The Entire History Of Switzerland | Boring History For Sleep

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,700
Well, well, well my tired 
friends. 

2
00:00:01,700 --> 00:00:05,300
It's reached that time for 
slumber which is why you're 

3
00:00:05,300 --> 00:00:07,900
turning this on. 
So welcome in Tonight we're 

4
00:00:07,900 --> 00:00:11,400
easing into the entire history 
of Switzerland, not as a list of

5
00:00:11,400 --> 00:00:14,600
dates and battles but as the 
slow story of mountain 

6
00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:20,100
communities, shifting alliances 
careful Independence and a 

7
00:00:20,100 --> 00:00:22,500
country that learned how to hold
itself together in the middle of

8
00:00:22,500 --> 00:00:25,900
larger Powers. 
This is a carefully researched 

9
00:00:25,900 --> 00:00:28,500
and thoughtful written sleep. 
Story around. 

10
00:00:28,500 --> 00:00:32,299
All the cool fun stuff that has 
helped shape Switzerland to what

11
00:00:32,299 --> 00:00:35,200
it is today. 
So, if these help you unwind, 

12
00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:39,100
feel free to follow, leave a 
like, and let me know where 

13
00:00:39,100 --> 00:00:41,500
you're listening from and what 
time it is tonight. 

14
00:00:42,500 --> 00:00:45,500
Now, settle into your pillow, 
let your shoulders loose and 

15
00:00:45,500 --> 00:00:48,300
like some pudding and will 
gently make our way into the 

16
00:00:48,300 --> 00:00:54,500
story together. 
Your standing at the edge of a 

17
00:00:54,500 --> 00:00:57,100
lake, not the Switzerland. 
You might pick picture from a 

18
00:00:57,108 --> 00:00:59,300
traveler advertisement with its 
tidy. 

19
00:00:59,300 --> 00:01:00,900
Red Mountain trains and its 
window. 

20
00:01:00,900 --> 00:01:04,400
Boxes stuffed with geraniums 
this is much older than that. 

21
00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:08,700
The year is somewhere around 
3,000 BC and the water in front 

22
00:01:08,708 --> 00:01:09,500
of you. 
Is so clear. 

23
00:01:09,500 --> 00:01:12,100
You can see the submerged logs 
on the bottom, even in the Deep 

24
00:01:12,100 --> 00:01:15,000
places where the cold presses 
upward like a held breath. 

25
00:01:15,900 --> 00:01:18,900
Around you built on Oaken, all 
the poles, driven into the mud 

26
00:01:18,900 --> 00:01:20,900
of the shallows. 
A village is waking up. 

27
00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:25,200
Smoke drifts low across the 
surface in the morning are a 

28
00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:27,300
child somewhere. 
Nearby has found a dog to 

29
00:01:27,300 --> 00:01:29,700
bother. 
The people moving between these 

30
00:01:29,700 --> 00:01:31,900
elevated. 
Wooden platforms, are farmers 

31
00:01:31,900 --> 00:01:34,700
and Weavers, and fishermen, and 
they have been building their 

32
00:01:34,700 --> 00:01:38,600
lives above this particular Lake
for as long as anyone alive can 

33
00:01:38,600 --> 00:01:41,800
remember. 
These were the piled dwelling 

34
00:01:41,800 --> 00:01:43,700
people's of prehistoric 
Switzerland. 

35
00:01:43,700 --> 00:01:46,800
They raise their homes over the 
shallows of the great Alpine 

36
00:01:46,800 --> 00:01:49,500
Lakes because the water offered 
things that Solid Ground 

37
00:01:49,500 --> 00:01:54,800
sometimes could not protection 
steady food, a reliable boundary

38
00:01:54,800 --> 00:01:57,200
between the settlement and 
whatever was moving through the 

39
00:01:57,200 --> 00:02:00,900
forest at night. their Villages 
dotted Lake Constance Lake, 

40
00:02:00,900 --> 00:02:04,500
Zurich Lake Geneva, and dozens 
of smaller bodies of water, 

41
00:02:04,500 --> 00:02:07,400
spread across the plateau, 
between the Jura Hills, and the 

42
00:02:07,400 --> 00:02:12,300
Peaks to the South For centuries
historian suspected communities.

43
00:02:12,300 --> 00:02:15,700
Like these had existed somewhere
in the prehistoric record, but 

44
00:02:15,700 --> 00:02:20,600
solid evidence was elusive, then
in the 1850s an unusually dry, 

45
00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:23,300
winter dropped, the water level 
in Lake Zurich far enough to 

46
00:02:23,300 --> 00:02:25,800
expose stretches of lake bed, 
that had been submerged for 

47
00:02:25,800 --> 00:02:28,400
thousands of years. 
Workers clearing. 

48
00:02:28,400 --> 00:02:30,800
The shallows began pulling 
wooden Stakes out of the mud 

49
00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:33,200
perfectly preserved by cold 
water. 

50
00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:36,500
And the absence of are the 
discovery changed, the picture 

51
00:02:36,500 --> 00:02:39,700
entirely, and swiss Canton 
archaeologist spent the 

52
00:02:39,700 --> 00:02:42,400
following decades piecing 
together, a world that no 

53
00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:44,000
written Source had thought to 
document. 

54
00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:47,700
What emerged from those 
excavations was detained and 

55
00:02:47,700 --> 00:02:49,400
surprising. 
The piled. 

56
00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:52,100
Dwelling communities were 
skilled farmers, who grew Emma 

57
00:02:52,100 --> 00:02:56,600
wheat, Millet lentils, and flax,
they kept cattle, and pigs and 

58
00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:58,900
sheep. 
They wove cloth on vertical 

59
00:02:58,900 --> 00:03:01,500
looms and produced pottery with 
geometric decorations. 

60
00:03:01,500 --> 00:03:03,300
That felt more considered than 
functional. 

61
00:03:04,200 --> 00:03:07,500
They also repair the things 
which sounds on remarkable Until

62
00:03:07,500 --> 00:03:10,300
you realize it means, they 
expected their tools and vessels

63
00:03:10,300 --> 00:03:13,800
to last, and that patients about
material objects tends to 

64
00:03:13,800 --> 00:03:16,800
reflect a certain stability in 
how people understand their 

65
00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,100
days. 
They traded too and not just 

66
00:03:19,100 --> 00:03:22,300
with their nearest Neighbors. 
copper arrived from the Eastern 

67
00:03:22,300 --> 00:03:26,800
Alps tin moved down from distant
sources to the north west Amber 

68
00:03:26,800 --> 00:03:29,200
from the Baltic Coast showed up 
in Lake Shore, settlements on 

69
00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:32,300
the Swiss Plateau, which means 
someone had walked it or passed 

70
00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:35,600
it through a very long chain of 
exchanges involving people who 

71
00:03:35,600 --> 00:03:40,100
had never met one another By the
Bronze Age, roughly 2000 years, 

72
00:03:40,100 --> 00:03:43,400
before the Common Era, these 
communities had become nodes in 

73
00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:46,100
a continental network of 
exchange that stretched in all 

74
00:03:46,108 --> 00:03:50,000
directions, Salt traveled up 
from the south Finnish, bronze 

75
00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:51,900
objects, moved along, valleys 
and River. 

76
00:03:51,900 --> 00:03:55,600
Corridors with a regularity that
looks from this distance, less 

77
00:03:55,600 --> 00:03:58,100
like casual trade and more like 
Logistics. 

78
00:03:59,200 --> 00:04:01,500
The Iron Age that followed 
brought a cultural flowering 

79
00:04:01,500 --> 00:04:04,300
centered on a site on the 
northeastern shore of Lake. 

80
00:04:04,300 --> 00:04:07,000
No shuttle. 
The place was called Latin and 

81
00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:09,600
it gave its name to an artistic 
tradition that spread across the

82
00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:11,400
Celtic World during the final 
centuries. 

83
00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:14,700
Before Rome arrived the crafts. 
People working in this tradition

84
00:04:14,700 --> 00:04:18,000
produced swords and scabbards 
and talks and fibulae decorated 

85
00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:20,800
with Organic, spiraling forms 
that looked almost alive in the 

86
00:04:20,808 --> 00:04:24,100
right light. 
A10 sword Scabbard looks less 

87
00:04:24,100 --> 00:04:25,900
like an object of violence and 
something. 

88
00:04:25,900 --> 00:04:29,100
A person made slowly over many 
evening's for the private 

89
00:04:29,100 --> 00:04:31,200
satisfaction of making it 
exactly right. 

90
00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:34,800
Among the Celtic groups living 
on the plateau in this period, 

91
00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:37,700
where the hell the tea? 
A tribal Confederation that 

92
00:04:37,700 --> 00:04:40,300
occupied a wide stretch of the 
land between the Rind, the 

93
00:04:40,300 --> 00:04:43,500
Rhone, and the Alps. 
Julius Caesar wrote about them 

94
00:04:43,500 --> 00:04:44,800
in his account of the gallic 
wars. 

95
00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:48,500
The document historians approach
with the same mix of admiration 

96
00:04:48,500 --> 00:04:50,800
and weariness. 
They apply to Memoirs, written 

97
00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:53,000
by generals who had reasons to 
make themselves look 

98
00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:56,600
indispensable. 
Caesar described the helvetii as

99
00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:58,900
large in number and forceful in 
character. 

100
00:04:58,900 --> 00:05:02,700
This is not wrong, but it is the
description of someone sizing up

101
00:05:02,700 --> 00:05:06,700
a problem around 60 BCE a 
helvetian nobleman named. 

102
00:05:06,700 --> 00:05:09,500
Orgetorix, began promoting a 
plan that was either Visionary 

103
00:05:09,500 --> 00:05:13,600
or wildly optimistic and which 
history suggests was probably 

104
00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:16,600
both at once. 
Pressure from Germanic peoples 

105
00:05:16,600 --> 00:05:20,000
to the north and east had been 
building for years orchestra's 

106
00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:22,200
proposed that the helvetii 
respond, not by defending their 

107
00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:25,400
ground, but by abandoning it 
entirely burning their own 

108
00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:28,400
settlements and grain stores 
behind them to prevent Retreat 

109
00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:31,400
and migrating Westward through 
Gaul with their allies to 

110
00:05:31,400 --> 00:05:34,700
establish a new position in more
favorable territory. 

111
00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:38,400
This required convincing 
somewhere between 200 and 

112
00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:41,800
400,000 people to set fire to 
everything. 

113
00:05:41,800 --> 00:05:45,100
They owned which is a remarkable
achievement in Persuasion 

114
00:05:45,100 --> 00:05:48,400
regardless of how the rest of 
the story goes or get tricks 

115
00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:52,300
died before the migration began.
The precise circumstances sees a

116
00:05:52,300 --> 00:05:54,800
record of vague in the way that 
vague things often are when the 

117
00:05:54,800 --> 00:05:58,000
death involved a political 
decision that no surviving party

118
00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:01,600
wanted examined to closely. 
The migration went ahead. 

119
00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:06,100
Anyway in 58 BCE. 
The root West required passing 

120
00:06:06,100 --> 00:06:08,000
through territory, Rome 
considered its own. 

121
00:06:08,700 --> 00:06:11,000
Caesar, who had been governing 
that territory and looking for a

122
00:06:11,008 --> 00:06:13,100
reason to expand his military 
portfolio. 

123
00:06:13,100 --> 00:06:16,400
Blocked the crossing at the row,
near Geneva and refused passage 

124
00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:20,300
What followed was a series of 
engagements that ended badly for

125
00:06:20,300 --> 00:06:24,300
the helvetii, the survivors, A 
reduced and exhausted portion of

126
00:06:24,308 --> 00:06:27,100
the people who had set out were 
ordered to turn back and 

127
00:06:27,100 --> 00:06:30,400
repopulate the plateau, they had
burned, it was one of the more 

128
00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:33,000
dispiriting conclusions to a 
large scale, migration in 

129
00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:37,300
ancient history, The helvete 
Returned and rebuilt life on the

130
00:06:37,308 --> 00:06:41,600
plateau continued Roman Legions 
followed within a generation and

131
00:06:41,600 --> 00:06:43,500
the world. 
The piled dwelling Farmers had 

132
00:06:43,500 --> 00:06:46,300
shaped over 2000 years began 
acquiring a new layer on top of 

133
00:06:46,308 --> 00:06:48,900
it. 
What the Deep record shows 

134
00:06:48,900 --> 00:06:52,700
across all those centuries 
before the legions arrived is a 

135
00:06:52,700 --> 00:06:53,900
place that was already 
complicated. 

136
00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:58,700
Communities that farm difficult 
land and made it produce traders

137
00:06:58,700 --> 00:07:01,400
who Moved Goods across mountain 
passes before, anyone had 

138
00:07:01,400 --> 00:07:02,700
thought to build roads through 
them? 

139
00:07:03,500 --> 00:07:06,300
Crafts people who made objects 
of Elegance and materials that 

140
00:07:06,300 --> 00:07:09,200
demanded precision. 
These were not people waiting 

141
00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:12,700
for history to begin, they were 
already in the middle of it long

142
00:07:12,700 --> 00:07:15,000
before any Empire thought to 
record their names. 

143
00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:19,700
The lake dwellings were not 
static places, they burned some 

144
00:07:19,700 --> 00:07:22,900
of them and were rebuilt on the 
same footprint of the same water

145
00:07:22,900 --> 00:07:25,900
which means the communities that
rebuilt them considered the 

146
00:07:25,900 --> 00:07:27,800
location worth the effort of 
starting again. 

147
00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:31,800
Archaeologists have found layers
of Ash in some sites, followed 

148
00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:35,200
by new post, holes driven 
through the scorched layer which

149
00:07:35,200 --> 00:07:37,700
is about as close as a lake bed.
Can come to expressing 

150
00:07:37,700 --> 00:07:40,000
resilience. 
The people of the Bronze Age 

151
00:07:40,008 --> 00:07:43,000
Plateau also had a relationship 
with death that their material 

152
00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:45,100
culture illuminates. 
In careful detail. 

153
00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:48,700
Burial goods from the period 
include bronze work of real 

154
00:07:48,700 --> 00:07:52,400
quality items that would have 
required months of skilled labor

155
00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:55,500
to produce. 
That these objects were placed 

156
00:07:55,500 --> 00:07:58,100
with the dead, rather than 
passed onto the living suggest 

157
00:07:58,100 --> 00:08:01,400
that the communities making them
were producing enough Surplus 

158
00:08:01,400 --> 00:08:05,200
craft to afford, the gesture 
poverty does not bury its finest

159
00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:07,400
work. 
There is also, the matter of the

160
00:08:07,400 --> 00:08:10,800
deer bones appear repeatedly in 
piled, dwelling refused 

161
00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:14,500
deposits, alongside cattle and 
pig and Fishbones, but dear are 

162
00:08:14,500 --> 00:08:17,100
not domestic animals and 
hunting, them requires a 

163
00:08:17,100 --> 00:08:18,900
different kind of knowledge than
farming them. 

164
00:08:18,900 --> 00:08:21,800
The hunters, who supplied the 
Lakeshore settlements understood

165
00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:24,800
the forests around them with an 
intimacy that only regular 

166
00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:28,100
presence produces and they moved
between the cultivated and the 

167
00:08:28,100 --> 00:08:31,600
wild with an ease that the neat 
distinction between farming and 

168
00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:35,500
hunting somewhat obscures. 
The Latin Crafts People of the 

169
00:08:35,500 --> 00:08:37,200
Iron Age added another 
dimension. 

170
00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:40,400
To this picture. 
Their metal work was not purely 

171
00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:44,000
decorative and it was not purely
functional, the objects. 

172
00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:46,900
They produced seem designed to 
occupy a space between the two 

173
00:08:46,900 --> 00:08:51,000
to be used but also to be looked
at to fulfill a purpose, but 

174
00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:53,500
also to demonstrate that the 
person carrying or wearing the 

175
00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:56,400
object, was someone for whom 
Beauty and utility were not 

176
00:08:56,408 --> 00:08:59,700
separate categories. 
A latent fibula which is 

177
00:08:59,700 --> 00:09:02,600
essentially an elaborate safety 
pin used to fasten clothing. 

178
00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:06,200
Sometimes carries more Artistry 
in its construction than a 

179
00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:08,900
modern Jeweler would give to a 
commissioned necklace, the 

180
00:09:08,900 --> 00:09:12,700
spiral work, the animal forms 
emerging from the curves, the 

181
00:09:12,700 --> 00:09:15,200
careful balance between the two 
halves of the design. 

182
00:09:15,200 --> 00:09:18,800
All of this required, a crafts 
person who had internalized a 

183
00:09:18,800 --> 00:09:21,200
visual language and was fluent 
enough in it to improvise. 

184
00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:24,600
These were not objects made from
a template, they were made from 

185
00:09:24,600 --> 00:09:28,100
a tradition held in someone's 
hands and eyes the lake in your 

186
00:09:28,100 --> 00:09:31,400
imagination has gone still now 
the Morning Mist has lifted off 

187
00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:34,700
the surface, the platforms of 
long since settled back into the

188
00:09:34,700 --> 00:09:36,900
mud, but the stakes are still 
down there. 

189
00:09:36,900 --> 00:09:40,100
Standing in the Dark Water, 
waiting to be found by someone 

190
00:09:40,100 --> 00:09:43,100
with a dry winter and a 
curiosity about what the lake 

191
00:09:43,100 --> 00:09:45,000
bed. 
Remembers close your eyes 

192
00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:46,700
slightly and let the landscape 
shift. 

193
00:09:47,500 --> 00:09:50,100
The mountains are still there, 
they will always be there. 

194
00:09:50,100 --> 00:09:54,000
But now there are roads, Roman 
roads in Switzerland were not 

195
00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:57,500
casual paths worn into the 
ground by repeated use, they 

196
00:09:57,500 --> 00:10:01,600
were engineered surfaces layered
with gravel and stone, cambered 

197
00:10:01,600 --> 00:10:04,600
to shed water, and wide enough 
for a loaded wagon, and a 

198
00:10:04,600 --> 00:10:06,800
century of soldiers to pass 
without negotiating right of 

199
00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:09,700
way. 
The Romans built roads, the way 

200
00:10:09,700 --> 00:10:12,600
they built everything, which is 
to say with an attention to 

201
00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:15,000
permanence that bordered on 
philosophical commitment. 

202
00:10:16,100 --> 00:10:19,100
After Seasons campaigns pushed 
Roman Authority, North of the 

203
00:10:19,100 --> 00:10:21,200
Alps. 
The territory that would become 

204
00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,100
Switzerland was gradually 
absorbed into the administrative

205
00:10:24,100 --> 00:10:27,700
framework of the empire. 
The Western lowlands fell under 

206
00:10:27,700 --> 00:10:30,900
the province of Gallia Belcher 
and later Germania Superior. 

207
00:10:31,900 --> 00:10:35,500
The Eastern Alpine regions 
became part of ratio. the 

208
00:10:35,500 --> 00:10:38,100
specific names and boundaries 
shifted more than once over the 

209
00:10:38,100 --> 00:10:41,200
following centuries, but the 
general reality remained 

210
00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:45,500
constant Rome was here and was 
not planning to leave The most 

211
00:10:45,500 --> 00:10:48,500
impressive Monument to Roman 
ambition, in this region was the

212
00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:51,800
city of avantic, which stood 
with a small Swiss town of 

213
00:10:51,800 --> 00:10:55,000
Adventures stands today in the 
first and second centuries of 

214
00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:57,500
the Common Era. 
Venicom was the capital of the 

215
00:10:57,500 --> 00:11:00,500
province of upper Germany, a 
wealthy and well, ordered city 

216
00:11:00,500 --> 00:11:03,500
of somewhere between 10 and 
20,000 inhabitants at its 

217
00:11:03,500 --> 00:11:06,100
height. 
It had an Amphitheater, a 

218
00:11:06,100 --> 00:11:10,000
theater, a forum, temples public
baths and a city wall that 

219
00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:12,200
stretched for nearly six 
kilometers around the 

220
00:11:12,200 --> 00:11:16,100
settlement, the amphitheater at 
eventica could seat, 10,000, 

221
00:11:16,100 --> 00:11:19,500
Spectators, which means the 
Romans, who plan it, expected a 

222
00:11:19,500 --> 00:11:21,500
substantial and enthusiastic 
audience? 

223
00:11:22,400 --> 00:11:24,600
What they staged there in terms 
of spectacle? 

224
00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:26,600
We can partly infer and mostly 
imagine. 

225
00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:30,000
But the scale of the structure 
suggests a city that understood 

226
00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:35,100
entertainment as a Civic 
function, not a luxury The bars 

227
00:11:35,100 --> 00:11:37,600
deserve particular attention 
because they tell you something 

228
00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:40,400
about how Roman Life action from
the inside. 

229
00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:43,100
The public bath complexes of 
Roman. 

230
00:11:43,100 --> 00:11:45,400
Switzerland were not simply 
places to get clean. 

231
00:11:45,400 --> 00:11:48,600
They were cleated environments 
designed to move. 

232
00:11:48,600 --> 00:11:50,700
You progressively through 
different temperatures in a 

233
00:11:50,708 --> 00:11:52,700
sequence that took the better 
part of an afternoon. 

234
00:11:52,700 --> 00:11:55,100
You entered through an 
undressing room. 

235
00:11:55,100 --> 00:11:58,900
Moved into warm spaces, 
proceeded to the very hot rooms 

236
00:11:58,900 --> 00:12:01,300
and eventually made your way to 
the cold plunge. 

237
00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:06,100
That completed the circuit. 
The Romans had figured out 1700 

238
00:12:06,100 --> 00:12:09,200
years before anyone invented a 
wellness Retreat, that the 

239
00:12:09,208 --> 00:12:13,500
contrast between extreme heat 
and cold water produced a 

240
00:12:13,500 --> 00:12:16,200
physical Sensation that people 
would pay for regularly and 

241
00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:18,600
voluntarily. 
This tells you something about 

242
00:12:18,600 --> 00:12:22,500
both Roman Ingenuity and about 
the Persistence of certain basic

243
00:12:22,500 --> 00:12:26,200
human desires after the bath the
Roman resonant of a ventricle 

244
00:12:26,200 --> 00:12:28,600
might have walked a colonnaded 
street back toward the four 

245
00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:30,200
room. 
Stopping at a food stall. 

246
00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:32,900
Selling something, hot in a 
bowl, passing the Temple of the 

247
00:12:32,900 --> 00:12:36,200
matron, I where local women 
brought offerings and navigating

248
00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:39,100
the particular social geography 
of a provincial City, in which 

249
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:42,900
Roman administrative rank, in 
indigenous Celtic wealth and the

250
00:12:42,900 --> 00:12:46,400
newer currencies of Commercial 
Success, all coexisted in the 

251
00:12:46,408 --> 00:12:49,600
same public space's without 
quite agreeing on a higher key. 

252
00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:53,400
The Forum of eventica was not 
Rome, it was something more 

253
00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:55,900
interesting a place where 
different ways of understanding 

254
00:12:55,900 --> 00:12:59,500
status, were being negotiated in
real time through the daily 

255
00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:02,600
rituals of greeting and 
precedents, and the careful art 

256
00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:04,700
of whom you acknowledge. 
When you passed on the street, 

257
00:13:05,700 --> 00:13:09,600
Beyond eventica smaller, Roman 
settlements waste, stations and 

258
00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:12,500
Military posts scattered across 
the plateau and Into The Valleys

259
00:13:12,500 --> 00:13:16,500
fendona sir on the r river near.
Modern Brugge, was a major 

260
00:13:16,500 --> 00:13:19,400
legionary Fortress that house 
successive Roman Legions for 

261
00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:21,700
about a century. 
Augusta. 

262
00:13:21,700 --> 00:13:25,300
Erica east of modern barsel grew
into a prosperous trading City, 

263
00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:28,400
whose ruins are among the best 
preserved, Roman remains in the 

264
00:13:28,408 --> 00:13:31,100
entire country finds from 
Augusta. 

265
00:13:31,100 --> 00:13:34,000
Erica include an extraordinary 
Treasure of Roman silver 

266
00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:38,600
discovered in 1961 beneath the 
field, 66 pieces of tableware 

267
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:41,200
and jewelry that were apparently
buried in a hurry. 

268
00:13:41,200 --> 00:13:44,700
Some time around. 350 CE by 
someone who intended to come 

269
00:13:44,700 --> 00:13:47,900
back for them and for reasons. 
History does not record. 

270
00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:50,800
Never did. 
The condition of the silverware 

271
00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:52,700
suggests. 
A person of considerable means 

272
00:13:52,700 --> 00:13:56,600
the circumstances of its burial.
Suggest a very bad after noon. 

273
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:59,900
Roman Administration brought 
with it, not just roads and 

274
00:13:59,900 --> 00:14:03,900
cities but a more diffuse 
cultural reshaping Latin spread 

275
00:14:03,900 --> 00:14:06,400
across the plateau and a 
romanized, local population 

276
00:14:06,400 --> 00:14:09,400
began producing the hybrid 
culture historians called Gallo 

277
00:14:09,400 --> 00:14:12,400
Roman a blending of indigenous 
Celtic customs. 

278
00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:16,300
With Roman forms in language 
religion, Agriculture and 

279
00:14:16,300 --> 00:14:19,300
material life. 
The plateau people's adapted, 

280
00:14:19,300 --> 00:14:23,700
Celtic deities began to acquire 
Roman names or to be merged with

281
00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:27,000
Roman counterparts. 
Local Crafts, People learned 

282
00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:29,500
Roman techniques and applied 
them to forms. 

283
00:14:29,500 --> 00:14:31,000
They had been making for 
Generations. 

284
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,200
Farmers on the plateau, grew 
grapes and pressed wine. 

285
00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:37,800
Not because the Alpine climate 
encouraged it, but because Roman

286
00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:41,300
culture, demanded it and Roman 
roads made selling it practical.

287
00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:45,900
The mountains, resisted somewhat
more than the plateau, the high 

288
00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:47,200
Alpine. 
Valleys were difficult to 

289
00:14:47,208 --> 00:14:51,100
administer expensive to Garrison
and home to populations. 

290
00:14:51,100 --> 00:14:53,700
Who found Roman Authority, more 
theoretical than practical. 

291
00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:59,000
But even their Roman trade goods
moved in and Roman coins 

292
00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:02,600
appeared in context, far removed
from any official settlement by 

293
00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:04,100
the second century of the Common
Era. 

294
00:15:04,100 --> 00:15:07,300
The Swiss Plateau was a settled 
and prosperous corner of an 

295
00:15:07,300 --> 00:15:10,800
Empire that stretched from 
Scotland to the Euphrates, a 

296
00:15:10,800 --> 00:15:13,300
merchant in a ventricle could 
correspond with a colleague in 

297
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:16,000
Antioch. 
A farmer outside or Guster, our 

298
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:18,800
car could sell Surplus grain 
into a market Network that 

299
00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:20,500
connected to cities, he would 
never see. 

300
00:15:21,300 --> 00:15:23,800
The roads that made all of this 
possible are still visible in 

301
00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:26,900
the modern Swiss landscape, 
their straight lines, cutting 

302
00:15:26,900 --> 00:15:30,000
across hillsides, and Valley 
floors in ways that no medieval 

303
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:33,800
Road ever quite replicated. 
Then in the third Century, the 

304
00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,300
edges of the Empire began to 
fray Germanic raiding parties 

305
00:15:37,300 --> 00:15:39,000
crossed the Rhine with 
increasing frequency. 

306
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:43,000
The legionary Fortress at vinda 
Nissa was abandoned as military 

307
00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:46,100
priorities shifted. 
The city walls at Avenger were 

308
00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:48,300
reinforced and then were no 
longer enough. 

309
00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:53,300
The city contracted its outlying
districts emptied, the great 

310
00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:56,000
Amphitheater, stopped filling 
the baths. 

311
00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:58,500
Cool. 
This did not happen all at once,

312
00:15:58,500 --> 00:16:01,500
and it had not feel from the 
inside like a civilization 

313
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:04,100
ending. 
It felt like a series of hard 

314
00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:07,400
years, following other hard 
years, each one, diminishing 

315
00:16:07,400 --> 00:16:10,700
some expectation that had 
previously seemed permanent. 

316
00:16:11,500 --> 00:16:15,300
The silver Treasure outside, 
Augusta tells you precisely what

317
00:16:15,300 --> 00:16:18,400
it felt like, for the person who
buried it clutching a bag of 

318
00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:21,900
beautiful things in a field. 
Hoping the bad times would pass 

319
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:25,800
the gradual christianization of 
Roman Switzerland added yet 

320
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:28,900
another layer to this 
accumulating mix the First 

321
00:16:28,900 --> 00:16:32,000
Christian Community in the 
region appeared during the third

322
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,400
and fourth centuries, initially 
in the cities, and then 

323
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:38,600
spreading through the trade and 
administrative networks that the

324
00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:42,300
Roman Road system maintained The
bishop seated Avenger was 

325
00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:45,900
established by the late 4th 
century and the old city even as

326
00:16:45,900 --> 00:16:50,000
it contracted became a center of
ecclesiastical organization that

327
00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:51,800
outlasted its political 
importance. 

328
00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:54,900
What is striking about the 
christianization of Roman 

329
00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:57,600
Switzerland is how it folded 
into rather than replace the 

330
00:16:57,608 --> 00:16:59,400
existing fabric of religious 
life. 

331
00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:03,400
Dedication to Celtic deities. 
Romanized into hybrid forms 

332
00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:06,000
continued to appear in the 
archaeological record. 

333
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:09,200
Alongside early, Christian 
material suggesting that the 

334
00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:12,599
transition was not a sudden 
substitution, but a slow 

335
00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:16,099
layering with new beliefs 
accumulating over existing ones,

336
00:17:16,099 --> 00:17:20,300
the way soil accumulates over 
old foundation's The roads that 

337
00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:23,000
Roman Engineers had cut through 
the landscape continued to 

338
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:24,300
function as the arteries of 
this. 

339
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:28,000
New religious geography, 
pilgrimage routes Episcopal 

340
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:30,700
correspondents. 
The movement of clergy between 

341
00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:33,100
communities. 
All of these traveled, the same 

342
00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:36,000
gravel surface that had carried 
Legions and Merchants to 

343
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:38,600
centuries earlier. 
The Empire's infrastructure. 

344
00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:41,200
Outlasted the Empire by 
generation's simply because it 

345
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:43,600
was there. 
And maintaining what is already 

346
00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:47,100
built is easier than building 
from Nothing by the late 4th 

347
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:50,000
Century Roman Authority. 
In what is now Switzerland had 

348
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:54,200
thin to something closer to a 
name than an Administration. the

349
00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:57,400
roads remained the aqueducts can
continue to function where they 

350
00:17:57,408 --> 00:18:00,400
were maintained, the Latin 
spoken on the plateau would 

351
00:18:00,408 --> 00:18:03,900
persist and eventually become 
the Romans language still spoken

352
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:07,100
to today in the Canton of 
graubunden, a sliver of Rome 

353
00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:11,000
preserved in Mountain grammar, 
The empire did not so much fall 

354
00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:14,400
here as withdraw and in the 
space, it left new Arrangements 

355
00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:17,000
began to form with the patience 
of people who had learned to 

356
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,800
work in difficult Terrain. 
Let the landscape settle again. 

357
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:24,200
The roads are still there 
though, they are growing grass 

358
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:27,300
between the stones. 
The cities of shrunk to Villages

359
00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:30,900
the aqueducts run dry in places,
where no one has repaired them 

360
00:18:30,900 --> 00:18:34,100
in a generation, but people are 
still here and the mountains of 

361
00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:37,500
not moved and life continues 
with the stubborn momentum that 

362
00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:40,000
life generally manages, even 
when the organizational 

363
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:44,000
structure around it, collapses. 
In the centuries, following 

364
00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,200
Rome's withdrawal, the territory
of modern Switzerland was 

365
00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:51,000
divided between two Germanic 
people's the land with very 

366
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:54,000
different temperaments, the 
begun Indian settled in the 

367
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:56,400
western regions. 
The areas around Lake Geneva, 

368
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:59,000
and the Rhone Valley. 
And they integrated with the 

369
00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:02,400
existing romanized population 
with what historians described 

370
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:06,400
as relative accommodation, they 
adopted Latin, they accepted 

371
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:08,300
Christianity. 
They worked within 

372
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:10,700
administrative forms that echoed
Roman models. 

373
00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:14,200
And in doing so preserved much 
of the cultural continuity of 

374
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:17,900
the plateaus, West and half. 
The Almani who settled the 

375
00:19:17,908 --> 00:19:21,000
eastern and Central regions were
more comprehensive in their 

376
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:23,600
restructuring. 
Their language replaced Latin in

377
00:19:23,608 --> 00:19:26,600
the territories they occupied, 
which is why German is spoken in

378
00:19:26,608 --> 00:19:28,600
the cantons around Zurich and 
Bern today. 

379
00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:31,400
While French is spoken in the 
regions around Geneva and 

380
00:19:31,408 --> 00:19:34,800
lausanne The language boundary 
that runs through Modern 

381
00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:37,100
Switzerland is not a modern 
political invention. 

382
00:19:37,100 --> 00:19:40,900
It is the fossilized outline of 
a settlement pattern that was 

383
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:44,200
established in the 5th and 6th 
centuries pressed into the 

384
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:46,100
landscape while the paint was 
still wet. 

385
00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:50,000
The franxx arrived next 
absorbing both groups into the 

386
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,300
expanding Carol engine Kingdom 
during the 8th Century under the

387
00:19:53,300 --> 00:19:57,000
energetic authority of Charmaine
the incorporation of the Swiss 

388
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:59,500
territories into the Carol 
engine system brought, 

389
00:19:59,500 --> 00:20:02,300
administrative order of a kind 
of the region had not seen since

390
00:20:02,300 --> 00:20:05,700
Rome, along with a reinvigorated
church Network that built 

391
00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:07,600
monasteries in valleys 
throughout the Alps. 

392
00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:10,900
The monasteries of early 
medieval Switzerland were not. 

393
00:20:10,900 --> 00:20:12,700
Merely religious institutions 
though. 

394
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:16,200
They were certainly that they 
were also libraries granaries, 

395
00:20:16,200 --> 00:20:18,700
hospitals, schools, and Land 
Management. 

396
00:20:18,700 --> 00:20:21,700
Enterprises that shape the 
agricultural patterns of entire 

397
00:20:21,700 --> 00:20:25,200
Region's, The Abbey of Saint 
Gallen, founded in the seventh 

398
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:27,700
century on the tradition of an 
Irish monk named Dallas. 

399
00:20:27,700 --> 00:20:31,000
Who reportedly decided to stop 
traveling after falling into a 

400
00:20:31,008 --> 00:20:34,200
thorn bush and taking it, as a 
sign, became one of the great 

401
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:35,900
centers of learning in medieval 
Europe. 

402
00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:39,300
The library isn't Galen 
preserved manuscripts that would

403
00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:41,700
otherwise have been lost 
entirely during the chaotic 

404
00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:43,700
centuries. 
Following Rome's contraction 

405
00:20:44,500 --> 00:20:47,900
Scribes their copy texts in 
Latin, Greek and early, 

406
00:20:47,900 --> 00:20:51,800
vernacular languages producing 
illuminated pages that combined 

407
00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:54,700
Roman and Germanic and Celtic 
visual Traditions into something

408
00:20:54,700 --> 00:20:58,100
entirely their own. 
The scriptorium was probably not

409
00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:01,100
a quiet place to work. 
Medieval manuscript production 

410
00:21:01,100 --> 00:21:04,400
was a collective noisy and 
sometimes contentious process 

411
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:07,800
and the margins of surviving 
texts contain remarks. 

412
00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:11,100
From frustrated, copyists about 
difficult working conditions 

413
00:21:11,100 --> 00:21:13,400
that would not sound out of 
place in a group chat. 

414
00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:16,700
The library at Saint, Gallen 
preserved manuscripts that would

415
00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:19,000
otherwise have been lost 
entirely during the chaotic 

416
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:20,700
centuries. 
Following Rome's contraction 

417
00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:24,900
Scribes their copied texts in 
Latin Greek and early. 

418
00:21:24,900 --> 00:21:28,700
Vernacular languages producing 
illuminated pages that combined 

419
00:21:28,700 --> 00:21:32,200
Roman and Germanic and Celtic 
visual Traditions into something

420
00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,800
entirely their own. 
The scriptorium was probably not

421
00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:39,000
a quiet place to work. 
Medieval manuscript production 

422
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:43,100
was a collective noisy and 
sometimes contentious process 

423
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:46,400
and the margins of surviving 
texts contain remarks. 

424
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:49,600
From frustrated, copyists about 
difficult working conditions 

425
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:52,000
that would not sound out of 
place in a group chat. 

426
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:55,300
The monastery also controlled 
substantial agricultural, land 

427
00:21:55,300 --> 00:21:57,900
in the surrounding region. 
And the relationship between the

428
00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:00,300
Abbey and the farming 
communities, that work that land

429
00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:04,000
was like most feudal 
relationships, a mixture of 

430
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:08,700
genuine Mutual dependency and 
persistent power imbalance, the 

431
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:12,300
monks needed the labor, the 
farmers needed, the security and

432
00:22:12,300 --> 00:22:14,500
the access to Surplus storage in
bad years. 

433
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:17,700
Neither party would have 
described the arrangement as 

434
00:22:17,700 --> 00:22:20,800
ideal but both parties 
understood that the alternative 

435
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:24,500
was considerably worse. life in 
the mountain, valleys during 

436
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:27,600
this period moved, according to 
rhythms that the documentary 

437
00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:32,200
record captures only partially 
The court records that survive 

438
00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:35,900
from medieval Swiss communities 
deal primarily in dispute, which

439
00:22:35,900 --> 00:22:39,100
means, historians know, a great 
deal about what went wrong and 

440
00:22:39,100 --> 00:22:40,900
rather less about what went 
smoothly. 

441
00:22:40,900 --> 00:22:44,300
What the disputes reveal Reed 
care for is a world in which 

442
00:22:44,300 --> 00:22:48,100
land water rights grazing access
and marriage alliances with a 

443
00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:51,200
primary currencies of local 
power and in which the ability 

444
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:53,900
to negotiate, those currents 
determined, whether a family 

445
00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:56,000
prospered or diminished over 
Generations. 

446
00:22:56,900 --> 00:22:59,300
The summer pasture communities 
that formed around the high 

447
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:02,800
Alpine grazing grounds had their
own informal governance 

448
00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:05,800
structures with a pointed 
herdsmen, responsible for 

449
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:08,300
managing the shared assets of 
the Alp and adjudicating 

450
00:23:08,300 --> 00:23:10,300
disputes about grazing limits 
and milk. 

451
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:14,300
Allocation These structures were
old, some of them predating any 

452
00:23:14,300 --> 00:23:17,600
documentary record and they 
operated through custom and 

453
00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:19,700
Collective memory rather than 
written law. 

454
00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:23,000
The fact that they worked at all
in the demanding conditions of 

455
00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:26,400
high altitude, farming is a 
testament to the organizational 

456
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:30,200
capacity of communities that 
Outsiders, sometimes mistook for

457
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:32,100
simple. 
After charmaine's Empire, 

458
00:23:32,100 --> 00:23:35,700
fragmented in the 9th century. 
The Swiss territory is passed 

459
00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:38,200
through successive hands, and 
administrative Arrangements, 

460
00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:42,100
eventually becoming part of the 
Holy Roman Empire that famously 

461
00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:45,900
misnamed institution, that was 
depending on which his story, 

462
00:23:45,900 --> 00:23:50,200
you are neither particularly 
holy nor a specially Roman, nor 

463
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:52,600
an empire in any consistent 
sense of the word. 

464
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:55,700
Under the nominal authority of 
the Holy Roman Empire. 

465
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:57,700
The mountain. 
Valleys and plateau. 

466
00:23:57,700 --> 00:24:00,500
Cantons of Switzerland developed
as a mosaic of local Powers, 

467
00:24:00,500 --> 00:24:04,700
great noble families, Chief 
among them, the habsburgs their 

468
00:24:04,700 --> 00:24:07,500
influence through land, 
acquisition strategic marriages 

469
00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:09,200
and the control of mountain 
passes. 

470
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:12,800
The habsburgs originated in. 
What is now, the Canton of 

471
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:16,500
Argyll from a fortress called 
The Habit Berg, meaning Hawks 

472
00:24:16,500 --> 00:24:19,000
castle. 
And in the 12th and 13th 

473
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:21,400
centuries, they were still 
primarily a regional Swiss 

474
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:24,200
Family rather than the 
continental dynastic Force, they

475
00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:26,600
would eventually become the 
mountain communities. 

476
00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:29,600
That would later form the core 
of the Swiss Confederation were 

477
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:31,800
organized around Valley 
communities with their own 

478
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:34,400
systems of collective, 
decision-making grazing rights 

479
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:38,800
and shared obligations cattle in
particular shape The rhythms of 

480
00:24:38,808 --> 00:24:41,100
life in ways that modern readers
can underestimate. 

481
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:45,400
The seasonal movement of animals
to high summer passages and back

482
00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:49,200
down to Valley Farms in Autumn 
called transhuman required 

483
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:52,400
negotiation across Community 
boundaries and produced a 

484
00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:55,500
culture of practical cooperation
that had nothing romantic about 

485
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:57,200
it. 
It was simply necessary. 

486
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:02,400
In the great Alpine valleys the 
growing season was short, the 

487
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:06,400
soil was thin and the weather 
had opinions communities that 

488
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:09,100
did not organize the cells to 
share labor during the critical 

489
00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:12,600
Windows of planting and harvest.
Did not survived to discuss 

490
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:15,300
better methods. 
This had been true before, Rome,

491
00:25:15,300 --> 00:25:17,700
and it remained true long. 
After Rome was a memory 

492
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:20,500
preserved, mainly in place names
and the grammar of languages 

493
00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:24,000
spoken at lower altitudes. 
The Lord's and Bishops, and 

494
00:25:24,008 --> 00:25:25,900
abbots who held legal authority 
over. 

495
00:25:25,900 --> 00:25:29,000
These communities were often 
distant sometimes absent and 

496
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:32,000
occasionally more interested in 
their own territorial disputes. 

497
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,600
Then in the administrative 
requirements of mountain 

498
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:38,400
villages, this created over 
several centuries of pattern in 

499
00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:40,700
which local communities 
developed robust, internal 

500
00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:43,600
governance, simply because no 
one more powerful was paying 

501
00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:45,300
close enough attention to do it 
for them. 

502
00:25:45,300 --> 00:25:48,500
It was the political equivalent 
of learning to fix your own 

503
00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:51,000
Plumbing because the landlord 
lives in another country. 

504
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:54,200
By the time, the landlord 
eventually showed up with 

505
00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:57,900
paperwork, the tenants had an 
opinion about the paperwork. 

506
00:25:57,900 --> 00:26:00,600
The 13th century brought new 
pressures. 

507
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:03,900
The habsburgs were expanding, 
their territorial of 

508
00:26:03,900 --> 00:26:05,900
aggressively. 
The opening of the saint 

509
00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:08,500
Gotthard pass around 12:30 
transformed. 

510
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:11,700
The central Alpine, valleys from
remote agricultural communities.

511
00:26:11,700 --> 00:26:14,900
In to strategically important 
points on the primary route 

512
00:26:14,900 --> 00:26:18,300
between northern Europe and 
Italy Whoever controlled the 

513
00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:21,200
past, controlled significant 
revenue and the men who 

514
00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:24,100
controlled significant Revenue 
attracted the attention of a 

515
00:26:24,100 --> 00:26:27,300
larger powers. 
The Forest cantons of Yuri 

516
00:26:27,300 --> 00:26:31,200
schwitz and of each obtained 
documents from the Holy Roman 

517
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:35,100
Empire granting them the status 
of Imperial immediacy meaning. 

518
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:37,800
They answered directly to the 
emperor rather than to 

519
00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:39,900
intermediate Lords like the 
habsburgs. 

520
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:43,200
These were not insignificant 
pieces of paper. 

521
00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:46,200
They were the Legal Foundation, 
on which the communities would 

522
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:47,100
shortly. 
Begin building. 

523
00:26:47,100 --> 00:26:49,900
Something that had no precedent 
in the existing order. 

524
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:54,300
The mountains were watching, the
passes were open and in the late

525
00:26:54,300 --> 00:26:57,000
summer of 1291. 
Something happened in a meadow 

526
00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:59,600
above Lake Lucerne. 
That would eventually several 

527
00:26:59,600 --> 00:27:02,100
centuries and considerable 
political Evolution later. 

528
00:27:02,100 --> 00:27:04,200
Become the origin story of a 
country. 

529
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:08,000
The night before whatever 
Gathering took place at rutley 

530
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,100
or wherever the actual 
conversations happened, the men 

531
00:27:11,100 --> 00:27:14,600
involved, probably slept badly. 
They were committing themselves 

532
00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:16,800
to something that would make 
powerful enemies. 

533
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:20,500
The habsburgs were not a family 
that accepted the inconvenience 

534
00:27:20,500 --> 00:27:22,700
of other people's legal 
arrangements with equanimity. 

535
00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:26,500
What the forest Canton 
Representatives had to offer 

536
00:27:26,500 --> 00:27:28,100
one. 
Another was not wealth or 

537
00:27:28,100 --> 00:27:31,500
military certainly, it was the 
promise that when trouble came, 

538
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:34,900
they would not be alone. 
That is a modest thing to put on

539
00:27:34,908 --> 00:27:36,700
a piece of parchment. 
It is all. 

540
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:40,200
So, in the Longview, an enormous
one, there is a meadow called 

541
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,300
rutlee above. 
The western shore of Lake 

542
00:27:42,300 --> 00:27:45,200
Lucerne at an altitude, where 
the air is noticeably thinner, 

543
00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:48,400
and the view across the water. 
Involves four different mountain

544
00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:51,600
ranges competing for your 
attention tradition holds that 

545
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,700
in August of 1291. 
Representatives of the three 

546
00:27:54,700 --> 00:27:58,500
Forest communities of Yuri, 
schwitz, and under here and 

547
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:02,700
sworn oath of mutual defense. 
This oath was recorded on a 

548
00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:05,900
document written, in Latin on a 
piece of parchment that still 

549
00:28:05,900 --> 00:28:08,700
exists and can be viewed in the 
federal Charter Museum in Swiss 

550
00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:10,900
that confirmed. 
The alliance between the three 

551
00:28:10,900 --> 00:28:13,700
communities and committed them 
to supporting one another 

552
00:28:13,700 --> 00:28:18,100
against external threats. 
The federal Charter of 1291 as 

553
00:28:18,100 --> 00:28:21,000
historians have come to call. 
It is less dramatic as a 

554
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:22,800
document than its importance. 
Might suggest. 

555
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:24,900
It does not declare 
independence. 

556
00:28:24,900 --> 00:28:28,600
It does not found a nation. 
It is a practical compact 

557
00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:31,300
between communities that had 
worked together informally for 

558
00:28:31,300 --> 00:28:35,300
years and decided in the 
political circumstances of 1291 

559
00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:37,400
that writing things down was 
prudent. 

560
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:41,400
The year 1291 was chosen as the 
founding date of Switzerland. 

561
00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:44,800
Not by the people who signed the
charter, but by historians in 

562
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:47,200
the 19th century, who were 
looking for a fixed Point 

563
00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:50,100
around, which to build a 
national narrative, the date 

564
00:28:50,100 --> 00:28:54,400
first August, the 12th 91. 
Now celebrated as Swiss national

565
00:28:54,400 --> 00:28:58,900
day, was officially designated 
in 1891 as part of the country 

566
00:28:58,900 --> 00:29:02,300
600th anniversary celebration. 
It is. 

567
00:29:02,300 --> 00:29:06,300
In other words, a birthday that 
was selected retroactively which

568
00:29:06,300 --> 00:29:08,800
is a more common feature of 
national origin stories than 

569
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:12,400
most National Origins stories 
are willing to admit What 

570
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:13,600
actually happened in the 
decades. 

571
00:29:13,600 --> 00:29:17,600
Following 1291 was a gradual and
sometimes violent consolidation 

572
00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:20,700
of the confederation's position 
against Habsburg pressure. 

573
00:29:20,700 --> 00:29:25,900
The decisive military test came 
in 1315 at morgarten a narrow 

574
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:29,100
pass in the Canton of schwitz 
where a Habsburg force moving to

575
00:29:29,100 --> 00:29:30,500
reassert control over the 
forest. 

576
00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:33,900
Cantons was ambushed by a 
smaller Confederate Force using 

577
00:29:33,900 --> 00:29:37,400
the landscape with a Precision 
that suggested extensive local 

578
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:39,800
knowledge and considerable 
premeditation. 

579
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,600
The habsburgs whose Knights were
equipped for open field, combat 

580
00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:46,600
and were not suited to being 
pelted with rocks and logs. 

581
00:29:46,600 --> 00:29:50,200
From above while wedged in to a 
mountain pass suffered, a 

582
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:54,100
catastrophic defeat The victory 
at morgarten was not just a 

583
00:29:54,100 --> 00:29:56,500
military result. 
It was a demonstration that the 

584
00:29:56,500 --> 00:29:59,500
organizational model of the 
forest communities built on 

585
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:02,200
Collective obligation and 
intimate, knowledge of local 

586
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:06,000
terrain could defeat a 
conventionally superior Force if

587
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:09,000
the terrain was right and the 
preparation was Thoreau. 

588
00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:12,900
This lesson was not lost on the 
surrounding communities and the 

589
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:17,700
Confederation began to grow 
discern joined in 1332 Zurich in

590
00:30:17,708 --> 00:30:23,100
1351. 
Glarus in 1352 burn already a 

591
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:25,700
substantial City with its own 
political Ambitions joined in 

592
00:30:25,700 --> 00:30:28,900
1353. 
This grouping of eight members 

593
00:30:28,900 --> 00:30:32,400
is what historians call the old 
Confederation, a loose Alliance 

594
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:34,800
of communities that were often 
disagreeing with one another, 

595
00:30:34,800 --> 00:30:37,500
but who had enough shared 
interest in not being absorbed 

596
00:30:37,500 --> 00:30:39,400
by the habsburgs to maintain the
arrangement. 

597
00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:43,700
The Battle of sempach in 1386 
added another chapter to the 

598
00:30:43,708 --> 00:30:46,100
military reputation. 
The Confederation was building 

599
00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:49,500
an Austrian Force Under Duke. 
Leopold, the third attempted to 

600
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:53,000
reassert Habsburg Authority and 
was defeated by a Confederate 

601
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:56,600
Army in a battle that produced 
The Legend of Arnold Van Winkle 

602
00:30:56,600 --> 00:30:58,900
Reed. 
A soldier said to have gathered 

603
00:30:58,900 --> 00:31:01,700
a bundle of enemy Spears to his 
own chest to create a gap. 

604
00:31:01,700 --> 00:31:04,000
In the Austrian line through his
comrades to advance through. 

605
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:07,300
Whether in Creed was a real 
individual or a vigorous 

606
00:31:07,300 --> 00:31:09,900
assembled from Battlefield, 
Legend is debated by historians,

607
00:31:09,900 --> 00:31:14,000
but the story was told and 
retold for centuries because it 

608
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,300
captured something the 
Confederation value about 

609
00:31:16,300 --> 00:31:18,700
itself. 
Which was the idea that one 

610
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:21,400
person's willingness to absorb 
difficulty on behalf of the 

611
00:31:21,400 --> 00:31:24,500
community could change the 
outcome for everyone Swiss 

612
00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:26,200
soldiers. 
In this period, also began 

613
00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:29,500
developing a reputation that 
would define the confederation's

614
00:31:29,500 --> 00:31:31,700
external relationships for the 
next two centuries. 

615
00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:35,700
The pike Square are tightly. 
Organized block of infantry 

616
00:31:35,700 --> 00:31:38,800
armed with long Spears and 
trained to advance in 

617
00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:41,900
disciplined formation was the 
Swiss military contribution to 

618
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:45,200
European Warfare and it proved 
devastatingly effective against 

619
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:47,700
Cavalry and less disciplined 
infantry alike. 

620
00:31:47,700 --> 00:31:51,300
This reputation led to something
that shaped Swiss politics and 

621
00:31:51,308 --> 00:31:54,700
finances throughout the late 
medieval and early modern period

622
00:31:54,700 --> 00:31:58,000
foreign powers. 
Most prominently France, began 

623
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:00,000
hiring Swiss soldiers for their 
armies. 

624
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:03,700
The mercenary trade became a 
significant source of income for

625
00:32:03,700 --> 00:32:06,600
Mountain communities where 
farming alone could not support 

626
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:09,800
the population. 
Young men from Yuri and schwitz 

627
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:12,500
and unveiled and served in 
campaigns across Italy and 

628
00:32:12,500 --> 00:32:15,200
France, and the low countries 
and they sent money home or 

629
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:17,000
brought it back themselves if 
they survived. 

630
00:32:18,300 --> 00:32:20,700
The Swiss guards who still 
protect the Vatican today. 

631
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,200
The last living remnant of this 
tradition. 

632
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:26,600
Wearing uniforms designed in a 
style associated with the 

633
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:29,400
Renaissance and looking 
considerably more comfortable 

634
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,900
than the historical reality of 
Swiss mercenary, service was for

635
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:36,000
most of the people who practiced
it, the expansion of the 

636
00:32:36,000 --> 00:32:39,100
Confederation continued through 
the 15th century with further 

637
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:42,600
military successes, including 
victories over Charles the Bold 

638
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:46,200
of burgundy in the 1470s that 
effectively ended by Gundy and 

639
00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:49,400
Ambitions to expand. 
Eastwood Charles, who was bold 

640
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:52,600
enough to take that as his title
met the Swiss infantry at 

641
00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:56,100
grandson and Merton and Nancy 
and learned with increasing 

642
00:32:56,100 --> 00:32:59,500
finality that military boldness 
without military Effectiveness 

643
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:02,100
is just confident with bad 
timing. 

644
00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:07,300
By 1500, the Confederation had 
expanded to Encompass much of 

645
00:33:07,300 --> 00:33:09,700
the territory that makes up 
modern Switzerland. 

646
00:33:09,700 --> 00:33:12,800
And its military reputation was 
strong enough that European 

647
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:16,100
powers seeking an army, they 
could rely on knew exactly where

648
00:33:16,100 --> 00:33:19,400
to recruit The culture of the 
Confederation in its early, 

649
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:21,800
centuries was not the 
sophisticated diplomatic 

650
00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:23,200
Machinery. 
It would later become. 

651
00:33:23,200 --> 00:33:26,300
It was a working arrangement 
between communities that had 

652
00:33:26,300 --> 00:33:29,700
practical reasons to cooperate 
and deeply ingrained habits of 

653
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:33,100
local autonomy. 
Federal assembly is called diets

654
00:33:33,100 --> 00:33:37,400
brought Representatives together
to negotiate shared concerns and

655
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:38,900
these meetings were 
simultaneously. 

656
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:42,100
The highest expression of 
confederal unity and the most 

657
00:33:42,100 --> 00:33:44,900
Vivid demonstrations of how 
often the member communities 

658
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:47,600
disagreed about everything, 
except the desirability of 

659
00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:50,600
staying alive, the mercenary 
tradition that developed from 

660
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:54,500
this period shaped Swiss Family 
life in ways that are easy to 

661
00:33:54,500 --> 00:33:57,200
underestimate. 
The young man who left the 

662
00:33:57,200 --> 00:33:59,800
Bernie's Overland to serve in 
the French army for three years 

663
00:33:59,800 --> 00:34:02,900
and came back with money. 
Was a specific kind of figure in

664
00:34:02,900 --> 00:34:06,000
the Mountain Community 
experience and financially 

665
00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:09,300
capable in ways that altered 
family, Dynamics and local 

666
00:34:09,300 --> 00:34:13,000
social Arrangements. 
The remittances sent home by 

667
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:15,699
serving soldiers were not 
incidental income for Mountain 

668
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:18,199
households. 
They were in many cases the 

669
00:34:18,199 --> 00:34:20,600
margin between subsistence and 
modest ability. 

670
00:34:21,500 --> 00:34:24,600
The physical hardship of 
mercenary service was real and 

671
00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:28,000
frequently terminal, Swiss 
soldiers fought in Italy in the 

672
00:34:28,007 --> 00:34:32,000
low countries in France and 
eventually in context far beyond

673
00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:35,300
the European theater. 
The casualty rates in major 

674
00:34:35,300 --> 00:34:38,300
engagements were high the 
disease rates in Garrison 

675
00:34:38,300 --> 00:34:41,800
service were higher. the 
idealized image of the reliable 

676
00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:45,000
Swiss Soldier which foreign 
employers promoted and which 

677
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:48,100
eventually calcified into 
stereotype, obscures the 

678
00:34:48,108 --> 00:34:52,199
individual mathematics of risk 
that every family weighed when a

679
00:34:52,199 --> 00:34:54,900
son or brother, or husband went 
to sign a contract with a 

680
00:34:54,900 --> 00:34:58,800
foreign paymaster, The armies of
the Confederation also developed

681
00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:01,700
a legal and ethical framework 
around military service, that 

682
00:35:01,700 --> 00:35:04,500
was for its period unusually 
explicit. 

683
00:35:05,300 --> 00:35:07,400
Agreements between the 
Confederation and foreign 

684
00:35:07,400 --> 00:35:10,100
employers specified, what 
soldiers could and could not be 

685
00:35:10,100 --> 00:35:13,600
required to do what the employer
owed in terms of pay and 

686
00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:16,300
treatment and under, what 
circumstances, the contract 

687
00:35:16,300 --> 00:35:20,300
could be ended, this was not 
purely altruistic, it reflected 

688
00:35:20,300 --> 00:35:23,200
the confederation's interest in 
maintaining a reputation as a 

689
00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:26,500
reliable supply of soldiers. 
Whose contracts were honored on 

690
00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:29,100
both sides. 
It was a remarkable outcome for 

691
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:31,900
communities that had started as 
Mountain Villages, trying to 

692
00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:34,600
protect their grazing rights 
from distant administrators. 

693
00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:38,600
The cattle was still there 
instantly, the Alps had not 

694
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:40,100
changed their position on the 
subject. 

695
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,600
The 16th century arrived in 
Switzerland, the way significant

696
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:48,000
changes tend to arrive not with 
a single dramatic announcement, 

697
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:51,400
but with a gradual accumulation 
of pressures, that eventually 

698
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:54,200
reached a point where something 
broke and revealed that the 

699
00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:56,500
structure had been under strain 
for longer than anyone had, 

700
00:35:56,500 --> 00:36:00,200
admitted the Reformation began 
in Germany with Martin Luther's 

701
00:36:00,200 --> 00:36:03,000
challenge to the authority of 
the Roman Church in 1517. 

702
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:06,800
But it found its own distinct 
expression in Zurich within a 

703
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:10,500
few years shaped by a priest 
named Hildreth zwingli who would

704
00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:13,000
come to similar conclusions by a
somewhat different route. 

705
00:36:13,700 --> 00:36:15,900
Zwingli had been educated in the
humanist. 

706
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:18,900
Tradition reading classical 
texts and approaching scripture 

707
00:36:18,900 --> 00:36:21,700
with the same critical attention
a scholar. 

708
00:36:21,700 --> 00:36:23,100
Would bring to any ancient 
document. 

709
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:26,900
He had also served as a Chaplain
to Swiss mercenary troops in 

710
00:36:26,900 --> 00:36:30,100
Italy and had watched in enough 
young men, from his region died 

711
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:33,700
in foreign campaigns to develop 
a principled opposition to the 

712
00:36:33,700 --> 00:36:37,000
mercenary trade, which put him 
at odds with the financial 

713
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:40,300
interests of powerful families. 
Before he had said a word about 

714
00:36:40,300 --> 00:36:43,200
theology, His theological 
positions. 

715
00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:46,500
Once he began articulating them 
were more radical than Luther's 

716
00:36:46,500 --> 00:36:49,700
in certain respects where Luther
retained a version of the real 

717
00:36:49,700 --> 00:36:52,900
presence of Christ in the 
communion bread and wine zwingli

718
00:36:52,900 --> 00:36:55,200
argued that the communion was a 
memorial Act. 

719
00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:59,500
Symbolic rather than literally 
transformative this distinction 

720
00:36:59,500 --> 00:37:03,000
which might sound technical was 
actually a fault line that ran 

721
00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:05,600
through the entire reforming 
movement and would eventually 

722
00:37:05,600 --> 00:37:09,200
separate the Lutheran North from
the reformed South in ways that 

723
00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:13,300
shaped European Christianity for
centuries in Zurich zwingli, 

724
00:37:13,300 --> 00:37:15,500
worked with the city council to 
implement reforms 

725
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,800
systematically. 
Religious images were removed 

726
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:20,900
from churches. 
The mass was abolished, 

727
00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:24,200
monasteries were dissolved and 
their properties repurposed for 

728
00:37:24,200 --> 00:37:25,800
educational and charitable 
functions. 

729
00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:29,600
The process was organized and 
supervised by civil Authority, 

730
00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:33,400
which established a model of 
church State cooperation or 

731
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:36,200
perhaps Church in Tangled that 
would characterize. 

732
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:39,000
Reformed Christianity in 
Switzerland for Generations. 

733
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:42,400
What the Zurich Church Interiors
looked like after the reforms 

734
00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:46,500
divided opinion and divide its 
still The whitewashed walls, the

735
00:37:46,500 --> 00:37:49,300
bear, Alters the absence of 
painting and sculpture, and the 

736
00:37:49,308 --> 00:37:52,300
rich visual world, that medieval
Christianity, had cultivated 

737
00:37:52,300 --> 00:37:56,200
over centuries, struck some 
visitors as a purification and 

738
00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:58,100
others as a kind of spiritual 
impoverishment. 

739
00:37:59,100 --> 00:38:01,800
A traveling scholar from the 
Netherlands who visited Zurich 

740
00:38:01,800 --> 00:38:05,900
in the 1520s, noted in his 
correspondence that the churches

741
00:38:05,900 --> 00:38:09,400
felt like very clean barns. 
This was not entirely an insult,

742
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:11,600
but it was not entirely a 
compliment either. 

743
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:15,800
Zwingli died in 1531 at the 
Battle of keppel. 

744
00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:18,900
The second of two military 
confrontations between the 

745
00:38:18,900 --> 00:38:21,900
reformed and Catholic cantons 
that demonstrated how quickly 

746
00:38:21,900 --> 00:38:25,200
theological disagreement could 
become armed conflict in a 

747
00:38:25,200 --> 00:38:28,000
polity held together by 
alliances that have never been 

748
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:30,500
designed to accommodate internal
religious division. 

749
00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:33,900
He was not quite 47 years old. 
His death was a military 

750
00:38:33,900 --> 00:38:37,900
casualty first and a symbolic 
one second though, the second 

751
00:38:37,900 --> 00:38:41,700
meaning accumulated faster in 
Geneva, the Reformation took a 

752
00:38:41,700 --> 00:38:44,900
further turn under a Frenchman 
named John Calvin who arrived in

753
00:38:44,900 --> 00:38:48,600
the city in 1536 and whose 
Theology and organizational 

754
00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:51,200
model would prove more 
exportable than any other 

755
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:54,700
version of reformed 
Christianity, Calvin's Geneva 

756
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:56,400
became something close to a 
laboratory. 

757
00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:59,600
For the idea that a city could 
be governed according to 

758
00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:03,000
explicitly theological 
principles, that civic law and 

759
00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:06,200
religious Duty could be aligned 
in to a single coherent system. 

760
00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:10,100
The results of this experiment 
were, depending on one's 

761
00:39:10,100 --> 00:39:13,600
perspective, either an inspiring
demonstration of principled 

762
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:16,300
community, or an exhausting 
experience of living under 

763
00:39:16,300 --> 00:39:20,500
Perpetual moral supervision. 
Calvin himself was not a person 

764
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:24,000
who found ambiguity, comfortable
and Geneva under his influence, 

765
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:27,600
was not a city that encouraged 
it, the consistory, the body of 

766
00:39:27,608 --> 00:39:30,400
clergy and lay Elders, that 
Calvin established to monitor 

767
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:33,700
the moral behavior of Geneva's, 
residents, concerned itself. 

768
00:39:33,700 --> 00:39:35,600
With a remarkable range of 
conduct. 

769
00:39:35,600 --> 00:39:39,900
It heard cases involving missed 
Church attendance card, playing 

770
00:39:39,900 --> 00:39:43,700
dancing naming children after 
saints, rather than biblical 

771
00:39:43,700 --> 00:39:46,600
figures and the wearing of what 
was considered inappropriate 

772
00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:50,100
clothing, this last category, 
covered a great deal of ground. 

773
00:39:50,100 --> 00:39:52,900
Since the consistory of views on
appropriate, clothing were both 

774
00:39:52,900 --> 00:39:57,600
details and frequently updated 
visitors to Geneva in the 1540s 

775
00:39:57,600 --> 00:40:01,700
and 1550s described a city that 
felt scrutinized in ways they 

776
00:40:01,700 --> 00:40:04,500
were not used to. 
The physical appearance of the 

777
00:40:04,500 --> 00:40:07,900
churches, stripped of their 
medieval Furnishings combined 

778
00:40:07,900 --> 00:40:10,900
with the behavioral expectations
of daily life, to create an 

779
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:14,600
environment that some found 
spiritually invigorating and 

780
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:18,300
others found Relentless Geneva. 
Also attracted significant 

781
00:40:18,300 --> 00:40:21,900
numbers of protestant, refugees 
from France, the low countries, 

782
00:40:21,900 --> 00:40:26,400
England and Scotland, who came 
to the city as Exiles and went 

783
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:29,100
back to their own countries, 
carrying Calvin's, theological 

784
00:40:29,100 --> 00:40:32,400
and organizational ideas with 
them, which is how the reformed 

785
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:35,500
tradition spread, well beyond 
the Swiss boarders, the 

786
00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:38,000
religious fracture between 
reformed and Catholic cantons 

787
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:41,200
created, a new kind of internal 
tension in the Confederation 

788
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:45,600
that the original Federal 
Charter had not anticipated The 

789
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:48,200
alliance had been built around 
shared political and Military 

790
00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:50,600
interests. 
It had not contemplated the 

791
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:53,900
possibility that half the 
members would conclude the other

792
00:40:53,900 --> 00:40:57,100
half were theologically 
incorrect in ways that touch the

793
00:40:57,100 --> 00:41:00,600
deepest questions of Salvation 
and Authority, the piece of 

794
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:04,600
capital in 1531 established. 
A pragmatic if uneasy settlement

795
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,700
with Catholic and Protestant 
cantons maintaining their 

796
00:41:07,700 --> 00:41:09,500
respective confessional 
identities. 

797
00:41:09,500 --> 00:41:13,000
Within the Confederate framework
this required, everyone involved

798
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,100
to develop a tolerance for 
coexistence, that was less, a 

799
00:41:16,100 --> 00:41:19,500
philosophical commitment than a 
practical acknowledgment that 

800
00:41:19,500 --> 00:41:22,200
the alternative was continuous 
internal Warfare. 

801
00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:25,900
And that nobody could afford 
that the religious divisions 

802
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:28,500
also ran along lines that 
roughly corresponded to 

803
00:41:28,500 --> 00:41:30,200
economic. 
And Geographic difference is 

804
00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:33,200
with the cities and more 
commercially developed regions 

805
00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:36,300
tending toward reformed 
Christianity, and the rural 

806
00:41:36,300 --> 00:41:38,600
mountain cantons tending to 
remain Catholic. 

807
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:42,500
This was not a simple or 
Universal pattern, but it was 

808
00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:44,900
real enough to give the 
confessional map, an economic 

809
00:41:44,900 --> 00:41:47,800
and social texture that 
persisted well into the modern 

810
00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:50,700
period. 
The mercenary trade continued 

811
00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:53,200
through all of this, which is 
worth noting because it 

812
00:41:53,200 --> 00:41:56,000
represents a kind of pragmatism 
that runs through Swiss history 

813
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:58,600
like a scene in old. 
Would the confederation's 

814
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:01,100
cantons could disagree 
profoundly about the nature of 

815
00:42:01,100 --> 00:42:03,700
the communion and still agree 
that young men would go to 

816
00:42:03,708 --> 00:42:05,800
France to fight for the French 
King's money. 

817
00:42:06,500 --> 00:42:09,500
Commerce and theology occupied 
somewhat different rooms in the 

818
00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:12,200
Swiss political imagination. 
And the doors between those 

819
00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:14,300
rooms were kept firmly closed on
most mornings. 

820
00:42:15,300 --> 00:42:17,800
The reformed churches that 
spread across the Swiss Plateau 

821
00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:21,500
during the 16th century also had
a visible effect on literacy. 

822
00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:24,700
the emphasis on reading 
scripture for oneself rather 

823
00:42:24,700 --> 00:42:28,100
than receiving it mediated 
through clerical, Authority 

824
00:42:28,100 --> 00:42:31,800
created practical pressure 
toward popular education in ways

825
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:35,000
that reshaped the relationship 
between ordinary communities and

826
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:38,800
the written word The printing 
press which arrived in Basel in 

827
00:42:38,800 --> 00:42:42,400
the 1460s and made that City. 
A major Center of European 

828
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:46,400
publishing was part of the same 
cultural shift by the middle of 

829
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:49,600
the 16th century Basel was 
producing books for markets, 

830
00:42:49,600 --> 00:42:52,800
across Europe, with Publishers 
and Scholars, working in a city.

831
00:42:52,808 --> 00:42:56,100
That was simultaneously 
Catholic, then reformed and 

832
00:42:56,100 --> 00:43:00,100
consistently printing. 
The late 16th and early 17th 

833
00:43:00,100 --> 00:43:02,900
centuries, brought continued 
religious tension across Europe.

834
00:43:03,700 --> 00:43:06,800
Culminating in the 30th war that
devastated, much of the 

835
00:43:06,800 --> 00:43:12,300
continent between 1680 and 1648,
the Swiss Confederation managed 

836
00:43:12,300 --> 00:43:15,300
to remain outside the main 
theater of conflict, not through

837
00:43:15,300 --> 00:43:18,500
any formal neutrality Doctrine. 
But through a combination of 

838
00:43:18,500 --> 00:43:21,000
military deterrents, diplomatic 
care. 

839
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:24,400
And the fact that occupying, the
Swiss Plateau was an expensive 

840
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,300
military proposition that 
offered limited strategic 

841
00:43:27,300 --> 00:43:30,900
advantages compared to the more 
open and contested territories 

842
00:43:30,900 --> 00:43:34,500
to the north and east. 
The experience of watching 

843
00:43:34,500 --> 00:43:36,800
neighbors burn through two 
generations of War. 

844
00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:39,500
While the Confederation 
maintained relative calm was 

845
00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:42,600
educational, It produced a 
political culture with a deep 

846
00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:44,400
Instinct for staying out of 
things. 

847
00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:47,300
Not because the Swiss were 
indifferent to the wars around 

848
00:43:47,300 --> 00:43:50,100
them, but because they could see
clearly what those wars were 

849
00:43:50,100 --> 00:43:52,500
costing, the people who could 
not avoid them. 

850
00:43:53,200 --> 00:43:56,800
The mountains had always offered
a kind of perspective from high 

851
00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:58,400
enough up. 
You can see a great deal of 

852
00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:01,800
landscape at once and you can 
notice if you're paying 

853
00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:05,100
attention that the parts where 
people are fighting tend to look

854
00:44:05,100 --> 00:44:09,000
the same afterwards as before 
except smaller by the middle of 

855
00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:11,800
the 17th century. 
The Swiss Confederation had 

856
00:44:11,800 --> 00:44:15,200
developed something that was not
quite a foreign policy, but was 

857
00:44:15,200 --> 00:44:18,700
a consistent posture toward the 
outside world, built from 

858
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:20,400
experience. 
And sustained by the 

859
00:44:20,400 --> 00:44:23,200
understanding that small 
polities surrounded by large 

860
00:44:23,200 --> 00:44:26,600
ones, survived Best, Buy being 
useful to everyone and 

861
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:29,800
threatening to know one, the 
Peace of Westphalia in 1648, 

862
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:33,800
which ended the 30 Years War 
included, an explicit 

863
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:36,400
recognition of Swiss 
independence from the Holy Roman

864
00:44:36,400 --> 00:44:39,000
Empire. 
This was less a change in 

865
00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:41,900
Practical reality, since the 
Confederation had been 

866
00:44:41,900 --> 00:44:45,200
functionally independent for 
over a century and a formal 

867
00:44:45,200 --> 00:44:48,900
acknowledgment of what everyone 
already understood. the Swiss 

868
00:44:48,900 --> 00:44:51,800
were now legally outside, the 
Imperial framework and the 

869
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:55,300
document that confirmed this was
in the Swiss manner, very 

870
00:44:55,300 --> 00:44:59,500
carefully worded The century and
a half that followed saw, the 

871
00:44:59,500 --> 00:45:02,700
Confederation settle into a 
political Arrangement, that its 

872
00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:05,000
member communities, found 
comfortable and resistant to 

873
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:08,300
change. 
Power was distributed among the 

874
00:45:08,300 --> 00:45:11,800
cantonal oligarchies wealthy 
Merchant families and Rural 

875
00:45:11,800 --> 00:45:14,500
patricians who govern their 
territories with varying degrees

876
00:45:14,500 --> 00:45:18,000
of efficiency and a consistent 
preference for a rangements that

877
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:21,500
kept them in control. 
Reform movements found little 

878
00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:24,300
purchase. 
The Confederation was stable in 

879
00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:26,700
the way that things are stable. 
When the people who benefit from

880
00:45:26,700 --> 00:45:29,200
the existing order are also the 
people with the authority to 

881
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:31,700
change it. 
This stability broke with 

882
00:45:31,700 --> 00:45:35,700
extraordinary violence and 1798 
when French Revolutionary. 

883
00:45:35,700 --> 00:45:38,700
Armies crossed into Swiss 
territory and dismantled the old

884
00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:40,400
Confederation in a matter of 
weeks. 

885
00:45:41,100 --> 00:45:44,200
Napoleon Bonaparte, not yet, the
emperor he would become but 

886
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:46,700
already the dominant figure in 
French military and political 

887
00:45:46,700 --> 00:45:49,300
Affairs, oversaw, the 
replacement of the old 

888
00:45:49,300 --> 00:45:52,900
Confederation with the helvetic 
Republic, a centralized State 

889
00:45:52,900 --> 00:45:55,100
modeled on French Revolutionary 
principles. 

890
00:45:55,100 --> 00:45:58,300
That was intended to bring 
Liberty equality and returned to

891
00:45:58,300 --> 00:46:00,400
Switzerland where the 
Switzerland wanted them or not. 

892
00:46:00,408 --> 00:46:03,400
Switzerland, it turned out had 
very mixed feelings. 

893
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:06,500
The helvetic Republic was a 
genuinely radical 

894
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:08,900
transformation. 
The old cantonal. 

895
00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:12,200
Privileges were abolished feudal
obligations were ended legal 

896
00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:14,300
equality across the 
Confederation was declared. 

897
00:46:14,300 --> 00:46:17,800
These were not trivial changes. 
And in many respects, they 

898
00:46:17,800 --> 00:46:21,100
represented real improvements in
the lives of people who have 

899
00:46:21,100 --> 00:46:23,800
been ground beneath hereditary 
obligations for centuries. 

900
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:27,000
A centralized. 
Administrative model conflicted 

901
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:30,000
with the deeply ingrained Swiss 
preference for local governance 

902
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:33,500
and the Republic quickly became 
associated in popular memory. 

903
00:46:33,500 --> 00:46:36,300
Less with its genuine reforms 
than with French occupation 

904
00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:39,000
requisition supplies billeted 
troops. 

905
00:46:39,000 --> 00:46:41,900
And the general experience of 
having foreigners, tell you how 

906
00:46:41,900 --> 00:46:45,300
your country should work. 
The helvetic Republic collapsed 

907
00:46:45,300 --> 00:46:47,400
and was revised and collapsed 
again. 

908
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:50,800
And was revised again with a 
frequency that suggested, it was

909
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:52,700
not quite fitting, the shape of 
the country. 

910
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:56,800
It had been applied to Napoleon 
who had other things to worry 

911
00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:58,700
about. 
Eventually imposed the act of 

912
00:46:58,708 --> 00:47:02,700
mediation in 1803 which restored
a modified version of the 

913
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:05,700
cantonal structure while 
retaining some of the reforms 

914
00:47:05,700 --> 00:47:09,400
from the Republic and added six 
new cantons to the Confederation

915
00:47:09,400 --> 00:47:13,700
the Congress of Vienna in 1815 
which reshaped Europe after 

916
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:16,200
Napoleon's. 
Defeat confirmed Swiss 

917
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:19,200
neutrality as a principle of 
international law and 

918
00:47:19,200 --> 00:47:23,200
established the boundaries of a 
now 19 Canton Confederation that

919
00:47:23,200 --> 00:47:26,300
would shortly become 22. 
With the addition of Geneva 

920
00:47:26,300 --> 00:47:30,100
valet a new chateau. 
Perpetual neutrality was now not

921
00:47:30,100 --> 00:47:33,500
just a Swiss preference but a 
guarantee underwritten by the 

922
00:47:33,500 --> 00:47:37,000
major European powers who found 
it useful to have a stable 

923
00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:39,700
non-threatening presence in the 
middle of the continent. 

924
00:47:40,300 --> 00:47:42,700
This Arrangement suited everyone
reasonably well. 

925
00:47:42,700 --> 00:47:46,000
Which in European diplomacy is 
rarer than one might expect? 

926
00:47:47,300 --> 00:47:50,300
The decades following 1815 were 
not entirely peaceful 

927
00:47:50,300 --> 00:47:52,800
internally. 
However, the old tensions 

928
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:56,200
between liberal and conservative
cantons between Protestant and 

929
00:47:56,200 --> 00:47:58,800
Catholic communities. 
Between those who wanted a more 

930
00:47:58,808 --> 00:48:01,500
centralized federal state. 
And those who wanted maximum 

931
00:48:01,500 --> 00:48:05,000
cantonal, Independence, 
continued to generate friction, 

932
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:09,600
the friction sharpened into 
crisis in 1845 and 1847. 

933
00:48:09,600 --> 00:48:13,700
With the formation of the 
defense of Alliance of seven, 

934
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:16,600
Catholic, conservative cantons, 
that opposed, liberal, 

935
00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:21,000
constitutional reforms, The 
federal diet, controlled by 

936
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,600
liberal Protestant, cantons 
declared the sonder incompatible

937
00:48:24,600 --> 00:48:27,700
with the federal packed and sent
an army to dissolve it. 

938
00:48:28,500 --> 00:48:32,400
The sonder burn War lasted about
three weeks and produced, fewer 

939
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:36,100
than 100 combat deaths. 
Which in the context of 19th 

940
00:48:36,100 --> 00:48:38,200
century Warfare, was remarkably 
restrained. 

941
00:48:39,100 --> 00:48:41,900
The general, who commanded the 
federal forces was Guillaume 

942
00:48:41,900 --> 00:48:45,300
onori Dufour, a man whose 
military competence was matched 

943
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:48,100
by an unusual commitment to 
minimizing, casualties on both 

944
00:48:48,100 --> 00:48:51,700
sides and who gave instructions 
to his officers that the goal 

945
00:48:51,700 --> 00:48:54,600
was to end the conflict as 
quickly as possible with as 

946
00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:56,500
little Bloodshed as the 
situation allowed. 

947
00:48:57,500 --> 00:49:00,100
After the conflict to force 
treatment of the defeated 

948
00:49:00,100 --> 00:49:03,200
cantons was also notably 
measured, he discouraged 

949
00:49:03,200 --> 00:49:06,700
reprisals and advocated for 
conciliation and this approach 

950
00:49:06,700 --> 00:49:09,400
meant that the victors and the 
defeated could sit at the same 

951
00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:12,700
table relatively quickly to 
write something that the 

952
00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:16,900
Confederation had never had. 
A constitution, the Federal 

953
00:49:16,900 --> 00:49:21,100
Constitution of 1848 created the
modern Swiss state, a federal 

954
00:49:21,100 --> 00:49:24,400
republic with a bicameral 
Parliament, an executive Federal

955
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:27,700
Council, and a distribution of 
powers between the Confederation

956
00:49:27,700 --> 00:49:31,700
and the cantons that preserved 
substantial local autonomy while

957
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:34,100
creating genuinely National 
institutions. 

958
00:49:34,100 --> 00:49:37,900
It was a document by people who 
had just fought a small Civil 

959
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:41,200
War and who had decided with 
considerable practical wisdom, 

960
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:44,200
that the most important thing 
was to produce an arrangement. 

961
00:49:44,200 --> 00:49:47,500
Everyone could live with rather 
than a rangement that declared 

962
00:49:47,500 --> 00:49:51,100
one side completely right? 
The Constitutional drafters Drew

963
00:49:51,100 --> 00:49:54,100
on examples from elsewhere, 
particularly the United States 

964
00:49:54,100 --> 00:49:57,800
Constitution, and the French 
constitutional tradition and 

965
00:49:57,800 --> 00:50:00,000
adapted, what they found to 
Swiss conditions. 

966
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:04,000
The federal Council the 
seven-member executive body, 

967
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,200
that runs the federal government
operates by consensus, and 

968
00:50:07,200 --> 00:50:10,900
Collective responsibility in 
ways that have no real parallel 

969
00:50:10,900 --> 00:50:14,900
in any other National system. 
No single member of the council,

970
00:50:14,900 --> 00:50:17,200
is a prime minister in the usual
sense. 

971
00:50:17,200 --> 00:50:21,300
The chair of the council rotates
annually decisions are made 

972
00:50:21,308 --> 00:50:23,800
collectively and presented as 
collective decisions. 

973
00:50:24,600 --> 00:50:27,500
This Arrangement was designed by
people who had specific memories

974
00:50:27,500 --> 00:50:31,200
of what concentrated executive 
power looked like and who had 

975
00:50:31,200 --> 00:50:34,000
decided collectively that they 
preferred the inefficiency of 

976
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:36,100
consensus to the risks of the 
alternative. 

977
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:39,500
The system is slower than most 
executive governments of making 

978
00:50:39,500 --> 00:50:42,100
decisions. 
It is also more resistant to the

979
00:50:42,100 --> 00:50:45,100
sudden alerts of policy that 
concentrated Authority tends to 

980
00:50:45,108 --> 00:50:48,000
produce which means it is slower
in both directions. 

981
00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:52,200
Switzerland was now a country in
the full modern sense with a 

982
00:50:52,200 --> 00:50:56,600
postal service, a customs Union,
a currently and a Supreme Court.

983
00:50:57,300 --> 00:51:01,700
It had taken 557 years from the 
federal Charter of 1291 to get 

984
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:04,800
to this point, which either says
something about the pace of 

985
00:51:04,800 --> 00:51:08,200
Swiss institutional change or 
about how long it takes to build

986
00:51:08,200 --> 00:51:11,500
consensus among communities, 
that all have opinions and none 

987
00:51:11,500 --> 00:51:15,500
of them are shy about sharing. 
The Switzerland that emerged 

988
00:51:15,500 --> 00:51:19,300
from 1848 was a functional new 
state with an old Instinct for 

989
00:51:19,300 --> 00:51:21,100
watching the world carefully 
from the middle of it. 

