53:31,200
these paintings. 
The stack keeps growing 40, 

2028
01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:34,100
canvases become 60 which becomes
80. 

2029
01:53:34,900 --> 01:53:37,300
They can't all stay in your room
forever eventually. 

2030
01:53:37,300 --> 01:53:39,000
Something will have to be done 
with them. 

2031
01:53:39,800 --> 01:53:42,700
They are talks about exhibitions
and about getting your work in 

2032
01:53:42,700 --> 01:53:46,800
front of critics and buyers. 
You want to believe him but 

2033
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:50,000
belief requires energy, you 
don't have the art world. 

2034
01:53:50,000 --> 01:53:54,500
Seems impossibly far away 
impossibly sophisticated and 

2035
01:53:54,500 --> 01:53:57,800
full of people who know things, 
you don't know, and who speak a 

2036
01:53:57,800 --> 01:53:59,000
language. 
You've never learned. 

2037
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:02,000
You're just a painter who looks 
at Fields? 

2038
01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:04,400
What do you have to offer people
who spend their time in 

2039
01:54:04,408 --> 01:54:07,000
galleries, arguing about 
symbolism and technique? 

2040
01:54:07,700 --> 01:54:11,100
But then you think about the act
of looking itself and something 

2041
01:54:11,100 --> 01:54:17,100
shifts, everyone looks at fields
at trees at the sky, but most 

2042
01:54:17,100 --> 01:54:20,300
people look without seeing their
eyes registering information 

2043
01:54:20,300 --> 01:54:23,900
without their brains processing.
Meaning you've trained yourself 

2044
01:54:23,900 --> 01:54:28,300
to do the opposite to look until
looking becomes seeing to notice

2045
01:54:28,300 --> 01:54:31,700
the 10,000 small details, that 
make one feel different. 

2046
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:34,300
From another field. 
One afternoon different from 

2047
01:54:34,300 --> 01:54:37,800
another afternoon. 
This skill, this learned 

2048
01:54:37,800 --> 01:54:41,900
attentiveness is your actual 
subject, not wheat, not trees. 

2049
01:54:43,100 --> 01:54:46,800
But the act of paying attention 
of being present with what's in 

2050
01:54:46,800 --> 01:54:48,900
front of you. 
If someone looks at your 

2051
01:54:48,900 --> 01:54:51,700
painting of a wheat field and 
really sees the wheat sees how 

2052
01:54:51,700 --> 01:54:55,200
it moves and catches light and 
exists in Space, the new 

2053
01:54:55,200 --> 01:54:58,800
something valuable, you've 
taught them to look, not your 

2054
01:54:58,800 --> 01:55:02,400
painting specifically, but at 
everything at the world, they 

2055
01:55:02,400 --> 01:55:06,000
move through without noticing. 
This is the Legacy or building 

2056
01:55:06,000 --> 01:55:07,800
those. 
You didn't realize it until just

2057
01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:11,600
now tonight, right? 
In by Lamplight, while the towns

2058
01:55:11,600 --> 01:55:15,400
sleeps around you, you're making
instruction manuals for seeing 

2059
01:55:15,400 --> 01:55:19,100
the thought, is almost 
overwhelming, not because it's 

2060
01:55:19,100 --> 01:55:21,100
grandiose. 
You don't think you're creating 

2061
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:24,500
great art, but because it's 
humble and enormous, at the same

2062
01:55:24,500 --> 01:55:28,000
time, every person who looks 
closely at one of your paintings

2063
01:55:28,000 --> 01:55:31,200
and then goes outside and looks 
closely at actual wheat has been

2064
01:55:31,200 --> 01:55:34,300
changed. 
Change slightly almost 

2065
01:55:34,300 --> 01:55:37,800
imperceptibly but changed. 
They can't unsee. 

2066
01:55:37,800 --> 01:55:41,000
What they've learned to see. 
This is education in the deepest

2067
01:55:41,000 --> 01:55:44,100
sense. 
This is why you paint you get 

2068
01:55:44,100 --> 01:55:47,000
out of bed, unable to sleep now 
and like the lamp. 

2069
01:55:48,000 --> 01:55:50,900
Painting stacked around the room
regard, you with their fixed 

2070
01:55:50,900 --> 01:55:56,500
unblinking stairs. 
So many fields so many trees, so

2071
01:55:56,500 --> 01:56:00,400
many skies from one angle, they 
look repetitive and obsessive 

2072
01:56:00,400 --> 01:56:04,000
the same subject so over and 
over but from another angle 

2073
01:56:04,000 --> 01:56:08,000
they're variations on a theme 
investigations into how light 

2074
01:56:08,000 --> 01:56:10,500
and weather and time of day 
alter everything they touch, 

2075
01:56:10,500 --> 01:56:13,800
you're not repeating yourself 
your refining yourself. 

2076
01:56:14,700 --> 01:56:17,900
Each painting is practiced for 
seeing more clearly for 

2077
01:56:17,900 --> 01:56:21,700
understanding more deeply you 
think about painters of the past

2078
01:56:21,700 --> 01:56:24,700
Rembrandt Vermeer, and the 
Master's, whose work you've 

2079
01:56:24,700 --> 01:56:27,500
studied in museums and books 
their dead now. 

2080
01:56:27,500 --> 01:56:31,800
Centuries dead. 
But their seeing persists, when 

2081
01:56:31,800 --> 01:56:33,900
you look at a Rembrandt 
portrait, you're not just seeing

2082
01:56:33,900 --> 01:56:36,500
painter range on canvas. 
You're seeing through 

2083
01:56:36,500 --> 01:56:40,700
Rembrandt's eyes experience in 
his particular, way of noticing 

2084
01:56:40,700 --> 01:56:42,600
light, and Shadow, and human 
character. 

2085
01:56:42,600 --> 01:56:46,500
The man died. 
But his seeing continues passed 

2086
01:56:46,500 --> 01:56:49,700
down through generations. 
Like inherited wealth, this is 

2087
01:56:49,700 --> 01:56:52,800
immortality not of the body, but
of vision. 

2088
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:56,700
Well, you're paintings do this? 
Well, someone 100 years from 

2089
01:56:56,700 --> 01:56:58,000
now. 
Look at your wheat fields and 

2090
01:56:58,008 --> 01:57:02,000
see wheat the way you see it? 
The possibility seems absurd and

2091
01:57:02,000 --> 01:57:04,800
necessary. 
At the same time, you paint as 

2092
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:08,200
if the answer is, yes, there's a
future seeing depends on present

2093
01:57:08,200 --> 01:57:10,100
work. 
This is Faith. 

2094
01:57:10,100 --> 01:57:14,500
You suppose not religious Faith.
You've Lost That lost it years 

2095
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:17,600
ago when you tried and failed to
be a minister but creative 

2096
01:57:17,600 --> 01:57:21,000
Faith, the belief that making 
something with complete honesty,

2097
01:57:21,000 --> 01:57:24,200
and attention will matter. 
Even if you can't see how, or 

2098
01:57:24,200 --> 01:57:28,700
when, or to whom, Morning comes 
gradually the way it always 

2099
01:57:28,700 --> 01:57:30,900
does. 
You've been awake all night 

2100
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:34,400
thinking and occasionally 
sketching working through these 

2101
01:57:34,400 --> 01:57:37,800
ideas about seeing and Legacy in
the strange mathematics of 

2102
01:57:37,800 --> 01:57:41,200
attention that turns looking 
into seeing and seeing into 

2103
01:57:41,200 --> 01:57:45,100
painting and painting into 
instruction, your exhausted, but

2104
01:57:45,100 --> 01:57:48,700
all so energized. 
Thoughts of clarified something 

2105
01:57:48,700 --> 01:57:50,300
you'd felt but could not 
articulate. 

2106
01:57:51,300 --> 01:57:55,100
You know, why you paint now not 
to become famous, not to make 

2107
01:57:55,100 --> 01:57:58,700
money, but to preserve ways of 
seeing to document. 

2108
01:57:58,700 --> 01:58:02,400
The infinite variety of light 
falling on ordinary things, to 

2109
01:58:02,400 --> 01:58:06,500
insist that Wheatfields matter 
and olive trees matter and the 

2110
01:58:06,500 --> 01:58:09,800
exact color of sky at dusk 
matters. 

2111
01:58:09,800 --> 01:58:14,400
You make coffee terrible coffee 
as always and stand at the 

2112
01:58:14,408 --> 01:58:18,800
window watching the street wake 
up. the baker opens, his 

2113
01:58:18,800 --> 01:58:23,600
shutters, the woman sweeps, her 
doorstep Cat hunts Shadows. 

2114
01:58:23,600 --> 01:58:27,500
These are the same small events,
you see every morning, but this 

2115
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:29,900
morning, they feel different 
more precious. 

2116
01:58:29,900 --> 01:58:33,300
Every ordinary moment is worth 
preserving, because every 

2117
01:58:33,300 --> 01:58:37,200
ordinary moment is unrepeatable.
Today's light will never exist. 

2118
01:58:37,200 --> 01:58:41,000
Again, today's shadows will 
never fall this exact way again.

2119
01:58:41,700 --> 01:58:46,200
This morning is unique singular 
and gone as soon as it arrives. 

2120
01:58:46,900 --> 01:58:48,700
The only way to keep it is to 
paint it. 

2121
01:58:48,700 --> 01:58:52,600
You finish your coffee gather, 
your materials and head out into

2122
01:58:52,600 --> 01:58:55,400
the early light. 
Your painting spot is waiting 

2123
01:58:55,400 --> 01:58:59,400
the field, the tree The Horizon.
That's both Barry and 

2124
01:58:59,400 --> 01:59:02,500
Invitational you set up. 
Your easel with practice 

2125
01:59:02,500 --> 01:59:05,100
efficiently, preparing to spend 
another day. 

2126
01:59:05,100 --> 01:59:09,100
Doing what you do, looking until
you see seeing until you 

2127
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:11,400
understand. 
And understanding, until you can

2128
01:59:11,400 --> 01:59:16,200
paint, the work is repetitive 
and endless and exactly what you

2129
01:59:16,200 --> 01:59:18,900
need to be doing. 
Not because anyone's asking for 

2130
01:59:18,900 --> 01:59:21,400
it, not because anyone's paying 
for it. 

2131
01:59:22,300 --> 01:59:24,500
Because this is your way of 
participating in the world. 

2132
01:59:24,500 --> 01:59:28,800
Your method of saying, yes to 
existence and your small 

2133
01:59:28,800 --> 01:59:33,500
contribution to the vast project
of human seeing The first 

2134
01:59:33,500 --> 01:59:37,100
brushstroke goes on the canvas, 
like a whisper becoming a shout 

2135
01:59:37,100 --> 01:59:41,100
it's just paint just pigment 
mixed with oil but it's also 

2136
01:59:41,100 --> 01:59:44,800
everything attention made 
visible looking made permanent 

2137
01:59:44,800 --> 01:59:48,900
this specific morning in this 
specific Place captured and held

2138
01:59:48,900 --> 01:59:52,000
you work steadily through the 
morning, watching the light 

2139
01:59:52,000 --> 01:59:55,500
change, adjusting your colors to
match what's actually there 

2140
01:59:55,500 --> 01:59:58,400
rather than what you think 
should be there, this is the 

2141
01:59:58,400 --> 02:00:01,400
discipline, trusting your eyes 
over your assumptions. 

2142
02:00:01,400 --> 02:00:04,600
Letting reality instruct you 
rather than imposing your ideas 

2143
02:00:04,600 --> 02:00:09,200
on reality hours, pass the sun 
climbs your back. 

2144
02:00:09,200 --> 02:00:11,900
Eights, your eyes water from 
squinting. 

2145
02:00:11,900 --> 02:00:15,400
Your palate becomes a muddy mess
of mixed colors. 

2146
02:00:15,400 --> 02:00:19,400
These are good signs. 
They mean, your working really 

2147
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:21,900
working. 
Not just playing at painting by 

2148
02:00:21,900 --> 02:00:24,900
early afternoon. 
The canvas has transformed from 

2149
02:00:24,900 --> 02:00:29,100
black potential to something. 
Actual not finished never 

2150
02:00:29,100 --> 02:00:33,200
finished but present. 
A field exists when nothing 

2151
02:00:33,200 --> 02:00:36,700
existed before. 
Light falls were only white 

2152
02:00:36,700 --> 02:00:39,200
canvas weighted. 
You've made something from 

2153
02:00:39,200 --> 02:00:41,700
nothing using nothing but 
attention and paint. 

2154
02:00:41,700 --> 02:00:46,300
It's A Small Miracle repeatedly 
never losing its power to 

2155
02:00:46,300 --> 02:00:49,400
surprise you. 
Clean your brushes pack, your 

2156
02:00:49,400 --> 02:00:53,200
materials, and start the walk 
back to town tonight. 

2157
02:00:53,200 --> 02:00:56,600
You'll write to Theo telling him
about today's work about the 

2158
02:00:56,600 --> 02:00:59,500
thoughts that kept you awake 
last night, and about why you 

2159
02:00:59,500 --> 02:01:03,700
continue, even when continuation
seems pointless, Tomorrow, 

2160
02:01:03,700 --> 02:01:07,000
you'll return to the field and 
begin again and the day after 

2161
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:10,000
that. 
And the day after that, this is 

2162
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:15,100
the pattern that defines you 
now, work and rest, and work 

2163
02:01:15,100 --> 02:01:19,900
again, seeing and painting and 
seeing again, building a legacy,

2164
02:01:19,900 --> 02:01:23,200
not of Fame. 
But of attention, one brush 

2165
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:26,000
stroke at a time. 
One painting at a time. 

2166
02:01:26,000 --> 02:01:29,800
One moment of careful. 
Looking at a time, the 

2167
02:01:29,800 --> 02:01:31,900
Wheatfield you painted today 
will be harvested. 

2168
02:01:31,900 --> 02:01:35,200
Soon, the light will change. 
Winter will come again. 

2169
02:01:35,200 --> 02:01:37,300
You'll keep painting through all
of it. 

2170
02:01:38,100 --> 02:01:40,100
Documenting. 
The endless variation of 

2171
02:01:40,100 --> 02:01:42,000
ordinary life. 
Insisting. 

2172
02:01:42,000 --> 02:01:44,800
That nothing is truly ordinary. 
If you look closely enough. 

2173
02:01:45,800 --> 02:01:48,100
Is your life. 
Now this is your work. 

2174
02:01:48,100 --> 02:01:52,500
This is what you'll leave behind
When You're Gone not monuments 

2175
02:01:52,500 --> 02:01:56,800
or Mansions but paintings that 
teach people how to see if even 

2176
02:01:56,800 --> 02:01:59,600
one person looks at one of your 
paintings and then looks at the 

2177
02:01:59,608 --> 02:02:02,700
world with the new eyes, then 
everything was worth it. 

2178
02:02:02,700 --> 02:02:06,600
Every morning of cold coffee 
every afternoon of aching back, 

2179
02:02:06,600 --> 02:02:10,300
every night of doubt and fear 
and stubborn foolish. 

2180
02:02:10,300 --> 02:02:13,900
Hope your Vincent van Gogh and 
you're painting the world. 

2181
02:02:13,900 --> 02:02:16,300
As you see it, the world doesn't
care. 

2182
02:02:16,300 --> 02:02:20,300
The world will continue with or 
without your paintings, but 

2183
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:23,600
you'll make them anyway because 
making them is how you live, how

2184
02:02:23,600 --> 02:02:26,800
you participate, and how you 
say, thank you to light and 

2185
02:02:26,800 --> 02:02:29,000
color and the infinite variety 
of seeing. 

2186
02:02:29,000 --> 02:02:33,900
This is enough, this has to be 
enough and on good days on days.

2187
02:02:33,900 --> 02:02:36,800
Like today when the light is 
perfect, and your hand is steady

2188
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:39,400
and the painting almost matches 
what you saw. 

2189
02:02:39,400 --> 02:02:43,200
It is enough. 
It's more than enough, it's 

2190
02:02:43,200 --> 02:02:52,400
everything. 
You're along the Arctic 

2191
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:55,700
Coastline where the Rhythm of 
Life moves with the tides and 

2192
02:02:55,700 --> 02:02:58,600
Seasons. 
Here, fishing is not Adventure 

2193
02:02:58,600 --> 02:03:01,600
but daily work shaped by 
patients knowledge. 

2194
02:03:01,600 --> 02:03:05,000
And the quiet repetition of 
tasks passed down through 

2195
02:03:05,000 --> 02:03:08,000
generations. 
You wake when your body tells 

2196
02:03:08,000 --> 02:03:11,900
you the day has begun. 
There is no alarm, no sudden 

2197
02:03:11,900 --> 02:03:15,600
jolt into Consciousness light 
filters differently, depending 

2198
02:03:15,600 --> 02:03:18,500
on the season sometimes pale and
persistent. 

2199
02:03:18,500 --> 02:03:22,900
Sometimes absent entirely Your 
internal clock adjusts to these 

2200
02:03:22,900 --> 02:03:27,200
rhythms without complaint Guided
by Years of Living in sync with 

2201
02:03:27,200 --> 02:03:30,900
your environment. the air inside
your dwelling is cool, but still

2202
02:03:31,700 --> 02:03:34,000
You can see your breath though, 
not dramatically. 

2203
02:03:34,000 --> 02:03:37,400
It's simply hangs there for a 
moment before dissipating. 

2204
02:03:38,300 --> 02:03:40,400
You dress in layers, you laid 
out the night before. 

2205
02:03:40,400 --> 02:03:43,300
Each piece serving a specific 
purpose. 

2206
02:03:44,300 --> 02:03:48,000
The innermost layer sits against
your skin made from materials 

2207
02:03:48,000 --> 02:03:52,100
that Wick moisture away the 
middle layers trap warmth. 

2208
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:57,400
The outer layer blocks. 
Wind this process takes time but

2209
02:03:57,400 --> 02:04:01,600
you do not rush. 
Rushing leads to mistakes and 

2210
02:04:01,600 --> 02:04:04,200
mistakes in dressing can mean 
discomfort throughout the day 

2211
02:04:04,200 --> 02:04:08,100
you pull on your boots, checking
the seams and laces. 

2212
02:04:08,100 --> 02:04:11,700
These Boots Were Made carefully 
and you maintain them just as 

2213
02:04:11,700 --> 02:04:14,500
carefully. 
A small tear appeared now, 

2214
02:04:14,500 --> 02:04:18,700
prevents a larger problem later 
outside the landscape stretches 

2215
02:04:18,700 --> 02:04:21,800
in familiar directions. 
You know this Coastline the way 

2216
02:04:21,800 --> 02:04:23,500
you know the lines of your own 
hands. 

2217
02:04:24,300 --> 02:04:27,100
That rock formation marks where 
the current runs strongest. 

2218
02:04:28,000 --> 02:04:30,800
That stretch of ice typically 
holds firm until late in the 

2219
02:04:30,800 --> 02:04:34,400
season that distant point is 
where you set Nets during 

2220
02:04:34,400 --> 02:04:38,300
certain months the wind touches 
your face with cold fingers. 

2221
02:04:38,300 --> 02:04:43,600
But you expected this, you 
always expect this cold is not 

2222
02:04:43,600 --> 02:04:46,200
an enemy. 
Here, it is simply a constant 

2223
02:04:46,200 --> 02:04:48,100
presence like the sky or the 
water. 

2224
02:04:48,100 --> 02:04:51,200
You have learned to work, 
alongside it rather than against

2225
02:04:51,200 --> 02:04:53,600
it. 
You walked toward the shore with

2226
02:04:53,600 --> 02:04:56,100
steady steps? 
The ground Beneath Your Feet 

2227
02:04:56,100 --> 02:05:00,100
might be frozen Earth. 
Hacked snow or solid ice 

2228
02:05:00,100 --> 02:05:03,500
depending on the season and 
location your boot grip. 

2229
02:05:03,500 --> 02:05:08,000
Well, you have walked this Paths
of times and your feet know 

2230
02:05:08,000 --> 02:05:09,700
where to step without conscious 
thought. 

2231
02:05:10,600 --> 02:05:13,600
Other people are already moving 
about 10 to their own mourning 

2232
02:05:13,600 --> 02:05:16,700
tasks. 
Someone checks the dogs, someone

2233
02:05:16,700 --> 02:05:20,300
else examines yesterday's 
repairs on a kayak frame, a 

2234
02:05:20,300 --> 02:05:23,700
group gathers near the water's 
edge, discussing the days plans 

2235
02:05:23,700 --> 02:05:28,400
in low practical voices. 
These conversations are not 

2236
02:05:28,400 --> 02:05:32,200
dramatic strategy sessions. 
They are simple exchanges of 

2237
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:36,100
information where the ice looks 
safe, which direction the wind 

2238
02:05:36,100 --> 02:05:38,500
is moving. 
And whether anyone noticed 

2239
02:05:38,500 --> 02:05:42,300
changes in the water yesterday, 
you join them listening more 

2240
02:05:42,300 --> 02:05:45,200
than speaking. 
Much of what needs to be said. 

2241
02:05:45,200 --> 02:05:48,600
Has been said before the 
patterns of fishing life repeat 

2242
02:05:48,600 --> 02:05:50,900
themselves and everyone knows 
their role. 

2243
02:05:51,600 --> 02:05:54,100
You can contribute what you 
observed on your walk down to 

2244
02:05:54,100 --> 02:05:56,800
the shore. 
A detail about ice thickness. 

2245
02:05:56,800 --> 02:06:01,300
A note about where birds were 
gathering The water itself is 

2246
02:06:01,300 --> 02:06:04,900
often still a dark presence 
extending to the horizon. 

2247
02:06:05,800 --> 02:06:09,600
Sometimes it is gray, green, 
sometimes deeper blue and 

2248
02:06:09,600 --> 02:06:13,900
sometimes nearly black small 
waves lap at the Ice Age with a 

2249
02:06:13,900 --> 02:06:18,300
gentle rhythmic sound. 
This sound is one of the 

2250
02:06:18,300 --> 02:06:21,500
constants of your life. 
Even when you're away from the 

2251
02:06:21,500 --> 02:06:23,300
water, you can record it 
perfectly. 

2252
02:06:24,100 --> 02:06:26,900
You check your gear, 
methodically your fishing line 

2253
02:06:26,900 --> 02:06:30,300
is coiled properly. 
Free of Tangles, Your Hooks are 

2254
02:06:30,300 --> 02:06:34,100
sharp and secure your Harpoon. 
If you're carrying one today is 

2255
02:06:34,100 --> 02:06:38,500
balanced and ready, everything 
has its place and everything is 

2256
02:06:38,500 --> 02:06:41,500
in its place. 
This organization is not 

2257
02:06:41,500 --> 02:06:44,600
obsessive. 
It is simply practical When 

2258
02:06:44,600 --> 02:06:47,500
you're working on the ice or in 
a boat, you cannot afford to 

2259
02:06:47,508 --> 02:06:49,800
search for tools or untangle 
equipment. 

2260
02:06:50,600 --> 02:06:52,800
The ice near shore gets examined
closely. 

2261
02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:57,200
You and others walk its edges 
testing thickness with gentle 

2262
02:06:57,200 --> 02:07:00,000
pressure from boots or the butt 
of a harpoon. 

2263
02:07:01,000 --> 02:07:04,900
Ice that seems solid can have 
weak spots especially where 

2264
02:07:04,900 --> 02:07:07,600
currents run underneath or where
the water has been warmer. 

2265
02:07:08,300 --> 02:07:12,400
You look for color changes, 
listen for sounds and feel for 

2266
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:15,800
texture differences. 
This knowledge keeps you safe 

2267
02:07:15,800 --> 02:07:19,000
and it comes from years of 
observation and teaching. 

2268
02:07:20,000 --> 02:07:22,900
When the ice is Judge suitable, 
you move out onto it. 

2269
02:07:23,700 --> 02:07:25,800
Your steps remain careful and 
deliberate. 

2270
02:07:26,600 --> 02:07:29,100
There is no bravado in Arctic, 
fishing life. 

2271
02:07:29,800 --> 02:07:31,900
Confidence comes from knowledge 
and preparation. 

2272
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:34,800
Not from taking unnecessary 
risks. 

2273
02:07:35,600 --> 02:07:38,200
You place your feet where the 
ice shows its strength, clearly.

2274
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:41,000
You drill a fishing hole using 
tools. 

2275
02:07:41,000 --> 02:07:44,400
Designed for this purpose. 
The ice gives way, gradually 

2276
02:07:44,400 --> 02:07:47,600
chips and fragments coming free 
as you work. 

2277
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:51,200
The physical effort warms you 
slightly though. 

2278
02:07:51,200 --> 02:07:55,000
You pace yourself? 
Overheating inside your clothing

2279
02:07:55,000 --> 02:07:58,100
creates moisture and moisture 
makes you colder later. 

2280
02:07:58,800 --> 02:08:01,000
You have learned to work at a 
sustainable rhythm. 

2281
02:08:01,800 --> 02:08:04,900
When the whole breaks through to
water below, you clear away the 

2282
02:08:04,900 --> 02:08:08,600
loose ice carefully, the water 
beneath, his dark and cold 

2283
02:08:08,600 --> 02:08:12,500
moving slightly with currants. 
You cannot see, but no other. 

2284
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:15,700
There you lower. 
Your line feeling its weight to 

2285
02:08:15,700 --> 02:08:17,700
send. 
This is familiar. 

2286
02:08:17,700 --> 02:08:21,600
This is what you do. 
Fishing in the ark, Arctic 

2287
02:08:21,600 --> 02:08:25,000
requires patience above all 
else, you do not expect 

2288
02:08:25,000 --> 02:08:28,300
immediate results. 
Sometimes fish come quickly. 

2289
02:08:28,300 --> 02:08:30,700
Some times, they do not come at 
all. 

2290
02:08:30,708 --> 02:08:34,600
You cannot control this. 
So you do not worry about it, 

2291
02:08:34,600 --> 02:08:38,900
you simply wait keeping your 
hands moving occasionally to 

2292
02:08:38,900 --> 02:08:42,000
maintain circulation, shifting 
your weight to prevent 

2293
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:45,100
stiffness. 
While you wait, You observe. 

2294
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:48,500
The quality of light tells you 
roughly, what time it is. 

2295
02:08:49,400 --> 02:08:52,500
The direction of Shadows when 
there are shadows provides 

2296
02:08:52,500 --> 02:08:56,000
additional information. 
You notice which other fishes 

2297
02:08:56,000 --> 02:08:58,800
are having success watching 
their techniques without 

2298
02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:02,100
staring. 
If someone pulls up a catch, you

2299
02:09:02,100 --> 02:09:05,000
note, what depth their line was 
set at and how they work their 

2300
02:09:05,000 --> 02:09:08,000
bait or lure. 
When you feel a pull on your 

2301
02:09:08,000 --> 02:09:10,600
line, your responses, measured 
and practiced. 

2302
02:09:11,300 --> 02:09:15,500
You do not yank or jerk, you 
assess the weight and determine 

2303
02:09:15,500 --> 02:09:19,300
whether it is truly a fish or 
simply current drag or bottom 

2304
02:09:19,300 --> 02:09:22,200
contact. 
If it is a fish, you begin to 

2305
02:09:22,200 --> 02:09:26,100
bring it up with steady. 
Even pulls the line runs through

2306
02:09:26,100 --> 02:09:28,800
your hands and you can feel 
everything transmitted through 

2307
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:31,900
it. 
Officials movement, the waters 

2308
02:09:31,900 --> 02:09:34,900
resistance and the Isis friction
of the holes Edge. 

2309
02:09:35,900 --> 02:09:39,600
The fish that emerges is cold 
and firm you handle it. 

2310
02:09:39,600 --> 02:09:41,800
Efficiently removing the hook 
and dispatching. 

2311
02:09:41,800 --> 02:09:44,500
It quickly. 
If needed there is no drama in 

2312
02:09:44,500 --> 02:09:46,500
this, it is the purpose of 
fishing. 

2313
02:09:46,500 --> 02:09:50,900
The fish becomes food and food 
is the reason you are here. 

2314
02:09:51,800 --> 02:09:54,400
You place the catch in a 
protected spot where it will not

2315
02:09:54,400 --> 02:09:57,700
slide back into the water. 
On cold days. 

2316
02:09:57,700 --> 02:10:00,300
It begins to freeze almost 
immediately. 

2317
02:10:00,300 --> 02:10:04,200
This is good. 
Frozen fish keeps well. 

2318
02:10:05,000 --> 02:10:08,500
The day continues in this 
pattern, the routine consists of

2319
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:12,800
fishing waiting, checking other 
holes and occasionally moving to

2320
02:10:12,800 --> 02:10:16,200
new locations based on success 
or lack thereof. 

2321
02:10:16,900 --> 02:10:20,700
You might fish alone or near 
others conversation happens, 

2322
02:10:20,700 --> 02:10:24,700
sporadically brief exchanges 
about technique or conditions, 

2323
02:10:24,700 --> 02:10:27,400
long silences are normal and 
comfortable. 

2324
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:30,800
Your body tells you when you 
need to move around for warmth. 

2325
02:10:30,800 --> 02:10:34,100
You stand walk, a short 
distance, and flex your fingers 

2326
02:10:34,100 --> 02:10:36,900
and toes. 
The small movements maintain 

2327
02:10:36,900 --> 02:10:39,100
circulation without burning too 
much energy. 

2328
02:10:40,000 --> 02:10:42,400
Energy conservation is built 
into every action. 

2329
02:10:42,400 --> 02:10:46,300
You do not have unlimited 
calories to spend on unnecessary

2330
02:10:46,300 --> 02:10:49,200
movement. 
The light begins to shift as the

2331
02:10:49,200 --> 02:10:52,600
day progresses in some Seasons. 
This means the approach of 

2332
02:10:52,608 --> 02:10:56,200
darkness in others. 
It means only a subtle change in

2333
02:10:56,200 --> 02:10:59,200
angle or intensity. 
You read these shifts, 

2334
02:10:59,200 --> 02:11:03,000
automatically using them to 
gauge time and plan your next 

2335
02:11:03,000 --> 02:11:06,400
actions, when you decide to head
back, you gather your equipment 

2336
02:11:06,400 --> 02:11:09,700
carefully. 
Your catch is a collected and 

2337
02:11:09,700 --> 02:11:13,300
your holes are noted for future 
use or marked so others know 

2338
02:11:13,300 --> 02:11:16,100
they are there. 
You walk back across the ice 

2339
02:11:16,100 --> 02:11:18,000
with the same care. 
You use coming out. 

2340
02:11:18,800 --> 02:11:23,500
Familiarity does not make you 
careless at Shore, you secure 

2341
02:11:23,500 --> 02:11:27,800
your catch and clean your tools.
Fish are sorted by size or type 

2342
02:11:27,800 --> 02:11:30,900
if needed anything that needs 
immediate attention. 

2343
02:11:30,900 --> 02:11:34,600
Gets it, everything else is 
prepared for storage or further 

2344
02:11:34,600 --> 02:11:37,000
processing. 
The evening tasks are already 

2345
02:11:37,000 --> 02:11:39,000
beginning. 
As you finish, someone is 

2346
02:11:39,000 --> 02:11:41,600
lighting lamps. 
Someone is preparing a communal 

2347
02:11:41,600 --> 02:11:44,900
space for shared work. 
The days fishing transitions 

2348
02:11:44,900 --> 02:11:47,300
into the days, other work 
without a clear line between 

2349
02:11:47,300 --> 02:11:49,600
them. 
Your tired in the ordinary way 

2350
02:11:49,600 --> 02:11:53,500
that comes from physical work in
cold conditions, this tiredness 

2351
02:11:53,500 --> 02:11:57,500
is expected and not unpleasant. 
It means you have done what 

2352
02:11:57,500 --> 02:12:00,900
needed doing tomorrow will bring
similar tasks and you will 

2353
02:12:00,900 --> 02:12:03,100
approach them with the same 
steady attention. 

2354
02:12:03,100 --> 02:12:06,000
You brought today The routine of
Coastal. 

2355
02:12:06,000 --> 02:12:08,200
Life are not exciting, but they 
are reliable. 

2356
02:12:09,000 --> 02:12:10,800
They provide structure and 
purpose. 

2357
02:12:10,800 --> 02:12:13,700
The connect you to your 
community and to the 

2358
02:12:13,700 --> 02:12:17,700
environments sustains. 
You, this is enough, your 

2359
02:12:17,700 --> 02:12:21,800
fishing gear is not purchased 
from a store or factory most of 

2360
02:12:21,800 --> 02:12:25,200
it exists because you made it 
well because someone, you know, 

2361
02:12:25,200 --> 02:12:27,600
made it and taught you how to 
maintain it. 

2362
02:12:28,400 --> 02:12:32,000
This relationship with your 
tools is intimate and practical.

2363
02:12:32,800 --> 02:12:36,300
You know, every piece because 
you have handled it, repaired it

2364
02:12:36,308 --> 02:12:39,200
and sometimes created it from 
raw materials. 

2365
02:12:40,300 --> 02:12:43,300
Process of making fishing line 
begins with sinew or other 

2366
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:47,800
strong fibers, you prepare these
materials carefully cleaning and

2367
02:12:47,800 --> 02:12:50,000
drying them. 
Then twisting them together with

2368
02:12:50,000 --> 02:12:53,100
practiced hand motions. 
The twisting must be tight 

2369
02:12:53,100 --> 02:12:55,000
enough for strength, but not so 
tight. 

2370
02:12:55,000 --> 02:12:58,400
That the line becomes brittle 
Your fingers, know the right 

2371
02:12:58,400 --> 02:13:01,700
tension, without measuring this 
work happens in doors. 

2372
02:13:01,700 --> 02:13:05,200
Often during darker months. 
When fishing is less productive 

2373
02:13:05,200 --> 02:13:09,200
or impossible, You sit in good 
light when available working 

2374
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:13,100
steadily for long periods. 
The repetitive motion is 

2375
02:13:13,100 --> 02:13:17,000
meditative rather than boring. 
Your hands stay busy while your 

2376
02:13:17,000 --> 02:13:19,500
mind settles into a calm Focus 
state. 

2377
02:13:20,400 --> 02:13:24,400
Hooks come from bone carved and 
shaped with patients. 

2378
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:27,900
You select pieces with the right
density in Grain. 

2379
02:13:27,900 --> 02:13:30,600
Then work them slowly into the 
shape you need. 

2380
02:13:31,900 --> 02:13:35,800
Carving tools of themselves. 
Carefully maintained sharp 

2381
02:13:35,800 --> 02:13:38,800
enough to cut cleanly but 
controlled enough not to slip 

2382
02:13:38,800 --> 02:13:42,500
and waste material or injure. 
You Each hook takes time. 

2383
02:13:42,500 --> 02:13:46,100
You cannot Rush bone. 
If you apply too much pressure, 

2384
02:13:46,100 --> 02:13:49,400
it splits, if you heat it, 
incorrectly it weakens. 

2385
02:13:49,400 --> 02:13:52,700
You have learned these lessons 
gradually through observation 

2386
02:13:52,700 --> 02:13:55,600
and occasional failures. 
The hooks you make now are 

2387
02:13:55,600 --> 02:13:58,100
better than the ones you made 
years ago and you expect the 

2388
02:13:58,100 --> 02:14:00,400
hooks you make in future years 
will be better still. 

2389
02:14:01,500 --> 02:14:03,800
Harpoon points require even more
attention. 

2390
02:14:03,800 --> 02:14:07,300
The balance must be perfect. 
The attachment point must be 

2391
02:14:07,300 --> 02:14:10,400
strong, the tip must penetrate 
but not break. 

2392
02:14:11,300 --> 02:14:14,300
You test each point carefully, 
before trusting it in actual 

2393
02:14:14,300 --> 02:14:18,300
use, a fail Harpoon Point, might
mean, lost food or damaged 

2394
02:14:18,300 --> 02:14:22,300
equipment, so the testing is 
thorough. the shafts for 

2395
02:14:22,300 --> 02:14:25,400
harpoons and fishing Spears are 
selected from available wood, 

2396
02:14:25,400 --> 02:14:29,000
which is sometimes scarce, you 
know, which Driftwood pieces 

2397
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:32,400
will serve and which will not 
dense City straightness and 

2398
02:14:32,400 --> 02:14:35,600
absence of rot All these factors
matter. 

2399
02:14:36,400 --> 02:14:38,700
You might spend considerable 
time searching for the right 

2400
02:14:38,700 --> 02:14:42,300
piece knowing that a good shaft 
will last for years, if properly

2401
02:14:42,300 --> 02:14:45,900
cared for Lashing materials, 
hold your tools together. 

2402
02:14:45,900 --> 02:14:49,700
These might be more sinewy 
carefully prepared strips of 

2403
02:14:49,700 --> 02:14:54,200
hide or other binding materials 
you learn to tie secure knots 

2404
02:14:54,200 --> 02:14:58,400
that will not slip when wet or 
frozen each type of knot has its

2405
02:14:58,400 --> 02:15:01,100
purpose. 
You use the right knot for each 

2406
02:15:01,108 --> 02:15:02,800
application without thinking 
about it. 

2407
02:15:02,800 --> 02:15:06,500
Consciously kayak and boat 
maintenance is ongoing work. 

2408
02:15:06,500 --> 02:15:10,400
The frames are made from bone or
wood covered with prepared. 

2409
02:15:10,400 --> 02:15:13,100
Skins sewn together with 
waterproof seams. 

2410
02:15:13,100 --> 02:15:17,600
These seams require constant 
attention salt, water and cold 

2411
02:15:17,600 --> 02:15:21,400
work against them, you check 
them regularly, receiving any 

2412
02:15:21,400 --> 02:15:24,600
areas, where water might 
penetrate The process of 

2413
02:15:24,608 --> 02:15:28,100
waterproofing uses materials you
have prepared specifically for 

2414
02:15:28,100 --> 02:15:30,100
this purpose. 
You apply them. 

2415
02:15:30,100 --> 02:15:33,300
Carefully working the 
waterproofing, compound into 

2416
02:15:33,300 --> 02:15:35,000
seams and over the skin 
covering. 

2417
02:15:35,900 --> 02:15:38,900
Your hands get thoroughly coated
in the process but this is 

2418
02:15:38,900 --> 02:15:40,700
normal. 
You clean them off. 

2419
02:15:40,700 --> 02:15:43,500
Afterwards using methods, that 
do not waste the waterproofing 

2420
02:15:43,500 --> 02:15:46,700
material. 
When a skin covering develops a 

2421
02:15:46,700 --> 02:15:50,200
tear or weak spot you patch it 
properly rather than making 

2422
02:15:50,200 --> 02:15:53,500
temporary fixes. 
A proper patch done. 

2423
02:15:53,500 --> 02:15:57,500
Well can last as long as the 
original material, a rushed 

2424
02:15:57,500 --> 02:16:00,900
repair will fail possibly at An 
Inconvenient moment when you're 

2425
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:04,700
away from Shore. 
Paddles of personal tools often 

2426
02:16:04,700 --> 02:16:07,300
made to fit the height and 
strength of the person using 

2427
02:16:07,300 --> 02:16:09,600
them. 
You know your paddles balance 

2428
02:16:09,600 --> 02:16:13,900
point its weight and how it 
feels in your hands if you must 

2429
02:16:13,900 --> 02:16:16,300
use someone else's paddle it 
feels slightly wrong. 

2430
02:16:16,300 --> 02:16:19,400
Even if it is well made the 
difference is subtle but 

2431
02:16:19,400 --> 02:16:22,700
noticeable, you maintain your 
paddle by, keeping it clean and 

2432
02:16:22,700 --> 02:16:24,500
checking for cracks or weak 
points. 

2433
02:16:25,300 --> 02:16:28,300
Would can develop hairline 
fractures that worsen over time?

2434
02:16:28,300 --> 02:16:32,299
If not addressed Can sometimes 
see these cracks but you also 

2435
02:16:32,299 --> 02:16:36,000
run your hands over the paddle 
surface regularly feeling for 

2436
02:16:36,000 --> 02:16:38,200
any changes in texture or 
soundless. 

2437
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:43,600
Nets, when you use them require 
patient work, you weave them 

2438
02:16:43,600 --> 02:16:47,500
from prepared, cordage creating 
consistent, mesh sizes, 

2439
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:49,299
appropriate for the fish, your 
targeting. 

2440
02:16:50,200 --> 02:16:54,000
The weaving is rhythmic work 
easily done while sitting and 

2441
02:16:54,000 --> 02:16:57,100
talking with others or while 
simply letting your mind, rest. 

2442
02:16:58,200 --> 02:17:00,299
Damage Nets get repaired as soon
as possible. 

2443
02:17:00,299 --> 02:17:03,100
A small hole become a large hole
quickly. 

2444
02:17:03,100 --> 02:17:06,900
Once fish begin testing it You 
carry repair materials with you 

2445
02:17:06,900 --> 02:17:09,299
and fix problems in the field 
when you can. 

2446
02:17:10,600 --> 02:17:13,400
Larger repairs, wait until 
you're back in better working 

2447
02:17:13,400 --> 02:17:15,500
conditions, but they do not wait
long. 

2448
02:17:16,400 --> 02:17:19,400
Your clothing is as much a tool 
as your harpoon. 

2449
02:17:20,200 --> 02:17:22,000
It keeps you functional and 
conditions. 

2450
02:17:22,000 --> 02:17:23,799
That would otherwise make work 
impossible. 

2451
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:27,000
The layers. 
You wear are each made with a 

2452
02:17:27,000 --> 02:17:29,200
specific purpose and careful 
Construction. 

2453
02:17:30,299 --> 02:17:34,100
The innermost layer against your
skin is often made from bird 

2454
02:17:34,100 --> 02:17:35,900
skin with feathers facing 
inward. 

2455
02:17:35,900 --> 02:17:39,200
This creates air pockets that 
trap warmth. 

2456
02:17:40,100 --> 02:17:42,799
The preparation of these birds 
skins is delicate work. 

2457
02:17:42,799 --> 02:17:46,400
Scraping them clean without 
creating holes and drying them 

2458
02:17:46,400 --> 02:17:47,900
properly. 
So they remain supple. 

2459
02:17:48,700 --> 02:17:52,100
Middle layers, might be fur with
the hair facing outward. 

2460
02:17:52,900 --> 02:17:54,799
Different Furs have different 
properties. 

2461
02:17:54,799 --> 02:17:59,299
You learn which animals provide 
the warmest fur, which provides 

2462
02:17:59,299 --> 02:18:02,500
the best wind resistant and 
which is most durable for 

2463
02:18:02,500 --> 02:18:05,400
specific uses. 
This knowledge guide, your 

2464
02:18:05,400 --> 02:18:07,700
choices when making or 
maintaining clothing. 

2465
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:11,200
Outer layers must block, wind 
and shed moisture. 

2466
02:18:12,100 --> 02:18:14,700
The preparation of these 
materials, involves processes 

2467
02:18:14,700 --> 02:18:16,600
that make them as waterproof as 
possible. 

2468
02:18:17,299 --> 02:18:20,600
You might use Marine Mammal in 
testing's carefully cleaned. 

2469
02:18:20,600 --> 02:18:24,799
And so together or specially 
treated highs, These outer 

2470
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:27,400
garments, get the most wear and 
require frequent maintenance. 

2471
02:18:28,400 --> 02:18:32,000
Seems in clothing up potential, 
weak points, you sow them 

2472
02:18:32,008 --> 02:18:35,000
carefully, using techniques, 
that create weather resistant 

2473
02:18:35,000 --> 02:18:39,500
joins the stitching is tight and
even and you sometimes run 

2474
02:18:39,500 --> 02:18:42,600
waterproofing compound along 
seams as additional protection. 

2475
02:18:43,400 --> 02:18:46,000
Your hands, know the motion of 
the needle without watching. 

2476
02:18:46,900 --> 02:18:50,100
Boots deserves special attention
because your feet are crucial to

2477
02:18:50,100 --> 02:18:53,799
your mobility and safety. 
Wet feet in Arctic conditions 

2478
02:18:53,799 --> 02:18:56,500
are not merely uncomfortable. 
They are dangerous. 

2479
02:18:57,400 --> 02:19:00,000
Your boots are constructed with 
multiple layers. 

2480
02:19:00,000 --> 02:19:03,400
Each serving a purpose. 
The souls are sturdy. 

2481
02:19:03,400 --> 02:19:07,000
The upper is a warm, the 
closures keeps snow and water 

2482
02:19:07,000 --> 02:19:09,500
out. 
You stuff your boots with dried 

2483
02:19:09,500 --> 02:19:12,100
grass or other insulating 
material that you replace 

2484
02:19:12,100 --> 02:19:15,100
regularly. 
This material absorbs any 

2485
02:19:15,100 --> 02:19:18,400
moisture from your feet and 
provides an additional layer of 

2486
02:19:18,400 --> 02:19:20,900
warmth. 
When you remove your boots in 

2487
02:19:20,900 --> 02:19:24,100
the evening, you remove this 
stuffing and set it aside to dry

2488
02:19:24,100 --> 02:19:28,299
completely before reusing it. 
Boot maintenance happens nearly 

2489
02:19:28,299 --> 02:19:31,600
every day. 
You check, seams replace worn 

2490
02:19:31,600 --> 02:19:35,900
laces, apply waterproofing, 
materials and inspect souls for 

2491
02:19:35,900 --> 02:19:38,600
damage. 
Small problems get addressed 

2492
02:19:38,600 --> 02:19:42,700
immediately, a loose seam 
spotted in the evening gets sown

2493
02:19:42,700 --> 02:19:45,700
before you sleep. 
This prevents it from becoming a

2494
02:19:45,700 --> 02:19:47,500
crisis during the next day's 
work. 

2495
02:19:48,200 --> 02:19:50,600
Your gloves or mittens are 
another critical piece of 

2496
02:19:50,608 --> 02:19:55,400
equipment, you need your hands 
to work, but exposed hands lose 

2497
02:19:55,400 --> 02:19:59,400
heat rapidly, the balance 
between warmth and dexterity is 

2498
02:19:59,400 --> 02:20:02,900
always a consideration. 
Sometimes you need thin gloves 

2499
02:20:02,900 --> 02:20:06,400
for precise work. 
Sometimes you need thick mittens

2500
02:20:06,400 --> 02:20:09,400
for warmth. 
You carry both and switch 

2501
02:20:09,400 --> 02:20:13,000
between them as needed? 
Storage of your gear matters as 

2502
02:20:13,000 --> 02:20:16,800
much as its construction. 
Tools left lying about can be 

2503
02:20:16,808 --> 02:20:18,900
damaged lost or degraded by 
weather. 

2504
02:20:19,900 --> 02:20:22,900
Keep everything organized in its
designated spot. 

2505
02:20:23,800 --> 02:20:27,600
This organization saves time and
frustration when you need 

2506
02:20:27,600 --> 02:20:30,000
something, you know exactly 
where it is. 

2507
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:33,600
You treat your tools with 
respect but not sentimentality, 

2508
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:37,500
they are functional objects that
enable your survival and 

2509
02:20:37,500 --> 02:20:40,500
livelihood. 
When something wears out Beyond 

2510
02:20:40,500 --> 02:20:44,000
repair, you use what materials 
you can sell it and create a 

2511
02:20:44,000 --> 02:20:47,600
replacement. 
This cycle of use maintenance 

2512
02:20:47,600 --> 02:20:51,600
repair and eventual. 
Replacement is continuous. 

