How People Studied the Stars Before Telescopes and more | Boring History

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Tonight my little sleepy heads 
were about to take a Journey 

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Through Time back to when 
humans. 

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First looked up at the night sky
and wondered what the heck was 

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going on up there? 
I have this long and relaxing 

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segment for you. 
Also, before you pull up your 

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blanket and adjust smoothly for 
the night. 

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If you don't mind, please take a
moment to like the video and let

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me know where you're tuning in 
from, and what time it is for 

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you now. 
Turn off the lights as usual and

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let's finally close this day off
together. 

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You know how it feels to feel. 
So tiny, while you're lying on 

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your back in the grass and 
gazing up at the stars. 

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Congratulations, your 
experiencing exactly the same 

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thing that most likely some 
40,000 years ago. 

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Ignited, human astronomy. 
Imagine that as an early human, 

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your main worries are avoiding 
being eaten by an animal with 

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larger than you and determining 
where you will get your next 

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meal. 
However, as night falls, there 

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it is, this breathtaking, light 
display above your head, totally

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free of cost and without the 
need for a subscription service,

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you might initially assume that 
these prehistoric people were 

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too preoccupied with survival to
be interested in Celestial 

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mechanics. 
The interesting part though is 

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that they were compelled to 
become the first astronomers in 

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history. 
You see the sky becomes your 

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ultimate scheduling tool when 
you don't have a calendar to 

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remind you when it's time to 
plant crops or a smartphone to 

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alert you when spring is 
approaching, The stars were not 

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hazardously strewn up there like
glitter on a black tablecloth. 

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As those early stargazers 
noticed, like, a cosmic clock, 

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that never needed to be wound. 
They moved in predictable 

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patterns Eventually the same 
stars that had emerged over the 

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Eastern Horizon, would march 
across the sky and vanish in the

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west only to reappear the 
following night with a slight 

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shift, then came the sun which 
was as Dependable as a Swiss 

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watch rising in the East and 
setting in the west each and 

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every day. 
Aside from hold on a second. 

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It appeared to travel a much 
slower lower route to cross the 

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sky in the winter, hardly 
bothering to reach very high 

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before deciding to call it 
today. 

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It jumped High overhead and 
stayed out until what felt like 

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bedtime in the summer 
practically bouncing out of bed.

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This was survival, 
informational, not just idle 

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curiosity. 
It was time to start searching 

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for certain plants that would 
soon be ripening when that 

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specific cluster of stars 
appeared shortly before Dawn, 

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you could tell winter was 
easing. 

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When the sun began to shine for 
longer periods of time each day,

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even more fascinating, was the 
moon. 

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The moon appeared to have a 
personality disorder in contrast

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to the sun, which essentially 
followed a predictable routine 

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at times. 
It was a perfect circle that was

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visible to Hunters at times. 
It resembled a cosmic smile a 

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thin Crescent at times. 
It vanished completely leaving 

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the night as dark as a caves 
interior, the moon. 

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However, had a rhythm despite 
its seeming moodiness. 

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Humanity's first calendar system
was based on the Dependable 

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pattern of roughly, 29 and a 
half days between full moons. 

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When you could simply look up 
and see what phase the moon was 

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in, you didn't need to count 
days these early astronomers, 

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let's call them that because 
even without fancy degrees or 

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telescope's, they were 
unquestionably astronomers 

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started to notice something else
night after night. 

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Year after year, the majority of
stars remained in the same 

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relative positions that group 
continued to appear, like a big 

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dipper. 
It appears that ancient people 

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had very active imaginations 
when it came to connecting dots 

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because that row of stars that 
someone thought looked like a 

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belt remained a belt. 
The troublemakers. 

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However were a few luminous 
objects that Rove the sky as if 

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they were unsure of their 
destination. 

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Later, the Greeks would refer to
them as planets, which means, 

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Wanderers. 
And that is what we still call 

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them today. 
Five of these roving Stars 

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Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and
Saturn were visible to ancient 

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observers, even in the absence 
of telescopes Venus was 

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especially perplexing because it
seemed to be too distinct Stars 

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one that emerged shortly before 
sunrise and another shortly 

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after Sunset. 
It took a long time for someone 

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to realize that it was the son 
playing peek-a-boo with the same

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object. 
These observations weren't 

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merely remembered as fascinating
anecdotes as the generations 

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went by, they were assimilated 
into every day life and became 

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fundamental knowledge. 
Seasons were approaching when 

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certain Stars Rose. 
At particular time, the amount 

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of light available for 
nighttime. 

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Activities was determined by the
moon's position where the 

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patterns were predicted by the 
path of the sun. 

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Priests or shamans, who were the
communities official timekeepers

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and weather forecasters were 
frequently entrusted with this 

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knowledge because it was so 
valuable that it became sacred. 

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Not only was it helpful but it 
was almost magical to be able to

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predict with Precision when 
spring all the rains would 

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arrive. 
It is understandable why early 

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astronomers frequently occupied 
highly esteemed and influential 

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roles in their communities. 
What's truly amazing though is 

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that all of this highly Advanced
pattern recognition and 

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observation was taking place, 
thousands of years before anyone

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even had a magnifying glass to 
improve their vision. 

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All that these ancient 
astronomers had to work with 

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with our unaided eyes, their 
intellects and an almost 

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unnatural patients for observing
the sky year after year and 

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night after night, they were 
unable to see the craters on our

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own Moon. 
The moons of Jupiter or the 

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rings of Saturn. 
They didn't know that those five

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stray stars were worlds in and 
of themselves or that the Milky 

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Way, was composed of billions of
individual Stars. 

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However, they could tell you the
precise time of the next full 

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moon, the sun Zenith or, which 
stars would be visible on any 

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given night of the year compared
to many of us today. 

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These early observers had a 
deeper understanding of the sky 

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How recently have you observed? 
The big Dippers gradual night, 

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time, rotation around the North 
Star. 

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All that if you know, exactly 
where to look Venus can 

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occasionally be seen during the 
day. 

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The sky was a constant companion
to these ancient astronomers who

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read it. 
As we do the news, the 

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longest-running scientific 
Endeavor in human history had 

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suddenly started 10s of 
thousands of years it would go 

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on uninterrupted, evolving from 
one generation to the next and 

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becoming more accurate and 
sophisticated with every Century

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that went by all because someone
somewhere thought that perhaps 

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the lovely lights in the sky 
were trying to convey something 

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significant. 
We must now briefly discuss the 

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ancient Egyptians if we were to 
discuss people who took 

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astronomy, seriously These 
people centered their entire 

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civilization on the Stars, not 
just observing them. 

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And by built, I mean, literally,
as they positioned their 

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monuments, with the accuracy of 
a fine watchmaker in relation to

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celestial objects, most likely 
you've heard of the Great 

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Pyramid of Giza that enormous 
Stone construction that still 

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baffles Engineers today and 
leaves them wondering how in the

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world it was built. 
What you might not know though, 

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is that it is oriented. 
So closely to True North. 

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That the difference is less than
15 of a degree. 

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That's more accurate than a lot 
of contemporary buildings to put

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that in perspective, without GPS
laser levels or any of the other

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tools. 
We now consider necessary. 

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How did they accomplish this? 
Naturally they made use of the 

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Stars they specifically employed
a method based on the North Pole

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circumference which stars follow
they were able to determine True

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North with remarkable accuracy 
by observing a star at its 

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eastern and western extreme 
during the night. 

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And then calculating the 
midpoint between those 

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positions. 
However, the Egyptians weren't 

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merely showcasing, their powers 
in building pyramids, they were 

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obsessed with the astronomy for 
pragmatic reasons, the Nile 

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Rivers yearly flooding, which 
spread Rich fertile. 

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Sultan over the Farmland was 
essential to Egypt's entire 

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agricultural system. 
You risk starvation, if you miss

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the timing of this flood, if you
do it correctly, you will have a

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lot of crops. 
The issue is that unlike many 

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other cultures. 
The flooding of the Nile did not

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occur according to the lunar 
calendar, rather it tracked, 

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what is now known as the solar 
year which is the amount of 

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time? 
It takes for Earth to complete 

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one orbit around the Sun as a 
result, the Egyptians had to 

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monitor, the sun's position far 
more precisely than their 

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neighbors every year. 
They observe that a specific 

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star would emerge on the Eastern
Horizon. 

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Just Before Dawn, right before 
the Nile started to flood, their

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Cosmic alarm clock, was this 
star, which we call serious, and

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they called sopdet. 
After being invisible for weeks,

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serious appeared in the pre-dawn
sky signaling that the flood 

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would arrive in a few days. 
They created one of the most 

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precise calendars in Antiquity 
based on this observation. 

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Creating a 3605 day year, that 
was only off by roughly a 

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quarter of a day. 
Not bad for those with boundless

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patients and stone tools. 
We also have some of the oldest 

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written records of astronomical 
observations, from the 

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Egyptians, they made maps of the
Stars, monitored the motion of 

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planets, and device complex 
techniques for determining the 

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time at night. 
As each Deacon Rose above the 

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Horizon during the night, it 
marked the passage of time like 

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a Celestial clock. 
They separated the night sky 

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into 36 sections. 
Each of which was linked to a 

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group of stars known as a 
deacon, as the official 

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astronomers their priests 
developed extraordinary skills. 

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In forecasting Heavenly 
occurrences. 

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They could predict precisely 
when the Sun would rise to 

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particular positions in the sky.
When the next new moon would 

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occur and went specific Stars 
would rise, the Pharaohs Divine 

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Authority, agricultural planning
and religious ceremonies all 

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depended on this knowledge which
was not merely academic. 

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Speaking of pharaohs, the 
Egyptians considered their 

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rulers, to be actual Gods with 
direct ties to the heavens. 

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Their entire approached to 
astronomy was influenced by this

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belief. 
The Sun. 

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God Ra was frequently equated 
with the pharaoh's divine nature

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and in order to preserve Cosmic 
order significant rituals had to

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be timed to coincide with 
astronomical occurrences. 

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The idea that the solar year 
differs from the lunar year, 

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which is employed by many other 
cultures was also created by the

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Egyptians Solely year, which is 
determined by the sun's apparent

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position. 
In relation to the background 

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Stars, has roughly 3605, and a 
quarter days whereas a looney 

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year, which is determined by the
moon's phases has roughly 354 

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days. 
Even though this might not seem 

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like much, it adds up over time.
Seasons in a society with a 

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lunar calendar alone would 
progressively become out of sync

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with the calendar, the Egyptians
resolved, this issue by 

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concentrating solely on the sun 
and stars and essentially 

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disregarding the moon for 
calendar purposes. 

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This was a groundbreaking method
that would eventually inform our

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current calendar system and have
an impact on Greek and Roman 

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calendars. 
However, Egyptian astronomers 

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record, keeping was arguably, 
its most remarkable feature, 

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they tracked long-term Celestial
Cycles by keeping meticulous 

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records of their observations 
over centuries. 

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They discovered that serious is 
rising, gradually changed in 

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relation to their calendar, 
completing a full cycle, every 

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1000 40060 Years rather than 
simply rising at the same time 

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every year. 
They came up with the idea of 

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the fox cycle which was named 
after Sophos another name for 

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serious, as a result of this 
observation. 

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It's almost unbelievable how 
accurate their observations are 

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year after year, the heliacal 
rising of serious. 

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The planets first appearance 
Before, Dawn, after appeared of 

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invisibility, could be predicted
by Egyptian astronomers to 

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within a day or two. 
They were able to observe that 

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Venus has both Morning Star, and
evening star phases, and that 

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Mars has a longer cycle than the
other planets that are visible. 

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They even created tools to Aid 
in their observations. 

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They were able to align 
structures with astronomical 

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accuracy, thanks to the market, 
which was basically a sighting 

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tool made from a Parmley rib, it
served as an Antiquated 

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surveying tool that could 
accurately determine angles and 

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directions when used in 
conjunction with a Plumb line 

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period, that explain the Motions
of celestial bodies and their 

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relevance to Earthly events are 
among the earliest known, 

231
00:11:53,900 --> 00:11:56,500
astronomical writings produced 
by the Egyptians. 

232
00:11:57,300 --> 00:12:00,000
These records demonstrate a 
highly developed knowledge of 

233
00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,600
astronomical cycles and how they
relate to pragmatic issues like 

234
00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:06,600
farming and religious holidays. 
The way they combined their 

235
00:12:06,600 --> 00:12:08,700
understanding of astronomy with 
their religious and 

236
00:12:08,700 --> 00:12:12,200
philosophical. 
Beliefs is a intriguing The sky 

237
00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:14,700
was more than just a group of 
far off like lights to the 

238
00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:17,000
Egyptians. 
It was a blueprint for 

239
00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:18,900
preserving Harmony Between 
Heaven and Earth. 

240
00:12:18,900 --> 00:12:22,600
A map of the afterlife, and a 
roadmap for the pharaoh's 

241
00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:25,600
journey to join the gods. 
A mythological framework for 

242
00:12:25,600 --> 00:12:29,400
comprehending the daily cycle of
sunrise and sunset was provided 

243
00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:32,800
by their goddess nut, who was 
set to swallow the Sun, every 

244
00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:34,600
evening and give birth to it 
every morning. 

245
00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:39,500
Serious was connected to Isis, 
his Divine, consort and of Cyrus

246
00:12:39,500 --> 00:12:42,100
the god of the afterlife to the 
constellation. 

247
00:12:42,100 --> 00:12:45,600
We Now call Orion. 
These were not merely Tales, 

248
00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:49,200
they were sophisticated attempts
to use the conceptual tools at 

249
00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:52,800
their disposal to make sense of 
the universe for Millennia to 

250
00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:55,500
come civilizations would be 
influenced by the Egyptian 

251
00:12:55,500 --> 00:12:58,500
approach to astronomy. 
They established a model that 

252
00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:00,900
other cultures would follow and 
expand upon through their 

253
00:13:00,900 --> 00:13:03,400
strategies for monitoring 
astronomical Cycles. 

254
00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:06,800
Their methods for exact 
alignment and their Fusion of 

255
00:13:06,808 --> 00:13:09,300
astronomical knowledge with real
world applications. 

256
00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:12,400
That's not bad for a 
civilization that thrived more 

257
00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:15,900
than 4,000 years ago, with only 
their eyes, their minds. 

258
00:13:15,900 --> 00:13:19,100
And the unwavering conviction 
that the secrets of the sky were

259
00:13:19,100 --> 00:13:22,300
the keys to knowing everything 
that mattered the battle and 

260
00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:25,300
were the masters of mathematics,
if the Egyptians were, the 

261
00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:28,300
painstaking record keepers of 
the ancient astronomical world, 

262
00:13:29,300 --> 00:13:33,000
you know what this needs? 
Numbers, lots and lots of 

263
00:13:33,008 --> 00:13:35,300
numbers. 
These people thought after 

264
00:13:35,300 --> 00:13:38,600
taking a quick, look at all 
those Celestial observations the

265
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:42,700
Babylonians who inhabited, what 
is now Iraq in Mesopotamia faced

266
00:13:42,700 --> 00:13:45,700
a difficult dilemma, the 
Babylonians had to contend with 

267
00:13:45,700 --> 00:13:49,000
the much less Dependable Tigris 
and Euphrates rivers than the 

268
00:13:49,008 --> 00:13:52,100
Egyptians who could count on the
Niles consistent, flooding, 

269
00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:56,200
Their ability to comprehend, 
intricate patterns of rainfall 

270
00:13:56,200 --> 00:13:59,700
River levels and seasonal 
variations, which varied 

271
00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:03,100
considerably more drastically 
from year to year was essential 

272
00:14:03,100 --> 00:14:06,500
to their agricultural success. 
They developed an obsession with

273
00:14:06,500 --> 00:14:09,500
looking for patterns in 
everything, particularly the sky

274
00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:13,300
as a result of this uncertainty.
Perhaps they could make more 

275
00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:15,200
accurate predictions about 
events on Earth. 

276
00:14:15,200 --> 00:14:18,300
If they could only figure out 
the laws governing Celestial 

277
00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:21,100
movements as a result. 
They created what is now 

278
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:25,700
regarded as the first authentic,
mathematical astronomy, the 360 

279
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:28,500
degree circle, which is so 
essential to mathematics. 

280
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:32,000
And navigation that we still use
it today was invented by the 

281
00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:36,000
Babylonians. 
Because 360 is divisible by so 

282
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:49,600
many numbers, 2 3 4, 5, 6, 8 9 
10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30 36, 

283
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:59,100
40, 45, 60, 729120 and 180. 
They decided to use it in a 

284
00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:00,500
world without computers or 
computers. 

285
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:02,900
This greatly simplified 
calculations. 

286
00:15:02,900 --> 00:15:07,100
In addition, they created the 
sex adjustable base 60 system 

287
00:15:07,100 --> 00:15:10,500
for measuring time and angles 
which divides an hour into 60 

288
00:15:10,500 --> 00:15:12,400
minutes and a minute into 60 
seconds. 

289
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:16,100
Why 60? 
It is extremely helpful for 

290
00:15:16,100 --> 00:15:19,100
breaking things down into 
smaller more manageable Parts 

291
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:23,300
because, like, 360 it has many 
factors here is where the 

292
00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:26,400
Babylonians truly excelled. 
However, as they discovered that

293
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:29,600
the planets are sensibly chaotic
movements, actually, followed 

294
00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:32,800
mathematical patterns. 
They found that mathematical 

295
00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:35,400
formulas, could be used to 
describe the motion of a planet 

296
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:38,600
if its position was closely 
monitored over a period of 

297
00:15:38,608 --> 00:15:41,200
years. 
The notion that the heavens 

298
00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:44,100
functioned in accordance with 
mathematical laws that people 

299
00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:46,300
could learn and comprehend was 
revolutionary. 

300
00:15:46,300 --> 00:15:50,200
Consider Mars for centuries. 
Astronomers have been baffled. 

301
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:53,400
By this planet seemingly 
unpredictable Behavior, like the

302
00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:56,700
Sun and Moon, Mars would 
typically, travel steadily from 

303
00:15:56,700 --> 00:16:00,800
west to east against the 
background Stars, however, it 

304
00:16:00,800 --> 00:16:03,900
would occasionally slow down. 
Pause, go in the opposite 

305
00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:07,200
direction for a few weeks, pause
once more, and then start moving

306
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:09,500
East. 
This was referred to by the 

307
00:16:09,500 --> 00:16:13,500
Greeks as retrograde motion and 
it appeared to defy, any logical

308
00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:16,500
notion of how celestial bodies 
ought to function like the 

309
00:16:16,500 --> 00:16:19,000
mathematical detectives. 
They were the Babylonians 

310
00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:22,400
tackled this problem. 
The accumulated, massive tables 

311
00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:26,000
of data by meticulously 
monitoring Mars position night 

312
00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:29,200
after night, month after month 
and year after year. 

313
00:16:30,200 --> 00:16:32,700
They have eventually found that 
the retrograde loops on Mars had

314
00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:37,400
a regular pattern repeating 
every 687 days which is now 

315
00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:39,100
known to be the orbital period 
of the planet. 

316
00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:42,400
In order to Four cast precisely 
when Mars would start, its 

317
00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:45,700
retrograde motion, how long it 
would last and where the planet 

318
00:16:45,700 --> 00:16:49,200
would be at any given point in 
the future, they created complex

319
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,800
mathematical models, they only 
concentrated on identifying 

320
00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:55,600
mathematical patterns, that 
worked not realizing that. 

321
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:58,200
Mars apparent motion was 
actually caused by Earth, 

322
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:01,500
passing Mars, in its orbit 
around the Sun, the Babylonians 

323
00:17:01,500 --> 00:17:04,099
treated, every planet that was 
visible in the same way. 

324
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:08,099
For Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter 
and Saturn. 

325
00:17:08,099 --> 00:17:10,900
They developed intricate 
mathematical models that were 

326
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:12,300
tailored to take into 
consideration. 

327
00:17:12,300 --> 00:17:15,099
The unique characteristics and 
trends of each planet. 

328
00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:18,400
Surprisingly accurate, these 
models frequently predicted 

329
00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:20,599
planetary positions to within a 
degree or two. 

330
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:23,800
They also significantly improved
our knowledge of lunar cycles. 

331
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:27,300
The Babylonians were able to 
predict eclipses with remarkable

332
00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:30,700
accuracy, after they learned, 
that they follow an 18 year, 11 

333
00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:34,400
day cycle known as the Saros. 
This was not merely academic 

334
00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:38,000
knowledge because eclipses were 
frequently interpreted as Divine

335
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:40,800
Omens that baloney and Priests 
who were able to predict them 

336
00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:44,100
enjoyed great power and Prestige
give them that they operated 

337
00:17:44,100 --> 00:17:47,100
without telescope's without 
access to contemporary 

338
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:49,900
mathematical notation. 
And without any knowledge of the

339
00:17:49,900 --> 00:17:53,300
actual solar system structure, 
it is nearly impossible to 

340
00:17:53,300 --> 00:17:56,200
comprehend the mathematical 
sophistication of Babylonian 

341
00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:58,500
astronomy. 
They employed iterative 

342
00:17:58,500 --> 00:18:01,400
algorithms produced mathematical
models that would not be out of 

343
00:18:01,408 --> 00:18:04,400
place in a contemporary calculus
textbook and developed 

344
00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:07,800
polynomial functions. 
Thousands of cuneiform scripted 

345
00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:11,000
clay tablets that contain their 
astronomical records of survived

346
00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:14,000
to this day. 
Perusing them is akin to peering

347
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:16,300
into the ancient mathematical 
astronomers Workshop. 

348
00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:20,000
You can observe them solving 
issues experimenting with 

349
00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:22,800
various strategies and 
progressively improving their 

350
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:24,500
models to attain higher 
accuracy. 

351
00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:27,500
Babylonian astronomy is 
long-term Outlook was among its 

352
00:18:27,500 --> 00:18:30,900
most remarkable features. 
Because they kept meticulous 

353
00:18:30,900 --> 00:18:33,400
records for centuries. 
They were able to identify 

354
00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:37,000
cycles and patterns that observe
as working over shorter time 

355
00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:40,500
periods would miss They observed
that some Celestial patterns 

356
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:43,700
recurred over decades and even 
centuries, in addition to years,

357
00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:47,000
they discovered, what a now 
known as great conjunctions 

358
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,500
rare, alignments of multiple 
planets that only happen once 

359
00:18:50,500 --> 00:18:53,700
every few decades, as a result 
of their long-term approach, 

360
00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:57,100
they were highly regarded as the
most accomplished astronomers 

361
00:18:57,100 --> 00:18:59,800
and mathematicians of antiquity 
because they were able to 

362
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:01,600
forecast. 
These events centuries in 

363
00:19:01,600 --> 00:19:04,100
advance. 
The Zodiac was also created by 

364
00:19:04,100 --> 00:19:08,300
the Babylonians who divided the 
sky into 1230 degrees segments, 

365
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:11,900
Each of which was connected to a
constellation along the sun's 

366
00:19:11,900 --> 00:19:15,700
apparent annual path. 
This was mainly a coordinate 

367
00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:18,200
system that enabled them to 
precisely and mathematically 

368
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:20,200
described the positions of 
celestial objects. 

369
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:23,600
Not just for astrological 
purposes, though. 

370
00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:25,000
They did use it for that as 
well. 

371
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:28,200
It is difficult to overestimate 
their impact on later. 

372
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:30,400
Astronomy. 
Greek astronomers Drew 

373
00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:33,300
extensively on Babylonian 
observations and mathematical 

374
00:19:33,300 --> 00:19:36,600
methods and they started 
formulating their own theories. 

375
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:40,700
Apollonian mathematicians with 
the original creators of many of

376
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:43,100
the mathematical instruments 
that astronomers use during the 

377
00:19:43,108 --> 00:19:44,900
Middle Ages and into the 
Renaissance. 

378
00:19:44,900 --> 00:19:47,600
It's especially amazing, how 
they were able to create such 

379
00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:51,000
complex, mathematical models 
while operating under a totally 

380
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:53,400
false understanding of the 
structure of the solar system. 

381
00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:58,300
They believed that the sun moon 
and planets all orbited the 

382
00:19:58,308 --> 00:20:01,200
Earth, which they believed to be
at the center of the universe. 

383
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:05,100
Their mathematical models, were 
precise enough to make amazing 

384
00:20:05,100 --> 00:20:06,900
predictions about celestial 
events. 

385
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:10,000
In spite of this basic 
misunderstanding, the 

386
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:12,900
Babylonians demonstrated that it
is not always necessary to 

387
00:20:12,900 --> 00:20:15,700
comprehend, the fundamental 
physics of a system in order to 

388
00:20:15,700 --> 00:20:17,300
mathematically, explain Its 
Behavior. 

389
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:21,000
Even when your theoretical 
framework is entirely incorrect,

390
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:23,600
there are situations when 
careful observation and 

391
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:26,500
mathematical analysis can yield 
valuable results. 

392
00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:29,800
It began with some very patient 
to astronomers in ancient 

393
00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:33,800
Mesopotamia staring at the sky 
and writing numbers on clay 

394
00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:36,000
tablets. 
This lesson would prove useful 

395
00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:37,300
throughout the history of 
science. 

396
00:20:37,300 --> 00:20:40,800
The Greeks on the other hand, 
had views on everything 

397
00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:43,800
including the sky. 
If the Egyptians were the 

398
00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:46,500
Practical astronomers and the 
Babylonians were the 

399
00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:49,400
mathematical record Keepers. 
Then the Greeks were the ones 

400
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:51,500
who gazed up at the night sky 
and asked themselves. 

401
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:55,200
This is all very nice, but what 
does it mean the Greeks wanted 

402
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:57,400
to know why celestial objects 
moved the way. 

403
00:20:57,400 --> 00:20:59,400
They did not just with where 
they would be. 

404
00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:03,700
Despite the fact that many of 
their conclusions were wildly 

405
00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:08,000
incorrect, this move from what. 
And when to why signal, the 

406
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:10,800
start of what we might. 
Identify as modern scientific 

407
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:12,600
thinking. 
One of the first Greek 

408
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:15,900
philosophers to take astronomy 
seriously, was thales of Meletis

409
00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:20,500
who lived Circa 600 BCE, A 
battle between the lydians and 

410
00:21:20,500 --> 00:21:23,500
Meads is said to have been ended
by thales famously prophesied. 

411
00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:29,000
Solar eclipse and 585 BCE when 
both armies were so frightened 

412
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,900
by the unexpected darkness. 
That they promptly declared 

413
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:34,900
peace. 
Regardless of its veracity, this

414
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:37,400
tail demonstrates, the kind of 
authority that ancient 

415
00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:40,400
astronomy. 
Could bestow however, these was 

416
00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:43,600
only the start, it was the 
Greeks who dared to pose, more 

417
00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:46,500
ambitious questions that truly 
revolutionized astronomy. 

418
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:50,600
Similar to anaximander who 
postulated that the Earth was 

419
00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:54,100
free to float in space. 
Without any assistance, a 

420
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:56,100
radical notion that 
contradicted, the conventional 

421
00:21:56,100 --> 00:21:58,400
wisdom that the Earth must be 
supported by something. 

422
00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:02,600
He had a gigantic elephant, the 
giant turtle or some other 

423
00:22:02,600 --> 00:22:06,400
Cosmic Foundation, then came 
Pythagoras man behind the 

424
00:22:06,400 --> 00:22:09,700
well-known theorem made an even 
more significant contribution to

425
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:12,100
astronomy. 
The notion that the Universe 

426
00:22:12,100 --> 00:22:14,700
functioned in accordance with 
mathematical principles. 

427
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:17,300
Pythagoras. 
And his adherence held that the 

428
00:22:17,308 --> 00:22:20,600
fundamental building blocks of 
reality were numbers and the 

429
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,700
profound truths about the nature
of existence could be discovered

430
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:26,500
by comprehending, the 
mathematical relationships, 

431
00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:30,100
governing, Celestial movements, 
Pythagoras and his followers saw

432
00:22:30,100 --> 00:22:33,800
that musical Harmony was based 
on basic mathematical ratios and

433
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:36,800
they theorized that the planets 
moving through their Celestial 

434
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:39,100
paths. 
Must create a kind of cosmic 

435
00:22:39,100 --> 00:22:41,600
music, based on similar 
mathematical principles. 

436
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,900
This mathematical approach led 
to one of the most beautiful 

437
00:22:44,900 --> 00:22:46,100
errors in the history of 
astronomy. 

438
00:22:46,100 --> 00:22:48,700
The idea of the music of the 
sphere's. 

439
00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:51,900
They thought that because we had
been exposed to this Celestial 

440
00:22:51,900 --> 00:22:54,700
music since birth, we were 
unable to hear it, even though 

441
00:22:54,700 --> 00:22:56,700
it was playing all around us 
though. 

442
00:22:56,700 --> 00:22:58,800
It's a beautiful notion and holy
and correct. 

443
00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:01,500
It highlights a significant 
aspect of Greek. 

444
00:23:01,500 --> 00:23:04,600
Thought they sought to 
understand and give meaning to 

445
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:07,400
Celestial phenomena rather than 
merely described. 

446
00:23:07,400 --> 00:23:11,000
Them Plato, who wrote his well 
known dialogue, Tamiya around 

447
00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:15,000
380 BC and offered a thorough 
Theory regarding the universe's 

448
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:16,900
creation. 
Marked the Pinnacle of this 

449
00:23:16,900 --> 00:23:20,100
Quest For Greater meaning. 
Plato, claimed that a Divine 

450
00:23:20,100 --> 00:23:23,800
Craftsman known as the demiurge,
created the universe by a 

451
00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:26,300
ranging chaos into a logical 
harmonious hole using 

452
00:23:26,300 --> 00:23:28,600
mathematical principles 
Aristotle. 

453
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,800
A pupil of Plato took these 
Concepts and ran with them, 

454
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:35,000
developing the universe model 
that would dominate thought for 

455
00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:38,500
almost two millennia. 
According to Aristotle, the 

456
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:42,000
universe was made up of a number
of nested, crystalline spheres. 

457
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:45,200
Each of which carried a 
celestial object in its orbit 

458
00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:47,600
around the Earth, which was 
stationary at the center of the 

459
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:50,000
universe. 
Many of the observations made by

460
00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:52,200
ancient astronomers were 
explained by this model. 

461
00:23:53,100 --> 00:23:55,700
Because all of the stars were 
embedded in the outermost sphere

462
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:59,500
which rotated once a day, they 
stayed fixed in relation to one 

463
00:23:59,500 --> 00:24:03,100
another. 
Because each planet Moon and Sun

464
00:24:03,100 --> 00:24:06,100
had its own sphere. 
They traveled across the sky at 

465
00:24:06,100 --> 00:24:08,700
different speeds and took 
different routes Aristotle. 

466
00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:11,300
However, attempted to explain 
why the universe had to be this 

467
00:24:11,300 --> 00:24:14,200
way rather than merely 
explaining the mechanics of 

468
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:18,000
celestial motion. 
Since the Earth was clearly the 

469
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:21,100
heaviest object in the area and 
heavy objects gravitate toward 

470
00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:23,600
the center. 
He contended that the Earth must

471
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:26,500
be at the center. 
Since circles were the most 

472
00:24:26,500 --> 00:24:30,200
ideal geometric shape and the 
heavens had to be Flawless. 

473
00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:33,900
He insisted that. 
All celestial objects must move 

474
00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:37,700
in perfect circles, this Union 
of philosophy mathematics and 

475
00:24:37,700 --> 00:24:39,500
observation was distinctly, 
Greek. 

476
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:42,700
They sought to comprehend. 
The fundamental ideas, that 

477
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:45,600
underpin the necessity, and 
inevitability of the celestial 

478
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:47,600
movements. 
Not merely to monitor them. 

479
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:51,100
Parker's one of the most 
remarkable Greek astronomers 

480
00:24:51,100 --> 00:24:55,500
lived in the second century BC 
and produced observations that 

481
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:57,400
were so accurate. 
They were unrivaled for more 

482
00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:00,400
than a millennium. 
By charting the locations and 

483
00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:03,600
relative brightnesses of more 
than 800 Stars hipparcos 

484
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:05,600
produced, the first thorough 
star catalog. 

485
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:09,100
Additionally, he discovered the 
precession of the equinoxes, 

486
00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:12,900
which is the gradual oscillation
in Earth rotation, that results 

487
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:14,400
in a shift in the north 
Celestial. 

488
00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:18,300
Poles position over a roughly 
26,000 years cycle. 

489
00:25:18,300 --> 00:25:21,500
The park has made this discovery
after noticing minor but 

490
00:25:21,500 --> 00:25:25,000
consistent variations and star 
positions while comparing his 

491
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:29,000
own observations with those of 
previous astronomers A Parker 

492
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:32,200
saw these discrepancies as proof
of a gradual long-term shift in 

493
00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:35,200
Earth orientation, with respect 
to the Stars, which are less 

494
00:25:35,208 --> 00:25:38,100
attentive Observer might have 
mistakenly ascribed to errors in

495
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:40,600
the older records. 
It takes extraordinary, 

496
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:44,300
Precision to detect procession 
even over the course of a human 

497
00:25:44,300 --> 00:25:45,900
lifetime. 
The shift were discussing 

498
00:25:45,900 --> 00:25:49,700
roughly one degree every 72 
years is hardly noticeable 

499
00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:52,800
hikers. 
However, was cautious enough in 

500
00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:55,200
his own measurements and had 
access to Babylonian records. 

501
00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:57,500
Dating back. 
Several centuries to pick up on 

502
00:25:57,500 --> 00:26:01,600
this remarkably subtle effect in
Parker's also significantly 

503
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:03,500
Advanced our knowledge of the 
Moon and Sun. 

504
00:26:03,500 --> 00:26:06,900
He estimated the length of the 
lunar month to be less than one 

505
00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:09,900
second accurate, and he 
calculated the length of the 

506
00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:12,800
year to be within roughly six 
minutes of the right value. 

507
00:26:12,800 --> 00:26:15,900
He even tried using a solar 
eclipse to calculate the 

508
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:18,900
distance to the Moon but his 
result was only approximately 

509
00:26:18,900 --> 00:26:22,900
accurate aristarchus of Samos a 
Greek astronomer who lived in 

510
00:26:22,908 --> 00:26:27,600
the third Century BCE was 
arguably the most ambitious he 

511
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:31,200
made a complet The novel 
suggestion that the Sun not the 

512
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:33,300
Earth was the center of the 
universe. 

513
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:36,800
In order to explain the apparent
motion of celestial objects 

514
00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:39,600
without requiring the entire 
universe to revolve around the 

515
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:41,800
earth. 
Aristarchus proposed that the 

516
00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:45,400
Earth rotated on its axis. 
Once daily and orbited the sun 

517
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,000
once annually. 
Other Greek astronomers, largely

518
00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:51,200
disregarded this extremely 
audacious notion, why? 

519
00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:53,900
Because it appeared to go 
against both, careful 

520
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:57,800
observation and Common Sense, 
Would we not sense the earth 

521
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:00,300
rotation wouldn't? 
The Stars seem to change 

522
00:27:00,300 --> 00:27:02,200
position? 
As we looked at them from 

523
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:04,400
various points in our orbit. 
If the Earth were traveling 

524
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:07,600
through space, considering the 
observational instruments of the

525
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,500
Greeks disposal. 
These objections were entirely 

526
00:27:10,500 --> 00:27:12,800
valid. 
Since they had no reference 

527
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:16,200
point out, the rotating system, 
they were unable to perceive the

528
00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:19,200
effects of Earth's rotation and 
were unable to detect the 

529
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:22,100
extremely subtle Parallax 
shifts, that would result from 

530
00:27:22,100 --> 00:27:24,600
Stella motion. 
Therefore, the majority of Greek

531
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,500
astronomers continued to use 
increasingly intricate version 

532
00:27:27,500 --> 00:27:31,300
of the earth-centered universe 
rather than adopting aristarchus

533
00:27:31,300 --> 00:27:35,200
heliocentric model. 
Claudius Ptolemy created the 

534
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:37,700
most advanced of these in the 
second century CE. 

535
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:40,800
In order to account for the 
intricate movements of the 

536
00:27:40,800 --> 00:27:43,100
planets, while maintaining the 
Earth at the center of 

537
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:45,300
everything. 
Ptolemy's model employed, 

538
00:27:45,300 --> 00:27:48,300
intricate combinations of 
circles, moving on other circles

539
00:27:48,300 --> 00:27:51,800
referred to as epicycles for 
more than a millennium. 

540
00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:55,200
Ptolemy system was the accepted 
astronomical model because it 

541
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:57,900
was mathematically complex and 
reasonably accurate in 

542
00:27:57,908 --> 00:27:59,600
predicting the positions of 
planets. 

543
00:28:00,500 --> 00:28:03,800
It also required dozens of 
meticulously adjusted circles to

544
00:28:03,808 --> 00:28:06,200
match observations, making it 
extremely complex. 

545
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:09,800
To keep the model functioning 
and increase in number of 

546
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:12,800
epicycles had to be added as 
astronomical observations 

547
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:16,000
improved over the centuries. 
Significant progress was also 

548
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:18,500
made by the Greeks and 
determining the Earth's size and

549
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:20,500
the separation between celestial
bodies. 

550
00:28:21,300 --> 00:28:24,100
Eratosthenes determined the 
circumference of the Earth in 

551
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:27,400
240. 
BC ee like comparing the angles 

552
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:29,400
of Shadows in two cities on the 
same day. 

553
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:32,700
And at the same time to within a
few percent of the right value, 

554
00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:35,600
his result was accurate 
eratosthenes approach was 

555
00:28:35,600 --> 00:28:38,900
elegantly straightforward. 
He was aware that at noon on the

556
00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:41,100
summer. 
Solstice, the sun was directly 

557
00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:43,800
overhead in the city of seen 
present day sv1. 

558
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:46,600
Egypt and Sean straight down a 
deep. 

559
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:50,600
Well He used the shadow cast by 
a vertical pole, to determine 

560
00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:54,900
the sun's angle in Alexandria, 
some 500 miles to the north on 

561
00:28:54,900 --> 00:28:57,900
the same day. 
And at the same time, He was 

562
00:28:57,908 --> 00:29:00,100
able to determine the 
circumference of the earth by 

563
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:03,500
using the geometry of circles, 
and the known distance between 

564
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:06,400
the two cities, this 
accomplishment is especially 

565
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:09,200
noteworthy because it called for
both mathematical proficiency 

566
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:13,100
and the organizational ability 
to coordinate observations over 

567
00:29:13,100 --> 00:29:16,300
a great distance. 
It illustrates the advanced 

568
00:29:16,300 --> 00:29:19,400
degree of scientific cooperation
that Greek researchers were able

569
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:22,400
to accomplish the Greeks 
contribution to astronomy was 

570
00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:25,200
their method of comprehending. 
The universe, not just their 

571
00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:28,300
particular discoveries, they 
were the first Society to 

572
00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:31,700
approach astronomical phenomenon
methodically using philosophical

573
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:34,000
analysis and mathematical 
reasoning. 

574
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:37,500
They created many of the logical
and mathematical instruments, 

575
00:29:37,500 --> 00:29:40,700
that would be crucial for later,
developments in astronomy and 

576
00:29:40,700 --> 00:29:43,400
they established the idea that 
the Universe functions in 

577
00:29:43,400 --> 00:29:46,700
accordance with logical 
discoverable laws, even though 

578
00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:49,100
they were Incorrect and they 
were incorrect about a lot of 

579
00:29:49,108 --> 00:29:51,300
things. 
Their errors were constructive 

580
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:53,800
ones, that produced better 
inquiries, and more advanced 

581
00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:55,500
methods of comprehending the 
cosmos. 

582
00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:59,000
In astronomy, the Greeks left 
behind a whole system of 

583
00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:02,100
scientific investigation. 
Not just the particular facts. 

584
00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:04,500
They found. 
For a group of people who 

585
00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:06,800
believed that the Earth was 
motionless at the center of the 

586
00:30:06,800 --> 00:30:08,300
universe. 
It's not bad. 

587
00:30:08,300 --> 00:30:11,000
You might assume that 
astronomical knowledge would 

588
00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:13,300
have vanished into the European 
Dark Ages, following the 

589
00:30:13,300 --> 00:30:14,900
collapse of the Western Roman 
Empire. 

590
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,100
However, it's one of those 
historical oversimplifications 

591
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:23,400
that create a great story but a 
bad history, the Islamic world 

592
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:26,300
was going through what is now 
known as the Islamic golden age.

593
00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:29,800
And astronomy was one of its 
crown jewels even though Europe 

594
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:33,200
was going through some difficult
times, Islamic scholars began to

595
00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:37,200
improve expand and in many cases
completely transformed, the 

596
00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:40,700
astronomical knowledge of the 
Greeks that baloneys and Indians

597
00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:43,800
in the 8th Century CE. 
They made some of the most 

598
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:47,800
important contributions to 
pretel astronomy by combining 

599
00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:49,800
their religious convictions. 
Pragmatic. 

600
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:52,900
Need, and intellectual 
curiosity, the religious 

601
00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:56,400
motivational was a specialty 
significant hems were required 

602
00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,100
by Islamic law to face Mecca. 
And pray five times a day. 

603
00:30:59,108 --> 00:31:02,200
So wherever you were in the 
world, you had to find the right

604
00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:04,500
direction. 
Additionally, you had to be 

605
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:07,300
aware of the exact time for 
prayers, which changed 

606
00:31:07,300 --> 00:31:10,400
throughout the day and year, 
based on the sun's position, you

607
00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:13,100
can see why Islamic culture 
plays such a high value on 

608
00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:16,000
astronomical accuracy. 
When you combine this, with the 

609
00:31:16,008 --> 00:31:18,500
requirement, to determine the 
start of lunar months for 

610
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:22,000
religious observance. 
However, the Islamic astronomers

611
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:24,700
did much more than merely 
resolve pragmatic religious 

612
00:31:24,700 --> 00:31:27,700
issues. 
They created observers studied 

613
00:31:27,700 --> 00:31:32,000
and translated ancient texts, 
created new mathematical methods

614
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:33,900
and made observations, with 
never. 

615
00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:38,000
Before seen accuracy in many 
respects, they were the first 

616
00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:41,300
astronomers to pursue a career 
devoted to studying the heavens 

617
00:31:41,300 --> 00:31:44,200
during the late 9th. 
Early 10th centuries. 

618
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:47,500
Albertan was one of the most 
remarkable early Islamic 

619
00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:51,000
astronomers. after applying 
rigorous mathematical analysis 

620
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:54,600
to ptolemy's Old observations 
al-batani found that many of his

621
00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:57,800
measurements required 
substantial, Corrections, He 

622
00:31:57,800 --> 00:32:00,500
calculated the solar years 
length to within two minutes and

623
00:32:00,500 --> 00:32:04,200
22 seconds of the right answer. 
Achieving an accuracy that would

624
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:06,200
not be surpassed for several 
centuries. 

625
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,100
Albertan also observed, the 
sun's apparent movement year 

626
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:12,700
round and found that the sun's 
perihelion or closest approach 

627
00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:14,700
to Earth was progressively 
changing. 

628
00:32:15,500 --> 00:32:18,200
This observation demonstrated 
that Earth's, elliptical orbit, 

629
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,700
rotates slowly a phenomenon, 
that would not be completely 

630
00:32:21,700 --> 00:32:24,800
understood until centuries. 
Later, when Newton developed his

631
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:28,000
theory of gravitation. 
However, the institutional 

632
00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:30,500
approach that Islamic 
astronomers developed was 

633
00:32:30,500 --> 00:32:33,400
perhaps even more impressive 
than in individual discoveries. 

634
00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:36,500
They set up important 
observatories in places like 

635
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:40,200
Baghdad Damascus and later 
summer Khan and Istanbul. 

636
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:43,500
They were research institutes. 
Where groups of astronomers? 

637
00:32:43,500 --> 00:32:46,600
Collaborated on long-term 
projects, keeping meticulous 

638
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:49,100
records and transferring 
Knowledge from one generation to

639
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:51,200
the next. 
These were more than just 

640
00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:54,000
buildings with instruments, 
founded in the early 19th 

641
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:56,500
century, The Observatory at 
Baghdad was a specially 

642
00:32:56,500 --> 00:32:59,400
noteworthy. 
Here astronomers worked on, 

643
00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:01,500
improving star catalogs 
improving. 

644
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:04,500
Planetary position, prediction 
techniques and carrying out, 

645
00:33:04,508 --> 00:33:07,100
systematic observations of 
celestial phenomena. 

646
00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:10,000
They were able to combine 
Knowledge from all over the 

647
00:33:10,000 --> 00:33:12,000
world because they had access to
libraries. 

648
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:16,900
That held astronomical texts 
from Persian Indian Chinese and 

649
00:33:16,900 --> 00:33:19,600
Greek sources. 
The development of the Zedge 

650
00:33:19,600 --> 00:33:21,900
comprehensive. 
Astronomical tables, that could 

651
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:25,100
be used to forecast, the 
positions of the sun, moon, and 

652
00:33:25,100 --> 00:33:28,600
planets, at any given time was 
one of the most ambitious 

653
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:32,900
Endeavors carried out by Islamic
astronomers these tables, which 

654
00:33:32,900 --> 00:33:35,900
frequently reflected Decades of 
Labor, by teams of astronomers 

655
00:33:35,900 --> 00:33:38,400
required. 
A great deal of meticulous. 

656
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:42,200
Observation and mathematical 
computation the Ziggy sultani, 

657
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:45,200
which beg and his group produced
at the summer camp, observatory 

658
00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:48,000
in the 15th century is the most 
well known of these. 

659
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:52,300
This work was so accurate that 
well, into the telescopic age, 

660
00:33:52,300 --> 00:33:54,800
it can continue to be the 
standard reference for 

661
00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:57,400
astronomical calculations in 
many parts of the world. 

662
00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:01,000
Significant progress was also 
made by Islamic astronomers in 

663
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:03,200
the mathematical methods 
necessary for astronomy. 

664
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:08,100
By developing the sine cosine 
and tangent functions which 

665
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:09,900
remain essential to mathematics 
today. 

666
00:34:09,900 --> 00:34:13,600
They elevated trigonometry to a 
highly Advanced mathematical 

667
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:15,699
tool. 
Additionally, they made 

668
00:34:15,699 --> 00:34:19,000
significant contributions to 
algebra by creating techniques 

669
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,600
for resolving challenging 
equations that were necessary 

670
00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:25,500
for computations in astronomy, 
theoretical astronomy or the 

671
00:34:25,507 --> 00:34:28,000
creation of alternative models 
to explain Celestial. 

672
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:31,600
Motions was the focus of some of
the most inventive Islamic 

673
00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:34,300
astronomers. 
From a philosophical point of 

674
00:34:34,300 --> 00:34:36,900
view, the ptolemaic system had 
always been a little 

675
00:34:36,908 --> 00:34:39,800
disappointing due to its 
intricate epicycle Arrangements.

676
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:43,000
Alternative methods were 
developed by Islamic 

677
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:45,400
astronomers. 
Such as Albini aniban, Al 

678
00:34:45,408 --> 00:34:49,199
haitham known as al-hasan in the
West, in an effort to provide 

679
00:34:49,199 --> 00:34:51,800
more physically plausible 
explanations for planetary 

680
00:34:51,800 --> 00:34:55,400
motion, the scientific 
methodology of al-bari who lived

681
00:34:55,400 --> 00:34:57,700
in the 11th century was a 
specialty noteworthy. 

682
00:34:57,700 --> 00:35:01,500
He rejected explanations that 
could not be empirically tested 

683
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:05,300
and insisted that conclusions. 
Be drawn solely from meticulous 

684
00:35:05,300 --> 00:35:07,700
observations and mathematical 
analysis. 

685
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:11,400
Additionally, he demonstrated a 
level of intellectual Integrity.

686
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:15,000
That was uncommon for his era, 
by candidly acknowledging, the 

687
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:18,300
shortcomings of his techniques 
and the unpredictability of his 

688
00:35:18,300 --> 00:35:21,000
measurements using a different 
approach than eratosthenes 

689
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:24,000
Albion carefully. 
Measured the circumference of 

690
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,700
the earth and his results were 
accurate within 1% of the right 

691
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:30,800
value. 
In addition, he studied lunar 

692
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:32,800
craters in. 
Great detail and came to the 

693
00:35:32,808 --> 00:35:35,600
accurate conclusion. 
That impacts not volcanic 

694
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:38,100
activity, were responsible for 
their formation. 

695
00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:42,000
This conclusion would not be 
accepted by European astronomers

696
00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:45,300
for several more centuries. 
The creation of more precise 

697
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:47,700
tools for observing. 
The Stars was one of Islamic 

698
00:35:47,700 --> 00:35:49,700
astronomers most important 
contributions. 

699
00:35:50,500 --> 00:35:53,600
They developed better models of 
the astrolabe, an advanced 

700
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:56,000
instrument, that could be used 
to measure the positions of 

701
00:35:56,000 --> 00:36:00,000
planets, and stars, calculate, 
local time and resolve a number 

702
00:36:00,008 --> 00:36:03,200
of astronomical issues. 
In addition, Islamic instrument 

703
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:06,800
makers, created the Talkatone, 
the quadrant in several types of

704
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,800
sundials, all of, which were 
intended to more, precisely 

705
00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:12,900
address particular astronomical 
issues than early devices. 

706
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:16,400
These tools were frequently, 
both scientific and artistic 

707
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:19,500
Creations embellished with 
calligraphy and elaborate 

708
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:22,500
geometric designs in the hands 
of Islamic artists. 

709
00:36:22,500 --> 00:36:26,100
The astrolabe in particular 
became so sophisticated that it 

710
00:36:26,100 --> 00:36:29,400
transformed in to a portable 
analog computer that could solve

711
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:31,900
a variety of navigational and 
astronomical issues. 

712
00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:34,800
With a single device. 
Small enough to carry in one 

713
00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:36,800
hand. 
A competent user could predict 

714
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:40,400
the rising and setting times of 
stars determine the time of day 

715
00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:43,300
or night, find the direction of 
Mecca from any location. 

716
00:36:43,300 --> 00:36:47,100
And even cast, horoscopes 
important observations were also

717
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:50,600
made by Islamic astronomers, 
they created star catalogs that 

718
00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,000
were more thorough and accurate 
than any previously, published 

719
00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:57,100
ones The observed comets 
supernovae and other ephemeral, 

720
00:36:57,100 --> 00:36:59,000
Celestial phenomena in great 
detail. 

721
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:02,200
They improved predictive models 
by tracking Planet movements 

722
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:05,300
with previously unheard of 
accuracy in the 10th Century. 

723
00:37:05,300 --> 00:37:09,000
Abdullah Rahman, also Sufi made 
one particularly significant 

724
00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:13,200
discovery while Sufi discovered 
a fuzzy starlike object that 

725
00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:16,400
hadn't been in any of the early 
catalogs while he was assembling

726
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:19,800
his star catalog. 
He referred to this object as a 

727
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:22,600
nebulous star. 
But in reality, it was the 

728
00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:26,000
Andromeda galaxy, the first 
galaxies, other than the Milky 

729
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:27,700
Way that astronomers had ever 
observed. 

730
00:37:28,700 --> 00:37:31,600
It would take another thousand 
years for Alfie to realize that 

731
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:34,600
he was staring at a galaxy with 
100s of billions of stars. 

732
00:37:34,600 --> 00:37:37,900
Islamic astronomy had many uses 
outside of religious 

733
00:37:37,900 --> 00:37:42,100
observances, Islamic Traders and
adventurers required precise, 

734
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:45,200
navigational techniques because 
they were traversing great 

735
00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:49,500
distances by land and sea. 
Islamic astronomers established,

736
00:37:49,500 --> 00:37:52,300
the mathematical underpinnings 
for the ensuing, great Age of 

737
00:37:52,308 --> 00:37:55,800
Exploration by developing 
Advanced methods for calculating

738
00:37:55,800 --> 00:37:59,200
latitude and longitude, they 
made important contributions to 

739
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:02,100
timekeeping as well. 
Islamic astronomers created 

740
00:38:02,100 --> 00:38:05,700
increasingly precise, sundials 
water clocks and other 

741
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:09,200
timepieces For both practical 
and religious reasons. 

742
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:12,000
They produced comprehensive 
tables that displayed the 

743
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:15,200
sunrise and sunset times for 
various latitudes throughout the

744
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:18,900
year, most significantly Islamic
astronomers preserved in 

745
00:38:18,908 --> 00:38:20,400
advance. 
The knowledge base, they had 

746
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:24,200
acquired from past societies. 
They did more than simply 

747
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:28,200
replicate old books, they filled
in the blanks fixed mistakes, 

748
00:38:28,200 --> 00:38:30,800
and expanded our understanding 
of the universe. 

749
00:38:31,700 --> 00:38:34,000
Many of the Mysteries that had 
baffled, the Ancients had 

750
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:37,000
already been resolved by Islamic
astronomers when European 

751
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:39,600
scholars started to ReDiscover 
astronomy during the 

752
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,000
Renaissance. 
It is impossible to overestimate

753
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,000
the impact of Islamic astronomy 
on subsequent developments in 

754
00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:47,900
Europe. 
Copernicus made extensive use of

755
00:38:47,908 --> 00:38:51,300
Islamic astronomers observations
and mathematical methods in the 

756
00:38:51,308 --> 00:38:53,200
development of his heliocentric 
model. 

757
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:56,400
The Islamic Golden Age, produced
many of the mathematical 

758
00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:59,500
instruments that were crucial to
the Scientific Revolution in 

759
00:38:59,500 --> 00:39:01,300
addition to Scientific 
advancements. 

760
00:39:01,300 --> 00:39:04,500
Islamic astronomy, has left. 
Its mark on the terminology, we 

761
00:39:04,500 --> 00:39:08,100
used to describe the universe. 
The Arabic origins of many of 

762
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:11,100
the modern star names, 
Elder-Beerman Altair, 

763
00:39:11,100 --> 00:39:15,400
Beetlejuice and rigel, reflect 
the crucial role that Islamic 

764
00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:18,400
astronomers played in cataloging
and researching the night sky. 

765
00:39:18,400 --> 00:39:21,100
Chinese, astronomers were 
approaching the study of the 

766
00:39:21,108 --> 00:39:24,400
universe in a totally different 
way than Islamic and European 

767
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:26,800
astronomers who were occupied 
with debating. 

768
00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:29,700
Whether the Sun or the Earth was
at the center of the universe 

769
00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:32,900
developing Grand. 
Theoretical models to explain 

770
00:39:32,900 --> 00:39:35,700
the motion of celestial objects,
was not a major concern of 

771
00:39:35,700 --> 00:39:39,900
theirs rather they concentrated 
on what now appears to be almost

772
00:39:39,900 --> 00:39:43,900
more scientific meticulously 
documenting precisely what they 

773
00:39:43,900 --> 00:39:48,100
saw when they saw it and how it 
connected to Earthly events, 

774
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:50,900
this method developed from a 
distinctively Chinese 

775
00:39:50,900 --> 00:39:54,300
philosophical tradition, that 
believes that all in a very 

776
00:39:54,300 --> 00:39:56,900
particular sense. 
Human Affairs and the heavens 

777
00:39:56,900 --> 00:40:00,600
were closely related. 
The emperor according to Chinese

778
00:40:00,600 --> 00:40:04,500
astronomers had the Mandate of 
Heaven, Divine consent, that 

779
00:40:04,500 --> 00:40:07,300
validated his reign. 
Unusual. 

780
00:40:07,300 --> 00:40:10,200
Astronomical occurrences might 
indicate that this mandate was 

781
00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:13,200
being reached, which would 
support Rebellion or a change of

782
00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:16,200
government as a result Chinese 
Court hired official 

783
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:18,600
astronomers, whose 
responsibility it was to 

784
00:40:18,600 --> 00:40:23,500
continuously monitor the sky, 
the comet's supernovae eclipses 

785
00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:26,500
and other anomalies that might 
have political ramifications. 

786
00:40:27,800 --> 00:40:31,500
The timing duration and apparent
connection to current political 

787
00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:34,700
events were all carefully 
documented by these core 

788
00:40:34,700 --> 00:40:36,400
astronomers. 
In addition to the phenomena 

789
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:39,500
themselves as a result, an 
astronomical record-keeping 

790
00:40:39,500 --> 00:40:41,800
system was created, that was 
unparalleled in the world in 

791
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:45,300
terms of longevity and 
consistency. in one form or 

792
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:48,000
another Chinese, astronomical 
records date back more than 

793
00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:51,700
3,000 years and they have 
remained, remarkably consistent 

794
00:40:51,700 --> 00:40:56,200
throughout political upheavals 
invasions and dynasties A 

795
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:58,600
contemporary astronomers 
researching long-term Celestial 

796
00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:00,900
phenomena. 
These records have proven to be 

797
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:03,300
extremely helpful. 
Chinese astronomers, for 

798
00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:07,200
instance documented, the 
emergence of guests stars stars 

799
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:09,500
that appeared out of nowhere. 
Where none had previously been 

800
00:41:09,500 --> 00:41:13,100
seen glowed brilliantly for 
weeks or months and then 

801
00:41:13,100 --> 00:41:17,400
vanished We now know that these 
were Novae and supernovae, which

802
00:41:17,400 --> 00:41:20,800
are Stellar explosions capable 
of momentarily outshining entire

803
00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:23,400
galaxies. 
Modern astronomers have been 

804
00:41:23,400 --> 00:41:25,900
able to study the remnants of 
these ancient Cosmic 

805
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:29,100
catastrophes, thanks to the 
Chinese records of these events 

806
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:31,400
which are frequently. 
The only historical 

807
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:34,300
documentation, we have of 
particular Stellar explosions, 

808
00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:37,900
the most, well, known example is
most likely the Supernova of 

809
00:41:37,900 --> 00:41:41,200
1,054 CE, which Chinese are 
astronomers. 

810
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:43,900
Noted was visible to the naked 
eye at night for almost two 

811
00:41:43,900 --> 00:41:46,700
years and during 23 days during 
the day. 

812
00:41:47,900 --> 00:41:50,700
One of the most actively 
researched objects in the sky, 

813
00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:53,400
is the Crab Nebula. 
The Stellar remnant of this 

814
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:57,300
explosion comets, which they 
dubbed broom Stars, due to their

815
00:41:57,300 --> 00:42:00,900
sweeping Tails were also the 
subject of in-depth observations

816
00:42:00,900 --> 00:42:04,500
by Chinese astronomers. 
They kept records that enabled 

817
00:42:04,500 --> 00:42:07,800
them to identify when specific 
comets returned on regular 

818
00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:10,600
schedules. 
Observed Comet orbits and 

819
00:42:10,600 --> 00:42:13,600
recorded the correlation between
a comet's position in relation 

820
00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:16,900
to the sun and its tail. 
They are the oldest continuous 

821
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:19,100
records of this. 
Well-known, Celestial visitor, 

822
00:42:19,100 --> 00:42:24,800
dating back at least 240 BCE to 
what we now refer to as Halley's

823
00:42:24,800 --> 00:42:27,900
Comet. 
Centuries later when European 

824
00:42:27,900 --> 00:42:30,300
astronomers were attempting to 
demonstrate the Comets. 

825
00:42:30,300 --> 00:42:32,600
Do not appear at random, but 
rather follow predictable 

826
00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:35,500
orbital paths, these records 
were essential. 

827
00:42:35,500 --> 00:42:38,600
However, Chinese astronomy 
involved, more than merely 

828
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:40,100
keeping an eye out for other 
currents. 

829
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:44,500
Along with, creating their own 
complex, calendrical systems and

830
00:42:44,500 --> 00:42:47,300
Eclipse prediction techniques, 
Chinese astronomers. 

831
00:42:47,300 --> 00:42:50,100
Also conducted systematic 
observations of the regular 

832
00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:53,700
motions of celestial objects 
they created constellations 

833
00:42:53,700 --> 00:42:57,200
based on Chinese mythological 
and cultural Traditions dividing

834
00:42:57,200 --> 00:42:59,500
the sky into different. 
Star groups than Western 

835
00:42:59,500 --> 00:43:02,500
astronomers did Chinese 
astronomers developed a system 

836
00:43:02,508 --> 00:43:06,700
based on 28 lunar Mansions star 
groups that corresponded to the 

837
00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:09,500
moon's position on each day of 
its monthly cycle. 

838
00:43:09,500 --> 00:43:12,800
Instead of the 12 zodiac 
constellations that Western 

839
00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:16,400
astronomy used to divide the sky
along the ecliptic or the sun's 

840
00:43:16,400 --> 00:43:19,100
apparent path. 
This system was specially 

841
00:43:19,100 --> 00:43:21,900
helpful for keeping track of 
time and arranging activities, 

842
00:43:21,900 --> 00:43:23,400
according to the phases of the 
moon. 

843
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:26,200
Additionally, Chinese 
astronomers created their own 

844
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:29,700
tools, for observing the Stars. 
Chinese instrument makers, 

845
00:43:29,700 --> 00:43:32,300
developed the armillary sphere. 
A three-dimensional 

846
00:43:32,300 --> 00:43:35,100
representation of the celestial 
sphere constructed from 

847
00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:38,700
intersecting metal rings to a 
remarkable degree of accuracy. 

848
00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:42,500
These tools could be used to 
show astronomical relationships 

849
00:43:42,500 --> 00:43:45,900
and track the movements of 
celestial objects Susan's water.

850
00:43:45,900 --> 00:43:50,600
Powered Clock Tower constructed 
in 1092 CE was one of the most 

851
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:53,000
impressive Chinese astronomical 
instruments. 

852
00:43:53,800 --> 00:43:57,700
This enormous machine which 
stood more than 30 feet tall was

853
00:43:57,700 --> 00:44:00,300
essentially the first 
astronomical computer in 

854
00:44:00,300 --> 00:44:03,600
history, it was made up of a 
Celestial globe and armillary 

855
00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:07,200
sphere and a mechanical clock. 
In addition to having a 

856
00:44:07,200 --> 00:44:09,800
sophisticated system of bells 
and gongs that announced the 

857
00:44:09,800 --> 00:44:11,600
time and other astronomical 
events. 

858
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:14,700
Clock Tower was able to 
automatically track the 

859
00:44:14,700 --> 00:44:16,700
positions of the sun, moon, and 
planets. 

860
00:44:16,700 --> 00:44:20,000
A number of the discoveries made
by Chinese astronomers would 

861
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:21,900
take centuries to replicate in 
the West. 

862
00:44:22,600 --> 00:44:26,300
They kept meticulous records of 
sunspot activity and were the 

863
00:44:26,300 --> 00:44:29,000
first to identify that. 
The sun had dark patches on its 

864
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,800
surface, which we now refer to 
as sunspots. 

865
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:35,300
Additionally, they observed a 
regularities along the border 

866
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:38,300
between the illuminated and dark
portions during lunar phases 

867
00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:40,900
indicating that. 
The moon surface was not 

868
00:44:40,900 --> 00:44:43,700
entirely smooth. 
The 11th century work of the 

869
00:44:43,700 --> 00:44:46,400
astronomer shenko is one a 
specially noteworthy 

870
00:44:46,400 --> 00:44:50,200
accomplishment, After closely 
examining the magnetic compass 

871
00:44:50,200 --> 00:44:53,000
shenko found that magnetic north
and True. 

872
00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:56,600
North are not exactly the same. 
It would take another Century 

873
00:44:56,600 --> 00:44:59,500
for Europe to independently. 
Discover magnetic declination, 

874
00:44:59,500 --> 00:45:03,300
which was essential for precise 
navigation, based on his 

875
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:06,800
observations of the shapes and 
shadows of these features shenko

876
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:10,000
also postulated that impacts 
with the cause of lunar craters,

877
00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:13,600
he even proposed that the Milky 
Way was made up of far-off 

878
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:15,600
stars. 
A theory that would not be 

879
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:19,000
accepted by European astronomers
until the telescopic era. 

880
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:22,600
Chinese astronomers created 
complex mathematical methods for

881
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:26,500
astronomical computations such 
as Eclipse prediction techniques

882
00:45:26,500 --> 00:45:28,700
that were frequently more 
accurate than modern Western 

883
00:45:28,700 --> 00:45:31,500
methods. 
They produced intricate star 

884
00:45:31,500 --> 00:45:34,300
maps, and Celestial globes, that
accurately depicted, the 

885
00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:37,600
positions, and motions of stars 
practical applications were 

886
00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:40,400
another noteworthy aspect of the
Chinese approach to astronomy. 

887
00:45:41,200 --> 00:45:43,900
For long-distance Land and Sea. 
Travel Chinese. 

888
00:45:43,900 --> 00:45:46,200
Navigators employed astronomical
methods. 

889
00:45:46,900 --> 00:45:49,800
Centuries before the magnetic 
compass was invented in Europe. 

890
00:45:49,800 --> 00:45:52,400
The Chinese used it, as 
navigational aide. 

891
00:45:53,200 --> 00:45:56,000
Like combining Compass readings 
with astronomical observations, 

892
00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:58,900
they were able to determine 
position and Direction with 

893
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:02,100
remarkable accuracy, 
astronomical, observations were 

894
00:46:02,100 --> 00:46:05,400
also incorporated into Chinese 
medical Theory because it was 

895
00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:08,400
thought that human health was 
influenced by Celestial forces. 

896
00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:11,700
From a modern standpoint, this 
may appear to be purely 

897
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:14,900
superstitious, but it prompted 
Chinese doctors to keep 

898
00:46:14,900 --> 00:46:18,500
meticulous records that linked 
astronomical events seasonal, 

899
00:46:18,500 --> 00:46:22,100
variations and disease patterns,
observations that occasionally 

900
00:46:22,100 --> 00:46:24,700
showed real links between 
environmental influences and 

901
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:26,800
health. 
The most remarkable thing about 

902
00:46:26,800 --> 00:46:30,100
Chinese astronomy is how it was 
able to preserve scientific 

903
00:46:30,100 --> 00:46:32,600
Integrity. 
Despite using a theoretical 

904
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:35,300
framework that was entirely 
different from that of Western 

905
00:46:35,300 --> 00:46:38,500
astronomy. 
Chinese astronomers were not 

906
00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:41,100
attempting to demonstrate. 
That Celestial motions, could be

907
00:46:41,108 --> 00:46:44,500
explained by physical laws or 
that the Universe was on 

908
00:46:44,500 --> 00:46:47,900
geometric principles. 
Rather their goal was to 

909
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:51,300
comprehend how Earthly events 
and Celestial patterns relate to

910
00:46:51,300 --> 00:46:53,700
one another. 
Because of this method, they 

911
00:46:53,700 --> 00:46:56,600
were able to concentrate on 
astronomical topics that Western

912
00:46:56,600 --> 00:46:59,300
astronomers occasionally 
overlooked They were more 

913
00:46:59,300 --> 00:47:02,600
methodical in keeping long-term 
records more interested in 

914
00:47:02,600 --> 00:47:06,000
fleeting phenomena and more 
perceptive of mute changes in 

915
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:08,800
familiar objects. 
Although their method may not 

916
00:47:08,808 --> 00:47:12,000
have resulted in significant 
theoretical advances it did 

917
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:15,400
build a Priceless database of 
observational data that has been

918
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:17,800
crucial to comprehending. 
Long-term astronomical 

919
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:20,200
phenomena. 
Another significant aspect of 

920
00:47:20,200 --> 00:47:22,700
scientific inquiry is 
illustrated by the Chinese 

921
00:47:22,700 --> 00:47:26,000
astronomical tradition. 
There are multiple scientific 

922
00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:29,800
approaches to studying the 
cosmos. the Chinese method which

923
00:47:29,800 --> 00:47:32,200
prioritized, meticulous 
observation and documentation 

924
00:47:32,200 --> 00:47:36,200
over the development of 
theoretical models, was equally 

925
00:47:36,200 --> 00:47:39,500
legitimate as a scientific 
inquiry method as the more 

926
00:47:39,500 --> 00:47:41,800
Theory based methods, that 
emerged in other cultures, 

927
00:47:42,900 --> 00:47:44,600
Compared to Modern Western 
astronomy. 

928
00:47:44,600 --> 00:47:48,000
It was less speculative and more
empirical in many respects. 

929
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:51,800
Now we must discuss the 
astronomical accomplishments of 

930
00:47:51,808 --> 00:47:54,300
the pre-columbian Americas. 
If you truly want to be 

931
00:47:54,300 --> 00:47:57,300
astounded by what people can 
achieve when they pull their 

932
00:47:57,300 --> 00:48:01,300
collective intelligence, Working
with stone tools and lacking 

933
00:48:01,300 --> 00:48:03,900
some of the basic technologies 
that other cultures took for 

934
00:48:03,900 --> 00:48:07,200
granted such as the wheel iron 
tools or written language 

935
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:10,600
mathematical notation. 
As we know it today, These 

936
00:48:10,600 --> 00:48:13,800
civilizations created amazing 
monuments that matched celestial

937
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:16,700
events and advanced 
sophisticated, astronomical 

938
00:48:16,700 --> 00:48:19,800
knowledge. 
Let's begin with the Maya whose 

939
00:48:19,800 --> 00:48:23,100
achievements in astronomy are 
simply astounding the Maya 

940
00:48:23,100 --> 00:48:24,900
created. 
What was likely the most precise

941
00:48:24,900 --> 00:48:28,800
calendar system in Antiquity. 
In fact, it was more precise 

942
00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:31,200
than the Julian calendar that 
was in use in Europe at the 

943
00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:34,400
time, their estimates of the 
solely is duration, were within 

944
00:48:34,408 --> 00:48:38,300
17 seconds of the right answer, 
which is incredibly accurate for

945
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:41,100
any time period. 
But, particularly astounding for

946
00:48:41,100 --> 00:48:43,800
those without telescopes or 
contemporary, mathematical 

947
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:46,400
instruments. 
However, the Maya had multiple 

948
00:48:46,400 --> 00:48:49,200
calendars that operated 
concurrently an intricately 

949
00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:52,500
interconnected, there were 
longer cycles that covered far 

950
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:58,500
larger time, spans the 30065 day
solar calendar and the 260 days 

951
00:48:58,500 --> 00:49:01,400
sacred calendar. 
The Maya calendar system 

952
00:49:01,400 --> 00:49:04,000
tracked, several overlapping 
cycles that would eventually 

953
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:06,800
return to their initial 
positions after incredibly long 

954
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:10,500
periods of time reflecting their
belief that time was cyclical 

955
00:49:10,500 --> 00:49:14,000
rather than linear The Long 
Count which measured time from a

956
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:18,600
fictitious, creation date that 
corresponds to August 11th 3014 

957
00:49:18,600 --> 00:49:20,800
BC. 
In our calendar was the most 

958
00:49:20,800 --> 00:49:24,400
well-known of these longer 
cycles for more than 5,000 

959
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:26,500
years. 
This system continuously counted

960
00:49:26,500 --> 00:49:29,600
days which is longer than most 
other cultures recorded history.