990
00:51:22,800 --> 00:51:25,400
The following decades, brought 
changes that reshaped the 

991
00:51:25,400 --> 00:51:29,400
landscape, the economy, and the 
daily texture of Life across the

992
00:51:29,400 --> 00:51:32,000
Confederation with a 
thoroughness that the original 

993
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:34,700
Mountain communities of Yuri, 
and Schwartz would not have 

994
00:51:34,700 --> 00:51:38,100
recognized industrialization 
arrived later in Switzerland, 

995
00:51:38,100 --> 00:51:40,800
than in Britain, but Advanced 
with notable intensity. 

996
00:51:41,600 --> 00:51:44,300
The textile industry in eastern.
Switzerland had been developing 

997
00:51:44,300 --> 00:51:47,700
since the 17th century and by 
the mid-19th century, the 

998
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:50,600
mechanical Loom had transformed 
it into a factory Enterprise. 

999
00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:54,300
The watchmaking industry in the 
Jura region, which had begun as 

1000
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:57,300
a Winter Cottage trade among 
farmers, who needed something to

1001
00:51:57,300 --> 00:51:58,800
do. 
When the snow made field work 

1002
00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:02,400
impossible, it expanded into a 
Precision manufacturing sector 

1003
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:04,800
that supplied clocks and 
movements to markets across the 

1004
00:52:04,800 --> 00:52:07,500
world. 
The watch industry is worth 

1005
00:52:07,500 --> 00:52:10,300
pausing on because it tells you 
something about how Swiss 

1006
00:52:10,300 --> 00:52:13,000
industrialization worked in 
texture, as well as scale. 

1007
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:16,200
The tradition began in the small
Valley, communities of new 

1008
00:52:16,200 --> 00:52:18,400
Chateau, and the Jura during the
17th century. 

1009
00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:21,000
Partly through the influence of 
huguenots. 

1010
00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:22,800
Crafts. 
People fleeing persecution in 

1011
00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:26,500
France who brought metal working
skills and settled in a region 

1012
00:52:26,500 --> 00:52:29,500
where the long winter months 
created both the time and the 

1013
00:52:29,500 --> 00:52:33,900
incentive to develop fine work. 
what emerged over two centuries 

1014
00:52:33,900 --> 00:52:37,200
was an entire Regional culture 
organized around Precision 

1015
00:52:37,200 --> 00:52:41,300
patients and the subdivision of 
a complex task into component 

1016
00:52:41,300 --> 00:52:44,100
skills Each watchmaker in the 
cottage system. 

1017
00:52:44,100 --> 00:52:47,100
Mastered one part of the 
movement, a different person 

1018
00:52:47,100 --> 00:52:50,100
made the escapement, another 
finished the balance wheel. 

1019
00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:54,100
Another assembled, the case. 
The final product required, a 

1020
00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:56,800
coordination across households 
and Villages that produced in 

1021
00:52:56,800 --> 00:52:59,500
Aggregate and output. 
No single Workshop could have 

1022
00:52:59,508 --> 00:53:02,700
matched, this was not assembly 
line production in the modern 

1023
00:53:02,700 --> 00:53:05,900
sense but it was a distributed 
system of manufacturing that 

1024
00:53:05,900 --> 00:53:08,800
prefigured industrial 
organization in ways that 

1025
00:53:08,800 --> 00:53:11,900
Scholars of economic history. 
Continued to find interesting 

1026
00:53:11,900 --> 00:53:15,800
the railways that spread across 
the Confederation after 1848 

1027
00:53:15,800 --> 00:53:19,200
connected, these industrial 
centers to markets and to each 

1028
00:53:19,200 --> 00:53:22,000
other with a thoroughness that 
compressed what had previously 

1029
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:25,900
been days of traveling to hours.
The saint got hard tunnel 

1030
00:53:25,900 --> 00:53:30,300
completed in 1882 after 11 years
of construction and the deaths 

1031
00:53:30,300 --> 00:53:33,800
of 200 workers. 
Punched a 13 kilometer Passage 

1032
00:53:33,800 --> 00:53:35,800
through the heart of the Alps 
and made. 

1033
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:38,600
Switzerland the primary rail 
Corridor between northern Europe

1034
00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:41,200
and Italy. 
Swiss Engineering in this period

1035
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:45,200
produced The Rack Railway A 
system that used a tooth rail to

1036
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:48,600
allow trains to climb gradients 
far too steep for conventional. 

1037
00:53:48,600 --> 00:53:52,300
Adhesion Railways to manage this
technology opened. 

1038
00:53:52,300 --> 00:53:55,800
The high Alpine terrain to 
tourist access in ways that 

1039
00:53:55,800 --> 00:53:58,400
transform the Swiss economy, 
over the following decades. 

1040
00:53:59,300 --> 00:54:04,100
The mount rigi Railway completed
in 1871 was the first rack 

1041
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:06,700
Railway in Europe and it was 
followed by increasingly 

1042
00:54:06,700 --> 00:54:09,000
audacious, ascends to Mountain 
stations. 

1043
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:12,100
Whose purpose was primarily to 
give visitors the experience of 

1044
00:54:12,100 --> 00:54:16,200
standing somewhere very high. 
And looking at things, the hotel

1045
00:54:16,200 --> 00:54:18,700
industry that developed around 
Alpine tourism in the second 

1046
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:21,700
half of the 19th century. 
Created an entirely new layer of

1047
00:54:21,700 --> 00:54:24,400
Swiss economic life, attracting 
wealthy. 

1048
00:54:24,400 --> 00:54:27,800
Visitors from Britain, Germany, 
France, and eventually North 

1049
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:29,900
America, who came to walk in 
summer. 

1050
00:54:29,900 --> 00:54:33,100
And with the development of 
winter sports to slide down 

1051
00:54:33,100 --> 00:54:36,900
mountains, in Winter, the, Swiss
Hotel School tradition, which 

1052
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:39,400
trained generations of 
hospitality professionals and 

1053
00:54:39,400 --> 00:54:43,300
exported Swiss hotel management 
culture worldwide, has its roots

1054
00:54:43,300 --> 00:54:46,500
in this period when a small 
country in the center of Europe,

1055
00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:49,200
discovered that letting people 
visit was as valuable as 

1056
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:50,800
building things, for them to 
take home. 

1057
00:54:52,300 --> 00:54:54,400
The opening of The Goddard 
tunnel was an engineering 

1058
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:57,800
achievement celebrated across 
the continent, but it was all a 

1059
00:54:57,800 --> 00:55:00,200
political one. 
The rooted required 

1060
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:03,100
International financing and 
Multinational negotiation over 

1061
00:55:03,100 --> 00:55:06,200
roots and rights. 
Managing the project in its 

1062
00:55:06,200 --> 00:55:08,800
aftermath had required 
Switzerland to demonstrate that.

1063
00:55:08,800 --> 00:55:12,500
It could function as a reliable 
neutral ground for interest that

1064
00:55:12,500 --> 00:55:15,400
were in the European politics of
the 1880s. 

1065
00:55:15,400 --> 00:55:19,200
Not naturally aligned This is 
where the particular character 

1066
00:55:19,200 --> 00:55:22,200
of Swiss diplomacy began to find
its modern expression. 

1067
00:55:23,100 --> 00:55:25,900
A neutral country at the center 
of a continent of competing 

1068
00:55:25,900 --> 00:55:28,900
Powers could provide Things That
No great power, could provide 

1069
00:55:28,900 --> 00:55:33,300
for itself, a meeting place, a 
monitoring function, a venue 

1070
00:55:33,300 --> 00:55:35,500
where opposing sides could talk 
without the conversation 

1071
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:39,100
implying an alliance. 
The founding of the Red Cross in

1072
00:55:39,100 --> 00:55:42,600
Geneva in 1863 is the most 
significant institutional 

1073
00:55:42,600 --> 00:55:45,400
expression of this role. 
Ori do not was a Swiss 

1074
00:55:45,408 --> 00:55:49,500
businessman who had witnessed 
the Battle of sulfur in 1859 and

1075
00:55:49,500 --> 00:55:51,400
came away from the experience 
permanently. 

1076
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:55,100
Altered sulfuro was one of the 
largest battles of the 19th 

1077
00:55:55,100 --> 00:55:58,200
century and the treatment of the
Wounded in his aftermath was 

1078
00:55:58,200 --> 00:56:01,600
catastrophic in a way that 
struck do not, not as a military

1079
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:04,200
failure. 
But as a moral one, he wrote a 

1080
00:56:04,200 --> 00:56:06,800
book about what he had seen 
called a memory of sulfur Arena,

1081
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:10,000
distributed it at his own 
expense and then spent years 

1082
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:12,900
advocating for an international 
organization that would care for

1083
00:56:12,900 --> 00:56:15,000
Battlefield wounded regardless 
of their nationality. 

1084
00:56:15,000 --> 00:56:19,800
The Geneva Convention of 1864, 
which established the basic 

1085
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:22,800
rules of protected medical 
treatment in war, and created 

1086
00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:25,600
the emblem of a red cross on 
white background, as its symbol 

1087
00:56:25,600 --> 00:56:27,700
was the direct result of this 
campaign. 

1088
00:56:28,800 --> 00:56:31,600
The symbol was the Swiss flag 
with the colors reversed. 

1089
00:56:32,300 --> 00:56:34,700
A choice that acknowledged 
Geneva and Switzerland as the 

1090
00:56:34,708 --> 00:56:37,800
territory of origin. 
And also since the Swiss flag is

1091
00:56:37,800 --> 00:56:40,800
striking and easily recognized a
practical one. 

1092
00:56:41,400 --> 00:56:43,800
The international Committee of 
the Red Cross remains 

1093
00:56:43,800 --> 00:56:47,000
headquartered in Geneva in. 
Geneva has grown into one of the

1094
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:49,600
most significant sights of 
international diplomatic 

1095
00:56:49,600 --> 00:56:52,900
activity in the world home to 
dozens of multilateral 

1096
00:56:52,900 --> 00:56:55,900
organizations, and the venue for
negotiations that have touched 

1097
00:56:55,900 --> 00:56:58,500
every major area of 
international Affairs, over the 

1098
00:56:58,500 --> 00:57:01,800
past Century and a half. 
The two World Wars of the 20th 

1099
00:57:01,800 --> 00:57:05,400
century tested Swiss neutrality 
in ways that were more complex 

1100
00:57:05,400 --> 00:57:07,700
than the simple image of a 
peaceful Mountain, Country 

1101
00:57:07,700 --> 00:57:10,800
watching the fighting from above
during the first world war 

1102
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:13,900
Switzerland, mobilized its Army 
in maintained Army neutrality 

1103
00:57:13,900 --> 00:57:16,600
along borders that were suddenly
surrounded by belligerents. 

1104
00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:20,300
The civilian population. 
Faced significant food shortages

1105
00:57:20,300 --> 00:57:23,100
as both sides of the conflict 
control supply routes in to the 

1106
00:57:23,100 --> 00:57:25,300
country. 
The economic strain, produced 

1107
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:28,800
genuine hardship and political 
tension and the end of the war 

1108
00:57:28,800 --> 00:57:32,200
brought a general strike in 1918
that reflected how close the 

1109
00:57:32,200 --> 00:57:34,600
surface calm of neutral 
Switzerland had come to 

1110
00:57:34,608 --> 00:57:37,700
fracturing under the pressure. 
The second world war was more 

1111
00:57:37,700 --> 00:57:39,900
acute. 
Still buy 1940. 

1112
00:57:39,900 --> 00:57:42,900
Switzerland was surrounded on 
all sides by Access Control 

1113
00:57:42,900 --> 00:57:45,800
territory. 
Germany occupied France, to the 

1114
00:57:45,808 --> 00:57:50,900
west and North Italy under 
Mussolini held the South Austria

1115
00:57:50,900 --> 00:57:53,100
and the rest of 
german-controlled Central Europe

1116
00:57:53,100 --> 00:57:56,800
pressed from the East and North.
The Swiss response was built on 

1117
00:57:56,800 --> 00:57:59,800
several elements, 
simultaneously, the Army under 

1118
00:57:59,800 --> 00:58:03,100
General honor gizan adopted a 
strategy called the radius 

1119
00:58:03,100 --> 00:58:07,000
concentrating defensive forces 
into the Alpine Heartland and 

1120
00:58:07,000 --> 00:58:10,100
making the cost of invasion 
sufficiently high that Germany. 

1121
00:58:10,100 --> 00:58:12,800
Calculated the economic value of
a Cooperative neutral. 

1122
00:58:12,800 --> 00:58:15,900
Switzerland out weighed the 
military cost of conquering, it 

1123
00:58:15,900 --> 00:58:19,500
when's famous assembly of his 
officer Corps on the rookie 

1124
00:58:19,500 --> 00:58:23,600
Meadow in July 1940, the same 
Meadow where the 1291 0th was 

1125
00:58:23,608 --> 00:58:26,700
traditionally said to have been 
sworn was a deliberate Act of 

1126
00:58:26,708 --> 00:58:30,300
symbolic communication both to 
his officers and to any German 

1127
00:58:30,300 --> 00:58:33,000
intelligence Services paying 
attention that the Swiss 

1128
00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:36,900
intended to fight if invaded. 
the Swiss Air Force, meanwhile 

1129
00:58:36,900 --> 00:58:39,400
was shooting down, both German 
and Allied aircraft that 

1130
00:58:39,400 --> 00:58:42,500
violated Swiss airspace, which 
required a degree of 

1131
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:46,700
even-handedness that had real 
operational, meaning The Germans

1132
00:58:46,700 --> 00:58:48,400
took note of the downed German 
planes. 

1133
00:58:48,400 --> 00:58:52,400
The Allies took note of the 
downed Allied planes, both sides

1134
00:58:52,400 --> 00:58:53,600
arrived. 
At the conclusion that 

1135
00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:56,500
Switzerland was genuinely 
committed to its stated policy, 

1136
00:58:56,500 --> 00:58:59,600
which was the point. 
Switzerland continued trading 

1137
00:58:59,600 --> 00:59:02,700
with Germany throughout the war.
A fact that has generated 

1138
00:59:02,700 --> 00:59:07,200
sustained historical and moral 
examination since 1945 and which

1139
00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:09,800
Swiss historians. 
Particularly after a government 

1140
00:59:09,800 --> 00:59:13,000
commission report in the late 
1990s, having engaged with 

1141
00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:15,900
greater directness than early 
official accounts had managed 

1142
00:59:17,500 --> 00:59:19,900
The War years were not the 
straightforward, moral Clarity 

1143
00:59:19,900 --> 00:59:21,700
that post-war Swiss national 
identity. 

1144
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:25,400
Sometimes implied, economic 
relationships continued with 

1145
00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:28,500
Nazi Germany. 
Jewish refugees were turned back

1146
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:31,000
at the border under policies. 
That Swiss authorities later 

1147
00:59:31,000 --> 00:59:34,200
acknowledged, as having caused 
deaths, the complexities of 

1148
00:59:34,200 --> 00:59:37,000
being argued and reared by 
historians including those on, 

1149
00:59:37,000 --> 00:59:40,100
the Bergen commission whose 
extensive report published 

1150
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:43,900
between 1996 and 2002 added 
significant. 

1151
00:59:43,900 --> 00:59:47,200
Nuance to a national story that 
had in the immediate post-war 

1152
00:59:47,200 --> 00:59:50,000
period leaned rather heavily on 
the image of the peaceful 

1153
00:59:50,000 --> 00:59:52,300
neutral. 
Switzerland emerge from the 

1154
00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:55,400
second world war intact and 
prosperous relative to its 

1155
00:59:55,400 --> 00:59:58,900
neighbors which created both 
advantages and obligations. 

1156
00:59:59,700 --> 01:00:02,500
The banking secrecy laws that 
made Switzerland a destination 

1157
01:00:02,500 --> 01:00:05,500
for international Capital had 
Roots going back to the 18th 

1158
01:00:05,500 --> 01:00:10,100
century, but were formalized in 
1934 and became in the post-war 

1159
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:12,300
decades. 
Both a pillar of Swiss Financial

1160
01:00:12,300 --> 01:00:15,100
power and an ongoing 
International controversy. 

1161
01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:18,800
The Swiss political model also 
continued developing in ways 

1162
01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:20,600
that had no real equivalent 
elsewhere. 

1163
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:24,200
Direct democracy already 
embedded in the system through 

1164
01:00:24,200 --> 01:00:27,700
the referendum mechanism 
established in 1874 and the 

1165
01:00:27,700 --> 01:00:31,700
popular initiative mechanism of 
1891 expanded into a 

1166
01:00:31,708 --> 01:00:34,600
participatory culture in which 
Swiss citizens votes several 

1167
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:37,600
times per year on specific 
policy questions at the federal 

1168
01:00:37,600 --> 01:00:40,200
cantonal and Municipal level 
simultaneously. 

1169
01:00:41,400 --> 01:00:44,700
This is a system that produces 
outcomes that do not fit easily 

1170
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:46,500
onto a conventional political 
Spectrum. 

1171
01:00:46,500 --> 01:00:49,800
Swiss voters, have approved 
generous, social welfare, 

1172
01:00:49,800 --> 01:00:52,700
programs, and rejected them. 
They have supported gun 

1173
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:55,500
ownership and gun restrictions. 
They have voted for 

1174
01:00:55,500 --> 01:00:59,300
Environmental Protections and 
against them If there is one 

1175
01:00:59,300 --> 01:01:02,800
suggests a population that takes
each question on its own terms 

1176
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:06,500
rather than voting a consistent 
ideological line, which may 

1177
01:01:06,500 --> 01:01:09,600
explain why Swiss, politics 
frequently surprises analysts 

1178
01:01:09,600 --> 01:01:12,900
trained on systems, where party 
affiliation predicts most of the

1179
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:15,000
outcome. 
Switzerland, joined the United 

1180
01:01:15,000 --> 01:01:18,300
Nation's only in 2002 a date 
that surprises. 

1181
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:21,600
Many visitors who assumed the 
country had been a member since 

1182
01:01:21,600 --> 01:01:24,600
the organization's founding 
given that Geneva hosts so much 

1183
01:01:24,600 --> 01:01:27,400
of the un's operational work. 
The logic. 

1184
01:01:27,400 --> 01:01:30,200
Was that formal membership 
implied a kind of commitment to 

1185
01:01:30,200 --> 01:01:33,000
Collective Security Arrangements
that the Swiss neutrality 

1186
01:01:33,000 --> 01:01:34,900
Doctrine did not easily 
accommodate. 

1187
01:01:35,500 --> 01:01:38,100
The eventual decision to join 
reflected a gradual 

1188
01:01:38,100 --> 01:01:40,400
reinterpretation of neutrality 
as compatible. 

1189
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:43,600
With participation in 
international institutions, a 

1190
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:46,800
conclusion arrived at over 
Decades of careful committee 

1191
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:51,100
weighted footnoted deliberation.
Switzerland's official language 

1192
01:01:51,100 --> 01:01:54,100
situation merits its own quiet 
moment of appreciation. 

1193
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:58,900
The country has four national 
languages German is spoken by 

1194
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:03,900
roughly 63% of the population, 
French is spoken by roughly 23%,

1195
01:02:03,900 --> 01:02:07,800
Italian accounts, for about 8% 
and romantic. 

1196
01:02:07,800 --> 01:02:12,600
The descendant of vulgarity in 
was recognized as a national 

1197
01:02:12,600 --> 01:02:16,200
language in 1938, and his 
preserved through educational 

1198
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:18,900
and cultural programs with the 
same careful. 

1199
01:02:18,900 --> 01:02:21,300
Commitment. 
The Swiss bring to most things 

1200
01:02:21,300 --> 01:02:24,600
they have decided a worth 
keeping The existence of four 

1201
01:02:24,600 --> 01:02:27,500
national languages in a country 
smaller than the state of West, 

1202
01:02:27,500 --> 01:02:31,300
Virginia means that public 
signage Federal documents and 

1203
01:02:31,300 --> 01:02:34,200
national broadcasting. 
All operating multiple languages

1204
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:37,400
simultaneously, which requires a
degree of administrative 

1205
01:02:37,400 --> 01:02:40,800
patients that visitors from mono
lingual countries, find either 

1206
01:02:40,800 --> 01:02:43,800
Charming or exhausting depending
on their relationship to 

1207
01:02:43,800 --> 01:02:47,200
paperwork. 
The physical landscape of modern

1208
01:02:47,200 --> 01:02:49,800
Switzerland. 
Still shows if you look at it 

1209
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:52,900
with historical attention, the 
layered, accumulation of 

1210
01:02:52,900 --> 01:02:57,300
everything that came before 
Roman Road alignment still goes 

1211
01:02:57,300 --> 01:02:59,600
through contemporary street maps
in certain cities. 

1212
01:03:00,900 --> 01:03:03,900
Medieval field patterns survive 
in the shape of agricultural 

1213
01:03:03,900 --> 01:03:07,500
land in the pre Alpine, valleys 
monasteries that began as wooden

1214
01:03:07,500 --> 01:03:10,200
structures in the seventh 
century, stand in stone and 

1215
01:03:10,200 --> 01:03:12,800
plaster of communities that have
been organized around them. 

1216
01:03:12,800 --> 01:03:16,800
For 1300 years, the old Lake 
settlements are gone, obviously,

1217
01:03:16,800 --> 01:03:20,000
but the Lakes themselves are 
there and on very still 

1218
01:03:20,000 --> 01:03:21,800
mornings. 
The water has the same quality 

1219
01:03:21,800 --> 01:03:25,400
of light that Bronze Age Farmers
would have recognized cold and 

1220
01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:28,000
translucent and older than any 
name given to it. 

1221
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:32,000
Modern Switzerland sits in a 
position that is both 

1222
01:03:32,000 --> 01:03:34,100
comfortable and genuinely 
unusual. 

1223
01:03:34,900 --> 01:03:37,400
It is prosperous in a way that 
reflects centuries of 

1224
01:03:37,400 --> 01:03:40,600
accumulated, institutional 
stability, Precision, 

1225
01:03:40,600 --> 01:03:44,300
manufacturing culture and the 
advantages of sitting at a 

1226
01:03:44,300 --> 01:03:47,800
continental Crossroads while 
avoiding its disadvantages, it 

1227
01:03:47,800 --> 01:03:50,600
is governed through a system of 
such distributed decision-making

1228
01:03:50,600 --> 01:03:53,500
that no single figure is ever 
quite in charge of anything, 

1229
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:56,300
which frustrates? 
Anyone expecting, clear, 

1230
01:03:56,300 --> 01:03:59,600
executive Authority, and 
Delight, anyone who suspects 

1231
01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:02,700
that clear, executive Authority 
has historically caused. 

1232
01:04:02,700 --> 01:04:05,800
Most of the problems. 
The landscape is not changed, 

1233
01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:09,300
its fundamental terms, the Alps 
are still there, still 

1234
01:04:09,300 --> 01:04:11,200
accumulating the snowpack, that 
feeds. 

1235
01:04:11,200 --> 01:04:14,500
The rivers of six countries and 
still producing the particular 

1236
01:04:14,500 --> 01:04:17,000
quality of light on a late 
afternoon that makes you stop, 

1237
01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:18,300
whatever you are doing and look 
up. 

1238
01:04:19,100 --> 01:04:22,400
The old tensions that shape this
country between the center and 

1239
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:25,900
the local between the Catholic 
South and the Protestant North 

1240
01:04:25,900 --> 01:04:29,400
between the commercial cities 
and the farming valleys of not 

1241
01:04:29,400 --> 01:04:32,000
disappeared. 
They have been absorbed into the

1242
01:04:32,000 --> 01:04:35,500
Constitutional framework, that 
was built with great care and 

1243
01:04:35,500 --> 01:04:37,300
some hard experience to hold 
them. 

1244
01:04:37,300 --> 01:04:40,900
The framework works, not because
everyone agrees, but because 

1245
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:43,700
everyone agreed on the rules for
disagreeing, which is a 

1246
01:04:43,700 --> 01:04:44,900
different and more durable 
thing. 

1247
01:04:46,100 --> 01:04:48,300
The lake you were standing 
beside at the beginning of this 

1248
01:04:48,300 --> 01:04:51,800
journey is still out there. 
Somewhere in the dark, the water

1249
01:04:51,800 --> 01:04:54,700
is still cold and clear. 
The stakes are still in the mud 

1250
01:04:54,700 --> 01:04:57,900
at the bottom driven, their 
4,000 Years Ago by people who 

1251
01:04:57,900 --> 01:04:59,900
were building something they 
intended to last. 

1252
01:05:00,900 --> 01:05:02,800
They did not know they were 
building Switzerland. 

1253
01:05:02,800 --> 01:05:06,300
They were building a home above 
the water, in a difficult and 

1254
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:08,900
beautiful place with the tools 
they had. 

1255
01:05:08,900 --> 01:05:12,500
And the skills they had spent 
Years Learning and the stubborn 

1256
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:15,100
intention of people who have 
decided that the place they are 

1257
01:05:15,100 --> 01:05:18,600
standing is worth the trouble of
staying the mountains are quiet 

1258
01:05:18,600 --> 01:05:21,500
tonight. 
The cantons acquired, the long 

1259
01:05:21,500 --> 01:05:24,600
complicated frequently, 
stubborn, occasionally very 

1260
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:28,000
funny story of one small country
at the center of a very large 

1261
01:05:28,000 --> 01:05:30,400
continent. 
Has brought you to exactly here,

1262
01:05:30,400 --> 01:05:33,200
which is warm and still and 
ready for sleep. 

1263
01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:36,900
If this corner of the Alps 
stayed with you, the next story 

1264
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:40,100
is waiting whenever you are 
until then the meadow at roughly

1265
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:43,100
holds the dark and the pace at 
closed for the night. 

1266
01:05:43,100 --> 01:05:46,400
And Switzerland is for once not 
planning, anything sleep. 

1267
01:05:46,400 --> 01:05:59,400
Well, England. 1348. 
The Black Death has not yet 

1268
01:05:59,400 --> 01:06:01,800
reached. 
Your father's lands and the 

1269
01:06:01,800 --> 01:06:04,700
castle hums with the ordinary 
rhythms of daily life. 

1270
01:06:05,600 --> 01:06:09,700
Prayers and meals lessons and 
needlework and the endless small

1271
01:06:09,700 --> 01:06:13,000
ceremonies that Mark time in a 
world measured by bells and 

1272
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:17,800
Seasons. 
You are 17 and whatever 

1273
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:20,000
Arrangement your father's 
Council deems. 

1274
01:06:20,000 --> 01:06:24,400
Most advantageous living in that
peculiar space where you have 

1275
01:06:24,400 --> 01:06:27,600
all the restrictions of 
Womanhood but few Of its 

1276
01:06:27,600 --> 01:06:30,600
freedoms. 
The chapel Bell cuts through 

1277
01:06:30,600 --> 01:06:32,600
your sleep. 
Like a blade through butter 

1278
01:06:32,600 --> 01:06:34,600
though. 
Considerably less Pleasant. 

1279
01:06:35,600 --> 01:06:39,900
Your eyes open to near total 
darkness broken, only by The 

1280
01:06:39,900 --> 01:06:42,900
Faint glow of coals in the 
Brazier across your chamber 

1281
01:06:42,900 --> 01:06:45,300
somewhere, beyond the heavy 
tapestries covering. 

1282
01:06:45,300 --> 01:06:48,100
The stonewalls a servant is 
already moving. 

1283
01:06:48,900 --> 01:06:52,200
You can hear the whisper of 
Russia's under feet and the soft

1284
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:55,500
clink of a water. 
You are being set down, you lie.

1285
01:06:55,500 --> 01:06:59,100
Still for a moment wrapped in 
Furs, that smell faintly of the 

1286
01:06:59,108 --> 01:07:02,900
herbs, your chamber maid stuffs 
between them lavender, you think

1287
01:07:02,900 --> 01:07:08,200
and something sharper, Rupert's 
the linen sheets beneath, you 

1288
01:07:08,200 --> 01:07:11,300
are cool against your cheek and 
you're a cute little aware. 

1289
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:14,900
That the moment you move the 
warmth you've cultivated through

1290
01:07:14,900 --> 01:07:19,100
the night, will escape replaced 
by the bone, deep chill of a 

1291
01:07:19,100 --> 01:07:24,600
stone chamber in February My 
lady Agnes's voice comes soft 

1292
01:07:24,600 --> 01:07:27,700
through the bed, curtains. 
She's been your chamber made 

1293
01:07:27,700 --> 01:07:30,900
since you were nine patient with
your morning reluctance in a 

1294
01:07:30,900 --> 01:07:33,400
way. 
Your mother never was the bells 

1295
01:07:33,400 --> 01:07:36,200
have rung. 
You make a sound that isn't 

1296
01:07:36,200 --> 01:07:38,700
quite agreement, isn't quite 
protest. 

1297
01:07:39,600 --> 01:07:42,000
Agnes. 
Used to these performance, 

1298
01:07:42,000 --> 01:07:44,100
doesn't wait for more 
articulate. 

1299
01:07:44,100 --> 01:07:47,100
Consent. 
The bed curtains, part and cold 

1300
01:07:47,100 --> 01:07:49,100
air rushes in like an unwelcome 
visitor. 

1301
01:07:50,000 --> 01:07:52,900
You sit up and she's already 
there with your chamber robe, 

1302
01:07:52,900 --> 01:07:56,000
the wool one line with rabbit 
fur that your aren't sent to 

1303
01:07:56,000 --> 01:07:59,200
Winter's ago. 
Floor is cold even through the 

1304
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:02,200
rush, matting. 
Your feet, find your slippers 

1305
01:08:02,200 --> 01:08:07,000
soft leather slightly too large 
lined with wool that is 

1306
01:08:07,000 --> 01:08:10,100
beginning to pill. 
Agnes has already laid out your 

1307
01:08:10,100 --> 01:08:13,100
chamise on the clothing chest 
and you slip it over your head 

1308
01:08:13,100 --> 01:08:16,100
while she turns to prod the 
Brazier coals back to life. 

1309
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:18,800
The linen settles against your 
skin. 

1310
01:08:18,800 --> 01:08:22,100
Like a whisper. 
And enough that you can feel the

1311
01:08:22,100 --> 01:08:24,899
cold through it. 
You moved to the base and where 

1312
01:08:24,899 --> 01:08:27,500
she poured water from the Euler.
It's cold. 

1313
01:08:27,500 --> 01:08:30,700
Of course, there's no heating 
water before Prime. 

1314
01:08:30,700 --> 01:08:34,200
That small luxury reserved for 
evening a pollution's. 

1315
01:08:34,200 --> 01:08:38,200
He splashed it on your face 
anyway, the shock of it driving 

1316
01:08:38,200 --> 01:08:40,000
the last fog of sleep from your 
mind. 

1317
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:44,500
The water, smells faintly 
metallic drawn from the well in 

1318
01:08:44,508 --> 01:08:47,800
the lower Bailey. 
You dry your face on the linen 

1319
01:08:47,800 --> 01:08:50,600
towel, Agnes offers noting 
absolutely that it needs. 

1320
01:08:50,600 --> 01:08:55,800
Mending along one Edge. 
The blue today, my lady Agnes 

1321
01:08:55,800 --> 01:08:58,700
holds up your day. 
Kirtle the one died with woe 

1322
01:08:58,700 --> 01:09:01,600
that your mother says brings out
your eyes, you nod, and she 

1323
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:04,200
helps you into it. 
The fingers, quick with the 

1324
01:09:04,200 --> 01:09:08,800
lacing up the side, The wool is 
heavy, good quality and tightly 

1325
01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:11,500
woven enough to keep out drafts 
over. 

1326
01:09:11,500 --> 01:09:15,399
It goes your sleeveless circuit 
the neckline embroidered with a 

1327
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:17,899
pattern of roses. 
You stick yourself last summer 

1328
01:09:17,899 --> 01:09:19,500
under your mother's, watchful 
eye. 

1329
01:09:20,300 --> 01:09:23,899
Your hair is still in its night 
braids and Agnes Begins, the 

1330
01:09:23,899 --> 01:09:27,800
familiar process of undoing, it 
running her fingers through to 

1331
01:09:27,800 --> 01:09:30,600
work out the tangles before we 
braiding it smoothly. 

1332
01:09:31,800 --> 01:09:35,399
Hands are gentle but official, 
she's done this thousands of 

1333
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:38,500
times and there's something 
soothing about the rhythm of it.

1334
01:09:39,300 --> 01:09:42,600
You close your eyes while she 
works feeling the pull and 

1335
01:09:42,600 --> 01:09:44,800
release as she sections and 
weave's. 

1336
01:09:45,399 --> 01:09:49,200
Your circlet, my lady. 
She settles it over your Veil, 

1337
01:09:49,200 --> 01:09:52,200
The Thin band of silver that 
marks your rank without the 

1338
01:09:52,200 --> 01:09:56,700
ostentation of a crown. 
It sits just so a gentle 

1339
01:09:56,700 --> 01:09:59,400
pressure of your brow that 
you've long since stopped 

1340
01:09:59,400 --> 01:10:02,900
noticing except when it's first 
place, the walk to the chapel 

1341
01:10:02,900 --> 01:10:05,800
takes you through corridors. 
Barely touched by Torchlight at 

1342
01:10:05,800 --> 01:10:09,200
this hour your soft soled. 
Shoes make almost no sound on 

1343
01:10:09,200 --> 01:10:12,500
the stone floors. 
Hear the castle waking around 

1344
01:10:12,500 --> 01:10:16,300
you, the clang of pots from the 
distant kitchen, the murmur of 

1345
01:10:16,300 --> 01:10:19,800
servants, beginning their day 
and the scrape of benches being 

1346
01:10:19,800 --> 01:10:23,900
moved in the Great Hall below. 
The chapel is cold enough that 

1347
01:10:23,900 --> 01:10:27,200
you can see your breath. 
Your mother is already in her 

1348
01:10:27,208 --> 01:10:30,000
place. 
Her back perfectly straight. 

1349
01:10:30,000 --> 01:10:35,600
Her prayer book open before her.
She doesn't turn when you enter 

1350
01:10:35,600 --> 01:10:39,500
but you know, she's noted your 
arrival, probably measured it 

1351
01:10:39,500 --> 01:10:40,900
against whatever, internal 
clock. 

1352
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:44,400
She keeps to judge such things, 
you settle onto your own 

1353
01:10:44,400 --> 01:10:46,700
kneeling cushion, the 
embroidered, one your 

1354
01:10:46,700 --> 01:10:48,200
grandmother made and bow your 
head. 

1355
01:10:49,400 --> 01:10:52,200
Father, Benedict's voice rises 
in the familiar Latin. 

1356
01:10:52,200 --> 01:10:56,800
Let it wash over you without 
trying to pass every word, your 

1357
01:10:56,800 --> 01:10:59,700
mind as always wondered during 
these early office's and you've 

1358
01:10:59,700 --> 01:11:01,800
long since given up feeling 
guilty about it. 

1359
01:11:01,800 --> 01:11:05,900
Instead, you focus on the way 
the words sound, the rhythm of 

1360
01:11:05,908 --> 01:11:10,100
them like water over Stones. 
The chapel smells of incense and

1361
01:11:10,100 --> 01:11:13,800
Old Stone and the particular 
mustiness of prayer books that 

1362
01:11:13,800 --> 01:11:17,300
have been handled by countless 
fingers, your knees, begin to 

1363
01:11:17,300 --> 01:11:20,500
ache against the thin cushion. 
This is normal. 

1364
01:11:21,300 --> 01:11:23,800
You shift your weight slightly, 
a movement. 

1365
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:25,600
So small. 
Your mother probably doesn't 

1366
01:11:25,600 --> 01:11:27,700
notice though. 
You wouldn't bet your best 

1367
01:11:27,700 --> 01:11:30,800
solder on it. 
The cold seeps up through the 

1368
01:11:30,800 --> 01:11:34,400
floor, through the cushion and 
into your bones. 

1369
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:38,500
You think about breakfast? 
There will be bread cheese. 

1370
01:11:38,500 --> 01:11:42,700
Likely, some of the smoked fish 
from the stores and we kill to 

1371
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:46,600
wash it down. your stomach makes
a small sound of anticipation 

1372
01:11:46,600 --> 01:11:50,900
you pray, it wasn't loud enough 
to carry The service ends 

1373
01:11:50,900 --> 01:11:55,200
eventually as all things do you 
rise stiffly your knee's 

1374
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:59,500
protesting your mother Suites 
past with barely a clients. 

1375
01:11:59,500 --> 01:12:02,600
Her mind already on the dais 
household management. 

1376
01:12:02,600 --> 01:12:07,300
You follow at a more measured 
Pace Agnes, falling into step 

1377
01:12:07,300 --> 01:12:09,300
behind you. 
The breakfast chamber is 

1378
01:12:09,308 --> 01:12:11,000
marginally warmer than the 
chapel. 

1379
01:12:11,000 --> 01:12:13,700
Thanks to a brassiere. 
Someone had the wisdom to like 

1380
01:12:13,700 --> 01:12:17,400
Before Dawn. 
The table is already laid with 

1381
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:20,600
bread cheese and a dish of 
pickled vegetables that make 

1382
01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:24,300
your nose wrinkles slightly. 
Your father sits at the head, 

1383
01:12:24,300 --> 01:12:28,800
breaking his bread with decisive
movements while your younger 

1384
01:12:28,800 --> 01:12:31,800
brother picks at his portion 
with the sort of study in 

1385
01:12:31,800 --> 01:12:34,100
different. 
Only a 12 year old can muster 

1386
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:38,600
You take your seat and a servant
immediately fills your cup with 

1387
01:12:38,600 --> 01:12:41,600
ale. 
Thin stuff, barely worth the 

1388
01:12:41,600 --> 01:12:45,300
Brewing, but it's warm and 
that's what matters on a 

1389
01:12:45,300 --> 01:12:48,600
February morning. 
The bread is yesterday's, which 

1390
01:12:48,600 --> 01:12:51,800
means it's tough enough to 
require actual chewing, but it's

1391
01:12:51,800 --> 01:12:55,000
good bread. 
Dark and dense made from mixed 

1392
01:12:55,000 --> 01:12:57,800
rye and wheat. 
You spread it with butter. 

1393
01:12:57,800 --> 01:13:00,800
That's been stored in the cool, 
Cellar slightly harder than 

1394
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:03,800
ideal and take a bite that 
requires determination. 

1395
01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:08,000
Your father is discussing grain 
stores with the steward, his 

1396
01:13:08,000 --> 01:13:09,800
voice. 
Carrying that particular Edge. 

1397
01:13:09,800 --> 01:13:12,800
It gets when he's worried about 
something but refusing to admit 

1398
01:13:12,800 --> 01:13:15,300
it. 
The Harvest was good last year, 

1399
01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:19,200
but not generous and everyone's 
making calculations about how 

1400
01:13:19,200 --> 01:13:21,300
long supplies will hold if 
spring comes late. 

1401
01:13:22,100 --> 01:13:25,500
You listen while pretending not 
to a skill, you've perfected 

1402
01:13:25,500 --> 01:13:29,700
over years of being present, but
a fishy uninterested in matters 

1403
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:33,800
of the state management. 
The lower Fields need draining. 

1404
01:13:33,800 --> 01:13:36,000
Your father says pointing at 
nothing with his bread. 

1405
01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:39,700
I'll not have another season of 
poor yield because we're growing

1406
01:13:39,700 --> 01:13:43,500
more water than wheat. 
The steward makes agreeable 

1407
01:13:43,500 --> 01:13:46,800
sounds your brother yawns. 
Not bothering to cover his mouth

1408
01:13:46,800 --> 01:13:48,900
until your mother's. 
Sharp glance reminds him. 

1409
01:13:48,900 --> 01:13:52,500
You bite back a smile and take 
another drink of Ale breakfast, 

1410
01:13:52,500 --> 01:13:56,500
doesn't last long, your father 
has a state business, your 

1411
01:13:56,500 --> 01:13:59,400
mother has household matters and
your brother has weapons 

1412
01:13:59,400 --> 01:14:02,600
practice with the Master at 
Arms, which he approaches with 

1413
01:14:02,600 --> 01:14:05,900
considerably more enthusiasm 
than he shows for the Latin 

1414
01:14:05,900 --> 01:14:07,900
Premiere. 
His tutor makes him suffer 

1415
01:14:07,900 --> 01:14:10,700
through afterward. 
You meanwhile have lessons of 

1416
01:14:10,708 --> 01:14:15,700
your own Your tutor brother 
Clemente is waiting in the Solar

1417
01:14:15,700 --> 01:14:19,300
his books and writing materials 
already arranged on the table 

1418
01:14:19,300 --> 01:14:22,100
that catches the best light from
the tall window. 

1419
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:28,100
He's a patient man round face 
and Mild with ink stains on his 

1420
01:14:28,100 --> 01:14:29,900
fingers that never quite wash 
away. 

1421
01:14:31,200 --> 01:14:33,600
He rises when you enter bowing 
slightly. 

1422
01:14:34,600 --> 01:14:37,300
Good morning, my lady. 
I thought we might continue with

1423
01:14:37,300 --> 01:14:40,500
our Bowie's today. 
You settle into your chair 

1424
01:14:40,500 --> 01:14:43,400
grateful for the cushions, 
someone remembered to place on 

1425
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:46,200
it. 
The consolation of philosophy 

1426
01:14:46,200 --> 01:14:50,400
lies open on the table. 
The Latin text marching across 

1427
01:14:50,400 --> 01:14:53,400
the page in neat. 
Columns brother Clemente to be 

1428
01:14:53,400 --> 01:14:56,800
working with you on translation,
for months now, and you've 

1429
01:14:56,800 --> 01:15:00,700
developed a peculiar fondness 
for boethius and his prison cell

1430
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:03,800
philosophizing. 
There's something oddly 

1431
01:15:03,800 --> 01:15:06,900
comforting about reading a man 
who wrote about fate and 

1432
01:15:06,900 --> 01:15:08,700
Fortune. 
While awaiting execution. 

1433
01:15:08,700 --> 01:15:12,300
It puts your own a minor 
frustrations in perspective, 

1434
01:15:13,600 --> 01:15:15,800
Shall We Begin with chapter 7 
brother? 

1435
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:18,600
Clemente suggests and you nod 
scanning the text to find your 

1436
01:15:18,600 --> 01:15:21,200
place? 
The work is slow and careful. 

1437
01:15:21,200 --> 01:15:25,500
You read a sentence allowed in 
Latin then attempt to render it 

1438
01:15:25,500 --> 01:15:27,300
into French. 
The language. 

1439
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:29,800
You actually speak when you're 
not struggling through ancient 

1440
01:15:29,800 --> 01:15:32,400
texts. 
Brother, Clemente listens 

1441
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:35,900
occasionally correcting your 
pronunciation more often. 

1442
01:15:35,900 --> 01:15:38,400
Helping you untangle, 
particularly not a grammar. 

1443
01:15:38,400 --> 01:15:41,100
The Latin has a rhythm to it 
that you've learned to 

1444
01:15:41,100 --> 01:15:45,300
appreciate even when the meaning
slip away from you like fish in 

1445
01:15:45,300 --> 01:15:48,900
a stream, Nothing is miserable 
and less, you think it. 

1446
01:15:48,900 --> 01:15:52,800
So you translate working through
the center's word by word. 

1447
01:15:53,900 --> 01:15:57,700
And likewise every Fortune is 
blessed if it is born with 

1448
01:15:57,700 --> 01:15:59,900
equanimity. 
Very good. 

1449
01:15:59,900 --> 01:16:02,900
My lady though. 
Blessed might be a touch strong.

1450
01:16:02,900 --> 01:16:05,500
Perhaps favorable would serve 
better. 

1451
01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:09,700
You can consider this tracing 
the Latin word with your finger.

1452
01:16:10,900 --> 01:16:13,200
Theaters. 
That doesn't that have religious

1453
01:16:13,200 --> 01:16:16,000
connotations? 
Blessed seems, right. 

1454
01:16:17,100 --> 01:16:19,800
Ah, but we both use is speaking 
philosophically here. 

1455
01:16:19,800 --> 01:16:22,500
Not theologically, the 
distinction matters. 

1456
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:26,000
You've had this sort of 
discussion before, brother 

1457
01:16:26,000 --> 01:16:28,800
kleeman takes great pleasure in 
these fine points of meaning. 

1458
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:32,000
And you've learned that arguing 
with him is both expected and 

1459
01:16:32,000 --> 01:16:34,700
educational. 
You spend a pleasant quarter 

1460
01:16:34,700 --> 01:16:38,500
hour, debating the nuances of 
Latin terminology before moving 

1461
01:16:38,500 --> 01:16:40,600
on, to the next passage the 
Morning. 

1462
01:16:40,600 --> 01:16:43,900
Light shifts, as you work 
moving, cross the floor in that,

1463
01:16:43,900 --> 01:16:47,600
slow inevitable way that Marx 
time more reliably than any 

1464
01:16:47,600 --> 01:16:50,700
water clock. 
Your hand cramps slightly from 

1465
01:16:50,700 --> 01:16:54,500
writing brother Clemente, 
insists you copy out sections to

1466
01:16:54,500 --> 01:16:57,100
improve your script and your 
letters are still more 

1467
01:16:57,100 --> 01:17:00,900
enthusiastic than elegant. 
You pause to flex your fingers 

1468
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:04,900
and he takes the opportunity to 
discourse on the value of clear 

1469
01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:09,000
handwriting. 
A well-formed letter is a kind 

1470
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:12,800
of courtesy to the reader. 
My lady it says that you value 

1471
01:17:12,800 --> 01:17:16,700
their time and effort, you not 
trying not to think about how 

1472
01:17:16,700 --> 01:17:20,200
your arts and hand so cramped 
and crooked that reading her 

1473
01:17:20,200 --> 01:17:22,800
letters, feels like to suffering
some ancient code. 

1474
01:17:23,600 --> 01:17:26,200
Apparently, courtesy has its 
limits. 

1475
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:30,600
By the time, the bells ring for 
Taurus, you've translated three 

1476
01:17:30,600 --> 01:17:33,700
more chapters and copied out. 
One particularly relevant, 

1477
01:17:33,700 --> 01:17:35,200
passage about the nature of 
Good. 

1478
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:39,700
Fortune, your hand aches. 
Your back is stiff from sitting 

1479
01:17:39,700 --> 01:17:43,000
in your mind, feels pleasantly 
full in the way it does. 

1480
01:17:43,000 --> 01:17:46,900
After concentrated work. 
Brother Clemente gathers his 

1481
01:17:46,908 --> 01:17:50,100
materials, with the care of a 
man who values his books more 

1482
01:17:50,100 --> 01:17:54,300
than most value gold. tomorrow, 
we might attempt some Ovid, He 

1483
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:59,200
suggests, which makes you smile 
despite yourself rather Clements

1484
01:17:59,200 --> 01:18:02,500
idea of appropriate reading for 
a young woman, stretches 

1485
01:18:02,500 --> 01:18:05,800
considerably beyond what your 
mother would have proved She's 

1486
01:18:05,800 --> 01:18:08,300
never actually asked what you 
study and you've never 

1487
01:18:08,300 --> 01:18:11,700
volunteered the information. 
Your mother is waiting in the 

1488
01:18:11,700 --> 01:18:15,700
lady solo when you arrive her 
embroidery frame already set up 

1489
01:18:15,700 --> 01:18:19,100
near the window where the light 
is best. two of her ladies are 

1490
01:18:19,100 --> 01:18:21,900
with her lady Margaret, who's 
been your mother's companion 

1491
01:18:21,900 --> 01:18:25,300
since before you were born and 
Eleanor whose only a few years 

1492
01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:28,200
older than you and married to 
one of your father's mine and 

1493
01:18:28,208 --> 01:18:31,700
knights they look up when you 
enter their needles pausing in 

1494
01:18:31,700 --> 01:18:35,500
their work, sit your mother 
says, nodding toward your own 

1495
01:18:35,500 --> 01:18:37,600
frame. 
We're working on the altar 

1496
01:18:37,600 --> 01:18:40,000
cloth. 
The altar cloth, you'd almost 

1497
01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:43,600
managed to forget about it. 
It's been in progress for what 

1498
01:18:43,600 --> 01:18:47,400
feels like your entire life. 
A massive piece of linen 

1499
01:18:47,400 --> 01:18:51,100
destined for the chapel covered 
in an intricate pattern of vines

1500
01:18:51,100 --> 01:18:54,200
and flowers and small birds that
your mother designed with more 

1501
01:18:54,200 --> 01:18:58,100
ambition than Mercy. 
Your section currently features 

1502
01:18:58,100 --> 01:19:00,100
a rose in various stages of 
completion. 

1503
01:19:01,100 --> 01:19:04,100
The petals worked in Split 
Stitch with silk threads. 

1504
01:19:04,100 --> 01:19:06,000
So fine, it makes your eyes 
ache. 

1505
01:19:06,700 --> 01:19:09,200
You settle onto your stool and 
examine your work from 

1506
01:19:09,200 --> 01:19:11,600
yesterday. 
The rose looks slightly 

1507
01:19:11,600 --> 01:19:13,400
lopsided. 
One petal. 

1508
01:19:13,400 --> 01:19:15,100
Bulging. 
Where your stitches pulled too 

1509
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:17,200
tight. 
Your mother will notice of 

1510
01:19:17,200 --> 01:19:21,000
course she notices everything 
but perhaps if you work on the 

1511
01:19:21,000 --> 01:19:24,300
leaves today you can come back 
to fix it when she's distracted.

1512
01:19:25,300 --> 01:19:28,200
The red silk first. 
Your mother says, as if reading 

1513
01:19:28,200 --> 01:19:31,400
your attempt at strategic 
avoidance, that petal needs 

1514
01:19:31,400 --> 01:19:34,500
filling. 
So much for clever planning, you

1515
01:19:34,500 --> 01:19:37,600
thread, your needle, a process 
that takes longer than you'd 

1516
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:40,600
like, give them that the silk is
approximately, the width of a 

1517
01:19:40,600 --> 01:19:44,000
hair and the needle's eye is 
apparently designed for someone 

1518
01:19:44,000 --> 01:19:45,300
with the vision of a hunting 
horse. 

1519
01:19:46,100 --> 01:19:49,400
When you finally succeed, you 
take a breath and begin the 

1520
01:19:49,400 --> 01:19:52,900
small careful stitches that 
embroidery demands. 

1521
01:19:53,700 --> 01:19:56,000
The work requires enough 
concentration. 

1522
01:19:56,000 --> 01:20:00,100
That conversation happens in the
pauses between stitches, when 

1523
01:20:00,100 --> 01:20:03,100
someone's needle needs 
rethreading or the light shifts 

1524
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:05,000
and everyone adjust position 
slightly. 

1525
01:20:05,000 --> 01:20:09,000
Lady Margaret is telling a story
about The Miller's wife who 

1526
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:12,300
apparently threw a bucket of 
wash water at the Miller during 

1527
01:20:12,300 --> 01:20:14,800
an argument about something 
involving the grain measure. 

1528
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:19,500
Right in the face, lady Margaret
says with evidence satisfaction 

1529
01:20:19,500 --> 01:20:23,000
and he was standing there 
dripping to surprise to speak 

1530
01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:26,300
Eleanor laughs. 
The sound bright in the quiet 

1531
01:20:26,300 --> 01:20:28,700
room. 
Your mother makes a sound that 

1532
01:20:28,700 --> 01:20:30,700
could be disapproval but might 
be suppressed. 

1533
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:33,400
Amusement, it's hard to tell 
with her sometimes. 

1534
01:20:34,500 --> 01:20:37,400
The Miller's wife, always did 
have a temper, your mother 

1535
01:20:37,400 --> 01:20:40,700
observes her needle moving in 
and out of the Lin in with 

1536
01:20:40,700 --> 01:20:44,000
mechanical precision. 
Though, I suspect he deserved 

1537
01:20:44,000 --> 01:20:46,000
it. 
John has been measuring light 

1538
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:50,000
since michaelmas. 
You smiled to yourself, keeping 

1539
01:20:50,000 --> 01:20:53,400
your eyes on your rose petal. 
the silt slides through the 

1540
01:20:53,400 --> 01:20:58,700
linen, with a soft whisper once 
Stitch, pull through another 

1541
01:20:58,700 --> 01:21:03,700
Stitch pull through, the rhythm 
is soothing once you settle in 

1542
01:21:03,700 --> 01:21:07,700
to it, almost meditative your 
mind wanders, while your hands 

1543
01:21:07,700 --> 01:21:11,900
work You think about boethius 
and his prison cell about 

1544
01:21:11,900 --> 01:21:15,200
whether he ever did needle work 
to pass the time, though? 

1545
01:21:15,200 --> 01:21:17,500
Probably not. 
That seems like the sort of 

1546
01:21:17,500 --> 01:21:19,600
thing they leave out of 
philosophical texts. 

1547
01:21:20,300 --> 01:21:22,800
Careful there. 
Your mother says and you realize

1548
01:21:22,800 --> 01:21:24,700
you've let your stitches pull 
too tight again. 

1549
01:21:25,400 --> 01:21:27,900
You loosen your grips slightly 
adjusting the tension. 

1550
01:21:27,900 --> 01:21:32,000
This is the Eternal challenge of
embroidery keeping everything. 

1551
01:21:32,000 --> 01:21:35,700
Even smooth and consistent. 
Rather like life. 

1552
01:21:35,700 --> 01:21:39,400
You suppose, though you keep the
observation to yourself, Eleanor

1553
01:21:39,400 --> 01:21:41,600
is talking about the new 
chaplain at her husband's 

1554
01:21:41,600 --> 01:21:44,700
manner, a young man, apparently 
more enthusiastic about 

1555
01:21:44,700 --> 01:21:47,900
salvation, then skilled in 
delivering sermons. 

1556
01:21:48,800 --> 01:21:51,000
He preached for two hours last 
Sunday. 

1557
01:21:51,000 --> 01:21:56,200
She says her voice mixing or and
exhaustion, two hours about 

1558
01:21:56,200 --> 01:22:02,400
locusts. a plague of locusts 
lady Margaret asks no justice in

1559
01:22:02,400 --> 01:22:06,100
general, their habits their 
diet, by the end, I knew more 

1560
01:22:06,100 --> 01:22:09,600
about Locust than I ever wish to
Your mother's needle pauses. 

1561
01:22:10,500 --> 01:22:13,600
Two hours is excessive. 
Someone should speak to the 

1562
01:22:13,600 --> 01:22:15,600
prior about suitable sermon 
length. 

1563
01:22:16,500 --> 01:22:18,300
You bite your lip to keep from 
laughing. 

1564
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:21,400
The image of someone instructing
a young priest on the 

1565
01:22:21,408 --> 01:22:25,200
appropriate duration for insect 
related preaching strikes, you 

1566
01:22:25,208 --> 01:22:29,600
as fundamentally absurd and you 
focus very hard on your rose 

1567
01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:31,900
petal to avoid catching 
Eleanor's. 

1568
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:36,100
I The morning slides, by In This
fashion Small Talk gossip. 

1569
01:22:36,100 --> 01:22:39,000
The quiet sound of needles 
through linen. 

1570
01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:42,300
And the occasional frustrated, 
sigh, when someone's thread 

1571
01:22:42,300 --> 01:22:46,300
Tangles, your rose petal. 
Gradually fills in the red silk 

1572
01:22:46,300 --> 01:22:49,300
building up layers of stitches 
until it begins to look almost 

1573
01:22:49,300 --> 01:22:52,200
dimensional. 
Not as perfect as your mother's 

1574
01:22:52,200 --> 01:22:56,600
work, but better than it was 
Progress, you tell yourself is 

1575
01:22:56,600 --> 01:23:00,600
still progress by the time, the 
bells ring for sex, your back 

1576
01:23:00,600 --> 01:23:02,200
aches. 
From hunching, over your frame, 

1577
01:23:02,200 --> 01:23:05,500
you have a small knot between 
your shoulder blades that no 

1578
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:07,400
amount of rolling, your 
shoulders will shift. 

1579
01:23:08,400 --> 01:23:10,900
Your mother sets down her work 
with the air of someone 

1580
01:23:10,900 --> 01:23:13,000
satisfied with the mornings 
accomplishment. 

1581
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:17,600
We'll continue after dinner. 
She says, which isn't a 

1582
01:23:17,600 --> 01:23:20,400
question. 
You nod already thinking about 

1583
01:23:20,400 --> 01:23:23,700
the afternoon and whether you 
can engineer some reason to take

1584
01:23:23,700 --> 01:23:26,200
your needlework, to the Garden 
in stead of staying, in the 

1585
01:23:26,200 --> 01:23:29,100
Solar. 
Fresh air seems suddenly very 

1586
01:23:29,100 --> 01:23:31,700
appealing. 
The Great Hall is filling by the

1587
01:23:31,700 --> 01:23:35,000
time you arrive the household 
gathering for the main meal of 

1588
01:23:35,000 --> 01:23:37,600
the day. 
Trestle tables are already laid,

1589
01:23:37,600 --> 01:23:41,300
the bread, trenches set out, the
air thick with the smell of 

1590
01:23:41,300 --> 01:23:45,400
roasted meat and the particular 
human warmth of bodies packed 

1591
01:23:45,400 --> 01:23:49,100
into an enclosed space. 
You make your way to the high 

1592
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:52,200
table where your family sits 
slightly elevated above the 

1593
01:23:52,200 --> 01:23:56,100
general population, a physical 
manifestation of hierarchy that 

1594
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:58,600
no one questions because it's 
simply how things are. 

1595
01:23:59,600 --> 01:24:02,300
Your father is already seated 
discussing something with the 

1596
01:24:02,300 --> 01:24:05,300
bailiff that involves much 
pointing at an absent field and 

1597
01:24:05,300 --> 01:24:08,500
frowning. 
Your mother arrives moments 

1598
01:24:08,500 --> 01:24:12,200
after you her ladies trailing 
behind to take their places at 

1599
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:15,000
the side. 
Tables, your brother slouches 

1600
01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:18,500
into his seat, with the 
particular graceless of 12 year 

1601
01:24:18,500 --> 01:24:22,000
old boys who have just finished 
weapons practice and are mainly 

1602
01:24:22,000 --> 01:24:24,700
interested in food. 
The servants. 

1603
01:24:24,700 --> 01:24:28,200
Bring the first call. 
Thick pottage of beans and 

1604
01:24:28,200 --> 01:24:31,600
barley steaming in its bowl. 
You eat with your bread, 

1605
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:35,300
trencher soaking up the broth, 
the warmth of its spreading 

1606
01:24:35,300 --> 01:24:37,300
through. 
You, the pottage is good. 

1607
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:41,500
Hearty and flavored with onions 
and herbs and small bits of salt

1608
01:24:41,500 --> 01:24:43,700
pork, that had depth without 
overwhelming. 

1609
01:24:43,700 --> 01:24:47,400
You've had this same Portage 
countless times, but it never 

1610
01:24:47,400 --> 01:24:49,900
gets old. 
There's something comforting 

1611
01:24:49,900 --> 01:24:53,900
about familiar food. 
The next course arrives, roasted

1612
01:24:53,900 --> 01:24:57,400
Capon still on the bone, the 
skin crispy and gleaming with 

1613
01:24:57,400 --> 01:25:00,700
fat. 
Your father, carves the meat 

1614
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:05,000
falling away and tender pieces. 
You take your portion along with

1615
01:25:05,000 --> 01:25:07,700
some of the roasted turnips that
have been cooking alongside the 

1616
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:10,000
bird, their edges caramelized 
and sweet. 

1617
01:25:11,100 --> 01:25:14,000
Turnips your favorite part 
actually though you'd never 

1618
01:25:14,000 --> 01:25:17,100
admit it. 
There's something undignified 

1619
01:25:17,100 --> 01:25:18,900
about preferring vegetables to 
meet. 

1620
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:24,100
Around the hall, conversational 
Rises and Falls like waves, the 

1621
01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:28,000
lower tables allowed uses mixing
into a general whom Punk 

1622
01:25:28,000 --> 01:25:30,700
punctuated by laughter and the 
occasional Shout. 

1623
01:25:32,000 --> 01:25:35,600
Someone has brought in a dog 
which is strictly forbidden but 

1624
01:25:35,600 --> 01:25:37,800
happens anyway with reliable 
regularity. 

1625
01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:41,900
The dog wanders between tables, 
hoping for scraps and several 

1626
01:25:41,900 --> 01:25:44,600
people have obliged, despite the
official rules against such 

1627
01:25:44,600 --> 01:25:47,200
things. 
Your father is telling a story 

1628
01:25:47,200 --> 01:25:50,800
now about a hunting trip last 
Autumn when sir Roberts horse 

1629
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:54,300
threw him into a stream. 
So Robert sitting three seats 

1630
01:25:54,300 --> 01:25:58,400
down, takes the ribbing with 
good grace, adding his own 

1631
01:25:58,400 --> 01:26:01,400
embellishments about the 
temperature of the water and the

1632
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:04,100
indignity of explaining wet 
clothes to his wife. 

1633
01:26:04,900 --> 01:26:08,500
The table laughs and you find 
yourself smiling around your 

1634
01:26:08,500 --> 01:26:12,000
bread. 
And the Dear Sir, Robert adds 

1635
01:26:12,000 --> 01:26:15,000
stopped to watch. 
I swear it was laughing. 

1636
01:26:16,000 --> 01:26:18,000
Dear. 
Don't laugh your brother objects

1637
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:20,100
with the absolute. 
Certainty of someone. 

1638
01:26:20,100 --> 01:26:20,900
Who knows. 
Everything. 

1639
01:26:21,700 --> 01:26:26,600
This one did I saw its face? 
Your brother looks ready to 

1640
01:26:26,600 --> 01:26:29,000
argue the point further, but 
your mother catches his eye. 

1641
01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:33,500
And he subsides returning to his
cape on with renewed, Focus, you

1642
01:26:33,500 --> 01:26:36,600
hide your smile behind your cup,
your brothers faith. 

1643
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:39,500
In his own correctness, is both 
endearing and occasionally 

1644
01:26:39,500 --> 01:26:43,500
exhausting milk continues 
through additional courses fish,

1645
01:26:43,500 --> 01:26:47,200
in a cream sauce, more bread and
a dish of stewed apples that are

1646
01:26:47,200 --> 01:26:51,000
probably the last of last year's
store wrinkled, but still sweet.

1647
01:26:52,000 --> 01:26:56,400
You eat slowly saying each bite 
in, no, hurry to return to your 

1648
01:26:56,400 --> 01:26:59,700
embroidery, the hall is warm 
from the fire and the Press of 

1649
01:26:59,708 --> 01:27:02,900
bodies and you've achieved that 
Pleasant state of being neither 

1650
01:27:02,900 --> 01:27:05,500
hungry. 
Nor uncomfortably full your 

1651
01:27:05,500 --> 01:27:07,100
father moves on to a state 
business. 

1652
01:27:07,100 --> 01:27:11,500
Discussing the spring plowing 
with the bailiff when to start 

1653
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:14,700
which fields to plant with what 
crops and how many ox and 

1654
01:27:14,700 --> 01:27:17,700
they'll need. 
It's the Eternal agricultural 

1655
01:27:17,700 --> 01:27:22,200
calculus balancing soil and seed
and seasoned trying to wring 

1656
01:27:22,200 --> 01:27:24,100
enough from the land to feed 
everyone. 

1657
01:27:24,100 --> 01:27:27,000
For another year you've heard 
these same discussion your 

1658
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:30,000
entire life and you could 
probably make most of the 

1659
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:33,500
decisions Yourself by now. 
Though no one's asking for your 

1660
01:27:33,500 --> 01:27:37,100
input. 
The Northfield should rest this 

1661
01:27:37,100 --> 01:27:40,300
year, the bailiff is saying 
we've worked it, hard for three 

1662
01:27:40,300 --> 01:27:44,000
seasons, your father nod, 
slowly, considering plant it 

1663
01:27:44,000 --> 01:27:46,100
with peas, then they'll fix the 
soil. 

1664
01:27:47,600 --> 01:27:50,000
This is where your mind tends to
wander during these 

1665
01:27:50,000 --> 01:27:52,700
conversations. 
The endless practical details of

1666
01:27:52,700 --> 01:27:56,200
running an estate important. 
Certainly necessary. 

1667
01:27:56,200 --> 01:27:59,400
Absolutely. 
Not precisely thrilling. 

1668
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:03,000
You let their voices become 
background, noise and focus on 

1669
01:28:03,000 --> 01:28:04,600
your apples. 
Fishing out. 

1670
01:28:04,600 --> 01:28:08,500
The best pieces from the syrup 
this swimming in By the time, 

1671
01:28:08,500 --> 01:28:11,200
the meal winds down the 
afternoon is well advanced. 

1672
01:28:12,200 --> 01:28:15,300
Your father Rises the signal 
that the meal is officially 

1673
01:28:15,300 --> 01:28:18,000
over. 
The household begins to disperse

1674
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:21,800
servants, clearing tables, men 
returning to work and your 

1675
01:28:21,808 --> 01:28:25,100
mother Gathering her ladies. 
You rise as well, your body 

1676
01:28:25,108 --> 01:28:27,500
slightly stiff from sitting and 
prepare yourself for more 

1677
01:28:27,508 --> 01:28:32,000
needlework. but your mother 
surprises, you Take your sewing 

1678
01:28:32,000 --> 01:28:34,500
to the Garden. 
If you like, she says, already 

1679
01:28:34,500 --> 01:28:37,100
moving toward the stairs. 
The light is good this 

1680
01:28:37,100 --> 01:28:40,300
afternoon. 
You try not to look too eager as

1681
01:28:40,300 --> 01:28:43,000
you thank her. 
But inside your already planning

1682
01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:45,500
your Escape. 
The garden is your favorite 

1683
01:28:45,500 --> 01:28:49,200
place in the entire Castle. 
A small square of cultivated 

1684
01:28:49,200 --> 01:28:51,000
Earth. 
Tucked against the South wall 

1685
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:56,300
where the stone holds the sun's 
warmth. in summer, it's a riot 

1686
01:28:56,300 --> 01:29:01,300
of color roses lilies herbs, 
both, medicinal and culinary, 

1687
01:29:01,300 --> 01:29:04,600
and even a small patch of 
strawberries that your mother 

1688
01:29:04,608 --> 01:29:10,100
guards jealously Now in February
it's mostly bare Earth and dead 

1689
01:29:10,100 --> 01:29:14,000
stalks but here and there you 
can see the green shoots of 

1690
01:29:14,000 --> 01:29:17,800
early, bulbs pushing through 
determined and optimistic. 

1691
01:29:19,000 --> 01:29:21,900
You settle on the stone bench 
near the Rose Marie which 

1692
01:29:21,900 --> 01:29:25,600
somehow stays green year-round 
and fills the air with its sharp

1693
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:28,600
clean scent. 
When you brush against It Agnes 

1694
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:31,200
has brought your embroidery 
frame in a cushion bless her. 

1695
01:29:31,200 --> 01:29:34,200
And she hovers on certainly 
until you waive her off to 

1696
01:29:34,208 --> 01:29:36,900
whatever tasks. 
She has waiting You don't 

1697
01:29:36,908 --> 01:29:40,500
actually need supervision to sit
in a garden and stab linen with 

1698
01:29:40,500 --> 01:29:43,100
a needle. 
The quiet is immediate and 

1699
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:45,500
complete. 
The garden walls block. 

1700
01:29:45,500 --> 01:29:48,400
Most of the castle noise, 
leaving only the wind in the 

1701
01:29:48,400 --> 01:29:51,300
bare, branches of the pear tree 
and the distant sound of someone

1702
01:29:51,300 --> 01:29:54,600
chopping wood. 
You take a breath feeling your 

1703
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:56,000
shoulders. 
Drop tension. 

1704
01:29:56,000 --> 01:29:58,100
You didn't know you were 
carrying releasing into the 

1705
01:29:58,100 --> 01:30:00,800
afternoon. 
Are you set up your frame 

1706
01:30:00,800 --> 01:30:03,800
threading, your needle more from
muscle memory than conscious 

1707
01:30:03,800 --> 01:30:06,100
thought the Rose needs more 
work? 

1708
01:30:06,100 --> 01:30:09,500
It always needs more work but 
now you can do it without your 

1709
01:30:09,500 --> 01:30:11,700
mother's. 
Watchful eye tracking every 

1710
01:30:11,700 --> 01:30:16,100
Stitch You settle into the 
rhythm of it, needle in and out 

1711
01:30:16,108 --> 01:30:20,500
the silk catching the light. 
A robin lands on the wall, 

1712
01:30:20,500 --> 01:30:24,300
nearby regarding you, with the 
suspicious interest, Robbins 

1713
01:30:24,300 --> 01:30:27,900
always seem to have it hops 
along the stones had cocked 

1714
01:30:27,900 --> 01:30:30,200
before deciding you're not 
interesting enough to 

1715
01:30:30,200 --> 01:30:32,000
investigate further and flying 
off. 

1716
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:36,400
You watch it, go a small flash 
of russet against grey Stone. 

1717
01:30:36,400 --> 01:30:40,000
The Garden in Winter has a 
particular quality of patience. 

1718
01:30:40,000 --> 01:30:43,700
Everything is waiting the roses 
for spring pruning. 

1719
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:47,200
The herbs for warmer days and 
the fruit trees for whatever 

1720
01:30:47,200 --> 01:30:51,700
Alchemy transforms bare branches
into blossoms, You understand 

1721
01:30:51,700 --> 01:30:56,900
the feeling you've been waiting 
yourself in various ways for 

1722
01:30:56,900 --> 01:31:00,200
years now? 
Waiting to be old enough for 

1723
01:31:00,200 --> 01:31:02,600
marriage. 
Negotiations, waiting for your 

1724
01:31:02,600 --> 01:31:05,900
father, to choose from among the
various options is Council 

1725
01:31:05,900 --> 01:31:08,400
presents. 
Waiting for your life to 

1726
01:31:08,400 --> 01:31:11,800
properly begin instead of 
existing in this strange 

1727
01:31:11,800 --> 01:31:15,100
Preparatory state. 
You've mostly made peace with 

1728
01:31:15,100 --> 01:31:18,000
it. 
Mostly there are days when the 

1729
01:31:18,008 --> 01:31:22,300
waiting feels less like patience
and more like, suspension when 

1730
01:31:22,300 --> 01:31:25,500
you want to shake everyone and 
demand something anything 

1731
01:31:25,500 --> 01:31:28,200
happened. 
But those days are rare. 

1732
01:31:28,200 --> 01:31:30,000
Now, you've learned the same 
lesson. 

1733
01:31:30,000 --> 01:31:33,400
The garden knows that rushing. 
The season doesn't make spring 

1734
01:31:33,400 --> 01:31:36,500
come faster. 
A bee appears from somewhere 

1735
01:31:36,500 --> 01:31:40,100
drowsy and confused by the 
unseasonable warmth of the 

1736
01:31:40,100 --> 01:31:41,800
afternoon, sun on the South 
Wall. 

1737
01:31:42,900 --> 01:31:46,000
It bumbles past, you 
investigating the Rosemary. 

1738
01:31:46,000 --> 01:31:49,100
Hopefully, before moving on to 
check the dead lavender stalks. 

1739
01:31:49,700 --> 01:31:51,600
You wish it luck, finding 
anything worth visiting. 

1740
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:55,200
The spring flowers have an 
opened yet and the winter ones 

1741
01:31:55,200 --> 01:31:57,500
are long. 
Finished your stitches are 

1742
01:31:57,500 --> 01:32:00,700
better out here. 
You notice more, even less 

1743
01:32:00,700 --> 01:32:04,800
anxious, perhaps it's the lack 
of audience or perhaps it's 

1744
01:32:04,800 --> 01:32:08,000
simply that the garden makes 
everything easier. you've always

1745
01:32:08,000 --> 01:32:12,000
felt more yourself here among 
the growing things and you do in

1746
01:32:12,000 --> 01:32:15,200
the formal rooms of the castle 
where everything's about 

1747
01:32:15,200 --> 01:32:18,900
presentation and propriety, A 
shoot of something, Green 

1748
01:32:18,900 --> 01:32:23,500
catches, your eye at the path. 
Probably a crocus judging by the

1749
01:32:23,500 --> 01:32:26,400
shape of the leaves. 
You'll have to tell the gardener

1750
01:32:26,400 --> 01:32:27,900
to be careful. 
When he starts to Spring 

1751
01:32:27,900 --> 01:32:31,500
digging, the crocuses were your 
grandmother's favorite, and your

1752
01:32:31,500 --> 01:32:33,100
mother is sentimental about them
in a way. 

1753
01:32:33,100 --> 01:32:36,500
She isn't about much else you 
make a mental, note to Mark the 

1754
01:32:36,500 --> 01:32:39,000
Spot with a small stick so it 
doesn't get trampled. 

1755
01:32:39,000 --> 01:32:43,400
The afternoon light shifts, 
growing more gold and as the sun

1756
01:32:43,400 --> 01:32:46,600
moves West, your rose petal is 
nearly finished. 

1757
01:32:46,600 --> 01:32:50,800
Now the red silk dense and Rich 
You'll need to start on the 

1758
01:32:50,800 --> 01:32:54,700
leaves next, which means, 
switching to Green thread and a 

1759
01:32:54,700 --> 01:32:57,500
whole new set of decisions about
shading and Direction. 

1760
01:32:57,500 --> 01:33:01,000
But not today, today your 
content to finish what you 

1761
01:33:01,000 --> 01:33:04,900
started and call it progress. 
You hear the chapel bell ring 

1762
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:09,400
for none, marking the afternoon 
office, you don't move, you're 

1763
01:33:09,400 --> 01:33:12,600
allowed this small Rebellion, 
this choosing of garden over 

1764
01:33:12,600 --> 01:33:16,400
prayer at least for now. 
Your mother will forgive it. 

1765
01:33:17,100 --> 01:33:20,800
Or at least Overlook it. 
The garden is one of the few 

1766
01:33:20,800 --> 01:33:23,200
places where the rules relax 
like lightly. 

1767
01:33:23,900 --> 01:33:28,000
Where you can be something other
than perfectly dutiful a cat 

1768
01:33:28,000 --> 01:33:30,600
appears from behind the 
lavender, one of the barn cats 

1769
01:33:30,600 --> 01:33:34,700
that hunt mice in The Grainery. 
It's a rangy tabby more wild 

1770
01:33:34,700 --> 01:33:38,600
than tame but its learned that 
the garden sometimes means laps 

1771
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:41,700
and warmth. 
It approaches cautiously then 

1772
01:33:41,700 --> 01:33:44,900
jumped up onto the bench beside 
you circling twice before 

1773
01:33:44,900 --> 01:33:46,400
settling into a compact 
location. 

1774
01:33:47,500 --> 01:33:50,500
You're supposed to be working, 
you tell it, but you're already 

1775
01:33:50,500 --> 01:33:52,600
reaching out to scratch behind 
its ears. 

1776
01:33:53,700 --> 01:33:56,100
Starts purring a rusty engine 
sound. 

1777
01:33:56,100 --> 01:33:58,000
That makes you smile. 
The two of you. 

1778
01:33:58,000 --> 01:34:01,700
Sit like that for a while. 
You stitching the cat purring 

1779
01:34:01,700 --> 01:34:03,600
the garden waiting patiently for
spring. 

1780
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:06,000
It's not exciting. 
Exactly. 

1781
01:34:06,000 --> 01:34:09,300
No one would write a song about 
it but it's yours. 

1782
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:12,900
This quiet afternoon moment and 
that's enough. 

1783
01:34:12,900 --> 01:34:15,000
The afternoon brings you back 
inside. 

1784
01:34:15,000 --> 01:34:18,400
Reluctantly leaving the gardens 
piece for the Great Hall where 

1785
01:34:18,400 --> 01:34:20,700
your father holds what he calls 
his open court. 

1786
01:34:20,700 --> 01:34:24,100
The weekly session where tenants
and towns people can bring 

1787
01:34:24,100 --> 01:34:27,800
grievances requests and the 
general administrative chaos of 

1788
01:34:27,800 --> 01:34:31,100
managing an estate. 
You're not required to attend, 

1789
01:34:31,100 --> 01:34:34,200
but your father has recently 
decided you should learn the 

1790
01:34:34,200 --> 01:34:37,500
Practical side of governance 
which means sitting on a 

1791
01:34:37,500 --> 01:34:40,900
slightly uncomfortable chair. 
At the side of his great carved 

1792
01:34:40,900 --> 01:34:44,000
seat and trying to look 
interested while people argue 

1793
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:47,900
about boundary stones and water 
rights The hall is already 

1794
01:34:47,900 --> 01:34:51,500
filling when you arrive, you 
recognize most of the faces. 

1795
01:34:51,500 --> 01:34:54,700
These are your father's people 
farmers and Craftsmen and 

1796
01:34:54,700 --> 01:34:56,500
Merchants you've known your 
entire life. 

1797
01:34:57,300 --> 01:34:59,500
Old Thomas, who runs the mill is
near the front. 

1798
01:34:59,500 --> 01:35:03,100
Looking at something the 
Carpenters wife stands with 

1799
01:35:03,100 --> 01:35:06,800
their arms crossed her face set 
in determined Line's that 

1800
01:35:06,800 --> 01:35:08,300
suggests. 
She's not leaving without 

1801
01:35:08,300 --> 01:35:10,900
satisfaction. 
Your father enters with 

1802
01:35:10,900 --> 01:35:14,300
appropriate, ceremony settling 
into his chair, with the weight 

1803
01:35:14,300 --> 01:35:16,400
of someone who knows. 
He's about to spend several 

1804
01:35:16,400 --> 01:35:20,700
hours mediating disputes. 
The steward stands, ready with 

1805
01:35:20,700 --> 01:35:25,000
his role of parchment, ready to 
record, decisions your angel, 

1806
01:35:25,000 --> 01:35:26,900
skirts and prepare to look 
attentive. 

1807
01:35:26,900 --> 01:35:29,900
The first petition is about 
pigs. 

1808
01:35:30,700 --> 01:35:33,600
Specifically, about whether 
Walter's pigs have been rooting 

1809
01:35:33,600 --> 01:35:37,400
in Edmonds, kitchen garden. 
And if, so what compensation is 

1810
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:41,400
owed for destroyed cabbages, 
Both men, present, their cases, 

1811
01:35:41,400 --> 01:35:44,600
with the passionate intensity, 
usually reserved for matters of 

1812
01:35:44,600 --> 01:35:48,400
life and death. 
Your father, listens his face 

1813
01:35:48,400 --> 01:35:51,100
carefully. 
Neutral asking occasional 

1814
01:35:51,100 --> 01:35:53,300
questions about fence 
maintenance and pig. 

1815
01:35:53,300 --> 01:35:56,700
Wandering patterns in the end, 
he rules that Walter must pay 

1816
01:35:56,700 --> 01:35:59,300
for the cabbages and repair his 
fence to prevent future. 

1817
01:35:59,300 --> 01:36:03,400
Poor sign, invasions both men, 
look moderately satisfied with 

1818
01:36:03,400 --> 01:36:06,900
this which are farther as 
explained is the Hallmark of a 

1819
01:36:06,900 --> 01:36:09,300
good judgment. 
Everyone leaves slightly 

1820
01:36:09,300 --> 01:36:12,000
unhappy, which means it's 
probably Fair. 

1821
01:36:12,000 --> 01:36:15,900
The next case involves a 
disputed property line, which 

1822
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:19,100
requires bringing out a map and 
several elderly men who claimed 

1823
01:36:19,100 --> 01:36:21,300
to remember, where the boundary 
as always been. 

1824
01:36:22,400 --> 01:36:25,800
They don't agree naturally, one 
swears the old oak marks the 

1825
01:36:25,808 --> 01:36:29,100
corner while another insists is 
the Hawthorne hedge. 

1826
01:36:30,000 --> 01:36:33,400
Third claims both are wrong and 
the true boundaries, the 

1827
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:37,700
drainage ditch which hasn't 
existed in living memory, but 

1828
01:36:37,700 --> 01:36:39,300
his grandfather told him about 
it. 

1829
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:43,200
Your father questions. 
Each man patiently working to 

1830
01:36:43,200 --> 01:36:45,000
establish some sort of 
consensus. 

1831
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:48,300
You watch the process with 
growing appreciation for his 

1832
01:36:48,300 --> 01:36:51,700
skill. 
He never dismisses anyone never 

1833
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:55,300
suggest their memories are fully
and just gently guide them 

1834
01:36:55,300 --> 01:36:59,500
toward finding common ground. 
Eventually they agreed to split 

1835
01:36:59,500 --> 01:37:02,408
the difference with the boundary
running between the Oak and the 

1836
01:37:02,416 --> 01:37:04,800
head. 
The disputed strip will be 

1837
01:37:04,800 --> 01:37:08,100
common grazing. 
Everyone looks relieved to have 

1838
01:37:08,100 --> 01:37:10,800
it settled. 
The afternoon proceeds through a

1839
01:37:10,800 --> 01:37:12,500
catalog of minor. 
Drama's. 

1840
01:37:13,200 --> 01:37:16,700
A question about fishing rights 
in the Stream, a complaint about

1841
01:37:16,700 --> 01:37:20,000
the baker's weights, and a 
request to delay rent payment 

1842
01:37:20,000 --> 01:37:24,300
until after the spring planting.
Each case requires listening 

1843
01:37:24,300 --> 01:37:27,300
questioning and sometimes 
Consulting with the steward or 

1844
01:37:27,300 --> 01:37:28,800
bailiff before rendering 
judgment. 

1845
01:37:30,300 --> 01:37:33,200
You find yourself paying 
attention, despite the mundane 

1846
01:37:33,200 --> 01:37:35,700
subject matter. 
There's something fascinating 

1847
01:37:35,700 --> 01:37:38,800
about the way people present 
their cases, the rhetoric, they 

1848
01:37:38,800 --> 01:37:42,300
implore and the appeals to 
tradition, or fairness or common

1849
01:37:42,300 --> 01:37:45,400
sense. 
The Carpenter's wife arguing for

1850
01:37:45,400 --> 01:37:48,700
compensation after a tree from 
your father's land fell on her, 

1851
01:37:48,700 --> 01:37:52,100
husband's Workshop. 
Speaks with controlled passion 

1852
01:37:52,100 --> 01:37:56,700
about Justice and responsibility
your father listens to her 

1853
01:37:56,700 --> 01:37:59,700
entire argument. 
Before pointing out gently that 

1854
01:37:59,700 --> 01:38:02,300
the tree fell in a storm that no
one could have predicted. 

1855
01:38:02,300 --> 01:38:06,300
And while he sympathizes with 
her loss, he cannot be held 

1856
01:38:06,300 --> 01:38:10,600
responsible for acts of God. 
However, he continues, he will 

1857
01:38:10,600 --> 01:38:13,700
provide Timber from his own 
Woods to repair the workshop as 

1858
01:38:13,700 --> 01:38:17,500
a gesture of Goodwill. 
The Carpenter's wife accepts 

1859
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:21,100
this with Grace and you make a 
mental note of the strategy 

1860
01:38:21,100 --> 01:38:24,500
acknowledge the claim without 
accepting the premise. 