2513
02:20:52,600 --> 02:20:54,900
Learning to make and maintain 
equipment happens. 

2514
02:20:54,900 --> 02:20:59,800
Gradually You began learning as 
a child watching adults work and

2515
02:20:59,800 --> 02:21:03,900
helping with simple tasks. 
As you gain skill, you took on 

2516
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:06,800
more complex work. 
Now, you might be teaching 

2517
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:09,800
others passing along the same 
knowledge that was shared with 

2518
02:21:09,800 --> 02:21:12,400
you. 
The pride you feel in well-made 

2519
02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:15,900
gear is quiet. 
But real the Harpoon that flies 

2520
02:21:15,900 --> 02:21:18,400
true. 
A boat that handles smoothly 

2521
02:21:18,400 --> 02:21:20,800
clothing. 
That keeps you warm and dry. 

2522
02:21:21,500 --> 02:21:24,600
These things matter. 
They make difficult work more 

2523
02:21:24,600 --> 02:21:27,300
manageable. 
They represent a accumulated 

2524
02:21:27,300 --> 02:21:29,400
knowledge and careful attention 
to detail. 

2525
02:21:30,200 --> 02:21:33,300
When you work on your equipment,
you're not merely preparing for 

2526
02:21:33,300 --> 02:21:35,800
fishing. 
You're engaging in a form of 

2527
02:21:35,800 --> 02:21:39,100
problem, solving that connects 
you to generations of knowledge.

2528
02:21:39,100 --> 02:21:43,200
Each technique you use was 
developed and refined over time.

2529
02:21:43,200 --> 02:21:46,200
Each material was chosen because
it works. 

2530
02:21:47,200 --> 02:21:49,700
You are part of this ongoing 
tradition of practical 

2531
02:21:49,700 --> 02:21:52,200
innovation. 
The time you spend maintaining 

2532
02:21:52,200 --> 02:21:54,100
equipment is not separate from 
fishing. 

2533
02:21:54,100 --> 02:21:57,200
It is fishing. 
Without proper gear. 

2534
02:21:57,200 --> 02:21:59,100
You cannot fish effectively or 
safely. 

2535
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:03,700
The hours spent sewing seams, 
carving hooks, waterproofing 

2536
02:22:03,700 --> 02:22:07,800
boots, and checking lines are as
essential as the hours spent on 

2537
02:22:07,800 --> 02:22:11,300
the ice or in a boat. 
This understanding makes the 

2538
02:22:11,300 --> 02:22:13,300
work meaningful rather than 
tedious. 

2539
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:17,400
You're not just fixing things. 
Your ensuring your ability to 

2540
02:22:17,400 --> 02:22:20,900
continue doing what you do, your
maintaining the tools that 

2541
02:22:20,900 --> 02:22:25,000
maintain you Fishing in the 
Arctic is never truly solitary 

2542
02:22:25,000 --> 02:22:27,100
work. 
Even when you are alone on the 

2543
02:22:27,108 --> 02:22:29,500
ice, your success depends on 
knowledge. 

2544
02:22:29,500 --> 02:22:33,700
Shared freely equipment borrowed
when needed and help offered 

2545
02:22:33,700 --> 02:22:36,400
without being asked. 
The community around you 

2546
02:22:36,400 --> 02:22:39,900
functions as an interconnected 
system, where individual effort 

2547
02:22:39,900 --> 02:22:44,000
and Collective support are 
inseparable. information moves 

2548
02:22:44,000 --> 02:22:47,700
through your community like 
water finding its level When 

2549
02:22:47,700 --> 02:22:50,400
someone discovers that fish are 
running well in a particular 

2550
02:22:50,400 --> 02:22:52,900
location, this knowledge spreads
quickly. 

2551
02:22:52,900 --> 02:22:56,600
There is no hoarding of 
successful spots or techniques 

2552
02:22:56,600 --> 02:23:00,000
if something works, others 
should know about it. 

2553
02:23:00,000 --> 02:23:04,600
Their success contributes to 
everyone's security You might 

2554
02:23:04,600 --> 02:23:07,100
share the news yourself 
mentioning casually where you 

2555
02:23:07,108 --> 02:23:10,700
had good results today. 
Someone else might ask directly 

2556
02:23:10,700 --> 02:23:15,000
and you answer honestly. 
This exchange is not considered 

2557
02:23:15,000 --> 02:23:17,900
giving away Secrets. 
It is, simply healthy. 

2558
02:23:17,900 --> 02:23:21,100
Things are done next week. 
Someone else might share similar

2559
02:23:21,100 --> 02:23:24,400
information with you. 
Teaching happens constantly but 

2560
02:23:24,400 --> 02:23:27,500
rarely informal lessons, a young
person watches. 

2561
02:23:27,500 --> 02:23:31,100
You prepare fishing line and 
asks question you show them the 

2562
02:23:31,100 --> 02:23:33,100
hand position that creates the 
right tension. 

2563
02:23:33,100 --> 02:23:36,200
Let them try it and correct 
their grip gently. 

2564
02:23:37,200 --> 02:23:40,700
This interaction might last only
a few minutes, but it transmits 

2565
02:23:40,700 --> 02:23:42,500
knowledge, that will serve them 
for decades. 

2566
02:23:42,500 --> 02:23:46,600
You learned this way yourself. 
Someone showed you how to read 

2567
02:23:46,600 --> 02:23:48,400
ice conditions by looking and 
listening. 

2568
02:23:49,300 --> 02:23:52,200
Someone else demonstrated the 
wrist motion that sets a hook 

2569
02:23:52,200 --> 02:23:56,300
properly, another person taught 
you how to judge when a skin 

2570
02:23:56,300 --> 02:23:58,800
covering needs replacing rather 
than just patching. 

2571
02:23:59,500 --> 02:24:02,400
Each small lesson built on 
previous ones until you 

2572
02:24:02,400 --> 02:24:04,400
accumulated a comprehensive 
understanding. 

2573
02:24:05,600 --> 02:24:08,800
When large tasks arise, people 
gather without needing to be 

2574
02:24:08,800 --> 02:24:13,200
organized, a boat needs new skin
covering and suddenly several 

2575
02:24:13,200 --> 02:24:17,600
people are there helping stretch
and sew and waterproof. hands 

2576
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:20,400
that have done this before work 
alongside hands, that are 

2577
02:24:20,400 --> 02:24:23,500
learning The work proceeds with 
quite efficiently. 

2578
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:27,400
These group efforts are social 
occasions, but not parties. 

2579
02:24:27,400 --> 02:24:31,800
People talk while working, but 
the conversation is relaxed and 

2580
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:34,200
practical. 
Someone might tell a story 

2581
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:37,300
someone else might point out a 
better technique for a 

2582
02:24:37,300 --> 02:24:41,300
particular step. children play 
nearby absorbing the atmosphere 

2583
02:24:41,300 --> 02:24:43,700
of Cooperative work, even if 
they are not directly 

2584
02:24:43,700 --> 02:24:46,400
participating, Food from 
successful. 

2585
02:24:46,400 --> 02:24:50,100
Phishing is distributed 
according to need and custom, if

2586
02:24:50,100 --> 02:24:52,600
you have caught more than your 
household can use immediately, 

2587
02:24:52,600 --> 02:24:56,400
you share it. 
The distribution is not dramatic

2588
02:24:56,400 --> 02:24:59,300
or ceremonial. 
You simply give fish to others 

2589
02:24:59,300 --> 02:25:03,600
and they accept with, thanks. 
When your own fishing is less 

2590
02:25:03,600 --> 02:25:07,000
successful, you receive fish 
from others in the same casual 

2591
02:25:07,000 --> 02:25:09,700
way. 
This system creates security, 

2592
02:25:09,700 --> 02:25:11,500
that would be impossible 
individually. 

2593
02:25:12,300 --> 02:25:15,400
Some days. 
Everyone catches fish some days.

2594
02:25:15,408 --> 02:25:19,100
Only a few people, do some days.
No one catches much. 

2595
02:25:20,400 --> 02:25:24,500
Over time, the sharing evens 
out, these variations ensuring 

2596
02:25:24,500 --> 02:25:27,100
that everyone eats regularly, 
even though daily catches 

2597
02:25:27,100 --> 02:25:30,000
fluctuate. 
The elderly and those unable to 

2598
02:25:30,008 --> 02:25:33,000
fish for health, reasons are 
provided for without question or

2599
02:25:33,000 --> 02:25:36,100
fuss. 
They contributed in their time 

2600
02:25:36,100 --> 02:25:38,800
and they still contribute 
knowledge and other forms of 

2601
02:25:38,800 --> 02:25:41,100
work. 
They are fed because they are 

2602
02:25:41,100 --> 02:25:44,100
part of the community. 
The calculation is not 

2603
02:25:44,100 --> 02:25:47,400
transactional equipment. 
Borrowing happens regularly, 

2604
02:25:47,400 --> 02:25:51,600
your Harpoon point breaks and 
you need to borrow one until you

2605
02:25:51,600 --> 02:25:54,800
can make a replacement. 
Someone's fishing line is lost 

2606
02:25:54,800 --> 02:25:56,400
and they use yours for a few 
days. 

2607
02:25:56,400 --> 02:26:00,200
These exchanges attract 
informally through memory and 

2608
02:26:00,200 --> 02:26:02,500
reciprocity rather than formal 
accounting. 

2609
02:26:03,300 --> 02:26:06,400
When you borrow something, you 
return it promptly in the same 

2610
02:26:06,400 --> 02:26:09,200
or better condition. 
If you damage borrowed 

2611
02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:11,500
equipment, you repair it or 
replace it. 

2612
02:26:11,500 --> 02:26:14,600
This is understood without 
needing to be stated. 

2613
02:26:15,500 --> 02:26:18,800
Your reputation within the 
community depends partly on how 

2614
02:26:18,800 --> 02:26:20,700
you handle such 
responsibilities. 

2615
02:26:21,500 --> 02:26:24,800
Boat Crews work with established
rhythms and unspoken 

2616
02:26:24,800 --> 02:26:27,500
communication. 
When you paddle with others, 

2617
02:26:27,500 --> 02:26:30,000
everyone knows their position 
and timing. 

2618
02:26:30,900 --> 02:26:35,200
Paddles, enter and exit the 
water in coordination course, 

2619
02:26:35,200 --> 02:26:38,300
Corrections happen through 
subtle shifts that the person in

2620
02:26:38,300 --> 02:26:40,500
the lead position, initiates and
others follow. 

2621
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:44,900
This coordination comes from 
practice and familiarity. 

2622
02:26:45,800 --> 02:26:49,700
You have paddled with the same 
people, many times, you know, 

2623
02:26:49,700 --> 02:26:54,000
that pace their strength and 
their habits, they know yours. 

2624
02:26:54,900 --> 02:26:57,300
The boat moves efficiently 
because everyone works together 

2625
02:26:57,300 --> 02:26:59,500
with without needing constant 
verbal instruction. 

2626
02:27:00,500 --> 02:27:02,600
Safety depends on this 
Collective attention. 

2627
02:27:03,400 --> 02:27:07,100
When one person goes out onto 
questionable, ice others watch. 

2628
02:27:07,100 --> 02:27:11,500
If someone does not return When 
expected a search begins without

2629
02:27:11,500 --> 02:27:13,300
anyone needing to raise an 
alarm. 

2630
02:27:14,800 --> 02:27:18,600
People simply notice the absence
and responded the watching is 

2631
02:27:18,600 --> 02:27:21,800
not intrusive or anxious. 
It is simply background 

2632
02:27:21,800 --> 02:27:25,400
awareness the same way you are 
aware of whether changes or Tide

2633
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:27,900
movements. 
You keep track of who is where 

2634
02:27:27,900 --> 02:27:30,800
roughly as part of normal 
observation. 

2635
02:27:31,700 --> 02:27:34,300
Children, learn by being 
included, inappropriate ways. 

2636
02:27:34,300 --> 02:27:38,000
A young child might help carry 
Light Equipment or watch from a 

2637
02:27:38,000 --> 02:27:41,500
safe position while adults work.
Older children take on more 

2638
02:27:41,500 --> 02:27:44,800
active roles first helping with 
preparation and maintenance, 

2639
02:27:44,800 --> 02:27:48,600
then gradually participating in 
actual fishing under 

2640
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:52,400
supervision. this inclusion 
teaches not just techniques but 

2641
02:27:52,400 --> 02:27:56,300
also attitudes Children. 
Absorb the patient approach to 

2642
02:27:56,300 --> 02:27:59,400
work, the matter of fact 
acceptance of cold and 

2643
02:27:59,400 --> 02:28:03,500
difficulty and the automatic 
sharing and cooperation, these 

2644
02:28:03,500 --> 02:28:06,100
lessons are more powerful than 
any verbal instruction. 

2645
02:28:06,100 --> 02:28:10,000
Could be women's work and Men's 
Work have traditional divisions,

2646
02:28:10,000 --> 02:28:12,500
but these are practical rather 
than rigid. 

2647
02:28:13,300 --> 02:28:16,300
Certain tasks require physical 
strength that makes the more 

2648
02:28:16,300 --> 02:28:20,100
efficient for some people. 
Other tasks require fine motor 

2649
02:28:20,100 --> 02:28:22,100
skills or patients that anyone 
can develop. 

2650
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:25,400
The divisions, reflect 
practical, efficiency more than 

2651
02:28:25,400 --> 02:28:28,300
ideology. 
You might primarily do certain 

2652
02:28:28,300 --> 02:28:31,700
types of work, but you 
understand and perform other 

2653
02:28:31,700 --> 02:28:35,600
tasks if needed. 
This flexibility is useful when 

2654
02:28:35,600 --> 02:28:38,500
situations change or when 
someone is unable to do their 

2655
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:41,400
usual work. 
The respect for expertise 

2656
02:28:41,400 --> 02:28:44,700
crosses these divisions. 
If someone is particularly 

2657
02:28:44,700 --> 02:28:49,000
skilled a task others defer to 
their judgment regardless of who

2658
02:28:49,000 --> 02:28:53,100
typically does that work. 
Knowledge and skill earn respect

2659
02:28:53,100 --> 02:28:54,700
that outweighs other 
considerations. 

2660
02:28:56,600 --> 02:28:59,700
Making about fishing activities.
Happens through discussion and 

2661
02:28:59,700 --> 02:29:02,400
consensus. 
If the weather is questionable, 

2662
02:29:02,400 --> 02:29:06,400
people talk about whether to go 
out Experienced voices, carry 

2663
02:29:06,400 --> 02:29:09,500
weight, but anyone can 
contribute observations. 

2664
02:29:09,500 --> 02:29:13,600
The decision that emerges feels 
Collective rather than imposed 

2665
02:29:14,300 --> 02:29:17,600
Sometimes disagreement exists 
and people make different 

2666
02:29:17,600 --> 02:29:20,200
choices. 
Some might decide whether as 

2667
02:29:20,200 --> 02:29:22,900
acceptable While others stay in,
this is normal. 

2668
02:29:24,200 --> 02:29:27,100
The next day, everyone, 
discusses how the decision 

2669
02:29:27,100 --> 02:29:30,800
turned out, and this information
feeds into future decisions, 

2670
02:29:30,800 --> 02:29:34,500
conflict within the community is
handled through subtle social 

2671
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:37,500
pressure rather than 
confrontation when possible. 

2672
02:29:38,200 --> 02:29:41,100
If someone is not pulling their 
weight or not reciprocating 

2673
02:29:41,100 --> 02:29:44,200
properly, this becomes known 
through quiet observation. 

2674
02:29:45,000 --> 02:29:48,300
Others might reduce their 
cooperation gradually creating 

2675
02:29:48,300 --> 02:29:52,000
natural consequences. 
Serious conflicts are addressed 

2676
02:29:52,000 --> 02:29:54,600
more directly. 
But still, with an emphasis on 

2677
02:29:54,600 --> 02:29:58,500
resolution and continued 
coexistence, you will be living 

2678
02:29:58,500 --> 02:30:02,300
and working alongside the same 
people for years, possibly for 

2679
02:30:02,300 --> 02:30:05,400
life. 
Maintaining workable 

2680
02:30:05,400 --> 02:30:09,300
relationships is essential the 
community's collective memory 

2681
02:30:09,300 --> 02:30:12,300
preserves knowledge that no 
individual could hold loan. 

2682
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:16,200
Different people remember 
different techniques, different 

2683
02:30:16,200 --> 02:30:19,100
locations and different 
solutions to problems. 

2684
02:30:20,000 --> 02:30:23,400
When You Face an unfamiliar 
situation, someone else is 

2685
02:30:23,400 --> 02:30:25,800
usually encountered it before 
and can share relevant 

2686
02:30:25,800 --> 02:30:29,000
experience. 
This distributed knowledge means

2687
02:30:29,000 --> 02:30:32,400
that the loss of any individual 
is felt not just personally but 

2688
02:30:32,400 --> 02:30:36,600
practically each person carries 
unique pieces of the collective 

2689
02:30:36,600 --> 02:30:40,000
understanding. 
When they die some knowledge 

2690
02:30:40,000 --> 02:30:42,500
dies with them unless they have 
shared it successfully with 

2691
02:30:42,500 --> 02:30:44,700
others. 
You may make efforts to share 

2692
02:30:44,700 --> 02:30:45,900
your own knowledge for this 
reason. 

2693
02:30:45,900 --> 02:30:49,200
When you discover something 
useful or develop a better 

2694
02:30:49,200 --> 02:30:52,400
technique, you mention it to 
others, you demonstrate. 

2695
02:30:52,400 --> 02:30:56,300
When asked you answer questions,
patiently, even if they seem 

2696
02:30:56,300 --> 02:31:00,100
basic, the community's 
continuity, depends on these 

2697
02:31:00,100 --> 02:31:02,000
transfers of information and 
skill. 

2698
02:31:02,000 --> 02:31:05,900
Each generation must learn from 
the previous one while also 

2699
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:08,300
developing their own adaptations
and Innovations. 

2700
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:12,300
The balance between traditional 
and adaptation is maintained 

2701
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:15,400
through Collective practice, 
celebrations, and Gatherings 

2702
02:31:15,400 --> 02:31:18,800
when they occur often revolve 
around shared meals featuring 

2703
02:31:18,800 --> 02:31:20,700
fish and other foods from the 
environment. 

2704
02:31:21,700 --> 02:31:25,100
These occasions are not frequent
but they serve to reinforce 

2705
02:31:25,100 --> 02:31:27,800
Community bonds and provide 
breaks from routine. 

2706
02:31:27,800 --> 02:31:31,000
Even during celebrations, the 
work continues in the 

2707
02:31:31,008 --> 02:31:33,700
background. 
Someone is always keeping an eye

2708
02:31:33,700 --> 02:31:37,000
on weather conditions tending to
equipment that needs attention, 

2709
02:31:37,000 --> 02:31:39,500
or preparing for the next day's 
activities. 

2710
02:31:40,900 --> 02:31:44,000
The line between work and rest 
is not sharply drawn. 

2711
02:31:44,000 --> 02:31:47,300
Your identity is partly 
individual and partly 

2712
02:31:47,300 --> 02:31:50,000
Collective. 
You are yourself with your own 

2713
02:31:50,000 --> 02:31:52,400
skills and preferences and 
personality. 

2714
02:31:53,300 --> 02:31:56,400
But you're also part of this 
community shape, by its 

2715
02:31:56,400 --> 02:32:00,500
practices and expectations 
contributing to its function and

2716
02:32:00,500 --> 02:32:04,300
receiving its support. 
These aspects of identity are 

2717
02:32:04,300 --> 02:32:06,500
not in Conflict. 
They are complementary. 

2718
02:32:07,900 --> 02:32:12,000
Community will continue after 
your gone, just as it existed 

2719
02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:15,500
before you were born. 
This continuity provides a form 

2720
02:32:15,500 --> 02:32:19,200
of stability and meaning. 
Your work today is part of a 

2721
02:32:19,200 --> 02:32:22,300
long chain of similar work, 
stretching, backward, and 

2722
02:32:22,300 --> 02:32:25,900
forward through time. 
Rest in the ark, does not follow

2723
02:32:25,900 --> 02:32:29,000
a fixed schedule. 
Your body in the environment, 

2724
02:32:29,000 --> 02:32:33,300
determine when you work and when
you pause light levels weather 

2725
02:32:33,300 --> 02:32:37,300
conditions and the demands of 
fishing all influence the rhythm

2726
02:32:37,300 --> 02:32:40,800
of your days, you learn to read 
these signals and respond 

2727
02:32:40,800 --> 02:32:44,100
appropriately rather than 
fighting against them. during 

2728
02:32:44,100 --> 02:32:47,300
summer months, when daylight 
persists, you might work for 

2729
02:32:47,300 --> 02:32:52,300
extended periods, then rest when
fatigue dictates The lack of 

2730
02:32:52,308 --> 02:32:56,600
Darkness does not prevent sleep.
You simply darken your dwelling 

2731
02:32:56,600 --> 02:32:59,900
or cover your eyes and let your 
body take the rest. 

2732
02:32:59,900 --> 02:33:03,800
It needs your internal awareness
of tiredness guides. 

2733
02:33:03,800 --> 02:33:07,200
You more than any clock. 
In Winter, the opposite occurs, 

2734
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:11,100
Darkness stretches for long 
periods, and you sleep more than

2735
02:33:11,100 --> 02:33:14,900
you would in summer. 
This is natural and expected. 

2736
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:19,300
Your body can serves energy 
during the cold dark months. 

2737
02:33:19,300 --> 02:33:24,100
You wait, do necessary, tasks, 
and return to rest with without 

2738
02:33:24,100 --> 02:33:26,000
fighting the inclination towards
sleep. 

2739
02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:30,700
The transition periods between 
Seasons bring their own patterns

2740
02:33:30,700 --> 02:33:35,200
as lighting increases in Spring.
You gradually sleep less, and 

2741
02:33:35,200 --> 02:33:39,100
work more. 
As light fades in Fall, the 

2742
02:33:39,100 --> 02:33:42,100
reverse happens. 
The shifts occur, gradually 

2743
02:33:42,100 --> 02:33:44,400
enough that your body adjusts 
without shock. 

2744
02:33:45,400 --> 02:33:48,100
Resting during the day is not 
laziness or weakness. 

2745
02:33:48,100 --> 02:33:51,700
If you have been fishing since 
the early hours and exhaustion 

2746
02:33:51,700 --> 02:33:55,600
sets in you, stop and rest. 
You might return to your 

2747
02:33:55,608 --> 02:33:58,900
dwelling or you might simply sit
on the ice or Shore for a 

2748
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:00,700
period. 
Other fissures understand. 

2749
02:34:00,700 --> 02:34:03,700
They have done the same. 
These rest periods are not 

2750
02:34:03,700 --> 02:34:06,800
wasted time while sitting still 
You observe. 

2751
02:34:07,400 --> 02:34:11,400
You notice patterns in water 
movement, bird Behavior or ice 

2752
02:34:11,400 --> 02:34:13,700
conditions. 
You think through equipment 

2753
02:34:13,700 --> 02:34:16,900
repairs or planned? 
Future activities, your mind 

2754
02:34:16,900 --> 02:34:20,700
processes information even when 
your body is still the cold 

2755
02:34:20,700 --> 02:34:22,900
itself demands periods of 
inactivity. 

2756
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:27,600
After exposure to extreme cold, 
your body needs time in warmth 

2757
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:30,200
to recover. 
You cannot simply push through 

2758
02:34:30,200 --> 02:34:34,000
without consequences. 
Frostbite and hypothermia are a 

2759
02:34:34,000 --> 02:34:36,300
real risks that require respect 
and responds. 

2760
02:34:36,300 --> 02:34:39,600
When you come in from cold 
conditions, you warm yourself, 

2761
02:34:39,600 --> 02:34:43,800
gradually sudden heat after 
extreme, cold can be harmful, 

2762
02:34:43,800 --> 02:34:48,600
you enter your dwelling, remove 
outer layers slowly and let your

2763
02:34:48,600 --> 02:34:51,600
body temperature. 
Rise naturally, you might drink 

2764
02:34:51,600 --> 02:34:54,600
something warm, but not too hot.
You might eat something. 

2765
02:34:54,600 --> 02:34:58,300
Replenishing calories, burned in
staying warm and during these 

2766
02:34:58,300 --> 02:35:01,900
warming periods you arresting 
but also preparing, you check 

2767
02:35:01,900 --> 02:35:06,200
your clothing for damage lay wet
items out to dry and organized 

2768
02:35:06,200 --> 02:35:09,300
equipment. 
For next use the rest is active 

2769
02:35:09,300 --> 02:35:13,000
in a low-key way. 
Sleep itself happens in Cycles 

2770
02:35:13,000 --> 02:35:14,800
influenced by environment and 
need. 

2771
02:35:14,800 --> 02:35:16,700
You might sleep for several 
hours. 

2772
02:35:16,700 --> 02:35:19,400
Wake for a period of activity, 
then sleep again. 

2773
02:35:20,300 --> 02:35:23,800
In continuous Darkness, this 
pattern can repeat multiple 

2774
02:35:23,800 --> 02:35:26,400
times in what would be called a 
single day elsewhere. 

2775
02:35:27,200 --> 02:35:29,900
You do not fight this, you work 
with it. 

2776
02:35:30,600 --> 02:35:33,000
You're sleeping. 
Area is a range for maximum 

2777
02:35:33,000 --> 02:35:36,700
warmth with minimum fuel. 
Use you sleep on insulated 

2778
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:41,000
platforms, raised off The Frozen
Ground, you sleeping Furs and 

2779
02:35:41,008 --> 02:35:45,300
skins arranged in layers. 
Your body heat trapped by these 

2780
02:35:45,300 --> 02:35:48,300
layers creates a warm pocket. 
Even when the surrounding areas 

2781
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:53,800
cold, you often sleep fully 
clothed or nearly so undressing 

2782
02:35:53,800 --> 02:35:56,100
completely in a cold dwelling 
makes no sense. 

2783
02:35:57,100 --> 02:35:59,300
You remove only what is wet or 
uncomfortable. 

2784
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:03,700
In the morning, you're already 
mostly dressed ready to add 

2785
02:36:03,700 --> 02:36:07,800
outer layers and begin the day. 
Shared sleeping Arrangements 

2786
02:36:07,800 --> 02:36:11,400
provided additional warmth. 
Bodies close together, create 

2787
02:36:11,400 --> 02:36:15,200
more heat than body's apart. 
This is practical rather than 

2788
02:36:15,200 --> 02:36:18,100
purely social. 
The warmth allows for better 

2789
02:36:18,100 --> 02:36:21,800
rest with less fuel consumption.
Dreams during long, sleep 

2790
02:36:21,800 --> 02:36:23,800
periods. 
Can be Vivid though. 

2791
02:36:23,800 --> 02:36:28,400
You do not usually dwell on the 
They are simply part of rest the

2792
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:31,500
Mind processing experiences 
while the body recovers. 

2793
02:36:32,700 --> 02:36:37,000
Sometimes dreams reflect the 
day's work phishing walking on 

2794
02:36:37,000 --> 02:36:41,100
ice repairing equipment. 
Sometimes they wander to other 

2795
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:45,100
subjects entirely. waking is 
usually gradual rather than 

2796
02:36:45,100 --> 02:36:50,100
abrupt, You surface from sleep 
slowly becoming aware of sounds 

2797
02:36:50,100 --> 02:36:53,800
temperature, and light levels. 
You lie, still for a moment. 

2798
02:36:53,800 --> 02:36:57,500
Assessing how you feel whether 
anything demands immediate 

2799
02:36:57,500 --> 02:37:01,800
attention, often nothing does 
and you rise, when ready, rather

2800
02:37:01,800 --> 02:37:05,100
than when required, Naps are 
common and unremarkable. 

2801
02:37:05,100 --> 02:37:08,800
If you feel sleepy during the 
day, you might lie down for a 

2802
02:37:08,800 --> 02:37:11,700
short period. 
This is a specialty true after 

2803
02:37:11,700 --> 02:37:15,500
eating, or during whether that 
prevents out or work, the nap 

2804
02:37:15,500 --> 02:37:18,000
refreshes you without making you
feel lazy or guilty. 

2805
02:37:18,800 --> 02:37:21,600
Children and elderly people 
sleep even more than active 

2806
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:24,400
adults. 
Children need extra rest for 

2807
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:27,700
growth elderly, people of earn 
their rest, through years of 

2808
02:37:27,700 --> 02:37:30,200
work. 
Both groups are allowed to sleep

2809
02:37:30,200 --> 02:37:31,900
as much as they need without 
judgement. 

2810
02:37:33,000 --> 02:37:36,400
You learn to rest while 
remaining alert to Danger, this 

2811
02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:39,300
seems contradictory but becomes 
natural with practice. 

2812
02:37:39,300 --> 02:37:43,300
You can doze lightly while still
hearing changes in Wind sound or

2813
02:37:43,300 --> 02:37:46,400
ice movement. 
Your subconscious monitors while

2814
02:37:46,400 --> 02:37:49,500
you rest waking you. 
If something requires attention,

2815
02:37:50,400 --> 02:37:52,300
Patience is built into rest 
periods. 

2816
02:37:52,300 --> 02:37:54,400
When bad weather, keeps you 
inside? 

2817
02:37:54,400 --> 02:37:57,400
You do not pace anxiously or 
complain about lost fishing 

2818
02:37:57,400 --> 02:38:00,100
time. 
You simply wait using the time 

2819
02:38:00,100 --> 02:38:02,300
for indoor tasks, or Genuine 
rest. 

2820
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:06,300
The weather will change when it 
changes, your frustration will 

2821
02:38:06,300 --> 02:38:09,900
not speed this process. 
These enforced rest periods 

2822
02:38:09,900 --> 02:38:13,900
during storms can last days you 
prepare for this possibility by 

2823
02:38:13,900 --> 02:38:16,900
keeping enough food and fuel 
stored, then when the weather 

2824
02:38:16,900 --> 02:38:20,500
arrives you settle in with out 
stress you have been through 

2825
02:38:20,500 --> 02:38:22,300
this before and will go through 
it again. 

2826
02:38:23,200 --> 02:38:26,300
The sound of wind and snow on 
your dwelling, becomes familiar 

2827
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:28,100
background noise during these 
periods. 

2828
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:31,700
Initially, it might prevent 
sleep, but you adapt. 

2829
02:38:32,600 --> 02:38:34,400
Eventually The Sounds become 
almost. 

2830
02:38:34,400 --> 02:38:37,600
So the constantly boredom during
long. 

2831
02:38:37,600 --> 02:38:40,200
Rest periods is managed through 
small activities. 

2832
02:38:40,200 --> 02:38:42,500
You might work on equipment, 
repairs. 

2833
02:38:42,500 --> 02:38:47,800
Tell stories, play Simple games 
or simply sit quietly The 

2834
02:38:47,800 --> 02:38:50,600
ability to be still, without 
entertainment is a developed 

2835
02:38:50,600 --> 02:38:53,000
skill. 
Your mind does not always need 

2836
02:38:53,000 --> 02:38:55,700
stimulation. 
You also rest your eyes, 

2837
02:38:55,700 --> 02:38:58,300
deliberately, the glare from 
snow and ice. 

2838
02:38:58,300 --> 02:39:02,200
Constrain Vision over time, you 
periodically, close your eyes or

2839
02:39:02,200 --> 02:39:05,600
stay in dim light, giving your 
eyes relief from constant 

2840
02:39:05,600 --> 02:39:08,100
brightness. 
This prevents headaches and 

2841
02:39:08,100 --> 02:39:11,800
preserves your sight. 
Physical rest include stretching

2842
02:39:11,800 --> 02:39:15,300
and gentle movement after 
sleeping or sitting for long 

2843
02:39:15,300 --> 02:39:18,000
periods. 
Your body benefits from careful 

2844
02:39:18,000 --> 02:39:20,300
stretching. 
You move your joints through 

2845
02:39:20,300 --> 02:39:23,800
their range of motion, relieving
stiffness without causing 

2846
02:39:23,800 --> 02:39:27,200
strain. 
Rest and work blend together, 

2847
02:39:27,200 --> 02:39:30,900
more than they contrast. 
Your workplace is sustainable, 

2848
02:39:30,900 --> 02:39:34,400
rather than intense. 
You do not Sprint through tasks.

2849
02:39:34,400 --> 02:39:38,300
Only to collapse afterward. 
You work, steadily, rest, 

2850
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:41,300
periodically and maintain a 
rhythm that can continue 

2851
02:39:41,300 --> 02:39:44,700
indefinitely. 
The concept of weekends or days 

2852
02:39:44,700 --> 02:39:46,400
off does not apply in the same 
way. 

2853
02:39:46,400 --> 02:39:50,400
Every day includes both work and
rest in whatever proportion 

2854
02:39:50,400 --> 02:39:52,700
makes sense for that day's 
conditions and needs. 

2855
02:39:53,600 --> 02:39:57,100
Some days are more work than 
rest other days reverse that 

2856
02:39:57,100 --> 02:40:00,700
ratio, you honor your body 
signals about needing rest. 

2857
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:04,400
Pushing through fatigue, when 
you have the option to rest is 

2858
02:40:04,400 --> 02:40:06,700
counterproductive. 
Exhausted. 

2859
02:40:06,700 --> 02:40:09,700
People make mistakes and 
mistakes can be costly. 

2860
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:13,900
Rest is part of maintaining your
ability to work effectively. 

2861
02:40:15,300 --> 02:40:18,000
The community expects people to 
rest appropriately. 

2862
02:40:18,900 --> 02:40:22,500
Someone who constantly pushes 
themselves without rest is seen 

2863
02:40:22,500 --> 02:40:24,300
as foolish rather than 
admirable. 

2864
02:40:25,300 --> 02:40:27,600
Sustainable effort over time 
matters. 

2865
02:40:27,600 --> 02:40:30,000
More than short, bursts of 
intense work. 

2866
02:40:30,800 --> 02:40:33,600
Your relationship with rest is 
practical and positive. 

2867
02:40:33,600 --> 02:40:39,400
Rest is not failure or weakness.
It is necessary maintenance, you

2868
02:40:39,400 --> 02:40:42,500
rest, so you can continue 
working you rest. 

2869
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:45,900
So, you remain safe and 
functional, you rest because 

2870
02:40:45,900 --> 02:40:47,900
your body and environment 
require it. 

2871
02:40:48,700 --> 02:40:52,500
This acceptance makes rest more 
effective, you do not feel 

2872
02:40:52,500 --> 02:40:56,900
guilty or anxious while resting,
you simply rest allowing your 

2873
02:40:56,900 --> 02:41:01,000
body and mind to recover fully. 
When you return to work, you do 

2874
02:41:01,000 --> 02:41:04,100
so refreshed rather than 
carrying accumulated fatigue. 

2875
02:41:05,000 --> 02:41:08,100
The fish you catch a food but 
they do not remain edible 

2876
02:41:08,100 --> 02:41:11,400
without proper handling. 
From the moment of fish leaves, 

2877
02:41:11,400 --> 02:41:15,200
the water until it's consumed. 
You follow practices developed 

2878
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:18,300
over generations to prevent 
waste and maintain nutrition. 

2879
02:41:19,200 --> 02:41:23,100
This process is skilled work, as
important as the fishing itself.

2880
02:41:23,100 --> 02:41:25,400
Fresh fish are handled 
immediately. 

2881
02:41:26,400 --> 02:41:28,300
Cannot leave them sitting in 
warm conditions. 

2882
02:41:28,300 --> 02:41:31,400
Even in cold weather, proper 
care matters. 

2883
02:41:31,400 --> 02:41:35,400
You clean fish. 
Efficiently removing entrails 

2884
02:41:35,400 --> 02:41:37,400
and saving organs that will be 
used. 

2885
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:41,600
Nothing is wasted casually. 
The cleaning process happens in 

2886
02:41:41,600 --> 02:41:45,300
designated areas, near water, 
where waste can be disposed of 

2887
02:41:45,300 --> 02:41:48,500
appropriately. 
You use sharp knives designed 

2888
02:41:48,500 --> 02:41:52,500
for this work making clean cuts 
that preserve as much flesh as 

2889
02:41:52,500 --> 02:41:55,500
possible. 
Your hands know the anatomy of 

2890
02:41:55,508 --> 02:41:59,500
different fish species where to 
cut, what to save and what to 

2891
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,600
discard. 
Blood and fluids from cleaning 

2892
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:05,100
are allowed to drain away, or of
buried in ice or snow. 

2893
02:42:05,100 --> 02:42:08,600
This keeps working areas from 
becoming slippery and prevents 

2894
02:42:08,600 --> 02:42:12,700
scavengers from being a track to
Living Spaces, cleanliness and 

2895
02:42:12,700 --> 02:42:16,100
food handling as not about 
Aesthetics, it is about safety 

2896
02:42:16,100 --> 02:42:19,300
and practicality. 
Fish for immediate consumption. 

2897
02:42:19,300 --> 02:42:22,700
Might be eaten raw cooked or 
prepared in various ways 

2898
02:42:22,700 --> 02:42:24,400
depending on species and 
preference. 

2899
02:42:24,400 --> 02:42:28,200
You know, which fish are good 
raw which benefit from cooking 

2900
02:42:28,200 --> 02:42:30,800
and, which parts are best for 
different preparations. 

2901
02:42:30,800 --> 02:42:34,200
Cooking when it happens. 
Uses carefully managed heat 

2902
02:42:34,200 --> 02:42:38,100
sources, Fuel is not unlimited, 
so cooking methods are 

2903
02:42:38,100 --> 02:42:41,100
efficient. 
You might use small oil lamps or

2904
02:42:41,100 --> 02:42:42,900
carefully rationed wood or other
fuel. 

2905
02:42:43,700 --> 02:42:47,100
The cooking itself is simple. 
The goal is nourishment rather 

2906
02:42:47,100 --> 02:42:50,200
than elaborate cuisine. 
Some fish are boiled. 

2907
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:53,700
The simplest cooking method 
water in a container is 

2908
02:42:53,700 --> 02:42:57,900
overheated, fish is added and 
the liquid is kept at a steady 

2909
02:42:57,900 --> 02:42:59,400
temperature until the flesh is 
done. 

2910
02:43:00,200 --> 02:43:03,300
The resulting broth is consumed 
as well, providing additional 

2911
02:43:03,300 --> 02:43:07,000
nutrition and warmth. 
Other fish are dried a 

2912
02:43:07,000 --> 02:43:09,100
preservation method that works 
well in Arctic conditions. 

2913
02:43:09,100 --> 02:43:12,300
You split fish open, remove 
bones. 

2914
02:43:12,300 --> 02:43:18,200
If desired and hang the Flesh in
cold dry air, The wind and low 

2915
02:43:18,200 --> 02:43:22,200
humidity slowly remove moisture 
concentrating nutrients and 

2916
02:43:22,200 --> 02:43:26,200
creating a stable food product. 
Drying racks are positioned to 

2917
02:43:26,200 --> 02:43:29,200
maximize airflow while 
protecting fish from direct 

2918
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:32,600
precipitation. 
You check drying fish regularly.

2919
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:37,100
Turning pieces to ensure even 
drying removing any that shows 

2920
02:43:37,100 --> 02:43:39,300
signs of spoilage. 
Before they can contaminate 

2921
02:43:39,300 --> 02:43:43,000
others, the dried fish become 
lightweight and easy to store. 

2922
02:43:43,000 --> 02:43:46,700
They can be eaten as is or 
reconstituted in water. 

2923
02:43:46,700 --> 02:43:50,000
They provide concentrated 
nutrition during periods. 

2924
02:43:50,000 --> 02:43:52,500
When fresh fishing is impossible
or in practical. 

2925
02:43:53,800 --> 02:43:57,100
Small amount of dried, fish 
provides substantial calories 

2926
02:43:57,100 --> 02:44:00,200
and protein. 
Freezing is another preservation

2927
02:44:00,200 --> 02:44:02,200
method that Arctic conditions 
make simple. 

2928
02:44:03,100 --> 02:44:06,000
Fresh fish left in cold, air 
free solid quickly. 

2929
02:44:06,700 --> 02:44:10,200
Once Frozen, they remain stable 
for extended periods. 

2930
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:13,700
You store frozen fish in 
protected areas where they will 

2931
02:44:13,700 --> 02:44:15,700
not thaw and refreeze 
repeatedly. 

2932
02:44:16,500 --> 02:44:19,800
The challenge with frozen food 
is thorong it for consumption. 

2933
02:44:19,800 --> 02:44:22,500
You cannot simply apply high 
heat to throw. 

2934
02:44:22,508 --> 02:44:25,600
Frozen fish the outside 
overcooked, while the inside 

2935
02:44:25,600 --> 02:44:29,900
remains Frozen, you thought fish
gradually either in cool air or 

2936
02:44:29,900 --> 02:44:33,100
cold water, allowing the process
to happen evenly. 

2937
02:44:34,500 --> 02:44:37,200
Fermentation, preserves some 
foods through control aging. 

2938
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:40,600
Fish buried in specific 
conditions, develop strong 

2939
02:44:40,600 --> 02:44:43,700
flavors, and altered textures 
that some people prefer. 

2940
02:44:44,600 --> 02:44:47,700
This process requires knowledge 
of safer, fermentation versus 

2941
02:44:47,700 --> 02:44:50,400
dangerous spoilage. 
You learn the signs that 

2942
02:44:50,400 --> 02:44:52,700
indicate proper aging versus 
contamination. 

2943
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:56,400
Fermented foods are not to 
everyone's taste but they 

2944
02:44:56,400 --> 02:44:59,100
provide variety and diet and 
preserve fish that might 

2945
02:44:59,100 --> 02:45:02,400
otherwise spoil. 
The strong flavors and smells 

2946
02:45:02,400 --> 02:45:06,200
are normal and expected. 
What would seem spoiled to 

2947
02:45:06,208 --> 02:45:08,700
Outsiders is recognized by you 
as properly? 

2948
02:45:08,700 --> 02:45:12,000
Prepared food? 
Fish oils and fats are saved 

2949
02:45:12,008 --> 02:45:15,500
carefully. 
These provide concentrated Cal 

2950
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:19,200
essential in cold conditions. 
You render fats slowly 

2951
02:45:19,200 --> 02:45:21,900
separating pure oil from other 
tissues. 

2952
02:45:21,900 --> 02:45:27,100
The oil can be consumed directly
used in cooking or employed in 

2953
02:45:27,100 --> 02:45:30,600
equipment maintenance. 
Storage containers for fish and 

2954
02:45:30,600 --> 02:45:33,700
oil are cleaned. 
Thoroughly between uses old 

2955
02:45:33,700 --> 02:45:37,600
residues can contaminate new 
food or create off flavors. 

2956
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:41,700
You use materials that can be 
cleaned, effectively smooth 

2957
02:45:41,700 --> 02:45:45,600
wood, skin containers or other 
traditional materials. 

2958
02:45:46,400 --> 02:45:50,100
Portions are managed carefully. 
You know, roughly how much fish 

2959
02:45:50,100 --> 02:45:52,100
your household needs for various
time periods. 

2960
02:45:53,100 --> 02:45:56,100
You plan to consume fish while 
they are at their best quality 

2961
02:45:56,100 --> 02:45:59,400
rather than letting them 
deteriorate unnecessarily. 

2962
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:03,500
When community members 
contribute fish to Shared meals,

2963
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:05,600
each person brings what they 
can. 

2964
02:46:06,800 --> 02:46:09,600
The combined result provides 
variety and abundance that 

2965
02:46:09,600 --> 02:46:12,000
individual households might not 
achieve alone. 

2966
02:46:12,900 --> 02:46:16,200
Everyone eats well and different
preparation methods. 

2967
02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:20,300
Allow people to share techniques
and preferences Children, learn 

2968
02:46:20,300 --> 02:46:23,900
food, preparation, gradually. 
They begin with simple tasks, 

2969
02:46:23,900 --> 02:46:27,700
like, carrying water or tending 
small fires as they grow. 

2970
02:46:27,700 --> 02:46:31,400
They learn cleaning techniques, 
preservation methods, and 

2971
02:46:31,400 --> 02:46:34,800
cooking skills. 
By the time, they are adults. 

2972
02:46:34,800 --> 02:46:39,600
They know the full range of food
handling practices mistakes in 

2973
02:46:39,608 --> 02:46:42,800
food, preparation are learning 
opportunities, but are avoided 

2974
02:46:42,800 --> 02:46:46,200
when possible. 
Spoiled food is wasted calories 

2975
02:46:46,200 --> 02:46:49,100
and lost effort. 
You pay attention to signs of 

2976
02:46:49,100 --> 02:46:53,800
spoilage, off, smells unusual 
colors and strange textures. 

2977
02:46:54,700 --> 02:46:57,800
When in doubt, you discard 
questionable food rather than 

2978
02:46:57,800 --> 02:47:00,500
rescue illness. 
Meals are regular but not 

2979
02:47:00,500 --> 02:47:03,200
elaborate, you eat to maintain 
function and energy. 

2980
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:07,300
Food is nourishing. 
Rather than Gourmet, you might 

2981
02:47:07,300 --> 02:47:09,700
eat several small meals 
throughout the day rather than a

2982
02:47:09,700 --> 02:47:12,400
few large ones, keeping your 
energy level steady. 

2983
02:47:13,400 --> 02:47:15,500
Hot drinks, provide warmth and 
comfort. 

2984
02:47:15,500 --> 02:47:18,900
You might prepare tea from local
plants or simply drink. 

2985
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:21,800
Warm water. 
The heat helps raise your core 

2986
02:47:21,800 --> 02:47:25,300
temperature after cold exposure,
you hold the warm container in 

2987
02:47:25,300 --> 02:47:27,500
your hands. 
Letting the heat penetrate your 

2988
02:47:27,500 --> 02:47:31,200
fingers eating together. 
When possible reinforces social 

2989
02:47:31,200 --> 02:47:34,900
bonds, shared meals a time for 
conversation and connection. 

2990
02:47:35,900 --> 02:47:39,000
Food might be simple, but the 
act of eating together matters. 

2991
02:47:39,000 --> 02:47:42,700
You discuss the day's work, 
share information and make plans

2992
02:47:42,700 --> 02:47:46,500
during hard times when fishing 
is poor food gets shared more 

2993
02:47:46,500 --> 02:47:50,300
carefully but still fairly 
Everyone's portions might be 

2994
02:47:50,300 --> 02:47:54,600
smaller, but everyone eats. 
The community does not allow 

2995
02:47:54,600 --> 02:47:58,400
some to Feast While others 
starve resources are distributed

2996
02:47:58,400 --> 02:48:02,300
to maintain everyone's survival.
You develop a practical 

2997
02:48:02,300 --> 02:48:05,600
relationship with Hunger. 
Sometimes you feel hungry, but 

2998
02:48:05,600 --> 02:48:09,200
must wait to eat. 
This is uncomfortable, but not a

2999
02:48:09,200 --> 02:48:13,000
crisis, you know, you will eat 
when appropriate sometimes you 

3000
02:48:13,000 --> 02:48:14,700
eat, even when not particularly 
hungry. 