961
00:49:30,500 --> 00:49:36,100
Like the odometer on your car 
rolling over from 99,999 to 0000

962
00:49:36,100 --> 00:49:40,700
the alleged end of the Maya 
calendar in 2012, that generated

963
00:49:40,700 --> 00:49:43,200
so much excitement wasn't really
an end at all. 

964
00:49:43,200 --> 00:49:47,200
But rather the conclusion of one
of these lengthy Cycles Maya 

965
00:49:47,200 --> 00:49:49,900
astronomers had to make 
extremely accurate, observations

966
00:49:49,900 --> 00:49:53,500
of celestial, motions, in order 
to maintain such an accurate 

967
00:49:53,500 --> 00:49:56,400
calendar system. 
Until well into the Renaissance,

968
00:49:56,400 --> 00:49:59,500
they were able to track the 
Motions of the sun, moon, and 

969
00:49:59,500 --> 00:50:02,700
visible planets, with a level of
accuracy that was unmatched in 

970
00:50:02,700 --> 00:50:05,300
Europe. 
Venus, which was essential to 

971
00:50:05,300 --> 00:50:08,300
Miami mythology and Military 
strategy piqued their interest 

972
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:11,000
in particular. 
According to my records they 

973
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:13,600
were able to forcast Venus's 
morning and evening star, 

974
00:50:13,600 --> 00:50:17,500
appearances years and advanced. 
The duration of Venus's synodic 

975
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:20,700
period, all the interval between
consecutive morning or evening. 

976
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:24,000
Star appearances, was precisely 
known to them and they were able

977
00:50:24,000 --> 00:50:26,700
to predict when Venus would 
become invisible as it changed 

978
00:50:26,700 --> 00:50:29,100
phases. 
These astronomical predictions 

979
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:31,500
were put to use by the Maya 
rulers for more than just 

980
00:50:31,500 --> 00:50:34,500
academic purposes. 
They believed that Venus's 

981
00:50:34,500 --> 00:50:37,200
various phases, affected the 
chance of winning battles. 

982
00:50:37,200 --> 00:50:40,400
So they plan to military 
campaigns to align with Venus's 

983
00:50:40,400 --> 00:50:43,400
advantageous positions. 
Consider yourself a Maya 

984
00:50:43,400 --> 00:50:45,900
astronomer tasked with informing
the king, when War should be 

985
00:50:45,908 --> 00:50:48,100
declared based on astronomy. 
Amazing. 

986
00:50:48,100 --> 00:50:50,800
Architectural monuments that 
doubled as an enormous. 

987
00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:55,500
Astronomical instruments were 
also constructed by the Maya El 

988
00:50:55,500 --> 00:50:58,700
Castillo the pyramid at Chichen.
Itza is arguably the most 

989
00:50:58,700 --> 00:51:01,900
well-known example. 
The sun's angle during the 

990
00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:05,300
Spring and fall equinoxes cast 
Shadows on the pyramid steps 

991
00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:07,800
that seem to depict a serpent 
descending, the structure. 

992
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:11,500
Symbolizing The Feathered. 
Serpent God, kukulkan return. 

993
00:51:11,500 --> 00:51:14,800
However this is only one 
instance of the astronomy of 

994
00:51:14,800 --> 00:51:18,400
Meijer architecture the Maya 
built structures, all over their

995
00:51:18,400 --> 00:51:22,200
land, that match the sun, moon 
and planets rising. 

996
00:51:22,200 --> 00:51:26,000
And setting times on significant
dates, in their calendar, These 

997
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:28,600
alignments served a practical 
purpose as well as being 

998
00:51:28,600 --> 00:51:31,900
symbolic enabling Maya 
astronomers to maintain their 

999
00:51:31,900 --> 00:51:35,100
intricate calendar systems and 
make accurate observations. 

1000
00:51:35,100 --> 00:51:39,400
The Maya also observed a Clips 
is in great detail and created 

1001
00:51:39,400 --> 00:51:42,000
mathematical techniques to 
forcast when they would happen. 

1002
00:51:43,200 --> 00:51:45,700
Despite having a totally 
different theoretical and 

1003
00:51:45,700 --> 00:51:48,300
mathematical Foundation. 
There are Clips prediction 

1004
00:51:48,300 --> 00:51:51,100
tables were occasionally more 
accurate than those utilized in 

1005
00:51:51,100 --> 00:51:53,600
medieval Europe. 
Further north other 

1006
00:51:53,600 --> 00:51:55,700
Mesoamerican. 
Cultures had equally remarkable 

1007
00:51:55,700 --> 00:51:58,300
astronomical accomplishments 
much of. 

1008
00:51:58,300 --> 00:52:01,000
The astronomical knowledge of 
the Aztecs was passed down from 

1009
00:52:01,000 --> 00:52:04,300
earlier cultures such as the 
Maya and the enigmatic 

1010
00:52:04,300 --> 00:52:08,200
teotihuacan. 
Builders constructed, Circa 200 

1011
00:52:08,200 --> 00:52:11,300
CE the Great Pyramid of 
teotihuacan is so closely 

1012
00:52:11,300 --> 00:52:13,200
synchronized. 
With astronomical occurrences 

1013
00:52:13,200 --> 00:52:16,300
that contemporary researchers 
are still finding new Celestial 

1014
00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:18,400
connections incorporated into 
its design. 

1015
00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:21,400
The connection between 
astronomical cycles and their 

1016
00:52:21,400 --> 00:52:25,800
complex religious calendar. 
Peaked the Aztecs interest They 

1017
00:52:25,800 --> 00:52:28,400
held at the universe had 
undergone several cycles of 

1018
00:52:28,400 --> 00:52:32,000
creation and destruction Each of
which corresponded to a distinct

1019
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:35,400
astronomical period. 
Since their world was the 5th 

1020
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:39,000
Sun, they felt that knowledge of
astronomical Cycles was crucial 

1021
00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:42,200
to preserving, Cosmic 
equilibrium and averting the 

1022
00:52:42,200 --> 00:52:45,200
fall of their society. 
The astronomical knowledge of 

1023
00:52:45,200 --> 00:52:48,000
many indigenous cultures in 
North America were surprisingly 

1024
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:51,300
Advanced. 
Even further north, Numerous 

1025
00:52:51,300 --> 00:52:53,900
tribes, use Celestial 
observations for Agricultural 

1026
00:52:53,900 --> 00:52:57,600
and ceremonial purposes. 
Constructed earthwork monuments 

1027
00:52:57,600 --> 00:53:01,200
in accordance with celestial 
events and preserved oral 

1028
00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:04,700
Traditions that monitored 
astronomical, phenomena Cahokia,

1029
00:53:04,700 --> 00:53:09,000
a large settlement close to 
Modern Day Saint Louis that 

1030
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:13,800
thrived between 1000 and 1,200 
CE is arguably the most 

1031
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:18,000
well-known of these. 
At Cahokia Earthen, Mounds were 

1032
00:53:18,000 --> 00:53:21,200
placed around the Central Plaza 
to commemorate important solar 

1033
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:24,300
and lunar occurrences. 
These alignments enabled, the 

1034
00:53:24,300 --> 00:53:27,100
inhabitants to track the 
changing seasons with remarkable

1035
00:53:27,100 --> 00:53:30,400
accuracy as archaeo. 
Astronomers have found, however,

1036
00:53:30,400 --> 00:53:33,500
the Bighorn medicine wheel in 
Wyoming is arguably the most 

1037
00:53:33,508 --> 00:53:36,100
fascinating astronomical site in
North America. 

1038
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:39,700
Built by unidentified Native 
American cultures. 

1039
00:53:39,700 --> 00:53:43,300
This ancient stone structure is 
made up of a circular 

1040
00:53:43,300 --> 00:53:46,900
arrangement of stones with 
spokes extending outward towards

1041
00:53:46,900 --> 00:53:51,100
smaller Stone, Cairns According 
to contemporary analysis, the 

1042
00:53:51,100 --> 00:53:53,700
structures, various components 
correspond to the positions of 

1043
00:53:53,708 --> 00:53:56,600
bright stars as they rise and 
set throughout the year. 

1044
00:53:56,600 --> 00:53:59,700
These alignments accuracy 
indicates that the builders were

1045
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:03,400
well versed in procession Slow 
wobble in Earth rotation that 

1046
00:54:03,400 --> 00:54:06,200
causes star positions to 
gradually change over centuries 

1047
00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:09,600
and Stella emotions. 
In addition, to knowing the 

1048
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:12,500
current star positions, it would
have been necessary to 

1049
00:54:12,500 --> 00:54:15,900
comprehend how those positions 
were evolving over time in order

1050
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:19,100
to create such alignments 
despite lacking a written 

1051
00:54:19,100 --> 00:54:21,400
language. 
As we know it today, the Incas 

1052
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:23,800
in South America created their 
own complex, astronomical 

1053
00:54:23,800 --> 00:54:27,200
Traditions, they recorded 
numerical data, including 

1054
00:54:27,200 --> 00:54:31,300
astronomical data using a 
sophisticated kipu system of 

1055
00:54:31,300 --> 00:54:34,700
knotted strings to keep their 
Agricultural and religious 

1056
00:54:34,700 --> 00:54:37,900
calendars up to date. 
Incur astronomers monitored the 

1057
00:54:37,900 --> 00:54:41,700
Motions of the sun, moon, and 
stars, astronomical principles, 

1058
00:54:41,700 --> 00:54:45,000
guided, the layout of the Inca 
Capital at Cusco with key 

1059
00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:47,900
structures and ceremonial areas 
lining up with important 

1060
00:54:47,900 --> 00:54:51,500
astronomical occurrences Among 
the many buildings at the 

1061
00:54:51,508 --> 00:54:53,300
well-known Inca site of Machu 
Picchu. 

1062
00:54:53,300 --> 00:54:55,900
That serve as astronomical 
observation points is the 

1063
00:54:55,900 --> 00:54:59,000
Interlachen a stone which 
creates Shadows that follow the 

1064
00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:03,000
path of the sun year-round, the 
use of dark constellations which

1065
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:05,900
are patterns created by dark 
patches in the Milky Way rather 

1066
00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:09,700
than Bright Stars was one of the
most amazing features of Andy 

1067
00:55:09,700 --> 00:55:13,400
and astronomy and astronomers 
paid equal attention to the dark

1068
00:55:13,400 --> 00:55:17,200
regions between Bright Stars, 
recognizing the forms of animals

1069
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:18,500
and other important figures 
there. 

1070
00:55:18,500 --> 00:55:21,400
Whereas, other cultures, 
concentrated mainly on bright 

1071
00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:25,200
star patterns this focus on dark
constellations shows a deep 

1072
00:55:25,200 --> 00:55:27,100
comprehension of the structure 
of the Milky. 

1073
00:55:27,100 --> 00:55:30,900
Way these dark patches were 
identified by Indian astronomers

1074
00:55:30,900 --> 00:55:34,000
as regions were something was 
obstructing, the light of father

1075
00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:38,500
of stars, not as empty space. 
In actuality, they were 

1076
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:41,200
observing Galactic structure in 
ways that European astronomy 

1077
00:55:41,200 --> 00:55:43,600
would not formally comprehend 
until the 20th century. 

1078
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:46,700
The fact that astronomical 
accomplishments in the Americas 

1079
00:55:46,700 --> 00:55:49,500
were made by societies with 
little exposure, to Old World, 

1080
00:55:49,500 --> 00:55:52,100
astronomical Traditions makes 
them, especially remarkable. 

1081
00:55:52,900 --> 00:55:55,900
These societies produce their 
own theoretical Frameworks, 

1082
00:55:55,900 --> 00:55:59,600
mathematical methods, and 
techniques for making accurate 

1083
00:55:59,600 --> 00:56:03,200
observations. 
Frequently, their findings were 

1084
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:05,500
more accurate than those of 
recent research in Asia or 

1085
00:56:05,500 --> 00:56:07,900
Europe. 
The variety of methods employed 

1086
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:11,200
by various American cultures. 
All shows a significant aspect 

1087
00:56:11,200 --> 00:56:13,500
of human Ingenuity and 
scientific research. 

1088
00:56:14,400 --> 00:56:17,300
With an emphasis on cyclical, 
computations and numerical 

1089
00:56:17,300 --> 00:56:20,100
patterns, Maya astronomy was 
highly mathematical. 

1090
00:56:21,300 --> 00:56:24,900
More architectural in nature, 
astronomy Incorporated, 

1091
00:56:24,900 --> 00:56:28,300
astronomical knowledge into the 
actual design of cities and 

1092
00:56:28,300 --> 00:56:31,700
ceremonial locations. 
The integration of astronomical 

1093
00:56:31,700 --> 00:56:34,700
knowledge with seasonal 
activities and oral Traditions 

1094
00:56:34,700 --> 00:56:38,200
was frequently emphasized in 
North American approaches, all 

1095
00:56:38,200 --> 00:56:41,700
of these methods, however, were 
remarkably accurate in tracking 

1096
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:45,200
Celestial phenomena, and four 
casting astronomical events. 

1097
00:56:45,900 --> 00:56:48,100
They demonstrate that. 
There are numerous scientific 

1098
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:51,000
approaches to studying the 
cosmos and that advanced 

1099
00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:54,100
astronomical knowledge can arise
autonomously in various cultures

1100
00:56:54,100 --> 00:56:57,500
using various instruments and 
theoretical Frameworks in the 

1101
00:56:57,508 --> 00:56:59,700
Medieval Era. 
European astronomy started to 

1102
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:02,100
come back to life after 
centuries of what historians 

1103
00:57:02,100 --> 00:57:04,500
used to refer to as the Dark 
Ages though. 

1104
00:57:04,500 --> 00:57:06,300
They weren't quite as gloomy as 
once thought. 

1105
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:10,200
It was more like someone slowly 
waking up from an extended nap 

1106
00:57:10,200 --> 00:57:12,500
stretching, yawning and 
gradually. 

1107
00:57:12,500 --> 00:57:14,900
Remembering that there was this 
interesting thing called the 

1108
00:57:14,900 --> 00:57:18,000
sky, that might be worth 
observing due in large part to 

1109
00:57:18,000 --> 00:57:20,500
contact with Islamic 
civilization through Spain and 

1110
00:57:20,500 --> 00:57:24,000
the Crusades, the real Awakening
started in the 12th century. 

1111
00:57:24,800 --> 00:57:27,300
Suddenly European scholars 
realized that Islamic 

1112
00:57:27,300 --> 00:57:30,400
astronomers had been making 
incredible strides in their 

1113
00:57:30,400 --> 00:57:32,900
understanding of the cosmos 
while they had been preoccupied 

1114
00:57:32,900 --> 00:57:37,100
with more mundane issues such as
surviving invasion's plagues and

1115
00:57:37,100 --> 00:57:40,500
the occasional apocalyptic Panic
by translating Islamic. 

1116
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:43,800
Astronomical texts into Latin 
the first European response was 

1117
00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:47,400
essentially a catch-up move. 
By translating, the writings of 

1118
00:57:47,400 --> 00:57:50,100
Islamic astronomers 
mathematicians and philosophers 

1119
00:57:50,100 --> 00:57:53,600
Scholars, such as Gerard of 
cremona devoted their entire 

1120
00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:56,500
careers to reintroducing Europe 
to the astronomical knowledge 

1121
00:57:56,500 --> 00:57:58,500
that had been evolving in other 
parts of the world. 

1122
00:57:58,500 --> 00:58:01,800
However, medieval European 
astronomers started to 

1123
00:58:01,808 --> 00:58:04,800
contribute and create their own 
methods for solving astronomical

1124
00:58:04,800 --> 00:58:08,200
problems rather than merely 
passively absorbing Islamic 

1125
00:58:08,200 --> 00:58:10,900
knowledge. 
Albertus Magnus a German 

1126
00:58:10,900 --> 00:58:13,700
philosopher and scientist who 
lived in the 13th century and 

1127
00:58:13,700 --> 00:58:15,500
wrote, a great deal about 
astronomy. 

1128
00:58:15,500 --> 00:58:19,000
In addition to making his own 
observations of the heavens was 

1129
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:22,000
one of the most important. 
Early figures, the question of 

1130
00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:24,900
whether Aristotle's Antiquated 
theories about the universe 

1131
00:58:24,900 --> 00:58:28,800
would genuinely supported by 
rigorous, observation peaked, 

1132
00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:32,700
albertus Magnus intrest. 
He conducted in-depth research 

1133
00:58:32,700 --> 00:58:36,600
on comets and discovered that in
contrast to Aristotelian 

1134
00:58:36,600 --> 00:58:39,200
theories regarding comets as 
atmospheric phenomena. 

1135
00:58:39,900 --> 00:58:43,500
Their tails consistently pointed
away from the Sun, although he 

1136
00:58:43,508 --> 00:58:45,800
lacked the telescopic ability to
confirm it. 

1137
00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:49,000
He also noted that the Milky Way
seemed to be made up of 

1138
00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:52,600
extremely faint Stars. 
The Practical requirements of 

1139
00:58:52,600 --> 00:58:55,300
the Catholic Church also 
influenced, medieval European 

1140
00:58:55,300 --> 00:58:57,900
astronomy. 
Because Easter depended on 

1141
00:58:57,900 --> 00:59:00,700
intricate relationships between 
solar and lunar cycles. 

1142
00:59:00,700 --> 00:59:04,200
Christian Scholars needed 
precise methods for determining 

1143
00:59:04,200 --> 00:59:06,200
the date. 
Because it was their primary 

1144
00:59:06,200 --> 00:59:09,800
source of income, even serious, 
medieval astronomers frequently 

1145
00:59:09,800 --> 00:59:12,500
worked as astrologers. 
So they also needed to 

1146
00:59:12,500 --> 00:59:15,300
comprehend Celestial motions for
astrological purposes, 

1147
00:59:15,300 --> 00:59:19,000
significant progress in 
computational, astronomy, was 

1148
00:59:19,000 --> 00:59:21,000
made as a result of this 
pragmatic approach. 

1149
00:59:21,800 --> 00:59:24,900
Improved mathematical methods 
for determining Eclipse dates 

1150
00:59:24,900 --> 00:59:27,700
and predicting planetary 
positions were created by 

1151
00:59:27,700 --> 00:59:30,500
medieval Scholars. 
They improved techniques for 

1152
00:59:30,500 --> 00:59:33,300
converting between calendar 
systems and produced calendars 

1153
00:59:33,300 --> 00:59:35,700
that were more accurate. 
The creation of mechanical 

1154
00:59:35,700 --> 00:59:38,200
astronomical instruments, was 
one of the most significant 

1155
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:40,100
contributions made during the 
Middle Ages. 

1156
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:43,700
European artists, produced ever 
more advanced, quadrants 

1157
00:59:43,700 --> 00:59:46,900
astrolabes and other tools for 
observing the Stars. 

1158
00:59:46,900 --> 00:59:49,800
They all started creating 
mechanical, clocks, that could 

1159
00:59:49,800 --> 00:59:52,700
record the sun moon and Planet 
positions. 

1160
00:59:52,700 --> 00:59:55,600
In addition to the time, the 
astronomical clock, which was 

1161
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:59,000
constructed in Prague, Circa, 
1410 and is still in use. 

1162
00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:01,900
Today was arguably the most 
remarkable of these. 

1163
01:00:02,800 --> 01:00:06,100
This amazing device, which is 
automatically updated by a 

1164
01:00:06,100 --> 01:00:10,000
complex Clockwork mechanism, 
displays the moon's phases, the 

1165
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:12,700
Sun and Moon's positions in the 
Zodiac and other astronomical 

1166
01:00:12,700 --> 01:00:16,300
information, the development of 
universities in medieval Europe,

1167
01:00:16,300 --> 01:00:19,300
also helped to astronomy by 
establishing institutional 

1168
01:00:19,300 --> 01:00:22,200
Frameworks for the advancement 
and preservation of astronomical

1169
01:00:22,200 --> 01:00:26,200
knowledge. 
Universities in Paris, Oxford 

1170
01:00:26,200 --> 01:00:29,500
bologna, and other locations 
developed into hubs for 

1171
01:00:29,508 --> 01:00:33,200
astronomy Education and Research
along with mathematics geometry 

1172
01:00:33,200 --> 01:00:35,800
and music. 
Astronomy was regarded as one of

1173
01:00:35,808 --> 01:00:38,000
the core liberal arts at these 
universities. 

1174
01:00:38,800 --> 01:00:42,200
As a result educated Europeans 
were supposed to understand the 

1175
01:00:42,200 --> 01:00:45,200
fundamentals of astronomy. 
Scholarly discussion of 

1176
01:00:45,200 --> 01:00:47,900
astronomical, theories was also 
fostered by the university 

1177
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:50,500
setting. 
Instead of Simply accepting the 

1178
01:00:50,500 --> 01:00:53,900
wisdom of the Ancients medieval 
astronomers debated, the merits 

1179
01:00:53,900 --> 01:00:57,900
of various models, suggested 
changes and enhancements and 

1180
01:00:57,900 --> 01:01:00,500
sometimes created completely 
original solutions to 

1181
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:03,400
astronomical issues. 
The growing sophistication of 

1182
01:01:03,400 --> 01:01:05,800
observational methods was one 
significant medieval 

1183
01:01:05,800 --> 01:01:08,800
development. 
Prominent akademiks such as John

1184
01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:12,500
of holywood Sacre Bosco 
authored, important textbooks 

1185
01:01:12,500 --> 01:01:15,600
that described how to use basic 
instruments to make precise 

1186
01:01:15,600 --> 01:01:19,300
astronomical measurements, they 
created standardized techniques 

1187
01:01:19,300 --> 01:01:21,600
for timing. 
Astronomical events, measuring 

1188
01:01:21,600 --> 01:01:23,700
Celestial angles and locating 
Stars. 

1189
01:01:23,700 --> 01:01:27,000
Significant progress was also 
made by medieval astronomers in 

1190
01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:29,800
comprehending, the connection 
between astronomical phenomena 

1191
01:01:29,800 --> 01:01:33,100
and Mathematics. 
The improved geometric models 

1192
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:36,200
for planetary motions developed,
trigonometric methods for 

1193
01:01:36,200 --> 01:01:39,200
calculating angles, and 
distances, and started applying 

1194
01:01:39,200 --> 01:01:41,200
algebraic methods to solve 
challenging. 

1195
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:44,700
Astronomical problems Johannes 
de muirs, who proposed calendar 

1196
01:01:44,700 --> 01:01:47,100
reforms in the 14th century that
were centuries. 

1197
01:01:47,100 --> 01:01:50,300
Ahead of their time was likely 
the most mathematically Advanced

1198
01:01:50,300 --> 01:01:53,500
medieval astronomer demure 
determined precisely. 

1199
01:01:53,500 --> 01:01:55,700
How much correction would be 
required to correct. 

1200
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:59,500
The Julian calendar, which was 
then in use as it was, gradually

1201
01:01:59,500 --> 01:02:01,000
becoming out of sync with the 
seasons. 

1202
01:02:01,000 --> 01:02:04,300
All the most of his suggestions 
were disregarded. 

1203
01:02:04,300 --> 01:02:07,400
At the time, they foreshadowed, 
many of the modifications, that 

1204
01:02:07,400 --> 01:02:10,000
would later be made to produce 
our current Gregorian calendar. 

1205
01:02:10,000 --> 01:02:13,600
Important observations, were all
made by European astronomers in 

1206
01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:16,000
the Middle Ages. 
They made meticulous 

1207
01:02:16,000 --> 01:02:18,500
observations of planetary 
positions tracked, Comet 

1208
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:21,100
movements and created new star 
catalogs. 

1209
01:02:21,800 --> 01:02:23,900
They were especially intrigued 
by what they dubbed. 

1210
01:02:23,900 --> 01:02:27,800
Conjunctions rare close 
approaches between planets that 

1211
01:02:27,800 --> 01:02:30,100
were believed to have 
astrological meaning more 

1212
01:02:30,100 --> 01:02:33,600
complex, theoretical solution to
astronomical issues also emerged

1213
01:02:33,600 --> 01:02:36,700
during the Middle Ages. 
The fundamental tenets of 

1214
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:39,500
ancient astronomy. 
Especially the requirement, that

1215
01:02:39,500 --> 01:02:42,900
all Celestial motions be 
perfectly, round started to be 

1216
01:02:42,900 --> 01:02:45,900
questioned by academics. 
They started creating 

1217
01:02:45,900 --> 01:02:48,200
mathematical methods. 
That would later be crucial for 

1218
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:50,200
more precise. 
Explanations of planetary, 

1219
01:02:50,200 --> 01:02:53,500
motion and experimented with 
different geometric models. 

1220
01:02:53,500 --> 01:02:57,100
Most significantly, medieval 
European astronomy started to 

1221
01:02:57,100 --> 01:02:59,900
formulate, what is now known as 
a more scientific theory of the 

1222
01:02:59,900 --> 01:03:02,600
universe. 
The significance of meticulous. 

1223
01:03:02,600 --> 01:03:06,200
Observation mathematical 
analysis, and logical reasoning 

1224
01:03:06,200 --> 01:03:09,200
in astronomical investigations, 
was increasingly stressed by 

1225
01:03:09,208 --> 01:03:11,900
medieval Scholars. 
They were more interested in 

1226
01:03:11,900 --> 01:03:14,600
comparing theoretical 
predictions to empirical data 

1227
01:03:14,600 --> 01:03:17,600
than they were in blindly 
accepting ancient authorities. 

1228
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:20,300
The more significant changes 
that would occur during the 

1229
01:03:20,300 --> 01:03:22,900
Renaissance were made possible 
by this change in strategy. 

1230
01:03:24,000 --> 01:03:26,500
By the end of the Middle Ages 
European astronomy. 

1231
01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:29,500
Had transformed from a mainly 
passive effort to preserve 

1232
01:03:29,500 --> 01:03:32,600
ancient knowledge into a dynamic
Innovative field prepared to 

1233
01:03:32,600 --> 01:03:34,900
address some of the most 
important issues regarding the 

1234
01:03:34,900 --> 01:03:37,200
composition and functioning of 
the cosmos. 

1235
01:03:37,200 --> 01:03:41,000
Scientific knowledge requires 
institutions communities of 

1236
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:43,900
Scholars, and cultural 
Frameworks that support and 

1237
01:03:43,900 --> 01:03:46,700
encourage intellectual inquiry 
as the Medieval Era 

1238
01:03:46,700 --> 01:03:49,600
demonstrated. 
These circumstances were 

1239
01:03:49,600 --> 01:03:52,500
established in medieval Europe, 
setting the stage for the 

1240
01:03:52,500 --> 01:03:55,500
astronomical revolution's that 
would follow spend some time 

1241
01:03:55,500 --> 01:03:56,900
reflecting on the amazing 
journey. 

1242
01:03:56,900 --> 01:03:59,700
We've just taken together as you
curl up deeper in your blankets.

1243
01:04:00,400 --> 01:04:03,600
10s of thousands of years of 
human curiosity inventiveness 

1244
01:04:03,600 --> 01:04:06,700
and perseverance a proceeded 
Galileo's groundbreaking 

1245
01:04:06,700 --> 01:04:09,900
discovery of the sky in the 
early 1600s which altered the 

1246
01:04:09,900 --> 01:04:13,400
course of history, consider what
Humanity achieved in those 

1247
01:04:13,400 --> 01:04:16,200
Millennia before the rings of 
Saturn, and the moons of Jupiter

1248
01:04:16,200 --> 01:04:19,600
were ever seen. 
Ancient astronomers used only 

1249
01:04:19,600 --> 01:04:23,000
their eyes, their brains, and an
almost Supernatural amount of 

1250
01:04:23,000 --> 01:04:25,100
patience to track. 
The intricate movements of 

1251
01:04:25,108 --> 01:04:29,200
planets, predict eclipses and 
make calendars precise enough to

1252
01:04:29,200 --> 01:04:32,700
govern entire civilizations. 
They calculated the size of the 

1253
01:04:32,700 --> 01:04:36,200
Earth and found it to be round. 
The charted the positions of 

1254
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:40,700
stars and measured the distances
to celestial objects, they 

1255
01:04:40,700 --> 01:04:43,800
created mathematical models that
were Advanced enough to forecast

1256
01:04:43,800 --> 01:04:47,400
the locations of planets years 
in advance and identified 

1257
01:04:47,400 --> 01:04:50,700
patterns in astronomical motion 
that recurred over decades and 

1258
01:04:50,700 --> 01:04:53,000
centuries. 
Most astonishingly, they 

1259
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:54,700
accomplished all of this while 
harboring. 

1260
01:04:54,700 --> 01:04:57,300
Basic misunderstanding, about 
the nature of the universe. 

1261
01:04:57,300 --> 01:05:01,500
Most pre-op, astronomers thought
that everything revolved around 

1262
01:05:01,500 --> 01:05:04,300
the earth which sat still at the
center of the universe. 

1263
01:05:04,300 --> 01:05:07,300
They didn't know that the Milky 
Way was home to billions of 

1264
01:05:07,300 --> 01:05:09,600
stars. 
That planets will worlds under 

1265
01:05:09,600 --> 01:05:13,700
the cells or that stars were far
off sons, they were remarkably 

1266
01:05:13,700 --> 01:05:17,100
successful in describing and 
forks in Celestial phenomena in 

1267
01:05:17,100 --> 01:05:19,400
spite of these flawed 
theoretical Frameworks. 

1268
01:05:20,400 --> 01:05:23,300
This illustrates a fundamental 
aspect of human intelligence, 

1269
01:05:23,300 --> 01:05:26,100
even when our underlying 
knowledge is lacking or 

1270
01:05:26,100 --> 01:05:29,300
completely incorrect, we can 
frequently identify helpful 

1271
01:05:29,300 --> 01:05:32,400
patterns and make precise 
predictions, the history of 

1272
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:35,700
pretel occur, astronomy. 
Also demonstrates the value of 

1273
01:05:35,700 --> 01:05:39,000
cross-cultural interaction, and 
cultural continuity. 

1274
01:05:39,800 --> 01:05:42,800
From the Babylonians to the 
Greeks from the Greeks to the 

1275
01:05:42,800 --> 01:05:46,700
Islamic world and from Islamic 
scholars to Medieval Europeans 

1276
01:05:46,700 --> 01:05:49,700
knowledge was transmitted every 
culture. 

1277
01:05:49,700 --> 01:05:52,700
Contributed, its unique 
perspectives fixed past 

1278
01:05:52,700 --> 01:05:55,600
mistakes, and expanded. 
The realm of knowledge for 

1279
01:05:55,600 --> 01:05:58,400
thousands of years, Chinese 
astronomers kept records. 

1280
01:05:58,400 --> 01:06:01,700
Building a Priceless collection 
of observations that is still 

1281
01:06:01,708 --> 01:06:03,300
used by contemporary 
researchers. 

1282
01:06:04,400 --> 01:06:08,000
Calendar systems created by Maya
mathematicians were more precise

1283
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:09,700
than those utilized in medieval 
Europe. 

1284
01:06:10,500 --> 01:06:13,800
During the darkest centuries of 
European civilization Islamic 

1285
01:06:13,800 --> 01:06:17,000
scholars preserved and enhanced 
Greek knowledge science. 

1286
01:06:17,000 --> 01:06:19,800
At its best is a truly human 
endeavor that transcends 

1287
01:06:19,800 --> 01:06:23,900
individual cultures languages 
and historical periods as 

1288
01:06:23,900 --> 01:06:26,700
demonstrated by This Global 
intergenerational collaboration 

1289
01:06:28,400 --> 01:06:31,200
Same questions that motivated. 
Ancient astronomers still 

1290
01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:32,900
motivators today. 
Where are we? 

1291
01:06:32,908 --> 01:06:35,200
From, what role do we play in 
the universe? 

1292
01:06:35,200 --> 01:06:37,400
What is the mechanism of the 
universe? 

1293
01:06:37,400 --> 01:06:40,300
Many of the basic techniques 
that science still employs. 

1294
01:06:40,300 --> 01:06:43,400
Today were also developed by 
pretel astronomers. 

1295
01:06:44,200 --> 01:06:47,700
Ancient astronomers using crude 
instruments but highly developed

1296
01:06:47,700 --> 01:06:51,200
Minds invented rigorous 
observation, mathematical 

1297
01:06:51,200 --> 01:06:54,400
modeling, hypothesis testing and
peer-review. 

1298
01:06:54,400 --> 01:06:56,600
All fundamental scientific 
procedures. 

1299
01:06:56,600 --> 01:06:59,700
They develop the ability to 
discriminate between what they 

1300
01:06:59,700 --> 01:07:02,700
could see with their own eyes 
and what they had to deduce from

1301
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:06,600
the They created methods for 
tracking changes over time, 

1302
01:07:06,600 --> 01:07:10,500
scales longer than human 
lifetimes, measuring, seemingly 

1303
01:07:10,500 --> 01:07:13,600
incalculable, things, and 
bringing order to seemingly 

1304
01:07:13,600 --> 01:07:15,900
chaotic phenomena, most 
significantly. 

1305
01:07:15,900 --> 01:07:19,000
They learn to maintain faith in 
the capacity of human reasoning.

1306
01:07:19,000 --> 01:07:22,100
While being humble about the 
limits of human knowledge, the 

1307
01:07:22,100 --> 01:07:28,700
most accomplished pre-television
and their known facts. 

1308
01:07:29,600 --> 01:07:32,300
They were aware that hypotheses 
needed to be verified by 

1309
01:07:32,300 --> 01:07:35,400
observations and they were 
prepared to give up on Concepts 

1310
01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:37,600
that didn't work. 
Even if they made sense 

1311
01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:40,500
intuitively beyond the 
particular facts that ancient 

1312
01:07:40,500 --> 01:07:44,200
astronomers found. 
Pretel, astronomy left behind a 

1313
01:07:44,200 --> 01:07:46,600
rich Legacy. 
They created the entire 

1314
01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:49,800
Foundation of scientific 
investigation, the notion that 

1315
01:07:49,800 --> 01:07:51,500
the Universe functions in 
accordance. 

1316
01:07:51,500 --> 01:07:54,700
With discoverable laws. 
That these laws can be expressed

1317
01:07:54,700 --> 01:07:57,000
mathematically. 
And that humans are able to 

1318
01:07:57,000 --> 01:08:00,200
understand the working of the 
cosmos by means of rigorous 

1319
01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:03,800
observation. 
And reasoned analysis, Galileo 

1320
01:08:03,800 --> 01:08:06,100
was expanding on 10s of 
thousands of years of 

1321
01:08:06,100 --> 01:08:08,400
accumulated, knowledge and 
perfected technique. 

1322
01:08:08,400 --> 01:08:12,200
When he eventually pointed his 
telescope Skyward in 1609 

1323
01:08:12,200 --> 01:08:15,300
ancient astronomers had 
formulated the question. 

1324
01:08:15,300 --> 01:08:18,600
He was trying to answer. 
The mathematical instruments. 

1325
01:08:18,600 --> 01:08:22,200
He employed had been created 
over Centuries by academics from

1326
01:08:22,200 --> 01:08:24,100
a wide range of cultural 
backgrounds. 

1327
01:08:24,800 --> 01:08:27,500
His observations were even more 
precise because earlier 

1328
01:08:27,500 --> 01:08:30,500
Generations had mastered, the 
use of much simpler instruments 

1329
01:08:30,500 --> 01:08:38,200
to make precise measurements. 
Pre-television the new astronomy

1330
01:08:38,200 --> 01:08:40,500
that arose in the 17th century 
still required. 

1331
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:43,899
All of the basic ideas, 
mathematical formulas and 

1332
01:08:43,899 --> 01:08:47,200
observational strategies created
prior to the telescopic era. 

1333
01:08:47,200 --> 01:08:50,500
Therefore, keep in mind that you
are a part of this long-standing

1334
01:08:50,500 --> 01:08:53,300
tradition of cosmic curiosity, 
as you go to sleep tonight, 

1335
01:08:53,300 --> 01:08:55,500
you're taking part in the 
oldest. 

1336
01:08:55,500 --> 01:08:57,200
Scientific Endeavor in human 
history. 

1337
01:08:57,200 --> 01:09:00,800
Each time you gaze up at the 
night sky and wonder what you 

1338
01:09:00,800 --> 01:09:04,000
are seeing You're reaching out 
to generations of astronomers, 

1339
01:09:04,000 --> 01:09:07,300
who were as awestruck by the 
cosmos, as you are the same 

1340
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:10,399
stars that ancient astronomers 
observed continue to exist 

1341
01:09:10,399 --> 01:09:12,300
today. 
Traveling along the same 

1342
01:09:12,300 --> 01:09:14,899
Dependable routes that they have
for thousands of years. 

1343
01:09:15,800 --> 01:09:18,500
The Maya astronomers used the 
moon's phases to time their 

1344
01:09:18,500 --> 01:09:21,500
ceremonies and we can still see 
the same face of the moon today 

1345
01:09:21,500 --> 01:09:25,100
when Babylonian mathematicians 
first deduce, the planets. 

1346
01:09:25,100 --> 01:09:27,899
Intricate orbital patterns, they
still roam among the 

1347
01:09:27,899 --> 01:09:30,000
constellation's and out there 
tonight. 

1348
01:09:30,000 --> 01:09:32,700
Contemporary astronomers 
continue to do what Their 

1349
01:09:32,700 --> 01:09:36,100
ancient forebears did. 
Observe the sky with patients 

1350
01:09:36,100 --> 01:09:39,700
meticulously document their 
findings and progressively 

1351
01:09:39,700 --> 01:09:41,600
deeper in our understanding of 
the universe. 

1352
01:09:42,600 --> 01:09:45,000
The basic human desire to 
comprehend our place in the 

1353
01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:48,300
universe is not changed. 
Despite the fact that the tools 

1354
01:09:48,300 --> 01:09:56,800
have become much more advanced 
Imagine yourself standing on a 

1355
01:09:56,800 --> 01:09:59,300
frozen ocean that stretches 
Beyond the Horizon in every 

1356
01:09:59,300 --> 01:10:02,200
direction with the sun on a 
four-month vacation. 

1357
01:10:03,200 --> 01:10:05,100
There is no gentle Dawn to wake 
you up. 

1358
01:10:05,100 --> 01:10:09,500
No Sunset to Signal bedtime. 
Just an endless Twilight that 

1359
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:11,900
leaves you questioning whether 
you've accidentally broke in 

1360
01:10:11,900 --> 01:10:14,500
time itself. 
Welcome to the Poland night 

1361
01:10:14,500 --> 01:10:19,200
where Arctic explorers from the 
1800s and early 1900s learned 

1362
01:10:19,200 --> 01:10:22,400
that surviving winter meant 
mastering the art of sleeping 

1363
01:10:22,400 --> 01:10:26,300
when your body had absolutely no
idea what time it was supposed 

1364
01:10:26,300 --> 01:10:28,200
to be. 
These were not your typical 

1365
01:10:28,200 --> 01:10:30,600
camping trips where you could 
just check your phone for the 

1366
01:10:30,600 --> 01:10:34,300
weather, forecast and head home.
If things got dicey Once the ice

1367
01:10:34,300 --> 01:10:37,200
block their ships in place, they
were committed to riding out the

1368
01:10:37,208 --> 01:10:39,700
darkness like passengers on the 
world's most uncomfortable 

1369
01:10:39,700 --> 01:10:42,700
cruise ship. 
The thing about Poland is that 

1370
01:10:42,700 --> 01:10:46,000
it doesn't just mean dark. 
It means your circadian rhythm 

1371
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:48,100
that. 
Internal clock, that tells you 

1372
01:10:48,100 --> 01:10:51,600
when to feel sleepy gets tossed 
around like a snow globe in a 

1373
01:10:51,608 --> 01:10:55,000
blizzard, Imagine trying to 
maintain a normal sleep 

1374
01:10:55,000 --> 01:10:56,800
schedule. 
When your brain keeps insisting,

1375
01:10:56,800 --> 01:11:00,600
it's either perpetually Dawn or 
perpetually midnight, depending 

1376
01:11:00,600 --> 01:11:03,300
on its mood, that day. 
However, this is where the 

1377
01:11:03,300 --> 01:11:07,100
situation becomes intriguing. 
These explorers did not simply 

1378
01:11:07,100 --> 01:11:09,500
Retreat to a corner and await 
the arrival of spring. 

1379
01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:12,500
They developed elaborate 
routines and rituals around 

1380
01:11:12,500 --> 01:11:15,500
sleep that would make a luxury 
hotel concierge jealous. 

1381
01:11:15,500 --> 01:11:19,100
They had to because proper rest 
meant the difference between 

1382
01:11:19,100 --> 01:11:22,500
waking up refreshed and ready to
chip ice off the ship's, Hull or

1383
01:11:22,500 --> 01:11:25,200
waking up so disoriented, you 
might try to put your boots on 

1384
01:11:25,200 --> 01:11:28,400
your hands, take the crew of HMS
Erebus and Terror during 

1385
01:11:28,400 --> 01:11:30,700
Franklin's Expedition or the men
aboard. 

1386
01:11:30,700 --> 01:11:34,800
Now since Fram, they discovered 
that creating artificial rhythms

1387
01:11:34,800 --> 01:11:38,700
was like teaching your body a 
new dance awkward at first but 

1388
01:11:38,700 --> 01:11:40,800
eventually it would catch on 
ships. 

1389
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:44,100
Bells became their metronome, 
marking time in a world where 

1390
01:11:44,100 --> 01:11:46,300
natural time a temporarily 
ceased to exist. 

1391
01:11:47,200 --> 01:11:49,900
The sleeping quarters themselves
were marvels of cramped in 

1392
01:11:49,908 --> 01:11:53,100
genuity picture, trying to 
design a bedroom inside, a 

1393
01:11:53,100 --> 01:11:55,900
wooden ice box that is 
constantly creaking and groaning

1394
01:11:55,900 --> 01:11:59,900
as ice precious squeezes, the 
hull your bedroom might be a 

1395
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:02,800
space, no, bigger than a modern 
walking closet shared with two 

1396
01:12:02,800 --> 01:12:05,300
or three other, explorers who 
probably hadn't had a proper 

1397
01:12:05,300 --> 01:12:09,100
bath in months. 
Romance was not in the are more 

1398
01:12:09,100 --> 01:12:12,600
like a mixture of unwashed wool,
seal oil and that particular 

1399
01:12:12,600 --> 01:12:15,500
mustiness that develops, when 
damp things, never quite have 

1400
01:12:15,500 --> 01:12:18,900
the chance to dry out. 
The beds themselves were often 

1401
01:12:18,900 --> 01:12:21,900
just wooden frames with rope or 
canvas stretched across them 

1402
01:12:21,900 --> 01:12:24,400
layered, with whatever they 
could acquire for padding. 

1403
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:27,800
Some Expeditions were lucky 
enough to have proper mattresses

1404
01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:30,700
stuffed with horse hair or 
cotton, but more often than not,

1405
01:12:30,700 --> 01:12:33,200
you were sleeping on a 
collection of blankets Furs and 

1406
01:12:33,208 --> 01:12:35,500
whatever extra clothing you 
weren't currently wearing. 

1407
01:12:36,300 --> 01:12:38,400
It was like playing Tetris with 
your comfort level. 

1408
01:12:38,400 --> 01:12:41,400
How many layers could you add 
before you couldn't actually 

1409
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:44,000
move? 
Speaking of layers, the clothing

1410
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:47,400
situation presented, its own 
unique challenges, you couldn't 

1411
01:12:47,400 --> 01:12:49,900
just strip down to your pajamas 
when the temperature inside your

1412
01:12:49,900 --> 01:12:52,500
shelter, hovered around freezing
on a good day. 

1413
01:12:52,500 --> 01:12:56,500
Instead explorers developed a 
complex system of removing just 

1414
01:12:56,500 --> 01:12:58,000
enough clothing to avoid 
overheating. 

1415
01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:01,000
While keeping enough on to 
prevent becoming a popsicle. 

1416
01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:05,500
If the heat Source fail during 
the night The unexpected thing, 

1417
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:08,300
about all this discomfort is 
that it created a strange kind 

1418
01:13:08,300 --> 01:13:10,800
of camaraderie. 
When everyone is equally 

1419
01:13:10,800 --> 01:13:14,200
miserable and equally determined
to survive, you develop a shared

1420
01:13:14,200 --> 01:13:16,900
sense of humor about the 
absurdity of your situation. 

1421
01:13:16,900 --> 01:13:20,000
These men would write in their 
journals about the particular 

1422
01:13:20,000 --> 01:13:23,200
Art of Getting comfortable. 
When comfortable was purely a 

1423
01:13:23,200 --> 01:13:26,100
relative term, like being the 
warmest person in a meat 

1424
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:29,700
freezer, Now let's discuss the 
evening routine of an Arctic 

1425
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:32,900
Explorer because getting ready 
for bed in the polar night was 

1426
01:13:32,900 --> 01:13:36,100
less like your modern ritual of 
brushing teeth and more like 

1427
01:13:36,100 --> 01:13:38,400
preparing for a delicate, 
scientific experiment. 

1428
01:13:39,300 --> 01:13:42,600
First there was the question of 
when exactly bedtime occurred 

1429
01:13:42,600 --> 01:13:46,100
without the sun's reliable 
schedule ship captains. 

1430
01:13:46,100 --> 01:13:49,200
Had to impose artificial 
structure usually maintaining 

1431
01:13:49,200 --> 01:13:51,700
the same watch schedules. 
They'd used during normal 

1432
01:13:51,700 --> 01:13:54,200
sailing this meant that 
somewhere around. 

1433
01:13:54,200 --> 01:13:56,400
What would have been the evening
in the Civilized World? 

1434
01:13:56,400 --> 01:13:59,900
You'd hear the call for the 
evening watch change and you'd 

1435
01:13:59,900 --> 01:14:02,000
know it was time to begin the 
elaborate process of 

1436
01:14:02,000 --> 01:14:05,200
transforming yourself from a 
working Explorer into something.

1437
01:14:05,200 --> 01:14:07,500
Vaguely resembling a person 
ready for sleep. 

1438
01:14:08,600 --> 01:14:11,600
The first challenge was heat 
management throughout the day, 

1439
01:14:11,600 --> 01:14:14,400
you'd be an active which 
generated body heat from your 

1440
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:16,600
movements. 
The initial challenge was 

1441
01:14:16,600 --> 01:14:19,600
managing heat throughout the 
day, you'd be an active 

1442
01:14:19,600 --> 01:14:22,000
generating body heat through 
your movements. 

1443
01:14:22,600 --> 01:14:25,700
Now you needed to devise a 
method to maintain warmth while 

1444
01:14:25,700 --> 01:14:29,700
remaining still for 8 hours. 
This necessitated a strategy 

1445
01:14:29,700 --> 01:14:33,300
that would impress even a chess 
Grandmaster utilizing too many 

1446
01:14:33,300 --> 01:14:37,300
blankets would result in waking 
up sweating, which in Sub-Zero 

1447
01:14:37,300 --> 01:14:39,600
temperatures would lead to a 
chilling experience. 

1448
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:42,800
As that moisture, transformed 
into your personal ice sculpture

1449
01:14:43,600 --> 01:14:46,700
The above scenario, required a 
strategy that would make a chess

1450
01:14:46,700 --> 01:14:49,000
Grandmaster proud. 
Too many blankets. 

1451
01:14:49,000 --> 01:14:52,500
And you'd wake up sweating which
in Sub-Zero temperatures meant 

1452
01:14:52,500 --> 01:14:55,500
you then wake up freezing. 
As that moisture, turned into 

1453
01:14:55,500 --> 01:14:59,200
your personal ice sculpture. 
Insufficient blankets would 

1454
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:02,600
result in a night spent 
shivering, akin to a Chihuahua 

1455
01:15:02,600 --> 01:15:05,900
caught in a snowstorm. 
Smart explorers learn to create 

1456
01:15:05,900 --> 01:15:08,600
a layering system that they 
could adjust throughout the 

1457
01:15:08,600 --> 01:15:10,900
night. 
They'd start with their base 

1458
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:14,100
layer of wool undergarments. 
And yes, they slept in them 

1459
01:15:14,100 --> 01:15:17,400
because taking them off meant 
losing precious body heat, and 

1460
01:15:17,400 --> 01:15:20,200
then having to warm up freezing 
fabric against your skin in the 

1461
01:15:20,200 --> 01:15:22,600
morning which was about as 
pleasant as it sounds. 

1462
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:25,900
Over this they'd add a flannel 
shirt or Walter. 

1463
01:15:25,900 --> 01:15:29,200
Then their outer layer might be 
a thick wall, coat or fur. 

1464
01:15:29,200 --> 01:15:31,400
Parker the could be opened or 
closed. 

1465
01:15:31,400 --> 01:15:35,600
Depending on how the night was 
treating the Really experienced 

1466
01:15:35,600 --> 01:15:38,500
article sleepers, learned to 
position extra clothing, within 

1467
01:15:38,500 --> 01:15:41,300
Arms, Reach, creating a buffet 
of warmth options. 

1468
01:15:41,300 --> 01:15:43,100
They could grab without fully 
waking up. 

1469
01:15:44,000 --> 01:15:46,700
Then came the delicate art of 
sharing body heat without 

1470
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:49,200
driving your bunk mates. 
Absolutely insane. 

1471
01:15:50,100 --> 01:15:52,800
In the smaller shelters and 
ships, you might be sleeping 

1472
01:15:52,800 --> 01:15:55,200
close enough to your companions 
that you could hear, every 

1473
01:15:55,200 --> 01:15:59,200
snore, every toss and turn and 
every dream of about warm beds 

1474
01:15:59,200 --> 01:16:02,100
back home. 
Some explorers became legendary 

1475
01:16:02,100 --> 01:16:03,900
for their ability to sleep 
through anything. 

1476
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:07,600
A skill that probably saved more
friendships than any amount of 

1477
01:16:07,600 --> 01:16:10,400
Good Intentions. 
The bedding situation itself was

1478
01:16:10,400 --> 01:16:13,400
like solving a daily Puzzle. 
First sleeping bags when 

1479
01:16:13,400 --> 01:16:15,000
available were prized 
possessions. 

1480
01:16:15,000 --> 01:16:18,500
Reindeer hide was particularly 
covered because it provided 

1481
01:16:18,500 --> 01:16:21,300
insulation, even? 
When damp and staying dry was 

1482
01:16:21,300 --> 01:16:25,800
often more of a hope than a 
reality But most Expeditions had

1483
01:16:25,800 --> 01:16:29,100
to make do with wool blankets, 
which worked well, until they 

1484
01:16:29,100 --> 01:16:32,400
got wet at which point they 
became about as useful for 

1485
01:16:32,400 --> 01:16:36,500
warmth as a wet towel. 
Some clever explorers figured 

1486
01:16:36,500 --> 01:16:38,900
out that creating a small tent, 
within their larger shelter, 

1487
01:16:38,900 --> 01:16:42,200
could trapped their body heat, 
more effectively, they'd rigged 

1488
01:16:42,200 --> 01:16:45,800
up, Canvas OR extra blankets to 
create personal cocoon like, 

1489
01:16:45,800 --> 01:16:48,300
building a fort as a child. 
Except this fort might literally

1490
01:16:48,300 --> 01:16:51,500
save your life. 
The mental preparation for sleep

1491
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:53,900
was just as important to the 
physical preparation. 

1492
01:16:54,700 --> 01:16:57,600
You had to train your mind to 
ignore the constant sound of the

1493
01:16:57,600 --> 01:17:01,200
ice the grinding cracking and 
groaning that could sound like 

1494
01:17:01,200 --> 01:17:02,900
the world was slowly tearing 
itself. 

1495
01:17:02,900 --> 01:17:06,900
Apart just outside your thin 
walls experienced Arctic 

1496
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:10,100
explorers learn to consider 
these sounds almost comforting 

1497
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:13,700
like a very strange form of 
white noise that meant the ice 

1498
01:17:13,700 --> 01:17:16,900
was moving, but not necessarily 
threatening their immediate 

1499
01:17:16,900 --> 01:17:19,500
survival. 
Here's something that might 

1500
01:17:19,500 --> 01:17:22,600
surprise you eating in, the 
Arctic wasn't just about staying

1501
01:17:22,600 --> 01:17:26,400
fed, it was about staying sane. 
When you're trapped in Endless, 

1502
01:17:26,400 --> 01:17:29,500
Darkness with the same handful 
of people, for months, on end. 

1503
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:32,800
Mealtime becomes the highlight 
of your day, Your Entertainment,

1504
01:17:32,800 --> 01:17:35,700
your social hour and 
occasionally, you're only 

1505
01:17:35,708 --> 01:17:37,800
reminder that you're still part 
of the human race. 

1506
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:40,900
But let's start with the 
Practical side, because Arctic 

1507
01:17:40,900 --> 01:17:43,600
nutrition was like trying to 
fuel a car, with whatever you 

1508
01:17:43,600 --> 01:17:47,100
could find in your garage. 
These explorers needed massive 

1509
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:49,800
amounts of calories to keep 
their bodies generating Heat. 

1510
01:17:50,500 --> 01:17:52,900
but they were working with 
preserved foods that had been 

1511
01:17:52,900 --> 01:17:56,600
packed months or even years, 
early back when someone was 

1512
01:17:56,600 --> 01:17:59,600
optimistically assuming they'd 
still be edible by the time they

1513
01:17:59,600 --> 01:18:03,400
were needed, The Staples 
included items such as salt pork

1514
01:18:03,400 --> 01:18:07,700
hardtack and Incredibly 
nutritious and appetizing 

1515
01:18:07,700 --> 01:18:10,700
combination of dried meat, fat 
and berries. 

1516
01:18:11,700 --> 01:18:14,300
Imagine trying to get excited 
about dinner, when your options 

1517
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:15,900
are leathery, meet brick, or 
crackers. 

1518
01:18:15,900 --> 01:18:18,700
That require soaking in hot 
water before they won't break 

1519
01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:21,200
your teeth. 
But here's where human Ingenuity

1520
01:18:21,200 --> 01:18:23,600
kicks in. 
These men became surprisingly 

1521
01:18:23,600 --> 01:18:25,600
creative with their limited 
ingredients. 

1522
01:18:26,400 --> 01:18:29,200
Ship's Cooks who are often just 
regular crew members with 

1523
01:18:29,200 --> 01:18:32,500
slightly more enthusiasm for not
poisoning, everyone learn to 

1524
01:18:32,500 --> 01:18:35,200
stretch their supplies with the 
elaborate stews, and soups that 

1525
01:18:35,200 --> 01:18:37,000
could make a small piece of 
preserved meat. 

1526
01:18:37,000 --> 01:18:39,500
Feel like a feast. 
When padded out with whatever 

1527
01:18:39,500 --> 01:18:41,900
vegetables, they'd managed to 
keep from freezing solid. 

1528
01:18:41,900 --> 01:18:45,200
The preservation methods 
themselves were fascinating and 

1529
01:18:45,200 --> 01:18:48,600
slightly terrifying. 
Before Refrigeration, they 

1530
01:18:48,600 --> 01:18:51,600
relied on salt smoking and the 
arctic's. 

1531
01:18:51,600 --> 01:18:53,700
Natural freezer. 
Temperatures to keep food safe. 

1532
01:18:53,700 --> 01:18:56,100
This meant that opening a barrel
of salt. 

1533
01:18:56,100 --> 01:18:58,500
Pork was like, unwrapping, a 
present you. 

1534
01:18:58,500 --> 01:19:01,000
I never knew whether I would 
find perfectly preserved, meat 

1535
01:19:01,000 --> 01:19:04,000
or something that had developed 
its own ecosystem during the 

1536
01:19:04,000 --> 01:19:06,900
journey. 
Fresh food became the subject of

1537
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:10,700
dreams and intricate planning 
some Expeditions brought live 

1538
01:19:10,700 --> 01:19:16,000
animals chickens pigs, even cows
which provided fresh eggs, milk 

1539
01:19:16,000 --> 01:19:19,100
or meat for as long as they 
could be kept alive in the 

1540
01:19:19,108 --> 01:19:22,500
freezing conditions, but keeping
livestock alive in the Arctic 

1541
01:19:22,500 --> 01:19:25,500
was like, trying to run a farm 
inside a freezer and it required

1542
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:27,800
constant attention and 
creativity. 

1543
01:19:28,800 --> 01:19:31,800
Hunting became both a necessity 
and a psychological lifeline. 

1544
01:19:32,700 --> 01:19:35,900
Fresh seal walrus or polar bear.
Meat, wasn't just nutrition. 

1545
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:38,900
It was proof that you could 
still interact with the world 

1546
01:19:38,900 --> 01:19:40,300
beyond your floating, ice 
prison. 

1547
01:19:41,200 --> 01:19:43,600
The taste of fresh meat after 
weeks of preserved. 

1548
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:47,500
Rationals was a transformative, 
akin to discovering color after 

1549
01:19:47,500 --> 01:19:49,100
living in a world of black and 
white. 

1550
01:19:50,300 --> 01:19:53,200
The cooking facilities range 
from ingenious to barely 

1551
01:19:53,200 --> 01:19:55,800
functional. 
Small Expeditions might have 

1552
01:19:55,800 --> 01:19:58,500
just a single oil lamp or 
alcohol stove, that served 

1553
01:19:58,500 --> 01:19:59,900
double duty for cooking and 
Heating. 

1554
01:20:01,000 --> 01:20:04,500
Larger ships were equipped with 
functional Galley stoves but 

1555
01:20:04,500 --> 01:20:07,500
maintaining their fuel supply 
required constant balancing 

1556
01:20:07,500 --> 01:20:10,800
between maintaining warmth and 
ensuring sufficient energy to 

1557
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:13,900
prepare hot meals. 
Hot beverages became almost 

1558
01:20:13,900 --> 01:20:17,600
sacred tea coffee and hot 
chocolate weren't just drinks. 

1559
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:20,300
They were liquid Comfort, 
warmth, you could hold in your 

1560
01:20:20,308 --> 01:20:22,300
hands and feel spreading through
your chest. 

1561
01:20:23,200 --> 01:20:25,600
Many explorers wrote about the 
ritual of their morning. 

1562
01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:29,000
Hot drink with an almost 
religious reverence Describing 

1563
01:20:29,000 --> 01:20:32,300
how that first sip could 
transform their mood and energy 

1564
01:20:32,300 --> 01:20:35,800
for the entire day. 
Water itself was often an 

1565
01:20:35,800 --> 01:20:38,300
adventure, you couldn't just 
turn on a tap. 

1566
01:20:38,300 --> 01:20:42,000
You have to melt ice or snow, 
which sounds simple Until you 

1567
01:20:42,000 --> 01:20:44,900
realize that snow can contain. 
All sorts of interesting things 

1568
01:20:44,900 --> 01:20:48,500
from wind blown, dirt to organic
matter, you'd rather not think 

1569
01:20:48,500 --> 01:20:51,800
about too hard. 
Some Expedition set up elaborate

1570
01:20:51,800 --> 01:20:53,300
systems for collecting and 
melting. 

1571
01:20:53,300 --> 01:20:56,300
Clean ice While others just 
grabbed whatever was handy and 

1572
01:20:56,300 --> 01:20:59,200
hoped for the best. 
Mealtime in the Arctic wasn't 

1573
01:20:59,200 --> 01:21:01,600
just about nutrition. 
It was about maintaining your 

1574
01:21:01,600 --> 01:21:04,300
Humanity in a place that seemed 
designed to strip it away. 

1575
01:21:05,400 --> 01:21:07,800
When you're living in a space 
smaller than most modern 

1576
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:10,400
apartments with a group of men 
who have not had privacy and 

1577
01:21:10,400 --> 01:21:14,300
months sharing food becomes a 
delicate social dance that could

1578
01:21:14,308 --> 01:21:16,300
make or break the expedition's 
morale. 

1579
01:21:17,700 --> 01:21:20,300
The dinner hour was often the 
only time when the entire crew 

1580
01:21:20,300 --> 01:21:23,400
would Gather in one place. 
Creating a temporary sense of 

1581
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:26,800
community that helped combat the
isolation and claustrophobia of 

1582
01:21:26,800 --> 01:21:29,100
their situation. 
Picture trying to have a 

1583
01:21:29,108 --> 01:21:31,700
civilized conversation, while 
balancing a tin plate on your 

1584
01:21:31,700 --> 01:21:35,100
lap, sitting on a wooden crate 
in a room that swaying slightly 

1585
01:21:35,100 --> 01:21:36,700
as the ice shifts around your 
ship. 

1586
01:21:37,400 --> 01:21:39,900
With the temperature, just warm 
enough that your breath doesn't 

1587
01:21:39,900 --> 01:21:42,600
fog, but cold enough that your 
food starts cooling the moment, 

1588
01:21:42,600 --> 01:21:46,100
it hits your plate. 
But these men have their own 

1589
01:21:46,100 --> 01:21:47,700
etiquette. 
For these strange circumstances 

1590
01:21:47,700 --> 01:21:51,800
there were unspoken rules about 
portion sharing about who got 

1591
01:21:51,800 --> 01:21:54,900
first access to the warmest spot
near the stove and about how to 

1592
01:21:54,900 --> 01:21:57,100
politely ignore it when 
someone's table manners, 

1593
01:21:57,100 --> 01:22:00,800
deteriorated under the stress of
extreme conditions, The 

1594
01:22:00,800 --> 01:22:03,200
successful Expeditions were 
often the ones where the social 

1595
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:07,500
boundaries were respected even 
when especially when everyone 

1596
01:22:07,500 --> 01:22:09,700
was tired cold and probably a 
little bit crazy. 

1597
01:22:10,500 --> 01:22:13,200
Some ship captains, understood 
the importance of maintaining 

1598
01:22:13,200 --> 01:22:15,800
ceremony. 
Even in the wilderness, they'd 

1599
01:22:15,800 --> 01:22:19,300
insist on certain formalities 
saying grace waiting for 

1600
01:22:19,300 --> 01:22:22,600
everyone to be served before 
starting attempting to maintain 

1601
01:22:22,600 --> 01:22:25,000
conversation that went beyond 
the days work tasks. 

1602
01:22:25,900 --> 01:22:28,300
These small rituals helped 
preserve the feeling that they 

1603
01:22:28,300 --> 01:22:31,700
were still civilized human 
beings temporarily visiting the 

1604
01:22:31,708 --> 01:22:34,800
Arctic rather than slowly 
transforming into something 

1605
01:22:34,800 --> 01:22:37,500
else. 
Entirely The menu planning was 

1606
01:22:37,500 --> 01:22:39,900
often a source of both 
creativity and frustration. 

1607
01:22:40,700 --> 01:22:43,700
Cooks had to balance nutrition 
with morale, which meant 

1608
01:22:43,700 --> 01:22:46,600
Sometimes using precious 
supplies to create special meals

1609
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:50,400
for holidays or celebrations. 
Christmas dinner in the Arctic 

1610
01:22:50,400 --> 01:22:53,200
was an exercise in making Magic.
From mundane ingredients, 

1611
01:22:53,200 --> 01:22:57,100
transforming salt pork and hard 
tack into something that could 

1612
01:22:57,100 --> 01:23:00,400
at least remind everyone of 
home, even if it didn't actually

1613
01:23:00,400 --> 01:23:03,000
tastes like it. 
Trade and bartering became 

1614
01:23:03,000 --> 01:23:06,000
common within the crew. 
Someone might trade their ration

1615
01:23:06,000 --> 01:23:08,900
of sugar for extra tobacco or 
exchange a portion of their 

1616
01:23:08,900 --> 01:23:11,000
meat, allocation for someone 
else's dried fruit. 

1617
01:23:12,400 --> 01:23:14,900
These small economies helped. 
People feel like they still have

1618
01:23:14,900 --> 01:23:17,900
some control over their 
circumstances, some of ability 

1619
01:23:17,900 --> 01:23:19,800
to make choices about their 
daily experience. 

1620
01:23:20,900 --> 01:23:24,000
The conversation during meals 
range from practical discussions

1621
01:23:24,000 --> 01:23:27,200
about the next days, work to 
elaborate storytelling sessions 

1622
01:23:27,200 --> 01:23:30,100
where crew members would share 
Tales from their past 

1623
01:23:30,100 --> 01:23:32,900
Adventures, their homes, and 
their plans. 

1624
01:23:32,900 --> 01:23:36,600
For when they return to 
civilization, These stories 

1625
01:23:36,600 --> 01:23:39,500
served multiple purposes. 
They were entertainment. 

1626
01:23:39,500 --> 01:23:42,100
They were a way to share 
knowledge and experience. 

1627
01:23:42,100 --> 01:23:44,700
And they were a method of 
keeping memories of the outside 

1628
01:23:44,700 --> 01:23:46,600
world alive during the long 
isolation. 

1629
01:23:47,400 --> 01:23:50,100
Some Expeditions develop 
Traditions around food that 

1630
01:23:50,100 --> 01:23:53,800
helped Mark the passage of time,
special meals for Sundays 

1631
01:23:53,800 --> 01:23:55,600
birthday. 
Celebrations, with whatever 

1632
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:58,900
small luxuries could be spared 
and competitions to see who 

1633
01:23:58,900 --> 01:24:01,100
could create the most 
interesting dish from standard 

1634
01:24:01,100 --> 01:24:03,600
rations. 
These Traditions created 

1635
01:24:03,600 --> 01:24:06,700
structure and anticipation in a 
world where every day could 

1636
01:24:06,700 --> 01:24:11,100
otherwise feel exactly the same.
The cleanup after meals was its 

1637
01:24:11,100 --> 01:24:14,500
own challenge washing dishes, 
when water has to be heated from

1638
01:24:14,500 --> 01:24:16,400
Ice and then disposed of 
carefully. 

1639
01:24:16,400 --> 01:24:18,800
You can't just dump dirty 
dishwater. 

1640
01:24:18,800 --> 01:24:21,200
Anywhere, when you're trying to 
keep your living space, sanitary

1641
01:24:21,200 --> 01:24:24,100
meant that every pot and plate 
represented, a significant 

1642
01:24:24,100 --> 01:24:28,500
investment of time and fuel. 
Food storage became a constant 

1643
01:24:28,500 --> 01:24:30,400
concern and occasional source of
drama. 

1644
01:24:31,200 --> 01:24:33,900
Supplies had to be careful, 
rationed and protected from both

1645
01:24:33,900 --> 01:24:36,200
spoilage. 
And the occasional crew member 

1646
01:24:36,200 --> 01:24:39,300
who might be tempted to help 
themselves to extractions during

1647
01:24:39,300 --> 01:24:43,200
a moment of weakness. 
The person in charge of the food

1648
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:45,700
supply is held. 
One of the most important and 

1649
01:24:45,700 --> 01:24:48,300
sometimes most unpopular 
positions on the expedition 

1650
01:24:49,500 --> 01:24:52,100
Let's get back to the sleeping 
situation, because the 

1651
01:24:52,100 --> 01:24:55,200
relationship between Arctic 
explorers and their beds was 

1652
01:24:55,200 --> 01:24:59,800
complicated, intimate and often 
frustrating like a romance novel

1653
01:24:59,800 --> 01:25:02,700
written in a freezer. 
Your sleeping area wasn't just 

1654
01:25:02,700 --> 01:25:05,900
where you rested. 
It was your private space your 

1655
01:25:05,900 --> 01:25:08,700
sanctuary and sometimes you're 
only escape from the constant 

1656
01:25:08,700 --> 01:25:10,200
company of your fellow 
explorers. 

1657
01:25:11,200 --> 01:25:13,700
The architecture of Arctic 
sleeping was an art form. 

1658
01:25:13,700 --> 01:25:17,500
Born from necessity in larger 
Expeditions with proper ships. 

1659
01:25:17,500 --> 01:25:19,500
You might have a hammock strung 
in the crew. 

1660
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:22,900
Quarters swaying gently with the
movement of ice pressing against

1661
01:25:22,900 --> 01:25:25,300
the hole. 
The Rhythm could be soothing 

1662
01:25:25,300 --> 01:25:29,000
like being rocked to sleep until
the ice decided to shift more 

1663
01:25:29,000 --> 01:25:32,300
dramatically and suddenly you 
are experiencing what felt like 

1664
01:25:32,308 --> 01:25:36,100
sleeping in a paint mixer. 
Smaller Expeditions or those who

1665
01:25:36,100 --> 01:25:38,600
had to abandon their ships, 
created sleeping Arrangements, 

1666
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:41,600
that would challenge even the 
most creative interior designer.