1861
01:38:24,500 --> 01:38:28,400
Then offer something to soften 
the refusal is diplomacy in 

1862
01:38:28,400 --> 01:38:31,900
miniature. old Thomas's 
complained about the grain 

1863
01:38:31,900 --> 01:38:34,300
measures turns out to be less 
about the measures themselves 

1864
01:38:34,300 --> 01:38:38,400
and more about a running dispute
with the Millers wife, which 

1865
01:38:38,400 --> 01:38:41,300
everyone in the hall apparently 
knows about except your father 

1866
01:38:42,400 --> 01:38:44,500
Some suppressed to laugh. 
After when the Millers wife is 

1867
01:38:44,500 --> 01:38:47,700
called forward and immediately 
begins her own rest is station 

1868
01:38:47,700 --> 01:38:50,600
of grievances. 
Most of which involved Thomas's 

1869
01:38:50,600 --> 01:38:54,400
allegedly wandering hands during
delivery your father cuts 

1870
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:56,700
through the personal drama to 
the Practical issue. 

1871
01:38:56,700 --> 01:39:01,100
Are the measures accurate or not
Test is conducted with standard 

1872
01:39:01,100 --> 01:39:06,000
weights and the measures proved 
true. case dismissed though with

1873
01:39:06,000 --> 01:39:08,800
a stern lecture to Thomas about 
appropriate behavior, that makes

1874
01:39:08,800 --> 01:39:13,100
the old man Shuffle, his feet, 
like a scalded child, By the 

1875
01:39:13,100 --> 01:39:16,800
time, the last petition is heard
a straightforward request for 

1876
01:39:16,800 --> 01:39:19,900
permission to cut wood in the 
forest easily granted. 

1877
01:39:20,700 --> 01:39:24,200
Your tired from sitting still 
for so long but your mind feels 

1878
01:39:24,200 --> 01:39:27,500
pleasantly engaged. 
Petty details of a state 

1879
01:39:27,500 --> 01:39:29,300
management. 
Turn out to be more interesting 

1880
01:39:29,300 --> 01:39:33,500
than you expected, full of human
nature, and problem-solving and 

1881
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:36,600
the Eternal challenge of 
balancing competing interests. 

1882
01:39:37,600 --> 01:39:40,400
Your father Rises signaling, the
end of the session. 

1883
01:39:41,200 --> 01:39:44,800
The crowd, disperses some people
lingering to speak with the 

1884
01:39:44,800 --> 01:39:46,500
steward or bailiff about 
details. 

1885
01:39:46,500 --> 01:39:49,900
You stand as well stretching 
surreptitiously. 

1886
01:39:50,700 --> 01:39:53,600
What did you think? 
Your father asks surprising you,

1887
01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:55,800
he rarely asks your opinion on 
anything. 

1888
01:39:57,100 --> 01:39:59,800
I think the Carpenters wife made
the best argument you say 

1889
01:39:59,808 --> 01:40:01,900
honestly even though she didn't 
win. 

1890
01:40:02,700 --> 01:40:05,400
He nods slowly. 
She presented her case. 

1891
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:09,200
Well but sometimes being right 
isn't the same as being entitled

1892
01:40:09,200 --> 01:40:12,700
to compensation. 
He pauses though the timber was 

1893
01:40:12,700 --> 01:40:13,900
a fair compromise. 
I think. 

1894
01:40:14,800 --> 01:40:18,000
Very fair, you agree and 
something that might be approval

1895
01:40:18,000 --> 01:40:20,900
flickers across his face before 
he turns to confer with the 

1896
01:40:20,900 --> 01:40:23,300
steward. 
You leave the holding oddly 

1897
01:40:23,300 --> 01:40:26,500
satisfied as if you've learned 
something important without 

1898
01:40:26,500 --> 01:40:28,300
quite being able to articulate 
what it is. 

1899
01:40:29,100 --> 01:40:31,200
Evening approaches bringing with
it. 

1900
01:40:31,200 --> 01:40:34,000
The our, your mother calls 
cultivation of the gentle Arts, 

1901
01:40:34,000 --> 01:40:37,500
which is her way of saying, it's
time for music practice, you 

1902
01:40:37,500 --> 01:40:40,300
collect your loot from your 
chamber, the instrument, that's 

1903
01:40:40,300 --> 01:40:43,300
been your companion. 
Since you attend and deemed old 

1904
01:40:43,300 --> 01:40:47,100
enough to learn proper playing, 
the lute is beautiful in its way

1905
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:50,200
polished wood. 
Inlaid with subtle patterning, 

1906
01:40:50,200 --> 01:40:53,700
around the soundhole and strings
that gleam in the candlelight. 

1907
01:40:54,600 --> 01:40:58,000
It's also temperamental prone to
going out of tune at the 

1908
01:40:58,000 --> 01:41:01,900
slightest provocation and 
possessed of a personality that 

1909
01:41:01,900 --> 01:41:03,700
you've never quite managed to 
master. 

1910
01:41:04,700 --> 01:41:07,300
Your relationship with the 
instrument is one of mutual 

1911
01:41:07,300 --> 01:41:11,400
tolerance rather than harmonie. 
Which your music teacher finds 

1912
01:41:11,400 --> 01:41:15,800
endlessly disappointing? 
Brother Anselm is waiting in the

1913
01:41:15,800 --> 01:41:19,300
small chamber of the solar. 
His own Lut already tuned. 

1914
01:41:20,200 --> 01:41:23,200
He's a different sort of Monk 
than brother, Clemente young 

1915
01:41:23,200 --> 01:41:27,000
girl, more worldly with an 
actual talent for music rather 

1916
01:41:27,000 --> 01:41:29,200
than the dutiful competence most
Brothers. 

1917
01:41:29,200 --> 01:41:31,600
Develop. 
He can make his loot sing in 

1918
01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:33,700
ways. 
Yours steadfastly, refuses to, 

1919
01:41:33,700 --> 01:41:37,200
which is both inspiring and 
mildly irritating. 

1920
01:41:38,000 --> 01:41:40,200
My lady, he greets you with a 
small bowel. 

1921
01:41:40,800 --> 01:41:42,000
Shall we continue with the 
French? 

1922
01:41:42,000 --> 01:41:45,400
Are we began last week? 
You settle onto your stool, 

1923
01:41:45,400 --> 01:41:49,100
adjusting the loot on your lap. 
We can try though. 

1924
01:41:49,100 --> 01:41:52,700
It wasn't going well last time. 
Music is patient with those who 

1925
01:41:52,700 --> 01:41:55,600
are patient with it, he says, 
which is the sort of thing, 

1926
01:41:55,600 --> 01:41:58,800
music teaches say, when you're 
not very good, but they're too 

1927
01:41:58,800 --> 01:42:02,500
polite to mention it directly. 
You begin tuning, adjusting the 

1928
01:42:02,500 --> 01:42:06,400
pegs, with careful precision, 
The strings ping and stretch 

1929
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:09,400
gradually settling into 
something, approaching correct 

1930
01:42:09,400 --> 01:42:12,400
pitch, rather Anselm weights 
with the infinite. 

1931
01:42:12,400 --> 01:42:15,400
Patience of someone whose 
witnessed this process 100s of 

1932
01:42:15,408 --> 01:42:19,600
times. better, he says when you 
finally play a tentative chord, 

1933
01:42:20,300 --> 01:42:24,600
now remember, Fourth finger 
stays curved like your holding 

1934
01:42:24,600 --> 01:42:26,900
an egg. 
You've never understood. 

1935
01:42:26,900 --> 01:42:29,800
Why the posture for Luke playing
involves invisible eggs? 

1936
01:42:30,600 --> 01:42:32,200
That you adjust your hand 
accordingly. 

1937
01:42:33,000 --> 01:42:35,100
The are your learning is called 
Belle. 

1938
01:42:35,100 --> 01:42:38,700
Duet a Melancholy piece about 
waiting and longing that seems 

1939
01:42:38,700 --> 01:42:40,200
appropriate for a winter 
evening. 

1940
01:42:40,200 --> 01:42:45,000
You begin fingers, finding the 
familiar patterns, the first few

1941
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:47,200
measures go. 
Well, but then you hit the 

1942
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:50,500
passage where the melody moves 
to the higher strings, and 

1943
01:42:50,500 --> 01:42:54,600
everything falls apart. 
Your fourth finger, refuses to 

1944
01:42:54,600 --> 01:42:58,500
curve properly, the notes come 
out muffled and you lose the 

1945
01:42:58,500 --> 01:43:02,100
Rhythm entirely. 
You stop frustrated. 

1946
01:43:03,100 --> 01:43:05,800
Again brother Anselm says not 
unkindly. 

1947
01:43:06,600 --> 01:43:10,200
Listen to the spaces between the
notes, there is important as the

1948
01:43:10,200 --> 01:43:14,400
notes themselves. 
You try again, this time, you 

1949
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:18,400
focus on the pauses, the silent,
that gives shape to the sound. 

1950
01:43:19,300 --> 01:43:23,300
It's marginally better though. 
Still far from the fluid Beauty 

1951
01:43:23,300 --> 01:43:25,200
brother Anthem, achieves, when 
he plays it. 

1952
01:43:25,900 --> 01:43:29,400
But you can hear the melody now 
and can feel where it wants to 

1953
01:43:29,400 --> 01:43:32,400
go, even if your fingers don't 
quite take it there. 

1954
01:43:33,500 --> 01:43:35,900
Good. 
He says when you finish, you're 

1955
01:43:35,900 --> 01:43:38,300
thinking too much about 
technique and not enough about 

1956
01:43:38,300 --> 01:43:40,700
the music itself, let your 
hands. 

1957
01:43:40,700 --> 01:43:45,300
Remember the pattern while your 
mind follows the melody, This is

1958
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:48,600
easier said than done rather 
like telling someone to think 

1959
01:43:48,600 --> 01:43:52,700
about not thinking. 
But you try again a tempting to 

1960
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:55,400
relax into the music instead of 
attacking it. 

1961
01:43:56,200 --> 01:43:59,600
Your hands move through the 
pattern stumbling in places but 

1962
01:43:59,600 --> 01:44:04,000
recovering the melody emerges 
hesitant but recognizable. 

1963
01:44:05,000 --> 01:44:08,200
Their brother and some says with
satisfaction, that's the 

1964
01:44:08,200 --> 01:44:10,300
difference. 
You were playing notes before 

1965
01:44:10,300 --> 01:44:14,300
now you're making music. 
You're not entirely sure. 

1966
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:17,800
You agree with this assessment. 
The stumbles were still stumbles

1967
01:44:17,800 --> 01:44:19,100
the muffled notes. 
Still muffled. 

1968
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:23,000
But something did feel different
less forced. 

1969
01:44:23,700 --> 01:44:26,600
You play through it again and 
this time, it flows slightly 

1970
01:44:26,600 --> 01:44:28,500
better. 
The melody line becoming 

1971
01:44:28,500 --> 01:44:31,700
clearer. 
Brother and some picks up his 

1972
01:44:31,700 --> 01:44:33,700
own loot. 
Let me play with you. 

1973
01:44:33,700 --> 01:44:36,100
This time. 
Listen to how the parts fit 

1974
01:44:36,100 --> 01:44:39,400
together. 
He begins and you join in after 

1975
01:44:39,400 --> 01:44:43,200
the first phrase, his playing is
so much smoother than yours. 

1976
01:44:43,200 --> 01:44:46,300
That it's almost embarrassing 
but it'll pulls you forward and 

1977
01:44:46,300 --> 01:44:50,000
gives you something to follow. 
Your part weaves around his 

1978
01:44:50,000 --> 01:44:53,900
sometimes, harmonizing, 
sometimes moving in, contrary 

1979
01:44:53,900 --> 01:44:56,600
motion. 
When you stumble his steady 

1980
01:44:56,600 --> 01:45:00,300
Rhythm, keeps you from losing 
your place entirely, By the time

1981
01:45:00,300 --> 01:45:04,500
you finish your actually 
smiling, it wasn't perfect far 

1982
01:45:04,500 --> 01:45:09,200
from it, but it was music real 
music two instruments. 

1983
01:45:09,200 --> 01:45:11,800
Speaking to each other in the 
language of Melody and rhythm 

1984
01:45:13,300 --> 01:45:16,100
Rather Anselm is smiling too. 
Clearly pleased with the 

1985
01:45:16,108 --> 01:45:19,100
progress. 
Practice that this week he says,

1986
01:45:19,100 --> 01:45:22,600
not for Perfection but for 
pleasure music should be 

1987
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:24,300
enjoyed. 
Not endured. 

1988
01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:28,600
You promised to try though, you 
suspect your practice sessions 

1989
01:45:28,600 --> 01:45:31,400
will continue to be more about 
grinding through difficult, 

1990
01:45:31,400 --> 01:45:36,100
passages than joyful. 
Music making Still, it's 

1991
01:45:36,100 --> 01:45:40,200
something to work toward. 
After brother Anselm leaves, you

1992
01:45:40,200 --> 01:45:43,300
sit for a moment with the loot 
still in your lap plucking Idol 

1993
01:45:43,300 --> 01:45:45,600
notes. 
The instrument feels slightly, 

1994
01:45:45,600 --> 01:45:49,200
more friendly than usual as if 
your brief success has softened,

1995
01:45:49,200 --> 01:45:52,000
its attitude. 
You play through a simple 

1996
01:45:52,000 --> 01:45:54,200
Melody. 
One you learned years ago, 

1997
01:45:54,200 --> 01:45:57,300
letting your fingers, remember 
the pattern while your mind 

1998
01:45:57,300 --> 01:46:00,300
wanders? 
There's something meditative 

1999
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:03,600
about music when you're alone 
with it, with no one listening 

2000
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:07,800
or judging the notes rise and 
fall filling the chamber with 

2001
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:10,800
sound as just for you. 
Not performance. 

2002
01:46:10,800 --> 01:46:13,500
Not practice. 
Just music for the sake of 

2003
01:46:13,508 --> 01:46:17,900
making it Eventually your 
fingers, start to tie her and 

2004
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:19,500
you carefully set the loot 
aside. 

2005
01:46:20,400 --> 01:46:23,700
The light is fading outside the 
window, the short February day 

2006
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:27,100
already giving away to evening. 
You can hear the household 

2007
01:46:27,100 --> 01:46:30,600
settling into its evening, 
rhythms servants lighting, 

2008
01:46:30,600 --> 01:46:34,100
candles preparing for supper and
the general shift toward the 

2009
01:46:34,100 --> 01:46:37,700
day's end. 
You take a breath, feeling oddly

2010
01:46:37,700 --> 01:46:40,600
peaceful. 
The day has been full of small 

2011
01:46:40,600 --> 01:46:45,600
things, embroidery and lessons, 
Gardens and music disputes about

2012
01:46:45,600 --> 01:46:48,400
pigs and Boundary stones. 
Nothing. 

2013
01:46:48,400 --> 01:46:50,900
Dramatic. 
Nothing that would make a song 

2014
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:54,900
or story just life. 
Ordinary and unremarkable 

2015
01:46:54,900 --> 01:46:58,300
rolling forward. 
One, small moment at a time. 

2016
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:02,700
After a light supper bread and 
cheese and some of the preserves

2017
01:47:02,700 --> 01:47:06,500
from Summer eaten quickly in the
small chamber, where your family

2018
01:47:06,500 --> 01:47:10,100
takes in formal meals, you 
Retreat to your chamber for the 

2019
01:47:10,108 --> 01:47:12,400
evening. 
Agnes has already prepared your 

2020
01:47:12,400 --> 01:47:16,200
writing desk, setting out, fresh
parchment during quail and the 

2021
01:47:16,200 --> 01:47:17,600
quilt. 
She sharpened early. 

2022
01:47:18,500 --> 01:47:21,500
Letter writing is your favorite 
part of the day, the hour when 

2023
01:47:21,508 --> 01:47:24,100
you get to think beyond the 
castle walls, your 

2024
01:47:24,100 --> 01:47:26,000
correspondence is limited of 
course. 

2025
01:47:26,900 --> 01:47:30,400
Your aunt at court, a cousin 
married to a minor Lord in the 

2026
01:47:30,400 --> 01:47:33,900
north and occasionally your 
mother's sister who lives in a 

2027
01:47:33,900 --> 01:47:35,600
Convent and writes the most 
wonderfully. 

2028
01:47:35,600 --> 01:47:39,300
A certain letters about 
religious life. but these few 

2029
01:47:39,300 --> 01:47:43,200
connections are precious 
threads, linking, you to a wider

2030
01:47:43,200 --> 01:47:46,400
world, you can only Glimpse 
through written words Tonight, 

2031
01:47:46,400 --> 01:47:49,600
your writing to your aunt, who 
sent a letter last week full of 

2032
01:47:49,608 --> 01:47:52,700
Court gossip and political 
maneuvering, that was more 

2033
01:47:52,700 --> 01:47:54,800
entertaining than any minstrels 
Tale. 

2034
01:47:55,500 --> 01:47:58,700
She has a gift for description, 
bringing the great Lords and 

2035
01:47:58,708 --> 01:48:02,900
Ladies to life with a few sharp 
observations reading her letters

2036
01:48:02,900 --> 01:48:06,300
makes you feel like you're there
watching the elaborate dance of 

2037
01:48:06,300 --> 01:48:09,500
influence and favor, you dip 
your quilt carefully. 

2038
01:48:09,500 --> 01:48:13,700
Letting the excess ink drip back
into the well, The first words 

2039
01:48:13,700 --> 01:48:17,000
are always the hardest, the 
formal greeting, that convention

2040
01:48:17,000 --> 01:48:20,000
requires before you can settle 
into actual communication. 

2041
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:24,100
You write it out, carefully, 
your script more control than 

2042
01:48:24,100 --> 01:48:26,500
the rushed hand, you use, for 
copying Latin. 

2043
01:48:27,700 --> 01:48:31,500
My dearest aren't I hope this 
letter finds you well, and in 

2044
01:48:31,500 --> 01:48:35,200
good health. 
For Maltese completed, you relax

2045
01:48:35,200 --> 01:48:37,900
into the letter. 
Proper You tell her about the 

2046
01:48:37,900 --> 01:48:41,200
garden about the early bolds, 
pushing through despite the 

2047
01:48:41,200 --> 01:48:43,100
cold. 
She loves God. 

2048
01:48:43,100 --> 01:48:46,300
And you know though the court 
rarely allows her time to enjoy 

2049
01:48:46,300 --> 01:48:51,000
them. you describe brother 
Anselm's music lessons, making a

2050
01:48:51,000 --> 01:48:54,600
joke about your fourth fingers 
continued refusal to curve like 

2051
01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:58,300
an egg holding implement You 
mentioned your father's court 

2052
01:48:58,300 --> 01:49:02,600
session, the dispute about the 
Pigs and The Carpenter's wife's 

2053
01:49:02,600 --> 01:49:06,200
eloquent argument. 
The quill scratches across the 

2054
01:49:06,200 --> 01:49:10,800
parchment, the sound rhythmic 
and satisfying, you pause 

2055
01:49:10,800 --> 01:49:13,700
occasionally to gather your 
thoughts or let a particularly 

2056
01:49:13,700 --> 01:49:15,800
flowing phrase dry before 
continuing. 

2057
01:49:17,200 --> 01:49:19,900
Letter writing requires a 
different kind of composition 

2058
01:49:19,900 --> 01:49:22,600
and speaking. 
You have time to choose your 

2059
01:49:22,600 --> 01:49:26,300
words to craft sentences that 
say exactly what you mean. 

2060
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:30,500
It's a luxury really? 
You ask after your aunt's health

2061
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:34,700
and about the court lady, she's 
mentioned in previous letters is

2062
01:49:34,700 --> 01:49:37,100
the young Countess still 
carrying favor with the queen. 

2063
01:49:37,900 --> 01:49:40,500
Did the Duke's marriage and 
negotiation succeed? 

2064
01:49:41,600 --> 01:49:45,400
Has there been news from France?
Where the war continues, its 

2065
01:49:45,400 --> 01:49:47,900
endless grinding forward and 
back. 

2066
01:49:49,000 --> 01:49:52,200
Halfway through you pause to 
sharpen your quill. 

2067
01:49:52,900 --> 01:49:55,900
The knife cutting away the 
Warren tip to expose a fresh 

2068
01:49:55,900 --> 01:49:59,100
point. 
Agnes has taught you the trick 

2069
01:49:59,100 --> 01:50:03,200
of it, the angle of the cut, the
slight curve, that makes the 

2070
01:50:03,200 --> 01:50:06,600
quill flow smoothly. 
It's a small skill, but 

2071
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:11,300
satisfying in his usefulness, 
you can continue writing moving 

2072
01:50:11,300 --> 01:50:14,300
into more personal territory. 
You can festive feeling 

2073
01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:16,700
restless. 
Lately caught between childhood,

2074
01:50:16,700 --> 01:50:20,000
and whatever comes next. 
You don't mention marriage, 

2075
01:50:20,000 --> 01:50:23,400
negotiations directly. 
Your aunt is too clever not to 

2076
01:50:23,400 --> 01:50:25,400
have heard about them through 
her Court connections. 

2077
01:50:25,400 --> 01:50:29,100
But you hint at it. 
The waiting and uncertainty. 

2078
01:50:30,200 --> 01:50:32,000
I sometimes feel like the 
garden. 

2079
01:50:32,000 --> 01:50:35,400
You write waiting for a season 
that may or may not. 

2080
01:50:35,400 --> 01:50:38,800
Come when expected though at 
least the bulbs no spring will 

2081
01:50:38,808 --> 01:50:41,800
eventually arrive even if the 
timing is unclear. 

2082
01:50:42,700 --> 01:50:45,300
You read that back considering 
whether it's too revealing too 

2083
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:48,500
vulnerable, but your answers 
always been kind about such 

2084
01:50:48,500 --> 01:50:52,600
admissions, never mocking your 
moments of uncertainty you let 

2085
01:50:52,600 --> 01:50:56,100
it stand. 
The letter fills, two sheets of 

2086
01:50:56,100 --> 01:50:58,800
parchment before your satisfied.
You've said everything worth 

2087
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:01,900
saying you close with 
appropriate wishes for her 

2088
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:05,200
health and happiness. 
Sign your name with a flourish. 

2089
01:51:05,200 --> 01:51:08,000
That would make brother Clemente
wins at, its lack of careful for

2090
01:51:08,000 --> 01:51:12,200
nation and set it aside to dry 
while the ink settles you pull 

2091
01:51:12,200 --> 01:51:15,500
out another piece of parchment. 
You have a half composed letter 

2092
01:51:15,500 --> 01:51:18,700
to your cousin in the north 
started weeks ago and never 

2093
01:51:18,700 --> 01:51:21,100
finished. 
She's recently had a second 

2094
01:51:21,100 --> 01:51:24,100
child and you should send 
congratulations, even though the

2095
01:51:24,100 --> 01:51:26,000
news is no longer precisely 
fresh. 

2096
01:51:26,800 --> 01:51:30,100
You read what you wrote before? 
Winston slightly at the stilted 

2097
01:51:30,100 --> 01:51:35,300
phrasing two formal too careful.
Your cousin deserves better than

2098
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:37,700
careful. 
You cross out most of it and 

2099
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:41,200
start fresh this time, writing 
the way you talk to her. 

2100
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:45,700
If you could warm slightly 
irreverent and full of the small

2101
01:51:45,700 --> 01:51:49,000
jokes and observations that make
letters from Friends, rather 

2102
01:51:49,000 --> 01:51:52,800
than obligations. 
You asked about the baby about a

2103
01:51:52,800 --> 01:51:56,200
health and about whether her 
husband has stopped his habit of

2104
01:51:56,200 --> 01:51:59,700
bringing his hunting dogs into 
the Great Hall at mealtimes, you

2105
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:03,100
share news from your own life, 
the embroidery project, the 

2106
01:52:03,100 --> 01:52:07,000
music lessons, the gardens 
patient waiting ordinary things 

2107
01:52:07,000 --> 01:52:10,000
but their, what friendship is 
from these ordinary sharing's, 

2108
01:52:10,000 --> 01:52:13,100
the candles of burned down. 
Noticeably by the time you 

2109
01:52:13,100 --> 01:52:16,100
finish Your hand, a slightly 
from writing. 

2110
01:52:16,100 --> 01:52:19,200
The familiar cramping of fingers
held too long in the same 

2111
01:52:19,200 --> 01:52:23,500
position, you Flex them watching
the ink dry on your final 

2112
01:52:23,500 --> 01:52:26,800
letter. 
Agnes appears quietly, as she 

2113
01:52:26,800 --> 01:52:29,100
always does when she senses your
finishing up. 

2114
01:52:29,800 --> 01:52:31,900
She'll collect the letters 
tomorrow and give them to the 

2115
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:34,400
steward to include with the next
messenger heading in the 

2116
01:52:34,400 --> 01:52:37,800
appropriate Direction's. 
Your words will travel roads. 

2117
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:41,200
You've never walked arriving in 
places you've only imagined, 

2118
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:42,600
through other people's 
descriptions. 

2119
01:52:43,600 --> 01:52:47,200
You seal the letters with wax 
pressing your ring into each 

2120
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:50,400
blob of red. 
Your own small mark on the world

2121
01:52:50,400 --> 01:52:52,700
traveling farther than you ever 
will. 

2122
01:52:53,600 --> 01:52:57,700
The wax hardens quickly in the 
cool are preserving your seal 

2123
01:52:57,700 --> 01:53:00,300
like a promise. 
Ready for bed. 

2124
01:53:00,300 --> 01:53:04,600
My lady Agnes asks, and you nod 
suddenly aware of how tired you 

2125
01:53:04,600 --> 01:53:07,100
are. 
The day has been long full of 

2126
01:53:07,108 --> 01:53:10,600
small tasks and Quiet Moments, 
and you're ready for sleep. 

2127
01:53:10,600 --> 01:53:13,600
Your chamber is dim except for 
the candles. 

2128
01:53:14,700 --> 01:53:18,800
Agnes is lit three one by the 
bed and another on the clothing 

2129
01:53:18,800 --> 01:53:22,100
chest, and a third near the 
Brazier where Cole's glow, red 

2130
01:53:22,108 --> 01:53:24,500
and warm. 
She helps you out of your turtle

2131
01:53:24,500 --> 01:53:27,700
and circle coat, unleashing with
practice deficiency. 

2132
01:53:29,200 --> 01:53:33,200
The Wolf Slide Off heavy and 
slightly musty from a day's 

2133
01:53:33,200 --> 01:53:36,400
wearing your down to your 
chemise now, and Agnes. 

2134
01:53:36,400 --> 01:53:38,100
Brings a bowl of warm water for 
washing. 

2135
01:53:39,200 --> 01:53:42,500
This evening water is a luxury 
heated in the kitchen and 

2136
01:53:42,500 --> 01:53:46,000
carried up specially. 
You wash your face and hands. 

2137
01:53:46,000 --> 01:53:48,700
The warm cloth soothing against 
your skin. 

2138
01:53:49,400 --> 01:53:51,400
The water smells faintly of the 
herbs. 

2139
01:53:52,300 --> 01:53:55,400
Agnes adds lavender again and 
something else you can't quite 

2140
01:53:55,400 --> 01:53:58,500
identify. 
She takes down your hair next 

2141
01:53:58,500 --> 01:54:02,500
and doing the careful braiding. 
She did this morning, your hair 

2142
01:54:02,500 --> 01:54:04,700
Falls in waves freed from the 
constraint. 

2143
01:54:04,700 --> 01:54:09,600
She runs her fingers through it.
Gently working out Tangles and 

2144
01:54:09,600 --> 01:54:11,900
you close your eyes at The 
Familiar comfort of it. 

2145
01:54:11,900 --> 01:54:15,200
This is perhaps your favorite 
part of the day. 

2146
01:54:16,000 --> 01:54:18,900
This quiet, ritual of becoming 
yourself again. 

2147
01:54:18,900 --> 01:54:22,200
Shedding the layers of propriety
and presentation. 

2148
01:54:23,500 --> 01:54:27,300
Shall I braid it for sleeping? 
My lady you nod and she Begins 

2149
01:54:27,300 --> 01:54:29,800
the loose Platt that keeps your 
hair manageable through the 

2150
01:54:29,800 --> 01:54:32,300
night. 
A fingers work quickly. 

2151
01:54:32,300 --> 01:54:35,900
The Rhythm soothing You can feel
the days tension. 

2152
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:39,300
Releasing your shoulders 
dropping and you're breathing. 

2153
01:54:39,300 --> 01:54:43,500
Slowing. 
When she's done you climb into 

2154
01:54:43,500 --> 01:54:46,300
bed and Agnes, pulls the heavy 
curtains part. 

2155
01:54:46,300 --> 01:54:51,000
Way closed leaving them open 
enough for air to circulate. the

2156
01:54:51,000 --> 01:54:54,900
bed is cold at first the linen 
sheets like ice but, you know, 

2157
01:54:54,900 --> 01:54:58,600
it will warm soon, she's placed 
a warming Stone, wrapping cloth 

2158
01:54:58,600 --> 01:55:02,900
near your feet and you curl your
toes around it greatly Will you 

2159
01:55:02,908 --> 01:55:04,300
need anything else? 
My lady? 

2160
01:55:05,100 --> 01:55:06,500
No, thank you. 
Agnes sleep. 

2161
01:55:06,500 --> 01:55:10,100
Well and you my lady. 
He slips out quietly. 

2162
01:55:10,100 --> 01:55:12,200
Taking one of the candles with 
her. 

2163
01:55:13,400 --> 01:55:16,000
The remaining light flickers 
against the bed, curtains, 

2164
01:55:16,000 --> 01:55:19,800
casting moving Shadows. 
You lie still listening to the 

2165
01:55:19,800 --> 01:55:23,100
castle settling around you. 
Somewhere below. 

2166
01:55:23,100 --> 01:55:27,100
Servants are finishing the day's
tasks in the guard house. 

2167
01:55:27,100 --> 01:55:31,200
Men are changing watch in the 
chapel amongst are preparing for

2168
01:55:31,200 --> 01:55:34,100
complain. 
The final office before sleep. 

2169
01:55:34,800 --> 01:55:38,100
You think about your day? 
All the small moments that 

2170
01:55:38,100 --> 01:55:41,500
comprised it. 
The cold Chapel, the stubborn 

2171
01:55:41,500 --> 01:55:45,100
rose petal, and the Robin in the
garden, the pigs and the 

2172
01:55:45,100 --> 01:55:48,200
boundary Stones. 
Your loot fighting against 

2173
01:55:48,200 --> 01:55:50,100
Beauty and occasionally 
surrendering. 

2174
01:55:50,100 --> 01:55:54,300
The letters are now waiting to 
travel carrying your words into 

2175
01:55:54,300 --> 01:55:57,800
the world, nothing 
extraordinary, nothing that 

2176
01:55:57,800 --> 01:56:01,800
would be remembered or remarked 
upon just a day, one of 

2177
01:56:01,800 --> 01:56:05,600
thousands unremarkable and 
precious in His very 

2178
01:56:05,600 --> 01:56:07,500
ordinariness, you're alive in 
it. 

2179
01:56:07,500 --> 01:56:10,700
Present. 
In all the small details, the 

2180
01:56:10,700 --> 01:56:14,200
scratch of the quill, the smell 
of Rosemary, the weight of the 

2181
01:56:14,200 --> 01:56:17,900
loot, in your lap. 
Taste of Apple's stood in Honey.

2182
01:56:17,900 --> 01:56:23,400
The feel of silk thread sliding 
through linen and the sound of 

2183
01:56:23,400 --> 01:56:26,600
your father's measured judgments
echoing in the Great Hall. 

2184
01:56:26,600 --> 01:56:31,800
This is your life, not waiting 
for it to begin, but actually 

2185
01:56:31,800 --> 01:56:35,700
living it here in these moments.
That feel too small to matter, 

2186
01:56:35,700 --> 01:56:37,500
but somehow add up to 
everything. 

2187
01:56:38,500 --> 01:56:42,200
The garden knows this. 
You think drowsily, the bulbs 

2188
01:56:42,200 --> 01:56:45,000
pushing through frozen ground 
aren't waiting for spring to 

2189
01:56:45,008 --> 01:56:48,000
live their living. 
Now, in the darkness and the 

2190
01:56:48,000 --> 01:56:51,800
cold, doing what they need to do
to survive until warmth arrives.

2191
01:56:52,400 --> 01:56:54,800
You shift slightly pulling The 
Furs up higher. 

2192
01:56:54,800 --> 01:56:57,300
The warming stone is doing its 
job. 

2193
01:56:57,300 --> 01:56:59,400
Heat radiating through the 
cloth. 

2194
01:56:59,400 --> 01:57:03,200
Your feet are finally losing 
their chill outside. 

2195
01:57:03,200 --> 01:57:06,700
The night is full of sounds wind
in the battlements. 

2196
01:57:06,700 --> 01:57:10,500
The distant Cry of an owl and 
the soft footsteps of guards on 

2197
01:57:10,508 --> 01:57:13,800
their rounds. 
Safe sounds familiar. 

2198
01:57:13,800 --> 01:57:16,600
Sounds. 
The castle wrapped around you. 

2199
01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:20,400
Like another layer of Blanket's,
keeping you warm and protected 

2200
01:57:20,400 --> 01:57:22,000
from the darkness beyond the 
walls. 

2201
01:57:22,000 --> 01:57:25,700
Your eyes are heavy. 
Now the days accumulation of 

2202
01:57:25,700 --> 01:57:29,400
small efforts pulling you 
towards sleep, You think about 

2203
01:57:29,400 --> 01:57:33,900
tomorrow more embroidery more 
lessons, more of the gentle 

2204
01:57:33,900 --> 01:57:38,200
Rhythm that marks time in this 
place the same, but not quite 

2205
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:41,500
because each day brings its 
small variations. 

2206
01:57:41,500 --> 01:57:45,700
A different passage in boethius,
a new section of the altar 

2207
01:57:45,700 --> 01:57:48,300
cloth, or perhaps different, 
whether that will change what 

2208
01:57:48,300 --> 01:57:52,600
you can do in the garden, the 
candle flickers, and dims Agnes 

2209
01:57:52,600 --> 01:57:54,000
will come in later to blow it 
out. 

2210
01:57:54,000 --> 01:57:57,400
Once you certain you're asleep. 
But for now, it burns steadily. 

2211
01:57:57,400 --> 01:57:59,800
A small point of light in the 
darkness. 

2212
01:57:59,800 --> 01:58:03,500
You think about your aunt at 
court probably still awake. 

2213
01:58:03,500 --> 01:58:07,400
Probably still navigating the 
complex social terrain that 

2214
01:58:07,400 --> 01:58:11,700
never seems to rest About your 
cousin in the north feeding, her

2215
01:58:11,700 --> 01:58:16,600
new baby tired and content about
all the people in your father's 

2216
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:19,500
lands settling into sleep, in 
their own beds. 

2217
01:58:19,500 --> 01:58:23,200
Their own lives playing out in 
patterns, both similar and 

2218
01:58:23,200 --> 01:58:27,700
entirely different from yours. 
The weight of the day presses 

2219
01:58:27,700 --> 01:58:30,300
down pleasantly and you 
surrendered to it. 

2220
01:58:31,100 --> 01:58:33,100
Your breathing slows and 
deepens. 

2221
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:36,900
The flickering, Candlelight 
behind your closed eyelids, the 

2222
01:58:36,900 --> 01:58:39,100
warmth of the bed, seeping into 
your bones. 

2223
01:58:39,100 --> 01:58:42,800
The soft Darkness gathering 
around you like a familiar 

2224
01:58:42,800 --> 01:58:47,400
friend, Tomorrow will come with 
its own small moments and quiet 

2225
01:58:47,400 --> 01:58:50,700
demands. 
But tonight, there's just this 

2226
01:58:51,600 --> 01:58:54,900
the piece of a day. 
Well enough lived the comfort of

2227
01:58:54,900 --> 01:58:58,400
routine, and ritual and the 
simple satisfaction of being 

2228
01:58:58,400 --> 01:59:00,800
warm and safe and drifting 
towards sleep. 

2229
01:59:00,800 --> 01:59:03,800
Your last conscious thought is 
about the crocuses in the 

2230
01:59:03,800 --> 01:59:06,200
garden. 
Waiting patiently under the cold

2231
01:59:06,200 --> 01:59:09,600
Earth They know something, 
you're learning that life isn't 

2232
01:59:09,600 --> 01:59:13,300
always about the dramatic 
moments, the big changes or the 

2233
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:16,800
events that shake the world. 
Sometimes it's about the quiet 

2234
01:59:16,800 --> 01:59:20,700
Persistence of pushing through 
frozen ground about growing in 

2235
01:59:20,700 --> 01:59:22,600
darkness and the light finds 
you. 

2236
01:59:23,300 --> 01:59:26,900
About the patient, accumulation 
of small days that somehow add 

2237
01:59:26,900 --> 01:59:31,200
up to a life worth living. 
Candle gutters in a draft. 

2238
01:59:31,900 --> 01:59:33,900
You're already too far gone to 
notice. 

2239
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:38,800
Sleep takes you gently the way 
it does when you've earned it 

2240
01:59:38,800 --> 01:59:41,500
through a day of small efforts 
and quiet accomplishments. 

2241
01:59:42,500 --> 01:59:46,800
Outside the night continues. 
Its watch Inside the castle 

2242
01:59:46,800 --> 01:59:50,200
breathes with the rhythm of 
sleeping Souls tomorrow. 

2243
01:59:50,200 --> 01:59:54,200
You'll wake to Bells again to 
cold water, and morning prayers,

2244
01:59:54,200 --> 01:59:57,700
and the endless round of Duties 
and small Pleasures that make up

2245
01:59:57,700 --> 02:00:00,800
your day's. 
But that's tomorrow and tomorrow

2246
02:00:00,800 --> 02:00:03,500
can wait. 
To night, you sleep peacefully 

2247
02:00:03,500 --> 02:00:11,800
my friends. 
Good evening, my tired dumplings

2248
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:13,800
tonight. 
You're stepping into the quiet 

2249
02:00:13,800 --> 02:00:17,500
rhythms of colonial Virginia in 
the 1730s and 1740s. 

2250
02:00:17,500 --> 02:00:22,400
When a tall redhead boy, named 
George Washington, learned the 

2251
02:00:22,400 --> 02:00:23,900
habits that would shape a 
nation. 

2252
02:00:23,900 --> 02:00:27,000
This is not a story of battles 
or declarations. 

2253
02:00:27,000 --> 02:00:31,100
This is the story of mornings at
Ferry Farm lessons copied by 

2254
02:00:31,100 --> 02:00:34,300
candlelight and the weight of a 
surveyor's chain across young 

2255
02:00:34,300 --> 02:00:37,900
shoulders, the Rappahannock 
River moves, like liquid pewter 

2256
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:40,600
in the early light, you watch it
from the window of a modest 

2257
02:00:40,600 --> 02:00:43,500
house perched above the water, 
where the air smells of wood 

2258
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:46,600
smoke and damper. 
This is Ferry Farm in King 

2259
02:00:46,600 --> 02:00:49,300
George County, Virginia. 
And you are 11 years old. 

2260
02:00:49,300 --> 02:00:51,900
Your name is George Washington 
though. 

2261
02:00:51,900 --> 02:00:55,300
Nobody calls you that yet with 
any particular reverence, You're

2262
02:00:55,300 --> 02:00:58,300
simply the eldest surviving son 
of Augustine, Washington, a 

2263
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:01,200
tobacco planter who died when 
you were 11 leaving you with 

2264
02:01:01,200 --> 02:01:04,600
more questions than inheritance.
The rooster does not wait for 

2265
02:01:04,600 --> 02:01:07,900
your Readiness, his voice, 
cracks, the silent at first 

2266
02:01:07,900 --> 02:01:10,100
light and you swing your legs 
out of bed. 

2267
02:01:10,300 --> 02:01:12,200
Before your mind fully registers
the cold. 

2268
02:01:12,900 --> 02:01:16,300
The floorboards are winter hard 
beneath your bare feet February 

2269
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:17,800
in. 
Virginia means frost on the 

2270
02:01:17,808 --> 02:01:21,000
inside of the window panes. 
Little continents of ice that 

2271
02:01:21,000 --> 02:01:23,400
will melt by mid-morning but 
reform each night like 

2272
02:01:23,400 --> 02:01:26,000
clockwork. 
You dress in the dim light 

2273
02:01:26,000 --> 02:01:28,600
without wasting candle Tallow 
reaches first. 

2274
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:31,600
Then the linen shirt that your 
mother washed and pressed three 

2275
02:01:31,600 --> 02:01:34,300
days ago. 
The fabric still holds a faint 

2276
02:01:34,300 --> 02:01:37,100
Center of lye soap and the 
Rosemary she grows near the 

2277
02:01:37,100 --> 02:01:40,200
kitchen door. 
Your stockings are wool darned 

2278
02:01:40,200 --> 02:01:42,500
at the heel by your own hand 
because your mother believes 

2279
02:01:42,500 --> 02:01:44,000
Idol. 
Fingers, are the Devil's 

2280
02:01:44,000 --> 02:01:46,400
Playground. 
The stitching is crooked but 

2281
02:01:46,400 --> 02:01:48,900
functional, nobody will see it. 
Inside your shoes. 

2282
02:01:48,900 --> 02:01:51,200
Anyway, the house is already 
stirring. 

2283
02:01:52,300 --> 02:01:54,400
You hear your mother's footsteps
on the floor below. 

2284
02:01:54,400 --> 02:01:56,600
The particular rhythm of her 
morning routine. 

2285
02:01:56,600 --> 02:01:59,300
Washington is awake before 
everyone else. 

2286
02:01:59,300 --> 02:02:01,800
Always she moves through the 
house. 

2287
02:02:01,800 --> 02:02:05,200
Like a general inspecting troops
though, she would never use such

2288
02:02:05,200 --> 02:02:08,900
language. 
She is a widow now managing, 400

2289
02:02:08,900 --> 02:02:11,900
acres and six children with the 
kind of determination that does 

2290
02:02:11,900 --> 02:02:15,400
not announce itself in Grand 
speeches, you descend the narrow

2291
02:02:15,400 --> 02:02:19,800
staircase, avoiding the third 
step that creaks This is habit. 

2292
02:02:19,800 --> 02:02:23,100
Now, not stealth. 
You simply know the house the 

2293
02:02:23,100 --> 02:02:24,300
way, you know, your own 
breathing. 

2294
02:02:25,900 --> 02:02:29,000
The main room downstairs serves 
as kitchen, dining, area, and 

2295
02:02:29,000 --> 02:02:30,700
evening Gathering space, all at 
once. 

2296
02:02:30,700 --> 02:02:35,000
The fireplace dominates one wall
already crackling with the fire,

2297
02:02:35,000 --> 02:02:37,400
your mother built while you were
still Tangled in your quilt. 

2298
02:02:38,100 --> 02:02:41,900
She glances up, as you enter her
face, is framed by a white cap 

2299
02:02:41,900 --> 02:02:44,600
and her expression is neither 
warm nor cold. 

2300
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:49,300
She simply sees, you registers 
your presence and returns to 

2301
02:02:49,300 --> 02:02:53,100
slicing yesterday's bread. 
This is how mornings work at 

2302
02:02:53,100 --> 02:02:57,000
Ferry Farm. 
Affection is not performed it 

2303
02:02:57,000 --> 02:02:59,100
lives in the bread. 
She baked the fire. 

2304
02:02:59,100 --> 02:03:02,700
She built the stocking. 
She inspected for holes, you 

2305
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:04,000
take your place at the long 
table. 

2306
02:03:04,000 --> 02:03:07,600
Your younger brothers will 
appear soon drawn by the smell 

2307
02:03:07,600 --> 02:03:09,700
of cornmeal. 
Mush bubbling in the iron pot, 

2308
02:03:09,700 --> 02:03:13,400
your sister Betty will help 
serve moving with the official 

2309
02:03:13,400 --> 02:03:15,600
mother as trained in to all her 
daughter's. 

2310
02:03:15,600 --> 02:03:19,200
But for now, you have three 
minutes of quiet and you use 

2311
02:03:19,200 --> 02:03:20,700
them to look out the window at 
the river. 

2312
02:03:20,700 --> 02:03:25,400
The Rappahannock is 400 yards 
wide here, too deep to forward. 

2313
02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:29,200
Except at specific Crossings 
your father operated, the Fairy 

2314
02:03:29,200 --> 02:03:31,500
before he died. 
And now your half-brother 

2315
02:03:31,500 --> 02:03:33,900
Lawrence manages the business 
from his estate at little 

2316
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:36,600
Hunting Creek. 
The ferry itself is a 

2317
02:03:36,600 --> 02:03:40,200
flat-bottomed scowl that holds 
tobacco barrels livestock and 

2318
02:03:40,200 --> 02:03:41,800
occasional Travelers across the 
current. 

2319
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:45,300
You know, every plank of that 
vessel you have corked. 

2320
02:03:45,300 --> 02:03:47,300
It seems with Oakham and pine 
tar. 

2321
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:50,000
You have pulled it across in 
summer and watched ice floe 

2322
02:03:50,000 --> 02:03:52,900
scrape, its Hull in Winter. 
The river teaches patience. 

2323
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:56,600
It moves at its own speed in 
different to human schedules. 

2324
02:03:56,600 --> 02:04:00,200
You cannot hurry water. 
You cannot negotiate with the 

2325
02:04:00,200 --> 02:04:02,600
current. 
These are facts you absorbed 

2326
02:04:02,600 --> 02:04:05,800
without anyone speaking them 
allowed your mother sets a 

2327
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:09,300
wooden Bowl before you cornmeal 
mush with a small, Pat of butter

2328
02:04:09,300 --> 02:04:11,100
melting into a golden pool at 
the center. 

2329
02:04:11,900 --> 02:04:14,000
You eat slowly making the warmth
last. 

2330
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:18,800
The mush is thick and slightly 
grainy flavored with salt and 

2331
02:04:18,800 --> 02:04:22,600
the faint sweetness of molasses.
This is not a household that 

2332
02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:24,500
wastes sugar or spices on 
breakfast. 

2333
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:27,400
Your brother. 
Samuel appears rubbing sleep 

2334
02:04:27,400 --> 02:04:30,300
from his eyes, his nine years 
old and still believes that 

2335
02:04:30,300 --> 02:04:33,500
mornings are negotiable your 
mother disability him of this 

2336
02:04:33,500 --> 02:04:36,400
notion with a single glance. 
He takes his seat without 

2337
02:04:36,400 --> 02:04:40,400
complaint after breakfast. 
You have chores this is not 

2338
02:04:40,400 --> 02:04:43,200
remarkable. 
Every boy in Virginia has chores

2339
02:04:43,200 --> 02:04:46,500
but your chores are specific 
tailored to teach you something 

2340
02:04:46,500 --> 02:04:48,700
beyond the immediate task your 
mother. 

2341
02:04:48,700 --> 02:04:50,300
Does not explain this 
philosophy. 

2342
02:04:50,300 --> 02:04:53,100
She simply assigns work and 
expects completion. 

2343
02:04:53,900 --> 02:04:55,200
Today, you are splitting 
kindling. 

2344
02:04:55,200 --> 02:04:59,100
The woodpile behind the house is
your responsibility and you 

2345
02:04:59,100 --> 02:05:02,600
approach it with the hatchet, 
your father left behind the 

2346
02:05:02,600 --> 02:05:06,600
handle is smooth from years of 
use darker, where hands gripped.

2347
02:05:06,600 --> 02:05:10,100
It most often You set a length 
of pine on the chopping block 

2348
02:05:10,100 --> 02:05:14,300
and study the grain wood splits,
easiest along its natural lines,

2349
02:05:14,300 --> 02:05:17,900
Force It Against the Grain and 
you will exhaust yourself for 

2350
02:05:17,900 --> 02:05:20,100
nothing. 
You raise the hatchet and bring 

2351
02:05:20,100 --> 02:05:23,200
it down in one clean motion. 
The woods separates with the 

2352
02:05:23,200 --> 02:05:26,200
satisfying crack. 
You stack, the pieces in the 

2353
02:05:26,200 --> 02:05:28,400
kindling basket working with 
steady Rhythm. 

2354
02:05:28,400 --> 02:05:32,300
There is something calming about
repetitive work the way your 

2355
02:05:32,300 --> 02:05:34,500
body Finds Its pattern and your 
mind drifts free. 

2356
02:05:34,500 --> 02:05:36,800
You think about the mathematics 
lesson? 

2357
02:05:36,800 --> 02:05:39,900
Your mother assigned yesterday, 
she is teaching you from a book 

2358
02:05:39,900 --> 02:05:42,300
called the young man's 
companion, which contains 

2359
02:05:42,300 --> 02:05:45,000
practical instruction in 
arithmetic, geometry and 

2360
02:05:45,000 --> 02:05:47,600
measurement. 
The problems are not abstract, 

2361
02:05:47,600 --> 02:05:51,500
they involve calculating acreage
converting currency and 

2362
02:05:51,500 --> 02:05:53,300
determining the volume of grain 
storage. 

2363
02:05:54,200 --> 02:05:56,700
Your mother believes education 
should be useful, not 

2364
02:05:56,700 --> 02:05:59,500
ornamental. 
The kindling basket fills. 

2365
02:06:00,300 --> 02:06:02,900
You carry it inside and stack, 
it neatly beside the half. 

2366
02:06:03,600 --> 02:06:06,000
Your mother nods approved with 
without causing her work at the 

2367
02:06:06,008 --> 02:06:08,400
spinning wheel. 
The wheels harm is another 

2368
02:06:08,400 --> 02:06:11,800
constant sound at Ferry Farm 
like the rivers movement and the

2369
02:06:11,800 --> 02:06:14,300
Wind Through the Pine's, you 
return outside. 

2370
02:06:15,300 --> 02:06:18,300
The morning is brightening now 
the frost beginning its slow 

2371
02:06:18,300 --> 02:06:20,600
retreat. 
You can see your breath in the 

2372
02:06:20,608 --> 02:06:23,600
air, small clouds that vanish as
quickly as they form. 

2373
02:06:23,600 --> 02:06:27,300
The chickens need feeding so you
scatter dried corn from the 

2374
02:06:27,300 --> 02:06:30,900
wooden bucket kept in the barn. 
The hens converge with their 

2375
02:06:30,900 --> 02:06:33,800
bobbing mechanical gate pecking 
at the kernels with 

2376
02:06:33,800 --> 02:06:37,800
single-minded Focus. 
One hen is Broody, sitting on 

2377
02:06:37,808 --> 02:06:40,500
her nest with ruffled feathers 
and suspicious eyes. 

2378
02:06:40,500 --> 02:06:43,600
You leave her alone. 
Your mother says, Broody. 

2379
02:06:43,600 --> 02:06:46,800
Hens are like stubborn men. 
They cannot be reasoned with 

2380
02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:50,700
only accommodated. 
The barn smells of hay and horse

2381
02:06:50,700 --> 02:06:53,900
sweat and old leather. 
Your family owns three horses 

2382
02:06:53,900 --> 02:06:57,100
which is modest for a planter 
household that sufficient for 

2383
02:06:57,100 --> 02:07:00,000
necessary work. 
You check their water trough and

2384
02:07:00,000 --> 02:07:03,200
find it crusted with ice. 
You break the surface with the 

2385
02:07:03,200 --> 02:07:04,700
wooden handle of the grain 
scoop. 

2386
02:07:04,700 --> 02:07:06,900
Then refill the trough from the 
well bucket. 

2387
02:07:07,600 --> 02:07:11,700
The horses drink with long slow 
pulls their breaths steaming in 

2388
02:07:11,700 --> 02:07:15,400
the cold, air your tool for your
age, already approaching six 

2389
02:07:15,400 --> 02:07:18,400
feet and your hands, a large 
enough to handle adult tools. 

2390
02:07:18,400 --> 02:07:20,800
This is both advantage and 
burden. 

2391
02:07:21,500 --> 02:07:23,900
People expect more from you 
because your body suggests 

2392
02:07:23,900 --> 02:07:26,200
capability. 
Your mother certainly does. 

2393
02:07:26,200 --> 02:07:28,900
She assigns, you work. 
That would normally fall to a 

2394
02:07:28,900 --> 02:07:31,600
grown man and you complete it 
without complaint because 

2395
02:07:31,600 --> 02:07:35,900
complaining, achieves, nothing. 
By mid-morning, the sun has 

2396
02:07:35,900 --> 02:07:39,000
burned away the frost he 
returned to the house, to find 

2397
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:40,800
your mother laying out your 
lesson materials. 

2398
02:07:40,800 --> 02:07:44,500
She's not a formally educated 
woman, but she reads competently

2399
02:07:44,500 --> 02:07:47,900
and calculates with precision. 
She teaches you the way she 

2400
02:07:47,900 --> 02:07:51,000
learned through repetition and 
practical application. 

2401
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:54,500
Today's lesson involves copying 
maxims from The Rules of 

2402
02:07:54,500 --> 02:07:57,500
Civility and Decent Behavior in 
company and conversation. 

2403
02:07:57,500 --> 02:08:02,400
This book contains 110 Rules for
proper conduct and your mother. 

2404
02:08:02,400 --> 02:08:04,500
Believes memorizing. 
Them will shape your character, 

2405
02:08:04,500 --> 02:08:08,000
your skeptical. 
Rules about where to place your 

2406
02:08:08,000 --> 02:08:10,400
hands during conversations. 
Seem irrelevant when you are 

2407
02:08:10,400 --> 02:08:13,700
splitting kindling and feeding 
chickens, But you copy them 

2408
02:08:13,700 --> 02:08:16,000
anyway. 
Forming each letter with careful

2409
02:08:16,000 --> 02:08:18,600
Precision. 
Your handwriting is improving 

2410
02:08:18,600 --> 02:08:20,700
it. 
No longer looks like a spider 

2411
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:23,100
fell in The Inkwell and 
staggered across the page. 

2412
02:08:23,800 --> 02:08:26,100
Your mother says clear 
handwriting, reflects clear 

2413
02:08:26,100 --> 02:08:29,800
thinking which may or may not be
true but you have learned not to

2414
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:33,500
argue with her maximums. 
Rule, number one, State's every 

2415
02:08:33,500 --> 02:08:36,600
action done in company ought to 
be with some sign of respect to 

2416
02:08:36,600 --> 02:08:39,300
those that are present. 
You copy this in your neatest 

2417
02:08:39,300 --> 02:08:41,500
script, then pause to consider 
what it means. 

2418
02:08:42,700 --> 02:08:45,600
Respecting company. 
You think about the adults you 

2419
02:08:45,600 --> 02:08:48,900
encounter at church at the Ferry
Landing in the tobacco fields? 

2420
02:08:49,800 --> 02:08:53,000
Respect seems to involve 
listening more than speaking and

2421
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:55,700
standing straight and not 
fidgeting with your hat. 

2422
02:08:56,400 --> 02:09:00,300
You copy 10 rules before your 
hand cramps, your mother allows 

2423
02:09:00,300 --> 02:09:03,000
a brief rest, which you spend 
staring out the window at the 

2424
02:09:03,000 --> 02:09:06,400
river, a small boat is crossing,
probably someone from 

2425
02:09:06,400 --> 02:09:09,600
Fredericksburg heading to the 
farms, on this side, the 

2426
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:13,000
ferryman poles with steady 
Strokes reading the current like

2427
02:09:13,000 --> 02:09:15,800
you read handwriting 
understanding where the water 

2428
02:09:15,800 --> 02:09:18,400
wants to go and working with it 
rather than against it. 

2429
02:09:19,300 --> 02:09:24,000
This is February of 1743, your 
11 years old, your father has 

2430
02:09:24,000 --> 02:09:26,900
been dead less than a year and 
the shape of your future is 

2431
02:09:26,900 --> 02:09:29,600
still uncertain. 
Your half-brother Lawrence has 

2432
02:09:29,600 --> 02:09:32,000
suggested you might join the 
Royal Navy, which sounds 

2433
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:33,700
adventurous until you learn that
Naval. 

2434
02:09:33,700 --> 02:09:35,800
Midshipman sleep in hammocks and
eat Weevil. 

2435
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:38,200
Infested biscuits your mother 
poses. 

2436
02:09:38,200 --> 02:09:41,900
This plan with quiet ferocity 
for now, your life is this 

2437
02:09:41,900 --> 02:09:46,500
morning's at Ferry Farm lessons 
in Practical subjects, chores 

2438
02:09:46,500 --> 02:09:49,500
that teach responsibility and 
the constant presence of the 

2439
02:09:49,500 --> 02:09:51,700
Rappahannock River. 
Moving with patient, 

2440
02:09:51,700 --> 02:09:53,800
inevitability toward the 
Chesapeake Bay. 

2441
02:09:54,700 --> 02:09:56,600
The Parlor at Ferry Farm is not 
Grand. 

2442
02:09:56,600 --> 02:10:00,200
It contains a table, several 
chairs, a small writing desk, 

2443
02:10:00,200 --> 02:10:02,800
and a shelf of books that your 
father accumulated over the 

2444
02:10:02,800 --> 02:10:05,200
years. 
The books are mostly practical 

2445
02:10:05,200 --> 02:10:08,700
volumes about agriculture, 
surveying and legal matters. 

2446
02:10:09,500 --> 02:10:12,400
There is one volume of plays by 
Joseph Addison, which seems out 

2447
02:10:12,400 --> 02:10:15,300
of place among the utilitarian 
texts, but which, your father 

2448
02:10:15,300 --> 02:10:18,200
apparently enjoyed, you sit at 
the writing desk, with the 

2449
02:10:18,208 --> 02:10:21,400
afternoon, lighting through the 
window, your mother has a 

2450
02:10:21,400 --> 02:10:23,100
signed. 
You mathematical problems from 

2451
02:10:23,100 --> 02:10:25,700
the young man's companion and 
you work through them with 

2452
02:10:25,700 --> 02:10:29,000
methodical Focus. 
The problems involve calculating

2453
02:10:29,000 --> 02:10:32,500
the area of irregular plots of 
land which requires breaking 

2454
02:10:32,500 --> 02:10:35,900
complex shapes into triangles 
and rectangles, then adding the 

2455
02:10:35,900 --> 02:10:39,100
components you draw. 
Diagrams in the margin of your 

2456
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:42,100
paper, visualizing the plot's as
geometric forms. 

2457
02:10:42,100 --> 02:10:45,800
This kind of thinking comes 
naturally to you, you understand

2458
02:10:45,800 --> 02:10:48,400
spatial relationships 
instinctively the way. 

2459
02:10:48,400 --> 02:10:50,200
Some people understand musical 
language. 

2460
02:10:50,200 --> 02:10:54,100
When you look at a field, you 
can estimate its acreage with 

2461
02:10:54,100 --> 02:10:57,200
reasonable accuracy. 
When You observe a building you 

2462
02:10:57,200 --> 02:11:00,700
can get its Dimensions, this 
skill will prove useful in ways 

2463
02:11:00,700 --> 02:11:04,400
you cannot imagine, but for now 
it is simply how your mind 

2464
02:11:04,400 --> 02:11:06,600
works. 
Nothing remarkable or special. 

2465
02:11:07,400 --> 02:11:10,100
Your younger brother, John 
Augustine enters the Parlor. 

2466
02:11:10,100 --> 02:11:13,700
Looking for something to do. 
He is seven years old and finds 

2467
02:11:13,700 --> 02:11:17,200
sitting still nearly impossible.
Your mother calls him jack to 

2468
02:11:17,200 --> 02:11:19,400
distinguish him from the 
numerous other Johns in the 

2469
02:11:19,400 --> 02:11:22,000
family Network. 
He hovers near your desk, 

2470
02:11:22,000 --> 02:11:24,500
watching you draw triangles and 
write calculations. 

2471
02:11:24,500 --> 02:11:27,800
You ignore him at first, hoping 
he will lose interest. 

2472
02:11:27,800 --> 02:11:31,800
He does not, he begins humming, 
a tuneless Melody that makes 

2473
02:11:31,800 --> 02:11:35,100
concentration difficult. 
You set down your quill and turn

2474
02:11:35,100 --> 02:11:37,900
to face him. 
He grins knowing he has 

2475
02:11:37,900 --> 02:11:39,500
succeeded in gaining, your 
attention. 

2476
02:11:40,500 --> 02:11:43,400
You can consider several 
responses then settle on the 

2477
02:11:43,400 --> 02:11:45,800
simplest. 
You hand him a spare piece of 

2478
02:11:45,800 --> 02:11:48,900
paper and a pencil stubborn, you
show him how to draw a square. 

2479
02:11:48,900 --> 02:11:52,300
Then a triangle, then a circle. 
He attempts each shape with 

2480
02:11:52,300 --> 02:11:55,600
varying degrees of success. 
His Circle looks more like a 

2481
02:11:55,608 --> 02:11:57,800
potato but he seems pleased with
it. 

2482
02:11:57,800 --> 02:12:02,100
You return to your calculation, 
Jack continues, drawing beside 

2483
02:12:02,100 --> 02:12:05,900
you creating an entire landscape
of a regular geometric forms. 

2484
02:12:05,900 --> 02:12:09,300
Your mother appears in the 
doorway observes the scene from 

2485
02:12:09,300 --> 02:12:11,200
a moment then Retreats without 
comment. 

2486
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:14,200
This is her way. 
She watches more than she 

2487
02:12:14,200 --> 02:12:16,600
speaks. 
Correcting, only when absolutely

2488
02:12:16,600 --> 02:12:19,600
necessary. 
The mathematics less not 

2489
02:12:19,600 --> 02:12:22,200
occupies two hours. 
By the time, you complete the 

2490
02:12:22,200 --> 02:12:25,500
assigned problems, your fingers 
are stained with ink and your 

2491
02:12:25,500 --> 02:12:27,200
neck aches from bending over the
desk. 

2492
02:12:28,000 --> 02:12:31,400
You stand and stretch, hearing 
your spine, popping three 

2493
02:12:31,400 --> 02:12:34,000
places. 
Growing tall has its 

2494
02:12:34,000 --> 02:12:37,300
disadvantages, you're forever. 
Bumping your head on low 

2495
02:12:37,300 --> 02:12:39,400
doorways and feeling cramped in 
small spaces. 

2496
02:12:39,400 --> 02:12:41,800
You walk outside to clear your 
mind. 

2497
02:12:42,600 --> 02:12:45,800
The afternoon is bright and cold
with high clouds streaming 

2498
02:12:45,800 --> 02:12:49,200
overhead like pulled cotton. 
The wind carries the center of 

2499
02:12:49,208 --> 02:12:50,900
wood smoke from neighboring 
Farms. 

2500
02:12:50,900 --> 02:12:54,200
You can identify it at least 
three separate fires by smell 

2501
02:12:54,200 --> 02:12:58,600
each burning different wood. 
Oak produces a clean sharp 

2502
02:12:58,600 --> 02:13:00,700
scent. 
Pine is sweeter. 

2503
02:13:00,700 --> 02:13:04,300
The Johnsons down the road burn,
mostly Cedar, which has a 

2504
02:13:04,308 --> 02:13:07,700
distinct resinous quality. 
You walk down to the Ferry 

2505
02:13:07,700 --> 02:13:10,300
Landing where the Rappahannock 
laps at the muddy Bank. 

2506
02:13:10,300 --> 02:13:12,400
The water is chocolate brown 
today. 

2507
02:13:12,400 --> 02:13:16,200
Thick with sediment from recent 
rains, Upstream, you can see 

2508
02:13:16,200 --> 02:13:19,200
Fredericksburg on the far side, 
it's building's clustered along 

2509
02:13:19,200 --> 02:13:22,600
the Waterfront. 
The town is growing, adding new 

2510
02:13:22,600 --> 02:13:25,100
warehouses and shops to serve 
the tobacco trade. 

2511
02:13:25,100 --> 02:13:28,200
Your father, had business 
interests, and Fredericksburg. 

2512
02:13:28,200 --> 02:13:32,000
He owned shares in the principio
Iron Works, which operated 

2513
02:13:32,000 --> 02:13:33,600
furnaces in Maryland and 
Virginia. 

2514
02:13:34,400 --> 02:13:37,900
After his death he shares passed
to your older half-brothers who 

2515
02:13:37,900 --> 02:13:41,500
manage the family's larger 
Financial concerns, you receive 

2516
02:13:41,500 --> 02:13:44,300
a smaller allowance from the 
estate enough for shoes and 

2517
02:13:44,300 --> 02:13:47,000
paper but nothing that would be 
called wealth. 

2518
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:50,300
This is fine, you're learning 
that wealth matters. 

2519
02:13:50,300 --> 02:13:53,400
Less than skill and skill comes 
from practice. 

2520
02:13:53,400 --> 02:13:57,100
You practice mathematics, you 
practice handwriting, you 

2521
02:13:57,100 --> 02:14:00,300
practice splitting wood in 
clean, efficient Strokes each 

2522
02:14:00,300 --> 02:14:03,500
skill, Builds on the previous 
one, creating a foundation, you 

2523
02:14:03,500 --> 02:14:05,800
cannot yet see. 
But which exists nonetheless. 

2524
02:14:05,800 --> 02:14:08,500
You return to the house as the 
sun begins. 

2525
02:14:08,500 --> 02:14:12,200
Its descent evening comes early 
in February and your mother 

2526
02:14:12,200 --> 02:14:14,300
likes the household settled 
before full dark. 

2527
02:14:15,100 --> 02:14:18,000
Your sisters are preparing, 
supper, cutting, vegetables, and

2528
02:14:18,000 --> 02:14:19,900
stirring the pot. 
That hangs over the fire. 

2529
02:14:20,800 --> 02:14:24,600
The smell of cooking beans and 
salted pork fills the room. you 

2530
02:14:24,600 --> 02:14:27,600
take your place at the table, 
your siblings Gather in order of

2531
02:14:27,600 --> 02:14:30,400
the age, which places you at one
end and baby, Charles at the 

2532
02:14:30,400 --> 02:14:34,300
other Your mother serves from 
the iron pot ladling portions 

2533
02:14:34,300 --> 02:14:36,600
into wooden Bowls. 
The food is simple but 

2534
02:14:36,600 --> 02:14:39,400
sufficient nobody goes hungry at
Ferry Farm though. 

2535
02:14:39,400 --> 02:14:43,100
Nobody Feast Seether. 
After supper, There is a brief 

2536
02:14:43,100 --> 02:14:46,000
period of leisure, your mother 
reads aloud, from the Bible. 

2537
02:14:46,000 --> 02:14:49,700
Choose a passage from proverbs. 
Her voice is steady and clear 

2538
02:14:49,700 --> 02:14:52,600
and you have listened while 
whittling, a small piece of pine

2539
02:14:52,600 --> 02:14:55,200
into a rough. 
Whistle the wood curls away from

2540
02:14:55,200 --> 02:14:57,900
your knife in thin ribbons 
gathering at your feet. 

2541
02:14:57,908 --> 02:15:01,000
Like, miniature Scrolls. 
The passage is about diligence 

2542
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:03,800
and sloth which seems to be your
mother's favorite theme. 

2543
02:15:03,800 --> 02:15:07,600
She believes idleness breeds 
Vice and she structures the 

2544
02:15:07,600 --> 02:15:09,400
household to prevent any idle 
moments. 

2545
02:15:09,400 --> 02:15:13,100
Even this evening, reading 
serves a purpose, combining 

2546
02:15:13,100 --> 02:15:15,100
moral instruction with literacy 
practice. 

2547
02:15:15,100 --> 02:15:17,400
You finish the whistle and test 
it. 

2548
02:15:18,200 --> 02:15:22,000
The sound is shrill and off key,
but it works Jack immediately 

2549
02:15:22,000 --> 02:15:23,800
wants one. 
So you find another piece of 

2550
02:15:23,800 --> 02:15:27,600
Pine and begin carving. 
Your hands know the work now and

2551
02:15:27,600 --> 02:15:29,800
you can shape the whistle while 
your mind wanders to other 

2552
02:15:29,800 --> 02:15:31,700
thoughts. 
You think about your 

2553
02:15:31,700 --> 02:15:33,800
half-brother Lawrence? 
Who lives at his Plantation 

2554
02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:37,000
called later? 
Renamed Mount Vernon. 

2555
02:15:37,000 --> 02:15:41,400
Lawrence is 14 years older than 
you educated in England and 

2556
02:15:41,400 --> 02:15:43,400
Carries himself with the 
confidence of someone who knows 

2557
02:15:43,400 --> 02:15:46,600
his place in the world. 
He served as a captain in the 

2558
02:15:46,600 --> 02:15:50,000
colonial forces, during the war 
of Jenkins ear, which sounds 

2559
02:15:50,000 --> 02:15:53,400
more dramatic than it apparently
was Lauren's has suggested that 

2560
02:15:53,400 --> 02:15:55,200
you might pursue surveying as a 
professional. 

2561
02:15:55,900 --> 02:15:57,600
He knows several professional 
surveyors. 

2562
02:15:57,600 --> 02:16:01,300
Including William, Fairfax, 
whose son, George William is, 

2563
02:16:01,300 --> 02:16:05,000
Lauren's close friend. 
Surveying combines outdoor work 

2564
02:16:05,000 --> 02:16:07,800
with mathematical Precision, 
which seems suited to your 

2565
02:16:07,808 --> 02:16:09,500
particular combination of 
skills. 

2566
02:16:09,500 --> 02:16:13,300
You're intrigued by this 
possibility, surveying means 

2567
02:16:13,300 --> 02:16:17,500
traveling to wildlands measuring
boundaries and creating maps 

2568
02:16:17,500 --> 02:16:20,200
that bring order to Wilderness. 
It also pays. 

2569
02:16:20,200 --> 02:16:23,400
Well, the good surveyor can earn
enough to purchase land and land

2570
02:16:23,400 --> 02:16:26,800
is the foundation of wealth in 
Virginia, but surveying requires

2571
02:16:26,800 --> 02:16:29,100
training. 
You need to learn how to use, 

2572
02:16:29,100 --> 02:16:31,600
specialized instruments. 
Like the circumference and the 

2573
02:16:31,600 --> 02:16:34,500
surveyor's chain, you need to 
understand how to calculate 

2574
02:16:34,500 --> 02:16:37,700
angles and distances how to 
account for terrain variations 

2575
02:16:37,700 --> 02:16:39,799
and how to keep accurate field 
notes. 

2576
02:16:39,799 --> 02:16:42,500
These are not skills, you can 
teach yourself from books. 

2577
02:16:42,500 --> 02:16:45,400
Lawrence has promised to arrange
an apprenticeship when you are 

2578
02:16:45,400 --> 02:16:49,299
older for now you can continue 
your general education, building

2579
02:16:49,299 --> 02:16:52,200
the mathematical Foundation that
will make surveying instruction 

2580
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:55,299
easier to absorb. 
You finish Jack's whistle and 

2581
02:16:55,299 --> 02:16:58,100
hand it to him. 
He blows it and enthusiastically

2582
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:00,600
producing a sound. 
That makes the dog's ears 

2583
02:17:00,600 --> 02:17:02,900
flattened. 
Your mother gives you a look 

2584
02:17:02,900 --> 02:17:04,900
that suggests. 
This gift was perhaps not your 

2585
02:17:04,900 --> 02:17:07,799
wisest decision. 
You shrug with careful in 

2586
02:17:07,808 --> 02:17:11,299
essence, the evening ends with 
more copying your mother 

2587
02:17:11,299 --> 02:17:14,799
assigned, another 10 maxims from
The Rules of Civility and you 

2588
02:17:14,808 --> 02:17:18,600
transcribe them, by candlelight,
the candle's flame wave is in 

2589
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:22,200
drafts that slip through cracks 
in the walls, you Shield the 

2590
02:17:22,200 --> 02:17:25,100
paper with one hand while 
writing with the other forming 

2591
02:17:25,100 --> 02:17:28,000
letters that grow smaller and 
more cramped as your eyes tire. 

2592
02:17:28,900 --> 02:17:32,100
Rule 23 States. 
When you see a crime punished, 

2593
02:17:32,100 --> 02:17:35,000
you may be inwardly pleased but 
always show. 

2594
02:17:35,000 --> 02:17:39,000
Pity to the suffering offender. 
You copy this mechanically too 

2595
02:17:39,000 --> 02:17:41,900
tired to analyze its meaning. 
You will think about it later 

2596
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:44,900
when your mind is fresher, your 
mother, finally releases you to 

2597
02:17:44,907 --> 02:17:47,200
bed. 
You climb the narrow stairs 

2598
02:17:47,200 --> 02:17:48,700
grateful for the promise of 
sleep. 

2599
02:17:48,700 --> 02:17:52,700
Your room is cold, but you have 
extra quilts and you burrow 

2600
02:17:52,700 --> 02:17:56,000
beneath them, like an animal 
seeking hibernation, the last 

2601
02:17:56,000 --> 02:17:58,600
thing you hear before sleep 
claims, you is the wind outside 

2602
02:17:58,600 --> 02:18:01,799
and the distant sound of the 
river constant and indifferent. 

2603
02:18:01,799 --> 02:18:04,500
Moving through the winter 
Darkness toward Mourning. 

2604
02:18:05,400 --> 02:18:08,700
Spring arrives in increments. 
First comes the subtle warming 

2605
02:18:08,700 --> 02:18:11,600
of the air, then The Greening of
grass along the riverbank. 

2606
02:18:11,600 --> 02:18:14,900
Then the explosive blooming of 
dogwoods that turn the forest 

2607
02:18:14,900 --> 02:18:18,799
edge into clouds of white. 
Your 13 now taller than most 

2608
02:18:18,799 --> 02:18:21,600
grown men and your mother has 
stopped trying to find clothes 

2609
02:18:21,600 --> 02:18:24,200
that fit properly. 
You pay your shirts with the 

2610
02:18:24,200 --> 02:18:26,299
sleeves rolled up and your 
breeches hemmed higher than 

2611
02:18:26,299 --> 02:18:30,400
fashion would prefer Laurence as
made good on his promise, he is 

2612
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:33,299
a range for you to spend time 
with a surveyor named James Gan,

2613
02:18:33,299 --> 02:18:36,299
who works in the Northern neck 
of Virginia mapping property, 

2614
02:18:36,299 --> 02:18:37,299
boundaries for Lord. 
Fairfax. 

2615
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:41,000
This is not formal 
apprenticeship yet, but it is 

2616
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:43,700
observation which is the first 
step toward learning. 

2617
02:18:44,799 --> 02:18:46,799
You meet Mr. On a bright April 
morning. 

2618
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:50,600
He's a compact man with sun, 
weathered skin and hands that 

2619
02:18:50,600 --> 02:18:52,600
are permanently stained with 
soil and ink. 

2620
02:18:53,200 --> 02:18:55,900
He carries his instruments in a 
wooden case strapped to his back

2621
02:18:55,900 --> 02:18:58,900
and walks with the ground 
covering stride of someone who 

2622
02:18:58,900 --> 02:19:01,299
measures distance in miles 
rather than yards. 

2623
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:03,799
He looks you up and down with an
appraising. 

2624
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:08,000
I your conscious of your height 
your overlarge hands, your 

2625
02:19:08,000 --> 02:19:11,200
general awkwardness but he 
simply nods and gestures for you

2626
02:19:11,208 --> 02:19:13,700
to follow. 
You walk together into the woods

2627
02:19:13,700 --> 02:19:16,600
Beyond Fairy Farm. 
The forest here is mixed 

2628
02:19:16,600 --> 02:19:20,400
Hardwoods mostly open Hickory 
with an understory of dogwood 

2629
02:19:20,400 --> 02:19:24,000
and Redbud, the ground is soft 
with leaf mold in your boots. 

2630
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:26,900
Sink slightly with each step 
again, moves through the terrain

2631
02:19:26,900 --> 02:19:30,100
with practiced ease reading the 
land, like you read books. 

2632
02:19:31,000 --> 02:19:33,900
He stops at a property corner 
marked by a pile of stones. 

2633
02:19:33,900 --> 02:19:37,100
This is how boundaries are 
designated in the wilderness 

2634
02:19:37,100 --> 02:19:41,200
with careens or Blaze trees or 
iron Stakes driven deep into the

2635
02:19:41,200 --> 02:19:43,400
Earth. 
Again kneels beside the marker 

2636
02:19:43,400 --> 02:19:45,200
and removes a notebook from his 
coat pocket. 

2637
02:19:45,200 --> 02:19:48,800
He makes a quick sketch of the 
location noting, nearby, 

2638
02:19:48,800 --> 02:19:53,100
landmarks you watch and Silent. 
He has not spoken beyond the 

2639
02:19:53,100 --> 02:19:55,700
initial greeting and you sent 
the questions would be 

2640
02:19:55,700 --> 02:19:58,900
unwelcome. 
So you simply observe noting how

2641
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:02,000
he orients himself, how we count
Paces between markers? 

2642
02:20:02,000 --> 02:20:05,200
How he uses the sun's position 
to determine Direction. 

2643
02:20:06,000 --> 02:20:09,000
After an hour of walking and 
note-taking he finally addresses

2644
02:20:09,000 --> 02:20:11,700
you directly. 
He asks if you can calculate 

2645
02:20:11,700 --> 02:20:14,900
distance by counting steps you 
admit you have never tried. 

2646
02:20:14,900 --> 02:20:18,900
He tells you to walk 100 Paces, 
keeping your stride natural, 

2647
02:20:18,900 --> 02:20:22,200
while he measures the actual 
distance with his chain, you 

2648
02:20:22,200 --> 02:20:25,200
walk, count and carefully. 
Your legs are long and your 

2649
02:20:25,200 --> 02:20:28,400
natural stride covers more 
ground than average. when you 

2650
02:20:28,400 --> 02:20:32,500
reach 100 Paces, again, checks 
is measurement Your 100 steps of

2651
02:20:32,500 --> 02:20:36,600
covered approximately 260 feet 
which means each pace is roughly

2652
02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:39,600
two feet, seven inches. 
He tells you to remember this 

2653
02:20:39,600 --> 02:20:43,500
number, Once you know your pace 
length you can estimate distance

2654
02:20:43,500 --> 02:20:47,200
is by walking and counting. 
It is less precise than using a 

2655
02:20:47,200 --> 02:20:49,100
chain. 
But useful for rough 

2656
02:20:49,100 --> 02:20:51,600
calculations. 
You spend the rest of the 

2657
02:20:51,600 --> 02:20:55,000
morning walking property lines 
and Counting Paces, Jen moves 

2658
02:20:55,000 --> 02:20:58,700
with purpose, checking markers 
and updating his notes, you 

2659
02:20:58,700 --> 02:21:01,100
follow absorbing the rhythm of 
the work. 

2660
02:21:01,100 --> 02:21:05,300
It is physically demanding, but 
not unpleasant, you're Outdoors.

2661
02:21:05,300 --> 02:21:09,000
Moving through varied terrain, 
using your mind to solve spatial

2662
02:21:09,000 --> 02:21:12,800
Problems by midday or legs ache.
And your throat is dry. 

2663
02:21:13,800 --> 02:21:16,600
Again, lead you to a small Creek
where you both drink from cupped

2664
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:19,000
hands. 
The water is cold and taste of 

2665
02:21:19,000 --> 02:21:21,700
minerals and leaf tanning. 
You Splash someone on your face 

2666
02:21:21,700 --> 02:21:23,200
washing away, the dust and 
sweat. 

2667
02:21:24,200 --> 02:21:27,600
Ganon wraps a packet of bread 
and dried meat which he shares 

2668
02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:30,000
with out. 
Ceremony, you eat sitting on a 

2669
02:21:30,008 --> 02:21:33,200
fallen log, listening to the 
creeks burble, and the distant 

2670
02:21:33,200 --> 02:21:36,200
call of a crow. 
This is companionable silence. 

2671
02:21:36,200 --> 02:21:39,100
Not awkward, again, seems 
comfortable without constant 

2672
02:21:39,100 --> 02:21:42,900
conversation and so, are you 
After lunch, he shows you his 

2673
02:21:42,900 --> 02:21:45,600
circumference tour. 
This is a compass mounted on a 

2674
02:21:45,600 --> 02:21:47,600
flat brass plate with sighting 
veins. 

2675
02:21:47,600 --> 02:21:49,200
That allow precise angle 
measurement. 

2676
02:21:50,100 --> 02:21:53,200
The device is beautiful in its 
Simplicity every component 

2677
02:21:53,200 --> 02:21:56,500
serving a clear function Yen 
explains how it works. 

2678
02:21:56,500 --> 02:21:59,500
Demonstrating the process of 
taking bearings between 

2679
02:21:59,500 --> 02:22:02,900
landmarks, you hold the 
instrument carefully feeling its

2680
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:05,100
weight and balance the compass 
needle. 

2681
02:22:05,100 --> 02:22:08,500
Quivers with each tiny movement.
Seeking magnetic north with 

2682
02:22:08,500 --> 02:22:11,700
patient and systems. 
You cite along the veins, to 

2683
02:22:11,700 --> 02:22:14,300
order, distinctive oak tree, 
then read the angle, on the 

2684
02:22:14,308 --> 02:22:16,700
brass scale. 
Again, checks your reading and 

2685
02:22:16,700 --> 02:22:18,900
nods approval. 
The afternoon proceeds, with 

2686
02:22:18,900 --> 02:22:21,900
more practical demonstration 
shows you how to use the 

2687
02:22:21,900 --> 02:22:24,900
surveyors chain. 
A 66 foot length of iron links 

2688
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:26,600
used for precise distance 
measurement. 

2689
02:22:26,600 --> 02:22:30,200
The chain is heavy and 
cumbersome, requiring two people

2690
02:22:30,200 --> 02:22:33,900
for efficient use One person 
holds the forward end while the 

2691
02:22:33,900 --> 02:22:35,300
other keeps it taught and 
Records. 

2692
02:22:35,300 --> 02:22:37,700
The measurement you practice on 
level ground. 

2693
02:22:37,700 --> 02:22:40,600
First learning how to keep the 
chain straight and avoid 

2694
02:22:40,600 --> 02:22:44,100
snacking it on undergrowth. 
Gen is patient but exacting. 

2695
02:22:44,100 --> 02:22:47,400
He corrects your Technique 
without criticism simply showing

2696
02:22:47,400 --> 02:22:50,000
you the proper method and 
expecting you to replicate it. 

2697
02:22:50,800 --> 02:22:53,500
By late afternoon, your 
shoulders ache from carrying the

2698
02:22:53,500 --> 02:22:56,600
chain and your hands are marked 
with red Impressions from the 

2699
02:22:56,600 --> 02:22:59,200
iron links. 
But you are learning, you can 

2700
02:22:59,208 --> 02:23:02,900
feel knowledge accumulating like
sediment layer upon layer 

2701
02:23:02,900 --> 02:23:06,800
building, a foundation for 
future understanding What walks?

2702
02:23:06,800 --> 02:23:10,000
You back to Ferry Farm as the 
sun, descends, he speaks little,

2703
02:23:10,000 --> 02:23:14,200
but as you part, he tells you 
that you have aptitude This is 

2704
02:23:14,200 --> 02:23:17,100
High, Praise coming from a man 
who uses words sparingly. 

2705
02:23:17,100 --> 02:23:21,300
You thank him and watch as he 
continues down the road toward 

2706
02:23:21,300 --> 02:23:24,300
his next assignment. 
Your mother is waiting when you 

2707
02:23:24,308 --> 02:23:27,500
enter the house. 
She does not ask about your day.