3001
02:48:14,700 --> 02:48:17,800
Because, you know, you will need
the energy later, the cycle of 

3002
02:48:17,800 --> 02:48:21,600
catching preparing preserving, 
and consuming fish creates a 

3003
02:48:21,608 --> 02:48:23,300
rhythm alongside the fishing 
itself. 

3004
02:48:23,300 --> 02:48:26,400
These activities feel time 
during whether that prevents 

3005
02:48:26,400 --> 02:48:29,500
phishing, they keep your hands 
busy and your mind occupied. 

3006
02:48:29,500 --> 02:48:32,600
They are integral parts of the 
fishing life rather than 

3007
02:48:32,600 --> 02:48:35,800
separate from it. 
Quality of food, preparation 

3008
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:39,200
effects, quality of life. 
Well, prepared, food taste, 

3009
02:48:39,200 --> 02:48:43,300
better, and keeps you healthier.
Carelessly prepared food can 

3010
02:48:43,300 --> 02:48:45,800
make you sick or provide 
insufficient nutrition. 

3011
02:48:45,800 --> 02:48:49,600
You take pride in doing the work
properly, knowing it directly 

3012
02:48:49,600 --> 02:48:52,100
impacts your well-being. 
The knowledge of food 

3013
02:48:52,100 --> 02:48:55,000
preparation is passed down with 
the same care, as fishing 

3014
02:48:55,000 --> 02:48:57,500
knowledge. 
Someone shows you the best way 

3015
02:48:57,500 --> 02:49:00,900
to split a particular fish. 
For drying, someone else teaches

3016
02:49:00,900 --> 02:49:02,700
you which organs are most 
nutritious. 

3017
02:49:03,600 --> 02:49:06,700
Another person demonstrates 
proper fermentation techniques. 

3018
02:49:07,500 --> 02:49:11,500
This knowledge is practical 
wisdom tested over Generations. 

3019
02:49:11,500 --> 02:49:14,600
You trust it? 
Because you have seen it work. 

3020
02:49:15,300 --> 02:49:18,000
The methods might not make sense
from a modern scientific 

3021
02:49:18,000 --> 02:49:20,700
perspective but they achieve 
their goals. 

3022
02:49:20,700 --> 02:49:24,400
Effectively, your relationship 
with Fisher's Food is 

3023
02:49:24,400 --> 02:49:27,800
straightforward Fish are not 
pets or companions. 

3024
02:49:27,800 --> 02:49:30,000
They are resources that keep you
alive. 

3025
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:33,500
You respect this role without 
sentimental it. 

3026
02:49:34,400 --> 02:49:37,700
Fish serve their purpose and you
are grateful for what they 

3027
02:49:37,700 --> 02:49:41,200
provide as daylight Fades or the
work day ends. 

3028
02:49:41,200 --> 02:49:43,400
You turn towards the shelter of 
your dwelling. 

3029
02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:47,500
The transition from outdoor 
activity to indoor, rest happens

3030
02:49:47,500 --> 02:49:50,500
gradually. 
You do not rush inside and 

3031
02:49:50,500 --> 02:49:53,200
collapse. 
You move through a sequence of 

3032
02:49:53,200 --> 02:49:55,300
tasks that prepare you for the 
evening ahead. 

3033
02:49:55,300 --> 02:49:58,300
Outside your entrance. 
You brush snow from your 

3034
02:49:58,300 --> 02:50:00,500
clothing. 
Methodically this prevents 

3035
02:50:00,500 --> 02:50:03,500
bringing unnecessary. 
Moisture indoors you stamp your 

3036
02:50:03,500 --> 02:50:05,600
feet. 
Dislodging packed snow from boot

3037
02:50:05,600 --> 02:50:08,600
trends. 
The small actions, reduce the 

3038
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:12,500
amount of water vapor that will 
accumulate inside inside the 

3039
02:50:12,500 --> 02:50:15,600
temperature is noticeably warmer
than Outdoors, though. 

3040
02:50:15,600 --> 02:50:18,800
Still far from hot The 
difference is enough to make you

3041
02:50:18,800 --> 02:50:21,000
comfortable after proper 
clothing removal. 

3042
02:50:21,000 --> 02:50:23,300
You peel off outer layers 
carefully. 

3043
02:50:23,300 --> 02:50:25,800
Checking each piece for damage, 
as you remove it. 

3044
02:50:26,600 --> 02:50:30,200
Wet or damp items, get hung to 
dry in positions that maximize 

3045
02:50:30,200 --> 02:50:32,500
air circulation without blocking
pathways. 

3046
02:50:33,300 --> 02:50:36,300
You arrange them carefully, 
knowing that improperly dried 

3047
02:50:36,300 --> 02:50:38,500
clothing will be stiff or Frozen
by morning. 

3048
02:50:39,500 --> 02:50:41,300
The air inside holds limited 
moisture. 

3049
02:50:41,300 --> 02:50:43,600
So drying happens slowly but 
steadily. 

3050
02:50:43,600 --> 02:50:46,000
Your boots get special 
attention. 

3051
02:50:46,000 --> 02:50:49,800
You remove the insulating 
material from inside, spreading 

3052
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:52,000
it to dry completely. 
The boots. 

3053
02:50:52,000 --> 02:50:55,500
Themselves are loosened to allow
airflow, but not removed 

3054
02:50:55,500 --> 02:50:58,500
entirely until you assure, your 
feet of warmed adequately. 

3055
02:50:59,300 --> 02:51:01,100
Sudden temperature change can be
painful. 

3056
02:51:01,100 --> 02:51:04,200
Once you're out in gear is 
addressed, you can attend 

3057
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:07,000
comfort. 
You might sit near a small heat 

3058
02:51:07,000 --> 02:51:09,700
Source warming hands and face 
directly. 

3059
02:51:10,800 --> 02:51:13,100
The heat feels Pleasant after 
hours and cold air. 

3060
02:51:13,900 --> 02:51:17,300
You do not take it for granted. 
Like inside comes from oil, 

3061
02:51:17,300 --> 02:51:20,000
lamps burning fish oil or other 
rendered fats. 

3062
02:51:20,800 --> 02:51:22,400
The Flames are small but 
sufficient. 

3063
02:51:22,400 --> 02:51:25,700
They provide enough illumination
for close work without 

3064
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:28,908
consuming, excessive fuel. 
Your eyes are just to the 

3065
02:51:28,916 --> 02:51:32,100
dimness easily. 
After timeout doors, the smell 

3066
02:51:32,100 --> 02:51:35,600
of burning oil is a constant 
presence near the pleasant nor 

3067
02:51:35,600 --> 02:51:38,300
unpleasant. 
It is simply the smell of being 

3068
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:40,800
indoors. 
Your associate it with warmth, 

3069
02:51:40,800 --> 02:51:44,100
safety and rest. 
The smell becomes comforting 

3070
02:51:44,100 --> 02:51:47,200
through familiarity. 
Evening meals, might be 

3071
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:49,000
prepared. 
Now, the cooking and eating 

3072
02:51:49,000 --> 02:51:51,400
schedules vary based on the dais
activities. 

3073
02:51:52,700 --> 02:51:56,400
If you're hungry, you eat. 
If not, you might wait or have 

3074
02:51:56,400 --> 02:51:59,500
something small. 
There is no rigid meal schedule 

3075
02:51:59,500 --> 02:52:02,700
to follow food. 
Preparation during evening's is 

3076
02:52:02,700 --> 02:52:05,400
often simple. 
You might warm something already

3077
02:52:05,400 --> 02:52:07,800
cooked. 
Eat preserved fish without 

3078
02:52:07,800 --> 02:52:11,300
additional preparation or make a
simple stew from available 

3079
02:52:11,300 --> 02:52:14,500
ingredients. 
The goal is nourishment rather 

3080
02:52:14,500 --> 02:52:18,000
than culinary achievement. 
While food warms or between 

3081
02:52:18,000 --> 02:52:19,700
other tasks. 
You work on equipment 

3082
02:52:19,700 --> 02:52:22,800
maintenance. 
This is prime time for details 

3083
02:52:22,800 --> 02:52:25,200
work that requires good light, 
and warm fingers. 

3084
02:52:26,000 --> 02:52:29,500
You sit near a lamp tools and 
material spread around you and 

3085
02:52:29,500 --> 02:52:30,900
address whatever needs 
attention. 

3086
02:52:32,000 --> 02:52:34,300
Sewing. 
Torn seems is common evening 

3087
02:52:34,300 --> 02:52:37,100
work. 
You thread sin, you through a 

3088
02:52:37,100 --> 02:52:40,900
needle, the material stiff and 
difficult to work with until it 

3089
02:52:40,900 --> 02:52:44,300
warms in your hands. 
The stitches must be tight and 

3090
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:48,600
even you work slowly ensuring 
quality over speed. 

3091
02:52:49,500 --> 02:52:53,100
Other repair work, might involve
sharpening blades, adjusting 

3092
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:57,700
bindings waterproofing, seams or
crafting, small replacement 

3093
02:52:57,700 --> 02:53:01,100
parts. 
Your hands stay busy while your 

3094
02:53:01,100 --> 02:53:03,100
mind settles into the calm 
Focus. 

3095
02:53:03,100 --> 02:53:07,100
That details work requires 
Conversation happens naturally. 

3096
02:53:07,100 --> 02:53:10,100
If others are present. 
You might discuss the days 

3097
02:53:10,100 --> 02:53:13,300
fishing, share observations 
about whether or ice conditions 

3098
02:53:13,300 --> 02:53:17,800
or tell stories from the past. 
The talk is relaxed and 

3099
02:53:17,800 --> 02:53:20,800
intermittent. 
Long silence is a comfortable 

3100
02:53:20,800 --> 02:53:25,200
children, if present a winding 
down from their own day, They 

3101
02:53:25,200 --> 02:53:28,900
might be working on small tasks 
appropriate to their age playing

3102
02:53:28,900 --> 02:53:31,600
quietly. 
Will simply sitting near adults 

3103
02:53:31,600 --> 02:53:34,600
and absorbing the evening's calm
atmosphere bet. 

3104
02:53:34,600 --> 02:53:37,500
Time for children happens, when 
they become sleepy rather than, 

3105
02:53:37,500 --> 02:53:40,700
at a fixed, our The sound of 
evening inside. 

3106
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:44,400
A gentle. 
The crackle of lamp Flames the 

3107
02:53:44,400 --> 02:53:47,100
scrape of tools against 
materials, being repaired 

3108
02:53:47,100 --> 02:53:51,000
occasional voices, and the 
rustle of people shifting 

3109
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:54,100
position. 
These sounds create a peaceful 

3110
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:57,500
backdrop to the hours. 
You might check food stores 

3111
02:53:57,500 --> 02:54:00,100
during the evening, assessing, 
what you have and what you will 

3112
02:54:00,100 --> 02:54:03,400
need soon. 
This mental inventory helps plan

3113
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:07,100
the next days activities if 
supplies are running low, you 

3114
02:54:07,100 --> 02:54:09,400
make a note to prioritize 
fishing or Preparation of 

3115
02:54:09,400 --> 02:54:12,700
preserved Foods, personal 
hygiene receives attention when 

3116
02:54:12,700 --> 02:54:15,200
possible. 
You might wipe down with snow or

3117
02:54:15,200 --> 02:54:19,000
water cleaning face and hands at
minimum, full bathing is not 

3118
02:54:19,000 --> 02:54:21,800
frequent due to the difficulty 
of warming enough water and the 

3119
02:54:21,800 --> 02:54:24,300
cold air, but you may maintain 
basic cleanliness. 

3120
02:54:24,300 --> 02:54:26,900
Your sleeping area gets 
prepared. 

3121
02:54:26,900 --> 02:54:30,800
While you're still fully awake, 
your range, Furs, and skins, 

3122
02:54:30,800 --> 02:54:34,300
check that everything is 
positioned for warmth and lay 

3123
02:54:34,300 --> 02:54:38,200
out clothing for Mourning. 
This preparation means you can 

3124
02:54:38,200 --> 02:54:41,100
settle into sleep smoothly when 
tiredness arrives. 

3125
02:54:42,000 --> 02:54:45,100
Stories might be shared during 
evening hours passed down 

3126
02:54:45,100 --> 02:54:46,600
knowledge mixed with 
entertainment. 

3127
02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:50,200
Someone recounts a hunting 
experience from years ago, 

3128
02:54:50,200 --> 02:54:53,300
detailing, the decisions made 
and Lessons Learned. 

3129
02:54:54,200 --> 02:54:57,400
These stories serve multiple 
purposes, they preserve 

3130
02:54:57,400 --> 02:55:01,000
knowledge, entertain and 
reinforce Community bonds. 

3131
02:55:02,000 --> 02:55:04,200
You listen to these stories, 
even if you have heard them 

3132
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:07,800
before, repetition is part of 
oral tradition. 

3133
02:55:07,800 --> 02:55:11,200
Each telling might include 
slightly different details or 

3134
02:55:11,200 --> 02:55:14,500
emphasis a familiar stories are 
comforting in their 

3135
02:55:14,500 --> 02:55:17,300
predictability. 
If you are skilled in 

3136
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:20,200
storytelling yourself, you might
share when the moment feels 

3137
02:55:20,200 --> 02:55:22,900
right. 
You do not perform dramatically,

3138
02:55:22,900 --> 02:55:26,300
you simply recount events or 
knowledge in your natural 

3139
02:55:26,300 --> 02:55:29,500
speaking voice. 
The value is in the information 

3140
02:55:29,500 --> 02:55:32,600
and connection, not the 
theatrical presentation. 

3141
02:55:33,600 --> 02:55:35,700
Songs exist in your culture 
though. 

3142
02:55:35,700 --> 02:55:37,200
They are not performed 
constantly. 

3143
02:55:38,100 --> 02:55:41,500
Someone might sing quietly while
working on a task, the melody, 

3144
02:55:41,500 --> 02:55:45,100
helping maintain Rhythm or a 
song might be shared as part of 

3145
02:55:45,108 --> 02:55:48,100
a story demonstrating, something
about the past. 

3146
02:55:49,300 --> 02:55:51,600
The evening is also a time for 
teaching moments. 

3147
02:55:51,600 --> 02:55:55,500
A young person asks about a 
technique and you demonstrate 

3148
02:55:55,500 --> 02:55:59,500
using materials at hand. 
The lesson is informal but 

3149
02:55:59,500 --> 02:56:03,500
valuable knowledge transfers 
through the smaller exchanges as

3150
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:05,300
much as through formal 
instruction. 

3151
02:56:06,300 --> 02:56:08,800
You might inspect items that 
will be needed to Morrow. 

3152
02:56:08,800 --> 02:56:13,400
Making sure everything is ready.
This prevents morning confusion 

3153
02:56:13,400 --> 02:56:16,100
and allows you to start the day 
efficiently. 

3154
02:56:17,100 --> 02:56:20,300
Preparation is easier when you 
are alert and comfortable rather

3155
02:56:20,300 --> 02:56:24,400
than rushed and cold. 
As evening deepens toward night.

3156
02:56:25,200 --> 02:56:29,100
Activity gradually decreases 
lamps might be extinguished 

3157
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:31,700
except for one or two kept 
burning for safety. 

3158
02:56:32,400 --> 02:56:36,300
The light level dimms signaling 
to your body that sleep time is 

3159
02:56:36,300 --> 02:56:38,700
approaching. 
You begin to feel the days for 

3160
02:56:38,700 --> 02:56:41,600
Teague more clearly. 
As you relax muscles, that were 

3161
02:56:41,600 --> 02:56:44,900
tense from cold or efforts, 
start to ease your breathing, 

3162
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:49,100
slows your mind, shifts from 
active planning toward quieter 

3163
02:56:49,100 --> 02:56:53,100
less directed thoughts, Final 
tasks of the evening are 

3164
02:56:53,100 --> 02:56:55,800
completed without rush. 
You check that, everything is 

3165
02:56:55,800 --> 02:56:58,700
secure that heat sources are 
safe and that morning 

3166
02:56:58,700 --> 02:57:01,800
Necessities are accessible. 
Then you settle into your 

3167
02:57:01,808 --> 02:57:05,000
sleeping area arranged for 
maximum Comfort within the 

3168
02:57:05,000 --> 02:57:08,900
constraints of your environment.
The transition from waking to 

3169
02:57:08,900 --> 02:57:12,700
sleeping is gradual, you lie 
still feeling the weight of Furs

3170
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:15,900
and skins overview aware of 
warmth accumulating in your 

3171
02:57:15,900 --> 02:57:19,300
sleeping space. 
Outside wind might be audible. 

3172
02:57:19,300 --> 02:57:23,700
All the dwelling might be silent
either way your sheltered and 

3173
02:57:23,700 --> 02:57:26,500
safe. 
Your thoughts drift without 

3174
02:57:26,500 --> 02:57:30,400
particular direction, you might 
review the day briefly or think 

3175
02:57:30,400 --> 02:57:33,500
ahead to tomorrow, but mostly 
you simply allow your mind to 

3176
02:57:33,500 --> 02:57:36,000
settle. 
Sleep will come when it comes. 

3177
02:57:36,000 --> 02:57:39,600
You do not force it. 
The evening has served its 

3178
02:57:39,600 --> 02:57:42,200
purpose. 
You have eaten completed 

3179
02:57:42,200 --> 02:57:45,700
necessary, work maintained 
equipment and dwelling and 

3180
02:57:45,700 --> 02:57:49,200
prepared for rest. 
This routine provides structure 

3181
02:57:49,200 --> 02:57:52,100
and satisfaction. 
The day has been lived. 

3182
02:57:52,100 --> 02:57:56,500
And now it can end. 
Night in the Arctic is measured 

3183
02:57:56,500 --> 02:58:00,600
less by clock hours than by 
darkness and quiet. during 

3184
02:58:00,600 --> 02:58:05,700
winter months night extends, for
long periods, blending, with day

3185
02:58:05,700 --> 02:58:09,500
into a Continuum of cold and 
Stillness, During summer 

3186
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:14,800
nightmare, barely exists the sun
hovering near the Horizon before

3187
02:58:14,800 --> 02:58:18,500
Rising again. 
Your body adapt to these extreme

3188
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:22,400
through seasonal rhythms built 
over years in your sleeping 

3189
02:58:22,400 --> 02:58:24,900
space. 
Darkness is deep when lamps were

3190
02:58:24,900 --> 02:58:28,500
extinguished, the Blackness is 
complete Unbroken by 

3191
02:58:28,500 --> 02:58:33,300
streetlights or ambient glow. 
This darkness is restful your 

3192
02:58:33,300 --> 02:58:37,100
eyes, have nothing to track 
allowing complete relaxation of 

3193
02:58:37,100 --> 02:58:40,100
visual Focus. 
The cold presses against your 

3194
02:58:40,100 --> 02:58:43,100
dwellings walls, but inside your
sleeping Arrangement, warmth 

3195
02:58:43,100 --> 02:58:47,400
accumulates your body, heat 
trapped by layers of fur and 

3196
02:58:47,400 --> 02:58:50,600
skin creates a microclimate that
allows sleep. 

3197
02:58:50,600 --> 02:58:53,000
Despite temperatures that would 
be dangerous if you were 

3198
02:58:53,000 --> 02:58:57,300
exposed, you sleep in positions 
that maximize warmth retention, 

3199
02:58:57,300 --> 02:59:02,400
you might curl slightly reducing
surface area exposed to air or 

3200
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:06,400
you sleep close to others 
sharing Heat The positions are 

3201
02:59:06,400 --> 02:59:09,300
not always comfortable by modern
standards, but they are familiar

3202
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:12,100
and functional. 
You're breathing creates small 

3203
02:59:12,100 --> 02:59:15,400
clouds of moisture in the cold 
are beyond your sleeping covers.

3204
02:59:16,200 --> 02:59:19,300
This moisture freezes. 
Sometimes creating Frost 

3205
02:59:19,300 --> 02:59:22,900
patterns on nearby. 
Surfaces in the morning this 

3206
02:59:22,900 --> 02:59:26,100
Frost will need to be managed 
but during the night you ignore 

3207
02:59:26,100 --> 02:59:28,700
it. 
Dreams during Arctic nights can 

3208
02:59:28,700 --> 02:59:32,700
be Vivid and strange the long 
darkness and isolation sometimes

3209
02:59:32,700 --> 02:59:34,300
create unusual. 
Dream content. 

3210
02:59:34,300 --> 02:59:39,300
You might dream of fishing as 
expected, but also of impossible

3211
02:59:39,300 --> 02:59:43,100
things, warm places. 
You have never seen people who 

3212
02:59:43,100 --> 02:59:46,600
do not exist and situations that
make no sense upon waking. 

3213
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:51,300
These dreams are not concerning,
they are simply how your mind 

3214
02:59:51,300 --> 02:59:55,200
processes experiences and 
stimuli you wake from them 

3215
02:59:55,200 --> 02:59:58,600
without distress, letting the 
stranger images fade, as you 

3216
02:59:58,600 --> 03:00:00,300
Orient yourself to waking 
reality. 

3217
03:00:02,100 --> 03:00:04,600
Sometimes you wake during the 
night for practical reasons, 

3218
03:00:04,600 --> 03:00:08,900
your body needs to urinate or 
you hear a sound that requires 

3219
03:00:08,900 --> 03:00:11,600
checking or your two. 
Warm and need to adjust your 

3220
03:00:11,600 --> 03:00:14,200
covers. 
You address these needs without 

3221
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:17,000
fully waking moving in, a half 
sleep state. 

3222
03:00:17,700 --> 03:00:20,700
Getting up during the night 
means exposing yourself to cold.

3223
03:00:20,700 --> 03:00:24,400
You do this as quickly and 
efficiently as possible, you 

3224
03:00:24,400 --> 03:00:26,300
emerge from your warm sleeping 
space. 

3225
03:00:26,300 --> 03:00:29,800
A tend to what is needed and 
return to warmth the 

3226
03:00:29,800 --> 03:00:33,600
immediately. cold shock helps 
you appreciate the comfort of 

3227
03:00:33,600 --> 03:00:37,200
your sleeping Arrangement, even 
more If you must go outside 

3228
03:00:37,200 --> 03:00:39,900
during the night, you pull on 
essential outer layers. 

3229
03:00:39,900 --> 03:00:43,900
First, you do not Venture into 
the Arctic night, unprotected, 

3230
03:00:43,900 --> 03:00:47,400
even brief exposure can be 
dangerous if you're not properly

3231
03:00:47,400 --> 03:00:51,900
dressed, Few minutes outside 
feel very long in deep cold and 

3232
03:00:51,900 --> 03:00:56,300
darkness. returning inside after
such a trip, you feel profound 

3233
03:00:56,300 --> 03:01:00,400
relief at being back in shelter,
your sleeping space, which 

3234
03:01:00,400 --> 03:01:05,000
seemed merely adequate before 
now feels luxurious This 

3235
03:01:05,000 --> 03:01:09,800
contrast is part of Arctic Life.
Comfort is relative and deeply 

3236
03:01:09,800 --> 03:01:13,700
appreciated when President. 
Children sometimes wake during 

3237
03:01:13,700 --> 03:01:16,700
the night with fears or 
discomfort, they are comforted 

3238
03:01:16,700 --> 03:01:21,700
quietly without fuss, a hand on 
their shoulder, a quiet word and

3239
03:01:21,700 --> 03:01:24,000
the reassurance of presence, 
usually suffice. 

3240
03:01:24,800 --> 03:01:27,400
The night holds no unusual 
dangers, beyond the ordinary 

3241
03:01:27,400 --> 03:01:31,200
cold, and dark that everyone 
manages the elderly sometimes, 

3242
03:01:31,200 --> 03:01:34,200
sleep, fitfully waking multiple 
times during the night. 

3243
03:01:35,000 --> 03:01:38,100
This is accepted as normal. 
They might lie awake for 

3244
03:01:38,100 --> 03:01:42,100
periods, listening to the sounds
of the dwelling thinking their 

3245
03:01:42,100 --> 03:01:45,100
own thoughts. 
Eventually sleep returns or 

3246
03:01:45,100 --> 03:01:46,900
morning comes and the night has 
passed. 

3247
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:50,700
Snoring from sleeping people is 
common and mostly ignored. 

3248
03:01:50,700 --> 03:01:53,800
If someone snoring is 
particularly loud, they might be

3249
03:01:53,800 --> 03:01:57,200
nudged to shift position, which 
usually quiets them temporarily.

3250
03:01:57,200 --> 03:02:00,100
This is done without anger or 
complaint. 

3251
03:02:00,900 --> 03:02:02,700
It is simply a practical 
adjustment. 

3252
03:02:02,700 --> 03:02:06,200
The sounds of night are 
different from Desales. 

3253
03:02:06,200 --> 03:02:09,300
The wind might change pitch or 
intensity. 

3254
03:02:10,100 --> 03:02:13,700
Ice makes occasional cracking or
growning sounds as it shifts 

3255
03:02:13,700 --> 03:02:17,600
with temperature changes, these 
sounds are familiar and usually 

3256
03:02:17,600 --> 03:02:20,500
not alarming though. 
You remain somewhat alert to 

3257
03:02:20,500 --> 03:02:23,800
anything unusual. 
If a storm intensifies during 

3258
03:02:23,800 --> 03:02:26,800
the night, you might wake to 
allowed a win noise or the sound

3259
03:02:26,800 --> 03:02:28,600
of snow being driven against 
your dwelling. 

3260
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:31,200
You assess whether any action is
needed. 

3261
03:02:31,200 --> 03:02:36,200
Usually, it is not. 
You're inside safe and can 

3262
03:02:36,200 --> 03:02:40,100
simply wait out the storm. you 
return to sleep, knowing you 

3263
03:02:40,100 --> 03:02:42,500
will deal with morning 
conditions, when morning comes, 

3264
03:02:43,500 --> 03:02:47,800
Occasionally night brings sounds
that do require response ice 

3265
03:02:47,800 --> 03:02:49,800
movement near, the dwelling 
might need to be checked. 

3266
03:02:50,700 --> 03:02:54,300
Shift in wind direction, might 
mean securing something that has

3267
03:02:54,300 --> 03:02:56,300
come loose. 
You address these issues 

3268
03:02:56,300 --> 03:03:01,000
promptly, then return to rest. 
The total silence that can occur

3269
03:03:01,000 --> 03:03:05,200
during calm Arctic nights is 
profound no traffic, no 

3270
03:03:05,200 --> 03:03:08,000
Machinery. 
No human activity beyond your 

3271
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:11,900
small community. 
The quiet is so complete, that 

3272
03:03:11,900 --> 03:03:13,500
your own heartbeat becomes 
Audible. 

3273
03:03:14,400 --> 03:03:17,200
This silence is peaceful rather 
than Neri for you. 

3274
03:03:17,200 --> 03:03:21,800
It is the normal Sound Of Night.
Your sleep cycles during long 

3275
03:03:21,800 --> 03:03:24,200
Arctic nights might be different
from sleeping other 

3276
03:03:24,200 --> 03:03:26,700
environments. 
You might sleep for several 

3277
03:03:26,700 --> 03:03:29,200
hours. 
Wait, for a period then sleep 

3278
03:03:29,200 --> 03:03:32,500
again. 
This by facing or polyphasic 

3279
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:34,400
sleep is functional for your 
lifestyle. 

3280
03:03:34,400 --> 03:03:37,100
You do not fight it or see it as
insomnia. 

3281
03:03:37,900 --> 03:03:40,700
The waking period during the 
night might be used for quiet 

3282
03:03:40,700 --> 03:03:43,300
tasks. 
You might tend to a lamp check 

3283
03:03:43,300 --> 03:03:47,100
on someone else or simply lie, 
awake thinking, Eventually 

3284
03:03:47,100 --> 03:03:51,000
drowsiness returns and you slip 
back into sleep without stress 

3285
03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:54,400
about having been awake. 
Physical Comfort during sleep is

3286
03:03:54,400 --> 03:03:56,700
managed through careful, 
arrangement of bedding and 

3287
03:03:56,700 --> 03:03:59,100
clothing. 
You might adjust layers during 

3288
03:03:59,100 --> 03:04:00,900
the night. 
If you become too warm or too 

3289
03:04:00,908 --> 03:04:03,500
cold. 
These adjustments happen. 

3290
03:04:03,500 --> 03:04:05,600
Semi-conscious without fully 
waking. 

3291
03:04:06,300 --> 03:04:08,500
Safety concerns during sleep a 
minimal. 

3292
03:04:08,500 --> 03:04:11,700
Once you're settled in a secured
dwelling, You're not vulnerable 

3293
03:04:11,700 --> 03:04:16,000
to Predators or whether the main
risks are fire from unattended 

3294
03:04:16,000 --> 03:04:18,900
lamps or extreme cold. 
If heating fails. 

3295
03:04:19,600 --> 03:04:22,100
But these are managed through 
careful preparation before 

3296
03:04:22,100 --> 03:04:24,800
sleep. 
Trust in your dwelling is 

3297
03:04:24,800 --> 03:04:27,500
construction, allows relaxation 
into deep sleep. 

3298
03:04:28,300 --> 03:04:31,200
The structure has been tested 
against Arctic conditions, many 

3299
03:04:31,200 --> 03:04:35,400
times you know its limits and 
capabilities, this knowledge 

3300
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:39,800
enables rest without anxiety. 
Mourning, approaches gradually 

3301
03:04:39,800 --> 03:04:41,900
and some seas and rapidly and 
others. 

3302
03:04:42,600 --> 03:04:46,400
During winter, you might wake to
continue Darkness with only your

3303
03:04:46,400 --> 03:04:49,500
internal sense of time. 
Telling you Morning has arrived.

3304
03:04:50,300 --> 03:04:53,500
During summer, increasing light 
of eventually penetrates through

3305
03:04:53,500 --> 03:04:55,900
whatever covering your eyes or 
dwellings walls. 

3306
03:04:56,800 --> 03:04:59,800
The transition from sleep to 
waking is gentle when possible, 

3307
03:04:59,800 --> 03:05:03,700
you become aware of your body, 
the temperature and the sounds 

3308
03:05:03,700 --> 03:05:07,400
around you. 
You assess how you feel rested 

3309
03:05:07,400 --> 03:05:12,100
or still tired, warm or cold, 
ready to rise or needing more 

3310
03:05:12,100 --> 03:05:15,200
rest? 
If you feel genuinely rested, 

3311
03:05:15,200 --> 03:05:16,800
you begin the process of getting
up. 

3312
03:05:17,500 --> 03:05:20,400
If you still feel tired, nothing
urgent demands, attention. 

3313
03:05:20,400 --> 03:05:25,400
You might dose longer 
flexibility to match waking to 

3314
03:05:25,400 --> 03:05:28,100
actual rest. 
Needs is a practical luxury 

3315
03:05:28,100 --> 03:05:31,700
rising from your sleeping. 
Space means leaving warmth for 

3316
03:05:31,700 --> 03:05:34,200
cold. 
You do this, decisively want to 

3317
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:37,100
committed pulling on layers 
while still lying down when 

3318
03:05:37,100 --> 03:05:39,600
possible. 
Then emerging ready to face the 

3319
03:05:39,600 --> 03:05:42,000
days temperature, the night is 
passed. 

3320
03:05:42,000 --> 03:05:46,700
Your body is rested and prepared
itself for another day. 

3321
03:05:47,700 --> 03:05:49,900
Sleep has served its essential 
function. 

3322
03:05:50,900 --> 03:05:54,500
You're ready to begin again? 
The life you lead is an Inuit 

3323
03:05:54,500 --> 03:05:57,600
Fisher in the Arctic is not a 
story of dramatic struggles, 

3324
03:05:57,600 --> 03:06:00,600
overcome or exciting Adventures 
survived. 

3325
03:06:00,600 --> 03:06:05,200
It is a long quiet, practice of 
attention and adaptation 

3326
03:06:05,200 --> 03:06:08,500
repeatedly across years and 
generations. 

3327
03:06:09,500 --> 03:06:12,400
This continuity is both the 
challenge and the reward. 

3328
03:06:12,400 --> 03:06:15,400
Each morning looks similar to 
the one before. 

3329
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:19,900
You wait dressed to equipment 
and move toward the water. 

3330
03:06:21,000 --> 03:06:25,300
The specific details vary, 
whether differs fish respond 

3331
03:06:25,300 --> 03:06:28,600
differently, small problems, 
arise and assault. 

3332
03:06:29,300 --> 03:06:31,500
But the overall pattern remains 
constant. 

3333
03:06:32,200 --> 03:06:35,500
This sameness is not monotonous.
It is reliable. 

3334
03:06:36,300 --> 03:06:40,100
Your children, observe this 
reliability and absorb it, they 

3335
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:42,900
see that life continues through 
steady effort rather than 

3336
03:06:42,900 --> 03:06:46,200
dramatic gestures. 
They learn that survival in the 

3337
03:06:46,208 --> 03:06:48,300
Arctic depends on doing ordinary
things. 

3338
03:06:48,300 --> 03:06:52,000
Well, repeatedly without 
expectation of Praise or 

3339
03:06:52,000 --> 03:06:54,600
excitement. 
The knowledge you hold was 

3340
03:06:54,600 --> 03:06:57,500
passed you by people who learned
it from others before them. 

3341
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:01,500
Techniques for reading, ice 
conditions methods for 

3342
03:07:01,500 --> 03:07:04,900
preserving fish, designs for 
clothing and Equipment. 

3343
03:07:04,900 --> 03:07:08,400
All of this arrived to you, 
through chains of transmission 

3344
03:07:08,400 --> 03:07:11,200
stretching back further than 
anyone can remember. 

3345
03:07:12,200 --> 03:07:13,700
You will pass this knowledge 
forward. 

3346
03:07:13,700 --> 03:07:17,400
In turn a young person watching 
you today will remember how you 

3347
03:07:17,400 --> 03:07:20,900
handle the particular task. 
Years from now, they will 

3348
03:07:20,900 --> 03:07:23,400
perform that same task using 
what they learned by 

3349
03:07:23,400 --> 03:07:27,100
observation. 
Chain continues on broke and 

3350
03:07:27,100 --> 03:07:30,500
this transmission happened with 
without sermon or formal 

3351
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:33,300
recognition. 
Knowledge flows through daily 

3352
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:37,200
life, absorbed gradually through
participation and observation. 

3353
03:07:38,200 --> 03:07:40,600
The learning is practical rather
than theoretical. 

3354
03:07:40,600 --> 03:07:44,900
You do not explain principles, 
you demonstrate practices 

3355
03:07:44,900 --> 03:07:48,800
adaptations occur slowly within 
this conservative system. 

3356
03:07:49,500 --> 03:07:52,700
If someone discovers a slightly 
better way to accomplish a task,

3357
03:07:52,700 --> 03:07:55,200
it spreads gradually through the
community. 

3358
03:07:56,000 --> 03:07:59,400
The Improvement is evaluated 
through use rather than declared

3359
03:07:59,400 --> 03:08:02,200
revolutionary. 
What works persists? 

3360
03:08:02,200 --> 03:08:06,700
What does not work, Fades away? 
Your relationship with the 

3361
03:08:06,700 --> 03:08:09,600
environment is neither 
romanticized nor antagonistic. 

3362
03:08:10,400 --> 03:08:14,000
The Arctic is not an enemy to 
conquer or a paradise to praise.

3363
03:08:14,000 --> 03:08:18,200
It is the place you live with 
its particular conditions and 

3364
03:08:18,200 --> 03:08:21,400
requirements. 
You adapt to it because you must

3365
03:08:21,400 --> 03:08:25,300
and because you can The 
hardships you face are real but 

3366
03:08:25,300 --> 03:08:27,900
not exceptional to you cold is 
expected. 

3367
03:08:27,900 --> 03:08:32,700
Limited, resources are normal. 
The constant attention required 

3368
03:08:32,700 --> 03:08:34,800
for safety? 
Is simply part of living here. 

3369
03:08:35,600 --> 03:08:38,100
You do not compare your life to 
ease your lives elsewhere, 

3370
03:08:38,100 --> 03:08:40,400
because such comparison serve, 
no purpose. 

3371
03:08:41,400 --> 03:08:43,300
Comfort. 
When it exists is deeply 

3372
03:08:43,300 --> 03:08:46,300
appreciated, precisely because 
it is not constant. 

3373
03:08:47,200 --> 03:08:49,900
The warmth of your dwelling 
after cold exposure, feels 

3374
03:08:49,900 --> 03:08:53,500
genuinely good. 
A successful Fishing Day brings 

3375
03:08:53,500 --> 03:08:57,700
real satisfaction. 
These moments of comfort and 

3376
03:08:57,700 --> 03:09:00,400
success are earned through the 
surrounding context of 

3377
03:09:00,400 --> 03:09:03,300
difficulty. 
You do not complain much about 

3378
03:09:03,300 --> 03:09:05,200
hardships because complaining 
changes. 

3379
03:09:05,200 --> 03:09:08,900
Nothing The cold will remain 
cold regardless of your feelings

3380
03:09:08,900 --> 03:09:11,600
about it. 
Fish will either be present or 

3381
03:09:11,600 --> 03:09:14,500
absent independent of your 
wishes energy. 

3382
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:17,000
Spent on complaint is energy 
wasted. 

3383
03:09:17,700 --> 03:09:22,000
Instead you focus on what can be
controlled, you can maintain 

3384
03:09:22,000 --> 03:09:24,700
equipment. 
Well, you can make careful 

3385
03:09:24,700 --> 03:09:26,600
decisions about when and where 
to fish. 

3386
03:09:27,400 --> 03:09:30,500
You can share resources, fairly 
you can teach young people 

3387
03:09:30,500 --> 03:09:33,600
accurately. 
These actions have affects. 

3388
03:09:34,300 --> 03:09:37,000
Seasons cycle through their 
patterns and you cycle through 

3389
03:09:37,000 --> 03:09:39,600
corresponding tasks. 
Winter work. 

3390
03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:43,200
Differs from Summer work. 
Spring preparation, differs from

3391
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:46,900
Full storage, this variation 
provides structure to the year 

3392
03:09:46,900 --> 03:09:48,800
while maintaining overall 
consistency. 

3393
03:09:49,800 --> 03:09:52,300
Your identity is shaped by this 
life in ways. 

3394
03:09:52,300 --> 03:09:56,300
You rarely articulate, you are a
person who knows how to function

3395
03:09:56,300 --> 03:09:59,900
in extreme cold, you are someone
who can read ice conditions. 

3396
03:09:59,900 --> 03:10:03,200
You are part of a community that
depends on fishing. 

3397
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:07,000
These aspects of identity are 
foundational rather than 

3398
03:10:07,000 --> 03:10:10,400
decorative connection. 
Between Generations creates a 

3399
03:10:10,400 --> 03:10:13,600
form of continuity that 
transcends individual lives. 

3400
03:10:13,600 --> 03:10:17,700
You are living a life similar to
your grandparents lives, and 

3401
03:10:17,700 --> 03:10:20,300
your grandchildren will likely 
live similar to yours. 

3402
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:25,100
This Longview can be comforting.
You are part of something larger

3403
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:29,000
and more enduring than yourself 
change, does occur over time. 

3404
03:10:29,000 --> 03:10:32,700
New materials, might become 
available different fishing 

3405
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:35,600
techniques, might prove 
effective outside. 

3406
03:10:35,600 --> 03:10:38,500
Influences might introduce new 
ideas or tools. 

3407
03:10:38,500 --> 03:10:43,000
You evaluate these changes 
practically adopting what helps 

3408
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:44,200
and discarding. 
What does not. 

3409
03:10:45,300 --> 03:10:49,300
The core practices remain 
stable, even as details evolve, 

3410
03:10:49,300 --> 03:10:53,700
you still need to catch fish. 
Preserve food, maintain 

3411
03:10:53,700 --> 03:10:58,100
equipment and survive, cold, The
methods for accomplishing these 

3412
03:10:58,100 --> 03:11:00,700
goals might adjust. 
But the goals themselves 

3413
03:11:00,700 --> 03:11:04,300
persist. 
Your days are full of small 

3414
03:11:04,300 --> 03:11:07,800
decisions made automatically 
based on accumulated experience.

3415
03:11:08,500 --> 03:11:11,700
You decide which fishing spot to
try based on factors, you're not

3416
03:11:11,708 --> 03:11:16,600
even consciously considering is 
superior wind direction, time of

3417
03:11:16,600 --> 03:11:21,200
year, recent success and 
intuition built from Decades of 

3418
03:11:21,200 --> 03:11:24,800
observational. 
These automatic decisions are a 

3419
03:11:24,800 --> 03:11:27,100
form of expertise that cannot 
easily be explained to 

3420
03:11:27,100 --> 03:11:29,800
Outsiders. 
You might not even be able to 

3421
03:11:29,800 --> 03:11:33,200
fully explain your reasoning. 
You simply know what usually 

3422
03:11:33,200 --> 03:11:35,500
works, and you follow that 
knowledge. 

3423
03:11:36,200 --> 03:11:40,500
Mistake still happen, despite 
experience you misjudge ice 

3424
03:11:40,500 --> 03:11:42,800
thickness. 
Occasionally, you fail to notice

3425
03:11:42,800 --> 03:11:46,200
equipment damage and time. 
You make errors in preservation 

3426
03:11:46,200 --> 03:11:49,600
that cost, you food these 
mistakes, teach you, or remind 

3427
03:11:49,600 --> 03:11:52,300
you to pay attention. 
They are part of learning that 

3428
03:11:52,300 --> 03:11:56,100
never completely ends the 
community tolerates individual 

3429
03:11:56,100 --> 03:11:58,700
mistakes while maintaining 
expectations of General 

3430
03:11:58,700 --> 03:12:01,300
competence. 
Everyone makes errors. 

3431
03:12:01,300 --> 03:12:04,400
Sometimes what matters is 
learning from them, not 

3432
03:12:04,400 --> 03:12:06,100
repeating the same mistake 
carelessly. 

3433
03:12:07,200 --> 03:12:09,500
Patterns of incompetence and 
noted and addressed. 

3434
03:12:09,500 --> 03:12:13,700
But isolated areas are accepted 
your contribution to the 

3435
03:12:13,700 --> 03:12:15,300
community, is measured over 
time. 

3436
03:12:15,300 --> 03:12:19,400
Rather than in single events you
might have an excellent fishing 

3437
03:12:19,400 --> 03:12:23,300
week, followed by a poor one, 
over one months and years, your 

3438
03:12:23,300 --> 03:12:25,200
overall contribution, balances 
out. 

3439
03:12:26,100 --> 03:12:29,100
This long-term view reduces 
pressure while maintaining 

3440
03:12:29,100 --> 03:12:32,500
accountability. 
As you age, Your Role shifts 

3441
03:12:32,500 --> 03:12:36,100
gradually. 
Physical tasks become harder but

3442
03:12:36,100 --> 03:12:39,400
your knowledge becomes deeper 
and more valuable younger. 

3443
03:12:39,400 --> 03:12:42,200
People begin to consult you 
about decisions or techniques. 

3444
03:12:42,200 --> 03:12:46,200
You transition from primarily 
doing to primarily knowing and 

3445
03:12:46,200 --> 03:12:48,600
teaching. 
This transition is not 

3446
03:12:48,600 --> 03:12:52,200
retirement, you remain active, 
and contributing, as long as 

3447
03:12:52,200 --> 03:12:56,000
you're able, the nature of your 
contribution simply changes. 

3448
03:12:56,800 --> 03:12:59,900
You might spend more time on 
detail work and less on heavy 

3449
03:12:59,900 --> 03:13:02,600
labor, but you are still part of
the community's function. 

3450
03:13:03,500 --> 03:13:07,300
Eventually, you will not be able
to continue age or injury or 

3451
03:13:07,300 --> 03:13:08,900
illness, will end your fishing 
life. 

3452
03:13:09,800 --> 03:13:12,900
When this happens, you will be 
cared for by the community. 

3453
03:13:12,900 --> 03:13:15,000
You have contributed to 
throughout your life. 

3454
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:18,300
The cycle of giving and 
receiving balances across 

3455
03:13:18,300 --> 03:13:21,400
Generations. 
After your gone, the fishing 

3456
03:13:21,400 --> 03:13:25,300
life will continue Other people 
will walk the ice, you walked 

3457
03:13:25,300 --> 03:13:29,100
fish the waters, you fished and 
maintain equipment in the ways 

3458
03:13:29,100 --> 03:13:32,200
you demonstrated. 
Your individual presents will be

3459
03:13:32,200 --> 03:13:35,200
missed, but the continuity will 
not break. 

3460
03:13:36,200 --> 03:13:39,200
This is the nature of Inuit 
fishing life in the Arctic 

3461
03:13:39,200 --> 03:13:42,800
along, quiet. 
Practice of survival and skill 

3462
03:13:42,800 --> 03:13:47,000
passed forward through Time by 
people who value competence over

3463
03:13:47,000 --> 03:13:49,900
comfort and continuity over 
change. 

3464
03:13:50,700 --> 03:13:54,100
The hardships are real met with 
patients and practical knowledge

3465
03:13:54,100 --> 03:13:58,900
rather than drama or despair. 
You settle into sleep tonight, 

3466
03:13:58,900 --> 03:14:01,100
having lived another day in this
long tradition. 

3467
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:04,400
Tomorrow will bring similar 
tasks and challenges. 

3468
03:14:04,400 --> 03:14:08,900
You will meet them as you did 
today with attention and steady 

3469
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:11,900
effort. 
The ice will be cold, the work 

3470
03:14:11,900 --> 03:14:14,900
will be demanding, and you will 
persist, because this is what 

3471
03:14:14,900 --> 03:14:17,400
you do. 
This is what has always been 

3472
03:14:17,400 --> 03:14:19,400
done. 
This is what will continue. 

3473
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:29,600
Your standing in a forest that 
would make any modern jungle 

3474
03:14:29,600 --> 03:14:31,600
seem almost Barren by 
comparison. 

3475
03:14:32,600 --> 03:14:36,700
The air around you, hangs thick,
and warm carrying the center of 

3476
03:14:36,700 --> 03:14:42,100
wet bark and decomposing 
vegetation, that rich earthy 

3477
03:14:42,100 --> 03:14:48,400
smell intensified a hundredfold.
Above your head, the canopy 

3478
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:52,400
stretches so high. 
That the individual leaves blur 

3479
03:14:52,400 --> 03:14:57,000
into a green Haze and shafts of 
Golden Light pierced through 

3480
03:14:57,000 --> 03:15:01,900
like spotlights on a stage. 
This is the late Cretaceous 

3481
03:15:01,900 --> 03:15:06,600
Period about 70 million years 
ago and your witnessing an 

3482
03:15:06,600 --> 03:15:09,600
ecosystem functioning at the 
peak of its complexity. 

3483
03:15:10,400 --> 03:15:13,900
A herd of Edmontosaurus moves 
through the undergrowth to your 

3484
03:15:13,900 --> 03:15:17,400
left, their duck bills. 
Methodically, stripping leaves 

3485
03:15:17,400 --> 03:15:21,800
from low-hanging branches, they 
move with surprising Grace, for 

3486
03:15:21,800 --> 03:15:24,900
Animals. 
The size of large trucks, their 

3487
03:15:24,900 --> 03:15:28,100
footfalls creating a gentle 
Rhythm against the forest floor.

3488
03:15:29,600 --> 03:15:33,000
One of them pauses to scratch, 
its flank against a tree. 