1667
01:25:42,500 --> 01:25:46,000
Snow houses when properly built 
could actually be quite cozy. 

1668
01:25:46,000 --> 01:25:49,700
The snow provided insulation and
body heat could warm the 

1669
01:25:49,700 --> 01:25:51,500
interior to almost comfortable 
temperatures. 

1670
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:55,400
But almost comfortable, when 
you're talking about sleeping in

1671
01:25:55,400 --> 01:25:58,800
a snow house, still means your 
basically camping inside of very

1672
01:25:58,800 --> 01:26:01,800
elaborate Ice Cube the bed time 
routine in these conditions, 

1673
01:26:01,800 --> 01:26:04,600
required strategic thinking, 
that would impress a military 

1674
01:26:04,600 --> 01:26:07,000
logistics officer? 
You had to time your 

1675
01:26:07,000 --> 01:26:10,900
preparation, just write, two 
early and you'd lie awake in 

1676
01:26:10,900 --> 01:26:14,400
your confined space getting 
claustrophobic too late and 

1677
01:26:14,400 --> 01:26:16,800
you'd be fumbling with frozen 
buckles and ties in the dark 

1678
01:26:16,800 --> 01:26:19,000
while your body heat disappeared
into the Arctic air. 

1679
01:26:20,000 --> 01:26:22,700
Getting undressed for sleep was 
like performing a magic trick. 

1680
01:26:22,700 --> 01:26:25,800
In Reverse, you had to remove 
layers without losing the 

1681
01:26:25,800 --> 01:26:27,500
warmth. 
Those layers had been trapping 

1682
01:26:27,500 --> 01:26:30,400
then quickly burrow into your 
sleeping arrangements before 

1683
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:31,700
your body temperature could 
drop. 

1684
01:26:32,400 --> 01:26:36,000
Some explorers became remarkably
skilled at this process able to 

1685
01:26:36,008 --> 01:26:39,500
transition from Fully Dressed to
properly bedded down in just a 

1686
01:26:39,500 --> 01:26:42,700
few minutes, the sharing of 
sleeping spaces, created its own

1687
01:26:42,700 --> 01:26:46,100
etiquette and occasional comedy.
When your press close enough to 

1688
01:26:46,100 --> 01:26:48,800
your fellow explorer that you 
can feel their breathing and 

1689
01:26:48,800 --> 01:26:50,700
hear every shift they make 
during the night. 

1690
01:26:50,700 --> 01:26:53,700
You develop, a heightened, 
awareness of personal habits 

1691
01:26:53,700 --> 01:26:55,900
that you probably never want to 
know about. 

1692
01:26:57,000 --> 01:27:00,800
Some men like human icebergs 
seem to absorb warmth from the 

1693
01:27:00,800 --> 01:27:04,700
air around them While others 
like natural furnaces generated 

1694
01:27:04,700 --> 01:27:06,200
heat that could warm their 
neighbor's. 

1695
01:27:07,100 --> 01:27:10,900
Snoring, both a blessing and a 
curse in these tight Quarters on

1696
01:27:10,900 --> 01:27:13,400
one hand steady snoring. 
Could provide a rhythmic 

1697
01:27:13,400 --> 01:27:16,200
backdrop that helped mask other 
disturbing sounds from outside 

1698
01:27:16,200 --> 01:27:19,600
on the other hand when you're 
already struggling to sleep in 

1699
01:27:19,600 --> 01:27:22,600
uncomfortable conditions, 
listening to someone sawing logs

1700
01:27:22,600 --> 01:27:25,600
to feet from your ear, could 
drive you to the edge of sanity.

1701
01:27:26,700 --> 01:27:29,500
The dreams that came in Arctic 
sleep, were often more Vivid and

1702
01:27:29,500 --> 01:27:32,700
strange than normal dreams. 
Probably due to the combination 

1703
01:27:32,700 --> 01:27:35,300
of stress. 
Unusual sleeping conditions and 

1704
01:27:35,300 --> 01:27:38,200
diet changes. 
Many explorers wrote about 

1705
01:27:38,200 --> 01:27:42,300
remarkably detailed dreams of 
home of warm beds of foods. 

1706
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:45,600
They missed of summer days. 
That felt impossibly distant. 

1707
01:27:46,400 --> 01:27:48,900
These dreams could be either a 
blessing, providing mental 

1708
01:27:48,900 --> 01:27:52,800
escape from their harsh reality 
or torture making the morning 

1709
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:54,100
Awakening. 
Even more difficult. 

1710
01:27:55,000 --> 01:27:58,200
Waking up in Arctic conditions 
required its own set of survival

1711
01:27:58,200 --> 01:28:01,700
skills, the transition from 
whatever warmth you'd managed to

1712
01:28:01,700 --> 01:28:05,500
accumulate during the night to 
the reality of Sub-Zero are was 

1713
01:28:05,500 --> 01:28:09,400
like jumping into a cold pool 
except the pool was your entire 

1714
01:28:09,400 --> 01:28:12,500
living environment. 
Some explorers learn to keep 

1715
01:28:12,500 --> 01:28:15,700
essential items Within Reach. 
So they could partially dress 

1716
01:28:15,700 --> 01:28:18,800
while still under their covers 
extending the warmth as long as 

1717
01:28:18,800 --> 01:28:21,100
possible. 
The condition of your bedding 

1718
01:28:21,100 --> 01:28:24,400
became crucial to your 
well-being and morale Damp 

1719
01:28:24,400 --> 01:28:27,400
blankets or sleeping Furs could 
become frozen solid overnight. 

1720
01:28:28,100 --> 01:28:31,200
Creating a choice between 
sleeping with frozen bedding or 

1721
01:28:31,200 --> 01:28:34,400
taking the time and fuel to Thor
and dry everything before sleep.

1722
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:38,400
Assuming you have the resources 
to do so, Personal sleeping 

1723
01:28:38,400 --> 01:28:41,800
accessories, became precious 
possessions a comfortable pillow

1724
01:28:41,800 --> 01:28:44,600
made from extra clothing, or 
whatever, soft materials were 

1725
01:28:44,600 --> 01:28:46,300
available. 
Could mean the difference 

1726
01:28:46,300 --> 01:28:48,200
between rest and a night of neck
pain. 

1727
01:28:49,000 --> 01:28:51,800
Some explorers fashioned wooden 
supports or repurposed their 

1728
01:28:51,800 --> 01:28:54,200
boots. 
As makeshift pillows, resulting 

1729
01:28:54,200 --> 01:28:57,600
in inventive solutions, that may
amuse modern campers but were 

1730
01:28:57,600 --> 01:28:59,400
crucial for their comfort in 
those harsh. 

1731
01:28:59,400 --> 01:29:02,600
Conditions living through the 
Poland night meant developing an

1732
01:29:02,600 --> 01:29:06,500
entirely new relationship with 
time Consciousness and what it 

1733
01:29:06,500 --> 01:29:10,000
means to be awake or asleep. 
When the sun disappears for 

1734
01:29:10,000 --> 01:29:12,700
months, your body's natural 
rhythms, don't just get 

1735
01:29:12,700 --> 01:29:15,900
confused, they staged a full 
Rebellion, that would make a 

1736
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:17,400
toddler's. 
Tantrum look like a model of 

1737
01:29:17,400 --> 01:29:20,800
emotional regulation. 
The psychological effects of 

1738
01:29:20,808 --> 01:29:23,500
endless Darkness was something 
these early explorers had to 

1739
01:29:23,500 --> 01:29:26,700
navigate without any of the 
scientific understanding we have

1740
01:29:26,700 --> 01:29:30,800
today about seasonal affective 
disorder or circadian, rhythm 

1741
01:29:30,800 --> 01:29:33,600
disruption. 
They just knew that after a few 

1742
01:29:33,600 --> 01:29:36,600
weeks of continuous Twilight, 
their mind started playing 

1743
01:29:36,600 --> 01:29:38,800
tricks on them. 
In ways that range from mildly 

1744
01:29:38,800 --> 01:29:43,100
annoying to genuinely concerning
some men found themselves 

1745
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:46,500
sleeping at odd hours wide awake
when they should have been worn 

1746
01:29:46,500 --> 01:29:49,900
out or sleeping for much longer 
or shorter periods than normal. 

1747
01:29:50,800 --> 01:29:54,600
Others experience to kind of 
dreamy wakefulness where the 

1748
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:58,300
boundaries between sleeping and 
waking became blurred like 

1749
01:29:58,300 --> 01:30:01,400
living in a constant state of 
just having awakened from a nap 

1750
01:30:01,400 --> 01:30:05,600
but never feeling fully alert. 
The smart Expedition leaders 

1751
01:30:05,600 --> 01:30:08,200
learned to create artificial 
rhythms to help their Crews 

1752
01:30:08,200 --> 01:30:10,600
maintain some semblance of 
normal sleep patterns. 

1753
01:30:11,400 --> 01:30:13,600
This might mean maintaining 
strict, watch schedules, 

1754
01:30:13,600 --> 01:30:17,400
requiring everyone to be present
for meals at specific times or 

1755
01:30:17,400 --> 01:30:20,300
creating evening activities that
help signal to the brain that 

1756
01:30:20,300 --> 01:30:22,700
bed time was approaching. 
Even when the light outside 

1757
01:30:22,700 --> 01:30:26,100
hadn't changed in weeks. 
Reading became both a blessing 

1758
01:30:26,100 --> 01:30:28,000
and a challenge during these 
long nights. 

1759
01:30:28,700 --> 01:30:31,500
Those Expeditions lucky enough 
to have brought books found that

1760
01:30:31,500 --> 01:30:34,600
reading could help pass the time
and provide mental stimulation. 

1761
01:30:34,600 --> 01:30:38,500
But reading by oil lamp or 
Candlelight in cold conditions 

1762
01:30:38,500 --> 01:30:41,900
was demanding on the eyes and 
required careful management of 

1763
01:30:41,900 --> 01:30:45,000
precious fuel supplies. 
Some men would save their 

1764
01:30:45,000 --> 01:30:48,600
reading for just before sleep 
using it as a mental transition 

1765
01:30:48,600 --> 01:30:51,000
activity. 
While others found that reading 

1766
01:30:51,000 --> 01:30:53,500
made them more alert when they 
needed to be winding down. 

1767
01:30:54,700 --> 01:30:57,500
The development of indoor games 
and activities became crucial 

1768
01:30:57,500 --> 01:31:00,400
for mental health. 
During the long Darkness, card 

1769
01:31:00,400 --> 01:31:02,800
games storytelling sessions and 
music. 

1770
01:31:02,800 --> 01:31:06,000
If anyone had brought 
instruments served, a dual 

1771
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:09,100
purpose as both entertainment 
and markers of the passage of 

1772
01:31:09,100 --> 01:31:11,800
time. 
Knowing that every evening after

1773
01:31:11,800 --> 01:31:14,600
dinner, there would be a card 
game or story session helped 

1774
01:31:14,600 --> 01:31:17,000
create the Rhythm that the 
missing son could no longer 

1775
01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:19,500
provide. 
Personal hygiene during these 

1776
01:31:19,500 --> 01:31:22,400
extended periods, became both 
more challenging and more 

1777
01:31:22,400 --> 01:31:26,100
important than you might expect.
When you're living in close 

1778
01:31:26,100 --> 01:31:29,300
quarters with the same people 
for months, small issues can 

1779
01:31:29,300 --> 01:31:32,300
become major problems. 
But washing in Sub-Zero 

1780
01:31:32,300 --> 01:31:35,100
temperatures with limited Water 
Supplies, required planning and 

1781
01:31:35,100 --> 01:31:38,400
motivation, there could be 
difficult to maintain when you 

1782
01:31:38,400 --> 01:31:40,600
were already struggling with the
psychological effects of 

1783
01:31:40,600 --> 01:31:43,700
isolation and darkness. 
Some explorers found that 

1784
01:31:43,700 --> 01:31:46,400
maintaining small personal 
rituals help them cope with the 

1785
01:31:46,408 --> 01:31:50,100
disorientation of Endless Night.
This might mean keeping a 

1786
01:31:50,100 --> 01:31:53,100
detailed Journal maintaining a 
specific morning routine, 

1787
01:31:53,100 --> 01:31:56,100
regardless of what the light 
outside looked like, or 

1788
01:31:56,100 --> 01:31:59,000
dedicating time, each day to 
some form of physical exercise 

1789
01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:01,100
within the confined spaces of 
their shelter. 

1790
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:04,500
The quality of sleep during 
polar night often differed from 

1791
01:32:04,508 --> 01:32:07,900
that of normal sleep. 
Many explorers reported more 

1792
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:11,500
vivid dreams, more frequent 
waking during the night and a 

1793
01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:14,300
general sense that their sleep 
was less restful even when they 

1794
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:16,400
managed to receive adequate 
hours of rest. 

1795
01:32:17,200 --> 01:32:20,500
This change was probably due to 
the combination of stress, the 

1796
01:32:20,500 --> 01:32:24,100
unfamiliar environment, and the 
disruption of normal light dark 

1797
01:32:24,100 --> 01:32:26,000
cycles, that help regulate deep 
sleep. 

1798
01:32:26,900 --> 01:32:29,900
Temperature regulation during 
sleep, became a complex dance. 

1799
01:32:29,900 --> 01:32:31,400
That required constant 
adjustment. 

1800
01:32:32,300 --> 01:32:34,800
The inside of shelters could 
vary dramatically and 

1801
01:32:34,800 --> 01:32:37,400
temperature depending on wind 
conditions, the effectiveness of

1802
01:32:37,400 --> 01:32:40,400
heating sources, and how well, 
the structure was insulated 

1803
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:44,100
learning to sleep comfortably, 
despite these fluctuations was a

1804
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:47,400
skill that separated the 
successful Arctic sleepers from 

1805
01:32:47,400 --> 01:32:49,400
those, who spent their nights 
tossing and turning. 

1806
01:32:49,400 --> 01:32:52,700
The sounds of the Arctic night, 
created their own sound track 

1807
01:32:52,700 --> 01:32:55,000
for sleep. 
Beyond the ice sound, we 

1808
01:32:55,000 --> 01:32:58,300
mentioned earlier there were 
wind patterns, the sound of 

1809
01:32:58,300 --> 01:32:59,600
other crew members move moving 
around. 

1810
01:32:59,600 --> 01:33:03,200
The occasional animal noise from
outside and the various creeks 

1811
01:33:03,200 --> 01:33:04,700
and settling sounds of their 
shelter. 

1812
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:08,500
Learning to identify which 
sounds were normal and which 

1813
01:33:08,500 --> 01:33:11,600
might indicate a problem became 
part of the Bedtime mental 

1814
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:14,300
routine. 
Eventually, every Arctic 

1815
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:17,500
Explorer had to master the art 
of waking up when morning was 

1816
01:33:17,500 --> 01:33:21,000
purely a theoretical concept 
without, the sun's gentle 

1817
01:33:21,000 --> 01:33:24,200
nudging, or even the promise of 
daylight to motivate getting out

1818
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:27,700
of your warm cocoon starting 
each day, became an act of pure 

1819
01:33:27,700 --> 01:33:30,300
willpower, that would challenge 
even the most disciplined 

1820
01:33:30,300 --> 01:33:32,900
person. 
The Wake Up Call in Arctic 

1821
01:33:32,900 --> 01:33:34,600
Expeditions was usually 
artificial. 

1822
01:33:35,200 --> 01:33:38,500
A ship's Bell, someone calling 
out or simply the gradually 

1823
01:33:38,500 --> 01:33:41,100
increase in activity of other 
crew members starting their day.

1824
01:33:42,500 --> 01:33:45,200
But responding to these cues 
when your body had no natural 

1825
01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:48,100
reason to believe it was 
mourning required developing 

1826
01:33:48,100 --> 01:33:51,000
mental tricks, that modern shift
workers would recognize and 

1827
01:33:51,000 --> 01:33:54,100
appreciate. 
Smart explorers learn to prepare

1828
01:33:54,100 --> 01:33:56,600
for more morning, the night 
before, laying out clothes in 

1829
01:33:56,600 --> 01:33:59,400
order, keeping essential items 
within easy reach. 

1830
01:33:59,400 --> 01:34:03,100
And most importantly, having a 
plan for the first few minutes 

1831
01:34:03,100 --> 01:34:05,800
after waking, that would get the
moving before, the cold could 

1832
01:34:05,800 --> 01:34:09,100
fully register and convinced 
them to burrow back under their 

1833
01:34:09,100 --> 01:34:11,400
covers. 
For just five more minutes, that

1834
01:34:11,400 --> 01:34:15,200
could easily stretch into hours.
The first task of the Arctic 

1835
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:18,200
morning was usually rekindling 
or 10 to heating sources that 

1836
01:34:18,200 --> 01:34:21,300
had been banked overnight. 
This meant someone had to be 

1837
01:34:21,308 --> 01:34:24,600
brave enough to leave their warm
sleeping area and Venture into 

1838
01:34:24,600 --> 01:34:27,700
the coldest part, of the shelter
to coax fires back to life or 

1839
01:34:27,700 --> 01:34:30,700
light oil lamps. 
This thankless, but crucial job 

1840
01:34:30,700 --> 01:34:34,700
often rotated among crew members
or was taken on by early risers 

1841
01:34:34,700 --> 01:34:37,400
who found it easier to get 
moving once they were already up

1842
01:34:37,400 --> 01:34:40,500
and active breakfast in the 
Arctic wasn't just the first 

1843
01:34:40,500 --> 01:34:43,000
meal of the day. 
It was proof that you had 

1844
01:34:43,000 --> 01:34:46,100
successfully survived another 
night and were ready to face 

1845
01:34:46,100 --> 01:34:48,100
whatever challenges. 
The endless, Twilight might 

1846
01:34:48,100 --> 01:34:51,600
bring Hot drinks were especially
important in the morning. 

1847
01:34:51,600 --> 01:34:55,200
Providing internal warmth that 
helped motivate the body to 

1848
01:34:55,200 --> 01:34:57,600
continue functioning when 
external conditions were 

1849
01:34:57,600 --> 01:35:01,300
consistently hostile. 
Getting dressed in Arctic 

1850
01:35:01,300 --> 01:35:03,900
conditions was like putting on 
Armor for battle against the 

1851
01:35:03,900 --> 01:35:06,100
elements. 
The process had to be done 

1852
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:09,400
efficiently to avoid losing body
heat, but also carefully to 

1853
01:35:09,400 --> 01:35:11,900
ensure that all layers were 
properly arranged and that 

1854
01:35:11,900 --> 01:35:15,400
nothing was forgotten. 
Wet or improperly worn clothing,

1855
01:35:15,400 --> 01:35:18,000
could be dangerous. 
So the morning dressing routine 

1856
01:35:18,000 --> 01:35:21,200
became a practice sequence that 
each Explorer perfected through 

1857
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:25,000
experience Personal grooming in 
the Arctic morning was often 

1858
01:35:25,000 --> 01:35:28,400
reduced to the absolute Basics 
but maintaining some standards 

1859
01:35:28,400 --> 01:35:30,100
helped preserve morale and 
dignity. 

1860
01:35:31,000 --> 01:35:34,900
A quick wash with melted snow 
water combing, hair and tending 

1861
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:37,200
to any minor injuries or 
frostbite concerns. 

1862
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:40,100
These small acts of self-care 
helped maintain the 

1863
01:35:40,100 --> 01:35:43,500
psychological boundary between 
survival mode and simply giving 

1864
01:35:43,500 --> 01:35:47,700
up on civilization entirely. 
The transition from the relative

1865
01:35:47,700 --> 01:35:50,700
shelter of sleeping areas to the
full reality of Arctic 

1866
01:35:50,700 --> 01:35:54,000
conditions was always a shock. 
No matter how many times you'd 

1867
01:35:54,000 --> 01:35:56,500
experience it stepping outside 
for necessary. 

1868
01:35:56,500 --> 01:35:59,200
Tasks meant facing are that 
could literally take your breath

1869
01:35:59,200 --> 01:36:01,400
away. 
Wind that felt like it was 

1870
01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:04,600
trying to strip the warmth from 
your body and a landscape that 

1871
01:36:04,600 --> 01:36:06,900
remained unforgiving, beautiful 
and hostile. 

1872
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:11,300
But here's the remarkable thing 
about these Arctic, explorers 

1873
01:36:11,300 --> 01:36:14,200
they developed, not just the 
skills to survive these 

1874
01:36:14,200 --> 01:36:17,600
conditions, but often a stranger
appreciation for the unique 

1875
01:36:17,600 --> 01:36:21,700
experience, they were living. 
Many wrote about moments of 

1876
01:36:21,700 --> 01:36:25,400
unexpected Beauty, the play of 
Aurora across the sky during 

1877
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:28,800
clear nights, the intricate 
patterns of ice formation and 

1878
01:36:28,800 --> 01:36:31,000
the profound silence. 
That could only be found in 

1879
01:36:31,000 --> 01:36:35,300
places far from civilization. 
As you settle into your own warm

1880
01:36:35,300 --> 01:36:38,200
bed tonight in a room with 
electric lights and central 

1881
01:36:38,200 --> 01:36:42,100
heating with the promise of 
dawn, just hours away, you can 

1882
01:36:42,100 --> 01:36:45,500
appreciate both how far we've 
come and how remarkable those 

1883
01:36:45,500 --> 01:36:47,600
early Arctic explorers truly 
were. 

1884
01:36:47,600 --> 01:36:51,700
They faced months of darkness 
and cold with nothing but wool 

1885
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:53,700
oil lamps and human 
determination? 

1886
01:36:53,700 --> 01:36:57,500
They turned survival into an art
form and somehow managed to 

1887
01:36:57,508 --> 01:36:59,900
maintain their Humanity in 
conditions. 

1888
01:36:59,900 --> 01:37:01,400
That seem designed to strip it 
away. 

1889
01:37:01,400 --> 01:37:04,600
Their Legacy isn't just the 
geographical knowledge, they 

1890
01:37:04,600 --> 01:37:07,900
gained, or the roots, they 
mapped, but the proof that human

1891
01:37:07,900 --> 01:37:10,500
beings can adapt almost anything
when they have to. 

1892
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:14,200
And that sometimes the most 
important survival tool is the 

1893
01:37:14,200 --> 01:37:17,400
ability to find humor and 
camaraderie, even when you're 

1894
01:37:17,400 --> 01:37:19,700
sleeping in what amounts to a 
very expensive Ice Cube. 

1895
01:37:19,700 --> 01:37:23,500
So as you drift off to sleep, in
your comfortable bed, perhaps, 

1896
01:37:23,500 --> 01:37:26,000
you'll spare a thought for those
brave souls who spent their 

1897
01:37:26,000 --> 01:37:29,200
nights, in the endless, Arctic 
Darkness sharing, warmth and 

1898
01:37:29,200 --> 01:37:32,600
stories, and the simple comfort 
of knowing that morning, would 

1899
01:37:32,600 --> 01:37:35,300
come eventually. 
Even if the sun had temporarily 

1900
01:37:35,300 --> 01:37:44,700
forgotten how to rise. 
You know how you sometimes? 

1901
01:37:44,700 --> 01:37:46,600
Catch yourself. 
Embellishing a story, just a 

1902
01:37:46,600 --> 01:37:49,100
little bit. 
Perhaps you incorporate a subtle

1903
01:37:49,100 --> 01:37:51,500
detail to enhance its appeal 
during dinner parties. 

1904
01:37:51,500 --> 01:37:54,400
Well, imagine if your entire 
profession was built on doing 

1905
01:37:54,400 --> 01:37:57,200
exactly that except of 
impressing. 

1906
01:37:57,200 --> 01:38:00,700
Your neighbors, you were fooling
entire kingdoms and occasionally

1907
01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:04,500
starting Wars by accident. 
Welcome to the wonderfully weird

1908
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:07,000
world of medieval and 
Renaissance map making. 

1909
01:38:07,000 --> 01:38:09,300
We're lying wasn't just 
acceptable. 

1910
01:38:09,300 --> 01:38:11,200
It was practically a job 
requirement. 

1911
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:14,708
Picture yourself settling into a
comfortable chair by the 

1912
01:38:14,716 --> 01:38:18,600
fireplace, maybe with a cup of 
something warm while we explore 

1913
01:38:18,600 --> 01:38:21,900
one of history's, most Charming,
professional scams upon 

1914
01:38:21,900 --> 01:38:25,800
reflection, that's precisely the
truth of the situation for 

1915
01:38:25,800 --> 01:38:28,000
centuries. 
The most respected cartographers

1916
01:38:28,000 --> 01:38:30,800
in Europe were essentially 
running elaborate cons and 

1917
01:38:30,800 --> 01:38:34,100
everyone just went along with it
because frankly nobody knew any 

1918
01:38:34,100 --> 01:38:37,400
better. 
You see back in the day and were

1919
01:38:37,400 --> 01:38:38,900
talking roughly from the 12th 
century. 

1920
01:38:38,900 --> 01:38:42,500
All the way up to the 1600s 
making Maps was less about 

1921
01:38:42,500 --> 01:38:46,300
accuracy and more about filling 
up all that space on parchment. 

1922
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:52,000
Imagine you're a mapmaker in say
1347 you have a beautiful piece 

1923
01:38:52,000 --> 01:38:54,900
of Vellum laid out on your desk 
and you possess a clear 

1924
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:57,100
understanding of the 
mediterranean's appearance. 

1925
01:38:57,900 --> 01:39:01,400
Sailors have navigated its 
waters for centuries you can 

1926
01:39:01,400 --> 01:39:05,300
draw Italy with your eyes closed
and the coastline of Spain holds

1927
01:39:05,300 --> 01:39:09,600
no Mysteries but then you get to
the edges the vast unknown 

1928
01:39:09,600 --> 01:39:13,100
awaits you and here's where 
things get intriguing because 

1929
01:39:13,100 --> 01:39:14,700
you can't just leave blank 
spaces. 

1930
01:39:14,700 --> 01:39:17,700
That would be admitting 
ignorance, medieval 

1931
01:39:17,700 --> 01:39:19,900
professionals had about as much 
tolerance for admitting. 

1932
01:39:19,900 --> 01:39:22,100
They didn't know something as 
your average teenager today. 

1933
01:39:23,400 --> 01:39:26,500
So what do you do? 
You make stuff up and not just 

1934
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:28,300
little stuff. 
We're talking about entire 

1935
01:39:28,300 --> 01:39:31,400
continents mythical islands and 
creatures that would make 

1936
01:39:31,400 --> 01:39:35,200
Hollywood monster designers, 
weep With Envy The best part 

1937
01:39:35,200 --> 01:39:37,400
everyone expected you to do 
this. 

1938
01:39:37,400 --> 01:39:40,500
It wasn't considered fraud. 
It was considered, filling in 

1939
01:39:40,508 --> 01:39:42,300
the gaps with your best educated
guess. 

1940
01:39:42,300 --> 01:39:45,500
Even if your education came 
entirely from Heaven's stories 

1941
01:39:45,500 --> 01:39:49,200
and fever dreams take the 
Hereford, Monday, created around

1942
01:39:49,200 --> 01:39:51,900
1300. 
This thing is gorgeous. 

1943
01:39:51,900 --> 01:39:54,500
A work of art that happens to 
also be a map. 

1944
01:39:55,400 --> 01:39:58,300
But if you try to use it for 
navigation, you'd probably end 

1945
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:01,100
up somewhere in the Atlantic 
having a chili very wet 

1946
01:40:01,100 --> 01:40:03,100
conversation with some very 
confused fish. 

1947
01:40:04,300 --> 01:40:06,500
The mapmaker included, 
everything from the Garden of 

1948
01:40:06,500 --> 01:40:10,500
Eden, helpfully located in Asia 
to various monsters scattered 

1949
01:40:10,500 --> 01:40:12,700
around Africa, because 
apparently medieval 

1950
01:40:12,700 --> 01:40:15,900
cartographers believed that the 
further you got from Europe, 

1951
01:40:15,900 --> 01:40:18,800
more likely, you were to run 
into something with too many 

1952
01:40:18,808 --> 01:40:21,000
heads. 
The funny thing is, these 

1953
01:40:21,000 --> 01:40:23,000
weren't mistakes in the way we 
think of them today. 

1954
01:40:23,000 --> 01:40:25,400
These were deliberate creative 
choices. 

1955
01:40:26,500 --> 01:40:29,200
Medieval mapmakers operated 
under the assumption that the 

1956
01:40:29,200 --> 01:40:32,000
world was full of Wonders. 
And if they hadn't personally 

1957
01:40:32,000 --> 01:40:34,900
seen proof, that a particular 
Wonder didn't exist in a 

1958
01:40:34,900 --> 01:40:38,200
particular place, well, it might
as well go on the map. 

1959
01:40:39,200 --> 01:40:42,900
It was really an optimistic lie.
The kind of fibbing that says 

1960
01:40:42,900 --> 01:40:45,000
sure there might be a unicorn 
over there. 

1961
01:40:45,000 --> 01:40:47,500
Why not? 
And the customers loved it. 

1962
01:40:48,500 --> 01:40:51,500
Kings and wealthy merchants 
didn't want boring accurate 

1963
01:40:51,500 --> 01:40:54,900
Maps, they wanted maps that told
stories maps. 

1964
01:40:54,900 --> 01:40:58,100
That confirmed everything they'd
heard about the Exotic edges of 

1965
01:40:58,100 --> 01:41:00,500
the world. 
A map lacking monsters was 

1966
01:41:00,500 --> 01:41:03,500
devoid of imagination which 
diminished its purpose. 

1967
01:41:04,600 --> 01:41:06,800
The quest wasn't just about 
filling space though. 

1968
01:41:07,600 --> 01:41:11,000
In a world where information 
travels slowly and often became 

1969
01:41:11,000 --> 01:41:14,100
thoroughly mangled. 
Medieval matte makers operated 

1970
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:17,800
by the time a story about a 
distant land, had traveled from 

1971
01:41:17,800 --> 01:41:20,200
Explorer to Trader to scholar to
mapmaker. 

1972
01:41:20,200 --> 01:41:24,100
It, usually picked up so many 
embellishments that it bore 

1973
01:41:24,100 --> 01:41:27,000
about, as much resemblance to 
reality as a fish story told by 

1974
01:41:27,000 --> 01:41:28,500
your uncle after his fourth 
beer. 

1975
01:41:29,400 --> 01:41:32,200
So, as you drift off tonight, 
remember that somewhere in 

1976
01:41:32,200 --> 01:41:34,900
history. 
There's a map maker who drew a 

1977
01:41:34,900 --> 01:41:38,800
perfectly lovely Island that 
never existed, populated it with

1978
01:41:38,800 --> 01:41:41,800
creatures that never lived and 
convinced half of Europe. 

1979
01:41:41,800 --> 01:41:45,500
That it was a real place worth 
visiting and honestly the world 

1980
01:41:45,500 --> 01:41:47,700
was probably somewhat more 
interesting for it. 

1981
01:41:47,700 --> 01:41:51,100
Now you might be wondering how 
exactly one goes about lying 

1982
01:41:51,100 --> 01:41:54,800
professionally on maps without 
getting fired exiled or fed to 

1983
01:41:54,800 --> 01:41:57,200
whatever monsters you've been 
drawing in the margins. 

1984
01:41:57,200 --> 01:41:59,300
The answer is surprisingly 
simple. 

1985
01:41:59,300 --> 01:42:03,500
You don't call it lying. 
You call it interpretation of 

1986
01:42:03,500 --> 01:42:06,400
available sources or synthesis 
of travel or accounts. 

1987
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:09,800
It's all about the marketing, 
really medieval and Renaissance 

1988
01:42:09,800 --> 01:42:12,200
map make us had the technique 
down to an art form. 

1989
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:15,800
They take a grain of Truth, 
maybe a sailor story about 

1990
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:18,900
seeing land on the horizon, and 
grow it into a full-fledged 

1991
01:42:18,900 --> 01:42:22,600
continent, complete with cities 
rivers, and the occasional 

1992
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:26,000
dragons, Think of it as the 
original version of making a 

1993
01:42:26,000 --> 01:42:28,800
mountain out of a molehill. 
Except the molehill might not 

1994
01:42:28,800 --> 01:42:32,200
have existed either. 
The map making process back then

1995
01:42:32,200 --> 01:42:35,400
was part detective, work part, 
creative writing and part 

1996
01:42:35,400 --> 01:42:37,800
wishful. 
Thinking You'd gather every 

1997
01:42:37,800 --> 01:42:42,000
scrap of information you could 
find ancient texts Travelers 

1998
01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:44,700
Tales other maps and wild 
guesses. 

1999
01:42:44,700 --> 01:42:47,300
From people who claim to know, 
someone who wants met a guy who 

2000
01:42:47,300 --> 01:42:49,200
sailed somewhere vaguely in that
direction. 

2001
01:42:50,600 --> 01:42:52,400
Subsequently. 
You would arrange all the 

2002
01:42:52,408 --> 01:42:54,900
gathered information on your 
workbench and Endeavor to make 

2003
01:42:54,908 --> 01:42:58,200
sense of it, fully aware that a 
significant portion was likely 

2004
01:42:58,200 --> 01:43:00,500
an accurate in the remainder was
certainly dubious. 

2005
01:43:01,300 --> 01:43:03,900
But the best part is that 
everyone knew how the system 

2006
01:43:03,900 --> 01:43:06,800
worked and accepted it. 
If everyone was aware of the 

2007
01:43:06,800 --> 01:43:08,800
joke, it wouldn't be considered 
fraud. 

2008
01:43:09,600 --> 01:43:12,300
Kings, commissioning Maps, 
weren't expecting GPS level 

2009
01:43:12,300 --> 01:43:15,900
accuracy, they wanted something 
impressive to hang on the castle

2010
01:43:15,900 --> 01:43:20,100
wall, something that would make 
visiting dignitaries go and are 

2011
01:43:20,100 --> 01:43:22,800
and maybe feel a little 
intimidated by the vast scope of

2012
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:24,100
their host, geographical 
knowledge. 

2013
01:43:25,200 --> 01:43:28,000
The true experts devised, their 
own Nuance strategies to 

2014
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:31,000
mitigate their risks. 
They'd include little notes in 

2015
01:43:31,000 --> 01:43:34,200
Latin that roughly translated 
meant things like this 

2016
01:43:34,200 --> 01:43:38,000
information comes from sources 
of questionable reliability or 

2017
01:43:38,000 --> 01:43:42,800
hear there might be dragons but 
honestly who knows. these 

2018
01:43:42,800 --> 01:43:45,800
disclaimers were usually in any 
script and tucked away in 

2019
01:43:45,800 --> 01:43:48,400
Corners where nobody would 
notice them unless they were 

2020
01:43:48,400 --> 01:43:52,000
specifically looking One of the 
most famous examples of 

2021
01:43:52,008 --> 01:43:55,000
organized cartographic. 
Creativity was the island of 

2022
01:43:55,000 --> 01:43:57,700
Brazil. 
Not Brazil, the country. 

2023
01:43:58,600 --> 01:44:00,500
It's spelled differently in 
actually exists. 

2024
01:44:00,500 --> 01:44:03,600
No, we're talking about Brazil 
with an s. 

2025
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:06,700
A mythical Island that appeared 
on maps of the North Atlantic 

2026
01:44:06,700 --> 01:44:10,700
for over 500 years, it showed up
on different maps, in different 

2027
01:44:10,700 --> 01:44:13,000
locations. 
Sometimes round sometimes 

2028
01:44:13,000 --> 01:44:16,300
Crescent shaped sometimes 
accompanied by smaller Islands, 

2029
01:44:16,300 --> 01:44:20,100
sometimes flying so low. 
Mapmakers continue to include it

2030
01:44:20,100 --> 01:44:23,500
because their peers had done so 
and they felt it was important 

2031
01:44:23,500 --> 01:44:25,300
to respect to establish 
precedent. 

2032
01:44:26,000 --> 01:44:28,100
The island had a whole mythology
built around it. 

2033
01:44:28,100 --> 01:44:31,400
Some claimed it was shrouded in 
mist and only appeared every 

2034
01:44:31,400 --> 01:44:34,200
seven years. 
Others said, it was inhabited by

2035
01:44:34,200 --> 01:44:38,000
an advanced civilization that 
had mastered invisibility, which

2036
01:44:38,000 --> 01:44:40,700
was certainly a convenient 
explanation for why nobody could

2037
01:44:40,700 --> 01:44:44,000
ever find the place Sailors. 
Occasionally claimed to have 

2038
01:44:44,000 --> 01:44:47,100
spotted it in the distance but 
somehow it always vanished 

2039
01:44:47,100 --> 01:44:48,800
before they could get close 
enough to land. 

2040
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:52,400
It's interesting how the 
situation unfolded what makes 

2041
01:44:52,400 --> 01:44:55,100
this story even more amusing? 
Is that people kept mounting 

2042
01:44:55,100 --> 01:44:59,400
expeditions to find Brazil? 
Well into the 18th Century, Real

2043
01:44:59,400 --> 01:45:03,200
Money changed hands. 
Real ships set sail, real 

2044
01:45:03,200 --> 01:45:04,700
Sailors. 
Spent real weeks. 

2045
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:07,700
Searching empty ocean for an 
island that existed only in the 

2046
01:45:07,700 --> 01:45:09,800
collective imagination of the 
European map. 

2047
01:45:09,800 --> 01:45:13,100
Making Community it resembled a 
centuries, long game of 

2048
01:45:13,108 --> 01:45:16,000
concealment with no one, 
bothering to acknowledge that. 

2049
01:45:16,000 --> 01:45:19,200
One of the participants was 
purely fictional and that makes 

2050
01:45:19,200 --> 01:45:21,800
the themselves often seem to 
understand that they were in the

2051
01:45:21,808 --> 01:45:24,300
entertainment business as much 
as the information business. 

2052
01:45:25,100 --> 01:45:27,700
Their Maps were gorgeous. 
Works of art filled with 

2053
01:45:27,708 --> 01:45:31,000
elaborate compass roses, 
decorative, borders, and sea 

2054
01:45:31,000 --> 01:45:32,200
monsters. 
That looked like, they'd be 

2055
01:45:32,208 --> 01:45:34,500
designed by someone who really 
enjoyed their work. 

2056
01:45:35,300 --> 01:45:38,700
These Maps serve not only as 
functional documents but also as

2057
01:45:38,700 --> 01:45:41,900
Conversation Pieces, status 
symbols and windows into a world

2058
01:45:41,900 --> 01:45:44,100
that Blended elements of reality
and fantasy. 

2059
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:47,300
And you know what? 
Maybe that wasn't such a 

2060
01:45:47,300 --> 01:45:49,600
negative thing. 
In an age, when most people 

2061
01:45:49,600 --> 01:45:52,300
never traveled more than a few 
miles from where they were born,

2062
01:45:52,300 --> 01:45:55,300
these Maps offered glimpses of a
larger World filled with 

2063
01:45:55,308 --> 01:45:57,700
possibilities. 
While most of those 

2064
01:45:57,700 --> 01:46:00,500
possibilities were entirely 
fictional, they ignited the 

2065
01:46:00,500 --> 01:46:03,400
imagination in a manner that 
purely accurate Maps might not 

2066
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:06,800
have Sometimes an occasional 
creative embellishment makes 

2067
01:46:06,800 --> 01:46:09,700
life more interesting. 
Even if it occasionally leads to

2068
01:46:09,700 --> 01:46:12,300
disappointment when you actually
try to visit the places that 

2069
01:46:12,300 --> 01:46:15,300
sounded so wonderful on paper. 
If you've ever wondered what 

2070
01:46:15,300 --> 01:46:17,600
happens when an entire 
profession decides to 

2071
01:46:17,600 --> 01:46:19,800
collectively, believe in 
something that doesn't exist. 

2072
01:46:19,800 --> 01:46:24,300
The story of antilia is a 
perfect case study this island 

2073
01:46:24,300 --> 01:46:28,100
which never was never could be, 
and never should have been 

2074
01:46:28,100 --> 01:46:32,100
managed to appear on maps for 
over 200 years complete with 

2075
01:46:32,100 --> 01:46:35,800
details, coastlines, Inland 
cities and enough backstory to 

2076
01:46:35,800 --> 01:46:38,200
fill a novel. 
The Legend went something like 

2077
01:46:38,200 --> 01:46:41,200
this way. 
Back in 7011 ad. 

2078
01:46:41,200 --> 01:46:45,300
When the Moors conquered Spain, 
7 Bishops, fled across the 

2079
01:46:45,300 --> 01:46:49,300
Atlantic with their congregation
and founded Seven Cities on a 

2080
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:52,700
Mysterious Island. 
These Bishops being resourceful 

2081
01:46:52,700 --> 01:46:56,200
types, supposedly built a 
thriving Christian civilization 

2082
01:46:56,200 --> 01:46:59,600
complete with gold mines, Pearl,
fisheries, and excellent 

2083
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:01,600
defensive capabilities that kept
them. 

2084
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:04,700
Safe from both Moorish Invasion 
and whatever sea monsters 

2085
01:47:04,700 --> 01:47:05,800
happened to be in the 
neighborhood. 

2086
01:47:06,600 --> 01:47:10,200
Now you'd think that an island 
large enough to support Seven 

2087
01:47:10,200 --> 01:47:12,700
Cities and their surrounding 
farmlands would be pretty hard 

2088
01:47:12,700 --> 01:47:17,000
to miss, you'd be right but that
didn't stop map makers from Duty

2089
01:47:17,000 --> 01:47:19,400
including antilia on chart after
chart. 

2090
01:47:19,400 --> 01:47:22,800
Usually placing it somewhere in 
the Atlantic west of Portugal 

2091
01:47:22,800 --> 01:47:25,900
and Spain. 
The island migrated around a bit

2092
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:28,700
from map to map. 
Apparently even imaginary 

2093
01:47:28,700 --> 01:47:30,600
Islands were subject to 
Continental Drift. 

2094
01:47:31,500 --> 01:47:34,700
The really impressive part was 
held these depictions became 

2095
01:47:34,700 --> 01:47:37,500
over time. 
What started as a simple blob 

2096
01:47:37,500 --> 01:47:40,700
labeled antilia gradually 
evolved in to carefully drawn, 

2097
01:47:40,700 --> 01:47:43,800
coastlines with Bays peninsulas 
and River mouths. 

2098
01:47:44,500 --> 01:47:47,700
Mapmakers added, the Seven 
Cities, each with its name and 

2099
01:47:47,700 --> 01:47:50,700
approximate location. 
Some even included Roads, 

2100
01:47:50,700 --> 01:47:53,100
connecting the cities because 
apparently mediaeval 

2101
01:47:53,100 --> 01:47:55,100
cartographers were thorough in 
their fiction. 

2102
01:47:56,000 --> 01:47:59,100
Portuguese Sailors, being 
practical, people occasionally, 

2103
01:47:59,100 --> 01:48:01,600
set out to find this convenient,
Atlantic Paradise. 

2104
01:48:02,400 --> 01:48:05,000
After all, If there really was 
an Island full of Christians 

2105
01:48:05,000 --> 01:48:07,900
sitting on gold mines, it seemed
worth checking out. 

2106
01:48:09,100 --> 01:48:11,900
These Expeditions had a 
remarkable talent for almost 

2107
01:48:11,900 --> 01:48:14,800
finding antilia. 
Sailors would return with 

2108
01:48:14,800 --> 01:48:17,800
stories of seeing land in the 
distance or finding beaches 

2109
01:48:17,800 --> 01:48:21,500
covered with mysterious sand or 
encountering, unusually, tame 

2110
01:48:21,500 --> 01:48:23,900
birds that must have come from 
some nearby civilization. 

2111
01:48:24,900 --> 01:48:28,500
No one ever succeeded in landing
on antilia but they achieved a 

2112
01:48:28,500 --> 01:48:31,500
tantalizingly close approach. 
The best part of these near 

2113
01:48:31,500 --> 01:48:33,800
discoveries was how they 
reinforced the Island's 

2114
01:48:33,800 --> 01:48:37,700
existence in everyone's Minds. 
Sailors were consistently almost

2115
01:48:37,700 --> 01:48:40,500
finding antilia. 
That was practically proof that 

2116
01:48:40,500 --> 01:48:43,900
it was out there somewhere. 
The fact that all most and 

2117
01:48:43,900 --> 01:48:46,800
actually a completely different 
thing didn't seem to bother 

2118
01:48:46,800 --> 01:48:49,100
anyone much. 
It was the geographical 

2119
01:48:49,100 --> 01:48:52,300
equivalent of my girlfriend 
lives in Canada technically 

2120
01:48:52,300 --> 01:48:55,000
unprovable but not technically 
impossible either. 

2121
01:48:56,400 --> 01:48:58,300
Christopher Columbus. 
Knew about antilia. 

2122
01:48:58,900 --> 01:49:01,700
In fact, some historians think 
his calculations about the 

2123
01:49:01,700 --> 01:49:05,100
distance to Asia were partly 
based on the assumption that he 

2124
01:49:05,108 --> 01:49:07,800
could stop for supplies at this 
mythical Island on the way. 

2125
01:49:08,800 --> 01:49:12,200
Imagine his surprise when he 
kept sailing west and found a 

2126
01:49:12,200 --> 01:49:14,700
completely different set of 
continents in Stead. 

2127
01:49:15,500 --> 01:49:18,600
However, it is likely that 
accidentally discovering the 

2128
01:49:18,600 --> 01:49:21,600
Americas while searching for a 
fictional island is one of the 

2129
01:49:21,600 --> 01:49:23,400
more significant mistakes in 
human history. 

2130
01:49:24,300 --> 01:49:27,700
What's fascinating is how long 
until your persisted even after 

2131
01:49:27,700 --> 01:49:30,700
explorers started finding actual
islands in the Atlantic? 

2132
01:49:31,500 --> 01:49:34,900
Once explorers discovered and 
mapped the Azores and Tilia 

2133
01:49:34,900 --> 01:49:38,600
simply relocated further west. 
When the Caribbean islands were 

2134
01:49:38,600 --> 01:49:43,100
found and Tilia relocated again.
It was like a geographical game 

2135
01:49:43,100 --> 01:49:45,900
of musical chairs with the 
mythical Island, always 

2136
01:49:45,900 --> 01:49:48,700
managing, to find a new empty 
spot on the map where it could 

2137
01:49:48,700 --> 01:49:52,400
theoretically exist. 
The island finally started 

2138
01:49:52,400 --> 01:49:55,800
disappearing from maps in the 
late 16th century, not because 

2139
01:49:55,800 --> 01:49:59,000
anyone proved it didn't exist 
but because map makers were 

2140
01:49:59,000 --> 01:50:00,700
running out of empty ocean to 
put it in. 

2141
01:50:01,400 --> 01:50:04,600
The Atlantic was getting crowded
with real islands and there 

2142
01:50:04,600 --> 01:50:06,300
wasn't room for Imaginary ones 
anymore. 

2143
01:50:06,300 --> 01:50:09,900
It was a practical decision 
rather than a philosophical one 

2144
01:50:09,900 --> 01:50:13,100
and until he didn't die because 
people stopped believing in it. 

2145
01:50:13,100 --> 01:50:16,100
It died because reality was 
taking up too much space. 

2146
01:50:16,100 --> 01:50:19,900
But even today you can find the 
remnants of this Century's long 

2147
01:50:19,900 --> 01:50:23,600
geographical fiction. 
The Caribbean islands are still 

2148
01:50:23,600 --> 01:50:26,700
called the Antilles the name 
that comes directly from our 7 

2149
01:50:26,700 --> 01:50:29,200
City Island. 
That Never Was Every time 

2150
01:50:29,200 --> 01:50:31,500
someone mentions the Lesser 
Antilles or the Greater 

2151
01:50:31,500 --> 01:50:34,100
Antilles, they're invoking. 
The memory of those seven 

2152
01:50:34,100 --> 01:50:37,500
Bishops and their imaginary 
Christian Paradise is probably 

2153
01:50:37,500 --> 01:50:40,200
the most successful piece of 
medieval fake news in history. 

2154
01:50:40,200 --> 01:50:43,300
Outlasting, the civilization 
that created it by several 

2155
01:50:43,300 --> 01:50:45,300
centuries. 
You're likely beginning to 

2156
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:48,000
understand that medieval map 
makers had a relatively relaxed 

2157
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:51,100
approach to factual accuracy, 
but we haven't yet discussed 

2158
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:53,500
their. 
Most delightful creation, the 

2159
01:50:53,500 --> 01:50:56,900
decorative monster. 
If you don't populate, the vast 

2160
01:50:56,900 --> 01:50:59,600
unexplored regions on your map, 
with terrifying creatures. 

2161
01:50:59,600 --> 01:51:03,000
What's the purpose? 
The decoration wasn't just 

2162
01:51:03,000 --> 01:51:04,900
random doodling during slow 
after noon. 

2163
01:51:04,900 --> 01:51:08,500
At the cartography, shot monster
placement required meticulous 

2164
01:51:08,500 --> 01:51:11,400
consideration of geography 
mythology and customer 

2165
01:51:11,400 --> 01:51:14,000
expectations. 
You couldn't simply place a 

2166
01:51:14,000 --> 01:51:17,900
dragon anywhere and consider the
task complete different regions 

2167
01:51:17,900 --> 01:51:21,000
called for different types of 
Fantastic Four and a 

2168
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:23,200
professional mapmaker needed to 
know the difference between a 

2169
01:51:23,200 --> 01:51:26,100
good spot for a sea serpent and 
a prime location for a man 

2170
01:51:26,100 --> 01:51:29,800
eating plant. 
The phrase hereby dragon's has 

2171
01:51:29,800 --> 01:51:32,900
become famous as a short-hand 
for the unknown but actual 

2172
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:35,300
medieval Maps. 
Rarely used those exact words. 

2173
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:38,300
Most map makers were more 
creative in their warnings. 

2174
01:51:38,300 --> 01:51:41,100
They'd include details 
illustrations of whatever 

2175
01:51:41,100 --> 01:51:43,300
horrible creature. 
Supposedly lived in each 

2176
01:51:43,300 --> 01:51:46,700
unexplored region, Often with 
instructive little notes about 

2177
01:51:46,700 --> 01:51:50,200
its feeding habits temperament 
and preferred method of 

2178
01:51:50,200 --> 01:51:54,500
devouring unwary Travelers. 
Africa was particularly, well, 

2179
01:51:54,500 --> 01:51:56,100
stocked with fascinating 
Wildlife. 

2180
01:51:56,100 --> 01:52:00,700
According to Medieval mapmakers,
The continent apparently hosted 

2181
01:52:00,700 --> 01:52:04,000
everything from Giants, who 
lived backwards, whatever that 

2182
01:52:04,000 --> 01:52:07,900
meant to tribes of people, with 
their faces in their chests to 

2183
01:52:07,900 --> 01:52:09,700
animals that were basically 
Lions. 

2184
01:52:09,700 --> 01:52:11,900
But with human hands and of 
Paws. 

2185
01:52:13,000 --> 01:52:15,200
These weren't just random 
monster designs. 

2186
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:18,300
They came from a long tradition 
of travel literature that had 

2187
01:52:18,300 --> 01:52:21,600
been enthusiastically 
embellished over generations of 

2188
01:52:21,600 --> 01:52:24,700
retelling. 
Classical authors who had never 

2189
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:27,700
visited the places, they 
described provided, the source 

2190
01:52:27,700 --> 01:52:31,000
material for many of these 
creatures Pliny, the Elder 

2191
01:52:31,000 --> 01:52:34,700
writing in Rome in the first 
century compiled, a natural 

2192
01:52:34,700 --> 01:52:38,000
history filled with second-hand 
accounts of distant lands and 

2193
01:52:38,000 --> 01:52:41,600
their exotic inhabitants. 
His work included, dog-headed 

2194
01:52:41,600 --> 01:52:45,500
men, people with backwards feet 
and various other anatomical, 

2195
01:52:45,500 --> 01:52:48,700
impossibilities that medieval 
mapmakers copied Faithfully onto

2196
01:52:48,700 --> 01:52:51,500
their charts. 
Nobody seemed to question, 

2197
01:52:51,500 --> 01:52:53,400
whether Pliny might have been a 
bit gullible. 

2198
01:52:53,400 --> 01:52:57,500
Whether his sources might have 
been pulling his leg, Sea 

2199
01:52:57,500 --> 01:52:58,800
monsters were another growth 
industry. 

2200
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:02,300
The ocean was vast, largely 
unexplored, and perfect for 

2201
01:53:02,300 --> 01:53:05,000
hosting creatures of any size 
and description. 

2202
01:53:05,000 --> 01:53:07,000
The mapmakers imagination could 
conjure up. 

2203
01:53:07,800 --> 01:53:11,100
Some maps featured, relatively 
Modesto, serpents basically 

2204
01:53:11,100 --> 01:53:14,900
large snakes with fins and an 
attitude problem. others 

2205
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:18,400
depicted multi-headed beasts, 
the size of islands capable of 

2206
01:53:18,400 --> 01:53:23,000
creating whirlpools by swimming 
in circles, the most famous sea 

2207
01:53:23,000 --> 01:53:25,600
monster of the cartographic. 
World was probably the Kraken 

2208
01:53:25,600 --> 01:53:28,700
though it went by various names 
depending on which map maker was

2209
01:53:28,708 --> 01:53:31,100
drawing. 
It This creature was typically 

2210
01:53:31,100 --> 01:53:35,500
depicted as an enormous octopus 
or squid, large enough to wrap 

2211
01:53:35,500 --> 01:53:38,500
its tentacles around entire 
ships and drag them down to 

2212
01:53:38,500 --> 01:53:40,800
whatever, passed for the bottom 
of the medieval ocean. 

2213
01:53:41,800 --> 01:53:44,400
The Kraken had the advantage of 
being based on something real 

2214
01:53:44,400 --> 01:53:48,600
giant squids do exist, but the 
mapmakers versions were usually 

2215
01:53:48,600 --> 01:53:51,600
about 10 times larger than 
anything that actually lived in 

2216
01:53:51,600 --> 01:53:54,200
the sea. 
What made these monster Maps? 

2217
01:53:54,200 --> 01:53:57,700
Particularly entertaining was 
how specific they got about the 

2218
01:53:57,700 --> 01:54:00,800
creatures behaviors. 
It wasn't enough to just draw a 

2219
01:54:00,800 --> 01:54:02,600
dragon. 
You needed to include 

2220
01:54:02,600 --> 01:54:05,600
information about what the 
dragon 8, how it interacted with

2221
01:54:05,600 --> 01:54:08,400
local human population and 
whether it was the sort of 

2222
01:54:08,400 --> 01:54:11,300
dragon that hoarded treasure all
the sort that just enjoyed 

2223
01:54:11,300 --> 01:54:13,600
setting things on fire for 
recreational purposes. 

2224
01:54:13,600 --> 01:54:17,900
Some maps included details about
seasonal, migration patterns for

2225
01:54:17,900 --> 01:54:20,500
various monsters. 
As if these were real animals 

2226
01:54:20,500 --> 01:54:24,100
that someone had been carefully 
studying for years The economics

2227
01:54:24,100 --> 01:54:25,800
of monster Maps were pretty 
straightforward. 

2228
01:54:25,800 --> 01:54:29,300
Customers wanted their money's 
worth and a map covered with 

2229
01:54:29,308 --> 01:54:31,000
blank spaces didn't look like 
money. 

2230
01:54:31,000 --> 01:54:34,100
Well, spent filling those spaces
with carefully. 

2231
01:54:34,100 --> 01:54:37,300
Researched mythological 
creatures showed that the map 

2232
01:54:37,300 --> 01:54:40,300
maker had really done their 
homework, even if their homework

2233
01:54:40,300 --> 01:54:43,700
consisted entirely of making 
things up a map with good 

2234
01:54:43,700 --> 01:54:47,500
monster coverage looked 
authoritative comprehensive and 

2235
01:54:47,500 --> 01:54:50,200
worth displaying prominently in 
your Castle's main hall. 

2236
01:54:50,900 --> 01:54:54,100
The funny thing is some of these
imaginary creatures were more 

2237
01:54:54,100 --> 01:54:57,000
thoroughly documented than real 
animals that lived in places 

2238
01:54:57,000 --> 01:55:00,700
mapmakers could actually visit 
You could find incredibly 

2239
01:55:00,700 --> 01:55:03,100
detailed descriptions of 
griffins and their nesting 

2240
01:55:03,100 --> 01:55:05,400
habits but good luck. 
Finding accurate information 

2241
01:55:05,400 --> 01:55:08,600
about say regular European birds
that any map make her could have

2242
01:55:08,600 --> 01:55:11,300
observed by walking outside 
their workshop running. 

2243
01:55:11,300 --> 01:55:14,500
A successful map making business
in medieval times required, a 

2244
01:55:14,500 --> 01:55:18,100
delicate balance between giving 
customers what they expected and

2245
01:55:18,100 --> 01:55:21,200
avoiding the kind of spectacular
failures that might damage your 

2246
01:55:21,200 --> 01:55:24,200
professional reputation. 
It was similar to fortune 

2247
01:55:24,200 --> 01:55:26,100
telling the state of for telling
the future. 

2248
01:55:26,100 --> 01:55:29,700
You were describing places that 
might or might not exist in 

2249
01:55:29,700 --> 01:55:31,800
locations that were probably 
completely wrong. 

2250
01:55:31,800 --> 01:55:35,000
The most successful mapmakers 
developed, what we might call 

2251
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:38,900
the Strategic hedge ways of 
including exciting exotic 

2252
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:42,600
content while subtly protecting 
themselves from accusation of 

2253
01:55:42,600 --> 01:55:46,200
outright fabrication. 
They'd copy information from 

2254
01:55:46,200 --> 01:55:49,300
other respected Maps, which 
provided a kind of professional 

2255
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:51,400
cover. 
If you're map, turned out to be 

2256
01:55:51,408 --> 01:55:54,000
wildly and accurate, you could 
always point to your sources and

2257
01:55:54,008 --> 01:55:57,000
suggest that any errors were 
inherited rather than invented. 

2258
01:55:57,800 --> 01:56:00,700
This process led to one of the 
most amusing aspects of medieval

2259
01:56:00,700 --> 01:56:03,500
cartography. 
The perpetuation of mistakes 

2260
01:56:03,500 --> 01:56:05,400
through what amounted to 
professional courtesy. 

2261
01:56:06,300 --> 01:56:09,300
If a respected map maker 
included a particular island or 

2262
01:56:09,300 --> 01:56:11,900
Monster or impossible River on 
their chart. 

2263
01:56:11,900 --> 01:56:15,600
Other mapmakers would often 
include the same feature even if

2264
01:56:15,600 --> 01:56:17,400
it didn't make much geographical
sense. 

2265
01:56:18,300 --> 01:56:20,700
Nobody wanted to be the one 
cartographer who left out 

2266
01:56:20,700 --> 01:56:22,700
something that everyone else 
considered important. 

2267
01:56:22,700 --> 01:56:25,400
Even if everyone else was 
completely wrong about it. 

2268
01:56:26,900 --> 01:56:29,700
The price structure for medieval
Maps, reflected, these realities

2269
01:56:29,700 --> 01:56:33,100
and intriguing ways basic maps, 
with just the essential 

2270
01:56:33,100 --> 01:56:35,300
geographical features were 
relatively affordable. 

2271
01:56:35,300 --> 01:56:38,200
But if you wanted the full 
treatment complete with 

2272
01:56:38,200 --> 01:56:41,800
monsters, mythical Islands, 
detailed illustrations and 

2273
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:44,800
exotic place names, you paid 
premium prices. 

2274
01:56:45,800 --> 01:56:48,400
Essentially, the most expensive 
Maps were works of art, that 

2275
01:56:48,400 --> 01:56:51,000
incorporated geographical 
information, not just to 

2276
01:56:51,000 --> 01:56:54,200
actively designed geographical 
documents wealthy, customers 

2277
01:56:54,200 --> 01:56:56,600
often commissioned, custom maps 
that emphasized. 

2278
01:56:56,600 --> 01:56:59,000
Whatever regions or features 
they were most interested in. 

2279
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:02,500
A merchant planning trade routes
might want extra detail in 

2280
01:57:02,508 --> 01:57:04,100
commercial ports and shipping 
lanes. 

2281
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:07,200
While a nobleman might prefer 
elaborate illustrations of his 

2282
01:57:07,200 --> 01:57:09,800
family's coat of arms scattered 
across various continents. 

2283
01:57:10,700 --> 01:57:13,400
Some designers primarily 
designed Maps as Conversation 

2284
01:57:13,400 --> 01:57:17,000
Pieces prioritizing visual 
impact and entertainment value 

2285
01:57:17,000 --> 01:57:20,700
over geographical accuracy. 
The map making guilds that 

2286
01:57:20,700 --> 01:57:23,300
developed in major European 
cities, served partly as 

2287
01:57:23,300 --> 01:57:26,700
professional organizations and 
partly as quality control 

2288
01:57:26,700 --> 01:57:29,400
systems. 
They established standards for 

2289
01:57:29,400 --> 01:57:33,300
things like parchment quality 
ink formulations and artistic 

2290
01:57:33,300 --> 01:57:36,400
techniques, but they were 
remarkably flexible about 

2291
01:57:36,400 --> 01:57:39,900
accuracy requirements. 
A map could be completely wrong 

2292
01:57:39,900 --> 01:57:43,100
about the basic shape of 
continents and still earn Guild 

2293
01:57:43,100 --> 01:57:45,000
approval. 
As long as it was beautifully 

2294
01:57:45,000 --> 01:57:49,300
executed in appropriately, 
prestigious sources competition 

2295
01:57:49,300 --> 01:57:52,700
between mapmaking centers, led 
to some creative approaches to 

2296
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:55,600
marketing. 
Venetian Maps emphasized, their 

2297
01:57:55,600 --> 01:57:58,500
access to information from 
Eastern trade routes while 

2298
01:57:58,500 --> 01:58:00,600
Spanish Maps. 
Highlighted their expertise in 

2299
01:58:00,600 --> 01:58:04,200
that Atlantic exploration. 
Eventually English cartographers

2300
01:58:04,200 --> 01:58:06,900
promoted their developing 
expertise in Northern Waters 

2301
01:58:06,900 --> 01:58:10,200
while Portuguese, map makers, 
asserted that they had unique 

2302
01:58:10,200 --> 01:58:13,500
knowledge of African coastlines.
Each Regional map making 

2303
01:58:13,500 --> 01:58:18,300
tradition of its own signature 
style of educated guessing The 

2304
01:58:18,300 --> 01:58:21,100
rise of printing in the 15th 
century democratized map 

2305
01:58:21,100 --> 01:58:23,700
distribution, but didn't 
necessarily improve map 

2306
01:58:23,700 --> 01:58:26,300
accuracy. 
If anything printing, made it 

2307
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:29,600
easier for mistakes to spread 
quickly and widely a single 

2308
01:58:29,600 --> 01:58:32,300
inaccurate printed map could 
influence hundreds of other 

2309
01:58:32,300 --> 01:58:35,500
Maps, creating cascading errors,
that persisted for Generations. 

2310
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:38,300
The same technology that should 
have made. 

2311
01:58:38,300 --> 01:58:42,000
Corrections easier actually made
widespread misinformation more 

2312
01:58:42,000 --> 01:58:44,700
durable. 
Customer feedback was rarely 

2313
01:58:44,700 --> 01:58:47,000
immediate enough to affect 
map-making practices 

2314
01:58:47,000 --> 01:58:50,200
significantly. 
If you bought a map that turned 

2315
01:58:50,200 --> 01:58:52,600
out to be wrong about the 
location of a particular Island,

2316
01:58:52,600 --> 01:58:55,200
you probably wouldn't discover 
the error for years. 

2317
01:58:55,200 --> 01:58:58,800
If ever, you might think you 
made navigation, errors in stead

2318
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:01,800
of the map being wrong. 
This build in delay between 

2319
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:04,700
creation and verification meant 
that Matt makers could maintain 

2320
01:59:04,700 --> 01:59:07,700
successful careers based on 
information that was 

2321
01:59:07,700 --> 01:59:10,400
consistently spectacularly 
wrong. 

2322
01:59:11,200 --> 01:59:13,700
The most successful mapmakers 
learn to manage customer 

2323
01:59:13,700 --> 01:59:16,900
expectations without explicitly,
admitting the limitations of 

2324
01:59:16,900 --> 01:59:19,600
their knowledge. 
They developed a professional 

2325
01:59:19,600 --> 01:59:23,100
vocabulary full of terms that 
sounded authoritative, I'll 

2326
01:59:23,100 --> 01:59:25,300
actually meaning your guesses as
accurate as mine. 

2327
01:59:26,300 --> 01:59:28,200
Phrases. 
Like according to the most 

2328
01:59:28,200 --> 01:59:33,200
reliable sources and as reported
by experienced Navigators could 

2329
01:59:33,200 --> 01:59:36,700
cover a multitude of uncertainty
without technically constituting

2330
01:59:36,700 --> 01:59:40,900
fraud change came slowly to the 
world of mapmaking, partly? 

2331
01:59:40,900 --> 01:59:43,300
Because the old system works so 
well for everyone involved. 

2332
01:59:44,300 --> 01:59:47,100
Customers got beautiful, 
entertaining Maps, full of 

2333
01:59:47,108 --> 01:59:50,800
wonderful possibilities. 
Mapmakers got to exercise their 

2334
01:59:50,800 --> 01:59:53,000
creativity while earning steady 
livings. 

2335
01:59:53,600 --> 01:59:56,400
Sailors got convenient, excuses 
for failed voyages. 

2336
01:59:56,400 --> 02:00:00,200
After all, if the monsters 
didn't attack you, those tricky 

2337
02:00:00,200 --> 02:00:03,400
currents around the mythical 
Island probably would But 

2338
02:00:03,400 --> 02:00:06,600
eventually, reality started 
intruding on this comfortable 

2339
02:00:06,600 --> 02:00:09,900
Arrangement, the problem began 
with Portuguese Sailors in the 

2340
02:00:09,908 --> 02:00:12,800
15th century who had the 
annoying habit of actually 

2341
02:00:12,800 --> 02:00:15,600
visiting the places they were 
supposed to visit and then 

2342
02:00:15,600 --> 02:00:18,500
coming back with inconveniently 
accurate reports about what 

2343
02:00:18,500 --> 02:00:21,100
they'd fail there. 
Instead of respectfully 

2344
02:00:21,100 --> 02:00:24,000
confirming the established 
geographical wisdom, these 

2345
02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:26,800
explorers kept insisting that 
coastlines were shaped 

2346
02:00:26,800 --> 02:00:30,100
differently than the maps 
suggested that certain islands 

2347
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:33,100
didn't exist and that the 
monsters were surprisingly 

2348
02:00:33,100 --> 02:00:34,700
absent. 
From areas where they were 

2349
02:00:34,700 --> 02:00:38,500
supposed to be abundant, Vasco 
de Gamers Voyage around. 

2350
02:00:38,500 --> 02:00:40,900
Africa was particularly 
Troublesome for traditional 

2351
02:00:40,900 --> 02:00:44,200
mapmakers here was someone who 
had actually sailed around the 

2352
02:00:44,200 --> 02:00:48,200
entire continent mapped, its 
actual Coastline and returned 

2353
02:00:48,200 --> 02:00:50,400
with details information about 
what was really there. 

2354
02:00:51,200 --> 02:00:53,700
This kind of first-hand 
knowledge was deeply and 

2355
02:00:53,700 --> 02:00:56,600
convenient for cartographers who
had spent decades perfecting 

2356
02:00:56,600 --> 02:01:00,200
their artistic interpretations 
of African geography, based on 

2357
02:01:00,200 --> 02:01:03,600
centuries old second-hand 
accounts, The Spanish 

2358
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:06,500
exploration of the Americas 
created, similar problems 

2359
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:10,000
Columbus and his successes 
consistently found new 

2360
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:12,800
continents in areas where 
established Maps depicted empty.

2361
02:01:12,800 --> 02:01:15,900
Oceans yet, they lacked The 
Taste to return tangible 

2362
02:01:15,900 --> 02:01:20,500
evidence of their discoveries 
Gold exotic plants and 

2363
02:01:20,500 --> 02:01:23,000
Indigenous. 
People were much harder to argue

2364
02:01:23,000 --> 02:01:25,300
with than theoretical 
discussions about what might 

2365
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:28,600
exist in distant Waters. 
The Protestant Reformation 

2366
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:32,500
introduced an unexpected twist 
to the situation medieval Maps, 

2367
02:01:32,500 --> 02:01:35,300
had often included religious 
elements, the Garden of Eden, 

2368
02:01:35,300 --> 02:01:38,900
various biblical locations, and 
Christian symbolism integrated 

2369
02:01:38,900 --> 02:01:43,100
with geographical features. 
As religious Authority became 

2370
02:01:43,100 --> 02:01:44,800
more contested in some parts of 
Europe. 

2371
02:01:45,600 --> 02:01:48,100
The theological aspects of 
traditional mapmaking, came 

2372
02:01:48,100 --> 02:01:49,700
under scrutiny, along with 
everything else. 

2373
02:01:49,700 --> 02:01:53,000
Some reformers argued that 
mixing religious Doctrine with 

2374
02:01:53,000 --> 02:01:56,300
geographical information was 
inappropriate, which eliminated 

2375
02:01:56,300 --> 02:01:58,500
one of the traditional 
justification for including 

2376
02:01:58,500 --> 02:02:02,300
speculative content on maps. 
The invention of more accurate 

2377
02:02:02,300 --> 02:02:04,800
navigation instruments. 
Gradually raised the standards 

2378
02:02:04,800 --> 02:02:09,200
for what constituted acceptable 
geographical information when 

2379
02:02:09,200 --> 02:02:11,700
sailors could determine their 
latitude with reasonable 

2380
02:02:11,700 --> 02:02:15,300
Precision maps that placed 
familiar locations hundreds of 

2381
02:02:15,308 --> 02:02:17,400
miles from their actual 
positions became problematic. 