2708
02:23:27,500 --> 02:23:31,100
She simply observes your muddy 
boots and scratched hands and 

2709
02:23:31,100 --> 02:23:35,400
nods satisfied that you have 
worked rather than idled. that 

2710
02:23:35,400 --> 02:23:39,200
night, you copy more maxims from
The Rules of Civility, but your 

2711
02:23:39,200 --> 02:23:42,100
mind keeps returning to the 
forest, the weight of the 

2712
02:23:42,100 --> 02:23:45,600
circumferential, the satisfying,
Precision of the surveyor's 

2713
02:23:45,600 --> 02:23:48,900
chain, You have found something 
that engages, both your physical

2714
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:50,800
strength and your mental 
capabilities. 

2715
02:23:50,800 --> 02:23:54,200
This is rare. 
Most work requires one or the 

2716
02:23:54,200 --> 02:23:56,000
other but surveying demands 
both. 

2717
02:23:56,000 --> 02:23:59,600
He blow out your candle and lie 
in the darkness thinking about 

2718
02:23:59,600 --> 02:24:02,400
boundary lines running through 
Wilderness about the 

2719
02:24:02,400 --> 02:24:05,500
mathematical beauty of right 
angles and precise measurements 

2720
02:24:05,500 --> 02:24:08,800
about the satisfaction of 
bringing order to unmapped land.

2721
02:24:09,600 --> 02:24:13,100
Sleep comes easily. 
Your body is tired from walking 

2722
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:16,300
miles through rough, terrain 
your mind is tired from 

2723
02:24:16,300 --> 02:24:17,800
concentrating on new 
information. 

2724
02:24:17,800 --> 02:24:21,200
It is a good tired. 
The kind that comes from 

2725
02:24:21,200 --> 02:24:23,600
purposeful work rather than mere
exhaustion. 

2726
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:27,300
Your 15 now and surveying has 
progressed from observation to 

2727
02:24:27,300 --> 02:24:29,900
participation. 
Lawrence has secured you more 

2728
02:24:29,900 --> 02:24:32,700
time with James genn and you 
have begun keeping your own 

2729
02:24:32,700 --> 02:24:36,000
field notes, your handwriting 
has improved dramatically out of

2730
02:24:36,008 --> 02:24:39,200
necessity field notes. 
Must be legible and precise 

2731
02:24:39,200 --> 02:24:43,200
since they form the legal record
of property boundaries you carry

2732
02:24:43,200 --> 02:24:45,700
a leather bound notebook and a 
pencil in your coat pocket. 

2733
02:24:45,700 --> 02:24:49,000
The Notebook is already filling 
with sketches and calculations 

2734
02:24:49,000 --> 02:24:52,200
diagrams of property corners. 
And notes about terrain 

2735
02:24:52,200 --> 02:24:55,400
features, you have developed 
your own short hand for common 

2736
02:24:55,400 --> 02:24:58,600
observations abbreviation that 
let you record information 

2737
02:24:58,600 --> 02:25:00,600
quickly while standing in muddy 
fields. 

2738
02:25:01,400 --> 02:25:03,400
Today, you are surveying 
attractive bottomland along. 

2739
02:25:03,400 --> 02:25:06,700
A coating Creek, the property 
belongs to a planter who wants 

2740
02:25:06,700 --> 02:25:09,200
his boundaries formally 
documented before selling a 

2741
02:25:09,200 --> 02:25:12,200
portion to his neighbor. 
This is typical work for a 

2742
02:25:12,200 --> 02:25:14,900
surveyor in colonial. 
Virginia land is constantly 

2743
02:25:14,900 --> 02:25:19,300
being bought sold divided and 
disputed clear boundaries 

2744
02:25:19,300 --> 02:25:22,800
prevent conflicts brought you 
because the job requires two 

2745
02:25:22,800 --> 02:25:24,900
people to handle the chain of 
efficiently. 

2746
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:28,300
You are the chain Bearer 
responsible for keeping the 

2747
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:31,000
forward, end taught and marking 
each chain length with a wooden 

2748
02:25:31,000 --> 02:25:33,800
stake again. 
Handles the rear end and keeps 

2749
02:25:33,800 --> 02:25:35,900
the official notes. 
The work is methodical. 

2750
02:25:35,900 --> 02:25:38,100
You started a known Corner 
marker. 

2751
02:25:38,100 --> 02:25:41,700
Then run a line North according 
to the property deed Again, 

2752
02:25:41,700 --> 02:25:43,900
takes a bearing with his 
circumference tour sighting 

2753
02:25:43,900 --> 02:25:47,300
along the intended Direction, 
You Walk forward pulling, the 

2754
02:25:47,300 --> 02:25:51,100
chain taught until you reach, 
its full 66 foot length. 

2755
02:25:51,800 --> 02:25:54,900
You plant a stake Again Records,
one chain in his notes and you 

2756
02:25:54,900 --> 02:25:57,900
repeat the process. 
The ground is uneven, which 

2757
02:25:57,900 --> 02:26:01,200
complicates the measurement a 
chain pulled over Rising terrain

2758
02:26:01,200 --> 02:26:04,000
will measure short since the 
actual ground distance is longer

2759
02:26:04,000 --> 02:26:07,800
than the straight line distance.
gets you to account for this by 

2760
02:26:07,800 --> 02:26:11,400
taking slope measurements and 
applying correction factors you 

2761
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:14,200
learn by doing Get demonstrate 
to technique. 

2762
02:26:14,200 --> 02:26:16,500
Once then expects, you to 
replicate it. 

2763
02:26:16,500 --> 02:26:19,600
There is no coddling. 
No, excessive explanation. 

2764
02:26:19,600 --> 02:26:22,900
If you make a mistake he shows 
you the correct method and you 

2765
02:26:22,900 --> 02:26:26,600
try again, this suits, your 
temperament you prefer clear 

2766
02:26:26,600 --> 02:26:29,300
instruction over elaborate 
Theory by midday. 

2767
02:26:29,300 --> 02:26:31,900
You have run three property 
lines and planted dozens of 

2768
02:26:31,908 --> 02:26:33,400
stakes. 
Your arms. 

2769
02:26:33,400 --> 02:26:36,700
Ache from repeatedly, pulling 
the heavy chain taught, your 

2770
02:26:36,700 --> 02:26:39,600
legs are scratched from pushing 
through brambles, but the work 

2771
02:26:39,600 --> 02:26:41,900
is satisfying. 
You can see progress 

2772
02:26:41,900 --> 02:26:44,500
accumulating. 
Each measured chain adding to 

2773
02:26:44,500 --> 02:26:47,200
the total Can allows a brief 
rest for lunch. 

2774
02:26:47,200 --> 02:26:50,600
You sit beside the creek and eat
bread and cheese while watching 

2775
02:26:50,600 --> 02:26:52,600
water striders skate across the 
surface. 

2776
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:56,300
The insects move with 
impossible, delicacy their feet,

2777
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:59,500
dimming the water without 
breaking through You wonder 

2778
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:02,700
about the physics of this, the 
balance of weight and surface 

2779
02:27:02,700 --> 02:27:05,300
tension. 
Again, notices your attention 

2780
02:27:05,300 --> 02:27:08,700
and mentions that he wants, 
surveyed a Mill, Pond, and had 

2781
02:27:08,700 --> 02:27:10,700
to account for seasonal water 
level changes. 

2782
02:27:10,700 --> 02:27:13,800
When mapping the shore. 
Boundaries that follow water 

2783
02:27:13,800 --> 02:27:17,400
lines are particularly tricky 
since water moves the legal 

2784
02:27:17,400 --> 02:27:20,700
boundary is typically, the mean 
high water mark, But determining

2785
02:27:20,700 --> 02:27:23,500
that requires observation. 
Over time you file this 

2786
02:27:23,500 --> 02:27:25,300
information away for future 
reference. 

2787
02:27:25,300 --> 02:27:28,600
Every conversation with Ken can 
contain some practical detail, 

2788
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:31,300
some piece of knowledge earned 
through experience. 

2789
02:27:31,300 --> 02:27:34,500
He is teaching you by simply 
including you in his work, 

2790
02:27:34,500 --> 02:27:37,600
letting you absorb the 
accumulated wisdom of years in 

2791
02:27:37,600 --> 02:27:41,200
the field, the afternoon brings 
a complication, you reach a 

2792
02:27:41,200 --> 02:27:43,100
property Corner. 
That should be marked by an iron

2793
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:47,000
stake but the stake is missing. 
Someone has removed it, either 

2794
02:27:47,000 --> 02:27:50,800
deliberately or accidentally 
this creates a problem without 

2795
02:27:50,800 --> 02:27:53,000
the corner marker. 
You cannot verify that previous 

2796
02:27:53,000 --> 02:27:56,300
surveys were accurate. 
Again, examined the area for 

2797
02:27:56,300 --> 02:27:58,300
Lee. 
He looks for Disturbed, soil, 

2798
02:27:58,300 --> 02:28:01,900
nearby reference trees, any 
evidence of the original markers

2799
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:04,700
location. 
He checks the old survey notes 

2800
02:28:04,700 --> 02:28:07,100
which describe the corner as 
being seven. 

2801
02:28:07,100 --> 02:28:09,000
Chains from a particular white 
oak tree. 

2802
02:28:09,000 --> 02:28:12,600
You locate the oak measure 
seven, chains in the specified 

2803
02:28:12,600 --> 02:28:16,100
Direction and again, confirms 
this matches the property deed 

2804
02:28:16,100 --> 02:28:19,000
description, you plant a new 
iron steak at what should be the

2805
02:28:19,000 --> 02:28:21,400
correct location. 
But again, notes in his record 

2806
02:28:21,400 --> 02:28:24,200
that the original marker was 
missing and this is a 

2807
02:28:24,200 --> 02:28:25,900
replacement based on deed 
measurements. 

2808
02:28:25,900 --> 02:28:28,600
This is important legal 
documentation. 

2809
02:28:28,600 --> 02:28:32,700
If a dispute arises later, the 
notes will show that proper 

2810
02:28:32,700 --> 02:28:35,300
procedure was followed, 
surveying is not just about 

2811
02:28:35,300 --> 02:28:38,000
measuring land. 
It is about creating reliable 

2812
02:28:38,000 --> 02:28:39,700
records that will endure for 
decades. 

2813
02:28:40,600 --> 02:28:42,700
By late afternoon. 
The job is complete. 

2814
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:46,600
You have measured all four 
boundaries marked corners and 

2815
02:28:46,600 --> 02:28:49,200
created a detailed patch, 
showing the property shape and 

2816
02:28:49,208 --> 02:28:52,800
acreage again, calculates the 
total area using geometric 

2817
02:28:52,800 --> 02:28:56,100
formulas, breaking the irregular
plot into triangles and adding 

2818
02:28:56,100 --> 02:28:58,300
their areas. 
You watch him work following the

2819
02:28:58,300 --> 02:29:02,400
calculation. 
Property contains 173 Acres, 

2820
02:29:02,400 --> 02:29:06,100
give or take a few Square 
chains, this Precision matters. 

2821
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:10,400
The owner is selling 68 Acres so
knowing the exact total is 

2822
02:29:10,400 --> 02:29:13,500
essential for a fair division. 
Again, pays you for the day's 

2823
02:29:13,500 --> 02:29:16,800
work, it is not much, but it is 
your own money earned through 

2824
02:29:16,800 --> 02:29:19,900
skill and effort. 
You fold the coins. 

2825
02:29:19,900 --> 02:29:22,600
Carefully into your pocket, 
feeling their weight against 

2826
02:29:22,600 --> 02:29:25,900
your leg as you walk home that 
evening, you transcribe, the 

2827
02:29:25,900 --> 02:29:29,300
days rough notes into clean 
format, creating a permanent 

2828
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:32,300
record of the survey. 
This is painstaking work, 

2829
02:29:32,300 --> 02:29:36,500
requiring absolute accuracy, you
check each number twice, 

2830
02:29:36,500 --> 02:29:39,700
compare, your sketches to your 
measurements and write in your 

2831
02:29:39,708 --> 02:29:42,700
neatest hand. 
Your mother observes this 

2832
02:29:42,700 --> 02:29:46,200
process with silent approval, 
she values, precision, and 

2833
02:29:46,200 --> 02:29:49,300
thorough record keeping. 
These are habits that extend 

2834
02:29:49,300 --> 02:29:52,500
beyond surveying into all 
aspects of life. 

2835
02:29:53,300 --> 02:29:56,200
A person who keeps accurate 
accounts, who documents 

2836
02:29:56,200 --> 02:29:59,700
decisions who maintains clear 
records is a person who can be 

2837
02:29:59,700 --> 02:30:02,500
trusted you finish the 
transcription and set your 

2838
02:30:02,500 --> 02:30:05,000
notebook aside. 
Your hands are cramped from 

2839
02:30:05,000 --> 02:30:07,000
writing but the work is done 
properly. 

2840
02:30:07,000 --> 02:30:10,600
You have created something 
permanent a record that could be

2841
02:30:10,600 --> 02:30:12,300
referenced years from now by 
people. 

2842
02:30:12,300 --> 02:30:15,500
You will never meet this feels 
important though. 

2843
02:30:15,500 --> 02:30:19,300
You cannot articulate. 
Exactly why Your 15 years old 

2844
02:30:19,300 --> 02:30:22,800
measuring land in the Virginia 
Wilderness, but you're also 

2845
02:30:22,800 --> 02:30:26,700
creating a foundational. 
Every Chain pulled taught every 

2846
02:30:26,700 --> 02:30:29,200
angle. 
Measured every note transcribed,

2847
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:30,800
is adding to a structure, you 
cannot yet. 

2848
02:30:30,800 --> 02:30:32,700
See, but which exists 
nonetheless. 

2849
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:35,600
Winter returns. 
As it always does. 

2850
02:30:35,600 --> 02:30:38,000
Bringing shortened days and long
evenings. 

2851
02:30:38,000 --> 02:30:39,900
The surveying. 
Work slows. 

2852
02:30:39,900 --> 02:30:42,700
During the coldest months since 
frozen ground, makes it 

2853
02:30:42,700 --> 02:30:46,400
difficult to plant stakes and 
snow obscures boundary markers. 

2854
02:30:47,100 --> 02:30:49,800
You use this forced pause to 
deepen, your theoretical 

2855
02:30:49,800 --> 02:30:52,800
knowledge, your mother has 
obtained, a copy of the complete

2856
02:30:52,800 --> 02:30:55,900
surveyor by William leybourne. 
A comprehensive text on 

2857
02:30:55,900 --> 02:30:57,600
surveying mathematics and 
techniques. 

2858
02:30:58,300 --> 02:31:01,600
The book is dense and Technical 
filled with geometric, proofs 

2859
02:31:01,600 --> 02:31:04,500
and trigonometric calculations. 
You work through, its 

2860
02:31:04,500 --> 02:31:06,300
systematically one chapter at a 
time. 

2861
02:31:06,308 --> 02:31:08,700
Solving the practice problems 
and checking your answers 

2862
02:31:08,700 --> 02:31:11,400
against the solutions. 
Provided you study by 

2863
02:31:11,400 --> 02:31:15,000
candlelight in the parlor while 
your siblings play quiet games 

2864
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:17,900
near the fire. 
The house is never silent in the

2865
02:31:17,908 --> 02:31:19,900
evening's. 
There is always the crackle of 

2866
02:31:19,900 --> 02:31:22,100
burning wood, the murmur of 
conversation. 

2867
02:31:22,100 --> 02:31:24,300
The occasional thump of a 
dropped toy. 

2868
02:31:25,400 --> 02:31:27,600
But you have learned to 
concentrate despite background 

2869
02:31:27,600 --> 02:31:30,100
noise. 
The mathematics in labourons. 

2870
02:31:30,100 --> 02:31:31,800
Text is challenging but not 
impossible. 

2871
02:31:31,800 --> 02:31:34,900
You already understand basic 
geometry from your early 

2872
02:31:34,900 --> 02:31:38,300
studies, the surveying problems 
simply apply these principles to

2873
02:31:38,300 --> 02:31:41,500
practical situations. 
How do you calculate the area of

2874
02:31:41,500 --> 02:31:44,400
a pentagon shaped field? 
Breaking it into triangles 

2875
02:31:44,400 --> 02:31:47,400
calculate each triangles area 
and some the results. 

2876
02:31:48,200 --> 02:31:49,800
How do you determine the height 
of a tree? 

2877
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:53,000
Without climbing it, use similar
triangles and proportional. 

2878
02:31:53,000 --> 02:31:54,700
Reasoning, you work through 
problem. 

2879
02:31:54,700 --> 02:31:58,400
After problem, filling pages 
with calculations and diagrams 

2880
02:31:58,400 --> 02:32:02,600
your pencil, scratches across 
the paper in steady rhythm, When

2881
02:32:02,600 --> 02:32:05,600
you reach a particularly 
difficult problem, you pause and

2882
02:32:05,600 --> 02:32:09,000
think it through sometimes for 
10 or 15 minutes before 

2883
02:32:09,000 --> 02:32:12,100
attempting a solution. 
Your mother occasionally glances

2884
02:32:12,100 --> 02:32:14,400
over your shoulder, though? 
She cannot follow the 

2885
02:32:14,400 --> 02:32:17,100
mathematics. 
You simply checks that you are 

2886
02:32:17,100 --> 02:32:19,800
working, not daydreaming. 
Satisfied. 

2887
02:32:19,800 --> 02:32:23,600
She returns to her own tasks. 
Some evening's, you copy 

2888
02:32:23,600 --> 02:32:26,700
passages from surveying manuals,
into your notebook, creating 

2889
02:32:26,700 --> 02:32:30,300
your own reference text. 
This serves double purpose, it 

2890
02:32:30,300 --> 02:32:33,300
reinforces the information 
through repetition and it gives 

2891
02:32:33,300 --> 02:32:35,400
you a personal resource to 
consult in the field. 

2892
02:32:35,400 --> 02:32:38,700
Your copied notes of eventually 
fill an entire notebook 

2893
02:32:38,700 --> 02:32:41,700
organized by topic with a 
careful index at the front, 

2894
02:32:41,700 --> 02:32:44,900
you'll practice making Fair 
copies of survey. 

2895
02:32:44,900 --> 02:32:48,600
Plats a platters are drawn map 
of a survey property showing 

2896
02:32:48,600 --> 02:32:52,200
boundaries Corners, acreage and 
important features. 

2897
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:55,900
These must be clear and accurate
since they become part of legal 

2898
02:32:55,900 --> 02:32:58,600
records, you practice drawing 
straight lines. 

2899
02:32:58,600 --> 02:33:02,200
Perfect circles for compass, 
roses and neat, lettering, for 

2900
02:33:02,200 --> 02:33:04,900
labels. 
Your drafting skills improve 

2901
02:33:04,900 --> 02:33:07,700
through repetition. 
You learn to use a straight edge

2902
02:33:07,700 --> 02:33:11,800
efficiently to keep ink lines, 
consistent in width to space 

2903
02:33:11,800 --> 02:33:15,500
letters evenly. 
These are small details but they

2904
02:33:15,500 --> 02:33:17,500
accumulate into professional 
looking work. 

2905
02:33:17,500 --> 02:33:21,000
On some evenings Lawrence visits
from Mount Vernon. 

2906
02:33:21,000 --> 02:33:24,300
He brings news from The Wider 
world and discusses practical 

2907
02:33:24,300 --> 02:33:27,500
matters with your mother. 
You listen while continuing your

2908
02:33:27,500 --> 02:33:31,200
work, absorbing information 
about tobacco prices, political 

2909
02:33:31,200 --> 02:33:33,300
developments and social 
connections. 

2910
02:33:34,100 --> 02:33:36,200
Lawrence has become a member of 
the House of Burgesses 

2911
02:33:36,200 --> 02:33:40,000
representing Fairfax County. 
He describes the legislative 

2912
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:43,500
sessions with dry humor noting. 
The endless debate over 

2913
02:33:43,500 --> 02:33:46,700
minutiae, and the theatrical 
posturing of certain delegates, 

2914
02:33:46,700 --> 02:33:48,800
but he also takes the work 
seriously. 

2915
02:33:50,400 --> 02:33:53,100
The House of Burgesses makes 
decisions that affect thousands 

2916
02:33:53,100 --> 02:33:57,500
of people that responsibility 
deserves respect your struck by 

2917
02:33:57,500 --> 02:33:59,500
Lawrence's balance of cynicism 
and commitment. 

2918
02:33:59,500 --> 02:34:03,100
He sees the floors in political 
systems, but participates 

2919
02:34:03,100 --> 02:34:05,500
anyway. 
Believe in the engaged citizens 

2920
02:34:05,500 --> 02:34:08,700
can improve governance, 
incrementally, this seems like a

2921
02:34:08,700 --> 02:34:12,300
reasonable philosophy. 
Perfect systems do not exist but

2922
02:34:12,300 --> 02:34:14,800
functional ones can be through 
patient effort. 

2923
02:34:16,200 --> 02:34:19,500
These evening conversations are 
your window into adult concerns.

2924
02:34:19,500 --> 02:34:22,200
You learn about land 
speculation, Colonial 

2925
02:34:22,200 --> 02:34:25,200
Administration, relations with 
the mother country and the 

2926
02:34:25,208 --> 02:34:27,800
complex web of family. 
Connections, that structures 

2927
02:34:27,800 --> 02:34:31,200
Virginia Society. 
The Washingtons are minor Gentry

2928
02:34:31,200 --> 02:34:35,000
respectable but not wealthy. 
Your advancement will depend on 

2929
02:34:35,000 --> 02:34:39,000
skill and connections rather 
than inherited Fortune, This is 

2930
02:34:39,000 --> 02:34:41,300
fine. 
You are learning skills that are

2931
02:34:41,300 --> 02:34:43,500
marketable. 
Good surveyors are always in 

2932
02:34:43,500 --> 02:34:46,500
demand especially a settlement 
pushes Westwood into unmapped 

2933
02:34:46,500 --> 02:34:48,800
territory. 
The frontier needs boundaries 

2934
02:34:48,800 --> 02:34:53,900
property lines legal Clarity. 
You can provide that Some nights

2935
02:34:53,900 --> 02:34:56,300
you practice with your 
circumference, or taking 

2936
02:34:56,300 --> 02:34:59,500
bearings on various objects 
around the house and calculating

2937
02:34:59,500 --> 02:35:02,400
angles, your mother tolerates 
this activity. 

2938
02:35:02,400 --> 02:35:05,700
As long as you do not disturb 
your siblings, sleep, you cite 

2939
02:35:05,700 --> 02:35:08,400
along the veins to the 
fireplace, then towards the 

2940
02:35:08,400 --> 02:35:10,600
window, then toward the door 
carefully. 

2941
02:35:10,600 --> 02:35:12,900
Reading each bearing and 
recording it in your notebook. 

2942
02:35:12,900 --> 02:35:16,400
Your teaching yourself to 
visualize, angles instinctively.

2943
02:35:16,400 --> 02:35:19,900
When you look at a room you can 
estimate its dimensions and 

2944
02:35:19,900 --> 02:35:22,500
orientation. 
When you walk through a field, 

2945
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:24,800
you can guess the direction to 
True North. 

2946
02:35:24,800 --> 02:35:28,100
Within a few degrees, these are 
practical skills that will save 

2947
02:35:28,100 --> 02:35:31,100
time in the field. 
You also study Lord, fairfax's 

2948
02:35:31,100 --> 02:35:34,000
land, grants and property 
descriptions learning the legal 

2949
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:37,900
language of deeds and surveys. 
The language is formulaic but 

2950
02:35:37,900 --> 02:35:41,800
precise, a typical description 
might read beginning at a white 

2951
02:35:41,808 --> 02:35:44,000
oak marked with three chops on 
the North side. 

2952
02:35:44,000 --> 02:35:47,500
Then it's running North 45 
degrees east, for 20 chains to 

2953
02:35:47,500 --> 02:35:51,900
an iron stake, then South 30 
degrees east for 15 chains to a 

2954
02:35:51,900 --> 02:35:55,000
pile of stones. 
Each element is specific and 

2955
02:35:55,000 --> 02:35:58,700
verifiable you practice writing,
similar descriptions based on 

2956
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:02,000
imaginary surveys, developing 
fluency in the conventional 

2957
02:36:02,000 --> 02:36:04,700
language. 
This feels tedious sometimes but

2958
02:36:04,700 --> 02:36:07,500
you understand its importance, 
clear legal, descriptions 

2959
02:36:07,500 --> 02:36:10,800
prevent boundary disputes and 
ambiguous language leads to 

2960
02:36:10,800 --> 02:36:14,900
conflict, the winter evenings, 
in the manner study practice, 

2961
02:36:14,900 --> 02:36:19,000
observational conversation your 
mind is accumulating knowledge, 

2962
02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:22,100
like a reservoir filming with 
Ron off, not all of it, seems 

2963
02:36:22,100 --> 02:36:24,300
immediately useful, but you 
trust that it will prove 

2964
02:36:24,300 --> 02:36:27,600
valuable eventually your mother.
Sometimes reads aloud while you 

2965
02:36:27,600 --> 02:36:31,400
work, she favors passages from 
the Bible or from improving 

2966
02:36:31,400 --> 02:36:33,500
literature that emphasizes moral
development. 

2967
02:36:34,400 --> 02:36:36,200
You half. 
Listen, while calculating 

2968
02:36:36,200 --> 02:36:39,500
triangular areas, your mind, 
splitting attention between the 

2969
02:36:39,500 --> 02:36:42,100
text and your problems. 
One evening. 

2970
02:36:42,100 --> 02:36:46,400
She reads from Proverbs chapter 
22, verse 29 CS thou a man 

2971
02:36:46,408 --> 02:36:49,500
diligent in his business. 
He shall stand before Kings. 

2972
02:36:49,500 --> 02:36:51,600
He shall not stand before mean 
men. 

2973
02:36:52,500 --> 02:36:55,500
She pauses after this passage 
letting it settle in the 

2974
02:36:55,508 --> 02:36:57,500
silence. 
You look up from your 

2975
02:36:57,500 --> 02:37:00,700
calculations, she's watching you
with an expression, you cannot 

2976
02:37:00,700 --> 02:37:04,100
quite read then she returns to 
her reading without comment. 

2977
02:37:04,100 --> 02:37:08,100
The message is clear enough, 
diligence leads, to opportunity,

2978
02:37:08,100 --> 02:37:11,900
skill and recognition. 
These are not guarantees, but 

2979
02:37:11,900 --> 02:37:14,000
they are better than relying on 
luck or Charm. 

2980
02:37:14,000 --> 02:37:16,800
You return to your mathematics, 
working through. 

2981
02:37:16,800 --> 02:37:19,500
Another problem about 
calculating, a regular acreage, 

2982
02:37:19,500 --> 02:37:22,600
the candlelight flickers, as a 
draft moves, through the room 

2983
02:37:22,600 --> 02:37:26,200
outside the Winter Wind rattles,
the shutters, but the house is 

2984
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:29,300
warm and your mind is engaged, 
and this is enough. 

2985
02:37:30,300 --> 02:37:33,200
Chapter 6. 
The frost and the compass. 

2986
02:37:34,100 --> 02:37:37,600
Your 16 now and Lord Fairfax has
commissioned a survey of his 

2987
02:37:37,600 --> 02:37:40,900
lands in the Shenandoah Valley. 
This is significant work. 

2988
02:37:40,900 --> 02:37:43,900
Fairfax owns more than five 
million acres in the Northern 

2989
02:37:43,900 --> 02:37:46,600
neck, stretching, from the 
Potomac to the Blue Ridge 

2990
02:37:46,600 --> 02:37:49,600
Mountains, much of this 
territory has never been 

2991
02:37:49,600 --> 02:37:52,100
properly surveyed squatters 
occupy. 

2992
02:37:52,100 --> 02:37:55,700
Some tracks boundaries are 
disputed and the accurate extent

2993
02:37:55,700 --> 02:37:59,400
of fairfax's holding is on 
certain George William, Fairfax,

2994
02:37:59,400 --> 02:38:02,800
Lawrence's friend and Lord, 
fairfax's cousin has invited you

2995
02:38:02,800 --> 02:38:06,500
to join the surveying party. 
This is partly courtesy to 

2996
02:38:06,500 --> 02:38:09,100
Lawrence and partly recognition 
of your developing skills. 

2997
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:12,500
You will not lead the survey, 
but you will participate as an 

2998
02:38:12,500 --> 02:38:15,300
assistant gaining invaluable 
experience and Wilderness 

2999
02:38:15,300 --> 02:38:18,600
surveying You prepare for the 
Expedition with careful 

3000
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:22,100
attention you pack, spare 
clothing, a bedroll a notebook 

3001
02:38:22,100 --> 02:38:25,800
and pencils, your circumference 
tour and basic Provisions, your 

3002
02:38:25,800 --> 02:38:28,900
mother inspects, your gear, with
critical eye adding items. 

3003
02:38:28,900 --> 02:38:32,900
You'd forgotten extra stockings,
a second shirt, a pack of 

3004
02:38:32,908 --> 02:38:36,300
needles and thread for repairs. 
She does not express worry about

3005
02:38:36,300 --> 02:38:39,200
your safety, at least not 
allowed but she packs your 

3006
02:38:39,200 --> 02:38:42,800
things with particular care, 
folding each item precisely. 

3007
02:38:42,800 --> 02:38:45,500
You understand what this means 
without discussion? 

3008
02:38:45,500 --> 02:38:48,300
The surveying party assembles at
Belvoir. 

3009
02:38:48,300 --> 02:38:51,700
The Fairfax estate on the 
Potomac beside your self. 

3010
02:38:51,700 --> 02:38:54,700
The group includes George 
William, Fairfax, James, Jen, as

3011
02:38:54,700 --> 02:38:57,500
Chief surveyor and several 
chain, bearers and Ax Men to 

3012
02:38:57,500 --> 02:39:01,000
clear sightline through dense 
forest, you set out on a cold 

3013
02:39:01,000 --> 02:39:03,600
March morning. 
The journey West crosses the 

3014
02:39:03,600 --> 02:39:07,100
Blue Ridge at Ashby's Gap. 
Following Indian paths that wind

3015
02:39:07,100 --> 02:39:10,000
through mountain passes. 
The train is dramatically 

3016
02:39:10,000 --> 02:39:11,600
different from the Tidewater 
region. 

3017
02:39:11,600 --> 02:39:15,600
Here, the land heves itself into
ridges, and valleys covered with

3018
02:39:15,600 --> 02:39:18,500
Oak and Hickory. 
Forests so dense that sunlight. 

3019
02:39:18,500 --> 02:39:23,000
Barely reaches the ground. 
You ride a borrowed horse, a 

3020
02:39:23,000 --> 02:39:24,800
sturdy mayor. 
A custom to rough Trails. 

3021
02:39:24,800 --> 02:39:28,800
Your long legs mean, your feet, 
nearly dragged the ground, but 

3022
02:39:28,800 --> 02:39:30,600
the horse is patient with your 
inexpert. 

3023
02:39:30,600 --> 02:39:33,500
Riding you have ridden before 
but not extensively. 

3024
02:39:33,500 --> 02:39:38,300
This journey will provide 
practice First night you camp 

3025
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:39,700
beside a Creek in a narrow 
Valley. 

3026
02:39:39,700 --> 02:39:43,200
The surveying party sets up 
tents and builds a large fire 

3027
02:39:43,200 --> 02:39:46,000
against the March. 
Chill, you help gather firewood 

3028
02:39:46,000 --> 02:39:50,100
stacking logs near the Flames to
dry before burning Greenwood 

3029
02:39:50,100 --> 02:39:53,200
produces more smoke than heat 
affect you learned from 

3030
02:39:53,200 --> 02:39:56,800
experience at Fairy Farm. 
George William, Fairfax proves 

3031
02:39:56,800 --> 02:40:00,400
to be good company, he is 
educated well-traveled and 

3032
02:40:00,400 --> 02:40:02,500
treats you as an equal. 
Despite the age difference. 

3033
02:40:02,500 --> 02:40:05,800
He asks about your surveying 
studies and listens to your 

3034
02:40:05,800 --> 02:40:09,100
responses with genuine interest.
This is different from the 

3035
02:40:09,100 --> 02:40:11,000
condescension. 
You sometimes encounter from 

3036
02:40:11,000 --> 02:40:13,800
gentleman, who view you as a 
Backwoods Boy with delusions of 

3037
02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:16,800
competence. 
The conversation around the fire

3038
02:40:16,800 --> 02:40:20,700
ranges across various topics 
politics, land speculation, 

3039
02:40:20,700 --> 02:40:24,000
agricultural technique and The 
Chronic labor shortage. 

3040
02:40:24,000 --> 02:40:27,200
That plays Virginia Planters. 
You listen more than you speak 

3041
02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:29,500
absorbing information and 
perspectives. 

3042
02:40:29,500 --> 02:40:34,500
One of the Ax Men plays a fiddle
poorly but enthusiastically The 

3043
02:40:34,500 --> 02:40:37,300
Music is More Rhythm than Melody
but it provides cheerful 

3044
02:40:37,300 --> 02:40:40,300
background noise. 
Someone produces a jug of rum, 

3045
02:40:40,300 --> 02:40:43,000
which circulates among the 
adults you decline. 

3046
02:40:43,000 --> 02:40:46,400
When it reaches, you alcohol 
impairs judgment and you prefer 

3047
02:40:46,400 --> 02:40:49,300
to keep your witch sharp. 
The night is cold and clear, 

3048
02:40:49,300 --> 02:40:52,300
Stars, Blaze overhead in 
patterns, you have learned from 

3049
02:40:52,300 --> 02:40:56,000
navigational texts Polaris, it's
above the northern Horizon. 

3050
02:40:56,000 --> 02:40:58,900
Nearly motionless while other 
stars wheel around it. 

3051
02:40:58,900 --> 02:41:01,300
You could find North by the 
Stars. 

3052
02:41:01,300 --> 02:41:04,400
If necessary though, the compass
is more reliable, you sleep, 

3053
02:41:04,400 --> 02:41:07,800
fitfully and used to sleeping on
the ground, despite your bed 

3054
02:41:07,800 --> 02:41:11,100
roll, every small noise, jerks 
you toward wakefulness. 

3055
02:41:12,000 --> 02:41:16,200
The forest at night is far from 
Silent owls hunt with Eerie 

3056
02:41:16,200 --> 02:41:18,400
calls. 
Small animals, Russell through 

3057
02:41:18,400 --> 02:41:21,700
underbrush, the creek murmurs 
its constant song. 

3058
02:41:22,600 --> 02:41:26,200
Mourning comes cold and gray, 
Frost coat, every surface, 

3059
02:41:26,200 --> 02:41:28,500
turning the landscape into a 
temporary Crystal. 

3060
02:41:28,500 --> 02:41:30,900
Palace, your breath steams in 
the air. 

3061
02:41:30,900 --> 02:41:33,800
As you help pack, the camp, your
muscles are stiff from 

3062
02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:37,000
yesterday's riding and sleeping 
on hard ground, you move 

3063
02:41:37,000 --> 02:41:40,200
carefully, working out the 
soreness, the surveying begins 

3064
02:41:40,200 --> 02:41:43,000
in earnest. 
Again, leads the party to a 

3065
02:41:43,000 --> 02:41:44,600
marked corner of fairfax's 
Holdings. 

3066
02:41:44,600 --> 02:41:47,500
Checking it against the deed 
description from this known 

3067
02:41:47,500 --> 02:41:49,900
point, you will run boundary 
lines according to the grant 

3068
02:41:49,900 --> 02:41:53,200
specifications marking corners 
and noting terrain features. 

3069
02:41:53,200 --> 02:41:56,900
The work is demanding the 
terrain is steep and Rocky 

3070
02:41:56,900 --> 02:42:00,300
covered with dense vegetation 
sight lines. 

3071
02:42:00,300 --> 02:42:03,700
Must be cleared by Ax Men before
the chain can be run this slows 

3072
02:42:03,700 --> 02:42:06,200
progress to perhaps three or 
four chains per hour. 

3073
02:42:06,200 --> 02:42:09,400
When the land is particularly 
rough, you serve as forward 

3074
02:42:09,400 --> 02:42:12,000
chain Bearer, which means 
pushing through undergrowth 

3075
02:42:12,000 --> 02:42:16,100
climbing over Fallen, logs and 
wading through icy streams, 

3076
02:42:16,100 --> 02:42:19,400
while keeping the chain taught 
your hands grown numb, despite 

3077
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:22,300
leather gloves, your legs are 
scratched by thorns and 

3078
02:42:22,300 --> 02:42:25,200
brambles. 
But you persist understanding 

3079
02:42:25,200 --> 02:42:27,100
that this is simply the nature 
of the work. 

3080
02:42:28,200 --> 02:42:30,800
Again, takes regular Compass 
bearing to maintain the correct 

3081
02:42:30,800 --> 02:42:34,400
direction in dense forest. 
It is easy to drift offline. 

3082
02:42:34,400 --> 02:42:38,000
The compass provides constant, 
correction bringing the survey 

3083
02:42:38,000 --> 02:42:42,700
back to true north At midday, 
you reach a Ridgecrest and pause

3084
02:42:42,700 --> 02:42:45,500
for rest. 
The View Westwood is spectacular

3085
02:42:45,500 --> 02:42:49,400
Valley after Valley receives 
into blue distant each Ridge. 

3086
02:42:49,400 --> 02:42:53,300
Slightly pale of the one before.
This is Wilderness barely 

3087
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:56,800
touched by European settlement. 
Somewhere in those, valleys 

3088
02:42:56,800 --> 02:43:00,600
Indian hunting parties move 
silently through the forest but 

3089
02:43:00,600 --> 02:43:03,400
you see no sign of human 
presence beyond your own party. 

3090
02:43:03,400 --> 02:43:06,700
George William, Fairfax points 
toward a distant Valley. 

3091
02:43:06,700 --> 02:43:11,000
That land is technically part of
Lourdes, fairfax's Grant, but no

3092
02:43:11,000 --> 02:43:14,700
survey has ever mapped it. 
It could contain 100,000 acres 

3093
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:18,200
or twice that Nobody knows until
someone measures it. 

3094
02:43:18,200 --> 02:43:22,100
This is why surveyors matter 
until land is measured and 

3095
02:43:22,100 --> 02:43:24,500
mapped. 
It exists in legal ambiguity. 

3096
02:43:25,300 --> 02:43:29,200
The survey transforms abstract 
space into property Wilderness 

3097
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:32,800
into commodity your part of this
transformation, though. 

3098
02:43:32,800 --> 02:43:36,100
You do not think in such Grand 
terms, you simply measure and 

3099
02:43:36,100 --> 02:43:40,000
record Chain by Chain, creating 
Clarity from confusion. 

3100
02:43:40,700 --> 02:43:44,500
The afternoon, brings rain cold 
and penetrating, you work 

3101
02:43:44,500 --> 02:43:46,700
through it. 
Since stopping means wasted 

3102
02:43:46,700 --> 02:43:49,700
time, the rain makes the chain 
slippery and turns the ground 

3103
02:43:49,700 --> 02:43:52,200
into mud. 
Your boots sink with each step 

3104
02:43:52,200 --> 02:43:54,400
water. 
Runs down your neck, despite 

3105
02:43:54,400 --> 02:43:57,400
your coat, collar by evening, 
you are thoroughly soaked and 

3106
02:43:57,400 --> 02:44:00,100
deeply cold. 
The party makes Camp early 

3107
02:44:00,100 --> 02:44:03,000
building, large fires to dry 
clothing and Warm Bodies. 

3108
02:44:03,000 --> 02:44:07,000
You stand close to the Flames 
steam rising from your wet coat.

3109
02:44:07,800 --> 02:44:10,500
Gradually feeling returns to 
your fingers and toes. 

3110
02:44:11,200 --> 02:44:14,700
Someone produces a pot and makes
stew from dried meat and beans. 

3111
02:44:14,700 --> 02:44:19,100
The food is simple but warming. 
You eat two bowls refueling 

3112
02:44:19,100 --> 02:44:21,000
after a day of hard physical 
work. 

3113
02:44:21,700 --> 02:44:25,900
That night exhaustion overrides 
discomfort, you sleep deeply, 

3114
02:44:25,900 --> 02:44:28,700
despite the hard ground and the 
intermittent rain that, drips 

3115
02:44:28,700 --> 02:44:31,800
through the tent, seams, the 
survey continues for 10 more 

3116
02:44:31,800 --> 02:44:33,900
days. 
Each day follows the same 

3117
02:44:33,900 --> 02:44:38,600
pattern, rise cold work, hard 
making criminal progress, Camp 

3118
02:44:38,600 --> 02:44:41,200
exhausted. 
You learn to read terrain and 

3119
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:43,400
anticipate difficulties and work
efficiently. 

3120
02:44:43,400 --> 02:44:46,700
Despite challenging conditions, 
you also learn to live in 

3121
02:44:46,700 --> 02:44:50,100
Wilderness without amenities, 
you washing freezing streams, 

3122
02:44:50,100 --> 02:44:54,200
you sleep in damp clothes, you 
accept this comfort as temporary

3123
02:44:54,200 --> 02:44:56,500
and manageable these are 
valuable lessons. 

3124
02:44:56,500 --> 02:44:59,800
Physical hardship is large Lee, 
mental, if you can tolerate 

3125
02:44:59,800 --> 02:45:03,200
discomfort without complaint, 
you can accomplish tasks that 

3126
02:45:03,200 --> 02:45:05,500
break people who expect Constant
Comfort. 

3127
02:45:05,500 --> 02:45:08,900
By the time, the survey 
concludes you have helped 

3128
02:45:08,900 --> 02:45:12,600
measure several thousand, acres 
of Mountain Land, your field 

3129
02:45:12,600 --> 02:45:15,500
notes document, the work in 
detail, creating a record that 

3130
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:17,300
will guide future surveys of the
region. 

3131
02:45:18,300 --> 02:45:21,100
The return journey to Belvoir 
feel shorter though. 

3132
02:45:21,100 --> 02:45:25,300
The distance is identical. 
Familiarity makes any root seem 

3133
02:45:25,300 --> 02:45:27,100
less. 
Daunting, you recognize 

3134
02:45:27,100 --> 02:45:30,700
landmarks, remember campsites 
and navigate with growing 

3135
02:45:30,700 --> 02:45:33,700
confidence. 
When you finally reach very far 

3136
02:45:33,700 --> 02:45:37,600
again your mother inspects you 
with clinical attention, your 

3137
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:40,600
thinner scratched and bear. 
The weathered, look of someone 

3138
02:45:40,600 --> 02:45:44,700
who has spent weeks Outdoors, 
she nod satisfaction and directs

3139
02:45:44,700 --> 02:45:48,500
you to wash and change clothes 
that night, you transcribe, your

3140
02:45:48,500 --> 02:45:51,600
field notes into permanent 
records, working late by 

3141
02:45:51,600 --> 02:45:54,500
candlelight. 
The survey is not complete until

3142
02:45:54,500 --> 02:45:57,300
the notes are properly, 
documented, you write carefully,

3143
02:45:57,300 --> 02:45:59,700
creating clear, plats and 
accurate descriptions. 

3144
02:45:59,700 --> 02:46:02,900
When you finally close your 
notebook and extinguish the 

3145
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:06,700
candle, you feel a quiet 
satisfaction you have completed.

3146
02:46:06,700 --> 02:46:10,200
Significant work under difficult
conditions, you have proven 

3147
02:46:10,200 --> 02:46:11,900
yourself capable in ways that 
matter. 

3148
02:46:11,900 --> 02:46:18,200
This is progress, chapter 7, the
young man's Ledger, your 17 

3149
02:46:18,200 --> 02:46:21,300
years old and something has 
shifted the awkward boy, who 

3150
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:24,000
split kindling at Ferry Farm as 
becoming a young man who command

3151
02:46:24,000 --> 02:46:26,600
surveying parties and negotiates
fees with landowners. 

3152
02:46:26,600 --> 02:46:30,300
Your voice is deepened. 
Your height has stabilized at 

3153
02:46:30,300 --> 02:46:33,900
six feet, two inches. 
Your hands are large and capable

3154
02:46:33,900 --> 02:46:37,400
marked with scars from chains 
and axes and brambles. 

3155
02:46:37,400 --> 02:46:40,500
You've established yourself as a
professional surveyor. 

3156
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:44,000
Lord Fairfax has appointed, you 
official surveyor for Culpeper 

3157
02:46:44,000 --> 02:46:47,300
County, a position that brings 
both steady work and social 

3158
02:46:47,300 --> 02:46:50,000
standing. 
You earn fees for each survey. 

3159
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:52,900
Typically charging by the acre 
plus expenses. 

3160
02:46:52,900 --> 02:46:56,300
The income is substantial 
especially for someone your age.

3161
02:46:56,308 --> 02:46:59,700
You maintain careful Financial 
records in a leather bound 

3162
02:46:59,700 --> 02:47:02,700
Ledger. 
Every fee received every expense

3163
02:47:02,700 --> 02:47:05,200
paid. 
Every transaction is documented 

3164
02:47:05,200 --> 02:47:08,900
in your precise handwriting. 
The Ledger is not just a record.

3165
02:47:08,900 --> 02:47:12,300
It is a tool for understanding 
your business tracking, 

3166
02:47:12,300 --> 02:47:14,800
profitability and planning 
future investment. 

3167
02:47:14,800 --> 02:47:17,300
Your entries are models of 
clarity. 

3168
02:47:18,500 --> 02:47:23,900
March 12th 1749 surveyed. 400 
acres for Mr. John Patterson 

3169
02:47:23,900 --> 02:47:26,700
fear received two pounds, six 
shillings. 

3170
02:47:26,700 --> 02:47:31,100
Nothing ambiguous or vague just 
facts dates and numbers. 

3171
02:47:31,100 --> 02:47:34,500
This attention to financial 
detail is unusual for someone 

3172
02:47:34,500 --> 02:47:37,900
your age but it comes naturally.
You understand that money 

3173
02:47:37,900 --> 02:47:41,000
represents accumulated work. 
Every Schilling you earn 

3174
02:47:41,000 --> 02:47:43,400
corresponds to hours spent 
pulling chain through rough 

3175
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:46,100
country. 
Wasting money means wasting the 

3176
02:47:46,108 --> 02:47:49,000
work that produced it. 
You have begun purchasing land 

3177
02:47:49,000 --> 02:47:52,500
with your surveying, income 
small Parcels at first chosen 

3178
02:47:52,500 --> 02:47:55,200
for location and potential value
rather than current 

3179
02:47:55,200 --> 02:47:58,100
productivity. 
You're building an estate piece 

3180
02:47:58,100 --> 02:48:02,200
by piece, transforming surveying
fees into permanent assets, your

3181
02:48:02,200 --> 02:48:04,900
mother approves of this strategy
without saying so explicitly, 

3182
02:48:04,900 --> 02:48:09,300
she simply observes, your Ledger
entries, nods land is security 

3183
02:48:09,300 --> 02:48:14,200
land, is Legacy land cannot be 
easily stolen or lost you can 

3184
02:48:14,200 --> 02:48:16,600
continue living at Ferry Farm 
despite your professional 

3185
02:48:16,600 --> 02:48:19,200
success. 
This is partly economy and 

3186
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:21,600
partly preference. 
You have no desire for 

3187
02:48:21,600 --> 02:48:24,900
Independent Living yet. 
Very Farm provides structure, 

3188
02:48:24,900 --> 02:48:28,000
family connection and a base for
your surveying work. 

3189
02:48:29,100 --> 02:48:32,500
But your relationship with the 
household has changed, you're no

3190
02:48:32,500 --> 02:48:35,400
longer simply one of Betty 
Washington's children, you're a 

3191
02:48:35,400 --> 02:48:37,700
working professional, who can 
contributes financially and make

3192
02:48:37,700 --> 02:48:41,000
independent decisions, your 
mother still manages the 

3193
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:44,000
domestic sphere which she does 
not presume to direct your 

3194
02:48:44,000 --> 02:48:46,700
professional choices. 
Some evening's, you discuss 

3195
02:48:46,700 --> 02:48:49,500
business matters with her. 
She has sharp instincts about 

3196
02:48:49,500 --> 02:48:51,200
property values and local 
politics. 

3197
02:48:51,200 --> 02:48:53,600
Her advice is practical and 
unsentimental. 

3198
02:48:53,600 --> 02:48:57,300
She tells you which land owners 
pay promptly and which require 

3199
02:48:57,300 --> 02:49:01,500
repeated reminders. she notes 
when tobacco prices rise or fall

3200
02:49:01,500 --> 02:49:05,300
since this affects land values 
in agricultural regions you 

3201
02:49:05,300 --> 02:49:08,900
listen and learn Your mother is 
teaching you to see beyond 

3202
02:49:08,900 --> 02:49:10,900
immediate transactions to larger
patterns. 

3203
02:49:10,900 --> 02:49:13,700
Economic activity moves in 
Cycles. 

3204
02:49:13,700 --> 02:49:16,900
Understanding these Cycles 
allows better timing for 

3205
02:49:16,900 --> 02:49:19,900
purchases and sales. 
Your surveying work takes you 

3206
02:49:19,900 --> 02:49:23,000
throughout Northern Virginia and
into the Shenandoah Valley. 

3207
02:49:23,900 --> 02:49:26,900
You have become familiar with 
Wilderness Travel capable of 

3208
02:49:26,900 --> 02:49:30,400
navigating by compass and stars 
comfortable camping in all 

3209
02:49:30,400 --> 02:49:33,000
weather. 
Your early discomfort with cold 

3210
02:49:33,000 --> 02:49:36,000
nights, and rough, ground has 
been replaced by simple 

3211
02:49:36,000 --> 02:49:38,700
acceptance. 
This is the nature of the work. 

3212
02:49:38,700 --> 02:49:41,800
You have developed a reputation 
for accuracy and honesty. 

3213
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:45,100
Your surveys are trusted by land
courts and Property Owners 

3214
02:49:45,100 --> 02:49:47,300
alike. 
This reputation is valuable 

3215
02:49:47,300 --> 02:49:51,200
perhaps more valuable than your 
immediate income people hire 

3216
02:49:51,200 --> 02:49:54,500
surveyors, they trust, and they 
recommend, trusted surveyors to 

3217
02:49:54,500 --> 02:49:56,600
others. 
You maintain this reputation 

3218
02:49:56,600 --> 02:49:58,600
through careful work and ethical
conduct. 

3219
02:49:58,600 --> 02:50:02,700
You do not cut Corners to save 
time, you do not accept bribes 

3220
02:50:02,700 --> 02:50:05,800
to adjust boundaries, you do not
claim, Precision beyond your 

3221
02:50:05,800 --> 02:50:09,300
instruments capabilities. 
These choices, sometimes cost, 

3222
02:50:09,300 --> 02:50:11,600
short term income, but build 
long-term credibility. 

3223
02:50:13,100 --> 02:50:15,700
Some surveyors fudge 
measurements or show favoritism 

3224
02:50:15,700 --> 02:50:19,000
to whichever party pays best, 
you have seen the results, 

3225
02:50:19,000 --> 02:50:22,800
disputed boundaries, legal 
conflicts, and ruined, 

3226
02:50:22,800 --> 02:50:26,200
professional reputations. 
The temporary gain is not worth 

3227
02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:28,900
the permanent cost your field 
notebooks. 

3228
02:50:28,900 --> 02:50:32,400
Now number in the dozens, filled
with surveys of properties, 

3229
02:50:32,400 --> 02:50:35,400
across the region. 
Each notebook is dated and 

3230
02:50:35,400 --> 02:50:38,000
indexed. 
You can locate any previous 

3231
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:41,400
survey within minutes, checking 
measurements, or verifying 

3232
02:50:41,400 --> 02:50:44,100
descriptions. 
This systematic organization is 

3233
02:50:44,100 --> 02:50:46,900
not natural Talent. 
It is learned discipline 

3234
02:50:46,900 --> 02:50:50,400
developed through your mother's 
insistence on orderly record, 

3235
02:50:50,400 --> 02:50:53,500
keeping and reinforced by 
professional necessity. 

3236
02:50:54,300 --> 02:50:57,300
Surveyors who lose notes or 
cannot reproduce previous work. 

3237
02:50:57,300 --> 02:51:00,800
Do not remain employed long. 
You have also developed physical

3238
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:02,500
capabilities that serve your 
work. 

3239
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:06,100
You can walk 20 miles through 
rough terrain without access of 

3240
02:51:06,100 --> 02:51:08,700
fatigue. 
You can sleep anywhere and wake 

3241
02:51:08,700 --> 02:51:11,200
refreshed. 
You can endure whether extreme 

3242
02:51:11,200 --> 02:51:15,500
with minimal complaint. 
These are practical skills and 

3243
02:51:15,500 --> 02:51:18,000
glamorous but essential your 
younger brothers. 

3244
02:51:18,000 --> 02:51:21,600
Sometimes accompany you on 
surveys serving as chain bearers

3245
02:51:21,600 --> 02:51:23,800
or Ax Men you teach them the 
same way. 

3246
02:51:23,800 --> 02:51:27,200
James Gantt you through 
demonstration and expectation 

3247
02:51:27,200 --> 02:51:31,000
rather than elaborate 
explanation they learn or they 

3248
02:51:31,000 --> 02:51:33,500
do not either outcome, is their 
responsibility. 

3249
02:51:33,500 --> 02:51:37,700
Jack shows particular, aptitude 
for the work he is physically 

3250
02:51:37,700 --> 02:51:41,000
strong and mentally sharp 
capable of holding complex 

3251
02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:43,100
calculations in his head while 
pulling chain. 

3252
02:51:43,100 --> 02:51:46,100
You make note of this family 
businesses benefit from 

3253
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:48,800
competent, relatives, who can be
trusted with significant 

3254
02:51:48,800 --> 02:51:51,800
responsibility? 
Your evenings at Ferry Farm. 

3255
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:55,000
Now include correspondence, 
landowners, right requesting 

3256
02:51:55,000 --> 02:51:58,100
surveys officials, send legal 
inquiries about boundary 

3257
02:51:58,100 --> 02:52:00,100
disputes. 
He respond to each letter 

3258
02:52:00,100 --> 02:52:02,700
promptly and professionally 
maintaining the written 

3259
02:52:02,700 --> 02:52:04,500
equivalent of your verbal 
reputation. 

3260
02:52:04,500 --> 02:52:08,300
Your handwriting has evolved in 
to a clear, professional script.

3261
02:52:09,100 --> 02:52:11,900
The awkward copying exercises, 
your mother assigned years ago 

3262
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:13,700
have transformed into fluent 
communication. 

3263
02:52:13,700 --> 02:52:16,400
You can draft a business letter 
quickly. 

3264
02:52:16,400 --> 02:52:20,300
Expressing complex ideas with 
appropriate, formality your 

3265
02:52:20,300 --> 02:52:22,900
occasionally still copy maxims 
from The Rules of Civility, 

3266
02:52:22,900 --> 02:52:24,900
though. 
Now more from habit than 

3267
02:52:24,900 --> 02:52:28,400
assignment, Some of the rules 
have proven genuinely useful. 

3268
02:52:29,300 --> 02:52:32,600
Undertake not what you cannot 
perform but be careful to keep 

3269
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:35,600
your promise. 
This is not abstract morality. 

3270
02:52:35,600 --> 02:52:39,300
It is practical business advice 
your reputation. 

3271
02:52:39,300 --> 02:52:41,600
Depends on delivering promised 
Services reliably. 

3272
02:52:41,600 --> 02:52:44,400
You think sometimes about your 
father dead. 

3273
02:52:44,400 --> 02:52:48,500
Now for six years you remember 
him, only dimly more as 

3274
02:52:48,500 --> 02:52:51,700
impression than details memory. 
But you understand that his 

3275
02:52:51,700 --> 02:52:54,300
property Investments and 
business connections created 

3276
02:52:54,300 --> 02:52:57,900
opportunities for you? 
Lawrence's position, the 

3277
02:52:57,900 --> 02:53:02,000
Fairfax, introductions your 
access to surveying work, all of

3278
02:53:02,000 --> 02:53:04,700
this traces back to Augustine, 
Washington's careful. 

3279
02:53:04,700 --> 02:53:06,700
Cultivation of useful 
relationships. 

3280
02:53:06,700 --> 02:53:09,600
Your building similar 
foundations, though. 

3281
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:11,200
You cannot yet see what 
structure. 

3282
02:53:11,200 --> 02:53:14,400
They will support you. 
Accumulate land, develop skills,

3283
02:53:14,400 --> 02:53:17,600
establish reputation, and 
maintain connections. 

3284
02:53:17,600 --> 02:53:20,200
These are investments in an 
uncertain future. 

3285
02:53:21,100 --> 02:53:23,600
The Rappahannock River still 
flows past Fairy Farm with the 

3286
02:53:23,600 --> 02:53:27,400
same patient, inevitability. 
You have watched it for 17 years

3287
02:53:27,400 --> 02:53:29,700
now. 
Seen it freeze and thaw flood 

3288
02:53:29,700 --> 02:53:32,500
and reseed, carried debris, 
Downstream and deposit. 

3289
02:53:32,500 --> 02:53:35,000
Sediment on its banks. 
The river teaches. 

3290
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:37,500
Through example, steady pressure
over time. 

3291
02:53:37,500 --> 02:53:39,700
Accomplishes more than sporadic 
bursts of energy. 

3292
02:53:39,700 --> 02:53:43,300
You apply this principle to your
work consistent effort, 

3293
02:53:43,300 --> 02:53:47,400
methodical record-keeping, 
careful decision-making, not 

3294
02:53:47,400 --> 02:53:50,800
dramatic or exciting but 
effective over time some nights 

3295
02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:53,400
you stand at the window and 
watch Moonlight on the river's 

3296
02:53:53,400 --> 02:53:55,900
surface thinking about the 
distance between your current 

3297
02:53:55,900 --> 02:53:59,100
position and your imagined 
future you want significant 

3298
02:53:59,100 --> 02:54:01,900
achievement though you cannot 
Define what form that 

3299
02:54:01,900 --> 02:54:05,400
achievement should take wealth 
certainly and respect and 

3300
02:54:05,400 --> 02:54:07,000
perhaps some lasting 
contribution. 

3301
02:54:08,300 --> 02:54:12,000
But these are vague aspirations.
More concrete is tomorrow's 

3302
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:14,700
survey of a 200 acre tract near 
Fredericksburg. 

3303
02:54:14,700 --> 02:54:17,500
The landowner wants clear 
documentation before 

3304
02:54:17,500 --> 02:54:20,900
subdividing, the property among 
his children, the work will take

3305
02:54:20,900 --> 02:54:23,400
three days accounting for 
terrain and necessary 

3306
02:54:23,400 --> 02:54:25,600
calculations. 
You have already reviewed the 

3307
02:54:25,600 --> 02:54:27,300
property deed and played your 
approach. 

3308
02:54:27,300 --> 02:54:30,500
You will start at the South West
Corner run, the southern 

3309
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:33,200
boundary East, then work 
counterclockwise around the 

3310
02:54:33,200 --> 02:54:36,500
perimeter where the permitting 
you should complete the work by 

3311
02:54:36,500 --> 02:54:40,300
Friday evening. 
This is the actual substance of 

3312
02:54:40,300 --> 02:54:44,000
your life, not Grand Vision, but
specific tasks. 

3313
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:49,300
Acute competently documented. 
Carefully compensated, fairly 

3314
02:54:49,300 --> 02:54:53,400
the accumulation of such tasks 
creates a career and a career 

3315
02:54:53,408 --> 02:54:56,700
creates opportunity and 
opportunity creates possibility.

3316
02:54:57,400 --> 02:55:00,100
You close your Ledger and 
prepare for bed. tomorrow 

3317
02:55:00,100 --> 02:55:03,800
requires an early start, the 
river continues, its patient 

3318
02:55:03,800 --> 02:55:06,700
flow through the darkness, 
indifferent to human ambition, 

3319
02:55:06,700 --> 02:55:11,200
but somehow comforting in its 
constancy Morning will come the 

3320
02:55:11,200 --> 02:55:15,500
work, will be there and you will
do it Chain by Chain, acre. 

3321
02:55:15,500 --> 02:55:18,500
By acre, building something you 
cannot yet, see, but which 

3322
02:55:18,500 --> 02:55:20,500
exists in the careful record of 
days. 

3323
02:55:20,500 --> 02:55:24,600
Well, spent sleep comes easily. 
You have worked hard. 

3324
02:55:24,600 --> 02:55:28,700
Your body is tired but 
satisfied, your mind is quiet 

3325
02:55:28,700 --> 02:55:32,100
settled on the foundation of 
clear purpose and methodical 

3326
02:55:32,100 --> 02:55:34,500
execution. 
The last thing you hear is the 

3327
02:55:34,500 --> 02:55:37,500
wind in the Pines outside and 
the distant murmur of the 

3328
02:55:37,500 --> 02:55:40,900
Rappahannock and the settling of
the house preparing for night. 

3329
02:55:40,900 --> 02:55:44,800
This is enough. 
And that's where we'll leave 

3330
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:47,200
young George Washington tonight.
My tired dumplings. 

3331
02:55:47,900 --> 02:55:50,300
Standing at the window of Ferry 
Farm at 7:18. 

3332
02:55:50,300 --> 02:55:53,500
Surveyors Ledger closed. 
Tomorrow's work already planed 

3333
02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:57,000
in his methodical mind. 
If you found this gentle tour 

3334
02:55:57,000 --> 02:55:59,900
through his early years, worth 
your time, you might Wander Over

3335
02:55:59,900 --> 02:56:03,500
And subscribe to this humble 
Channel new historical escapes 

3336
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:05,800
appear each week and they're all
for sleeping. 

3337
02:56:06,500 --> 02:56:09,100
Pleasant dreams and may your 
morning come gently. 

3338
02:56:15,300 --> 02:56:18,200
You're standing on the deck of a
captured Merchant vessel 

3339
02:56:18,200 --> 02:56:21,000
somewhere off the coast of 
Jamaica in 1715. 

3340
02:56:21,000 --> 02:56:23,700
The previous Captain, has 
stepped down. 

3341
02:56:23,700 --> 02:56:27,500
The crew is looking at you. 
Someone needs to make a decision

3342
02:56:27,500 --> 02:56:30,900
about what happens next. 
And apparently that someone is 

3343
02:56:30,900 --> 02:56:34,700
you This is not how you imagined
becoming a captain. 

3344
02:56:34,700 --> 02:56:38,000
You did not inherit this 
position from your father. 

3345
02:56:38,000 --> 02:56:40,400
You did not graduate from a 
Naval Academy. 

3346
02:56:40,400 --> 02:56:44,200
You did not work your way up 
through years of loyal service. 

3347
02:56:44,200 --> 02:56:47,500
To a shipping company, you 
became a pirate Captain because 

3348
02:56:47,500 --> 02:56:51,600
37 stubborn men just held an 
election and you won by four 

3349
02:56:51,600 --> 02:56:54,400
votes. 
The Democratic process among 

3350
02:56:54,400 --> 02:56:58,500
Pirates was real and documented 
extensively in trial records 

3351
02:56:58,500 --> 02:57:02,300
from the early 1700s. 
When a pirate crew needed a new 

3352
02:57:02,308 --> 02:57:05,800
captain, they voted every man 
got one vote. 

3353
02:57:06,700 --> 02:57:10,000
Candidate with the most votes 
became captain and that position

3354
02:57:10,000 --> 02:57:12,700
lasted exactly. 
As long as the crew, felt like 

3355
02:57:12,708 --> 02:57:16,200
keeping you around you stand 
there, trying to look confident.

3356
02:57:16,200 --> 02:57:19,100
While your brain scrambles to 
remember anything useful about 

3357
02:57:19,100 --> 02:57:22,100
navigation or maritime law or 
leadership. 

3358
02:57:22,100 --> 02:57:24,800
You are a merchant sailor three 
months ago. 

3359
02:57:24,800 --> 02:57:28,600
You know, how to tie knots and 
swap decks and stay out of the 

3360
02:57:28,600 --> 02:57:32,900
way when the actual Sailors were
working Now, you are responsible

3361
02:57:32,900 --> 02:57:35,600
for keeping 37, men fed and 
functioning. 

3362
02:57:35,600 --> 02:57:38,900
While simultaneously figuring 
out how to find prizes without 

3363
02:57:38,900 --> 02:57:42,300
exhausting everyone, the ship 
rocks, gently Beneath Your Feet,

3364
02:57:42,300 --> 02:57:44,900
the Caribbean Sun beats down on 
your head. 

3365
02:57:44,900 --> 02:57:48,100
Someone hands your hat that 
belong to the previous Captain, 

3366
02:57:48,100 --> 02:57:50,800
it still has his sweat stains in
the band. 

3367
02:57:51,700 --> 02:57:54,600
You put it on because that seems
like, what a captain would do 

3368
02:57:54,600 --> 02:57:56,800
it. 
Sits slightly crooked on your 

3369
02:57:56,800 --> 02:58:00,400
head because it was shaped fit 
someone else's skull. your first

3370
02:58:00,400 --> 02:58:02,600
order of business is figuring 
out what to do with this 

3371
02:58:02,600 --> 02:58:06,600
merchant ship, you just captured
The cargo hold contains barrels 

3372
02:58:06,600 --> 02:58:10,300
of salted, pork bolts, of cloth,
and 70 pounds of sugar. 

3373
02:58:11,300 --> 02:58:13,500
Crew wants to sell everything 
and divide the money. 

3374
02:58:13,500 --> 02:58:16,400
You want to keep some of the 
food because, you know, the ship

3375
02:58:16,400 --> 02:58:19,700
supplies are running low. 
This creates your first 

3376
02:58:19,700 --> 02:58:23,200
leadership crisis, approximately
10 minutes into your captaincy. 

3377
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:26,300
Pirates. 
Operated under a strict code 

3378
02:58:26,300 --> 02:58:30,600
that was written down and signed
by every crew member These codes

3379
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:33,900
survive in historical records 
and they are surprisingly 

3380
02:58:33,900 --> 02:58:37,300
detailed. 
Captain Bartholomew Roberts had 

3381
02:58:37,300 --> 02:58:41,100
a code with 11 articles, Captain
John Phillips had a code with 10

3382
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,500
articles, the codes covered 
everything from how to divide 

3383
02:58:44,500 --> 02:58:48,100
treasure to compensation for 
injuries in battle to whether 

3384
02:58:48,100 --> 02:58:49,600
you could bring musicians 
aboard. 

3385
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:54,900
Article 6 of Bartholomew 
Roberts's code stated that every

3386
02:58:54,900 --> 02:58:59,000
man had an equal vote in a fairs
of the moment and equal title to

3387
02:58:59,000 --> 02:59:01,400
Fresh Provisions or strong 
lickers Seas. 

3388
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:04,800
This meant you could not just 
decide to keep the food. 

3389
02:59:04,800 --> 02:59:09,000
You had to convince 37 men that 
keeping the food was a good 

3390
02:59:09,008 --> 02:59:12,100
idea. 
And those 37 men really wanted 

3391
02:59:12,100 --> 02:59:15,800
the money from selling the food.
You try to explain basic 

3392
02:59:15,800 --> 02:59:19,200
mathematics, the ship currently 
has enough food for maybe two 

3393
02:59:19,200 --> 02:59:22,500
more weeks if everyone eats 
carefully, if you sell this food

3394
02:59:22,500 --> 02:59:25,500
and do not find another prize, 
soon, everyone goes hungry. 

3395
02:59:26,500 --> 02:59:29,400
This argument works on 
approximately 12 people. 

3396
02:59:30,300 --> 02:59:33,300
The other 25 want their money 
now because they do not trust 

3397
02:59:33,300 --> 02:59:34,800
that you will find another 
prize. 

3398
02:59:34,800 --> 02:59:38,000
And frankly, they do not trust 
you at all because you have been

3399
02:59:38,008 --> 02:59:41,300
Captain for less than an hour. 
Someone suggests putting it to a

3400
02:59:41,300 --> 02:59:43,700
vote everyone agrees. 
This is fair. 

3401
02:59:44,400 --> 02:59:47,700
You spend the next 30 minutes 
watching your crew debate, the 

3402
02:59:47,700 --> 02:59:51,300
relative merits of food versus 
money while the captured 

3403
02:59:51,300 --> 02:59:53,200
Merchant vessel sits dead in the
water. 

3404
02:59:53,200 --> 02:59:56,600
And you pray that a British 
Naval Patrol does not come over 

3405
02:59:56,600 --> 03:00:01,800
the horizon, the vote goes, 14 
to 23 against you, your keeping 

3406
03:00:01,800 --> 03:00:04,800
the Salted pork, whether the 
crew likes it or not, but you 

3407
03:00:04,800 --> 03:00:07,300
just lost your first Democratic 
contest as Captain. 

3408
03:00:07,300 --> 03:00:10,900
This does not bode well for your
long-term survive in this 

3409
03:00:10,900 --> 03:00:13,400
position. 
This historical record shows 

3410
03:00:13,400 --> 03:00:16,900
that pirate captains had 
absolute Authority during Chase 

3411
03:00:16,900 --> 03:00:19,700
or battle. 
But during regular sailing, the 

3412
03:00:19,700 --> 03:00:24,600
crew voted on almost everything.
The quartermaster held nearly as

3413
03:00:24,600 --> 03:00:28,300
much power as the cat in and 
served as a check on Captain 

3414
03:00:28,300 --> 03:00:31,500
Authority. 
If the crew did not like your 

3415
03:00:31,500 --> 03:00:34,600
decisions, they could vote you 
out and elect someone else. 

3416
03:00:35,500 --> 03:00:38,600
You make a mental note to be 
better at arguing your case next

3417
03:00:38,600 --> 03:00:41,200
time. 
The new realized there will be a

3418
03:00:41,200 --> 03:00:43,700
next time, there will be 
hundreds of next time. 

3419
03:00:43,700 --> 03:00:47,700
Every decision you make will be 
scrutinized and debated and 

3420
03:00:47,700 --> 03:00:50,800
voted on by men who have very 
strong opinions about Supply 

3421
03:00:50,800 --> 03:00:54,600
management. 
The sun is starting to set, you 

3422
03:00:54,600 --> 03:00:57,600
need to decide what to do with 
the captured crew, Pirates, 

3423
03:00:57,600 --> 03:01:01,200
usually offered Merchant Sailors
Choice, join the pirate crew or 

3424
03:01:01,200 --> 03:01:03,800
get set a drift in a boat with 
some supplies harming. 

3425
03:01:03,800 --> 03:01:06,700
Captured Sailors was bad 
business because it made other 

3426
03:01:06,700 --> 03:01:08,700
ships fight, rather than 
surrender peacefully. 

3427
03:01:08,700 --> 03:01:12,000
And fighting meant, your crew 
took injuries and damage. 

3428
03:01:12,700 --> 03:01:15,700
The merchant Captain is sitting 
on the deck with his hands tied.

3429
03:01:15,700 --> 03:01:19,800
He's about 50 years old with 
gray hair and Son weathered 

3430
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,100
skin. 
He has been sailing these waters

3431
03:01:22,100 --> 03:01:25,300
for 30 years. 
He knows more about navigation 

3432
03:01:25,300 --> 03:01:27,000
than you will learn in your 
entire life. 

3433
03:01:27,800 --> 03:01:30,400
You briefly consider forcing him
to join your crew as a 

3434
03:01:30,400 --> 03:01:33,600
navigator. 
But article 11 of Roberts code 

3435
03:01:33,600 --> 03:01:37,700
for bids forcing anyone to join 
against their will, Pirates had 

3436
03:01:37,700 --> 03:01:40,400
standards. 
Apparently you order the 

3437
03:01:40,400 --> 03:01:43,400
merchant Sailors loaded into a 
Long Boat with enough food and 

3438
03:01:43,400 --> 03:01:45,000
water to reach the nearest 
Island. 

3439
03:01:45,900 --> 03:01:48,300
The merchant Captain looks at 
you with something between 

3440
03:01:48,300 --> 03:01:52,100
contempt and pity. 
He knows you have no idea what 

3441
03:01:52,100 --> 03:01:55,200
you're doing. 
You know, he knows everyone on 

3442
03:01:55,200 --> 03:01:59,400
both ships, knows, This is going
to be a very long to see. 

3443
03:02:00,300 --> 03:02:03,600
The captured ship needs to be 
dealt with, you could sink it 

3444
03:02:03,600 --> 03:02:06,000
but that waste perfectly good 
materials. 

3445
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:08,600
You could keep it and sail with 
two ships. 

3446
03:02:08,600 --> 03:02:12,000
But that requires splitting your
crew and you barely have enough 

3447
03:02:12,000 --> 03:02:13,800
men to sail, one vessel 
properly. 

3448
03:02:13,800 --> 03:02:16,500
You could sell it at a pirate 
friendly Port. 

3449
03:02:16,500 --> 03:02:19,900
But getting, there takes time. 
And every day, you sail is 

3450
03:02:19,900 --> 03:02:22,200
another day, the British Navy 
might find you. 

3451
03:02:22,200 --> 03:02:26,100
Your quartermaster makes a 
suggestion strip, the ship of 

3452
03:02:26,100 --> 03:02:27,900
anything useful, then let it 
drift. 

3453
03:02:27,900 --> 03:02:31,400
Someone will find it. 
Eventually this seems reasonable

3454
03:02:31,400 --> 03:02:34,800
Until you realize stripping, a 
ship takes an entire day of work

3455
03:02:34,800 --> 03:02:37,800
and your crew wants to get 
moving toward a port, where they

3456
03:02:37,808 --> 03:02:40,400
can spend their money and drink 
themselves stupid. 

3457
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:46,500
Another vote this time you win 
by three votes. the crew spends,

3458
03:02:46,500 --> 03:02:49,100
the next day transferring 
supplies, while you try to 

3459
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:52,200
figure out, how to navigate to 
the nearest Safe Harbor without 

3460
03:02:52,200 --> 03:02:56,300
admitting, your not entirely, 
sure where you are, The previous

3461
03:02:56,300 --> 03:02:59,400
Captain kept his charts and a 
locked chest in his cabin. 

3462
03:03:00,300 --> 03:03:03,900
That cabin is now your cabin 
which sounds luxurious until you

3463
03:03:03,900 --> 03:03:07,000
see it. 
The space is roughly six feet by

3464
03:03:07,000 --> 03:03:10,300
eight feet. 
There is a hammock, a small desk

3465
03:03:10,300 --> 03:03:14,100
bolted to the floor, a chair 
that wobbles and a bucket that 

3466
03:03:14,100 --> 03:03:17,600
serves a purpose. 
You try not to think about The 

3467
03:03:17,600 --> 03:03:20,100
chest sits in the corner, still 
locked. 

3468
03:03:20,800 --> 03:03:24,300
You do not have the key, the 
previous Captain died with the 

3469
03:03:24,308 --> 03:03:27,200
key around his neck and no one 
thought to take it off him 

3470
03:03:27,200 --> 03:03:29,200
before they threw his body 
overboard. 

3471
03:03:29,900 --> 03:03:32,500
This means you need to break 
open the chest, which means you 

3472
03:03:32,500 --> 03:03:36,400
need tools, which means you need
to ask someone for tools, which 

3473
03:03:36,400 --> 03:03:39,700
means admitting you do not have 
access to the navigation charts.

3474
03:03:40,600 --> 03:03:42,500
Pirates. 
Maintained detailed knowledge of

3475
03:03:42,500 --> 03:03:45,300
Caribbean geography. 
They needed to know which 

3476
03:03:45,300 --> 03:03:48,600
Islands had fresh water, which 
Harbors were deep enough for 

3477
03:03:48,600 --> 03:03:52,100
their ships, which Governors 
could be bribed, and which Naval

3478
03:03:52,100 --> 03:03:56,100
patrols operated in which areas.
This information was usually 

3479
03:03:56,100 --> 03:03:59,200
kept in the captain's head or 
written in personal logs that 

3480
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:02,300
were carefully guarded. 
He find a carpenter and asked 

3481
03:04:02,300 --> 03:04:05,000
for a pride bar. 
The carpenter asked why you need

3482
03:04:05,000 --> 03:04:07,100
it. 
You say you need to open a stuck

3483
03:04:07,100 --> 03:04:09,700
chest. 
He looks at you like, you're an 

3484
03:04:09,700 --> 03:04:11,900
idiot and points out that chess 
generally, open. 

3485
03:04:11,900 --> 03:04:15,000
When you have the key, you say, 
the key is unavailable. 

3486
03:04:15,800 --> 03:04:18,900
He asks if you mean the 
captain's chest, you admit that?

3487
03:04:18,900 --> 03:04:20,800
Yes. 
You mean the captain's chest 

3488
03:04:20,800 --> 03:04:24,400
which is now your chest. 
But the previous Captain took 

3489
03:04:24,400 --> 03:04:26,200
the key to the bottom of the 
ocean with him. 

3490
03:04:27,000 --> 03:04:30,500
The carpenter laughs and says he
will get his Tools. 10 minutes 

3491
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:32,400
later. 
He is prying the lock off. 

3492
03:04:32,400 --> 03:04:35,800
While half your crew watches and
make jokes about the new 

3493
03:04:35,800 --> 03:04:38,700
captain, who does not have keys 
to his own furniture. 

3494
03:04:40,300 --> 03:04:43,200
You're learning that maintaining
dignity is going to be extremely

3495
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:47,600
difficult in this job. 
The chest contains charts a 

3496
03:04:47,600 --> 03:04:50,600
compass that might be broken a 
journal filled with notes in 

3497
03:04:50,600 --> 03:04:53,700
handwriting. 
You can barely read three shirts

3498
03:04:53,700 --> 03:04:57,500
that are too small for you and a
pistol with no ammunition. 

3499
03:04:57,500 --> 03:05:01,100
You take the charts and journal 
back to your desk and spend the 

3500
03:05:01,108 --> 03:05:03,400
next three hours trying to 
figure out where you are. 

3501
03:05:04,300 --> 03:05:06,600
The charts are hand-drawn and 
not particularly accurate. 

3502
03:05:06,600 --> 03:05:11,100
The journal contains notes about
currents, wind patterns and the 

3503
03:05:11,100 --> 03:05:14,700
locations of various hazards, 
the handwriting is terrible. 

3504
03:05:16,100 --> 03:05:19,100
The previous Captain apparently,
spelled words, however, he felt 

3505
03:05:19,100 --> 03:05:22,000
like at the moment. 
You find references to 

3506
03:05:22,000 --> 03:05:26,100
locations, you have never heard 
of and warning about reefs, that

3507
03:05:26,100 --> 03:05:30,200
may or may not exist. 
Navigation in the early 1700s 

3508
03:05:30,200 --> 03:05:32,300
was part science and part 
guesswork. 

3509
03:05:33,100 --> 03:05:36,400
Captains, used dead reckoning, 
which meant estimating your 

3510
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:40,600
position based on your speed 
direction and time travel. 

3511
03:05:41,700 --> 03:05:44,500
This worked fine and until 
currents pushed you off course, 

3512
03:05:44,500 --> 03:05:46,800
or storms. 
Blew you miles from, where you 

3513
03:05:46,800 --> 03:05:50,700
thought you were. 
Accurate longitude calculation 

3514
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:54,700
did not exist yet? 
The best Maritime chronometer 

3515
03:05:54,700 --> 03:06:00,500
would not be invented until 1735
your sailing approximately two 

3516
03:06:00,500 --> 03:06:02,300
decades to early for that 
convenience. 

3517
03:06:02,300 --> 03:06:06,600
You have a compass and the Sun 
and the stars and a crew that 

3518
03:06:06,608 --> 03:06:09,200
expects you to get them 
somewhere profitable without 

3519
03:06:09,200 --> 03:06:12,700
running a ground on a reef or 
sailing directly into a British 

3520
03:06:12,700 --> 03:06:15,200
naval. 
Squadron you spread the charts 

3521
03:06:15,200 --> 03:06:17,700
across your desk and try to 
match what you see with, what 

3522
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:20,800
you remember of the coastline. 
The problem is that you have 

3523
03:06:20,800 --> 03:06:22,500
only been in these waters for 
three months. 

3524
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:26,200
For that, you are sailing 
between Bristol and Boston on 

3525
03:06:26,200 --> 03:06:30,400
Merchant roots, that stayed far 
from Pirate infested areas, you 

3526
03:06:30,400 --> 03:06:33,400
know, the Caribbean exists and 
that it contains numerous 

3527
03:06:33,400 --> 03:06:36,600
islands and at least three 
major, Colonial Powers, who 

3528
03:06:36,600 --> 03:06:38,100
would all be delighted to hang 
you? 

3529
03:06:38,800 --> 03:06:41,900
Beyond that, your geographical 
knowledge gets fuzzy. 

3530
03:06:42,700 --> 03:06:45,800
Your quartermaster knocks on the
cabin door and asks, if you have

3531
03:06:45,808 --> 03:06:48,700
figured out where you're going, 
you say you're working on it. 

3532
03:06:49,400 --> 03:06:52,300
He says, the crew wants to head 
to Nassau because they heard it 

3533
03:06:52,300 --> 03:06:56,000
as a safe port for pirates. 
You say Nassau sounds great and 

3534
03:06:56,000 --> 03:06:58,400
you will set a course. 
Immediately, he leaves. 

3535
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:02,400
You have absolutely no idea. 
Where Nassau is you spend 

3536
03:07:02,400 --> 03:07:05,000
another hour with the charts. 
Before you find a reference to 

3537
03:07:05,000 --> 03:07:08,400
New Providence Island, and a 
note that says Good Harbor and 

3538
03:07:08,400 --> 03:07:12,000
friendly Governor. 
You assume this is Nassau, he 

3539
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:14,500
tried to calculate how long it 
will take to get there based on 

3540
03:07:14,508 --> 03:07:17,300
your current position, which 
you're only about 60%. 

3541
03:07:17,300 --> 03:07:21,500
Sure of the wind is coming from 
the East, your ship can make 

3542
03:07:21,500 --> 03:07:23,500
about six knots and good 
conditions. 

3543
03:07:23,500 --> 03:07:26,500
New Providence island is 
somewhere north west of your 

3544
03:07:26,500 --> 03:07:30,800
current estimated position you 
guess may be three days sailing 

3545
03:07:30,800 --> 03:07:34,100
if the wind holds and you do not
hit any storms or currents or 

3546
03:07:34,108 --> 03:07:37,400
reefs or Naval patrols. 
You write down your course 

3547
03:07:37,400 --> 03:07:38,900
heading and take it up to the 
helm. 

3548
03:07:38,900 --> 03:07:41,800
The pilot looks at your numbers 
and raises an eyebrow. 

3549
03:07:41,800 --> 03:07:45,200
He does not say anything, which 
is somehow worse than if. 

3550
03:07:45,200 --> 03:07:47,800
He had just told you that you 
were wrong, you tell him to 

3551
03:07:47,800 --> 03:07:50,800
follow the heading. 
He says, I captain in a tone 

3552
03:07:50,808 --> 03:07:52,900
that suggests, he's already 
planning what to say at your 

3553
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:57,100
impeachment here in nightfalls 
you stand on deck and watch the 

3554
03:07:57,100 --> 03:08:01,100
stars come out the crew. 
Settles into watch rotations. 