3489
03:15:33,008 --> 03:15:37,200
Trunk, sending a shower of bark,
fragments tumbling down, the 

3490
03:15:37,200 --> 03:15:41,700
temperature, hovers around 85 
degrees, Fahrenheit, consistent 

3491
03:15:41,700 --> 03:15:46,700
and stable year-round. 
There's no winter here, no 

3492
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:51,500
Autumn to prepare for the 
seasons exist, but their 

3493
03:15:51,500 --> 03:15:55,100
measured in subtle shifts of 
rainfall, rather than dramatic 

3494
03:15:55,100 --> 03:15:58,500
temperature swings. 
During the wetter months, 

3495
03:15:58,500 --> 03:16:03,800
shallow sees, creep, Inland 
creating vast coastal wetlands 

3496
03:16:03,800 --> 03:16:06,400
where different communities of 
dinosaurs gather. 

3497
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:12,000
In the dryer times these areas 
contract but they never truly 

3498
03:16:12,000 --> 03:16:15,500
disappear. 
You notice a Triceratops family 

3499
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:19,300
browsing nearby, their massive 
Frills Shields. 

3500
03:16:19,300 --> 03:16:24,000
Catching the dappled sunlight 
The youngest one, still small 

3501
03:16:24,000 --> 03:16:27,600
enough that its horns a mere 
bumps stays close to its 

3502
03:16:27,600 --> 03:16:31,000
mother's flank. 
They're eating psyched. 

3503
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:36,500
Those palm-like plants with 
thick Trunks and stiff, waxy 

3504
03:16:36,500 --> 03:16:39,600
fronds. 
The sound of their chewing is 

3505
03:16:39,600 --> 03:16:44,400
surprisingly loud. 
Constant Crunch and tear that 

3506
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:47,800
forms the background music of 
this world overhead. 

3507
03:16:47,800 --> 03:16:52,600
A kettle Cutlass, Glides past, 
its wingspan wider than a small 

3508
03:16:52,600 --> 03:16:55,100
airplane's. 
It's not flapping. 

3509
03:16:55,100 --> 03:16:58,900
It doesn't need to. 
The warm air rising from the Sun

3510
03:16:58,900 --> 03:17:01,600
heated, Earth provides all the 
lift it requires. 

3511
03:17:02,300 --> 03:17:05,000
You watch it, Shadow slide 
across the forest floor 

3512
03:17:05,000 --> 03:17:09,200
momentarily, darkening. 
The Edmontosaurus heard which 

3513
03:17:09,200 --> 03:17:13,400
doesn't even bother to look up. 
They've seen this Shadow a 

3514
03:17:13,400 --> 03:17:15,900
thousand times before the 
balance. 

3515
03:17:15,900 --> 03:17:18,800
Here isn't peaceful in any 
sentimental sense. 

3516
03:17:19,800 --> 03:17:24,100
A pack of smaller, theropods 
Jeremiah Soros, each about the 

3517
03:17:24,100 --> 03:17:27,300
size of a wolf. 
Worked together to separate to 

3518
03:17:27,300 --> 03:17:32,100
juvenile hadrosaur from his 
group, its calculated efficient 

3519
03:17:32,100 --> 03:17:36,300
and over quickly. 
Nature's accounting system. 

3520
03:17:36,300 --> 03:17:41,400
Keeping populations in check. 
Within an hour, a swarm of 

3521
03:17:41,400 --> 03:17:44,700
beetles, and other insects will 
have started their work on the 

3522
03:17:44,700 --> 03:17:48,200
remains. 
By tomorrow, only scattered 

3523
03:17:48,200 --> 03:17:50,100
bones will Mark where it 
happened. 

3524
03:17:50,100 --> 03:17:54,400
But here's what strikes you most
the sheer abundance. 

3525
03:17:55,400 --> 03:18:00,400
Everywhere you look, something 
is eating growing reproducing or

3526
03:18:00,400 --> 03:18:04,100
decomposing? 
The biomass of this world 

3527
03:18:04,100 --> 03:18:07,000
exceeds, anything you've ever 
experienced. 

3528
03:18:07,900 --> 03:18:12,400
A single acre of this Forest 
contains more animal life than 

3529
03:18:12,400 --> 03:18:18,100
10 acres of modern rainforest. 
The flowering plants, relatively

3530
03:18:18,100 --> 03:18:22,300
new arrivals on The evolutionary
scene have exploded into 

3531
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:25,900
countless varieties. 
And with them have come new 

3532
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:30,300
species of insects which in turn
support, new species of small, 

3533
03:18:30,300 --> 03:18:33,500
mammals and lizards you walked 
to the edge of a river. 

3534
03:18:33,500 --> 03:18:37,800
It's water's murky with sediment
from recent rains Upstream. 

3535
03:18:38,600 --> 03:18:42,100
A group of parasaurolophus 
stands belly deep in the water. 

3536
03:18:42,100 --> 03:18:46,800
Their distinctive curved crests 
creating haunting calls that 

3537
03:18:46,800 --> 03:18:51,600
Echo across the landscape. 
That communicating, but not in 

3538
03:18:51,600 --> 03:18:56,900
any way that suggests alarm. 
Just the ordinary conversation 

3539
03:18:56,900 --> 03:18:59,500
of a species comfortable in its 
environment. 

3540
03:18:59,500 --> 03:19:03,600
The water teams with life, too. 
Turtles. 

3541
03:19:03,600 --> 03:19:07,300
The size of coffee, tables. 
Bask on half submerged logs. 

3542
03:19:08,000 --> 03:19:09,900
Fish. 
You can't identify from any 

3543
03:19:09,900 --> 03:19:12,900
modern species. 
Dark between the dinosaurs legs.

3544
03:19:12,900 --> 03:19:16,200
Feeding on particles stirred up 
from the riverbed. 

3545
03:19:17,100 --> 03:19:21,700
A crocodilian relative longer 
than your car watches from the 

3546
03:19:21,700 --> 03:19:24,800
shallows with eyes that break 
the water's surface like 

3547
03:19:24,800 --> 03:19:27,400
periscopes. 
Its patient. 

3548
03:19:28,500 --> 03:19:30,700
It's been patient for millions 
of years. 

3549
03:19:30,700 --> 03:19:35,200
This ecosystem has been refining
itself for longer than you can 

3550
03:19:35,200 --> 03:19:38,800
properly imagine. 
The ancestors of these creatures

3551
03:19:38,800 --> 03:19:43,300
emerged in the Triassic period, 
more than 200 million years ago.

3552
03:19:44,200 --> 03:19:48,400
since then they've survived 
planetary upheavals, sea level 

3553
03:19:48,400 --> 03:19:53,200
changes and the breakup of 
supercontinents, They've adapted

3554
03:19:53,200 --> 03:19:56,500
ice ages and Global Hot House 
conditions. 

3555
03:19:56,500 --> 03:20:02,400
They've evolved into forms that 
fly swim and dominate every 

3556
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:04,600
terrestrial Niche from Paul to 
pole. 

3557
03:20:04,600 --> 03:20:07,400
As evening. 
Approaches the light takes on a 

3558
03:20:07,400 --> 03:20:12,800
honey colored quality. 
The Sounds shift to Daytime 

3559
03:20:12,800 --> 03:20:15,000
species, settle into roosting 
spots. 

3560
03:20:15,000 --> 03:20:19,300
While nocturnal creatures begin,
their preparations, you hear the

3561
03:20:19,300 --> 03:20:23,400
distant call of a Tyrannosaur, 
not the Hollywood Roar, but 

3562
03:20:23,400 --> 03:20:27,800
something deeper more resonant 
like an enormous drum being 

3563
03:20:27,800 --> 03:20:31,100
struck underwater. 
It's not hunting yet. 

3564
03:20:31,100 --> 03:20:35,500
Just announcing its presence, 
marking territory, in a language

3565
03:20:35,500 --> 03:20:40,000
older than mountains. 
The stars begin to emerge and 

3566
03:20:40,000 --> 03:20:41,900
they're different from the ones,
you know. 

3567
03:20:43,000 --> 03:20:46,400
Constellations that won't exist 
for millions of years. 

3568
03:20:46,400 --> 03:20:52,000
Arrangements of light, that will
shift as continents drift and 

3569
03:20:52,000 --> 03:20:54,500
the Earth continues. 
Its patient rotation. 

3570
03:20:55,800 --> 03:21:00,400
But tonight, in this moment, 
everything seems a eternal. 

3571
03:21:01,300 --> 03:21:04,900
This world feels like it could 
last forever balanced and 

3572
03:21:04,900 --> 03:21:08,200
perfect. 
In its ancient complexity your 

3573
03:21:08,200 --> 03:21:13,500
back in the same Forest, but 
something has shifted at first. 

3574
03:21:13,500 --> 03:21:16,200
You can't quite identify. 
What is different? 

3575
03:21:17,100 --> 03:21:19,000
The Edmonton Soros are still 
here. 

3576
03:21:19,800 --> 03:21:24,000
The Triceratops still browsed, 
the cycads, the temperature 

3577
03:21:24,000 --> 03:21:29,400
feels the same against your skin
that familiar 85 degree embrace.

3578
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:34,900
But then you notice the wet 
season lasted three weeks longer

3579
03:21:34,900 --> 03:21:38,100
this year. 
And the dry season that followed

3580
03:21:38,100 --> 03:21:40,200
wasn't quite as dry as it should
have been. 

3581
03:21:40,200 --> 03:21:43,800
This is 10,000 years after your 
first visit. 

3582
03:21:44,800 --> 03:21:49,400
A blink in geological time. 
Barely a footnote in the Grand 

3583
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:52,700
Story of Earth. 
Yet for the creatures, living 

3584
03:21:52,700 --> 03:21:55,900
through it. 
These 10,000 years, represent 

3585
03:21:55,900 --> 03:22:01,500
400 generations of adaptation of
slight adjustments to changing 

3586
03:22:01,500 --> 03:22:05,500
conditions. 
The forest looks the same, but 

3587
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:09,100
if you examined it closely, 
you'd find subtle differences in

3588
03:22:09,100 --> 03:22:13,000
which plants Thrive and which 
struggle, the rainfall patterns 

3589
03:22:13,000 --> 03:22:16,900
are becoming less predictable. 
Some years dumped twice, the 

3590
03:22:16,900 --> 03:22:21,000
expected amount of water, 
flooding, lowland nesting sites,

3591
03:22:21,000 --> 03:22:24,700
and drowning eggs, that were 
laid in traditionally safely 

3592
03:22:24,700 --> 03:22:28,100
locations. 
Other years bring drought that 

3593
03:22:28,100 --> 03:22:32,300
last just long enough to stress 
the vegetation making certain 

3594
03:22:32,300 --> 03:22:35,200
plants flower at the wrong time 
or not at all. 

3595
03:22:36,100 --> 03:22:39,700
The dinosaurs are just, of 
course, they're remarkably 

3596
03:22:39,700 --> 03:22:44,000
adaptable. 
But adjustment requires energy. 

3597
03:22:44,800 --> 03:22:48,500
And energy that goes toward 
coping with change is energy, 

3598
03:22:48,500 --> 03:22:53,800
that doesn't go toward growth 
reproduction or storing fat 

3599
03:22:53,800 --> 03:22:55,900
reserves. 
You, watch a herd of 

3600
03:22:55,900 --> 03:22:58,800
Hadrosaurus, migrating earlier 
than they would have a few 

3601
03:22:58,800 --> 03:23:02,100
thousand years ago. 
They're following the rain. 

3602
03:23:02,100 --> 03:23:05,900
Now, rather than the calendar. 
Their internal clocks set by 

3603
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:09,900
millions of years of consistent,
seasonal patterns are beginning 

3604
03:23:09,900 --> 03:23:12,200
to conflict with external 
reality. 

3605
03:23:13,200 --> 03:23:17,900
Some individuals migrated in the
old time in the new, the herd 

3606
03:23:17,900 --> 03:23:20,400
fractures becoming less 
cohesive. 

3607
03:23:21,400 --> 03:23:24,100
Smaller groups and more 
vulnerable to Predators. 

3608
03:23:24,100 --> 03:23:27,500
The ocean temperatures are 
rising too, though. 

3609
03:23:27,500 --> 03:23:30,800
The change is measured in 
fractions of a degree per 

3610
03:23:30,800 --> 03:23:35,100
millennium. the warm water holds
less oxygen, and the great 

3611
03:23:35,100 --> 03:23:39,800
marine reptiles mosasaurs and 
plesiosaurs find themselves 

3612
03:23:39,800 --> 03:23:44,000
swimming deeper working harder 
to catch fish that have also 

3613
03:23:44,000 --> 03:23:49,000
moved to cooler depths The coral
reefs that line, the shallow 

3614
03:23:49,000 --> 03:23:52,800
sees, begin to show signs of 
stress, their colors slightly 

3615
03:23:52,800 --> 03:23:56,800
less vibrant fast forward. 
Another 20,000 years. 

3616
03:23:58,000 --> 03:24:01,900
Your standing in, what? 
Feels like the same spot but the

3617
03:24:01,900 --> 03:24:05,100
cycads that dominated the 
understory have thinned 

3618
03:24:05,100 --> 03:24:08,700
noticeably. 
Flowering plants have moved into

3619
03:24:08,700 --> 03:24:11,900
the gaps but they're different 
species than before. 

3620
03:24:12,900 --> 03:24:16,500
Ones that tolerate more variable
moisture conditions. 

3621
03:24:17,500 --> 03:24:22,600
The Triceratops are still here. 
Still eating But you notice 

3622
03:24:22,600 --> 03:24:26,400
they're spending more time 
selecting their food passing 

3623
03:24:26,400 --> 03:24:30,400
over plants, they would have 
eagerly consumed before the 

3624
03:24:30,400 --> 03:24:35,000
volcanic activity has increased.
not dramatically, there's no 

3625
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:40,200
single catastrophic eruption to 
point to Across the globe, the 

3626
03:24:40,200 --> 03:24:43,700
number of active volcanoes has 
slowly multiplied. 

3627
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:48,600
In what will one day be India? 
Massive, lava flows. 

3628
03:24:48,600 --> 03:24:51,800
Are beginning to build, what? 
Geologists will call the Deccan 

3629
03:24:51,800 --> 03:24:56,600
traps Each eruption adds another
layer of Basalt and each 

3630
03:24:56,600 --> 03:25:01,200
eruption releases gases into the
atmosphere carbon dioxide levels

3631
03:25:01,200 --> 03:25:05,100
are creeping upward the 
greenhouse effect intensifies. 

3632
03:25:05,100 --> 03:25:09,300
Slightly holding more heat close
to the Earth's surface, the 

3633
03:25:09,300 --> 03:25:13,100
polar regions, which maintained 
ice caps for millions of years. 

3634
03:25:13,100 --> 03:25:18,500
See those ice sheets retreat. 
Sea levels, Rising criminally, 

3635
03:25:18,500 --> 03:25:22,400
redrawing. 
Coastlines turning peninsulas 

3636
03:25:22,400 --> 03:25:26,000
into islands and flooding the 
shallow Inland Seas. 

3637
03:25:26,000 --> 03:25:29,200
Even further, he noticed 
something odd about the light. 

3638
03:25:30,000 --> 03:25:33,400
On some days, there's a haziness
to the air that wasn't there 

3639
03:25:33,400 --> 03:25:36,500
before. 
Volcanic aerosols, tiny 

3640
03:25:36,500 --> 03:25:40,700
particles of sulfur, and Ash 
scatter, sunlight differently, 

3641
03:25:40,700 --> 03:25:45,700
creating spectacular sunsets, 
but also reducing the overall 

3642
03:25:45,700 --> 03:25:50,700
Clarity of midday illumination. 
Plants photosynthesize slightly 

3643
03:25:50,700 --> 03:25:54,600
less efficiently. 
The difference is small, maybe 

3644
03:25:54,600 --> 03:26:00,900
5% but across an entire Global 
ecosystem, 5% compounds in to 

3645
03:26:00,900 --> 03:26:04,500
something significant. 
The larger of wars begin showing

3646
03:26:04,500 --> 03:26:06,200
subtle changes in their 
behavior. 

3647
03:26:06,200 --> 03:26:10,700
They feed longer each day to 
compensate for the decreased 

3648
03:26:10,700 --> 03:26:15,500
nutritional value in their food.
This means less time for social 

3649
03:26:15,500 --> 03:26:20,700
bonding less time for careful 
selection of mates and less time

3650
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:23,600
for the elaborate courtship 
displays that some species 

3651
03:26:23,600 --> 03:26:25,500
developed over millions of 
years. 

3652
03:26:25,500 --> 03:26:29,800
Evolution starts favoring 
efficiency over complexity, 

3653
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:35,300
another 50,000 years pass You're
now about a million years before

3654
03:26:35,300 --> 03:26:37,100
the end of the Cretaceous 
Period. 

3655
03:26:37,900 --> 03:26:41,800
The changes are no longer subtle
the forest around, you has a 

3656
03:26:41,808 --> 03:26:46,100
different character more open 
with larger gaps in the canopy 

3657
03:26:46,100 --> 03:26:48,800
where old Giants have fallen and
younger trees. 

3658
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:53,100
Have not quite filled the space.
The variety of plants species is

3659
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:56,900
decreased noticeably where there
might have been 30 different 

3660
03:26:56,900 --> 03:27:01,500
types of ferns in a given area. 
Now, there are 20 the Edmund of 

3661
03:27:01,500 --> 03:27:05,700
Soros herds, have grown smaller,
not because of predation, but 

3662
03:27:05,700 --> 03:27:10,200
because the carrying capacity of
the land has diminished they're 

3663
03:27:10,200 --> 03:27:14,100
still plenty of food, but it's 
not quite as nutritious not 

3664
03:27:14,100 --> 03:27:17,800
quite as abundant in the 
specific nutrients that massive 

3665
03:27:17,800 --> 03:27:22,900
bodies require The juveniles 
take longer to reach adult size,

3666
03:27:22,900 --> 03:27:28,400
sexual maturity comes later. 
Fewer eggs are laid each season 

3667
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:32,200
and fewer of those eggs. 
Hatch successfully, the 

3668
03:27:32,200 --> 03:27:34,500
temperatures swings of become 
more pronounced. 

3669
03:27:35,500 --> 03:27:40,500
What used to be a stable 85 
degrees now, floods between 75 

3670
03:27:40,500 --> 03:27:45,400
and 905 depending on the season.
10 degrees might not sound like 

3671
03:27:45,400 --> 03:27:48,200
much. 
But for creatures that evolved 

3672
03:27:48,200 --> 03:27:52,800
in stability, whose metabolisms 
are tuned and narrow ranges, it 

3673
03:27:52,800 --> 03:27:57,300
represents a constant stress. 
The cold-blooded reptiles 

3674
03:27:57,300 --> 03:28:02,000
struggle most, but even the 
dinosaurs whose metabolism fell 

3675
03:28:02,000 --> 03:28:05,200
somewhere between modern 
reptiles and mammals feel the 

3676
03:28:05,208 --> 03:28:07,400
strain. 
You notice that the 

3677
03:28:07,400 --> 03:28:10,500
quetzalcoatlus you see now are 
slightly smaller than their 

3678
03:28:10,500 --> 03:28:15,900
ancestors, not dramatically. 
But measurably Large body size 

3679
03:28:15,900 --> 03:28:18,800
becomes liability when food is 
less reliable. 

3680
03:28:19,800 --> 03:28:22,900
Evolution begins favoring 
individuals who can make do with

3681
03:28:22,900 --> 03:28:27,200
less whom mature faster and who 
reproduce young girl. 

3682
03:28:28,200 --> 03:28:32,400
The Magnificent Giants who took 
decades to reach full size find 

3683
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:36,200
themselves at a disadvantage. 
The ocean currents are shifting 

3684
03:28:36,200 --> 03:28:39,000
as the continents, continue 
their slow dance. 

3685
03:28:39,900 --> 03:28:43,800
Cold water that used to well up 
along certain coasts, bringing 

3686
03:28:43,800 --> 03:28:46,500
nutrients that fed. 
Vast schools of fish. 

3687
03:28:46,500 --> 03:28:51,000
Now, follows different paths. 
The marine food chains 

3688
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:54,700
reorganized. 
Some species of ammonites. 

3689
03:28:55,600 --> 03:29:00,100
Those spiral shelled swimmers 
that had flourished for hundreds

3690
03:29:00,100 --> 03:29:03,600
of millions of years. 
Begin to decline. 

3691
03:29:04,400 --> 03:29:10,100
Not disappear, not yet. 
But then numbers thin standing 

3692
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:13,100
here in this changing world, you
can see that it's still 

3693
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:16,900
beautiful, still functional, 
still teeming with life. 

3694
03:29:17,600 --> 03:29:22,000
The dinosaurs still dominate, 
The Great herds still migrate 

3695
03:29:22,000 --> 03:29:26,800
Predators still hunt, but the 
margin for error has shrunk. 

3696
03:29:26,800 --> 03:29:31,900
The buffer that allowed species 
to whether bad years to survive,

3697
03:29:31,900 --> 03:29:33,900
local, catastrophes and 
population. 

3698
03:29:33,900 --> 03:29:39,400
Crashes has grown thiner. 
The ecosystem isn't collapsing 

3699
03:29:39,400 --> 03:29:44,600
but it's becoming less resilient
less able to absorb shocks. 

3700
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:48,900
And the shocks you sent are 
coming your standing at the edge

3701
03:29:48,900 --> 03:29:52,900
of a marsh that didn't exist 
during your first visit. the 

3702
03:29:52,900 --> 03:29:57,200
land here is subsided slightly 
not from any sudden earthquake, 

3703
03:29:57,200 --> 03:30:01,600
but from the gradual settling 
that comes with changing sea 

3704
03:30:01,600 --> 03:30:06,200
levels and shifting settlement, 
What was once solid forest 

3705
03:30:06,200 --> 03:30:08,600
floor? 
Now, squelches beneath your feet

3706
03:30:08,600 --> 03:30:12,800
and the trees that grew here of 
giving way to reads and water 

3707
03:30:12,800 --> 03:30:16,400
loving plants. 
This is a 100,000 years before 

3708
03:30:16,400 --> 03:30:19,600
the end. 
The ecosystem hasn't collapsed 

3709
03:30:19,600 --> 03:30:23,900
but it is fundamentally 
reorganized itself. the food, 

3710
03:30:23,900 --> 03:30:27,400
webs, you observed, in your 
first visit has been rewired 

3711
03:30:27,400 --> 03:30:32,100
with new connections forming and
old ones severing The 

3712
03:30:32,108 --> 03:30:35,200
consequences Ripple through 
every level of life. 

3713
03:30:36,000 --> 03:30:40,600
Flowering plants of taken over 
where Ferns and cycads once 

3714
03:30:40,600 --> 03:30:43,700
dominated. 
Now Magnolia like trees and 

3715
03:30:43,700 --> 03:30:47,100
primitive relatives of modern 
roses and Lilies, create the 

3716
03:30:47,100 --> 03:30:51,200
canopy. this shift happened 
gradually enough that 

3717
03:30:51,200 --> 03:30:55,900
herbivorous dinosaurs adapted 
their diets But not all species 

3718
03:30:55,900 --> 03:31:00,900
adapted equally well. 
This territory, the family that 

3719
03:31:00,900 --> 03:31:04,500
includes Triceratops. 
Handled the change better than 

3720
03:31:04,500 --> 03:31:08,300
most. 
Their beaks and dental batteries

3721
03:31:08,300 --> 03:31:13,200
evolved to process, tough plant,
material, and flowers and seeds 

3722
03:31:13,200 --> 03:31:16,000
fit nicely into their dietary 
repertoire. 

3723
03:31:16,000 --> 03:31:19,000
But the long neck saw a pods are
struggling. 

3724
03:31:19,900 --> 03:31:22,300
Their massive bodies were 
optimized for processing. 

3725
03:31:22,300 --> 03:31:27,400
Huge quantities of relatively 
low nutrition Ferns and 

3726
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:30,100
conifers. 
The new plants are more 

3727
03:31:30,108 --> 03:31:33,700
nutritious per bite, but they 
require different feeding 

3728
03:31:33,700 --> 03:31:37,300
strategies. 
A creature with a neck 40 feet, 

3729
03:31:37,300 --> 03:31:41,100
long can't easily browse the low
growing flowering plants. 

3730
03:31:41,800 --> 03:31:46,100
You see fewer sauropods now, and
the ones you do see a smaller 

3731
03:31:46,100 --> 03:31:50,400
species more adaptable in their 
feeding habits this creates 

3732
03:31:50,400 --> 03:31:53,600
Cascade. 
The largest sauropods were 

3733
03:31:53,600 --> 03:31:57,400
ecosystem Engineers, their 
feeding habits shape the 

3734
03:31:57,400 --> 03:32:01,600
structure of forests, their 
migrations created Pathways that

3735
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:06,200
other species use and their dung
fertilized vast areas and 

3736
03:32:06,200 --> 03:32:08,600
dispersed seeds across hundreds 
of miles. 

3737
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:14,400
As their numbers decline, the 
forest change, again, areas that

3738
03:32:14,400 --> 03:32:17,300
were kept clear by their 
browsing fill in with dense 

3739
03:32:17,300 --> 03:32:20,900
undergrowth. 
Sees that depended on open 

3740
03:32:20,900 --> 03:32:25,000
Woodland, find their habitat, 
shrinking, the insect population

3741
03:32:25,000 --> 03:32:29,500
have exploded. 
Flowering plants and insects 

3742
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:32,700
evolved together in a feedback 
loop of mutual dependence. 

3743
03:32:33,600 --> 03:32:37,200
Plants offering nectar and 
pollen insects providing 

3744
03:32:37,200 --> 03:32:41,500
pollination. 
But with more insects come more 

3745
03:32:41,500 --> 03:32:45,600
insect eaters. 
Small mammals, which spent most 

3746
03:32:45,600 --> 03:32:48,300
of the Mesozoic Era as Mouse 
sized. 

3747
03:32:48,300 --> 03:32:52,500
Nocturnal creatures are 
diversifying into new forms. 

3748
03:32:53,300 --> 03:32:58,300
You spot one now about the size 
of a modern raccoon digging, for

3749
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:02,700
beetle larvae and rotting wood. 
Its ancestors would have been 

3750
03:33:02,708 --> 03:33:05,600
terrified of even the smallest 
dinosaurs. 

3751
03:33:06,400 --> 03:33:10,700
This one barely glances at the 
Edmontosaurus, walking past the 

3752
03:33:10,700 --> 03:33:13,000
Predator. 
Prey Dynamics are shifting too. 

3753
03:33:14,000 --> 03:33:17,700
The great Tyrannosaurs are still
apex predators but they're 

3754
03:33:17,700 --> 03:33:20,700
hunting strategies. 
Have to adapt to changing prey 

3755
03:33:20,700 --> 03:33:24,800
distributions. herds that once 
congregated in predictable 

3756
03:33:24,800 --> 03:33:28,800
locations, now scatter across 
wider territories, following 

3757
03:33:28,800 --> 03:33:33,300
unpredictable, rainfall, and 
plant growth Hunting success, 

3758
03:33:33,300 --> 03:33:38,100
rates declined. 
More energy must be expended per

3759
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:40,900
kill this. 
Affects their breeding success. 

3760
03:33:40,900 --> 03:33:45,700
Tyrannosaurs, like, many, large 
Predators, have relatively few 

3761
03:33:45,700 --> 03:33:48,500
offspring. 
Each egg represents a 

3762
03:33:48,500 --> 03:33:52,700
significant investment of energy
and raising juveniles to 

3763
03:33:52,700 --> 03:33:57,200
Independence takes years. 
When food becomes less reliable,

3764
03:33:57,200 --> 03:34:00,200
the mathematics of reproduction 
shift. 

3765
03:34:01,500 --> 03:34:05,600
Fewer eggs laid. 
More juvenile starved during 

3766
03:34:05,608 --> 03:34:09,100
their first year? 
The population doesn't crash. 

3767
03:34:09,100 --> 03:34:14,400
These are resilient animals but 
it contracts slowly and 

3768
03:34:14,400 --> 03:34:17,200
steadily. 
You walk along the new marshes 

3769
03:34:17,200 --> 03:34:21,800
Edge and notice something else. 
The diversity has decreased, but

3770
03:34:21,800 --> 03:34:26,100
the remaining species existing 
greater numbers. this is a 

3771
03:34:26,100 --> 03:34:29,500
pattern, you'll see throughout 
the ecosystem where there might 

3772
03:34:29,508 --> 03:34:35,000
have been 10 species of small, 
theropods now, there are six but

3773
03:34:35,000 --> 03:34:40,000
those six are more abundant 
Evolution favors generalists who

3774
03:34:40,000 --> 03:34:43,500
can adapt to changing conditions
over Specialists, who excel in 

3775
03:34:43,500 --> 03:34:46,800
stable ones. 
The terrorists are perhaps the 

3776
03:34:46,800 --> 03:34:51,100
most visibly affected. 
Their Mastery of the Skies is 

3777
03:34:51,100 --> 03:34:55,300
being challenged by the earliest
true Birds, which evolved from 

3778
03:34:55,300 --> 03:34:58,700
small theropod dinosaurs 
millions of years early. 

3779
03:34:59,700 --> 03:35:03,600
Birds with their more efficient,
respiratory systems and more 

3780
03:35:03,600 --> 03:35:08,200
advanced flight capabilities 
compete increasingly successful 

3781
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:13,500
for the same ecological niches. 
The largest pterosaurs remain 

3782
03:35:13,500 --> 03:35:16,700
unchallenged. 
No bird can match a kettle 

3783
03:35:16,700 --> 03:35:21,200
Catalyst for sheer size, but the
medium sized species find 

3784
03:35:21,200 --> 03:35:24,000
themselves. 
Squeezed between Birds above 

3785
03:35:24,000 --> 03:35:28,600
them on the evolutionary ladder 
and Below them in efficiency in 

3786
03:35:28,600 --> 03:35:30,800
the oceans. 
The changes are even more 

3787
03:35:30,800 --> 03:35:35,800
dramatic the shallow Inland sees
a retreating a sea levels fall. 

3788
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:39,500
These Seas were incredibly 
productive, ecosystems 

3789
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:44,400
nurseries, for a countless 
species of fish ammonites and 

3790
03:35:44,400 --> 03:35:49,400
marine reptiles as they shrink, 
they fragment into isolated 

3791
03:35:49,400 --> 03:35:54,000
bodies of water, population's 
that could want to breed find 

3792
03:35:54,000 --> 03:35:58,100
themselves separated genetic 
diversity decreases. 

3793
03:35:59,500 --> 03:36:02,700
Species that depended on the 
vast extent of the Seas. 

3794
03:36:02,700 --> 03:36:06,300
Find their habitat, literally 
disappearing beneath them. 

3795
03:36:06,300 --> 03:36:10,500
The coral reefs are bleaching 
more frequently, they recover. 

3796
03:36:10,500 --> 03:36:13,900
But each recovery takes longer 
and is less complete than the 

3797
03:36:13,900 --> 03:36:17,300
last. 
The fish populations that depend

3798
03:36:17,300 --> 03:36:21,200
on the reefs declined. 
The mosasaurs that hunt those 

3799
03:36:21,200 --> 03:36:24,000
fish must range further to find 
prey. 

3800
03:36:25,100 --> 03:36:29,700
Energy expenditure increases 
while food intake decreases, 

3801
03:36:29,700 --> 03:36:34,100
never sustainable equation. 
You notice the sounds of 

3802
03:36:34,108 --> 03:36:37,400
changed. 
The chorus of calls that fill 

3803
03:36:37,400 --> 03:36:39,500
the Cretaceous Forest has grown 
thinner. 

3804
03:36:40,400 --> 03:36:42,800
There are fewer voices and less 
variety. 

3805
03:36:43,600 --> 03:36:47,200
The Parasaurolophus still make 
their haunting calls, but you 

3806
03:36:47,200 --> 03:36:51,300
hear them less frequently. 
Communication between distant 

3807
03:36:51,300 --> 03:36:55,700
herds has become more difficult 
as population to fragment and 

3808
03:36:55,700 --> 03:36:58,800
individuals spread out in search
of adequate food. 

3809
03:36:58,800 --> 03:37:03,900
The nesting colonies of shrunk 
too many dinosaur, species were 

3810
03:37:03,900 --> 03:37:07,800
communal nesters gathering in 
traditional sights that might 

3811
03:37:07,800 --> 03:37:09,800
have been used for thousands of 
years. 

3812
03:37:11,100 --> 03:37:15,000
That those sights depended on 
stable conditions, specific 

3813
03:37:15,000 --> 03:37:19,700
soil, temperatures, reliable 
food sources, nearby and 

3814
03:37:19,700 --> 03:37:23,900
protection from flooding. 
As conditions become less 

3815
03:37:23,900 --> 03:37:27,900
predictable, the communal 
nesting tradition, breaks down. 

3816
03:37:29,000 --> 03:37:33,600
More dinosaurs nest in isolation
and isolated, nests are more 

3817
03:37:33,608 --> 03:37:38,100
vulnerable to predators, and 
whether standing here watching a

3818
03:37:38,100 --> 03:37:41,700
smaller heard of hadrus pick 
their way through the marsh. 

3819
03:37:42,400 --> 03:37:45,200
You realize your witnessing 
something, profound. 

3820
03:37:46,300 --> 03:37:52,600
The ecosystem isn't dying that 
words to dramatic to sudden it's

3821
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:55,900
transforming but the 
transformation is taking it 

3822
03:37:55,900 --> 03:37:59,000
towards simplification rather 
than complexity. 

3823
03:38:00,300 --> 03:38:03,500
The intricate web of 
relationships that took millions

3824
03:38:03,500 --> 03:38:07,700
of years to develop his 
unraveling thread by thread the 

3825
03:38:07,700 --> 03:38:09,900
individual animals seem healthy 
enough. 

3826
03:38:10,700 --> 03:38:13,400
That Triceratops drinking from 
the marsh shows. 

3827
03:38:13,400 --> 03:38:17,900
No obvious signs of distress. 
The population as a whole is 

3828
03:38:17,900 --> 03:38:21,800
shrinking fragmenting and losing
the genetic diversity. 

3829
03:38:21,800 --> 03:38:26,400
That allows species to adapt to 
Future changes their using up 

3830
03:38:26,400 --> 03:38:29,400
their evolutionary savings 
account drawing down reserves, 

3831
03:38:29,400 --> 03:38:32,900
that won't be replenished. 
And you sense stand in here. 

3832
03:38:32,900 --> 03:38:36,200
In this quieter world that the 
ecosystem has lost its 

3833
03:38:36,200 --> 03:38:41,600
resilience it's become brittle. 
Healthy ecosystem, can absorb 

3834
03:38:41,600 --> 03:38:47,600
shocks droughts floods, volcanic
eruptions, and bounce back. 

3835
03:38:48,700 --> 03:38:53,100
This one is used up its capacity
to absorb shocks, it's like a 

3836
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:56,100
person who has been sick for 
months, they look. 

3837
03:38:56,100 --> 03:38:58,200
Okay. 
They're still going to work 

3838
03:38:58,200 --> 03:39:03,100
still functioning But they're 
one bad flu season away from 

3839
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:06,000
serious trouble, the bad flu 
season. 

3840
03:39:06,000 --> 03:39:10,200
You know, is coming you've 
arrived at a moment, 66 million 

3841
03:39:10,200 --> 03:39:14,700
and 100,000 years ago. 
The sky above, you has taken on 

3842
03:39:14,700 --> 03:39:17,600
a peculiar quality. 
Not dark. 

3843
03:39:17,600 --> 03:39:21,800
Exactly but muted as if you're 
viewing the world through tinted

3844
03:39:21,800 --> 03:39:27,300
glass the sun still rises and 
sets, but it's light seems 

3845
03:39:27,300 --> 03:39:31,800
filtered diffused and less vital
than before the volcanic 

3846
03:39:31,800 --> 03:39:36,700
activity has intensified Across 
the globe but especially in the 

3847
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:39,400
massive province that will 
become the Deccan region of 

3848
03:39:39,400 --> 03:39:42,200
India. 
Volcanoes are erupting with 

3849
03:39:42,200 --> 03:39:46,100
increasing frequency. 
These aren't the explosive 

3850
03:39:46,100 --> 03:39:49,800
Mountain shattering eruptions 
that will one day destroy 

3851
03:39:49,800 --> 03:39:53,200
Pompeii. 
There are a few silver eruptions

3852
03:39:53,200 --> 03:39:56,800
where lava flows steadily from 
fissures in the Earth's crust. 

3853
03:39:57,800 --> 03:40:01,300
breading across the landscape 
like slow-moving floods of 

3854
03:40:01,300 --> 03:40:05,700
molten, rock each eruption 
releases more than just lava 

3855
03:40:06,600 --> 03:40:11,000
Sulfur dioxide rises in 
tremendous quantities, reaching 

3856
03:40:11,000 --> 03:40:14,400
the stratosphere where it 
combines with water vapor to 

3857
03:40:14,400 --> 03:40:18,800
form aerosols. 
Tiny droplets of sulfuric acid 

3858
03:40:18,800 --> 03:40:20,700
suspended in the upper 
atmosphere. 

3859
03:40:21,800 --> 03:40:26,400
These aerosols reflect sunlight 
back into space, creating a 

3860
03:40:26,400 --> 03:40:30,500
gradual dimming effect. 
The temperature drops slightly, 

3861
03:40:30,500 --> 03:40:34,800
maybe two or three degrees on 
average, but the reduction in 

3862
03:40:34,800 --> 03:40:39,100
direct sunlight affect plants 
immediately your standing in a 

3863
03:40:39,100 --> 03:40:42,600
forest that feels subdued. 
The plants are still 

3864
03:40:42,600 --> 03:40:46,200
photosynthesizing and still 
growing, but more slowly. 

3865
03:40:47,300 --> 03:40:50,700
Leaves a slightly smaller and 
colors are slightly less 

3866
03:40:50,700 --> 03:40:53,700
vibrant. 
The flowering plants that 

3867
03:40:53,700 --> 03:40:56,900
revolutionize, the ecosystem are
producing fewer. 

3868
03:40:56,900 --> 03:41:01,100
Blooms the insects that depend 
on these flowers are declining. 

3869
03:41:02,100 --> 03:41:06,000
The Cascade continues upward 
through every layer of the food 

3870
03:41:06,000 --> 03:41:08,900
web. 
The Hydra saws, You observe a 

3871
03:41:08,900 --> 03:41:12,300
feeding, almost constantly. 
Now, trying to compensate for 

3872
03:41:12,300 --> 03:41:17,200
the reduced, nutritional content
of their food, Plant grow under 

3873
03:41:17,200 --> 03:41:20,800
optimal sunlight packs. 
More energy into its tissues 

3874
03:41:20,800 --> 03:41:23,200
than one grown under dim 
conditions. 

3875
03:41:24,600 --> 03:41:28,900
The difference might be 10 or 
15%, but over months and years 

3876
03:41:28,900 --> 03:41:33,400
that deficit accumulate. 
The dinosaurs are slowly. 

3877
03:41:33,400 --> 03:41:37,400
Starving on full stomachs, you 
notice the younger individuals, 

3878
03:41:37,400 --> 03:41:40,700
most acutely a juvenile 
Edmontosaurus. 

3879
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:44,400
That should be half-grown after 
two years is noticeably smaller.

3880
03:41:44,400 --> 03:41:47,800
Its growth stunted by inadequate
nutrition. 

3881
03:41:47,800 --> 03:41:51,800
It's not sick. 
There's no disease to 0.2, but 

3882
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:56,300
it's not thriving either and not
thriving, in Nature's, ruthless 

3883
03:41:56,300 --> 03:41:59,100
accounting, is often 
functionally equivalent to 

3884
03:41:59,100 --> 03:42:04,000
dying. seasons have become more 
extreme, the dim sunlight 

3885
03:42:04,000 --> 03:42:07,600
affects different latitudes 
differently disrupting the 

3886
03:42:07,600 --> 03:42:12,600
atmospheric circulation patterns
that drive weather, some regions

3887
03:42:12,600 --> 03:42:16,100
experienced unprecedented 
droughts While others flood. 

3888
03:42:16,900 --> 03:42:20,700
The dinosaurs who evolved their 
migration patterns over millions

3889
03:42:20,700 --> 03:42:25,200
of years to follow predictable. 
Seasonal changes find themselves

3890
03:42:25,200 --> 03:42:28,700
arriving at traditional feeding 
grounds to discover the food, 

3891
03:42:28,700 --> 03:42:31,800
isn't there? 
Or it's already been consumed by

3892
03:42:31,800 --> 03:42:35,200
herds that arrived, early due to
their own climate driven. 

3893
03:42:35,200 --> 03:42:40,000
Desperation the acid, rain has 
begun those sulfur aerosols of, 

3894
03:42:40,000 --> 03:42:43,900
eventually fall back to Earth, 
carried down by precipitation. 

3895
03:42:45,100 --> 03:42:49,300
the rain itself becomes slightly
acidic, not battery acid 

3896
03:42:49,300 --> 03:42:54,900
caustic, but enough to affect 
sensitive species, Amphibians 

3897
03:42:54,900 --> 03:42:56,900
and freshwater fish suffer 
first. 

3898
03:42:57,900 --> 03:43:01,200
The insects that spend part of 
their life cycle in water 

3899
03:43:01,200 --> 03:43:07,000
decline, again the Cascade 
ripples upward you watch a 

3900
03:43:07,000 --> 03:43:09,400
Triceratops heard. 
Bunched together beneath the 

3901
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:12,000
rocky. 
Overhang waiting out a 

3902
03:43:12,000 --> 03:43:15,400
rainstorm. 
Their behavior seems normal 

3903
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:19,300
enough, but if you could measure
the pH of that rain, you'd find 

3904
03:43:19,300 --> 03:43:22,400
its more acidic than any 
rainfall, their ancestors 

3905
03:43:22,400 --> 03:43:26,300
experienced to. 
Water running off the Rocks, 

3906
03:43:26,300 --> 03:43:30,600
carries dissolved minerals at 
concentrations that will over 

3907
03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:34,600
time alter the soil chemistry of
the entire region. 

3908
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:39,400
The forest floor is changing. 
The layer of organic matter, 

3909
03:43:39,400 --> 03:43:42,700
fallen leaves Deadwood and 
decomposing plants. 

3910
03:43:43,600 --> 03:43:48,200
Seems thinner than before. 
The decomposers The Beatles and 

3911
03:43:48,200 --> 03:43:52,200
fungi and bacteria that break 
down dead material and return 

3912
03:43:52,200 --> 03:43:55,800
nutrients, to the soil are 
stressed by the changing 

3913
03:43:55,800 --> 03:44:00,400
chemistry. 
Nutrients cycle more slowly, the

3914
03:44:00,400 --> 03:44:05,200
soil becomes less fertile. 
plants grow even more poorly and

3915
03:44:05,200 --> 03:44:11,600
the spiral Titans 50,000 years 
pass, you are now just 16,000 

3916
03:44:11,600 --> 03:44:14,900
years before the end, Though, 
you don't know that yet. 

3917
03:44:16,200 --> 03:44:21,000
The Skies of darkened further. 
Some days, the Sun appears as a 

3918
03:44:21,000 --> 03:44:24,900
pale disc behind a veil of 
atmospheric Haze. 

3919
03:44:25,700 --> 03:44:27,500
The temperature fluctuates 
wildly. 

3920
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:30,700
Cold snaps, that would have been
Unthinkable. 

3921
03:44:30,700 --> 03:44:35,700
A million years ago followed by 
brief periods of intense heat as

3922
03:44:35,700 --> 03:44:39,300
the greenhouse gases continued 
to accumulate despite the 

3923
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:43,400
cooling effect of the aerosols, 
the dinosaur population's have 

3924
03:44:43,400 --> 03:44:47,300
contracted significantly. 
You're seeing perhaps a 10th of 

3925
03:44:47,300 --> 03:44:50,900
the individuals, You observe 
during your first visit The 

3926
03:44:50,900 --> 03:44:54,500
great herds of fragmented into 
small scattered groups. 

3927
03:44:55,300 --> 03:44:59,000
The Edmonton Soros family or 
watching now numbers only 12 

3928
03:44:59,000 --> 03:45:02,000
individuals. 
What would want to be in a heard

3929
03:45:02,000 --> 03:45:05,700
of hundreds? 
there the survivors the lucky 

3930
03:45:05,700 --> 03:45:08,900
ones whose genetics or 
circumstances, allowed them to 

3931
03:45:08,900 --> 03:45:12,400
cope better than others, but 
even the survivors are 

3932
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:17,400
struggling You notice signs of 
malnutrition prominent ribs on 

3933
03:45:17,408 --> 03:45:20,500
the herbivores and a certain 
lethargy in their movements. 

3934
03:45:21,200 --> 03:45:24,700
The Triceratops You observe has 
an infection in one of its 

3935
03:45:24,700 --> 03:45:27,200
horns. 
Probably from a fight over 

3936
03:45:27,200 --> 03:45:31,400
increasingly scarce resources. 
In better times. 

3937
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:34,600
Its immune system would have 
fought off the infection easily.

3938
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:38,600
Now compromised by chronic 
stress and poor nutrition. 

3939
03:45:38,600 --> 03:45:42,700
The infection is winning, the 
Predators are desperately 

3940
03:45:42,700 --> 03:45:45,900
hungry. 
Lack of Dramas, Urus takes down 

3941
03:45:45,900 --> 03:45:49,600
a young address or and in the 
efficient kill you witness 

3942
03:45:49,600 --> 03:45:53,800
during your first visit, it's a 
prolonged Messier Fair. 

3943
03:45:55,300 --> 03:45:58,800
A Predators a week too. 
Their reaction slower their 

3944
03:45:58,800 --> 03:46:03,600
coordination in perfect. 
After the kill they defend, the 

3945
03:46:03,600 --> 03:46:06,000
carcass more aggressively than 
necessary. 

3946
03:46:07,000 --> 03:46:09,200
Fighting among themselves over 
scraps. 

3947
03:46:10,400 --> 03:46:14,700
Guest City breeds desperation, 
the smaller animals, the 

3948
03:46:14,700 --> 03:46:16,900
mammals, the birds, and the 
lizards are fairing. 

3949
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:20,200
Some, what better? 
Their lower energy requirements,

3950
03:46:20,200 --> 03:46:25,100
and faster reproductive Cycles. 
Allow them to adapt more quickly

3951
03:46:25,100 --> 03:46:29,300
to changing conditions. 
You spot more mammals now than 

3952
03:46:29,300 --> 03:46:33,200
you've seen before. 
Foraging in broad daylight no 

3953
03:46:33,200 --> 03:46:36,200
longer restricting themselves, 
to nocturnal activity. 

3954
03:46:37,000 --> 03:46:40,600
The dinosaurs weakened and 
distracted by their own Survival

3955
03:46:40,600 --> 03:46:45,500
struggles, pose, less threat, 
the pterosaurs, are nearly gone.

3956
03:46:45,500 --> 03:46:49,800
You haven't seen one in hours. 
The largest species, which 

3957
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:53,400
required vast quantities of food
to maintain their enormous 

3958
03:46:53,400 --> 03:46:57,500
bodies and power their flight. 
Couldn't sustain themselves as 

3959
03:46:57,500 --> 03:46:58,900
food. 
Chains collapsed. 