2382
02:02:18,600 --> 02:02:21,800
The magnetic compass, the 
astrolabe and eventually, more 

2383
02:02:21,800 --> 02:02:25,000
sophisticated tools made it 
harder for mapmakers to hide 

2384
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:27,100
behind the excuse, that 
navigation was inherently 

2385
02:02:27,100 --> 02:02:30,100
uncertain. 
Competition from, explorers 

2386
02:02:30,100 --> 02:02:32,700
turned cartographers, put 
additional pressure on 

2387
02:02:32,700 --> 02:02:35,400
traditional map. 
Makers, people who had actually 

2388
02:02:35,400 --> 02:02:38,000
visited distant places. 
Could produce Maps based on 

2389
02:02:38,000 --> 02:02:40,900
Direct observation rather than 
scholarly speculation. 

2390
02:02:41,600 --> 02:02:44,500
These Explorer cartographers 
didn't necessarily create more 

2391
02:02:44,500 --> 02:02:47,900
beautiful Maps, but their charts
have the compelling advantage of

2392
02:02:47,900 --> 02:02:49,800
actually working for navigation 
purposes. 

2393
02:02:50,700 --> 02:02:53,800
Although customers valued 
Beauty, those who intended to 

2394
02:02:53,800 --> 02:02:56,400
use their maps for real travel, 
placed a greater value on 

2395
02:02:56,400 --> 02:02:58,900
functionality. 
The printing Industries 

2396
02:02:58,900 --> 02:03:01,500
development, created, both 
problems and opportunities for 

2397
02:03:01,500 --> 02:03:05,100
mapmakers on one hand. 
The ability to produce printed 

2398
02:03:05,100 --> 02:03:08,400
Maps more quickly, and cheaply 
than hand-drawn ones opened up 

2399
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:11,200
new markets and increase the 
availability of geographical 

2400
02:03:11,200 --> 02:03:14,300
information. 
On the other hand printing, made

2401
02:03:14,300 --> 02:03:17,100
it easier to compare maps from 
different sources which 

2402
02:03:17,100 --> 02:03:20,100
highlighted inconsistencies and 
errors that might have gone 

2403
02:03:20,100 --> 02:03:22,500
unnoticed when each map was a 
unique manuscript. 

2404
02:03:23,400 --> 02:03:26,200
Scientific method was perhaps 
the most serious long-term 

2405
02:03:26,200 --> 02:03:30,100
threat to creative cartography. 
As Scholars began emphasizing 

2406
02:03:30,100 --> 02:03:34,300
direct observation, reproducible
experiments, and systematic 

2407
02:03:34,300 --> 02:03:36,100
skepticism of about received 
wisdom. 

2408
02:03:36,100 --> 02:03:39,500
The traditional approach to 
mapmaking looked increasingly 

2409
02:03:39,500 --> 02:03:43,600
unscientific Maps based on 
centuries old texts and 

2410
02:03:43,608 --> 02:03:46,000
theoretical speculation didn't 
fit. 

2411
02:03:46,000 --> 02:03:48,900
Well with the new emphasis on 
empirical evidence and logical 

2412
02:03:48,900 --> 02:03:51,800
analysis. 
The transition wasn't immediate 

2413
02:03:51,800 --> 02:03:54,100
or complete. 
Even as more accurate 

2414
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:57,000
information became available, 
many mapmakers continued, 

2415
02:03:57,000 --> 02:03:59,800
including traditional elements 
alongside newer more reliable 

2416
02:03:59,800 --> 02:04:03,100
content. 
Some maps from the 16th and 17th

2417
02:04:03,100 --> 02:04:05,700
centuries show an almost 
schizophrenic split between 

2418
02:04:05,700 --> 02:04:09,200
carefully, surveyed, coastlines,
and mythical interior features. 

2419
02:04:09,200 --> 02:04:12,200
As if the cartographers couldn't
quite bring themselves to 

2420
02:04:12,200 --> 02:04:15,500
abandon the old ways entirely as
you settle in, for the end of 

2421
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:17,700
our journey through the 
wonderfully, deceptive world of 

2422
02:04:17,700 --> 02:04:21,300
medieval map making It's worth 
considering what we lost when 

2423
02:04:21,300 --> 02:04:23,900
cartography became a science in 
stead of an art form. 

2424
02:04:23,900 --> 02:04:28,700
Yes, modern maps are infinitely,
more accurate infinitely, more 

2425
02:04:28,700 --> 02:04:32,100
useful and infinitely, less 
likely to send you sailing off 

2426
02:04:32,100 --> 02:04:34,800
the edge of the world or into 
the waiting tentacles of a 

2427
02:04:34,800 --> 02:04:36,900
hungry crack. 
And But there are also 

2428
02:04:36,900 --> 02:04:40,600
infinitely less likely to spark 
your imagination, or make you 

2429
02:04:40,600 --> 02:04:43,300
wonder what might be waiting, 
just beyond the next Horizon. 

2430
02:04:44,800 --> 02:04:47,800
The Golden Age of creative 
Cottage officially ended 

2431
02:04:47,800 --> 02:04:51,100
sometime in the 18th century, 
when the combination of better 

2432
02:04:51,100 --> 02:04:54,400
instruments, systematic 
exploration and scientific 

2433
02:04:54,400 --> 02:04:57,500
rigor, made it impossible to 
maintain the old traditions of 

2434
02:04:57,500 --> 02:05:00,100
educated guessing and artistic 
interpretation. 

2435
02:05:00,800 --> 02:05:03,700
The last mythical Islands, 
disappeared from authoritative 

2436
02:05:03,700 --> 02:05:07,400
Maps, the sea monsters were 
relegated to decorative corners 

2437
02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:10,800
and the vast blank spaces. 
Labeled, Terra incognita 

2438
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:13,500
gradually filled with 
disappointingly real 

2439
02:05:13,500 --> 02:05:16,800
geographical features. 
But the influence of those 

2440
02:05:16,800 --> 02:05:19,800
centuries of cartographic, 
creativity lingered in 

2441
02:05:19,808 --> 02:05:23,000
unexpected ways. 
The Age of Exploration was 

2442
02:05:23,000 --> 02:05:26,000
partly motivated by maps that 
showed a world filled with 

2443
02:05:26,000 --> 02:05:30,200
wonderful possibilities islands 
of gold, passages to the Orient 

2444
02:05:30,200 --> 02:05:33,800
and lands inhabited by exotic 
peoples and fantastic creatures.

2445
02:05:34,900 --> 02:05:38,200
If the maps of Columbus's time 
had accurately depicted the vast

2446
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:40,100
empty ocean. 
He would actually encounter, 

2447
02:05:40,100 --> 02:05:44,600
would he have sailed West If 
generations of optimistic 

2448
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:48,800
cartographers hadn't inflated, 
the potential rewards with the 

2449
02:05:48,800 --> 02:05:52,000
great Voyages of Discovery of 
seemed worth the risk and 

2450
02:05:52,000 --> 02:05:55,600
expense the mythology, created 
by medieval mapmakers became 

2451
02:05:55,600 --> 02:05:59,200
embedded in European culture in 
ways that outlasted the maps 

2452
02:05:59,200 --> 02:06:02,500
themselves. 
Stories about antilia influence,

2453
02:06:02,500 --> 02:06:06,200
Spanish expectations about the 
Americas, Legends of Preston, 

2454
02:06:06,200 --> 02:06:09,000
John's Christian kingdom shaped 
Portuguese, exploration of 

2455
02:06:09,000 --> 02:06:12,100
Africa and Asia. 
The idea that the world's edges 

2456
02:06:12,100 --> 02:06:15,200
were populated by monsters and 
Marvels became part of the 

2457
02:06:15,200 --> 02:06:18,900
European imagination, creating a
sense that exploration was not 

2458
02:06:18,900 --> 02:06:22,200
just about trade routes and 
territorial expansion, but about

2459
02:06:22,200 --> 02:06:25,800
discovering ones that would 
justify the greatest risks. 

2460
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:29,800
It took centuries for some of 
the most persistent geographical

2461
02:06:29,800 --> 02:06:33,300
myths to completely vanish. 
The Northwest Passage a 

2462
02:06:33,300 --> 02:06:35,900
hypothetical Northern route, 
connecting the Atlantic and 

2463
02:06:35,900 --> 02:06:38,200
Pacific. 
Oceans appeared on maps for over

2464
02:06:38,200 --> 02:06:42,100
400 years before explorers 
finally confirmed that it didn't

2465
02:06:42,100 --> 02:06:44,000
exist. 
In any practical sense. 

2466
02:06:44,800 --> 02:06:48,200
Despite repeated evidence to the
country, many Maps depicted 

2467
02:06:48,200 --> 02:06:51,000
California as an island. 
Well, into the 18th century. 

2468
02:06:51,000 --> 02:06:55,100
These weren't simple mistakes, 
they were examples of wishful 

2469
02:06:55,100 --> 02:06:58,600
thinking, so powerful that it 
overrode contradictory evidence 

2470
02:06:58,600 --> 02:07:01,500
for Generations. 
The decorative elements of 

2471
02:07:01,500 --> 02:07:04,500
medieval Maps evolved into the 
artistic Traditions that still 

2472
02:07:04,500 --> 02:07:06,300
influence cartographic design 
today. 

2473
02:07:07,300 --> 02:07:10,900
Modern Maps may not include 
dragons or Caesars, but they 

2474
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:14,300
still use artistic techniques 
developed by mapmakers, who 

2475
02:07:14,300 --> 02:07:17,100
understood that geographical 
documents needed to be visually 

2476
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:18,700
appealing as well as 
informative. 

2477
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:23,200
The elaborate Compass Rose's, 
decorative borders, and careful 

2478
02:07:23,200 --> 02:07:25,600
attention to typography. 
That characterized the best 

2479
02:07:25,600 --> 02:07:29,000
contemporary Maps can be traced 
directly back to mediaeval 

2480
02:07:29,000 --> 02:07:32,300
cartographers who knew that 
presentation mattered as much as

2481
02:07:32,300 --> 02:07:35,800
content. 
Most importantly, the medieval 

2482
02:07:35,800 --> 02:07:38,500
map making Traditions serves as 
a reminder of the complex 

2483
02:07:38,500 --> 02:07:40,500
relationship between information
and Truth. 

2484
02:07:41,800 --> 02:07:44,600
Those old cartographers weren't 
deliberately trying to deceive 

2485
02:07:44,600 --> 02:07:46,500
anyone. 
They were doing their best to 

2486
02:07:46,500 --> 02:07:49,500
synthesize limited contradictory
information into useful 

2487
02:07:49,500 --> 02:07:52,800
documents for their customers. 
They filled gaps in their 

2488
02:07:52,800 --> 02:07:55,900
knowledge, with educated 
guesses, traditional stories and

2489
02:07:55,900 --> 02:07:58,100
reasonable assumptions that 
turned out to be wrong. 

2490
02:07:58,100 --> 02:08:01,800
In that sense, they weren't so 
different from Modern experts 

2491
02:08:01,800 --> 02:08:05,100
who extrapolate from incomplete 
data and make predictions about 

2492
02:08:05,100 --> 02:08:08,300
complex systems. 
They don't fully understand The 

2493
02:08:08,300 --> 02:08:10,900
next time you use GPS to 
navigate to someplace, you've 

2494
02:08:10,900 --> 02:08:14,100
never been before spare, a 
thought for the generations of 

2495
02:08:14,100 --> 02:08:17,000
mapmakers who tackle the same 
basic problem with much less 

2496
02:08:17,000 --> 02:08:20,200
reliable information and much 
more Creative Solutions. 

2497
02:08:21,000 --> 02:08:23,900
They may have gotten the details
wrong, but they got the spirit, 

2498
02:08:23,900 --> 02:08:26,800
right? 
The world is a big mysterious, 

2499
02:08:26,800 --> 02:08:29,600
wonderful place, full of 
possibilities. 

2500
02:08:29,600 --> 02:08:31,300
We have not discovered yet and 
wonders. 

2501
02:08:31,300 --> 02:08:34,500
We can't quite imagine. 
And if you ever find yourself in

2502
02:08:34,500 --> 02:08:36,900
a situation where you need to 
fill in some gaps, in your 

2503
02:08:36,900 --> 02:08:39,700
knowledge with your best 
educated guests, remember that 

2504
02:08:39,700 --> 02:08:41,700
your following in a long and 
honorable tradition. 

2505
02:08:41,700 --> 02:08:45,000
Just be careful not to include 
any dragons in the margins. 

2506
02:08:45,000 --> 02:08:49,500
These days people tend to check 
those details sweet dreams and 

2507
02:08:49,500 --> 02:08:52,400
may your Maps where the 
geographical professional or 

2508
02:08:52,400 --> 02:08:55,600
personal lead you to discoveries
that are at least as wonderful 

2509
02:08:55,600 --> 02:08:57,300
as the ones you imagine along 
the way. 

2510
02:09:02,600 --> 02:09:05,500
Imagine yourself relaxing in 
your preferred chair on a Cool 

2511
02:09:05,500 --> 02:09:08,300
October evening. 
Perhaps with a toasty, beverage 

2512
02:09:08,300 --> 02:09:12,000
in hand tonight, we will revisit
a period in which America 

2513
02:09:12,000 --> 02:09:14,600
believed it had successfully 
mastered, the legal printing of 

2514
02:09:14,600 --> 02:09:17,200
money when your neighbor's 
Barber was providing stock 

2515
02:09:17,200 --> 02:09:19,200
recommendations. 
And when the question, what 

2516
02:09:19,200 --> 02:09:21,900
could go wrong was on the brink 
of receiving the most costly 

2517
02:09:21,900 --> 02:09:26,300
response in history. 
The time period is the 1920s and

2518
02:09:26,300 --> 02:09:28,400
you are currently experiencing 
the Roaring Twenties. 

2519
02:09:28,400 --> 02:09:31,900
As it is all so known. 
In the background Calvin 

2520
02:09:31,900 --> 02:09:35,300
Coolidge Is So Silent as 
president that people just about

2521
02:09:35,300 --> 02:09:37,800
having to check his pulse while 
Flappers are dancing. 

2522
02:09:37,800 --> 02:09:40,700
The Charleston and jazz music is
spilling out of speakeasies. 

2523
02:09:41,700 --> 02:09:45,200
However, the genuine excitement 
is not located in the illicit. 

2524
02:09:45,200 --> 02:09:46,700
Ginger joints or the dance 
halls. 

2525
02:09:46,700 --> 02:09:50,100
It is on Wall Street or an 
entire nation has persuaded 

2526
02:09:50,100 --> 02:09:51,900
itself. 
That purchasing stocks is as 

2527
02:09:51,900 --> 02:09:56,200
Dependable as the sunrise after 
the end of World War 1, the 

2528
02:09:56,200 --> 02:09:59,900
United States found itself in a 
unique situation, and America's 

2529
02:09:59,900 --> 02:10:01,700
factories were operating at full
capacity. 

2530
02:10:01,700 --> 02:10:04,900
Manufacturing, a wide range of 
products including 

2531
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:07,900
refrigerators, radio's and 
Automobiles. 

2532
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:11,200
Called Europe was still in the 
process of assembling the parts 

2533
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:14,600
and calculating the cost. 
Henry, Ford had discovered a 

2534
02:10:14,600 --> 02:10:16,700
method to make cars affordable 
for the general public. 

2535
02:10:16,700 --> 02:10:20,400
And as a result everyone became 
interested in purchasing one. 

2536
02:10:21,000 --> 02:10:23,500
please note that the car in 
question is not a single 

2537
02:10:23,500 --> 02:10:27,600
vehicle, rather, it is a modern 
more gleaming model, that is 

2538
02:10:27,608 --> 02:10:31,100
replaced every few years, the 
stock market, which was 

2539
02:10:31,100 --> 02:10:33,600
previously, the domain of 
affluent industrialists and 

2540
02:10:33,600 --> 02:10:36,100
their well-connected 
acquaintances appeared to be 

2541
02:10:36,100 --> 02:10:40,000
accessible to all Between 
deliveries newspaper, boys, were

2542
02:10:40,000 --> 02:10:42,800
exchanging, stock 
recommendations your 

2543
02:10:42,800 --> 02:10:44,500
neighborhood. 
Some may casually mention that 

2544
02:10:44,500 --> 02:10:46,600
he earned more money last week 
by playing the market. 

2545
02:10:46,600 --> 02:10:50,400
Then he did selling vegetables 
throughout the month it was as 

2546
02:10:50,400 --> 02:10:52,700
if Wall Street had discovered a 
mystical money tree. 

2547
02:10:52,700 --> 02:10:56,200
And all you had to do was move 
its branches in retrospect the 

2548
02:10:56,200 --> 02:10:58,900
amusement of this episode was 
primarily due to the fact that 

2549
02:10:58,900 --> 02:11:01,900
everyone believed it was a 
straightforward matter, you are 

2550
02:11:01,900 --> 02:11:04,500
not required to comprehend the 
actual operations of a company. 

2551
02:11:04,500 --> 02:11:07,900
Its profitability or its 
existence in any meaningful 

2552
02:11:07,900 --> 02:11:10,300
sense. 
It was enough to tell you that, 

2553
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:13,300
it stock price Rose yesterday 
and will likely rise again. 

2554
02:11:13,300 --> 02:11:16,900
Tomorrow, the logic was 
unwavering stocks consistently 

2555
02:11:16,900 --> 02:11:19,400
increase. 
Everyone was becoming wealthy 

2556
02:11:19,400 --> 02:11:22,600
and anyone who advocated for a 
different outcome was evidently 

2557
02:11:22,600 --> 02:11:25,100
two traditional to comprehend 
contemporary economics. 

2558
02:11:25,900 --> 02:11:28,700
Investment clubs emerged in 
communities similar to book 

2559
02:11:28,700 --> 02:11:31,500
clubs. 
However, rather than engaging in

2560
02:11:31,500 --> 02:11:33,900
discussions about the most 
recent novel members would 

2561
02:11:33,900 --> 02:11:35,700
convene to compare the amount of
money. 

2562
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:39,200
They had earned that week. 
Women who had never visited a 

2563
02:11:39,200 --> 02:11:41,600
bank, were pooling their grocery
money to purchase shares and 

2564
02:11:41,600 --> 02:11:43,100
companies they were unfamiliar 
with. 

2565
02:11:43,900 --> 02:11:46,900
College students were ditching 
classes to observe the ticker 

2566
02:11:46,900 --> 02:11:49,600
tape at brokerage offices. 
Treating it as the most 

2567
02:11:49,608 --> 02:11:52,400
thrilling entertainment in town 
the newspapers. 

2568
02:11:52,400 --> 02:11:55,300
Contributed to this Hysteria by 
publishing breathless accounts 

2569
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:58,000
of ordinary individuals who 
achieved financial success. 

2570
02:11:59,200 --> 02:12:03,400
The taxi driver retired at 35. 
The secretary purchased a small 

2571
02:12:03,400 --> 02:12:06,600
apartment building with a stock 
profits and the Homemaker funded

2572
02:12:06,600 --> 02:12:10,300
her daughter's wedding with a 
single well-timed purchase of 

2573
02:12:10,300 --> 02:12:13,800
radio Corporation stock. 
These narrative spread swiftly 

2574
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:17,600
much like gossip at a church 
Gathering, inspiring everyone to

2575
02:12:17,600 --> 02:12:20,100
Aspire to become the next 
successful individual. 

2576
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:23,200
Banks began lending money to 
individuals who desire to 

2577
02:12:23,200 --> 02:12:26,000
purchase Equity to capitalize on
the current prosperity. 

2578
02:12:26,800 --> 02:12:30,100
The reasoning appeared to be 
sound if stocks consistently 

2579
02:12:30,100 --> 02:12:33,500
increased lending money to 
individuals to purchase equities

2580
02:12:33,500 --> 02:12:37,100
would be virtually risk-free. 
They called it buying on margin 

2581
02:12:37,100 --> 02:12:40,900
a fancier term than borrowing 
money to gamble, but that's what

2582
02:12:40,900 --> 02:12:43,800
it was. 
You could acquire 1,000 worth of

2583
02:12:43,800 --> 02:12:46,900
Securities with only one hundred
dollars of your funds, and the 

2584
02:12:46,900 --> 02:12:49,900
bank would provide the remaining
funds, you would sell the 

2585
02:12:49,900 --> 02:12:53,000
Securities, repay the loan and 
retain The Profit when they 

2586
02:12:53,000 --> 02:12:57,400
appreciated, what could possibly
go wrong as you prepare to 

2587
02:12:57,400 --> 02:12:59,600
retire for the evening and 
vision of world in which all 

2588
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:01,500
individuals were Financial 
Geniuses. 

2589
02:13:01,500 --> 02:13:04,300
The future appeared as 
predictable as a well-oiled 

2590
02:13:04,300 --> 02:13:06,800
timepiece. 
And the sole concern was not 

2591
02:13:06,800 --> 02:13:08,500
whether or not one would become 
wealthy. 

2592
02:13:08,500 --> 02:13:12,000
But rather, how well he an 
individual would become although

2593
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:15,100
crashes, still several months 
away, the following morning in 

2594
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:18,300
our narrative, your awakened, in
an America, that is persuaded, 

2595
02:13:18,300 --> 02:13:22,500
it is outsmarted, economic 
history, the year is 1928. 

2596
02:13:22,500 --> 02:13:25,400
And if you had suggested to 
anyone that the party might be 

2597
02:13:25,400 --> 02:13:28,100
ending shortly, They would have 
looked at you as if you had 

2598
02:13:28,100 --> 02:13:30,400
announced that the sun was 
planning to stop Rising. 

2599
02:13:31,400 --> 02:13:33,900
The foundation of all this 
confidence was not wholly, 

2600
02:13:33,900 --> 02:13:36,200
unreasonable, which is why it 
was so perilous. 

2601
02:13:36,200 --> 02:13:39,200
The American industry was 
performing exceptionally. 

2602
02:13:39,200 --> 02:13:41,800
Well. 
General Electric and General 

2603
02:13:41,808 --> 02:13:44,100
Motors were not merely 
manufacturing products. 

2604
02:13:44,100 --> 02:13:47,100
They were also developing 
products that were significantly

2605
02:13:47,100 --> 02:13:50,100
altering the way people lived. 
The world was brought into 

2606
02:13:50,100 --> 02:13:53,200
people's Livvy people's living 
rooms for the first time 

2607
02:13:53,200 --> 02:13:56,600
replaced, gas, lamps, 
automobiles, replaced horses. 

2608
02:13:56,600 --> 02:14:00,400
And radios were introduced. 
However, this is the point at 

2609
02:14:00,400 --> 02:14:03,400
which the situation becomes 
intriguing much like the moment,

2610
02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:05,300
a kettle of water reaches 
boiling point. 

2611
02:14:06,000 --> 02:14:08,300
The stock prices of these 
companies were not merely 

2612
02:14:08,300 --> 02:14:11,600
reflecting their success. 
They were also reflecting the 

2613
02:14:11,600 --> 02:14:14,900
success of the companies wildest
dreams of everyone about their 

2614
02:14:14,900 --> 02:14:19,100
Futures success, a generous 
helping of pure speculation, and

2615
02:14:19,100 --> 02:14:21,500
whatever the barbershop employee
heard from his cousin, who 

2616
02:14:21,500 --> 02:14:25,800
worked on Wall Street, Consider 
radio Corporation of America or 

2617
02:14:25,800 --> 02:14:29,400
RCA as it was commonly known. 
The corporation was at the 

2618
02:14:29,408 --> 02:14:30,900
epicenter of the radio. 
Boom. 

2619
02:14:30,900 --> 02:14:33,200
And the radio's were truly 
revolutionary. 

2620
02:14:34,900 --> 02:14:37,600
For the first time in human 
history, it was possible to 

2621
02:14:37,600 --> 02:14:40,200
listen to a concert in New York 
from the comfort of your living 

2622
02:14:40,200 --> 02:14:43,600
room in Kansas. 
It was akin to Alchemy but it 

2623
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:47,700
was both profitable and genuine.
This enthusiasm was evident in 

2624
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:51,500
the stock price of RCA. 
RCA's stock price increased from

2625
02:14:51,500 --> 02:14:55,600
85 dollars per share to 420 
dollars per share in 1928. 

2626
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:59,600
It is not a typo, it nearly 
quadrupled in a single year. 

2627
02:15:00,800 --> 02:15:03,600
It is reasonable to assume that 
the five fold increase in a 

2628
02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:05,200
company stock price over the 
course of a year. 

2629
02:15:05,208 --> 02:15:08,600
Would induce some degree of 
anxiety among investors, you 

2630
02:15:08,600 --> 02:15:12,300
would be mistaken in contrast. 
It heightened individuals, 

2631
02:15:12,300 --> 02:15:14,900
enthusiasm. 
The reasoning was elegantly. 

2632
02:15:14,900 --> 02:15:18,300
Circular RCA stock was 
increasing due to its 

2633
02:15:18,300 --> 02:15:21,600
exceptional performance, which 
was evident in the company stock

2634
02:15:21,600 --> 02:15:23,500
price. 
It was evident that the 

2635
02:15:23,500 --> 02:15:27,300
individual who suggested that a 
stock price of 400 per cent, in 

2636
02:15:27,300 --> 02:15:30,000
a single year, might be 
premature, was unaware of the 

2637
02:15:30,000 --> 02:15:32,200
fundamental principles of 
contemporary investing. 

2638
02:15:33,200 --> 02:15:35,900
Truly cunning aspect. 
And this is the point at which 

2639
02:15:35,900 --> 02:15:39,000
the creativity is almost 
admirable, was the manner in 

2640
02:15:39,000 --> 02:15:42,000
which individuals can convince 
themselves that this time was 

2641
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:45,600
different. 
Speculation and foolishness with

2642
02:15:45,600 --> 02:15:48,700
the causes of previous stock 
market bubbles, which ultimately

2643
02:15:48,700 --> 02:15:51,900
exploded. 
However, the foundation of this 

2644
02:15:51,900 --> 02:15:54,800
Prosperity was the robust 
productivity and innovation of 

2645
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:59,300
the United States, radio's 
automobiles, electricity Powers,

2646
02:15:59,300 --> 02:16:02,800
electricity Powers these 
appliances c-explorer, 

2647
02:16:02,800 --> 02:16:06,300
corporations or tulip bulbs, 
they would genuine businesses 

2648
02:16:06,300 --> 02:16:09,100
that manufactured genuine 
products for genuine customers. 

2649
02:16:10,000 --> 02:16:12,500
What individuals fail to 
comprehend was that it is 

2650
02:16:12,500 --> 02:16:15,700
possible to have a legitimate 
organization that produces 

2651
02:16:15,700 --> 02:16:19,000
genuine goods and yet pay an 
exorbitant amount for its 

2652
02:16:19,000 --> 02:16:22,000
inventory. 
It is comparable to paying $50 

2653
02:16:22,000 --> 02:16:24,100
for an exceptionally 
high-quality fruit. 

2654
02:16:24,900 --> 02:16:26,900
Fifty dollars is not a 
reasonable price. 

2655
02:16:26,900 --> 02:16:31,400
Although, the apple is although 
and everything you wished for In

2656
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:33,900
the interim, the institutions 
were experiencing their own 

2657
02:16:33,900 --> 02:16:37,100
variation of this logic problem.
They observed that all 

2658
02:16:37,100 --> 02:16:40,000
individuals who had borrowed 
money to purchase equities had 

2659
02:16:40,000 --> 02:16:43,299
made a profit. 
Consequently it was a secure 

2660
02:16:43,299 --> 02:16:45,100
decision to lend money to 
purchase equities. 

2661
02:16:45,100 --> 02:16:48,299
The fact that everyone had made 
money precisely because they 

2662
02:16:48,299 --> 02:16:51,600
were lending money to buy stocks
creating the very demand that 

2663
02:16:51,600 --> 02:16:55,900
drove prices up somehow alluded.
Notice It was akin to a dog 

2664
02:16:55,907 --> 02:16:59,000
pursuing its tail except that 
the dog was sits that it was 

2665
02:16:59,000 --> 02:17:03,500
making progress. 
Begining in 1929 the financial 

2666
02:17:03,500 --> 02:17:06,200
system. 
Beginning in 1929, the financial

2667
02:17:06,200 --> 02:17:08,900
system was borrowing 
approximately 8.5 billion 

2668
02:17:08,900 --> 02:17:12,400
dollars to provide context. 
This was approximately 

2669
02:17:12,400 --> 02:17:14,200
equivalent to the entire federal
budget. 

2670
02:17:14,200 --> 02:17:17,600
At the time it was as though the
entire Financial system had 

2671
02:17:17,600 --> 02:17:21,200
decided to place all of its be 
decided and was exceedingly 

2672
02:17:21,200 --> 02:17:24,600
confident in its decision. 
Your beginning to comprehend the

2673
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:25,400
issue. 
Are you not? 

2674
02:17:26,200 --> 02:17:29,000
People were not being 
irrational, rather they were 

2675
02:17:29,000 --> 02:17:31,000
reacting. 
Logically to the stimuli they 

2676
02:17:31,000 --> 02:17:33,600
observed. 
The economy appeared robust 

2677
02:17:33,600 --> 02:17:36,700
stocks were increasing an 
individuals were earning money. 

2678
02:17:36,700 --> 02:17:39,900
However, they were all reacting 
to the same information in the 

2679
02:17:39,907 --> 02:17:43,200
same manner, resulting in a 
situation in which everyone was 

2680
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:46,900
correct until all of a sudden, 
everyone was proved incorrect. 

2681
02:17:48,100 --> 02:17:50,799
Consider The Confident investors
of 1929. 

2682
02:17:50,799 --> 02:17:53,600
As you prepare for bed, they 
were completely unaware. 

2683
02:17:53,600 --> 02:17:55,799
That they were living through 
the economic equivalent of a 

2684
02:17:55,799 --> 02:17:59,200
cartoon character who runs off a
cliff but doesn't fall until he 

2685
02:17:59,200 --> 02:18:01,200
looks down. 
They would examine their 

2686
02:18:01,200 --> 02:18:04,100
portfolios each morning and 
examenul at their paper profits.

2687
02:18:04,799 --> 02:18:08,100
the red flags were up everywhere
by the summer of 1929 if you 

2688
02:18:08,100 --> 02:18:11,200
knew where to look, But when 
there are warning signs at a 

2689
02:18:11,200 --> 02:18:13,299
party, no one wants to be the 
one to bring them up. 

2690
02:18:13,299 --> 02:18:16,200
As if you were the designated 
driver, who keeps telling 

2691
02:18:16,200 --> 02:18:18,600
everyone to slow down, while 
your friends are having the time

2692
02:18:18,600 --> 02:18:21,900
of their lives, a few jerks 
tried to crash the party. 

2693
02:18:22,700 --> 02:18:26,000
The famous and respectable 
Banker named Paul Warburg warned

2694
02:18:26,000 --> 02:18:28,299
that the stock market had become
too risky for investors. 

2695
02:18:29,299 --> 02:18:32,200
The reaction was about what 
you'd expect the next day. 

2696
02:18:32,200 --> 02:18:35,100
The stock price of his bank 
dropped, a newspapers called him

2697
02:18:35,100 --> 02:18:38,200
negative for no reason. 
It was a typical case of 

2698
02:18:38,200 --> 02:18:41,100
shooting the messenger, but this
time the messenger was trying to

2699
02:18:41,100 --> 02:18:42,500
keep people from crossing the 
street. 

2700
02:18:43,500 --> 02:18:46,400
A famous economist named. 
Roger Babson said in September 

2701
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:48,900
that sooner or later a crash is 
coming. 

2702
02:18:49,600 --> 02:18:53,500
Batson was known for being right
about financial trends that day.

2703
02:18:53,500 --> 02:18:56,400
The market fell sharply. 
Some people, even called it the 

2704
02:18:56,400 --> 02:19:00,000
Babson break, but it quickly 
rose again, people thought 

2705
02:19:00,000 --> 02:19:01,700
Babson was an old fashioned 
cynic. 

2706
02:19:01,700 --> 02:19:04,000
Who didn't know how the new 
economy worked and wrote him 

2707
02:19:04,000 --> 02:19:05,900
off. 
Everyone was happy that the 

2708
02:19:05,900 --> 02:19:07,200
ruler seemed to have a lot of 
money. 

2709
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:09,900
So no one wanted to hear that. 
He didn't have any clothes. 

2710
02:19:09,900 --> 02:19:12,100
At the same time, the smart 
money. 

2711
02:19:12,100 --> 02:19:15,400
That is the people who knew what
was going on was quietly leaving

2712
02:19:15,400 --> 02:19:17,500
the market. 
John F Kennedy's. 

2713
02:19:17,500 --> 02:19:20,400
Father Joseph. 
Reportedly said that he knew. 

2714
02:19:20,400 --> 02:19:22,100
It was time to get out of the 
stock market. 

2715
02:19:22,100 --> 02:19:24,700
When his shoe shine voice 
started, giving him stock tips. 

2716
02:19:24,700 --> 02:19:28,500
It made perfect sense. 
If everyone thinks stops are a 

2717
02:19:28,500 --> 02:19:31,000
good way to make money, then 
stops probably aren't so. 

2718
02:19:31,000 --> 02:19:34,299
Good, after all. however, for 
every Joseph, Kennedy who 

2719
02:19:34,299 --> 02:19:37,299
quietly sold his interests, 
there were thousands of regular 

2720
02:19:37,299 --> 02:19:40,100
Americans who doubled down It 
made sense. 

2721
02:19:40,100 --> 02:19:43,799
If stocks were solid investment 
last year, they were probably an

2722
02:19:43,799 --> 02:19:45,100
even better investment this 
year. 

2723
02:19:45,799 --> 02:19:48,299
You might have thought you could
drive even fastest since you 

2724
02:19:48,299 --> 02:19:49,700
haven't gotten a speeding ticket
yet? 

2725
02:19:50,500 --> 02:19:53,300
All the excitement on Wall 
Street, Mars and really bad 

2726
02:19:53,300 --> 02:19:55,600
economic news in the summer of 
1929. 

2727
02:19:56,500 --> 02:19:59,100
The production of goods in 
factories was beginning to slow 

2728
02:19:59,100 --> 02:20:03,000
down Car Sales were going down, 
less building was being done. 

2729
02:20:03,000 --> 02:20:06,100
But who cared about dull things.
Like industrial production when 

2730
02:20:06,100 --> 02:20:09,000
RCA was still going up and 
everyone knew someone who had 

2731
02:20:09,000 --> 02:20:10,200
made a lot of money in the 
market. 

2732
02:20:11,800 --> 02:20:15,100
This part of the story is almost
like a dream, the real economy 

2733
02:20:15,100 --> 02:20:18,300
which includes factories farms 
and other businesses that do 

2734
02:20:18,300 --> 02:20:23,300
real work was getting tired. 
However, the stock market a 

2735
02:20:23,300 --> 02:20:24,900
symbol of the real economies 
performance. 

2736
02:20:24,900 --> 02:20:27,100
Consistently reached 
unprecedented Heights. 

2737
02:20:27,800 --> 02:20:30,900
It felt like a movie where the 
music is happy and upbeat, but 

2738
02:20:30,900 --> 02:20:32,800
the ship is slowly sinking on 
the screen. 

2739
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:35,800
Despite its role as the 
responsible adult in the 

2740
02:20:35,800 --> 02:20:39,200
scenarios, the Federal Reserve 
found itself in a challenging 

2741
02:20:39,200 --> 02:20:42,000
situation. 
Every time the Federal Reserve 

2742
02:20:42,000 --> 02:20:44,800
attempted to curb the out of 
control stock trading, they 

2743
02:20:44,800 --> 02:20:47,100
faced accusations of harming, 
the US economy. 

2744
02:20:47,100 --> 02:20:49,400
It is challenging to be the 
authority. 

2745
02:20:49,400 --> 02:20:50,800
That must bring an end to a 
gathering. 

2746
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:53,800
When all participants are 
enjoying themselves, this is a 

2747
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:55,900
specialty true. 
If ending the party means 

2748
02:20:55,900 --> 02:20:59,200
disrupting the fun. 
The Federal Reserve did raise 

2749
02:20:59,200 --> 02:21:03,100
interest rates in August 1929 
thinking, that the action would 

2750
02:21:03,100 --> 02:21:06,600
stop some people from borrowing 
money on speculation after 

2751
02:21:06,600 --> 02:21:09,500
stumbling for a few days. 
The market just off and kept 

2752
02:21:09,500 --> 02:21:11,600
going up. 
Tapped someone on the shoulder 

2753
02:21:11,600 --> 02:21:13,800
but they just turned and danced 
faster. 

2754
02:21:14,500 --> 02:21:17,600
By September, it was clear that 
the prices of the most famous 

2755
02:21:17,600 --> 02:21:21,300
stocks did not make sense by any
standard measure people. 

2756
02:21:21,300 --> 02:21:24,900
Put a lot of value on companies 
as if they would keep growing at

2757
02:21:24,900 --> 02:21:27,800
impossible rates forever. 
Someone must have known that you

2758
02:21:27,800 --> 02:21:31,600
would be 15 feet tall by age 30 
since you had grown six inches 

2759
02:21:31,600 --> 02:21:33,600
taller between the ages of 12 
and 14. 

2760
02:21:34,500 --> 02:21:37,300
What was really sad was how many
regular people had put their 

2761
02:21:37,300 --> 02:21:41,100
life savings into this Market? 
Individuals who had diligently 

2762
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:45,000
saved money, LED Frugal 
Lifestyles and meticulously 

2763
02:21:45,000 --> 02:21:47,900
planned for their retirement, 
for decades, suddenly began to 

2764
02:21:47,900 --> 02:21:50,000
question the wisdom of their 
cautious approach. 

2765
02:21:50,000 --> 02:21:54,500
They sold their bonds took out 
Morgan's on their homes and put 

2766
02:21:54,500 --> 02:21:56,900
all of their money on the 
further rise in stock prices. 

2767
02:21:56,900 --> 02:22:01,200
Imagine that people in the 
United States in September 1929 

2768
02:22:01,200 --> 02:22:04,100
were pleased with their 
Investments and planning to 

2769
02:22:04,100 --> 02:22:06,900
retire early. 
As they went to sleep, that 

2770
02:22:06,900 --> 02:22:09,800
night, they had no idea that 
they were about to learn one of 

2771
02:22:09,800 --> 02:22:12,400
the most expensive lessons in 
the history of the economy. 

2772
02:22:13,900 --> 02:22:17,300
The first few days of October, 
1929 were the same as any other 

2773
02:22:17,300 --> 02:22:20,300
month during the Boom. 
People got up looked at their 

2774
02:22:20,300 --> 02:22:24,000
stock prices smiled at their 
gains on paper and went about 

2775
02:22:24,008 --> 02:22:26,100
their days feeling, like they 
were great at money. 

2776
02:22:26,100 --> 02:22:30,300
But if you looked really closely
and not many people, did you 

2777
02:22:30,300 --> 02:22:32,400
might have seen that the base 
was beginning to crack. 

2778
02:22:33,200 --> 02:22:36,300
On October 3rd, the market had 
what Traders called a technical 

2779
02:22:36,300 --> 02:22:38,900
correction. 
This was the first real sign of 

2780
02:22:38,900 --> 02:22:41,200
trouble. 
In Wall Street talk, that means 

2781
02:22:41,200 --> 02:22:44,400
don't worry about it, prices 
dropped for no reason. 

2782
02:22:44,400 --> 02:22:47,600
It may not seem like a big deal,
but the Dow Jones Industrial 

2783
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:49,400
Average went down by about 6 
points. 

2784
02:22:49,400 --> 02:22:52,100
This is because people were used
to it going up every day. 

2785
02:22:53,000 --> 02:22:55,100
But everyone knew that markets 
have bad days. 

2786
02:22:55,100 --> 02:22:57,800
Every so often it was important 
not to freak out. 

2787
02:22:58,600 --> 02:23:01,400
Fear was for people who didn't 
know that America had entered a 

2788
02:23:01,408 --> 02:23:04,700
new age of permanent wealth. 
The deal was a chance for the 

2789
02:23:04,700 --> 02:23:07,700
smart money or at least the 
money that thought it was smart 

2790
02:23:07,700 --> 02:23:10,700
to buy. 
Stocks for sale, how could you 

2791
02:23:10,700 --> 02:23:14,000
say no to that? 
The market, exhibited, the 

2792
02:23:14,000 --> 02:23:17,000
typical behavior of fluctuating 
unpredictably when it is 

2793
02:23:17,000 --> 02:23:19,600
uncertain about its direction. 
For the next two weeks. 

2794
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:24,800
The market fluctuates daily yet.
It largely remains steady, akin 

2795
02:23:24,800 --> 02:23:27,200
to an inebriated individual 
attempting to maintain a 

2796
02:23:27,200 --> 02:23:29,700
straight path. 
Not many people were worried. 

2797
02:23:29,700 --> 02:23:32,800
The market was just taking a 
break before The Next Step Up. 

2798
02:23:33,700 --> 02:23:36,900
On October 18th, however, the 
music began to slow down. 

2799
02:23:36,900 --> 02:23:39,600
This date would become famous 
over time. 

2800
02:23:39,600 --> 02:23:43,500
The market dropped considerably,
but this time it felt different.

2801
02:23:43,500 --> 02:23:47,800
It wasn't the slow decline in 
early October instead, it seemed

2802
02:23:47,800 --> 02:23:50,100
like the market remembered 
something important, but didn't 

2803
02:23:50,100 --> 02:23:52,500
like it. 
As of this point, many people 

2804
02:23:52,500 --> 02:23:55,400
had borrowed money to buy 
stocks, leaving them open to 

2805
02:23:55,400 --> 02:23:58,200
something called a margin. 
Call to explain. 

2806
02:23:58,200 --> 02:24:00,900
Let's say you borrowed. 900 
dollars to buy stock worth 

2807
02:24:00,900 --> 02:24:03,400
1,000. 
It's possible that you'd owe 

2808
02:24:03,400 --> 02:24:04,700
more money than the stock was 
worth. 

2809
02:24:04,700 --> 02:24:07,900
If it dropped to 800 dollars, 
the bank would call and ask you 

2810
02:24:07,908 --> 02:24:11,300
to either add cash or sell stock
to repay the loan, many people 

2811
02:24:11,300 --> 02:24:14,600
got those calls on October 18th.
You aren't concerned about 

2812
02:24:14,600 --> 02:24:16,800
getting a good price. 
When you have to sell stock to 

2813
02:24:16,800 --> 02:24:19,500
pay back alone, you just need to
get rid of it quickly. 

2814
02:24:20,600 --> 02:24:23,100
Prices drop even faster. 
When many people need to sell 

2815
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:25,300
quickly. 
At the same time, this leads to 

2816
02:24:25,300 --> 02:24:28,500
more margin calls which caused 
even more people to sell like a 

2817
02:24:28,500 --> 02:24:31,500
Cascade of money where each rock
that falls sets off more rocks. 

2818
02:24:32,700 --> 02:24:35,900
The weekend of October 19th and 
20th, likely, Mark, the last 

2819
02:24:35,900 --> 02:24:38,400
time most Americans believe they
were living in an era of 

2820
02:24:38,400 --> 02:24:41,700
never-ending wealth. 
Newspapers always willing to 

2821
02:24:41,700 --> 02:24:44,300
help wrote stories. 
That made people feel better by 

2822
02:24:44,300 --> 02:24:46,500
saying that this was only a 
short-term setback. 

2823
02:24:46,500 --> 02:24:50,300
Smart buyers, took advantage of 
this chance to identify deals. 

2824
02:24:51,100 --> 02:24:54,200
By Monday, everything would be 
fine on Tuesday. 

2825
02:24:54,200 --> 02:24:57,000
October 21st, everything was 
fine. 

2826
02:24:57,000 --> 02:25:01,000
The market opened trade went on 
and the world didn't end. 

2827
02:25:01,000 --> 02:25:04,900
However, the situation remained 
largely unchanged throughout the

2828
02:25:04,900 --> 02:25:07,200
day. 
Prices steadily declined. 

2829
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:09,400
Akin to water. 
Gradually draining from a 

2830
02:25:09,400 --> 02:25:12,900
bathtub Tuesday was worse. 
Wednesday was even worse. 

2831
02:25:13,600 --> 02:25:17,800
Friday, October 24th which would
become famously known as black 

2832
02:25:17,800 --> 02:25:22,500
Thursday, something very 
important to change, it wasn't a

2833
02:25:22,500 --> 02:25:25,700
fix and update or any other pipe
business term for the same 

2834
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:27,400
thing. 
It was just pure. 

2835
02:25:28,700 --> 02:25:32,000
Imagine waking up on October 
24th, to find that your nest egg

2836
02:25:32,000 --> 02:25:35,500
is shrunk not just a little but 
by a large enough amount that 

2837
02:25:35,500 --> 02:25:37,400
you feel like you need to do 
some math in your head. 

2838
02:25:38,400 --> 02:25:41,000
When you attempt to contact your
dealer, the phone lines 

2839
02:25:41,000 --> 02:25:44,300
experience, congestion. 
Nobody appears to understand the

2840
02:25:44,300 --> 02:25:47,200
status of their Investments, 
despite everyone's efforts, to 

2841
02:25:47,200 --> 02:25:50,900
learn an all-time high of over 
12 million shares were traded 

2842
02:25:50,900 --> 02:25:53,000
that day, which is about three 
times. 

2843
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:56,300
The normal amount The stock 
prices were meant to be shown on

2844
02:25:56,300 --> 02:25:59,900
ticket tape machines, all day, 
but they couldn't keep up, they 

2845
02:25:59,900 --> 02:26:02,600
were hours behind schedule by 
the afternoon, so no one 

2846
02:26:02,600 --> 02:26:06,100
anything was worth people bought
and sold stocks without knowing 

2847
02:26:06,100 --> 02:26:08,600
what the prices were and sellers
didn't know what they were 

2848
02:26:08,600 --> 02:26:11,000
getting charged. 
As you go to sleep tonight, 

2849
02:26:11,000 --> 02:26:13,700
picture what Wall Street looked 
like that Thursday night. 

2850
02:26:13,700 --> 02:26:17,500
Many people gathered around the 
Stock Exchange, ticker tape was 

2851
02:26:17,508 --> 02:26:20,500
strewn across the streets like 
confetti after a parade that no 

2852
02:26:20,500 --> 02:26:23,600
one wanted to go to and the 
sound of a party ending for the 

2853
02:26:23,600 --> 02:26:25,400
evening could be heard somewhere
in the Darkness. 

2854
02:26:27,300 --> 02:26:31,600
A party finished on October 
24th, on October 29th, also 

2855
02:26:31,600 --> 02:26:34,900
known as Black Tuesday. 
The police were called all the 

2856
02:26:34,900 --> 02:26:37,000
lights were turned on and 
everyone saw the mess. 

2857
02:26:37,000 --> 02:26:40,000
They had made, it's already very
different from the world, you 

2858
02:26:40,000 --> 02:26:43,300
went to sleep in when you wake 
up at Tuesday Morning, Over the 

2859
02:26:43,300 --> 02:26:45,100
weekend. 
It became clear that this wasn't

2860
02:26:45,100 --> 02:26:48,200
just a short-term setback. 
Even though Banks and well, 

2861
02:26:48,200 --> 02:26:50,500
known financiers were working 
hard to restore Trust. 

2862
02:26:51,300 --> 02:26:53,900
It really happened. 
There was a full-on banking 

2863
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:55,800
Panic. 
It was challenging for the 

2864
02:26:55,808 --> 02:26:58,800
morning newspapers to stay 
positive, but you could read the

2865
02:26:58,800 --> 02:27:01,700
fear in the words. 
The headlines talked about 

2866
02:27:01,700 --> 02:27:05,200
temporary Market adjustments and
buying opportunities for smart 

2867
02:27:05,200 --> 02:27:07,900
investors. 
But the numbers indicated that 

2868
02:27:07,900 --> 02:27:09,400
things were not what they seem 
to be. 

2869
02:27:10,200 --> 02:27:12,800
Stocks were going down quickly 
after slowly going up for 

2870
02:27:12,800 --> 02:27:16,800
months, when the stock market 
opened at 10 a.m. millions of 

2871
02:27:16,808 --> 02:27:20,400
shares were already available 
for sale prices, don't just drop

2872
02:27:20,400 --> 02:27:23,000
during a panic. 
They crash because everyone 

2873
02:27:23,000 --> 02:27:24,900
wants to sell but no one wants 
to buy. 

2874
02:27:24,900 --> 02:27:27,900
It's like musical chairs. 
But someone took away all the 

2875
02:27:27,908 --> 02:27:31,800
chairs at once and everyone saw 
it at the same time, over 16 

2876
02:27:31,800 --> 02:27:34,700
million shares were traded that 
day, which was a record. 

2877
02:27:34,700 --> 02:27:37,500
That wouldn't be broken for. 
Almost, 40 years, black 

2878
02:27:37,500 --> 02:27:40,200
Thursday, was already too busy 
for the ticker tape machine to 

2879
02:27:40,200 --> 02:27:43,000
keep up by noon. 
They were reporting prices from 

2880
02:27:43,000 --> 02:27:46,900
10 a.m. they were hours behind 
by the afternoon people made 

2881
02:27:46,900 --> 02:27:49,200
financial decisions based on 
data, that was almost 

2882
02:27:49,200 --> 02:27:52,700
immediately outdated. 
Imagine the scene inside The 

2883
02:27:52,700 --> 02:27:54,800
Brokerage officers phones were 
ringing. 

2884
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:57,700
Nonstop workers were rushing to 
handle sell orders. 

2885
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:00,600
And customers were squeezing 
together to find out what was 

2886
02:28:00,600 --> 02:28:03,600
going on with their Investments.
Everyone was talking at the same

2887
02:28:03,600 --> 02:28:05,300
time and trying to shout over 
the others. 

2888
02:28:05,300 --> 02:28:08,400
The ticker tape machines 
clattered and people began to 

2889
02:28:08,400 --> 02:28:10,100
realize something terrible was 
happening. 

2890
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:14,100
The most distressing aspect was 
witnessing ordinary individuals.

2891
02:28:14,100 --> 02:28:16,600
Discover they had lost their 
entire life savings. 

2892
02:28:16,600 --> 02:28:20,100
The secretary had used the money
she earned from selling stocks 

2893
02:28:20,100 --> 02:28:22,000
to purchase that apartment 
building. 

2894
02:28:22,800 --> 02:28:25,200
The value of her stocks are 
dropped since she bought them. 

2895
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:28,000
Car driver. 
Who quit when he was 35? 

2896
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:31,600
His search for work. 
Had begun again, who was the 

2897
02:28:31,600 --> 02:28:33,400
mother who paid for her 
daughter's wedding? 

2898
02:28:34,100 --> 02:28:36,500
There was no way for her to tell
her family that the money was 

2899
02:28:36,500 --> 02:28:39,500
still there, but it wasn't just 
small buyers, who lost all their

2900
02:28:39,500 --> 02:28:41,400
money. 
The banks that gave all that 

2901
02:28:41,400 --> 02:28:42,900
money to buy stocks were also 
in. 

2902
02:28:42,900 --> 02:28:45,700
A lot of trouble, people 
couldn't pay back their margin 

2903
02:28:45,700 --> 02:28:48,400
loans, because the value of 
their stocks dropped below what 

2904
02:28:48,400 --> 02:28:51,100
they borrowed, these 
circumstances meant that the 

2905
02:28:51,108 --> 02:28:52,800
banks were left with useless 
paper. 

2906
02:28:52,800 --> 02:28:56,500
There was a chance that some 
banks, this specialty smaller 

2907
02:28:56,500 --> 02:28:58,600
ones that had done a lot of 
dealing in the stock market 

2908
02:28:58,600 --> 02:29:02,100
would fail. 
What a strange irony the system 

2909
02:29:02,100 --> 02:29:04,700
that had made all those paper 
richest was now destroying them 

2910
02:29:04,700 --> 02:29:08,500
just as quickly calls on margin 
which at first seemed like a 

2911
02:29:08,500 --> 02:29:11,800
smart way to boost games were 
now making losses, worse. 

2912
02:29:11,800 --> 02:29:14,700
People who bought stocks in 
several different companies, 

2913
02:29:14,700 --> 02:29:17,600
thought they were lowering their
risk, but they soon learned that

2914
02:29:17,600 --> 02:29:20,500
when there is a panic, all 
stocks go down at the same time,

2915
02:29:20,500 --> 02:29:23,700
they were stories, going around 
all day, that would become part 

2916
02:29:23,700 --> 02:29:26,900
of Wall Street, folklore. 
There was the story that 

2917
02:29:26,900 --> 02:29:30,000
stockbrokers jumped out of 
office Windows, which was mostly

2918
02:29:30,000 --> 02:29:32,900
made up, but a few people did 
kill themselves in the weeks 

2919
02:29:32,900 --> 02:29:35,900
that followed the stories of 
millionaires who went from being

2920
02:29:35,900 --> 02:29:38,900
rich to being middle class. 
In one day, a middle-class 

2921
02:29:38,900 --> 02:29:41,500
families who went from being 
rich to being poor were more 

2922
02:29:41,500 --> 02:29:44,000
true. 
The Dow Jones Industrial Average

2923
02:29:44,000 --> 02:29:46,800
had declined by 12%. 
By the time, the market closed 

2924
02:29:46,800 --> 02:29:51,000
at 3 p.m. at that point, it was 
the second worst single day 

2925
02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:55,000
percentage drop in its history. 
The percentage doesn't show how 

2926
02:29:55,000 --> 02:29:57,800
sad it was for the millions of 
Americans who went to bed that 

2927
02:29:57,800 --> 02:30:01,300
night knowing that their 
financial plans, their hopes of 

2928
02:30:01,300 --> 02:30:04,600
retiring, early or sending their
kids to college had been turned 

2929
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:08,200
into useless paper, certificates
evening newspaper headlines, 

2930
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:11,100
which attempted to maintain a 
positive outlook proclaimed 

2931
02:30:11,100 --> 02:30:16,100
phrases, like Market hits bottom
and worst is over, they were 

2932
02:30:16,100 --> 02:30:18,800
mistaken, the stock market 
crashed didn't end on Black 

2933
02:30:18,800 --> 02:30:21,100
Tuesday. 
It was just the worst day of 

2934
02:30:21,100 --> 02:30:23,100
what would be a much longer and 
worse slide. 

2935
02:30:24,000 --> 02:30:26,800
There was a huge financial 
hangover in the United States in

2936
02:30:26,800 --> 02:30:30,200
the days after Black Tuesday. 
You know how it feels to stay 

2937
02:30:30,200 --> 02:30:33,300
up, too late at a party and then
question every choice you made 

2938
02:30:33,300 --> 02:30:35,700
the night before. 
That's how you feel in the 

2939
02:30:35,708 --> 02:30:39,300
morning in November 1929. 
That was the whole country. 

2940
02:30:39,300 --> 02:30:42,400
The first thing that happened 
was denial, which is probably 

2941
02:30:42,400 --> 02:30:43,900
the most normal thing that can 
happen. 

2942
02:30:43,900 --> 02:30:45,900
This had to be temporary. 
Right? 

2943
02:30:45,900 --> 02:30:49,400
Once price has dropped enough, 
smart, money would come back 

2944
02:30:49,400 --> 02:30:52,800
into the market, someone like 
the government, or the banks 

2945
02:30:52,800 --> 02:30:56,400
would figure out how to fix this
the newspapers thought so too. 

2946
02:30:56,400 --> 02:30:58,800
Because they kept writing up 
Beats stories about bargain 

2947
02:30:58,800 --> 02:31:01,700
hunters and buying opportunities
all the way through November. 

2948
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:04,800
As it turned out, president 
Herbert Hoover was in office 

2949
02:31:04,800 --> 02:31:07,600
when The Music stopped He 
initially made an effort to 

2950
02:31:07,600 --> 02:31:10,200
project confidence. 
He made reassuring statements 

2951
02:31:10,200 --> 02:31:13,500
about the basic strength of the 
American economy, which were 

2952
02:31:13,500 --> 02:31:16,900
accurate, but not very helpful. 
It is akin to informing someone 

2953
02:31:16,900 --> 02:31:20,100
that their house is structurally
sound while it is engulfed in 

2954
02:31:20,100 --> 02:31:23,300
flames all around them. 
It was true that the economy was

2955
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:26,200
strong, but that didn't help the
millions of people who had just 

2956
02:31:26,200 --> 02:31:29,900
seen their funds disappear. 
The weeks, following the crash 

2957
02:31:29,900 --> 02:31:31,800
revealed, the interconnectedness
of everything. 

2958
02:31:32,800 --> 02:31:35,700
Stock market was no longer just 
a place for Rich investors to 

2959
02:31:35,700 --> 02:31:37,900
have fun. 
It was an important part of 

2960
02:31:37,900 --> 02:31:41,100
American Business. 
Banks would give out loans based

2961
02:31:41,100 --> 02:31:42,900
on stock prices that were too 
high. 

2962
02:31:42,900 --> 02:31:45,900
A lot of businesses plan to grow
because they thought the good 

2963
02:31:45,900 --> 02:31:49,800
times would last Regular 
families had made big Financial 

2964
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:53,700
choices based on gains that were
only on paper and were now gone,

2965
02:31:53,700 --> 02:31:56,700
it was almost as bad for 
people's mental health, as it 

2966
02:31:56,708 --> 02:31:59,500
was for their finances. 
For nearly a decade. 

2967
02:31:59,500 --> 02:32:01,400
Americans were told that wealth 
was normal. 

2968
02:32:01,400 --> 02:32:04,000
And that anyone could get rich 
by trading in the market 

2969
02:32:04,000 --> 02:32:07,300
individuals, who believe they 
were financially Savvy had to 

2970
02:32:07,300 --> 02:32:10,400
quickly confront the possibility
that they had been part of a 

2971
02:32:10,400 --> 02:32:13,000
widespread illusion. 
Most terrible thing about the 

2972
02:32:13,000 --> 02:32:15,400
crash was that it showed the 
lies that had kept the boom 

2973
02:32:15,400 --> 02:32:18,100
Going Could you please share 
those stories again about 

2974
02:32:18,100 --> 02:32:20,800
secretaries and cab drivers 
achieving financial success? 

2975
02:32:20,800 --> 02:32:24,700
Those people were now broke and 
their stories were meant to warn

2976
02:32:24,700 --> 02:32:28,400
in stead of inspire Investment 
clubs that had sprung up in 

2977
02:32:28,400 --> 02:32:31,400
neighborhoods across the country
quietly broke up because their 

2978
02:32:31,400 --> 02:32:33,600
members were too ashamed to talk
about their losses. 

2979
02:32:33,600 --> 02:32:37,400
It was clear by December 1929 
that the result wasn't going to 

2980
02:32:37,400 --> 02:32:40,800
be a quick comeback. 
Stock prices kept going down but

2981
02:32:40,800 --> 02:32:43,200
not in big drops all at once 
instead. 

2982
02:32:43,200 --> 02:32:46,500
They went down slowly and 
steadily in a way that was 

2983
02:32:46,500 --> 02:32:47,900
almost worse than the initial 
fear. 

2984
02:32:48,800 --> 02:32:52,500
Panic is at least interesting. 
Slow decline is just sad. 

2985
02:32:52,500 --> 02:32:56,100
It's like every day seeing 
someone, you care about get sick

2986
02:32:56,100 --> 02:32:59,600
and not being able to do 
anything about it. banks that 

2987
02:32:59,600 --> 02:33:02,100
were eager to give money to buy 
stocks when now desperately 

2988
02:33:02,100 --> 02:33:05,400
trying to get those loans paid 
back But a stone doesn't have 

2989
02:33:05,400 --> 02:33:07,400
blood and people can't give you 
money. 

2990
02:33:07,400 --> 02:33:11,000
They don't have the first Banks 
to fail were the smaller ones 

2991
02:33:11,000 --> 02:33:12,600
that had been most involved in 
stock market. 

2992
02:33:12,600 --> 02:33:15,900
Speculation as the crash is 
spread, they moved up to the 

2993
02:33:15,900 --> 02:33:18,700
bigger Banks. 
Not many people knew the truth 

2994
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:22,000
yet, but the stock market crash 
was only the beginning. 

2995
02:33:23,400 --> 02:33:26,100
Those who thought the crash 
wouldn't affect the real economy

2996
02:33:26,100 --> 02:33:29,800
factories farms and shops were 
about to be proven wrong. 

2997
02:33:30,700 --> 02:33:33,300
Losing their life savings, 
discourages people from making 

2998
02:33:33,300 --> 02:33:36,900
purchases, when people don't buy
things, businesses stopped, 

2999
02:33:36,900 --> 02:33:39,100
making them people lose their 
jobs. 

3000
02:33:39,100 --> 02:33:42,100
When companies stop making 
things, people tend to stop 

3001
02:33:42,100 --> 02:33:43,800
buying things when they lose 
their jobs. 

3002
02:33:43,800 --> 02:33:46,900
Once it starts, it's very 
difficult to break out of this 

3003
02:33:46,900 --> 02:33:50,000
vicious circle. 
Unemployment began to rise at 

3004
02:33:50,000 --> 02:33:53,800
the end of 1929 but people 
didn't fully understand how dire

3005
02:33:53,800 --> 02:33:55,600
things were going to get for a 
few more months. 

3006
02:33:56,500 --> 02:33:59,900
Not only did the stock market 
crash wipe out wealth, but it 

3007
02:33:59,900 --> 02:34:03,300
also destroyed Trust. 
It turns out that confidence is 

3008
02:34:03,300 --> 02:34:05,800
one of the most important parts 
of a healthy economy. 

3009
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:08,300
The sad. 
Irony was that the things that 

3010
02:34:08,308 --> 02:34:09,600
made the boom? 
So amazing. 

3011
02:34:10,400 --> 02:34:14,300
Hope willingness to take risks 
and the belief that anything was

3012
02:34:14,300 --> 02:34:18,600
possible were now backfiring. 
At first, everyone thought 

3013
02:34:18,600 --> 02:34:21,300
stocks could only go up now 
everyone. 

3014
02:34:21,300 --> 02:34:25,200
Thought they could only go down 
prices were going down too low 

3015
02:34:25,200 --> 02:34:27,500
because of the same herd 
attitude that had pushed them up

3016
02:34:27,500 --> 02:34:30,800
too high. 
Now that the story is over you 

3017
02:34:30,800 --> 02:34:33,000
may be thinking about what 
happened next and more 

3018
02:34:33,000 --> 02:34:36,100
importantly, what we learned 
from this costly lesson in being

3019
02:34:36,100 --> 02:34:39,400
humble with money. 
The first question is about the 

3020
02:34:39,400 --> 02:34:42,700
Great Depression, which happened
for 10 years and had a giant 

3021
02:34:42,700 --> 02:34:46,500
impact on American society. 
The second question has a more 

3022
02:34:46,500 --> 02:34:49,100
difficult answer because the 
lessons people learned from the 

3023
02:34:49,100 --> 02:34:52,900
crash of 1929 weren't all is the
ones that history was meant to 

3024
02:34:52,900 --> 02:34:55,800
teach them. 
At the time, it looked like the 

3025
02:34:55,800 --> 02:34:58,900
most important lesson was that 
trading in the stock market was 

3026
02:34:58,900 --> 02:35:01,700
risky and not something regular 
people should do. 

3027
02:35:02,900 --> 02:35:06,100
For a generation of American's 
investing in stocks, lost, lost 

3028
02:35:06,100 --> 02:35:09,100
all charm, it felt in to dealing
with explosives. 

3029
02:35:09,100 --> 02:35:12,200
This may have been an 
overreaction but it was to be 

3030
02:35:12,208 --> 02:35:14,600
expected from people who just 
saw their neighbor's lose 

3031
02:35:14,600 --> 02:35:17,000
everything. 
It took a while, but the 

3032
02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:19,600
government also learned some 
things, a lot of the worst 

3033
02:35:19,600 --> 02:35:22,500
things that happened in the 
1920s were stopped by new rules,

3034
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:25,300
to keep an eye on the stock 
market, they established the 

3035
02:35:25,300 --> 02:35:27,800
Securities and Exchange 
Commission to monitor the stock 

3036
02:35:27,800 --> 02:35:30,200
market. 
Customers money to bet on 

3037
02:35:30,208 --> 02:35:32,600
stocks. 
To positive insurance was made 

3038
02:35:32,600 --> 02:35:34,400
so that people wouldn't lose 
their savings. 

3039
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:37,600
If their bank went out of 
business, While these changes 

3040
02:35:37,600 --> 02:35:40,300
were wise, they arrived too late
to assist those who had already 

3041
02:35:40,308 --> 02:35:42,900
lost their lives. 
But here's the thing about 

3042
02:35:42,900 --> 02:35:46,400
people, Were very Adept at 
forgetting the exact lessons we 

3043
02:35:46,400 --> 02:35:49,500
learned from the last disaster 
while still being open to the 

3044
02:35:49,500 --> 02:35:52,600
next one. 
People who live through 1929 

3045
02:35:52,600 --> 02:35:56,400
were very wary of speculating in
the stock market, their children

3046
02:35:56,400 --> 02:35:59,700
and grandkids who didn't live 
through the crash were not as 

3047
02:35:59,700 --> 02:36:03,200
careful. 
America experienced another 

3048
02:36:03,200 --> 02:36:06,300
speculative frenzy in the 1990s 
this time. 

3049
02:36:06,300 --> 02:36:10,400
The speculation frenzy focused 
on internet stocks which often 

3050
02:36:10,400 --> 02:36:12,900
lost money and sometimes made no
profit at all. 

3051
02:36:12,900 --> 02:36:15,300
People quit their jobs to become
day. 

3052
02:36:15,300 --> 02:36:18,500
Trade Traders, new technology 
seemed to change everything and 

3053
02:36:18,500 --> 02:36:21,600
stock prices that had nothing to
do with how businesses actually 

3054
02:36:21,600 --> 02:36:24,100
worked made. 
The.com bubble of the late 

3055
02:36:24,100 --> 02:36:28,400
1990s. 
Eerily resemble 1929 experts 

3056
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:30,600
were quick to point out why this
time is different. 

3057
02:36:30,600 --> 02:36:33,700
People were shocked when that 
boom burst in 2000. 

3058
02:36:33,700 --> 02:36:37,400
Even though anyone who knew what
happened in 1929 could have seen

3059
02:36:37,400 --> 02:36:41,300
it coming the 2000 housing 
bubble head easy credit gambling

3060
02:36:41,300 --> 02:36:44,900
and the belief that prices could
only rise people were once again

3061
02:36:44,900 --> 02:36:49,700
shocked when that boom burst in 
2008 causing another financial 

3062
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:52,500
crisis. 
Every generation must acquire 

3063
02:36:52,500 --> 02:36:55,100
these lessons independently 
often through painful 

3064
02:36:55,100 --> 02:36:57,500
experiences. 
Its challenging, to remember the

3065
02:36:57,500 --> 02:37:00,800
most important lesson from 1929,
when the market is booming, 

3066
02:37:00,800 --> 02:37:04,400
markets are driven by feelings 
as much as they are by economic 

3067
02:37:04,400 --> 02:37:07,200
facts. 
When everyone is, happy prices 

3068
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:10,200
go up way past. 
What makes sense prices drop 

3069
02:37:10,200 --> 02:37:11,700
below? 
What makes sense when everyone 

3070
02:37:11,700 --> 02:37:14,200
is negative. 
It makes sense to be careful 

3071
02:37:14,200 --> 02:37:17,300
when everyone else is happy and 
brave when everyone else is sad.

3072
02:37:17,300 --> 02:37:20,100
But that means going against 
your feelings in the crowd, 

3073
02:37:20,100 --> 02:37:23,100
which is never easy. 
Another thing I learned is that 

3074
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:25,900
adding more complexity, doesn't 
always get rid of the risk. 

3075
02:37:25,900 --> 02:37:30,100
It just hides it. 
In the 1920s, the system of 

3076
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:33,600
margin loans seemed like a smart
way to let more people 

3077
02:37:33,600 --> 02:37:35,400
participate in the growth of the
market. 

3078
02:37:35,400 --> 02:37:40,000
In fact, it made the crash worse
by amplifying, gains and losses.

3079
02:37:40,000 --> 02:37:43,800
It seems like every time there 
is a financial crisis, something

3080
02:37:43,800 --> 02:37:47,100
new comes out that is meant to 
make investing safer, but ends 

3081
02:37:47,100 --> 02:37:51,100
up making it riskier. 
The 1929 crash may have taught 

3082
02:37:51,100 --> 02:37:54,600
us more than anything else, that
there is no such thing as cheap 

3083
02:37:54,600 --> 02:37:57,200
money. 
The people who got rich in the 

3084
02:37:57,200 --> 02:38:00,000
1920 stock market, weren't 
smarter than everyone else. 

3085
02:38:00,000 --> 02:38:02,900
They were just lucky enough to 
own stocks when everyone else 

3086
02:38:02,900 --> 02:38:07,100
wanted to buy them. 
When that changed their paper 

3087
02:38:07,100 --> 02:38:10,600
gains went away, just as quickly
as they came, as you drift off 

3088
02:38:10,600 --> 02:38:13,600
to sleep contemplate, those 
lessons and how strong the 

3089
02:38:13,600 --> 02:38:17,400
people who live through that 
time were they rebounded, absorb

3090
02:38:17,400 --> 02:38:20,300
their mistakes and bolstered and
stabilized the economy. 