3555
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:04,600
Someone starts singing a song 
about a woman into two guy. 

3556
03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:07,800
Someone else tells him to shut 
up because he cannot carry a 

3557
03:08:07,800 --> 03:08:10,800
tune. 
Ship creeks and sways as it cuts

3558
03:08:10,800 --> 03:08:14,300
through the Dark Water, your 
responsible for all of this. 

3559
03:08:15,300 --> 03:08:20,000
Ship the crew, the navigation 
the decisions about when to 

3560
03:08:20,008 --> 03:08:23,700
attack and when to run your 
responsible for keeping everyone

3561
03:08:23,700 --> 03:08:27,400
fed and alive and one step ahead
of the law, you have been 

3562
03:08:27,408 --> 03:08:30,900
Captain for less than 24 hours 
and you already want to resign, 

3563
03:08:30,900 --> 03:08:33,500
but resignation is not really an
option. 

3564
03:08:34,200 --> 03:08:38,500
Once you are elected Captain, 
you stay captain until you die 

3565
03:08:38,500 --> 03:08:42,100
or get voted out. 
Getting voted out often meant 

3566
03:08:42,100 --> 03:08:44,900
getting marooned on an 
uninhabited island with a pistol

3567
03:08:44,900 --> 03:08:48,000
and one shot. 
The pirate code was Democratic 

3568
03:08:48,000 --> 03:08:51,600
but not particularly forgiving. 
You go back to your cabin and 

3569
03:08:51,600 --> 03:08:54,200
try to sleep. 
The hammock is uncomfortable. 

3570
03:08:54,200 --> 03:08:58,400
The ship makes alarming noises 
that you're not yet experienced 

3571
03:08:58,400 --> 03:09:00,800
enough to identify as normal or 
concerning. 

3572
03:09:01,800 --> 03:09:05,200
Every time you close your eyes, 
you see that Merchant captains 

3573
03:09:05,200 --> 03:09:08,300
face looking at you with pity. 
You wonder how long you can 

3574
03:09:08,300 --> 03:09:10,300
maintain this pretense of 
competence? 

3575
03:09:10,300 --> 03:09:13,000
You wonder if the crew as 
already figured out that you 

3576
03:09:13,000 --> 03:09:16,000
barely know what you're doing, 
you wonder if that pilot is 

3577
03:09:16,000 --> 03:09:18,400
right now, telling everyone that
your course heading is going to 

3578
03:09:18,408 --> 03:09:21,600
get them all lost. 
The historical Bartholomew 

3579
03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:24,600
Roberts became Captain after the
previous Captain stepped down. 

3580
03:09:25,200 --> 03:09:27,900
Roberts had been aboard the 
pirate ship for only six weeks 

3581
03:09:27,900 --> 03:09:31,600
when he was elected. 
He went on to capture over 400 

3582
03:09:31,600 --> 03:09:34,000
prizes and become one of the 
most successful pirates in 

3583
03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:36,800
history. 
But Roberts was a natural 

3584
03:09:36,800 --> 03:09:39,100
Navigator and a charismatic 
leader. 

3585
03:09:40,000 --> 03:09:43,300
You are neither of those things,
you're a man who became Captain 

3586
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:46,300
because someone had to be 
captain and you seemed slightly 

3587
03:09:46,300 --> 03:09:48,400
less incompetent than the 
alternatives. 

3588
03:09:49,200 --> 03:09:51,900
You're a man who does not know 
where he is going or how to get 

3589
03:09:51,900 --> 03:09:54,300
there, or what to do when he 
arrives. 

3590
03:09:55,200 --> 03:09:58,200
You're a man who just realized 
that being a pirate Captain is 

3591
03:09:58,200 --> 03:09:59,800
less about Adventure and 
freedom. 

3592
03:09:59,800 --> 03:10:03,700
And more about trying to keep 
stubborn men organized enough to

3593
03:10:03,700 --> 03:10:07,800
survive another week. 
The ship rolls in a long swell 

3594
03:10:07,800 --> 03:10:12,000
water slaps against the hull. 
Somewhere above deck, a rope 

3595
03:10:12,000 --> 03:10:15,000
creeks in a block, you lie in 
the hammer, can stare at the 

3596
03:10:15,008 --> 03:10:17,700
dark sealing and wonder if you 
will still be functioning in 

3597
03:10:17,700 --> 03:10:19,600
three days. 
When you hopefully arrive at 

3598
03:10:19,608 --> 03:10:23,500
Nassau, Probably. 
But at least you will be wearing

3599
03:10:23,500 --> 03:10:25,800
a hat that belonged to someone 
who actually what they were 

3600
03:10:25,800 --> 03:10:28,400
doing. 
You've been captured for five 

3601
03:10:28,400 --> 03:10:31,700
days and you have already 
presided over 11 votes on 

3602
03:10:31,700 --> 03:10:35,400
various matters, whether to 
chase a merchant Sloop that 

3603
03:10:35,400 --> 03:10:39,200
turned out to be fast of your 
ship. whether to change course, 

3604
03:10:39,200 --> 03:10:43,400
to investigate a potential 
prize, Whether to reduce the rum

3605
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:46,800
ration, whether to increase the 
rum ration, after everyone got 

3606
03:10:46,800 --> 03:10:51,000
angry about reducing the rum 
ration, whether to kill Hall The

3607
03:10:51,000 --> 03:10:52,800
Man Who Stole someone else's 
boots. 

3608
03:10:53,500 --> 03:10:56,500
Where the Keel hauling was too 
severe and maybe just flock him 

3609
03:10:56,500 --> 03:11:00,200
instead where the flogging was 
also too severe and maybe just 

3610
03:11:00,200 --> 03:11:04,300
make him, give the boots back. 
Democracy is exhausting when 

3611
03:11:04,300 --> 03:11:07,800
you're constituency consists of 
men who have very firm opinions 

3612
03:11:07,800 --> 03:11:10,200
about everything. 
The pirate code that governs, 

3613
03:11:10,200 --> 03:11:13,500
your ship was written by the 
previous captain and signed by 

3614
03:11:13,500 --> 03:11:17,100
every crew member, you have a 
copy nailed to the main mask 

3615
03:11:17,100 --> 03:11:20,500
where everyone can see it. 
Article, one states that Every 

3616
03:11:20,500 --> 03:11:22,200
Man Has a vote in Affairs of the
moment. 

3617
03:11:23,200 --> 03:11:26,200
Fairs of the moment apparently 
include everything from major 

3618
03:11:26,200 --> 03:11:30,000
tactical decisions to whether 
someone snoring is loud enough 

3619
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:32,300
to Warrant moving him to a 
different part of the ship. 

3620
03:11:33,200 --> 03:11:35,700
Your learning that pirates took 
their voting rights very 

3621
03:11:35,700 --> 03:11:39,300
seriously probably because most 
of them came from societies 

3622
03:11:39,300 --> 03:11:42,600
where they had no rights at all.
British Sailors in the Royal 

3623
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:45,900
Navy had no say in where they 
went or what they did or how 

3624
03:11:45,900 --> 03:11:48,900
they were treated. 
Merchant Sailors and slightly 

3625
03:11:48,900 --> 03:11:51,700
more freedom, but still answered
to Captain, who could have them 

3626
03:11:51,700 --> 03:11:55,500
flogged for minor infractions. 
Pirate ships offered something, 

3627
03:11:55,500 --> 03:11:59,600
neither the Navy, nor Merchant 
vessels provided a voice. 

3628
03:12:00,600 --> 03:12:03,600
The problem with everyone having
a voice is that everyone uses 

3629
03:12:03,600 --> 03:12:05,600
their voice constantly and about
everything. 

3630
03:12:06,500 --> 03:12:09,400
This morning's debate concerns, 
the division of the last prize. 

3631
03:12:09,400 --> 03:12:12,300
You captured a small Merchant 
vessel three days ago. 

3632
03:12:12,300 --> 03:12:16,400
The cargo was not particularly 
valuable some tobacco, some 

3633
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:19,000
tools, some personal items from 
the passengers. 

3634
03:12:19,000 --> 03:12:22,200
The total value comes to, maybe 
300 pounds. 

3635
03:12:22,200 --> 03:12:25,600
If you can find someone to buy 
it all, according to the code, 

3636
03:12:25,600 --> 03:12:28,300
the captain gets two shares of 
any prize. 

3637
03:12:28,300 --> 03:12:32,500
The quartermaster gets one and a
half shares, every regular crew 

3638
03:12:32,500 --> 03:12:35,900
member gets one share. 
Men who lost limbs in battle. 

3639
03:12:35,900 --> 03:12:38,300
Get extra compensation. 
According to a detailed 

3640
03:12:38,300 --> 03:12:40,100
schedule, a missing. 
Right? 

3641
03:12:40,100 --> 03:12:43,100
Arm is worth 600 Pieces Of Eight
or six slaves. 

3642
03:12:43,100 --> 03:12:47,600
A missing left arm is worth 500 
Pieces Of Eight or five slaves. 

3643
03:12:48,300 --> 03:12:51,700
You find this price in structure
to pressing and try not to think

3644
03:12:51,700 --> 03:12:54,500
about what it says about. 
Your crewmates value systems, 

3645
03:12:54,500 --> 03:12:57,900
the current argument is about 
whether the carpenter should get

3646
03:12:57,900 --> 03:13:01,600
extra shares because he repair 
damaged to the ship that occur 

3647
03:13:01,600 --> 03:13:04,900
during the capture, the 
carpenter argues that his work, 

3648
03:13:04,900 --> 03:13:08,200
kept the ship seaworthy and 
therefore deserves extra 

3649
03:13:08,200 --> 03:13:11,700
compensation. 
Most of the crew argues that the

3650
03:13:11,700 --> 03:13:14,100
carpenter already gets paid for 
carpentry work. 

3651
03:13:14,100 --> 03:13:16,300
And this is just part of his 
job. 

3652
03:13:16,300 --> 03:13:18,900
You're required to moderate this
debate. 

3653
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:22,400
You stand on deck, and listen to
both sides present their 

3654
03:13:22,400 --> 03:13:25,200
arguments. 
The carpenter is passionate and 

3655
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:29,300
uses several examples of times. 
He went above and beyond his 

3656
03:13:29,300 --> 03:13:32,900
regular duties. 
The crew spokesman is equally 

3657
03:13:32,900 --> 03:13:36,300
passionate and sites precedent 
from previous prizes, where the 

3658
03:13:36,308 --> 03:13:38,900
carpenter did not receive extra 
shares. 

3659
03:13:39,700 --> 03:13:41,500
The argument goes on for 40 
minutes. 

3660
03:13:42,300 --> 03:13:45,300
The sun climbs higher, the wind 
drops to almost nothing. 

3661
03:13:46,200 --> 03:13:49,900
Your ships sits basically 
Motionless In The Water while 37

3662
03:13:49,900 --> 03:13:52,800
grown men debate, the fine 
points of carpenter 

3663
03:13:52,800 --> 03:13:55,900
compensation. 
You finally call for a vote. 

3664
03:13:55,900 --> 03:14:00,400
The result is 20 to 17 in favor 
of giving the carpenter an extra

3665
03:14:00,400 --> 03:14:03,700
half, share this means 
recalculating, everyone's 

3666
03:14:03,700 --> 03:14:07,100
portion of the prize, which 
means more arguments about math,

3667
03:14:07,100 --> 03:14:11,000
because half your crew cannot 
count past 20 without taking off

3668
03:14:11,000 --> 03:14:13,900
their shoes. 
He spend another 30 minutes 

3669
03:14:13,900 --> 03:14:17,200
working out the new division. 
Each regular crew member will 

3670
03:14:17,200 --> 03:14:19,500
now receive slightly less than 
they expected. 

3671
03:14:20,200 --> 03:14:21,800
Several of them. 
Look unhappy about this. 

3672
03:14:21,800 --> 03:14:25,300
You can already see the seeds of
the next argument forming in 

3673
03:14:25,308 --> 03:14:28,900
their heads, the quartermaster 
pulls, you aside after the vote.

3674
03:14:29,500 --> 03:14:32,800
His name is William and he is 
probably the most competent 

3675
03:14:32,800 --> 03:14:36,100
person on the ship. 
He was a merchant sailor for 15 

3676
03:14:36,100 --> 03:14:40,000
years before a brutal Captain 
drove him to mutiny He knows 

3677
03:14:40,000 --> 03:14:43,000
navigation, whether ship 
handling and crew management. 

3678
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:46,900
He should probably be Captain 
instead of you but he has no 

3679
03:14:46,900 --> 03:14:49,400
interest in the job too much 
responsibility. 

3680
03:14:49,400 --> 03:14:53,700
He says too much politics 
William tells you that you 

3681
03:14:53,700 --> 03:14:56,200
should have sided with the crew 
on the carpenter issue. 

3682
03:14:56,200 --> 03:15:00,200
The carpenter is one man. 
The crew is many men. 

3683
03:15:01,100 --> 03:15:04,800
Making 20 people, slightly 
unhappy is better than making 17

3684
03:15:04,800 --> 03:15:06,300
people. 
Very unhappy. 

3685
03:15:07,200 --> 03:15:09,800
You point out that the carpenter
had a legitimate argument. 

3686
03:15:09,800 --> 03:15:13,900
William says legitimacy matters 
less than maintaining crew 

3687
03:15:13,900 --> 03:15:16,100
morale. 
Your learning that being a 

3688
03:15:16,108 --> 03:15:19,100
pirate Captain requires a 
completely different skill set 

3689
03:15:19,100 --> 03:15:21,800
than you anticipated. 
You thought it would be about 

3690
03:15:21,800 --> 03:15:24,200
sailing and fighting and maybe 
looking intimidating. 

3691
03:15:24,200 --> 03:15:27,900
Instead it is about vote, 
counting and Coalition building 

3692
03:15:27,900 --> 03:15:30,500
and figuring out how to keep 
dozens of stubborn men from 

3693
03:15:30,500 --> 03:15:33,800
turning on you. 
The historical record show that 

3694
03:15:33,800 --> 03:15:36,700
pirate Crews were shockingly 
Democratic compared to other 

3695
03:15:36,700 --> 03:15:38,700
Maritime organizations of the 
era. 

3696
03:15:39,700 --> 03:15:43,300
Captain, Charles Johnson's 
history of pirates, describes 

3697
03:15:43,300 --> 03:15:46,000
elaborate systems of checks and 
balances. 

3698
03:15:46,900 --> 03:15:49,400
The captain commanded during 
battle but the quartermaster 

3699
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:52,700
handled daily operations and 
represented the crews interests.

3700
03:15:53,300 --> 03:15:56,900
Major decisions required, votes 
food and drink were shared 

3701
03:15:56,900 --> 03:15:59,800
equally discipline was 
administered according to 

3702
03:15:59,800 --> 03:16:02,300
written rules rather than 
captain Lee whim. 

3703
03:16:02,300 --> 03:16:06,500
This democracy was born from 
necessity, You cannot maintain 

3704
03:16:06,500 --> 03:16:09,300
an effective pirate cruise 
through threats and intimidation

3705
03:16:09,300 --> 03:16:12,000
alone. 
If the crew resents, you they 

3706
03:16:12,000 --> 03:16:15,400
will either Mutiny or simply 
refused to follow you into risky

3707
03:16:15,400 --> 03:16:19,100
situations, pirate captains, 
needed their cruise to actually 

3708
03:16:19,100 --> 03:16:22,200
want to work for them, this 
required, treating them with a 

3709
03:16:22,200 --> 03:16:24,200
level of respect. 
That was almost unheard of in 

3710
03:16:24,200 --> 03:16:27,900
other maritime contexts. 
But respect and democracy, do 

3711
03:16:27,900 --> 03:16:31,900
not make your job easier. 
If anything they make it harder,

3712
03:16:31,900 --> 03:16:35,500
you cannot just order. 
Men to do things, you have to 

3713
03:16:35,500 --> 03:16:38,100
convince them, you have to build
consensus. 

3714
03:16:38,100 --> 03:16:41,100
You have to make them believe 
that your decisions serve their 

3715
03:16:41,100 --> 03:16:44,600
interests the day after the 
carpenter debate, a new crisis. 

3716
03:16:44,600 --> 03:16:48,400
Emerges two crew members got 
into a fight over a dice game. 

3717
03:16:48,400 --> 03:16:52,000
One man claims the other was 
cheating, the accused man claims

3718
03:16:52,000 --> 03:16:54,700
he won fairly. 
Both men are now demanding 

3719
03:16:54,700 --> 03:16:58,100
satisfaction. 
According to the code Article 5 

3720
03:16:58,100 --> 03:17:01,100
of your ship's codes states that
all disputes between crew, 

3721
03:17:01,100 --> 03:17:03,800
members should be settled on 
Shore through pistol or sword. 

3722
03:17:04,600 --> 03:17:08,000
If disputes happen at Sea, the 
quartermaster will settle the 

3723
03:17:08,000 --> 03:17:10,100
matter. 
This seems straightforward Until

3724
03:17:10,100 --> 03:17:12,700
you realize that William is sick
with some kind of stomach 

3725
03:17:12,700 --> 03:17:17,200
ailment and cannot perform his 
duties today, the code does not 

3726
03:17:17,200 --> 03:17:19,500
specify what happened. 
If the quartermaster is 

3727
03:17:19,500 --> 03:17:22,800
unavailable, you may make an 
executive decision that you will

3728
03:17:22,800 --> 03:17:24,500
settle the dispute in his 
absence. 

3729
03:17:25,400 --> 03:17:29,100
Both men, immediately object. 
They do not trust you to be 

3730
03:17:29,100 --> 03:17:32,500
impartial they want to vote on 
who should serve as temporary. 

3731
03:17:32,500 --> 03:17:36,600
Quartermaster you call a vote? 
The crew, Alexa man named 

3732
03:17:36,600 --> 03:17:40,600
Thomas, whose been a board for 
six months and seems reasonably 

3733
03:17:40,600 --> 03:17:44,000
level headed. 
Thomas listens to both sides of 

3734
03:17:44,000 --> 03:17:48,200
the dice game argument. 
He examines the dice he asks 

3735
03:17:48,200 --> 03:17:51,200
several witnesses. 
What they saw after about an 

3736
03:17:51,200 --> 03:17:54,800
hour of deliberation, he 
announces his judgment, the 

3737
03:17:54,800 --> 03:17:58,800
accused man was not cheating. 
The accuser is a sore loser, the

3738
03:17:58,800 --> 03:18:02,200
accuser must publicly apologized
and forfeit, his next rum 

3739
03:18:02,200 --> 03:18:04,700
ration. 
Both men looked dissatisfied, 

3740
03:18:04,700 --> 03:18:08,100
but the judgment. 
Thomas returns to his regular 

3741
03:18:08,100 --> 03:18:10,700
duties. 
He returned to pretending. 

3742
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:13,400
You have any control over this 
floating democracy. 

3743
03:18:14,100 --> 03:18:16,700
That afternoon you spot a sale 
on the horizon. 

3744
03:18:16,700 --> 03:18:21,000
The crew wants to give Chase, 
you want to be cautious because 

3745
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:25,000
the sale might belong to a naval
vessel this creates another 

3746
03:18:25,000 --> 03:18:28,300
vote. 
Article, 6 states that every man

3747
03:18:28,300 --> 03:18:30,300
has an equal voice in a fairs of
the moment. 

3748
03:18:31,500 --> 03:18:34,500
Singapore, potential prize 
definitely qualifies as an 

3749
03:18:34,500 --> 03:18:37,600
affair of the moment you make 
your case for caution. 

3750
03:18:37,600 --> 03:18:41,100
You point out, that Naval 
vessels, often disguise himself,

3751
03:18:41,100 --> 03:18:45,000
as merchant ships to lure 
Pirates and to traps You remind 

3752
03:18:45,008 --> 03:18:49,200
everyone that getting captured 
means serious consequences, your

3753
03:18:49,200 --> 03:18:52,800
argument convinces. 
Exactly 8 people, the other 29 

3754
03:18:52,800 --> 03:18:56,100
want to chase the sale because 
they are bored and tired of 

3755
03:18:56,108 --> 03:18:58,100
sailing around with without 
taking prizes. 

3756
03:18:59,200 --> 03:19:01,900
The vote goes 29 to 8 in favor 
of pursuit. 

3757
03:19:02,600 --> 03:19:06,100
You give the order to change 
course, your pilot adjusts The 

3758
03:19:06,100 --> 03:19:08,400
Heading. 
The crew scrambles to adjust the

3759
03:19:08,400 --> 03:19:12,000
sails, your ship begins, moving 
toward the distant, vessel at 

3760
03:19:12,000 --> 03:19:14,500
the best speed, it can manage, 
which is not particularly 

3761
03:19:14,500 --> 03:19:18,400
impressive because the hull 
badly needs scraping As you get 

3762
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:23,300
closer, you realize two things. 
First, the distance ship is 

3763
03:19:23,300 --> 03:19:27,500
flying British colors. 
Second, it has more guns than 

3764
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:30,300
your ship. 
These observations do not fill 

3765
03:19:30,300 --> 03:19:33,200
you with confidence, you call 
another vote on whether to 

3766
03:19:33,200 --> 03:19:35,900
continue the chase or break off 
this time. 

3767
03:19:35,900 --> 03:19:41,100
The crew is split almost evenly.
16 want to continue 15 want to 

3768
03:19:41,108 --> 03:19:45,000
break off. 
Six are undecided you spend 20 

3769
03:19:45,000 --> 03:19:47,900
minutes listening to arguments 
from both sides while the gap 

3770
03:19:47,900 --> 03:19:52,600
between the ship slowly closes. 
The underside faction, finally 

3771
03:19:52,600 --> 03:19:55,900
breaks for continuing the chase 
by a margin of four to two. 

3772
03:19:56,800 --> 03:19:58,800
You're now committed to 
attacking a vessel. 

3773
03:19:58,800 --> 03:20:02,000
That is probably better armed 
than you are and might be a 

3774
03:20:02,000 --> 03:20:05,300
naval ship in the skies. 
The crew begins preparing for 

3775
03:20:05,300 --> 03:20:07,200
battle. 
Weapons are distributed. 

3776
03:20:07,200 --> 03:20:09,400
Gunpowder is brought up from the
magazine. 

3777
03:20:09,400 --> 03:20:13,400
The surgeon sets up his station 
below deck with his saws and 

3778
03:20:13,400 --> 03:20:16,200
needles and leather strap for 
men to bite on. 

3779
03:20:16,900 --> 03:20:20,000
You try to project confidence 
while your stomach attempts to 

3780
03:20:20,008 --> 03:20:21,800
exit your body through your 
throat. 

3781
03:20:22,900 --> 03:20:26,200
As you close to within half a 
mile, the distance ships 

3782
03:20:26,200 --> 03:20:30,400
suddenly shows its true colors. 
It runs up a naval length and 

3783
03:20:30,400 --> 03:20:32,400
fires. 
A warning shot across your bow. 

3784
03:20:33,000 --> 03:20:35,000
Your crew has just voted to 
attack. 

3785
03:20:35,000 --> 03:20:38,600
A British Naval Patrol vessel 
you immediately call for another

3786
03:20:38,600 --> 03:20:40,900
vote on whether to continue the 
attack or run. 

3787
03:20:40,900 --> 03:20:44,000
This vote takes approximately 12
seconds. 

3788
03:20:44,000 --> 03:20:46,400
The result is unanimous for 
running. 

3789
03:20:46,400 --> 03:20:49,700
Your ship comes about and flees 
in the opposite direction. 

3790
03:20:49,700 --> 03:20:53,100
While the naval vessel gives 
Chase your ship is slower than 

3791
03:20:53,100 --> 03:20:55,200
the British vessel. 
This is a problem. 

3792
03:20:55,200 --> 03:20:58,200
Your crew is now frantically, 
throwing everything overboard 

3793
03:20:58,200 --> 03:21:02,300
that might weigh you down, 
barrels crates, spare Timber, 

3794
03:21:02,300 --> 03:21:05,700
two cannons. 
You're watching of pounds worth 

3795
03:21:05,700 --> 03:21:09,800
of supplies sink into the ocean,
while the naval vessel gains on 

3796
03:21:09,800 --> 03:21:14,100
you steadily. the chase last 
four hours, the wind shifts in 

3797
03:21:14,100 --> 03:21:17,200
your favor just as the British 
ship gets within Cannon range 

3798
03:21:18,000 --> 03:21:20,700
You manage to slip into a narrow
channel between two small 

3799
03:21:20,700 --> 03:21:23,700
Islands. 
The naval vessel is too large to

3800
03:21:23,700 --> 03:21:26,100
follow. 
You escape by pure luck and 

3801
03:21:26,100 --> 03:21:29,500
favorable geography. 
The crew celebrates like they 

3802
03:21:29,500 --> 03:21:32,200
just want a great Victory rather
than nearly getting everyone 

3803
03:21:32,200 --> 03:21:34,400
captured through Democratic 
stupidity. 

3804
03:21:34,400 --> 03:21:38,200
You go to your cabin and drink 
the previous Captain's Ram, 

3805
03:21:38,200 --> 03:21:41,300
while trying not to think about 
how close you came to disaster 

3806
03:21:41,300 --> 03:21:43,600
today. 
William recovers from his 

3807
03:21:43,600 --> 03:21:45,000
stomach ailment the next 
morning. 

3808
03:21:45,000 --> 03:21:48,600
You tell him about the chase and
the votes and the near-disaster.

3809
03:21:49,600 --> 03:21:52,300
He nods sympathetically and 
says, this is why he did not 

3810
03:21:52,300 --> 03:21:55,700
want to be captain. 
Every decision gets debated and 

3811
03:21:55,700 --> 03:21:58,700
voted on and second guessed 
every choice. 

3812
03:21:58,700 --> 03:22:02,300
You make can be overruled by 
popular opinion, you are 

3813
03:22:02,300 --> 03:22:05,100
simultaneously responsible for 
everything and in control of 

3814
03:22:05,100 --> 03:22:07,600
nothing. 
You ask him how the previous 

3815
03:22:07,600 --> 03:22:10,600
Captain handled this? 
William says, the previous 

3816
03:22:10,600 --> 03:22:12,300
Captain was better at 
persuasion. 

3817
03:22:12,300 --> 03:22:15,800
He knew how to frame arguments 
in ways that made the crew. 

3818
03:22:15,800 --> 03:22:17,500
Think his ideas were their 
ideas. 

3819
03:22:17,500 --> 03:22:22,200
He knew when to push for votes. 
And when to wait, he which crew 

3820
03:22:22,200 --> 03:22:25,200
members were influential and 
which ones would follow the 

3821
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:28,100
crowd? 
You do not have those skills yet

3822
03:22:28,100 --> 03:22:31,500
you're still learning which men 
hold sway over the others, 

3823
03:22:31,500 --> 03:22:34,600
you're still figuring out how to
present your case in ways that 

3824
03:22:34,600 --> 03:22:37,800
appeal to Pirates rather than 
reasonable people. 

3825
03:22:38,700 --> 03:22:41,100
You'll still discovering that 
leading through democracy 

3826
03:22:41,100 --> 03:22:43,800
requires just as much 
manipulation as leading through 

3827
03:22:43,800 --> 03:22:46,700
Authority, just with extra 
steps. 

3828
03:22:47,600 --> 03:22:50,100
The next few days passed without
major incidents. 

3829
03:22:50,100 --> 03:22:53,500
You sail toward Nassau while 
trying to avoid additional Naval

3830
03:22:53,500 --> 03:22:56,600
patrols and Merchant vessels. 
That might be too well armed. 

3831
03:22:57,400 --> 03:23:00,400
The crew settles into a routine 
of watches and maintenance and 

3832
03:23:00,400 --> 03:23:02,500
endless debates about minor 
issues. 

3833
03:23:03,300 --> 03:23:06,600
Someone proposes changing the 
rum ration from once per day to 

3834
03:23:06,600 --> 03:23:10,200
twice per day, this gets voted 
down 25 to 12. 

3835
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:13,400
Someone proposes allowing 
musicians to play during 

3836
03:23:13,400 --> 03:23:16,600
evening. 
Watch, this gets voted up 19 to 

3837
03:23:16,600 --> 03:23:20,200
18. 
Someone proposes, instituting a 

3838
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:22,500
punishment for men who do not 
maintain their weapons properly.

3839
03:23:22,500 --> 03:23:26,900
This gets debated for 90 minutes
before being tabled for future 

3840
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:30,900
consideration, you realize that 
your life is Captain consists 

3841
03:23:30,900 --> 03:23:34,200
largely of facilitating 
discussions among opinionated 

3842
03:23:34,200 --> 03:23:36,800
men. 
About mundane topics, your 

3843
03:23:36,800 --> 03:23:39,200
lesser commander, and more a 
meeting moderator with 

3844
03:23:39,200 --> 03:23:42,900
occasional navigation duties, 
this historical, Pirate, Henry 

3845
03:23:42,900 --> 03:23:46,500
Avery, supposedly inspired his 
crew through speeches, and 

3846
03:23:46,500 --> 03:23:52,100
Leadership, Pirate Edward, Teach
known as Blackbeard maintained 

3847
03:23:52,100 --> 03:23:55,100
discipline through reputation 
and Theatrical displays 

3848
03:23:55,100 --> 03:23:59,200
Bartholomew Roberts, relied on 
competence and fair dealing 

3849
03:23:59,200 --> 03:24:02,600
every successful. 
Pirate Captain found their own 

3850
03:24:02,600 --> 03:24:04,600
way to manage the Democratic 
kaleos. 

3851
03:24:05,400 --> 03:24:07,000
You have not yet. 
Found your way. 

3852
03:24:07,700 --> 03:24:10,300
You're still figuring out how to
survive from one vote to the 

3853
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:12,300
next. 
You're still learning that 

3854
03:24:12,300 --> 03:24:16,000
democracy at Sea is complicated 
and messy, and requires 

3855
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:19,100
constant. 
Political maneuvering, You're 

3856
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:20,900
still discovering that the 
romance of pirate. 

3857
03:24:20,900 --> 03:24:23,600
Freedom comes with the 
exhausting reality of pirate 

3858
03:24:23,600 --> 03:24:26,900
bureaucracy. 
Akin to your captaincy, you 

3859
03:24:26,900 --> 03:24:29,800
finally understand why the 
previous captain always looks. 

3860
03:24:29,800 --> 03:24:32,500
So tired. 
It was not from the sailing, or 

3861
03:24:32,508 --> 03:24:35,600
the fighting or the navigation. 
It was from spending every 

3862
03:24:35,600 --> 03:24:38,600
waking hour managing the 
opinions and Grievances, and 

3863
03:24:38,600 --> 03:24:41,800
demands of three dozen men who 
could vote you out of power at 

3864
03:24:41,800 --> 03:24:44,300
any moment. 
You wonder how long you can 

3865
03:24:44,300 --> 03:24:47,400
maintain this Balancing Act. 
You wonder when the crew will 

3866
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:49,000
decide. 
You're not worth keeping around.

3867
03:24:50,100 --> 03:24:52,700
You wonder if you will see it 
coming or if it will happen. 

3868
03:24:52,700 --> 03:24:55,200
Suddenly during some vote you 
thought was routine. 

3869
03:24:56,200 --> 03:24:59,200
Ships sails on through Blue 
Water and a white sails. 

3870
03:24:59,200 --> 03:25:03,600
The crew goes about their duties
democracy continues whether you 

3871
03:25:03,600 --> 03:25:06,000
like it or not. 
You have been staring at the 

3872
03:25:06,008 --> 03:25:09,300
same chart for three hours and 
you're still not entirely sure 

3873
03:25:09,300 --> 03:25:11,900
where you are. 
The chart shows what you think 

3874
03:25:11,900 --> 03:25:14,200
is the current Coastline the 
coastline. 

3875
03:25:14,200 --> 03:25:16,900
You can actually see through 
your telescope does not quite 

3876
03:25:16,900 --> 03:25:19,700
match either. 
The chart is wrong or you are 

3877
03:25:19,700 --> 03:25:23,000
wrong or the coastline has 
changed since someone drew this 

3878
03:25:23,000 --> 03:25:28,100
map 20 years ago. 
Navigation in 1715 is part art 

3879
03:25:28,100 --> 03:25:30,700
and part prayer. 
You have a compass that works. 

3880
03:25:30,700 --> 03:25:34,000
Most of the time you have a 
cross star for measuring the 

3881
03:25:34,000 --> 03:25:36,600
angle of the sun, which gives 
you latitude. 

3882
03:25:36,600 --> 03:25:39,700
If you remember how to do the 
math correctly and the sun 

3883
03:25:39,700 --> 03:25:43,700
cooperates by actually being 
visible, You have several charts

3884
03:25:43,700 --> 03:25:46,900
of varying accuracy. 
All hand drawn by people who 

3885
03:25:46,900 --> 03:25:48,600
may, or may not have known what 
they were doing. 

3886
03:25:49,500 --> 03:25:52,500
What you do not have is any 
reliable way to calculate 

3887
03:25:52,500 --> 03:25:55,700
longitude, the problem of 
determining East-West position 

3888
03:25:55,700 --> 03:26:00,000
at Sea will not be solved for 
another, two decades. until 

3889
03:26:00,000 --> 03:26:03,500
someone invents an accurate 
Marine chronometer, your stuck 

3890
03:26:03,500 --> 03:26:07,000
with dead reckoning and 
guesswork dead reckoning means. 

3891
03:26:07,000 --> 03:26:10,800
Estimating your position based 
on speed time and direction. 

3892
03:26:11,600 --> 03:26:14,500
You measure your speed by 
dropping a log, tied to a 

3893
03:26:14,500 --> 03:26:17,600
knotted, rope overboard, and 
Counting, how many knots passed 

3894
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:19,600
through your hands in a certain 
time, period. 

3895
03:26:20,400 --> 03:26:23,900
This gives you speed in knots 
assuming the Rope is noted at 

3896
03:26:23,900 --> 03:26:27,200
correct intervals and you count 
accurately and the log does not 

3897
03:26:27,200 --> 03:26:29,500
hit seaweed or a random piece of
driftwood. 

3898
03:26:30,300 --> 03:26:33,900
You measure Direction with your 
compass assuming magnetic north 

3899
03:26:33,900 --> 03:26:36,700
is where you think it is. 
And your compass has not been 

3900
03:26:36,700 --> 03:26:41,100
affected by Iron objects stored 
nearby or mysterious magnetic 

3901
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:44,500
anomalies that apparently exist 
in certain parts of the 

3902
03:26:44,500 --> 03:26:48,100
Caribbean You measure time with 
an hourglass that needs to be 

3903
03:26:48,108 --> 03:26:51,900
turned over regularly by whoever
is on watch. assuming they 

3904
03:26:51,900 --> 03:26:55,300
actually remember to turn it 
over and not get distracted by 

3905
03:26:55,300 --> 03:27:00,000
dolphins, or argument about dice
games, all of these measurements

3906
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:03,300
combined to give you an 
estimated position, then you 

3907
03:27:03,300 --> 03:27:06,500
adjust for currents, which flow 
in different directions at 

3908
03:27:06,500 --> 03:27:09,700
different speeds, depending on 
location, and season and the 

3909
03:27:09,700 --> 03:27:13,600
phase of the moon for all, you 
know, Then you adjust for Wind 

3910
03:27:13,600 --> 03:27:16,500
Drift, which pushes your ship 
sideways, even when you're 

3911
03:27:16,500 --> 03:27:20,100
trying to sail straight, then 
you adjust for the fact that all

3912
03:27:20,100 --> 03:27:23,200
your previous estimates were 
probably slightly wrong which 

3913
03:27:23,200 --> 03:27:26,200
means your current position is 
based on a chain of slightly 

3914
03:27:26,200 --> 03:27:28,700
wrong estimates stretching back 
days or weeks. 

3915
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:32,800
After three hours of 
calculation, you determine that,

3916
03:27:32,800 --> 03:27:35,300
you're probably somewhere 
between two possible locations 

3917
03:27:35,300 --> 03:27:40,600
that are about 30 miles apart. 
This is not particularly helpful

3918
03:27:40,600 --> 03:27:43,600
when you're trying to navigate 
through a region filled with 

3919
03:27:43,600 --> 03:27:47,300
reefs and small islands and 
Colonial Harbors with trigger 

3920
03:27:47,300 --> 03:27:50,300
happy gunners. 
Your pilot comes to check on 

3921
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:53,600
your progress. 
His name is James and he has 

3922
03:27:53,600 --> 03:27:55,600
been sailing these waters for 
seven years. 

3923
03:27:55,600 --> 03:27:58,900
He looks at your calculations 
and makes a face. 

3924
03:27:58,900 --> 03:28:03,500
That suggests you have just fail
to basic mathematics test James 

3925
03:28:03,500 --> 03:28:06,300
takes your chart and points to a
small notation in the corner. 

3926
03:28:07,000 --> 03:28:12,300
The chart is based on a survey 
from 1694 that was 21 years ago.

3927
03:28:12,300 --> 03:28:17,200
Hurricanes have reshaped some 
islands, sandbars of shifted 

3928
03:28:17,200 --> 03:28:19,900
reefs have grown or broken 
apart. 

3929
03:28:19,900 --> 03:28:22,500
This chart is a suggestion of 
best. 

3930
03:28:23,400 --> 03:28:25,800
He pulls out his own personal 
chart, which is covered in 

3931
03:28:25,800 --> 03:28:29,800
notes, and Corrections and small
drawings of landmarks This is 

3932
03:28:29,800 --> 03:28:33,300
what experienced Caribbean 
sailors, did they maintain their

3933
03:28:33,300 --> 03:28:36,800
own charts based on personal 
observation and stories from 

3934
03:28:36,800 --> 03:28:39,800
other Sailors. 
They noted, the depth of various

3935
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:44,100
Harbors, the location of reefs 
and which beaches had fresh 

3936
03:28:44,100 --> 03:28:47,200
water and which colonial 
Governors were likely to offer 

3937
03:28:47,200 --> 03:28:50,400
shelter for a price. 
James shows you several 

3938
03:28:50,400 --> 03:28:53,200
discrepancies between the 
official chart and his personal 

3939
03:28:53,200 --> 03:28:56,000
knowledge. 
At island is actually two miles 

3940
03:28:56,000 --> 03:28:58,900
further south. 
That Reef extends further than 

3941
03:28:58,900 --> 03:29:02,400
showing that Harbor is too 
shallow for your ship at low 

3942
03:29:02,400 --> 03:29:05,100
tide. 
This information exists nowhere 

3943
03:29:05,100 --> 03:29:08,700
except in the memories and 
personal charts of men who have 

3944
03:29:08,708 --> 03:29:13,000
survived by paying attention. 
You ask James, why he is not 

3945
03:29:13,000 --> 03:29:14,900
been helping with navigation 
earlier. 

3946
03:29:14,900 --> 03:29:18,800
He says you did not ask you 
point out that you are the 

3947
03:29:18,808 --> 03:29:22,600
captain and you need help. 
Shrugs and says the previous 

3948
03:29:22,600 --> 03:29:26,600
Captain never asked for help 
either until he ran aground on a

3949
03:29:26,600 --> 03:29:30,200
reef near Tortuga and had to 
spend three days making repairs 

3950
03:29:30,200 --> 03:29:32,800
while hoping a naval Patrol did 
not show up. 

3951
03:29:33,600 --> 03:29:36,100
This is when you realize that 
pride is going to get you 

3952
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:38,800
killed. 
You swallow your dignity and 

3953
03:29:38,800 --> 03:29:42,300
asked James to navigate. 
He agrees on the condition that 

3954
03:29:42,300 --> 03:29:45,700
he gets an extra quarter of the 
next prize for serving as 

3955
03:29:45,700 --> 03:29:48,300
Navigator. 
In addition, to Pilot, you 

3956
03:29:48,300 --> 03:29:51,000
agree, because accurate 
navigation is worth more than 

3957
03:29:51,000 --> 03:29:52,300
money. 
You do not have yet. 

3958
03:29:53,400 --> 03:29:56,200
James takes over the charts and 
immediately changes course, by 

3959
03:29:56,200 --> 03:29:59,700
about 15 degrees. 
He explains that the current in 

3960
03:29:59,700 --> 03:30:03,600
the area flows, north west, and 
you need to compensate or you 

3961
03:30:03,608 --> 03:30:07,000
will end up miles off Target. 
He also points out that you 

3962
03:30:07,000 --> 03:30:10,200
should sail further from the 
coast of Spanish Patrol boats 

3963
03:30:10,200 --> 03:30:12,100
the operating the shallow 
Waters. 

3964
03:30:12,100 --> 03:30:15,800
You realize you've been doing 
navigation, completely wrong for

3965
03:30:15,800 --> 03:30:18,600
the past week. 
You also realize that you've 

3966
03:30:18,600 --> 03:30:22,700
been lucky not to run into a 
reef or Patrol boat or any of 

3967
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:25,400
the other numerous hazards. 
That kill Pirates who do not 

3968
03:30:25,400 --> 03:30:28,300
know what they're doing. 
The weather decides to make your

3969
03:30:28,300 --> 03:30:32,200
life harder that after noon. 
Clouds roll in from the East. 

3970
03:30:33,000 --> 03:30:36,800
The wind picks up the sea 
develops, long swells that make 

3971
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:40,700
the ship role in a corkscrewing 
motion that turns your stomach 

3972
03:30:40,700 --> 03:30:43,500
inside out. 
This is not a hurricane. 

3973
03:30:43,500 --> 03:30:46,700
This is just normal, Caribbean 
weather being normal. 

3974
03:30:47,600 --> 03:30:51,000
But normal, weather can still 
kill you if you are not 

3975
03:30:51,000 --> 03:30:54,200
prepared. 
The wind shifts Direction. 

3976
03:30:54,200 --> 03:30:58,300
Three times in an hour. 
The rain comes in sheets that 

3977
03:30:58,300 --> 03:31:02,600
cut visibility to maybe 20 feet.
The waves grow larger enough, 

3978
03:31:02,600 --> 03:31:05,400
that water breaks over the bow 
and floods across the deck. 

3979
03:31:06,000 --> 03:31:09,100
Your crew knows what to do. 
They have been through storms 

3980
03:31:09,100 --> 03:31:13,200
before they Reef the sails to 
reduce strain on The Masks. 

3981
03:31:13,200 --> 03:31:17,200
They secure everything loose on 
Deck, they close the hatches, 

3982
03:31:17,200 --> 03:31:19,900
and gun ports. 
They do all of this efficiently 

3983
03:31:19,900 --> 03:31:22,900
without needing orders from you,
which is fortunate because you 

3984
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:25,800
are trying, very hard, not to 
vomit in front of everyone. 

3985
03:31:25,800 --> 03:31:30,300
The storm lasts six hours. 
During that time, you have no 

3986
03:31:30,300 --> 03:31:32,700
idea where you are, which 
direction you go in. 

3987
03:31:33,400 --> 03:31:37,100
The compass swings wildly as the
ship pitches and rolls. 

3988
03:31:37,100 --> 03:31:40,300
The rain is too heavy to see any
landmarks. 

3989
03:31:40,300 --> 03:31:43,000
You could be heading straight 
for a reef and you would not 

3990
03:31:43,000 --> 03:31:46,700
know until you hit it. 
James stands at the helm and 

3991
03:31:46,700 --> 03:31:50,400
steers by feel he adjusts the 
wheel constantly to keep the 

3992
03:31:50,400 --> 03:31:54,000
ship angled properly into the 
waves when you ask him, how he 

3993
03:31:54,000 --> 03:31:57,400
knows which way to steer. 
He says, he just knows this is 

3994
03:31:57,400 --> 03:32:00,900
not particularly reassuring the 
storm finally passes around 

3995
03:32:00,900 --> 03:32:05,000
midnight, the clouds break 
apart, the stars come out. 

3996
03:32:05,000 --> 03:32:08,100
You can see the North Star, 
which gives you Direction. 

3997
03:32:08,800 --> 03:32:13,100
James immediately changes 
course, by about 40 degrees, the

3998
03:32:13,100 --> 03:32:16,000
storm pushed, you miles off your
intended path. 

3999
03:32:16,700 --> 03:32:19,900
He explains that the best you 
can do now is sale North until 

4000
03:32:19,900 --> 03:32:23,400
you hit the large islands, then 
figure out where you are based 

4001
03:32:23,400 --> 03:32:26,800
on which island you hit. 
This navigation strategy, 

4002
03:32:26,800 --> 03:32:29,900
essentially amounts to wandering
around until you recognize 

4003
03:32:29,900 --> 03:32:32,700
something. 
It works because the Caribbean 

4004
03:32:32,700 --> 03:32:36,500
is full of islands and 
eventually you hit one it fails.

4005
03:32:36,500 --> 03:32:39,400
When you hit the wrong Island 
and end up sailing directly into

4006
03:32:39,400 --> 03:32:41,300
a colonial port or running a 
ground. 

4007
03:32:42,300 --> 03:32:44,900
The next morning, you discover 
another navigation problem. 

4008
03:32:45,700 --> 03:32:48,900
Storm damaged your compass. 
The glass cover cracked and 

4009
03:32:48,900 --> 03:32:51,200
water. 
Got inside the needle now, 

4010
03:32:51,200 --> 03:32:54,200
sticks into Mitten in gives 
readings that drift by several 

4011
03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:57,400
degrees. 
This is very bad, a broken 

4012
03:32:57,400 --> 03:33:00,000
Compass means, you cannot 
maintain accurate headings. 

4013
03:33:00,000 --> 03:33:03,400
You can still navigate by the 
Sun during the day and stars at 

4014
03:33:03,400 --> 03:33:05,800
night. 
But clouds make that impossible.

4015
03:33:05,800 --> 03:33:09,700
You need a working Compass the 
nearest place to get a 

4016
03:33:09,700 --> 03:33:12,300
replacement is Nassau, which is 
still several days away, 

4017
03:33:12,300 --> 03:33:14,800
assuming you can find it without
a reliable compass. 

4018
03:33:15,500 --> 03:33:17,100
James suggests a temporary 
solution. 

4019
03:33:17,100 --> 03:33:19,600
He pulls out a needle and a 
piece of cork. 

4020
03:33:19,600 --> 03:33:22,300
He magnetizes the needle by 
stroking. 

4021
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:24,900
It repeatedly against a 
loadstone, he keeps in his 

4022
03:33:24,900 --> 03:33:28,100
personal kit. 
Then he floats, the cork in a 

4023
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:31,100
cup of water and balances the 
needle on top. 

4024
03:33:31,900 --> 03:33:35,300
This creates a makeshift compass
that actually works reasonably 

4025
03:33:35,300 --> 03:33:40,200
well as long as no one bumps the
cup You spend the next three 

4026
03:33:40,200 --> 03:33:43,300
days navigating with a needle 
floating in a cup of water. 

4027
03:33:43,300 --> 03:33:48,300
This is both the genius and 
terrifying every time, the ship 

4028
03:33:48,300 --> 03:33:50,100
rocks. 
In a way of you worry the 

4029
03:33:50,108 --> 03:33:53,000
compass will spill and you will 
lose the only directional 

4030
03:33:53,000 --> 03:33:55,600
reference. 
You have the makeshift Compass. 

4031
03:33:55,600 --> 03:33:57,900
Gets you close enough to New 
Providence Island that you can 

4032
03:33:57,900 --> 03:34:02,400
navigate by landmarks. 
James recognizes the shape of 

4033
03:34:02,400 --> 03:34:06,300
the coast, he guides the ship 
into Nassau Harbour, which is 

4034
03:34:06,300 --> 03:34:09,300
filled with perhaps 20, other 
vessels in various states of 

4035
03:34:09,300 --> 03:34:12,000
repair. 
Some are Merchant ships, some 

4036
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:15,000
are clearly pirate ships. 
Some might be either depending 

4037
03:34:15,000 --> 03:34:17,100
on who you are and what they 
were doing last week. 

4038
03:34:17,900 --> 03:34:20,600
Nassau in 1715 is a pirate 
Haven. 

4039
03:34:20,600 --> 03:34:23,600
The governor is friendly to 
Pirates because Pirates bring 

4040
03:34:23,600 --> 03:34:26,400
money in trade goods. 
The British government is not 

4041
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:29,900
particularly happy about this 
Arrangement but Nassau is remote

4042
03:34:29,900 --> 03:34:31,500
enough. 
That enforcing the law is 

4043
03:34:31,500 --> 03:34:34,900
difficult and expensive. 
You anchor in the harbor and 

4044
03:34:34,900 --> 03:34:37,000
immediately faced a new 
navigation problem. 

4045
03:34:37,900 --> 03:34:41,300
Where exactly do you dock? 
The harbor has no organized 

4046
03:34:41,300 --> 03:34:44,100
docking system. 
Ships anchor wherever there is 

4047
03:34:44,100 --> 03:34:48,100
space getting to shore requires.
Rowing a small boat through a 

4048
03:34:48,100 --> 03:34:51,300
maze of anchored vessels while 
trying not to accidentally ran 

4049
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:53,800
into anyone. 
Your quartermaster William 

4050
03:34:53,800 --> 03:34:57,500
handles the shawl Logistics, he 
knows which Merchants will buy 

4051
03:34:57,500 --> 03:34:59,700
stolen tobacco without asking 
questions. 

4052
03:35:00,600 --> 03:35:03,800
He knows which taverns are safe 
and which ones are run by people

4053
03:35:03,800 --> 03:35:06,600
who will rob you. 
He knows which boarding houses 

4054
03:35:06,600 --> 03:35:08,300
have rooms and which ones have 
bed bugs. 

4055
03:35:08,300 --> 03:35:10,500
This knowledge comes from 
experience. 

4056
03:35:10,500 --> 03:35:14,200
You do not have yet. 
While William arranges supplies 

4057
03:35:14,200 --> 03:35:16,900
and sales, you meet with other 
captains, to gather information 

4058
03:35:16,900 --> 03:35:20,800
where have Naval. 
Patrols been spotted, which 

4059
03:35:20,800 --> 03:35:24,200
shipping routes are currently 
active, are there any Merchant 

4060
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:28,100
convoys worth chasing? 
Has anyone seen Spanish treasure

4061
03:35:28,100 --> 03:35:31,300
ships recently? 
This information sharing happens

4062
03:35:31,300 --> 03:35:33,500
in taverns and boarding houses 
and on the beach. 

4063
03:35:34,300 --> 03:35:36,900
Pirate captains, trade knowledge
like currently. 

4064
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:40,500
You learn that a British naval 
squadron is operating near 

4065
03:35:40,500 --> 03:35:42,800
Jamaica. 
You learn that a Spanish 

4066
03:35:42,800 --> 03:35:44,700
Merchant Fleet recently, left 
Havana? 

4067
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:48,100
you learned that a French 
Privateer is hunting Pirates 

4068
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:52,600
near Martinique and as already 
captured two ships, You also 

4069
03:35:52,600 --> 03:35:55,900
learn the reputation matters 
enormously in the pirate world. 

4070
03:35:56,800 --> 03:36:00,000
Other captains judge you based 
on your prizes, your cruise 

4071
03:36:00,000 --> 03:36:04,200
loyalty and your navigation 
skills, your reputation right 

4072
03:36:04,200 --> 03:36:08,500
now is approximately zero. 
Uranus Captain, who has taken 

4073
03:36:08,500 --> 03:36:12,300
exactly one small prize and 
nearly got caught by a naval 

4074
03:36:12,308 --> 03:36:14,500
Patrol. 
This makes you either 

4075
03:36:14,500 --> 03:36:16,600
inexperienced or incompetent or 
both. 

4076
03:36:17,500 --> 03:36:20,100
An older Captain named Davis 
offers some advice. 

4077
03:36:20,100 --> 03:36:23,400
He has been pirating for eight 
years and survived by being 

4078
03:36:23,400 --> 03:36:27,500
careful and smart. he tells you 
that the key to staying alive is

4079
03:36:27,500 --> 03:36:32,400
knowing when to fight and when 
to run, he also tells you that 

4080
03:36:32,400 --> 03:36:35,900
good navigation means knowing 
every Harbor and reef and 

4081
03:36:35,900 --> 03:36:40,300
current in your operating area, 
charts help but local knowledge 

4082
03:36:40,300 --> 03:36:44,200
matters more Davis shows you his
personal chart which is a work 

4083
03:36:44,200 --> 03:36:46,600
of art. 
It contains detailed notes about

4084
03:36:46,600 --> 03:36:50,800
dozens of locations, water 
depths Beach, compositions, 

4085
03:36:50,800 --> 03:36:54,700
prevailing, winds locations of 
freshwater sources which 

4086
03:36:54,700 --> 03:36:58,700
colonial Governors can be bribed
and for how much this chart 

4087
03:36:58,700 --> 03:37:03,200
represent 8 years of accumulated
knowledge, your chart represents

4088
03:37:03,200 --> 03:37:06,900
three weeks of guessing You ask 
Davis if he would share some of 

4089
03:37:06,908 --> 03:37:09,800
his knowledge. 
He agrees to Mark several key 

4090
03:37:09,800 --> 03:37:13,500
locations on your chart in 
exchange for small payment and a

4091
03:37:13,500 --> 03:37:15,800
promise that you will share your
own knowledge when you gain 

4092
03:37:15,800 --> 03:37:19,100
some, this is how pirate 
cartography Works. 

4093
03:37:19,100 --> 03:37:22,200
Information. 
Flows between captains who trust

4094
03:37:22,200 --> 03:37:25,400
each other enough to trade, you 
spend two days in Nassau, 

4095
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:28,400
getting supplies, making repairs
and trying to learn as much as 

4096
03:37:28,400 --> 03:37:31,400
possible about Caribbean 
navigation, from people who 

4097
03:37:31,400 --> 03:37:32,900
actually know what they're 
doing. 

4098
03:37:33,800 --> 03:37:36,800
James gets drunk and wins. 
Money, gambling, William, 

4099
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:39,500
negotiates, prices, and Rangers 
for whole repairs. 

4100
03:37:39,500 --> 03:37:42,800
You attend Captain meetings and 
try to look like you belong 

4101
03:37:42,800 --> 03:37:46,700
there. 
On the third day, your crew 

4102
03:37:46,700 --> 03:37:49,100
votes to leave Nassau and go 
hunting for prizes. 

4103
03:37:49,800 --> 03:37:53,900
The vote passes 23 to 14, you 
are now responsible for 

4104
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:57,100
navigating back out of the 
harbor without running into any 

4105
03:37:57,100 --> 03:37:58,900
of the two dozen ships currently
anchored. 

4106
03:37:58,900 --> 03:38:02,600
There, This proves more 
difficult than entering the tide

4107
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:04,900
is wrong. 
The wind is wrong. 

4108
03:38:04,900 --> 03:38:09,000
You have to tack back and forth 
between anchored vessels, while 

4109
03:38:09,000 --> 03:38:11,500
your crew holds on lines and 
adjust sales. 

4110
03:38:11,500 --> 03:38:15,600
At one point, you pass within 
maybe 10 feet of another pirate 

4111
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:19,000
ship, and the cruise exchange 
shouted insults and suggestions 

4112
03:38:19,000 --> 03:38:22,500
about your navigation skills. 
You eventually make it out of 

4113
03:38:22,500 --> 03:38:26,500
the harbor and into Open Water. 
James sets, a course from a 

4114
03:38:26,500 --> 03:38:29,900
merchant shipping route that 
supposedly sees regular traffic.

4115
03:38:30,800 --> 03:38:34,300
You have a working Compass, 
again, better, charts, and 

4116
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:36,500
slightly more knowledge than 
when you arrived. 

4117
03:38:37,200 --> 03:38:40,200
This feels like progress and you
realize you still do not 

4118
03:38:40,200 --> 03:38:43,700
actually know what you're doing.
Now navigation is not getting 

4119
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:46,100
easier. 
If anything the more you learn 

4120
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:48,200
the more you realize how much 
you do not know. 

4121
03:38:49,200 --> 03:38:53,100
Every chart is incomplete. 
Every direction is approximate 

4122
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:56,100
every estimate compounds, 
previous errors. 

4123
03:38:56,900 --> 03:39:00,100
Your piloting a ship through 
Dangerous Waters with tools and 

4124
03:39:00,108 --> 03:39:03,100
knowledge that are barely 
adequate and accrue that 

4125
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:04,400
assumes, you know what you're 
doing. 

4126
03:39:05,300 --> 03:39:08,300
You stand on deck and watch the 
coast of New Providence, Island 

4127
03:39:08,300 --> 03:39:11,900
disappear behind you. 
A head lies, open, water, and 

4128
03:39:11,900 --> 03:39:14,900
uncertainty. 
And the constant low-grade 

4129
03:39:14,900 --> 03:39:17,600
Terror that you're going to get 
everyone lost or stranded. 

4130
03:39:18,600 --> 03:39:20,900
James notices your expression 
and laughs. 

4131
03:39:20,900 --> 03:39:24,800
He says, this is just how 
navigation Works in 1715. 

4132
03:39:25,800 --> 03:39:29,000
Everyone is making educated 
guesses and hoping for the best.

4133
03:39:29,900 --> 03:39:32,700
The difference between good 
Navigators and fail to 

4134
03:39:32,700 --> 03:39:35,700
Navigators is that good? 
Navigators gets better and get 

4135
03:39:35,700 --> 03:39:38,700
lucky more often. 
You're not sure if this is 

4136
03:39:38,700 --> 03:39:41,900
supposed to be comforting, it is
not comforting. 

4137
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:44,800
You're setting in your cabin 
doing mathematics. 

4138
03:39:44,800 --> 03:39:47,500
You learn to hate in school. 
And the numbers are telling you 

4139
03:39:47,500 --> 03:39:51,700
something, you do not want to 
hear your ship has 37 crew 

4140
03:39:51,700 --> 03:39:54,400
members. 
Each man needs approximately one

4141
03:39:54,400 --> 03:39:56,300
gallon of water per day to 
survive. 

4142
03:39:56,300 --> 03:40:00,100
In the Caribbean heat each man 
needs, roughly one and a half 

4143
03:40:00,100 --> 03:40:03,500
pounds of food per day to 
maintain working strength. 

4144
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:09,000
This means your ship consumes 37
gallons of water and about 56 

4145
03:40:09,000 --> 03:40:13,500
pounds of food every single day.
The current water supply will 

4146
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:18,100
last approximately 14 days, if 
nobody gets extra rations and 

4147
03:40:18,100 --> 03:40:22,500
the barrels of not leaked. food 
supply will last maybe 12 days 

4148
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:25,900
if you stretch everything and 
nobody complains too loudly 

4149
03:40:25,900 --> 03:40:30,000
about reduced portions, you need
to take a prize within 12 days 

4150
03:40:30,000 --> 03:40:33,200
where everyone starts starving. 
If you do not find fresh water 

4151
03:40:33,200 --> 03:40:36,900
within 14 days, everyone starts 
dying of thirst. 

4152
03:40:36,900 --> 03:40:39,100
These are not abstract 
concerned. 

4153
03:40:39,100 --> 03:40:41,400
These are mathematical facts 
that will kill you. 

4154
03:40:41,400 --> 03:40:44,600
The previous Captain kept 
detailed Supply logs. 

4155
03:40:44,600 --> 03:40:47,700
You've been reading them and 
learning about the constant 

4156
03:40:47,700 --> 03:40:50,500
calculations required to keep a 
pirate ship operating. 

4157
03:40:50,500 --> 03:40:53,400
How much gunpowder for the 
Cannons vs? 

4158
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:57,700
How much weight you can spare? 
How many cannonballs to carry 

4159
03:40:57,700 --> 03:40:59,600
vs? 
How much food storage space? 

4160
03:40:59,600 --> 03:41:04,200
They occupy how many weapons to 
maintain vs how many spare parts

4161
03:41:04,200 --> 03:41:07,600
to keep for ship repairs. 
Every item on the ship 

4162
03:41:07,600 --> 03:41:11,000
represents a trade-off. 
More weapons mean, more fighting

4163
03:41:11,000 --> 03:41:14,600
capability, but more weight, and
less room for supplies. 

4164
03:41:14,600 --> 03:41:18,200
More food means, longer range, 
but more weight and slower 

4165
03:41:18,200 --> 03:41:21,000
sailing. 
More water means survival, but 

4166
03:41:21,000 --> 03:41:24,600
water barrels are heavy and take
up enormous amounts of space. 

4167
03:41:25,500 --> 03:41:28,300
Your quartermaster William 
brings you the latest inventory.

4168
03:41:28,300 --> 03:41:30,200
The numbers are worse than you 
thought. 

4169
03:41:31,000 --> 03:41:34,900
Someone has been stealing from 
the food stores about 30 pounds 

4170
03:41:34,900 --> 03:41:37,700
of salted, pork of disappeared 
over the past week. 

4171
03:41:37,700 --> 03:41:41,400
This theft represents roughly 
half a day of rations for the 

4172
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:44,700
entire crew, you call a meeting 
to address the theft. 

4173
03:41:45,600 --> 03:41:48,100
The crew gathers on Deck. 
While you explain the supply 

4174
03:41:48,100 --> 03:41:50,800
situation, you show them the 
calculations. 

4175
03:41:50,800 --> 03:41:54,300
You explain that stealing food 
from the communal stores means 

4176
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:57,200
someone else goes hungry. 
This is not a moral argument. 

4177
03:41:57,200 --> 03:42:00,500
This is mathematics nobody 
confesses. 

4178
03:42:00,500 --> 03:42:05,000
This does not surprise you, you 
call for a vote on how to handle

4179
03:42:05,000 --> 03:42:07,300
the situation, should you 
search? 

4180
03:42:07,300 --> 03:42:09,900
Everyone's personal? 
Belongings, should you post a 

4181
03:42:09,900 --> 03:42:12,500
guard on the food stores? 
Should you reduce? 

4182
03:42:12,500 --> 03:42:16,300
Everyone's rationals and the 
thief confesses The debate last 

4183
03:42:16,300 --> 03:42:19,600
now. some men want harsh 
punishment for the thief of 

4184
03:42:19,600 --> 03:42:22,700
Court, others point out that you
cannot punish someone, you 

4185
03:42:22,700 --> 03:42:26,500
cannot identify Few suggests 
that maybe the food was not 

4186
03:42:26,500 --> 03:42:29,600
stolen, but miscounted. 
You know, the food was not 

4187
03:42:29,600 --> 03:42:32,400
miscounted because you counted 
it yourself three times. 

4188
03:42:33,400 --> 03:42:37,100
The final vote to establishes, a
watch on the food stores and a 

4189
03:42:37,100 --> 03:42:39,400
warning that anyone caught 
stealing will be marooned at the

4190
03:42:39,408 --> 03:42:42,600
next Island. 
This seems reasonable Until you 

4191
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:45,900
realize it requires pulling men 
from other duties to guard food,

4192
03:42:45,900 --> 03:42:49,300
which means fewer Men available 
for sailing or fighting. 

4193
03:42:49,300 --> 03:42:53,700
The next day, brings a different
Supply crisis, the water casks 

4194
03:42:53,700 --> 03:42:57,500
are leaking not catastrophically
but enough that you are losing. 

4195
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:00,900
May be three or four gallons per
day to evaporation and seepage 

4196
03:43:00,900 --> 03:43:03,800
through old. 
Would this pushes your Water 

4197
03:43:03,800 --> 03:43:08,100
Crisis forward by about a day. 
You now have maybe 13 days of 

4198
03:43:08,100 --> 03:43:11,800
water, instead of 14. 
James suggests stopping at a 

4199
03:43:11,808 --> 03:43:13,900
small island, he knows about to 
refill. 

4200
03:43:13,900 --> 03:43:16,400
The water. 
Casts, the island is about two 

4201
03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:19,800
days off your current course, 
going there means delaying your 

4202
03:43:19,800 --> 03:43:23,100
hunt for prizes, but not going. 
There means possibly running out

4203
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:25,800
of water before you find a prize
that has water aboard. 

4204
03:43:26,500 --> 03:43:29,800
You call another vote. 
This one is close to the newer, 

4205
03:43:29,800 --> 03:43:34,800
like, 18 men want to stop for 
water 19 men want to continue 

4206
03:43:34,800 --> 03:43:37,200
hunting. 
The crew is split almost 

4207
03:43:37,200 --> 03:43:40,000
perfectly down the middle on 
whether a mediate water, 

4208
03:43:40,000 --> 03:43:42,800
security, is more important than
potential prize money. 

4209
03:43:43,600 --> 03:43:46,200
He may make an executive 
decision and override the vote 

4210
03:43:46,200 --> 03:43:50,200
your stopping for water because 
dead men cannot spend prize 

4211
03:43:50,200 --> 03:43:52,900
money. 
This creates some grumbling but 

4212
03:43:52,900 --> 03:43:57,300
nobody challenges you directly. 
Button has absolute Authority 

4213
03:43:57,300 --> 03:44:01,500
during Affairs of navigation and
safety Running Out of Water. 

4214
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:05,200
Definitely qualifies. 
As a safety issue, the island 

4215
03:44:05,200 --> 03:44:08,400
James knows about turns out to 
be a tiny piece of land with a 

4216
03:44:08,400 --> 03:44:12,300
small spring and not much else. 
The water is drinkable but 

4217
03:44:12,300 --> 03:44:16,100
tastes slightly brackish. 
You spend eight hours varying 

4218
03:44:16,100 --> 03:44:19,500
empty casks to shore, filling 
them and bringing them back to 

4219
03:44:19,500 --> 03:44:22,500
the ship. 
This is exhausting work in 

4220
03:44:22,500 --> 03:44:25,000
tropical heat. 
And the crew complains 

4221
03:44:25,000 --> 03:44:28,200
constantly. 
While filling casts, one of your

4222
03:44:28,200 --> 03:44:30,600
men finds fruit trees, growing 
wild on the island. 

4223
03:44:30,600 --> 03:44:33,100
This is unexpected, Good 
Fortune. 

4224
03:44:33,100 --> 03:44:36,900
Fresh fruit prevents scurvy, 
which is the slow death 

4225
03:44:36,900 --> 03:44:40,000
sentence, that kills more 
Sailors than combat or storms. 

4226
03:44:40,900 --> 03:44:44,200
Your crew spends an additional 
four hours Gathering every piece

4227
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:46,300
of fruit, they can find and 
loading, it aboard. 

4228
03:44:47,300 --> 03:44:50,200
The fruit changes your supply 
calculation, and a positive 

4229
03:44:50,200 --> 03:44:52,700
direction. 
You now, have fresh food that 

4230
03:44:52,700 --> 03:44:55,200
will last, maybe five days of 
rational and carefully. 

4231
03:44:55,200 --> 03:44:59,100
This is not much, but it extends
your operational range slightly.

4232
03:45:00,100 --> 03:45:03,100
You make notes in your log about
the location of this island for 

4233
03:45:03,100 --> 03:45:05,500
future reference. 
Two days later. 

4234
03:45:05,500 --> 03:45:08,500
You spot a merchant vessel the 
crew wants to attack 

4235
03:45:08,500 --> 03:45:10,900
immediately. 
You want to observe the vessel 

4236
03:45:10,900 --> 03:45:13,400
first to determine if it is 
worth the risk. 

4237
03:45:14,000 --> 03:45:17,500
This requires being patient, 
which Pirates are not naturally 

4238
03:45:17,500 --> 03:45:19,800
good at you. 
Watch the merchant ship for 

4239
03:45:19,800 --> 03:45:24,000
three hours, it appears to be 
traveling alone, it has maybe 10

4240
03:45:24,000 --> 03:45:27,500
crew visible on Deck. 
It has four cannons showing 

4241
03:45:27,500 --> 03:45:32,000
which suggests modest defenses. 
The cargo appears to be barrels 

4242
03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:34,800
and crates, which could be 
anything from valuable trade 

4243
03:45:34,800 --> 03:45:39,000
goods to worthless, ballast. 
The crew votes to attack the 

4244
03:45:39,000 --> 03:45:42,600
vote passes, 32 to 5:00. 
You give the order to raise the 

4245
03:45:42,600 --> 03:45:45,700
Black Flag and begin Pursuit. 
The merchant ship sees, you 

4246
03:45:45,700 --> 03:45:48,400
coming and tries to run your 
ship is fast faster. 

4247
03:45:48,400 --> 03:45:51,300
This is good news because it 
means your catch them before 

4248
03:45:51,300 --> 03:45:53,100
they can reach port or find 
help. 

4249
03:45:54,000 --> 03:45:58,000
The chase last 90 minutes, the 
merchant ship finally realizes 

4250
03:45:58,000 --> 03:45:59,700
it cannot outrun you and 
Heath's, too. 

4251
03:45:59,708 --> 03:46:02,400
This means they are surrendering
without a fight. 

4252
03:46:02,400 --> 03:46:05,900
This is the best possible 
outcome, because fighting means,

4253
03:46:05,900 --> 03:46:10,100
casualties, and casualties mean.
More mouths to feed with limited

4254
03:46:10,100 --> 03:46:14,500
Supplies, Plus injured, men who 
cannot work Your Merchant vessel

4255
03:46:14,500 --> 03:46:18,300
with a dozen armed men. 
The merchant Captain is a tired 

4256
03:46:18,300 --> 03:46:21,300
looking man in his forties, who 
seems more annoyed than 

4257
03:46:21,300 --> 03:46:24,400
frightened. 
He hands over the cargo manifest

4258
03:46:24,400 --> 03:46:27,300
with without being asked. 
This is a man who has been 

4259
03:46:27,308 --> 03:46:30,300
through this before, the car 
goes disappointing. 

4260
03:46:30,300 --> 03:46:34,300
Mostly textiles and some tool 
shipments, the Food Supplies are

4261
03:46:34,300 --> 03:46:36,500
minimal. 
There is almost no water aboard 

4262
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:38,700
because the merchant ship was 
only two days from Port. 

4263
03:46:38,700 --> 03:46:42,500
When you captured it, the total 
value of the prize is maybe 400 

4264
03:46:42,500 --> 03:46:44,600
pounds. 
If you can sell everything, your

4265
03:46:44,600 --> 03:46:47,300
cruise disappointed but takes 
the textiles and tools aboard 

4266
03:46:47,300 --> 03:46:49,800
anyway. 
You offer the merchant crew, the

4267
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:54,500
standard Choice, join your crew 
or take a boat and rowed to the 

4268
03:46:54,500 --> 03:46:57,300
nearest land. 
All of them choose the boat. 

4269
03:46:57,300 --> 03:47:01,200
None of them want to be Pirates.
You provide them with enough 

4270
03:47:01,200 --> 03:47:03,900
food and water to reach Shore 
and send them on their way. 

4271
03:47:04,900 --> 03:47:08,300
The captured ship itself is in 
poor condition, the whole needs 

4272
03:47:08,300 --> 03:47:12,100
work, the Sails are old, it is 
not worth keeping or selling. 

4273
03:47:12,800 --> 03:47:15,400
You strip it of anything useful 
and let it drift. 

4274
03:47:16,300 --> 03:47:19,300
Within a few hours, it will be 
miles away and someone else's 

4275
03:47:19,300 --> 03:47:22,000
problem. 
You sail away from the drifting 

4276
03:47:22,000 --> 03:47:25,500
ship with slightly more supplies
than you had, before not enough 

4277
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:28,000
to significantly extend your 
operating time. 

4278
03:47:28,800 --> 03:47:31,900
The mathematics of survival have
improved by maybe two days. 

4279
03:47:31,900 --> 03:47:35,200
You still need to find a 
substantial prize within the 

4280
03:47:35,208 --> 03:47:38,200
next 10 days or face, serious 
Supply problems. 

4281
03:47:39,000 --> 03:47:41,700
That night, William sits down 
with you to review the accounts.

4282
03:47:42,400 --> 03:47:46,300
The previous prize, divided, 
among 37, shares minus the 

4283
03:47:46,300 --> 03:47:49,100
Carpenters extra portion and 
your Captain's. 

4284
03:47:49,100 --> 03:47:53,200
Double share comes to about 8 
pounds per man, this is not 

4285
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:55,400
nothing but it is also not the 
fortune. 

4286
03:47:55,400 --> 03:47:58,800
Everyone was hoping for several 
crew members are already talking

4287
03:47:58,800 --> 03:48:01,000
about heading back to Nassau to 
spend their money. 

4288
03:48:01,900 --> 03:48:05,400
You point out that Nassau is a 
weak away and going there means 

4289
03:48:05,400 --> 03:48:09,200
burning supplies for no gain. 
William says, the crew does not 

4290
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:12,800
care about logistics, they have 
money and they want to spend it 

4291
03:48:12,800 --> 03:48:16,100
on drink and entertainment. 
You call a meeting the next 

4292
03:48:16,100 --> 03:48:19,400
morning to discuss the national 
proposal, you present the 

4293
03:48:19,400 --> 03:48:24,300
mathematics clearly sailing to 
Nassau or take seven days during

4294
03:48:24,300 --> 03:48:27,300
those seven days, you will 
consume supplies but not gay 

4295
03:48:27,300 --> 03:48:29,700
anything. 
Those supplies could, instead be

4296
03:48:29,700 --> 03:48:33,600
used to hunt for more prizes, 
more prizes mean more money for 

4297
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:35,900
everyone. 
Your argument convinces about 

4298
03:48:35,900 --> 03:48:38,500
half the crew, the other half 
wants to immediate 

4299
03:48:38,500 --> 03:48:41,700
gratification. 
The vote comes down to a tie at 

4300
03:48:41,700 --> 03:48:46,000
18 to 18 with one man of 
staining because he is hung over

4301
03:48:46,000 --> 03:48:49,700
to understand the question you 
break the Tie by voting to 

4302
03:48:49,700 --> 03:48:52,500
continue hunting. 
This is technically allowed 

4303
03:48:52,500 --> 03:48:55,200
under the code, but it creates 
resentment among the men who 

4304
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:58,500
wanted to go to Nassau. 
You can feel the crew's mood 

4305
03:48:58,500 --> 03:49:01,700
shifting slightly against you. 
You're making practical 

4306
03:49:01,700 --> 03:49:05,700
decisions but unpopular ones the
next few days passed without 

4307
03:49:05,700 --> 03:49:09,900
citing any promising targets. 
You see several ships but they 

4308
03:49:09,900 --> 03:49:13,500
are either too well-armed or too
fast or heading in directions 

4309
03:49:13,500 --> 03:49:15,600
that would require you to chase 
them for days. 

4310
03:49:16,400 --> 03:49:19,700
The crew becomes increasingly 
restless and irritable Food 

4311
03:49:19,700 --> 03:49:22,500
Supplies. 
Continue to dwindle your down to

4312
03:49:22,508 --> 03:49:24,400
about six days of food are 
current. 

4313
03:49:24,400 --> 03:49:28,500
Ration levels Williams suggests 
reducing rations to stretch 

4314
03:49:28,500 --> 03:49:32,100
supplies further You suggest 
this to the crew and they vote 

4315
03:49:32,100 --> 03:49:36,000
it down 29 to 8. 
No wants smaller portions, even 

4316
03:49:36,000 --> 03:49:38,200
when the alternative is running 
out of food entirely. 

4317
03:49:38,200 --> 03:49:42,000
This is the fundamental problem 
with Democratic piracy. 

4318
03:49:42,000 --> 03:49:46,000
The crew can vote for whatever 
they want but they cannot vote 

4319
03:49:46,000 --> 03:49:49,900
away, mathematical reality. 
You can vote to keep eating full

4320
03:49:49,900 --> 03:49:54,400
rationals but you cannot vote 
food into existence, eventually 

4321
03:49:54,400 --> 03:49:57,100
the mathematics wins. 
No matter what the popular 

4322
03:49:57,100 --> 03:50:01,200
opinion says your learning that 
a significant part of being a 

4323
03:50:01,200 --> 03:50:04,700
pirate Captain involves managing
the gap between what the crew 

4324
03:50:04,700 --> 03:50:07,900
wants. 
And what reality allows you 

4325
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:10,100
cannot make prizes appear out of
Mt. 

4326
03:50:10,100 --> 03:50:13,900
Ocean, you cannot make food last
longer through wishful thinking,

4327
03:50:13,900 --> 03:50:17,400
you cannot make water costs, 
stop leaking through majority 

4328
03:50:17,400 --> 03:50:20,100
vote. 
A week into your supply crisis. 

4329
03:50:20,100 --> 03:50:24,400
You finally spot a promising, 
Target, a large Merchant vessel 

4330
03:50:24,400 --> 03:50:27,600
sailing alone with substantial 
cargo visible on Deck. 

4331
03:50:28,400 --> 03:50:32,000
Crew votes unanimously to 
attack, even the men who are 

4332
03:50:32,000 --> 03:50:34,700
still annoyed about not going to
Nassau agree that this prize 

4333
03:50:34,700 --> 03:50:38,000
looks worth taking. 
The Chase Begins in late 

4334
03:50:38,000 --> 03:50:41,600
afternoon, the merchant ship is 
slower than yours but it has a 

4335
03:50:41,600 --> 03:50:44,900
head start you pursue through 
the evening and into the night, 

4336
03:50:44,900 --> 03:50:47,600
navigating By Moonlight and 
Hope. 

4337
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:51,700
By Dawn, your close enough to 
fire a warning shot to cross 

4338
03:50:51,700 --> 03:50:54,900
their bow. 
The merchant ship does not 

4339
03:50:54,900 --> 03:50:58,100
surrender. 
Instead it returns fire. 

4340
03:50:58,100 --> 03:51:02,600
This is unexpected and 
unwelcome, your cruise scrambles

4341
03:51:02,600 --> 03:51:05,500
to Battle Stations while 
cannonballs Splash in the water 

4342
03:51:05,500 --> 03:51:08,100
around. 
You, you realize this Merchant 

4343
03:51:08,100 --> 03:51:09,700
vessel is better armed than you 
thought. 

4344
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:13,900
The battle lasts about 40 
minutes, your crew fires, the 

4345
03:51:13,900 --> 03:51:17,700
Cannons, as fast as they can. 
Reload the merchant ship fires 

4346
03:51:17,700 --> 03:51:21,600
back, most shots on both sides, 
because aiming cannons from a 

4347
03:51:21,600 --> 03:51:26,000
moving ship at another moving. 
Ship is extremely difficult, but

4348
03:51:26,000 --> 03:51:28,200
enough shots connect to damage. 
Both vessels. 

4349
03:51:28,200 --> 03:51:32,100
Your ship takes a hit that 
Splinter's part of the railing 

4350
03:51:32,100 --> 03:51:36,000
and wounds to men, the merchant 
ship takes several hits that 

4351
03:51:36,000 --> 03:51:39,500
damage their rigging Finally, 
they strike their colors and 

4352
03:51:39,500 --> 03:51:43,300
surrender? 
You have one, but at a cost the 

4353
03:51:43,300 --> 03:51:45,300
cost becomes clear. 
When you board the merchant 

4354
03:51:45,300 --> 03:51:48,600
vessel, you're too wounded. 
Men need medical attention. 

4355
03:51:48,600 --> 03:51:53,000
The surgeon does what he can. 
But one man, loses three fingers

4356
03:51:53,000 --> 03:51:55,800
and the other has a nasty 
Splinter wound in his leg. 

4357
03:51:55,800 --> 03:51:59,100
That might become infected. 
According to the pirate code, 

4358
03:51:59,100 --> 03:52:02,600
the man who lost his fingers, 
gets compensation of 300 Pieces 

4359
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:06,100
Of Eight because a missing 
finger is worth 100 pieces of 

4360
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:08,500
18. 
Each the cargo makes the fight. 

4361
03:52:08,500 --> 03:52:11,200
Almost worth wild. 
The merchant ship was carrying 

4362
03:52:11,200 --> 03:52:14,500
sugar rum and a surprising 
amount of cash. 

4363
03:52:14,500 --> 03:52:17,700
The total value is maybe 1800 
pounds. 

4364
03:52:17,700 --> 03:52:21,900
This is a real prize, this is 
what everyone was hoping for 

4365
03:52:21,900 --> 03:52:25,000
your crew spends. 
The next day transferring cargo 

4366
03:52:25,000 --> 03:52:26,700
to your ship and attending to 
the wounded. 

4367
03:52:26,700 --> 03:52:30,400
The man with the leg wound 
develops, a fever, the surgeon 

4368
03:52:30,400 --> 03:52:33,400
says it might be infectious. 
He applies hot tartar to the 

4369
03:52:33,408 --> 03:52:35,400
wound and gives them the man rum
for the pain. 

4370
03:52:35,400 --> 03:52:39,400
There is nothing else to do 
except wait and hope you divide 

4371
03:52:39,400 --> 03:52:43,200
the prize according to the code.
After compensation, for the 

4372
03:52:43,200 --> 03:52:45,800
wounded men and your captain 
shares. 

4373
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:49,900
And the quartermaster shares and
various other allocations each 

4374
03:52:49,900 --> 03:52:52,700
regular crew member receives 
about 32 pounds. 

4375
03:52:52,700 --> 03:52:56,200
This is real money. 
This is enough to make the trip 

4376
03:52:56,200 --> 03:52:59,200
worthwhile. 
The crews mood improves 

4377
03:52:59,200 --> 03:53:02,600
dramatically suddenly. 
Everyone thinks you're a 

4378
03:53:02,600 --> 03:53:04,800
brilliant Captain, who makes 
excellent decisions. 

4379
03:53:05,600 --> 03:53:08,200
The same men who were grumbling 
about Supply management. 

4380
03:53:08,200 --> 03:53:11,800
Three days ago are now talking 
about what a successful Voyage 

4381
03:53:11,800 --> 03:53:14,400
this has been. 
You know, this positive mood is 

4382
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:16,300
temporary, the captured 
supplies. 

4383
03:53:16,300 --> 03:53:18,700
Extend your operating Time by 
maybe three weeks. 

4384
03:53:18,700 --> 03:53:22,500
The money will last until it 
gets spent, then you will be 

4385
03:53:22,500 --> 03:53:25,800
back to the same mathematical 
problems of keeping 37. 

4386
03:53:25,800 --> 03:53:29,300
Men fed and watered while 
searching for prizes and an 

4387
03:53:29,300 --> 03:53:33,400
ocean full of Naval Patrols The 
wounded man with the leg 

4388
03:53:33,400 --> 03:53:35,900
infection dies, on the third day
after the battle. 

4389
03:53:35,900 --> 03:53:40,800
This reduces your crew to 36 men
and create a somber mood, aboard

4390
03:53:40,800 --> 03:53:44,000
ship Pirates. 
Directly from violence and 

4391
03:53:44,000 --> 03:53:46,800
disease and accidents. 
But each death reminds everyone 

4392
03:53:46,800 --> 03:53:48,900
that this lifestyle has serious 
consequences. 

4393
03:53:50,000 --> 03:53:52,300
You preside over a simple Burial
at Sea. 

4394
03:53:53,100 --> 03:53:55,800
The Dead Man's possessions are 
auctioned to the crew according 

4395
03:53:55,800 --> 03:53:58,500
to the code. 
The money goes to assure wife 

4396
03:53:58,500 --> 03:54:01,800
back in Port Royal, if anyone 
bothers to deliver it, which 

4397
03:54:01,800 --> 03:54:05,500
probably nobody will. 
The mathematics of survival of 

4398
03:54:05,500 --> 03:54:09,000
shifted. 
Again, 36 men in state of 37, 

4399
03:54:09,000 --> 03:54:12,400
slightly less water and food 
consumed per day. 