3960
03:46:59,800 --> 03:47:03,800
The medium sized species, lost 
their Competitive Edge to birds,

3961
03:47:03,800 --> 03:47:09,200
only a few species persist and 
those in dwindling numbers in 

3962
03:47:09,200 --> 03:47:12,100
the ocean's. 
The situation is even more dire 

3963
03:47:13,000 --> 03:47:16,600
The marine reptiles those 
magnificent mosasaurs and 

3964
03:47:16,600 --> 03:47:20,200
plesiosaurs that ruled the Seas 
for millions of years are 

3965
03:47:20,200 --> 03:47:23,600
starving. 
The fish population, they 

3966
03:47:23,600 --> 03:47:27,000
depended on have crashed as the 
base of the marine, food web, 

3967
03:47:27,000 --> 03:47:31,600
Plankton and algae, struggled 
under dimmed sunlight and 

3968
03:47:31,600 --> 03:47:36,300
changing ocean chemistry. 
The ammonites those graceful 

3969
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:39,600
spiral shelled cephalopods are 
disappearing. 

3970
03:47:40,800 --> 03:47:44,600
Species that numbered in the 
billions just 100,000 years ago 

3971
03:47:44,600 --> 03:47:48,300
are now rare finds you stand on 
a beach. 

3972
03:47:49,100 --> 03:47:53,000
Or what used to be a beach? 
The ocean has retreated leaving 

3973
03:47:53,000 --> 03:47:56,800
behind exposed mud flats studded
with the shells of dead 

3974
03:47:56,800 --> 03:48:00,500
mollusks. 
The smell of Decay, hangs heavy 

3975
03:48:00,500 --> 03:48:03,500
in the air. 
Small scavengers pick through 

3976
03:48:03,500 --> 03:48:07,400
the remains, but there's a 
furtiveness to their movements 

3977
03:48:07,400 --> 03:48:11,500
and urgency born of uncertainty 
about where the next meal will 

3978
03:48:11,500 --> 03:48:14,600
come from. 
The light, has a strange quality

3979
03:48:14,600 --> 03:48:18,600
at sunset. 
The volcanic aerosols scattered 

3980
03:48:18,600 --> 03:48:23,600
in unusual ways, painting, the 
sky in shades of red and purple.

3981
03:48:23,600 --> 03:48:27,800
That would be beautiful if they 
didn't signify such devastation.

3982
03:48:28,900 --> 03:48:32,400
You watch as a loan Kettle, 
Catalyst, Glides passed 

3983
03:48:32,400 --> 03:48:35,300
silhouetted against the Crimson 
clouds. 

3984
03:48:36,200 --> 03:48:40,400
It might be one of the last of 
its kind though neither you nor 

3985
03:48:40,400 --> 03:48:43,100
it knows that the world hasn't 
ended. 

3986
03:48:44,100 --> 03:48:48,200
Life continues. 
The fundamental processes 

3987
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:52,400
photosynthesis predation and 
decomposition, still function. 

3988
03:48:54,200 --> 03:48:58,100
But the abundance, the 
exuberance, and the overwhelming

3989
03:48:58,100 --> 03:49:01,400
Vitality you witnessed during 
your first visit have drained 

3990
03:49:01,400 --> 03:49:04,300
away. 
What remains feels like an 

3991
03:49:04,300 --> 03:49:08,800
ecosystem Running on Fumes 
drawing down the last of its 

3992
03:49:08,800 --> 03:49:11,600
reserves with no Prospect of 
replenishment. 

3993
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:15,100
The dinosaurs themselves seem 
almost ghostly. 

3994
03:49:15,100 --> 03:49:19,700
Now, How does of their former 
glory persisting through 

3995
03:49:19,700 --> 03:49:23,000
momentum and evolutionary, 
inertia, in a world that is 

3996
03:49:23,000 --> 03:49:25,300
fundamentally changed around 
them. 

3997
03:49:26,000 --> 03:49:30,500
They're not fighting Extinction.
That would imply a battle, an 

3998
03:49:30,500 --> 03:49:34,300
active resistance. 
They're simply trying to survive

3999
03:49:34,300 --> 03:49:37,900
one more day. 
One more season in an 

4000
03:49:37,900 --> 03:49:41,000
environment that grows more 
hostile with each passing year 

4001
03:49:41,000 --> 03:49:46,300
and then on an ordinary morning.
66 million years ago, the sky 

4002
03:49:46,300 --> 03:49:49,100
catches fire your standing in 
Mexico. 

4003
03:49:49,100 --> 03:49:52,500
On what will one day be called 
the Yucatan Peninsula? 

4004
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:57,400
the date is precise in a way 
that geological time rarely 

4005
03:49:57,400 --> 03:50:02,800
allows 66 million years ago, 
give or take a few thousand 

4006
03:50:02,800 --> 03:50:05,800
years. 
It's a morning, like many others

4007
03:50:05,800 --> 03:50:08,800
in this stressed but still 
functioning ecosystem. 

4008
03:50:10,100 --> 03:50:14,700
Sky is overcast with volcanic 
Haze, the temperature cool for 

4009
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:18,900
this latitude. 
A small herd of hadrosaurs feeds

4010
03:50:18,900 --> 03:50:22,000
on the beach, vegetation, their 
duck bills. 

4011
03:50:22,000 --> 03:50:25,100
Methodically stripping seeds 
from low shrubs. 

4012
03:50:25,100 --> 03:50:28,500
Then you see it. 
The asteroid is visible for 

4013
03:50:28,500 --> 03:50:30,900
perhaps 30 seconds before 
impact. 

4014
03:50:30,900 --> 03:50:35,400
A point of light in the southern
sky, that brightens impossibly 

4015
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:40,200
fast growing from a Starlight 
spec, to a blazing sphere that 

4016
03:50:40,200 --> 03:50:45,400
hurts to look at Its traveling 
at 45,000 miles per hour. 

4017
03:50:46,300 --> 03:50:50,100
A rock six miles in diameter 
that left the asteroid belt 

4018
03:50:50,100 --> 03:50:54,500
millions of years ago and has 
now through the blind 

4019
03:50:54,500 --> 03:50:58,500
mathematics of War battle 
mechanics intersected with 

4020
03:50:58,500 --> 03:51:02,400
earth's path around the Sun, the
Hydra saws noticed the 

4021
03:51:02,400 --> 03:51:05,600
brightening sky, Some of them 
look up. 

4022
03:51:06,400 --> 03:51:08,000
Gesture. 
That will be their last. 

4023
03:51:08,900 --> 03:51:11,700
Others, continue feeding 
unaware. 

4024
03:51:11,700 --> 03:51:15,300
That the world they know has 30 
seconds left to exist. 

4025
03:51:15,300 --> 03:51:19,800
The impact occurs offshore in 
the shallow sea, you don't see 

4026
03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:23,300
the moment of contact your eyes 
couldn't process it even if you 

4027
03:51:23,300 --> 03:51:26,600
tried. 
What you experience is a flash 

4028
03:51:26,600 --> 03:51:30,800
of light brighter than a 
thousand suns and then actually,

4029
03:51:30,800 --> 03:51:34,400
there is no. 
And then for anything within a 

4030
03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:38,000
thousand miles, the energy 
released exceeds all of 

4031
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:42,200
Humanity's nuclear weapons 
detonated simultaneously by a 

4032
03:51:42,200 --> 03:51:45,500
factor of 1,000. 
The asteroid vaporizes, 

4033
03:51:45,500 --> 03:51:49,700
instantly along with millions of
tons of rock, from the Earth's 

4034
03:51:49,700 --> 03:51:54,200
crust. 
Crater 12 miles deep and 100 

4035
03:51:54,200 --> 03:51:58,500
miles wide, excavates itself, in
less time than it takes to read 

4036
03:51:58,500 --> 03:52:01,900
this sentence. 
The hadrosaur's on the beach to 

4037
03:52:01,900 --> 03:52:05,700
exist. 
Not killed existence. 

4038
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:10,300
Simply revoked. the thermal 
pulse, incinerates them before 

4039
03:52:10,300 --> 03:52:14,600
their nervous, systems can 
register Heat the Shockwave that

4040
03:52:14,600 --> 03:52:18,100
follows traveling faster than 
sound pulverizes. 

4041
03:52:18,100 --> 03:52:22,100
Whats left? 
Within seconds, nothing remains 

4042
03:52:22,100 --> 03:52:26,700
of them or of any living thing 
within 500 miles of the impact 

4043
03:52:26,700 --> 03:52:29,500
site. 
Aura observing from a safe 

4044
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:33,700
distance. 1000 miles away in 
what will become taxes? 

4045
03:52:34,600 --> 03:52:37,300
Even here the effects are 
immediate and devastating. 

4046
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:42,200
Sky lights up, as if someone 
turned on a cosmic floodlight. 

4047
03:52:43,000 --> 03:52:48,000
The Horizon glows, orange red. 
The temperature spikes 20 

4048
03:52:48,000 --> 03:52:52,000
degrees in less than a minute, 
then the Shockwave arrives. 

4049
03:52:52,000 --> 03:52:55,400
It's not the crushing building 
flattening blast. 

4050
03:52:55,400 --> 03:52:59,300
You might imagine from a bomb 
This is a planetary scale 

4051
03:52:59,300 --> 03:53:03,600
phenomenon, an atmospheric wave 
that encircles the globe. 

4052
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:07,300
Trees. 
Bend, horizontally their trunks 

4053
03:53:07,300 --> 03:53:10,500
flexing to Impossible angles 
before, snapping. 

4054
03:53:11,600 --> 03:53:15,100
Triceratops heard and knocked 
off their feet like bowling 

4055
03:53:15,100 --> 03:53:18,500
pins. 
They try to stand confused and 

4056
03:53:18,500 --> 03:53:22,200
terrified as debris begins to 
Reign from the sky. 

4057
03:53:22,200 --> 03:53:25,500
The debris is unlike anything in
your experience. 

4058
03:53:25,500 --> 03:53:30,500
Molten rock vaporized by the 
impact and flung into the upper 

4059
03:53:30,500 --> 03:53:33,200
atmosphere, begins to fall back 
to Earth. 

4060
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:37,900
These cereals of once, molten 
material glow, cherry red, 

4061
03:53:37,900 --> 03:53:40,300
setting fires, wherever they 
land. 

4062
03:53:41,300 --> 03:53:44,800
The forest around you ignite in 
hundreds of places 

4063
03:53:44,800 --> 03:53:49,400
simultaneously. 
Within an hour, the fires of 

4064
03:53:49,408 --> 03:53:54,100
merged into a conflagration that
will eventually consume millions

4065
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:58,300
of square miles of forest. 
The Triceratops heard, those 

4066
03:53:58,300 --> 03:54:01,600
that survived the initial 
Shockwave Stampede in panic. 

4067
03:54:01,600 --> 03:54:05,200
There's nowhere to run that 
isn't burning or about to burn 

4068
03:54:05,200 --> 03:54:09,900
some plunge into a nearby river,
which offers temporary Refuge 

4069
03:54:09,900 --> 03:54:13,900
others, simply flee, until 
exhaustion or smoke inhalation. 

4070
03:54:13,900 --> 03:54:17,400
Drops them. 
The scene is replicated across 

4071
03:54:17,400 --> 03:54:21,700
continents animals, that 
survived hundreds of millions of

4072
03:54:21,700 --> 03:54:27,200
years of evolution, undone in 
hours, the sky darkens, as dust 

4073
03:54:27,200 --> 03:54:29,300
and soot rising to the 
atmosphere. 

4074
03:54:29,300 --> 03:54:33,900
Not the gradual dimming of 
volcanic aerosols, but to Swift 

4075
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:38,100
occlusion of sunlight. 
By Nightfall, The Darkness is 

4076
03:54:38,100 --> 03:54:41,800
absolute. 
No stars, no moon. 

4077
03:54:42,600 --> 03:54:45,900
Just the orange glow of 
continent spanning wildfires 

4078
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:49,300
reflecting off the dust choked 
Clouds days. 

4079
03:54:49,300 --> 03:54:54,200
Pass your somewhere in North 
America watching what survives 

4080
03:54:54,200 --> 03:54:57,200
small mammals emerge from 
underground. 

4081
03:54:57,200 --> 03:55:00,500
Burrows, confused by the 
extended Darkness. 

4082
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:04,300
Some dinosaurs have made it 
through the initial impact, 

4083
03:55:04,300 --> 03:55:08,700
those that were in the right 
places in valleys protected from

4084
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:13,100
the thermal pulse near water 
sources, or simply lucky. 

4085
03:55:14,200 --> 03:55:18,700
A group of Edmontosaurus huddles
in a ravine, their bodies 

4086
03:55:18,700 --> 03:55:21,000
pressed together for warmth as 
the temperature. 

4087
03:55:21,000 --> 03:55:23,900
Plummets with no sunlight 
penetrating. 

4088
03:55:23,900 --> 03:55:29,500
The dust cloud photosynthesis 
has stopped not slowed stopped. 

4089
03:55:30,400 --> 03:55:31,600
Plants. 
Begin to die. 

4090
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:35,800
Within weeks, the abyss 
dinosaurs already stressed by 

4091
03:55:35,800 --> 03:55:39,100
years of difficult, conditions, 
have nothing to eat. 

4092
03:55:40,400 --> 03:55:44,300
They wander through the darkened
landscape, stripping bark from 

4093
03:55:44,300 --> 03:55:49,100
trees, digging for roots and 
consuming anything remotely 

4094
03:55:49,100 --> 03:55:52,400
edible you watch an adult 
Edmonton Soros die. 

4095
03:55:52,400 --> 03:55:56,500
It's not dramatic. 
The animal simply lies down one 

4096
03:55:56,500 --> 03:55:58,100
after noon and doesn't get up 
again. 

4097
03:55:58,900 --> 03:56:02,100
Starvation hyperthermia or 
possibly both. 

4098
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:06,500
Its herd mates, investigate the 
body, briefly then move on. 

4099
03:56:07,400 --> 03:56:11,200
their focused entirely on their 
own Survival now, and the social

4100
03:56:11,200 --> 03:56:14,500
bonds that once held heard 
together her frayed under the 

4101
03:56:14,500 --> 03:56:18,700
pressure of catastrophe, 
Predators fare, even worse. 

4102
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:23,500
Tyrannosaurus. 
Apex predator of its ecosystem 

4103
03:56:23,500 --> 03:56:27,400
reduced to Scavenging. 
It feeds on a dead. 

4104
03:56:27,400 --> 03:56:31,900
Triceratops, probably killed by 
the impacts aftermath but dead. 

4105
03:56:31,900 --> 03:56:36,400
Prey doesn't run away. 
And in this new world pray this 

4106
03:56:36,400 --> 03:56:40,000
doesn't run away is also pray 
that won't be replaced. 

4107
03:56:40,800 --> 03:56:45,200
Each carcass consumed brings the
Predator, one meal closer to 

4108
03:56:45,200 --> 03:56:50,700
starvation months. 
Pass the darkness persists. some

4109
03:56:50,700 --> 03:56:53,800
sunlight begins filtering 
through the upper atmosphere but

4110
03:56:53,800 --> 03:56:58,300
its diffuse weak and unable to 
support the kind of 

4111
03:56:58,300 --> 03:57:02,700
photosynthesis that fuels 
complex food webs The 

4112
03:57:02,700 --> 03:57:06,600
temperature has stabilized, but 
at a much lower level than 

4113
03:57:06,600 --> 03:57:09,700
before. 
Water sources freeze at night, 

4114
03:57:09,700 --> 03:57:14,800
even at equatorial latitudes, 
the large dinosaurs are dying, 

4115
03:57:14,800 --> 03:57:20,100
not all at once but steadily 
inexorably you find their 

4116
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:22,100
bodies, scattered across the 
landscape. 

4117
03:57:22,100 --> 03:57:27,000
Triceratops hadrus Resorts 
ankylosaurus, and all the 

4118
03:57:27,000 --> 03:57:31,900
Magnificent megaphone of that 
defined, the Mesozoic Some died 

4119
03:57:31,900 --> 03:57:37,600
of starvation, others froze. 
Some probably died of injuries 

4120
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:40,600
sustained during the chaos, 
following the impact or 

4121
03:57:40,600 --> 03:57:44,700
infections that they're weakened
bodies, couldn't fight off the 

4122
03:57:44,700 --> 03:57:49,000
smallest species persist longer.
Size, which was an advantage for

4123
03:57:49,000 --> 03:57:51,400
millions of years has become a 
liability. 

4124
03:57:52,600 --> 03:57:55,600
Large bodies need a large 
amounts of food and there isn't 

4125
03:57:55,600 --> 03:57:59,200
any. 
But small mammals eating insects

4126
03:57:59,200 --> 03:58:02,800
and seeds and carrion can get by
on scraps. 

4127
03:58:03,600 --> 03:58:08,100
The early birds with their high 
metabolisms but small size find 

4128
03:58:08,100 --> 03:58:12,800
enough to survive lizards and 
snakes able to enter torpor and 

4129
03:58:12,800 --> 03:58:17,000
reduce the energy needs. 
Wait out the darkness, a year, 

4130
03:58:17,000 --> 03:58:20,200
after the impact, your standing 
in a landscape that would be 

4131
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:23,500
unrecognizable to someone from 
the previous age. 

4132
03:58:24,400 --> 03:58:28,800
The forests are gone replaced by
a wasteland of dead trees. 

4133
03:58:28,800 --> 03:58:31,800
And Ash. 
The air smells of smoke and 

4134
03:58:31,800 --> 03:58:34,800
decay. 
The rivers run thick with 

4135
03:58:34,800 --> 03:58:38,800
sediment from erosion. 
Without living plants to hold 

4136
03:58:38,800 --> 03:58:42,600
the soil, every rainfall, 
washes, more Earth into the 

4137
03:58:42,600 --> 03:58:44,900
streams. 
You have not seen a living 

4138
03:58:44,900 --> 03:58:49,600
dinosaur in weeks. 
Few must still exist, scattered 

4139
03:58:49,600 --> 03:58:53,700
individuals in isolated pockets 
of marginally better conditions.

4140
03:58:54,600 --> 03:58:58,200
But as a dominant life form, as 
the architect of Earth's 

4141
03:58:58,200 --> 03:59:03,000
terrestrial ecosystems, they're 
gone. 60 million years of 

4142
03:59:03,000 --> 03:59:08,000
evolutionary success ended. 
Not by a single blow but by that

4143
03:59:08,000 --> 03:59:12,600
blows cascading consequences, 
the impact killed Millions 

4144
03:59:12,600 --> 03:59:16,800
immediately The darkness killed 
billions over months. 

4145
03:59:17,900 --> 03:59:21,500
But it's the long-term effects 
that truly sealed the dinosaurs 

4146
03:59:21,500 --> 03:59:26,500
fate. the acid, rain persisted 
for years poisoning water 

4147
03:59:26,500 --> 03:59:30,500
sources and further damaging the
already devastated, plant life, 

4148
03:59:31,800 --> 03:59:34,600
The greenhouse warming, that 
followed the initial impact 

4149
03:59:34,600 --> 03:59:39,000
winter, as the dust settled. 
But the carbon dioxide released 

4150
03:59:39,000 --> 03:59:43,900
by the impact and by burning 
forests remained The ecosystem 

4151
03:59:43,900 --> 03:59:47,200
collapsed that left even the 
survivors with nothing to eat. 

4152
03:59:48,000 --> 03:59:49,700
Standing here in this broken 
world. 

4153
03:59:49,700 --> 03:59:53,600
You realize your witnessing the 
border between two ages of 

4154
03:59:53,600 --> 03:59:58,600
Earth's history. behind you lies
the messes of here, the age of 

4155
03:59:58,608 --> 04:00:02,600
reptiles a time when dinosaurs 
shaped every terrestrial 

4156
04:00:02,600 --> 04:00:07,700
ecosystem from pole to pole A 
head, like, something different.

4157
04:00:07,700 --> 04:00:10,700
Something that will belong to 
other creatures. 

4158
04:00:10,700 --> 04:00:15,400
To the small mammals Sheltering 
in their Burrows, and the birds 

4159
04:00:15,400 --> 04:00:19,500
roosting in the dead trees. 
The transition isn't clean. 

4160
04:00:20,300 --> 04:00:24,400
It's messy. 
Tragic and desperately unfair to

4161
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:28,700
the creatures who did nothing to
deserve their fate, except have 

4162
04:00:28,700 --> 04:00:31,500
The Misfortune of existing at 
the wrong moment. 

4163
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:36,100
In Cosmic history. 
But it's also complete. 

4164
04:00:37,100 --> 04:00:41,500
The world that emerges from this
Darkness will be fundamentally 

4165
04:00:41,500 --> 04:00:46,100
different and that difference 
will make possible forms of 

4166
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:49,700
life. 
Including eventually a species 

4167
04:00:49,700 --> 04:00:52,300
capable of understanding what 
happened here. 

4168
04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:57,300
That could never have evolved in
the dinosaurs Shadow your 

4169
04:00:57,300 --> 04:01:01,600
standing in the same location 
but 5,000 years of pass in the 

4170
04:01:01,600 --> 04:01:06,300
impact. the skies visible again,
not the Brilliant Blue of the 

4171
04:01:06,300 --> 04:01:11,200
Cretaceous, but to washed out 
gray blue hazy with dust that 

4172
04:01:11,200 --> 04:01:16,300
still settling The sun provides 
light and some warmth. 

4173
04:01:16,900 --> 04:01:19,600
Though, not yet enough to 
restore the climate to its 

4174
04:01:19,600 --> 04:01:24,000
pre-impact state. 
The temperature hovers around 50

4175
04:01:24,000 --> 04:01:27,500
degrees Fahrenheit cool but no 
longer life. 

4176
04:01:27,500 --> 04:01:30,000
Threateningly cold the landscape
around. 

4177
04:01:30,000 --> 04:01:32,400
You looks like something from an
alien planet. 

4178
04:01:33,400 --> 04:01:35,200
Where they used to be dense 
forest. 

4179
04:01:35,200 --> 04:01:38,400
You see open terrain covered in 
low-growing plants. 

4180
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:42,400
Ferns dominate. 
There are among the first plants

4181
04:01:42,400 --> 04:01:46,400
to recolonize Disturbed areas 
their spores of surviving 

4182
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:48,600
conditions that killed seed 
plants. 

4183
04:01:49,500 --> 04:01:53,600
The ground is carpeted in green 
but its a monotonous green, 

4184
04:01:53,600 --> 04:01:57,700
lacking the diversity. 
You observed before small 

4185
04:01:57,700 --> 04:02:01,100
mammals are everywhere. 
They emerge from Burrows. 

4186
04:02:01,100 --> 04:02:04,300
And from beneath Fallen logs, in
numbers that would have been 

4187
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:07,800
impossible when dinosaurs 
controlled the ecosystem. 

4188
04:02:09,300 --> 04:02:12,000
A creature about the size of a 
modern possum. 

4189
04:02:12,000 --> 04:02:16,200
Picks, its way through the 
ferns, digging for insects. 

4190
04:02:16,200 --> 04:02:21,000
Another slightly larger and more
robust investigates. 

4191
04:02:21,000 --> 04:02:25,200
A puddle left by recent rain. 
These mammals are dramatically 

4192
04:02:25,200 --> 04:02:27,500
different from their pre-impact 
ancestors. 

4193
04:02:27,500 --> 04:02:32,000
Evolution does not work that 
quickly, but their behaving 

4194
04:02:32,000 --> 04:02:37,000
differently occupying ecological
niches that were until very 

4195
04:02:37,000 --> 04:02:39,800
recently. 
The exclusive domain of 

4196
04:02:39,800 --> 04:02:43,500
dinosaurs. 
That possum sized animal is 

4197
04:02:43,500 --> 04:02:47,500
browsing on ferns in broad 
daylight behavior. 

4198
04:02:47,500 --> 04:02:52,700
That would have been suicidal 
risky, 5,000 years ago, now, 

4199
04:02:52,700 --> 04:02:56,500
with no large Predators. 
It's perfectly safe. 

4200
04:02:56,500 --> 04:03:01,700
Birds are abundant too. 
You hear their calls simpler 

4201
04:03:01,700 --> 04:03:05,100
than the complex vocalizations 
of modern songbirds but 

4202
04:03:05,100 --> 04:03:09,400
recognizably bird-like. 
A group of them works over a 

4203
04:03:09,400 --> 04:03:12,700
dead log, extracting beetle 
larvae with their beaks. 

4204
04:03:13,700 --> 04:03:18,200
Another species larger and 
heavier body walks along the 

4205
04:03:18,200 --> 04:03:20,600
shore of what was once in Inland
sea. 

4206
04:03:20,600 --> 04:03:25,600
But is now a Shallow Lake It's 
probing the mud for small 

4207
04:03:25,600 --> 04:03:29,500
animals filling the ecological 
role that Shorebirds will 

4208
04:03:29,500 --> 04:03:32,200
perfect over the coming millions
of years. 

4209
04:03:32,200 --> 04:03:36,000
You know, notice something 
moving in the ferns and freeze 

4210
04:03:36,000 --> 04:03:39,300
some instinctive part of you 
expecting a dinosaur. 

4211
04:03:40,400 --> 04:03:43,800
But it's just a large lizard, 
probably three feet, long 

4212
04:03:43,800 --> 04:03:46,400
hunting. 
The same, insects the birds are 

4213
04:03:46,408 --> 04:03:50,500
off after It's not a dinosaur, 
not even close. 

4214
04:03:51,300 --> 04:03:55,100
But in this empty World, it 
looks imposing. 

4215
04:03:56,300 --> 04:04:01,400
Give a few million years and its
descendants, might evolve to 

4216
04:04:01,400 --> 04:04:03,800
fill some of the niches. 
The dinosaurs left. 

4217
04:04:03,800 --> 04:04:08,000
Vacant the water bodies are 
recovering faster than the land 

4218
04:04:08,000 --> 04:04:12,500
algae bloomed, within months of 
the impact winter ending and 

4219
04:04:12,500 --> 04:04:16,300
with algae came, Zoo Plankton 
and with zooplankton came small 

4220
04:04:16,300 --> 04:04:19,700
fish. 
The ecosystem is rebuilding from

4221
04:04:19,700 --> 04:04:24,200
the bottom up, starting with the
simplest organisms and gradually

4222
04:04:24,200 --> 04:04:27,800
adding complexity. 
You spotted turtle. 

4223
04:04:28,700 --> 04:04:32,200
One of the few reptiles to 
survived the catastrophe largely

4224
04:04:32,200 --> 04:04:35,900
intact. 
Turtles with their ability to 

4225
04:04:35,908 --> 04:04:40,200
survive months with out food, 
were well, suited to endure the 

4226
04:04:40,208 --> 04:04:43,700
impact winter. 
A crocodilian surfaces in the 

4227
04:04:43,700 --> 04:04:47,700
lake, its eyes above water 
watching you with ancient 

4228
04:04:47,700 --> 04:04:51,400
patients. 
Crocodilians made it through as 

4229
04:04:51,400 --> 04:04:54,700
well. 
Their semiaquatic lifestyle and 

4230
04:04:54,700 --> 04:04:57,200
low metabolism. 
Carrying them across the 

4231
04:04:57,200 --> 04:05:01,400
boundary between the Cretaceous 
and paleocene periods. 

4232
04:05:01,400 --> 04:05:05,200
The living fossils. 
Even now barely changed from 

4233
04:05:05,200 --> 04:05:09,400
their pre-impact forms, but the 
Dinosaurs the non-avian 

4234
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:12,000
Dinosaurs, the ones that 
dominated the terrestrial 

4235
04:05:12,000 --> 04:05:16,400
landscape are gone. 
You've searched walked miles 

4236
04:05:16,400 --> 04:05:19,600
through this recovering 
ecosystem and found nothing. 

4237
04:05:20,500 --> 04:05:24,600
No, Triceratops, browsing the 
ferns, no hadrosaurs in the 

4238
04:05:24,608 --> 04:05:28,200
distance. 
Notaries, no sauropods, no 

4239
04:05:28,200 --> 04:05:31,000
ankylosaur, the largest land 
animal. 

4240
04:05:31,000 --> 04:05:33,700
You've seen is a mammal size of 
a raccoon. 

4241
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:37,800
The fossil record tells the 
story clearly in rock layers 

4242
04:05:37,800 --> 04:05:40,000
deposited before the impact 
dinosaur. 

4243
04:05:40,000 --> 04:05:44,600
Fossils are abundant in layers. 
Deposited, after they simply 

4244
04:05:44,600 --> 04:05:48,100
disappear. 
There's no gradual decline know 

4245
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:50,900
slow fade-out. 
The line is sharp. 

4246
04:05:50,900 --> 04:05:56,100
Absolute. 
The lower it dinosaurs above it,

4247
04:05:56,100 --> 04:06:00,000
their absence tens of thousands 
of years pass. 

4248
04:06:00,000 --> 04:06:04,100
You're now 50,000 years after 
the impact and the recovery is 

4249
04:06:04,100 --> 04:06:07,600
more evident. 
Fern prairies of giving way to 

4250
04:06:07,600 --> 04:06:11,500
more diverse plant communities. 
Early flowering plants have 

4251
04:06:11,500 --> 04:06:16,200
recolored from Refugee isolated 
pockets where they survived the 

4252
04:06:16,200 --> 04:06:19,700
impact winter. 
The forests are returning 

4253
04:06:19,700 --> 04:06:21,800
though. 
They look different from their 

4254
04:06:21,800 --> 04:06:28,000
Cretaceous, predecessors more 
open less dense and dominated by

4255
04:06:28,000 --> 04:06:31,700
fast-growing species that can 
take advantage of disturbed. 

4256
04:06:31,700 --> 04:06:35,200
Conditions, the mammals are 
diversifying rapidly. 

4257
04:06:36,300 --> 04:06:40,300
In the absence of large dinosaur
and predators, they are 

4258
04:06:40,308 --> 04:06:43,400
exploring ecological space. 
That was close to them for over 

4259
04:06:43,400 --> 04:06:47,300
100 million years. 
You spot a creature about the 

4260
04:06:47,300 --> 04:06:51,200
size of a German Shepherd? 
One of the largest land. 

4261
04:06:51,200 --> 04:06:54,100
Mammals to exist. 
So far in the Paleo scene. 

4262
04:06:54,700 --> 04:06:59,200
Its browsing on low vegetation 
filling a role that would have 

4263
04:06:59,200 --> 04:07:01,500
belonged to a small Dinosaur 
Before the impact. 

4264
04:07:02,300 --> 04:07:06,500
The pace of evolution has 
accelerated when dinosaurs can 

4265
04:07:06,500 --> 04:07:09,800
control the ecosystems. 
They were so successful and so, 

4266
04:07:09,800 --> 04:07:13,700
well adapted that they limited 
opportunities for other groups, 

4267
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:17,800
to diversify. 
Their Extinction opened up those

4268
04:07:17,800 --> 04:07:23,700
opportunities, mammals birds and
even some fish and reptile 

4269
04:07:23,700 --> 04:07:27,900
groups are radiating into new 
forms at an unprecedented rate. 

4270
04:07:27,900 --> 04:07:32,800
You find a fossil from before 
the impact, a Triceratops frill 

4271
04:07:32,800 --> 04:07:34,900
partially weathered but still 
recognizable. 

4272
04:07:36,100 --> 04:07:39,100
It's embedded in a rock layer 
that is now at the surface 

4273
04:07:39,100 --> 04:07:43,400
erosion have removed sediments 
deposited on top of it. 

4274
04:07:44,200 --> 04:07:47,800
You run your hand over the bone,
feeling the texture of something

4275
04:07:47,800 --> 04:07:50,500
that was alive just 50,000 years
ago. 

4276
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:56,400
Blink in geological time near 
the fossil ferns, waving the 

4277
04:07:56,400 --> 04:07:58,300
breeze. 
Small mammal. 

4278
04:07:58,300 --> 04:08:00,500
Burrows. 
Beneath them building a nest. 

4279
04:08:01,100 --> 04:08:04,100
An early Songbird calls from a 
nearby shrub. 

4280
04:08:05,000 --> 04:08:08,400
Life has moved on. 
The world doesn't mourn. 

4281
04:08:08,400 --> 04:08:10,800
The dinosaurs doesn't mourn 
anything. 

4282
04:08:10,800 --> 04:08:16,400
It simply fills the empty 
spaces, they left behind 100,000

4283
04:08:16,400 --> 04:08:19,800
years after the impact your 
standing in an early paleocene 

4284
04:08:19,800 --> 04:08:23,400
Forest. 
The trees are taller now, 30 or 

4285
04:08:23,400 --> 04:08:26,800
40 feet creating a closed canopy
in places. 

4286
04:08:27,900 --> 04:08:30,000
Plant diversity as increased 
dramatically. 

4287
04:08:31,100 --> 04:08:35,900
Dozens of flowering, plant 
species and various Ferns and 

4288
04:08:35,900 --> 04:08:38,400
horsetails growing near water 
sources. 

4289
04:08:38,400 --> 04:08:43,900
The ecosystem looks functional 
productive and alive but its 

4290
04:08:43,900 --> 04:08:46,900
different in character from the 
Cretaceous forests. 

4291
04:08:46,900 --> 04:08:52,500
Quieter somehow The largest herb
of Wars, a mammals weighing may 

4292
04:08:52,500 --> 04:08:57,400
be 50 pounds, the Predators are 
proportionally small, the 

4293
04:08:57,400 --> 04:09:01,200
overall biomass, the total 
weight of all living things in a

4294
04:09:01,208 --> 04:09:04,800
given area is perhaps a tenth of
what it was before. 

4295
04:09:04,800 --> 04:09:09,300
The impact the world is healing,
but its healing into something 

4296
04:09:09,300 --> 04:09:13,400
new. 
The age of reptiles is over, the

4297
04:09:13,400 --> 04:09:17,300
age of mammals is beginning 
though, it will take millions of

4298
04:09:17,300 --> 04:09:22,100
years to fully develop. 
Birds, the only dinosaurs to 

4299
04:09:22,100 --> 04:09:26,500
survive are carving out their 
own evolutionary trajectory. 

4300
04:09:27,400 --> 04:09:30,400
One, that will eventually 
produce the incredible diversity

4301
04:09:30,400 --> 04:09:34,400
of modern, avian life. 
You watch a group of small, 

4302
04:09:34,400 --> 04:09:36,500
mammals feeding together in a 
clearing. 

4303
04:09:37,300 --> 04:09:41,500
Their cautious constantly alert 
for danger but there's all a 

4304
04:09:41,500 --> 04:09:43,700
sense of opportunity in their 
movements. 

4305
04:09:44,600 --> 04:09:49,400
This is their world now. 
The mammals inherited the Earth,

4306
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:53,500
not through superiority, or 
better design, but through luck 

4307
04:09:53,500 --> 04:09:57,100
and Circumstance, because they 
happen to have characteristics, 

4308
04:09:57,100 --> 04:10:03,500
small size, burrowing Behavior, 
omnivorous diets, that allowed 

4309
04:10:03,500 --> 04:10:06,300
them to survive. 
When larger more, specialized 

4310
04:10:06,300 --> 04:10:10,300
creatures, couldnt has 
nightfalls you hear sound, that 

4311
04:10:10,300 --> 04:10:12,700
would never have existed in the 
Cretaceous. 

4312
04:10:13,500 --> 04:10:15,800
Early primates calling from the 
trees. 

4313
04:10:15,800 --> 04:10:21,000
Small predatory mammals stalking
through the undergrowth The 

4314
04:10:21,000 --> 04:10:24,000
world is being rebuilt by 
creatures that spent the 

4315
04:10:24,000 --> 04:10:28,000
Mesozoic era in the dinosaurs 
Shadow and they're building 

4316
04:10:28,000 --> 04:10:30,200
something different. 
Something that will eventually 

4317
04:10:30,200 --> 04:10:35,300
lead to Grasslands and coral, 
reefs and rainforests to whales,

4318
04:10:35,300 --> 04:10:41,400
and elephants and Eagles and in 
a humid African Forest about 65 

4319
04:10:41,400 --> 04:10:45,600
million years from now. 
To a species of primate that 

4320
04:10:45,600 --> 04:10:49,300
will develop the capacity to 
look back at this moment to 

4321
04:10:49,300 --> 04:10:52,600
understand what happened and to 
mourn creatures. 

4322
04:10:52,600 --> 04:10:56,700
They never met and can only know
through the fragmentary record 

4323
04:10:56,700 --> 04:11:00,200
of fossilized bones. 
You're now one million years 

4324
04:11:00,200 --> 04:11:03,700
after the impact, the 
transformation of Earth's 

4325
04:11:03,700 --> 04:11:07,500
ecosystems has progressed 
remarkably Standing in. 

4326
04:11:07,500 --> 04:11:11,500
What will one day be Wyoming? 
Your surrounded by a dense 

4327
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:14,900
subtropical Forest. 
The climate as warmed 

4328
04:11:14,900 --> 04:11:19,200
considerably from the impact 
winter, in fact, its warmer than

4329
04:11:19,200 --> 04:11:21,200
it was even in the late 
Cretaceous. 

4330
04:11:22,500 --> 04:11:26,600
The carbon dioxide released by 
the impact and its aftermath has

4331
04:11:26,600 --> 04:11:30,400
created a greenhouse effect that
will persist for millions of 

4332
04:11:30,400 --> 04:11:33,500
years. 
Trees, around you include early,

4333
04:11:33,500 --> 04:11:37,000
relatives of modern, Oaks 
walnuts and Palms. 

4334
04:11:37,600 --> 04:11:40,300
They're not identical to their 
modern descendants but 

4335
04:11:40,300 --> 04:11:45,500
recognizably related a canopy 
stretches, overhead, creating 

4336
04:11:45,500 --> 04:11:50,500
layers of habitat. 
Epiphytes plants that grow on 

4337
04:11:50,500 --> 04:11:54,400
other plants. 
Drape from branches, the forest 

4338
04:11:54,400 --> 04:11:56,200
has regained. 
Its three-dimensional 

4339
04:11:56,200 --> 04:11:59,300
complexity. 
You hear something, moving in 

4340
04:11:59,300 --> 04:12:02,500
the canopy and look up to see a 
mammal about the size of a 

4341
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:04,200
house. 
Cat leaping between branches. 

4342
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:09,300
It's an early primate ancestor. 
Though it would look strange to 

4343
04:12:09,300 --> 04:12:14,200
modernize more like a lemur than
among monkey with large eyes and

4344
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:18,800
adapted for nocturnal activity 
and a long tail for balance. 

4345
04:12:20,100 --> 04:12:24,400
Its descendants will diversify 
into the entire primate lineage.

4346
04:12:25,400 --> 04:12:30,300
But right now, it's just one of 
many small, mammals exploiting, 

4347
04:12:30,300 --> 04:12:33,900
the resources of the recovering 
Forest on the ground. 

4348
04:12:33,900 --> 04:12:36,200
Larger, mammals are beginning to
appear. 

4349
04:12:36,200 --> 04:12:39,600
You spot a creature about the 
size of a sheep. 

4350
04:12:40,300 --> 04:12:43,800
One of the early youngsters 
ancestors to the hoofed. 

4351
04:12:43,800 --> 04:12:45,600
Mammals that will eventually 
dominate. 

4352
04:12:45,600 --> 04:12:51,000
Grasslands that don't yet exist.
It's browsing on low vegetation.

4353
04:12:51,000 --> 04:12:55,400
Its teeth showing adaptations 
for processing. 

4354
04:12:55,400 --> 04:12:59,200
Plant material that are more 
than those of its immediate 

4355
04:12:59,200 --> 04:13:02,100
ancestors. 
The forest floor is alive with 

4356
04:13:02,100 --> 04:13:07,400
insects Ants, Marching columns 
along Fallen logs butterflies 

4357
04:13:07,400 --> 04:13:11,400
and moths, visit flowers, 
continuing the co-evolutionary 

4358
04:13:11,400 --> 04:13:15,400
dance between insects and 
flowering plants that survived 

4359
04:13:15,400 --> 04:13:19,300
the impact. 
Beatles of astonishing variety 

4360
04:13:19,300 --> 04:13:21,300
Crawl. 
Through The Leaf litter. 

4361
04:13:22,300 --> 04:13:25,000
The insect diversity is 
recovered to or perhaps 

4362
04:13:25,000 --> 04:13:29,700
exceeded, its pre-impact levels,
birds are everywhere and their 

4363
04:13:29,700 --> 04:13:34,000
diverse flying rapidly. 
You see early representatives of

4364
04:13:34,000 --> 04:13:37,900
modern bird groups, something 
that might be an ancestor to 

4365
04:13:37,900 --> 04:13:41,100
Modern parrots. 
And another that resembles a 

4366
04:13:41,100 --> 04:13:44,700
primitive woodpecker their 
filling niches that flying 

4367
04:13:44,700 --> 04:13:48,600
pterosaurs wants occupied but 
they're doing it in their own 

4368
04:13:48,600 --> 04:13:52,400
way with their own unique 
evolutionary solutions to the 

4369
04:13:52,400 --> 04:13:56,700
challenges of aerial life, the 
rivers and lakes Teem with life.

4370
04:13:57,600 --> 04:14:01,500
Fish, populations of not only 
recovered but also Diversified. 

4371
04:14:02,500 --> 04:14:07,700
Turtles Sun themselves on logs, 
crocodilians, lurk in the deeper

4372
04:14:07,700 --> 04:14:11,400
pools unchanged by the passage 
of a million years. 

4373
04:14:12,500 --> 04:14:16,500
The Aquatic ecosystems bounce 
back faster than the terrestrial

4374
04:14:16,500 --> 04:14:20,400
ones and they show it in their 
abundance and variety. 

4375
04:14:20,400 --> 04:14:24,200
You find another fossil. 
This one a hadrosaur bone 

4376
04:14:24,200 --> 04:14:28,000
mineralized and weathered 
protruding from a riverbank The 

4377
04:14:28,000 --> 04:14:32,100
river has cut through millions 
of years of sediment exposing 

4378
04:14:32,100 --> 04:14:36,600
layers that tell the story of 
the impact in its aftermath but 

4379
04:14:36,600 --> 04:14:40,300
below the hadrosaur bone layers 
filled with dinosaur fossils, 

4380
04:14:40,300 --> 04:14:45,500
above, it layers, containing 
mammal fossils and at the 

4381
04:14:45,500 --> 04:14:50,100
boundary between them, a thin 
layer of clay enriched with the 

4382
04:14:50,100 --> 04:14:53,300
radium. 
Rare Element more common in 

4383
04:14:53,300 --> 04:14:57,300
asteroids than on Earth's 
surface, physical evidence of 

4384
04:14:57,300 --> 04:15:00,700
the impact that changed 
everything five million years 

4385
04:15:00,700 --> 04:15:03,000
after the impact. 
Your in what will become 

4386
04:15:03,000 --> 04:15:06,500
Germany? 
Climate has called slightly from

4387
04:15:06,500 --> 04:15:11,400
the post-impact peak settling 
into a warm wet regime that 

4388
04:15:11,400 --> 04:15:16,200
supports vast rainforests. 
The forest stretch from Horizon 

4389
04:15:16,200 --> 04:15:20,500
to Horizon unbroken, except by 
rivers and lakes. 

4390
04:15:21,500 --> 04:15:25,300
The diversity of life is 
staggering you estimate, 

4391
04:15:25,300 --> 04:15:28,500
hundreds of species of plants, 
within a square mile. 

4392
04:15:28,500 --> 04:15:32,800
Countless insects and dozens of 
mammal species. 

4393
04:15:32,800 --> 04:15:37,600
The mammals of grown larger, You
observe a creature, the size of 

4394
04:15:37,600 --> 04:15:41,700
a, modern tapir, a browser that 
feeds on leaves and shoots. 

4395
04:15:42,700 --> 04:15:45,100
Another mammal built more, like 
a modern cat. 

4396
04:15:46,000 --> 04:15:50,600
Stalks through the undergrowth, 
an early Predator experimenting 

4397
04:15:50,600 --> 04:15:53,600
with the hunting strategies that
will eventually produce 

4398
04:15:53,600 --> 04:15:56,200
everything from weasels to 
Lyons. 

4399
04:15:57,300 --> 04:16:01,700
The ecological roles are being 
filled, but by different actors 

4400
04:16:01,700 --> 04:16:06,000
than in the Cretaceous birds of 
achieved remarkable diversity, 

4401
04:16:06,000 --> 04:16:10,700
early representatives of most 
modern bird orders and now 

4402
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:13,700
exist. 
You spot something that might be

4403
04:16:13,700 --> 04:16:16,500
an ancestor to Modern Ducks 
paddling in a lake. 

4404
04:16:17,300 --> 04:16:21,500
In the trees, early relatives of
vowels, and Hawks are developing

4405
04:16:21,500 --> 04:16:24,800
the predatory skills that will 
make birds so successful. 

4406
04:16:25,900 --> 04:16:30,200
The songbirds are beginning to 
appear their vocalizations still

4407
04:16:30,200 --> 04:16:34,100
simple but showing the potential
for the complex songs that will 

4408
04:16:34,100 --> 04:16:37,600
evolve later the plant 
communities of developed 

4409
04:16:37,600 --> 04:16:41,800
sophisticated structure there 
are emergent trees that Tower 

4410
04:16:41,800 --> 04:16:46,600
over the main canopy, creating a
tier system that maximizes light

4411
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:52,000
capture Vines and lyanna's 
connect trees, creating aerial 

4412
04:16:52,000 --> 04:16:54,700
highways for climbing, mammals 
and insects. 

4413
04:16:55,600 --> 04:16:58,000
The forest floor supports shade 
tolerant. 

4414
04:16:58,000 --> 04:17:01,300
Plants that can survive on the 
dim light that filters through 

4415
04:17:01,300 --> 04:17:04,100
the canopy. 
You notice that certain plant 

4416
04:17:04,100 --> 04:17:08,400
families have come to dominate 
the legumes, The Palms and early

4417
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:12,000
grasses in open areas. 
These are the groups that 

4418
04:17:12,000 --> 04:17:15,000
recovered fastest from the 
impact and that had 

4419
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:19,300
characteristics allowing them to
colonize Disturbed, habitats and

4420
04:17:19,300 --> 04:17:25,300
thrive in changing conditions. 
the forests of the paleocene art

4421
04:17:25,300 --> 04:17:28,800
random assemblages, but 
Community shaped by the 

4422
04:17:28,800 --> 04:17:32,100
selection pressure of the 
extinction of event, and the 

4423
04:17:32,100 --> 04:17:35,800
recovery that followed 10 
million years, after the impact,

4424
04:17:35,800 --> 04:17:38,900
your observing the transition, 
from the Paleo scene to the 

4425
04:17:38,900 --> 04:17:44,700
eocene epoch The climate is warm
warmer than any time in the past

4426
04:17:44,700 --> 04:17:47,800
10 million years. 
Crocodilians live in. 

4427
04:17:47,808 --> 04:17:51,200
What is now the Arctic palms 
grow in Alaska? 

4428
04:17:51,200 --> 04:17:55,400
The Earth has entered a hot 
house phase, possibly the 

4429
04:17:55,400 --> 04:17:58,400
warmest climate of the past 100 
million years. 