3091
02:38:20,300 --> 02:38:24,000
Despite the devastating impact 
of the 1929 crash. 

3092
02:38:24,000 --> 02:38:28,500
It was not a catastrophic event.
Not just what can go wrong, but 

3093
02:38:28,500 --> 02:38:31,500
also how people fix things is 
sometimes the most important 

3094
02:38:31,500 --> 02:38:35,400
thing to learn from the past. 
The stock market did perform 

3095
02:38:35,400 --> 02:38:39,000
better in the end but it took 25
years for it to hit its high 

3096
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:42,900
points again in 1929. 
People became more careful and 

3097
02:38:42,900 --> 02:38:44,800
less trusting of plans to get 
rich quickly. 

3098
02:38:45,700 --> 02:38:48,700
They also learned to Value 
steady long-term growth more 

3099
02:38:48,700 --> 02:38:51,400
than big gains. 
The also learned that people are

3100
02:38:51,400 --> 02:38:55,200
creative and strong even in 
uncertain markets Good night. 

3101
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:57,900
And remember that, the older 
piece of investment advice is 

3102
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:01,000
probably still the best. 
If it sounds too good to be 

3103
02:39:01,000 --> 02:39:11,400
true, it probably is. 
Charles John Huffman's, enter 

3104
02:39:11,400 --> 02:39:15,000
the world on February 7th, 1812 
in, Portsmouth, England, and 

3105
02:39:15,000 --> 02:39:18,300
unassuming coastal city, whose 
Naval docks were alive with 

3106
02:39:18,300 --> 02:39:21,000
Shipyard. 
Clamor his father, John, Dickens

3107
02:39:21,000 --> 02:39:24,200
was a clerk in the Navy, pay 
office and his mother, Elizabeth

3108
02:39:24,200 --> 02:39:28,300
Barrow, juggled household duties
with literary aspirations of her

3109
02:39:28,300 --> 02:39:30,800
own. 
The future readers might picture

3110
02:39:30,800 --> 02:39:34,700
dickens's early years, brimming 
with quaint scenes, his youth 

3111
02:39:34,700 --> 02:39:37,600
was less storybook, and more 
precarious, in many accounts. 

3112
02:39:37,600 --> 02:39:40,700
Dickens first emerges as a child
forced to work in a 

3113
02:39:40,708 --> 02:39:43,400
boot-blacking warehouse after 
his father's imprisonment. 

3114
02:39:44,300 --> 02:39:46,200
While that humiliating episode 
is well known. 

3115
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:49,600
Less noted is how Dickinson's 
sense of betrayal took root 

3116
02:39:49,600 --> 02:39:52,300
during that time. 
He felt cast off by parents, who

3117
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:54,200
placed him in a grimy, Riverside
Factory. 

3118
02:39:54,200 --> 02:39:58,400
Scraping labels from bottles for
hours on end that sense of 

3119
02:39:58,400 --> 02:40:01,700
Abandonment. 
Left scars years later. 

3120
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:04,900
He disguised the trauma in 
comedic, passages, or 

3121
02:40:04,900 --> 02:40:08,200
heartbreaking novels, but the 
sting of childhood adversity was

3122
02:40:08,200 --> 02:40:11,800
never fully exorcised. 
The four that warehouse or deal?

3123
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:14,200
Dickens, spent a short Span in a
school. 

3124
02:40:14,200 --> 02:40:18,000
In Chatham teachers found him 
bright and observe and he 

3125
02:40:18,000 --> 02:40:21,000
devoured cheap Adventure tales 
and occasionally wrote small 

3126
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:23,100
sketches. 
If not for financial 

3127
02:40:23,100 --> 02:40:25,700
mismanagement. 
Perhaps he would have continued.

3128
02:40:25,700 --> 02:40:29,100
This schooling on a baited 
instead money troubles, 

3129
02:40:29,100 --> 02:40:32,100
spiraled. 
The father's easygoing nature. 

3130
02:40:32,100 --> 02:40:34,800
Plus a love of small luxuries 
spelled Doom. 

3131
02:40:35,600 --> 02:40:38,500
When John Dickinson's fell 
behind on bills, local bailiffs 

3132
02:40:38,500 --> 02:40:39,800
of eventually hold him to 
martial. 

3133
02:40:39,800 --> 02:40:42,100
See debtors prison in southwark 
young. 

3134
02:40:42,100 --> 02:40:45,700
Charles felt Pride battered by 
this Scandal, imprisonment for 

3135
02:40:45,700 --> 02:40:47,300
debt. 
Carried a social stigma, 

3136
02:40:47,300 --> 02:40:50,200
Elizabeth Dickens struggling 
outside. 

3137
02:40:50,200 --> 02:40:53,200
The Prison Walls, insisted that 
Charles keep laboring at the 

3138
02:40:53,208 --> 02:40:55,500
blacking Factory to support the 
family. 

3139
02:40:56,400 --> 02:40:59,200
This parental stance, deepened 
his sense of Injustice. 

3140
02:41:00,300 --> 02:41:02,600
Dickens found small consolation 
in nighttime. 

3141
02:41:02,600 --> 02:41:05,400
Strolls by the Thames. 
Where he observed the chaos of 

3142
02:41:05,400 --> 02:41:09,200
London's underworld including 
Tavern brawls children's selling

3143
02:41:09,200 --> 02:41:11,700
goods and ragged Porter's 
carrying crates. 

3144
02:41:11,700 --> 02:41:15,200
Such experience is fueled the 
observational Acuity that would 

3145
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:17,800
one day saturate, his novels 
with authenticity. 

3146
02:41:18,600 --> 02:41:21,600
He saw how easily fate could 
tip, honest families into 

3147
02:41:21,600 --> 02:41:23,700
squalor. 
A theme that would recur in his 

3148
02:41:23,700 --> 02:41:27,500
narrative about orphans outcasts
and Fallen Gentry. 

3149
02:41:28,400 --> 02:41:31,100
As Time passed, John 
Dickinson's, managed to secure 

3150
02:41:31,100 --> 02:41:33,000
his release by settling partial 
debts. 

3151
02:41:33,900 --> 02:41:37,100
Charles was allowed to return to
schooling and abrupt shift that 

3152
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:38,600
left him grateful, but 
conflicted. 

3153
02:41:38,600 --> 02:41:42,000
He tasted the indigenes of 
laboring among older workers. 

3154
02:41:42,000 --> 02:41:45,000
Who teased him for his 
middle-class airs, back at a 

3155
02:41:45,000 --> 02:41:47,900
desk, aimed to catch up 
academically, the funds remain 

3156
02:41:47,900 --> 02:41:51,200
tight. the first for knowledge 
to find his after hours, 

3157
02:41:51,200 --> 02:41:54,100
rummaging through secondhand 
books, stalls, studying the 

3158
02:41:54,100 --> 02:41:58,100
language of newspapers or 
eavesdropping on City gossip, By

3159
02:41:58,100 --> 02:42:01,100
the age of 15, it completed, his
formal education and found 

3160
02:42:01,100 --> 02:42:02,600
himself back in the Working 
World. 

3161
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:05,600
This time as a junior class in a
solicitor's office. 

3162
02:42:06,600 --> 02:42:10,200
Despite its mundane nature. 
Dickens's job, exposed him to 

3163
02:42:10,200 --> 02:42:12,000
the intricacies of legal 
bureaucracy. 

3164
02:42:12,000 --> 02:42:15,500
Dickens observed lawyers, taking
advantage of outdated processes,

3165
02:42:15,500 --> 02:42:19,400
Petty, lawsuits lasting months 
and fees draining families. 

3166
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:23,700
It seemed a heartless machine. 
Meanwhile, Dickens itch to 

3167
02:42:23,700 --> 02:42:25,800
write. 
He taught himself short-hand a 

3168
02:42:25,800 --> 02:42:28,900
skill in demand for courtroom or
parliamentary reporting with 

3169
02:42:28,900 --> 02:42:31,400
that tool, you pivoted to 
freelance journalism. 

3170
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:35,300
He roamed London streets after 
his clock hours, forging, a 

3171
02:42:35,300 --> 02:42:36,800
double life as an amateur 
reporter. 

3172
02:42:36,800 --> 02:42:40,100
Pending observations about 
social ills or comedic mishaps 

3173
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:42,400
soon enough. 
He earned small commissions, 

3174
02:42:42,400 --> 02:42:44,800
capturing parliamentary debates 
for local papers. 

3175
02:42:44,800 --> 02:42:48,100
This exposure sharpened, his 
sense of London's, political 

3176
02:42:48,100 --> 02:42:52,000
theatric, a stage of pomp, 
cunning, and sweeping rhetoric 

3177
02:42:52,000 --> 02:42:54,000
that seldom, solved the plight 
of the poor. 

3178
02:42:54,800 --> 02:42:57,500
In these formative years Dickens
rarely confided. 

3179
02:42:57,500 --> 02:43:02,300
His deep Ambitions to family, he
was polite energetic but also 

3180
02:43:02,300 --> 02:43:05,900
guarded It said that the 
warehouse humiliation bred 

3181
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:10,700
secrecy publicly, he projected 
witton, warmth privately, he 

3182
02:43:10,700 --> 02:43:14,700
seized it in Justice, he began 
drafting sketches of everyday 

3183
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:18,800
characters, bustling office 
Messengers, crusty paralegals, 

3184
02:43:18,800 --> 02:43:21,200
Street vendors, with the melodic
cries. 

3185
02:43:21,200 --> 02:43:25,900
These glimpses the core of his 
early Style, He recognized that 

3186
02:43:25,900 --> 02:43:29,300
the city teamed with stories, 
just waiting to be told stories 

3187
02:43:29,300 --> 02:43:32,300
of ambition heartbreak and 
improbable comedy. 

3188
02:43:33,300 --> 02:43:36,600
For Dickens the line between 
real life and fiction thin daily

3189
02:43:36,600 --> 02:43:41,300
thus by age, 20 Charles, Dickens
was a Restless Spirit, armed 

3190
02:43:41,300 --> 02:43:44,000
with bitter memories and a 
natural gift for observation 

3191
02:43:44,000 --> 02:43:45,900
though, not yet the famed 
novelist. 

3192
02:43:45,900 --> 02:43:49,400
He was planting seeds for the 
empathy and social critique that

3193
02:43:49,400 --> 02:43:52,000
would soon Bloom. 
He glimpsed the cruelty of 

3194
02:43:52,008 --> 02:43:56,700
circumstance and the fragility 
of Fortunes that awareness fused

3195
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:59,800
with irrepressible, human 
Sympathy for the downtrodden 

3196
02:43:59,800 --> 02:44:03,200
would guide him as he waited 
deeper into the journalistic 

3197
02:44:03,200 --> 02:44:06,400
realm, then soared into the 
literary spotlight. 

3198
02:44:07,700 --> 02:44:10,700
Dickens's early for into 
journalism, gradually, eclipsed,

3199
02:44:10,700 --> 02:44:13,200
his clock duties. 
He discovered a knack for 

3200
02:44:13,200 --> 02:44:17,000
capturing small happening with 
dramatic Flair employed first. 

3201
02:44:17,000 --> 02:44:20,000
As a short-hand reporter at 
doctors Commons where Maritime 

3202
02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:22,500
and probate cases were heard 
Dickens gleaned. 

3203
02:44:22,500 --> 02:44:26,000
Oddly legal, details, comedic 
rivalries and labyrinthine 

3204
02:44:26,000 --> 02:44:28,800
procedures that later informed. 
His novels about the laws of 

3205
02:44:28,800 --> 02:44:32,100
asserted his meanwhile, his 
coverage of parliamentary 

3206
02:44:32,100 --> 02:44:36,500
debates, demanded Swift accurate
short hair, That discipline 

3207
02:44:36,500 --> 02:44:38,600
sharpened, his memory and 
attention to nuance. 

3208
02:44:39,400 --> 02:44:43,000
He soon ventured into writing 
sketches brief witty 

3209
02:44:43,000 --> 02:44:46,800
observations on London, life, 
for periodicals using the pen 

3210
02:44:46,800 --> 02:44:49,700
name, Boz. 
Dickens portrayed bus conductors

3211
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:52,800
cracking jokes. 
Fussy spinsters in their cramped

3212
02:44:52,800 --> 02:44:56,100
parlors or Rowdy coach 
passengers headed to the suburbs

3213
02:44:56,100 --> 02:45:00,600
these pieces collected later as 
sketches by Boz revealed, a gift

3214
02:45:00,600 --> 02:45:04,400
for Conjuring, comedic snapshots
tinged with empathy readers 

3215
02:45:04,400 --> 02:45:08,200
laughed, at his gentle satire of
human foibles, editors noticed 

3216
02:45:08,200 --> 02:45:10,400
the fresh voice, the public 
wanted more. 

3217
02:45:10,400 --> 02:45:13,600
At the same time, Dickens 
navigated a personal Milestone, 

3218
02:45:13,600 --> 02:45:18,000
he became engaged to Catherine, 
Hogarth daughter of a newspaper 

3219
02:45:18,000 --> 02:45:20,400
colleague. 
The match signaled developments 

3220
02:45:20,400 --> 02:45:22,800
of stability. 
Catherine was supported. 

3221
02:45:22,800 --> 02:45:26,900
If some what reserved Their 
courtship LED, Dickens to refine

3222
02:45:26,900 --> 02:45:30,300
his sense of domestic security. 
Something he'd lacked in youth, 

3223
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:33,500
Well, not known for confessional
writing about romance. 

3224
02:45:33,500 --> 02:45:37,600
Dickens's, letters hinted at 
genuine, affection, they married

3225
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:41,800
in 1836 soon, renting a modest 
home as Dickens juggled 

3226
02:45:41,800 --> 02:45:45,200
journalism sketches and 
incipient novel projects 

3227
02:45:45,200 --> 02:45:48,700
opportunity knocked unexpectedly
when a publisher approached him 

3228
02:45:48,700 --> 02:45:51,900
for a serialized comedic novel 
to accompany illustrations by a 

3229
02:45:51,900 --> 02:45:54,800
well known artists, the result 
initially planned. 

3230
02:45:54,800 --> 02:45:58,200
As a set of light-hearted 
sporting Adventures evolved into

3231
02:45:58,200 --> 02:46:01,400
the Pickwick papers. 
Dickens's, comedic energy 

3232
02:46:01,400 --> 02:46:04,500
combined, with Whimsical 
characters, turned it into a 

3233
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:07,700
literary phenomenon. 
Through Mr. Pickwick's 

3234
02:46:07,700 --> 02:46:09,900
Misadventures and the Cockney 
charm of Sam Weller. 

3235
02:46:09,900 --> 02:46:14,800
Dickens found a vast audience 
circulation sword readers 

3236
02:46:14,800 --> 02:46:16,400
devoured. 
Each monthly installment, 

3237
02:46:16,400 --> 02:46:19,600
Dickens at 24, became a 
household name. 

3238
02:46:19,600 --> 02:46:23,000
Yet behind the success. 
He sweated over deadlines 

3239
02:46:23,000 --> 02:46:26,700
rewriting Chapters at the last 
moment, the serial format 

3240
02:46:26,700 --> 02:46:30,500
demanded constant invention, he 
discovered that comedic set 

3241
02:46:30,500 --> 02:46:33,500
pieces like a misread will or an
accidental infiltration of a 

3242
02:46:33,508 --> 02:46:35,900
ladies costume party tickled 
popular taste. 

3243
02:46:35,900 --> 02:46:39,400
He also experimented with 
poignant moments such as the 

3244
02:46:39,400 --> 02:46:43,100
plight of a downtrodden and or a
debtor infusing, The Narrative 

3245
02:46:43,100 --> 02:46:47,300
with moral undertones this blend
of humor and pathos would Define

3246
02:46:47,300 --> 02:46:51,000
dickens's brand he recognized 
that laughter, softened, readers

3247
02:46:51,000 --> 02:46:54,600
for deeper empathy money. 
Finally, poured in letting 

3248
02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:56,500
Dickens move to a better 
residents. 

3249
02:46:56,500 --> 02:46:59,300
Catherine borsche children in 
Rapid succession. 

3250
02:46:59,300 --> 02:47:01,700
Turning their home into a 
bustling Nest. 

3251
02:47:01,700 --> 02:47:05,000
Dickens though. 
Loving found that fatherhood 

3252
02:47:05,000 --> 02:47:06,700
demanded time. 
He often spent Writing. 

3253
02:47:07,900 --> 02:47:10,800
Private tension brood. 
He was the affectionate 

3254
02:47:10,800 --> 02:47:14,700
patriarch but also a Restless 
Creator who craved quiet hours 

3255
02:47:14,700 --> 02:47:18,400
for the brainstorming new Tales 
despite paternal duties. 

3256
02:47:18,400 --> 02:47:22,400
He scouted London's back alleys,
for inspiration, venturing to 

3257
02:47:22,400 --> 02:47:26,200
slums at odd times eavesdropping
on Pub chatter, he believed 

3258
02:47:26,200 --> 02:47:29,400
authenticity hinged on Direct 
observation, not secondhand 

3259
02:47:29,400 --> 02:47:32,900
accounts. 
Following Pickwick, Dickens left

3260
02:47:32,900 --> 02:47:37,500
to more serious themes in 
Oliver, Twist 1837 to 1839 no 

3261
02:47:37,500 --> 02:47:40,600
longer content to dwell solely 
on comedic escapades. 

3262
02:47:40,600 --> 02:47:43,400
He painted the bleakness of 
workhouses and child 

3263
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:47,600
exploitation partly echoing, his
own Teenage anguish readers, 

3264
02:47:47,600 --> 02:47:50,600
reeled at the order of 
criminals, though, Dickens 

3265
02:47:50,600 --> 02:47:52,800
leavened, the Gloom with comedic
minor characters. 

3266
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:57,300
Critically Oliver Twist ranking,
currently with dickens's other 

3267
02:47:57,300 --> 02:47:59,300
obligations. 
He was editing magazines. 

3268
02:47:59,300 --> 02:48:02,100
Finishing shorter Works, 
beginning new cereals. 

3269
02:48:02,100 --> 02:48:05,900
The pace was relentless. 
He thrived on the excitement. 

3270
02:48:05,900 --> 02:48:10,700
Yet it risked exhaustion public,
Acclaim sword, his name. 

3271
02:48:10,700 --> 02:48:13,700
Now graced invitations, to 
dinner parties with Aristocrats 

3272
02:48:13,700 --> 02:48:16,200
who crave proximity to The 
Sensational balls. 

3273
02:48:17,100 --> 02:48:19,800
Dickens appreciated. 
The chance to expand his Network

3274
02:48:19,800 --> 02:48:21,900
though. 
He sometimes mocked up a class, 

3275
02:48:21,900 --> 02:48:24,500
potentials. 
He never forgot his working 

3276
02:48:24,500 --> 02:48:28,000
class brushes with hardship 
refusing to let polished Society

3277
02:48:28,000 --> 02:48:30,400
lull him. 
Instead, he leveraged 

3278
02:48:30,400 --> 02:48:34,000
connections to Champion 
philanthropic concerns in 

3279
02:48:34,000 --> 02:48:36,000
privately, aided, London, 
Charities and joined reform 

3280
02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:38,600
committees. 
While not a radical agitator, 

3281
02:48:38,600 --> 02:48:41,700
Dickens believed in Social 
Improvement through publicity 

3282
02:48:41,700 --> 02:48:45,000
and moral suasion. 
His novels became a subtle Force

3283
02:48:45,000 --> 02:48:48,700
for that cause exposing readers 
to the realities of orphanages 

3284
02:48:48,700 --> 02:48:54,100
slums, corrupt institutions. 
around this time, Dickens also 

3285
02:48:54,100 --> 02:48:57,400
traveled to rural areas, 
gleaming stories from rickety 

3286
02:48:57,400 --> 02:49:01,000
stagecoaches or decrepit, ins 
These Journeys, reaffirm the 

3287
02:49:01,000 --> 02:49:03,900
outside London's bustle, lay 
entire pockets of tradition, and

3288
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:06,800
Superstition fertile, ground for
future plots. 

3289
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:11,100
Meanwhile, Catherine, Sister, 
Mary, Hogarth who had moved into

3290
02:49:11,100 --> 02:49:15,100
assist the household died 
suddenly Her death devastated, 

3291
02:49:15,100 --> 02:49:18,600
Dickens triggering A profound 
grief, that colored some 

3292
02:49:18,600 --> 02:49:20,200
subsequent chapters in his 
writing. 

3293
02:49:21,200 --> 02:49:24,100
The ephemeral nature of life, 
became a quiet refrain in his 

3294
02:49:24,100 --> 02:49:26,600
novels. 
As he realized that personal 

3295
02:49:26,600 --> 02:49:29,300
tragedy was Inseparable from 
comedic levity. 

3296
02:49:30,100 --> 02:49:33,600
Public continued to clamor for 
his narratives hungry for the 

3297
02:49:33,600 --> 02:49:37,400
singular, Dickens style vibrant 
characters, dancing between 

3298
02:49:37,400 --> 02:49:41,700
humor and sorrow. 
Thus, Dickens closed, the 1830s 

3299
02:49:41,700 --> 02:49:44,800
Riding High yet. 
Increasingly aware of the moral 

3300
02:49:44,800 --> 02:49:46,700
gravity behind his fictional 
worlds. 

3301
02:49:46,700 --> 02:49:49,400
Beneath the success, the seeds 
of tension. 

3302
02:49:49,400 --> 02:49:53,600
Sprouted creative demands. 
A growing family and an evolving

3303
02:49:53,600 --> 02:49:55,400
conscientious about societies 
failing. 

3304
02:49:56,500 --> 02:49:59,900
Pressed on certain that fiction 
could spark empathy and reform, 

3305
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:02,200
forging a path into the next 
decade. 

3306
02:50:02,200 --> 02:50:05,500
Where his ambition would expand 
with each new novels unveiling. 

3307
02:50:06,300 --> 02:50:09,400
Dickens's star Blaze brightly, 
as he entered the 1840s 

3308
02:50:09,400 --> 02:50:12,900
Publishers clamored for fresh 
novels while the public 

3309
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:14,600
devoured. 
Each cereal installment. 

3310
02:50:15,500 --> 02:50:17,800
Determined to balance 
entertainment with social 

3311
02:50:17,800 --> 02:50:21,500
commentary, he embarked on 
projects, like, Nicholas 

3312
02:50:21,500 --> 02:50:24,700
Nickleby spotlighting, the 
abuses in Yorkshire boarding 

3313
02:50:24,700 --> 02:50:27,400
schools. 
He visited one such institution 

3314
02:50:27,400 --> 02:50:31,100
in cognito alarmed by the 
squalor inflicted on children. 

3315
02:50:31,100 --> 02:50:36,000
That raw evidence infused, the 
novel Savage critique Dickens 

3316
02:50:36,000 --> 02:50:38,900
aim to jolt readers from 
complacency believing that 

3317
02:50:38,900 --> 02:50:42,400
Shining Light on corruption 
might spur a form yet despite 

3318
02:50:42,400 --> 02:50:45,100
success Dickens felt a creeping 
restlessness. 

3319
02:50:46,400 --> 02:50:50,000
Continual deadlines, hemmed him 
in and London, sprawl began to 

3320
02:50:50,000 --> 02:50:52,500
stifle seeking fresh 
inspiration. 

3321
02:50:52,500 --> 02:50:57,300
He traveled abroad in 1842 first
to America, anticipating a land 

3322
02:50:57,300 --> 02:51:00,600
of democratic ideals. 
The trip however exposed 

3323
02:51:00,600 --> 02:51:04,200
contradictions, Dickens found 
some, Americans, warm and 

3324
02:51:04,200 --> 02:51:07,700
inventive, but balked at rampant
slavery, and a cultural appetite

3325
02:51:07,700 --> 02:51:10,800
for piracy of his Works without 
royalty payments. 

3326
02:51:10,800 --> 02:51:15,000
He penned American notes. 
A travelogue mixing admiration 

3327
02:51:15,000 --> 02:51:18,300
with pointed criticism. 
Some Americans felt betrayed by 

3328
02:51:18,300 --> 02:51:22,000
his frankness, Dickens Unbound. 
Believed honesty. 

3329
02:51:22,000 --> 02:51:25,400
Trumped politeness back in 
England completed Martin 

3330
02:51:25,400 --> 02:51:28,600
chuzzlewit weaving in American 
episode reminiscent of his 

3331
02:51:28,600 --> 02:51:32,600
journeys, souring, counters 
sales dipped initially, the 

3332
02:51:32,600 --> 02:51:34,500
novels complex structure 
confounded. 

3333
02:51:34,500 --> 02:51:38,100
Some fans expecting a simpler 
comedic Flair, but Dickens 

3334
02:51:38,100 --> 02:51:42,500
pressed on trusting in his 
evolving style, private Lee he 

3335
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:45,500
wrestled with financial 
anxieties despite robust 

3336
02:51:45,500 --> 02:51:49,100
earnings His lavish lifestyle, 
big houses, numerous children 

3337
02:51:49,100 --> 02:51:53,500
constant entertaining, consumed 
funds, he dreaded the 

3338
02:51:53,500 --> 02:51:56,200
possibility of slipping back 
into the precarious economy of 

3339
02:51:56,208 --> 02:51:59,500
his youth. 
Commit, these pressures Dickens 

3340
02:51:59,500 --> 02:52:03,000
found solace in philanthropic 
efforts, he teamed with Angela 

3341
02:52:03,000 --> 02:52:06,500
Burdette Koontz to establish 
urania Cottage a refuge for 

3342
02:52:06,500 --> 02:52:09,400
homeless women and former 
prostitutes there. 

3343
02:52:09,400 --> 02:52:12,200
They received training and 
practical skills and moral 

3344
02:52:12,200 --> 02:52:14,900
guidance. 
Dickens involved in every detail

3345
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:17,300
interviewed, potential 
residents, planned daily 

3346
02:52:17,300 --> 02:52:19,800
schedules and wrote them short 
Moral Stories. 

3347
02:52:19,800 --> 02:52:23,100
This Hands-On approach, 
underscored his sincere, desire 

3348
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:25,400
for personal involvement and 
charitable causes. 

3349
02:52:25,400 --> 02:52:28,700
He saw direct intervention as 
more potent than abstract 

3350
02:52:28,700 --> 02:52:32,100
philanthropic gestures, in the 
midst of editing magazines, and 

3351
02:52:32,100 --> 02:52:35,800
writing novels Dickens craved 
aside project more playful yet 

3352
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:40,900
meaningful that impulse birthed 
A Christmas, Carol, 1843 a 

3353
02:52:40,900 --> 02:52:42,600
slender Novella pain with 
further. 

3354
02:52:43,300 --> 02:52:45,800
Observing the plight of the 
urban poor amid festive 

3355
02:52:45,800 --> 02:52:49,600
spending, Dickens aimed to spot,
compassion through a ghostly 

3356
02:52:49,600 --> 02:52:53,200
Redemption tale. 
He wrote it rapidly spurred by 

3357
02:52:53,200 --> 02:52:55,600
both moral Zeal and aid for 
freshening. 

3358
02:52:55,600 --> 02:52:58,400
Come. 
The result was a cultural 

3359
02:52:58,400 --> 02:53:00,900
phenomenon. 
Stirring readers to reflect on 

3360
02:53:00,900 --> 02:53:02,600
generosity and social 
conscience. 

3361
02:53:02,600 --> 02:53:06,800
Dickens realized short, 
impactful works could amplify 

3362
02:53:06,800 --> 02:53:11,300
moral messages as powerfully as 
sprawling tomes, despite public.

3363
02:53:11,300 --> 02:53:15,500
Adoration his personal life, 
showed strains, Catherine, bore,

3364
02:53:15,500 --> 02:53:18,500
more children leaving her 
fatigued and less able to join 

3365
02:53:18,500 --> 02:53:21,600
Dickens on travels. 
He found himself forging deeper 

3366
02:53:21,600 --> 02:53:25,300
friendships with other women. 
Some purely platonic, others 

3367
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:28,900
rumored to be more biographers 
still debate, the emotional 

3368
02:53:28,900 --> 02:53:31,500
complexities, swirling beneath 
his family's outward 

3369
02:53:31,500 --> 02:53:35,300
respectability Dickens 
maintained an outwardly jovial 

3370
02:53:35,300 --> 02:53:39,100
Persona, hosting boisterous 
parties, where parlor games and 

3371
02:53:39,100 --> 02:53:43,200
comedic recitations thrived. 
But Diaries hinted occasional 

3372
02:53:43,200 --> 02:53:46,400
rages triggered by minor 
frustrations revealing an 

3373
02:53:46,400 --> 02:53:49,600
undercurrent of stress. 
On the professional front. 

3374
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:51,600
Dickens launched. 
A new weekly. 

3375
02:53:51,600 --> 02:53:54,000
Periodical Master. 
Humphries clock. 

3376
02:53:54,800 --> 02:53:59,200
In 1840, intending to serialize 
stories, including the old 

3377
02:53:59,200 --> 02:54:04,100
curiosity shop. 
This novels tragic figure little

3378
02:54:04,100 --> 02:54:06,900
Nell captured. 
The year of sentimentality 

3379
02:54:06,900 --> 02:54:11,300
readers wept over her fate and 
the Final Chapter sold in a 

3380
02:54:11,300 --> 02:54:13,600
frenzy. 
Some critics called it 

3381
02:54:13,600 --> 02:54:16,700
manipulative, but Dickens 
dismissed such complaints. 

3382
02:54:16,700 --> 02:54:20,100
He believed emotional resonance 
was essential to Galvanize, 

3383
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:23,000
moral empathy. 
The further surrounding the 

3384
02:54:23,000 --> 02:54:26,200
books climax demonstrated, How 
Deeply he could move the masses 

3385
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:28,900
yet, Dickens couldn't rest on 
triumphs. 

3386
02:54:28,900 --> 02:54:32,408
He recognized the Public's 
appetite was fickle, he had to 

3387
02:54:32,416 --> 02:54:36,100
top himself with each new 
release that intensity weighed 

3388
02:54:36,100 --> 02:54:38,900
on him at times. 
He toyed with the idea of drama,

3389
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:42,300
he loved the theater once even 
considering an acting career. 

3390
02:54:43,100 --> 02:54:46,200
He occasionally directed amateur
theatrical Productions, casting 

3391
02:54:46,200 --> 02:54:50,100
friends, and comedic roles or 
staging mesmerizing readings 

3392
02:54:50,100 --> 02:54:52,400
from his works. 
These private staging 

3393
02:54:52,400 --> 02:54:54,200
foreshadowed the public reading.
He'd eventually. 

3394
02:54:54,200 --> 02:54:57,600
Embark on later enthralling 
audience is in full performance 

3395
02:54:57,600 --> 02:55:02,000
mode. 
As the 1840s advanced dickens's 

3396
02:55:02,000 --> 02:55:05,500
worldview. 
He was no longer content with 

3397
02:55:05,500 --> 02:55:09,100
mere, comedic, social sketches, 
the continents political 

3398
02:55:09,100 --> 02:55:12,100
upheavals, the 1848 
revolution's, widespread, 

3399
02:55:12,100 --> 02:55:15,800
poverty, and settled him. 
He saw monarchy and aristocracy 

3400
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:20,000
clinging to power while laborers
toiled traveling through Europe.

3401
02:55:20,000 --> 02:55:24,000
He'd not the crumbling palaces 
side by side with squalid 

3402
02:55:24,000 --> 02:55:27,600
tenements, fueling an ongoing 
quest to tackle deeper social 

3403
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:30,500
and political themes. 
His novels began, weaving 

3404
02:55:30,500 --> 02:55:32,800
heavier, critiques of 
Institutions, be. 

3405
02:55:32,800 --> 02:55:36,200
They fill in Tropic boards. 
Debtors prisons or unscrupulous 

3406
02:55:36,200 --> 02:55:38,700
factories while still retaining 
the comedic Flair. 

3407
02:55:38,700 --> 02:55:41,600
That made him Beloved, the stage
was set for some of his. 

3408
02:55:41,600 --> 02:55:44,800
Most iconic Works culminating in
a radical approach to 

3409
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:48,800
criticizing Victorian hypocrisy 
approaching the latter half of 

3410
02:55:48,800 --> 02:55:52,300
the 1840s Dickinson, sought 
fresh experiences abroad, 

3411
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:53,800
venturing to Italy and 
Switzerland. 

3412
02:55:53,800 --> 02:55:58,900
These travels colored his 
imaginative palette, In Genoa, 

3413
02:55:58,900 --> 02:56:02,300
he marveled at Medieval, 
Alleyways soaking in the city's 

3414
02:56:02,300 --> 02:56:05,300
layered history. 
He rented a villa, overlooking 

3415
02:56:05,300 --> 02:56:08,400
the Mediterranean. 
Drafting letters that wrapsody 

3416
02:56:08,400 --> 02:56:12,000
about local Customs noisy 
festivals or Nate religious 

3417
02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:14,900
processions. 
The daily swirl of Gossip yet 

3418
02:56:14,900 --> 02:56:17,100
even in a delicate setting. 
Dickens's pain. 

3419
02:56:17,100 --> 02:56:20,100
Could not rest. 
He sketched future story lines, 

3420
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:23,400
weaving exotic Vistas with home.
Spun moral question's. 

3421
02:56:24,200 --> 02:56:30,000
Between travels, he developed 
zombie and Son, 1846 to 1848 a 

3422
02:56:30,000 --> 02:56:31,900
novel. 
Dissecting Mercantile pride and 

3423
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:35,000
familial Duty, it's portrait of 
industrial comma. 

3424
02:56:35,000 --> 02:56:37,700
Some personal coldness signal, 
Dickens is evolving maturity 

3425
02:56:37,700 --> 02:56:41,700
critics, lauded its carefully. 
Structured plot though, some 

3426
02:56:41,700 --> 02:56:45,200
lamented, the typical bursts of 
sentiment, Regardless that 

3427
02:56:45,200 --> 02:56:49,000
cereal sword in sales. 
Meanwhile, Dickens fueled his 

3428
02:56:49,008 --> 02:56:53,500
creative energies by founding 
Daily News, in 1846 liberal 

3429
02:56:53,500 --> 02:56:56,000
newspaper intended to Champion 
Progressive ideas. 

3430
02:56:56,700 --> 02:56:59,900
Dickens took on the role of the 
newspapers first editor but 

3431
02:56:59,900 --> 02:57:02,700
resigned within a few weeks due 
to the stifling nature of 

3432
02:57:02,700 --> 02:57:05,700
editorial politics and the 
excessive strain of daily work 

3433
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:10,100
Still the foreign indicated his 
thirst to shape public discourse

3434
02:57:10,100 --> 02:57:14,400
Beyond fiction. in 1849, he 
embarked on David Copperfield, 

3435
02:57:14,400 --> 02:57:18,500
the novel many, consider his 
most autobiographical through 

3436
02:57:18,500 --> 02:57:21,300
David's Journey from mistreated 
childhood to authorship. 

3437
02:57:21,300 --> 02:57:25,600
Dickens exorcise, the ghosts of 
the blacking Factory years He 

3438
02:57:25,600 --> 02:57:28,100
transmuted humiliation into 
comedic episodes. 

3439
02:57:28,100 --> 02:57:31,600
Mrs. To Cruelty mirrored real 
paternal. 

3440
02:57:31,600 --> 02:57:35,000
Failings Dickinson had observed 
while, Mr. McCoy's Eternal 

3441
02:57:35,000 --> 02:57:37,200
optimism recalled. 
Dickens's own father. 

3442
02:57:37,900 --> 02:57:40,700
This personal gave the novel, an
intimate warmth. 

3443
02:57:41,300 --> 02:57:45,200
Serialization built momentum, 
readers recognized, the Luminous

3444
02:57:45,200 --> 02:57:48,400
sincerity, Dickens felt a 
special fondness for the 

3445
02:57:48,400 --> 02:57:51,900
project, referring to David as 
his favorite child despite 

3446
02:57:51,900 --> 02:57:53,500
success. 
Family tensions. 

3447
02:57:53,500 --> 02:57:58,100
Escalated Catherine, bore, 10 
children in total and Dickens, 

3448
02:57:58,100 --> 02:58:01,700
though, affectionate sometimes 
felt suffocated by domestic 

3449
02:58:01,700 --> 02:58:04,100
chaos. 
He retreated into creative, 

3450
02:58:04,100 --> 02:58:07,700
Sprints locking himself away for
hours or strolling city streets 

3451
02:58:07,700 --> 02:58:09,500
at night to brood over plot 
tangles. 

3452
02:58:10,200 --> 02:58:12,600
Sister-in-law Georgina. 
Hogarth also lived with them 

3453
02:58:12,600 --> 02:58:16,800
helping manage the household 
rumors swirled about dickens's 

3454
02:58:16,800 --> 02:58:18,500
rapport. 
With Georgina though, no 

3455
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:21,700
definitive evidence of 
impropriety emerged The mix of 

3456
02:58:21,700 --> 02:58:24,600
personalities living together 
intensified the tension, 

3457
02:58:24,600 --> 02:58:28,700
dickens's Diaries suggest mood 
swings one day exalted, after 

3458
02:58:28,700 --> 02:58:32,000
writing a brilliant chapter, 
next, a furious over trivial. 

3459
02:58:32,000 --> 02:58:35,400
Householder rotations the 
passing of dickens's long-time 

3460
02:58:35,400 --> 02:58:39,100
publisher, John Forster's, close
friend also weighed on him grief

3461
02:58:39,100 --> 02:58:41,200
sharp and his awareness of 
life's fragility. 

3462
02:58:41,200 --> 02:58:43,700
He doubled efforts on 
philanthropic projects. 

3463
02:58:43,700 --> 02:58:46,200
Championing improved sanitation 
in London. 

3464
02:58:46,200 --> 02:58:48,600
Slums in letters to local 
authorities. 

3465
02:58:48,600 --> 02:58:52,300
He argued that squalid 
conditions, fostered crime and 

3466
02:58:52,300 --> 02:58:55,300
disease used novels to 
underscore the plight of the 

3467
02:58:55,300 --> 02:58:58,600
urban poor trusting that 
emotional narrative could move 

3468
02:58:58,600 --> 02:59:01,900
the hearts of even complacent 
readers the moral imperative 

3469
02:59:01,900 --> 02:59:05,100
behind his fiction, grew more 
explicit, culminating in Bleak 

3470
02:59:05,100 --> 02:59:10,900
House 1852 to 1853. 
With Bleak House Dickens, 

3471
02:59:10,900 --> 02:59:14,400
tackled legal malaise via 
labyrinthine Chancery case here,

3472
02:59:14,400 --> 02:59:17,000
he fused, satire and tragedy 
painting. 

3473
02:59:17,000 --> 02:59:21,200
How sluggish coup to he caught 
processes devoured, fortunes and

3474
02:59:21,200 --> 02:59:24,100
lives. 
The novels dual narrative style,

3475
02:59:24,100 --> 02:59:27,000
which alternates between a 
sardonic omniscient voice and 

3476
02:59:27,000 --> 02:59:30,600
the calm Recollections of Esther
summerson, pioneered a new 

3477
02:59:30,600 --> 02:59:32,200
approach. 
Victorians. 

3478
02:59:32,200 --> 02:59:35,100
Found the depiction of foggy, 
London, litter and metaphorical 

3479
02:59:35,100 --> 02:59:38,700
haunting sales soared certain 
critics, argued. 

3480
02:59:38,700 --> 02:59:40,400
Dickens had grown, too, 
didactic. 

3481
02:59:40,400 --> 02:59:43,400
He dismissed such claims 
believing the times demanded 

3482
02:59:43,400 --> 02:59:47,000
unflinching critiques. 
Indeed Bleak House. 

3483
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:49,800
Spurred public debate on legal 
reform. 

3484
02:59:50,800 --> 02:59:53,900
His personal restlessness 
persisted, he relocated the 

3485
02:59:53,900 --> 02:59:58,000
family frequently seeking larger
houses Scenic Vistas or more 

3486
02:59:58,008 --> 03:00:01,500
isolation for writing. 
Catherine tolerated. 

3487
03:00:01,500 --> 03:00:04,200
These moves though, their 
children felt up rooted. 

3488
03:00:04,200 --> 03:00:08,000
Dickens yearn to shape his 
environment meticulously from 

3489
03:00:08,000 --> 03:00:10,400
the color of wallpaper to the 
arrangement of furniture. 

3490
03:00:10,400 --> 03:00:13,800
Some friends, teased him about 
meddling in minor domestic 

3491
03:00:13,800 --> 03:00:17,000
details, while juggling epic 
social commentary in his novels,

3492
03:00:17,000 --> 03:00:20,700
but Dickens was Unapologetic 
control at home balance. 

3493
03:00:20,700 --> 03:00:24,600
The unpredictability outside By 
the early 1850s. 

3494
03:00:24,600 --> 03:00:28,700
Dickens also tested his 
performance skills, he had toyed

3495
03:00:28,700 --> 03:00:33,400
with amateur theatricals but an 
idea emerged reading, his Works 

3496
03:00:33,400 --> 03:00:37,300
allowed to paying audiences. 
The concept was Radical authors.

3497
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:41,200
Seldom performed in public yet, 
Dickens suspected his Vivid 

3498
03:00:41,200 --> 03:00:44,500
dialogue comedic voices and 
heartfelt passages could 

3499
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:48,300
Electrify specter's. 
If he delivered them, He gave 

3500
03:00:48,300 --> 03:00:51,300
private recitations to friends 
who raved about his Dynamic 

3501
03:00:51,300 --> 03:00:54,600
presence, building confidence. 
He planned that one day he might

3502
03:00:54,600 --> 03:00:56,200
stage full-blown public 
readings. 

3503
03:00:56,200 --> 03:00:59,200
An artistic offshoot that would 
shape his late career. 

3504
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:03,300
Hence, the mid 1850s arrived 
with Dickens poised for fresh 

3505
03:01:03,300 --> 03:01:05,600
transformations. 
Married life. 

3506
03:01:05,600 --> 03:01:07,800
Grew strained. 
That fatherhood demanded 

3507
03:01:07,800 --> 03:01:11,900
presents literary claim sword 
that so did expectations. 

3508
03:01:11,900 --> 03:01:15,700
He recognized the friction 
between domestic reality and his

3509
03:01:15,700 --> 03:01:19,300
imaginative yearnings. 
David Copperfield behind him. 

3510
03:01:19,300 --> 03:01:23,200
He now turned to novels of 
deeper cynicism The city with 

3511
03:01:23,200 --> 03:01:26,600
all its Smog and Labyrinthian 
institutions remained his Muse. 

3512
03:01:26,600 --> 03:01:29,900
He sensed The Well of stories 
was far from dry, though. 

3513
03:01:29,900 --> 03:01:32,200
Personal fulfillment. 
Still seemed to elusive. 

3514
03:01:33,000 --> 03:01:37,300
In 1854, Dickens published hard.
Time's a short novel decking, 

3515
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:39,400
the Grim industrial landscape of
coke Town. 

3516
03:01:39,400 --> 03:01:43,600
Its emphasis on utilitarian 
philosophy represented by the 

3517
03:01:43,600 --> 03:01:45,800
rigid. 
Mr. Gradgrind took aim at the 

3518
03:01:45,800 --> 03:01:48,600
era's mechanical approach to 
education and factory work. 

3519
03:01:49,300 --> 03:01:53,000
Critics were divided, some 
praise the focused indictment of

3520
03:01:53,000 --> 03:01:56,800
industrial dehumanization. 
Others found the story to 

3521
03:01:56,800 --> 03:01:59,600
polemical. 
Dickens Shrugged off such mixed 

3522
03:01:59,600 --> 03:02:03,000
reception content. 
That hard times spurred heated 

3523
03:02:03,000 --> 03:02:05,800
debate on factory conditions and
the cult of facts over 

3524
03:02:05,800 --> 03:02:08,600
imagination. 
Simultaneously, dickens's, 

3525
03:02:08,600 --> 03:02:10,600
private, life, lurched toward 
crisis. 

3526
03:02:10,600 --> 03:02:14,700
His discontent at home worsened,
Catherine though mild and 

3527
03:02:14,700 --> 03:02:17,400
temperament couldn't quell 
dickens's sense of entrapment. 

3528
03:02:17,400 --> 03:02:20,200
Letters reveal his 
dissatisfaction with her 

3529
03:02:20,200 --> 03:02:22,300
perceived lack of spirit or 
companionship. 

3530
03:02:23,200 --> 03:02:26,300
Though, many suspect dickens's 
restlessness drove him to escape

3531
03:02:26,300 --> 03:02:29,100
goat her. 
The emotional widened. 

3532
03:02:29,800 --> 03:02:32,900
By 18, the 57, Dickens 
encountered actress. 

3533
03:02:32,900 --> 03:02:36,700
Ellen, Turner, a young performer
in Theatrical production here, 

3534
03:02:36,700 --> 03:02:38,600
ranged, their connection, 
though. 

3535
03:02:38,600 --> 03:02:42,100
Discreet grew in tents, 
dickens's marriage, effectively 

3536
03:02:42,100 --> 03:02:44,700
collapsed. 
He demanded a legal separation 

3537
03:02:44,700 --> 03:02:47,500
from Catherine in 1858 a 
scandal. 

3538
03:02:47,500 --> 03:02:50,800
At the time he insisted on. 
Maintaining custody of most 

3539
03:02:50,800 --> 03:02:53,000
children, leaving Catherine 
isolated. 

3540
03:02:54,000 --> 03:02:56,900
Publicly Dickens used, his 
magazine household words to 

3541
03:02:56,900 --> 03:03:00,500
issue statements about the split
casting, blame and fueling 

3542
03:03:00,500 --> 03:03:04,900
gossip. the affair with turn and
stayed veiled with Dickens, and 

3543
03:03:04,900 --> 03:03:07,100
employing elaborate roses to 
protect the secret 

3544
03:03:08,200 --> 03:03:10,200
Professionally. 
Dickens pivoted to the public 

3545
03:03:10,200 --> 03:03:11,500
readings. 
He had long contemplated. 

3546
03:03:12,500 --> 03:03:17,100
In 1858, he embarked on a series
of performances reciting scenes 

3547
03:03:17,100 --> 03:03:21,400
from Oliver Twist A Christmas, 
Carol and more audiences were 

3548
03:03:21,400 --> 03:03:23,800
enthralled. 
He performed each character's 

3549
03:03:23,800 --> 03:03:26,500
voice pacing. 
The stage with theatrical Flair 

3550
03:03:26,500 --> 03:03:30,000
some Spectators wept at the 
pathos of Nancy's fate. 

3551
03:03:30,000 --> 03:03:33,000
While others laughed up. 
Rarely at his comedic terms. 

3552
03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:35,700
And Dickens, these readings, 
offered, both creative 

3553
03:03:35,700 --> 03:03:38,800
fulfillment and a lucrative 
sideline yet they drained him 

3554
03:03:38,800 --> 03:03:42,000
physically, as he poured intense
energy into every gesture. 

3555
03:03:43,000 --> 03:03:45,700
Joked about the exhaustion, but 
relished the Applause. 

3556
03:03:46,600 --> 03:03:49,300
In 1859, Dickens launched a new 
weekly. 

3557
03:03:49,300 --> 03:03:52,900
All the year round, effectively 
replacing his previous magazine.

3558
03:03:53,700 --> 03:03:56,700
The inaugural issue featured, 
the start of A Tale of Two 

3559
03:03:56,700 --> 03:03:59,600
Cities. 
Now more interested in in 

3560
03:03:59,600 --> 03:04:02,500
historical drama. 
Dickens spun a story of the 

3561
03:04:02,500 --> 03:04:05,600
French Revolution, weaving 
themes of sacrifice and 

3562
03:04:05,600 --> 03:04:08,700
Resurrection. 
The novel style was more Compact

3563
03:04:08,700 --> 03:04:10,500
and less digressive than his 
earlier works. 

3564
03:04:11,200 --> 03:04:13,900
Perhaps personal upheaval and 
his narrative Focus. 

3565
03:04:14,800 --> 03:04:17,400
The opening lines about the best
and worst of times, entered, the

3566
03:04:17,408 --> 03:04:20,800
cultural lexicon capturing a 
duality that resonated with 

3567
03:04:20,800 --> 03:04:24,700
Victorian anxieties. 
The novel soared in popularity 

3568
03:04:24,700 --> 03:04:27,100
bolstered by the magazine 
circulation. 

3569
03:04:28,300 --> 03:04:30,900
In parallel. 
Dickens found time to Champion 

3570
03:04:30,900 --> 03:04:34,200
philanthropic Innovations. 
He joined debates on public 

3571
03:04:34,200 --> 03:04:36,600
sanitation. 
Urging expansions of London 

3572
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:39,800
sewer system though City 
officials bickered over funding 

3573
03:04:40,600 --> 03:04:43,300
He also contributed funds to 
help create better housing for 

3574
03:04:43,300 --> 03:04:45,900
the poor. 
But dickens's philanthropic, 

3575
03:04:45,900 --> 03:04:49,500
impulses were inseparable from 
moral paternalism, he believed 

3576
03:04:49,500 --> 03:04:52,200
discipline and moral instruction
were keys to uplifting the 

3577
03:04:52,200 --> 03:04:54,800
impoverished. 
This Outlook could clash with 

3578
03:04:54,800 --> 03:04:58,200
more radical voices, demanding 
structural change. 

3579
03:04:59,200 --> 03:05:02,600
Still dickens's currently as a 
public figure length to calls 

3580
03:05:02,600 --> 03:05:06,100
for incremental reform. 
Another major novel, Great 

3581
03:05:06,100 --> 03:05:09,600
Expectations emerged in 
serialized form from December, 

3582
03:05:09,600 --> 03:05:14,100
1860 to August 1861. 
Written amid Dickens separation 

3583
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:17,600
Scandal, it resonated with 
questions of identity, social, 

3584
03:05:17,600 --> 03:05:21,800
ambition and illusions. 
Pips yearning for gentility 

3585
03:05:21,800 --> 03:05:25,400
parallel, dickens's own drive to
transcend, humble origins. 

3586
03:05:25,400 --> 03:05:29,000
The Moody atmosphere around 
satis house, mirrored dickens's 

3587
03:05:29,000 --> 03:05:31,700
emotional state. 
A mix of regret bitterness and 

3588
03:05:31,700 --> 03:05:33,700
abiding compassion for flawed 
Humanity. 

3589
03:05:33,700 --> 03:05:37,300
Readers embrace the story as a 
masterpiece praising its taught 

3590
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:41,900
plot and minimal sentimentality.
Dickens cherish the success yet 

3591
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:44,900
behind the scenes, he struggled 
with heartbreak, in a sense of 

3592
03:05:44,908 --> 03:05:49,100
personal failure, as the 1860s 
were on dickens's health began 

3593
03:05:49,100 --> 03:05:53,000
to falter injured. 
Gout swollen foot pains and near

3594
03:05:53,000 --> 03:05:55,600
constant fatigue Relentless 
reading tours. 

3595
03:05:55,600 --> 03:05:58,000
Demanded travel by train 
sometimes late at night. 

3596
03:05:58,900 --> 03:06:02,100
The 1865, staplehurst rail. 
Crash nearly took his life. 

3597
03:06:02,100 --> 03:06:05,100
Dickens was in the first class 
Carriage that dangled over 

3598
03:06:05,100 --> 03:06:08,200
destroyed track, though, he 
helped rescue fellow passengers 

3599
03:06:08,200 --> 03:06:11,400
the cycle shock, lingard, 
aggravating his ailments. 

3600
03:06:12,000 --> 03:06:15,100
Still he persisted with public 
readings, forging new scripts 

3601
03:06:15,100 --> 03:06:17,300
from David Copperfield and 
Nicholas Nickleby. 

3602
03:06:18,400 --> 03:06:22,000
Audiences remained enthralled 
Dickens by their venerable 

3603
03:06:22,000 --> 03:06:24,700
figure in a black frock coat. 
Coughed through performance is 

3604
03:06:24,700 --> 03:06:28,400
but refused to scale back. 
Meanwhile rumors about Ellen 

3605
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:32,300
turn and continue swirling. 
Dickens confided only in a tight

3606
03:06:32,300 --> 03:06:35,800
Circle, he shielded her with 
cunning strategies renting, 

3607
03:06:35,800 --> 03:06:39,300
separate dwellings under assumed
names the moral climate of the 

3608
03:06:39,300 --> 03:06:40,600
Victorian society. 
Demanded. 

3609
03:06:40,600 --> 03:06:44,100
Secretly those some close 
acquaintances quietly pitied, 

3610
03:06:44,100 --> 03:06:46,600
Catherine. 
If you confronted, Dickens, you 

3611
03:06:46,600 --> 03:06:49,300
pressed on certain that his 
literary Mission Justified, any 

3612
03:06:49,300 --> 03:06:52,100
personal complexities always 
craving momentum. 

3613
03:06:52,100 --> 03:06:55,200
He flung himself into each new 
project as if outrunning regret 

3614
03:06:55,200 --> 03:06:59,100
that Paradox, immense empathy 
for fictional sufferers but 

3615
03:06:59,100 --> 03:07:02,600
complicated empathy and private 
life to find dickens's Twilight 

3616
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:06,200
decade the public saw the 
champion of social justice, his 

3617
03:07:06,200 --> 03:07:08,400
family, endured the strains of 
his single-minded devotion. 

3618
03:07:09,300 --> 03:07:12,700
By the late 1860s, Charles 
Dickens hectic, schedule, showed

3619
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:15,600
little let up. 
I'm still editing all the year 

3620
03:07:15,600 --> 03:07:18,300
round, still unveiling novels 
and serial format. 

3621
03:07:18,300 --> 03:07:21,700
You also committed to more 
reading to us, traveling Beyond 

3622
03:07:21,700 --> 03:07:25,300
London, to the Midlands and 
Scotland each venue overflowed 

3623
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:28,600
with admirers who yearn to see 
the outstanding novelist conjure

3624
03:07:28,600 --> 03:07:30,900
Fagan. 
Scrooge or other beloved 

3625
03:07:30,900 --> 03:07:34,000
characters live? 
Dickens, refined his Renditions,

3626
03:07:34,000 --> 03:07:37,600
perfecting dramatic pauses. 
And comedic timing ticket prices

3627
03:07:37,600 --> 03:07:40,200
soared yet. 
Spectators felt it worth the 

3628
03:07:40,208 --> 03:07:42,500
cost to witness that magnetic 
stage presence. 

3629
03:07:43,500 --> 03:07:46,700
Amid these tours Dickens 
embarked on our mutual friend, 

3630
03:07:46,700 --> 03:07:51,400
1864 to 1865, which delved into 
the themes of river, dredging 

3631
03:07:51,400 --> 03:07:54,300
inheritance Mania and social 
climbing. 

3632
03:07:55,100 --> 03:07:57,800
By weaving a plot around, a 
mysterious drowned, man, and a 

3633
03:07:57,800 --> 03:08:01,200
Dusty Fortune. 
Dickens captured, the Macabre 

3634
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:04,400
side of Victorian, London 
critics found it dents and 

3635
03:08:04,408 --> 03:08:07,700
somewhat sprawling though. 
Many admired, its biting satire 

3636
03:08:07,700 --> 03:08:10,700
of wealth obsession. 
The novels portrayal of moral 

3637
03:08:10,700 --> 03:08:14,300
corruption ironically parallel, 
dickens's own concerns about 

3638
03:08:14,300 --> 03:08:17,800
aging in a Cell Society. 
He felt was losing moral vigor. 

3639
03:08:18,800 --> 03:08:21,800
The prolonged emotional stress 
took a heavy toll on dickens's 

3640
03:08:21,800 --> 03:08:24,900
health, he often wrote letters 
complaining of headache spells 

3641
03:08:24,900 --> 03:08:26,800
insomnia and shortness of 
breath. 

3642
03:08:26,800 --> 03:08:29,500
Nevertheless, he refused to 
reduce his pace. 

3643
03:08:30,500 --> 03:08:33,300
Some historians argue that 
Dickens found frenetic activity.

3644
03:08:33,300 --> 03:08:36,900
A bomb against introspection, 
the fracturing of his marriage, 

3645
03:08:36,900 --> 03:08:39,900
hidden personal relationships, 
and unrelenting public 

3646
03:08:39,900 --> 03:08:43,800
expectations all weighed on him.
Plunging into labor, kept darker

3647
03:08:43,800 --> 03:08:48,300
Reflections at Bay meanwhile, 
Catherine lived quietly, seldom 

3648
03:08:48,300 --> 03:08:51,100
appearing in Dickinson's, a 
Social Circles resigned to the 

3649
03:08:51,100 --> 03:08:55,200
separate life. 
Dickens had ordained in 1867, 

3650
03:08:55,200 --> 03:08:58,900
Dickens accepted an invitation 
to revisit America for a major 

3651
03:08:58,908 --> 03:09:02,000
reading tour. 
Time had softened some American 

3652
03:09:02,000 --> 03:09:05,300
resentment from his earlier 
criticisms and the appetite to 

3653
03:09:05,300 --> 03:09:08,900
see him on stage was massive. 
He landed in Boston to an 

3654
03:09:08,900 --> 03:09:11,300
exuberant. 
Welcome complete with banquet 

3655
03:09:11,300 --> 03:09:13,700
and tributes. 
Dickens gave dozens of 

3656
03:09:13,700 --> 03:09:16,500
performance is each draining it 
exhilarating. 

3657
03:09:17,500 --> 03:09:20,900
He earned substantial sums, 
helping him stabilized finances.

3658
03:09:20,900 --> 03:09:24,500
However, he again, encountered 
slavery is lingering scars and 

3659
03:09:24,500 --> 03:09:28,000
the post Civil War landscape 
along with the Stark racial 

3660
03:09:28,000 --> 03:09:30,700
inequalities though. 
Dickinson seldom, wrote 

3661
03:09:30,700 --> 03:09:34,100
extensively about American 
racial issues, He privately 

3662
03:09:34,100 --> 03:09:36,700
recognized the Deep Rifts that 
threatened, the nation's 

3663
03:09:36,700 --> 03:09:39,700
reconstruction. 
The trips, punishing travel 

3664
03:09:39,700 --> 03:09:41,400
schedule. 
Further eroded his health 

3665
03:09:41,400 --> 03:09:44,800
leading to collapse his after 
certain readings, yet. 

3666
03:09:44,800 --> 03:09:46,900
The Adoration of fans spurred 
him to persist. 

3667
03:09:47,800 --> 03:09:51,500
Upon returning to England in 
1868, Dickens began what he 

3668
03:09:51,500 --> 03:09:55,200
called, his Farewell readings 
touring provincial towns. 

3669
03:09:55,200 --> 03:09:59,100
He had not yet visited some 
nights, his voice faltered, he 

3670
03:09:59,100 --> 03:10:01,300
coughed violently pressing a 
handkerchief to his lips. 

3671
03:10:01,300 --> 03:10:05,100
Determined to complete each 
program, Friends, pleaded with 

3672
03:10:05,100 --> 03:10:08,200
him to rest, still, Dickens 
believed his contract 

3673
03:10:08,200 --> 03:10:10,800
obligations and the moral 
compulsion to connect with 

3674
03:10:10,808 --> 03:10:14,600
audiences out, Wade, caution. 
Meanwhile, he launched a new 

3675
03:10:14,608 --> 03:10:18,300
novel, The Mystery of Edwin, 
drood an unsettling murder 

3676
03:10:18,300 --> 03:10:20,800
mystery. 
Dickens considered it, a fresh 

3677
03:10:20,800 --> 03:10:24,500
experiment blending cycle, 
undercurrents with the structure

3678
03:10:24,500 --> 03:10:27,000
of a who done it. 
He wrote notes about how the 

3679
03:10:27,000 --> 03:10:30,100
final solution would shock 
readers, enthralling them with 

3680
03:10:30,100 --> 03:10:33,700
hidden Clues. 
But he never completed it on. 

3681
03:10:33,700 --> 03:10:37,900
June 9th 1870, Dickens suffered 
a stroke at his country home, 

3682
03:10:37,900 --> 03:10:42,900
gads Hill, Place, he died. 
The next day, aged 58 leaving 

3683
03:10:42,900 --> 03:10:45,800
Edwin Dru, Down. 
Finished a puzzle sealed in to 

3684
03:10:45,800 --> 03:10:48,700
literary law. 
The nation plunged into 

3685
03:10:48,700 --> 03:10:52,000
mourning, Queen Victoria noted 
her regret at never having met 

3686
03:10:52,000 --> 03:10:55,000
him. 
Memorials poured in from every 

3687
03:10:55,000 --> 03:10:58,400
day readers to luminaries 
against dickens's personal wish 

3688
03:10:58,400 --> 03:11:00,900
for a simple funeral. 
He was interred in poets corner 

3689
03:11:00,900 --> 03:11:04,100
at Westminster Abbey, dickens's 
Grand, resting place, 

3690
03:11:04,100 --> 03:11:05,900
symbolized, the public sustained
for him. 

3691
03:11:06,600 --> 03:11:10,400
Start contrast, the lonely hush 
of Martial C prison where his 

3692
03:11:10,400 --> 03:11:14,000
father had once languished. 
In the aftermath speculation 

3693
03:11:14,000 --> 03:11:16,800
erupted about Edwin. 
Drude found scrambling for 

3694
03:11:16,800 --> 03:11:18,600
rumored outlines or concluding 
pages. 

3695
03:11:19,500 --> 03:11:22,800
None definitive surfaced, 
fueling a realm of dickensian 

3696
03:11:22,800 --> 03:11:25,300
scholarship dedicated to solving
that last riddle. 

3697
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:28,200
More. 
Broadly critics reappraised. 

3698
03:11:28,200 --> 03:11:32,000
Dickens's over some pointed out 
his sentimentality others. 

3699
03:11:32,000 --> 03:11:35,500
Praised his comedic genius while
reformers lauded his crusading 

3700
03:11:35,500 --> 03:11:38,000
lens on. 
Poverty over time that 

3701
03:11:38,000 --> 03:11:41,700
kaleidoscopic Legacy only 
broadened his Flair for 

3702
03:11:41,700 --> 03:11:44,700
unforgettable characters, be 
they cunning or see him. 

3703
03:11:44,700 --> 03:11:47,800
Saintly shaped the global 
concept of the Victorian novel. 

3704
03:11:48,700 --> 03:11:52,200
Dickens left behind a tangle of 
personal contradictions, a 

3705
03:11:52,200 --> 03:11:55,200
champion of empathy who has 
sometimes harsh with Intimates a

3706
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:57,600
moral Voice, who concealed his 
private entanglements. 

3707
03:11:58,300 --> 03:12:01,100
Yet no one, disputed his 
capacity to conjure life from 

3708
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:04,000
the page. 
Melting tragic undercurrents 

3709
03:12:04,000 --> 03:12:06,800
with comedic levity in a man of 
replicated. 

3710
03:12:07,600 --> 03:12:10,600
The muddy streets of Victorian, 
London will forever carry his 

3711
03:12:10,600 --> 03:12:12,600
Echo. 
A man, whose childhood 

3712
03:12:12,600 --> 03:12:16,600
humiliations birthed compassion 
for the neglected, whose comedic

3713
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:19,600
Brilliance coated Savage 
indictments of social inequality

3714
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:21,800
and whose busy pain never 
ceased. 

3715
03:12:21,800 --> 03:12:24,200
Describing the complicated 
Labyrinth of the human heart. 

3716
03:12:24,200 --> 03:12:27,000
In the decades, following 
Charles dickens's death. 

3717
03:12:27,000 --> 03:12:31,200
His stature as a literary, Titan
only grew biographers scrambled 

3718
03:12:31,200 --> 03:12:35,500
together, letters Diaries, and 
reminisces yet, they stumbled 

3719
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:38,700
upon inconsistencies, Dickens 
had destroyed sways of 

3720
03:12:38,700 --> 03:12:42,300
Correspondence, anxious to mask 
certain personal affairs. 

3721
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:45,600
Even his children offered 
perspective on his moods, 

3722
03:12:45,600 --> 03:12:48,700
praising his creativity, but 
recalling unpredictability at 

3723
03:12:48,700 --> 03:12:52,200
home over time, critics 
assembled, a portrait that bans,

3724
03:12:52,200 --> 03:12:56,300
the Beloved National icon with a
flawed Restless, man, Dickens's 

3725
03:12:56,300 --> 03:12:59,800
cultural influence, radiated, 
across continents, translation 

3726
03:12:59,800 --> 03:13:02,800
of his novels, proliferated from
Russian to Japanese. 

3727
03:13:03,800 --> 03:13:07,100
Tolstoy admired, how dickens's 
pathos uncovered moral truths 

3728
03:13:07,100 --> 03:13:10,100
within daily existence. 
Meanwhile in America. 

3729
03:13:10,100 --> 03:13:12,800
Mark Twain sighted. 
Dickens's comedic Mastery as an 

3730
03:13:12,800 --> 03:13:15,800
inspiration. 
Stage adaptations thrived 

3731
03:13:15,800 --> 03:13:19,300
theater, troupes dramatized, 
Oliver Twist or A Christmas 

3732
03:13:19,300 --> 03:13:22,900
Carol enthralling audiences. 
Who experience these. 

3733
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:26,600
Moral Tales live, eventually 
with the emergence of film. 

3734
03:13:27,300 --> 03:13:30,500
Dickens's episodic style lent 
itself to cinematic versions 

3735
03:13:30,500 --> 03:13:33,600
hooking new generations on 
characters like Scrooge and 

3736
03:13:33,600 --> 03:13:36,000
David Copperfield. 
Yet beneath the general 

3737
03:13:36,000 --> 03:13:39,800
adoration laid deeper debates in
the early 20th century, the 

3738
03:13:39,800 --> 03:13:43,600
modernist movement dismissed In 
a Sentimental and structurally 

3739
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:46,400
messy overshadowed by 
psychological realism. 

3740
03:13:46,400 --> 03:13:49,600
From authors like James Joyce, 
they disdained dickens's 

3741
03:13:49,600 --> 03:13:53,000
improbable coincidences and 
start moral polarities. 

3742
03:13:53,000 --> 03:13:56,900
However, around mid-century a 
scholarly reappraisal 

3743
03:13:56,900 --> 03:13:59,500
highlighted, the purposeful 
craft in dickens's narrative 

3744
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:02,500
arcs and social critiques. 
Far from naive. 

3745
03:14:02,500 --> 03:14:06,100
His comedic touches often 
disguise sharp societal barbs 

3746
03:14:06,100 --> 03:14:09,600
letting him slip, radical 
criticisms past sensors and 

3747
03:14:09,600 --> 03:14:11,400
readers unaccustomed to 
confrontation. 

3748
03:14:11,400 --> 03:14:14,200
Dickens also shaped 
philanthropic and social 

3749
03:14:14,200 --> 03:14:16,400
activism. 
His scathing depiction of 

3750
03:14:16,408 --> 03:14:20,000
workhouses all the cruelty of 
child, labor, galvanized 

3751
03:14:20,000 --> 03:14:23,900
subsequent reformers Wilkie, 
Collins, Elizabeth, Gaskell, and

3752
03:14:23,900 --> 03:14:25,800
others. 
In Dickinson Circle integrated 

3753
03:14:25,800 --> 03:14:30,000
similar strategies using fiction
to dramatize social injustice. 

3754
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:34,600
Modern Charities focusing on 
literacy or child welfare, 

3755
03:14:34,600 --> 03:14:38,100
sometimes invoked dickens's name
pointing to the universal 

3756
03:14:38,100 --> 03:14:42,300
empathy that his Works evoke 
even today policy discussions 

3757
03:14:42,300 --> 03:14:43,900
about homelessness or child 
poverty. 

3758
03:14:43,900 --> 03:14:46,300
Occasionally mentioned Dickens 
as a moral reference. 

3759
03:14:46,300 --> 03:14:49,800
A reminder that ignoring 
societies, vulnerable Fosters 

3760
03:14:49,800 --> 03:14:53,800
deeper crises in the personal 
realm, Revelations about Ellen, 

3761
03:14:53,800 --> 03:14:56,500
Turner and emerged in the late, 
19th and early 20th. 

3762
03:14:56,500 --> 03:15:00,800
Centuries shaking Dickens 
pristine image letters and memos

3763
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:02,900
indicated. 
He financially supported turn 

3764
03:15:02,900 --> 03:15:06,400
and dividing his life between 
public duties and a hidden 

3765
03:15:06,400 --> 03:15:09,700
domestic arrangement. 
Some fans felt betrayed that the

3766
03:15:09,700 --> 03:15:11,200
moralist had lived a double 
life. 

3767
03:15:12,100 --> 03:15:14,800
Others argued that Dickens 
private complexities under 

3768
03:15:14,800 --> 03:15:17,300
scored the raw, human 
contradictions, fueling his 

3769
03:15:17,300 --> 03:15:20,200
fiction. 
The debate parallel broader, 

3770
03:15:20,200 --> 03:15:23,200
shifts in how Victorian icons 
were reassessed under modern 

3771
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:25,900
scrutiny. 
Dickens is method of Serial 

3772
03:15:25,900 --> 03:15:28,400
publication also influence, 
subsequent generations of 

3773
03:15:28,400 --> 03:15:31,800
writers, the concept of 
releasing stories in weekly or 

3774
03:15:31,800 --> 03:15:35,500
monthly segments, maintaining 
suspense and forging a close 

3775
03:15:35,500 --> 03:15:38,600
bond with readers found echoes 
in everything from 20th century,

3776
03:15:38,600 --> 03:15:42,400
pulp magazines, to today's 
online web cereals, the 

3777
03:15:42,400 --> 03:15:44,500
interplay between real-time 
audience, reaction, and the 

3778
03:15:44,500 --> 03:15:47,000
writers of evolving plot shaped 
dickens's approach. 