4400
03:54:12,400 --> 03:54:17,000
One fewer working, man, if you 
need to take another prize, you 

4401
03:54:17,000 --> 03:54:19,600
make notes in your log and 
adjust your calculations and 

4402
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:22,400
continue trying to keep everyone
fed for another week. 

4403
03:54:23,300 --> 03:54:27,200
This is pirate captaincy, not 
Adventurer, or Freedom or 

4404
03:54:27,200 --> 03:54:30,600
treasure, but endless 
mathematical balancing acts 

4405
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:33,800
between limited resources and 
unlimited human needs. 

4406
03:54:34,500 --> 03:54:38,600
You do arithmetic in your head 
constantly water consumption 

4407
03:54:38,600 --> 03:54:43,900
food rations, gunpowder 
reserves, spare rope, medical 

4408
03:54:43,900 --> 03:54:49,200
supplies, every item tracked and
calculated and worried about You

4409
03:54:49,200 --> 03:54:52,500
wonder if the Romantic stories 
about pirate captains for 

4410
03:54:52,500 --> 03:54:56,200
mentioned the mathematics. 
Probably not stories about 

4411
03:54:56,200 --> 03:54:59,300
Supply management, do not sell 
books or inspired dreams of 

4412
03:54:59,300 --> 03:55:02,100
Adventure. 
But the mathematics determines 

4413
03:55:02,100 --> 03:55:06,600
success or failure. 
The mathematics is reality and 

4414
03:55:06,600 --> 03:55:09,000
reality does not care about 
adventure stories. 

4415
03:55:09,000 --> 03:55:12,300
You have been a pirate Captain 
for six weeks and you have spent

4416
03:55:12,300 --> 03:55:14,900
at least half that time, feeling
miserably sick. 

4417
03:55:15,500 --> 03:55:19,200
Not dramatically sick, not 
adventurous, story sick, where 

4418
03:55:19,200 --> 03:55:22,100
you collapse heroically and 
someone's you back to health, 

4419
03:55:22,100 --> 03:55:26,800
just the grinding constant 
undignified sick that comes from

4420
03:55:26,800 --> 03:55:30,100
living on a wooden ship in 
tropical heat while eating food 

4421
03:55:30,100 --> 03:55:32,900
that is one day away from being 
completely in edible. 

4422
03:55:34,000 --> 03:55:36,700
The problem with piracy is that 
nobody tells you about the 

4423
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:40,100
seasickness you assumed, you 
would get used to it after a few

4424
03:55:40,108 --> 03:55:42,800
days. 
You are Merchant sailor for 

4425
03:55:42,800 --> 03:55:45,600
three months before becoming a 
pirate and you thought that 

4426
03:55:45,600 --> 03:55:49,400
counted as experience. 
It turns out three months of 

4427
03:55:49,400 --> 03:55:52,700
coastal sailing does not prepare
you for weeks at Sea in a ship 

4428
03:55:52,708 --> 03:55:55,900
that rolls and pitches in ways 
that make your stomach Revolt 

4429
03:55:55,900 --> 03:55:58,300
constantly. 
You have learned to function 

4430
03:55:58,300 --> 03:56:02,200
while nauseated you can navigate
and give orders and moderate 

4431
03:56:02,200 --> 03:56:04,500
crew debates while fighting the 
urge to vomit. 

4432
03:56:05,300 --> 03:56:08,800
This is not a skill, you want to
develop, but it is the skill. 

4433
03:56:08,800 --> 03:56:10,700
That pirate captains, see is 
demanded. 

4434
03:56:10,700 --> 03:56:13,100
The crew does not suffer from 
sea sickness. 

4435
03:56:13,100 --> 03:56:16,100
The same way you do. 
Most of them have been sailing 

4436
03:56:16,100 --> 03:56:18,400
for years and their bodies 
adapted long ago. 

4437
03:56:19,300 --> 03:56:21,900
They watch you turn green during
rough weather and make 

4438
03:56:21,900 --> 03:56:25,300
sympathetic noises that sound. 
Suspiciously like suppressed 

4439
03:56:25,300 --> 03:56:27,700
laughter. 
William tells you, it will get 

4440
03:56:27,700 --> 03:56:31,100
better eventually. 
Eventually as not arriving fast 

4441
03:56:31,100 --> 03:56:33,700
enough. 
The sea sickness is just the 

4442
03:56:33,700 --> 03:56:36,500
beginning of the medical. 
Miseries last week. 

4443
03:56:36,500 --> 03:56:39,000
Three. 
Men came down with fever, not 

4444
03:56:39,000 --> 03:56:42,400
the dramatic kind of fever that 
end in death or miraculous 

4445
03:56:42,400 --> 03:56:46,700
recovery within days, the slow 
burning kind that makes men 

4446
03:56:46,700 --> 03:56:49,900
useless for work but not sick 
enough to justify using precious

4447
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:53,000
medical supplies on them. 
Your surgeon is a man named 

4448
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:56,600
Harris who learned Medicine by 
apprenticing to a barber in 

4449
03:56:56,600 --> 03:56:59,100
Bristol. 
His medical knowledge consists 

4450
03:56:59,100 --> 03:57:02,200
of bloodletting amputation, and 
hoping for the best. 

4451
03:57:03,200 --> 03:57:07,700
When the fever cases appeared, 
he recommended bloodletting, you

4452
03:57:07,700 --> 03:57:10,100
vetoed this because removing 
blood from men who are already 

4453
03:57:10,100 --> 03:57:11,700
weak. 
Seemed counterproductive. 

4454
03:57:12,700 --> 03:57:15,200
Harris Shrugged and said they 
would probably get better on 

4455
03:57:15,200 --> 03:57:18,800
their own or they would not two 
of the men recovered after five 

4456
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:20,800
days of lying in their hammocks 
and moaning. 

4457
03:57:21,500 --> 03:57:25,400
The third man is still feverish 
and starting to develop a cough 

4458
03:57:25,400 --> 03:57:28,000
that sounds alarming. 
Harris says it might be 

4459
03:57:28,000 --> 03:57:32,300
consumption or it might just be 
a bad cough, his diagnostic 

4460
03:57:32,300 --> 03:57:35,700
skills and not precise. 
The problem is that you cannot 

4461
03:57:35,700 --> 03:57:38,700
afford to lose men to illness 
your Crews already. 

4462
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:42,500
Under staffed, for a ship, this 
size every man who cannot work 

4463
03:57:42,500 --> 03:57:44,000
means, more work for everyone 
else. 

4464
03:57:44,000 --> 03:57:47,400
This creates resentment among 
the healthy crew members, who 

4465
03:57:47,400 --> 03:57:49,700
have to cover extra watches and 
do extra maintenance. 

4466
03:57:49,700 --> 03:57:53,800
While the Sikh men recover, you 
call of vote on whether to 

4467
03:57:53,800 --> 03:57:56,100
reduce rationals for sick, men 
who cannot work. 

4468
03:57:56,100 --> 03:57:59,900
This seems reasonable Until you 
realize it means, sick men will 

4469
03:57:59,900 --> 03:58:02,700
take longer to recover because 
they are getting less food. 

4470
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:06,500
The crew votes in favor of 
reduced rations. 

4471
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:10,600
Anyway, because fairness matters
more than practicality in a 

4472
03:58:10,600 --> 03:58:14,800
democracy of hungry Pirates. 
Food situation is its own 

4473
03:58:14,800 --> 03:58:18,200
special, kind of misery. 
You're currently eating salted 

4474
03:58:18,200 --> 03:58:21,100
pork that has been in barrels 
for approximately six months. 

4475
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:25,400
The salt prevents the pork from 
rotting but it does not make the

4476
03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:28,000
port good. 
It just makes it not actively 

4477
03:58:28,000 --> 03:58:31,400
poisonous. 
The pork has a texture that can 

4478
03:58:31,400 --> 03:58:35,200
charitably be described as 
leathery, it has a taste that 

4479
03:58:35,200 --> 03:58:37,700
can charitably be described as 
salty leather. 

4480
03:58:38,400 --> 03:58:41,300
You have to soak it in water 
before cooking to remove some of

4481
03:58:41,308 --> 03:58:43,500
the salt. 
But this leaves you with Bland 

4482
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:46,900
leather, instead of salty 
leather, The crew complains 

4483
03:58:46,900 --> 03:58:50,400
constantly about the food, but 
the alternative is starvation. 

4484
03:58:50,400 --> 03:58:55,300
So everyone keeps eating the 
terrible pork Ship's biscuits 

4485
03:58:55,300 --> 03:58:59,000
are even worse. 
They started out hard months, at

4486
03:58:59,000 --> 03:59:01,700
Sea of made them harder and also
introduced weevils. 

4487
03:59:01,700 --> 03:59:04,500
You have learned to tap your 
biscuit against the table before

4488
03:59:04,500 --> 03:59:09,000
eating to dislodge the weevils. 
Sometimes this works, sometimes 

4489
03:59:09,000 --> 03:59:11,500
you end up eating weevils, any 
way because removing all of them

4490
03:59:11,500 --> 03:59:15,000
is impossible and protein is 
protein the fresh fruit. 

4491
03:59:15,000 --> 03:59:17,100
You gather at that Island two 
weeks ago, is gone. 

4492
03:59:17,100 --> 03:59:19,600
It lasted. 
Exactly five days before 

4493
03:59:19,600 --> 03:59:23,500
spoiling in the tropical heat 
For those five days, you felt 

4494
03:59:23,500 --> 03:59:26,400
Almost Human. 
Now, you're back to Salty, 

4495
03:59:26,400 --> 03:59:29,600
leather and Weevil biscuits, and
the constant vitamin deficiency,

4496
03:59:29,600 --> 03:59:33,600
that makes your gums hurt. 
William warns you, that scurvy 

4497
03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:37,400
is coming if you do not find 
fresh food soon. scurvy starts 

4498
03:59:37,400 --> 03:59:41,600
with sore gums and fatigue, it 
progresses to skin problems and 

4499
03:59:41,600 --> 03:59:46,000
loosening teeth and eventually 
death if left untreated The only

4500
03:59:46,000 --> 03:59:47,700
cure is fresh fruits and 
vegetables. 

4501
03:59:47,700 --> 03:59:50,400
You do not have fresh fruits and
vegetables. 

4502
03:59:50,400 --> 03:59:54,500
This is a problem that 
mathematics cannot solve you. 

4503
03:59:54,500 --> 03:59:56,100
Make a note to stop at every 
island. 

4504
03:59:56,100 --> 04:00:00,300
You pass gather fruit, this 
seems smart and you realize that

4505
04:00:00,300 --> 04:00:04,200
stopping at Islands takes time 
and uses supplies and delays, 

4506
04:00:04,200 --> 04:00:07,700
your hunt for prizes. 
Everything is a trade-off, fresh

4507
04:00:07,700 --> 04:00:09,300
food. 
Now means less time hunting 

4508
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:11,700
later. 
More time hunting means less 

4509
04:00:11,700 --> 04:00:14,600
fresh food. 
The calculations never work out 

4510
04:00:14,600 --> 04:00:17,600
in your favor. 
The ship itself is falling apart

4511
04:00:17,600 --> 04:00:20,400
in small ways that compound into
large problems. 

4512
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:24,600
Last week, the main Master 
developed a crack, not a 

4513
04:00:24,600 --> 04:00:28,600
dramatic splitting crack. 
That brings the Mast down in a 

4514
04:00:28,600 --> 04:00:31,800
shower of Splinter's. 
Just a small crack, that will 

4515
04:00:31,800 --> 04:00:34,200
probably get worse and 
eventually become a major 

4516
04:00:34,208 --> 04:00:37,500
structural failure. 
Your Carpenter examines the 

4517
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:40,000
crack and says it needs to be 
reinforced. 

4518
04:00:40,500 --> 04:00:43,400
This requires materials. 
You do not have and time. 

4519
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:46,200
You cannot spare. 
You end up wrapping rope around 

4520
04:00:46,200 --> 04:00:49,200
the crack and hoping this 
temporary solution lasts long 

4521
04:00:49,208 --> 04:00:50,800
enough. 
To get you to a port where you 

4522
04:00:50,808 --> 04:00:54,200
can make proper repairs. 
Three days after the mass 

4523
04:00:54,200 --> 04:00:57,300
situation, the water pump 
breaks, the pump is essential 

4524
04:00:57,300 --> 04:00:59,500
for removing water. 
That leaks into the builds 

4525
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:01,300
through hundreds of tiny gaps in
the hole. 

4526
04:01:02,000 --> 04:01:05,400
Without the pump you need men 
manually bailing water around 

4527
04:01:05,400 --> 04:01:08,200
the clock. 
This is exhausting work that 

4528
04:01:08,200 --> 04:01:11,700
nobody wants to do and everyone 
has to do in rotation. 

4529
04:01:12,600 --> 04:01:15,400
You call a vote on whether to 
stop sailing and fix the pump 

4530
04:01:15,400 --> 04:01:18,300
immediately or continue to the 
next Port while manually. 

4531
04:01:18,300 --> 04:01:22,000
Behling. the vote splits along 
lines of men who are currently 

4532
04:01:22,000 --> 04:01:26,300
assigned to bailing Duty versus 
men, who are not the baling crew

4533
04:01:26,300 --> 04:01:29,300
wants to stop and fix it. 
Everyone else wants to keep 

4534
04:01:29,300 --> 04:01:31,700
sailing. 
You end up with a compromise 

4535
04:01:31,700 --> 04:01:34,300
where you reduce sailing speed 
to give the carpenter time to 

4536
04:01:34,300 --> 04:01:37,200
work on repairs. 
While also reducing the amount 

4537
04:01:37,200 --> 04:01:40,600
of water coming in. 
The compromise satisfies nobody.

4538
04:01:40,600 --> 04:01:44,400
But that seems to be the nature 
of pirate democracy, a week into

4539
04:01:44,400 --> 04:01:47,900
your captaincy. 
A storm arrives, not a 

4540
04:01:47,900 --> 04:01:51,600
hurricane, just a normal 
Caribbean storm with high winds 

4541
04:01:51,600 --> 04:01:55,200
and heavy rain and waves that 
make your already questionable. 

4542
04:01:55,200 --> 04:02:00,600
Stomach situation, much worse. 
The storm last 18 hours during 

4543
04:02:00,600 --> 04:02:03,600
that time, you cannot cook 
because lighting a fire in high 

4544
04:02:03,600 --> 04:02:06,900
wind is impossible, you cannot 
sleep because the ship pitches 

4545
04:02:06,900 --> 04:02:09,200
and roles. 
So violently that staying in 

4546
04:02:09,200 --> 04:02:12,700
your hammock requires constant 
effort, you cannot navigate 

4547
04:02:12,700 --> 04:02:15,000
because you cannot see anything 
through the rain. 

4548
04:02:15,000 --> 04:02:18,700
You just have to wait and hope 
the ship does not break apart or

4549
04:02:18,700 --> 04:02:22,800
run into something hard. 
Your crew handles the storm with

4550
04:02:22,800 --> 04:02:26,300
practice efficiency. 
They secure everything loose on 

4551
04:02:26,300 --> 04:02:28,800
Deck. 
They take in most of the sails 

4552
04:02:28,800 --> 04:02:32,100
to reduce strain on The Masks. 
They rotate through watches. 

4553
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:35,500
So nobody gets to exhausted. 
They do all of this without 

4554
04:02:35,500 --> 04:02:37,800
needing orders from you, which 
is fortunate because you spend 

4555
04:02:37,800 --> 04:02:40,600
most of the storm feeling too 
sick, to give coherent orders, 

4556
04:02:40,600 --> 04:02:44,900
the storm, finally passes, you 
emerge on Deck to assess, the 

4557
04:02:44,900 --> 04:02:47,700
damage to Sails are torn and 
need repair. 

4558
04:02:49,000 --> 04:02:52,400
Chicken Coop, washed overboard 
taking your own only source of 

4559
04:02:52,408 --> 04:02:55,400
fresh eggs with it. 
Forward railing is damaged. 

4560
04:02:56,300 --> 04:02:59,000
One of the water barrels broke 
loose during the storm and is 

4561
04:02:59,000 --> 04:03:01,800
now empty after rolling around 
the deck and losing all its 

4562
04:03:01,800 --> 04:03:05,200
contents. 
This single storm just cost you 

4563
04:03:05,200 --> 04:03:09,400
approximately four days worth of
water and your eggs, apply and 

4564
04:03:09,400 --> 04:03:12,300
two sails that will take days to
repair properly. 

4565
04:03:13,100 --> 04:03:15,100
Your crew is exhausted and 
demoralized. 

4566
04:03:16,200 --> 04:03:18,700
Several men are injured from 
being thrown around during the 

4567
04:03:18,700 --> 04:03:21,100
storm and you still have not 
taken a prize. 

4568
04:03:21,108 --> 04:03:25,600
In 10 days, you call a meeting 
to discuss priorities, should 

4569
04:03:25,600 --> 04:03:29,200
you focus on repairs first or 
try to take a prize to restore 

4570
04:03:29,200 --> 04:03:32,600
morale and supplies? 
The crew debates this for two 

4571
04:03:32,600 --> 04:03:36,000
hours, half want to repair 
everything before attempting. 

4572
04:03:36,000 --> 04:03:39,400
Any more captures half, want to 
capture something immediately to

4573
04:03:39,400 --> 04:03:43,100
make the storm losses worth. 
While you eventually call a vote

4574
04:03:43,100 --> 04:03:46,500
that ends in a tie, which means 
you as capped in have to break 

4575
04:03:46,500 --> 04:03:50,400
the tie and make someone unhappy
you vote for repairs. 

4576
04:03:50,400 --> 04:03:54,800
First, this is practical but 
unpopular the crew grumbles 

4577
04:03:54,800 --> 04:03:56,200
about wasting time on 
maintenance. 

4578
04:03:56,200 --> 04:03:59,700
When they could be making money,
you try to explain that taking 

4579
04:03:59,700 --> 04:04:03,100
prize, is with torn, sails, and 
damaged rigging his difficult. 

4580
04:04:04,100 --> 04:04:05,900
This argument convinces 
approximately. 

4581
04:04:05,900 --> 04:04:09,200
Nobody the next three days are 
spent on repairs. 

4582
04:04:09,200 --> 04:04:12,900
Your Carpenter works on the 
railing and the pump, your 

4583
04:04:12,900 --> 04:04:16,200
sailmaker patches, the torn 
sails, your crew, complains 

4584
04:04:16,200 --> 04:04:19,300
about hard work with no 
immediate payoff, you do 

4585
04:04:19,300 --> 04:04:22,300
paperwork and try to maintain 
the fiction that you are in 

4586
04:04:22,300 --> 04:04:26,000
control of any of this. 
The sail-maker discovers that 

4587
04:04:26,000 --> 04:04:29,600
the spare sail cloth is starting
to rot from moisture and salt 

4588
04:04:29,600 --> 04:04:31,900
exposure. 
This means your emergency 

4589
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:35,100
supplies are degrading and will 
eventually become useless. 

4590
04:04:36,000 --> 04:04:39,000
You add new sail, cloth to the 
list of things you need to buy 

4591
04:04:39,000 --> 04:04:43,800
at the next Port right below. 
Fresh food, water barrels, rope 

4592
04:04:43,800 --> 04:04:49,300
tar, candles gunpowder and 
approximately 30 other items, 

4593
04:04:49,300 --> 04:04:54,100
your ship desperately needs. 
Pirate captaincy you are 

4594
04:04:54,100 --> 04:04:57,700
learning is less about Adventure
and more about managing an 

4595
04:04:57,700 --> 04:05:01,600
endless list of things that are 
broken breaking or about to 

4596
04:05:01,600 --> 04:05:04,100
break. 
The cramped living conditions, 

4597
04:05:04,100 --> 04:05:08,400
make everything worse, your 
cabin is six feet by 8 feet. 

4598
04:05:09,100 --> 04:05:11,700
This sounds like reasonable 
space Until you realize you all,

4599
04:05:11,700 --> 04:05:16,000
so need to store, charts logs, 
navigate equipment, spare 

4600
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:19,400
clothes, the previous captains, 
possessions, you have not gotten

4601
04:05:19,400 --> 04:05:23,600
rid of yet and everything else, 
a cap in the erotically needs. 

4602
04:05:24,500 --> 04:05:27,100
The result is a space so 
cluttered you can barely move. 

4603
04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:31,500
The crew has even less space. 
They sleep in hammocks strung. 

4604
04:05:31,500 --> 04:05:33,700
So close together. 
That men are basically touching 

4605
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:37,500
while they sleep. 
Personal possessions are kept in

4606
04:05:37,500 --> 04:05:40,200
small chests, that serve double 
duty as seats. 

4607
04:05:40,900 --> 04:05:44,900
Privacy does not exist. 
Private conversations, do not 

4608
04:05:44,900 --> 04:05:48,000
exist. 
Personal space does not exist. 

4609
04:05:48,900 --> 04:05:52,600
This crowd creates constant 
friction men get on each other's

4610
04:05:52,600 --> 04:05:55,200
nerves. 
Small, annoyances become major 

4611
04:05:55,200 --> 04:05:58,200
grievances. 
Someone snoring keeps everyone 

4612
04:05:58,200 --> 04:06:00,800
awake. 
Someone's feet smell terrible in

4613
04:06:00,800 --> 04:06:03,600
the confined space. 
Someone takes more than their 

4614
04:06:03,600 --> 04:06:06,500
fair share of room. 
The complaints are endless and 

4615
04:06:06,500 --> 04:06:09,800
Petty and completely Justified 
because living in these 

4616
04:06:09,800 --> 04:06:11,900
conditions would make anyone 
irritable. 

4617
04:06:12,700 --> 04:06:15,300
You try to mediate disputes 
about hammock spacing and 

4618
04:06:15,300 --> 04:06:19,300
personal hygiene, and who gets 
to sit where during meals, this 

4619
04:06:19,300 --> 04:06:22,300
is not leadership. 
This is being a referee for 

4620
04:06:22,300 --> 04:06:25,600
grown men who are slowly losing 
their minds from lack of 

4621
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:28,800
personal space. 
The heat makes everything worse,

4622
04:06:28,800 --> 04:06:32,700
the Caribbean Sun turns the deck
into a surface hot enough to 

4623
04:06:32,700 --> 04:06:37,000
burn their feet. below deck, the
air is thick and stifling with 

4624
04:06:37,000 --> 04:06:42,200
all circulation men sweat 
constantly Everything smells 

4625
04:06:42,200 --> 04:06:45,400
like sweat and salt and the 
various stages of food Decay 

4626
04:06:45,400 --> 04:06:48,700
happening in the storage areas. 
You've learned that you can get 

4627
04:06:48,700 --> 04:06:50,600
used to the smell after a few 
weeks. 

4628
04:06:50,600 --> 04:06:54,500
This is not an improvement, it 
just means you have stopped 

4629
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:58,100
noticing how terrible, 
everything smells When you go 

4630
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:01,700
ashore and encounter normal, are
you realize how bad the ship 

4631
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:05,200
actually smells and you have to 
readjust all over again when you

4632
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:08,300
return? 
The sleep deprivation adds, 

4633
04:07:08,300 --> 04:07:11,800
another layer of misery. 
Watch rotations mean nobody gets

4634
04:07:11,800 --> 04:07:15,800
uninterrupted sleep, your woken 
multiple times every night for 

4635
04:07:15,800 --> 04:07:18,900
decisions or emergencies or just
because someone thought you 

4636
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:21,800
should know about something that
could probably have waited until

4637
04:07:21,800 --> 04:07:24,000
morning. 
Your constantly tired. 

4638
04:07:24,000 --> 04:07:27,700
Everyone is constantly tired 
exhausted men. 

4639
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:30,000
Make mistakes. 
Mistakes on ships. 

4640
04:07:30,000 --> 04:07:33,600
Can be dangerous. 
You spending amounts of mental 

4641
04:07:33,600 --> 04:07:36,800
energy, trying to prevent tired 
men from doing something stupid,

4642
04:07:36,800 --> 04:07:41,400
that will create more problems. 
A week after the storm, one of 

4643
04:07:41,408 --> 04:07:44,700
your perpetually exhausted crew 
members falls asleep on watch. 

4644
04:07:45,500 --> 04:07:48,300
Nothing dramatic happened, no 
ships attack. 

4645
04:07:48,300 --> 04:07:53,600
No reefs appear suddenly but the
man fell asleep at his post, 

4646
04:07:53,600 --> 04:07:58,700
which violates the code now, you
have to decide on punishment the

4647
04:07:58,700 --> 04:08:01,300
code, specifies punishment for 
sleeping on watch, but does not 

4648
04:08:01,300 --> 04:08:05,100
specify how severe You have to 
navigate between being harsh 

4649
04:08:05,100 --> 04:08:08,400
enough to maintain discipline 
and lenient enough to not seem 

4650
04:08:08,400 --> 04:08:11,200
to radical for punishing, a man 
who was exhausted from covering 

4651
04:08:11,200 --> 04:08:13,200
extra watches because other men 
are sick. 

4652
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:16,500
You settle on docking, the man's
rum ration for three days. 

4653
04:08:16,500 --> 04:08:20,100
This seems moderate. 
The crew thinks you're being too

4654
04:08:20,100 --> 04:08:21,500
soft. 
They're punished man. 

4655
04:08:21,500 --> 04:08:24,900
Thinks you're being too harsh. 
You have somehow managed to 

4656
04:08:24,900 --> 04:08:26,800
satisfy. 
Absolutely nobody with your 

4657
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:30,800
compromise solution. 
This is pirate leadership. 

4658
04:08:30,800 --> 04:08:35,600
Making decision after decision 
while feeling sick and tired and

4659
04:08:35,600 --> 04:08:38,000
knowing that every choice will 
make someone angry. 

4660
04:08:38,900 --> 04:08:42,700
The isolation does not help. 
You cannot complain about 

4661
04:08:42,700 --> 04:08:45,600
feeling sick, because captains 
are supposed to be strong. 

4662
04:08:45,600 --> 04:08:49,500
You cannot admit your exhausted 
because captains are supposed to

4663
04:08:49,508 --> 04:08:52,400
be capable. 
You cannot express frustration 

4664
04:08:52,400 --> 04:08:56,200
about the constant problems. 
His captains are supposed to 

4665
04:08:56,200 --> 04:08:58,100
handle problems with without 
complaint. 

4666
04:08:59,000 --> 04:09:01,600
So you keep it all inside and 
maintain the performance of 

4667
04:09:01,600 --> 04:09:05,200
competent leadership while your 
body falls apart and your ship 

4668
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:08,000
falls apart and everything feels
like it is held together with 

4669
04:09:08,000 --> 04:09:12,400
rope and hope and mathematical 
calculations that never quite 

4670
04:09:12,400 --> 04:09:14,900
add up. 
William notices, your 

4671
04:09:14,900 --> 04:09:17,200
deteriorating condition and 
pulls. 

4672
04:09:17,200 --> 04:09:20,600
You aside, one evening. 
He says you look terrible. 

4673
04:09:20,600 --> 04:09:23,600
You say thank you. 
That is very kind. 

4674
04:09:24,600 --> 04:09:28,300
He says, seriously you need to 
take better care of yourself or 

4675
04:09:28,300 --> 04:09:31,200
you will not last long enough to
fail at Captain C for actually 

4676
04:09:31,200 --> 04:09:34,300
important reasons. 
You ask him how you're supposed 

4677
04:09:34,300 --> 04:09:37,100
to take better care of yourself 
when you're constantly needed 

4678
04:09:37,100 --> 04:09:39,300
for decisions and there is no 
time for rest. 

4679
04:09:39,300 --> 04:09:42,900
And the food is terrible and you
still feel nauseated half the 

4680
04:09:42,900 --> 04:09:45,200
time. 
William says, all Captain 

4681
04:09:45,200 --> 04:09:47,900
struggle with this. 
The job is designed to break you

4682
04:09:47,900 --> 04:09:50,400
slowly. 
The ones who survive are the one

4683
04:09:50,400 --> 04:09:51,800
who learned to take care of 
themselves. 

4684
04:09:51,800 --> 04:09:55,800
Even when it seems impossible, 
he recommends forcing yourself 

4685
04:09:55,800 --> 04:09:59,200
to eat even when nauseated 
because starvation is worse than

4686
04:09:59,200 --> 04:10:01,900
nausea. 
He recommends stealing short 

4687
04:10:01,900 --> 04:10:05,200
naps, whenever possible, because
some sleep is better than no 

4688
04:10:05,200 --> 04:10:07,700
sleep. 
He recommends accepting that you

4689
04:10:07,700 --> 04:10:11,000
cannot solve every problem and 
some things just have to stay 

4690
04:10:11,000 --> 04:10:14,200
broken for a while. 
This advice is depressing, but 

4691
04:10:14,200 --> 04:10:18,200
practical you try to follow it. 
You force down the terrible 

4692
04:10:18,200 --> 04:10:20,400
food. 
You take brief naps in your 

4693
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:23,900
cabin between Christies. 
You accept that the water pump 

4694
04:10:23,900 --> 04:10:27,200
will remain partially broken and
the sail cloth will continue 

4695
04:10:27,200 --> 04:10:29,300
rotting. 
And The Mask crack will get 

4696
04:10:29,300 --> 04:10:31,800
gradually worse until you can 
afford to fix it properly. 

4697
04:10:32,600 --> 04:10:34,900
You learn that? 
Pirate captaincy is not about 

4698
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:38,300
Perfect Solutions. 
It is about managing, slow 

4699
04:10:38,300 --> 04:10:40,700
Decay, and hoping, nothing fails
catastrophically. 

4700
04:10:40,700 --> 04:10:43,800
Before you can find the 
resources to make proper 

4701
04:10:43,800 --> 04:10:46,600
repairs. 
Two weeks after the storm. 

4702
04:10:46,600 --> 04:10:49,300
You finally spot, a merchant 
vessel worth pursuing. 

4703
04:10:49,300 --> 04:10:52,500
The crew is excited. 
You're excited. 

4704
04:10:52,500 --> 04:10:56,200
Despite feeling exhausted, and 
slightly, feverish and generally

4705
04:10:56,200 --> 04:10:59,000
terrible. 
A successful prize means, 

4706
04:10:59,000 --> 04:11:02,800
supplies and money, and maybe a 
few days where you do not have 

4707
04:11:02,800 --> 04:11:04,700
to worry about everything 
falling apart. 

4708
04:11:05,500 --> 04:11:08,300
The chase goes, well the 
merchant ship surrendered as 

4709
04:11:08,308 --> 04:11:10,700
without a fight the cargo is 
decent. 

4710
04:11:10,700 --> 04:11:13,600
You take food supplies that are 
fresher than what you've been 

4711
04:11:13,600 --> 04:11:16,000
eating. 
Some basic materials for ship 

4712
04:11:16,000 --> 04:11:19,100
repairs and enough. 
Value in Goods to make everyone 

4713
04:11:19,100 --> 04:11:22,600
share as worthwhile. 
For approximately three days. 

4714
04:11:22,600 --> 04:11:25,200
Morale improves. 
The food is better. 

4715
04:11:25,200 --> 04:11:27,300
The media repair needs, are 
addressed. 

4716
04:11:27,300 --> 04:11:30,000
People stop complaining quite as
much. 

4717
04:11:30,000 --> 04:11:34,200
You feel almost competent. 
Then the third man with the Cog 

4718
04:11:34,200 --> 04:11:37,900
dies, the fever turned into 
consumption and Harris's. 

4719
04:11:37,900 --> 04:11:41,100
Treatments did nothing. 
You preside over another Burial 

4720
04:11:41,100 --> 04:11:45,200
at Sea, the crews improved mood.
Evaporates your back to managing

4721
04:11:45,200 --> 04:11:48,300
Decline and hoping you can find 
the next prize before the next 

4722
04:11:48,300 --> 04:11:51,400
Crisis emerges. 
This is what being a pirate 

4723
04:11:51,400 --> 04:11:55,400
Captain actually means not 
dramatic battles or treasure 

4724
04:11:55,400 --> 04:11:58,400
hunts or Adventure. 
Just endless maintenance of a 

4725
04:11:58,400 --> 04:12:02,000
deteriorating ship while trying 
to keep sick exhausted. 

4726
04:12:02,000 --> 04:12:05,400
Irritable men organized enough 
to capture the occasional 

4727
04:12:05,400 --> 04:12:08,800
Merchant vessel You wonder how 
long you can maintain this 

4728
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:10,500
before something breaks 
permanently. 

4729
04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:13,700
You wonder if the previous 
Captain this way. 

4730
04:12:14,500 --> 04:12:17,400
You wonder if this grinding 
misery is just what leadership 

4731
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:20,700
looks like when stripped of all 
the Romantic mythology. 

4732
04:12:21,900 --> 04:12:25,000
Ship Sails on the pump. 
Still does not work properly. 

4733
04:12:25,000 --> 04:12:28,600
The Mask crack is still there. 
You still feel vaguely 

4734
04:12:28,600 --> 04:12:31,400
nauseated. 
Most of the time the food is 

4735
04:12:31,400 --> 04:12:34,700
still terrible. 
Everything still smells bad and 

4736
04:12:34,700 --> 04:12:36,700
you still have to pretend you 
have everything under control. 

4737
04:12:36,700 --> 04:12:41,600
This is pirate, captaincy not 
the myth, but the reality not 

4738
04:12:41,600 --> 04:12:45,600
Adventure, but attrition not 
freedom, but endless 

4739
04:12:45,600 --> 04:12:48,600
responsibility for things that 
are slowly falling apart. 

4740
04:12:48,600 --> 04:12:52,900
While you watch, You're standing
in your cabin at midnight and 

4741
04:12:52,900 --> 04:12:56,100
you have not spoken to anyone 
except William in three days. 

4742
04:12:57,100 --> 04:13:00,300
This is not because you are 
avoiding the crew, this is 

4743
04:13:00,300 --> 04:13:03,400
because you have learned that 
anything you say can and will be

4744
04:13:03,400 --> 04:13:05,700
used against you in the court of
crew opinion. 

4745
04:13:06,500 --> 04:13:09,000
The previous Captain's Journal 
has an entry from his third 

4746
04:13:09,000 --> 04:13:11,500
month in command. 
It says simply. 

4747
04:13:11,500 --> 04:13:14,800
You cannot trust anyone and 
everyone is watching. 

4748
04:13:14,800 --> 04:13:18,200
You did not understand that 
entry when you first read it, 

4749
04:13:18,200 --> 04:13:21,800
you understand it now, being a 
pirate Captain means being 

4750
04:13:21,800 --> 04:13:25,600
simultaneously responsible for 
everyone and unable to rely on 

4751
04:13:25,600 --> 04:13:28,000
anyone. 
The crew needs you to lead them,

4752
04:13:28,000 --> 04:13:30,500
but they will vote you out. 
If they disagree with your 

4753
04:13:30,500 --> 04:13:33,700
leadership, they need you to 
make decisions, but they reserve

4754
04:13:33,700 --> 04:13:36,200
the right to overrule. 
Any decision through Democratic 

4755
04:13:36,200 --> 04:13:40,300
process, they need you to be 
strong, but they interpret any 

4756
04:13:40,300 --> 04:13:43,300
display of weakness, or doubt, 
as a reason to find a new 

4757
04:13:43,308 --> 04:13:46,000
captain. 
This creates a strange 

4758
04:13:46,000 --> 04:13:49,500
psychological isolation. 
You cannot show Fear because 

4759
04:13:49,500 --> 04:13:53,200
fear suggests incompetence, you 
cannot admit uncertain to 

4760
04:13:53,200 --> 04:13:56,700
because uncertainty suggests, 
you do not know what you're 

4761
04:13:56,700 --> 04:13:58,900
doing. 
You cannot ask for help because 

4762
04:13:58,900 --> 04:14:00,600
asking for help suggests 
weakness. 

4763
04:14:00,600 --> 04:14:05,100
You have to project confidence 
constantly even when you have no

4764
04:14:05,100 --> 04:14:09,200
idea what is happening or what 
to do next The isolation is 

4765
04:14:09,200 --> 04:14:11,900
worse because you cannot form 
genuine friendships with your 

4766
04:14:11,900 --> 04:14:14,700
crew. 
Every man aboard is both your 

4767
04:14:14,700 --> 04:14:16,600
subordinate and your potential 
replacement. 

4768
04:14:17,500 --> 04:14:21,100
Every conversation is part. 
Negotiation part political 

4769
04:14:21,100 --> 04:14:24,500
maneuvering part, careful 
management of perception. 

4770
04:14:25,200 --> 04:14:27,700
You can never just relax and 
talk to someone without 

4771
04:14:27,700 --> 04:14:30,800
calculating how your words might
be interpreted or repeated. 

4772
04:14:32,000 --> 04:14:34,200
William is the closest thing you
have to a friend. 

4773
04:14:34,200 --> 04:14:37,900
But even that relationship is 
complicated, he is your 

4774
04:14:37,900 --> 04:14:41,700
quartermaster which means he 
represents the cruise interests 

4775
04:14:41,700 --> 04:14:45,300
and often disagrees with you. 
He could easily be elected 

4776
04:14:45,300 --> 04:14:49,300
Captain if you get voted out. 
He knows things about navigation

4777
04:14:49,300 --> 04:14:52,200
and crew management that you 
need, which gives him leverage 

4778
04:14:52,200 --> 04:14:55,100
over you. 
Your conversations are genuine 

4779
04:14:55,100 --> 04:14:57,900
but never entirely without 
political subtext. 

4780
04:14:58,900 --> 04:15:01,900
You tried to befriend a few 
regular crew members early in 

4781
04:15:01,900 --> 04:15:05,100
your captaincy, this did not 
work the menu. 

4782
04:15:05,100 --> 04:15:08,400
Tried to befriend assumed you 
were playing favorites or trying

4783
04:15:08,400 --> 04:15:12,100
to build a voting Bloc the menu 
did not befriend assumed. 

4784
04:15:12,100 --> 04:15:15,900
You did not like them, everyone 
interpreted your social attempts

4785
04:15:15,900 --> 04:15:18,400
through a political lens because
everything a captain does is 

4786
04:15:18,408 --> 04:15:21,600
political. 
So you stopped trying, you 

4787
04:15:21,600 --> 04:15:23,700
maintain professional 
relationships with everyone, 

4788
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:26,000
your friendly but not friends 
with anyone. 

4789
04:15:26,000 --> 04:15:29,300
You make decisions and give 
orders and attend crew meetings,

4790
04:15:29,300 --> 04:15:33,000
but you do not socialize. 
You spend evening's alone in 

4791
04:15:33,008 --> 04:15:36,600
your cabin, right in the log and
reviewing charts and trying to 

4792
04:15:36,600 --> 04:15:40,500
convince yourself that this 
isolation is necessary rather 

4793
04:15:40,500 --> 04:15:44,100
than just lonely. 
The historical record suggests 

4794
04:15:44,100 --> 04:15:48,100
that successful pirate captains,
either embraced this isolation 

4795
04:15:48,100 --> 04:15:53,000
or found ways to cope with it. 
Bartholomew Roberts, reportedly 

4796
04:15:53,000 --> 04:15:56,500
kept his own counsel and 
maintained strict personal 

4797
04:15:56,500 --> 04:16:00,300
discipline. 
Edward Teach cultivated a fierce

4798
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:03,800
of image that created distanced 
between himself and his crew. 

4799
04:16:03,800 --> 04:16:07,100
Henry Avery. 
Supposedly had a small group of 

4800
04:16:07,100 --> 04:16:10,400
trusted officers, but remained 
emotionally separate from the 

4801
04:16:10,400 --> 04:16:12,500
regular crew. 
You have not figured out your 

4802
04:16:12,508 --> 04:16:16,100
coping strategy, yet. 
Mostly you just feel tired and 

4803
04:16:16,100 --> 04:16:18,500
alone and unsure if you're doing
anything correctly. 

4804
04:16:19,400 --> 04:16:22,500
The loneliness is compounded by 
the fact that you cannot show 

4805
04:16:22,500 --> 04:16:25,900
vulnerability. 
Two weeks ago, nearly ran the 

4806
04:16:25,900 --> 04:16:28,300
ship onto a reef because you 
misread the charts. 

4807
04:16:29,000 --> 04:16:31,800
You caught the era at the last 
moment and adjusted course. 

4808
04:16:32,500 --> 04:16:34,300
But the clothes call shook you 
badly. 

4809
04:16:34,300 --> 04:16:36,700
You wanted to talk to someone 
about it. 

4810
04:16:36,700 --> 04:16:40,400
You wanted to admit that you 
made a mistake and you are 

4811
04:16:40,400 --> 04:16:41,800
scared. 
You will make a bigger mistake 

4812
04:16:41,800 --> 04:16:44,600
next time. 
You could not say any of that. 

4813
04:16:45,600 --> 04:16:49,300
Instead, you acted like the near
Miss was intentional and you 

4814
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:51,000
were just testing the cruise 
readiness. 

4815
04:16:51,800 --> 04:16:54,800
Several crew members knew this 
was not nonsense, but nobody 

4816
04:16:54,800 --> 04:16:58,000
called you out on it. 
They understood that maintaining

4817
04:16:58,000 --> 04:17:01,000
the fiction of Captain he 
competence is part of the job. 

4818
04:17:01,800 --> 04:17:05,400
This performance exhausts you 
your constantly pretending to 

4819
04:17:05,400 --> 04:17:08,600
know more than you do and be 
more confident than you feel. 

4820
04:17:08,600 --> 04:17:11,900
You're always performing the 
role of Captain rather than 

4821
04:17:11,900 --> 04:17:14,300
actually being a person who 
happens to be captain. 

4822
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:18,000
The isolation gets worse during 
difficult decisions. 

4823
04:17:18,000 --> 04:17:20,500
Three days ago. 
You had to decide whether to 

4824
04:17:20,500 --> 04:17:23,900
attack a well-armed merchant 
vessel or bypass it and look for

4825
04:17:23,900 --> 04:17:27,000
easier prey. 
The potential reward was high 

4826
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:30,700
but so was the risk. 
You needed someone to talk 

4827
04:17:30,700 --> 04:17:33,400
through the decision with you 
but talking it through would 

4828
04:17:33,400 --> 04:17:37,200
Reveal Your uncertainty. 
You made the decision alone in 

4829
04:17:37,200 --> 04:17:38,800
your cabin. 
After an hour of internal 

4830
04:17:38,800 --> 04:17:41,700
debate, you chose to bypass the 
vessel. 

4831
04:17:41,700 --> 04:17:44,800
This turned out to be smart 
because the merchant ship was 

4832
04:17:44,800 --> 04:17:48,000
apparently a disguised Naval 
vessel meant to trap Pirates. 

4833
04:17:48,000 --> 04:17:51,400
You only learned this later from
other captains in Port. 

4834
04:17:51,400 --> 04:17:54,900
Your caution saved, the crew 
from walking into a trap. 

4835
04:17:55,700 --> 04:17:58,200
But you could not tell anyone 
that you were being cautious 

4836
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:01,500
rather than smart because that 
would reveal you are not certain

4837
04:18:01,500 --> 04:18:04,100
of your decision. 
The crew thinks you're brilliant

4838
04:18:04,100 --> 04:18:07,100
for avoiding the Trap. 
You know, you were just scared 

4839
04:18:07,100 --> 04:18:09,900
and lucky. 
This gap between perception and 

4840
04:18:09,900 --> 04:18:12,300
reality creates another layer of
isolation. 

4841
04:18:13,600 --> 04:18:16,700
Everyone thinks they know you 
but nobody actually knows you. 

4842
04:18:16,700 --> 04:18:20,500
The paranoid does not help. 
Every conversation you over 

4843
04:18:20,500 --> 04:18:22,200
here, might be about replacing 
you. 

4844
04:18:22,900 --> 04:18:25,900
Every small group of crew 
members, talking quietly might 

4845
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:28,900
be planning, a mutiny. 
Every disagreement might be the 

4846
04:18:28,900 --> 04:18:30,700
start of a campaign to vote you 
out. 

4847
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:34,900
Your constantly scanning for 
threats to your position, which 

4848
04:18:34,900 --> 04:18:37,000
makes you more isolated and 
suspicious. 

4849
04:18:38,100 --> 04:18:41,900
This paranoia is not entirely 
irrational pirate, captains did 

4850
04:18:41,900 --> 04:18:45,200
get voted out regularly. 
Captain, Charles Vane was 

4851
04:18:45,200 --> 04:18:46,800
removed from command by his 
crew. 

4852
04:18:46,800 --> 04:18:49,000
For refusing to attack a French 
man of war. 

4853
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:53,400
Captain, John Rackham took over 
a ship by convincing the crew to

4854
04:18:53,400 --> 04:18:55,300
Mutiny against their previous 
Captain. 

4855
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:59,100
The Democratic process could 
turn on you at any moment, if 

4856
04:18:59,100 --> 04:19:02,200
enough crew members decided they
wanted someone else in charge 

4857
04:19:03,700 --> 04:19:06,800
William notices, your increasing
isolation and tries to address 

4858
04:19:06,800 --> 04:19:09,400
it. 
He sits down with you on evening

4859
04:19:09,408 --> 04:19:12,300
and suggests that you are 
overthinking the politics. 

4860
04:19:13,000 --> 04:19:16,200
He points out that the crew, 
generally respects, you and 

4861
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:18,800
appreciates that you have kept 
them alive and reasonably 

4862
04:19:18,800 --> 04:19:21,700
profitable. 
He says, you do not need to be 

4863
04:19:21,700 --> 04:19:24,900
perfect just competent enough 
and fair enough. 

4864
04:19:24,900 --> 04:19:28,900
You want to believe him. 
But you know, that crew opinion 

4865
04:19:28,900 --> 04:19:33,600
can shift quickly one bad 
decision can undo weaks of good 

4866
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:36,600
leadership. 
One, perceived slight can turn 

4867
04:19:36,608 --> 04:19:41,600
allies into a margins, are thin,
and the tolerance for errors is 

4868
04:19:41,600 --> 04:19:44,200
low. 
The isolation creates strange 

4869
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:47,500
psychological effects. 
You find yourself talking to 

4870
04:19:47,500 --> 04:19:51,600
yourself in your cabin You have 
imaginary conversations with the

4871
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:54,600
previous Captain, asking his 
ghost for advice. 

4872
04:19:54,600 --> 04:19:57,600
You rehearse arguments, you 
might need to make at Future 

4873
04:19:57,600 --> 04:20:01,200
Crew meetings, you analyze past 
conversations, looking for 

4874
04:20:01,200 --> 04:20:02,900
hidden meanings or subtle 
threats. 

4875
04:20:03,700 --> 04:20:06,400
You wonder if you are becoming 
paranoid or if this level of 

4876
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:08,300
vigilance is just what the job 
requires. 

4877
04:20:08,300 --> 04:20:10,700
You cannot tell the difference 
anymore. 

4878
04:20:10,700 --> 04:20:13,200
The loneliness is worse at 
night. 

4879
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:17,100
During the day, you have duties 
and decisions and the constant 

4880
04:20:17,100 --> 04:20:20,300
performance of captaincy. 
But at night you lie in, your 

4881
04:20:20,308 --> 04:20:23,100
Hammer can stare at the ceiling 
and think about how no one 

4882
04:20:23,108 --> 04:20:25,800
aboard this ship actually cares 
about you as a person. 

4883
04:20:26,600 --> 04:20:28,300
They care about what you can do 
for them. 

4884
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:31,400
They care about your leadership 
and your decisions and your 

4885
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:33,700
ability to keep them fed and 
profitable. 

4886
04:20:34,900 --> 04:20:38,100
But you as a human being with 
fears and doubts and needs. 

4887
04:20:38,700 --> 04:20:40,400
That person does not exist to 
them. 

4888
04:20:40,400 --> 04:20:44,600
You think about your life before
piracy you are a merchant sailor

4889
04:20:44,600 --> 04:20:47,700
with friends and simple duties 
and no responsibility Beyond 

4890
04:20:47,700 --> 04:20:50,100
following orders. 
You are poor, but you are not 

4891
04:20:50,108 --> 04:20:52,700
isolated. 
You can talk to your watch mates

4892
04:20:52,700 --> 04:20:55,200
during long evening's. 
You could share frustrations 

4893
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:58,800
without worrying about political
consequences, you are part of a 

4894
04:20:58,800 --> 04:21:02,700
crew rather than separate. 
From one, you chose to become a 

4895
04:21:02,708 --> 04:21:04,900
pirate for the promise of 
freedom and wealth. 

4896
04:21:05,800 --> 04:21:08,600
You did not realize, that 
captaincy would mean trading one

4897
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:11,700
kind of poverty for another. 
Financial poverty. 

4898
04:21:11,700 --> 04:21:15,400
For emotional poverty, the 
wealth you might gain cannot 

4899
04:21:15,400 --> 04:21:17,200
compensate for the human 
connection. 

4900
04:21:17,200 --> 04:21:20,000
You have lost. 
William tells you that all 

4901
04:21:20,000 --> 04:21:21,600
captains, feel this way 
eventually. 

4902
04:21:22,400 --> 04:21:25,800
The job isolates you because the
job requires you to be apart 

4903
04:21:25,800 --> 04:21:28,800
from everyone else. 
You cannot lead from within the 

4904
04:21:28,800 --> 04:21:32,500
group, you have to lead from 
above it, and being above means 

4905
04:21:32,500 --> 04:21:36,000
being alone. 
You ask William If the previous 

4906
04:21:36,000 --> 04:21:39,600
Captain seemed lonely. 
William thinks about it and says

4907
04:21:39,600 --> 04:21:42,900
yes but he hid it. 
Well, he maintained a facade of 

4908
04:21:42,908 --> 04:21:46,800
confidence and control until the
day he made a fatal mistake and 

4909
04:21:46,800 --> 04:21:50,100
got himself, killed. 
William does not know if the 

4910
04:21:50,100 --> 04:21:54,100
isolation contributed to that 
fatal mistake, but he suspects 

4911
04:21:54,100 --> 04:21:56,500
it did. 
Lonely, people make different 

4912
04:21:56,500 --> 04:21:59,600
decisions and connected people. 
This does not comfort. 

4913
04:21:59,600 --> 04:22:03,900
You you try to find meaning in 
the isolation, you tell yourself

4914
04:22:03,900 --> 04:22:06,000
that leadership requires 
sacrifice. 

4915
04:22:06,000 --> 04:22:09,600
And this loneliness is just the 
price of command. 

4916
04:22:10,600 --> 04:22:13,300
You tell yourself that you are 
serving the crew by bearing this

4917
04:22:13,300 --> 04:22:16,200
burden alone. 
You tell yourself that someone 

4918
04:22:16,200 --> 04:22:19,000
has to make hard decisions and 
that someone is you and 

4919
04:22:19,000 --> 04:22:21,000
isolation is just part of the 
job. 

4920
04:22:21,000 --> 04:22:23,700
These rationalizations help 
slightly. 

4921
04:22:23,700 --> 04:22:25,800
They give you a framework for 
understanding. 

4922
04:22:25,800 --> 04:22:28,400
While you feel so separate from 
everyone around you. 

4923
04:22:29,500 --> 04:22:31,400
But they do not make the 
loneliness go away. 

4924
04:22:31,400 --> 04:22:34,300
They just make it more bearable 
by giving it purpose. 

4925
04:22:35,300 --> 04:22:37,200
You wonder how long you can 
sustain this. 

4926
04:22:37,200 --> 04:22:40,500
You wonder if there is a time 
limit on how long someone can 

4927
04:22:40,500 --> 04:22:44,000
function in this state of 
isolation and performance and 

4928
04:22:44,000 --> 04:22:45,200
constant. 
Vigilance. 

4929
04:22:45,900 --> 04:22:48,800
You wonder if all pirate 
captains, eventually break under

4930
04:22:48,800 --> 04:22:52,100
the psychological pressure or if
some of them find ways to 

4931
04:22:52,100 --> 04:22:55,400
genuinely cope. 
The historical record does not 

4932
04:22:55,400 --> 04:22:58,300
answer these questions history, 
records. 

4933
04:22:58,300 --> 04:23:01,900
The prizes taken and battles 
fought and eventual fates of 

4934
04:23:01,900 --> 04:23:05,100
famous pirates. 
History, does not record the 

4935
04:23:05,100 --> 04:23:09,000
internal struggles or the 
loneliness or the mental toll of

4936
04:23:09,000 --> 04:23:12,500
command. 
Those experiences died with the 

4937
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:16,200
captains who experience them, 
you write in your log, about the

4938
04:23:16,200 --> 04:23:18,800
latest prize and the cruise 
status, and the ship's 

4939
04:23:18,800 --> 04:23:21,600
condition. 
You do not write about the 

4940
04:23:21,600 --> 04:23:24,600
loneliness, because that would 
be admitting weakness even to 

4941
04:23:24,600 --> 04:23:27,600
yourself. 
The log is an official record. 

4942
04:23:27,600 --> 04:23:31,300
It needs to show competence and 
control but sometimes late at 

4943
04:23:31,300 --> 04:23:33,500
night, you had small notes in 
the margins. 

4944
04:23:33,500 --> 04:23:35,900
One word entry is that 
acknowledge reality. 

4945
04:23:35,900 --> 04:23:41,500
Tired, uncertain alone. 
These margin notes are the only 

4946
04:23:41,500 --> 04:23:43,100
honest writing in the entire 
log. 

4947
04:23:43,100 --> 04:23:46,100
They are your only admission 
that being a pirate Captain is 

4948
04:23:46,100 --> 04:23:48,300
harder than you ever imagined 
and not in the ways. 

4949
04:23:48,300 --> 04:23:51,900
You expected, you blow out the 
candle and lie in the hammock, 

4950
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:56,600
the ship rocks gently. 
You can hear men talking on Deck

4951
04:23:56,600 --> 04:24:00,300
above you, their voices are 
distant, and muffled, they might

4952
04:24:00,308 --> 04:24:04,200
be talking about navigation, or 
dice games or who stole who's 

4953
04:24:04,200 --> 04:24:06,600
tobacco. 
They are probably not talking 

4954
04:24:06,600 --> 04:24:10,800
about you but you will never 
know for sure, this is your life

4955
04:24:10,800 --> 04:24:15,100
Now command and isolation 
Authority and loneliness. 

4956
04:24:15,100 --> 04:24:20,600
Power without connection, your 
responsible for 36 men and you 

4957
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:24,100
have never felt more alone. 
You've been a pirate Captain for

4958
04:24:24,100 --> 04:24:28,300
three months in stories. 
Three months of piracy would 

4959
04:24:28,300 --> 04:24:31,700
involve, dramatic sword, fights,
and treasure hunts, and 

4960
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:33,700
Adventures that make you rich 
and famous. 

4961
04:24:34,700 --> 04:24:38,000
Your three months of involved, 
Supply management democratic 

4962
04:24:38,000 --> 04:24:42,200
debate about rations navigation,
anxiety, and constant 

4963
04:24:42,200 --> 04:24:45,000
calculations about whether you 
have enough water to make it to 

4964
04:24:45,000 --> 04:24:47,900
the next port. 
The myth of piracy is 

4965
04:24:47,900 --> 04:24:50,200
compelling. 
Freedom from Authority. 

4966
04:24:50,200 --> 04:24:54,400
Wealth from daring raids 
Adventure on the high seas 

4967
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:58,700
Brotherhood among outcasts. 
The reality is that you spend 

4968
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:01,500
most of your time doing 
arithmetic and politics while 

4969
04:25:01,500 --> 04:25:04,200
trying to avoid disease and 
British Naval patrols. 

4970
04:25:04,200 --> 04:25:07,200
You think about this disconnect 
while sitting in a natural 

4971
04:25:07,200 --> 04:25:10,200
Tavern around your other 
Pirates, telling stories that 

4972
04:25:10,200 --> 04:25:12,400
make their career sound, 
exciting and romantic. 

4973
04:25:13,500 --> 04:25:17,700
You hear Tales of narrow escapes
and massive prizes and beautiful

4974
04:25:17,700 --> 04:25:20,900
women in every port. 
You know, most of these stories 

4975
04:25:20,900 --> 04:25:24,600
are exaggerated or completely 
fabricated, but nobody cares 

4976
04:25:24,600 --> 04:25:26,900
because the myth is more 
interesting than reality. 

4977
04:25:27,800 --> 04:25:29,800
Your own story is objectively 
terrible. 

4978
04:25:29,800 --> 04:25:33,200
As entertainment, you became 
Captain through a lucky vote. 

4979
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:36,900
You have taken, perhaps a dozen 
prizes of moderate value. 

4980
04:25:36,900 --> 04:25:40,000
You have avoided major 
disasters, through caution and 

4981
04:25:40,008 --> 04:25:42,900
luck rather than skill. 
You have spent more time. 

4982
04:25:42,900 --> 04:25:46,600
Worrying about food, supplies 
and sword fighting You have not 

4983
04:25:46,600 --> 04:25:49,000
personally, harmed. 
Anyone in your biggest 

4984
04:25:49,000 --> 04:25:51,700
accomplishment is keeping your 
crew functioning for three 

4985
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:53,600
months without serious 
incidents. 

4986
04:25:54,500 --> 04:25:58,300
This would be a boring book. 
But it is your actual life. 

4987
04:25:59,100 --> 04:26:01,800
The myth says pirate. 
Captains are decisive leaders 

4988
04:26:01,800 --> 04:26:04,300
who Inspire loyalty through 
Charisma and courage. 

4989
04:26:05,100 --> 04:26:08,800
The reality is that you inspire 
loyalty by splitting prize 

4990
04:26:08,800 --> 04:26:11,700
money, fairly and not getting 
people into trouble through 

4991
04:26:11,700 --> 04:26:15,400
incompetent navigation. 
Your crew follows you because 

4992
04:26:15,400 --> 04:26:19,000
you are moderately competent and
they have not thought of anyone 

4993
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:23,100
better to replace you yet. 
The myth says, pirate ships are 

4994
04:26:23,100 --> 04:26:26,600
tight-knit, brotherhoods bound 
by shared danger and mutual 

4995
04:26:26,600 --> 04:26:29,600
respect. 
The reality is that your crew is

4996
04:26:29,600 --> 04:26:32,900
a collection of stubborn men who
argue constantly and would 

4997
04:26:32,900 --> 04:26:35,900
probably fight constantly. 
If the code did not forbid it 

4998
04:26:36,700 --> 04:26:39,600
They cooperate because 
cooperation increases survival 

4999
04:26:39,600 --> 04:26:42,900
and profit not because they 
particularly like each other. 

5000
04:26:42,900 --> 04:26:46,800
The myth says, pirate life is 
freedom from the restrictions of

5001
04:26:46,800 --> 04:26:50,300
normal society. 
The reality is that pirates 

5002
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:54,000
Society has just as many rules 
as regular Society, just 

5003
04:26:54,000 --> 04:26:57,000
different rules. 
You have codes and voting 

5004
04:26:57,000 --> 04:26:59,900
procedures, and Democratic 
processes, and compensation 

5005
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:03,000
scheduled for various injuries, 
you have replaced. 

5006
04:27:03,000 --> 04:27:05,300
One set of restrictions with 
another set. 

5007
04:27:05,300 --> 04:27:07,200
That is arguably more 
complicated. 

5008
04:27:08,100 --> 04:27:10,300
The myth says Pirates are 
wealthy from their plunder. 

5009
04:27:10,300 --> 04:27:13,200
The reality is that most pirates
end up broke. 

5010
04:27:13,200 --> 04:27:16,700
The money comes in a regular 
amounts and gets spent quickly 

5011
04:27:16,700 --> 04:27:20,400
on supplies and repairs and 
bribes to Colonial officials who

5012
04:27:20,400 --> 04:27:23,600
might otherwise arrest. 
You after three months you've 

5013
04:27:23,600 --> 04:27:26,100
taken prizes worth may be 3,000 
pounds. 

5014
04:27:26,100 --> 04:27:29,500
Total. 
After dividing that among 36 

5015
04:27:29,500 --> 04:27:32,600
crew members and deducting, 
compensation for wounded. 

5016
04:27:32,600 --> 04:27:36,500
Men and accounting for supplies 
purchased, you personally have 

5017
04:27:36,500 --> 04:27:40,800
about 200 pounds, this is decent
money, but not the fortune you 

5018
04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:44,600
imagined, when you joined The 
myth says Pirates, choose this 

5019
04:27:44,608 --> 04:27:47,800
life for adventure. 
The reality is that most men 

5020
04:27:47,800 --> 04:27:50,600
become Pirates because their 
alternative options are worse. 

5021
04:27:51,300 --> 04:27:54,400
British Naval service with 
brutal discipline, and no pay 

5022
04:27:54,400 --> 04:27:58,100
Merchants sailing with slightly 
less brutal, discipline and 

5023
04:27:58,108 --> 04:28:01,200
barely any pay. 
Poverty on land with no 

5024
04:28:01,200 --> 04:28:04,700
prospects. 
Piracy offers the possibility of

5025
04:28:04,700 --> 04:28:07,300
actual money and slightly more 
personal freedom. 

5026
04:28:08,000 --> 04:28:11,400
But it is still a choice made 
from limited options rather than

5027
04:28:11,400 --> 04:28:15,100
pure desire for adventure. 
You look around the tavern and 

5028
04:28:15,100 --> 04:28:17,800
recognize the same calculation 
in other men's eyes. 

5029
04:28:17,800 --> 04:28:20,500
Nobody, here is living a 
romantic adventure. 

5030
04:28:20,500 --> 04:28:24,500
Everyone is just trying to 
survive and maybe get rich 

5031
04:28:24,500 --> 04:28:27,400
enough to stop doing this. 
Extremely dangerous job. 

5032
04:28:28,200 --> 04:28:30,000
A young sailor, approaches your 
table. 

5033
04:28:30,000 --> 04:28:34,600
He recognizes you as a captain 
and asks, if you're hiring You 

5034
04:28:34,600 --> 04:28:37,400
look at his eager face and 
realize he believes the myth 

5035
04:28:37,400 --> 04:28:40,300
completely. 
You think's joining a pirate 

5036
04:28:40,300 --> 04:28:42,900
crew will be exciting and 
profitable and glorious. 

5037
04:28:42,900 --> 04:28:46,800
He has no idea that mostly 
involves being hungry and scared

5038
04:28:46,800 --> 04:28:49,900
and bored in rotating intervals.
You tell him the truth. 

5039
04:28:49,900 --> 04:28:54,600
Piracy is hard work and constant
worry and you will probably end 

5040
04:28:54,600 --> 04:28:57,400
up poor and exhausted. 
The pay is a regular. 

5041
04:28:57,400 --> 04:29:01,500
The food is terrible, the 
leadership is democratic, which 

5042
04:29:01,500 --> 04:29:04,300
means endless arguments about 
everything. 

5043
04:29:05,300 --> 04:29:08,700
Most of your time is spent on 
tedious ship maintenance rather 

5044
04:29:08,700 --> 04:29:11,900
than dramatic battles. 
The young sailor looks 

5045
04:29:11,908 --> 04:29:14,700
disappointed. 
He thanks you and walks away to 

5046
04:29:14,700 --> 04:29:16,500
find a captain. 
Who will tell him what he wants 

5047
04:29:16,500 --> 04:29:18,900
to hear. 
Someone else will recruit him 

5048
04:29:18,900 --> 04:29:20,700
with Promises of Adventure and 
wealth. 

5049
04:29:21,400 --> 04:29:24,000
He will join a crew and learn 
the reality, the hard way. 

5050
04:29:25,100 --> 04:29:28,900
This is how the cycle continues 
Williams sits down with his 

5051
04:29:28,900 --> 04:29:32,600
drink and asks why you told the 
kid, the truth you say because 

5052
04:29:32,600 --> 04:29:36,300
someone should William says the 
truth does not help anyone. 

5053
04:29:36,300 --> 04:29:40,700
The kid needs the myth to have 
courage to leave port reality 

5054
04:29:40,700 --> 04:29:44,000
will teach him soon. 
Enough taking away his dreams 

5055
04:29:44,000 --> 04:29:46,700
before he even starts his just 
cruelty. 

5056
04:29:46,700 --> 04:29:49,700
You suppose. 
William is right, the myth 

5057
04:29:49,700 --> 04:29:53,600
serves a purpose. 
It recruits new Pirates, it 

5058
04:29:53,600 --> 04:29:55,700
maintains morale during 
difficult times. 

5059
04:29:55,700 --> 04:29:59,000
It gives meaning to a hard and 
often short life. 

5060
04:29:59,800 --> 04:30:02,500
The myth is necessary even if it
is not true. 

5061
04:30:03,400 --> 04:30:06,300
But you cannot make yourself 
sell the myth to others when you

5062
04:30:06,300 --> 04:30:09,800
know, the reality. 
So clearly You cannot tell eager

5063
04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:12,500
young men that piracy is 
glorious when you spend most of 

5064
04:30:12,500 --> 04:30:15,500
your time doing Supply 
calculations and trying, not to 

5065
04:30:15,508 --> 04:30:19,000
run aground on reefs. 
You cannot promise Adventure. 

5066
04:30:19,000 --> 04:30:22,000
When your biggest concern is 
whether the water costs will 

5067
04:30:22,000 --> 04:30:26,100
last until the next port. 
The gap between myth and reality

5068
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:28,400
creates a strange, double 
consciousness. 

5069
04:30:29,500 --> 04:30:32,500
You live in the reality while 
everyone around you discusses 

5070
04:30:32,500 --> 04:30:36,700
the myth. you know what piracy 
actually involves, but you have 

5071
04:30:36,700 --> 04:30:40,600
to maintain the performance that
matches, what people expect You 

5072
04:30:40,600 --> 04:30:43,300
are simultaneously. 
The real person struggling with 

5073
04:30:43,300 --> 04:30:47,100
Logistics and the mythical 
figure making bold decisions and

5074
04:30:47,100 --> 04:30:50,500
living dramatically. 
This performance exhaust. 

5075
04:30:50,500 --> 04:30:54,300
You as much as the actual work 
you are constantly translating 

5076
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:58,700
reality into mythical terms for 
crew consumption that careful, 

5077
04:30:58,700 --> 04:31:02,900
navigation, through unclear 
Waters, become a dramatic Chase 

5078
04:31:02,900 --> 04:31:07,000
through dangerous, reefs, in the
retailing. that democratic 

5079
04:31:07,000 --> 04:31:10,400
debate about rationals becomes, 
you making a stirring speech, 

5080
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:14,500
about shared sacrifice that 
time, you got lost becomes a 

5081
04:31:14,500 --> 04:31:19,400
clever tactical maneuver to 
avoid Naval Patrols You reshape 

5082
04:31:19,400 --> 04:31:22,000
your reality to fit the myth, 
because the myth is what 

5083
04:31:22,000 --> 04:31:25,800
maintains crew morale and 
attracts new recruits and keeps 

5084
04:31:25,800 --> 04:31:28,500
Colonial Governors from hunting 
you, too aggressively. 

5085
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:33,200
The myth is propaganda, and you 
are both its creator and its 

5086
04:31:33,200 --> 04:31:36,700
prisoner three months ago. 
You thought becoming a pirate 

5087
04:31:36,700 --> 04:31:38,400
Captain would solve your 
problems. 

5088
04:31:39,100 --> 04:31:41,800
You were Poor and Powerless as a
merchant sailor. 

5089
04:31:41,800 --> 04:31:46,300
You thought captaincy would give
you wealth and authority and 

5090
04:31:46,300 --> 04:31:49,600
respect. 
Instead, it gave you different 

5091
04:31:49,600 --> 04:31:53,600
problems that are harder to 
solve and constant anxiety, 

5092
04:31:53,600 --> 04:31:56,000
about failing at everything 
simultaneously. 

5093
04:31:57,300 --> 04:32:00,700
You're not poor anymore, but 
you're not rich either you have 

5094
04:32:00,700 --> 04:32:04,800
authority, but it is contingent 
and Democratic and can be 

5095
04:32:04,800 --> 04:32:09,200
revoked at any time. 
You have respect but it is based

5096
04:32:09,200 --> 04:32:13,900
on performance and perception 
rather than genuine regard you 

5097
04:32:13,900 --> 04:32:16,600
traded one set of limitations 
for another set. 

5098
04:32:16,600 --> 04:32:20,500
That is arguably worse because 
now the limitations come with 

5099
04:32:20,500 --> 04:32:23,800
responsibility. 
If you could go back three 

5100
04:32:23,800 --> 04:32:26,600
months, and warn your younger 
self about what Captain she 

5101
04:32:26,600 --> 04:32:28,600
actually involves, what would 
you say? 

5102
04:32:28,600 --> 04:32:31,300
Would you tell yourself not to 
accept the position? 

5103
04:32:31,300 --> 04:32:34,500
Would you explain all the 
difficulties and anxieties and 

5104
04:32:34,500 --> 04:32:36,800
isolation? 
Would that change anything? 

5105
04:32:37,800 --> 04:32:41,100
Probably not. 
Your younger self was desperate 

5106
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:43,800
enough to try anything that 
seemed better than Merchant 

5107
04:32:43,800 --> 04:32:46,300
sailing. 
The myth was compelling enough 

5108
04:32:46,300 --> 04:32:48,500
to overcome, any warnings about 
reality. 

5109
04:32:49,400 --> 04:32:52,000
You would have become Captain 
anyway because the alternative 

5110
04:32:52,000 --> 04:32:53,700
was staying in a position you 
hated. 

5111
04:32:54,600 --> 04:32:57,000
This is perhaps the real 
function of myths. 

5112
04:32:57,000 --> 04:32:59,600
They get people to do difficult 
things. 

5113
04:32:59,600 --> 04:33:02,700
That they would not do if they 
knew the full truth in advance. 

5114
04:33:03,500 --> 04:33:07,500
The myth of piracy gets meant to
take enormous risks for small 

5115
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:10,599
Rewards. 
The myth of captaincy gets 

5116
04:33:10,599 --> 04:33:13,500
people to accept crushing 
responsibility for minimal 

5117
04:33:13,500 --> 04:33:16,700
Authority. 
The myths are necessary, lies 

5118
04:33:16,700 --> 04:33:18,500
that enable the reality to 
function. 

5119
04:33:19,400 --> 04:33:22,099
You finish your drink and 
prepare to return to your ship. 

5120
04:33:22,900 --> 04:33:26,700
Tomorrow you sail, again more 
navigation, more Supply, 

5121
04:33:26,700 --> 04:33:31,300
calculations more democratic 
debate about minor issues, more 

5122
04:33:31,300 --> 04:33:33,900
trying to keep stubborn men, 
organized enough to capture 

5123
04:33:33,900 --> 04:33:37,900
prizes without serious problems.
More performing the role of 

5124
04:33:37,900 --> 04:33:39,900
mythical. 
Pirate Captain, while living the

5125
04:33:39,900 --> 04:33:43,700
reality of anxious bureaucrat? 
This is your life now. 

5126
04:33:43,700 --> 04:33:47,800
Not the adventure, you imagine. 
But the grinding daily struggle,

5127
04:33:47,800 --> 04:33:51,700
you actually experience not 
treasuring Glory, but survival 

5128
04:33:51,700 --> 04:33:55,700
and Supply management. 
Not freedom, but different 

5129
04:33:55,700 --> 04:33:57,500
constraints that come with 
higher Stakes. 

5130
04:33:58,300 --> 04:34:00,700
You walk through Nassau Streets 
back toward the harbor. 

5131
04:34:00,700 --> 04:34:03,200
The Sun is setting over the 
water. 

5132
04:34:03,200 --> 04:34:07,700
Your ships sits at anchor with 
36 men aboard waiting for their 

5133
04:34:07,700 --> 04:34:11,200
Captain to return and lead them 
somewhere that might have prizes

5134
04:34:11,200 --> 04:34:14,800
and hopefully does not have 
Naval patrols your responsible 

5135
04:34:14,800 --> 04:34:17,200
for all of them. 
You're isolated from all of 

5136
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:20,300
them, your simultaneously in 
command and Powerless, 

5137
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:24,200
authoritative and anxious, 
mythical and mundane. 

5138
04:34:24,200 --> 04:34:27,300
This is what it actually means 
to be a pirate Captain. 

5139
04:34:27,300 --> 04:34:31,599
Not the story people tell, but 
the life people live, not the 

5140
04:34:31,599 --> 04:34:35,599
legend, but the reality behind 
the legend, not the adventure 

5141
04:34:35,599 --> 04:34:39,099
but the work of making Adventure
look easy from the outside while

5142
04:34:39,099 --> 04:34:40,900
struggling constantly on the 
inside. 

5143
04:34:42,099 --> 04:34:44,599
Climb into the Longboat that 
will take you back to your ship.

5144
04:34:45,300 --> 04:34:49,099
The crew Rose through the harbor
as the sun disappears behind the

5145
04:34:49,099 --> 04:34:52,599
horizon. 
Another day of survived, another

5146
04:34:52,599 --> 04:34:55,300
night of sleep before tomorrow's
struggles begin again. 

5147
04:34:55,300 --> 04:34:58,300
At tomorrow, you will perform 
the myth while living the 

5148
04:34:58,300 --> 04:35:01,099
reality, you will project 
confidence. 

5149
04:35:01,099 --> 04:35:04,599
While feeling uncertainly, You 
will make decisions that might 

5150
04:35:04,599 --> 04:35:06,900
be wrong and live with 
consequences. 

5151
04:35:06,900 --> 04:35:10,200
You cannot fully control. 
You will keep doing this for as 

5152
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:13,599
long as you survive the 
mathematics and exhaustion and 

5153
04:35:13,599 --> 04:35:17,900
isolation and Democratic chaos 
that Define actual pirate 

5154
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:21,500
captaincy. 
Stories will never capture this.

5155
04:35:21,500 --> 04:35:23,700
The myths will never acknowledge
it. 

5156
04:35:24,500 --> 04:35:27,400
But this is the truth that every
pirate Captain learns 

5157
04:35:27,400 --> 04:35:30,400
eventually. 
It sucked to be you because 

5158
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:34,400
leadership is hard and piracy is
harder and combining them 

5159
04:35:34,400 --> 04:35:36,400
creates a job that tests every 
limit. 

5160
04:35:36,400 --> 04:35:40,000
You have while offering no 
guarantee of success or respect 

5161
04:35:40,000 --> 04:35:44,300
from the people, you're trying 
to lead So if you find yourself 

5162
04:35:44,300 --> 04:35:48,599
drifting off, now my tired, 
britto's maybe think about this.

5163
04:35:49,900 --> 04:35:52,800
The next time someone makes 
piracy sound romantic or 

5164
04:35:52,800 --> 04:35:55,400
exciting or full of Adventure 
and freedom. 

5165
04:35:55,400 --> 04:35:59,900
Remember that real pirate 
Captain spent most of their time

5166
04:35:59,900 --> 04:36:03,000
doing a logistics and politics 
while trying to avoid the 

5167
04:36:03,000 --> 04:36:05,700
numerous problems that could 
ruin them on any given Tuesday. 

5168
04:36:06,700 --> 04:36:10,800
Remember that the myth exists to
hide the reality and the reality

5169
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:14,200
involves much more mathematics 
and much less sword fighting 

5170
04:36:14,200 --> 04:36:18,800
than anyone wants to admit. 
The Golden Age of piracy ended 

5171
04:36:18,800 --> 04:36:21,900
not because the British Navy 
won, but because being a pirate 

5172
04:36:21,900 --> 04:36:26,700
Captain was so difficult and 
exhausting and unrewarding that 

5173
04:36:26,700 --> 04:36:29,700
eventually not enough, people 
wanted to do it anymore, that 

5174
04:36:29,700 --> 04:36:32,200
might be the most honest Epitaph
for the entire era. 

5175
04:36:33,000 --> 04:36:35,000
Sleep. 
Well, at least you're not trying

5176
04:36:35,000 --> 04:36:37,800
to navigate through Caribbean 
reefs with a broken Compass 

5177
04:36:37,800 --> 04:36:41,200
while managing a democracy of 
stubborn Pirates who might vote 

5178
04:36:41,200 --> 04:36:52,000
you out tomorrow. 
The year 1791 arrives with a 

5179
04:36:52,000 --> 04:36:54,800
peculiar silence in the mountain
Hollows of Western Pennsylvania.

5180
04:36:56,200 --> 04:36:59,599
You stand outside a log cabin as
Autumn light filters through oak

5181
04:36:59,599 --> 04:37:02,599
trees that have watched these 
Hills since before, anyone Drew 

5182
04:37:02,599 --> 04:37:05,700
borders across them. 
The air carries would smoke in 

5183
04:37:05,700 --> 04:37:07,300
the Earthly bite of fermenting 
grain. 

5184
04:37:08,200 --> 04:37:10,200
Somewhere down the valley, a 
copper still drips. 

5185
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:12,500
Its slow Rhythm. 
This sound matters. 

5186
04:37:12,500 --> 04:37:15,800
More than you might think. 
In these mountains, whiskey is 

5187
04:37:15,800 --> 04:37:19,599
not simply a drink. 
It is currently medicine and the

5188
04:37:19,599 --> 04:37:22,400
only practical way to move grain
across brutal distance to 

5189
04:37:22,400 --> 04:37:25,700
Eastern markets. 
Hack horse can carry four 

5190
04:37:25,700 --> 04:37:29,000
bushels of grain or 24 bushels 
worth of whiskey in the same 

5191
04:37:29,000 --> 04:37:31,599
space. 
The mathematics of survival 

5192
04:37:31,599 --> 04:37:33,300
writes itself in Copper and 
corn. 

5193
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:37,700
To bring arrives late in 1791, 
along the Monongahela River. 

5194
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:41,700
You watch Icebreaker part in 
brown water while men gather 

5195
04:37:41,700 --> 04:37:45,400
outside a rough-in Trading Post.
They speak in low voices about 

5196
04:37:45,400 --> 04:37:47,900
news from Philadelphia. 
The federal government has 

5197
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:51,500
passed an excise tax on 
distilled Spirits 7, cents per 

5198
04:37:51,508 --> 04:37:54,800
gallon for large distilleries. 
Nine cents for small ones. 

5199
04:37:54,800 --> 04:37:58,000
The number sound modest until 
you calculate what they mean for

5200
04:37:58,000 --> 04:38:01,000
a farmer with a 20 gal still 
tucked by his barn. 

5201
04:38:01,000 --> 04:38:04,599
Alexander Hamilton sits in an 
office 100s of miles, east 

5202
04:38:04,599 --> 04:38:07,400
working through Columns, of 
figures by candlelight. 

5203
04:38:08,099 --> 04:38:10,800
The Secretary of the Treasury 
faces, a problem that keeps him 

5204
04:38:10,800 --> 04:38:13,700
awake past midnight. 
The new federal government owes 

5205
04:38:13,700 --> 04:38:16,200
staggering debts from the 
Revolutionary War state. 

5206
04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:19,300
So more, the whole structure 
threatens to collapse under the 

5207
04:38:19,300 --> 04:38:22,800
weight of unpaid obligations, 
Hamilton's solution, involves 

5208
04:38:22,800 --> 04:38:26,000
assuming State debts, creating a
national bank and finding 

5209
04:38:26,000 --> 04:38:29,500
reliable revenue streams. 
An excess tax on Whiskey. 

5210
04:38:29,500 --> 04:38:33,099
Seems logical Europeans have 
used such taxes for centuries, 

5211
04:38:33,099 --> 04:38:36,599
the wealthy drink imported 
spirits and can afford the 

5212
04:38:36,599 --> 04:38:39,200
burden. 
Small farmers can simply sell 

5213
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:41,400
their grain. 
Instead of distilling it except 

5214
04:38:41,400 --> 04:38:44,800
Hamilton has never stood in a 
Mountain Hollow 300 miles from 

5215
04:38:44,800 --> 04:38:48,000
the nearest decent Road. 
He has never tried to move a 

5216
04:38:48,000 --> 04:38:51,099
harvest across the alleghenies. 
When a single Wagon Wheel can 

5217
04:38:51,099 --> 04:38:54,800
sink to its axle in Spring mud, 
he is not calculated the cost of

5218
04:38:54,800 --> 04:38:56,700
spoilage. 
When grains, its waiting for 

5219
04:38:56,700 --> 04:38:58,800
possible routes, that might not 
come for months. 

5220
04:38:58,800 --> 04:39:02,200
These details exist beyond the 
neat columns in his Ledger 

5221
04:39:02,200 --> 04:39:04,500
books. 
You walk through Pittsburgh in 

5222
04:39:04,500 --> 04:39:09,500
late, summer of 1791, the town 
holds perhaps 1500 Souls 

5223
04:39:09,500 --> 04:39:12,400
clustered where the Allegheny 
and Monongahela, rivers meet to 

5224
04:39:12,400 --> 04:39:15,400
form the Ohio. 
Wooden buildings lean against 

5225
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:19,099
each other along muddy streets, 
a printed notice flutters on a 

5226
04:39:19,108 --> 04:39:22,800
post outside the court house. 
The notice explains the new tax 

5227
04:39:22,800 --> 04:39:24,800
structure. 
It describes how Revenue 

5228
04:39:24,800 --> 04:39:27,300
officers will register Stills, 
and collect duties. 

5229
04:39:27,300 --> 04:39:31,000
It uses language crafted for 
merchants and lawyers in coastal

5230
04:39:31,000 --> 04:39:33,599
cities. 
If farmer named Herman, her 

5231
04:39:33,599 --> 04:39:37,400
husband reads, the notice slowly
lips, moving slightly, he served

5232
04:39:37,400 --> 04:39:39,600
in the North Carolina, 
regulation movement decades, 

5233
04:39:39,600 --> 04:39:42,400
earlier fighting against 
corrupt, officials and distant 

5234
04:39:42,400 --> 04:39:44,400
governments that ignored 
Frontier needs. 

5235
04:39:44,400 --> 04:39:47,700
He knows what happens when 
Eastern Powers imposed rules 

5236
04:39:47,700 --> 04:39:49,800
without understanding Western 
Realtors. 

5237
04:39:49,800 --> 04:39:53,700
The pattern feels familiar and 
unwelcome husband, will spend 

5238
04:39:53,700 --> 04:39:56,100
the next three years writing 
pamphlets and attending 

5239
04:39:56,100 --> 04:39:58,700
meetings. 
He will become an old man trying

5240
04:39:58,700 --> 04:40:00,600
to prevent younger men from 
choosing violence. 

5241
04:40:00,600 --> 04:40:04,000
He will mostly fail. 
The first Revenue officer 

5242
04:40:04,000 --> 04:40:07,200
arrives in Washington County in 
September, Robert Johnson, 

5243
04:40:07,200 --> 04:40:09,400
accepts his commission with 
serious purpose. 

5244
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:12,500
The government promises him a 
percentage of collected 

5245
04:40:12,500 --> 04:40:15,200
revenues. 
He brings printed forms and a 

5246
04:40:15,200 --> 04:40:18,100
leather-bound record book. 
He also brings assumptions about

5247
04:40:18,100 --> 04:40:20,400
Law and Order that do not quite 
fit the landscape. 

5248
04:40:21,100 --> 04:40:23,900
Johnson visits Farmstead 
scattered across valleys and 

5249
04:40:23,900 --> 04:40:26,500
Hillside, he explains the 
registration process. 