4430
04:17:58,400 --> 04:18:02,600
The mammals have exploded in 
diversity and size. 

4431
04:18:02,600 --> 04:18:04,500
You see, creatures that 
resemble. 

4432
04:18:04,500 --> 04:18:08,200
Modern horses, though, they're 
much smaller and have multiple 

4433
04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:12,800
toes instead of hooves. 
Early whales still retaining 

4434
04:18:12,800 --> 04:18:16,100
vestigial legs hunt in Shallow 
Coastal. 

4435
04:18:16,100 --> 04:18:20,500
Seas showing how some mammal 
lineages are returning to the 

4436
04:18:20,500 --> 04:18:23,700
water that they are distant. 
Ancestors left, hundreds of 

4437
04:18:23,708 --> 04:18:26,500
millions of years ago. 
Bats. 

4438
04:18:26,500 --> 04:18:30,500
The only mammals to achieve 
powered flight swooped through 

4439
04:18:30,500 --> 04:18:34,300
the evening are using 
echolocation to hunt insects 

4440
04:18:35,300 --> 04:18:37,900
First grass. 
Dominated Eco systems are 

4441
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:39,700
beginning to appear in drier 
regions. 

4442
04:18:40,700 --> 04:18:43,900
Grasses, which existed before 
the impact. 

4443
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:47,600
But were never dominant are 
expanding their range. 

4444
04:18:48,500 --> 04:18:50,700
With them. 
Come new types of herbivores, 

4445
04:18:50,700 --> 04:18:55,100
mammals developing teeth that 
can handle the tough, silica 

4446
04:18:55,100 --> 04:18:59,700
Laden, grass blades, the stage 
is being set for the savanna 

4447
04:18:59,700 --> 04:19:03,000
ecosystems that will 
characterize much of the later. 

4448
04:19:03,000 --> 04:19:06,900
Seen a zoic you stand on a 
Hilltop at Sunset watching the 

4449
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:11,400
landscape spread before you the 
forests the rivers, the 

4450
04:19:11,400 --> 04:19:14,400
diversity of life. 
It's all magnificent. 

4451
04:19:15,900 --> 04:19:19,300
This is magnificent as the 
Cretaceous ecosystems, you 

4452
04:19:19,300 --> 04:19:22,000
observed at the beginning of 
this journey, but it's 

4453
04:19:22,000 --> 04:19:25,600
different. 
The dominant players of change. 

4454
04:19:25,600 --> 04:19:28,600
The evolutionary strategies of 
shifted. 

4455
04:19:28,600 --> 04:19:32,900
This is Earth renewed. 
But not earth restored. 

4456
04:19:32,900 --> 04:19:38,100
The dinosaurs won't come back. 
Their ecological roles have been

4457
04:19:38,108 --> 04:19:41,300
filled by other creatures and 
those creatures are now 

4458
04:19:41,300 --> 04:19:46,500
established evolving adapting 
and creating their own 

4459
04:19:46,500 --> 04:19:51,000
evolutionary trajectories. 
The window during which 

4460
04:19:51,000 --> 04:19:53,800
dinosaurs could revolve his 
clothes. 

4461
04:19:53,800 --> 04:19:58,400
The Earth has moved on. 
But looking at this thriving 

4462
04:19:58,400 --> 04:20:03,900
complex ecosystem, you realize 
something important The planet 

4463
04:20:03,900 --> 04:20:07,900
itself is resilient in a way 
that individual species and 

4464
04:20:07,900 --> 04:20:12,100
lineages are not. 
The impact killed the dinosaurs 

4465
04:20:12,100 --> 04:20:16,000
and countless other species 
fundamentally restructured, 

4466
04:20:16,000 --> 04:20:20,600
ecosystems and altered the 
course of evolutionary history. 

4467
04:20:21,700 --> 04:20:26,000
But it didn't kill life itself. 
It didn't prevent the rebuilding

4468
04:20:26,000 --> 04:20:31,300
of complex diverse ecosystems, 
it changed what existed, but not

4469
04:20:31,300 --> 04:20:36,600
the existence of life itself, in
56 million years, descendants of

4470
04:20:36,608 --> 04:20:39,800
the small mammals, you see here 
will have Diversified into 

4471
04:20:39,800 --> 04:20:42,100
creatures. 
Ranging from blue, whales to 

4472
04:20:42,100 --> 04:20:47,500
shrews from giraffes to bats and
from humans to elephant's. 

4473
04:20:48,500 --> 04:20:51,400
The birds will have produced 
penguins and peacocks, 

4474
04:20:51,400 --> 04:20:55,900
hummingbirds and Eagles. 
The plants will have created 

4475
04:20:55,900 --> 04:20:59,600
everything from giant sequoias, 
to Tiny orchids. 

4476
04:20:59,600 --> 04:21:04,000
The impact was a tragedy for the
dinosaurs and a catastrophe for 

4477
04:21:04,000 --> 04:21:07,800
the ecosystems. 
They inhabited for Earth as a 

4478
04:21:07,800 --> 04:21:12,200
whole, it was a transition, a 
reshuffling of the deck that 

4479
04:21:12,200 --> 04:21:14,900
opened up possibilities that 
wouldnt have existed. 

4480
04:21:14,900 --> 04:21:19,100
Otherwise, Standing here 
watching the sun. 

4481
04:21:19,100 --> 04:21:24,700
Set over this renewed world, you
can appreciate both the loss and

4482
04:21:24,700 --> 04:21:28,100
the emergence. 
Both the ending of one age and 

4483
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:32,400
the beginning of another, you're
no longer in deep time, your 

4484
04:21:32,400 --> 04:21:36,000
standing in a museum in the 
present day, looking at a 

4485
04:21:36,000 --> 04:21:41,600
fossilized Triceratops skull. 
The bone is mineralized Turn to 

4486
04:21:41,600 --> 04:21:47,000
Stone over 66 million years, but
it retains the shape and texture

4487
04:21:47,000 --> 04:21:50,600
that it had in life. 
The ice sockets stare at 

4488
04:21:50,600 --> 04:21:52,800
nothing. 
The beak. 

4489
04:21:52,800 --> 04:21:55,900
Which once stripped vegetation 
from plants that no longer 

4490
04:21:55,900 --> 04:21:59,800
exists is Frozen. 
In permanent Stillness behind 

4491
04:21:59,800 --> 04:22:02,100
you. 
A group of children, clusters 

4492
04:22:02,100 --> 04:22:06,700
around a full T-rex skeleton. 
Their excitement is palpable, 

4493
04:22:06,700 --> 04:22:10,300
they've grown up with Dinosaurs 
in their imaginations. 

4494
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:13,600
These creatures from Deep time 
made for milliliter through 

4495
04:22:13,600 --> 04:22:16,000
books and movies and Museum 
visits. 

4496
04:22:17,100 --> 04:22:20,200
But the skeleton before them 
represents something more than 

4497
04:22:20,200 --> 04:22:24,800
entertainment it represents. 
One of the greatest detective 

4498
04:22:24,800 --> 04:22:28,400
stories in scientific history. 
The understanding of what 

4499
04:22:28,400 --> 04:22:30,500
happened to the dinosaurs came 
slowly. 

4500
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:34,000
Built from countless 
observations and measurements 

4501
04:22:34,000 --> 04:22:39,600
from Decades of painstaking work
by geologists paleontologists 

4502
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:44,600
physicists and chemists. 
For over a century after the 

4503
04:22:44,600 --> 04:22:47,900
first dinosaur, fossils were 
recognized and described 

4504
04:22:47,900 --> 04:22:52,400
scientists knew that dinosaurs 
had gone extinct but they didn't

4505
04:22:52,400 --> 04:22:57,200
know why some proposed that the 
dinosaurs had simply grown too 

4506
04:22:57,200 --> 04:23:01,400
large, too specialized and too 
slow to adapt to changing 

4507
04:23:01,400 --> 04:23:05,200
conditions. 
Others suggested disease or 

4508
04:23:05,200 --> 04:23:08,400
climate change or competition 
from mammals. 

4509
04:23:09,300 --> 04:23:13,500
Each Theory had problems. 
The dinosaurs had survived 

4510
04:23:13,500 --> 04:23:17,800
climate changes before. 
They were not all large, many 

4511
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:22,600
species were small and agile. 
Disease, doesn't typically cause

4512
04:23:22,600 --> 04:23:26,300
worldwide Extinction of multiple
unrelated groups. 

4513
04:23:26,300 --> 04:23:31,200
The Breakthrough came in 1980. 
When physicists Luis Alvarez and

4514
04:23:31,200 --> 04:23:35,700
his son, Walter a geologist 
published a paper proposing that

4515
04:23:35,700 --> 04:23:37,700
an asteroid impacted caused the 
extinction. 

4516
04:23:39,200 --> 04:23:42,700
Their evidence was a thin layer 
of clay found at the boundary 

4517
04:23:42,700 --> 04:23:45,800
between the Cretaceous and 
paleocene periods. 

4518
04:23:45,800 --> 04:23:50,700
The k-pg boundary that contained
unusually high concentrations of

4519
04:23:50,700 --> 04:23:54,800
iridium an element rare on Earth
but common in asteroids. 

4520
04:23:55,700 --> 04:23:57,700
Scientific Community was 
skeptical. 

4521
04:23:58,600 --> 04:24:01,700
Catastrophic events weren't 
popular in geology, at the time,

4522
04:24:01,708 --> 04:24:06,300
which favored gradual processes 
operating over long time scales.

4523
04:24:07,200 --> 04:24:11,400
But the evidence accumulated, 
the Iridium layer was found at 

4524
04:24:11,400 --> 04:24:15,700
sights around the world. 
Shocked, quartz quartz quartz 

4525
04:24:15,700 --> 04:24:18,400
crystals fractured by immense 
pressure. 

4526
04:24:19,400 --> 04:24:23,300
Appeared at the boundary. 
Soot from continent spanning 

4527
04:24:23,300 --> 04:24:27,600
wildfires. 
Tiny glass fear rules formed 

4528
04:24:27,600 --> 04:24:32,700
from vaporized Rock the Final 
piece of evidence came in 1991 

4529
04:24:32,700 --> 04:24:36,600
with the identification of the 
impact, crater itself, the 

4530
04:24:36,600 --> 04:24:40,400
chicks who love crater, buried 
beneath the Yucatan Peninsula, 

4531
04:24:40,400 --> 04:24:44,900
precisely the right age, the 
right size and in exactly the 

4532
04:24:44,900 --> 04:24:48,900
kind of coastal location that 
would maximize the destructive 

4533
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:52,300
effects of an ocean impact. 
You walk through the museum, 

4534
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:55,900
passing displays the illustrate,
this scientific Journey. 

4535
04:24:56,800 --> 04:25:00,300
Here's a map showing iridium 
concentrations around the world.

4536
04:25:00,300 --> 04:25:05,200
There's a sample of shocked 
quartz, its Crystal, structured 

4537
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:09,000
to form by precious that only 
asteroid impacts or nuclear 

4538
04:25:09,000 --> 04:25:13,500
explosions can generate. 
In another case, you see, 

4539
04:25:13,500 --> 04:25:16,700
computer simulations of the 
impact and its immediate 

4540
04:25:16,700 --> 04:25:20,700
aftermath, but understanding 
that an impact occurred, doesn't

4541
04:25:20,700 --> 04:25:24,000
fully explain why the dinosaurs 
died while other groups 

4542
04:25:24,000 --> 04:25:27,400
survived. 
You pause it as display, that 

4543
04:25:27,400 --> 04:25:31,700
addresses this question. 
He factors scientists Now, 

4544
04:25:31,708 --> 04:25:35,900
understand were size diet and 
habitat. 

4545
04:25:35,900 --> 04:25:40,600
Large animals require more food 
when the impact shut down 

4546
04:25:40,600 --> 04:25:44,900
photosynthesis and collapsed 
food, chains, large herbivores. 

4547
04:25:44,900 --> 04:25:49,000
Starved, first followed quickly 
by the large predators that 

4548
04:25:49,000 --> 04:25:53,200
depended on them. smaller 
animals with lower caloric needs

4549
04:25:53,200 --> 04:25:58,000
could survive on the scraps 
seeds insects and carry-on that 

4550
04:25:58,000 --> 04:26:03,400
persisted through the impact 
winter dieted to Specialists 

4551
04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:07,000
creatures that depended on 
specific food sources. 

4552
04:26:07,000 --> 04:26:11,300
Fared worse than generally lists
who could eat what ever was 

4553
04:26:11,300 --> 04:26:15,500
available? 
The Hadrosaurus you watched with

4554
04:26:15,500 --> 04:26:18,900
their specialized teeth for 
processing, particular type of 

4555
04:26:18,900 --> 04:26:22,800
educational couldn't switch to a
different diet when their 

4556
04:26:22,800 --> 04:26:27,200
preferred plants died. 
The small mammals you saw 

4557
04:26:27,208 --> 04:26:31,800
surviving omnivorous, and 
flexible could, and did habitat 

4558
04:26:31,800 --> 04:26:35,900
provided protection. 
Burrowing animals could escape 

4559
04:26:35,900 --> 04:26:38,600
the thermal pulse and find 
shelter from the cold. 

4560
04:26:39,500 --> 04:26:42,600
Aquatic animals were buffered 
from temperature extremes. 

4561
04:26:43,700 --> 04:26:46,500
Flying animals could migrate in 
search of food. 

4562
04:26:47,400 --> 04:26:51,600
The large terrestrial dinosaurs 
Built For Life on land and 

4563
04:26:51,600 --> 04:26:55,800
unable to escape underground, or
underwater were maximally 

4564
04:26:55,800 --> 04:26:59,500
exposed to the catastrophe. 
You reach a display about the 

4565
04:26:59,500 --> 04:27:03,500
survivors, the birds, of course,
technically dinosaurs themselves

4566
04:27:03,500 --> 04:27:07,100
those small enough and adaptable
enough to make it through. 

4567
04:27:07,900 --> 04:27:10,900
The mammals Sheltering 
underground in eating, whatever 

4568
04:27:10,900 --> 04:27:14,200
they could find the crocodilians
and turtles. 

4569
04:27:14,200 --> 04:27:19,100
Their low metabolisms allowing 
them to survive months with out 

4570
04:27:19,100 --> 04:27:22,700
food. 
The fish and insects and plants 

4571
04:27:22,700 --> 04:27:25,600
with seed banks. 
Or spores that could wait out 

4572
04:27:25,600 --> 04:27:28,700
the darkness, the extinction 
will wasn't random. 

4573
04:27:28,700 --> 04:27:31,300
The display explained, it was 
selective. 

4574
04:27:32,100 --> 04:27:35,000
The survivors shared 
characteristics that happened to

4575
04:27:35,000 --> 04:27:39,100
be adventurous during a short 
lived but Extreme environmental 

4576
04:27:39,100 --> 04:27:42,700
catastrophe. 
Those characteristics had 

4577
04:27:42,700 --> 04:27:47,600
nothing to do with being better 
or more advanced in any general 

4578
04:27:47,600 --> 04:27:51,100
sense? 
In normal times being large, 

4579
04:27:51,100 --> 04:27:54,300
specialized and living 
exclusively on land were 

4580
04:27:54,300 --> 04:27:58,300
perfectly good strategies. 
They'd worked for millions of 

4581
04:27:58,300 --> 04:28:02,600
years. but when the asteroid hit
those strategies became 

4582
04:28:02,600 --> 04:28:06,300
liabilities, you moved to a 
section on the aftermath 

4583
04:28:07,100 --> 04:28:10,400
Scientists Now understand that 
the recovery took much longer 

4584
04:28:10,400 --> 04:28:14,900
than the extinction itself. 
The impact killed the dinosaurs 

4585
04:28:14,900 --> 04:28:19,700
in decades to centuries, but 
rebuilding complex ecosystems 

4586
04:28:19,700 --> 04:28:24,600
took millions of years. 
Fossil record shows a slow 

4587
04:28:24,600 --> 04:28:29,500
progression from simple 
communities, dominated by Ferns 

4588
04:28:29,500 --> 04:28:34,100
and other disaster species to 
more diverse forests to the 

4589
04:28:34,100 --> 04:28:38,300
complex ecosystems of the eocene
and later ebooks. 

4590
04:28:38,300 --> 04:28:42,900
There's a display about impact 
winter illustrating how the dust

4591
04:28:42,900 --> 04:28:47,300
and soot blocked sunlight, 
Another was about the greenhouse

4592
04:28:47,300 --> 04:28:51,200
warming that followed once the 
particular settled, but the 

4593
04:28:51,200 --> 04:28:55,100
carbon dioxide remained? 
A third is about ocean 

4594
04:28:55,100 --> 04:28:57,900
acidification from Sulphur era, 
Souls. 

4595
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:02,200
The extinction wasn't a single 
event but a Cascade of 

4596
04:29:02,200 --> 04:29:06,100
environmental catastrophes. 
Each one weeding out species 

4597
04:29:06,100 --> 04:29:09,100
until only the most resilient or
lucky remained. 

4598
04:29:09,100 --> 04:29:12,800
You find yourself in front of a 
timeline showing Extinction 

4599
04:29:12,800 --> 04:29:17,700
events throughout Earth's 
history. the kpg extinction, the

4600
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:21,900
one that killed the dinosaurs is
marked clearly, but it's not the

4601
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:26,600
largest That distinction belongs
to the Permian Triassic 

4602
04:29:26,600 --> 04:29:34,000
Extinction, 250 million years 
ago, which killed over 90% of 

4603
04:29:34,000 --> 04:29:38,700
marine species and 70% of 
terrestrial vertebrates. 

4604
04:29:40,000 --> 04:29:43,700
The dinosaurs themselves Rose to
dominance in the aftermath of 

4605
04:29:43,700 --> 04:29:47,900
that early catastrophe. 
Heimliche illustrates a humbling

4606
04:29:47,900 --> 04:29:51,000
truth. 
Is normal. 

4607
04:29:52,300 --> 04:29:55,900
The vast majority of species 
that ever existed are extinct. 

4608
04:29:56,700 --> 04:30:00,000
The average species lifetime is 
measured in millions of years 

4609
04:30:00,000 --> 04:30:04,800
long by human standards but 
brief in geological time. 

4610
04:30:06,200 --> 04:30:10,100
What's unusual about the KP 
Extinction, isn't that it 

4611
04:30:10,100 --> 04:30:14,500
happened but that it happened so
quickly and was caused by an 

4612
04:30:14,500 --> 04:30:18,700
external extraterrestrial event 
rather than by earth-based 

4613
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:23,700
processes like volcanism or 
climate change you pause at a 

4614
04:30:23,700 --> 04:30:25,700
display about modern Extinction 
rates. 

4615
04:30:26,600 --> 04:30:29,500
Scientists estimate. 
That species are currently going

4616
04:30:29,500 --> 04:30:34,700
extinct at rates 100 to 1,000 
times higher than the background

4617
04:30:34,700 --> 04:30:39,100
rate not because of asteroids 
but because of human activity. 

4618
04:30:39,900 --> 04:30:43,300
Habitat destruction. 
Climate change. 

4619
04:30:43,300 --> 04:30:50,000
Pollution over hunting. 
The causes are different but the

4620
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:54,100
results may be comparable. 
Some scientists call it the 

4621
04:30:54,100 --> 04:30:58,400
sixth Extinction. 
Placing it in the same category 

4622
04:30:58,400 --> 04:31:00,100
as the event, that killed the 
dinosaurs. 

4623
04:31:00,100 --> 04:31:03,500
The comparison makes you 
uncomfortable as it. 

4624
04:31:03,500 --> 04:31:07,900
Should, the dinosaurs could not 
prevent their Extinction, they 

4625
04:31:07,900 --> 04:31:12,600
had no agency, no ability to 
change course or mitigate the 

4626
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:16,200
impacts effects. 
They were victims of cosmic, bad

4627
04:31:16,200 --> 04:31:20,600
luck. 
Humans in contrast understand 

4628
04:31:20,600 --> 04:31:23,800
what's happening and have the 
capacity to change it. 

4629
04:31:25,600 --> 04:31:28,500
The knowledge gained from 
studying the dinosaurs 

4630
04:31:28,500 --> 04:31:31,700
Extinction isn't just historical
curiosity. 

4631
04:31:31,700 --> 04:31:35,600
It's a warning. 
You finish your Museum. 

4632
04:31:35,600 --> 04:31:39,000
Visit in a hall displaying 
living reptiles and birds. 

4633
04:31:39,000 --> 04:31:42,300
There's a parrot, its 
intelligence and social 

4634
04:31:42,300 --> 04:31:46,200
complexity rivaling. 
Many mammals A crocodile 

4635
04:31:46,200 --> 04:31:51,300
outwardly unchanged from its 
Cretaceous ancestors, a turtle 

4636
04:31:51,300 --> 04:31:55,600
carrying a body plan that has 
worked for over 200 million 

4637
04:31:55,600 --> 04:31:59,400
years. 
And prominently a display about 

4638
04:31:59,400 --> 04:32:03,000
bird evolution. 
Showing how the small theropods 

4639
04:32:03,000 --> 04:32:06,800
that survived, the impact 
Diversified into the 10,000 

4640
04:32:06,800 --> 04:32:11,100
species of birds alive. 
Today, looking at that parrot, 

4641
04:32:11,100 --> 04:32:14,600
descendant of dinosaurs 
inheritor of their genetic 

4642
04:32:14,600 --> 04:32:18,000
Legacy proof that not all the 
dinosaurs died. 

4643
04:32:18,000 --> 04:32:22,500
You realize that the story of 
dinosaur extinction is more 

4644
04:32:22,500 --> 04:32:25,600
nuanced than simple death and 
disappearance. 

4645
04:32:26,900 --> 04:32:28,900
The non-avian dinosaurs are 
gone. 

4646
04:32:28,900 --> 04:32:33,000
Yes. 
The massive Surah pods, the 

4647
04:32:33,000 --> 04:32:38,000
horned saratogs and the 
Tyrannosaurs all extinct. 

4648
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:43,500
But the dinosaur lineage 
persists in birds, still 

4649
04:32:43,500 --> 04:32:47,900
successful, still evolving, 
still filling ecological, 

4650
04:32:47,900 --> 04:32:51,700
Nature's around the world. 
The scientific understanding of 

4651
04:32:51,700 --> 04:32:56,000
dinosaur extinction is one of 
Humanity's great intellectual 

4652
04:32:56,000 --> 04:32:59,800
achievements. it required 
insights from multiple 

4653
04:32:59,800 --> 04:33:04,700
disciplines observations from 
around the world sophisticated, 

4654
04:33:04,700 --> 04:33:10,099
analytical techniques, and 
Decades of dedicated work, It 

4655
04:33:10,099 --> 04:33:13,599
revealed both the fragility and 
the resilience of life. 

4656
04:33:14,300 --> 04:33:18,700
The power of catastrophic events
to reshape evolutionary history 

4657
04:33:18,700 --> 04:33:22,800
and the importance of 
understanding, our planet's past

4658
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:27,400
to navigate its future, as you 
leave the museum, you carry with

4659
04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:30,700
you, not just knowledge about 
what happened, 66 million years 

4660
04:33:30,700 --> 04:33:35,300
ago, but perspective about where
we are now, what we're doing to 

4661
04:33:35,300 --> 04:33:38,500
the planet and what we might 
need to do differently if we 

4662
04:33:38,500 --> 04:33:43,300
want to avoid, becoming the next
Triceratops, the next T-Rex 

4663
04:33:43,300 --> 04:33:48,200
successful for millions of years
until we were not leaving only 

4664
04:33:48,200 --> 04:33:50,700
fossils. 
For some future intelligence to 

4665
04:33:50,700 --> 04:33:54,800
puzzle, over your standing, in a
forest, in Papua New Guinea, 

4666
04:33:54,800 --> 04:33:58,200
watching a cossari pick its way 
through the undergrowth. 

4667
04:33:59,200 --> 04:34:03,800
The bird stands nearly six feet 
tall, its body covered in black 

4668
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:07,200
feathers. 
Its head sporting a bony cast 

4669
04:34:07,200 --> 04:34:11,400
that looks almost helmet. 
Like its legs are powerful 

4670
04:34:11,400 --> 04:34:16,000
equipped with claws. 
That could easily disembowel a 

4671
04:34:16,000 --> 04:34:19,200
predator. 
Looking at it, you can't help 

4672
04:34:19,200 --> 04:34:23,700
but see the dinosaur Heritage. 
This is what survived. 

4673
04:34:23,700 --> 04:34:29,099
Not the Giants, not the terrible
lizards of popular imagination, 

4674
04:34:29,099 --> 04:34:34,200
but this, a lineage of small 
theropods that happen to have 

4675
04:34:34,200 --> 04:34:37,200
feathers happened to be small 
enough to survive. 

4676
04:34:37,200 --> 04:34:41,500
The impact winter, and happened 
to be adaptable enough to thrive

4677
04:34:41,500 --> 04:34:46,400
in the aftermath The casserole's
ancestors walked among T-Rex and

4678
04:34:46,400 --> 04:34:48,500
Triceratops, and they're still 
here. 

4679
04:34:49,400 --> 04:34:51,300
Casserole moves, with the 
distinctive. 

4680
04:34:51,300 --> 04:34:56,200
Gait head, bobbing with each 
step, the same basic movement 

4681
04:34:56,200 --> 04:34:58,000
pattern. 
You'd see in any ground. 

4682
04:34:58,000 --> 04:35:03,000
Bird from chickens to Austria's.
It's a Locomotion style 

4683
04:35:03,000 --> 04:35:08,300
inherited from bipedal theropod,
dinosaurs modified over millions

4684
04:35:08,300 --> 04:35:11,500
of years, but fundamentally 
unchanged. 

4685
04:35:12,500 --> 04:35:17,200
The birds eyes positioned on the
side of its head provided nearly

4686
04:35:17,200 --> 04:35:22,000
300 to degree vision. 
A trache shared with its 

4687
04:35:22,000 --> 04:35:25,800
dinosaur in ancestors. 
Useful, for detecting, both 

4688
04:35:25,800 --> 04:35:31,300
predators and prey, you noticed 
the birds feet Three toes 

4689
04:35:31,300 --> 04:35:35,200
pointing forward. 
One pointing back arranged in 

4690
04:35:35,207 --> 04:35:38,700
the same pattern as theropod 
trackways found in rock. 

4691
04:35:38,700 --> 04:35:43,599
Formations around the world. 
Paleontologists recognized this 

4692
04:35:43,599 --> 04:35:46,700
connection long before the 
broader scientific Community 

4693
04:35:46,700 --> 04:35:48,800
accepted that birds are 
dinosaurs. 

4694
04:35:50,000 --> 04:35:53,900
The anatomical evidence was 
always there in the bones and 

4695
04:35:53,900 --> 04:35:58,500
the footprints waiting to be 
properly interpreted moving to a

4696
04:35:58,500 --> 04:36:00,800
different location. 
You're now in the Amazon 

4697
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:06,400
rainforest, observing a hoax in 
a bizarre bird that retains 

4698
04:36:06,400 --> 04:36:10,599
juvenile claws on its wings, 
which the chicks used to climb 

4699
04:36:10,599 --> 04:36:14,000
through vegetation. 
It's one of the most primitive 

4700
04:36:14,000 --> 04:36:18,700
birds showing characteristics 
that hinted at its dinosauri and

4701
04:36:18,707 --> 04:36:21,500
Origins more clearly than most 
modern species. 

4702
04:36:22,900 --> 04:36:25,599
Watching it, clamber awkwardly 
through the branches. 

4703
04:36:25,599 --> 04:36:30,599
You can imagine the transitional
forms, the creatures that were 

4704
04:36:30,599 --> 04:36:33,400
neither fully dinosaurs nor 
fully Birds. 

4705
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:37,099
But something in between the 
fossil record has provided 

4706
04:36:37,099 --> 04:36:40,200
spectacular. 
Examples of these transitional 

4707
04:36:40,200 --> 04:36:46,400
forms Archaeopteryx, discovered 
in 1861 showed a mixture of 

4708
04:36:46,400 --> 04:36:50,700
reptilian and avian features so 
perfect that it could have been 

4709
04:36:50,707 --> 04:36:53,500
manufactured to prove 
evolutionary theory. 

4710
04:36:54,300 --> 04:36:58,599
More recently discoveries in 
China, have revealed dozens of 

4711
04:36:58,599 --> 04:37:02,700
feathered dinosaurs showing that
feathers evolved long before 

4712
04:37:02,700 --> 04:37:07,099
flight probably for insulation 
or display and were later 

4713
04:37:07,108 --> 04:37:11,200
co-opted for aerial Locomotion. 
You're holding a hummingbird in 

4714
04:37:11,200 --> 04:37:15,200
your hand, not literally, but 
watching One hover at a flower, 

4715
04:37:15,200 --> 04:37:18,200
its wings beating too fast to 
see clearly. 

4716
04:37:19,900 --> 04:37:24,599
This tiny creature, weighing 
less than a nickel is as much a 

4717
04:37:24,599 --> 04:37:29,200
dinosaur as T-Rex. 
Its high metabolism, its hollow 

4718
04:37:29,200 --> 04:37:32,200
bones, and its four chambered 
heart. 

4719
04:37:33,300 --> 04:37:38,099
All inherited from theropod 
ancestors. hummingbird 

4720
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:41,099
represents an extreme 
elaboration of the basic 

4721
04:37:41,099 --> 04:37:45,400
dinosaur body plan optimized for
a lifestyle that requires 

4722
04:37:45,400 --> 04:37:50,300
hovering in mid-air Feeding on 
nectar, The evolutionary path. 

4723
04:37:50,300 --> 04:37:54,200
From T-Rex to Hummingbird, seems
almost absurdly improbable. 

4724
04:37:54,200 --> 04:37:59,099
But its documented in the fossil
record and confirmed by genetic 

4725
04:37:59,099 --> 04:38:02,700
analysis. 
Birds and crocodilians are each 

4726
04:38:02,700 --> 04:38:04,599
other's closest, living 
relatives. 

4727
04:38:05,400 --> 04:38:09,099
Fact that would surprise most 
people but makes perfect sense. 

4728
04:38:09,099 --> 04:38:13,099
When you understand that they're
both archosaurs members of the 

4729
04:38:13,099 --> 04:38:15,099
group that dominated the 
Mesozoic. 

4730
04:38:16,099 --> 04:38:21,099
Crocodilians represent one line 
of archosaur evolution dinosaurs

4731
04:38:21,099 --> 04:38:23,900
including Birds represent 
another. 

4732
04:38:23,900 --> 04:38:28,400
You're now in Antarctica 
watching Penguins Dive Into The 

4733
04:38:28,400 --> 04:38:31,700
Frigid ocean. 
These birds have evolved to a 

4734
04:38:31,700 --> 04:38:35,000
lifestyle so different from 
their flying ancestors that they

4735
04:38:35,000 --> 04:38:39,200
seem almost alien. 
Their wings of become flippers 

4736
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:42,200
optimized for swimming, rather 
than flight. 

4737
04:38:43,000 --> 04:38:46,700
They can dive 100 of feet, deep 
and stay underwater for 20 

4738
04:38:46,700 --> 04:38:49,099
minutes. 
Yet they're still dinosaurs 

4739
04:38:49,099 --> 04:38:53,500
still carrying the genetic 
Legacy of creatures that walked 

4740
04:38:53,500 --> 04:38:58,700
on land. 66 million years ago, 
he adapted ability that allowed 

4741
04:38:58,700 --> 04:39:02,800
Birds to survive the kpg 
extinction as served them well 

4742
04:39:02,800 --> 04:39:06,800
in the subsequent millions of 
years. they've diverse fight to 

4743
04:39:06,800 --> 04:39:11,000
fill ecological, niches on every
continent and in every habitat 

4744
04:39:11,000 --> 04:39:16,700
type, Seabirds like, albatrosses
spend years as sea almost never 

4745
04:39:16,700 --> 04:39:20,599
touching land. 
Forest birds like woodpeckers 

4746
04:39:20,599 --> 04:39:24,500
have evolved specialized skulls 
that allow them to hammer on 

4747
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:26,500
trees without getting 
concussions. 

4748
04:39:27,500 --> 04:39:29,700
Owls hunt silently in the 
darkness. 

4749
04:39:29,700 --> 04:39:34,700
Their feathers modified to 
eliminate flight noise, walking 

4750
04:39:34,700 --> 04:39:38,100
through a city park, your 
surrounded by pigeons 

4751
04:39:38,100 --> 04:39:43,300
descendants of rock doves that 
humans domesticated thousands of

4752
04:39:43,300 --> 04:39:46,600
years ago. 
These birds have adapted to 

4753
04:39:46,600 --> 04:39:50,700
Urban environments, so 
successfully that they thrive in

4754
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:54,100
cities worldwide. 
They nest on buildings, instead 

4755
04:39:54,100 --> 04:39:59,600
of cliffs, eat food scraps, and 
stead of seeds and navigate 

4756
04:39:59,600 --> 04:40:03,900
around traffic with ease. 
Their success in human 

4757
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:06,700
dominated. 
Landscapes is Testament to The 

4758
04:40:06,700 --> 04:40:10,700
evolutionary flexibility 
inherited from their dinosaur 

4759
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:14,600
ancestors. 
He notice a crow investigating a

4760
04:40:14,600 --> 04:40:17,100
puzzle box using tools to 
extract food. 

4761
04:40:18,100 --> 04:40:23,200
Call David's the family that 
includes crows Ravens and JS, 

4762
04:40:23,200 --> 04:40:26,900
display intelligence that 
Rivals, great apes. 

4763
04:40:27,700 --> 04:40:32,900
They can recognize individual 
human faces hold grudges for the

4764
04:40:32,900 --> 04:40:36,600
future and even understand 
Concepts like zero. 

4765
04:40:37,900 --> 04:40:41,800
This cognitive sophistication of
evolved independently from 

4766
04:40:41,800 --> 04:40:45,800
mammalian intelligence, showing 
that the dinosaur lineage was 

4767
04:40:45,800 --> 04:40:50,400
capable of producing complex 
brains and behaviors in a 

4768
04:40:50,400 --> 04:40:54,000
laboratory, you're watching a 
chicken embryo, develop. 

4769
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:58,500
In the early stages, it has 
teeth and a long bony tail 

4770
04:40:58,500 --> 04:41:03,100
characteristics, its ancestors 
lost millions of years ago, but 

4771
04:41:03,100 --> 04:41:05,700
which are still encoded in its 
DNA. 

4772
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:11,700
Scientists can reactivate these 
dormant genes creating chickens 

4773
04:41:11,700 --> 04:41:16,400
with Dinosaur like features. 
The experiment demonstrates that

4774
04:41:16,400 --> 04:41:20,500
Evolution does not create new 
features from nothing but 

4775
04:41:20,500 --> 04:41:25,600
modifies and recombines. 
Existing genetic material, and 

4776
04:41:25,600 --> 04:41:29,100
that modern Birds retain in 
their Geno's. 

4777
04:41:29,100 --> 04:41:32,800
The instructions for building 
features their ancestors 

4778
04:41:32,800 --> 04:41:36,100
possessed. 
The genetic studies of revealed,

4779
04:41:36,100 --> 04:41:38,700
fascinating details about bird 
evolution. 

4780
04:41:40,000 --> 04:41:43,900
The high metabolic rate the 
efficient respiratory system 

4781
04:41:43,900 --> 04:41:47,400
with air sacs extending into 
hollow bones and the 

4782
04:41:47,400 --> 04:41:51,700
sophisticated color vision. 
All of these appear to have been

4783
04:41:51,700 --> 04:41:54,900
present in at least some 
theropod dinosaurs before the 

4784
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:58,600
kpg extinction. 
Birds, didn't invent these 

4785
04:41:58,600 --> 04:42:02,500
features, they inherited them, 
and then refine them over 

4786
04:42:02,500 --> 04:42:07,400
millions of years urine. 
Madagascar observing elephant 

4787
04:42:07,400 --> 04:42:11,000
birds or rather looking at their
bones in a museum. 

4788
04:42:11,000 --> 04:42:15,200
Since they went extinct, only a 
few hundred years ago hunted, to

4789
04:42:15,200 --> 04:42:19,800
extinction by humans These 
flightless Giants, stood 10 

4790
04:42:19,800 --> 04:42:21,800
feet, tall and weighed half a 
ton. 

4791
04:42:21,800 --> 04:42:27,600
The largest Birds ever to exist.
Their Extinction illustrates 

4792
04:42:27,600 --> 04:42:31,600
that dinosaurs. 
Avian dinosaurs are still 

4793
04:42:31,600 --> 04:42:34,200
vulnerable to environmental 
catastrophes. 

4794
04:42:35,000 --> 04:42:39,000
Especially those caused by a 
species capable of rapidly 

4795
04:42:39,000 --> 04:42:42,100
transforming ecosystems in New 
Zealand. 

4796
04:42:42,100 --> 04:42:46,900
The story is similar. 
Moa's giant flightless birds 

4797
04:42:46,900 --> 04:42:49,900
that have evolved in the absence
of mammalian predators. 

4798
04:42:50,800 --> 04:42:54,200
Thrived for millions of years 
until humans arrived. 

4799
04:42:55,000 --> 04:42:58,900
Within a few centuries. 
All mower species were extinct. 

4800
04:43:00,000 --> 04:43:03,200
The parallel to the non-avian 
dinosaurs is sobering. 

4801
04:43:04,100 --> 04:43:08,100
Evolutionary success measured in
millions of years offers no 

4802
04:43:08,100 --> 04:43:12,200
protection against rapid 
environmental change but most 

4803
04:43:12,200 --> 04:43:15,700
bird species are still thriving 
at least for now. 

4804
04:43:16,900 --> 04:43:21,000
You're in a tropical rainforest 
Adorn experiencing what 

4805
04:43:21,000 --> 04:43:26,000
biologists call the dawn chorus.
Dozens of bird species calling 

4806
04:43:26,000 --> 04:43:29,800
simultaneously creating a wall 
of sound that's almost 

4807
04:43:29,800 --> 04:43:34,100
overwhelming. 
Each species has its own song, 

4808
04:43:34,100 --> 04:43:38,800
its own acoustic niche. 
Songbirds of volt their 

4809
04:43:38,800 --> 04:43:43,700
sophisticated vocalizations 
about 50 million years ago and 

4810
04:43:43,700 --> 04:43:47,600
they've been refining them ever 
since the ability to produce 

4811
04:43:47,600 --> 04:43:52,000
complex sounds required. 
Specialized Anatomy a searing, 

4812
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:56,700
the avian vocal organ, which 
allows some species to produce 

4813
04:43:56,700 --> 04:43:58,900
two different notes 
simultaneously. 

4814
04:44:00,200 --> 04:44:04,500
Liar, birds can mimic almost any
sound they hear including 

4815
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:09,700
chainsaws and car alarms. 
This vocal flexibility may have 

4816
04:44:09,700 --> 04:44:12,900
evolved from the same 
neurological substrate that 

4817
04:44:12,900 --> 04:44:16,100
allows for complex Communication
in many dinosaurs. 

4818
04:44:16,900 --> 04:44:20,300
We know from fossilized skulls 
that some had resource had 

4819
04:44:20,300 --> 04:44:23,700
elaborate nasal passages likely 
used for vocalization. 

4820
04:44:24,500 --> 04:44:27,600
You finish your journey in a 
backyard watching common birds 

4821
04:44:27,600 --> 04:44:31,400
at a feeder. 
Barrows finches and Cardinals. 

4822
04:44:32,200 --> 04:44:35,200
These unremarkable birds. 
So familiar, they're almost 

4823
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:38,300
invisible. 
Represent one of Evolution's 

4824
04:44:38,300 --> 04:44:44,200
greatest success stories. 
Their dinosaurs refined by 66 

4825
04:44:44,200 --> 04:44:46,800
million years of natural 
selection. 

4826
04:44:47,800 --> 04:44:51,600
Adapted to thrive in a world, 
utterly different from the one, 

4827
04:44:51,600 --> 04:44:56,000
their ancestors knew. 
They survived the asteroid, the 

4828
04:44:56,000 --> 04:44:59,400
impact winter and the millions 
of years of ecosystem 

4829
04:44:59,400 --> 04:45:02,600
reorganization that followed 
looking at them. 

4830
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:06,100
You realize that the question 
isn't just what killed the 

4831
04:45:06,100 --> 04:45:10,000
dinosaurs but what allowed some 
dinosaurs to survive? 

4832
04:45:11,000 --> 04:45:14,200
The answer lies in the 
characteristics Birds inherited 

4833
04:45:14,200 --> 04:45:18,500
and refined. 
Small size, high metabolism, 

4834
04:45:18,500 --> 04:45:23,500
adaptable, diet, and the ability
to move quickly across changing 

4835
04:45:23,500 --> 04:45:27,800
Landscapes these traits serve 
their ancestors, well in the 

4836
04:45:27,800 --> 04:45:31,900
Cretaceous but they became 
absolutely crucial when the 

4837
04:45:31,900 --> 04:45:34,200
world ended and had to be 
remade. 

4838
04:45:34,200 --> 04:45:38,600
The dinosaurs didn't disappear. 
They transformed. 

4839
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:42,600
They adapted. 
They persisted through the worst

4840
04:45:42,600 --> 04:45:46,100
catastrophe to hit Earth in 
hundreds of millions of years 

4841
04:45:46,100 --> 04:45:51,100
and they're still here, still 
evolving still successful. 

4842
04:45:52,000 --> 04:45:56,100
Every bird you see is a living 
dinosaur, carrying genetic 

4843
04:45:56,100 --> 04:45:59,800
information that traces back 
through an unbroken chain to the

4844
04:45:59,808 --> 04:46:05,400
Triassic period, more than 200 
million years ago, thats not 

4845
04:46:05,408 --> 04:46:08,900
Extinction. 
That's Survival. 

4846
04:46:08,900 --> 04:46:13,200
Your standing in the Badlands of
Montana as evening settles 

4847
04:46:13,200 --> 04:46:17,600
across the landscape. 
The eroded Hills glow, pink and 

4848
04:46:17,600 --> 04:46:21,700
orange in the fading light. 
Layers of sedimentary rock 

4849
04:46:21,700 --> 04:46:27,000
exposed like pages in a book. 
each layer represents a slice of

4850
04:46:27,000 --> 04:46:31,700
time, and somewhere in these 
rocks, lies the thin, dark line,

4851
04:46:31,700 --> 04:46:37,700
that marks the kpg boundary The 
moment, everything changed, a 

4852
04:46:37,700 --> 04:46:42,200
paleontologist Works carefully 
at an excavation site brushes 

4853
04:46:42,200 --> 04:46:45,000
and small tools. 
Revealing bone fragments from 

4854
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:50,100
the late Cretaceous. 
Fossil tells a story, but it's a

4855
04:46:50,100 --> 04:46:53,500
story that ends abruptly. 
Above the boundary layer. 

4856
04:46:53,500 --> 04:46:57,300
No more Triceratops, no more 
hydross, no more. 

4857
04:46:57,300 --> 04:47:02,700
Tyrannosaurs, Just the quiet 
testimony of absence the legacy 

4858
04:47:02,700 --> 04:47:05,400
of the dinosaurs isn't loud or 
dramatic. 

4859
04:47:05,400 --> 04:47:10,700
It subtle woven into the fabric 
of the modern world in ways that

4860
04:47:10,700 --> 04:47:14,600
aren't immediately obvious. the 
birds in the Trees of the most 

4861
04:47:14,600 --> 04:47:19,600
direct Legacy, but there's more 
The flowering plants that the 

4862
04:47:19,600 --> 04:47:24,500
dinosaurs helped spread through 
their feeding and migration now 

4863
04:47:24,500 --> 04:47:30,000
dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
The small mammals that survived 

4864
04:47:30,000 --> 04:47:33,200
in the dinosaurs Shadow, have 
inherited the Earth. 

4865
04:47:33,800 --> 04:47:37,500
And diversified into forms. 
The dinosaurs could never have 

4866
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:41,100
imagined you think about the 
lessons in embedded in this 

4867
04:47:41,100 --> 04:47:43,600
story. 
First is humility. 

4868
04:47:45,000 --> 04:47:47,600
The dinosaurs were successful 
beyond measure. 

4869
04:47:47,600 --> 04:47:52,800
They dominated terrestrial 
ecosystems for over 160 million 

4870
04:47:52,800 --> 04:47:56,900
years. 
Humans in our current form have 

4871
04:47:56,900 --> 04:48:00,000
existed for perhaps 300,000 
years. 

4872
04:48:00,900 --> 04:48:05,600
Our civilizations are younger, 
still measured in mere thousands

4873
04:48:05,600 --> 04:48:09,200
of years. 
By any objective measure, the 

4874
04:48:09,200 --> 04:48:12,400
dinosaurs were more successful 
than we've been so far. 

4875
04:48:13,900 --> 04:48:17,500
Yet success, over millions of 
years, didn't protect them. 

4876
04:48:17,500 --> 04:48:21,400
When circumstances change 
catastrophically, the second 

4877
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:24,400
lesson is about the nature of 
Extinction. 

4878
04:48:25,700 --> 04:48:29,500
It's not always dramatic. 
Yes, the asteroid impact was 

4879
04:48:29,500 --> 04:48:33,300
violent and sudden. 
But what killed most dinosaurs? 

4880
04:48:33,300 --> 04:48:38,300
Wasn't the impact itself. it was
the slow starvation of the 

4881
04:48:38,300 --> 04:48:42,200
gradual coaled and the 
accumulating stresses of an 

4882
04:48:42,200 --> 04:48:47,000
ecosystem that stopped 
functioning Most species die not

4883
04:48:47,000 --> 04:48:50,300
with a bang. 
But with a whimper population's 

4884
04:48:50,300 --> 04:48:54,100
dwindling over Generations until
the last individual dies 

4885
04:48:54,100 --> 04:49:06,600
somewhere unnoticed and The 
dinosaurs that survived, the 

4886
04:49:06,600 --> 04:49:10,600
birds weren't necessarily 
Superior to those that died. 

4887
04:49:11,400 --> 04:49:14,700
They were lucky in their 
characteristics, fortunate. 

4888
04:49:14,700 --> 04:49:18,400
That the traits, they happen to 
possess aligned with what was 

4889
04:49:18,400 --> 04:49:20,600
needed to survive the 
catastrophe. 

4890
04:49:22,000 --> 04:49:26,900
Evolution doesn't produce better
creatures in any absolute sense.

4891
04:49:27,700 --> 04:49:30,600
It produces creatures, well, 
suited to their current 

4892
04:49:30,600 --> 04:49:33,800
environment. 
When that environment changes 

4893
04:49:33,800 --> 04:49:37,400
radically, the well-adapted can 
become the extinct. 

4894
04:49:37,400 --> 04:49:42,200
You're walking now through a 
modern Forest, oak trees, maple 

4895
04:49:42,200 --> 04:49:45,700
trees, songbirds calling and a 
deer in the distance. 

4896
04:49:45,700 --> 04:49:50,300
This ecosystem has no direct 
connection to the Cretaceous 

4897
04:49:50,300 --> 04:49:53,700
Forest, you visited at the 
journeys beginning and yet its 

4898
04:49:53,700 --> 04:49:56,200
built on the same fundamental 
principles. 