3779
03:15:47,000 --> 03:15:51,500
He adjusted character arcs 
mid-series if he sensed to shift

3780
03:15:51,508 --> 03:15:55,000
in public, sympathy contemporary
authors who experiment with 

3781
03:15:55,000 --> 03:15:58,300
episodic storytelling over quiet
debt to his pioneering 

3782
03:15:58,300 --> 03:16:01,700
structure. 
Tourists still flocked to 

3783
03:16:01,700 --> 03:16:04,800
dickensian landmarks in London, 
the Dickens Museum and Doughty 

3784
03:16:04,800 --> 03:16:06,600
Street. 
The blacking Factory is location

3785
03:16:06,600 --> 03:16:09,800
near the Thames and the austere,
martial sea prison Relic. 

3786
03:16:10,400 --> 03:16:14,700
At Christmas, especially people 
revisit A Christmas Carol with 

3787
03:16:14,700 --> 03:16:16,500
countless adaptations 
reinforcing. 

3788
03:16:16,500 --> 03:16:19,800
Generosity victory, over 
miserliness, the stories 

3789
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:23,000
cultural resonance persists, 
because Dickens tapped into 

3790
03:16:23,000 --> 03:16:27,600
Elemental themes regret 
Redemption and communal warmth. 

3791
03:16:28,300 --> 03:16:31,000
The name Scrooge remains a 
byword for stinginess. 

3792
03:16:31,700 --> 03:16:33,300
A testament to Dickens is 
enduring. 

3793
03:16:33,300 --> 03:16:36,900
Hold on language itself. 
Dickens's life is reflected as 

3794
03:16:36,900 --> 03:16:41,300
an illustration of reinvention 
and Unstoppable drive from a 

3795
03:16:41,308 --> 03:16:44,400
traumatized boy, polishing boots
to an International Celebrity 

3796
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:47,500
juggling philanthropic causes 
and labyrinthine plots. 

3797
03:16:47,500 --> 03:16:51,300
He exemplified resilience fueled
by moral impetus though. 

3798
03:16:51,300 --> 03:16:55,100
Times of change is emphasis on 
Shining a spotlight on the 

3799
03:16:55,100 --> 03:16:58,700
marginalized Ring's contemporary
We see Echoes and campaigns for 

3800
03:16:58,700 --> 03:17:00,500
social justice. 
Echoing. 

3801
03:17:00,500 --> 03:17:03,400
Dickens is called for empathy. 
Ultimately Charles. 

3802
03:17:03,400 --> 03:17:06,200
Dickens stands as both the 
comedic Chronicle of Victorian 

3803
03:17:06,200 --> 03:17:09,800
quirks and the fierce critic of 
institutional failings, his 

3804
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:12,800
labyrinthine plots, bursting 
with eccentric figures 

3805
03:17:12,800 --> 03:17:15,700
overshadow, none of the raw 
under currents of Injustice. 

3806
03:17:16,700 --> 03:17:19,200
He remains a puzzle of 
contradictions public moralist 

3807
03:17:19,200 --> 03:17:23,400
but private Enigma champion of 
familial warmth yet fracture of 

3808
03:17:23,400 --> 03:17:25,600
his home. 
Comedic Entertainer yet, 

3809
03:17:25,600 --> 03:17:29,300
scathing social commentator That
complexity rather than 

3810
03:17:29,300 --> 03:17:31,000
undermining his legacy in 
riches. 

3811
03:17:31,000 --> 03:17:35,200
It his Works endure reminding us
that laughter and compassion can

3812
03:17:35,200 --> 03:17:39,000
coexist with deep outraged at 
cruelty and that a single pen 

3813
03:17:39,000 --> 03:17:42,500
Guided by empathy and 
irrepressible imagination can 

3814
03:17:42,500 --> 03:17:44,600
shift how an entire Society 
views itself. 

3815
03:17:51,800 --> 03:17:54,400
Have you ever noticed that? 
Sometimes a person you get along

3816
03:17:54,400 --> 03:17:57,200
with begins to make small 
demands that appear reasonable. 

3817
03:17:58,000 --> 03:18:00,800
This was Britain's relationship 
with the American colonies after

3818
03:18:00,800 --> 03:18:04,000
1763. 
Britain had just finished the 

3819
03:18:04,000 --> 03:18:06,900
French and Indian War which 
sounded like a war between two 

3820
03:18:06,900 --> 03:18:09,700
groups, but was more like a 
neighborhood brawl that involved

3821
03:18:09,700 --> 03:18:12,700
most of the world. 
The British won which was great 

3822
03:18:12,700 --> 03:18:15,000
for English speakers, but 
disastrous for the French. 

3823
03:18:15,000 --> 03:18:19,300
However winning wars is costly. 
Britain reviewed its bank 

3824
03:18:19,300 --> 03:18:22,200
account as if it were a credit 
card statement, following an 

3825
03:18:22,200 --> 03:18:24,000
extravagant holiday shopping 
spree. 

3826
03:18:24,700 --> 03:18:27,300
Britain, who should pay for all 
those muskets and fancy 

3827
03:18:27,300 --> 03:18:30,200
uniforms. 
Meanwhile, the colonists saw 

3828
03:18:30,200 --> 03:18:33,200
their lives as reasonable. 
Everyone would mind their own 

3829
03:18:33,200 --> 03:18:35,700
business as they sent to back on
other Goods across the ocean. 

3830
03:18:35,700 --> 03:18:39,900
Britain sent back T and 
manufactured goods, it was akin 

3831
03:18:39,900 --> 03:18:41,600
to a prosperous long-distance 
partnership. 

3832
03:18:42,400 --> 03:18:45,700
Britain then became involved in 
the daily details of trade, the 

3833
03:18:45,700 --> 03:18:49,300
Sugar Act of 1764 taxed, 
molasses and sugar. 

3834
03:18:49,300 --> 03:18:53,100
You may Wonder What's the big 
deal about sugar taxes? 

3835
03:18:53,100 --> 03:18:57,500
However, molasses was not only 
used in cookies, lassis played a

3836
03:18:57,500 --> 03:19:00,100
crucial role in the production 
of rum, which was considered the

3837
03:19:00,100 --> 03:19:02,200
most valuable commodity in the 
Colonial economy. 

3838
03:19:03,400 --> 03:19:05,600
Taxing molasses was like taxing 
happiness. 

3839
03:19:06,300 --> 03:19:08,800
The colonists grumbled about the
tax, but believed it would be 

3840
03:19:08,800 --> 03:19:12,200
temporary. 
The Stamp Act of 1765 required 

3841
03:19:12,200 --> 03:19:15,800
tax stamps on, almost all 
Colonial paper by a newspaper, 

3842
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:19,500
stamp Duty need a will Stamp 
Duty. 

3843
03:19:19,500 --> 03:19:21,200
Are you enjoying a game of 
cards? 

3844
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:24,100
It's stamped attacks. 
Britain seemed to believe that 

3845
03:19:24,100 --> 03:19:26,400
the abundance of trees was 
excessive and required 

3846
03:19:26,400 --> 03:19:29,600
regulation, the colonists had a 
philosophical disagreement with 

3847
03:19:29,600 --> 03:19:31,800
the arrangement which made 
things fascinating. 

3848
03:19:32,600 --> 03:19:35,900
They'd been managing themselves 
well, but now, someone 3,000 

3849
03:19:35,900 --> 03:19:38,000
miles away was telling them how 
to spend their money. 

3850
03:19:38,000 --> 03:19:40,700
It would be like your distant 
cousin rearranging your 

3851
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:42,300
furniture because they helped 
you move. 

3852
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:45,500
Britain's response to no 
taxation without representation 

3853
03:19:45,500 --> 03:19:50,000
was but we're representing. 
You were British your British, 

3854
03:19:50,000 --> 03:19:54,700
it's all very British and 
representational, this logic, 

3855
03:19:54,700 --> 03:19:57,700
didn't convince colonists when 
two people argue about one 

3856
03:19:57,700 --> 03:20:01,600
thing, but are upset about 
another things escalate The 

3857
03:20:01,600 --> 03:20:04,900
Townshend Acts of 1767 taxed 
tea. 

3858
03:20:04,900 --> 03:20:10,000
Paint paper and glass By now 
Britain was taxing so much that 

3859
03:20:10,000 --> 03:20:11,900
colonists wondered if breathing 
was next. 

3860
03:20:12,700 --> 03:20:14,900
The colonial response of 
boycotting British goods. 

3861
03:20:14,900 --> 03:20:17,300
Worked better than expected 
British. 

3862
03:20:17,300 --> 03:20:20,200
Merchants suddenly found their 
warehouses filled with unwanted 

3863
03:20:20,200 --> 03:20:24,400
items such as 40 pounds of 
potato salad, left over from a 

3864
03:20:24,400 --> 03:20:28,700
party that had no guests. 
Tensions were so high in 1770, 

3865
03:20:28,700 --> 03:20:31,400
that a knife could cut them. 
British soldiers. 

3866
03:20:31,400 --> 03:20:34,100
Kept ordering, colonial cities 
and armed Soldiers. 

3867
03:20:34,100 --> 03:20:37,700
Made people nervous hiring a 
bounce of your book club may be 

3868
03:20:37,708 --> 03:20:40,700
technically beneficial, but it 
can significantly alter the 

3869
03:20:40,700 --> 03:20:43,700
atmosphere. 
The Boston Massacre occurred in 

3870
03:20:43,700 --> 03:20:47,200
March 1770, but calling it a 
massacre is like, calling a 

3871
03:20:47,200 --> 03:20:49,700
small accident, a major 
transportation disaster. 

3872
03:20:50,500 --> 03:20:53,500
British soldiers shooting into a
crowd, killed five, colonists, 

3873
03:20:53,500 --> 03:20:55,400
which was tragic and 
unnecessary. 

3874
03:20:55,400 --> 03:20:59,000
But not a systematic Slaughter. 
However, it gave the colonists, 

3875
03:20:59,000 --> 03:21:02,300
something to be upset about and 
anger is a powerful organizing 

3876
03:21:02,300 --> 03:21:04,600
Force. 
You're probably seeing how the 

3877
03:21:04,600 --> 03:21:07,300
story will end, but we're just 
beginning after the Boston 

3878
03:21:07,300 --> 03:21:10,500
Massacre, Britain considered 
retreating to maintain dignity 

3879
03:21:10,500 --> 03:21:13,100
in this relationship, they 
repealed most of the Townshend 

3880
03:21:13,100 --> 03:21:17,200
Acts keeping only the tea tax. 
It was akin to expressing regret

3881
03:21:17,200 --> 03:21:20,000
over a disagreement. 
It asserting triumph, over a 

3882
03:21:20,000 --> 03:21:22,300
minor issue. 
A couple of years were quiet, 

3883
03:21:22,300 --> 03:21:24,500
Britain. 
Resumed pretending the empire 

3884
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:26,900
was running smoothly while the 
colonists returned to their 

3885
03:21:26,900 --> 03:21:30,100
daily lives. 
The situation, resembled a state

3886
03:21:30,100 --> 03:21:33,100
of artificial Tranquility, as 
everyone chose to overlook the 

3887
03:21:33,100 --> 03:21:35,900
pressing issue of Taxation, 
which was disguised by a 

3888
03:21:35,900 --> 03:21:37,800
powdered wig, and held strong 
opinions. 

3889
03:21:38,700 --> 03:21:43,300
In 1773 Britain, committed a 
strategic error, but it was more

3890
03:21:43,300 --> 03:21:47,200
akin to making a blind decision.
The British East India Company, 

3891
03:21:47,200 --> 03:21:51,100
monopolized Colonial tails under
the Tea Act making tea cheaper 

3892
03:21:51,100 --> 03:21:53,900
for consumers. 
One might assume that chupati 

3893
03:21:53,900 --> 03:21:55,800
would be popular but that was 
not the case. 

3894
03:21:55,800 --> 03:21:58,800
Principal not price was the 
issue. 

3895
03:21:59,500 --> 03:22:02,700
Local Merchants complete removal
from the tea business presented.

3896
03:22:02,700 --> 03:22:04,200
Colonists with a promising 
future. 

3897
03:22:05,200 --> 03:22:07,100
What prevented Britain from 
monopolizing? 

3898
03:22:07,100 --> 03:22:10,100
Everything else if they could 
monopolize tea, it was like 

3899
03:22:10,100 --> 03:22:12,500
watching someone rearrange your 
furniture while claiming to 

3900
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:15,000
help. 
The colonial response was Swift,

3901
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:17,300
and neither brilliantly 
theatrical, or completely 

3902
03:22:17,300 --> 03:22:21,400
insane. 
On December the 16th 1773 

3903
03:22:21,400 --> 03:22:24,200
colonists dressed as Native. 
American's. 

3904
03:22:24,200 --> 03:22:28,900
Boarded, British ships in Boston
Harbor and dumped 342 chests of 

3905
03:22:28,900 --> 03:22:31,800
tea at the water. 
Their action was culturally 

3906
03:22:31,800 --> 03:22:35,900
insensitive and unconvincing. 
The Boston Tea Party was likely 

3907
03:22:35,900 --> 03:22:39,800
the most expensive tantrum ever.
Boston Harbor, briefly held the 

3908
03:22:39,800 --> 03:22:44,200
world's largest cup of weak tea 
worth 1.7 million dollars today.

3909
03:22:45,200 --> 03:22:48,000
Britain's response to this 
aquatic protest was typical of 

3910
03:22:48,000 --> 03:22:50,500
someone who just seen their 
expensive tea turned into 

3911
03:22:50,500 --> 03:22:53,000
Harbor, seasoning. 
King George, the third, and 

3912
03:22:53,000 --> 03:22:55,400
Parliament, decided, 
Massachusetts needed manners, 

3913
03:22:55,400 --> 03:22:59,200
and were the ones to teach them.
Britain's Intolerable Acts of 

3914
03:22:59,200 --> 03:23:02,400
1774 said. 
You want to act like children? 

3915
03:23:03,300 --> 03:23:04,900
Fine will treat you like 
children. 

3916
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:08,900
They grounded a city by closing.
Boston Harbor until the tea was 

3917
03:23:08,900 --> 03:23:11,400
paid for instead of colonial 
courts. 

3918
03:23:11,400 --> 03:23:14,600
British officials accused of 
crime would be tried in Britain 

3919
03:23:14,600 --> 03:23:18,900
which was like saying from now 
on when we break the rules will 

3920
03:23:18,900 --> 03:23:21,900
judge ourselves. 
The Quebec Act passed around the

3921
03:23:21,900 --> 03:23:24,800
same time, extended Quebec's 
borders into the Ohio Valley 

3922
03:23:24,800 --> 03:23:27,900
annoying, most American 
colonists, Britain seemed to 

3923
03:23:27,900 --> 03:23:31,100
have thought, you know, what? 
This needs more complication. 

3924
03:23:32,000 --> 03:23:34,700
However, Britain's plan 
backfired almost poetically. 

3925
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:38,200
Instead of isolating 
Massachusetts and making an 

3926
03:23:38,200 --> 03:23:41,000
example of them, the Intolerable
Act warned other colonies. 

3927
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:43,600
They could follow. 
It was akin to observing the 

3928
03:23:43,600 --> 03:23:45,200
neighborhood, bully Target, one 
child. 

3929
03:23:45,200 --> 03:23:48,600
And suddenly recognizing that 
you could be the subsequent 

3930
03:23:48,600 --> 03:23:51,000
victim. 
But the First Continental 

3931
03:23:51,000 --> 03:23:55,000
Congress in Philadelphia in 
September 1774, delegates from 

3932
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:57,900
12 colonies. 
Georgia was undecided discussed 

3933
03:23:57,900 --> 03:24:00,700
their options. 12 groups of 
people agreeing on. 

3934
03:24:00,700 --> 03:24:03,700
Anything is difficult. 
Let alone, 12 groups spread 

3935
03:24:03,700 --> 03:24:05,700
across 1000 miles of 18th 
century. 

3936
03:24:05,708 --> 03:24:09,200
Transportation infrastructure. 
The Congress stopped importing 

3937
03:24:09,200 --> 03:24:11,200
and exporting Colonial Goods to 
Britain. 

3938
03:24:11,200 --> 03:24:14,100
They also agreed to meet again, 
if things didn't improve 

3939
03:24:14,100 --> 03:24:18,000
politely saying, were serious 
about this and will prove it by 

3940
03:24:18,000 --> 03:24:20,900
having more meetings. 
Colonists were organizing 

3941
03:24:20,900 --> 03:24:23,500
militias which should have 
worried Britain more than it did

3942
03:24:23,500 --> 03:24:27,200
farmers shopkeepers and 
blacksmiths spent their weekends

3943
03:24:27,200 --> 03:24:30,300
learning to march in straight 
lines and shoot muskets 

3944
03:24:30,300 --> 03:24:32,800
accurately. 
The militia movement was 

3945
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:36,200
practical and psychological. 
It meant colonists were ready to

3946
03:24:36,200 --> 03:24:39,100
defend themselves. 
It was a big, mental shift to 

3947
03:24:39,100 --> 03:24:41,600
think of themselves as people 
who might need to defend 

3948
03:24:41,600 --> 03:24:43,000
themselves against their own 
government. 

3949
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:47,400
By 1774, Britain, and the 
American colonies were 

3950
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:49,700
stockpiling weapons and making 
grievance lists. 

3951
03:24:50,600 --> 03:24:54,200
If This Were a marriage lawyers 
would be involved, you're 

3952
03:24:54,200 --> 03:24:56,300
familiar with the moment when 
someone uttered something they 

3953
03:24:56,300 --> 03:25:00,200
cannot retract and everything 
shifts within the argument, it 

3954
03:25:00,200 --> 03:25:05,700
happened on April, 19th, 1775 in
two small, Massachusetts towns 

3955
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:08,300
that most people in Britain, and
the American colonies had never 

3956
03:25:08,300 --> 03:25:10,900
heard of General Thomas. 
Gage. 

3957
03:25:10,900 --> 03:25:13,900
The British commander in Boston 
was ordered to suppress the 

3958
03:25:13,900 --> 03:25:16,700
colonial Rebellion by seizing 
weapons and arresting the 

3959
03:25:16,700 --> 03:25:19,000
leaders. 
He took a leisurely evening. 

3960
03:25:19,000 --> 03:25:22,000
Stroll with 700 of his closest 
friends to retrieve the 

3961
03:25:22,000 --> 03:25:25,500
colonists military supplies from
Concord 20 miles from Boston, 

3962
03:25:25,500 --> 03:25:28,800
the plan was simple. 
Marched to Concord at night 

3963
03:25:28,800 --> 03:25:32,300
grabbed, the weapons, arrest 
Samuel, Adams, and John Hancock.

3964
03:25:32,300 --> 03:25:34,200
If they were there and returned 
for breakfast. 

3965
03:25:35,100 --> 03:25:38,000
It was the kind of plan that 
looks great on paper but falls 

3966
03:25:38,000 --> 03:25:41,200
apart in practice. 
The colonists had a fantastic 

3967
03:25:41,200 --> 03:25:45,200
neighborhood watch system. 
Paul Revere, William doors and 

3968
03:25:45,200 --> 03:25:47,500
other Riders patrolled the 
countryside to warn of the 

3969
03:25:47,500 --> 03:25:51,100
British Revere's midnight. 
Ride is legendary but he was 

3970
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:54,100
captured halfway to Concord 
proving that even famous 

3971
03:25:54,100 --> 03:25:56,300
historical events. 
Don't always go as planned. 

3972
03:25:56,300 --> 03:26:00,100
British troops arrived at 
Lexington at Sunrise to discover

3973
03:26:00,100 --> 03:26:02,700
70, Colonial militia men on the 
Village Green. 

3974
03:26:03,600 --> 03:26:07,200
The militia was armed but 
outnumbered making this attempts

3975
03:26:07,200 --> 03:26:09,700
neighborhood dispute rather than
a military conflict. 

3976
03:26:10,500 --> 03:26:13,700
Who fired the first Lexington, 
shot is unknown, it could have 

3977
03:26:13,700 --> 03:26:17,200
been a British soldier, a 
colonial militiamen or a musket 

3978
03:26:17,200 --> 03:26:20,400
accident which happened more 
often than you'd think with 18th

3979
03:26:20,400 --> 03:26:23,200
century Firearms. 
We know that 8 colonists died 

3980
03:26:23,200 --> 03:26:25,700
and one British soldier was 
wounded after the smoke cleared.

3981
03:26:26,400 --> 03:26:29,300
British troops continued to 
Concord where things improved. 

3982
03:26:29,300 --> 03:26:32,500
Initially, they managed to move 
most of the valuable military 

3983
03:26:32,500 --> 03:26:35,900
supplies, but they also 
destroyed some their day went 

3984
03:26:35,908 --> 03:26:37,300
awry when they returned to 
Boston. 

3985
03:26:37,300 --> 03:26:40,400
The colonial militia kept busy 
while the British search 

3986
03:26:40,400 --> 03:26:43,700
Concorde with word of the 
Lexington fighting spreading, 

3987
03:26:43,700 --> 03:26:46,600
militia units. 
Converge from all directions. 

3988
03:26:46,600 --> 03:26:49,600
The British encountered the 
Concorde militia, as well as 

3989
03:26:49,608 --> 03:26:52,800
nearby farmers and shopkeepers 
armed with muskets who then fled

3990
03:26:52,800 --> 03:26:56,300
the retreat from Concord to 
Boston became a day long battle 

3991
03:26:56,300 --> 03:27:00,000
the British founded on sporting 
for the colonial militia to hide

3992
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:03,900
behind trees and stonewalls 
shooted officers and not line up

3993
03:27:03,900 --> 03:27:06,500
in neat. 
Formations to be shot at It was 

3994
03:27:06,500 --> 03:27:08,800
like a game where the other side
changed the rules. 

3995
03:27:08,800 --> 03:27:13,800
The British limped back in to 
Boston with 273 casualties to 

3996
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:15,500
95. 
Colonial losses. 

3997
03:27:15,500 --> 03:27:18,600
More importantly, they learn. 
That Colonial militia were 

3998
03:27:18,600 --> 03:27:21,700
different from European armies. 
The colonists didn't understand 

3999
03:27:21,700 --> 03:27:25,000
that war should be gentlemanly. 
The colonies heard Lexington, 

4000
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:27,700
and Concord news faster than 
small town gossip. 

4001
03:27:28,400 --> 03:27:30,800
Connecticut and New Hampshire 
militia marched towards Boston 

4002
03:27:30,800 --> 03:27:33,600
within days. 
The British were besieged in 

4003
03:27:33,600 --> 03:27:38,000
their own stronghold which was 
unexpected in May 1775. 

4004
03:27:38,000 --> 03:27:41,700
The second continental congress 
met in Philadelphia and face to 

4005
03:27:41,700 --> 03:27:44,800
simpler but more complicated 
situation than the first. 

4006
03:27:45,700 --> 03:27:49,000
Since the shooting had begun, 
they didn't have to debate armed

4007
03:27:49,000 --> 03:27:51,900
resistances legitimacy. 
They were running a war without 

4008
03:27:51,900 --> 03:27:55,800
realizing it, making it more 
complicated Congress appointed a

4009
03:27:55,800 --> 03:27:58,800
committee as politicians do in 
confusing situations. 

4010
03:27:59,500 --> 03:28:02,000
They appointed several 
committees but the most 

4011
03:28:02,000 --> 03:28:05,200
important one organized, the 
colonial military forces into an

4012
03:28:05,200 --> 03:28:07,700
army. 
After some debate, they chose 

4013
03:28:07,700 --> 03:28:10,200
George Washington. 
A Virginia planter with military

4014
03:28:10,200 --> 03:28:11,800
experience. 
And a good horse. 

4015
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:15,000
Washington, accepted the 
appointment with The Reluctant 

4016
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:18,500
Grace politicians have perfected
since That he didn't feel 

4017
03:28:18,500 --> 03:28:21,500
qualified for the job but would 
do his best was either humility 

4018
03:28:21,500 --> 03:28:25,200
or political theater. 
Probably both the Battle of 

4019
03:28:25,200 --> 03:28:29,000
Bunker Hill in June 1775, showed
that Colonial forces could 

4020
03:28:29,000 --> 03:28:31,800
defeat professional British 
troops with good defense and 

4021
03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:34,600
enough ammunition. 
After inflicting heavy 

4022
03:28:34,600 --> 03:28:36,900
casualties on the British, the 
colonists retreated. 

4023
03:28:37,700 --> 03:28:40,400
A defeat that felt like a 
victory was exactly what 

4024
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:43,600
colonial morale needed. 
The American colonies were in 

4025
03:28:43,600 --> 03:28:47,000
open Rebellion against Britain 
by 1775, though. 

4026
03:28:47,000 --> 03:28:50,500
Nobody wanted to call it that? 
Admitting you've made a big 

4027
03:28:50,500 --> 03:28:54,300
decision can be harder than 
choosing it in early. 1776. 

4028
03:28:54,300 --> 03:28:57,300
The American colonies were 
fighting Britain organizing 

4029
03:28:57,300 --> 03:29:00,000
their own government and 
printing their own money, but 

4030
03:29:00,000 --> 03:29:01,500
they were still trying to 
reconcile. 

4031
03:29:01,500 --> 03:29:03,700
It was like someone who moved 
out of their parents house. 

4032
03:29:03,700 --> 03:29:07,200
Got a new apartment and started 
a new job, but insist their 

4033
03:29:07,208 --> 03:29:09,500
staying with friends, until 
things work out at home. 

4034
03:29:09,500 --> 03:29:13,900
In January, 1776, Thomas, Paine 
published Common Sense. 

4035
03:29:13,900 --> 03:29:15,700
And said, what everyone was 
thinking? 

4036
03:29:16,600 --> 03:29:19,400
In the 18th century, most 
political writing sounded like 

4037
03:29:19,400 --> 03:29:20,900
it was meant to put people to 
sleep. 

4038
03:29:20,900 --> 03:29:23,800
But pain could explain complex 
political ideas in simple 

4039
03:29:23,800 --> 03:29:27,300
language Common Sense argued 
that Independence was necessary 

4040
03:29:27,300 --> 03:29:30,400
and desirable pain. 
Noted that King's were usually 

4041
03:29:30,400 --> 03:29:33,400
useless or harmful. 
It was absurd to think that one 

4042
03:29:33,400 --> 03:29:36,200
person should rule millions of 
others based on their parents. 

4043
03:29:36,200 --> 03:29:39,100
It was like, entrusting your 
finances to someone whose great 

4044
03:29:39,100 --> 03:29:43,500
grandfather was good with money.
It sold 150,000 copies in three 

4045
03:29:43,500 --> 03:29:46,600
months, which was like going 
viral in 1776. 

4046
03:29:46,600 --> 03:29:49,800
But with radical political 
theory in stead of funny cat 

4047
03:29:49,800 --> 03:29:54,600
videos, Taverns and Town Square 
suddenly hosted whispered 

4048
03:29:54,600 --> 03:29:57,700
conversation. 
Meanwhile the war spread Beyond 

4049
03:29:57,700 --> 03:30:00,600
Massachusetts. 
The American invasion of Canada 

4050
03:30:00,600 --> 03:30:03,700
seemed like a good idea at the 
time, but it taught you why most

4051
03:30:03,700 --> 03:30:07,100
military Adventures are bad. 
The Invasion failed 

4052
03:30:07,100 --> 03:30:10,400
spectacularly proving that 
winter distance, and hostile 

4053
03:30:10,400 --> 03:30:11,700
population. 
Stop armies. 

4054
03:30:12,400 --> 03:30:15,400
In the South, the British were 
finding their optimism about 

4055
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:17,200
loyal. 
Colonists supporting them wrong.

4056
03:30:18,000 --> 03:30:21,100
While rallying loyalists support
in North Carolina, most people 

4057
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:23,800
prefer to stay home and avoid 
being shot, which was probably 

4058
03:30:23,800 --> 03:30:26,800
wise back in Philadelphia. 
The Continental Congress 

4059
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:28,700
struggled to wage war while 
seeking peace. 

4060
03:30:28,700 --> 03:30:32,000
It was like planning a wedding 
while divorcing possible but 

4061
03:30:32,000 --> 03:30:35,100
difficult King George. 
The third unexpectedly pushed 

4062
03:30:35,100 --> 03:30:39,300
for Independence in December 
1775, he declared the American 

4063
03:30:39,300 --> 03:30:42,400
colonies in open rebellion and 
no longer under his protection. 

4064
03:30:42,400 --> 03:30:45,400
He meant fine. 
If you want to act like you 

4065
03:30:45,400 --> 03:30:46,900
don't need me, then you really 
don't. 

4066
03:30:48,200 --> 03:30:51,200
The king hired German 
mercenaries Hessians to fight 

4067
03:30:51,200 --> 03:30:54,200
the colonists, which was like 
bringing in our armed strangers 

4068
03:30:54,200 --> 03:30:55,500
to settle a fight with your 
kids. 

4069
03:30:55,500 --> 03:31:00,200
This gesture made reconciliation
less appealing Even moderates in

4070
03:31:00,200 --> 03:31:01,900
Congress. 
The thought Independence might 

4071
03:31:01,900 --> 03:31:04,200
be. 
The only option by Spring 1776. 

4072
03:31:04,200 --> 03:31:07,400
You can't negotiate with someone
who has declared rebellion and 

4073
03:31:07,400 --> 03:31:09,600
hired foreign soldiers, to shoot
you. 

4074
03:31:10,200 --> 03:31:12,800
Thomas Jefferson was chosen to 
write the Declaration of 

4075
03:31:12,800 --> 03:31:14,900
Independence because he was a 
good writer. 

4076
03:31:14,900 --> 03:31:18,200
And because the other committee 
members had more important tasks

4077
03:31:18,200 --> 03:31:22,300
Jefferson, who was 33 wrote. 
One of the most important 

4078
03:31:22,300 --> 03:31:25,000
documents in history while still
paying off student loans. 

4079
03:31:26,100 --> 03:31:28,900
Jefferson's initial draft was 
longer and more accusatory. 

4080
03:31:28,900 --> 03:31:32,300
His inflammatory language, 
including blaming King George 

4081
03:31:32,300 --> 03:31:35,400
for the slave trade was edited 
out by Congress for political 

4082
03:31:35,400 --> 03:31:38,900
reasons and because slaveholders
were hypocritical The final 

4083
03:31:38,900 --> 03:31:43,400
declaration approved on July 
4th, 1776 was a political 

4084
03:31:43,400 --> 03:31:45,900
Masterpiece that was both 
philosophical and practical. 

4085
03:31:45,900 --> 03:31:48,700
It stated why? 
The colonies were declaring 

4086
03:31:48,700 --> 03:31:52,000
independence, listed their 
grievances against Britain and 

4087
03:31:52,000 --> 03:31:54,000
announced their intention to 
form a new nation. 

4088
03:31:54,900 --> 03:31:57,700
The most famous line, we hold 
these truths to be self-evident,

4089
03:31:57,700 --> 03:32:01,600
that all men are created, equal,
change politics, and philosophy.

4090
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:05,400
In a world where most people 
were ruled by Divine Kings. 

4091
03:32:05,400 --> 03:32:08,700
The idea that government should 
be based on consent was Radical 

4092
03:32:09,400 --> 03:32:11,900
And 1776. 
All men meant something 

4093
03:32:11,900 --> 03:32:15,200
different than it does. 
Today, women enslaved people and

4094
03:32:15,200 --> 03:32:20,000
Native Americans couldn't vote. 
Its promissory notes status, the

4095
03:32:20,000 --> 03:32:23,200
Declaration was a start. 
The Declaration signing wasn't 

4096
03:32:23,200 --> 03:32:24,800
as dramatic as painting 
suggests. 

4097
03:32:25,700 --> 03:32:29,100
Many delegates signed a formal 
copy in August, but some waited 

4098
03:32:29,100 --> 03:32:32,000
until November. 
John Hancock's, large signature 

4099
03:32:32,000 --> 03:32:35,600
was likely more about habit than
Defiance public reaction to 

4100
03:32:35,600 --> 03:32:40,000
Independence was mixed Patriot's
held bonfires bell, ringing and 

4101
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:42,100
readings. 
In a new nation that had 

4102
03:32:42,100 --> 03:32:44,100
declared their former 
government, illegitimate 

4103
03:32:44,100 --> 03:32:46,100
loyalists worried about their 
future. 

4104
03:32:46,100 --> 03:32:49,500
Many wanted to know if they'd 
finally stopped arguing about 

4105
03:32:49,500 --> 03:32:52,400
taxes, The Declaration of 
Independence. 

4106
03:32:52,400 --> 03:32:55,300
Turn the colonial, Rebellion 
into a National Liberation War. 

4107
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:59,900
No, turning back Independence or
defeat, no middle ground. 

4108
03:33:00,700 --> 03:33:03,600
Declaring independence was 
simple winning Independence. 

4109
03:33:03,600 --> 03:33:07,100
Required defeating the world's 
strongest military force which 

4110
03:33:07,100 --> 03:33:09,400
was like challenging the 
neighborhood, bully to a fight 

4111
03:33:09,400 --> 03:33:12,000
and discovering that he was a 
professional wrestler with 

4112
03:33:12,000 --> 03:33:15,000
several angry friends. 
The UK response to the 

4113
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:18,600
Declaration of Independence was 
Swift and overwhelming, their 

4114
03:33:18,600 --> 03:33:22,300
largest expeditionary force over
30,000 troops and a massive 

4115
03:33:22,308 --> 03:33:26,300
Fleet targeted, New York City. 
They wanted to capture the most 

4116
03:33:26,300 --> 03:33:29,900
important Colonial ports, split 
the rebellion in half and end 

4117
03:33:29,900 --> 03:33:31,600
this nonsense before it got out 
of hand. 

4118
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:35,300
While commanding, the 
Continental Army George 

4119
03:33:35,300 --> 03:33:37,400
Washington learned that it was 
like herding cats. 

4120
03:33:37,400 --> 03:33:41,000
Except the cats were armed had 
strong opinions about military 

4121
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:43,800
hierarchy and went home when 
their enlistments expired. 

4122
03:33:44,800 --> 03:33:47,600
The Army consisted of 
Continental regulars, State 

4123
03:33:47,600 --> 03:33:50,900
militia and volunteers who came 
and went as needed for farm 

4124
03:33:50,900 --> 03:33:53,500
work. 
Washington's first major battle 

4125
03:33:53,500 --> 03:33:55,800
as a commander. 
The Battle of Long Island in 

4126
03:33:55,800 --> 03:33:59,800
August. 1776 nearly ended the 
revolution before it began. 

4127
03:34:00,900 --> 03:34:03,000
British General. 
William Howe out maneuvered, 

4128
03:34:03,000 --> 03:34:05,900
Washington's Army, trapping them
on Brooklyn, Heights with their 

4129
03:34:05,900 --> 03:34:09,200
backs to the East River. 
Most military professionals call

4130
03:34:09,200 --> 03:34:11,900
being trapped with a river 
behind you and a superior. 

4131
03:34:11,900 --> 03:34:13,800
Enemy force in front of you a 
problem. 

4132
03:34:14,600 --> 03:34:17,300
Washington solved it with one of
the most daring retreats in 

4133
03:34:17,300 --> 03:34:20,000
history. 
Evacuating 9,000 troops across 

4134
03:34:20,000 --> 03:34:23,000
the East River at night, without
the British noticing, like 

4135
03:34:23,000 --> 03:34:25,500
sneaking out of a party while 
the host was distracted. 

4136
03:34:25,500 --> 03:34:29,500
But with cannons, The Retreat 
from New York became a disaster.

4137
03:34:29,500 --> 03:34:33,300
That tested independent 
supporters loyalty, Washington's

4138
03:34:33,300 --> 03:34:37,300
Army, disintegrated as soldiers,
deserted enlistments expired and

4139
03:34:37,300 --> 03:34:41,000
militia units returned home. 
He had less than 3,000 troops 

4140
03:34:41,000 --> 03:34:44,400
left by December and most of 
their enlistments expired on New

4141
03:34:44,400 --> 03:34:47,700
Year's Eve. 
During the dark period volunteer

4142
03:34:47,700 --> 03:34:51,000
Thomas Paine wrote The Crisis 
which began with the famous 

4143
03:34:51,000 --> 03:34:53,200
line. 
These are the times that try 

4144
03:34:53,200 --> 03:34:55,800
men's souls. 
He meant, that things were bad 

4145
03:34:55,800 --> 03:34:59,400
but giving up wasn't an option. 
The British capture of Fort 

4146
03:34:59,400 --> 03:35:02,300
Washington in November taking 
nearly 3,000. 

4147
03:35:02,300 --> 03:35:06,200
Americans was the lowest point. 
Its main goal was to stop 

4148
03:35:06,200 --> 03:35:08,200
British ships from sailing up 
the Hudson River. 

4149
03:35:08,900 --> 03:35:10,900
But it proved that building a 
fort in the wrong place. 

4150
03:35:10,900 --> 03:35:14,500
Is worse than none. 
Like Christmas 1776. 

4151
03:35:14,500 --> 03:35:18,300
The Revolution was 10 U.S. 
The British and hes controlled. 

4152
03:35:18,300 --> 03:35:20,500
New York were about to defeat 
Washington's Army. 

4153
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:24,000
Many colonists, who supported 
independence, were beginning to 

4154
03:35:24,000 --> 03:35:27,200
doubt their decision. 
Washington decided desperate 

4155
03:35:27,200 --> 03:35:28,900
times required Desperate 
Measures. 

4156
03:35:28,900 --> 03:35:32,400
He led his remaining troops the 
ice choke Delaware River on 

4157
03:35:32,400 --> 03:35:36,500
Christmas night to surprise 900,
Hessian soldiers in Trenton. 

4158
03:35:37,100 --> 03:35:39,500
The Crossing was dangerous due 
to a winter storm and many 

4159
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:41,000
soldiers didn't have proper 
shoes. 

4160
03:35:41,000 --> 03:35:43,100
Leaving bloody footprints in the
snow. 

4161
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:46,200
According to military 
historians. 

4162
03:35:46,200 --> 03:35:51,100
It was audacious, but insane. 
The attack on Trenton worked 

4163
03:35:51,100 --> 03:35:53,700
well, because the Hessians 
didn't expect anyone to attack 

4164
03:35:53,700 --> 03:35:55,200
in a blizzard. 
The day after Christmas. 

4165
03:35:55,200 --> 03:35:59,200
The Americans took nearly 1,000 
prisoners and needed military 

4166
03:35:59,200 --> 03:36:01,200
supplies but they also won 
battles. 

4167
03:36:02,000 --> 03:36:04,100
Washington won again at 
Princeton a week later. 

4168
03:36:04,100 --> 03:36:07,200
Convincing, many that 
Independents wasn't hopeless. 

4169
03:36:08,000 --> 03:36:13,100
Morales in lismans, Rose and the
revolution stumbled into 1777. 

4170
03:36:14,000 --> 03:36:18,200
The British had a new 1777 
strategy that looked great on 

4171
03:36:18,200 --> 03:36:20,600
paper, but ignored, North 
American geography. 

4172
03:36:21,500 --> 03:36:23,100
To divide the rebellion and 
isolate. 

4173
03:36:23,100 --> 03:36:26,400
New England, three armies were 
to converge on Albany, New York.

4174
03:36:27,200 --> 03:36:30,100
About 8,000 troops under 
General, John Burgoyne would 

4175
03:36:30,100 --> 03:36:33,200
March south from Canada. 
Another force would move East 

4176
03:36:33,200 --> 03:36:37,000
from Lake Ontario, General Howe 
marched North from New York City

4177
03:36:37,000 --> 03:36:40,200
Albany would be their meeting. 
Place to shake hands and watch 

4178
03:36:40,200 --> 03:36:44,800
the revolution fall. 
The plan had one minor floor, it

4179
03:36:44,800 --> 03:36:47,300
required, precise coordination 
between armies. 

4180
03:36:47,300 --> 03:36:50,600
Separated by hundreds of miles 
of wilderness with no reliable 

4181
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:53,800
Communication in an era. 
When the fastest way to send a 

4182
03:36:53,800 --> 03:36:55,900
message, was to give it to a 
horseback rider and hope he 

4183
03:36:55,900 --> 03:36:59,400
didn't get lost or shot. 
But Goin began, his March, South

4184
03:36:59,400 --> 03:37:02,700
in June 1777 with confidence and
a large. 

4185
03:37:02,700 --> 03:37:05,700
Baggage train that included, his
wardrobe and tons of champagne. 

4186
03:37:05,700 --> 03:37:08,700
He was the kind of general who 
thought maintaining standards 

4187
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:11,600
during a war was admirable, but 
two difficult to do while 

4188
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:15,700
marching through forests. 
General Horatio Gates and the 

4189
03:37:15,700 --> 03:37:18,600
New England militia surrounded 
by coins in Saratoga. 

4190
03:37:19,400 --> 03:37:22,900
October found behind trapped 
out, numbered and low on 

4191
03:37:22,908 --> 03:37:25,300
supplies. 
He gave up his army on October 

4192
03:37:25,300 --> 03:37:29,700
17th 1777. 
The victory at Saratoga changed 

4193
03:37:29,700 --> 03:37:32,400
the war but not because it won 
American independence. 

4194
03:37:32,400 --> 03:37:36,100
There were still years of 
fighting, instead it convinced 

4195
03:37:36,100 --> 03:37:39,600
France that the Americans might 
win making supporting them worth

4196
03:37:39,600 --> 03:37:42,900
annoying Britain. 
The American victory at Saratoga

4197
03:37:42,900 --> 03:37:46,600
had far reaching effects 
diplomats in European capitals 

4198
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:50,100
saw the American Rebellion as a 
threat to British power, not a 

4199
03:37:50,100 --> 03:37:53,300
colonial tantrum. 
Nothing pleased European powers 

4200
03:37:53,300 --> 03:37:55,900
more than British problems. 
France in particular. 

4201
03:37:55,900 --> 03:37:59,100
Watch the american situation 
with the same interests as a 

4202
03:37:59,108 --> 03:38:00,700
neighbor fighting with their 
spouse. 

4203
03:38:01,600 --> 03:38:04,100
After secretly giving the 
Americans money and weapons 

4204
03:38:04,100 --> 03:38:07,700
since 1776, they were ready to 
reveal their support. 

4205
03:38:08,700 --> 03:38:12,600
The franco-american alliance of 
February. 1778 was one of the 

4206
03:38:12,600 --> 03:38:14,700
most unlikely diplomatic 
Partnerships. 

4207
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:19,700
France was an absolute monarchy 
with a rigid class system while 

4208
03:38:19,700 --> 03:38:22,300
America fought for democracy and
individual liberty. 

4209
03:38:23,000 --> 03:38:25,200
They teamed up like a 
vegetarian, and a butcher who 

4210
03:38:25,208 --> 03:38:28,500
disliked the same restaurant, 
however, shared enemies, make 

4211
03:38:28,500 --> 03:38:31,400
strange, bedfellows, and both 
countries wanted to lower 

4212
03:38:31,400 --> 03:38:33,600
Britain. 
France could avenge their 

4213
03:38:33,600 --> 03:38:37,000
humiliating defeat in the Seven 
Years War, while America gained 

4214
03:38:37,000 --> 03:38:39,600
a powerful Ally with a navy. 
That could challenged British 

4215
03:38:39,600 --> 03:38:43,100
control of the Seas as expected.
The British declared war on 

4216
03:38:43,100 --> 03:38:45,200
France. 
Turning the American Revolution 

4217
03:38:45,200 --> 03:38:50,300
into a global conflict Spain 
joined France in 1779 and the 

4218
03:38:50,300 --> 03:38:53,800
Dutch in 1780. 
Britain suddenly found itself 

4219
03:38:53,800 --> 03:38:56,900
fighting Colonial Rebels and 
most of Europe which was like 

4220
03:38:56,900 --> 03:38:59,200
fighting everyone at the bar in 
the 18th century. 

4221
03:39:00,400 --> 03:39:03,500
This Global expansion benefited 
America in unexpected ways 

4222
03:39:03,500 --> 03:39:07,400
British resources, allocated to 
crushing the American Rebellion,

4223
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:11,600
had to be spread across theaters
to defend British Caribbean and 

4224
03:39:11,600 --> 03:39:14,200
Mediterranean possessions ships,
that could have blocked. 

4225
03:39:14,200 --> 03:39:17,500
American ports, were needed. 
The American war was a 

4226
03:39:17,500 --> 03:39:20,600
frustrating stalemate, British 
forces abandoned the northern 

4227
03:39:20,600 --> 03:39:22,700
colonies after the Saratoga 
disaster. 

4228
03:39:22,700 --> 03:39:26,100
And focused on the south where 
loyalists support was Stronger, 

4229
03:39:27,000 --> 03:39:28,800
British strategy in the South 
started. 

4230
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:33,100
Well over 5,000. 
Americans were captured in 1778 

4231
03:39:33,100 --> 03:39:36,500
and 1780 in Savannah and 
Charleston. 

4232
03:39:37,300 --> 03:39:39,600
Their new strategy seemed 
promising at first. 

4233
03:39:39,600 --> 03:39:41,700
However, like many invading 
armies. 

4234
03:39:41,700 --> 03:39:44,400
The British assumed that 
controlling cities meant, 

4235
03:39:44,400 --> 03:39:47,900
controlling the countryside. 
American militias and hidden 

4236
03:39:47,900 --> 03:39:50,700
Ronnie regulars, ruled the areas
between British strongholds 

4237
03:39:51,400 --> 03:39:53,100
Francis Marion known as the 
Swamp. 

4238
03:39:53,100 --> 03:39:56,400
Fox was famous for attacking 
British supply lines from the 

4239
03:39:56,400 --> 03:39:59,100
South Carolina Wetlands before 
retreating into terrain. 

4240
03:39:59,100 --> 03:40:03,200
Regular armies couldn't navigate
The term, it was guerrilla 

4241
03:40:03,200 --> 03:40:05,700
warfare and it played the 
British occupation of the South.

4242
03:40:05,700 --> 03:40:08,900
The British found their loyalist
supporters fewer and less 

4243
03:40:08,900 --> 03:40:12,400
reliable than expected. 
After British military rule, 

4244
03:40:12,400 --> 03:40:15,100
which often involved 
requisitioning supplies, 

4245
03:40:15,100 --> 03:40:19,100
quartering soldiers and treating
civilians as enemies, many 

4246
03:40:19,100 --> 03:40:22,200
colonists, switched sides, the 
Battle of Kings Mountain in 

4247
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:25,800
October, 1780 where American 
militia surrounded and defeated,

4248
03:40:25,800 --> 03:40:28,500
loyalist troops changed, the 
southern campaign. 

4249
03:40:29,700 --> 03:40:32,600
The victory showed that American
forces could win, decisive 

4250
03:40:32,600 --> 03:40:34,300
battles. 
Without continental army 

4251
03:40:34,300 --> 03:40:37,400
regulars, convincing many fence 
sitters to join the Rebellion. 

4252
03:40:38,500 --> 03:40:41,500
In late, 1780 General. 
Nathanael Greene took command of

4253
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:45,100
American forces in the South and
devised a counter-intuitive but 

4254
03:40:45,100 --> 03:40:48,400
effective strategy. 
He used constant movement and 

4255
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:51,400
carefully chosen battles to wear
down British forces instead of 

4256
03:40:51,408 --> 03:40:55,600
Defending territory. 
Green famously said we fight get

4257
03:40:55,600 --> 03:41:01,000
beat rise and fight again. 
It wasn't a heroic military 

4258
03:41:01,000 --> 03:41:04,200
philosophy but it worked the 
British could win battles but 

4259
03:41:04,200 --> 03:41:06,800
not greens. 
Attrition War British General 

4260
03:41:06,800 --> 03:41:09,900
Cornwallis chased American 
forces across the Carolinas in 

4261
03:41:09,900 --> 03:41:13,500
1781 in a futile attempt to win 
a decisive battle. 

4262
03:41:13,500 --> 03:41:16,500
His army was shrinking, due to 
casualties disease, and 

4263
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:19,300
desertion while the Americans 
were multiplying with each 

4264
03:41:19,300 --> 03:41:21,900
defeat. 
Con Wallis realized the South 

4265
03:41:21,900 --> 03:41:24,100
couldnt be pacified while 
Virginia supplied. 

4266
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:27,300
In reinforced the Rebellion. 
He marched his army North in to 

4267
03:41:27,300 --> 03:41:30,800
Virginia to cut off American 
supplies and force a final 

4268
03:41:30,800 --> 03:41:33,400
battle. 
Cornwallis established a base at

4269
03:41:33,408 --> 03:41:36,600
Yorktown Virginia to receive 
British Naval support for his 

4270
03:41:36,600 --> 03:41:39,000
army. 
This reasonable plan, relied on 

4271
03:41:39,000 --> 03:41:42,300
Britain, controlling the Seas, a
safe assumption for most of the 

4272
03:41:42,300 --> 03:41:44,900
war. 
All of America's diplomatic 

4273
03:41:44,900 --> 03:41:46,900
patience. 
Paid off in 1781. 

4274
03:41:47,800 --> 03:41:51,100
The French Fleet under Admiral 
de Grasse arrived in American 

4275
03:41:51,100 --> 03:41:53,200
Waters to Aid, the final push 
for victory. 

4276
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:57,200
Washington saw a rare 
opportunity when Cornwallis 

4277
03:41:57,200 --> 03:42:00,100
fortified Yorktown. 
Cornwallis would be trapped, 

4278
03:42:00,100 --> 03:42:02,800
like Burgoyne. 
At Saratoga, if the French navy 

4279
03:42:02,800 --> 03:42:05,900
controlled Chesapeake Bay while 
American and French Ground 

4280
03:42:05,900 --> 03:42:09,500
Forces, besieged Yorktown. 
Secretly transporting American 

4281
03:42:09,500 --> 03:42:12,800
and French forces from New York 
to Virginia was difficult, but 

4282
03:42:12,800 --> 03:42:17,000
it worked Cornwallis was 
surrounded by 16,000 American 

4283
03:42:17,000 --> 03:42:20,800
and French troops in late, 
September, 1781 and French 

4284
03:42:20,800 --> 03:42:23,300
ships. 
Controlled his Escape Route, The

4285
03:42:23,300 --> 03:42:26,200
American Revolution ended with 
the three weeks of Yorktown 

4286
03:42:26,200 --> 03:42:31,300
Cornwallis surrendered, his army
on October 19th, 1781 ending 

4287
03:42:31,300 --> 03:42:34,900
Britain's last major, American 
force, the British bands, 

4288
03:42:34,900 --> 03:42:37,400
supposedly played the world, 
turned upside down during the 

4289
03:42:37,400 --> 03:42:39,700
ceremony, which would have been 
symbolic. 

4290
03:42:39,700 --> 03:42:43,000
They probably played something 
more conventional, but the 

4291
03:42:43,000 --> 03:42:46,400
sentiment was right war is often
easier to win than to win. 

4292
03:42:47,500 --> 03:42:50,100
After Yorktown, everyone knew 
British defeat was inevitable. 

4293
03:42:50,100 --> 03:42:53,600
The Turning military Victory 
into Political Independence, 

4294
03:42:53,600 --> 03:42:57,100
required delicate diplomatic. 
Maneuvering that made actual 

4295
03:42:57,100 --> 03:43:01,100
fighting seemed easy. 
British political denial after 

4296
03:43:01,100 --> 03:43:03,300
cornwallis's surrender was 
masterful. 

4297
03:43:03,300 --> 03:43:07,200
The Prime Minister Lord, North 
said he felt like he had been 

4298
03:43:07,200 --> 03:43:09,000
shot in the chest after losing 
an army. 

4299
03:43:09,500 --> 03:43:11,800
British officials maintained the
war would continue. 

4300
03:43:11,800 --> 03:43:14,700
That optimism lasted about as 
long as expected. 

4301
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:18,300
British public opinion which had
never supported the American 

4302
03:43:18,300 --> 03:43:20,800
war. 
Decisively opposed A losing War.

4303
03:43:21,700 --> 03:43:24,100
Members of parliament, asked 
uncomfortable questions about 

4304
03:43:24,100 --> 03:43:26,600
why they were spending so much 
to fight people who clearly 

4305
03:43:26,600 --> 03:43:28,200
didn't want to be Empire 
partners. 

4306
03:43:29,100 --> 03:43:33,500
Lord North government fair, in 
March 1782 by a peace minded 

4307
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:36,700
Ministry, negotiation were 
easier because Lord Rockingham 

4308
03:43:36,700 --> 03:43:40,500
the new prime minister opposed, 
the American war from the start.

4309
03:43:41,200 --> 03:43:43,400
18th century. 
Peace talks were complicated. 

4310
03:43:43,400 --> 03:43:45,800
Making modern diplomatic 
negotiations. 

4311
03:43:45,800 --> 03:43:48,200
Seem simple. 
France, Spain. 

4312
03:43:48,200 --> 03:43:51,200
And the Dutch also had 
territorial demands and agendas.

4313
03:43:52,000 --> 03:43:54,900
France, sought Formal Wear 
territory, Spain wanted 

4314
03:43:54,900 --> 03:43:58,100
Gibraltar back from Britain and 
had north of American Ambitions.

4315
03:43:58,100 --> 03:44:00,100
That conflicted with American 
interests. 

4316
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:02,500
Dutch Traders, wanted their 
rights back. 

4317
03:44:02,500 --> 03:44:06,000
Everyone wanted to gain from the
peace settlement Benjamin 

4318
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:10,400
Franklin, John Adams and John 
Jay was smart people who agreed 

4319
03:44:10,400 --> 03:44:13,400
on the goal, a disagreed on, 
almost everything else on the 

4320
03:44:13,400 --> 03:44:16,500
American negotiating team. 
Franklin wanted to work with 

4321
03:44:16,500 --> 03:44:20,700
France, Adams was suspicious of 
everyone and J believed France 

4322
03:44:20,700 --> 03:44:22,700
was trying to limit American 
expansion. 

4323
03:44:23,400 --> 03:44:26,200
Americans benefited from these 
personality differences, 

4324
03:44:26,200 --> 03:44:29,600
European diplomats, never knew 
which American they would meet, 

4325
03:44:29,600 --> 03:44:32,600
which kept them off balance and 
prevented coalitions against 

4326
03:44:32,600 --> 03:44:36,600
American interests. 
Due to their complexity and 18th

4327
03:44:36,600 --> 03:44:39,800
century communication, the 
negotiations, took over a year. 

4328
03:44:40,800 --> 03:44:44,200
London, Paris messages took days
to arrive and government 

4329
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:46,800
instructions to negotiators 
often arrived after 

4330
03:44:46,800 --> 03:44:50,600
circumstances, a changed 
American territorial boundaries 

4331
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:53,000
were a major issue. 
The British were willing to 

4332
03:44:53,008 --> 03:44:56,400
recognize American independence,
but they weren't sure how much 

4333
03:44:56,400 --> 03:44:59,400
territory to include the 
British, thought, the Americans 

4334
03:44:59,400 --> 03:45:01,200
ambition, to control the 
Atlantic Ocean. 

4335
03:45:01,200 --> 03:45:03,700
And Mississippi River was 
unusual for a former colony. 

4336
03:45:04,500 --> 03:45:06,700
The Americans got most of what 
they wanted through. 

4337
03:45:06,700 --> 03:45:10,300
Skillful negotiation, Britain's 
decision to Grant generous 

4338
03:45:10,300 --> 03:45:13,000
territorial concessions. 
To keep America friendly after 

4339
03:45:13,000 --> 03:45:15,300
the war. 
It was like giving someone a 

4340
03:45:15,300 --> 03:45:19,600
nice farewell Gift To Remember 
You, by On September 3rd, 1783 

4341
03:45:19,600 --> 03:45:22,700
the Treaty of Paris ended the 
American Revolution and 

4342
03:45:22,700 --> 03:45:26,500
recognized us independence from 
the Atlantic to the Mississippi 

4343
03:45:26,500 --> 03:45:29,900
river in Canada to Florida. 
The new nation was one of the 

4344
03:45:29,900 --> 03:45:33,300
world's largest on paper. 
Britain agreed to withdraw all 

4345
03:45:33,300 --> 03:45:34,900
its military forces from 
America. 

4346
03:45:34,900 --> 03:45:38,700
But it took years, some British 
posts in the Northwest Territory

4347
03:45:38,700 --> 03:45:42,700
weren't evacuated until the 
1790s causing tensions, but not 

4348
03:45:42,700 --> 03:45:44,200
threatening American 
independence. 

4349
03:45:45,100 --> 03:45:47,500
The peace process was 
complicated by other issues. 

4350
03:45:47,500 --> 03:45:51,100
Addressed in the treaty repaying
American debts before the war, 

4351
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:52,700
to British merchants was 
reasonable. 

4352
03:45:52,700 --> 03:45:56,200
But difficult to enforce, 
American state governments 

4353
03:45:56,200 --> 03:45:59,100
ignored the oath to treat 
wartime British loyalists fairly

4354
03:45:59,800 --> 03:46:02,600
The peace treaties announcement 
was celebrated but underwhelming

4355
03:46:02,600 --> 03:46:05,200
in America. 
Many people were used to war 

4356
03:46:05,200 --> 03:46:07,200
after 8 years and didn't know 
what. 

4357
03:46:07,200 --> 03:46:10,300
Peace time was like the 
Continental Army was quickly 

4358
03:46:10,300 --> 03:46:13,100
disbanded because Congress 
couldn't pay the soldiers and 

4359
03:46:13,100 --> 03:46:15,200
because Americans were wary of 
standing armies. 

4360
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:19,900
Washing emotional farewell to 
his officers at in New York 

4361
03:46:19,900 --> 03:46:23,800
ended, a shared experience that 
had United 13 colonies into one 

4362
03:46:23,800 --> 03:46:26,200
nation. 
In America and Europe, 

4363
03:46:26,200 --> 03:46:29,100
Washington's commission, 
resignation and returned to 

4364
03:46:29,100 --> 03:46:32,300
private life were notable. 
If Washington voluntarily gave 

4365
03:46:32,300 --> 03:46:34,900
up power he would be the 
greatest man in the world, 

4366
03:46:34,900 --> 03:46:38,000
according to King George, the 
third who had spent eight years 

4367
03:46:38,000 --> 03:46:42,100
trying to defeat him After the 
American Revolution, the hard 

4368
03:46:42,100 --> 03:46:46,300
work of nation, building began 
the 13, former colonies had won 

4369
03:46:46,300 --> 03:46:49,000
their independence, but they had
to figure out how to govern 

4370
03:46:49,000 --> 03:46:51,700
themselves. 
Pay their debts and build a 

4371
03:46:51,700 --> 03:46:55,000
society from the diverse regions
cultures and interests of the 

4372
03:46:55,000 --> 03:46:59,200
new United States. 
After years of Roommates, the 

4373
03:46:59,200 --> 03:47:01,500
end of the war was like moving 
into your own apartment, 

4374
03:47:01,500 --> 03:47:06,200
exciting and liberating but also
quiet and full of unanticipated 

4375
03:47:06,200 --> 03:47:09,300
responsibilities. 
The colonists were too busy 

4376
03:47:09,300 --> 03:47:11,200
fighting British rule to plan 
ahead. 

4377
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:14,600
Peacetime governance was failing
under the Articles of 

4378
03:47:14,600 --> 03:47:17,400
Confederation which had ruled 
the nation during the war. 

4379
03:47:18,200 --> 03:47:21,100
The federal government couldn't 
tax regulate or enforce its 

4380
03:47:21,100 --> 03:47:24,100
laws, it was like managing a 
household when no one agreed on 

4381
03:47:24,108 --> 03:47:27,000
who paid the bills or made the 
rules, a story for another 

4382
03:47:27,000 --> 03:47:30,000
night. 
Rest and contemplate, how a 

4383
03:47:30,000 --> 03:47:33,000
group of colonial subjects, 
became citizens of an 

4384
03:47:33,000 --> 03:47:36,700
independent nation with only 
determination, good, government 

4385
03:47:36,700 --> 03:47:40,300
ideas, and stubborn. 
From believing your right? 

4386
03:47:41,400 --> 03:47:44,500
The revolution that began with 
tea tax debate, ended with the 

4387
03:47:44,500 --> 03:47:47,700
creation of a new nation. 
Based on the radical idea that 

4388
03:47:47,700 --> 03:47:50,800
people could govern themselves, 
it was imperfect. 

4389
03:47:50,800 --> 03:47:54,000
It would take generations to 
guarantee equality, to all of 

4390
03:47:54,000 --> 03:47:57,600
American's, but it was a start 
sometimes starting is the 

4391
03:47:57,600 --> 03:48:06,100
hardest. 
Zeus did not become the rule of 

4392
03:48:06,100 --> 03:48:09,600
Olympus by chance. 
His story began in the womb of 

4393
03:48:09,600 --> 03:48:12,200
Raya. 
Titaness straining under the 

4394
03:48:12,200 --> 03:48:16,900
brutal reign of her consort 
Cronos driven by a grim prophecy

4395
03:48:16,900 --> 03:48:20,200
that one of his offspring would 
throw him Kronos swallowed each 

4396
03:48:20,200 --> 03:48:25,300
child at Birth Hestia Demeter 
Hera Hades and Poseidon felt 

4397
03:48:25,300 --> 03:48:29,600
victim to his paranoid appetite.
His cunning seemed absolute his.

4398
03:48:29,600 --> 03:48:34,200
Hold on the cosmos unshakable 
yet Rhea mourning the loss of 

4399
03:48:34,200 --> 03:48:37,200
her children. 
Devised, a hidden plan to save 

4400
03:48:37,200 --> 03:48:41,600
her newborn she gave birth to 
Zeus on the Isle of Crete far 

4401
03:48:41,600 --> 03:48:46,400
from kronos's suspicious gaze in
a desperate rooms, she wrapped a

4402
03:48:46,400 --> 03:48:49,300
stone in, swaddling cloth, and 
offered it to Cronos who 

4403
03:48:49,300 --> 03:48:50,700
devoured it with without 
question. 

4404
03:48:50,700 --> 03:48:55,600
Thus, Zeus spent his infancy in 
a secret cave on Crete, nurtured

4405
03:48:55,600 --> 03:48:58,500
by nymphs and guarded by 
Warriors who clashed their 

4406
03:48:58,500 --> 03:49:02,100
Spears to muffle his cries. 
This upbringing was less about 

4407
03:49:02,100 --> 03:49:06,700
comfort and more about survival.
Boiler and watchfulness forging 

4408
03:49:06,700 --> 03:49:08,400
a sharp mine that weighed every 
possibility. 

4409
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:13,000
Unlike many later, Tales no 
glimmering cradle, or immediate 

4410
03:49:13,000 --> 03:49:16,500
worship surrounded him, his 
environment was damp Stone, and 

4411
03:49:16,500 --> 03:49:19,400
echoing Darkness heard the 
nymphs whispered. 

4412
03:49:19,400 --> 03:49:23,200
Fears of Cronus, discovering 
them, fueling a quiet resolve in

4413
03:49:23,200 --> 03:49:27,800
the boy, each day he fed on the 
Milk of the goat and Althea, an 

4414
03:49:27,800 --> 03:49:31,100
extraordinary creature fated for
the stars and gained a robust 

4415
03:49:31,100 --> 03:49:33,400
Constitution, that relied his 
infant form. 

4416
03:49:34,200 --> 03:49:37,800
He grew into adolescence Rhea, 
revealed his true lineage. 

4417
03:49:38,500 --> 03:49:40,400
Zeus discovered the horrifying 
truth. 

4418
03:49:41,100 --> 03:49:45,000
Five siblings, languished within
kronos's belly each a captive 

4419
03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:48,500
soul in the Gloom. 
It was then that he vowed to 

4420
03:49:48,500 --> 03:49:50,900
free them. 
A vow that shaped his destiny. 

4421
03:49:51,700 --> 03:49:53,300
Under the Council of the earth 
herself. 

4422
03:49:53,300 --> 03:49:57,700
Gaia Zeus secured an emetic 
potion to force, Kronos to 

4423
03:49:57,700 --> 03:50:01,300
discourage the swallowed Gods 
but accomplishing that required 

4424
03:50:01,300 --> 03:50:04,400
cunning steps. 
He first infiltrated chronosis 

4425
03:50:04,400 --> 03:50:07,400
domain in Disguise playing the 
role of a new cup Bearer? 

4426
03:50:08,200 --> 03:50:11,600
Kronos, ironically found 
Amusement in this young figure 

4427
03:50:11,600 --> 03:50:14,400
who served him necktie and 
listened to his boasts of 

4428
03:50:14,400 --> 03:50:17,500
invincibility during a feast 
slip. 

4429
03:50:17,500 --> 03:50:21,300
The potion in his cup, the 
effect was violent and immediate

4430
03:50:21,300 --> 03:50:24,700
in a torrent of convulsions 
Chronos retched out. 

4431
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:28,000
The five, imprison siblings 
fully grown and burning with 

4432
03:50:28,000 --> 03:50:30,200
resentment. 
They emerged in to the light. 

4433
03:50:31,000 --> 03:50:33,300
That moment sparked the 
beginning of the titanomachy, 

4434
03:50:33,300 --> 03:50:38,300
the Epico war between the Titans
and the newly freed Olympians a 

4435
03:50:38,300 --> 03:50:41,700
Cronus, his side to the Elder 
Titans ancient and formidable 

4436
03:50:41,700 --> 03:50:45,100
controlling Primal forces that 
predated mortal memory. 

4437
03:50:45,900 --> 03:50:49,000
Zeus, rallied, his siblings 
Poseidon and Hades among them 

4438
03:50:49,000 --> 03:50:52,800
along with allies such as the 
Cyclops and the Hecker tan 

4439
03:50:52,800 --> 03:50:56,700
chairs, These monstrous beings 
once locked in Tartarus by 

4440
03:50:56,700 --> 03:51:00,500
kronos's, cruelty joined, the 
rebellion and gratitude for 

4441
03:51:00,500 --> 03:51:03,800
their release for years. 
The cosmos rattled with 

4442
03:51:03,800 --> 03:51:07,500
thunderclaps and quaking Earth. 
Sees raged under Poseidon's 

4443
03:51:07,500 --> 03:51:09,600
Fury. 
And the underworld itself 

4444
03:51:09,600 --> 03:51:13,500
trembled, whenever Hades 
Unleashed his Gloom upon Enemy 

4445
03:51:13,500 --> 03:51:16,500
Lines. 
Zeus forging lightning bolts, 

4446
03:51:16,500 --> 03:51:20,400
gifted by the cyclopes hurled 
searing Arts that blinded and 

4447
03:51:20,400 --> 03:51:36,000
scorched, Titan armies. 
The war war on each mild reflux 

4448
03:51:36,000 --> 03:51:39,400
formed in the Titan ranks. 
Some disliked Cronus, brutal 

4449
03:51:39,400 --> 03:51:43,500
rule, or resented their father 
or Aussie's old curses in a 

4450
03:51:43,500 --> 03:51:47,300
final cataclysmic. 
Confrontational The Olympians 

4451
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:50,300
cornered Kronos and his 
staunchest supporters with a 

4452
03:51:50,300 --> 03:51:54,200
Thunderbolts, final strike, 
Kronos collapsed dethroned by 

4453
03:51:54,200 --> 03:51:58,900
his son, Zeus battered and 
bloodied recognized that simply 

4454
03:51:58,900 --> 03:52:02,600
winning the war solved little, 
unless he established a new 

4455
03:52:02,608 --> 03:52:05,400
cosmic order. 
He heard the defeated Titans 

4456
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:09,200
into Tartarus depths appointing 
the hex and chairs as Eternal 

4457
03:52:09,200 --> 03:52:12,800
wardens Victorious. 
Zeus and his siblings ascended 

4458
03:52:12,800 --> 03:52:14,500
to Mount. 
Olympus staking claim to 

4459
03:52:14,500 --> 03:52:18,000
governance of the world yet even
amid Applause from gods and 

4460
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:21,100
lesser divinities. 
Zeus sensed complexities looming

4461
03:52:21,100 --> 03:52:24,100
freed from Titan. 
Oppression the cosmos demanded 

4462
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:28,000
guidance, The Mortals fragile as
they were looked for stability. 

4463
03:52:28,000 --> 03:52:31,100
The gods themselves. 
Harbored aspirations for power? 

4464
03:52:31,100 --> 03:52:33,900
No, single lightning bolt could 
ensure Harmony. 

4465
03:52:34,800 --> 03:52:37,200
In this nice and age. 
The newly minted King of the 

4466
03:52:37,200 --> 03:52:40,000
Gods recognized that to preserve
what the Titanic he had won. 

4467
03:52:40,000 --> 03:52:43,800
He must balance generosity with 
the Steely grass of authority. 

4468
03:52:43,800 --> 03:52:47,100
Thus began the era in which Zeus
reigned from Olympus. 

4469
03:52:47,100 --> 03:52:51,000
Forging the pantheons laws. 
He allocated domains to each 

4470
03:52:51,000 --> 03:52:55,100
sibling Poseidon for Seas, Hades
for the underworld and hero for 

4471
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:58,300
marriage and childbirth. 
The cosmos found structure in 

4472
03:52:58,308 --> 03:53:02,200
these new boundaries, even sow 
the seeds of conflict with other

4473
03:53:02,200 --> 03:53:05,000
forces Giants, monstrous 
creatures. 

4474
03:53:05,000 --> 03:53:08,500
And the Ambitions of lesser gods
were sown Zeus. 