5250
04:40:26,500 --> 04:40:29,800
He emphasizes that compliances 
mandatory under federal law, 

5251
04:40:29,800 --> 04:40:33,300
most Farmers listened politely, 
some register their Stills 

5252
04:40:33,300 --> 04:40:37,200
others nod and say nothing. 
A few ask pointed questions 

5253
04:40:37,200 --> 04:40:40,600
about representation and 
Taxation Johnson notes. 

5254
04:40:40,600 --> 04:40:43,600
Their names carefully, he writes
reports to describing the 

5255
04:40:43,600 --> 04:40:46,200
territory as potentially 
difficult, but manageable with 

5256
04:40:46,200 --> 04:40:50,100
proper enforcement his optimism 
reflects inexperience rather 

5257
04:40:50,100 --> 04:40:53,300
than accurate assessment. 
You sit in a cabin during the 

5258
04:40:53,300 --> 04:40:57,100
first October Frost the family 
owns a 30 gallon Copper Still 

5259
04:40:57,100 --> 04:41:00,400
purchased from a tinkerer three 
years earlier the still paid for

5260
04:41:00,400 --> 04:41:04,000
itself within two seasons Korn 
grown in rocky soil brings 

5261
04:41:04,000 --> 04:41:06,100
almost nothing at Market in its 
raw 4. 

5262
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:09,800
A bushel might fetch 25 cents. 
If you can find a buyer and 

5263
04:41:09,800 --> 04:41:13,000
transport it successfully, The 
same bushel, fermented and 

5264
04:41:13,000 --> 04:41:15,800
distilled become three gallons 
of whiskey worth at least a 

5265
04:41:15,800 --> 04:41:18,900
dollar 50. 
The whiskey travels easier keeps

5266
04:41:18,900 --> 04:41:19,500
in. 
Definitely. 

5267
04:41:20,400 --> 04:41:23,500
Local merchants accept it as 
payment for salt gun powder, 

5268
04:41:23,500 --> 04:41:26,900
Fabric and tools. 
The still represents not luxury 

5269
04:41:26,900 --> 04:41:30,400
but survival mathematics. 
Now the government demands 9 

5270
04:41:30,400 --> 04:41:33,700
cents per gallon on a typical 
Seasons production of 200 

5271
04:41:33,700 --> 04:41:36,100
gallons. 
The tax totals 18 dollars. 

5272
04:41:36,100 --> 04:41:41,000
This sum equals three months of 
hard labor for a Hired Hand It 

5273
04:41:41,000 --> 04:41:43,500
exceeds what most Frontier 
families, see in cash money 

5274
04:41:43,500 --> 04:41:47,600
during an entire year worse. 
The tax must be paid in coin. 

5275
04:41:47,600 --> 04:41:51,800
Not barter finding 18, actual 
dollars in silver, or copper 

5276
04:41:51,800 --> 04:41:54,000
requires selling something 
substantial. 

5277
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:59,100
Maybe a pig, maybe stored grain,
terrible prices, maybe the still

5278
04:41:59,100 --> 04:42:01,000
itself. 
Winter. 

5279
04:42:01,000 --> 04:42:03,200
Settles into the mountains with 
particular weight. 

5280
04:42:03,200 --> 04:42:06,700
You hear stories from 
neighboring counters, a revenue 

5281
04:42:06,700 --> 04:42:09,500
officer named Robert Wilson. 
Arrives at a farm near Pigeon 

5282
04:42:09,500 --> 04:42:12,800
Creek, he carries his record 
book and an attitude of official

5283
04:42:12,800 --> 04:42:15,600
Authority. 
The farmer asks Wilson, how he 

5284
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:18,700
expects payment in cash when 
cash barely exists in these 

5285
04:42:18,700 --> 04:42:21,200
parts. 
Wilson suggests, the farmer 

5286
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:24,000
register is still now and work 
out payment arrangements later, 

5287
04:42:24,000 --> 04:42:28,600
the farmer agrees reluctantly. 
Three days later many hunting 

5288
04:42:28,600 --> 04:42:31,800
shirts arrive at Wilson's. 
Rented room, they drank him to a

5289
04:42:31,800 --> 04:42:34,300
blacksmith's. 
Ford, they strip him shave his 

5290
04:42:34,300 --> 04:42:36,600
head and coat him with hot 
tarped. 

5291
04:42:36,600 --> 04:42:39,400
Ready for waterproofing boats. 
They had feathers from 

5292
04:42:39,400 --> 04:42:42,600
slaughtered chickens Wilson, 
staggers back to Pittsburgh in 

5293
04:42:42,600 --> 04:42:45,300
agony. 
The tar burns, his skin deeply. 

5294
04:42:45,300 --> 04:42:47,800
He Will Carry scars for the rest
of his life. 

5295
04:42:48,500 --> 04:42:51,100
No one is arrested. 
No Witnesses, step forward. 

5296
04:42:51,900 --> 04:42:54,700
Philadelphia receives Wilson's, 
written testimony in January of 

5297
04:42:54,708 --> 04:42:58,400
1792, President George 
Washington reads the account 

5298
04:42:58,400 --> 04:43:01,600
with mounting concern. 
He discusses the matter with his

5299
04:43:01,600 --> 04:43:05,700
cabinet Hamilton argues, for 
firm enforcement, Secretary of 

5300
04:43:05,708 --> 04:43:08,500
State Thomas, Jefferson suggests
patients and negotiation. 

5301
04:43:09,300 --> 04:43:11,700
Attorney general, Edmund 
Randolph, proposes, sending 

5302
04:43:11,700 --> 04:43:14,600
Commissioners to investigate 
conditions, and seek compromise,

5303
04:43:14,600 --> 04:43:18,300
Washington decides on a 
proclamation, he issues a 

5304
04:43:18,300 --> 04:43:22,000
statement in September 1792 
warning against interference 

5305
04:43:22,000 --> 04:43:25,200
with Federal officers. 
A proclamation uses Stern 

5306
04:43:25,200 --> 04:43:28,700
language about the rule of law, 
it promises prosecution for 

5307
04:43:28,700 --> 04:43:31,700
those who resist legitimate 
Authority, it changes 

5308
04:43:31,700 --> 04:43:33,300
essentially nothing on the 
ground. 

5309
04:43:34,100 --> 04:43:36,000
Your tender meeting in a barn 
outside Washington, 

5310
04:43:36,000 --> 04:43:40,500
Pennsylvania. 
In March 1793 about 40 men, 

5311
04:43:40,500 --> 04:43:44,500
Gather in dim light, they sit on
rough benches and upturned 

5312
04:43:44,500 --> 04:43:47,200
barrels. 
Herman husband speaks first 

5313
04:43:47,200 --> 04:43:50,000
advocating for petitions and 
peaceful resistance. 

5314
04:43:50,000 --> 04:43:53,000
He believes the tax can be 
repealed through proper 

5315
04:43:53,000 --> 04:43:55,500
political channels. 
If enough citizens, make their 

5316
04:43:55,500 --> 04:43:59,700
voices heard The younger man 
named, David Bradford stands to 

5317
04:43:59,700 --> 04:44:03,400
respond Bradford practices, law 
and owned slaves. 

5318
04:44:03,400 --> 04:44:06,500
He speaks with authority born 
from education and social 

5319
04:44:06,500 --> 04:44:09,200
position. 
He argues that petitions achieve

5320
04:44:09,200 --> 04:44:11,700
nothing when Eastern 
politicians, ignore Western 

5321
04:44:11,700 --> 04:44:14,500
interests. 
He suggests more direct methods.

5322
04:44:14,500 --> 04:44:17,700
The men vote on resolutions. 
They agree to encourage 

5323
04:44:17,700 --> 04:44:19,600
non-cooperation with Revenue 
officers. 

5324
04:44:19,600 --> 04:44:23,700
They stop short of endorsing 
violence, but the room holds an 

5325
04:44:23,700 --> 04:44:25,300
edge that makes husband visibly 
nervous. 

5326
04:44:26,100 --> 04:44:28,300
Spring brings green to the 
Hillside and fresh 

5327
04:44:28,300 --> 04:44:32,200
confrontations to the valleys. 
Revenue officer, Benjamin, Wells

5328
04:44:32,200 --> 04:44:34,700
attempts to serve legal papers, 
on distillers who refuse 

5329
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:37,500
registration. 
A group of men stops him on a 

5330
04:44:37,500 --> 04:44:39,500
Forest Road. 
They take his papers and his 

5331
04:44:39,500 --> 04:44:41,900
horse, they tell him to walk 
back to Pittsburgh and not 

5332
04:44:41,900 --> 04:44:45,300
return. 
Wells reports, the incident, the

5333
04:44:45,300 --> 04:44:48,400
government issues warrants for 
arrest, the warrants cannot be 

5334
04:44:48,400 --> 04:44:50,900
executed, because local, 
sheriff, sympathize with the 

5335
04:44:50,900 --> 04:44:54,900
resistors Federal Authority 
exists on paper, but not in 

5336
04:44:54,900 --> 04:44:57,000
practice across large sections 
of Western Pennsylvania. 

5337
04:44:57,000 --> 04:45:00,600
Western Virginia, Western 
Maryland and Kentucky. 

5338
04:45:00,600 --> 04:45:04,500
You watch patterns emerge 
through that summer, Revenue 

5339
04:45:04,500 --> 04:45:08,300
officers who persist receive 
warnings warnings escalate to 

5340
04:45:08,300 --> 04:45:10,400
threats. 
Threats, sometimes become 

5341
04:45:10,400 --> 04:45:13,400
violence, the violence, follows 
a script developed During the 

5342
04:45:13,400 --> 04:45:17,400
Revolution tar and Feathering 
property, destruction, public 

5343
04:45:17,400 --> 04:45:21,100
humiliation, the methods intend 
to drive officials away without 

5344
04:45:21,100 --> 04:45:22,800
necessarily killing them, 
though. 

5345
04:45:22,800 --> 04:45:25,700
The line between brutal assault 
and murder grows thin, when Hot 

5346
04:45:25,700 --> 04:45:29,300
Tar meets human skin Eastern 
newspapers, print shocked 

5347
04:45:29,300 --> 04:45:32,500
accounts Western communities 
meet the accounts with grim 

5348
04:45:32,500 --> 04:45:35,300
satisfaction. 
The conflict hardened positions 

5349
04:45:35,300 --> 04:45:38,900
on both sides Hamilton, reads 
reports and Seasons. 

5350
04:45:38,900 --> 04:45:41,800
Erection Jefferson reads. 
The same reports and sees 

5351
04:45:41,800 --> 04:45:43,600
legitimate grievances poorly 
addressed. 

5352
04:45:44,500 --> 04:45:47,300
Washington reads, everything and
sees his worst fear taking 

5353
04:45:47,300 --> 04:45:49,600
shape. 
The question is simple and 

5354
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:51,500
terrible. 
Can the federal government 

5355
04:45:51,500 --> 04:45:55,700
actually govern if citizens in 
one region can nullify federal 

5356
04:45:55,700 --> 04:45:57,100
law through organized 
resistance? 

5357
04:45:57,100 --> 04:45:59,500
What prevents the same 
elsewhere? 

5358
04:45:59,500 --> 04:46:02,900
What prevents the whole 
experiment from fracturing into 

5359
04:46:02,900 --> 04:46:05,800
competing factions. 
The Revolutionary War was fought

5360
04:46:05,800 --> 04:46:07,600
partly to escape distant 
Authority. 

5361
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:11,900
That ignored local realities now
that same tension reproduces 

5362
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:15,600
itself with the Republic, barely
ten years old A problem has no 

5363
04:46:15,600 --> 04:46:18,400
easy solution. 
Force might work or might 

5364
04:46:18,400 --> 04:46:22,100
trigger wider Rebellion. 
Negotiation might succeed or 

5365
04:46:22,100 --> 04:46:25,700
might signal fatal weakness. 
Washington knows that either 

5366
04:46:25,700 --> 04:46:27,900
Choice could destroy what the 
revolution built. 

5367
04:46:28,900 --> 04:46:33,500
Picture Western Pennsylvania as 
it exists in 1793, you stand on 

5368
04:46:33,500 --> 04:46:36,500
a ridge looking East toward 
Philadelphia, the distance 

5369
04:46:36,500 --> 04:46:40,800
measures roughly 300 miles that 
distance might as well be 3,000 

5370
04:46:40,800 --> 04:46:43,900
for all the connection. 
It represents a letter takes two

5371
04:46:43,900 --> 04:46:48,200
weeks in good weather longer 
when rain turns roads to suit a 

5372
04:46:48,200 --> 04:46:50,000
wagon carrying goods requires a 
month. 

5373
04:46:50,000 --> 04:46:53,100
If nothing breaks the 
Appalachian Mountains, stand 

5374
04:46:53,100 --> 04:46:56,500
between not as Scenic backdrop 
but as genuine barrier that 

5375
04:46:56,500 --> 04:46:58,500
shapes everything about life in 
the region. 

5376
04:46:58,500 --> 04:47:01,900
The land here rolled out grants 
to Revolutionary War veterans. 

5377
04:47:01,900 --> 04:47:05,700
And speculators who never saw 
what they purchased settlers 

5378
04:47:05,700 --> 04:47:07,400
arrived. 
Hoping for better lives than 

5379
04:47:07,400 --> 04:47:10,700
they left behind. 
They find dense forest rocky 

5380
04:47:10,700 --> 04:47:13,500
soil, and isolation, that weighs
on spirits. 

5381
04:47:14,200 --> 04:47:17,400
The nearest courthouse sits a 
full day's ride from many farms 

5382
04:47:17,400 --> 04:47:20,500
traveling, to Philadelphia 
means, abandoning crops, and 

5383
04:47:20,500 --> 04:47:23,200
livestock for weeks. 
Voting in elections. 

5384
04:47:23,200 --> 04:47:26,600
Requires similar sacrifice 
representation in Congress, 

5385
04:47:26,600 --> 04:47:29,100
comes through districts. 
So large that a single 

5386
04:47:29,100 --> 04:47:32,400
representative might cover 
30,000 square miles of rough 

5387
04:47:32,400 --> 04:47:35,400
terrain. 
Democracy sounds fine in theory,

5388
04:47:35,400 --> 04:47:38,400
but in practice, it means 
decisions, get made by men who 

5389
04:47:38,400 --> 04:47:39,800
have never walked these 
mountains. 

5390
04:47:40,900 --> 04:47:42,800
You help a neighbor repair, a 
Grist Mill in. 

5391
04:47:42,800 --> 04:47:47,000
April of 1793 the work, involves
hauling stones and fitting 

5392
04:47:47,000 --> 04:47:49,800
wooden gears. 
Between tasks the neighbor 

5393
04:47:49,800 --> 04:47:53,000
explains his situation here 
arrived five years early with 

5394
04:47:53,000 --> 04:47:55,500
his wife three children and high
hopes. 

5395
04:47:55,500 --> 04:47:57,900
He cleared 12 acres of forest by
hand. 

5396
04:47:57,900 --> 04:48:00,600
He built a cabin bar and 
Smokehouse. 

5397
04:48:00,600 --> 04:48:04,400
He planted corn kept pigs and 
established a small Orchard. 

5398
04:48:04,400 --> 04:48:07,100
He purchased a 20 gal still on 
credit. 

5399
04:48:07,100 --> 04:48:10,300
The still led him convert 
Surplus corn into tradable 

5400
04:48:10,300 --> 04:48:12,800
value. 
Last year he paid off the still 

5401
04:48:12,800 --> 04:48:16,700
this year, the tax appeared he 
now owes more to the federal 

5402
04:48:16,700 --> 04:48:19,000
government annually than he paid
for the still itself. 

5403
04:48:19,900 --> 04:48:22,400
He cannot see how the numbers 
work more important. 

5404
04:48:22,400 --> 04:48:26,000
He cannot see why distant 
politicians care more about tax 

5405
04:48:26,000 --> 04:48:30,500
revenue than Frontier survival. 
The economics cut deep, a bushel

5406
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:35,100
of corn, weighs 56 pounds. 
A pack horse, carries about 160 

5407
04:48:35,100 --> 04:48:37,000
pounds comfortably across 
Mountain trails. 

5408
04:48:37,000 --> 04:48:39,300
That means three bushels per 
horse. 

5409
04:48:39,300 --> 04:48:42,700
The corn might sell for 20 to 30
cents per bushel in eastern 

5410
04:48:42,700 --> 04:48:44,300
markets, if it arrives on 
spoiled. 

5411
04:48:44,300 --> 04:48:48,100
So one pack horse trip generates
perhaps 90 cents in Revenue 

5412
04:48:48,100 --> 04:48:51,400
before deducting Transportation 
costs that likely eat half that 

5413
04:48:51,400 --> 04:48:53,600
amount. 
Now, convert the same three 

5414
04:48:53,600 --> 04:48:56,100
bushels into whiskey, they yield
9. 

5415
04:48:56,100 --> 04:49:00,400
Gal whiskey sells for at least 
50 cents per gallon that same 

5416
04:49:00,400 --> 04:49:02,400
pack horse. 
Now carries value worth, four 

5417
04:49:02,400 --> 04:49:05,700
dollars fifty cents, the 
transportation cost remained 

5418
04:49:05,700 --> 04:49:08,300
similar, but the profit margin 
becomes survivable. 

5419
04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:11,700
Still transformed agriculture 
into viable combos. 

5420
04:49:11,700 --> 04:49:15,300
Attacks transforms viable 
Commerce into punishing burden, 

5421
04:49:15,300 --> 04:49:18,800
you ride through Washington 
County in June, stopping at 

5422
04:49:18,808 --> 04:49:20,900
farmsteads to visit distant 
acquaintances. 

5423
04:49:21,700 --> 04:49:25,100
The pattern repeats with minor 
variations, most family zone 

5424
04:49:25,100 --> 04:49:28,700
between 50 and 200 Acres, 
perhaps a quarter of that gets 

5425
04:49:28,700 --> 04:49:31,800
cleared for cultivation. 
The rest stays forest for 

5426
04:49:31,800 --> 04:49:34,100
hunting firewood and future 
expansion. 

5427
04:49:34,900 --> 04:49:39,400
Families, raise corn wheat rye 
and oats, they keep cattle, pigs

5428
04:49:39,400 --> 04:49:42,600
chickens, and sometimes sheep. 
They produce most of what they 

5429
04:49:42,600 --> 04:49:45,900
consume, what little Surplus 
emerges must travel across those

5430
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:49,200
mountains, to find markets 
willing to buy it Cash, Money 

5431
04:49:49,200 --> 04:49:52,700
remains peculiar and scarce. 
You might go months without 

5432
04:49:52,700 --> 04:49:56,800
seeing actual coins. 
Instead people trade a day of 

5433
04:49:56,808 --> 04:50:00,500
Labor, equals a bushel of corn, 
or two gallons of whiskey, a new

5434
04:50:00,500 --> 04:50:04,600
pair of boots cost, four days of
work or 8, gallons of whiskey, a

5435
04:50:04,600 --> 04:50:08,600
rifle might run to 30, gal 
complex transactions, involve, 

5436
04:50:08,600 --> 04:50:11,700
written notes, promising future,
delivery of goods, the whole 

5437
04:50:11,700 --> 04:50:15,400
economy operates on trust 
reputation and barter into this 

5438
04:50:15,400 --> 04:50:17,900
system drops, a federal tax 
demanding payment. 

5439
04:50:17,900 --> 04:50:19,800
In the very thing that barely 
exists. 

5440
04:50:19,800 --> 04:50:23,400
The government might as well 
demand payment in unicorn horns,

5441
04:50:24,400 --> 04:50:27,700
Pittsburgh offers the closest 
thing to urban life within 200 

5442
04:50:27,700 --> 04:50:29,800
Mi. 
You walk through the muddy 

5443
04:50:29,800 --> 04:50:32,700
streets on July. 
After noon, the town supports 

5444
04:50:32,700 --> 04:50:37,200
several taverns two churches, a 
court house, various shops and a

5445
04:50:37,200 --> 04:50:40,800
steady stream of river traffic, 
Flat boats arrived, carrying 

5446
04:50:40,800 --> 04:50:43,200
families, and possessions 
heading west into Ohio 

5447
04:50:43,200 --> 04:50:45,600
territory. 
Keel boats, Head East when the 

5448
04:50:45,608 --> 04:50:49,200
current allows loaded with Furs 
ginseng and whiskey. 

5449
04:50:49,200 --> 04:50:52,800
The Whisky trade flows through 
Pittsburgh like blood through a 

5450
04:50:52,800 --> 04:50:56,100
beating heart distillers, large 
and small, send their product 

5451
04:50:56,100 --> 04:51:00,300
here for further distribution 
Merchants buy it, resell it and 

5452
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:02,200
ship it down. 
River to Louisville or New 

5453
04:51:02,200 --> 04:51:04,400
Orleans, remove whiskey from the
economy. 

5454
04:51:04,400 --> 04:51:08,400
And the whole structure wobbles,
dangerously, large distillers in

5455
04:51:08,400 --> 04:51:10,900
Pittsburgh face different 
mathematics than small Frontier 

5456
04:51:10,900 --> 04:51:14,200
Farmers operations producing, 
hundreds of gallons. 

5457
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:17,500
Weekly can absorb the seven Cent
per gallon, tax by raising 

5458
04:51:17,500 --> 04:51:21,000
prices slightly, they have 
access to Capital Credit and 

5459
04:51:21,000 --> 04:51:22,600
established distribution 
networks. 

5460
04:51:22,600 --> 04:51:26,400
They view the taxes nuisance, 
rather than existential threat, 

5461
04:51:26,400 --> 04:51:29,200
this creates resentment among 
small producers. 

5462
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:31,800
Who see the taxes as favoring 
wealthy interests over common 

5463
04:51:31,800 --> 04:51:34,200
Farmers. 
The perception matters more than

5464
04:51:34,200 --> 04:51:37,600
whether the intention exists. 
People who fought a revolution 

5465
04:51:37,600 --> 04:51:40,600
against perceived favoritism 
toward the rich and connected. 

5466
04:51:40,600 --> 04:51:44,900
Now face policies that seem to 
repeat the same pattern Herman 

5467
04:51:44,900 --> 04:51:48,900
husband writes, another pamphlet
in August, his prose Rambles and

5468
04:51:48,900 --> 04:51:52,500
mixes biblical Prophecy with 
political economy in ways that 

5469
04:51:52,500 --> 04:51:54,200
modern readers would find 
strange. 

5470
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:58,400
But his message carries weight 
in these communities husband, 

5471
04:51:58,400 --> 04:52:00,400
argues that the whiskey tax 
represents. 

5472
04:52:00,400 --> 04:52:03,300
The first step toward tyranny. 
He suggests that. 

5473
04:52:03,300 --> 04:52:06,100
Once the government establishes,
the precedent of taxing, the 

5474
04:52:06,100 --> 04:52:09,300
poor to pay the rich, nothing 
prevents expansion of such 

5475
04:52:09,300 --> 04:52:12,100
policies. 
He predicts increasing taxes 

5476
04:52:12,100 --> 04:52:14,700
standing armies and the loss of 
freedoms. 

5477
04:52:14,700 --> 04:52:16,500
The revolution supposedly 
secured. 

5478
04:52:17,200 --> 04:52:20,400
His prediction sound extreme 
until you consider that many of 

5479
04:52:20,408 --> 04:52:22,000
his readers watched British 
policies. 

5480
04:52:22,000 --> 04:52:25,900
Follow exactly this trajectory 
in the 1760s and seventies, 

5481
04:52:27,100 --> 04:52:30,600
Pattern recognition suggests 
caution, you attend a church 

5482
04:52:30,600 --> 04:52:33,000
service in a small settlement 
near the Virginia border. 

5483
04:52:33,000 --> 04:52:36,400
The minister reads from the book
of Exodus about Egyptian 

5484
04:52:36,400 --> 04:52:39,400
oppression and Liberation. 
The sermon makes pointed 

5485
04:52:39,400 --> 04:52:42,700
connections to present 
circumstances after the service 

5486
04:52:42,700 --> 04:52:46,100
men gather outside to talk 
politics they discussed the tax,

5487
04:52:46,100 --> 04:52:48,500
the revenue officers and rumors 
of possible. 

5488
04:52:48,500 --> 04:52:51,400
Military action. 
One man, argues for patients, 

5489
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:55,600
another insist that patience 
means surrender. third, suggest 

5490
04:52:55,600 --> 04:52:58,500
Gathering militia forces to 
resist, any federal troops that 

5491
04:52:58,500 --> 04:53:02,200
might appear The conversation. 
Grows heated but not quite 

5492
04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:04,500
violent. 
Everyone present knows that 

5493
04:53:04,500 --> 04:53:06,900
neighbors. 
Hold different views maintaining

5494
04:53:06,900 --> 04:53:09,800
social fabric across political, 
divides requires careful, 

5495
04:53:09,800 --> 04:53:12,300
navigation, respect, gets 
strained. 

5496
04:53:12,300 --> 04:53:15,800
But mostly holds the French 
Revolution sends ripples across 

5497
04:53:15,800 --> 04:53:19,000
the Atlantic through these years
news arrives slowly. 

5498
04:53:19,000 --> 04:53:22,900
But with impact Reports describe
Common People overthrowing 

5499
04:53:22,900 --> 04:53:26,900
aristocratic Authority. 
American reactions split along, 

5500
04:53:26,900 --> 04:53:30,800
predictable lines, Jeff, Asian 
Republicans, see, validation of 

5501
04:53:30,800 --> 04:53:34,100
popular sovereignty. 
Hamiltonian Federalists see. 

5502
04:53:34,100 --> 04:53:37,300
Dangerous mob rule. 
Western, Pennsylvania, Farmers. 

5503
04:53:37,300 --> 04:53:40,100
See, people like themselves? 
Refusing to accept depression 

5504
04:53:40,100 --> 04:53:43,100
from distant Elites. 
The parallel seem obvious, even 

5505
04:53:43,100 --> 04:53:46,000
if the details differ 
dramatically When Revenue 

5506
04:53:46,000 --> 04:53:49,000
officers in Pennsylvania get 
tarred and feathered some 

5507
04:53:49,000 --> 04:53:51,000
locals. 
Genuinely believe they act in 

5508
04:53:51,008 --> 04:53:53,400
the same tradition that brought 
down the Bastille. 

5509
04:53:53,400 --> 04:53:57,100
This belief does not make the 
violence Justified, but it 

5510
04:53:57,100 --> 04:54:00,000
explains the mindset that allows
ordinary Farmers to become 

5511
04:54:00,000 --> 04:54:02,700
attackers you help with harvest 
in September. 

5512
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:06,700
The work involves cutting grain 
bundling sheaves and hauling 

5513
04:54:06,700 --> 04:54:10,100
loads to Barnes for threshing. 
The labor goes from dawn Until 

5514
04:54:10,100 --> 04:54:13,800
Dark, your hands, blistered, 
despite calluses your back 

5515
04:54:13,800 --> 04:54:16,900
aches, from constant bending. 
But the work feels honest. 

5516
04:54:16,900 --> 04:54:20,800
And the Harvest looks decent. 
Three weeks of good efforts 

5517
04:54:20,800 --> 04:54:22,600
Secours. 
Food for the coming winter. 

5518
04:54:23,400 --> 04:54:26,500
This same effort repeated across
thousands of farms, feeds the 

5519
04:54:26,500 --> 04:54:29,800
frontier and generate the 
Surplus that becomes whiskey. 

5520
04:54:30,600 --> 04:54:34,000
Remove whiskeys value and the 
incentive for producing Surplus 

5521
04:54:34,000 --> 04:54:37,500
weakened significantly. 
Remove the Surplus and the whole

5522
04:54:37,500 --> 04:54:41,100
economy contracts, contract, the
economy and families, abandoned 

5523
04:54:41,100 --> 04:54:43,500
the frontier in search of better
opportunities elsewhere. 

5524
04:54:43,500 --> 04:54:47,200
The government's tax policy 
makes abstract sense, in 

5525
04:54:47,200 --> 04:54:49,600
Philadelphia counting houses on 
the ground. 

5526
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:52,800
It threatens the viability of 
Western settlement itself. 

5527
04:54:53,600 --> 04:54:56,500
David Bradford grows more 
prominent through Autumn he 

5528
04:54:56,500 --> 04:55:00,400
drafts resolutions and organizes
meetings, he corresponds with 

5529
04:55:00,408 --> 04:55:04,300
sympathizers in other counties. 
He begins talking about an 

5530
04:55:04,300 --> 04:55:06,600
assembly to coordinate 
resistance across the region 

5531
04:55:06,600 --> 04:55:09,800
Bradford's language becomes 
increasingly militant. 

5532
04:55:09,800 --> 04:55:13,100
He frames the struggle in 
Revolutionary terms suggesting 

5533
04:55:13,100 --> 04:55:17,200
that 1794 might become 1776 all 
over again. 

5534
04:55:18,000 --> 04:55:20,900
Some people find his rhetoric 
inspiring others find it. 

5535
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:23,700
Dangerous Herman, husband finds 
it heartbreaking. 

5536
04:55:25,000 --> 04:55:26,500
The old man can see where this 
leads. 

5537
04:55:26,500 --> 04:55:29,400
He has watched similar 
situations to deteriorate 

5538
04:55:29,400 --> 04:55:31,600
before. 
He knows that once violence 

5539
04:55:31,600 --> 04:55:34,500
starts in Earnest controling, it
becomes nearly impossible, 

5540
04:55:34,500 --> 04:55:37,700
winter, settles in with cold, 
that makes bones ache. 

5541
04:55:37,700 --> 04:55:40,900
You spend long evening by the 
fire mending tools and making 

5542
04:55:40,900 --> 04:55:43,400
plans for spring outside. 
Snow. 

5543
04:55:43,400 --> 04:55:47,500
Drifts against the cabin walls 
inside lamp oil and wood smoke. 

5544
04:55:47,500 --> 04:55:50,600
Create a warm Haze. 
These quiet hours offer space 

5545
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:53,700
for reflection. 
The question everyone faces has 

5546
04:55:53,700 --> 04:55:57,900
no clear answer comply with the 
tax and face Financial ruin, 

5547
04:55:57,900 --> 04:56:00,300
resist and risk. 
Confrontation with Federal 

5548
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:02,900
Authority compromise, seems 
impossible. 

5549
04:56:02,900 --> 04:56:05,300
When both sides have dug into 
opposing positions. 

5550
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:07,100
The coming year will force 
choices. 

5551
04:56:07,100 --> 04:56:11,600
Nobody wants to make May arrives
in 1794 with unseasonable heat. 

5552
04:56:11,600 --> 04:56:15,200
You notice tension in every 
interaction conversation, 

5553
04:56:15,200 --> 04:56:18,500
stopped when strangers approach 
Travelers, get questioned 

5554
04:56:18,500 --> 04:56:21,500
carefully about their business 
and loyalties, the region feels 

5555
04:56:21,500 --> 04:56:23,600
like a pot simmering just below 
boiling point. 

5556
04:56:24,500 --> 04:56:28,400
Small incidents Cascade into 
larger confrontations a revenue 

5557
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:30,900
officer named John Neville 
becomes the focal point for 

5558
04:56:30,900 --> 04:56:33,600
growing anger Neville. 
Owns a large Distillery and 

5559
04:56:33,600 --> 04:56:37,100
serves as Regional inspector he 
collects substantial fees for 

5560
04:56:37,100 --> 04:56:39,600
his work. 
He also happens to own slaves 

5561
04:56:39,600 --> 04:56:43,200
live in a fine house and 
represent exactly the sort of 

5562
04:56:43,208 --> 04:56:45,400
established well that Frontier 
Farmers resent. 

5563
04:56:46,400 --> 04:56:48,400
Neville follows his duties 
conscientiously. 

5564
04:56:48,400 --> 04:56:52,500
This makes him both respected by
federal authorities and hated by

5565
04:56:52,500 --> 04:56:54,800
those who see him as a traitor 
to Western interests. 

5566
04:56:56,000 --> 04:56:58,200
You hear about, the first 
serious confrontation through 

5567
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:01,400
Travelers reports. 
A deputy Federal Marshal named 

5568
04:57:01,400 --> 04:57:04,900
David Lennox arrives in Western 
Pennsylvania with a rest warrant

5569
04:57:04,900 --> 04:57:07,700
for distillers who refused to 
appear in federal court in 

5570
04:57:07,700 --> 04:57:10,800
Philadelphia. 
Lennox partners with John 

5571
04:57:10,800 --> 04:57:14,200
Neville to serve the papers. 
They understand the risk, but 

5572
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:16,200
believe official Authority will 
provide protection. 

5573
04:57:17,000 --> 04:57:19,400
On July 15th. 
They ride to the farm of 

5574
04:57:19,400 --> 04:57:20,800
William, Miller near Mingo 
Creek. 

5575
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:24,200
Miller operates a small still 
and has ignored all attempts at 

5576
04:57:24,208 --> 04:57:27,100
registration Lennox. 
Knocks on the door and presents 

5577
04:57:27,100 --> 04:57:31,000
the warrant Miller reads it 
slowly his face darkening, the 

5578
04:57:31,000 --> 04:57:34,500
warrant demands appearance in 
Philadelphia in August, the trip

5579
04:57:34,500 --> 04:57:36,500
would cost more than Miller 
earns in six months. 

5580
04:57:36,500 --> 04:57:40,100
It would require abandoning his 
farm during critical harvest 

5581
04:57:40,100 --> 04:57:42,200
season. 
Military tells Lennox the 

5582
04:57:42,200 --> 04:57:45,200
warranties impossible to obey an
unjust to demand. 

5583
04:57:46,200 --> 04:57:50,500
Lennox insists on official Duty.
The conversation grows heated 

5584
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:53,300
Millers Sons. 
Hear the commotion and come 

5585
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:56,600
running from the barn neighbors.
Working nearby Field also 

5586
04:57:56,600 --> 04:58:00,000
approach within minutes, a dozen
armed men, surround Lennox and 

5587
04:58:00,000 --> 04:58:02,800
Neville. 
Someone fires a shot Later 

5588
04:58:02,800 --> 04:58:06,800
accounts differ on who fired and
why never returned fire wounding

5589
04:58:06,800 --> 04:58:10,700
one of Miller's, Sons the crowd 
surges forward Lennox and 

5590
04:58:10,700 --> 04:58:13,300
Neville Sprint for their horses 
and Ride Hard toward Neville's 

5591
04:58:13,300 --> 04:58:17,200
house, 7 miles away. 
Shots follow them but miss The 

5592
04:58:17,208 --> 04:58:20,600
two men, reach Bower Hill, 
Neville, substantial estate and 

5593
04:58:20,600 --> 04:58:24,200
barricade themselves inside. 
Servant begins, loading, muskets

5594
04:58:24,200 --> 04:58:27,100
Neville sends a message to 
Pittsburgh requesting Military 

5595
04:58:27,100 --> 04:58:29,700
Support. 
News of the shooting, spreads 

5596
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:31,900
through the valleys like fire 
and dry grass. 

5597
04:58:32,500 --> 04:58:35,300
By next morning groups of armed 
men gather at meeting points 

5598
04:58:35,300 --> 04:58:38,400
across the region. 
David Bradford drafts letters 

5599
04:58:38,400 --> 04:58:41,400
calling for militia muster. 
He describes the shooting as an 

5600
04:58:41,400 --> 04:58:45,400
attack on innocent, citizens by 
tyrannical officials, he demands

5601
04:58:45,400 --> 04:58:47,300
that Neville. 
Surrender himself for justice. 

5602
04:58:47,300 --> 04:58:51,100
The language Bradford uses. 
Echo's revolutionary rhetoric 

5603
04:58:51,100 --> 04:58:55,100
from 20 years earlier, he speaks
of Liberty tyranny, and the 

5604
04:58:55,100 --> 04:58:57,000
right of free men to resist 
oppression. 

5605
04:58:57,000 --> 04:59:01,000
The words carry power precisely 
because they connect to Shared 

5606
04:59:01,000 --> 04:59:02,800
memory of fighting British 
Authority. 

5607
04:59:03,700 --> 04:59:06,900
You join a group Gathering near 
couches fort on July 16th? 

5608
04:59:07,700 --> 04:59:10,700
About 30 men cluster in Morning 
Sun, checking rifles and 

5609
04:59:10,700 --> 04:59:13,700
discussing plans. 
Most wear hunting shirts and 

5610
04:59:13,700 --> 04:59:17,600
Broad hats, some bring whiskey 
jugs that pass from hand to hand

5611
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:20,400
the mood mixes excitement with 
nervousness. 

5612
04:59:20,400 --> 04:59:24,400
These men are farmers and 
artists not soldiers, but many 

5613
04:59:24,400 --> 04:59:27,300
served in the revolution or 
militia actions against native 

5614
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:29,800
forces. 
They know basic tactics and 

5615
04:59:29,800 --> 04:59:33,200
small unit operations. 
A man named James McFarland 

5616
04:59:33,200 --> 04:59:36,500
takes informal command. 
McFarland fought with 

5617
04:59:36,500 --> 04:59:38,600
distinction. 
During the Revolution, he 

5618
04:59:38,600 --> 04:59:41,700
survived brutal combat and 
earned respect that still holds 

5619
04:59:41,700 --> 04:59:46,000
when McFarlane speaks people. 
Listen, He suggests approaching 

5620
04:59:46,000 --> 04:59:48,000
Bower Hill and demanding 
Neville's surrender. 

5621
04:59:48,000 --> 04:59:51,100
He emphasizes that this is about
Justice, not murder. 

5622
04:59:51,800 --> 04:59:55,200
Several men not agreement. 
A few voices, suggest burning 

5623
04:59:55,200 --> 04:59:58,900
Neville's, House's statement. 
McFarland shuts down that talk 

5624
04:59:58,900 --> 05:00:01,900
firmly. 
The marched to Bower Hill takes 

5625
05:00:01,900 --> 05:00:04,300
about three hours. 
You walk through Forest. 

5626
05:00:04,300 --> 05:00:07,000
Trails the column. 
Stretching out over half a mile.

5627
05:00:07,800 --> 05:00:11,000
Men talk quietly weapons carried
casually, but ready. 

5628
05:00:11,800 --> 05:00:14,500
As the group approaches the 
estate, you see why Neville 

5629
05:00:14,500 --> 05:00:17,600
chose this location. 
Bower Hill. 

5630
05:00:17,600 --> 05:00:20,400
Sits on high ground with Clear 
Sight lines in all directions. 

5631
05:00:20,400 --> 05:00:24,400
The house is built solid with 
thick walls and small windows 

5632
05:00:24,400 --> 05:00:27,200
and doesn't armed men of visible
on the grounds. 

5633
05:00:27,200 --> 05:00:30,300
These are soldiers from 
Pittsburgh's Garrison who 

5634
05:00:30,300 --> 05:00:33,600
responded to Neville's call for 
help their presence changes. 

5635
05:00:33,600 --> 05:00:37,100
Everything, this is no longer 
Citizen's, confronting an 

5636
05:00:37,100 --> 05:00:39,800
official, this is militia facing
federal troops. 

5637
05:00:40,900 --> 05:00:43,800
McFarland's, the column of about
100 yards from the house. 

5638
05:00:43,800 --> 05:00:47,100
He sends two men forward under a
white flag to demand Neville 

5639
05:00:47,100 --> 05:00:49,600
surrender. 
The envoys reached the front 

5640
05:00:49,600 --> 05:00:52,900
gate and call out their message,
a window opens on the second 

5641
05:00:52,900 --> 05:00:55,600
floor. 
Major Abraham Kirkpatrick 

5642
05:00:55,600 --> 05:00:59,000
appears Kirkpatrick is Neville's
son-in-law and a Federal Officer

5643
05:00:59,000 --> 05:01:02,300
he shouts back that Neville has 
already left for Pittsburgh but 

5644
05:01:02,300 --> 05:01:05,800
the house will be defended. 
MacFarlane's, own voice insist 

5645
05:01:05,800 --> 05:01:09,500
on searching the premises 
Kirkpatrick refuses, the 

5646
05:01:09,500 --> 05:01:11,700
standoff stretches for several 
tents minutes. 

5647
05:01:11,700 --> 05:01:15,700
Then someone fires later, 
investigations never determine 

5648
05:01:15,700 --> 05:01:17,900
who fired first or whether the 
shop was deliberate or 

5649
05:01:17,908 --> 05:01:20,800
accidental, the distinction 
becomes irrelevant as both 

5650
05:01:20,800 --> 05:01:22,400
sides, begin shooting in 
Earnest. 

5651
05:01:22,400 --> 05:01:26,300
The battle lasts about 20 
minutes, the militia spreads out

5652
05:01:26,300 --> 05:01:29,500
and fires from cover, the 
federal soldiers returned fire 

5653
05:01:29,500 --> 05:01:32,800
from Windows and roofline smoke 
drifts across the hillside. 

5654
05:01:32,800 --> 05:01:36,100
Making aim difficult, you 
crouched behind a tree loading 

5655
05:01:36,100 --> 05:01:39,900
and firing with mechanical Focus
the sound of thunderous and 

5656
05:01:39,900 --> 05:01:43,200
terrifying. 
Musket balls thwack into wood 

5657
05:01:43,200 --> 05:01:46,400
and whistle passed heads. 
Someone near you take surround 

5658
05:01:46,400 --> 05:01:49,700
in the lake and Falls Screaming,
two men, dragged him to cover 

5659
05:01:49,700 --> 05:01:53,300
the firing, gradually slows, as 
both sides realized stalemate. 

5660
05:01:54,000 --> 05:01:59,100
McFarlane calls for cease fire. 
Stands to Signal his men, a 

5661
05:01:59,100 --> 05:02:01,400
musket ball from the house, 
catches him in the chest. 

5662
05:02:01,400 --> 05:02:06,100
McFarland drops, instantly men, 
rushed to him, but he dies 

5663
05:02:06,100 --> 05:02:09,400
within minutes. 
The Battle Is Over, the militia 

5664
05:02:09,400 --> 05:02:13,600
withdraws carrying McFarland's 
body Federal soldiers remain in 

5665
05:02:13,600 --> 05:02:16,000
control of Bower Hill, but 
decide that defending the 

5666
05:02:16,000 --> 05:02:19,000
position is untenable. 
They abandoned the house after 

5667
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:21,900
dark and returned to Pittsburgh 
the militia Returns. 

5668
05:02:21,900 --> 05:02:25,000
The next day with reinforcements
finding the house empty, they 

5669
05:02:25,000 --> 05:02:28,400
set fire to it Bower Hill Burns 
To The Ground along with 

5670
05:02:28,400 --> 05:02:31,600
Neville's Barnes slave quarters 
and outbuildings. 

5671
05:02:31,600 --> 05:02:34,700
The destruction goes beyond 
military necessity into 

5672
05:02:34,700 --> 05:02:38,800
deliberate statement, the 
message reads, clear, Officials,

5673
05:02:38,800 --> 05:02:41,300
who enforce the whiskey tax will
lose everything. 

5674
05:02:42,300 --> 05:02:45,400
Pittsburgh responds by 
barricading itself, local 

5675
05:02:45,400 --> 05:02:47,500
authorities fear. 
The militia will march on the 

5676
05:02:47,500 --> 05:02:49,900
town. 
Next federal officials hold up 

5677
05:02:49,900 --> 05:02:53,600
in fortified buildings. 
Merchants hide their goods, The 

5678
05:02:53,600 --> 05:02:57,000
Garrison of 100 soldiers 
prepares defensive positions but

5679
05:02:57,000 --> 05:02:58,800
the expected attack, never 
comes. 

5680
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:01,800
The militia has no clear plan 
Beyond expressing, rage 

5681
05:03:01,800 --> 05:03:05,300
Bradford, drafts more letters, 
calling for a general assembly, 

5682
05:03:05,300 --> 05:03:08,000
he wants to unite the scattered 
resistance. 

5683
05:03:08,000 --> 05:03:11,700
In organized movement, Herman 
husband pleads for reason and 

5684
05:03:11,700 --> 05:03:14,100
negotiation. 
Nobody listens to husband. 

5685
05:03:14,100 --> 05:03:17,000
Anymore events have moved past 
the point where peaceful 

5686
05:03:17,000 --> 05:03:20,400
resolution seems possible you 
return to your farm after three 

5687
05:03:20,400 --> 05:03:23,100
days away. 
The crops need tending, and life

5688
05:03:23,100 --> 05:03:25,000
must continue despite larger 
turmoil. 

5689
05:03:25,700 --> 05:03:28,100
But you cannot shake the memory 
of McFarland dying. 

5690
05:03:28,100 --> 05:03:30,900
He was a good man. 
Trying to pursue what he saw as 

5691
05:03:30,900 --> 05:03:32,500
Justice. 
Now he is gone. 

5692
05:03:32,500 --> 05:03:35,800
And his children are fatherless 
the rightness of the cause feels

5693
05:03:35,800 --> 05:03:37,200
less. 
Certain when measured against 

5694
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:40,600
such cost yet backing down. 
Means accepting the tax and the 

5695
05:03:40,608 --> 05:03:43,600
financial ruin. 
It represents the choice is all 

5696
05:03:43,600 --> 05:03:46,100
lead to bad. 
Places you work through the days

5697
05:03:46,100 --> 05:03:48,400
trying not to think too hard 
about what comes next. 

5698
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:52,100
August 1st, brings the assembly,
David Bradford, demanded. 

5699
05:03:52,100 --> 05:03:55,700
You write to Braddock's field, a
meadow east of Pittsburgh, where

5700
05:03:55,700 --> 05:03:58,700
thousands of men gather. 
Estimates later, put the crowd 

5701
05:03:58,700 --> 05:04:02,600
between 5 and 7,000, this 
represents, the largest armed 

5702
05:04:02,600 --> 05:04:04,800
gathering in the region since 
the Revolutionary War. 

5703
05:04:05,800 --> 05:04:08,500
Men arrived from Pennsylvania, 
Virginia Maryland and even 

5704
05:04:08,500 --> 05:04:12,000
Kentucky some come in organized,
militia companies with drums and

5705
05:04:12,000 --> 05:04:14,700
flags others arrive in small 
groups or alone. 

5706
05:04:14,700 --> 05:04:18,900
The Gathering looks like an army
without quite being one weapons 

5707
05:04:18,900 --> 05:04:21,600
range from military muskets to 
hunting rifles to farm 

5708
05:04:21,600 --> 05:04:25,100
implements Some men wear 
revolutionary war uniforms kept 

5709
05:04:25,100 --> 05:04:28,400
in, trunks for 20 years. 
Others were every day, work 

5710
05:04:28,400 --> 05:04:31,400
clothes, the mood combines 
Festival atmosphere with 

5711
05:04:31,400 --> 05:04:34,700
underlying Menace. 
Bradford addresses, the assembly

5712
05:04:34,700 --> 05:04:37,800
from horseback, his voice 
carries across the field through

5713
05:04:37,800 --> 05:04:40,600
remarkable projection. 
He describes the burning of 

5714
05:04:40,608 --> 05:04:44,400
Bower Hill as justifiable 
response to tyranny, he calls 

5715
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:47,400
for March on Pittsburgh to seize
Federal property and drive out 

5716
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:49,700
officials. 
He frames the struggle, as 

5717
05:04:49,700 --> 05:04:53,500
continuation of revolutionary 
principles, the crowd Roars 

5718
05:04:53,500 --> 05:04:56,700
approval, several other speakers
follow with similar rhetoric 

5719
05:04:56,700 --> 05:05:00,000
Herman, husband attempts to 
speak for moderation, but gets 

5720
05:05:00,000 --> 05:05:03,100
shouted down, the momentum 
belongs entirely to the 

5721
05:05:03,100 --> 05:05:05,800
militants. 
The march to Pittsburgh begins 

5722
05:05:05,800 --> 05:05:08,200
that afternoon. 
You walk in a column stretching 

5723
05:05:08,200 --> 05:05:11,400
over two miles, the sound of 
thousands of boots and Hooves 

5724
05:05:11,400 --> 05:05:16,200
creates rhythmic Thunder Flags 
snap in hot, wind dust Rises and

5725
05:05:16,200 --> 05:05:19,000
choking clouds. 
The spectacle is impressive and 

5726
05:05:19,000 --> 05:05:22,000
frightening and equal measure. 
Pittsburgh's arrested incidents 

5727
05:05:22,000 --> 05:05:25,000
watch from Windows. 
As the Army approaches some flee

5728
05:05:25,000 --> 05:05:27,600
across the river, others 
barricade themselves in doors, 

5729
05:05:27,600 --> 05:05:30,700
The Garrison withdraws to 
fortified positions. 

5730
05:05:30,700 --> 05:05:33,400
The town feels like occupied 
territory. 

5731
05:05:34,800 --> 05:05:38,900
But the expected violence does 
not materialize Bradford and 

5732
05:05:38,900 --> 05:05:40,800
other leaders. 
Negotiate with Pittsburgh's 

5733
05:05:40,800 --> 05:05:43,400
officials. 
They demand that certain federal

5734
05:05:43,400 --> 05:05:46,500
officers, leave the region. 
They ran Sac the house of major 

5735
05:05:46,500 --> 05:05:49,300
Kirkpatrick destroying furniture
and stealing property. 

5736
05:05:49,300 --> 05:05:52,800
They confiscate some military 
supplies but there is no 

5737
05:05:52,800 --> 05:05:55,400
Massacre. 
No, widespread burning, no, 

5738
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:58,900
complete destruction. 
The restraint seems partly 

5739
05:05:58,900 --> 05:06:02,600
strategic, and partly uncertain.
Many in the crowd. 

5740
05:06:02,600 --> 05:06:06,200
Came to make a point not to 
start wholesale war after 

5741
05:06:06,200 --> 05:06:10,000
several hours Bradford orders. 
The Army to disperse, the men 

5742
05:06:10,000 --> 05:06:12,300
drift away in groups heading 
home to farms and families. 

5743
05:06:12,300 --> 05:06:15,700
The demonstration achieves its 
purpose of showing strength 

5744
05:06:15,700 --> 05:06:18,800
without Crossing into outright 
Rebellion, at least, not yet. 

5745
05:06:18,800 --> 05:06:22,200
Philadelphia, receives news of 
the Braddock's field gathering 

5746
05:06:22,200 --> 05:06:25,900
with alarm reports, describe an 
army of rebels, seizing control 

5747
05:06:25,900 --> 05:06:29,200
of Western Pennsylvania. 
The language used in dispatches 

5748
05:06:29,200 --> 05:06:33,000
emphasizes Insurrection treason 
and imminent, danger to Federal 

5749
05:06:33,000 --> 05:06:35,800
Authority. 
Alexander Hamilton argues 

5750
05:06:35,800 --> 05:06:37,400
forcefully for military 
response. 

5751
05:06:37,400 --> 05:06:40,800
He drafts a proclamation for 
Washington signature ordering 

5752
05:06:40,800 --> 05:06:43,900
insurgents to disperse by 
September 1st or face 

5753
05:06:43,900 --> 05:06:48,500
consequences. 
Washington signs, reluctantly he

5754
05:06:48,500 --> 05:06:51,300
still hopes for peaceful 
resolution but cannot ignore 

5755
05:06:51,300 --> 05:06:52,800
what appears to be open 
Rebellion. 

5756
05:06:53,700 --> 05:06:56,100
The administration also, 
dispatches, a commissioned to 

5757
05:06:56,108 --> 05:06:59,500
negotiate the Commissioners 
include Pennsylvania, Attorney 

5758
05:06:59,500 --> 05:07:02,400
General. 
William Bradford US, senator 

5759
05:07:02,400 --> 05:07:04,900
James, Ross, and Pennsylvania 
Supreme Court. 

5760
05:07:04,900 --> 05:07:08,500
Justice Jasper Yates. 
These men receive instructions 

5761
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:11,200
to offer amnesty to Rebels, who 
submit to Federal Authority. 

5762
05:07:11,200 --> 05:07:14,500
They carry authority to 
negotiate details of tax 

5763
05:07:14,500 --> 05:07:17,700
collection. 
But they cannot offer repeal of 

5764
05:07:17,700 --> 05:07:21,100
the tax itself. 
Congress passed the law and only

5765
05:07:21,100 --> 05:07:25,000
Congress can unmake it. 
The Commissioners travel West in

5766
05:07:25,000 --> 05:07:28,400
mid-august, knowing their 
mission might fail and Trigger 

5767
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:30,800
armed conflict. 
You attend meetings through 

5768
05:07:30,800 --> 05:07:34,400
August as the Commissioners hold
hearings in various locations 

5769
05:07:34,400 --> 05:07:38,500
the Commissioners present their 
terms, clearly submit to Federal

5770
05:07:38,500 --> 05:07:42,200
Authority agree to obey the 
whiskey tax and receive full 

5771
05:07:42,200 --> 05:07:45,800
pardon for past actions, 
continued resistance and face 

5772
05:07:45,800 --> 05:07:47,900
military action. 
The choice is binary and 

5773
05:07:47,900 --> 05:07:50,000
immediate. 
Some communities. 

5774
05:07:50,000 --> 05:07:53,000
Accept the terms eagerly 
relieved to find a path away 

5775
05:07:53,000 --> 05:07:56,000
from confrontation others 
reject, the offer angrily. 

5776
05:07:57,100 --> 05:07:59,300
David Bradford speaks against 
acceptance. 

5777
05:07:59,300 --> 05:08:02,900
He argues that submission means,
betraying the cause and inviting

5778
05:08:02,900 --> 05:08:05,700
future oppression. 
He threatened anyone who signs 

5779
05:08:05,700 --> 05:08:09,600
the amnesty agreement? 
The threats are not idle several

5780
05:08:09,600 --> 05:08:12,600
prominent citizens, who favored 
compliance receive midnight 

5781
05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:15,200
visits from armed men, who 
destroy property and deliver 

5782
05:08:15,200 --> 05:08:17,500
beating Herman's husband 
watches. 

5783
05:08:17,500 --> 05:08:20,500
The disintegration of community 
bonds with profound sadness. 

5784
05:08:21,500 --> 05:08:24,100
neighbors who work together for 
years now, refused to speak 

5785
05:08:24,100 --> 05:08:27,500
family split between those 
supporting resistance and those 

5786
05:08:27,500 --> 05:08:31,700
seeking peace violence, become 
casual and frequent tar and 

5787
05:08:31,700 --> 05:08:34,600
Feathers Remain the favored 
punishment but beating and 

5788
05:08:34,600 --> 05:08:39,100
property destruction regularly 
The rule of law has essentially 

5789
05:08:39,100 --> 05:08:42,700
collapsed in several counties. 
Whoever controls the most armed 

5790
05:08:42,700 --> 05:08:45,500
men makes the rules. 
This state of affairs cannot 

5791
05:08:45,500 --> 05:08:48,400
continue indefinitely. 
The Commissioners submit their 

5792
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:51,900
report in early September. 
They describe a region in active

5793
05:08:51,900 --> 05:08:54,800
Rebellion, with Federal 
Authority completely nullified. 

5794
05:08:54,800 --> 05:08:57,800
They note that substantial 
numbers of citizens, desire, 

5795
05:08:57,800 --> 05:09:01,300
peace, but fear, retaliation 
from militants, they conclude 

5796
05:09:01,300 --> 05:09:03,500
that force will be necessary to 
restore order. 

5797
05:09:04,200 --> 05:09:07,200
Washington reads the report with
heavy heart, he has delayed as 

5798
05:09:07,200 --> 05:09:09,900
long as possible. 
Now the decision Point arrives, 

5799
05:09:09,900 --> 05:09:13,000
either enforce federal law 
through military action or 

5800
05:09:13,000 --> 05:09:14,800
accept that the government 
cannot govern. 

5801
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:18,900
The second option is 
unacceptable, Washington orders.

5802
05:09:18,900 --> 05:09:21,700
Mobilization of militia forces 
from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 

5803
05:09:21,700 --> 05:09:25,100
Maryland, and Virginia. 
The call goes out for nearly 

5804
05:09:25,100 --> 05:09:28,300
13,000 troops. 
The number deserves emphasis, 

5805
05:09:28,300 --> 05:09:33,000
13,000 represents a larger Force
than Washington commanded during

5806
05:09:33,000 --> 05:09:36,100
most of the Revolutionary War. 
Seeds. 

5807
05:09:36,100 --> 05:09:38,800
The size of the standing federal
army by a factor of 20. 

5808
05:09:38,800 --> 05:09:43,000
This is not a police action. 
This is full military campaign 

5809
05:09:43,000 --> 05:09:47,200
designed to overwhelm 
resistance, to decisively The 

5810
05:09:47,200 --> 05:09:50,000
messages unmistakable. 
The federal government will 

5811
05:09:50,000 --> 05:09:52,900
enforce its Authority. 
Regardless of cost, you hear 

5812
05:09:52,900 --> 05:09:56,000
about the mobilization. 
In mid-september the news 

5813
05:09:56,000 --> 05:09:59,400
arrives through Travelers and 
hastily scribbled messages and 

5814
05:09:59,400 --> 05:10:02,000
army larger than anything. 
Seen in the region is marching 

5815
05:10:02,000 --> 05:10:04,000
West, they will arrive in 
October. 

5816
05:10:04,000 --> 05:10:07,800
They carry orders to suppress 
rebellion and arrest ring 

5817
05:10:07,800 --> 05:10:12,300
leaders The prospect terrifies, 
most people memories of wartime,

5818
05:10:12,300 --> 05:10:15,800
destruction, remain Vivid. the 
thought of Pennsylvania turning 

5819
05:10:15,800 --> 05:10:19,300
into a battlefield again, fills 
everyone with Dread the 

5820
05:10:19,300 --> 05:10:22,000
militants who spoke bravely in 
August suddenly find fewer 

5821
05:10:22,000 --> 05:10:25,800
supporters in September David 
Bradford, recognizes that his 

5822
05:10:25,800 --> 05:10:29,000
position has become untenable. 
He flees to Louise. 

5823
05:10:29,000 --> 05:10:34,100
Anna, Herman husband remains 
hoping to act as mediator, Other

5824
05:10:34,100 --> 05:10:36,600
prominent resistors scatter or 
go into hiding. 

5825
05:10:37,200 --> 05:10:39,100
The movement collapses almost 
overnight. 

5826
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:41,400
Once the scale of federal 
response, becomes clear. 

5827
05:10:42,300 --> 05:10:45,000
George Washington sits in his 
study at Mount Vernon, during 

5828
05:10:45,000 --> 05:10:48,400
September 1794. 
He has retired from public life 

5829
05:10:48,400 --> 05:10:50,900
in his mind many times, but 
keeps getting pulled back by 

5830
05:10:50,900 --> 05:10:55,300
duty at 62 years old. 
He feels every year, his joints 

5831
05:10:55,300 --> 05:10:57,800
ache, his teeth, caused constant
pain. 

5832
05:10:57,800 --> 05:11:01,100
He wants nothing more than to 
manage his Plantation and Fade 

5833
05:11:01,100 --> 05:11:04,500
Into peaceful obscurity. 
Instead, he faces the prospect 

5834
05:11:04,500 --> 05:11:07,100
of leading troops into combat 
against American citizens. 

5835
05:11:07,100 --> 05:11:11,600
The irony Cuts deep. 
He spent eight years fighting to

5836
05:11:11,600 --> 05:11:14,300
create this nation. 
Now he must fight to hold it 

5837
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:17,400
together against internal 
fracturing, the decision weighs 

5838
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:20,800
on him like physical burden. 
The cabinet meets in 

5839
05:11:20,800 --> 05:11:24,700
Philadelphia to discuss strategy
Hamilton pushes for decisive 

5840
05:11:24,700 --> 05:11:27,000
action. 
He views the Whiskey Rebellion 

5841
05:11:27,000 --> 05:11:30,500
as test case for federal power. 
If the government cannot enforce

5842
05:11:30,500 --> 05:11:33,300
a simple excise tax, what 
Authority does it actually 

5843
05:11:33,300 --> 05:11:36,600
possess Jeff's argues that 
military force will create 

5844
05:11:36,600 --> 05:11:40,300
Martyrs and hardened resistance,
He suggests more Commissioners, 

5845
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:44,100
more negotiation more time 
Washington listens to both 

5846
05:11:44,100 --> 05:11:47,400
positions, he respects 
Jefferson's caution but agrees 

5847
05:11:47,400 --> 05:11:50,700
with Hamilton's logic, A 
government that cannot govern is

5848
05:11:50,700 --> 05:11:53,600
not a government. 
The time for patience has ended 

5849
05:11:54,500 --> 05:11:56,600
Washington makes his decision in
late September. 

5850
05:11:56,600 --> 05:12:00,800
He will personally lead the 
federal militia Army West, this 

5851
05:12:00,800 --> 05:12:03,800
marks the only time in American 
history that a sitting president

5852
05:12:03,800 --> 05:12:07,900
commands troops in the field. 
The symbolism matters enormously

5853
05:12:09,000 --> 05:12:11,900
Washington's presence, 
transforms military Expedition, 

5854
05:12:11,900 --> 05:12:14,800
into statement about 
constitutional Authority. 

5855
05:12:14,800 --> 05:12:17,500
He is not sending troops to 
crush dissent. 

5856
05:12:17,500 --> 05:12:20,100
He is going himself to restore 
order. 

5857
05:12:20,100 --> 05:12:23,400
And uphold the law, the 
distinction is subtle, but 

5858
05:12:23,400 --> 05:12:26,700
significant Washington, 
understands the theater and 

5859
05:12:26,700 --> 05:12:29,500
knows that his actions will be 
remembered and interpreted. 

5860
05:12:29,500 --> 05:12:32,800
He chooses to be present 
precisely because it makes the 

5861
05:12:32,800 --> 05:12:35,700
government's position clear 
Beyond any misunderstanding. 

5862
05:12:36,500 --> 05:12:39,400
The mobilization proceeds 
through October, you hear 

5863
05:12:39,400 --> 05:12:41,900
reports of troops Gathering 
across multiple States, 

5864
05:12:41,900 --> 05:12:46,700
Pennsylvania, since 5,000 
militia, New Jersey sends 2000, 

5865
05:12:46,700 --> 05:12:51,000
sends 2000. 
Virginia sends 4,000 the 

5866
05:12:51,000 --> 05:12:54,000
numbers, keep increasing 
equipment arrives by Wagon. 

5867
05:12:54,000 --> 05:12:57,600
Train artillery pieces, make 
slow progress along, muddy roads

5868
05:12:57,600 --> 05:13:01,000
officers drill recruits who have
not held muskets in years. 

5869
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:04,900
The entire operation cost, 
nearly a million dollars, a 

5870
05:13:04,900 --> 05:13:07,600
staggering sum for a government,
barely managing its existing 

5871
05:13:07,600 --> 05:13:11,500
debts, but Washington insist 
that expense cannot determine 

5872
05:13:11,500 --> 05:13:13,900
policy. 
When constitutional principles 

5873
05:13:13,900 --> 05:13:17,100
are at stake, the Army begins 
its Westwood March in early 

5874
05:13:17,100 --> 05:13:20,300
October, Washington, joins them 
at Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 

5875
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:24,500
He arrives in a plain blue coat 
mounted on a good horse. 

5876
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:27,300
Looking like the general, he was
20 years earlier. 

5877
05:13:27,900 --> 05:13:31,700
The troops respond with genuine,
enthusiasm, many are veterans 

5878
05:13:31,700 --> 05:13:33,800
who served under Washington 
During the Revolution. 

5879
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:37,900
They trust him, completely his 
presence transforms, a 

5880
05:13:37,900 --> 05:13:40,800
collection of State militias 
into something approaching a 

5881
05:13:40,800 --> 05:13:45,300
real army discipline, improves 
organization Titans the March 

5882
05:13:45,300 --> 05:13:48,300
gains purpose and Direction. 
You watch the Army passed 

5883
05:13:48,300 --> 05:13:51,300
through western Pennsylvania. 
In late October the column 

5884
05:13:51,300 --> 05:13:54,900
stretches for Miles infantry, 
Cavalry and artillery. 

5885
05:13:54,900 --> 05:13:58,000
Move with impressive 
coordination Supply, wagons 

5886
05:13:58,000 --> 05:14:00,800
carry food ammunition and 
medical equipment. 

5887
05:14:00,800 --> 05:14:03,800
The spectacle demonstrates power
that dwarfs. 

5888
05:14:03,800 --> 05:14:07,300
Anything the rebels assembled at
Braddock's field The message 

5889
05:14:07,300 --> 05:14:10,600
requires no explanation 
resistance is futile. 

5890
05:14:10,600 --> 05:14:14,700
Submission is the only option. 
Most people get the message 

5891
05:14:14,700 --> 05:14:17,700
clearly Washington establishes 
headquarters in Bedford. 

5892
05:14:17,700 --> 05:14:21,000
Pennsylvania, he issues 
proclamation's offering amnesty 

5893
05:14:21,000 --> 05:14:24,900
to anyone who submits peaceful. 
He also authorizes a rest of 

5894
05:14:24,900 --> 05:14:26,600
ringleaders who refused to 
surrender. 

5895
05:14:27,400 --> 05:14:31,000
Federal agents, begin compiling 
lists of names, the lists 

5896
05:14:31,000 --> 05:14:34,200
include David Bradford, Herman 
husband and dozens of others, 

5897
05:14:35,000 --> 05:14:38,200
Some fled the regional ready, 
others hide with sympathetic 

5898
05:14:38,200 --> 05:14:41,700
neighbors, a few surrender 
voluntarily hoping for mercy. 

5899
05:14:42,800 --> 05:14:46,800
The situation becomes fluid and 
complex loyalty, shifts day by 

5900
05:14:46,800 --> 05:14:49,600
day, as people, assess their 
options and calculate survival 

5901
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:53,500
strategies, Alexander, Hamilton 
accompanies the expedition of 

5902
05:14:53,500 --> 05:14:57,300
Civilian advisor, his presence 
irritates many observers who see

5903
05:14:57,300 --> 05:14:59,300
him as architect of the hated 
tax. 

5904
05:15:00,100 --> 05:15:03,100
Hamilton ignores the criticism. 
He wants to witness first-hand 

5905
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:04,900
the restoration of federal 
Authority. 

5906
05:15:04,900 --> 05:15:08,400
He also wants to ensure that the
military response sends the 

5907
05:15:08,400 --> 05:15:11,100
correct message. 
Two lenient and it invites 

5908
05:15:11,100 --> 05:15:15,200
future Rebellion too harsh, and 
it creates permanent resentment.

5909
05:15:16,100 --> 05:15:18,000
The balance requires careful 
navigation. 

5910
05:15:19,000 --> 05:15:21,800
Hamilton drafts letters and 
proclamations attempting to 

5911
05:15:21,800 --> 05:15:26,000
strike the right tone, his Pro 
Sounds, legalistic and cold to 

5912
05:15:26,000 --> 05:15:27,900
westerners accustomed to play a 
speech. 

5913
05:15:28,700 --> 05:15:31,800
But the substance is clear 
enough submit or suffer 

5914
05:15:31,800 --> 05:15:35,600
consequences, Thomas McKean 
Pennsylvania's, chief justice 

5915
05:15:35,600 --> 05:15:39,300
Travels With The Army as well. 
McKean brings judicial authority

5916
05:15:39,300 --> 05:15:43,100
to accompany military force. 
The Plan called for trials wants

5917
05:15:43,100 --> 05:15:46,100
arrests are made the government 
wants to demonstrate that law, 

5918
05:15:46,100 --> 05:15:50,900
not arbitrary, power guide, its 
actions McKean understands that 

5919
05:15:50,900 --> 05:15:54,200
convictions will be difficult to
obtain local jury. 

5920
05:15:54,200 --> 05:15:56,900
Might refuse to convicts 
regardless of evidence. 

5921
05:15:57,800 --> 05:16:00,400
But the attempt matters, 
symbolically the federal 

5922
05:16:00,400 --> 05:16:03,000
government must be seen as 
acting through proper legal 

5923
05:16:03,000 --> 05:16:05,600
channels. 
Even when using military force 

5924
05:16:05,600 --> 05:16:07,600
to create conditions for those 
channels to function, 

5925
05:16:08,600 --> 05:16:10,500
Washington. 
Reviews troops on a cold 

5926
05:16:10,500 --> 05:16:13,200
November morning. 
You stand among civilians 

5927
05:16:13,200 --> 05:16:15,800
watching from a distance. 
Presidents. 

5928
05:16:15,800 --> 05:16:18,700
It's straight in his saddle, 
despite the chill wind, he 

5929
05:16:18,700 --> 05:16:21,900
inspects each unit. 
Personally, offering brief words

5930
05:16:21,900 --> 05:16:24,600
of encouragement. 
The ceremonies formal and 

5931
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:27,000
depressive. 
But you notice something beneath

5932
05:16:27,000 --> 05:16:29,300
the pageantry Washington looks 
tired. 

5933
05:16:29,300 --> 05:16:32,800
And sad is expression. 
Suggests a man doing necessary 

5934
05:16:32,800 --> 05:16:36,300
Duty rather than pursuing Glory.
He does not want to be here 

5935
05:16:36,300 --> 05:16:38,700
leading an Army against his own 
citizens. 

5936
05:16:38,700 --> 05:16:42,000
But he sees no alternative that 
preserves the nation, he helped 

5937
05:16:42,000 --> 05:16:44,400
create. 
The weight of that burden shows 

5938
05:16:44,400 --> 05:16:47,600
clearly on his line face. 
The Army moves deeper into 

5939
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:50,500
Western Pennsylvania in early. 
November the rebels who 

5940
05:16:50,500 --> 05:16:53,100
threatened rebellion in August 
have disappeared like morning 

5941
05:16:53,100 --> 05:16:56,100
fog, no organized resistance 
materializes. 

5942
05:16:56,100 --> 05:16:59,400
No battles occur, the great 
confrontation, everyone 

5943
05:16:59,400 --> 05:17:03,700
anticipated never happened. 
Instead federal troops find 

5944
05:17:03,700 --> 05:17:06,700
frightened farmers, who insist 
they were never really Rebels. 

5945
05:17:06,700 --> 05:17:09,700
They blame David Bradford and 
other leaders for misleading 

5946
05:17:09,700 --> 05:17:12,400
them, they signed loyalty, Oaths
and accept amnesty. 

5947
05:17:13,400 --> 05:17:16,300
The Army occupies the region, 
but finds no enemy to fight. 

5948
05:17:17,200 --> 05:17:20,400
The anti-climax is almost 
comical except for the families,

5949
05:17:20,400 --> 05:17:23,000
whose members get arrested and 
hauled East to face treason 

5950
05:17:23,000 --> 05:17:25,800
charges. 
Washington remains with the 

5951
05:17:25,800 --> 05:17:27,900
Army. 
Through November, he wants his 

5952
05:17:27,900 --> 05:17:31,800
presence to continue sending its
message, but he also recognizes 

5953
05:17:31,800 --> 05:17:34,000
that the military phase is 
essentially complete. 

5954
05:17:34,000 --> 05:17:38,000
The Rebellion has collapsed with
out serious combat Federal 

5955
05:17:38,000 --> 05:17:40,000
Authority is restored without 
bloodshed. 

5956
05:17:41,400 --> 05:17:45,300
In late November, Washington 
returns to Philadelphia leaving 

5957
05:17:45,300 --> 05:17:48,900
General Henry Lee in command of 
remaining forces Washington 

5958
05:17:48,900 --> 05:17:52,000
writes and private letters that 
the Expedition succeeded in its 

5959
05:17:52,000 --> 05:17:55,400
goals the government proved it 
can enforce laws throughout its 

5960
05:17:55,400 --> 05:17:57,600
territory. 
The precedent is established 

5961
05:17:57,600 --> 05:18:00,600
future challenges, will know 
what to wait organized 

5962
05:18:00,600 --> 05:18:03,100
resistance. 
Whether this represents wise 

5963
05:18:03,100 --> 05:18:06,600
policy or dangerous precedent 
Washington leaves for history to

5964
05:18:06,600 --> 05:18:09,600
judge the Army. 
Divides into two wings for the 

5965
05:18:09,600 --> 05:18:13,400
final occupation phase Eastern 
Division under General Henry, 

5966
05:18:13,400 --> 05:18:15,900
Lee advances through Bedford and
Somerset counties. 

5967
05:18:15,900 --> 05:18:18,100
The Western Division under the 
Virginia. 

5968
05:18:18,100 --> 05:18:20,600
Governor Henry, Lee moves 
through Washington and Allegheny

5969
05:18:20,600 --> 05:18:22,800
counties. 
You live in Washington County 

5970
05:18:22,800 --> 05:18:25,500
and watch the Western Wing 
arrive in mid-november. 

5971
05:18:25,500 --> 05:18:29,200
Thousands of troops established 
camps across the countryside, 

5972
05:18:29,200 --> 05:18:32,600
smoke from hundreds of cooking 
fires darkens the sky. 

5973
05:18:33,600 --> 05:18:36,900
The soldiers requisition food 
and shelter from local farms, 

5974
05:18:36,900 --> 05:18:39,500
most citizens comply with out 
protest. 

5975
05:18:39,500 --> 05:18:41,800
Knowing resistance would be 
suicidal. 

5976
05:18:42,500 --> 05:18:46,500
Henry Lee commands with firm 
Authority, he orders immediate 

5977
05:18:46,500 --> 05:18:50,100
arrests of suspected Rebel 
leaders federal agents fan out 

5978
05:18:50,108 --> 05:18:52,600
with lists of names. 
They knock on doors, in the 

5979
05:18:52,608 --> 05:18:56,000
middle of the night, they search
Barnes and sellers over three 

5980
05:18:56,000 --> 05:18:58,100
weeks. 
They arrest about 150 men. 

5981
05:18:58,900 --> 05:19:01,400
The prisoners include wealthy 
landowners and poor Farmers 

5982
05:19:01,400 --> 05:19:04,200
educated professionals and 
illiterate laborers. 

5983
05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:08,000
The Common Thread is suspected 
participation in resistance 

5984
05:19:08,000 --> 05:19:12,000
activities, evidence, ranges 
from eyewitness accounts to 

5985
05:19:12,000 --> 05:19:16,100
Anonymous accusation legal 
protections, are minimal Lee 

5986
05:19:16,100 --> 05:19:18,600
operates under martial law 
provision that, suspend normal 

5987
05:19:18,600 --> 05:19:22,000
judicial procedures. 
Herman husband is arrested on 

5988
05:19:22,000 --> 05:19:26,100
November 13th, federal troops 
surround His cabin Before Dawn 

5989
05:19:26,100 --> 05:19:29,100
husband. 
Now, 73 years old offers no 

5990
05:19:29,100 --> 05:19:31,600
resistance. 
He asks permission to gather a 

5991
05:19:31,600 --> 05:19:34,000
few belongings. 
The soldiers agree, husband 

5992
05:19:34,000 --> 05:19:36,800
packs, a Bible, some writing 
materials and an extra shirt. 

5993
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:39,500
He bids goodbye to his wife and 
grandchildren. 

5994
05:19:39,500 --> 05:19:42,700
Then he walks out to begin a 
journey that will end with his 

5995
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:45,800
death husband and other 
prisoners are marched East in 

5996
05:19:45,800 --> 05:19:48,600
bitter, November weather, many 
prisoners lack adequate 

5997
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:51,300
clothing. 
Several are ill, the March 

5998
05:19:51,300 --> 05:19:55,200
covers 15 to 20 miles per day. 
Through mountain passes where 

5999
05:19:55,200 --> 05:19:58,900
snow already blocks Trails 
guards show little sympathy. 

6000
05:19:58,900 --> 05:20:02,800
These are traitors receiving 
their due complaints are ignored

6001
05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:06,600
or met with harsh discipline the
prisoners reach Philadelphia in 

6002
05:20:06,600 --> 05:20:08,200
December. 
They are held in crude 

6003
05:20:08,200 --> 05:20:10,800
facilities. 
Without heat conditions are 

6004
05:20:10,800 --> 05:20:21,900
miserable even by 18th-century. 
Still awaiting trial his death 

6005
05:20:21,900 --> 05:20:24,900
receives little notice. 
The federal government files 

6006
05:20:24,900 --> 05:20:27,000
treason charges against 20 of 
the prisoners. 

6007
05:20:27,000 --> 05:20:29,900
These cases represent the 
governments attempt to establish

6008
05:20:29,900 --> 05:20:33,100
legal precedent. 
Conviction for treason requires,

6009
05:20:33,100 --> 05:20:36,200
testimony from two witnesses to 
the same overt Act. 

6010
05:20:37,000 --> 05:20:40,800
Standard is deliberately High, 
many cases collapsed due to 

6011
05:20:40,800 --> 05:20:42,700
insufficient evidence or 
contradictory testimony. 

6012
05:20:43,700 --> 05:20:47,900
In the end, only two men receive
convictions, both a pardoned by 

6013
05:20:47,900 --> 05:20:51,400
Washington 1795. 
The legal proceedings, 

6014
05:20:51,400 --> 05:20:53,700
accomplished little Beyond 
demonstrating that the 

6015
05:20:53,700 --> 05:20:57,000
government takes rule of law. 
Seriously, even when it proves 

6016
05:20:57,000 --> 05:21:00,900
inconvenient, The occupation of 
Western Pennsylvania continues 

6017
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:05,600
through, winter of 1794 into 
spring of 1795. 

6018
05:21:06,500 --> 05:21:08,300
Troop levels. 
Gradually decreases. 

6019
05:21:08,300 --> 05:21:10,700
The region stabilizes federal 
revenue. 

6020
05:21:10,700 --> 05:21:12,900
Officers returned to their 
duties under military 

6021
05:21:12,900 --> 05:21:15,800
protection. 
Registration of Stills proceed 

6022
05:21:15,800 --> 05:21:19,600
slowly but steadily Collection 
of tax revenue, remained spotty,

6023
05:21:19,600 --> 05:21:22,100
many small distillers. 
Shut down, their operations. 

6024
05:21:22,100 --> 05:21:25,700
Rather than pay the taxes, 
others move their Stills deeper 

6025
05:21:25,700 --> 05:21:29,000
into the mountains, where 
enforcement is in practical, The

6026
05:21:29,000 --> 05:21:32,300
Whisky trade continues, but 
shifts toward larger operations,

6027
05:21:32,300 --> 05:21:35,800
that can absorb the tax burden. 
Small-scale farmer distillers. 

6028
05:21:35,800 --> 05:21:39,200
The very people who most needed 
whiskey as economic tool or 

6029
05:21:39,200 --> 05:21:42,200
squeezed out this represents 
exactly the outcome. 

6030
05:21:42,200 --> 05:21:46,300
They feared and resisted you. 
Visit Pittsburgh in April 1795, 

6031
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:49,600
the town has returned to 
something approaching normalcy 

6032
05:21:49,600 --> 05:21:53,900
Merchants conduct business River
traffic flows, normally Federal 

6033
05:21:53,900 --> 05:21:57,100
officers move about without fear
of attack, but the atmosphere 

6034
05:21:57,100 --> 05:22:00,600
feels strained. 
People are polite but cold the 

6035
05:22:00,600 --> 05:22:03,800
splits created, by the 
Rebellion, have not healed those

6036
05:22:03,800 --> 05:22:07,000
who supported resistance view, 
those who accepted amnesty as 

6037
05:22:07,000 --> 05:22:10,000
traitors, those who favored 
compliance view resistors as 

6038
05:22:10,000 --> 05:22:12,700
dangerous fools. 
The divisions will persist for 

6039
05:22:12,700 --> 05:22:15,100
years. 
Some families remain a strange 

6040
05:22:15,100 --> 05:22:17,900
for Generations. 
The wounds go deep and Scar 

6041
05:22:17,900 --> 05:22:20,900
Tissue takes time to form the 
federal government maintains 

6042
05:22:20,900 --> 05:22:25,500
Garrison troops in Western 
Pennsylvania, until 1796 The 

6043
05:22:25,508 --> 05:22:28,800
present serves as a reminder of 
federal power and deterrent to 

6044
05:22:28,808 --> 05:22:31,800
renewed resistance. 
Eventually the troops withdraw 

6045
05:22:31,800 --> 05:22:35,700
as the situation returns fully 
to civilian control Revenue 

6046
05:22:35,700 --> 05:22:38,100
collection becomes routine 
though, never popular. 

6047
05:22:38,800 --> 05:22:42,700
The whiskey tax remains law 
until its repeal in 1802 and 

6048
05:22:42,700 --> 05:22:44,000
Thomas Jefferson becomes 
president. 

6049
05:22:45,200 --> 05:22:47,400
Jefferson Views. 
The tacks as unnecessary and 

6050
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:50,000
divisive. 
It's removal is one of his first

6051
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:54,300
policy priorities, but by 1802, 
the precedent has been 

6052
05:22:54,300 --> 05:22:56,500
established. 
The federal government can 

6053
05:22:56,500 --> 05:22:59,300
enforce its laws throughout the 
nation using military force of 

6054
05:22:59,300 --> 05:23:01,700
necessary. 
This principle will be tested 

6055
05:23:01,700 --> 05:23:06,300
again in future crises most 
devastatingly in 1861, the 

6056
05:23:06,300 --> 05:23:09,200
financial cost of suppressing, 
the Whiskey Rebellion totals, 

6057
05:23:09,200 --> 05:23:12,100
nearly a million dollars. 
This sum dwarfs, the revenue 

6058
05:23:12,100 --> 05:23:15,200
collected from the whiskey tax 
in Western Pennsylvania during 

6059
05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:18,700
the entire period of resistance.
The government spent far more 

6060
05:23:18,708 --> 05:23:20,800
enforcing the tax than the tax 
generated. 

6061
05:23:20,800 --> 05:23:24,900
In purely economic terms, the 
Expedition is absurdly and 

6062
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:27,400
efficient But economics was 
never the point. 

6063
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:31,400
Alexander Hamilton understood 
that Federal Authority cannot be

6064
05:23:31,400 --> 05:23:34,500
priced in dollars either. 
The government can enforce its 

6065
05:23:34,500 --> 05:23:37,800
laws or it cannot govern the 
million dollars bought proof. 

6066
05:23:37,800 --> 05:23:40,300
That the constitution is more 
than paper and words. 

6067
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:43,700
It bought the precedent that 
federal law, supersedes local 

6068
05:23:43,700 --> 05:23:45,200
preferences. 
When the two conflict. 

6069
05:23:46,000 --> 05:23:48,500
Whether that principle 
represents wise governance or 

6070
05:23:48,500 --> 05:23:52,100
dangerous centralization, remain
subject to debate more than two 

6071
05:23:52,100 --> 05:23:55,400
centuries later. 
The Whiskey Rebellion ends with 

6072
05:23:55,400 --> 05:23:58,500
the dramatic climax that 
participants on both sides and 

6073
05:23:58,500 --> 05:24:01,900
anticipated. 
There are no great battles, no 

6074
05:24:01,900 --> 05:24:05,700
heroic last stands. 
No Martyrs for Liberty with 

6075
05:24:05,700 --> 05:24:09,600
inspirational final words. 
Instead the Rebellion dissolves 

6076
05:24:09,600 --> 05:24:12,400
in to arrests trials and 
grudging acceptance of federal 

6077
05:24:12,400 --> 05:24:15,400
Authority. 
The anti-climax frustrates. 

6078
05:24:15,400 --> 05:24:17,600
Those seeking clear narratives 
of Good vs. 

6079
05:24:17,600 --> 05:24:20,500
Evil reality proves messy of the
myth. 