4899
04:49:57,500 --> 04:50:00,600
Sunlight converted to chemical 
energy through photosynthesis 

4900
04:50:00,600 --> 04:50:05,900
herbivores, eating plants, 
carnivores, eating herb of wars 

4901
04:50:05,900 --> 04:50:08,900
and decomposes recycling 
nutrients. 

4902
04:50:10,100 --> 04:50:14,100
The players of changed, but the 
play continues somewhere in this

4903
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:19,000
Forest a fossilized buried. 
Perhaps a tooth from a 

4904
04:50:19,000 --> 04:50:22,300
Cretaceous mammal. 
Perhaps a fragment of petrified 

4905
04:50:22,300 --> 04:50:25,100
wood from a tree that grew in 
the dinosaurs shadow. 

4906
04:50:26,100 --> 04:50:30,600
The Rock will erode eventually 
exposing the fossil to whether 

4907
04:50:30,600 --> 04:50:36,500
enchants maybe someone will find
it, recognized it for what it is

4908
04:50:36,500 --> 04:50:40,800
and add it to the accumulated 
knowledge of deep time. 

4909
04:50:41,700 --> 04:50:47,600
Or maybe it will crumble to dust
its story Untold the dinosaurs 

4910
04:50:47,600 --> 04:50:51,600
Left Behind more than fossils. 
They left behind ecological 

4911
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:53,700
space that other creatures. 
Filled. 

4912
04:50:54,400 --> 04:50:58,900
They left behind evolutionary 
experiments, feathers hollow 

4913
04:50:58,900 --> 04:51:03,800
bones, efficient, respiratory 
systems, that birds refined and 

4914
04:51:03,800 --> 04:51:07,700
carried forward. 
They left behind lessons about 

4915
04:51:07,700 --> 04:51:11,500
the fragility of dominance and 
the arbitrary nature of survival

4916
04:51:11,500 --> 04:51:15,100
standing here. 
You realize that humans are 

4917
04:51:15,100 --> 04:51:18,300
writing our own chapter in 
Earth's history were altering 

4918
04:51:18,300 --> 04:51:22,400
climate driving species extinct 
and transforming Landscapes. 

4919
04:51:22,400 --> 04:51:26,100
On a global scale were 
conducting an experiment whose 

4920
04:51:26,100 --> 04:51:29,500
outcome is uncertain. 
The dinosaurs didn't choose 

4921
04:51:29,500 --> 04:51:32,600
their fate. 
They were victims of a cosmic 

4922
04:51:32,600 --> 04:51:34,400
accident. 
We're different. 

4923
04:51:34,400 --> 04:51:39,100
We see what we're doing. 
We understand the consequences. 

4924
04:51:39,100 --> 04:51:42,700
We have the knowledge and 
potentially the ability to 

4925
04:51:42,700 --> 04:51:46,400
choose a different path. 
The question is, whether we 

4926
04:51:46,400 --> 04:51:49,400
will. 
The night has fully Fallen now 

4927
04:51:49,400 --> 04:51:54,100
above used stars appear 
Different Stars than the 

4928
04:51:54,100 --> 04:51:58,600
dinosaurs saw constellations 
that have shifted over 66 

4929
04:51:58,700 --> 04:52:03,000
million years as Earth, orbits 
the sun and the solar system 

4930
04:52:03,000 --> 04:52:07,000
moves through the Galaxy. 
But their fundamentally, the 

4931
04:52:07,000 --> 04:52:11,100
same stars burning the same, 
nuclear fires following the same

4932
04:52:11,100 --> 04:52:14,900
physical laws. 
You think about time about the 

4933
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:17,500
vast stretches of it, that 
separate you from the 

4934
04:52:17,500 --> 04:52:22,200
Triceratops you watched browsing
cycle from the Edmontosaurus 

4935
04:52:22,200 --> 04:52:26,400
herds and from the kettle 
Cutlass gliding on warm, 

4936
04:52:26,400 --> 04:52:31,700
Cretaceous, heir. 66 million 
years a number. 

4937
04:52:31,700 --> 04:52:34,000
So large it defeats 
comprehension. 

4938
04:52:35,100 --> 04:52:37,900
Yet in Earth's four and a half 
billion year history. 

4939
04:52:37,900 --> 04:52:42,700
It's just a brief moment, less 
than one and a half percent of 

4940
04:52:42,700 --> 04:52:47,300
the planet's total age. 
The dinosaurs Rose dominated and

4941
04:52:47,300 --> 04:52:49,400
fell within a portion of that 
history. 

4942
04:52:50,900 --> 04:52:53,800
They didn't fail. 
Failure implies, they were 

4943
04:52:53,808 --> 04:52:56,200
trying to achieve something and 
didn't succeed. 

4944
04:52:57,300 --> 04:53:01,000
They simply existed evolved 
adapted. 

4945
04:53:01,000 --> 04:53:04,500
And eventually encountered 
circumstances, they could not 

4946
04:53:04,500 --> 04:53:08,600
adapt to quickly enough there 
ending was, neither tragic, nor 

4947
04:53:08,600 --> 04:53:11,500
triumphant. 
It was simply what happened? 

4948
04:53:11,500 --> 04:53:16,800
And now in this quiet evening, 
their legacy surrounds you in 

4949
04:53:16,800 --> 04:53:21,200
the birds roosting in the trees,
in the fossil fuels, we burn 

4950
04:53:21,200 --> 04:53:26,100
created from organisms that 
lived in the dinosaurs world In 

4951
04:53:26,100 --> 04:53:29,900
the Limestone buildings of 
cities made from the shells of 

4952
04:53:29,900 --> 04:53:33,700
marine creatures that lived and 
died while dinosaurs walked the 

4953
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:36,400
Earth. 
In the scientific knowledge 

4954
04:53:36,400 --> 04:53:40,300
accumulated from Decades of 
studying their remains. 

4955
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:44,700
In the wonder, they Inspire in 
children and adults alike, 

4956
04:53:44,700 --> 04:53:48,800
bridging millions of years to 
create connections between 

4957
04:53:48,800 --> 04:53:53,400
modern minds and ancient lives. 
The gentle disappearance of the 

4958
04:53:53,400 --> 04:53:58,400
dinosaurs gradual at first then,
catastrophically accelerated and

4959
04:53:58,400 --> 04:54:01,700
slowly fading from memory. 
Except for the clues, they left 

4960
04:54:01,700 --> 04:54:06,000
behind speaks to the 
impermanence of all things. 

4961
04:54:07,200 --> 04:54:12,300
Species, arise and vanish. 
Continents drift mountains, 

4962
04:54:12,300 --> 04:54:17,400
arrowed even the stars of 
eventually burn out, nothing 

4963
04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:21,800
lasts forever, no matter how 
successful, how well adapted, or

4964
04:54:21,800 --> 04:54:25,200
how dominant. 
But while things laughed, they 

4965
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:29,900
matter The dinosaurs mattered to
the ecosystems, they inhabited 

4966
04:54:29,900 --> 04:54:34,300
to the evolution of countless 
other species and to the shape 

4967
04:54:34,300 --> 04:54:37,700
of the world. 
They left behind They matter now

4968
04:54:37,700 --> 04:54:42,100
to the scientists who study them
to the people who Marvel at 

4969
04:54:42,100 --> 04:54:46,400
their reconstructed skeletons, 
and to the right is an artists 

4970
04:54:46,400 --> 04:54:49,700
and filmmakers who bring them 
back to life in imagination. 

4971
04:54:49,700 --> 04:54:53,700
Your heading back. 
Now, leaving the Badlands behind

4972
04:54:53,700 --> 04:54:58,000
the fossils remain locked in 
stone waiting. 

4973
04:54:58,000 --> 04:55:03,400
Some will be found and studied 
others will erode away their 

4974
04:55:03,400 --> 04:55:07,400
stories, permanently lost. 
And in the fullness of time, 

4975
04:55:07,400 --> 04:55:11,200
even the fossils that are found 
and carefully preserved in 

4976
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:15,000
museums, will eventually return 
to dust as everything does. 

4977
04:55:15,000 --> 04:55:18,800
But for now, they endure the 
bones. 

4978
04:55:18,800 --> 04:55:22,700
Remember, even if the creatures 
are gone, they speak of a world 

4979
04:55:22,700 --> 04:55:26,200
fundamentally different from 
ours, yet governed by the same 

4980
04:55:26,200 --> 04:55:31,400
principles. they remind us that 
Earth's history is long that our

4981
04:55:31,400 --> 04:55:35,500
tenure here is brief and that 
the planet existed for billions 

4982
04:55:35,500 --> 04:55:39,400
of years before us and will 
likely exist for billions more 

4983
04:55:39,400 --> 04:55:44,400
after us, the dinosaurs slowly 
disappeared, but they left 

4984
04:55:44,400 --> 04:55:48,500
behind more than absence They 
left behind a record of, what's 

4985
04:55:48,500 --> 04:55:52,700
possible of how life can 
diversify and adapt and fill 

4986
04:55:52,700 --> 04:55:56,500
every available niche. 
They left behind warnings about 

4987
04:55:56,500 --> 04:56:01,700
what can happen when conditions 
change faster than Evolution can

4988
04:56:01,700 --> 04:56:04,500
respond. 
And they left behind 

4989
04:56:04,500 --> 04:56:09,300
inspiration. 
The sheer Wonder of creatures. 

4990
04:56:09,300 --> 04:56:13,000
So different from anything alive
to day yet. 

4991
04:56:13,000 --> 04:56:17,800
So magnificently suited to their
time as you settle in for Sleep 

4992
04:56:17,800 --> 04:56:22,800
the days journey through deep 
time, Fading Into dream, you 

4993
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:24,300
carry with, you an 
understanding. 

4994
04:56:25,600 --> 04:56:28,600
The dinosaurs story isn't 
separate from our own. 

4995
04:56:28,600 --> 04:56:33,600
We're all part of the same Grand
narrative, the story of life on 

4996
04:56:33,600 --> 04:56:37,000
Earth unfolding across billions 
of years. 

4997
04:56:38,000 --> 04:56:42,600
The dinosaurs had their chapter 
were writing ours, now How It 

4998
04:56:42,600 --> 04:56:47,200
Ends is still up to us, sleep. 
Well, The stars that watched 

4999
04:56:47,200 --> 04:56:51,800
over the dinosaurs are watching 
still patient and unchanging as 

5000
04:56:51,800 --> 04:56:55,100
Earth continues, its ancient 
rotation, through the vast 

5001
04:56:55,100 --> 04:57:04,300
darkness of space. 
Julius, Caesar wasn't always the

5002
04:57:04,300 --> 04:57:07,000
Towering figure. 
We picture draped in a bright 

5003
04:57:07,000 --> 04:57:09,500
red cloak and commanding the 
world's greatest Empire. 

5004
04:57:10,200 --> 04:57:14,600
Before he was that Legend, he 
was simply Gaius, Julius born 

5005
04:57:14,600 --> 04:57:17,800
into a patrician, family with 
fading clout in a room that 

5006
04:57:17,800 --> 04:57:21,300
seemed to change every week. 
In those early days, the city 

5007
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:23,700
itself wasn't the polished 
marble Wonder of later. 

5008
04:57:23,700 --> 04:57:27,300
Centuries with curving streets 
that spread gossip more quickly 

5009
04:57:27,300 --> 04:57:30,000
than chariots. 
It was a noisy crowded Center of

5010
04:57:30,000 --> 04:57:33,100
ambition and politics people. 
Lived on top of each other in 

5011
04:57:33,100 --> 04:57:36,200
shabby Apartments, while 
Aristocrats planned lavish 

5012
04:57:36,200 --> 04:57:39,500
feasts in their Villa Courtyards
hoping to lure allies for the 

5013
04:57:39,500 --> 04:57:42,600
next election. 
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 

5014
04:57:42,600 --> 04:57:45,900
all the noise of Street vendors,
Hawking figs, and fish the 

5015
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:48,800
heated oratory in the Forum and 
The Whispers behind every 

5016
04:57:48,800 --> 04:57:51,900
statues. 
Column Even as a child sees, had

5017
04:57:51,900 --> 04:57:54,600
a curiosity that led him to 
corners of Romeo's, avoided 

5018
04:57:54,600 --> 04:57:57,800
dimly lit taverns. 
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 

5019
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:00,800
River and rows of cramped 
bookshops where scribes copied 

5020
04:58:00,800 --> 04:58:04,400
Scrolls for hours on end. 
These experiences seasoned him 

5021
04:58:04,400 --> 04:58:07,100
with a knowledge of everyday 
life that most upper-class 

5022
04:58:07,100 --> 04:58:10,800
Romans rarely bothered with He'd
watch workers at the Docks 

5023
04:58:10,800 --> 04:58:13,800
fascinated by the different 
languages from Traders coming in

5024
04:58:13,800 --> 04:58:15,800
from the East. 
He gave him an early taste for 

5025
04:58:15,800 --> 04:58:19,500
the diversity, that existed, 
Beyond Rome's walls, and no 

5026
04:58:19,500 --> 04:58:22,600
matter how chaotic it got. 
He never seemed overwhelmed. 

5027
04:58:23,300 --> 04:58:28,100
Instead he absorb how each piece
of society, functioned and filed

5028
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:31,200
the information away in his 
early teens, while many 

5029
04:58:31,200 --> 04:58:34,200
aristocratic boys took lessons 
in rhetoric under Fame, tutors 

5030
04:58:34,200 --> 04:58:37,400
Caesar did too but he did more 
than rehearse speeches from 

5031
04:58:37,400 --> 04:58:40,400
ancient Greek texts. 
He peppered his teachers with 

5032
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:43,100
questions about how words could 
shift emotions. 

5033
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:46,800
He realizes that command respect
in Rome, you needed to shape 

5034
04:58:46,800 --> 04:58:49,500
minds and hearts not just bodies
on a Battlefield. 

5035
04:58:50,500 --> 04:58:52,800
This flood Julius. 
Caesar wasn't always the 

5036
04:58:52,800 --> 04:58:55,300
Towering figure. 
We picked picture draped in a 

5037
04:58:55,300 --> 04:58:57,900
bright red cloak, and commanding
the world's greatest Empire, 

5038
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:01,900
Before he was that Legend, he 
was simply guessed. 

5039
04:59:01,900 --> 04:59:05,700
Julius born into a patrician, 
family with fading clout, in a 

5040
04:59:05,700 --> 04:59:07,300
Rome that seemed to change every
week. 

5041
04:59:08,200 --> 04:59:11,000
In those early days, the city 
itself wasn't the polished 

5042
04:59:11,000 --> 04:59:12,700
marble Wander of later 
centuries. 

5043
04:59:13,400 --> 04:59:15,900
With curving streets, that 
spread gossip more quickly than 

5044
04:59:15,900 --> 04:59:17,600
chariot's. 
It was annoys. 

5045
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:20,300
He crowded Center of ambition 
and politics people. 

5046
04:59:20,300 --> 04:59:23,300
Lived on top of each other in 
shabby Apartments, while 

5047
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:26,200
Aristocrats planted lavish 
feasts in their Villa Courtyards

5048
04:59:26,200 --> 04:59:28,500
hoping to lure allies for the 
next election. 

5049
04:59:29,500 --> 04:59:33,000
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 
all the noise of Street vendors,

5050
04:59:33,000 --> 04:59:36,300
Hawking figs, and fish the 
heated oratory in the Forum and 

5051
04:59:36,300 --> 04:59:38,100
The Whispers behind every 
statues. 

5052
04:59:38,100 --> 04:59:41,600
Column Even as a child sees how 
to curiosity that led him to 

5053
04:59:41,600 --> 04:59:44,900
corners of Rome others avoided 
dimly-lit taverns. 

5054
04:59:44,900 --> 04:59:47,800
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 
River and Rose of cramped, 

5055
04:59:47,800 --> 04:59:50,800
bookshops were scribes copied 
Scrolls for hours on end. 

5056
04:59:50,800 --> 04:59:54,000
These experiences seasoned him 
with a knowledge of everyday 

5057
04:59:54,000 --> 04:59:58,000
life that most upper-class 
Romans rarely bothered with He'd

5058
04:59:58,000 --> 05:00:00,600
watch workers at the Docks 
fascinated by the different 

5059
05:00:00,600 --> 05:00:02,800
languages from Traders coming in
from the East. 

5060
05:00:02,800 --> 05:00:05,600
He gave him an early taste for 
the diversity, that existed, 

5061
05:00:05,600 --> 05:00:09,300
Beyond Rome's walls, and no 
matter how chaotic it got. 

5062
05:00:09,300 --> 05:00:13,600
He never seemed overwhelmed. 
Instead he'd carefully absorb. 

5063
05:00:13,600 --> 05:00:16,600
How each piece of society 
functioned and filed the 

5064
05:00:16,600 --> 05:00:20,400
information away in his early 
teens, while many aristocratic 

5065
05:00:20,400 --> 05:00:23,300
boys took lessons in rhetoric 
under Fame tutors season did 

5066
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:26,300
too, but he did more than 
rehearse speeches from ancient 

5067
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:29,200
Greek texts. 
Heppard eventually Caesar 

5068
05:00:29,200 --> 05:00:30,700
returned to Rome after solar's 
death. 

5069
05:00:30,700 --> 05:00:34,200
But he'd learned that when power
is on the table, trust is a 

5070
05:00:34,200 --> 05:00:37,400
fragile commodity. 
He had seen men switch loyalties

5071
05:00:37,400 --> 05:00:40,200
for a promise of gold or turn in
a friend to keep their own head 

5072
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:43,600
that lesson never left him upon 
coming home. 

5073
05:00:43,600 --> 05:00:46,800
He immediately set about 
re-establishing, his social ties

5074
05:00:46,800 --> 05:00:49,600
attending Banks and forging 
friendships with men who had 

5075
05:00:49,600 --> 05:00:53,800
once I'd him with suspicion. 
Yes, Caesar was Adept at reading

5076
05:00:53,800 --> 05:00:56,200
faces. 
If he caught even a flicker of 

5077
05:00:56,200 --> 05:01:00,100
duplicity, he dodged that Bond 
elegantly, perhaps with an 

5078
05:01:00,100 --> 05:01:02,400
extravagant greeting, followed 
by a subtle distancing. 

5079
05:01:03,400 --> 05:01:05,800
One could never be too. 
Careful in Rome, swirling 

5080
05:01:05,800 --> 05:01:08,600
politics. 
A remarkable moment came when he

5081
05:01:08,600 --> 05:01:12,000
took on the role of priests to 
Jupiter only to lose it during 

5082
05:01:12,000 --> 05:01:15,600
sula's purges. 
It was a blow public piety. 

5083
05:01:15,600 --> 05:01:18,600
After all was a stepping stone 
for an aspiring politician. 

5084
05:01:19,500 --> 05:01:23,100
Caesar's resilience was already 
in full bloom, he picked himself

5085
05:01:23,100 --> 05:01:26,500
up Found A New Path and ventured
into the world of politics from 

5086
05:01:26,500 --> 05:01:28,900
a different angle. 
Securing lesser offices, that 

5087
05:01:28,900 --> 05:01:32,500
would eventually open bigger 
doors, began building a personal

5088
05:01:32,500 --> 05:01:35,400
brand of generosity soon. 
People whispered about the 

5089
05:01:35,408 --> 05:01:38,400
Banquets he held in the funds. 
He provided for Public Works 

5090
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:41,400
Senators, wondered how he 
managed to gather such a Deep 

5091
05:01:41,408 --> 05:01:43,900
Pockets. 
It wasn't old family, wealth 

5092
05:01:43,900 --> 05:01:47,100
alone, sees a network of 
supporters and many believed in 

5093
05:01:47,100 --> 05:01:49,600
him precisely, because of his 
willingness to think outside the

5094
05:01:49,600 --> 05:01:52,100
conventional lines of patronage 
and nepotism. 

5095
05:01:52,100 --> 05:01:56,100
By his mid-20s Caesar had 
cultivated a reputation for 

5096
05:01:56,100 --> 05:01:59,900
being both bold and adaptable. 
He hadn't yet reshaped Rome but 

5097
05:01:59,900 --> 05:02:03,200
the seeds with their his path, 
wasn't about simple heroics or 

5098
05:02:03,200 --> 05:02:05,800
the typical childhood prophecy 
that he was destined for 

5099
05:02:05,800 --> 05:02:08,500
greatness. 
Rather, it was a quieter 

5100
05:02:08,500 --> 05:02:11,000
accumulation of experiences that
prepared him for the challenges 

5101
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:13,900
ahead. 
Each piece his exposure to 

5102
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:17,300
Everyday, Romans his brush with 
danger, during sula's regime. 

5103
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:21,200
His love of rhetoric lined up 
perfectly to form a foundation 

5104
05:02:21,200 --> 05:02:24,400
Rome. 
Full of swirling rivalries and 

5105
05:02:24,400 --> 05:02:27,800
unspoken rules. 
Had no idea that this relatively

5106
05:02:27,800 --> 05:02:30,800
unremarkable, young man with a 
quick tongue and quick mind was 

5107
05:02:30,800 --> 05:02:33,800
about to upend everything. 
Before he was a seasoned 

5108
05:02:33,800 --> 05:02:36,400
Commander or the Colossus 
striding across the Rubicon. 

5109
05:02:36,400 --> 05:02:39,600
Caesar had an Escapade that 
shaped his perspective on the 

5110
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:41,200
power. 
More than any lecture in the 

5111
05:02:41,200 --> 05:02:43,700
Senate ever. 
Could his abduction by solution 

5112
05:02:43,700 --> 05:02:47,100
pirates in the Aegean Sea. 
It's a tale rarely told in the 

5113
05:02:47,100 --> 05:02:50,200
mainstream but it offers a raw 
glimpse into his character. 

5114
05:02:51,000 --> 05:02:53,300
Cesar was traveling to 
strengthen his oratory skills, 

5115
05:02:53,300 --> 05:02:56,600
under a, renowned teacher on the
island, roads, something 

5116
05:02:56,600 --> 05:03:00,200
Aristocrats often did. 
But the Seas teamed with Pirates

5117
05:03:00,200 --> 05:03:03,000
Who thrived on Rants and it 
wasn't long before his ship was 

5118
05:03:03,000 --> 05:03:06,000
seized the Pirates. 
Who captured him expected a 

5119
05:03:06,000 --> 05:03:09,300
frightened Roman Aristocrat. 
Instead they encountered a man, 

5120
05:03:09,308 --> 05:03:11,500
whose boldness made them 
question, who truly been 

5121
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:15,300
captured when they demanded a 
ransom of 20 talents of silver? 

5122
05:03:16,000 --> 05:03:18,700
Caesar reportedly scoffed, that 
they were underselling him. 

5123
05:03:18,700 --> 05:03:22,000
He insisted they asked for 50 
the Pirates. 

5124
05:03:22,000 --> 05:03:24,500
Bemused yet. 
Intrigued took his suggestion 

5125
05:03:24,500 --> 05:03:28,700
for several weeks, Caesar lived 
among them, waiting for friends 

5126
05:03:28,700 --> 05:03:31,900
to gather the Sun, during that 
time, he treated them as if he 

5127
05:03:31,908 --> 05:03:35,200
were the one in charge, ordering
them to keep quiet when he slept

5128
05:03:35,200 --> 05:03:38,400
even reciting poems and speeches
and telling them to appreciate 

5129
05:03:38,400 --> 05:03:42,800
the Artistry or else to the 
Pirates credit they indulged 

5130
05:03:42,800 --> 05:03:44,700
him. 
Perhaps wondering if they had 

5131
05:03:44,700 --> 05:03:47,800
accidentally kidnapped a 
lunatic, he wasn't simply being 

5132
05:03:47,800 --> 05:03:49,900
arrogant. 
He was displaying confidence and

5133
05:03:49,900 --> 05:03:53,300
unpredictability. 
In a precarious situation, fear 

5134
05:03:53,300 --> 05:03:56,800
can be an exploitable weakness 
by acting as if he were the 

5135
05:03:56,808 --> 05:03:59,700
authority figure. 
Sees a force, the Pirates to 

5136
05:03:59,700 --> 05:04:02,300
respect him or at least treat 
him carefully. 

5137
05:04:03,200 --> 05:04:06,500
When the ransom finally arrived 
and Caesar was freed, he 

5138
05:04:06,500 --> 05:04:09,000
quickly, organized a naval Force
hunted. 

5139
05:04:09,000 --> 05:04:11,300
Those same Pirates down and had 
the crucified. 

5140
05:04:11,300 --> 05:04:14,700
It was an act of lethal 
retribution laced with the 

5141
05:04:14,700 --> 05:04:17,000
cunning, that would characterize
his later campaigns. 

5142
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:20,300
The memory of that Ransom 
demanded and of Caesar's 

5143
05:04:20,300 --> 05:04:23,900
outlandish performance on the 
Pirates Island helped shape his 

5144
05:04:23,900 --> 05:04:27,700
entire approach to dealing with 
adversaries, dramatic strategic,

5145
05:04:27,700 --> 05:04:29,500
and always with an eye to the 
outcome. 

5146
05:04:30,600 --> 05:04:34,600
Back in Rome, Caesar resumed his
climb yet, he carried a certain 

5147
05:04:34,600 --> 05:04:37,100
Swagger. 
Now a sense that his life was 

5148
05:04:37,100 --> 05:04:41,100
fated for something. 
Extraordinary after all, how 

5149
05:04:41,100 --> 05:04:44,000
many young Roman Nobles had 
stared down, Pirates and lived 

5150
05:04:44,000 --> 05:04:47,600
to spin the tail, a political 
Gatherings, people whispered 

5151
05:04:47,600 --> 05:04:50,500
behind their cups of wine 
speculating on whether that 

5152
05:04:50,500 --> 05:04:53,400
story was just sees as brand of 
theatrics or pure truth. 

5153
05:04:54,200 --> 05:04:56,500
But it was undeniable that he 
managed to secure enough 

5154
05:04:56,500 --> 05:05:00,500
influence to become a military 
Tribune and soon he was off to 

5155
05:05:00,500 --> 05:05:03,200
gain experience in the provinces
which gave him intimate 

5156
05:05:03,200 --> 05:05:05,000
knowledge of the armies. 
He would one day command. 

5157
05:05:05,900 --> 05:05:07,700
The politics? 
He left in Rome were no less 

5158
05:05:07,708 --> 05:05:10,800
complicated. 
He forged a delicate packed with

5159
05:05:10,800 --> 05:05:14,300
Pompey and don't crashes later 
known as the first triumvirate. 

5160
05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:18,200
This was not a formal 
institution, but rather a 

5161
05:05:18,200 --> 05:05:20,800
private handshake that United 
three men with distinct 

5162
05:05:20,800 --> 05:05:24,900
strengths pompies, military, 
Prestige, Caesars wealth, and 

5163
05:05:24,900 --> 05:05:28,600
Caesars political cunning. 
People often assume Caesar just 

5164
05:05:28,608 --> 05:05:31,200
lucked into that Arrangement, 
but it was actually the 

5165
05:05:31,200 --> 05:05:34,300
culmination of countless 
dinners, private agreements and 

5166
05:05:34,300 --> 05:05:37,100
carefully Bartered favors. 
Caesar knew that. 

5167
05:05:37,100 --> 05:05:40,200
If he wanted to climb higher, he
needed to bring Rome's big 

5168
05:05:40,200 --> 05:05:42,400
players into his corner at least
temporarily. 

5169
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:45,900
If that meant moderating, his 
own Ambitions in the short run 

5170
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:50,000
to secure pompey's trust. 
He do it without blinking, with 

5171
05:05:50,000 --> 05:05:52,400
their support Caesar aimed for a
new goal. 

5172
05:05:52,400 --> 05:05:55,900
A position that would not only 
confer Prestige, but also 

5173
05:05:55,900 --> 05:05:58,800
provide him with the chance to 
broaden his Network and bolster 

5174
05:05:58,800 --> 05:06:01,000
his army. 
With devoted Soldiers, the 

5175
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:04,300
governorship of hispania 
ulterior or Gaul where fortunes 

5176
05:06:04,300 --> 05:06:08,700
could be made and reputation. 
Cemented seemed ideal Not only 

5177
05:06:08,700 --> 05:06:12,000
would it allow him to command 
armies, it would offer a stage 

5178
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:14,800
to Showcase his genius in both 
Administration and warfare. 

5179
05:06:15,700 --> 05:06:18,500
In time he secured the pro 
consulship of Gaul. 

5180
05:06:19,600 --> 05:06:24,000
Was vast populated by diverse 
tribes each with its own 

5181
05:06:24,000 --> 05:06:28,100
Traditions alliances and grudges
where less men might see only a 

5182
05:06:28,100 --> 05:06:31,500
frontier to exploit. 
Caesar chess board with dozens 

5183
05:06:31,500 --> 05:06:33,800
of moving pieces, he relished 
the challenge. 

5184
05:06:33,800 --> 05:06:36,800
This was after all the man who 
wants Carly dined with 

5185
05:06:36,800 --> 05:06:39,900
kidnappers Gathering Legions 
known for their discipline and 

5186
05:06:39,900 --> 05:06:42,600
grit. 
He departed North determined to 

5187
05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:45,300
do more than just play. 
Caretaker, you wanted to knit, 

5188
05:06:45,300 --> 05:06:49,000
those tribes into Rome's fear of
influence, forging, New Roads 

5189
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:51,800
and alliances while showcasing 
Roman Supremacy. 

5190
05:06:52,600 --> 05:06:55,800
Before he launched significant 
campaigns, Caesar did his 

5191
05:06:55,800 --> 05:06:59,000
homework, he arranged meetings 
with tribal Chiefs, listening, 

5192
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:01,400
carefully to their rivalries, 
and hearing their pleas for 

5193
05:07:01,408 --> 05:07:04,900
Roman protection. 
Was it genuine concern or a 

5194
05:07:04,900 --> 05:07:07,000
ploy? 
Caesar would wage statement. 

5195
05:07:07,000 --> 05:07:10,100
Reading not just the words, but 
the shifts in tone and eye 

5196
05:07:10,100 --> 05:07:13,000
contact. 
If he sensed an opportunity like

5197
05:07:13,000 --> 05:07:16,000
a tribe longing for revenge on 
its neighbor, he'd promise 

5198
05:07:16,000 --> 05:07:19,100
support. 
Extracting pledges of loyalty in

5199
05:07:19,100 --> 05:07:21,300
many ways. 
His tactics mirrored, the hush 

5200
05:07:21,300 --> 05:07:24,400
hush, political dealings, he'd 
owned back in Rome only. 

5201
05:07:24,400 --> 05:07:27,400
Now the stakes were measured in 
thousands of soldiers and entire

5202
05:07:27,400 --> 05:07:30,500
territories. 
Yet throughout these Maneuvers 

5203
05:07:30,500 --> 05:07:32,900
season. 
Never lost sight of the Persona 

5204
05:07:32,900 --> 05:07:37,400
he'd cultivated he was no mere 
bureaucrat, he was that daring 

5205
05:07:37,400 --> 05:07:41,100
Aristocrat who'd outwitted 
Pirates, the dynamic orator who 

5206
05:07:41,100 --> 05:07:44,400
electrified the courts and the 
cunning negotiator who had found

5207
05:07:44,400 --> 05:07:47,700
common ground with Pompey and 
Caesar each success. 

5208
05:07:47,700 --> 05:07:50,400
In Gaul was reported back to 
Rome via Sensational, 

5209
05:07:50,400 --> 05:07:54,000
dispatchers commentary. 
So written with Clarity and 

5210
05:07:54,008 --> 05:07:56,600
Flair. 
People in the city devoured 

5211
05:07:56,600 --> 05:07:59,600
them, as if they were tabloid 
headlines, he dramatized his 

5212
05:07:59,600 --> 05:08:02,000
victories, just enough to 
capture the Public's 

5213
05:08:02,000 --> 05:08:04,400
imagination. 
The Senate, reading the official

5214
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:08,400
versions found themselves, both 
impressed and weary Caesar was 

5215
05:08:08,400 --> 05:08:11,800
quickly becoming too big to 
ignore these initial steps and 

5216
05:08:11,800 --> 05:08:15,600
Gaul some alliances struck some 
small skirmishes one in boldend 

5217
05:08:15,600 --> 05:08:17,600
him. 
He sensed that if he could bring

5218
05:08:17,600 --> 05:08:20,500
all of Gaul under Roman control,
he'd move from being just 

5219
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:24,400
another ambitious politician to 
a legendary conqueror, that 

5220
05:08:24,400 --> 05:08:27,200
knowledge spurred him on Cesar 
might have left Behind The 

5221
05:08:27,200 --> 05:08:30,500
Pirates Who Wants threatened him
but the memory of that captivity

5222
05:08:30,500 --> 05:08:32,600
fueled his hunger for absolute 
control. 

5223
05:08:32,600 --> 05:08:36,500
If he had his way, no one be 
their tribal Chief or a Roman 

5224
05:08:36,500 --> 05:08:39,500
Senator would ever have the 
power to hold him captive again.

5225
05:08:39,500 --> 05:08:43,200
The gallic wars, the seasons 
campaigns would come to be 

5226
05:08:43,200 --> 05:08:46,100
called weren't just about 
marching Legions, across fields 

5227
05:08:46,100 --> 05:08:47,500
and building. 
Wooden Palisades. 

5228
05:08:47,500 --> 05:08:51,500
They were about psychological 
warfare diplomacy and the 

5229
05:08:51,500 --> 05:08:55,100
cunning exploitation of 
intertribal rivalries Rome. 

5230
05:08:55,300 --> 05:08:58,100
Dominance always hung on its 
ability to divide and conquer. 

5231
05:08:59,100 --> 05:09:02,900
With Caesar at the hell that 
strategy took on Fresh Nuance in

5232
05:09:02,900 --> 05:09:06,000
the early phases, Caesar 
Consolidated, Roman gains by 

5233
05:09:06,000 --> 05:09:08,100
constructing a network of roads 
and fortifications. 

5234
05:09:08,100 --> 05:09:12,400
This was hardly glamorous labor,
Roman soldiers would spend weeks

5235
05:09:12,400 --> 05:09:16,000
hacking through forests and bogs
to erect outposts sometimes 

5236
05:09:16,000 --> 05:09:19,600
under the threat of ambush. 
Yet each New Roman style Fort 

5237
05:09:19,600 --> 05:09:21,700
complete with straight lines and
carefully. 

5238
05:09:21,700 --> 05:09:24,100
Measured intervals. 
Sent a message of permanence 

5239
05:09:25,000 --> 05:09:27,600
These weren't just makeshift 
Garrison's, they were statements

5240
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:31,600
that Rome had come to stay. 
People often remember, Caesar's 

5241
05:09:31,600 --> 05:09:34,900
Brilliance on the battlefield. 
But his true strength lay in 

5242
05:09:34,900 --> 05:09:38,500
methodical organization. 
He considered Logistics as vital

5243
05:09:38,500 --> 05:09:42,300
as sword and shield, the various
gallic tribes, watched uneasily,

5244
05:09:42,300 --> 05:09:46,500
some rushing to Caesar's side 
others forming alliances against

5245
05:09:46,500 --> 05:09:48,800
him. 
Caesar capitalized on the 

5246
05:09:48,800 --> 05:09:52,300
smallest of division. 
If one tribe feuded with 

5247
05:09:52,300 --> 05:09:55,600
another, he'd arrived as a 
peace, broker offering Roman 

5248
05:09:55,600 --> 05:09:57,600
friendship and military aid 
against arrival. 

5249
05:09:58,400 --> 05:10:01,200
Soon enough, the tribe would 
find itself Bounty, season by, 

5250
05:10:01,200 --> 05:10:04,300
Mutual benefit, and Shackled, by
Roman expectations. 

5251
05:10:04,300 --> 05:10:07,900
The Brilliance in making it seem
as if the tribe had chosen this 

5252
05:10:07,900 --> 05:10:10,800
path freely. 
Not that Caesars campaign was 

5253
05:10:10,800 --> 05:10:14,100
devoid of Bloodshed certain 
tribes, resisted fiercely, 

5254
05:10:14,100 --> 05:10:18,400
resentful of foreign occupation.
The Belgian in the north, for 

5255
05:10:18,400 --> 05:10:22,000
instance, marshaled, huge forces
that tested Roman discipline 

5256
05:10:22,800 --> 05:10:26,400
Caesar, never squeeze deployed 
tactics to crush resistance, 

5257
05:10:26,400 --> 05:10:30,300
decisively destroying crops, 
capturing strategic points, and 

5258
05:10:30,300 --> 05:10:33,200
sometimes resorting to brutal 
reprisals that sent a chill 

5259
05:10:33,200 --> 05:10:36,600
through neighboring tribes, He 
didn't Revel in cruelty for its 

5260
05:10:36,600 --> 05:10:39,700
own sake, but he understood the 
Roman tradition of deterrence. 

5261
05:10:40,300 --> 05:10:43,200
Ferocious display could prevent 
a drawn-out rebellion. 

5262
05:10:43,200 --> 05:10:46,800
This approach while effective 
also laid the seeds for future 

5263
05:10:46,800 --> 05:10:50,400
animosity among Fierce Defenders
of gallic. 

5264
05:10:50,400 --> 05:10:54,900
Independence, like Versace was 
no vernian Chieftain who 

5265
05:10:54,900 --> 05:10:57,600
recognized that the gallic 
tribes needed, Unity more than 

5266
05:10:57,600 --> 05:11:00,300
ever. 
He wasn't some hot-headed Bandit

5267
05:11:00,300 --> 05:11:02,400
chief. 
He was methodical charismatic 

5268
05:11:02,400 --> 05:11:06,400
and had a strategic mind that 
could rival Caesars While Caesar

5269
05:11:06,400 --> 05:11:07,800
was off campaigning on another 
front. 

5270
05:11:07,800 --> 05:11:10,800
The Cinco tricks rally. 
Disparate tribes under the 

5271
05:11:10,800 --> 05:11:13,700
banner of garlic Pride. 
When Caesar got wind of this 

5272
05:11:13,700 --> 05:11:16,800
resistance, he recognized at 
once that the king tricks was no

5273
05:11:16,800 --> 05:11:20,300
ordinary adversary. 
The typical trick of exploiting 

5274
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:22,100
old rivalries might not work 
here. 

5275
05:11:22,800 --> 05:11:26,600
The confrontation between Caesar
and Visitor's, escalated into 

5276
05:11:26,600 --> 05:11:28,800
one of the defining struggles of
the gallic wars. 

5277
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:31,100
Versing. 
Get her ex adopted, a 

5278
05:11:31,100 --> 05:11:34,000
scorched-earth policy 
instructing villages to destroy 

5279
05:11:34,000 --> 05:11:35,800
their own supplies and towns to 
starve. 

5280
05:11:35,800 --> 05:11:39,600
The Roman Legions of resources, 
it was a grim strategy burning 

5281
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:43,400
fields and uprooting harvests, 
but it slowed Caesar's Advanced,

5282
05:11:43,400 --> 05:11:46,300
creating a logistical nightmares
for Roman soldiers are 

5283
05:11:46,300 --> 05:11:49,100
accustomed to living off the 
land for a man who prided 

5284
05:11:49,100 --> 05:11:51,800
himself on controlling every 
variable, Caesar found himself 

5285
05:11:51,808 --> 05:11:55,000
confronting the unpredictable 
factor of a charismatic. 

5286
05:11:55,000 --> 05:11:59,000
Local leader, who matched him in
cunning still Caesar was a 

5287
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:02,200
master of adaptation, 
recognizing the challenge he 

5288
05:12:02,200 --> 05:12:04,900
can, solidated his troops and 
chose to besiege key Galaxy 

5289
05:12:04,900 --> 05:12:08,600
strongholds, Most famously, he 
surrounded, The Fortress town of

5290
05:12:08,600 --> 05:12:12,800
Alesia, wherever X had taken 
Refuge with tens of thousands of

5291
05:12:12,800 --> 05:12:15,300
Warriors. 
The Siege of Eliza would become 

5292
05:12:15,300 --> 05:12:17,800
a testament to Caesar's ability 
to think in layers. 

5293
05:12:17,800 --> 05:12:21,000
He constructed a ring of 
fortifications around the city 

5294
05:12:21,000 --> 05:12:25,500
to starve out versing a tricks 
as forces and anticipating a 

5295
05:12:25,500 --> 05:12:28,200
gallic relief Army. 
He built another ring facing 

5296
05:12:28,200 --> 05:12:31,000
outwards to protect his Legions,
from an attack from outside. 

5297
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:35,200
This double fortification was 
notation engineering project 

5298
05:12:35,200 --> 05:12:39,600
involving miles of ditches, 
ramparts and watched Towers 

5299
05:12:39,600 --> 05:12:42,300
enough to give any modern city 
planner paws. 

5300
05:12:43,800 --> 05:12:47,400
The days wore on under a 
Relentless son, the besieged 

5301
05:12:47,400 --> 05:12:51,400
goals inside Alicia ran short of
food women and children were 

5302
05:12:51,400 --> 05:12:54,700
turned out of the Fortress. 
Hoping, for Mercy, only to be 

5303
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:57,500
left stranded between the city 
walls and the Roman lines. 

5304
05:12:58,400 --> 05:13:02,300
Meanwhile, a massive relief, 
force of various gallic tribes 

5305
05:13:02,300 --> 05:13:04,500
arrived, attempting to break 
Caesars. 

5306
05:13:04,500 --> 05:13:07,600
Outer defenses. 
During one critical night, 

5307
05:13:07,600 --> 05:13:10,500
seemed Rome might collapse under
the weight of the onslaught. 

5308
05:13:11,200 --> 05:13:13,600
Caesar himself, rallied. 
His men darting from post to 

5309
05:13:13,600 --> 05:13:15,400
post. 
He knew her Felicia was 

5310
05:13:15,408 --> 05:13:17,900
relieved. 
Gaul could unite behind versing 

5311
05:13:17,900 --> 05:13:20,800
gets and Seasons. 
Entire campaign might unravel 

5312
05:13:20,800 --> 05:13:25,400
against formidable, odds, the 
Roman lines held exhausted from 

5313
05:13:25,400 --> 05:13:28,000
repeated attacks and lacking a 
coherent strategy. 

5314
05:13:28,000 --> 05:13:32,500
The relief Force finally broke 
inside Elysia with supplies gone

5315
05:13:32,500 --> 05:13:35,900
in to morale chattered the 
singer trick surrendered. 

5316
05:13:36,800 --> 05:13:39,400
Sight of this defiant, gallic 
Chieftain handing over his 

5317
05:13:39,400 --> 05:13:41,300
weapons underscore the turning 
point. 

5318
05:13:42,100 --> 05:13:45,800
Rome had asserted its dominance 
and Caesar stood at the Pinnacle

5319
05:13:45,800 --> 05:13:48,900
of Victory yet. 
For all the glory, the end of 

5320
05:13:48,908 --> 05:13:50,600
The Siege left many goals in 
bittered. 

5321
05:13:50,600 --> 05:13:54,200
Caesar might have pacified the 
region but a smoldering 

5322
05:13:54,200 --> 05:13:56,700
resentment would have eventually
lurk beneath the official, peace

5323
05:13:56,700 --> 05:14:00,500
treaties, when Caesar returned 
to Rome, he was hailed as a 

5324
05:14:00,500 --> 05:14:04,100
hero, his campaigns and Gaul had
quadrupled, roams domain and 

5325
05:14:04,100 --> 05:14:06,900
filled the Republic's coffers 
with wealth from newly conquered

5326
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:09,500
territories. 
The Senate awarded him. 

5327
05:14:09,500 --> 05:14:11,800
Grant triumphs parades were 
caged. 

5328
05:14:11,800 --> 05:14:15,000
Prisoners Walked In Chains and 
the crowd roared with delight. 

5329
05:14:15,700 --> 05:14:18,700
in these processions, Caesar's 
name became synonymous with 

5330
05:14:18,700 --> 05:14:22,400
military genius and Roman might 
Yet the very success that 

5331
05:14:22,400 --> 05:14:25,600
elevated him threatened to 
unbalance the precarious 

5332
05:14:25,600 --> 05:14:29,200
political framework in Rome men 
like Pompey and Crassus. 

5333
05:14:29,200 --> 05:14:33,100
Once his allies couldn't help 
but feel overshadowed by the 

5334
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,900
sheer magnitude of Caesar's 
achievements, the Old Guard in 

5335
05:14:36,900 --> 05:14:39,700
the Senate, grew uneasy. 
They murdered that sees, as 

5336
05:14:39,700 --> 05:14:43,300
ambition was too large for the 
Republic even allies wondered if

5337
05:14:43,300 --> 05:14:45,800
they could remain relevant 
while, seasoned up the glory. 

5338
05:14:46,700 --> 05:14:50,000
Caesar for his part believed he 
had only just begun his vision 

5339
05:14:50,000 --> 05:14:51,600
extended Beyond The Spoils of 
Gaul. 

5340
05:14:51,600 --> 05:14:55,800
He wanted to transform Roman 
itself to carve out a position 

5341
05:14:55,800 --> 05:14:58,800
where no single factional rival 
could stifle him. 

5342
05:14:58,800 --> 05:15:03,400
Again this set the stage for an 
inevitable Clash Seasons 

5343
05:15:03,400 --> 05:15:05,900
Maneuvers and Gaul while 
triumphant had also sown 

5344
05:15:05,900 --> 05:15:08,200
suspicion and envy and 
suspicion. 

5345
05:15:08,200 --> 05:15:12,100
And Envy in Rome often led to 
Civil War assassinations and 

5346
05:15:12,100 --> 05:15:14,500
chaos. 
But if Caesar was worried he 

5347
05:15:14,500 --> 05:15:17,800
hardly showed it, Fresh from the
greatest victory of his career. 

5348
05:15:17,800 --> 05:15:19,800
He was welcomed like a 
Conquering Hero. 

5349
05:15:19,800 --> 05:15:22,200
He stepped onto the marble 
streets of Rome with a 

5350
05:15:22,200 --> 05:15:24,800
confidence forged in The 
Crucible of countless battles. 

5351
05:15:24,800 --> 05:15:31,000
The final The uneasy Alliance of
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar often

5352
05:15:31,000 --> 05:15:33,200
called. 
The first triumvirate had always

5353
05:15:33,200 --> 05:15:37,400
been a marriage of convenience, 
each man saw it as a tool to 

5354
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:40,700
secure power, but once Caesar's 
gallic conquests made him, the 

5355
05:15:40,700 --> 05:15:43,700
darling of the masses. 
Resentment began to simmer 

5356
05:15:43,700 --> 05:15:46,600
Pompeii Rome's. 
Previous Superstar, General, 

5357
05:15:46,600 --> 05:15:49,700
noticed public attention, 
drifting from him to Caesar 

5358
05:15:49,700 --> 05:15:52,700
Crassus. 
Meanwhile, met a tragic end in 

5359
05:15:52,700 --> 05:15:55,400
an ill-advised campaign against 
the parthians leaving. 

5360
05:15:55,400 --> 05:15:58,200
Caesar and Pompey, is the two 
principal contenders for the 

5361
05:15:58,200 --> 05:16:01,100
heart of Rome. 
An undercurrent of tension. 

5362
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:04,400
Now, pulse through the city 
Senators whispered in corridors 

5363
05:16:04,400 --> 05:16:07,800
choosing side Pompey cozy up to 
conservative fashion. 