4475
03:53:08,500 --> 03:53:12,000
The crowned, by Thunder knew 
that an eternal vigilance was 

4476
03:53:12,000 --> 03:53:15,900
the price of cosmic piece. 
The boy once raised in a hidden 

4477
03:53:15,900 --> 03:53:18,100
cave. 
Now stood at the Pinnacle gazing

4478
03:53:18,100 --> 03:53:21,000
down from cloud. 
Wreathed Peaks, a king 

4479
03:53:21,000 --> 03:53:23,700
determined to shape the fate of 
gods and Mortals alike. 

4480
03:53:24,900 --> 03:53:28,000
After toppling Kronos Zeus 
faced, the challenge of 

4481
03:53:28,000 --> 03:53:30,900
consolidating, his authority 
among Gods who still carried 

4482
03:53:30,900 --> 03:53:34,600
vestiges of Titan, born chaos. 
Though he had proven his might 

4483
03:53:34,600 --> 03:53:37,400
on the battlefield. 
The daily governance of a 

4484
03:53:37,400 --> 03:53:39,200
cosmos. 
Demanded more than raw power. 

4485
03:53:40,100 --> 03:53:43,400
He established accounts on Mount
Olympus seating, his siblings 

4486
03:53:43,400 --> 03:53:46,700
children and chosen allies 
around a grand marble table. 

4487
03:53:46,700 --> 03:53:50,900
Each voice carried weight, but 
Zeus's, final word guided 

4488
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:53,800
decisions. 
This sense of a Divine Senate 

4489
03:53:53,800 --> 03:53:56,400
introduced a measure of 
collaboration, unseen in the old

4490
03:53:56,400 --> 03:53:59,700
Titan regime. 
Where Cronus had ruled by fear 

4491
03:53:59,700 --> 03:54:03,400
Zeus Champion debate and 
occasionally yielded to majority

4492
03:54:03,400 --> 03:54:06,700
sentiment though, only if it 
didn't undermine his vision of 

4493
03:54:06,700 --> 03:54:08,900
order. 
One, early test came. 

4494
03:54:08,900 --> 03:54:13,000
When the Giants monstrous 
children of Gaia Rose to avenge.

4495
03:54:13,000 --> 03:54:16,800
The Titans convinced, the 
Olympians had gone too far in 

4496
03:54:16,800 --> 03:54:18,800
sealing Cronus, is brewed within
Tartarus. 

4497
03:54:18,800 --> 03:54:21,500
Gaia incited, these Giants to 
assault. 

4498
03:54:21,500 --> 03:54:25,000
Olympus the Giants, boasted 
colossal strength and cunning 

4499
03:54:25,000 --> 03:54:27,300
leaving only a mortal could kill
them. 

4500
03:54:27,300 --> 03:54:30,900
Alarmed, Zeus recognized. 
He needed mortal Aid. 

4501
03:54:30,900 --> 03:54:34,600
He enlisted Heracles a heroic 
demigod forging. 

4502
03:54:34,600 --> 03:54:38,400
A crucial alliance between human
endeavor and godly might in a 

4503
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:41,600
ferocious battle remembered. 
As the Gigan tomoki Thunderbolts

4504
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:45,100
clashed with monstrous clubs and
Heracles, his arrows found their

4505
03:54:45,100 --> 03:54:47,800
marks together, gods and heroes 
repel. 

4506
03:54:47,800 --> 03:54:50,500
The Giants reaffirming Olympus 
is a sentence sea. 

4507
03:54:50,500 --> 03:54:54,500
The moral lesson, resounded 
Zeus's rule Thrive not merely 

4508
03:54:54,500 --> 03:54:58,000
from isolation, but from forging
ties across mortal and Immortal 

4509
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:00,200
lines yet. 
There was no glorious Unity. 

4510
03:55:00,200 --> 03:55:04,700
Hera Zeus's, sister wife 
realized her consort's roving, I

4511
03:55:04,700 --> 03:55:08,600
threatened stability, indeed, 
Zeus, Is mortal and divinely 

4512
03:55:08,600 --> 03:55:12,600
Azan so jealousy, across the 
pantheon, whether disguised as a

4513
03:55:12,600 --> 03:55:15,400
swan, or showering gold to whom 
mortal Queen's. 

4514
03:55:15,400 --> 03:55:19,200
He far the children of 
extraordinary might Apollo 

4515
03:55:19,200 --> 03:55:23,000
Artemis. 
Hermes Dionysus, Perseus and 

4516
03:55:23,000 --> 03:55:25,400
more. 
Each child's birth complicated 

4517
03:55:25,400 --> 03:55:30,100
family politics here as wrath 
fueled by heartbreak erupted in 

4518
03:55:30,100 --> 03:55:34,100
cunning retribution punishing 
the mothers or offspring though 

4519
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:35,700
rarely able to harm Zeus 
directly. 

4520
03:55:36,500 --> 03:55:40,600
Her storms of anger, introduced 
Strife among Gods leading to 

4521
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:43,400
cunning ploys and alliances in 
the shadows of Olympus. 

4522
03:55:44,000 --> 03:55:47,000
However, even while they 
quarreled Zeus and Hera 

4523
03:55:47,000 --> 03:55:49,200
recognized, they formed the 
Bedrock of the pantheon 

4524
03:55:49,200 --> 03:55:52,200
stability. 
Forging, an uneasy equilibrium 

4525
03:55:52,200 --> 03:55:55,900
that shaped centuries of myth. 
And under explored dimension of 

4526
03:55:55,908 --> 03:55:58,700
Zeus's rule lies in his 
transformation, from a 

4527
03:55:58,700 --> 03:56:02,100
rebellious son, to a paternal 
figure Vigilant of cosmic laws. 

4528
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:06,100
He introduced the concept of 
Zinnia, sacred Hospitality 

4529
03:56:06,100 --> 03:56:08,600
enforcing it through strict 
punishments. 

4530
03:56:08,600 --> 03:56:12,200
For those who violated guests 
writes, this emphasis on moral 

4531
03:56:12,200 --> 03:56:14,600
codes extended to Mortals 
weaving. 

4532
03:56:14,600 --> 03:56:18,600
A sense that the Divine realm 
supervised human ethics, Tales 

4533
03:56:18,600 --> 03:56:22,000
of Zeus's disguises typically 
underscore how he tested Mortals

4534
03:56:22,000 --> 03:56:25,300
generosity or honesty. 
Those who welcomed strangers 

4535
03:56:25,300 --> 03:56:28,600
received blessing, those who 
scorned or harm Travelers Rest 

4536
03:56:28,600 --> 03:56:32,000
in his lightning. 
Over time, these moral fables 

4537
03:56:32,000 --> 03:56:35,100
spread across city states, 
prompting worshipers to build 

4538
03:56:35,100 --> 03:56:38,800
temples and shrines dedicated to
Zeus, not just for his Thunder. 

4539
03:56:38,800 --> 03:56:42,100
But for his role, as guardian of
justice and oath, keeping 

4540
03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:46,700
Olympus itself, grew more 
structured, Hestia tended, the 

4541
03:56:46,700 --> 03:56:50,400
communal half, Forging. 
A sense of family among gal 

4542
03:56:50,400 --> 03:56:52,900
gods. 
Bridging, the Gap between Divine

4543
03:56:52,900 --> 03:56:56,300
blessings and Mortal survival to
meet her kept watch over 

4544
03:56:56,300 --> 03:56:58,700
harvests. 
The younger Gods, displayed 

4545
03:56:58,700 --> 03:57:03,500
diverse Powers Apollo's, oracles
artemis's wild hunts and 

4546
03:57:03,500 --> 03:57:07,300
Athena's wisdom forging cities. 
While each deity cherished 

4547
03:57:07,300 --> 03:57:11,900
autonomy the final Arbiter of 
quarrels remains Zeus A single 

4548
03:57:11,900 --> 03:57:13,800
harsh. 
Glance from the cloud gatherer. 

4549
03:57:13,800 --> 03:57:16,800
Could quell dissent. 
This did not mean oppression. 

4550
03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:19,600
It was more like a father, 
controlling fractious children, 

4551
03:57:20,400 --> 03:57:23,800
He settled disputes between 
Poseidon and Athena resolved 

4552
03:57:23,800 --> 03:57:28,500
matters of mortal and 
occasionally granted immortality

4553
03:57:28,500 --> 03:57:31,600
to hear Heroes. 
The pantheons fluid into play 

4554
03:57:31,600 --> 03:57:34,300
reveals how effectively Zeus 
balanced freedoms with 

4555
03:57:34,300 --> 03:57:37,500
constraints. 
During these stable centuries, 

4556
03:57:37,500 --> 03:57:41,800
Mortals experience in Era of 
relative calm while plagues or 

4557
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:44,200
local Wars. 
Still erupted Cosmic scale 

4558
03:57:44,200 --> 03:57:47,700
cataclysms were rarer Mortals. 
Praise Zeus. 

4559
03:57:47,700 --> 03:57:50,900
In festivals offering sacrifices
of bulls or Rams. 

4560
03:57:50,900 --> 03:57:54,700
Priests interpreted Omens from 
flights of Eagles or cracks of 

4561
03:57:54,700 --> 03:57:58,000
thunder. 
The oracle's specially at dodona

4562
03:57:58,000 --> 03:58:00,800
delivered cryptic. 
Pronouncements said to come from

4563
03:58:00,800 --> 03:58:04,400
the father of God's himself. 
Kings or city councils might 

4564
03:58:04,400 --> 03:58:07,300
consult these oracles before. 
Crucial battles or founding new 

4565
03:58:07,300 --> 03:58:09,800
colonies. 
Trusting that the Invisible Hand

4566
03:58:09,800 --> 03:58:14,400
of Zeus guided the larger fate. 
This Synergy between Mortal 

4567
03:58:14,400 --> 03:58:19,000
devotion and divine oversight, 
reinforced Zeus's station, faith

4568
03:58:19,000 --> 03:58:21,500
in his paternal guardianship 
reigned across the Greek world. 

4569
03:58:22,300 --> 03:58:25,300
From the ionian seized to the 
mountains of thesis. 

4570
03:58:25,800 --> 03:58:29,100
Yet calm. 
Never lasts forever among the 

4571
03:58:29,100 --> 03:58:33,900
gods smaller feuds brood. 
Aries, lusted for conflict. 

4572
03:58:33,900 --> 03:58:36,000
Teasing the boundaries of the 
peace. 

4573
03:58:36,000 --> 03:58:39,200
Olympus claimed. 
After a deities manipulation of 

4574
03:58:39,200 --> 03:58:42,000
Desire caused Scandal among gods
and Mortals alike. 

4575
03:58:43,200 --> 03:58:46,000
Even the wise Athena often found
herself at odds with her 

4576
03:58:46,000 --> 03:58:50,000
father's impulsive judgments. 
In a realm of Immortals boredom,

4577
03:58:50,000 --> 03:58:53,200
sometimes drove them to meddle 
in Mortal Affairs, forging 

4578
03:58:53,200 --> 03:58:56,200
ephemeral, alliance's or 
starting Petty Vendetta's. 

4579
03:58:57,000 --> 03:58:59,500
Although each incident seemed 
trivial compared to the Titan 

4580
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:03,900
Wars the road in trust. 
Zeus recognized that to sustain 

4581
03:59:03,900 --> 03:59:06,300
Cosmic equilibrium, he must 
remain vigilant. 

4582
03:59:07,300 --> 03:59:10,700
So while Banquets on a Limpus 
roared with laughter the King 

4583
03:59:10,700 --> 03:59:14,200
Stormy eyes, always scan the 
Horizon prepare to quell any 

4584
03:59:14,200 --> 03:59:15,500
spark. 
That might ignite fresh. 

4585
03:59:15,500 --> 03:59:18,500
Chaos Zeus's relationships with 
Mortals. 

4586
03:59:18,500 --> 03:59:22,100
While often described as casual 
or lustful carried deeper 

4587
03:59:22,100 --> 03:59:24,500
political significance within 
the Greek Cosmos. 

4588
03:59:25,300 --> 03:59:28,100
Ancient city-states, boasted 
genealogies tracing their 

4589
03:59:28,100 --> 03:59:29,900
Founders. 
Back to a union with Zeus 

4590
03:59:29,900 --> 03:59:32,800
solidifying, local claims of 
divine favor. 

4591
03:59:33,400 --> 03:59:37,400
In Arcadia, the Mythic King Leon
tested its uses Authority by 

4592
03:59:37,400 --> 03:59:39,800
offering him a Grizzly Feast of 
human flesh. 

4593
03:59:39,800 --> 03:59:42,800
Hoping to prove the gods 
ignorance or gullibility. 

4594
03:59:43,400 --> 03:59:46,700
Outraged, Zeus. 
Unleashed a deluge that drowned 

4595
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:50,000
much of the land, an echo of 
older flood myths. 

4596
03:59:51,500 --> 03:59:54,200
Leon himself was transformed 
into a wolf. 

4597
03:59:54,200 --> 03:59:58,300
This unsettling incident 
demonstrated, the boundaries one

4598
03:59:58,300 --> 04:00:00,700
can amuse. 
The father of gods, but straying

4599
04:00:00,700 --> 04:00:02,500
into sacrilege invites 
retributive. 

4600
04:00:02,500 --> 04:00:05,800
Storms and floods, one 
frequently, overlooked tail. 

4601
04:00:05,800 --> 04:00:08,300
Recounts Zeus's fleeting 
connection with the Mortal 

4602
04:00:08,300 --> 04:00:12,800
Alchemy mother to Heracles. 
Most people are familiar with 

4603
04:00:12,800 --> 04:00:16,100
the general details. 
Zeus assumed the identity of ALK

4604
04:00:16,100 --> 04:00:21,100
means husband, father the future
hero and so on, but lesson known

4605
04:00:21,100 --> 04:00:25,200
as how meticulously orchestrated
that Union employing Illusions 

4606
04:00:25,200 --> 04:00:27,400
and a night stretched 
unnaturally long. 

4607
04:00:27,400 --> 04:00:31,500
The reason intended Heracles to 
be the Champions, who would 

4608
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:35,500
eventually protect Gods and Men 
from re-emerging Titan, or giant

4609
04:00:35,500 --> 04:00:38,100
threats. 
The goal wasn't mere lust. 

4610
04:00:38,100 --> 04:00:40,600
It was a pragmatic investment in
a demigod. 

4611
04:00:40,600 --> 04:00:43,300
Bridging mortal tenacity, and 
divine lineage. 

4612
04:00:44,100 --> 04:00:47,000
Heracles, subsequent Feats 
validated, the cosmic insurance 

4613
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:49,300
plan. 
The Heracles, eventually joined 

4614
04:00:49,300 --> 04:00:51,400
Olympus. 
As an immortal was proof. 

4615
04:00:51,400 --> 04:00:54,500
That Zeus's paternal ties. 
Could transcend typical mortal 

4616
04:00:54,500 --> 04:00:57,100
boundaries. 
Zeus's interactions with 

4617
04:00:57,100 --> 04:01:00,000
powerful female figures formed 
another dimension of his story. 

4618
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:04,400
Existence meti, the tightness of
clever Council was at one point 

4619
04:01:04,400 --> 04:01:06,900
his Confidant. 
But a prophecy said, her child 

4620
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:10,800
would surpass its father fearing
a recurrence of kronos's, 

4621
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:13,000
predicament, Zeus consumed 
meters. 

4622
04:01:13,000 --> 04:01:17,200
In its entirety yet from within 
him a council remained. 

4623
04:01:18,000 --> 04:01:21,600
Culminating in Athena's birth 
from his head, some interpret 

4624
04:01:21,600 --> 04:01:24,200
the event as an allegory. 
Wisdom must dwell within 

4625
04:01:24,200 --> 04:01:27,600
leadership Inseparable but not 
overshadowing, the paternal seat

4626
04:01:27,600 --> 04:01:30,400
of power. 
Meanwhile, with famous the 

4627
04:01:30,400 --> 04:01:33,200
embodiment of Divine Law. 
He father, the hurray, and the 

4628
04:01:33,200 --> 04:01:37,200
moirai, Guardians of cosmic 
order and fate such couplings 

4629
04:01:37,200 --> 04:01:39,400
underscored that the paternal 
authority of Zeus. 

4630
04:01:39,400 --> 04:01:42,800
Encompassed. 
Fundamental principles, wisdom, 

4631
04:01:42,800 --> 04:01:47,100
Justice and Order. 
Enabling a balanced realm where 

4632
04:01:47,100 --> 04:01:49,500
not even Gods might easily 
Define destiny. 

4633
04:01:50,400 --> 04:01:54,200
The revered as the supreme god 
Zeus was not immune to drama. 

4634
04:01:54,200 --> 04:01:56,400
Among lesser Immortals, for 
instance. 

4635
04:01:56,400 --> 04:01:59,700
The cunning firebringer 
Prometheus defied him by gifting

4636
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:04,800
Humanity with knowledge incensed
by mortimer's Powermate Zeus 

4637
04:02:04,800 --> 04:02:08,000
bound Prometheus to a Crag. 
Subjecting him to Perpetual 

4638
04:02:08,000 --> 04:02:11,800
torment by an eagle devouring. 
His regenerating liver while 

4639
04:02:11,800 --> 04:02:15,500
severe this punishment revealed 
Zeus's stance on Disobedience, 

4640
04:02:15,500 --> 04:02:19,200
the father of God's championed 
progress, under Divine sanction,

4641
04:02:19,900 --> 04:02:23,200
But unapproved leaps in Mortal 
capacity threatened to upend the

4642
04:02:23,200 --> 04:02:27,900
cosmic hierarchy over epochs 
empathy for Prometheus grew 

4643
04:02:27,900 --> 04:02:29,900
prompting, some deities to 
question. 

4644
04:02:29,900 --> 04:02:33,400
If the punishment overshadowed 
the offense Yet Zeus remained 

4645
04:02:33,400 --> 04:02:36,400
Resolute, seeing it. 
As a cautionary, tale, The 

4646
04:02:36,400 --> 04:02:39,400
Olympian order could not endure.
If rebellious acts by demigods 

4647
04:02:39,400 --> 04:02:41,800
or lesser Gods chipped away at 
the established order. 

4648
04:02:42,800 --> 04:02:44,400
In Daily worship across the 
Greek. 

4649
04:02:44,400 --> 04:02:48,700
World temples to use sword from 
hilltops olympius Temple for 

4650
04:02:48,700 --> 04:02:51,300
instance, hosted the famous, 
statue by phidias. 

4651
04:02:51,300 --> 04:02:54,800
Pilgrims Journey to the 
sanctuary's bearing sacrifices. 

4652
04:02:54,800 --> 04:02:58,500
Hoping for Reigns to bless 
harvests oracle's to confirm 

4653
04:02:58,500 --> 04:03:02,400
success and commerce or Warfare.
The intangible link between 

4654
04:03:02,400 --> 04:03:05,900
worshiper and deity manifested 
and fleeting signs. 

4655
04:03:05,900 --> 04:03:10,100
A Thunderclap at dawn, an eagle 
overhead branch of oak leaves 

4656
04:03:10,100 --> 04:03:13,700
stirring with no wind 
interpreted as endorsement or 

4657
04:03:13,700 --> 04:03:16,800
warning such Omens, guided Civic
decisions. 

4658
04:03:17,700 --> 04:03:20,800
This interplay reinforced, the 
sense that Zeus's watchful eye 

4659
04:03:20,800 --> 04:03:24,700
overshadowed every domain of 
Greek life from wedding vows to 

4660
04:03:24,708 --> 04:03:27,600
boundary treaties. 
Even criminals invoke him in 

4661
04:03:27,600 --> 04:03:30,500
Oaths to prove innocence 
ironically tempting a 

4662
04:03:30,500 --> 04:03:34,400
thunderbolt if they dared lie. 
God sometimes attempted minor. 

4663
04:03:34,400 --> 04:03:36,200
Insurrections during internal 
disputes. 

4664
04:03:36,200 --> 04:03:41,000
One Legend claims per side and 
Hera and Athena conspired to 

4665
04:03:41,000 --> 04:03:42,900
bind Zeus in Chains to curb his 
tyranny. 

4666
04:03:43,500 --> 04:03:46,300
The hundred-handed Brea's 
rescued him at the last moment, 

4667
04:03:46,300 --> 04:03:50,100
freeing the enraged father who 
then swiftly put the 

4668
04:03:50,100 --> 04:03:53,400
conspirators in their place 
without to throwing them. it 

4669
04:03:53,400 --> 04:03:58,100
underscored an enduring theme, 
Olympus might chafe under Zeus's

4670
04:03:58,100 --> 04:04:01,500
Authority, But no viable, 
alternative emerged. 

4671
04:04:02,100 --> 04:04:05,400
The intangible fear of Unleashed
chaos should Zeus fall. 

4672
04:04:05,400 --> 04:04:09,000
Overshadowed, any 
dissatisfaction. the pantheon 

4673
04:04:09,000 --> 04:04:12,700
learned to cope with or exploit 
the status quo, weaving smaller,

4674
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:16,800
rivalries around the solid core 
of Zeus's monarchy, By fostering

4675
04:04:16,800 --> 04:04:20,700
alliances with Mortal Heroes. 
Forging, beneficial unions with 

4676
04:04:20,700 --> 04:04:23,600
other deities and demonstrating 
unwavering might. 

4677
04:04:23,600 --> 04:04:27,800
When tested Zeus's Dominion 
seemed unassailable on the 

4678
04:04:27,800 --> 04:04:31,800
surface, he was The Smiling 
father of the heavens bestowing 

4679
04:04:31,800 --> 04:04:35,100
blessings beneath. 
He was a Vigilant, Sentinel 

4680
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:38,500
ready to subdue any threat with 
the storms unrelenting power. 

4681
04:04:38,500 --> 04:04:42,800
This blend of paternal care and 
War, retribution, shaped and 

4682
04:04:42,800 --> 04:04:44,200
abiding, equilibrium in the 
cosmos. 

4683
04:04:44,900 --> 04:04:48,800
Yet a centuries turned new 
philosophies like the rise of 

4684
04:04:48,800 --> 04:04:51,300
rational inquiry. 
And Athens would question the 

4685
04:04:51,300 --> 04:04:55,500
literal portrayal of Gods. 
Still as long as Thunder rumbled

4686
04:04:55,500 --> 04:04:59,000
Over Greek mountains Hearts were
called the might of Zeus, the 

4687
04:04:59,000 --> 04:05:01,600
Regal orchestrator of Storms and
destinies. 

4688
04:05:02,400 --> 04:05:06,600
As classical Greek civilization 
expanded local variation of Zeus

4689
04:05:06,600 --> 04:05:09,000
worship. 
Evolved each adding Nuance to 

4690
04:05:09,000 --> 04:05:12,300
his nature in dodonna, the 
oldest Oracle in Greece. 

4691
04:05:12,300 --> 04:05:16,200
Priests interpreted Zeus's will 
through the rustling of Oakleys.

4692
04:05:16,200 --> 04:05:19,300
A mysterious whisper that 
Believers swore held truth. 

4693
04:05:20,100 --> 04:05:23,100
Here, the deity appeared as a 
somber figure of wisdom and 

4694
04:05:23,108 --> 04:05:26,200
prophecy, bridging Primal Earth 
energies. 

4695
04:05:26,200 --> 04:05:31,100
Meanwhile, in Olympia sight of 
the panhellenic games Zeus, 

4696
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:33,700
reigned as the Pinnacle of 
athletic virtue in unity among 

4697
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:36,400
warring city-states. 
Athlete's. 

4698
04:05:36,400 --> 04:05:40,000
Dedicated their triumphs to him 
seeking Divine favor for pure 

4699
04:05:40,000 --> 04:05:43,300
competition. 
The famous statue of Zeus at 

4700
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:46,900
Olympia towering in Ivory and 
gold Drew Pilgrims from distant 

4701
04:05:46,900 --> 04:05:48,500
lands. 
Embodying. 

4702
04:05:48,500 --> 04:05:52,700
The gods benevolent Majesty even
as these diverse Cults thrived, 

4703
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:56,500
pockets of intellectual 
challenge emerged Philosophers 

4704
04:05:56,500 --> 04:05:59,600
like zeniths or the latest 
stoics, questioned. 

4705
04:05:59,600 --> 04:06:03,500
The morality of a God who in 
myths engaged in trickery, or 

4706
04:06:03,500 --> 04:06:06,900
seduction did the cosmic ruler 
truly lower himself to these 

4707
04:06:06,900 --> 04:06:10,700
mortal vices or with such 
stories symbolic the more 

4708
04:06:10,700 --> 04:06:13,800
rationalist city-state became, 
the more old myths met with 

4709
04:06:13,800 --> 04:06:18,300
allegorical, reinterpretations 
Some insisted that Zeus was but 

4710
04:06:18,300 --> 04:06:21,700
a personification of natural law
or the cosmic mind and the 

4711
04:06:21,700 --> 04:06:25,400
scandalous episodes were 
poetical flairs, others clung to

4712
04:06:25,400 --> 04:06:28,600
literal Faith offering an 
unwavering vow for Thunderbolt. 

4713
04:06:28,600 --> 04:06:31,000
Could render giant ashtray. 
No mortal. 

4714
04:06:31,000 --> 04:06:33,300
Intellect should downplay the 
father of Gods. 

4715
04:06:34,300 --> 04:06:37,000
When Alexander the Great's 
Conquest, sprayed Greek culture 

4716
04:06:37,000 --> 04:06:41,600
across Egypt Persia and parts of
India new fusions arose 

4717
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:45,900
Egyptians equated, Zeus with 
Emma forging, the syncretic 

4718
04:06:45,900 --> 04:06:49,000
deities almond. 
Even Alexander visited the 

4719
04:06:49,008 --> 04:06:52,500
Oracle of sea in the Libyan 
Desert seeking confirmation of 

4720
04:06:52,500 --> 04:06:56,300
his semi-divine paternity. 
Legends Farish that the Oracle 

4721
04:06:56,300 --> 04:06:58,100
addressed him as son of Zeus 
Ammon. 

4722
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:02,300
Fueling his claim to Destiny. 
This cross-pollination indicated

4723
04:07:02,300 --> 04:07:05,100
that Zeus's Persona could adapt 
Beyond The Aegean. 

4724
04:07:05,100 --> 04:07:09,500
Integrating foreign traits to 
sustain Cosmic Supremacy people 

4725
04:07:09,500 --> 04:07:13,100
in far-flung Hellenistic Realms 
recognized his lightning symbol 

4726
04:07:13,800 --> 04:07:17,500
Linking it to local storm Gods, 
forging a mosaic of worship that

4727
04:07:17,500 --> 04:07:19,500
stretched from the Nile to the 
Indus. 

4728
04:07:20,200 --> 04:07:22,900
Within Greek heartlands, 
political upheavals or 

4729
04:07:22,900 --> 04:07:25,800
city-states overshadowed by 
Macedonian and later Roman 

4730
04:07:25,800 --> 04:07:29,200
Dominion. 
Under Roman rule, Zeus found an 

4731
04:07:29,200 --> 04:07:33,100
equivalent in Jupiter Mythic 
Cycles into mingled with Roman 

4732
04:07:33,100 --> 04:07:34,900
temples. 
Adopting Greek iconography. 

4733
04:07:34,900 --> 04:07:39,100
Even as the old city state 
system faded the name of Zeus 

4734
04:07:39,100 --> 04:07:43,400
injured philosophers in the 
Roman era like the stoic advance

4735
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:46,700
to Universal interpretation of 
the God as the Supreme Cosmic 

4736
04:07:46,700 --> 04:07:50,200
reason, They taught that the 
Zeus, principal guided all 

4737
04:07:50,200 --> 04:07:53,300
nature, from the swirl of 
galaxies, to the growth of 

4738
04:07:53,300 --> 04:07:55,800
vines. 
This intellectually charged 

4739
04:07:55,800 --> 04:07:59,200
view, smoothed contradictions in
older myths, positing that 

4740
04:07:59,200 --> 04:08:02,400
comedic or tragic stories about 
Zeus's, escapades were mere, 

4741
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:06,300
allegri's for Universal truths. 
Yet not all worshipers cared for

4742
04:08:06,308 --> 04:08:10,400
philosophical nuances festivals 
continued with communal 

4743
04:08:10,400 --> 04:08:14,100
sacrifices and vibrant 
processions, dramas performed in

4744
04:08:14,100 --> 04:08:18,900
amphitheaters retold, epic sagas
of Titan Wars or comedic spoons.

4745
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:22,800
Some meat spoofs of Zeus's 
Transformations, even Romans 

4746
04:08:22,800 --> 04:08:26,400
traveling to Greek, sanctuaries 
could sense the abiding Aura of 

4747
04:08:26,408 --> 04:08:29,700
an ancient presence. 
Pilgrims bearing offerings to 

4748
04:08:29,700 --> 04:08:32,600
the shrines still believed 
wholeheartedly that a bolt from 

4749
04:08:32,608 --> 04:08:34,400
the sky signaled Zeus's. 
Judgment. 

4750
04:08:35,300 --> 04:08:37,700
Peasants, at Harvest Time, 
prayed for gentle rains rather 

4751
04:08:37,700 --> 04:08:40,600
than hail trusting. 
The sky father's Goodwill. 

4752
04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:43,400
Indeed, the link between daily 
life. 

4753
04:08:43,400 --> 04:08:47,000
Rainfall storms, the fertility 
of fields and the overarching 

4754
04:08:47,000 --> 04:08:52,300
force of Zeus underpinned, 
stable, devotion, However, a 

4755
04:08:52,300 --> 04:08:54,600
centuries progressed the 
Unstoppable wave of 

4756
04:08:54,600 --> 04:08:56,500
Christianity. 
Swept across the Mediterranean 

4757
04:08:57,500 --> 04:09:01,300
The early, Christian apologist, 
targeted, Pagan pantheons citing

4758
04:09:01,300 --> 04:09:04,200
moral, Tales of Zeus's 
adulteries or Roth as evidence 

4759
04:09:04,200 --> 04:09:08,000
of polytheism corruption in an 
evolving Empire that embraced 

4760
04:09:08,000 --> 04:09:12,200
monotheism Olympian shrines, 
lost official support their 

4761
04:09:12,200 --> 04:09:16,000
clergy overshadowed by Bishops. 
By the fourth Century CE 

4762
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:20,100
Emperor, theodosius edicts, 
effectively, banned public and 

4763
04:09:20,100 --> 04:09:23,500
rights. 
Once dedicated to Zeus Temple's 

4764
04:09:23,500 --> 04:09:27,200
fell sent repurposed to store 
rooms or churches or left in 

4765
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:29,900
ruin. 
The cultural tapestry that wants

4766
04:09:29,900 --> 04:09:33,800
places. 
Apex unraveled replaced by a new

4767
04:09:33,800 --> 04:09:37,300
theological framework. 
Despite this institutional 

4768
04:09:37,300 --> 04:09:40,400
decline, the memory of Zeus 
never fully vanished. 

4769
04:09:41,100 --> 04:09:43,600
Philosophical manuscripts, 
survived in monastic. 

4770
04:09:43,600 --> 04:09:46,700
Libraries rural. 
Folk in remote Highlands still 

4771
04:09:46,700 --> 04:09:49,400
whispered of Thunder as the old 
father's voice. 

4772
04:09:50,300 --> 04:09:53,000
Renaissance Scholars. 
Rediscovered classical texts 

4773
04:09:53,000 --> 04:09:57,000
resurrecting the image of Zeus 
in art and literature painters. 

4774
04:09:57,000 --> 04:10:00,000
Like, Raphael or later near 
classical artists depicted him 

4775
04:10:00,000 --> 04:10:03,600
enthroned with an eagle by his 
side, celebrating the Mythic 

4776
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:07,100
Grandeur of antiquity. 
Enlightenment thinkers, who 

4777
04:10:07,100 --> 04:10:10,100
pioneered modern science 
referenced lightning, rods that 

4778
04:10:10,100 --> 04:10:12,900
subdued Zeus's Thunder by 
paradoxically. 

4779
04:10:12,900 --> 04:10:17,300
Redefining his realm, through 
rational explanation, Today, The

4780
04:10:17,300 --> 04:10:20,300
Narrative of zeusa stands as a 
symbolic Testament to how 

4781
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:22,400
Society is conceived ultimate 
Authority. 

4782
04:10:23,200 --> 04:10:26,500
He encapsulates, the interplay 
of power and Justice, paternal 

4783
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:29,000
care, and Fierce, and 
Punishment, spiritual 

4784
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:31,300
significance, and political 
utility. 

4785
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:35,200
Tales of him, remain vital in 
popular culture from Modern 

4786
04:10:35,200 --> 04:10:38,400
retelling of Greek myths, in 
novels films and games to The 

4787
04:10:38,400 --> 04:10:42,500
Echoes of Thunder associated 
with unstoppable, Cosmic Force 

4788
04:10:43,600 --> 04:10:46,400
Scholarly inquiries reveal a 
figure who morphed from a local 

4789
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:49,700
father of the sky to a global 
emblem of Mythology. 

4790
04:10:49,700 --> 04:10:53,700
Bridging Greek Hellenistic, 
Roman and even later cultural 

4791
04:10:53,700 --> 04:10:56,000
spheres. 
Observing how a figure. 

4792
04:10:56,008 --> 04:10:58,800
So Primal adapted to evolving 
civilizations. 

4793
04:10:58,800 --> 04:11:02,700
Underscores the elasticity of 
myth If one listens carefully 

4794
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:06,308
during a thunderstorm, one might
recall that ancient war for the 

4795
04:11:06,316 --> 04:11:08,300
sky. 
Father flickering in the 

4796
04:11:08,300 --> 04:11:11,700
electric arcs overhead Zeus's 
role as a father figure in 

4797
04:11:11,700 --> 04:11:15,300
Greek, myth extends Beyond 
genealogical ties, the ancient 

4798
04:11:15,300 --> 04:11:17,600
Greeks often portrayed him 
intervening in moral dilemmas 

4799
04:11:17,600 --> 04:11:21,200
defending the social order and 
meeting out Justice to Mortals 

4800
04:11:21,200 --> 04:11:25,000
and gods alike. 
One lesson known tale unders. 

4801
04:11:25,000 --> 04:11:29,100
His capacity for empathy. 
When Salman Khan mortal King 

4802
04:11:29,100 --> 04:11:32,800
boasted he could equal Zeus by 
mimicking thunder with bronze 

4803
04:11:32,800 --> 04:11:35,600
chariots. 
Zeus first, let him indulge the 

4804
04:11:35,600 --> 04:11:38,100
fast before unleashing a 
thunderbolt to expose his 

4805
04:11:38,100 --> 04:11:43,500
arrogance. yet once the city's 
people cowered in fear records, 

4806
04:11:43,500 --> 04:11:48,000
hint that Zeus sent favorable 
Reigns The Following Season, as 

4807
04:11:48,000 --> 04:11:51,100
if to ensure that misguided 
worshipers didn't starve from 

4808
04:11:51,100 --> 04:11:55,800
their kings hubris, this story 
overshadowed by more famous 

4809
04:11:55,800 --> 04:12:00,500
myths, reveals a paternal 
dimension Punishing blasphemy, 

4810
04:12:00,500 --> 04:12:02,400
but sparing the innocent from 
famine. 

4811
04:12:03,000 --> 04:12:06,900
Likewise the story of King 
leagues, who spurned Dionysus 

4812
04:12:06,900 --> 04:12:09,300
and scorned. 
The new wine rights ended with 

4813
04:12:09,300 --> 04:12:12,000
Zeus. 
Confining liger to a cave in a 

4814
04:12:12,000 --> 04:12:15,100
Labyrinthian punishment. 
Many retail, only the 

4815
04:12:15,100 --> 04:12:18,600
punishments horror, the nearly 
lost variant suggests that 

4816
04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:21,500
afterwards, Zeus made the 
Farmland around that Kingdom 

4817
04:12:21,500 --> 04:12:25,300
flourish unexpectedly implying 
that the paternal Gods. 

4818
04:12:25,300 --> 04:12:28,100
Softened the blow for ordinary 
people who were not involved in 

4819
04:12:28,100 --> 04:12:30,900
their rulers arrogance. 
Such glimpses though, 

4820
04:12:30,900 --> 04:12:33,800
overshadowed highlight the 
tension between Roth and 

4821
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:36,100
compassion in Zeus's. 
Cosmic guardianship. 

4822
04:12:36,100 --> 04:12:39,700
Another dimension of Zeus's 
paternal Persona is his 

4823
04:12:39,700 --> 04:12:44,200
willingness to Champion Synergy 
among various Gods indeed after 

4824
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:47,000
the Titanic. 
He, the pantheon was Rife with 

4825
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:50,700
strong-willed deities. 
Such as Poseidon Artemis and 

4826
04:12:50,700 --> 04:12:54,200
Aphrodite each with distinct 
Realms and temperaments. 

4827
04:12:54,900 --> 04:12:57,600
It was under Zeus's oversight 
that the collectively shaped 

4828
04:12:57,600 --> 04:13:02,200
mortal existence range from Zeus
sees from Poseidon hunts from 

4829
04:13:02,200 --> 04:13:04,600
Artemis. 
Love from Aphrodite harvests 

4830
04:13:04,600 --> 04:13:07,700
from Demeter. 
And so, on the father's role 

4831
04:13:07,700 --> 04:13:10,500
wasn't micro-management, but 
balancing these Powers. 

4832
04:13:10,500 --> 04:13:12,800
So none overshadowed the 
broader, Cosmic order. 

4833
04:13:13,500 --> 04:13:17,300
That said, friction remained 
inevitable witness, Poseidon's 

4834
04:13:17,300 --> 04:13:20,100
quarrels, with Athena over 
patronage of Athens or 

4835
04:13:20,100 --> 04:13:23,100
Aphrodite's, Mischief stirring, 
conflicts among Mortals. 

4836
04:13:23,100 --> 04:13:28,200
Each time Zeus either calmly 
arbitrated or thunder, the final

4837
04:13:28,208 --> 04:13:31,000
verdict. 
If reason failed, Zeus's 

4838
04:13:31,000 --> 04:13:34,500
paternal role extended to 
dispensing Fates while the 

4839
04:13:34,500 --> 04:13:39,600
moirai fates had the ultimate 
say on Mortal lifespans Zeus 

4840
04:13:39,600 --> 04:13:43,900
sometimes intervened for beloved
Heroes, like sarpedon in the 

4841
04:13:43,900 --> 04:13:47,700
Trojan War, he felt fatherly 
sorrow yet recognized that 

4842
04:13:47,700 --> 04:13:50,700
interfering with fate upset, the
moral and Cosmic fabric. 

4843
04:13:51,600 --> 04:13:54,600
The Iliad captures a poignant 
moment where Zeus contemplates 

4844
04:13:54,600 --> 04:13:58,800
saving sapon but relents 
reflecting an internal conflict 

4845
04:13:58,800 --> 04:14:01,000
paternal. 
Love clashing with the demands 

4846
04:14:01,000 --> 04:14:04,400
of cosmic lore, this acceptance 
of the greater tapestry, 

4847
04:14:04,400 --> 04:14:07,200
underlines how Zeus didn't 
interpret absolute rule as 

4848
04:14:07,200 --> 04:14:11,800
licensed to break fundamental 
rules, contrarily lesser Gods at

4849
04:14:11,800 --> 04:14:15,600
times Twisted, mortal Destinies 
for personal vendettas, but for 

4850
04:14:15,600 --> 04:14:18,700
the father of gods, the big 
picture overshadowed personal 

4851
04:14:18,700 --> 04:14:23,200
yearning Meanwhile, mortal 
worship evolved with each 

4852
04:14:23,200 --> 04:14:25,400
Polaris. 
Weaving unique, local epithets 

4853
04:14:25,400 --> 04:14:30,600
for Zeus in Athens became zero 
champion of Freedom after 

4854
04:14:30,600 --> 04:14:34,500
battles, with tyranny. 
In Argos, they held him as Zeus,

4855
04:14:34,500 --> 04:14:38,700
Larissa iOS, a protector of 
Farmland, Shepard communities in

4856
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:40,700
Arcadian, Highlands revered him 
a Zeus. 

4857
04:14:40,700 --> 04:14:44,800
Le chaos associated with the 
ancient wolfish rights Thus 

4858
04:14:44,800 --> 04:14:47,900
Universal. 
Father splintered into Myriad. 

4859
04:14:47,900 --> 04:14:52,200
Local faces each reflecting a 
slice of daily existence grain 

4860
04:14:52,200 --> 04:14:55,700
Harvest communal festivals 
protective watch over Frontiers 

4861
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:59,000
over centuries. 
These local Cults interlinked 

4862
04:14:59,000 --> 04:15:02,000
preserving an overarching. 
Unity within the Greek world 

4863
04:15:02,000 --> 04:15:04,900
view. 
One God many facets, bridging 

4864
04:15:04,900 --> 04:15:07,800
Cities state diversity with a 
sense of shared Hellenic 

4865
04:15:07,800 --> 04:15:10,800
identity. 
Though, paternal benevolence 

4866
04:15:10,800 --> 04:15:12,700
forms a large part of his Mythic
identity. 

4867
04:15:12,700 --> 04:15:16,100
The Greek tradition, never let 
that overshadow his capacity for

4868
04:15:16,100 --> 04:15:20,000
cunning, even after enthroned, 
Zeus used guile, if it served 

4869
04:15:20,000 --> 04:15:23,200
Cosmic stability one, anecdote 
recalls, how he tricked the 

4870
04:15:23,200 --> 04:15:27,200
giant Typhon by fainting defeat 
Luring, the Monstrous foe into a

4871
04:15:27,200 --> 04:15:29,900
complacent moment before, 
unleashing, a surprise 

4872
04:15:29,900 --> 04:15:32,300
Thunderbolt that pin Typhon 
beneath. 

4873
04:15:34,700 --> 04:15:37,400
This Sly approach reaffirmed 
that while direct brute force 

4874
04:15:37,400 --> 04:15:39,900
was not option. 
Cunning often staved off 

4875
04:15:39,908 --> 04:15:43,500
prolonged conflict. 
In a cyclical Cosmos prone to 

4876
04:15:43,500 --> 04:15:47,000
Rebellion the father needed more
than just a Thunderbolts blast. 

4877
04:15:47,800 --> 04:15:50,700
Cunning insured foes fell 
swiftly before they multiplied. 

4878
04:15:51,400 --> 04:15:54,600
Among the pantheon Hermes, 
admired such cunning. 

4879
04:15:54,600 --> 04:15:58,100
It said, Hermes often joked that
he inherited his trickery from 

4880
04:15:58,108 --> 04:16:01,700
the father of gods. 
Indeed, Hermes is earliest 

4881
04:16:01,700 --> 04:16:05,900
Feats, stealing Apollo's cattle 
parallel Zeus's own youthful, 

4882
04:16:05,900 --> 04:16:09,400
escapades to thrown in Kronos 
The father recognized a 

4883
04:16:09,400 --> 04:16:11,700
reflection of his own early 
rebellious, spirit in Hermes 

4884
04:16:11,700 --> 04:16:15,800
forging, a van Bond. 
This father child Dynamic added 

4885
04:16:15,800 --> 04:16:19,000
comedic undertones to Olympus 
his Gatherings with Hermes, 

4886
04:16:19,000 --> 04:16:22,500
pulling pranks and Zeus looking 
on half amused half Stern 

4887
04:16:22,500 --> 04:16:25,100
mindful. 
That chaos had boundaries even 

4888
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:28,600
in the comedic realm paternal 
guidance shaped the lines Gods 

4889
04:16:28,600 --> 04:16:32,400
dead, not cross dust, the father
of gods stands, as a figure who 

4890
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:35,900
never let go of cunning. 
Preserving Cosmic order through 

4891
04:16:35,900 --> 04:16:39,400
Thunder but also harnessing 
paternal wisdom to rectify 

4892
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:41,400
potential storms before they 
escalated. 

4893
04:16:42,300 --> 04:16:46,000
This paternal Persona was not 
static, it adapted across 

4894
04:16:46,000 --> 04:16:49,200
centuries, and local Customs 
from Punisher of hubris. 

4895
04:16:49,200 --> 04:16:52,900
To sponsor of Civic festivals 
from cunning conspirator to 

4896
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:55,200
moral anchor. 
If the Greek cosmos had a 

4897
04:16:55,208 --> 04:17:00,900
pillar, it was Zeus, Father 
Judge in caretaker Weaving and 

4898
04:17:00,900 --> 04:17:04,200
evolving attached work of myths,
that recognize the complexity of

4899
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:07,700
divine Authority, while the 
classical Greek World revered, 

4900
04:17:07,700 --> 04:17:11,100
Zeus the Hellenistic and Roman 
eras reframed, his legacy for 

4901
04:17:11,100 --> 04:17:15,000
broader Imperial audiences under
the Hellenistic kingdoms, after 

4902
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:18,200
Alexander's conquests. 
Zeus frequently merged with 

4903
04:17:18,208 --> 04:17:22,000
local Gods. 
Zeus Ammon in Egypt, belsham in 

4904
04:17:22,000 --> 04:17:25,400
the Levant allowing different 
cultures to claim aspect of the 

4905
04:17:25,400 --> 04:17:28,700
mighty father. 
This Fusion introduced exotic 

4906
04:17:28,700 --> 04:17:32,600
iconography Temple reliefs 
showing Zeus with ram horns or 

4907
04:17:32,600 --> 04:17:36,100
Greek inscriptions praising. 
A composite deity, bridging 

4908
04:17:36,100 --> 04:17:39,200
Greek and Native Traditions. 
It was a practical strategy. 

4909
04:17:39,200 --> 04:17:43,400
Smoothing the governance of 
diverse Realms by anchoring them

4910
04:17:43,400 --> 04:17:46,800
under Universal. 
Cosmic, father, In Rome as 

4911
04:17:46,800 --> 04:17:49,400
mentioned Zeus was equated to 
Jupiter. 

4912
04:17:49,400 --> 04:17:52,200
The Roman appropriation was not 
a mere rename. 

4913
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:56,500
It recontextualized him within a
martial legalistic culture. 

4914
04:17:58,100 --> 04:18:02,500
Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Jupiter
the best and greatest presided 

4915
04:18:02,500 --> 04:18:06,100
over the capitals Temple 
overshadowing Roman Civic life, 

4916
04:18:06,100 --> 04:18:10,700
Roman generals before campaigns 
sacrificed to Jupiter for 

4917
04:18:10,708 --> 04:18:13,300
victory. 
Mirroring the old Greek pattern,

4918
04:18:13,300 --> 04:18:17,500
but with more structured State 
rituals Roman Aristocrats told 

4919
04:18:17,500 --> 04:18:21,400
stories of Jupiter's paternal 
oversight mixing it with Roman 

4920
04:18:21,400 --> 04:18:26,100
virtues of Gravitas and pieters.
The Synergy was so tight that by

4921
04:18:26,100 --> 04:18:29,300
the time, the Empire spanned 
from Britain to Mesopotamia, the

4922
04:18:29,300 --> 04:18:33,000
name Jupiter replaced Zeus in 
official contexts though Greek 

4923
04:18:33,000 --> 04:18:35,500
Enclave still whispered. 
The original name in devotions 

4924
04:18:36,300 --> 04:18:39,500
The fatherly Aura. 
Persisted bridging an Empire of 

4925
04:18:39,500 --> 04:18:43,900
colossal cultural variety. 
however, in the centuries after 

4926
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:48,100
Christ birth As Christianity, 
spread worship of the old 

4927
04:18:48,100 --> 04:18:51,400
Pantheon eroded. 
The Christian critique of pagan 

4928
04:18:51,400 --> 04:18:55,300
gods, labeling them either 
fantasies or demonic Illusions 

4929
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:58,600
gained official favor. 
Once Emperors, like Constantine 

4930
04:18:58,600 --> 04:19:02,300
pivoted to the new faith. 
By theodosius reign in the late,

4931
04:19:02,300 --> 04:19:07,800
fourth Century CE Evert worship 
of Zeus or Jupiter was banned in

4932
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:10,700
the Roman Realm. 
Temples were repurposed or 

4933
04:19:10,700 --> 04:19:13,600
abandoned and oracle's were to 
johnst. 

4934
04:19:14,100 --> 04:19:18,300
Only in rural Pockets where 
peasants clung to old ways did 

4935
04:19:18,300 --> 04:19:20,000
faint. 
Echoes of thunderbase 

4936
04:19:20,000 --> 04:19:22,800
superstition, linger. 
And as Christian theology 

4937
04:19:22,800 --> 04:19:26,600
matured, the paternal figure of 
the Christian God overshadowed 

4938
04:19:26,600 --> 04:19:28,800
old father, Zeus in the public 
sphere. 

4939
04:19:30,300 --> 04:19:34,700
Ancient myths, slid into Legend 
sustaining itself primarily in 

4940
04:19:34,700 --> 04:19:37,700
Poetic retellings, or among 
Scholars, preserving classical 

4941
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:40,800
texts. 
Remarkably the medieval Islamic 

4942
04:19:40,800 --> 04:19:42,400
World, helped preserve Greek 
knowledge. 

4943
04:19:43,100 --> 04:19:46,000
Arabic translations of 
philosophers who reference Zeus 

4944
04:19:46,000 --> 04:19:48,200
allowed some trace of the old 
theologies to survive, 

4945
04:19:48,200 --> 04:19:51,600
academically, albeit 
overshadowed by monotheistic 

4946
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:54,100
Frameworks. 
Then the European Renaissance 

4947
04:19:54,100 --> 04:19:56,500
resurrected classical Greek, and
Roman sources. 

4948
04:19:57,400 --> 04:20:02,000
Artists like Michelangelo or 
tishan depicted Zeus or Jupiter 

4949
04:20:02,000 --> 04:20:05,800
with powerful imagery, lightning
in her hand. 

4950
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:10,100
Regal posture applied more as an
artistic Motif than a subject of

4951
04:20:10,100 --> 04:20:12,800
worship. 
The father of gods became an 

4952
04:20:12,800 --> 04:20:15,000
emblem of classical Antiquities 
grandeur. 

4953
04:20:15,600 --> 04:20:18,700
Fueling the imagination of 
sculptors poets and dramatists 

4954
04:20:18,700 --> 04:20:21,900
tapestries. 
Displayed, the Titanic as an 

4955
04:20:21,900 --> 04:20:25,100
allegory for good governance, 
triumphing over tyranny or 

4956
04:20:25,100 --> 04:20:28,600
Reason best in chaos. 
The enlightenment intellectuals 

4957
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:32,400
grappling with rationalist 
skepticism in Zeus and 

4958
04:20:32,400 --> 04:20:35,700
anthropomorphic concept. 
One the early cultures used to 

4959
04:20:35,700 --> 04:20:38,500
explain natural phenomena like 
lightning and storms 

4960
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:42,100
philosophers, like Voltaire, or 
Dido occasionally cited him in 

4961
04:20:42,108 --> 04:20:45,400
satirical Jabs. 
Highlighting the contradictions 

4962
04:20:45,400 --> 04:20:48,900
in Pagan religion yet. 
Ironically the notion of a 

4963
04:20:48,900 --> 04:20:52,200
father God, punishing hubris or 
awarding virtue, found Echoes In

4964
04:20:52,200 --> 04:20:55,600
Enlightenment, moral thought, 
only now couched in secular 

4965
04:20:55,600 --> 04:20:57,700
concepts of Justice or universal
law. 

4966
04:20:58,600 --> 04:21:02,400
Meanwhile, hidden among esoteric
circles mystical fascination 

4967
04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:05,300
with ancient Pantheon's 
persisted forging. 

4968
04:21:05,300 --> 04:21:08,400
Secret societies that revered 
old deities as archetypes of 

4969
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:12,300
cosmic forces. 
In that environment, Zeus was 

4970
04:21:12,300 --> 04:21:14,900
studied less for worship and 
more as a symbolic template for 

4971
04:21:14,900 --> 04:21:16,200
leadership or paternal 
Authority. 

4972
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:21,000
By the 19th and 20th, centuries,
archaeologists rediscovered. 

4973
04:21:21,000 --> 04:21:24,800
The physical traces of Zeus's, 
worship, the scattered Columns 

4974
04:21:24,800 --> 04:21:28,100
of the Temple of Zeus at 
Olympia, the Doric remains at 

4975
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:31,500
neemia and the ravaged altars on
Crete, where legend said he was 

4976
04:21:31,500 --> 04:21:35,100
born. scholarly Works 
meticulously catalogued myths, 

4977
04:21:35,100 --> 04:21:38,500
comparing them with parallels, 
from other European traditions, 

4978
04:21:39,200 --> 04:21:42,200
They found that far the ski 
motifs recurred across cultures 

4979
04:21:42,200 --> 04:21:45,500
suggesting a proto-indo-european
root of skyfathers. 

4980
04:21:45,500 --> 04:21:49,400
Zeus thus became a testament to 
How Deeply Humanity has craved. 

4981
04:21:49,400 --> 04:21:52,800
A paternal Guardian to quell 
Nature's Fury and social 

4982
04:21:52,800 --> 04:21:55,300
Discord, modern, pop culture 
frame. 

4983
04:21:55,300 --> 04:21:58,500
Zeus in Myriad ways Hollywood 
depicts him as a bearded. 

4984
04:21:58,500 --> 04:22:02,200
Giant hurling Thunder wrestling 
with moral ambiguities or 

4985
04:22:02,200 --> 04:22:05,600
comedic hijinks video games 
harnesses iconography for 

4986
04:22:05,600 --> 04:22:08,300
immersive mythical worlds, 
letting players channel 

4987
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:10,300
lightning. 
As they battle monstrous, foes 

4988
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:13,500
children's books to still him to
a wise or sometimes. 

4989
04:22:13,500 --> 04:22:16,900
Comedic, Father, Figure ignoring
the complexities of old Greek 

4990
04:22:16,900 --> 04:22:19,100
tradition. 
Even New Age, spiritual 

4991
04:22:19,100 --> 04:22:22,000
movements interpret him as an 
architect of masculine power. 

4992
04:22:22,700 --> 04:22:24,900
Balancing energies of creation 
and destruction. 

4993
04:22:24,900 --> 04:22:28,800
This cultural elasticity 
underscores that while formal 

4994
04:22:28,800 --> 04:22:32,700
worship ended centuries ago the 
archetype of Zeus remains 

4995
04:22:32,700 --> 04:22:37,100
culturally potent at its core. 
The father of God stands as 

4996
04:22:37,100 --> 04:22:42,000
reflection of Primal forces, 
thunder sky paternal law and the

4997
04:22:42,000 --> 04:22:44,400
evolution of societies 
relationship to Authority 

4998
04:22:44,400 --> 04:22:49,500
tradition and Cosmic Wonder from
Titan battles to philosophical, 

4999
04:22:49,500 --> 04:22:53,100
allegri's from Roman Imperial 
rights to 21st century. 

5000
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:56,700
Entertainment Zeus's Saga 
endures as one of the grand 

5001
04:22:56,700 --> 04:23:00,000
narratives, Bridging, the 
archaic to the modern, Once a 

5002
04:23:00,000 --> 04:23:02,900
living deity in the eyes of 
countless worshipers, the man 

5003
04:23:02,900 --> 04:23:04,700
with the Thunderbolt. 
Now stands at the intersection 

5004
04:23:04,700 --> 04:23:08,600
of myth history and cultural 
memory embodying. 

5005
04:23:08,600 --> 04:23:11,300
The Timeless dialogue between 
divine power, and human 

5006
04:23:11,300 --> 04:23:15,000
aspiration in reflecting on 
Zeus's story spanning, from 

5007
04:23:15,000 --> 04:23:18,100
Secret infancy on Crete to the 
apex of the Olympian Pantheon 

5008
04:23:18,100 --> 04:23:21,200
and eventually morphing through.
Centuries of reinterpretation, 

5009
04:23:21,200 --> 04:23:25,600
we confront the essence of 
mythmaking if God's mirror human

5010
04:23:25,600 --> 04:23:29,300
longings and anxieties, Zeus 
exemplifies this principle 

5011
04:23:29,300 --> 04:23:33,700
supremely He's the father who 
both punishes and protects the 

5012
04:23:33,700 --> 04:23:37,200
Conqueror, who Fosters cunning 
alliances rather than mere brute

5013
04:23:37,200 --> 04:23:39,300
subjugation. 
And the divine presence, 

5014
04:23:39,300 --> 04:23:43,000
bridging Primal storms with 
moral codes, exploring the 

5015
04:23:43,000 --> 04:23:45,900
Lesser known threads, like how 
cunning sometimes out, Sean 

5016
04:23:45,900 --> 04:23:49,900
lightning blasts, how politics 
shaped mortal alliances and how 

5017
04:23:49,900 --> 04:23:52,600
paternal warmth sometimes 
tempered Cosmic judgments. 

5018
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:56,400
We see a figure woven from 
complexities far beyond cliche. 

5019
04:23:57,200 --> 04:23:59,600
Part of Zeus's perennial grip on
the human imagination. 

5020
04:23:59,600 --> 04:24:01,900
Arises from his contradictory 
facets. 

5021
04:24:01,900 --> 04:24:06,000
He is simultaneously a figure of
absolute might brandishing 

5022
04:24:06,000 --> 04:24:09,400
thunder in rebellious battles 
and a moral guide championing 

5023
04:24:09,400 --> 04:24:13,000
Hospitality or punishing 
oathbreakers in a sense, he is 

5024
04:24:13,008 --> 04:24:16,400
the sky incarnate luminous, and 
generous and calm weather, 

5025
04:24:16,400 --> 04:24:18,900
ferocious and destructive, and 
storms. 

5026
04:24:19,500 --> 04:24:22,300
The Greeks harness that Duality 
and their everyday worship. 

5027
04:24:22,300 --> 04:24:25,700
Never Letting themselves wholly,
trust, or doubt his paternal 

5028
04:24:25,700 --> 04:24:29,900
watch devotees, recognize that 
under certain circumstances, the

5029
04:24:29,900 --> 04:24:32,600
kindly father might unleash 
Havoc if Cosmic order was 

5030
04:24:32,600 --> 04:24:36,600
threatened nor as you static the
earliest archaic poems, like 

5031
04:24:36,600 --> 04:24:39,900
he's idiots, theogony stressed, 
his monstrous battles with the 

5032
04:24:39,900 --> 04:24:44,200
Titans crowning him as champion 
of cosmic stability over time 

5033
04:24:44,200 --> 04:24:47,300
dramatists wove comedic or 
tragic angles. 

5034
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:51,000
Aristophanes might Lampoon the 
father of gods and comedic riffs

5035
04:24:51,000 --> 04:24:54,600
while Sophocles or Achilles 
probe the tension between Divine

5036
04:24:54,600 --> 04:24:57,900
edicts and Mortal free will the 
expansion of Greek culture under

5037
04:24:57,900 --> 04:25:01,200
Alexander the Great, reposition,
Zeus as a universal father, 

5038
04:25:01,200 --> 04:25:04,400
bridging cultural. 
Divides the Roman era conflated 

5039
04:25:04,400 --> 04:25:08,000
him with Jupiter adding layers 
of bureaucratic or legal nuance.

5040
04:25:08,800 --> 04:25:11,600
Then Christianity, relegated him
to the realm of pagan memory. 

5041
04:25:11,600 --> 04:25:16,700
Each chapter redefines him yet. 
The core remains father, Thunder

5042
04:25:16,700 --> 04:25:20,100
Cosmic law. 
Such transformation, testifies 

5043
04:25:20,100 --> 04:25:23,200
to the power of myth to adapt 
with civilization's. 

5044
04:25:23,200 --> 04:25:26,700
The Greek pantheon, no longer 
draws The Devout worship of old,

5045
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:29,800
but it's narrative remain potent
Frameworks for how people see 

5046
04:25:29,800 --> 04:25:34,000
leadership Rebellion loyalty or 
the interplay between fate and 

5047
04:25:34,000 --> 04:25:37,700
free choice. 
In terms of moral crisis, the 

5048
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:40,700
references to Zeus's unyielding 
stance on oath-breaking, or 

5049
04:25:40,700 --> 04:25:44,200
Hospitality might surface in 
academic or literary discourse. 

5050
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:48,100
In times of scientific Marvel. 
The lightning once considered 

5051
04:25:48,100 --> 04:25:52,000
his direct manifestation becomes
a symbol of electricity's 

5052
04:25:52,000 --> 04:25:55,600
harnessing highlighting how even
rational Society can't fully 

5053
04:25:55,600 --> 04:25:59,500
discard the poetic Resonance of 
Thunder as the voice of a mighty

5054
04:25:59,500 --> 04:26:02,300
are presence. 
Modern authors, particularly 

5055
04:26:02,300 --> 04:26:06,700
fantasy novelists, resurrect 
Zeus in new guises, they blend 

5056
04:26:06,700 --> 04:26:10,800
Greek tradition with modern 
moral query, sometimes Riccar 

5057
04:26:10,800 --> 04:26:12,700
casting him as a flawed. 
Father Figure grappling with 

5058
04:26:12,700 --> 04:26:15,400
immortalities. 
Wait, others draw attention to 

5059
04:26:15,400 --> 04:26:18,700
lesser known details such as the
placement of the mother goat and

5060
04:26:18,700 --> 04:26:21,900
Martha Among the Stars which 
sheds light on obscure 

5061
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:24,900
constellation myth. 
The line between reverence and 

5062
04:26:24,900 --> 04:26:26,900
critique becomes blurred in 
those retellings. 

5063
04:26:26,900 --> 04:26:30,200
We see a father who might care 
deeply, but his trapped by 

5064
04:26:30,208 --> 04:26:34,200
Cosmic demands Force to impose 
harsh sentences on rebellious 

5065
04:26:34,200 --> 04:26:39,100
deities, This Fosters empathy 
for a deity who ironically once 

5066
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:43,300
seemed the Apex of Unstoppable 
power. in today's world that 

5067
04:26:43,300 --> 04:26:48,400
complexity resonates life's 
experiences career arcs, family 

5068
04:26:48,400 --> 04:26:52,600
responsibilities, moral, Tangles
mirror, aspects of Zeus's 

5069
04:26:52,600 --> 04:26:56,400
paternal guardianship We 
appreciate the Nuance that 

5070
04:26:56,400 --> 04:26:59,000
leadership and paternal roles 
aren't about infallibility. 

5071
04:26:59,000 --> 04:27:01,500
There are about balancing 
multiple tensions with 

5072
04:27:01,500 --> 04:27:05,300
unwavering determination. 
The hidden corners of Zeus's 

5073
04:27:05,300 --> 04:27:07,100
myths. 
Remind us that even the 

5074
04:27:07,100 --> 04:27:10,000
mightiest faced personal 
heartbreak like losing children,

5075
04:27:10,000 --> 04:27:13,600
or confronting sibling betrayal,
and that progress often arises 

5076
04:27:13,600 --> 04:27:15,800
from forging alliances or 
employing cunning. 

5077
04:27:15,800 --> 04:27:20,600
Not raw, might alone. 
Zeus's domain extends Beyond his

5078
04:27:20,600 --> 04:27:24,200
immediate Mythic narrative. 
He influences art from classical

5079
04:27:24,200 --> 04:27:27,000
sculptures that once towered in 
Temple, precincts to Modern 

5080
04:27:27,000 --> 04:27:29,000
digital Renditions in gaming 
worlds. 

5081
04:27:29,000 --> 04:27:32,700
He influences language with 
phrases like under the Aegis 

5082
04:27:32,700 --> 04:27:37,300
referencing his protective 
shield or Olympia can Majestic 

5083
04:27:37,300 --> 04:27:42,000
Supremacy even in outer space 
star names and Cosmic structures

5084
04:27:42,000 --> 04:27:45,400
of Oak. 
The Greek pantheon Subtle nod, 

5085
04:27:45,400 --> 04:27:48,400
that the father of gods endures 
in astronomers catalogs. 

5086
04:27:48,400 --> 04:27:52,000
This intangible presence under 
scores that while formal worship

5087
04:27:52,000 --> 04:27:55,600
ceased cultural, memory found 
new avenues to keep his Thunder 

5088
04:27:55,600 --> 04:27:59,000
echoing across time. 
Thus the final reflection on 

5089
04:27:59,000 --> 04:28:02,600
Zeus is one of metamorphosis 
born in secrecy to overthrow 

5090
04:28:02,600 --> 04:28:05,200
tyranny. 
Orchestrated, a new Pantheon 

5091
04:28:05,200 --> 04:28:08,900
that shape, Greek religion, for 
centuries over 1000s of years, 

5092
04:28:08,900 --> 04:28:13,000
he adapted to shifting societal 
Morris from a local goat, 

5093
04:28:13,000 --> 04:28:16,800
nurtured child to a universal, 
father, spanning Empires you, 

5094
04:28:16,800 --> 04:28:19,100
whether philosophical 
reinterpretations Roman 

5095
04:28:19,100 --> 04:28:22,100
assimilation, Christian 
condemnation and modern Revival 

5096
04:28:22,100 --> 04:28:25,100
in culture and accademia. 
In the swirl of these 

5097
04:28:25,108 --> 04:28:28,000
Transformations, one thread 
remains consistent. 

5098
04:28:28,000 --> 04:28:31,300
The fundamental idea that the 
cosmos demands are paternal 

5099
04:28:31,300 --> 04:28:35,000
figure to unify the swirl of 
chaotic forces, binding them 

5100
04:28:35,000 --> 04:28:37,900
into something. 
At least partially benevolent at

5101
04:28:37,900 --> 04:28:40,800
times frightening and always 
vital to existence. 

5102
04:28:41,900 --> 04:28:46,400
That is the continuing Legacy of
Zeus, King of the Gods, weaving 

5103
04:28:46,400 --> 04:28:50,300
Thunder, fatherhood cunning and 
Cosmic order into an everlasting

5104
04:28:50,300 --> 04:29:02,600
tapestry of myth. 
Temper the 7th 1533, Elizabeth 

5105
04:29:02,600 --> 04:29:05,800
Tudor was born at Greenwich 
Palace amidst a flurry of 

5106
04:29:05,800 --> 04:29:08,300
anticipation and unease her 
father. 

5107
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:11,300
King Henry, the 8th had broken 
from the Catholic Church to 

5108
04:29:11,300 --> 04:29:14,900
marry her mother and Berlin. 
So Elizabeth's birth was charged

5109
04:29:14,900 --> 04:29:19,000
with political tension, the king
desperate for a male are found 

5110
04:29:19,000 --> 04:29:21,600
himself disappointed when the 
infant turned out to be a girl, 

5111
04:29:21,600 --> 04:29:25,000
still baby at the Elizabeth 
bore, the weight of dynastic, 

5112
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:29,000
hopes her every cool cry. 
Analyzed for signs, that the 

5113
04:29:29,000 --> 04:29:32,500
Tudor line might endure. 
The infant's earliest days on 

5114
04:29:32,500 --> 04:29:35,200
folded in a quart grappling with
religious upheaval. 

5115
04:29:35,900 --> 04:29:38,600
Henry's new church of England 
stood at odds with Rome. 

5116
04:29:38,600 --> 04:29:43,100
Courtiers whispered about the 
king's next move, the queen and 

5117
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:46,300
attempted to Shield her daughter
from the swirling environment. 

5118
04:29:46,300 --> 04:29:49,400
Ensuring she received the best 
available wet nurses and 

5119
04:29:49,400 --> 04:29:52,000
comfort. 
However, the precariousness 

5120
04:29:52,000 --> 04:29:56,000
quickly became apparent. 
A few years later and faced 

5121
04:29:56,000 --> 04:29:58,900
execution, due to dubious 
charges of treason and adultery 

5122
04:29:58,900 --> 04:30:02,600
motherless at 2, Elizabeth was 
declared a legitimate by her 

5123
04:30:02,600 --> 04:30:05,500
father's decree. 
Losing her title of Princess 

5124
04:30:05,500 --> 04:30:09,700
raised in separate Royal 
households, Elizabeth seldom saw

5125
04:30:09,700 --> 04:30:12,400
Henry the 8th. 
Various stepmothers came and 

5126
04:30:12,400 --> 04:30:15,000
went with some offering brief 
maternal warmth. 

5127
04:30:16,000 --> 04:30:19,300
She formed a particularly close 
bond with Catherine, Parr Henry,

5128
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:21,600
sixth wife. 
For whoever saw her education, 

5129
04:30:22,400 --> 04:30:26,200
Elizabeth tutors recognized a 
remarkably bright mind, she 

5130
04:30:26,200 --> 04:30:28,300
excelled in Languages by 
adolescents. 

5131
04:30:28,300 --> 04:30:32,000
She spoke fluent, Latin French 
and Italian eventually picking 

5132
04:30:32,000 --> 04:30:35,300
up Spanish as well. 
She poured over classical texts,

5133
04:30:35,300 --> 04:30:39,100
gleaning rhetorical finesse from
sisera and more or lessons from 

5134
04:30:39,100 --> 04:30:42,000
Greek philosophers. 
Even in childhood, she learned 

5135
04:30:42,000 --> 04:30:44,200
to keep her emotions. 
Cloaked forging. 

5136
04:30:44,200 --> 04:30:47,600
A calm exterior that masked in 
attention and attribute, that 

5137
04:30:47,608 --> 04:30:49,600
would prove crucial in her 
future reign. 

5138
04:30:50,400 --> 04:30:55,000
A fateful shift occurred when 
Henry died in the 1547 leaving, 

5139
04:30:55,000 --> 04:30:57,900
Elizabeth's half-brother Edward,
the sixth as king. 

5140
04:30:58,600 --> 04:31:02,200
Under the Regency of protestant 
reformers the religious climate 

5141
04:31:02,200 --> 04:31:04,900
skewed more radical. 
Elizabeth though. 