6080
05:24:21,100 --> 05:24:24,700
You work your farm in the spring
of 1795, planting corn in 

6081
05:24:24,700 --> 05:24:26,900
fields. 
You have cleared by hand, the 

6082
05:24:26,900 --> 05:24:30,100
still sit, idle, in the barn, 
you have not registered it and 

6083
05:24:30,100 --> 05:24:33,200
do not intend to running, it 
would require paying the tax, 

6084
05:24:33,200 --> 05:24:35,500
paying the tax would bankrupt 
you. 

6085
05:24:35,500 --> 05:24:38,700
So the still collects dust while
you find other ways to generate 

6086
05:24:38,700 --> 05:24:42,000
small amounts of cash, you sell 
firewood to Pittsburgh 

6087
05:24:42,000 --> 05:24:44,200
Merchants. 
You hire out for labor on 

6088
05:24:44,200 --> 05:24:47,100
wealthier farms. 
You trap, Furs and trade them 

6089
05:24:47,100 --> 05:24:49,800
for Necessities. 
The economics are brutal and 

6090
05:24:49,808 --> 05:24:51,100
margins. 
Razor thin. 

6091
05:24:51,100 --> 05:24:54,900
But you survived Survival is 
what frontier life has always 

6092
05:24:54,900 --> 05:24:57,500
demanded this year. 
Simply demands it more 

6093
05:24:57,500 --> 05:25:00,800
strenuously than most the 
precedent established by 

6094
05:25:00,800 --> 05:25:04,100
Washington's response Echoes 
through American history, when 

6095
05:25:04,100 --> 05:25:07,700
South Carolina threatens 
nullification In 1832 President 

6096
05:25:07,700 --> 05:25:10,700
Andrew Jackson's. 
The Whiskey Rebellion as proof 

6097
05:25:10,700 --> 05:25:14,400
that states cannot refuse 
federal law Jackson, threatens 

6098
05:25:14,400 --> 05:25:18,500
to lead troops, South just as 
Washington LED them West, South 

6099
05:25:18,500 --> 05:25:21,800
Carolina backs down when 
southern states seceded in 1860 

6100
05:25:21,800 --> 05:25:24,600
and 1861. 
Lincoln sites the same 

6101
05:25:24,600 --> 05:25:27,900
precedent, the Federal Union is 
not voluntary. 

6102
05:25:27,900 --> 05:25:30,700
States, cannot leave simply 
because they dislike Federal 

6103
05:25:30,700 --> 05:25:33,100
policies. 
The resulting Civil War kills 

6104
05:25:33,100 --> 05:25:36,000
600,000 people and settles the 
question to definitively. 

6105
05:25:37,100 --> 05:25:41,100
The seeds of that conflict Trace
back in part to 1794 and the 

6106
05:25:41,100 --> 05:25:43,600
principle that Federal Authority
is supreme within its 

6107
05:25:43,600 --> 05:25:47,000
constitutional bounds. 
But the Whiskey Rebellion also 

6108
05:25:47,000 --> 05:25:49,400
reveals tensions that never 
fully resolved. 

6109
05:25:50,000 --> 05:25:52,600
The conflict between local 
autonomy and Central Authority, 

6110
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:56,100
appears repeatedly in American 
political life, states rights 

6111
05:25:56,100 --> 05:25:59,200
arguments appear in debates 
about slavery, civil rights, 

6112
05:25:59,200 --> 05:26:03,200
environmental regulation, 
Healthcare policy, and countless

6113
05:26:03,200 --> 05:26:06,400
other issues. 
Fundamental question remains 

6114
05:26:06,400 --> 05:26:10,100
constant, who decides when local
preferences conflict with 

6115
05:26:10,100 --> 05:26:13,400
national policy? 
The Whiskey Rebellion answered 

6116
05:26:13,400 --> 05:26:15,400
that federal law wins when push 
comes to shove. 

6117
05:26:16,300 --> 05:26:18,400
But it did not answer whether 
the federal law should win. 

6118
05:26:18,400 --> 05:26:21,300
In every case, whether some 
issues belong, more properly to 

6119
05:26:21,300 --> 05:26:25,000
local control American still 
argue about these questions 

6120
05:26:25,000 --> 05:26:27,400
today because the underlying 
tension is built into the 

6121
05:26:27,400 --> 05:26:31,300
structure of federalism itself. 
Alexander Hamilton views, the 

6122
05:26:31,300 --> 05:26:34,400
Rebellion suppression as 
Vindication of his vision for 

6123
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:37,300
strong federal government. 
He continues, pushing for 

6124
05:26:37,300 --> 05:26:40,600
National Banks, protective 
tariffs and active Federal role 

6125
05:26:40,600 --> 05:26:43,600
in Economic Development. 
His policy shaped The Early 

6126
05:26:43,600 --> 05:26:47,500
Republic profoundly. 
But Hamilton dies in 1804 killed

6127
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:50,600
in a duel with Aaron Burr his 
vision for America, eventually 

6128
05:26:50,600 --> 05:26:53,100
triumphs, but he does not live 
to see it. 

6129
05:26:53,100 --> 05:26:55,300
Fully realized the irony is 
bitter. 

6130
05:26:56,200 --> 05:26:59,700
Hamilton risks his political 
career and physical safety to 

6131
05:26:59,700 --> 05:27:03,100
establish Federal Authority in 
1794. 

6132
05:27:04,200 --> 05:27:07,600
Ten years later, he dies in a 
private dispute that had nothing

6133
05:27:07,600 --> 05:27:10,900
to do with policy or principal 
history, remembers him as 

6134
05:27:10,900 --> 05:27:14,600
architect of American Financial 
system, but not as the man who 

6135
05:27:14,600 --> 05:27:16,900
marched West with Washington to 
suppress Rebellion. 

6136
05:27:17,600 --> 05:27:20,000
Thomas Jefferson takes the 
opposite lesson from the Whiskey

6137
05:27:20,000 --> 05:27:22,100
Rebellion. 
He views it as example of 

6138
05:27:22,108 --> 05:27:25,200
federal overreach and 
unnecessary provocation, when he

6139
05:27:25,200 --> 05:27:28,500
becomes president in 1801, he 
systematically dismantled 

6140
05:27:28,500 --> 05:27:31,900
hamiltonian policies. 
He repeals the whiskey tax, he 

6141
05:27:31,900 --> 05:27:34,600
reduces the national debt. 
He shrinks the federal 

6142
05:27:34,600 --> 05:27:37,800
government, he emphasizes 
State's rights, and local 

6143
05:27:37,800 --> 05:27:39,800
control. 
Jefferson's Vision. 

6144
05:27:39,800 --> 05:27:42,100
Also shapes American development
profoundly. 

6145
05:27:42,100 --> 05:27:46,500
The tension between hamiltonian 
centralization and Jeffersonian,

6146
05:27:46,500 --> 05:27:49,900
decentralization, becomes a 
defining feature of American 

6147
05:27:49,900 --> 05:27:52,900
politics. 
Neither Vision wins permanently 

6148
05:27:52,900 --> 05:27:56,500
instead the balance shifts back 
and forth, depending on 

6149
05:27:56,500 --> 05:27:58,700
circumstances and political 
coalitions. 

6150
05:27:58,700 --> 05:28:01,700
The Whiskey Rebellion is early 
battle in a longer war that 

6151
05:28:01,700 --> 05:28:04,800
continues indefinitely. 
George Washington retires to 

6152
05:28:04,800 --> 05:28:08,500
Mount Vernon in 1797 and dies in
1799. 

6153
05:28:08,500 --> 05:28:11,500
His final Years, bring him the 
peace and privacy. 

6154
05:28:11,500 --> 05:28:13,200
He craved. 
But rarely achieved. 

6155
05:28:13,200 --> 05:28:16,700
He never speaks publicly about 
the Whiskey Rebellion after the 

6156
05:28:16,700 --> 05:28:20,200
crisis ends, but private letters
suggest, he views it as 

6157
05:28:20,200 --> 05:28:24,400
necessary action, that pained 
him deeply Washington believed 

6158
05:28:24,400 --> 05:28:27,500
in Republican government and 
popular sovereignty, but he also

6159
05:28:27,500 --> 05:28:30,100
believed in rule of law and 
constitutional order. 

6160
05:28:30,700 --> 05:28:34,600
When those principles conflict 
Washington's with Law and Order.

6161
05:28:35,600 --> 05:28:38,700
This Choice defines his 
presidency and sets precedent 

6162
05:28:38,700 --> 05:28:41,400
for successes, the office of 
President includes 

6163
05:28:41,400 --> 05:28:44,700
responsibility to enforce laws. 
Even when doing so is unpopular 

6164
05:28:44,700 --> 05:28:48,100
or politically costly, 
Washington establishes that 

6165
05:28:48,100 --> 05:28:51,700
principal at personal cost, he 
dies knowing he preserved the 

6166
05:28:51,708 --> 05:28:54,700
union but uncertain whether 
future Generations will maintain

6167
05:28:54,700 --> 05:28:57,500
what he helped create. 
David Bradford. 

6168
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:01,700
Never returns from Louisiana. 
He lives as fugitive, and Exile.

6169
05:29:01,700 --> 05:29:04,600
Watching from distance. 
As the new nation develops with 

6170
05:29:04,600 --> 05:29:07,100
out him. 
He dies in 1808. 

6171
05:29:07,100 --> 05:29:10,000
Still officially a wanted man, 
though, no one actively. 

6172
05:29:10,000 --> 05:29:14,900
Pursue by their Bradford 
represents the path not taken if

6173
05:29:14,900 --> 05:29:17,200
washing had hesitated or the 
federal response. 

6174
05:29:17,200 --> 05:29:20,400
Had been weaker, Bradford's 
vision of localized, resistance 

6175
05:29:20,400 --> 05:29:22,600
to Central Authority. 
Might have prevailed. 

6176
05:29:23,400 --> 05:29:25,800
The United States might have 
fractured into competing 

6177
05:29:25,800 --> 05:29:29,000
Regional Powers, whether that 
would have been better, or worse

6178
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:32,000
for the people involved is 
impossible to know history 

6179
05:29:32,000 --> 05:29:35,500
records, what happened not What 
Might Have Been Herman's 

6180
05:29:35,500 --> 05:29:37,500
husband's death, in a 
Philadelphia jail marks. 

6181
05:29:37,500 --> 05:29:41,000
The Rebellion saddest, casualty,
he sought peaceful resolution, 

6182
05:29:41,000 --> 05:29:45,600
and got prison and pneumonia. 
His writing survived and are 

6183
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:47,200
occasionally rediscovered by 
historians. 

6184
05:29:47,200 --> 05:29:50,300
Looking for authentic Frontier 
voices, husband wrote with 

6185
05:29:50,300 --> 05:29:54,000
passion and conviction about 
Justice, a quality and the 

6186
05:29:54,000 --> 05:29:57,900
rights of common people against 
entrenched power. his prose is 

6187
05:29:57,900 --> 05:30:01,300
unpolished and his ideas 
sometimes muddled But his 

6188
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:03,200
sincerity shines through every 
page. 

6189
05:30:03,200 --> 05:30:06,600
He believed Ordinary People 
deserved respect and fair 

6190
05:30:06,600 --> 05:30:10,000
treatment from their government.
He spent his life advocating for

6191
05:30:10,000 --> 05:30:13,200
those principles, he died in 
custody of a government that 

6192
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:16,200
viewed him as traitor. 
Rather than Patriot the 

6193
05:30:16,200 --> 05:30:19,600
Injustice is sharp and enduring 
the farmers and laborers who 

6194
05:30:19,600 --> 05:30:22,200
formed the bulk of the Rebel 
movement mostly disappear from 

6195
05:30:22,200 --> 05:30:25,800
his historical record. 
Few move west into Ohio or 

6196
05:30:25,800 --> 05:30:28,900
Kentucky seeking better. 
Prospects Beyond Federal, reach 

6197
05:30:28,900 --> 05:30:32,300
others remain on their land 
paying the hated tax until its 

6198
05:30:32,300 --> 05:30:35,900
repeal in 1802, they live quiet 
lives, raise families. 

6199
05:30:35,900 --> 05:30:39,300
And gradually become ancestors 
who struggles of forgotten by 

6200
05:30:39,300 --> 05:30:42,900
descendants The whiskey taxi 
seems quaint and distant now. 

6201
05:30:42,900 --> 05:30:45,800
But for people living through 
it, the tax represented 

6202
05:30:45,800 --> 05:30:49,100
existential threat, their 
resistance was neither foolish, 

6203
05:30:49,100 --> 05:30:51,300
not evil. 
It was desperate attempt to 

6204
05:30:51,300 --> 05:30:54,500
protect livelihoods and 
communities against policy that 

6205
05:30:54,500 --> 05:30:56,300
seemed designed without 
understanding their 

6206
05:30:56,300 --> 05:30:59,000
circumstances. 
That their resistance failed 

6207
05:30:59,000 --> 05:31:02,700
does not make their grievances. 
Invalid, you sit on your port on

6208
05:31:02,700 --> 05:31:06,100
a summer evening. 
In 1802 watching lightning bugs 

6209
05:31:06,100 --> 05:31:09,800
drift through the darkness. 
News arrived last week that the 

6210
05:31:09,808 --> 05:31:12,800
whiskey tax has been repealed 
Jefferson's administration. 

6211
05:31:12,800 --> 05:31:16,000
Fulfilled its promise. 
The burden is lifted, you could 

6212
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:19,300
restart the still and resumed 
production, but somehow the 

6213
05:31:19,300 --> 05:31:22,500
moment feels Hollow, the tax is 
gone, but so are seven years, 

6214
05:31:22,500 --> 05:31:26,400
Herman husband is dead. 
David Bradford is exile. 

6215
05:31:27,100 --> 05:31:30,200
James McFarland died at Bower 
Hill neighbors, who were 

6216
05:31:30,200 --> 05:31:33,800
friends, became enemies the 
social fabric tour and never 

6217
05:31:33,800 --> 05:31:37,000
fully repaired. 
The victory tastes of Ashes 

6218
05:31:37,000 --> 05:31:40,500
mixed with relief. 
You survived which is more than 

6219
05:31:40,500 --> 05:31:43,400
some can say. 
But survival came at a price 

6220
05:31:43,408 --> 05:31:45,500
that still Tally's up in quite 
moments like this. 

6221
05:31:45,500 --> 05:31:48,900
The long-term impact of the 
Whiskey Rebellion extends far 

6222
05:31:48,900 --> 05:31:51,800
beyond its immediate 
participants The precedent of 

6223
05:31:51,800 --> 05:31:53,300
federal military force to 
suppress. 

6224
05:31:53,300 --> 05:31:56,000
Internal resistance becomes 
Bedrock principle of American 

6225
05:31:56,000 --> 05:31:58,000
governance. 
Future presidents. 

6226
05:31:58,000 --> 05:32:01,300
Cited to justify actions from 
the Reconstruction, South to 

6227
05:32:01,300 --> 05:32:04,100
Little Rock School integration 
to Federal enforcement of civil 

6228
05:32:04,100 --> 05:32:07,300
rights laws. 
The principal Cuts both ways, it

6229
05:32:07,300 --> 05:32:10,300
protects minority rights against
hostile, local majority's. 

6230
05:32:10,300 --> 05:32:13,400
It also enables Federal 
overreach into areas that might 

6231
05:32:13,400 --> 05:32:16,400
be better left to local control 
sorting out which applications 

6232
05:32:16,400 --> 05:32:19,600
are Justified and which are not 
requires constant Vigilant and 

6233
05:32:19,600 --> 05:32:21,800
debate. 
The Whiskey Rebellion does not 

6234
05:32:21,800 --> 05:32:24,700
answer these questions. 
It simply establishes that the 

6235
05:32:24,700 --> 05:32:27,200
federal government has the power
to enforce its will when 

6236
05:32:27,200 --> 05:32:29,800
necessary how that power should 
be used. 

6237
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:33,500
Remained eternally contested. 
The story ends, not with 

6238
05:32:33,500 --> 05:32:35,600
resolution but with 
continuation. 

6239
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:40,100
The tensions that sparked the 
Whiskey Rebellion persist in 

6240
05:32:40,108 --> 05:32:43,500
different forms Americans still 
argue about taxation 

6241
05:32:43,500 --> 05:32:47,900
representation, Federal 
Authority, and local autonomy. 

6242
05:32:48,700 --> 05:32:51,800
They still disagree about when 
resistance becomes Justified, 

6243
05:32:51,800 --> 05:32:54,700
and when it crosses into 
Rebellion, they still struggled 

6244
05:32:54,700 --> 05:32:57,200
to balance competing visions of 
what the nation should be. 

6245
05:32:58,600 --> 05:33:02,100
The Whiskey Rebellion was early 
chapter in an ongoing story that

6246
05:33:02,100 --> 05:33:05,700
has no Final Chapter. 
Each generation inherits the 

6247
05:33:05,700 --> 05:33:08,400
questions and must answer them. 
A new based on contemporary 

6248
05:33:08,400 --> 05:33:11,300
circumstances. 
You close your eyes and listen 

6249
05:33:11,300 --> 05:33:13,400
to crickets singing their 
Endless Summer song. 

6250
05:33:13,400 --> 05:33:17,900
Tomorrow brings more work Fields
need tending fences, need 

6251
05:33:17,900 --> 05:33:20,600
mending, life continues 
regardless of political 

6252
05:33:20,600 --> 05:33:22,200
upheavals or historical 
significant. 

6253
05:33:23,100 --> 05:33:25,600
The grand sweeps of History 
matter Less in the moment than 

6254
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:28,800
the immediate tasks of survival.
And back small measures of 

6255
05:33:28,808 --> 05:33:32,900
contentment use survived the 
Whiskey Rebellion that will have

6256
05:33:32,900 --> 05:33:35,200
to be enough. 
Sleep comes easier these days 

6257
05:33:35,200 --> 05:33:38,100
now that the threat of midnight,
arrests has passed the 

6258
05:33:38,100 --> 05:33:40,800
nightmares Fades. 
Slowly, the memories remain. 

6259
05:33:40,800 --> 05:33:42,700
They will be there when you wake
tomorrow. 

6260
05:33:42,700 --> 05:33:45,300
And every day after until memory
itself ends. 

6261
05:33:45,300 --> 05:33:49,800
So there we have it, my tired 
dumplings attacks, on Whiskey, 

6262
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:52,900
nearly tore apart the nation 
that the Revolutionary War 

6263
05:33:52,900 --> 05:33:56,900
created a president LED troops 
against his own citizens, to 

6264
05:33:56,900 --> 05:33:59,300
establish that federal law, 
means something real and 

6265
05:33:59,300 --> 05:34:03,500
forcible Farmers resisted 
leaders, fled or died and 

6266
05:34:03,500 --> 05:34:06,600
ultimately the government 
prevailed, the Preston matters 

6267
05:34:06,600 --> 05:34:10,200
still the question's raised 
remain unresolved and somewhere 

6268
05:34:10,200 --> 05:34:11,400
in the hills of Western 
Pennsylvania. 

6269
05:34:11,400 --> 05:34:16,400
Old still sit rusting in Barnes 
silent witnesses to a conflict 

6270
05:34:16,400 --> 05:34:18,500
that shaped American history in 
ways. 

6271
05:34:18,500 --> 05:34:20,900
We still grapple with more than 
two centuries later. 

6272
05:34:22,200 --> 05:34:25,100
If this story helped you drift 
towards sleep, consider 

6273
05:34:25,100 --> 05:34:27,900
subscribing to the channel and 
hit the notification Bell, so 

6274
05:34:27,900 --> 05:34:31,200
you never miss a new episode 
until next time sleep. 

6275
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:42,600
Well, my tired potatoes Imagine 
yourself seated at your kitchen 

6276
05:34:42,600 --> 05:34:45,200
table on a Tuesday Morning. 
In October 1929. 

6277
05:34:45,200 --> 05:34:48,100
Perhaps enjoying coffee from 
your beloved mug. 

6278
05:34:48,100 --> 05:34:50,600
The one that hasn't yet 
developed a chip in its handle 

6279
05:34:51,500 --> 05:34:52,600
You're flipping through the 
newspaper. 

6280
05:34:52,600 --> 05:34:55,300
Probably complaining about 
something perfectly mundane. 

6281
05:34:55,300 --> 05:34:58,500
Like how the neighbor's dog 
keeps digging up your petunias? 

6282
05:34:59,500 --> 05:35:02,200
Life, feels predictable, even a 
little boring. 

6283
05:35:02,900 --> 05:35:06,400
Then the phone rings or maybe 
you hear it on the radio, the 

6284
05:35:06,400 --> 05:35:09,400
stock market has crashed. 
The stock market has not merely 

6285
05:35:09,400 --> 05:35:12,300
halted or experienced a 
difficult day, but it has 

6286
05:35:12,308 --> 05:35:14,800
plummeted completely in 
catastrophically. 

6287
05:35:15,600 --> 05:35:18,100
Within hours, everything you 
thought you knew about your 

6288
05:35:18,100 --> 05:35:20,800
comfortable little world starts,
shifting beneath your feet like 

6289
05:35:20,800 --> 05:35:23,800
sand. 
Now, you might be thinking what 

6290
05:35:23,800 --> 05:35:25,400
does Wall Street have to do with
my dinner table? 

6291
05:35:25,400 --> 05:35:28,600
Get ready to learn that 
everything is connected in ways 

6292
05:35:28,600 --> 05:35:32,800
that will make your head spin. 
Before the crash American 

6293
05:35:32,800 --> 05:35:35,100
kitchens were experiencing a 
period of prosperity. 

6294
05:35:35,100 --> 05:35:38,900
Electric refrigerators replaced 
the old ice boxes, that required

6295
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:42,100
actual blocks of ice consider. 
How you might explain that to 

6296
05:35:42,100 --> 05:35:43,600
someone today? 
Yes. 

6297
05:35:43,600 --> 05:35:46,300
Dear, a man. 
Came by twice a week with frozen

6298
05:35:46,300 --> 05:35:49,000
water. 
Know we couldn't make our own 

6299
05:35:50,600 --> 05:35:53,800
Cooking became easier with the 
newfangled appliances and 

6300
05:35:53,800 --> 05:35:56,200
grocery stores brimmed with an 
abundance of options that would 

6301
05:35:56,200 --> 05:35:57,700
have left your grandmother 
dizzy. 

6302
05:35:58,500 --> 05:36:02,700
Families were eating beef roasts
on Sundays, fresh vegetables, 

6303
05:36:02,700 --> 05:36:06,200
from local farms and desserts. 
That didn't require a 

6304
05:36:06,200 --> 05:36:07,800
mathematical equation to figure 
out sugar. 

6305
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:11,100
Ratios bread was white and 
fluffy, not because it was 

6306
05:36:11,100 --> 05:36:14,600
healthy but because it felt 
fancy and modern the poor 8 

6307
05:36:14,600 --> 05:36:17,300
brown bread, but America was far
from impoverished. 

6308
05:36:17,300 --> 05:36:21,000
But here's the thing about 
Prosperity is often built on a 

6309
05:36:21,008 --> 05:36:24,500
foundation, that's more wobbly 
than anyone wants to admit Banks

6310
05:36:24,500 --> 05:36:27,000
were lending, money recklessly 
individuals were purchasing 

6311
05:36:27,000 --> 05:36:30,300
stocks with funds, they lacked 
and farmers were producing more 

6312
05:36:30,300 --> 05:36:32,000
food than the nation. 
Could consume. 

6313
05:36:32,000 --> 05:36:34,600
It was like a giant game of 
Jenga and someone was about to 

6314
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:37,900
pull out the wrong block. 
When that crash came it wasn't 

6315
05:36:37,900 --> 05:36:40,500
just Rich investors in fancy 
suits who felt it. 

6316
05:36:40,500 --> 05:36:43,700
The Ripple effects, spread 
faster than gossip in a small 

6317
05:36:43,700 --> 05:36:47,400
town banks, closed their doors, 
taking people savings with them 

6318
05:36:47,400 --> 05:36:49,900
factories. 
Shut down, sending workers home 

6319
05:36:49,900 --> 05:36:53,500
with empty Pockets, suddenly the
Cozy, middle class, way of life,

6320
05:36:53,500 --> 05:36:57,100
you'd be relishing vanished the 
concept vanished as swiftly as 

6321
05:36:57,100 --> 05:36:59,200
ice cream on a sweltering summer
day. 

6322
05:36:59,200 --> 05:37:02,500
The cruel irony was that there 
was still ample food available 

6323
05:37:02,500 --> 05:37:05,500
for cultivation. 
Farms Across America were still 

6324
05:37:05,508 --> 05:37:08,200
producing wheat, corn 
vegetables, and livestock. 

6325
05:37:08,900 --> 05:37:10,900
The problem wasn't that food had
disappeared. 

6326
05:37:10,900 --> 05:37:12,800
It was that nobody had money to 
buy it. 

6327
05:37:12,800 --> 05:37:15,600
It's like being locked outside. 
Your house with the keys sitting

6328
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:18,400
right there on the kitchen 
counter visible, but completely 

6329
05:37:18,400 --> 05:37:21,100
Out Of Reach. 
This is where our story really 

6330
05:37:21,100 --> 05:37:24,500
begins because when people can't
afford food, they get creative 

6331
05:37:24,500 --> 05:37:26,800
by creative. 
I mean, they learn to create 

6332
05:37:26,800 --> 05:37:28,900
meals using ingredients. 
That would make modern food 

6333
05:37:28,900 --> 05:37:31,400
bloggers cry. 
Forget your artisanal. 

6334
05:37:31,400 --> 05:37:34,300
This and organic that people are
about to discover that survival 

6335
05:37:34,300 --> 05:37:37,300
cooking is its kind of art form.
They're not necessarily one. 

6336
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,400
You'd want to Instagram. 
So there you were, perhaps still

6337
05:37:40,400 --> 05:37:43,100
sitting at that same kitchen 
table, but now in stead of 

6338
05:37:43,100 --> 05:37:45,900
casually reading the newspaper, 
you're studying it like it holds

6339
05:37:45,900 --> 05:37:49,200
the secrets of the universe, 
which adds are offering work. 

6340
05:37:49,200 --> 05:37:53,200
What stores are having sales and
most importantly, how can you 

6341
05:37:53,200 --> 05:37:55,900
feed your family on? 
What feels like pocket change? 

6342
05:37:56,700 --> 05:37:58,800
The adventure was just 
beginning, though. 

6343
05:37:58,800 --> 05:38:00,600
Nobody referred to it as such at
that time. 

6344
05:38:01,300 --> 05:38:03,900
They were too busy figuring out 
how to stretch a dollar until it

6345
05:38:03,908 --> 05:38:07,100
screamed and wondering how 
something is basic is putting 

6346
05:38:07,100 --> 05:38:10,000
food on the table had suddenly 
become the most challenging 

6347
05:38:10,000 --> 05:38:12,000
puzzle. 
They'd ever faced, you know how 

6348
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:15,100
today you might spend 20 minutes
deciding between 17 different 

6349
05:38:15,100 --> 05:38:18,700
types, of pasta sauce, weighing 
the merits of organic vs regular

6350
05:38:18,700 --> 05:38:21,500
vs the store brand. 
Well, imagine if your entire 

6351
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:24,300
grocery budget was less than 
what you now, spend on a single 

6352
05:38:24,300 --> 05:38:26,900
lunch out and suddenly those 
choices become a lot more 

6353
05:38:26,900 --> 05:38:30,300
focused by 1932. 
The average family was spending 

6354
05:38:30,300 --> 05:38:33,100
about 15 dollars a week on 
groceries which sounds 

6355
05:38:33,100 --> 05:38:36,700
ridiculously cheap Until you 
realize that's in 1932 dollars. 

6356
05:38:36,700 --> 05:38:39,100
And most people were lucky to 
have any dollars at all. 

6357
05:38:39,100 --> 05:38:42,300
It's as if someone handed you 
Monopoly money and instructed 

6358
05:38:42,300 --> 05:38:45,500
you to use it until next 
Thursday, Your grocery shopping 

6359
05:38:45,500 --> 05:38:48,200
strategy had to become more 
sophisticated than a military 

6360
05:38:48,200 --> 05:38:51,600
operation first. 
You check every pocket purse and

6361
05:38:51,600 --> 05:38:54,700
couch cushion for Loose Change. 
Discovering, a nickel felt like 

6362
05:38:54,708 --> 05:38:57,400
unearthing a hidden treasure, 
then you'd sit down with a 

6363
05:38:57,408 --> 05:39:00,300
pencil and paper. 
No fancy smartphone apps for 

6364
05:39:00,308 --> 05:39:03,100
Budget tracking and plan your 
shopping trip with the Precision

6365
05:39:03,100 --> 05:39:05,700
of a NASA Mission. 
Every purchase had to serve 

6366
05:39:05,708 --> 05:39:09,000
multiple purposes and luxury 
items like fresh meat or white 

6367
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:11,800
sugar were carefully weighed 
against Necessities, like flour 

6368
05:39:11,800 --> 05:39:14,500
and potatoes. 
The grocery stores themselves 

6369
05:39:14,500 --> 05:39:18,000
started looking different too 
gone with the Abundant displays 

6370
05:39:18,000 --> 05:39:21,600
and cheerful abundance of the 
Roaring 20s shelves, became 

6371
05:39:21,600 --> 05:39:25,200
sparser and stalkers started. 
Extending credit to long-time 

6372
05:39:25,200 --> 05:39:29,200
customers keeping handwritten 
ledgers of who owed, what it was

6373
05:39:29,208 --> 05:39:30,600
like a neighborhood favors 
system. 

6374
05:39:30,600 --> 05:39:33,200
Except the favors were keeping 
families from going hungry. 

6375
05:39:34,200 --> 05:39:36,800
You learned to think like a 
Pioneer, even though you lived 

6376
05:39:36,800 --> 05:39:39,600
in town. 
Bulk purchases made sense, when 

6377
05:39:39,600 --> 05:39:43,600
you could afford them, a large 
sack of flour might cost, but it

6378
05:39:43,608 --> 05:39:46,400
would last longer and cost less 
per pound than buying smaller 

6379
05:39:46,400 --> 05:39:48,600
amounts. 
Of course, such an arrangement 

6380
05:39:48,600 --> 05:39:52,100
required actually, having enough
money for bulk purchases, which 

6381
05:39:52,100 --> 05:39:54,800
was often a catched, 22 
situation, that would make your 

6382
05:39:54,800 --> 05:39:56,600
head hurt. 
If you thought about it too 

6383
05:39:56,600 --> 05:39:59,200
much. 
Shopping became a social 

6384
05:39:59,200 --> 05:40:02,700
activity, in ways, it had never 
been before, women would compare

6385
05:40:02,700 --> 05:40:06,300
notes on which stores have the 
best prices share recipes for 

6386
05:40:06,300 --> 05:40:08,900
making meals stretch and 
sometimes even pull their money 

6387
05:40:08,900 --> 05:40:10,800
for bulk purchases. 
They divide up later. 

6388
05:40:10,800 --> 05:40:14,000
It was like having a very 
practical book club except 

6389
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:16,600
instead of discussing 
literature, you were debating, 

6390
05:40:16,600 --> 05:40:19,800
whether potatoes were cheaper 
per pound at Miller's market or 

6391
05:40:19,800 --> 05:40:22,700
Thompson's grocery. 
The butcher became both your 

6392
05:40:22,700 --> 05:40:25,000
trusted companion and your 
greatest obstacle. 

6393
05:40:25,600 --> 05:40:29,400
While meat was costly bones were
inexpensive and a quality soup, 

6394
05:40:29,400 --> 05:40:32,000
bone could serve. 
As the basis for numerous meals,

6395
05:40:32,000 --> 05:40:35,600
you would request the cuts that 
were previously intended for pet

6396
05:40:35,600 --> 05:40:39,000
food and the butcher would 
frequently include Surplus at no

6397
05:40:39,000 --> 05:40:42,100
cost, which you would then cook 
and utilize in ways that would 

6398
05:40:42,100 --> 05:40:43,600
shock contemporary 
nutritionists. 

6399
05:40:43,600 --> 05:40:45,800
Yet insured. 
Your family sustenance. 

6400
05:40:47,300 --> 05:40:50,300
Seasonal shopping took on new 
meaning, summer meant fresh, 

6401
05:40:50,300 --> 05:40:52,200
vegetables, and fruits when they
were cheapest. 

6402
05:40:52,200 --> 05:40:54,200
But it also meant thinking ahead
to Winter. 

6403
05:40:55,100 --> 05:40:57,900
Canning became less of a hobby 
and more of a survival skill. 

6404
05:40:58,600 --> 05:41:01,000
Your kitchen might fill up with 
mason jars, like a general 

6405
05:41:01,000 --> 05:41:02,700
store. 
Each one representing a meal 

6406
05:41:02,708 --> 05:41:05,500
save for the months when fresh 
food would become even pricier. 

6407
05:41:06,100 --> 05:41:08,900
Store, credited evolved into a 
delicate balance between dignity

6408
05:41:08,900 --> 05:41:11,700
and Desperation. 
Storekeepers knew their 

6409
05:41:11,700 --> 05:41:14,900
customers personally, they knew 
your family, your situation and 

6410
05:41:14,900 --> 05:41:17,800
your history of payment. 
Getting credit wasn't just about

6411
05:41:17,800 --> 05:41:20,500
financial reliability. 
It was about being part of the 

6412
05:41:20,500 --> 05:41:24,500
community but using that credit 
meant admitting you needed help,

6413
05:41:24,500 --> 05:41:26,700
which was harder for some people
than others. 

6414
05:41:27,500 --> 05:41:30,600
The psychology of shopping 
changed too, you'd find yourself

6415
05:41:30,600 --> 05:41:32,500
calculating not just price per 
pound. 

6416
05:41:32,500 --> 05:41:36,300
But meals per dollar, a bag of 
dried beans, might be boring but

6417
05:41:36,300 --> 05:41:37,800
it could feed your family for a 
week. 

6418
05:41:37,800 --> 05:41:39,000
If you knew how to cook them 
right? 

6419
05:41:39,000 --> 05:41:42,300
Meanwhile that fresh Apple that 
looked so appealing might 

6420
05:41:42,300 --> 05:41:45,000
represent an entire day's budget
for luxury Foods. 

6421
05:41:45,800 --> 05:41:48,200
Your bags, may have been lighter
when you got home, but your 

6422
05:41:48,200 --> 05:41:50,100
mental load was definitely 
heavier. 

6423
05:41:50,100 --> 05:41:52,100
You aren't just carrying 
groceries. 

6424
05:41:53,000 --> 05:41:55,300
You were carrying the 
responsibility of making every 

6425
05:41:55,300 --> 05:41:59,500
ingredient, count every meal 
matter and every dollar stretch 

6426
05:41:59,500 --> 05:42:03,100
as far as humanly possible. 
And you are about to learn that 

6427
05:42:03,100 --> 05:42:04,300
creativity in. 
The kitchen. 

6428
05:42:04,300 --> 05:42:07,400
Will not just nice. 
It was absolutely essential. 

6429
05:42:07,400 --> 05:42:10,900
Here's something that might 
surprise you before the Great 

6430
05:42:10,900 --> 05:42:13,400
Depression left. 
Over food was often just thrown 

6431
05:42:13,400 --> 05:42:16,100
away. 
Can you imagine families would 

6432
05:42:16,100 --> 05:42:18,900
actually toss perfectly 
delicious food because it was a 

6433
05:42:18,900 --> 05:42:21,100
day old or didn't look as a 
peeling as when it was fresh. 

6434
05:42:21,900 --> 05:42:25,300
If you told someone from 1935 
that people in the future would 

6435
05:42:25,300 --> 05:42:28,400
throw away food because it was 
approaching its expiration date.

6436
05:42:28,400 --> 05:42:31,200
They'd probably think you were 
describing some kind of fantasy 

6437
05:42:31,200 --> 05:42:34,000
world. 
But once money became scarce 

6438
05:42:34,000 --> 05:42:37,600
leftovers, transformed from 
Kitchen waste into precious 

6439
05:42:37,600 --> 05:42:40,500
resources. 
Every scrap of food became the 

6440
05:42:40,500 --> 05:42:44,200
star of its own potential meal. 
and home Cooks developed an 

6441
05:42:44,200 --> 05:42:47,100
almost Supernatural ability to 
resurrect yesterday's dinner 

6442
05:42:47,100 --> 05:42:51,400
into something that felt new and
exciting or at least edible Take

6443
05:42:51,400 --> 05:42:54,900
bread for example, in better 
times day, old bread, might have

6444
05:42:54,900 --> 05:42:57,900
been to the birds or used for 
kindling, but during the 

6445
05:42:57,900 --> 05:43:01,200
Depression stale bread, became 
the foundation of entire meals 

6446
05:43:01,200 --> 05:43:05,100
red putting wasn't just to 
deserve it was a way to use up 

6447
05:43:05,100 --> 05:43:08,300
every last crust. 
Bread crumbs extended. 

6448
05:43:08,300 --> 05:43:11,700
Meatloaf and bread soaked in 
milk, became a breakfast that 

6449
05:43:11,700 --> 05:43:15,100
cost almost nothing. 
The art of the leftover soup 

6450
05:43:15,100 --> 05:43:17,700
became so refined that it was 
practically a science. 

6451
05:43:17,700 --> 05:43:20,800
You'd start with whatever scraps
of meat remain from Sunday's 

6452
05:43:20,800 --> 05:43:23,100
dinner, maybe just some Grisel 
and bones. 

6453
05:43:23,100 --> 05:43:26,100
That today would go straight 
into the trash had some wilted 

6454
05:43:26,100 --> 05:43:28,500
vegetables that were passed 
their Prime throwing 

6455
05:43:28,500 --> 05:43:31,900
yesterday's, mashed potatoes for
thickness and suddenly, you had 

6456
05:43:31,900 --> 05:43:34,800
a new meal that could feed the 
whole family every kitchen 

6457
05:43:34,800 --> 05:43:36,600
developed. 
Its own leftover ecosystem, 

6458
05:43:36,600 --> 05:43:39,900
people saved, meat dripping and 
used them to flavor vegetables 

6459
05:43:39,900 --> 05:43:43,000
vegetable, cooking water became 
the base for Soups because 

6460
05:43:43,000 --> 05:43:45,600
throwing away anything with 
potential nutrients felt almost 

6461
05:43:45,600 --> 05:43:48,500
Criminal. 
Even coffee grounds got reused 

6462
05:43:48,500 --> 05:43:52,100
sometimes multiple times until 
they were producing something 

6463
05:43:52,100 --> 05:43:56,000
that barely resembled coffee, 
but still provided a hot Cafe. 

6464
05:43:56,000 --> 05:43:59,600
Native beverage. 
The psychology of leftovers 

6465
05:43:59,600 --> 05:44:02,900
change completely, instead of 
being considered somehow 

6466
05:44:02,900 --> 05:44:06,300
inferior to fresh food. 
Leftovers became challenges to 

6467
05:44:06,308 --> 05:44:09,900
creativity, a good cook, could 
take completely unrelated 

6468
05:44:09,900 --> 05:44:12,400
remnants and somehow make them 
work together in harmony. 

6469
05:44:12,400 --> 05:44:16,800
It was akin to performing as a 
culinary, DJ combining various 

6470
05:44:16,800 --> 05:44:19,700
ingredients to create dish that 
exceeded its individual 

6471
05:44:19,700 --> 05:44:22,900
components. 
Casseroles emerged as the ideal 

6472
05:44:22,900 --> 05:44:26,000
way to utilize leftovers even 
though they were not referred to

6473
05:44:26,000 --> 05:44:28,500
as castles in the past. 
They were simply anything. 

6474
05:44:28,500 --> 05:44:32,900
We could combine in one pot. 
Have some leftover chicken, mix 

6475
05:44:32,900 --> 05:44:35,700
it with yesterday's vegetables, 
and top with whatever star she 

6476
05:44:35,700 --> 05:44:38,300
could manage. 
Although it was unrefined, it 

6477
05:44:38,300 --> 05:44:41,900
provided a substantial meal was 
cost effective and effectively 

6478
05:44:41,900 --> 05:44:44,200
utilized all items that could 
have otherwise been discarded. 

6479
05:44:45,300 --> 05:44:47,500
The transformation of leftovers 
also has changed. 

6480
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:50,400
How families thought about meal 
planning, instead of planning 

6481
05:44:50,400 --> 05:44:52,700
individual meals. 
You started thinking in terms of

6482
05:44:52,700 --> 05:44:55,700
food chains, how Sunday's roast 
chicken would become Monday's, 

6483
05:44:55,700 --> 05:44:59,200
chicken salad, Tuesday's chicken
soup and Wednesdays chicken and 

6484
05:44:59,200 --> 05:45:01,800
dumpling's. 
It was like meal planning, chess

6485
05:45:01,800 --> 05:45:05,200
thinking several moves ahead 
children, grew up with an 

6486
05:45:05,200 --> 05:45:07,800
entirely different relationship 
to food waste than their parents

6487
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:10,000
had. 
Not only was leaving food on 

6488
05:45:10,000 --> 05:45:12,600
your plate, considered Bad 
Manners but it all so 

6489
05:45:12,600 --> 05:45:16,700
represented a significant waste 
of family resources. kids learn 

6490
05:45:16,700 --> 05:45:19,300
to clean their plates, not 
because of starving children in 

6491
05:45:19,300 --> 05:45:22,300
far-off countries but because 
that leftover bite might be 

6492
05:45:22,300 --> 05:45:26,100
tomorrow's lunch The creative 
leftover culture, led to some 

6493
05:45:26,100 --> 05:45:29,100
surprisingly, tasty discoveries 
combinations. 

6494
05:45:29,100 --> 05:45:31,700
That seemed weird on paper 
actually worked. 

6495
05:45:31,700 --> 05:45:35,500
Well together leftover mashed 
potatoes mixed with flour became

6496
05:45:35,500 --> 05:45:38,100
potato pancakes. 
Yesterday's vegetables. 

6497
05:45:38,100 --> 05:45:41,700
Mixed with eggs became frittatas
before anyone knew what to call 

6498
05:45:41,700 --> 05:45:44,800
them In ways that would 
influence American cooking for 

6499
05:45:44,800 --> 05:45:47,500
Generations. 
Necessity became the driving 

6500
05:45:47,500 --> 05:45:51,500
force behind invention, storage 
became an art form 2 without 

6501
05:45:51,500 --> 05:45:53,300
reliable Refrigeration in many 
homes. 

6502
05:45:53,300 --> 05:45:57,600
Keeping leftovers safe, required
timing, temperature control, and

6503
05:45:57,600 --> 05:46:01,600
a bit of luck, Root Cellars, 
cool, pantries and even outdoor 

6504
05:46:01,600 --> 05:46:03,900
storage in Winter, became part 
of the leftover management 

6505
05:46:03,900 --> 05:46:05,700
system. 
You had to eat things in the 

6506
05:46:05,700 --> 05:46:08,700
right order to prevent spoilage,
which meant planing your 

6507
05:46:08,700 --> 05:46:10,800
leftover consumption, as 
carefully as your original 

6508
05:46:10,800 --> 05:46:13,500
meals. 
Looking back, this leftover 

6509
05:46:13,500 --> 05:46:16,100
Revolution created cooking 
skills, that modern American 

6510
05:46:16,100 --> 05:46:19,600
lovely lost. 
These skills such as the ability

6511
05:46:19,600 --> 05:46:22,900
to look at random ingredients 
and see potential meals to 

6512
05:46:22,900 --> 05:46:26,900
stretch food Beyond its obvious 
uses and to waste absolutely 

6513
05:46:26,900 --> 05:46:29,200
nothing. 
We're not just survival skills 

6514
05:46:29,200 --> 05:46:32,300
from the Depression era, they 
were the foundation of a more 

6515
05:46:32,300 --> 05:46:34,600
sustainable and creative 
approach to cooking that we 

6516
05:46:34,600 --> 05:46:37,700
could probably learn from today.
Even if we never want to have to

6517
05:46:37,700 --> 05:46:39,100
rely on it, quite so 
desperately. 

6518
05:46:39,100 --> 05:46:42,900
Imagine opening your pantry 
today and discovering that half 

6519
05:46:42,900 --> 05:46:45,400
the ingredients you normally use
for cooking have disappeared. 

6520
05:46:46,100 --> 05:46:48,200
They were not spoiled or sold 
out at the store. 

6521
05:46:48,200 --> 05:46:51,800
They were just completely 
unavailable or so expensive that

6522
05:46:51,800 --> 05:46:53,300
they might as well have been 
made a gold. 

6523
05:46:53,300 --> 05:46:54,900
That's essentially what 
happened. 

6524
05:46:54,900 --> 05:46:58,100
During the Great Depression and 
basic ingredients became luxury 

6525
05:46:58,100 --> 05:47:00,600
items and home, Cooks had to 
become kitchen chemists, 

6526
05:47:00,600 --> 05:47:03,300
figuring out how to create 
familiar flavors and textures 

6527
05:47:03,300 --> 05:47:06,400
using whatever. 
They could actually afford sugar

6528
05:47:06,400 --> 05:47:10,200
was one of the first casualties,
real white sugar became so 

6529
05:47:10,200 --> 05:47:14,200
expensive that it was rationed 
out, like precious gems families

6530
05:47:14,200 --> 05:47:16,400
used honey. 
When they could molasses, when 

6531
05:47:16,400 --> 05:47:19,100
they couldn't, and sometimes 
corn syrup or sugar substitutes 

6532
05:47:19,100 --> 05:47:21,900
made from their own beats 
deserts to con entirely, 

6533
05:47:21,900 --> 05:47:25,300
different flavor profiles, let's
clawing, Lee, sweep more 

6534
05:47:25,300 --> 05:47:28,600
complex, and sometimes earthy. 
Your grandmother's cookies 

6535
05:47:28,600 --> 05:47:31,200
probably tasted nothing like 
what you'd expect biscuits to 

6536
05:47:31,208 --> 05:47:34,300
taste like today, but a 
virtually disappeared from many 

6537
05:47:34,300 --> 05:47:37,600
family tables replaced by 
whatever fat was cheapest and 

6538
05:47:37,600 --> 05:47:40,300
available. 
Occasionally it was lard which 

6539
05:47:40,300 --> 05:47:42,000
at least provided richness and 
flavor. 

6540
05:47:42,000 --> 05:47:45,200
Sometimes it was vegetable 
shortening which was cheaper but

6541
05:47:45,200 --> 05:47:46,400
didn't taste like much of 
anything. 

6542
05:47:47,400 --> 05:47:51,500
And sometimes families, learn to
cook with no fat at all creating

6543
05:47:51,500 --> 05:47:54,900
dishes that were healthier than 
they realized, but probably a 

6544
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:57,200
lot less satisfying than what 
they remembered from better 

6545
05:47:57,200 --> 05:48:00,600
times. 
Meat substitution evolved into a

6546
05:48:00,608 --> 05:48:02,700
complex game of culinary 
fantasy. 

6547
05:48:03,400 --> 05:48:07,400
People extended ground meat with
bread crumbs oatmeal or any 

6548
05:48:07,400 --> 05:48:10,500
spare grain resulting in 
meatloaf that contained more 

6549
05:48:10,500 --> 05:48:14,200
filler than actual meat. 
Sometimes families made entire 

6550
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:16,700
meals that were designed to 
taste like they contain meat but

6551
05:48:16,700 --> 05:48:19,800
were actually made from Beans 
vegetables and creative 

6552
05:48:19,800 --> 05:48:22,000
seasoning. 
It was like culinary theater 

6553
05:48:22,000 --> 05:48:24,100
everyone. 
Pretended it was the real thing 

6554
05:48:24,100 --> 05:48:26,300
and occasionally. 
The pretending was so good that 

6555
05:48:26,300 --> 05:48:29,000
it almost worked coffee. 
Was another Heartbreaker. 

6556
05:48:29,000 --> 05:48:33,100
Real coffee became so expensive 
that family started mixing it 

6557
05:48:33,100 --> 05:48:35,600
with chicory dandelion route or 
whatever else. 

6558
05:48:35,600 --> 05:48:38,300
Could provide a bitter hot 
beverage that felt like coffee 

6559
05:48:38,300 --> 05:48:41,800
in the morning, some substitutes
weren't terrible chicory. 

6560
05:48:41,800 --> 05:48:43,600
Actually has a pleasant earthy 
flavor. 

6561
05:48:43,600 --> 05:48:47,100
Others were more about the 
ritual than the taste because 

6562
05:48:47,100 --> 05:48:50,000
starting the day with a hot cup 
of something was psychologically

6563
05:48:50,000 --> 05:48:52,900
important, even if that 
something bored only a passing 

6564
05:48:52,900 --> 05:48:57,200
resemblance to actual coffee, 
Vanilla extract which today you 

6565
05:48:57,200 --> 05:49:00,000
buy without thinking became a 
luxury item that required 

6566
05:49:00,000 --> 05:49:03,500
creative substitution. 
Families, learn to use almond 

6567
05:49:03,500 --> 05:49:06,300
extract sparingly, or to make 
their own flavorings from 

6568
05:49:06,300 --> 05:49:08,900
whatever was available. 
Some learned to make vanilla 

6569
05:49:08,900 --> 05:49:11,500
from scratch though. 
The process was time-consuming 

6570
05:49:11,500 --> 05:49:15,900
and the results were hit or miss
Baking became an exercise in 

6571
05:49:15,900 --> 05:49:19,300
making desserts that tasted good
without relying on the flavor 

6572
05:49:19,300 --> 05:49:21,000
enhancers that had become too 
expensive. 

6573
05:49:21,000 --> 05:49:25,000
Milk was often watered down or 
substituted entirely. 

6574
05:49:25,700 --> 05:49:28,800
Powdered milk when available was
mixed thinner than recommended 

6575
05:49:28,800 --> 05:49:31,900
to make it last longer. 
Sometimes families made milk 

6576
05:49:31,900 --> 05:49:35,300
from other sources, nut-based at
beverages, were trendy Health 

6577
05:49:35,300 --> 05:49:37,800
choices. 
But desperate substitutions for 

6578
05:49:37,800 --> 05:49:39,100
something that had become 
unaffordable. 

6579
05:49:40,000 --> 05:49:42,700
Children grew up thinking that 
thin slightly off tasting. 

6580
05:49:42,700 --> 05:49:45,500
Milk was normal not knowing they
were drinking a diluted 

6581
05:49:45,500 --> 05:49:48,900
substitute for the real thing. 
Even salt something we take 

6582
05:49:48,900 --> 05:49:51,900
completely for granted today. 
Sometimes required substitution 

6583
05:49:52,700 --> 05:49:55,600
Families learned to use herbs, 
vinegar, or other flavor, 

6584
05:49:55,600 --> 05:49:58,500
enhancers to improve food, taste
without relying on salt. 

6585
05:49:58,500 --> 05:50:01,100
They couldn't afford. 
Garden's became medicine 

6586
05:50:01,100 --> 05:50:04,300
cabinets and spice racks with 
families growing whatever they 

6587
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:06,700
could add flavor to otherwise 
Bland meals. 

6588
05:50:07,500 --> 05:50:10,900
The psychology of substitution 
was complex on one hand. 

6589
05:50:10,900 --> 05:50:14,000
It was practical and necessary. 
You used to what you had because

6590
05:50:14,000 --> 05:50:16,500
you didn't have choices. 
But it was also a way of 

6591
05:50:16,500 --> 05:50:18,100
maintaining normalcy and 
dignity. 

6592
05:50:19,000 --> 05:50:22,200
Calling a bean and grain Patilla
meatloaf wasn't just about 

6593
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:24,300
flavor. 
It was about preserving the 

6594
05:50:24,300 --> 05:50:27,100
feeling that your family was 
still eating recognizable 

6595
05:50:27,100 --> 05:50:30,300
traditional meals. 
Some substitutions worked so 

6596
05:50:30,300 --> 05:50:33,900
well that they became permanent 
parts of American Cooking others

6597
05:50:33,900 --> 05:50:36,300
were abandoned. 
As soon as better times returned

6598
05:50:36,300 --> 05:50:39,300
though, they remained in family 
memories as reminders of when 

6599
05:50:39,300 --> 05:50:42,400
creativity wasn't just helpful, 
it was essential for survival. 

6600
05:50:43,300 --> 05:50:46,200
The Substitute culture also 
created a generation of cooks 

6601
05:50:46,200 --> 05:50:49,100
who understood ingredients in 
ways that modern Cooks often, 

6602
05:50:49,100 --> 05:50:53,200
don't They knew how fats behaved
and cooking, how sweet is 

6603
05:50:53,200 --> 05:50:56,400
affected texture and taste. 
And how to balance flavors 

6604
05:50:56,400 --> 05:51:00,100
without standard ingredients. 
They became masters of working 

6605
05:51:00,100 --> 05:51:02,200
with what they had rather than 
the recipes. 

6606
05:51:02,200 --> 05:51:06,000
They assumed they could buy This
ingredient flexibility created a

6607
05:51:06,000 --> 05:51:09,300
uniquely American approach to 
cooking that valued 

6608
05:51:09,300 --> 05:51:12,400
resourcefulness over 
authenticity creativity over 

6609
05:51:12,400 --> 05:51:14,700
tradition and making Duo over 
giving up. 

6610
05:51:15,500 --> 05:51:17,300
It was always creative and fed 
families. 

6611
05:51:17,300 --> 05:51:19,900
When they otherwise would have 
gone hungry, even if it wasn't 

6612
05:51:19,900 --> 05:51:23,300
tasty, you've probably seen 
those perfectly manicured, 

6613
05:51:23,300 --> 05:51:26,800
Suburban Lawns, right? 
Every blade of grass precisely. 

6614
05:51:26,800 --> 05:51:30,600
The same height, not a dandelion
in sight maintained with the 

6615
05:51:30,600 --> 05:51:33,300
dedication usually reserved for 
religious practices. 

6616
05:51:34,300 --> 05:51:37,200
During the Great Depression, 
those are Immaculate Lawns would

6617
05:51:37,200 --> 05:51:39,700
have been viewed as the epitome 
of wasteful foolishness. 

6618
05:51:40,500 --> 05:51:43,400
Every square foot of available 
land became potential, food 

6619
05:51:43,400 --> 05:51:46,300
production, and families. 
Learned that vegetables were a 

6620
05:51:46,300 --> 05:51:47,800
lot more valuable than 
ornamental grass. 

6621
05:51:49,100 --> 05:51:51,600
The transformation of American 
Yards happened almost overnight.

6622
05:51:52,600 --> 05:51:54,700
People who had never grown 
anything more challenging than 

6623
05:51:54,708 --> 05:51:57,500
houseplants, suddenly found 
themselves studying seed 

6624
05:51:57,500 --> 05:51:59,400
catalogs, like they were 
textbooks. 

6625
05:51:59,400 --> 05:52:02,600
Trying to figure out how to turn
their backyards into miniature 

6626
05:52:02,600 --> 05:52:04,500
Farms. 
It wasn't exactly like the 

6627
05:52:04,500 --> 05:52:07,900
trendy Urban gardening movement.
You see today, this wasn't about

6628
05:52:07,900 --> 05:52:09,700
being eco-conscious or eating 
locally. 

6629
05:52:09,700 --> 05:52:12,700
This was purely. 
A matter of survival, your 

6630
05:52:12,700 --> 05:52:15,400
garden planing had to be 
strategic in ways that modern 

6631
05:52:15,400 --> 05:52:18,200
gardeners can. 
Barely imagine you had to plant 

6632
05:52:18,200 --> 05:52:20,900
what would yield the most 
calories per square foot stall? 

6633
05:52:20,900 --> 05:52:24,000
Well, through winter and grow 
reliably in your specific soil 

6634
05:52:24,000 --> 05:52:27,000
and climate. 
Tato's became the backbone of 

6635
05:52:27,000 --> 05:52:29,700
many family Gardens because they
were filling nutritious and 

6636
05:52:29,700 --> 05:52:32,400
could be stored for months. 
Beans were popular because they 

6637
05:52:32,400 --> 05:52:35,400
added protein to the diet and 
improve the soil for future. 

6638
05:52:35,400 --> 05:52:40,300
Crops the seed situation was its
kind of Economics lesson due to 

6639
05:52:40,308 --> 05:52:43,800
the high cost of good seeds. 
Families learned to save seeds 

6640
05:52:43,800 --> 05:52:47,000
from their best plants forming 
informal seed, banks, that 

6641
05:52:47,000 --> 05:52:50,500
neighbors and relatives shared. 
Trading seeds became a social 

6642
05:52:50,500 --> 05:52:52,600
activity. 
You might trade your extra 

6643
05:52:52,600 --> 05:52:56,700
tomato seeds for someone else's,
extra bean seeds creating a 

6644
05:52:56,700 --> 05:52:58,900
Community Network that helped 
everyone increase their food 

6645
05:52:58,900 --> 05:53:01,600
security. 
Tools were another challenge. 

6646
05:53:02,400 --> 05:53:05,000
A good shovel or hoe was an 
investment that many families 

6647
05:53:05,000 --> 05:53:07,500
couldn't afford so tool sharing 
became common. 

6648
05:53:08,300 --> 05:53:10,500
Neighbors would coordinate their
gardening schedules. 

6649
05:53:10,500 --> 05:53:13,300
So they could pass tools back 
and forth or families would make

6650
05:53:13,300 --> 05:53:16,300
do with improvised tools. 
Old kitchen spoons, for planting

6651
05:53:16,300 --> 05:53:19,500
seeds, or homemade watering 
systems created from tin cans 

6652
05:53:19,500 --> 05:53:22,700
with holes, punched in them. 
The process of learning was 

6653
05:53:22,700 --> 05:53:25,900
Steep and unforgiving. 
Modern gardeners can look up 

6654
05:53:25,900 --> 05:53:27,400
solutions to their problems 
online. 

6655
05:53:27,400 --> 05:53:31,500
But depression, near regardless 
had to rely on neighbors library

6656
05:53:31,500 --> 05:53:35,300
books and trial and error. if 
bugs devoured, your beans or 

6657
05:53:35,300 --> 05:53:38,500
your Tomatoes succumb, to 
blight, it not only represented 

6658
05:53:38,500 --> 05:53:42,600
a gardening, setback but also a 
family food emergencies Pressure

6659
05:53:42,600 --> 05:53:44,600
to succeed made every gardening 
decision. 

6660
05:53:44,600 --> 05:53:47,800
Feel crucial preservation became
just as important as growing 

6661
05:53:47,800 --> 05:53:50,400
producing. 
A bumper crop of vegetables was 

6662
05:53:50,400 --> 05:53:52,300
futile. 
If they spoiled before, they 

6663
05:53:52,300 --> 05:53:56,100
could be consumed families. 
Learned canning, pickling root, 

6664
05:53:56,100 --> 05:53:58,800
cellaring, and drying 
preservation techniques, that 

6665
05:53:58,800 --> 05:54:01,100
turned a summers worth of 
vegetables into winter 

6666
05:54:01,100 --> 05:54:03,700
sustenance. 
Your kitchen might be filled 

6667
05:54:03,700 --> 05:54:05,700
with mason jars lined up like 
soldiers. 

6668
05:54:05,700 --> 05:54:09,100
Each one representing security 
against future hunger. 

6669
05:54:09,700 --> 05:54:12,900
Urban gardening took on new 
meaning, when every available 

6670
05:54:12,900 --> 05:54:17,500
space was pressed into service. 
Rooftops vacant lots and 

6671
05:54:17,500 --> 05:54:20,300
stressor of land beside railroad
tracks, anywhere that could 

6672
05:54:20,300 --> 05:54:23,100
support plant life, became 
potential sites for food 

6673
05:54:23,100 --> 05:54:25,500
production. 
City dwellers, learn to grow 

6674
05:54:25,500 --> 05:54:29,300
vegetables and containers window
boxes, and any patch of soil 

6675
05:54:29,300 --> 05:54:32,300
they could claim or borrow it 
was like an entirely different 

6676
05:54:32,300 --> 05:54:35,200
relationship with Urban Stone 
space, where every square foot 

6677
05:54:35,200 --> 05:54:38,500
was evaluated for its food 
producing potential, the social 

6678
05:54:38,500 --> 05:54:40,000
dynamics of gardening changed 
too. 

6679
05:54:40,000 --> 05:54:44,200
Gardening knowledge became 
valuable currency The neighbor 

6680
05:54:44,200 --> 05:54:46,800
who could successfully grow 
vegetables, became someone worth

6681
05:54:46,800 --> 05:54:50,300
knowing and successful gardeners
often found themselves teaching 

6682
05:54:50,300 --> 05:54:53,400
others sharing, not just seeds 
and tools but knowledge and 

6683
05:54:53,400 --> 05:54:56,200
techniques. 
Gardening clubs were just social

6684
05:54:56,200 --> 05:54:58,600
organization. 
They were survival networks, 

6685
05:54:58,600 --> 05:55:02,600
children, learned to Garden out 
of necessity, not as a relaxing,

6686
05:55:02,600 --> 05:55:06,200
family activity kids today, 
spend their Summers, weeding 

6687
05:55:06,200 --> 05:55:09,100
watering and harvesting. 
Instead of at Campbell playing 

6688
05:55:09,100 --> 05:55:13,000
video games, it wasn't always 
fun, but it gave them skills and

6689
05:55:13,000 --> 05:55:15,500
an understanding of where food 
comes from that most modern 

6690
05:55:15,500 --> 05:55:19,000
children never develop. 
The psychological impact of 

6691
05:55:19,000 --> 05:55:22,000
growing, your food was 
significant in a time. 

6692
05:55:22,008 --> 05:55:26,000
When so much felt out of control
jobs money the future having a 

6693
05:55:26,000 --> 05:55:28,700
garden provided a sense of 
agency and self-sufficiency 

6694
05:55:28,700 --> 05:55:31,900
while you might not have control
over the economy, you could 

6695
05:55:31,900 --> 05:55:35,200
manage the watering of your 
tomatoes. the act of planting 

6696
05:55:35,200 --> 05:55:38,500
seeds was inherently optimistic,
a statement of faith that the 

6697
05:55:38,500 --> 05:55:40,500
future would arrive and you'd be
there to harvest what you 

6698
05:55:40,500 --> 05:55:43,400
planted Some families 
discovered, they actually 

6699
05:55:43,400 --> 05:55:46,900
enjoyed gardening and continued 
even after the economic 

6700
05:55:46,900 --> 05:55:50,500
situation is improved. 
Others abandon their Garden's as

6701
05:55:50,500 --> 05:55:52,400
soon as they could to buy all 
their vegetables again. 

6702
05:55:53,400 --> 05:55:56,100
But for a generation of 
American's, the experience of 

6703
05:55:56,108 --> 05:55:58,800
growing their food created, a 
different relationship with 

6704
05:55:58,800 --> 05:56:02,200
vegetables with land and with 
the connection between human 

6705
05:56:02,200 --> 05:56:04,600
effort and sustenance that 
influenced, how they thought 

6706
05:56:04,600 --> 05:56:06,300
about food for the rest of their
lives. 

6707
05:56:06,300 --> 05:56:08,800
People's ability to unite during
difficult. 

6708
05:56:08,800 --> 05:56:10,800
Times is a characteristic of 
humanity. 

6709
05:56:10,800 --> 05:56:14,400
You've probably witnessed this 
during natural disasters or 

6710
05:56:14,400 --> 05:56:17,000
Community crisis, where 
neighbors, who previously barely

6711
05:56:17,000 --> 05:56:19,900
spoke suddenly come together to 
organize relief, efforts and 

6712
05:56:19,900 --> 05:56:22,300
share resources during the Great
Depression. 

6713
05:56:22,300 --> 05:56:25,700
This Instinct from Mutual Aid 
extended to food in ways that 

6714
05:56:25,700 --> 05:56:27,300
were both heartwarming and 
heartbreaking. 

6715
05:56:27,300 --> 05:56:30,900
Creating Community Systems that 
kept people fed when individual 

6716
05:56:30,900 --> 05:56:34,100
families couldn't manage on 
their own, Community Kitchen 

6717
05:56:34,100 --> 05:56:37,700
started appearing in churches, 
schools and any building large 

6718
05:56:37,700 --> 05:56:39,300
enough to accommodate. 
Cooking for crowds. 

6719
05:56:39,300 --> 05:56:43,500
These weren't trendy communal 
dining experiences while social 

6720
05:56:43,500 --> 05:56:46,600
experiments in group living, 
they were practical solutions to

6721
05:56:46,600 --> 05:56:49,300
the simple problem that many 
families couldn't afford food, 

6722
05:56:49,300 --> 05:56:53,100
but communities could sometimes 
pull resources to create meals, 

6723
05:56:53,100 --> 05:56:56,600
that would feed everyone. 
The logistics were complex, the 

6724
05:56:56,600 --> 05:56:59,700
dignity was carefully preserved,
and the social dynamics were 

6725
05:56:59,700 --> 05:57:02,200
unlike anything most communities
that experience before. 

6726
05:57:03,200 --> 05:57:05,900
The unspoken rules of Community 
Kitchens were intricate and 

6727
05:57:05,908 --> 05:57:08,300
important. 
Nobody discussed, who could 

6728
05:57:08,300 --> 05:57:11,500
afford to contribute ingredients
and who couldn't nobody, kept 

6729
05:57:11,500 --> 05:57:12,900
track of who ate more than they 
brought. 

6730
05:57:12,900 --> 05:57:16,200
Everyone contributed something 
even if it was just labor, 

6731
05:57:16,200 --> 05:57:19,400
peeling potatoes stirring pots 
cleaning up afterward. 

6732
05:57:19,400 --> 05:57:22,100
It was a careful dance of 
maintaining Pride while 

6733
05:57:22,100 --> 05:57:25,000
acknowledging need of helping 
without making it obvious. 

6734
05:57:25,000 --> 05:57:28,300
Who was helping him potluck 
dinners, took on new meaning. 

6735
05:57:28,300 --> 05:57:32,000
When families genuinely couldn't
afford to feed themselves, let 

6736
05:57:32,000 --> 05:57:33,600
alone contribute to community 
meals. 

6737
05:57:34,500 --> 05:57:36,700
The mathematics of potluck 
became creative. 

6738
05:57:36,700 --> 05:57:40,400
One family might bring a giant 
pot of soup made mostly from 

6739
05:57:40,400 --> 05:57:43,000
vegetables and water. 
While another might contribute 

6740
05:57:43,000 --> 05:57:46,700
to small but precious amount of 
metal seasoning, Together these 

6741
05:57:46,700 --> 05:57:49,800
contributions created meals. 
That were more substantial and 

6742
05:57:49,800 --> 05:57:51,200
varied than any individual 
family. 

6743
05:57:51,200 --> 05:57:54,400
Could have managed alone. 
Recipe sharing became an act of 

6744
05:57:54,408 --> 05:57:57,400
generosity that went beyond just
culinary tips when someone 

6745
05:57:57,400 --> 05:57:59,400
discovered how to make a filling
meal from inexpensive 

6746
05:57:59,400 --> 05:58:01,800
ingredients. 
Sharing that knowledge was like 

6747
05:58:01,800 --> 05:58:04,500
sharing wealth. 
Women would write down recipes 

6748
05:58:04,500 --> 05:58:05,800
on whatever paper they could 
find. 

6749
05:58:05,800 --> 05:58:08,800
Creating informal networks of 
survival cooking, that passed 

6750
05:58:08,800 --> 05:58:10,700
from Kitchen to kitchen and 
neighborhood to Neighborhood. 

6751
05:58:10,700 --> 05:58:13,400
The psychology of eating 
together, changed. 

6752
05:58:13,400 --> 05:58:15,100
When eating alone. 
Meant not eating enough 

6753
05:58:15,100 --> 05:58:18,300
Community meals. 
Provided not just nutrition, but

6754
05:58:18,300 --> 05:58:21,700
social connection during a time.
When people felt isolated by 

6755
05:58:21,700 --> 05:58:25,300
their economic circumstances, 
children who might have felt 

6756
05:58:25,300 --> 05:58:27,600
embarrassed about their 
families, Financial situations, 

6757
05:58:27,600 --> 05:58:31,100
discovered that many other 
families were experienced in the

6758
05:58:31,100 --> 05:58:34,600
same challenge as adults, 
discovered that sharing meals, 

6759
05:58:34,600 --> 05:58:37,400
all meant sharing the emotional 
burden of difficult time's 

6760
05:58:38,200 --> 05:58:40,800
church basement dinners 
neighborhood, soup kitchens and 

6761
05:58:40,800 --> 05:58:43,400
informal meal sharing 
Arrangements, created a parallel

6762
05:58:43,400 --> 05:58:46,800
food distribution system that 
operated alongside and sometimes

6763
05:58:46,800 --> 05:58:50,900
instead of traditional Commerce 
These were charity operations in

6764
05:58:50,900 --> 05:58:52,100
the way. 
We might think of them today 

6765
05:58:52,100 --> 05:58:55,400
because the line between Helper 
and helped was often blurry. 

6766
05:58:56,100 --> 05:58:57,700
Families might host a community 
dinner. 

6767
05:58:57,700 --> 05:59:00,300
One week and depend on someone 
else's community's dinner. 

6768
05:59:00,300 --> 05:59:03,300
The next week, seasonal 
Community cooking made sense in 

6769
05:59:03,300 --> 05:59:04,900
ways that individual cooking 
didn't. 

6770
05:59:04,900 --> 05:59:08,100
When someone's Garden produced 
more Tomatoes than one family 

6771
05:59:08,100 --> 05:59:11,400
could use, it made sense to turn
that abundance into Source or 

6772
05:59:11,400 --> 05:59:13,400
preserves that could feed 
multiple families. 

6773
05:59:14,200 --> 05:59:17,100
Large-scale food preservation 
required equipment, space 

6774
05:59:17,100 --> 05:59:20,400
knowledge that individual 
families often lacked but 

6775
05:59:20,400 --> 05:59:22,900
communities could organize 
canning operations that 

6776
05:59:22,900 --> 05:59:26,700
benefited everyone involved. 
The economics of community 

6777
05:59:26,700 --> 05:59:28,500
cooking were fascinating and 
complex. 

6778
05:59:29,300 --> 05:59:32,000
Buying ingredients in bulk for 
Community meals, was more 

6779
05:59:32,000 --> 05:59:33,900
economical than individual 
family shopping. 

6780
05:59:34,700 --> 05:59:38,800
But it required coordination 
trust, and some kind of informal

6781
05:59:38,800 --> 05:59:40,400
accounting system to ensure 
fairness. 

6782
05:59:41,400 --> 05:59:44,400
Some communities use trading 
systems, where labels exchange 

6783
05:59:44,400 --> 05:59:47,100
for meals or where families 
contributed different types of 

6784
05:59:47,100 --> 05:59:50,300
resources, some provided 
ingredients, others, provided 

6785
05:59:50,300 --> 05:59:52,900
cooking space, and still others 
provided labor. 

6786
05:59:53,900 --> 05:59:56,500
Children growing up in these 
Community Food Systems, learned 

6787
05:59:56,500 --> 05:59:59,600
different lessons about sharing,
cooperation, and social 

6788
05:59:59,600 --> 06:00:02,300
responsibility then children who
grew up in purely individual, 

6789
06:00:02,300 --> 06:00:05,200
family units. 
They saw adults working together

6790
06:00:05,200 --> 06:00:08,600
to solve problems, witness the 
Practical mechanics of mutual 

6791
06:00:08,600 --> 06:00:11,000
Aid and understood that 
Community survival. 

6792
06:00:11,000 --> 06:00:14,000
Sometimes required setting aside
individual pride in favor of 

6793
06:00:14,000 --> 06:00:17,700
collective action the end of 
Community Kitchen culture came 

6794
06:00:17,700 --> 06:00:20,900
gradually as economic conditions
improved and families could 

6795
06:00:20,900 --> 06:00:24,800
afford to return to individual 
cooking and eating Some 

6796
06:00:24,800 --> 06:00:27,400
communities maintain these 
Traditions as social activities 

6797
06:00:27,400 --> 06:00:29,000
rather than survival 
Necessities. 

6798
06:00:29,000 --> 06:00:32,800
But, for most, the Community 
Kitchen period was remembered as

6799
06:00:32,800 --> 06:00:35,300
a time when neighbors became 
family out of necessity. 

6800
06:00:35,300 --> 06:00:38,000
And when the simple Act of 
sharing a meal carried weight, 

6801
06:00:38,000 --> 06:00:41,700
and meaning that extended far 
beyond nutrition, Looking back 

6802
06:00:41,700 --> 06:00:44,600
these Community Food Systems, 
created, social bonds and 

6803
06:00:44,600 --> 06:00:47,600
survival skills that influenced 
how communities responded to 

6804
06:00:47,600 --> 06:00:50,600
Future challenges. 
They proved that Americans could

6805
06:00:50,600 --> 06:00:53,800
organize Mutual Aid systems when
necessary and that sharing 

6806
06:00:53,800 --> 06:00:56,500
resources didn't require 
government programs, or formal 

6807
06:00:56,500 --> 06:00:59,700
charity just neighbors, willing 
to help, mermaids and 

6808
06:00:59,700 --> 06:01:01,600
communities willing to take care
of their own. 

6809
06:01:01,600 --> 06:01:04,300
The end of the Great Depression 
didn't happen like a light 

6810
06:01:04,300 --> 06:01:07,000
switch being flipped. 
It was more like Dawn slowly 

6811
06:01:07,000 --> 06:01:08,300
breaking after the longest 
night. 

6812
06:01:08,300 --> 06:01:11,300
Anyone could remember families 
didn't wake up one morning to 

6813
06:01:11,300 --> 06:01:14,200
find their economic troubles 
over and their refrigerators 

6814
06:01:14,200 --> 06:01:18,000
magically restocked instead 
Prosperity, gradually returned 

6815
06:01:18,000 --> 06:01:20,700
permanently. 
Altering American's relationship

6816
06:01:20,700 --> 06:01:24,500
with food World War 2 played a 
strange role in ending food. 

6817
06:01:24,500 --> 06:01:28,000
Scarce for some families, while 
creating new types of rationing 

6818
06:01:28,000 --> 06:01:31,200
for others. 
Defense jobs provided Financial 

6819
06:01:31,200 --> 06:01:33,900
stability, but the 
implementation of wartime 

6820
06:01:33,900 --> 06:01:37,200
rationing often limited the 
amount of meat sugar, and coffee

6821
06:01:37,200 --> 06:01:39,700
that even the most affluent 
families could purchase. 

6822
06:01:40,600 --> 06:01:43,200
It was like having money but 
being told you could only spend 

6823
06:01:43,200 --> 06:01:46,100
some of it. 
Which was frustrating and forced

6824
06:01:46,100 --> 06:01:47,400
continued creativity in the 
kitchen. 

6825
06:01:48,300 --> 06:01:51,900
The transition back to abundance
was psychologically complex. 

6826
06:01:51,900 --> 06:01:54,500
You'd think that people who had 
to stretch every ingredient 

6827
06:01:54,500 --> 06:01:57,600
would waste food once they could
afford it, but that's not what 

6828
06:01:57,600 --> 06:01:59,500
happened. 
Many families can continue 

6829
06:01:59,500 --> 06:02:03,900
Depression era, cooking habits 
for years decades or even the 

6830
06:02:03,900 --> 06:02:06,400
rest of their lives. 
Once you've learned to see 

6831
06:02:06,400 --> 06:02:10,500
potential meals in food, scraps,
hard to unlearn that skill, even

6832
06:02:10,500 --> 06:02:13,700
when you don't technically need 
it anymore, Children who had 

6833
06:02:13,700 --> 06:02:15,700
grown up during the Depression 
carried forward. 

6834
06:02:15,700 --> 06:02:18,000
Different attitudes about food 
than their parents had 

6835
06:02:18,000 --> 06:02:20,500
originally possessed. 
They knew how to cook from 

6836
06:02:20,500 --> 06:02:25,300
scratch, how to substitute, and 
how to make meals and how to 

6837
06:02:25,300 --> 06:02:28,200
waste nothing. 
These skills serve them well, 

6838
06:02:28,200 --> 06:02:31,300
during future economic downturns
but they also influenced 

6839
06:02:31,300 --> 06:02:34,000
American Home Cooking in ways 
that lasted for Generations. 

6840
06:02:34,000 --> 06:02:37,700
The grocery store experience 
transformed as a abundance 

6841
06:02:37,700 --> 06:02:41,000
returned but it never quite went
back to the Carefree shopping of

6842
06:02:41,000 --> 06:02:43,700
the 1920s. 
People who had lived through the

6843
06:02:43,700 --> 06:02:46,000
depression, maintained habits of
price. 

6844
06:02:46,000 --> 06:02:48,700
Comparison. 
Bulk buying when items are on 

6845
06:02:48,700 --> 06:02:51,800
sale and stocking up against 
future shortages that might 

6846
06:02:51,800 --> 06:02:54,900
never come. 
The psychological scars of 

6847
06:02:54,908 --> 06:02:58,000
scarcity created shopping 
behaviors that persisted long 

6848
06:02:58,000 --> 06:03:01,400
after scarcity. 
Ended restaurant culture slowly 

6849
06:03:01,400 --> 06:03:03,700
returned but it was different 
too. 

6850
06:03:03,700 --> 06:03:07,000
The Casual throwing away of 
restaurant food that had been 

6851
06:03:07,000 --> 06:03:10,900
common in the 1920s was replaced
by more carefully, eating taking

6852
06:03:10,900 --> 06:03:14,200
leftovers home and appreciation 
for meals, that someone else 

6853
06:03:14,200 --> 06:03:17,100
would prepared. 
The experience of not being able

6854
06:03:17,100 --> 06:03:20,600
to afford to eat out, maying 
out, feel more special and less 

6855
06:03:20,600 --> 06:03:24,000
routine when it became possible.
Again food technology, advanced 

6856
06:03:24,000 --> 06:03:27,300
rapidly in the post-war years 
partly in response to lessons 

6857
06:03:27,300 --> 06:03:30,000
learned during the Depression 
about food, preservation 

6858
06:03:30,000 --> 06:03:34,500
nutrition and efficient cooking.
Frozen Foods. 

6859
06:03:34,500 --> 06:03:38,300
Improved canning techniques and 
new appliances were developed 

6860
06:03:38,300 --> 06:03:41,500
with an understanding of how 
families actually cooked and ate

6861
06:03:41,500 --> 06:03:44,500
during difficult times not just 
during prosperous ones. 

6862
06:03:45,400 --> 06:03:48,800
The social aspects of food, 
sharing evolved too potluck. 

6863
06:03:48,800 --> 06:03:51,200
Dinners Community meals and 
neighbor to neighbor. 

6864
06:03:51,200 --> 06:03:53,400
Food-sharing didn't disappear 
when they were no longer 

6865
06:03:53,400 --> 06:03:56,400
necessary for survival. 
Though, they became more about 

6866
06:03:56,400 --> 06:03:58,800
social connection than economic 
necessity. 

6867
06:03:59,600 --> 06:04:02,400
Community is that had learned to
eat together during hard times. 

6868
06:04:02,400 --> 06:04:06,200
Often continued eating together 
during Good Times maintaining 

6869
06:04:06,200 --> 06:04:09,300
bonds that had been forged over 
shared meals and mutual Aid 

6870
06:04:10,100 --> 06:04:13,800
Garden Culture persisted in 
modified forms, many families. 

6871
06:04:13,800 --> 06:04:17,300
Continue growing vegetables, not
because they had to but because 

6872
06:04:17,300 --> 06:04:20,300
they wanted to the skills, 
they'd learned during necessity 

6873
06:04:20,300 --> 06:04:23,300
became hobbies and the Victory 
Gardens of the Depression era 

6874
06:04:23,300 --> 06:04:25,400
evolved into the recreational 
gardening. 

6875
06:04:25,400 --> 06:04:27,500
That became a Suburban Staple in
later decades. 

6876
06:04:28,300 --> 06:04:30,900
The recipes and cooking 
techniques developed, during the

6877
06:04:30,900 --> 06:04:33,900
Depression became part of 
American culinary tradition. 

6878
06:04:33,900 --> 06:04:37,600
Desperately created dishes 
became Comfort Foods, associated

6879
06:04:37,600 --> 06:04:41,100
with family, tradition and 
resourcefulness casseroles, 

6880
06:04:41,100 --> 06:04:44,200
hearty soups, and creative uses 
of leftovers remained, popular 

6881
06:04:44,200 --> 06:04:46,700
long after they stopped being 
economically necessary. 

6882
06:04:47,900 --> 06:04:50,900
Perhaps most importantly, the 
Great Depression created. 

6883
06:04:50,900 --> 06:04:53,500
A generation of American who 
understood the difference 

6884
06:04:53,500 --> 06:04:56,900
between wanting food in needing 
it between eating for pleasure 

6885
06:04:56,900 --> 06:05:00,100
and eating for survival. 
This distinction influenced, how

6886
06:05:00,100 --> 06:05:02,700
they raise their children, how 
they thought about waste and how

6887
06:05:02,700 --> 06:05:04,800
they appreciated abundance when 
it returned? 

6888
06:05:05,900 --> 06:05:08,500
The legacy of Depression era of 
food, culture wasn't just about 

6889
06:05:08,500 --> 06:05:10,600
specific recipes or cooking 
techniques. 

6890
06:05:10,600 --> 06:05:13,900
It was about resilience 
creativity and the understanding

6891
06:05:13,900 --> 06:05:16,400
that survival, sometimes 
requires reimagining, your 

6892
06:05:16,400 --> 06:05:19,600
relationship with basic 
necessities, families. 

6893
06:05:19,600 --> 06:05:21,500
Learn that they could adapt to 
the unexpected. 

6894
06:05:21,500 --> 06:05:24,700
The community's could support 
each other through mutual Aid. 

6895
06:05:24,700 --> 06:05:27,600
And that meals could be 
satisfying and meaningful even 

6896
06:05:27,600 --> 06:05:31,100
when they were to elaborate or 
expensive, As you drift off to 

6897
06:05:31,100 --> 06:05:34,300
sleep tonight, maybe in a 
kitchen stocked with more food 

6898
06:05:34,300 --> 06:05:36,800
choices than depression or 
families could have dreamed of. 

6899
06:05:36,800 --> 06:05:40,500
It's worth remembering that the 
ability to adapt to create 

6900
06:05:40,500 --> 06:05:44,200
something from nothing and to 
find satisfaction in Simplicity 

6901
06:05:44,200 --> 06:05:46,700
aren't just historical 
Curiosities. 

6902
06:05:46,700 --> 06:05:50,700
Their human capabilities, that 
remain available to us skills 

6903
06:05:50,700 --> 06:05:53,100
that our grandparents and 
great-grandparents developed out

6904
06:05:53,100 --> 06:05:55,300
of necessity. 
But that represents something 

6905
06:05:55,300 --> 06:05:57,500
valuable about. 
Human creativity and resilience.

6906
06:05:57,500 --> 06:06:01,000
The Great Depression taught 
America, that food is never just

6907
06:06:01,000 --> 06:06:06,000
about food, it's about Community
creativity survival and the 

6908
06:06:06,000 --> 06:06:08,500
remarkable human ability to make
the best of what ever 

6909
06:06:08,500 --> 06:06:11,600
circumstances life serves up. 
Even when those circumstances 

6910
06:06:11,600 --> 06:06:13,400
are nothing like what anyone 
ordered,