5364
05:16:07,800 --> 05:16:10,200
In the Senate who viewed Caesar 
as a threat to the old 

5365
05:16:10,200 --> 05:16:12,200
Republican system. 
Caesar. 

5366
05:16:12,200 --> 05:16:15,500
Still away in Gaul understood. 
He would need to solidify his 

5367
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:18,800
position back home soon. 
The term of his governorship was

5368
05:16:18,800 --> 05:16:21,500
drawing to a close and if he 
returned to Rome merely as a 

5369
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:24,300
private citizen, his enemies 
could bring him to trial for 

5370
05:16:24,300 --> 05:16:27,700
various alleged misdeeds and 
effectively end his political 

5371
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:29,400
career. 
His solution. 

5372
05:16:29,400 --> 05:16:32,100
He demanded to run for console 
In Absentia. 

5373
05:16:32,900 --> 05:16:35,400
Seeking an extension of the 
immunity and power he held as 

5374
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:39,500
proconsul, the Senate refused 
with Pompey, supporting that 

5375
05:16:39,500 --> 05:16:42,000
refusal. 
This was the point of no return.

5376
05:16:42,800 --> 05:16:46,100
Sees a stood at the banks of the
Rubicon river, the boundary 

5377
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:50,100
Beyond which laterally proper 
Roman law was crystal clear. 

5378
05:16:50,900 --> 05:16:53,500
No, General was allowed to bring
his army into Italy. 

5379
05:16:54,200 --> 05:16:56,100
To do. 
So amounted, to a declaration of

5380
05:16:56,100 --> 05:17:01,600
war on a Winter's Night, in 49 
BCE, Caesar, made his choice, he

5381
05:17:01,600 --> 05:17:05,000
marched across the Rubicon, 
uttering the phrase, a layer 

5382
05:17:05,000 --> 05:17:08,400
yacta EST. 
The die is cast if the anecdotes

5383
05:17:08,400 --> 05:17:12,600
hold any truth, Overnight Rome 
system of alliances shattered, 

5384
05:17:12,600 --> 05:17:16,100
the Civil War had begun Pompey 
and many senators. 

5385
05:17:16,100 --> 05:17:18,000
Fled Rome to gather forces in 
the East. 

5386
05:17:18,000 --> 05:17:20,900
Confident, they'd must armies 
far greater than Caesars. 

5387
05:17:20,900 --> 05:17:23,900
They had the backing of 
traditional Elites wealthy 

5388
05:17:23,900 --> 05:17:27,300
provinces, and they believed 
time on their side. 

5389
05:17:27,300 --> 05:17:30,100
Caesar, however, wasn't known 
for cautious delay. 

5390
05:17:30,100 --> 05:17:34,200
He pressed forward Breakneck 
speed towns and cities along the

5391
05:17:34,200 --> 05:17:37,300
way, open their Gates, some out 
of admiration, for Caesar 

5392
05:17:37,300 --> 05:17:41,200
others, out of fear, the 
Unstoppable momentum, took 

5393
05:17:41,200 --> 05:17:44,800
Pompey by surprise, forcing him 
to evacuate Italy, altogether, 

5394
05:17:44,800 --> 05:17:48,900
Caesar entered Rome on opposed 
But taking Rome was just the 

5395
05:17:48,900 --> 05:17:50,900
beginning. 
The real challenge was 

5396
05:17:50,900 --> 05:17:53,900
confronting pompy's Legions, 
which were regrouping and 

5397
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:57,900
Greece, Caesar leaving a minimal
Garrison behind, sailed across 

5398
05:17:57,900 --> 05:17:59,600
the Adriatic to chase, down his 
rival. 

5399
05:17:59,600 --> 05:18:03,400
It was a frantic race. 
Both men vying for resources and

5400
05:18:03,400 --> 05:18:06,700
key strategic points. 
Sees his forces were often 

5401
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:10,000
outnumbered pompei's alliances 
spanned vast portions of the 

5402
05:18:10,000 --> 05:18:12,800
Republic. 
Yes Caesar leveraged speed, 

5403
05:18:12,800 --> 05:18:16,600
surprise and the Loyalty. 
He'd earned from Legions, who'd 

5404
05:18:16,600 --> 05:18:19,900
fought alongside him in Gaul 
battles erupted across multiple 

5405
05:18:19,900 --> 05:18:23,200
theaters, Spain, Africa. 
And ultimately The Plains of 

5406
05:18:23,208 --> 05:18:28,000
fossilis and Greece, the Battle 
of fastest in 48, BCE became a 

5407
05:18:28,000 --> 05:18:31,400
defining moment, Pompey, 
confident, in his Superior 

5408
05:18:31,400 --> 05:18:35,100
numbers formed, a traditional 
line and dissipating, a swift 

5409
05:18:35,100 --> 05:18:38,500
Victory. 
Caesar outmanned, arranged a 

5410
05:18:38,500 --> 05:18:42,000
reserve line of cohorts by his 
Cavalry on the right flank and 

5411
05:18:42,000 --> 05:18:44,500
anticipating pompey's Horsemen 
would try to envelop him. 

5412
05:18:45,400 --> 05:18:48,900
When the Cavalry Clash began 
seizes hidden cohorts surged 

5413
05:18:48,900 --> 05:18:52,600
forward routing pompey's 
Cavalry, this triggered a domino

5414
05:18:52,600 --> 05:18:55,600
effect pompey's infantry. 
Once they saw the Cavalry in 

5415
05:18:55,600 --> 05:19:00,000
Flight lost cohesion, Caesar's 
Legions, hardened by years of 

5416
05:19:00,000 --> 05:19:02,200
Frontier Warfare exploited every
Gap. 

5417
05:19:02,200 --> 05:19:06,700
It was a massacre escaped, but 
the cycle damage was done. 

5418
05:19:07,400 --> 05:19:09,500
Men who had once sworn loyalty 
to Pompey. 

5419
05:19:09,500 --> 05:19:11,800
Began to slip away or switch 
side. 

5420
05:19:11,800 --> 05:19:16,100
Sensing the tides of fated 
turned Pompey, fled to Egypt, 

5421
05:19:16,100 --> 05:19:19,900
hoping to regroup, but the 
ptolemaic officials Keen to 

5422
05:19:19,900 --> 05:19:23,900
appease Caesar betrayed him. 
On his arrival Pompey, was 

5423
05:19:23,900 --> 05:19:26,800
assassinated his head presented 
as a seizure. 

5424
05:19:26,800 --> 05:19:30,800
As a perverse gift Caesar was 
horrified despite their rivalry 

5425
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:33,100
Pompey. 
Had once been his son-in-law 

5426
05:19:33,100 --> 05:19:35,100
Caesar's daughter. 
Julia had been married to 

5427
05:19:35,100 --> 05:19:37,700
Pompeii. 
Caesar publicly wept at the 

5428
05:19:37,700 --> 05:19:40,900
sight of Pompey, severed head, 
then ordered the execution of 

5429
05:19:40,900 --> 05:19:42,500
the men responsible for the 
Betrayal. 

5430
05:19:43,300 --> 05:19:46,900
This act, conveyed, a message, 
Caesar might be ruthless, but he

5431
05:19:46,900 --> 05:19:49,900
upheld the Dignity of Roman 
nobility and detested dishonor 

5432
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:52,400
Egypt. 
However, offered its own, 

5433
05:19:52,400 --> 05:19:56,000
Labyrinth of politics Cleopatra,
and her brother Ptolemy were 

5434
05:19:56,000 --> 05:19:59,300
locked in a power struggle. 
Caesar, now the most influential

5435
05:19:59,300 --> 05:20:01,800
Roman into the region, found 
himself arbitrating their 

5436
05:20:01,800 --> 05:20:04,400
dispute Cleopatra saw an 
opportunity. 

5437
05:20:05,600 --> 05:20:09,000
She smuggled herself into 
season's presence in a carpet. 

5438
05:20:09,000 --> 05:20:12,600
So the story goes and Charmed 
him with her intellect wit and 

5439
05:20:12,600 --> 05:20:16,100
Grand Vision for Egypt. 
Caesar never want to resist or 

5440
05:20:16,100 --> 05:20:18,800
dasy or intelligence sighted 
with Cleopatra. 

5441
05:20:20,000 --> 05:20:23,800
The pair Consolidated, power in 
Alexandria defeating Tommy's 

5442
05:20:23,800 --> 05:20:26,000
forces. 
And installing clear Patra as 

5443
05:20:26,000 --> 05:20:28,700
Queen The liaison was more than 
a romantic. 

5444
05:20:28,700 --> 05:20:32,000
It was a strategic Alliance that
gave Caesar access to Egypt's 

5445
05:20:32,000 --> 05:20:33,400
wealth. 
While securing Cleopatra's 

5446
05:20:33,400 --> 05:20:36,300
throne. 
Rome watched these events with 

5447
05:20:36,300 --> 05:20:39,700
Fascination and growing anxiety.
Caesar was off. 

5448
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:42,400
Forging alliances and fathering 
a child with a foreign Queen, 

5449
05:20:42,400 --> 05:20:45,700
Caesarean while Italy braced for
whatever came next. 

5450
05:20:46,600 --> 05:20:49,600
Though, Pompey was dead segments
of the Roman Republic. 

5451
05:20:49,600 --> 05:20:53,400
Still resisted Caesar's rule. 
Caesar marched on quelling 

5452
05:20:53,400 --> 05:20:56,500
resistance in Asia Minor with 
such speed that he famously 

5453
05:20:56,500 --> 05:21:02,100
declared Veni Vidi Vicky. 
I came I saw I conquered then he

5454
05:21:02,100 --> 05:21:06,000
headed to Africa clashing with 
remaining Pompeii and forces and

5455
05:21:06,000 --> 05:21:09,300
eventually subduing them. 
By 45 BCE. 

5456
05:21:10,300 --> 05:21:13,500
Caesar stood unchallenged as 
Rome's, Paramount leader, the 

5457
05:21:13,500 --> 05:21:16,800
Senate most of whose members 
owed him, their lives or careers

5458
05:21:16,800 --> 05:21:19,900
filled his hands with powers 
that stretch the limits of 

5459
05:21:19,908 --> 05:21:23,000
Rome's traditions. 
He was named dictator for 10 

5460
05:21:23,000 --> 05:21:25,100
years eventually dictator for 
life. 

5461
05:21:25,800 --> 05:21:29,100
Some called it a tyranny. 
Caesar for his part claimed. 

5462
05:21:29,100 --> 05:21:32,600
He was trying to restore order. 
He enacted sweeping reforms 

5463
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:34,700
revising. 
The calendar into the Julian 

5464
05:21:34,700 --> 05:21:39,300
model, restructuring debts, 
Expanding the Senate granting 

5465
05:21:39,300 --> 05:21:42,800
citizenship to Loyal allies in 
distant provinces and planning, 

5466
05:21:42,800 --> 05:21:45,600
massive building projects that 
aim to beautify the city. 

5467
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:49,500
He also introduced social 
measures like Distributing land 

5468
05:21:49,500 --> 05:21:53,100
of veterans in these moves. 
Sees a walk to tightrope. 

5469
05:21:53,100 --> 05:21:56,600
Consolidating power while giving
just enough to the masses and 

5470
05:21:56,600 --> 05:21:58,400
Senate to keep them largely 
compliant. 

5471
05:21:59,200 --> 05:22:02,100
But something in the Roman 
psyche, at one man rule. 

5472
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:06,500
Rome prided itself on hating 
Kings, their entire identity was

5473
05:22:06,500 --> 05:22:09,600
built around a republic even if 
that Republic was often 

5474
05:22:09,600 --> 05:22:13,400
manipulated by the powerful, 
Caesars acceptance of lavish 

5475
05:22:13,400 --> 05:22:16,800
honors and his centralization of
power made some worry that he 

5476
05:22:16,800 --> 05:22:19,700
sought to Crown himself. 
Others found him dangerously 

5477
05:22:19,700 --> 05:22:23,500
modern someone who might change 
roam beyond recognition and 

5478
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:26,100
behind Caesars Unstoppable. 
Force layer. 

5479
05:22:26,100 --> 05:22:27,900
Silent question was the 
Republic. 

5480
05:22:27,900 --> 05:22:31,200
Just a stage for one man's 
ambition or could it endure? 

5481
05:22:31,900 --> 05:22:34,900
When Caesar finally returned to 
Roman Triumph, the city was a 

5482
05:22:34,900 --> 05:22:36,900
buzz with rumors and festivals 
though. 

5483
05:22:36,900 --> 05:22:40,300
War still in the distant corners
of the Republic, sees his 

5484
05:22:40,300 --> 05:22:43,700
personal magnetism, and the 
promise of stability temporarily

5485
05:22:43,700 --> 05:22:46,600
silenced. 
Most discontent orchestrated 

5486
05:22:46,600 --> 05:22:49,800
spectacular, public games and 
feasts showering. 

5487
05:22:49,800 --> 05:22:53,200
The populace with free grain 
statues and monuments sprang up 

5488
05:22:53,200 --> 05:22:55,900
in his honor. 
Yet beneath the gleaming facade,

5489
05:22:55,900 --> 05:22:59,200
the core of Roman tradition. 
Those un rules guarding through 

5490
05:22:59,200 --> 05:23:01,800
Republic from monarchy felt 
under seed. 

5491
05:23:02,700 --> 05:23:05,900
One example of Caesar's Larger 
than Life Persona was his 

5492
05:23:05,900 --> 05:23:08,700
attempt to reshape the calendar,
which was no small matter. 

5493
05:23:08,700 --> 05:23:12,500
In Rome, the old lunar calendar 
had become hopelessly misaligned

5494
05:23:12,500 --> 05:23:15,600
with the seasons creating 
confusion and festivals and 

5495
05:23:15,600 --> 05:23:18,400
Civic life. 
Caesar advised by astronomers 

5496
05:23:18,400 --> 05:23:21,300
including sausage of Alexandria 
introduced. 

5497
05:23:21,300 --> 05:23:24,500
The Julian calendar, a 
solar-based system with a leap 

5498
05:23:24,500 --> 05:23:27,000
year cycle. 
This was a major administrative 

5499
05:23:27,000 --> 05:23:29,100
reform. 
That didn't just tidy updates. 

5500
05:23:29,100 --> 05:23:32,400
It demonstrated Caesar's 
willingness to override 

5501
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:34,500
centuries of practice. 
If he believed he had a better 

5502
05:23:34,508 --> 05:23:37,200
way. 
People marveled at the clarity 

5503
05:23:37,200 --> 05:23:40,300
of the new calendar offered, but
the sense that if Caesar could 

5504
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:43,400
reorder time itself, what else 
might he feel entitled to 

5505
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:45,400
reorder? 
He poured money into 

5506
05:23:45,400 --> 05:23:49,000
construction under Caesar's 
Direction, new building's 

5507
05:23:49,000 --> 05:23:53,200
temples and public spaces, 
sprouted symbolizing a Rome 

5508
05:23:53,200 --> 05:23:55,900
reborn. 
The Forum grew more magnificent.

5509
05:23:56,800 --> 05:23:59,700
Commissioned Grand projects that
not only beautified the city, 

5510
05:23:59,700 --> 05:24:03,200
but gave work to thousands of 
laborers, elevating Caesar's 

5511
05:24:03,200 --> 05:24:05,900
popularity, among the common 
folk at the same time. 

5512
05:24:05,900 --> 05:24:09,700
He expanded the Senate from 
roughly 600 to as many as 900 

5513
05:24:09,700 --> 05:24:13,800
members, adding allies from the 
provinces and diluting the power

5514
05:24:13,800 --> 05:24:15,500
of the older aristocratic 
families. 

5515
05:24:15,500 --> 05:24:19,500
Some saw this as an inclusive 
move, broadening representation 

5516
05:24:19,500 --> 05:24:23,100
within the, Roman State, others 
viewed it as an egregious, power

5517
05:24:23,100 --> 05:24:27,100
play for Caesar to stack the 
Senate with loyalists who owed 

5518
05:24:27,100 --> 05:24:30,400
their positions, to him alone. 
All these changes stirred. 

5519
05:24:30,400 --> 05:24:33,200
The question was Caesar still 
just a leading citizen? 

5520
05:24:33,200 --> 05:24:35,700
Or was he inching toward King 
ship? 

5521
05:24:36,500 --> 05:24:38,900
Rome had a cultural aversion to 
the very word. 

5522
05:24:38,900 --> 05:24:42,500
Rex King Generations. 
Were taught that their ancestors

5523
05:24:42,500 --> 05:24:46,000
had exiled the last, Roman King,
and vowed, never to Neil before 

5524
05:24:46,000 --> 05:24:49,300
another so when statues of 
Caesar began appearing in public

5525
05:24:49,300 --> 05:24:53,100
places, crowned, with diadems 
some citizens felt a chill 

5526
05:24:53,900 --> 05:24:55,700
Caesar claimed. 
These were tokens of respect 

5527
05:24:55,700 --> 05:24:59,300
from admirers not Declaration of
monarchy butts. 

5528
05:24:59,300 --> 05:25:04,300
Lingard at a public Festival. 
Marcos Antonio favored left to 

5529
05:25:04,300 --> 05:25:08,200
place a diet on season's head 
season dramatically refused 

5530
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:10,700
stating. 
Only Jupiter is King of the 

5531
05:25:10,700 --> 05:25:13,400
Romans. 
But the crowds reaction was 

5532
05:25:13,400 --> 05:25:16,100
mixed. 
Some cheered, his refusal, 

5533
05:25:16,100 --> 05:25:19,800
others suspected, a theatrical 
performance designed to test 

5534
05:25:19,800 --> 05:25:23,600
public opinion on a monarchy. 
The dissonance grew sharper, as 

5535
05:25:23,600 --> 05:25:26,000
Caesar took on the title 
dictator for life. 

5536
05:25:27,200 --> 05:25:30,600
In theory a dictator in Roman 
history, was an emergency 

5537
05:25:30,600 --> 05:25:34,800
measure appointed for six months
in times of dire threat and then

5538
05:25:34,800 --> 05:25:38,500
required to relinquish power. 
By extending this temporary 

5539
05:25:38,500 --> 05:25:41,000
position indefinitely, Caesar 
strained. 

5540
05:25:41,000 --> 05:25:42,800
The very definitions of Roman 
governance. 

5541
05:25:42,800 --> 05:25:46,300
His supporters insisted Rome did
strong leadership. 

5542
05:25:46,300 --> 05:25:49,200
Give all the unrest. 
But his critics argued, that 

5543
05:25:49,200 --> 05:25:51,300
Caesar was snuffing out, the 
Republican Flame. 

5544
05:25:52,300 --> 05:25:56,100
Seeds of conspiracy began to 
sprout Senators, who longed for 

5545
05:25:56,100 --> 05:25:59,500
a return, to the old order. 
Such as gas, Cassius, longinus, 

5546
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:03,500
and Marcus Junius Brutus, 
started meeting discreetly. 

5547
05:26:04,400 --> 05:26:08,100
Brutus stood out, he descended 
from Lucius Junius Brutus the 

5548
05:26:08,100 --> 05:26:11,100
fabled founder of the Republic 
who drove out the ancient Kings.

5549
05:26:11,900 --> 05:26:15,300
Season had shown Brutus 
remarkable favor, even rumored 

5550
05:26:15,300 --> 05:26:17,000
to have paternal affection for 
him. 

5551
05:26:17,800 --> 05:26:20,500
Yet this complicated Bond, 
didn't stifle brutus's 

5552
05:26:20,500 --> 05:26:22,900
conviction. 
That sees his power threatened, 

5553
05:26:22,900 --> 05:26:26,800
the Republic's core values. 
Cassius a cunning figure with a 

5554
05:26:26,800 --> 05:26:30,500
far darker Edge, found the 
Flames, reminding Brutus of his 

5555
05:26:30,508 --> 05:26:34,400
ancestors Legacy and the sacred 
duty to protect Rome from a 

5556
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:37,400
tyrant. 
Meanwhile, Caesar seemed to 

5557
05:26:37,408 --> 05:26:41,500
sense an undercurrent of danger.
He went about with guards, but 

5558
05:26:41,500 --> 05:26:43,600
he also believed that living in 
constant fear. 

5559
05:26:43,600 --> 05:26:47,600
Would diminish his stature, On 
the surface, he continued 

5560
05:26:47,600 --> 05:26:50,900
orchestrating a labret plans. 
He was preparing a massive 

5561
05:26:50,900 --> 05:26:54,200
campaign against pathri in the 
East and tending to surpass. 

5562
05:26:54,200 --> 05:26:58,100
Even pompies conquests returning
to Rome from that Victory, 

5563
05:26:58,100 --> 05:27:02,300
Caesar likely envisioned a final
consolidation of power and 

5564
05:27:02,300 --> 05:27:05,300
unassailable. 
Legacy his mind overflowed with 

5565
05:27:05,308 --> 05:27:08,800
new ideas for governance, law 
codes and expansion of citizens 

5566
05:27:08,800 --> 05:27:11,300
rights. 
He can find it in close allies 

5567
05:27:11,300 --> 05:27:14,100
that his rule would transform 
roam into a cohesive Empire, 

5568
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:16,700
rather than a loose 
Confederation of territories. 

5569
05:27:17,800 --> 05:27:20,400
Yet those grand Visions. 
Collided, with the simmering 

5570
05:27:20,400 --> 05:27:23,200
resentment of the senatorial 
class, many of them. 

5571
05:27:23,200 --> 05:27:26,000
Had gone along with Caesar out 
of pragmatism, biding. 

5572
05:27:26,000 --> 05:27:28,600
Their time waiting for a chance 
to assert the old ways. 

5573
05:27:28,600 --> 05:27:31,500
They resented. 
How seizes reforms undermine 

5574
05:27:31,500 --> 05:27:34,700
their Prestige, how is populist 
measures made the people less 

5575
05:27:34,700 --> 05:27:38,300
reliant on senatorial patrons. 
Some conspirators. 

5576
05:27:38,300 --> 05:27:41,200
Hope to reinstate a pure public 
with limited terms, of office 

5577
05:27:41,200 --> 05:27:45,100
and carefully balanced Powers. 
Others simply wanted Caesar gone

5578
05:27:45,100 --> 05:27:48,000
viewing him as an existential 
threat to their personal 

5579
05:27:48,000 --> 05:27:50,800
standing. 
So as Caesar walked, the marble 

5580
05:27:50,800 --> 05:27:54,200
floors of the curia, conferring 
with Senators, not all who 

5581
05:27:54,200 --> 05:27:55,900
greeted him warmly were true 
allies. 

5582
05:27:55,900 --> 05:27:59,400
The facade of unity was just 
that facade. 

5583
05:28:00,100 --> 05:28:03,400
Whispers circulated about the 
Ides of March, a date. 

5584
05:28:03,400 --> 05:28:07,100
The conspirators had marked as 
pivotal Caesar distracted by 

5585
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:08,900
preparations for upcoming 
campaigns. 

5586
05:28:08,900 --> 05:28:12,400
Either dismissed or downplayed 
the signs of looming treachery. 

5587
05:28:12,400 --> 05:28:16,400
He was after all Julius. 
Caesar the man who escaped 

5588
05:28:16,400 --> 05:28:19,800
Pirates conquered, Gaul and 
overcame Pompey. 

5589
05:28:20,600 --> 05:28:23,000
To him. 
Fear was a cage, he refused to 

5590
05:28:23,000 --> 05:28:26,700
live in to the conspirators. 
His confidence was both an 

5591
05:28:26,700 --> 05:28:29,900
insult and an opportunity. 
The stage was set and all of 

5592
05:28:29,900 --> 05:28:31,400
Rome felt the tension in the 
air. 

5593
05:28:31,400 --> 05:28:35,000
The days, leading up to the Ides
of March had a strange energy in

5594
05:28:35,000 --> 05:28:37,300
Rome. 
Senators bustled about with 

5595
05:28:37,300 --> 05:28:40,000
Force Smiles. 
While scribes noted, a flurry of

5596
05:28:40,000 --> 05:28:43,200
edicts and proposals seized to 
finalize before, departing on 

5597
05:28:43,200 --> 05:28:46,900
campaign Craftsman, labored on 
newly commissioned statues and 

5598
05:28:46,900 --> 05:28:49,000
inscription Caesars 
achievements. 

5599
05:28:49,700 --> 05:28:52,600
Meanwhile, anxious Whispers 
seeped through the city, 

5600
05:28:52,600 --> 05:28:56,000
swirling in the Smoky corners of
taverns and the hush of 

5601
05:28:56,000 --> 05:28:59,500
aristocratic dinner parties. 
Caesar himself oscillated 

5602
05:28:59,500 --> 05:29:02,300
between excitement for his 
parthian expedition and vague 

5603
05:29:02,300 --> 05:29:04,800
apprehension. 
Omens were a big deal in Roman 

5604
05:29:04,800 --> 05:29:08,000
society and several odd 
occurrences had stoked. 

5605
05:29:08,000 --> 05:29:12,300
Superstitions reports of strange
lights in the sky or a 

5606
05:29:12,300 --> 05:29:15,600
soothsayer who warned Caesar to 
aware The Ides of March. 

5607
05:29:16,500 --> 05:29:19,700
Caesar rational yet not entirely
dismissive of command orgies. 

5608
05:29:19,700 --> 05:29:22,400
Seem torn between curiosity and 
disbelief. 

5609
05:29:23,000 --> 05:29:25,900
Joked about the warnings telling
Friends, The Ides of March at 

5610
05:29:25,900 --> 05:29:29,900
nothing had happened yet. 
But behind the levity, hints of 

5611
05:29:29,900 --> 05:29:33,200
caution surface, he was known to
have shared concerns with 

5612
05:29:33,200 --> 05:29:36,500
Calpurnia. 
His wife who begged him on to be

5613
05:29:36,500 --> 05:29:39,100
vigilant, the conspiracy gained 
momentum. 

5614
05:29:40,200 --> 05:29:44,400
CS worked tirelessly approaching
Senators, who felt displaced by 

5615
05:29:44,400 --> 05:29:47,200
Caesar's sweeping reforms, or 
who bought personal grudges 

5616
05:29:47,200 --> 05:29:50,800
persuading Brutus had been the 
linchpin, brutus's moral 

5617
05:29:50,800 --> 05:29:53,700
standing, and family Legacy 
offered a veneer of honor to 

5618
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:55,700
what might otherwise look like a
power. 

5619
05:29:55,700 --> 05:29:59,400
Grab With Brutus on board, 
recruiting others became easier.

5620
05:30:00,000 --> 05:30:02,000
Each conspirator had different 
reasons. 

5621
05:30:02,000 --> 05:30:04,800
Some came to fight for the 
Republic's Freedom, others, 

5622
05:30:04,800 --> 05:30:08,300
sought personal gain or Revenge 
yet the United under, a single 

5623
05:30:08,300 --> 05:30:11,100
dramatic resolution Caesar must 
be removed. 

5624
05:30:11,100 --> 05:30:14,400
One version of their plan 
involved, attacking Caesar 

5625
05:30:14,400 --> 05:30:16,400
during a senate session when he 
would be relatively. 

5626
05:30:16,400 --> 05:30:20,400
Unguarded in theory, the 
presence of so many senators. 

5627
05:30:20,400 --> 05:30:23,700
Served as a public Shield, 
Caesar wouldn't expect a mass 

5628
05:30:23,700 --> 05:30:25,200
attack in the heart of Roman 
governance. 

5629
05:30:25,200 --> 05:30:28,400
The conspirators also believed 
that once the deed was done, 

5630
05:30:28,400 --> 05:30:31,700
they could Proclaim themselves 
Defenders of Liberty summoning, 

5631
05:30:31,700 --> 05:30:34,600
the people to restore Republican
ideals despite the risk. 

5632
05:30:34,600 --> 05:30:37,300
None could deny the plans or 
dacious simplicity. 

5633
05:30:38,100 --> 05:30:40,400
The Senate meeting on the Ides 
of March, beckoned like a 

5634
05:30:40,400 --> 05:30:43,700
Grimmer appointment. 
The morning of the Ides, arrived

5635
05:30:43,700 --> 05:30:48,200
Calpurnia shaken by nightmares 
implored season, not to go. 

5636
05:30:49,000 --> 05:30:51,600
Some historians claim, she 
dreamed of a statue of Caesar 

5637
05:30:51,600 --> 05:30:54,800
spouting blood or of him lying 
slain In Her Arms. 

5638
05:30:54,800 --> 05:30:59,100
Moved by her distress, Caesar 
initially decided to stay home. 

5639
05:30:59,100 --> 05:31:02,900
Possibly rescheduling the Senate
session that alone could have 

5640
05:31:02,908 --> 05:31:05,600
altered history, but the 
conspirators panicked. 

5641
05:31:05,600 --> 05:31:08,600
When the Fenton Hood Caesar 
might not come, they dispatched 

5642
05:31:08,600 --> 05:31:12,200
Decimus Brutus, no, relation to 
Marcus Brutus but another close 

5643
05:31:12,200 --> 05:31:16,100
Ally to persuade, Caesar Decimus
feigned concern that Caesar 

5644
05:31:16,100 --> 05:31:19,400
would insult the Senate by his 
absence diminishing his standing

5645
05:31:19,400 --> 05:31:24,300
right before his Grand campaign.
So despite calpurnia's pleased, 

5646
05:31:24,300 --> 05:31:28,600
Caesar relented, he daunt his 
ceremonial toga and left for the

5647
05:31:28,600 --> 05:31:30,800
curia. 
Inside the Senate meeting. 

5648
05:31:30,800 --> 05:31:33,100
The atmosphere was thick with 
tension, though. 

5649
05:31:33,100 --> 05:31:37,200
It started off with formalities 
Caesar took his seat a group of 

5650
05:31:37,208 --> 05:31:40,100
conspirators approached 
pretending to ask a favor on 

5651
05:31:40,100 --> 05:31:43,900
behalf of a political exile. 
They surrounded him as if to 

5652
05:31:43,900 --> 05:31:45,300
press their case more 
passionately. 

5653
05:31:45,300 --> 05:31:48,900
Then as The Story Goes at a 
signal daggers appeared. 

5654
05:31:49,700 --> 05:31:51,600
The first strike came from casca
and others. 

5655
05:31:51,600 --> 05:31:55,100
Joined accounts vary some saves 
his ear tried to defend himself 

5656
05:31:55,100 --> 05:31:56,800
others that he was too 
overwhelmed. 

5657
05:31:56,800 --> 05:32:00,500
He was stabbed multiple times 
the final Blow from Brutus 

5658
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:05,500
prompting Caesar's legendary and
possibly apocryphal utterance at

5659
05:32:05,500 --> 05:32:10,100
2 route. 
In moments, it was over Caesar 

5660
05:32:10,100 --> 05:32:11,800
lay dead at the foot of Pompey, 
statue. 

5661
05:32:11,800 --> 05:32:15,000
A cruel twist of fate for the 
man who had once wept for 

5662
05:32:15,000 --> 05:32:18,100
pompey's demise. 
The Senators spattered with 

5663
05:32:18,100 --> 05:32:20,700
blood proclaimed. 
They had liberated Rome from 

5664
05:32:20,700 --> 05:32:22,900
tyranny. 
They expected the city that 

5665
05:32:22,900 --> 05:32:26,200
agreed them as Heroes yet the 
immediate reaction was shock. 

5666
05:32:26,200 --> 05:32:31,200
Not Jubilation citizens fled. 
The Courier unsure where the 

5667
05:32:31,200 --> 05:32:34,400
more violence would follow, the 
conspirators had planned for 

5668
05:32:34,408 --> 05:32:37,300
Caesar's death but they hadn't 
planned for the emotional 

5669
05:32:37,300 --> 05:32:39,000
vacuum. 
It would create among the Roman 

5670
05:32:39,000 --> 05:32:42,100
populace. 
The question remained had, they 

5671
05:32:42,100 --> 05:32:44,900
truly saved the republic or just
Unleashed chaos. 

5672
05:32:45,800 --> 05:32:49,100
Brutus and Cassius tried to calm
the city with speeches in the 

5673
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:51,500
memory of their ancestor. 
Lucius. 

5674
05:32:51,500 --> 05:32:55,100
Junius Brutus, who banished 
Rome's Last Kings centuries 

5675
05:32:55,100 --> 05:32:58,800
before they insisted, they had 
restored the Republic but the 

5676
05:32:58,808 --> 05:33:02,400
people had witnessed seizes 
generality his banquet's land 

5677
05:33:02,400 --> 05:33:05,800
distribution's public games, 
many commoners, revered him 

5678
05:33:05,800 --> 05:33:09,600
anger and sorrow brooded. 
In the streets words, spread of 

5679
05:33:09,600 --> 05:33:12,900
the Savage Butchery in the 
Senate, far from celebrating the

5680
05:33:12,900 --> 05:33:15,200
conspirators. 
Many citizens demanded 

5681
05:33:15,200 --> 05:33:18,400
vengeance. 
Mark, Antony, who had not 

5682
05:33:18,400 --> 05:33:21,500
participated in the conspiracy 
seized, this public sentiment. 

5683
05:33:21,500 --> 05:33:24,700
He delivered a funeral oration 
for Caesar that became 

5684
05:33:24,700 --> 05:33:27,400
legendary. 
Anthony spoke with passion 

5685
05:33:27,400 --> 05:33:31,100
displaying Caesar's 
blood-stained, toga stirring the

5686
05:33:31,108 --> 05:33:33,500
crowd into a frenzy against the 
conspirators. 

5687
05:33:33,500 --> 05:33:36,800
Some historians say, Caesar's 
body was burned in the form 

5688
05:33:36,800 --> 05:33:40,100
itself with the Flames fed by 
citizens, who tossed in 

5689
05:33:40,100 --> 05:33:41,700
furniture and items as 
offerings. 

5690
05:33:41,700 --> 05:33:45,700
The conspirators realizing the 
tidied turned fled. 

5691
05:33:45,700 --> 05:33:50,200
The city outraged Sword and the 
once proud Senate found Itself, 

5692
05:33:50,200 --> 05:33:53,000
overshadowed by the populist 
Fury that sees her. 

5693
05:33:53,000 --> 05:33:57,000
So skillfully harnessed in life.
Thus, the killing that was 

5694
05:33:57,000 --> 05:33:59,700
intended to save the Republic 
actually accelerated, its 

5695
05:33:59,700 --> 05:34:03,100
decline power soon. 
Consolidated, not around a 

5696
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:06,700
restored, Senate, but around new
strong men, Marc, Antony 

5697
05:34:06,700 --> 05:34:09,900
Octavian. 
Sees, as young are and adopted 

5698
05:34:09,900 --> 05:34:13,400
son and others who were jockey 
for command in the following 

5699
05:34:13,400 --> 05:34:15,100
years. 
In death. 

5700
05:34:15,800 --> 05:34:18,300
Caesar had transcended mortality
to become an icon. 

5701
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:20,700
Some would say a martyr while 
the vision of a renewed 

5702
05:34:20,700 --> 05:34:24,300
Republic, ironically slipped 
further away, the aftermath of 

5703
05:34:24,300 --> 05:34:27,500
Caesar's assassination was as 
turbulent as any period Rome had

5704
05:34:27,500 --> 05:34:32,400
ever seen the city already tense
from years of civil conflict. 

5705
05:34:32,400 --> 05:34:35,300
Discovered that removing one 
towering figure didn't 

5706
05:34:35,300 --> 05:34:37,100
automatically restore the Old 
Republic. 

5707
05:34:37,900 --> 05:34:41,800
Instead a new power vacuum 
emerged quickly filled by those 

5708
05:34:41,800 --> 05:34:43,700
with the ambition and resources 
to claim it. 

5709
05:34:44,400 --> 05:34:48,300
Mark, Antony Caesars closest. 
Lieutenant was first, on the 

5710
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:51,600
scene, leveraging his connection
to the slain dictator to Rally 

5711
05:34:51,600 --> 05:34:55,800
the masses, but Caesar had named
a surprise are in his will gas. 

5712
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:57,600
Octavius, better known as 
Octavian. 

5713
05:34:57,600 --> 05:35:02,900
His Grand, nephew only 19 years,
old Octavian, carried Caesar's 

5714
05:35:02,900 --> 05:35:05,700
name and soon enough. 
Caesar's Legions would rally 

5715
05:35:05,700 --> 05:35:09,300
around him too Brutus and 
Cassius fled Rome hoping to 

5716
05:35:09,300 --> 05:35:12,000
raise armies. 
In the Eastern, provinces a 

5717
05:35:12,000 --> 05:35:14,400
published declarations 
defending, the assassination as 

5718
05:35:14,400 --> 05:35:18,300
an act of patriotic duty but the
events in Rome worked against 

5719
05:35:18,300 --> 05:35:20,800
them. 
The funeral oration by Anthony 

5720
05:35:20,800 --> 05:35:24,200
had painted them as traitors to 
seize her and by extension 

5721
05:35:24,200 --> 05:35:27,200
enemies of the Roman people. 
Legions. 

5722
05:35:27,200 --> 05:35:30,200
Loyal to Caesar Scorn the 
conspirators lines. 

5723
05:35:30,200 --> 05:35:34,600
Hardened another round of Civil 
Wars seemed inevitable as one 

5724
05:35:34,600 --> 05:35:37,500
man's ambition had morphed into 
a generational crisis of 

5725
05:35:37,500 --> 05:35:40,300
identity for Rome. 
Though, Anthony and Octavian. 

5726
05:35:40,300 --> 05:35:42,000
Initially each other with 
suspicion. 

5727
05:35:42,000 --> 05:35:44,600
They realized they stood a 
better chance against the 

5728
05:35:44,600 --> 05:35:48,800
conspirators of they cooperated.
Along with Marcus lepidus, a 

5729
05:35:48,800 --> 05:35:50,600
trusted Commander. 
They formed the second 

5730
05:35:50,600 --> 05:35:53,100
triumvirate. 
Unlike Caesars in formal 

5731
05:35:53,100 --> 05:35:57,000
Arrangement, this triumphant was
legally sanctioned granting the 

5732
05:35:57,000 --> 05:36:00,600
three men near absolute power to
reorganize the state and 

5733
05:36:00,600 --> 05:36:01,900
reorganize it. 
They did. 

5734
05:36:02,700 --> 05:36:06,600
Prescriptions lists of enemies 
of the state were published men 

5735
05:36:06,600 --> 05:36:08,600
of wealth and influence found 
themselves. 

5736
05:36:08,600 --> 05:36:12,500
Outlawed the triumvirate seized 
property and executed opponents,

5737
05:36:12,500 --> 05:36:15,400
echoing, the Grim days of solars
dictatorship. 

5738
05:36:15,400 --> 05:36:19,100
The conspirators. 
Meanwhile, mustard forces in the

5739
05:36:19,100 --> 05:36:22,200
East culminating in the 
climactic Battle of Philippi in 

5740
05:36:22,200 --> 05:36:27,000
42 BCE Brutus and Cassius were 
defeated and they chose suicide 

5741
05:36:27,000 --> 05:36:30,300
over capture. 
If Seasons murderers hoped for a

5742
05:36:30,300 --> 05:36:32,800
Renaissance of Republican 
ideals, they had Gravely. 

5743
05:36:32,800 --> 05:36:36,800
Miscalculated Rome was now torn 
between competing strong men 

5744
05:36:36,800 --> 05:36:40,700
after Philippi tensions, Rose 
between Antony and Octavian, 

5745
05:36:40,700 --> 05:36:44,600
Anthony headed east forming an 
alliance and famously. 

5746
05:36:44,600 --> 05:36:48,800
A romance with Cleopatra in 
Egypt, Octavian, solidified his 

5747
05:36:48,800 --> 05:36:52,200
base in Rome in the Senate 
recognized him as the principal 

5748
05:36:52,200 --> 05:36:57,300
are to seize his legacy by 31 
BCE the Rivalry exploded into 

5749
05:36:57,300 --> 05:37:00,600
another civil war culminating in
the naval battle of actium. 

5750
05:37:01,400 --> 05:37:05,400
Octavian, prevailed, Antony and 
Cleopatra fled and later took 

5751
05:37:05,400 --> 05:37:08,600
their own lives and the stage 
was set for Octavian to become 

5752
05:37:08,600 --> 05:37:11,300
Augustus. 
The first Roman Emperor, the 

5753
05:37:11,300 --> 05:37:13,400
Republic in its old form was 
gone. 

5754
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:18,200
And what of Caesar's Legacy, his
name Caesar would become 

5755
05:37:18,200 --> 05:37:23,300
synonymous with rulership itself
from Kaiser in German to tesar 

5756
05:37:23,300 --> 05:37:25,500
in Russian leaders in distant 
lands. 

5757
05:37:25,500 --> 05:37:28,900
Would adopt the moniker as a 
badge of Imperial might his 

5758
05:37:28,900 --> 05:37:33,200
reforms, especially the Julian 
calendar outlived him by 

5759
05:37:33,200 --> 05:37:36,500
centuries influencing how 
millions of people marked time 

5760
05:37:36,500 --> 05:37:39,800
his writings particularly the 
commentaries on the Galaxy and 

5761
05:37:39,800 --> 05:37:42,800
Civil Wars remained essential 
reading for generation of 

5762
05:37:42,800 --> 05:37:47,100
statement, and Generals admired 
for their Clarity and rhetorical

5763
05:37:47,100 --> 05:37:51,400
brilliant. 
In a strange twist the Senate 

5764
05:37:51,400 --> 05:37:54,100
that once feared him voted to 
deify sees. 

5765
05:37:54,100 --> 05:37:58,600
After his death, proclaiming him
Divas iulius shrines and temples

5766
05:37:58,600 --> 05:38:01,900
to the Divine Julius sprang up 
turning him into a figure of 

5767
05:38:01,908 --> 05:38:04,800
worship. 
This posthumous deification gave

5768
05:38:04,800 --> 05:38:06,800
Octavian an added Aura of 
legitimacy. 

5769
05:38:06,800 --> 05:38:12,100
He was now Divi Filius, the son 
of a god, One might argue, it 

5770
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:15,900
was the final irony, the same 
institution that bristled at his

5771
05:38:15,900 --> 05:38:18,400
ambition. 
Now raised him to Divine status,

5772
05:38:18,400 --> 05:38:21,700
this transformation reflected 
the contradictory nature of 

5773
05:38:21,700 --> 05:38:26,500
Roman politics, practical to the
core yet steeped in Superstition

5774
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:30,300
and reverence for signs and 
wonders public memory of Caesar 

5775
05:38:30,300 --> 05:38:32,400
remained divided. 
Many admired him for 

5776
05:38:32,400 --> 05:38:35,700
championing, the lower classes 
taking decisive action to end 

5777
05:38:35,700 --> 05:38:38,500
Rome's, internal strife and 
extending Roman influence 

5778
05:38:38,500 --> 05:38:41,200
abroad. 
Others condemned him as the man 

5779
05:38:41,200 --> 05:38:44,300
who shattered the Republic's 
checks and balances, making a 

5780
05:38:44,300 --> 05:38:48,500
single man rule inevitable over 
time, historians playwrights and

5781
05:38:48,500 --> 05:38:51,000
orators distilled his story into
dramatic beats. 

5782
05:38:51,000 --> 05:38:54,300
The brilliant General, the 
cunning politician, the Betrayed

5783
05:38:54,300 --> 05:38:56,400
friend. 
Those wanting a moral lesson 

5784
05:38:56,400 --> 05:38:59,400
found ample material some used 
him as a warning against 

5785
05:38:59,400 --> 05:39:02,600
unchecked ambition others. 
As an example of visionary 

5786
05:39:02,600 --> 05:39:06,800
leadership, undone by a petty 
jealousy Yet, there's a deeper 

5787
05:39:06,800 --> 05:39:09,800
layer to season's Life. 
One Less recounted in popular 

5788
05:39:09,800 --> 05:39:12,000
law. 
He was profoundly curious about 

5789
05:39:12,000 --> 05:39:15,300
the world about languages, 
cultures, and the mechanics of 

5790
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:18,600
governance. 
From his youth, in the streets 

5791
05:39:18,600 --> 05:39:21,300
of Rome to his kidnapping by 
Pirates From the Muddy 

5792
05:39:21,300 --> 05:39:24,100
battlefields of gold, the marble
corridors of the curia. 

5793
05:39:24,100 --> 05:39:28,200
He sought to understand and 
master every environment he 

5794
05:39:28,200 --> 05:39:32,000
touched He wasn't content to 
play by the rules, he rewrote 

5795
05:39:32,000 --> 05:39:36,300
them not all admired his methods
but few could deny his results 

5796
05:39:36,300 --> 05:39:39,100
for those living. 
In Rome after Caesar's demise 

5797
05:39:39,100 --> 05:39:42,400
daily life, eventually 
stabilized under augustus's 

5798
05:39:42,400 --> 05:39:46,600
Reign, the city grew Grandeur, 
the Empire expanded, and a new 

5799
05:39:46,600 --> 05:39:50,000
system, the principal took 
shape, but an undercurrent of 

5800
05:39:50,000 --> 05:39:52,100
nostalgia. 
Persisted among some Senators 

5801
05:39:52,100 --> 05:39:55,300
who recalled a republic where 
men like Cicero and Cato wants 

5802
05:39:55,300 --> 05:39:58,800
debated, the future of Rome. 
They wondered if in slaying, 

5803
05:39:58,800 --> 05:40:02,400
Caesar they had severed the last
chance to preserve Republican 

5804
05:40:02,400 --> 05:40:06,000
dignity or if Seasons very 
presence had doomed, it from the

5805
05:40:06,000 --> 05:40:08,300
start. 
And so the figure of Julius 

5806
05:40:08,300 --> 05:40:11,700
Caesar stands in Roman history, 
not simply as a conqueror or a 

5807
05:40:11,700 --> 05:40:16,200
dictator, but as a turning point
he harnessed ambition, popular 

5808
05:40:16,200 --> 05:40:19,400
music, support and raw military 
skill to reshape the world's 

5809
05:40:19,400 --> 05:40:22,900
greatest Republic and in doing 
so he cleared a path for 

5810
05:40:22,900 --> 05:40:25,600
Imperial rule. 
Some see him as a hero 

5811
05:40:25,600 --> 05:40:29,300
Visionary, who expanded Rome's 
Horizons, others view him as the

5812
05:40:29,300 --> 05:40:32,900
ultimate user betraying, the 
collective governance that had 

5813
05:40:32,900 --> 05:40:36,500
once defined the city's spirit. 
Perhaps, both are true. 

5814
05:40:37,100 --> 05:40:40,200
In the end, Julius Caesar's 
story reminds us that history 

5815
05:40:40,200 --> 05:40:43,500
rarely lends itself to neat 
labels, the arcs of power, 

5816
05:40:43,500 --> 05:40:47,900
Destiny and personal will often 
weave together in ways that defy

5817
05:40:47,900 --> 05:40:50,900
easy, categorization. 
And if there's one lesson that 

5818
05:40:50,900 --> 05:40:54,600
resonates across the centuries, 
it might be this when a single 

5819
05:40:54,600 --> 05:40:56,800
individual grows too large for 
the existing order 

5820
05:40:56,800 --> 05:40:59,400
transformation. 
However, exhilarating or 

5821
05:40:59,400 --> 05:41:01,400
destructive becomes inevitable