5142
04:31:04,900 --> 04:31:08,300
Outwardly Cooperative carefully 
navigated factional disputes? 

5143
04:31:09,200 --> 04:31:12,000
She relocated the household of 
Catherine, Parr who had 

5144
04:31:12,000 --> 04:31:15,200
remarried to Thomas. 
Seymour that Arrangement sparked

5145
04:31:15,200 --> 04:31:17,800
Scandal. 
Seymour was rumored to show. 

5146
04:31:17,800 --> 04:31:20,800
Elizabeth overly familiar, 
attention, fueling gossip that 

5147
04:31:20,800 --> 04:31:24,300
tarnished her reputation. 
The teenage princess soon. 

5148
04:31:24,300 --> 04:31:27,900
Departed mindful, that any whiff
of impropriety could end her 

5149
04:31:27,900 --> 04:31:30,500
precarious position in the 
succession line. 

5150
04:31:31,300 --> 04:31:33,800
This brush with danger 
reinforced her instincts, for 

5151
04:31:33,800 --> 04:31:37,200
self-preservation Edwards. 
Short Reign was followed by that

5152
04:31:37,200 --> 04:31:41,100
of Elizabeth's Sister Mary. 
The first a devout Catholic 

5153
04:31:41,100 --> 04:31:44,700
determined to restore papal, 
Authority, Maryview Elizabeth 

5154
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:48,100
with suspicion seeing in her, a 
rallying figure for Protestant 

5155
04:31:48,100 --> 04:31:50,500
interests as rebellions cropped 
up. 

5156
04:31:50,508 --> 04:31:52,700
Elizabeth found herself accused 
of complicity. 

5157
04:31:53,600 --> 04:31:56,000
She was taken to the Tower of 
London, where her mother had met

5158
04:31:56,000 --> 04:31:59,600
her end and then placed onto 
house arrest of Woodstock, the 

5159
04:31:59,600 --> 04:32:01,800
glue of potential execution, 
hung over her. 

5160
04:32:01,800 --> 04:32:06,500
But lacking firm evidence Mary 
couldn't condemn her over two 

5161
04:32:06,500 --> 04:32:09,100
years, Elizabeth Trotter. 
Careful path. 

5162
04:32:09,100 --> 04:32:12,700
Denying any involvement in plots
while discreetly maintaining her

5163
04:32:12,700 --> 04:32:17,000
network of protests and allies 
Eventually Mary's failing 

5164
04:32:17,000 --> 04:32:21,300
Health, lifted Elizabeth from 
her shadow in November, 1558, 

5165
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:28,500
Mary died, childless Elizabeth 
that 25 as the throne, the 

5166
04:32:28,500 --> 04:32:31,700
people, welcome to her with 
cautious optimism hoping for an 

5167
04:32:31,700 --> 04:32:35,100
end to religious Strife. 
However, no one could foresee 

5168
04:32:35,100 --> 04:32:38,100
the firmness with which 
Elizabeth would steer the ship. 

5169
04:32:38,800 --> 04:32:41,200
She inherited a kingdom, 
exhausted by years of 

5170
04:32:41,200 --> 04:32:43,700
persecution and entangled in 
European alliances. 

5171
04:32:43,700 --> 04:32:47,600
Furthermore lingering doubts 
about her legitimacy and ability

5172
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:51,800
to produce an heir plagued. 
The realm courtiers pressed for 

5173
04:32:51,800 --> 04:32:55,200
her to marry promptly believe in
a queen regnant, threatened 

5174
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:57,600
stability and less. 
A husband took the reins 

5175
04:32:57,600 --> 04:33:00,400
Elizabeth though aware of the 
political logic. 

5176
04:33:00,400 --> 04:33:04,300
Also recognized that marriage 
might curb her autonomy in her 

5177
04:33:04,300 --> 04:33:06,900
first weeks. 
As Queen Elizabeth, took bold 

5178
04:33:06,900 --> 04:33:09,900
symbolic steps. 
She chose moderate Protestant 

5179
04:33:09,900 --> 04:33:13,300
advisors like William sessel 
striving to unify the country. 

5180
04:33:14,200 --> 04:33:16,599
She declared her intent for a 
religious settlement that 

5181
04:33:16,599 --> 04:33:19,500
neither persecuted Catholics 
harshly, or cave to people 

5182
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:22,300
demands. 
She navigated a delicate balance

5183
04:33:22,300 --> 04:33:25,400
cognizant that either extreme 
could undermine her rule. 

5184
04:33:26,200 --> 04:33:29,400
She moved her Court to Whitehall
re-establishing routine. 

5185
04:33:29,400 --> 04:33:32,200
Ceremonial events that signaled 
the monarchy's continuity, 

5186
04:33:32,200 --> 04:33:36,000
observers described, her as 
poised with sharp eyes that 

5187
04:33:36,000 --> 04:33:38,500
hinted at an agile, strategic 
mind. 

5188
04:33:39,200 --> 04:33:42,200
The once Exile, princess stood, 
now at the center of power 

5189
04:33:42,200 --> 04:33:45,300
forging, a monarchy that would 
come to Define an era. 

5190
04:33:45,300 --> 04:33:49,000
Thus the stage was set for a 
pivotal chapter in English 

5191
04:33:49,000 --> 04:33:51,599
History. 
Elizabeth's early experiences, 

5192
04:33:51,599 --> 04:33:56,200
maternal execution paternal 
neglect complex, Family Ties, 

5193
04:33:56,200 --> 04:33:58,900
had shaped a cautious perceptive
approach. 

5194
04:33:58,900 --> 04:34:02,300
She had learned to conceal 
personal feelings behind a 

5195
04:34:02,300 --> 04:34:05,900
stately demeanor armed, with 
intellectual Acumen gleaned from

5196
04:34:05,908 --> 04:34:08,900
classical texts. 
The realm now looked to her for 

5197
04:34:08,900 --> 04:34:12,500
stability, religious compromise 
and a reassertion of national 

5198
04:34:12,500 --> 04:34:15,800
identity. 
For Elizabeth, it was time to 

5199
04:34:15,800 --> 04:34:19,000
prove that a female Sovereign, 
even one with a contested 

5200
04:34:19,000 --> 04:34:21,800
legitimacy could guide. 
England through his Labyrinth of

5201
04:34:21,800 --> 04:34:24,800
political storms. 
From the outset of her Reign 

5202
04:34:24,800 --> 04:34:27,900
Elizabeth, the first confronted,
a land torn by religious 

5203
04:34:27,900 --> 04:34:31,500
factionalism under Mary. 
The first staunch Catholic 

5204
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:34,800
policies, reigned with 
Protestant Heretics, burnt at 

5205
04:34:34,800 --> 04:34:37,800
the stake. 
Though those violent measures 

5206
04:34:37,800 --> 04:34:41,800
ended many Catholics remained 
loyal to Romeo. 

5207
04:34:41,800 --> 04:34:45,500
Radical Protestants clamored, 
for more extreme reforms 

5208
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:49,200
Elizabeth recognized that a 
middle path was essential for 

5209
04:34:49,200 --> 04:34:52,300
National peace. 
Elizabethan religious settlement

5210
04:34:52,300 --> 04:34:55,099
of 1559 aimed for a broad church
approached. 

5211
04:34:55,099 --> 04:34:58,300
The act of Supremacy declared 
her Supreme governor of the 

5212
04:34:58,300 --> 04:35:01,200
Church of England and the act of
uniformity prescribed. 

5213
04:35:01,200 --> 04:35:05,000
A moderate Protestant liturgy 
while it alienated hardliners on

5214
04:35:05,000 --> 04:35:08,200
both sides established. 
A stable framework that endured 

5215
04:35:08,200 --> 04:35:12,400
this religious compromise, had 
consequences, Catholics abroad, 

5216
04:35:12,400 --> 04:35:16,300
questioned her legitimacy urging
Mary, Queen of Scots, Elizabeth 

5217
04:35:16,300 --> 04:35:18,400
Catholic cousin to claiming 
England's throne. 

5218
04:35:19,099 --> 04:35:23,000
Mary exiled from Scotland in 
1568 ended up in England. 

5219
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:26,800
Effectively under house arrest 
Elizabeth wary of dethroning a 

5220
04:35:26,800 --> 04:35:29,599
fellow anointed Queen face to 
quandary. 

5221
04:35:29,599 --> 04:35:32,400
Mary's presence. 
Fueled conspiracies, yet 

5222
04:35:32,400 --> 04:35:34,400
executing her set a dangerous 
precedent. 

5223
04:35:34,400 --> 04:35:38,400
This predicament lingard for 
decades turning Mary into an 

5224
04:35:38,400 --> 04:35:41,400
epicenter of Catholic plots that
threatened Elizabeth's life and 

5225
04:35:41,400 --> 04:35:44,300
reign. 
Beyond religion, Elizabeth 

5226
04:35:44,300 --> 04:35:46,400
foreign policy shaped her early 
years on. 

5227
04:35:46,400 --> 04:35:48,900
The throne England was 
militarily. 

5228
04:35:48,900 --> 04:35:52,000
Weak overshadowed by Spanish 
might. 

5229
04:35:52,900 --> 04:35:56,099
The queen needed alliance's. 
That hated in tangling treaties,

5230
04:35:56,099 --> 04:35:57,700
that might compromise her 
independence. 

5231
04:35:57,700 --> 04:36:02,200
She courted suitors from across 
Europe, France's Duke of Anjou, 

5232
04:36:02,200 --> 04:36:06,599
Austria's Archduke Charles using
marriage negotiation as 

5233
04:36:06,599 --> 04:36:10,300
diplomatic, chess moves each 
negotiation offered short-term 

5234
04:36:10,300 --> 04:36:13,300
benefits but she consistently 
evaded an actual wedding. 

5235
04:36:14,300 --> 04:36:16,599
By keeping her hand in marriage 
available. 

5236
04:36:16,599 --> 04:36:20,700
Elizabeth, dissuaded, certain 
powers from aggression, hoping 

5237
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:24,700
for eventual Union. 
The Saga of the Virgin Queen was

5238
04:36:24,700 --> 04:36:27,500
as much political strategy as 
personal inclination 

5239
04:36:27,500 --> 04:36:31,099
economically. 
Elizabeth inherited a treasury 

5240
04:36:31,099 --> 04:36:34,599
battered by Wars. 
Her ministers notably, William 

5241
04:36:34,599 --> 04:36:38,900
Cecil Lord Berkeley instituted, 
reforms curbing inflation, and 

5242
04:36:38,900 --> 04:36:42,099
streamlining Revenue collection.
They supported Maritime 

5243
04:36:42,099 --> 04:36:44,500
Ventures. 
Encouraging sea captains, like 

5244
04:36:44,500 --> 04:36:47,599
Francis Drake to Harris, Spanish
shipping and seized treasure 

5245
04:36:47,599 --> 04:36:51,099
such semi-official privateering 
in Rich, Royal coffers and 

5246
04:36:51,099 --> 04:36:55,000
stoked Spanish hostility. 
Culminating in deeper rivalries 

5247
04:36:55,000 --> 04:36:58,400
meanwhile domestic industry. 
Woolen cloth for instance, 

5248
04:36:58,400 --> 04:37:02,300
expanded aided, by the stable 
environment Elizabeth's 

5249
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:05,400
government fostered. 
As for the queen herself, the 

5250
04:37:05,400 --> 04:37:08,099
court recognized her Keen 
intellect and formidable will 

5251
04:37:08,900 --> 04:37:12,300
She cherished are Edition 
employing multiple secretary to 

5252
04:37:12,300 --> 04:37:16,200
handle a constant influx of 
diplomatic, dispatches fluent in

5253
04:37:16,200 --> 04:37:19,800
French and Adept in Latin. 
She occasionally scribbled notes

5254
04:37:19,800 --> 04:37:23,700
in Italian or Spanish, She 
reveled in masks and pageants 

5255
04:37:23,700 --> 04:37:26,300
endorsing the Arts to glorify 
her monarchy. 

5256
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,599
She made a point of progresses 
traveling with her retinue, 

5257
04:37:30,599 --> 04:37:33,000
through the countryside, letting
her subjects Glimpse, the Royal 

5258
04:37:33,000 --> 04:37:36,700
presence, this practice built 
loyalty for seeing their Queen 

5259
04:37:36,700 --> 04:37:40,099
in person or splendent with 
pearls and embroidered gowns 

5260
04:37:40,099 --> 04:37:43,200
stirred. 
Patriotic Pride, a lesser known 

5261
04:37:43,200 --> 04:37:45,700
aspect was her Reliance on 
intelligence networks. 

5262
04:37:45,700 --> 04:37:50,099
Elizabeth aware that 
conspiracies loomed authorized 

5263
04:37:50,099 --> 04:37:53,099
spymasters like, Sir, Francis 
Walsingham to intercept letters 

5264
04:37:53,099 --> 04:37:56,400
employee informants and uncover 
plots. 

5265
04:37:56,400 --> 04:38:00,300
This clandestine apparatus 
uncovered, multiple assassins or

5266
04:38:00,300 --> 04:38:02,800
traitors financed by Spain or 
paper agents. 

5267
04:38:02,800 --> 04:38:06,800
By revealing such threats the 
queen Justified harsher policies

5268
04:38:06,800 --> 04:38:10,099
against recalcitrant. 
Catholics some criticized these 

5269
04:38:10,099 --> 04:38:14,000
tactics as oppressive the to 
Elisabeth survival mandated 

5270
04:38:14,000 --> 04:38:18,500
vigilance, Another challenge, 
cultural expectations for 

5271
04:38:18,500 --> 04:38:21,200
Queen's. 
She faced Jabs about her gender 

5272
04:38:21,200 --> 04:38:23,900
with some male. 
Courtiers urging a kingly 

5273
04:38:23,900 --> 04:38:26,800
partner. 
She responded by forging a Regal

5274
04:38:26,800 --> 04:38:30,300
Persona insisting subjects. 
See her as both king and queen 

5275
04:38:30,300 --> 04:38:35,200
align reflecting her dual role. 
Skillfully navigated male 

5276
04:38:35,200 --> 04:38:38,900
dominated councils awarding 
title carefully to ensure, no 

5277
04:38:38,900 --> 04:38:40,700
single Noble. 
Overshadowed her. 

5278
04:38:41,400 --> 04:38:43,900
She also used fashion as a 
political tool, her elaborate 

5279
04:38:43,900 --> 04:38:47,099
gowns iconic, roughs and dual 
Laden. 

5280
04:38:47,099 --> 04:38:50,099
Wardrobes signaled. 
The monarchy's Majesty This 

5281
04:38:50,099 --> 04:38:53,200
cultivated image buttressed her 
Authority in an era, still 

5282
04:38:53,200 --> 04:38:56,000
grappling with a female 
sovereign. in parallel, 

5283
04:38:56,000 --> 04:38:59,500
Elizabeth's personal Circle, 
remained small She could be 

5284
04:38:59,508 --> 04:39:02,500
witty and Charming dancing or 
joking with favorites like 

5285
04:39:02,500 --> 04:39:05,400
Robert Dudley but letting 
affection overshadowed. 

5286
04:39:05,400 --> 04:39:08,900
Prudence risks Scandal rumors 
flew about her closeness to 

5287
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:11,599
Dudley fueling suspicion that 
she might marry him. 

5288
04:39:12,400 --> 04:39:14,000
The potential controversy was 
immense. 

5289
04:39:14,000 --> 04:39:18,099
Given Dudley's questionable 
reputation in the end Elisabeth.

5290
04:39:19,700 --> 04:39:22,900
She cherished her autonomy. 
Well aware that a consort could 

5291
04:39:22,900 --> 04:39:25,300
overshadow or manipulate her the
choice. 

5292
04:39:25,300 --> 04:39:29,000
Drew bafflement from a foreign 
courts but domestically it 

5293
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:32,000
enhanced her, Mystique, the 
Virgin, Queen identity 

5294
04:39:32,000 --> 04:39:36,000
solidified spurring propaganda 
that Caster as wedded to the 

5295
04:39:36,008 --> 04:39:39,300
realm itself Elizabeth's early 
Reign involved, balancing 

5296
04:39:39,300 --> 04:39:42,400
various tasks such as forging a 
delicate, religious settlement 

5297
04:39:42,400 --> 04:39:46,400
spurring economic growth out, 
maneuvering Suitor, and Tangled 

5298
04:39:46,400 --> 04:39:50,200
and stamping out. 
Plots, she skillfully used image

5299
04:39:50,200 --> 04:39:52,500
and ceremony. 
To unify the realm though, 

5300
04:39:52,500 --> 04:39:55,000
critics. 
Lurked her government stability 

5301
04:39:55,000 --> 04:39:58,100
rested, on an ongoing dance with
foreign powers and internal 

5302
04:39:58,100 --> 04:40:00,900
factions. 
Despite the swirling tensions, 

5303
04:40:00,900 --> 04:40:03,300
Elizabeth projected calm 
confidence. 

5304
04:40:03,300 --> 04:40:06,600
Forging a national identity that
recognized the queen Central 

5305
04:40:06,600 --> 04:40:09,200
role. 
Her mid-range would bring grave 

5306
04:40:09,200 --> 04:40:12,100
a trials, culminating indecisive
conflicts, that tested, the 

5307
04:40:12,100 --> 04:40:13,600
metal of both Monarch and 
Kingdom. 

5308
04:40:14,300 --> 04:40:17,000
By the mid-1880s Elizabeth 
realm. 

5309
04:40:17,000 --> 04:40:20,300
Faced a new wave of external 
threats, the ascendant Spanish 

5310
04:40:20,300 --> 04:40:23,400
Empire under King Philip, the 
second brimmed with Zeal to 

5311
04:40:23,400 --> 04:40:26,800
reassert Catholic Supremacy and 
Avenge the raids on Spanish 

5312
04:40:26,800 --> 04:40:30,800
Commerce by an English 
privateers religious tension 

5313
04:40:30,800 --> 04:40:33,400
spiked further after the pope 
excommunicated, Elizabeth 

5314
04:40:34,200 --> 04:40:36,600
Effectively urging Catholic, 
monarchs depositor. 

5315
04:40:37,500 --> 04:40:40,600
In response the Queen's advisors
realized that war with Spain was

5316
04:40:40,600 --> 04:40:44,100
no longer a distant possibility 
but a nearer inevitability they 

5317
04:40:44,100 --> 04:40:47,600
bolstered the Navy encouraging 
shipbuilders to refine vessels 

5318
04:40:47,600 --> 04:40:50,200
for seed and maneuverability 
commanders. 

5319
04:40:50,200 --> 04:40:53,300
Like Drake refined hit and run, 
tactics designed to hamper, 

5320
04:40:53,300 --> 04:40:58,700
Spain's massive slower galleys 
Additionally the Mary Queen of 

5321
04:40:58,700 --> 04:41:02,200
Scots dilemma reached a 
climactic stage, she had been 

5322
04:41:02,200 --> 04:41:05,300
implicated in multiple plots. 
Culminating in the infamous 

5323
04:41:05,300 --> 04:41:09,100
babington plot of 1586 which 
aimed to assassinate, Elizabeth,

5324
04:41:09,100 --> 04:41:11,600
and seat. 
Mary on the throne caught within

5325
04:41:11,600 --> 04:41:14,300
terminating letters. 
Mary was tried for treason. 

5326
04:41:15,300 --> 04:41:17,800
Elizabeth, agonized over 
signing, Mary's death warrant 

5327
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:21,300
the thought of executing and 
anointed Queen offended. 

5328
04:41:21,300 --> 04:41:24,100
Her sense of divine order, but 
Council pressed. 

5329
04:41:24,100 --> 04:41:27,100
Her that Marys continued 
survival in dangered National 

5330
04:41:27,100 --> 04:41:31,300
Security. 
Reluctantly Elizabeth signed 

5331
04:41:31,300 --> 04:41:36,500
Mary was beheaded in 1587 and 
act that scandalized Catholic 

5332
04:41:36,500 --> 04:41:39,900
Europe. 
Elizabeth famed dismay at the 

5333
04:41:39,908 --> 04:41:43,700
news of Mary's, actual execution
chastising ministers for 

5334
04:41:43,700 --> 04:41:47,000
carrying out the sentence to 
hastily the sincerity of her 

5335
04:41:47,000 --> 04:41:51,200
regret remains debated this 
event further incensed Spain and

5336
04:41:51,200 --> 04:41:54,200
soon word came that Philip the 
second was assembling and 

5337
04:41:54,200 --> 04:41:58,900
Invincible Armada in 1588 that 
formidable Fleet sailed for the 

5338
04:41:58,900 --> 04:42:01,800
English Channel intending to 
Rendezvous with forces in the 

5339
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:03,500
low countries and delivering 
invasion. 

5340
04:42:04,200 --> 04:42:08,500
England priest for catastrophe. 
Elizabeth visited her troops at 

5341
04:42:08,508 --> 04:42:12,200
Tilbury clad armor delivering a 
rousing speech about having the 

5342
04:42:12,200 --> 04:42:15,700
heart and stomach of a king that
rallying cry though. 

5343
04:42:15,700 --> 04:42:18,300
Perhaps embroidered in 
subsequent retellings captured, 

5344
04:42:18,300 --> 04:42:21,100
the national mood, the English 
Navy engaged. 

5345
04:42:21,100 --> 04:42:24,600
The Armada in a series of 
skirmishes, employing fire-ships

5346
04:42:24,600 --> 04:42:27,000
to show chaos. 
Stormi weather and 

5347
04:42:27,000 --> 04:42:30,400
miscalculation force the Spanish
to scatter around the northern 

5348
04:42:30,400 --> 04:42:34,800
coasts suffering, devastating 
losses, the triumphant sea 

5349
04:42:34,800 --> 04:42:37,700
became a Cornerstone of 
Elizabeth's Legend. though, 

5350
04:42:37,700 --> 04:42:40,800
historians note the fortune of 
unseasonable gales played as 

5351
04:42:40,800 --> 04:42:43,900
larger role as strategic 
brilliance boyed by Victory, 

5352
04:42:43,900 --> 04:42:48,600
Elizabeth popularity, soared 
Poets extolled her as a goddess.

5353
04:42:48,600 --> 04:42:52,800
Presiding over a fortuitous age.
London's population, boomed 

5354
04:42:52,800 --> 04:42:56,800
Commerce thrived in relative 
security courteous, staged 

5355
04:42:56,800 --> 04:43:01,100
elaborate masks celebrating 
Gloriana, a Monica borrowed from

5356
04:43:01,108 --> 04:43:04,200
Edmond Spencer's allegorical, 
poem the fairy queen. 

5357
04:43:04,200 --> 04:43:08,300
This Cult of Elizabeth with 
pageantry and stylized 

5358
04:43:08,300 --> 04:43:12,000
iconography shaped a golden aura
around her monarchy. 

5359
04:43:12,900 --> 04:43:16,200
She bestowed knighthoods on 
Naval Heroes like Drake though. 

5360
04:43:16,200 --> 04:43:18,700
She never turned them into 
Unstoppable political Rivals. 

5361
04:43:18,700 --> 04:43:22,900
Indeed, part of her genius in 
men, just enough to secure their

5362
04:43:22,900 --> 04:43:25,300
loyalty, but not so 
extravagantly. 

5363
04:43:25,300 --> 04:43:29,700
As to overshadow, her own Regal 
glow yet, cracks surface, the 

5364
04:43:29,700 --> 04:43:31,400
war with Spain dragged on 
sporadically. 

5365
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:34,900
English expeditions to support 
Protestant rebels in the 

5366
04:43:34,908 --> 04:43:37,500
Netherlands. 
Walter raid Spanish ports, often

5367
04:43:37,500 --> 04:43:39,800
ended in Fiasco's draining 
resources. 

5368
04:43:39,800 --> 04:43:43,600
The Queen's earlier frugality 
turned to reluctant about fully 

5369
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:46,900
funding new campaigns, prompting
friction with bold but 

5370
04:43:46,900 --> 04:43:49,500
cash-strapped commanders, some 
younger courtiers. 

5371
04:43:49,500 --> 04:43:52,300
Like the Earl of Essex were 
impatient with the Elizabeth's 

5372
04:43:52,300 --> 04:43:55,000
measured approach. 
Essex attempted to replicate, 

5373
04:43:55,000 --> 04:43:59,000
despite Drake's glories, LED 
Half Baked military forays and a

5374
04:43:59,000 --> 04:44:02,300
returned with mega spoils 
tensions, between the old Queen,

5375
04:44:02,300 --> 04:44:05,600
and these ambitious youths 
escalated culminating in the 

5376
04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:09,100
Essex rebellion of 1601 where he
tried a coup. 

5377
04:44:09,100 --> 04:44:10,400
She crushed it. 
Swiftly. 

5378
04:44:10,400 --> 04:44:15,500
And Essex was executed. 
As Elizabeth aged her once 

5379
04:44:15,500 --> 04:44:19,000
intimate Circle diminished long 
time, advisers such as William, 

5380
04:44:19,000 --> 04:44:23,000
Cecil passed away and favored. 
Courtiers either died or fell 

5381
04:44:23,000 --> 04:44:26,400
out of favor. 
The queen famous for her, fine 

5382
04:44:26,400 --> 04:44:29,200
dresses, and elaborate wigs. 
Now faced a more solitary 

5383
04:44:29,200 --> 04:44:33,300
existence gossip about her, 
vanity circulated, she insisted 

5384
04:44:33,300 --> 04:44:36,100
on controlling Her Image fusing 
to appear as a frail. 

5385
04:44:36,100 --> 04:44:39,600
Matron She demanded loyalty from
ladies and waiting. 

5386
04:44:40,200 --> 04:44:43,100
Scolding them if they dared 
overshadow, her attire or 

5387
04:44:43,100 --> 04:44:46,200
conversation. 
Although the realm viewed her as

5388
04:44:46,200 --> 04:44:50,000
Gloria, she struggled to 
maintain a Mythic aura behind 

5389
04:44:50,000 --> 04:44:54,700
closed doors diplomatically the 
final years of her Reign saw a 

5390
04:44:54,700 --> 04:44:58,300
cooling of tension with Spain 
not via a formal piece, but 

5391
04:44:58,300 --> 04:45:02,000
through mutual exhaustion the 
impetus for large armada's had 

5392
04:45:02,000 --> 04:45:06,000
weighed with Spain for focusing 
on European governments England 

5393
04:45:06,000 --> 04:45:08,400
for its part. 
Lacked the finances to continue 

5394
04:45:08,400 --> 04:45:11,700
heavy engagements. 
Meanwhile the seeds of colonial 

5395
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:15,500
expansion were so sown English, 
seafarers, IDE, North America 

5396
04:45:15,500 --> 04:45:19,100
establishing fledgling. 
Outposts, the concept of an 

5397
04:45:19,100 --> 04:45:23,400
overseas Empire was embryonic, 
but emerging, thus approaching 

5398
04:45:23,400 --> 04:45:26,500
the turn of the century, 
Elizabeth presided over a stable

5399
04:45:26,500 --> 04:45:30,300
yet, evolving monarchy, she had 
defied Invasion face down 

5400
04:45:30,300 --> 04:45:35,100
conspiracies, and reigned as an 
iconic figure admired across 

5401
04:45:35,100 --> 04:45:37,700
Europe. 
But the question of succession 

5402
04:45:37,700 --> 04:45:40,200
remained, unmarried and 
childless. 

5403
04:45:40,200 --> 04:45:45,300
She had never named an heir. 
The matter loomed spurring 

5404
04:45:45,300 --> 04:45:48,100
subtle negotiations, as 
different claimant circled. 

5405
04:45:48,800 --> 04:45:51,900
This final stretch of her Reign 
tested whether the Tudor lines, 

5406
04:45:51,900 --> 04:45:55,100
magic could endure Beyond her 
mortal presence or if it would 

5407
04:45:55,100 --> 04:45:58,800
seamlessly transition to a new 
Dynasty by the Twilight of her 

5408
04:45:58,800 --> 04:46:01,400
Reign Elizabeth. 
The first found herself 

5409
04:46:01,400 --> 04:46:03,900
contending with the question 
that a dogged her for decades, 

5410
04:46:03,900 --> 04:46:08,000
who would follow her on the 
throne No official are had been 

5411
04:46:08,008 --> 04:46:11,200
named. though, many whispered 
that James, the sixth of 

5412
04:46:11,200 --> 04:46:14,600
Scotland, a Protestant and Son 
of the executed, Mary Queen of 

5413
04:46:14,600 --> 04:46:19,000
Scots was the likely candidate 
Elizabeth ever cautious about 

5414
04:46:19,000 --> 04:46:22,400
naming a successor, understood 
that the moment she thanked and 

5415
04:46:22,400 --> 04:46:25,900
are her Authority. 
Might Wane yet the Gentry in the

5416
04:46:25,900 --> 04:46:30,000
powerful were anxious fearing, a
Resurgence of civil Strife if 

5417
04:46:30,000 --> 04:46:31,800
the crowns transition lacked 
clarity. 

5418
04:46:32,700 --> 04:46:36,200
As the 1590s waned, The Queen's 
courts or fewer. 

5419
04:46:36,200 --> 04:46:40,400
Robust festivities, Elizabeth's 
Health was not the best and her 

5420
04:46:40,400 --> 04:46:43,800
mood dark and by the loss of 
cherished confidants once a 

5421
04:46:43,800 --> 04:46:46,200
favored Explorer. 
So, Walter rally fell from 

5422
04:46:46,200 --> 04:46:50,800
Elizabeth's, favor the ear of 
Essex wild Golden Boy died. 

5423
04:46:50,800 --> 04:46:53,600
A traitor. 
Meanwhile, the Lumina Circle 

5424
04:46:53,600 --> 04:46:57,400
that had celebrated her youth, 
best of Hardwick, Countess of 

5425
04:46:57,400 --> 04:46:59,800
Leicester, and others had 
scattered. 

5426
04:47:00,500 --> 04:47:04,300
England's population soared 
Beyond 4 million, many living, 

5427
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:06,100
precariously, and squalid 
conditions. 

5428
04:47:07,000 --> 04:47:10,200
Bread riots flickered in adverse
Harvest years and the cost of 

5429
04:47:10,200 --> 04:47:13,800
warfare remained burdensome. 
Some critics murmured that the 

5430
04:47:13,800 --> 04:47:16,600
Queen's refusal to adapt to a 
new generation's demands 

5431
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:18,300
indicated, the monarchy was a 
drift. 

5432
04:47:19,300 --> 04:47:21,500
Yet Elizabeth never lost her 
political savvy. 

5433
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:24,000
Carefully managed sessions of 
parliament. 

5434
04:47:24,000 --> 04:47:28,700
Deftly deflecting demands for 
certain policy changes. she 

5435
04:47:28,700 --> 04:47:32,100
employed subtle flattery, 
reminding them that as a mother 

5436
04:47:32,100 --> 04:47:36,100
to her people, she prized their 
well-being above all this 

5437
04:47:36,100 --> 04:47:40,300
rhetorical style, combining 
maternal sentiments with Regal 

5438
04:47:40,300 --> 04:47:45,700
Authority continued to woo, the 
common Folk Indeed from the 

5439
04:47:45,700 --> 04:47:49,300
countryside to London's teaming 
streets, loyalty to the queen 

5440
04:47:49,300 --> 04:47:53,100
remained high and outgrowth of 
national pride partly forged by 

5441
04:47:53,100 --> 04:47:55,000
that early victory over the 
Spanish Armada. 

5442
04:47:56,000 --> 04:47:59,100
In the realm of Arts, the 
Elizabethan theater, blossomed 

5443
04:47:59,100 --> 04:48:01,100
spearheaded by William 
Shakespeare. 

5444
04:48:01,100 --> 04:48:05,200
Christopher Marlowe. 
And others Though, Elizabeth 

5445
04:48:05,200 --> 04:48:08,500
seldom attended public 
performances at the globe she 

5446
04:48:08,500 --> 04:48:10,800
invited theatrical troops to 
court. 

5447
04:48:11,600 --> 04:48:15,100
She found enjoyment and comedic 
interludes even if she publicly 

5448
04:48:15,100 --> 04:48:19,400
maintained a formal veneer, this
cultural Renaissance ignited. 

5449
04:48:19,400 --> 04:48:22,600
Under her watch was a point of 
national distinction with 

5450
04:48:22,600 --> 04:48:25,400
travelling players bringing both
dramatic Flair and moral 

5451
04:48:25,400 --> 04:48:29,000
allegories to distant corners. 
The Synergy of crowns and 

5452
04:48:29,000 --> 04:48:32,300
creativity underscored, an Epoch
known as the Elizabethan golden 

5453
04:48:32,300 --> 04:48:34,800
age. 
Throughout the religious 

5454
04:48:34,800 --> 04:48:37,700
settlement endured though, 
Puritan elements pressed for 

5455
04:48:37,700 --> 04:48:40,900
stricter reforms. 
Criticizing the hierarchical 

5456
04:48:40,900 --> 04:48:44,000
structure of Bishops, the queen 
tolerated moderate Puritan, 

5457
04:48:44,000 --> 04:48:46,500
please, but cracked down on 
radical preachers. 

5458
04:48:46,500 --> 04:48:48,200
Who undermined her Supreme 
governorship. 

5459
04:48:49,100 --> 04:48:52,400
Catholic recusing fines or 
pressure to conform though, 

5460
04:48:52,400 --> 04:48:55,200
large-scale persecution was less
aggressive than during cut. 

5461
04:48:55,200 --> 04:48:59,200
Marys Reign, despite friction, 
Elizabeth stance staved off 

5462
04:48:59,208 --> 04:49:02,600
religious Civil War. 
This equilibrium are not perfect

5463
04:49:02,600 --> 04:49:05,000
enabled comers and exploration 
to flourish. 

5464
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:08,900
Merchants ventured to the 
Levant, the Baltic and the 

5465
04:49:08,908 --> 04:49:12,300
Americas sowing early seeds of a
global Maritime trade. 

5466
04:49:13,100 --> 04:49:14,600
In the final few months of her 
life. 

5467
04:49:15,900 --> 04:49:17,900
Elizabeth retreated to Richmond 
Palace. 

5468
04:49:18,600 --> 04:49:20,800
She was increasingly frail 
refusing. 

5469
04:49:20,800 --> 04:49:23,800
Medical interventions that 
seemed invasive Court. 

5470
04:49:23,800 --> 04:49:26,700
Rumors multiplied, the Queen's. 
Mind was drifting. 

5471
04:49:26,700 --> 04:49:29,700
She was losing. 
Appetite was, she stood for 

5472
04:49:29,700 --> 04:49:32,700
hours, Too? 
Proud to rest. modern 

5473
04:49:32,700 --> 04:49:35,900
historians, debate, the exact 
cause of her decline, some 

5474
04:49:35,900 --> 04:49:39,400
speculate, pneumonia, or 
depression, she dreaded naming 

5475
04:49:39,400 --> 04:49:43,200
James publicly that subtle 
negotiations with his envoys, 

5476
04:49:43,200 --> 04:49:46,500
paved, the way for a smooth 
succession, Advisors, like 

5477
04:49:46,500 --> 04:49:48,600
Robert Cecil quietly. 
Prepared the details. 

5478
04:49:49,700 --> 04:49:52,800
According to tradition, 
Elizabeth two weeks to speak in 

5479
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:54,900
her last hours made a vague 
gesture. 

5480
04:49:54,900 --> 04:49:59,500
Endorsing James as successor. 
She died on March 24th, 1603 

5481
04:49:59,500 --> 04:50:05,100
age. 69 after 44 years on the 
throne, a record at the time for

5482
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:07,700
an English Monarch. 
A coffin was carried from 

5483
04:50:07,700 --> 04:50:11,500
Whitehall to Westminster Abbey. 
The silent crowds reflecting on 

5484
04:50:11,500 --> 04:50:16,300
a near a image. 
That day closed the Tudor line 

5485
04:50:16,300 --> 04:50:19,200
with James, the sixth of 
Scotland becoming James. 

5486
04:50:19,200 --> 04:50:22,400
The first of England, 
inaugurating the Stuart Dynasty.

5487
04:50:23,300 --> 04:50:25,300
Yet the Tudor Brown had not 
ended in chaos. 

5488
04:50:25,300 --> 04:50:27,800
Elizabeth measured approach for 
all her. 

5489
04:50:27,800 --> 04:50:31,500
Reluctance is ensured a 
relatively peaceful Handover in 

5490
04:50:31,500 --> 04:50:35,400
the wake of her passing tribute 
sword pamphlets hailed her as 

5491
04:50:35,400 --> 04:50:38,900
the wisest princess, the mother 
of her people and a near 

5492
04:50:38,900 --> 04:50:42,100
legendary Fisher who steered the
nation from the shadows of 

5493
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:45,100
religious tyranny. 
The wave of national mourning 

5494
04:50:45,100 --> 04:50:48,400
overshadowed her shortcomings, 
which included, excessive 

5495
04:50:48,400 --> 04:50:52,500
favoritism suspicion of Rivals, 
and stifling certain freedoms 

5496
04:50:52,500 --> 04:50:57,200
over the next centuries. 
Historians would reinterpret her

5497
04:50:57,200 --> 04:50:59,300
story. 
Dissecting the illusions of the 

5498
04:50:59,300 --> 04:51:02,200
Virgin Queen narrative 
acknowledging her harsh 

5499
04:51:02,200 --> 04:51:05,500
treatment of dissenters. 
Yet marveling at her capacity to

5500
04:51:05,500 --> 04:51:07,900
wield Authority in a fiercely 
patriarchal world. 

5501
04:51:08,700 --> 04:51:11,600
The stage was set for the 
transition from Tudor to Stuart 

5502
04:51:11,600 --> 04:51:14,900
and though, overshadowed by the 
next monarchy Zone tensions, 

5503
04:51:14,900 --> 04:51:18,200
Elizabeth's Reign retained, a 
special glow in England's 

5504
04:51:18,200 --> 04:51:21,700
Collective memory And Epoch 
where a single woman's will 

5505
04:51:21,700 --> 04:51:24,700
shape Destiny. 
Immediately after Elizabeth's 

5506
04:51:24,700 --> 04:51:27,900
death, a swirl of legacies, 
confronted the English James, 

5507
04:51:27,900 --> 04:51:31,400
the first newly ascendant 
inherited, a stable rail but 

5508
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:33,400
also the bird of living up to 
the fabled. 

5509
04:51:33,400 --> 04:51:37,400
Glory on Earth over the ensuing 
decades, the myth of Elizabeth 

5510
04:51:37,400 --> 04:51:40,900
would be embellished by 
dramatists historians and 

5511
04:51:40,900 --> 04:51:45,300
genealogists forging, a romantic
image of a queen on blemished by

5512
04:51:45,300 --> 04:51:47,700
Era yet. 
Parallel under current 

5513
04:51:47,700 --> 04:51:51,600
recognized her complexities 
among the common folk stories of

5514
04:51:51,600 --> 04:51:55,000
bounded of her witty repartee, 
her skill in navigating. 

5515
04:51:55,000 --> 04:51:58,600
Suitors, and the spectacle of 
her Court, In the Catholic 

5516
04:51:58,600 --> 04:52:02,400
diaspora, she was demonized as a
heretic who had executed Mary 

5517
04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:07,100
Queen of Scots this ideological 
tug of war shaped how Europe at 

5518
04:52:07,100 --> 04:52:10,900
large were called her reign. 
During the 17th century, English

5519
04:52:10,900 --> 04:52:14,000
authors occasionally staged 
plays referencing Elizabethan 

5520
04:52:14,000 --> 04:52:16,200
glories to critique or praise 
current rulers. 

5521
04:52:16,200 --> 04:52:20,800
The Elizabethan age label took 
hold Conjuring a golden Past 

5522
04:52:20,800 --> 04:52:23,100
full of Maritime exploits and 
cultural refinement. 

5523
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:25,800
Meanwhile, Puritan writers 
viewed. 

5524
04:52:25,800 --> 04:52:29,200
The queen more critically noting
that her religious compromise 

5525
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:31,200
left them, yearning for a more 
thorough Reformation. 

5526
04:52:32,300 --> 04:52:36,100
Some pamphleteers portrayed her 
as a cunning politician, Adept a

5527
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:39,100
double dealing among Europe's 
Catholic Powers over time. 

5528
04:52:39,100 --> 04:52:42,200
These multiple Vantage points 
Consolidated into a layered 

5529
04:52:42,200 --> 04:52:45,100
portrait. 
In the 18th and 19th century is 

5530
04:52:45,100 --> 04:52:49,100
national pride, sawed fueling 
revivalist interest in The 

5531
04:52:49,100 --> 04:52:51,800
Tudors. 
The Elizabeth's image was molded

5532
04:52:51,800 --> 04:52:55,400
by Victorian taste emphasizing 
her unmarried status as a 

5533
04:52:55,400 --> 04:52:59,200
demonstration of moral fortitude
painters depicted her in a 

5534
04:52:59,200 --> 04:53:02,500
labret roughs overshadowing any 
mention of the day-to-day 

5535
04:53:02,500 --> 04:53:06,000
hardships endured by her 
subjects. she became an icon of 

5536
04:53:06,000 --> 04:53:08,700
English Independence, the 
specially, when the British 

5537
04:53:08,700 --> 04:53:11,400
Empire sought parallels between 
the forging of a national 

5538
04:53:11,400 --> 04:53:14,700
identity, under Elizabeth, and 
contemporary Empire Building, 

5539
04:53:15,800 --> 04:53:18,900
The Armada, Triumph narrative 
overshadowed, the fact that 

5540
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:23,000
storms aided English success, 
her issues, with Mary, Queen of 

5541
04:53:23,008 --> 04:53:26,900
Scots became fodder for tragic 
Romanticism, focusing on 

5542
04:53:26,900 --> 04:53:28,600
courtly, betrayals and 
heartbreak. 

5543
04:53:29,500 --> 04:53:32,900
This romanticization sometimes 
neglected the Queen's shrewd, 

5544
04:53:32,900 --> 04:53:37,200
often ruthless governance. 
Scholars of the 20th century 

5545
04:53:37,200 --> 04:53:40,300
took a more critical lens. 
They delved into archival 

5546
04:53:40,300 --> 04:53:42,800
documents to unearth how 
Elizabeth's intelligence Network

5547
04:53:42,800 --> 04:53:46,500
operated, how her finances were 
managed and how propaganda 

5548
04:53:46,500 --> 04:53:50,100
shaped public perception. 
They passed the famed golden 

5549
04:53:50,100 --> 04:53:54,500
speech of 1601 analyzing the 
rhetorical strategies, she used 

5550
04:53:54,500 --> 04:53:58,000
to quell a Restless Parliament. 
The more historians explored, 

5551
04:53:58,000 --> 04:54:01,900
the clearer it became that. 
Her success hinged on forging an

5552
04:54:01,900 --> 04:54:05,900
image that balanced motherly 
affection with Regal severity. 

5553
04:54:06,800 --> 04:54:09,200
Ensuring subjects revered rather
than resented her. 

5554
04:54:10,100 --> 04:54:13,000
Scholars recognized, the notion 
of the cult of Elizabeth with 

5555
04:54:13,000 --> 04:54:16,000
its orchestrated pageantry as an
early form of State PR. 

5556
04:54:16,800 --> 04:54:18,300
From the perspective of women's 
history. 

5557
04:54:18,300 --> 04:54:23,200
Elizabeth significant sawed. 
She defied the misogynistic 

5558
04:54:23,200 --> 04:54:26,700
assumptions of hero, refusing to
cede authority to her husband or

5559
04:54:26,700 --> 04:54:31,200
male advisors that Independence 
though hard one showcase the 

5560
04:54:31,200 --> 04:54:33,900
potency of female ruler could 
wield in a male-dominated 

5561
04:54:33,900 --> 04:54:36,400
society. 
Yet the same narrative 

5562
04:54:36,400 --> 04:54:38,600
acknowledges, she was no radical
feminist. 

5563
04:54:38,600 --> 04:54:42,100
She often leveraged stereotypes 
of female Frailty or used her 

5564
04:54:42,100 --> 04:54:45,100
womanly, nature strategically, 
and negotiations. 

5565
04:54:45,800 --> 04:54:49,000
Thus, her complex relationship 
with gender roles remains a 

5566
04:54:49,000 --> 04:54:52,800
topic of ongoing debate. 
Archaeological digs at palaces 

5567
04:54:52,800 --> 04:54:55,800
and older States uncovered, 
physical traces, of her travels,

5568
04:54:55,800 --> 04:54:59,200
like, ephemeral, scaffolds, for 
pageants, or remains of feasting

5569
04:54:59,200 --> 04:55:01,300
Halls. 
These glimpses illustrate, the 

5570
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:05,500
vast logistical machine behind. 
Each Royal progress, the queen 

5571
04:55:05,500 --> 04:55:08,700
might arrive with hundreds of 
courtiers and servants imposing.

5572
04:55:08,700 --> 04:55:11,400
A heavy burden on local 
nobility, hosting the Entourage 

5573
04:55:11,400 --> 04:55:15,000
yet from a political standpoint 
these visits effectively 

5574
04:55:15,000 --> 04:55:17,200
reaffirm the Monkees Presents 
Across The Rail. 

5575
04:55:17,900 --> 04:55:21,000
Over and over Elizabeth, use 
personal displays to connect 

5576
04:55:21,000 --> 04:55:25,400
with communities in cultural 
memory items, such as the Tudor 

5577
04:55:25,400 --> 04:55:28,700
Rose, elaborate State portraits 
by painters, like, Nicholas 

5578
04:55:28,700 --> 04:55:32,200
Hilliard or references to the 
Virgin Queen remain in the 

5579
04:55:32,208 --> 04:55:35,400
public imagination. 
Filmmakers, and the 20th and 

5580
04:55:35,400 --> 04:55:37,600
21st, centuries capitalized on 
the alert. 

5581
04:55:38,200 --> 04:55:39,900
Producing adaptations that 
frame. 

5582
04:55:39,900 --> 04:55:41,900
Elisabeth story with romance and
Triumph. 

5583
04:55:42,600 --> 04:55:46,000
Some films, portray her as an 
saintly, others highlight her, 

5584
04:55:46,000 --> 04:55:48,700
paranoia or the brutality of 
her, Crackdown on perceived 

5585
04:55:48,700 --> 04:55:50,900
threats. 
The continuing Fascination 

5586
04:55:50,900 --> 04:55:54,100
underscores how she embodies a 
transitional moment in Europe 

5587
04:55:54,100 --> 04:55:57,300
where medieval structures gave 
way to early modern States. 

5588
04:55:58,000 --> 04:56:01,900
With new forms of diplomacy 
Espionage, and ideology all 

5589
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:05,400
converging, thus centuries 
removed from her actual reign. 

5590
04:56:06,000 --> 04:56:08,700
Elizabeth the first stands as 
both a symbol of national 

5591
04:56:08,700 --> 04:56:12,000
identity and a figure whose 
complexities resonate with 

5592
04:56:12,000 --> 04:56:14,400
present debates. 
The interplay of female 

5593
04:56:14,400 --> 04:56:18,200
leadership, religious, 
diversity, personal freedom, and

5594
04:56:18,200 --> 04:56:22,600
the power of constructed image 
re-evaluating her life. 

5595
04:56:22,600 --> 04:56:25,800
Reveals how skillful governance 
can stabilize a fractious 

5596
04:56:25,800 --> 04:56:28,400
Kingdom. 
Even if it requires, navigating 

5597
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:31,800
a delicate balance between 
tolerance and coercion, The 

5598
04:56:31,800 --> 04:56:35,400
conversation around Elizabeth 
remains Dynamic shape by each 

5599
04:56:35,400 --> 04:56:38,700
generation's Vantage on, 
monarchy gender, and the cost of

5600
04:56:38,700 --> 04:56:41,300
maintaining a carefully wrought 
facade of unity. 

5601
04:56:41,300 --> 04:56:45,700
Elizabeth story, resonates with 
the notion that midlife can be a

5602
04:56:45,700 --> 04:56:47,800
time of both reflection and 
strategic boldness. 

5603
04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:52,200
She ascended, the throne at 25, 
but arguably her most defining 

5604
04:56:52,200 --> 04:56:54,800
decisions, the forging of a 
moderate religious settlement. 

5605
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:58,900
The careful dance of marriage, 
negotiations, unfolded, as she 

5606
04:56:58,900 --> 04:57:02,600
matured, In the face of 
personal, regrets lack of a 

5607
04:57:02,608 --> 04:57:06,600
direct are an external crisis 
Spanish hostility, internal 

5608
04:57:06,600 --> 04:57:10,000
plots, she repeatedly displayed 
resilience under the lens of 

5609
04:57:10,008 --> 04:57:13,200
older wisdom. 
Yet that sagacity was not innate

5610
04:57:13,200 --> 04:57:17,600
it sprang from a youth marked by
precariousness shaping, a 

5611
04:57:17,600 --> 04:57:18,900
thorough calculation in adult 
life. 

5612
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:22,600
One lesser discussed aspect is 
her intellectual curiosity. 

5613
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:27,200
She was no passive figurehead. 
She read widely from classical 

5614
04:57:27,200 --> 04:57:30,400
philosophers to contemporary 
political treatises and engaged 

5615
04:57:30,400 --> 04:57:32,300
in theological debates with 
ambassadors. 

5616
04:57:32,300 --> 04:57:36,500
She wrote translations of texts 
including Plutarch, honing 

5617
04:57:36,500 --> 04:57:39,900
linguistic, precision, In an 
era, when many noble women 

5618
04:57:39,900 --> 04:57:43,600
possessed only basic literacy, 
Elizabeth depth of scholarship, 

5619
04:57:43,600 --> 04:57:48,200
commanded respect. she used this
knowledge to stick out reference

5620
04:57:48,200 --> 04:57:51,400
in classical examples of 
leadership or Mercy grounding 

5621
04:57:51,400 --> 04:57:54,000
her decisions in a broader 
worldview than simple real 

5622
04:57:54,000 --> 04:57:57,300
politic Another dimension 
concerns her approach to 

5623
04:57:57,308 --> 04:58:00,600
management and delegation. 
Faced with a swirl of Court, 

5624
04:58:00,600 --> 04:58:04,400
factions some aligned with Cecil
others with Dudley and various 

5625
04:58:04,400 --> 04:58:08,500
Earl's Vine for influencer. 
She balanced the rotating favor 

5626
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:11,400
in no single man, overshadowed 
the rest. 

5627
04:58:12,200 --> 04:58:15,200
This delicate maneuver allowed 
her to maintain her position as 

5628
04:58:15,200 --> 04:58:18,800
the ultimate Arbiter, thereby 
preventing entrenched monopolies

5629
04:58:18,800 --> 04:58:21,800
of power. 
While modern management gurus, 

5630
04:58:21,800 --> 04:58:23,900
highlight transparency or direct
leadership? 

5631
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:28,100
Elizabeth's method was subtler. 
She nurtured multiple power 

5632
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:31,600
centers, pitting them gently 
against each other, to sustain a

5633
04:58:31,600 --> 04:58:34,800
stable equilibrium. 
This method reveals a strategic 

5634
04:58:34,800 --> 04:58:38,900
cunning that while occasionally 
breeding resentment retained her

5635
04:58:38,900 --> 04:58:40,700
Supremacy in a fractious 
environment. 

5636
04:58:40,700 --> 04:58:45,200
The swirl of secrecy surrounding
Mary Queen of Scots also 

5637
04:58:45,200 --> 04:58:48,000
underscores Elizabeth's careful 
manipulation of intelligence. 

5638
04:58:48,000 --> 04:58:52,200
She personally reviewed coded 
letters Wade evidence an 

5639
04:58:52,200 --> 04:58:55,400
authorized in filtration of 
Catholic circles these actions 

5640
04:58:55,400 --> 04:58:58,500
might unnerve contemporary moral
standards yet in the Cutthroat 

5641
04:58:58,500 --> 04:59:02,500
reality of 16th century politics
such as Espionage was standard. 

5642
04:59:03,400 --> 04:59:05,800
The difference is Elizabeth's 
relative subtlety. 

5643
04:59:05,800 --> 04:59:08,600
She rarely boasted of her spy 
Master successes. 

5644
04:59:08,600 --> 04:59:11,200
She recognized the value of 
Illusions. 

5645
04:59:11,200 --> 04:59:14,500
Letting conspirators believe 
they had infiltrated her Circle.

5646
04:59:14,500 --> 04:59:19,000
While in fact, a watch as 
tracked, every step age, and 

5647
04:59:19,000 --> 04:59:21,300
Beauty with the distinct sense 
of gravity in. 

5648
04:59:21,300 --> 04:59:24,100
Speeches to Parliament, she 
framed herself as a guardian of 

5649
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:27,300
the Realms welfare. 
Addressing them as my lords, and

5650
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:30,300
my good people. 
Tapping into paternal or 

5651
04:59:30,300 --> 04:59:34,500
maternal imagery. 
She rarely showed overt. 

5652
04:59:34,500 --> 04:59:37,300
Tempura in public though. 
Courteous recalled her sharp 

5653
04:59:37,300 --> 04:59:41,800
tongue in private laced with 
scathing Witt. she might banish 

5654
04:59:41,800 --> 04:59:45,100
a courtier from her presence for
a trifling offense, then recall 

5655
04:59:45,100 --> 04:59:47,700
him soon after sending the 
message that loyalty was 

5656
04:59:47,700 --> 04:59:50,300
Paramount, while partial 
forgiveness, might be extended 

5657
04:59:51,300 --> 04:59:54,300
This capacity to Pivot from 
severity, to magnanimity 

5658
04:59:54,300 --> 04:59:56,500
cemented her as unpredictable, 
yet. 

5659
04:59:56,500 --> 04:59:59,800
Revered a treat, modern leaders,
might emulate in more tempered 

5660
04:59:59,800 --> 05:00:02,300
forms. 
Beyond the realm of politics, 

5661
05:00:02,300 --> 05:00:05,400
her personal attire and courtly 
fashion set Trends across 

5662
05:00:05,400 --> 05:00:08,100
Europe. 
She championed fresh tailors to 

5663
05:00:08,100 --> 05:00:12,300
experiment with embroidered 
silks extensive roughs and 

5664
05:00:12,300 --> 05:00:15,800
striking color palettes. 
But behind the Magnificent was a

5665
05:00:15,800 --> 05:00:18,700
strategic layering of fabric it 
signified. 

5666
05:00:18,700 --> 05:00:21,900
Her rank, while, concealing 
normally aging or times of ill 

5667
05:00:21,900 --> 05:00:25,300
health, The resulting mistake 
helped Define the monarchy's 

5668
05:00:25,300 --> 05:00:27,600
brand. 
Similarly she championed 

5669
05:00:27,600 --> 05:00:30,900
structured ceremonies like a 
labyrinth coronation anniversary

5670
05:00:30,900 --> 05:00:33,500
or public feast days. 
These events. 

5671
05:00:33,500 --> 05:00:36,000
Reaffirm the bond between 
Sovereign and subject. 

5672
05:00:36,800 --> 05:00:39,500
Forging an emotional tie. 
That buttressed, the monarchies 

5673
05:00:39,500 --> 05:00:42,900
intangible Authority. 
Her approach to the Arts, had 

5674
05:00:42,900 --> 05:00:46,500
lasting effects. 
She never personally funded epic

5675
05:00:46,500 --> 05:00:49,200
building projects, like some 
European Royals, given her 

5676
05:00:49,208 --> 05:00:51,900
limited treasury. 
But her patronage of music, 

5677
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:56,500
portraiture and drama, triggered
a cultural efflorescence He 

5678
05:00:56,500 --> 05:00:59,900
composers thrived producing 
refined, polyphonic Works 

5679
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:03,200
performed at Chapel, her 
endorsement of secular drama 

5680
05:01:03,200 --> 05:01:05,400
laid, the groundwork for 
Shakespeare's rise. 

5681
05:01:06,400 --> 05:01:09,300
She recognized that cultural 
Prestige elevated national 

5682
05:01:09,300 --> 05:01:12,200
pride. 
The investing in intangible 

5683
05:01:12,200 --> 05:01:14,500
Capital. 
That would Outlast her this 

5684
05:01:14,500 --> 05:01:17,200
Fosters and analogy to Modern 
soft power. 

5685
05:01:17,200 --> 05:01:21,200
A concept in global relations in
some Elizabeth's. 

5686
05:01:21,200 --> 05:01:24,400
Mid to late Reign exemplifies, 
how a leader can orchestrate 

5687
05:01:24,400 --> 05:01:28,900
multi-layered strategies leaning
on intellectual depth, balancing

5688
05:01:28,900 --> 05:01:33,300
internal, factions leveraging 
Espionage and forging cultural 

5689
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:36,400
identity. 
Her longevity on the throne was 

5690
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:39,000
no accident. 
It was an evolving Mastery of 

5691
05:01:39,008 --> 05:01:40,800
monarchy in an era thick with 
risk. 

5692
05:01:41,700 --> 05:01:44,400
For those in midlife her model 
suggests that the lessons 

5693
05:01:44,400 --> 05:01:47,700
gleaned from earlier term oil 
Exile precarious. 

5694
05:01:47,700 --> 05:01:50,600
Legitimacy can blossom into 
confident leadership when 

5695
05:01:50,600 --> 05:01:54,500
harnessed with discipline Even 
so her story underscores that 

5696
05:01:54,500 --> 05:01:57,700
behind the Regal facade lay real
heartbreak, and regrets, 

5697
05:01:57,700 --> 05:02:01,100
particularly on questions of 
family and moral contradictions 

5698
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:04,700
that humanness only deepens the 
fascination with this queen who 

5699
05:02:04,700 --> 05:02:08,500
navigated a world not designed 
for women in power forging, a 

5700
05:02:08,500 --> 05:02:10,300
golden age from The Crucible of 
adversity. 

5701
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:15,800
When Elizabeth the first died on
March 24th 16:03 at Richmond 

5702
05:02:15,800 --> 05:02:18,400
Palace. 
She left a kingdom dramatically 

5703
05:02:18,400 --> 05:02:20,000
changed from the one she 
inherited. 

5704
05:02:20,800 --> 05:02:24,600
Elizabeth averted religious 
Civil Wars, asserted an English 

5705
05:02:24,600 --> 05:02:27,800
Navy against Spanish dominance 
and planted the seeds of a 

5706
05:02:27,800 --> 05:02:30,700
maritime Empire. 
Yet the Queen's final moments, 

5707
05:02:30,700 --> 05:02:34,100
offered a poignant contrast to 
the ceremonial Grandeur that had

5708
05:02:34,100 --> 05:02:37,500
marked her public life. 
Counts, as she refused to rest 

5709
05:02:37,500 --> 05:02:41,100
standing, or sitting in Pence of
silence for hours as if 

5710
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:43,700
grappling with the knowledge 
that her story was nearly done 

5711
05:02:43,700 --> 05:02:47,400
the question of her successor 
James, the sixth of Scotland, 

5712
05:02:47,400 --> 05:02:51,400
was all but settled. 
Elizabeth's last gesture whether

5713
05:02:51,400 --> 05:02:54,900
a whispered name or silent 
acceptance, cleared the way for 

5714
05:02:54,900 --> 05:02:57,600
the stewards, Bridging the 
Tudors to a new era. 

5715
05:02:57,600 --> 05:03:01,600
The immediate aftermath saw an 
outpouring of tributes Noble 

5716
05:03:01,600 --> 05:03:04,800
houses and commoners are like 
mourned the Virgin Queen the 

5717
05:03:04,800 --> 05:03:07,100
stalwart figurehead who had 
rained 44 years. 

5718
05:03:07,100 --> 05:03:11,100
Her body was transported by 
barge along the Thames a 

5719
05:03:11,100 --> 05:03:15,300
spectacle of black drapes and 
heraldic flags observers lining,

5720
05:03:15,300 --> 05:03:18,000
the shores were called how 
decades earlier. 

5721
05:03:18,000 --> 05:03:21,900
The young Queen had ascended to 
quell, the chaos left by her 

5722
05:03:21,900 --> 05:03:26,800
half-siblings, now, the realm 
faced another transition but 

5723
05:03:26,800 --> 05:03:29,400
Elizabeth's half-century of 
leadership gave many confidence 

5724
05:03:29,400 --> 05:03:32,900
in the monarchy's stability. 
James's succession was mostly 

5725
05:03:32,900 --> 05:03:35,800
peaceful a testament to the 
processes, Elizabeth had 

5726
05:03:35,800 --> 05:03:38,900
overseen. 
Over the centuries historians 

5727
05:03:38,900 --> 05:03:41,200
dissected her image with fresh 
angles. 

5728
05:03:41,200 --> 05:03:44,600
Some championed her as a golden 
archetype praising, her 

5729
05:03:44,600 --> 05:03:47,700
unwavering sense of Duty, others
uncovered. 

5730
05:03:47,700 --> 05:03:50,300
Her manipulative, use of 
virginity as political currency 

5731
05:03:50,300 --> 05:03:53,300
or pointed out, the 
authoritarian Edge in, how she 

5732
05:03:53,300 --> 05:03:57,200
Stamped Out dissent. 20th, 
century scholarship, introduce 

5733
05:03:57,200 --> 05:04:00,500
psychoanalytic readings, linking
her mother's beheading to her 

5734
05:04:00,500 --> 05:04:05,000
reluctant to marry Meanwhile 
feminist analysis recognized her

5735
05:04:05,000 --> 05:04:09,100
capacity to subvert patriarchal 
Norms, by forging a distinctly. 

5736
05:04:09,100 --> 05:04:12,200
Female monarchy that demanded. 
Masculine respect 

5737
05:04:12,200 --> 05:04:17,500
archaeological, research to 
contributed excavations at 

5738
05:04:17,500 --> 05:04:20,900
palatial sites and covered 
Courtyards used for lavish tilts

5739
05:04:20,900 --> 05:04:24,000
or dancing events fragments of 
decorative tile. 

5740
05:04:24,000 --> 05:04:27,900
Bearing Tudor roses art 
Restorations revealed, how State

5741
05:04:27,900 --> 05:04:30,600
portraits were retouched to 
remove wrinkles or human 

5742
05:04:30,600 --> 05:04:33,500
imperfections reinforcing her 
iconic Aura. 

5743
05:04:33,500 --> 05:04:36,800
Evolution of her visual 
propaganda, parallels, modern 

5744
05:04:36,800 --> 05:04:40,700
brand management illustrating. 
How monarchy leveraged delusions

5745
05:04:40,700 --> 05:04:45,000
to maintain public fascination. 
Elizabeth Sierra characterized 

5746
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:48,600
by Drake circumnavigation 
Shakespeare's stage and an 

5747
05:04:48,600 --> 05:04:51,800
assertive national identity. 
A vote to deep sense of 

5748
05:04:51,808 --> 05:04:55,200
nostalgia among every day. 
In English folk actual living 

5749
05:04:55,200 --> 05:04:58,400
conditions for peasants remained
harsh, but the sense of 

5750
05:04:58,400 --> 05:05:02,300
belonging to an upcoming realm 
sword, Elizabeth harness, that 

5751
05:05:02,300 --> 05:05:06,500
Pride to unify land threatened 
by Continental Powers, she left 

5752
05:05:06,500 --> 05:05:10,000
behind no direct air but her 
intangible bequest was a 

5753
05:05:10,000 --> 05:05:13,600
monarchy reinvigorated by sense 
of national Destiny. 

5754
05:05:13,600 --> 05:05:16,700
The future conflicts like the 
English Civil War would test 

5755
05:05:16,700 --> 05:05:20,600
that Unity severely In the 
present, Elizabeth's, story 

5756
05:05:20,608 --> 05:05:24,400
continues to enthrall, tourists 
flocked to the Tower of London 

5757
05:05:24,400 --> 05:05:28,200
or Hampton Court longing for 
glimpses of her ears grandeur. 

5758
05:05:28,700 --> 05:05:31,100
Historians pieced together 
details from Diaries 

5759
05:05:31,100 --> 05:05:34,100
ambassadors, dispatchers and 
state papers. 

5760
05:05:34,100 --> 05:05:37,800
The creative arts, produce films
reimagining her as everything 

5761
05:05:37,800 --> 05:05:40,300
from an iron-willed Warrior to a
lonely. 

5762
05:05:40,300 --> 05:05:44,200
Figure overshadowed by politics 
such portrayals reflect changing

5763
05:05:44,200 --> 05:05:47,000
cultural values. 
We admire her resilience 

5764
05:05:47,000 --> 05:05:50,600
critique her harshness empathize
with her personal constraints, 

5765
05:05:50,600 --> 05:05:54,500
each generation reads, new 
lessons in her life, where the 

5766
05:05:54,500 --> 05:05:57,300
celebrating female power, or 
lamenting the cost of absolute 

5767
05:05:57,300 --> 05:06:00,200
monarchy. 
Her tomb rests in Westminster 

5768
05:06:00,200 --> 05:06:03,300
Abbey overshadowed by the more 
elaborate Memorial of her 

5769
05:06:03,300 --> 05:06:06,500
half-sister Mary, the first 
erected during James. 

5770
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:10,600
The first time it depicts, 
Elisabeth recumbent, ironically 

5771
05:06:10,600 --> 05:06:13,600
sharing a memorial with Mary and
a symbolic bearing of old 

5772
05:06:13,600 --> 05:06:16,600
rivalries while the Effigy is 
fairly simple. 

5773
05:06:16,600 --> 05:06:20,600
Visitors, often linger mindful 
that the occupant reshaped, 

5774
05:06:20,600 --> 05:06:23,700
Europe's Power Balance, the 
inscriptions hail her as a 

5775
05:06:23,700 --> 05:06:28,200
paragon of wisdom praising her, 
as of her sex, the pride of all 

5776
05:06:28,208 --> 05:06:32,500
time, the Wonder The rhetoric 
might be thick but it echoes how

5777
05:06:32,500 --> 05:06:34,100
she was revered by her 
contemporaries. 

5778
05:06:34,900 --> 05:06:37,700
In the end, Elizabeth the first 
stands as a testament, to the 

5779
05:06:37,708 --> 05:06:40,900
Synergy of personal, cunning 
cultural stewardship and 

5780
05:06:40,900 --> 05:06:44,000
Circumstance. 
The child overshadowed by A 

5781
05:06:44,000 --> 05:06:47,600
Father's Quest for a male Heir. 
Grew into a queen who refused to

5782
05:06:47,600 --> 05:06:50,400
be overshadowed by any spouse or
Continental monarch. 

5783
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:54,000
That improbable Ark from 
uncertain princess, to 

5784
05:06:54,000 --> 05:06:56,200
Undisputed, Sovereign still 
captivates. 

5785
05:06:57,000 --> 05:06:59,300
Her life underscores that 
leadership is rarely 

5786
05:06:59,300 --> 05:07:03,000
straightforward forging 
alliances, stifling conspiracies

5787
05:07:03,000 --> 05:07:05,900
and projecting Authority, demand
constant recalibration. 

5788
05:07:06,900 --> 05:07:11,100
Indeed, her success, lay not in 
an unyielding set of principles,

5789
05:07:11,100 --> 05:07:13,200
but in agile responses to 
crisis. 

5790
05:07:14,100 --> 05:07:17,300
Through this fluid style, she 
carved a stable realm from a 

5791
05:07:17,300 --> 05:07:21,300
swirl of dangers, centuries, 
later that story endures, 

5792
05:07:21,300 --> 05:07:24,400
bridging history and myth 
echoing that alone. 

5793
05:07:24,400 --> 05:07:28,400
Determined figure armed with 
intellect, cunning and 

5794
05:07:28,400 --> 05:07:37,800
stagecraft can shift an entire 
Kingdom's course, Picture this, 

5795
05:07:37,800 --> 05:07:39,600
you wake up on a sweltering, 
July Morning. 

5796
05:07:39,600 --> 05:07:41,900
And your first instinct is to 
reach for that blessed 

5797
05:07:41,900 --> 05:07:44,300
thermostat. 
But imagine just for a moment 

5798
05:07:44,300 --> 05:07:47,500
that there's no thermostat to 
reach for no, gentle hum of 

5799
05:07:47,508 --> 05:07:50,900
central are no window unit 
rattling away, like a mechanical

5800
05:07:50,900 --> 05:07:53,600
cricket. 
Welcome to the world, your 

5801
05:07:53,600 --> 05:07:56,500
great-grandparents knew 
intimately a world where summer 

5802
05:07:56,500 --> 05:07:59,300
meant something entirely 
different than it does for you 

5803
05:07:59,300 --> 05:08:03,800
today. 
Before 1902, when a young 

5804
05:08:03,808 --> 05:08:06,500
engineer named Willis, carrier 
first figured out how to control

5805
05:08:06,500 --> 05:08:09,900
humidity in a Brooklyn printing.
Plant humans had been dealing 

5806
05:08:09,900 --> 05:08:12,900
with heat, the same way for 
thousands of years, they got 

5807
05:08:12,900 --> 05:08:16,000
creative they got resourceful 
and honestly they got pretty 

5808
05:08:16,000 --> 05:08:18,000
good at it. 
You might think they were just 

5809
05:08:18,000 --> 05:08:21,100
sweating it out in misery but 
you'd be surprised at how 

5810
05:08:21,100 --> 05:08:23,900
ingenious people became when 
Comfort depended on cleverness, 

5811
05:08:23,900 --> 05:08:27,300
rather than electricity bills. 
Your ancestors didn't just 

5812
05:08:27,300 --> 05:08:30,700
endure the heat they developed 
an entire culture around it. 

5813
05:08:30,700 --> 05:08:33,300
They understood their 
environment in ways, we've 

5814
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:36,300
forgotten reading the subtle 
signs of weather changes, 

5815
05:08:36,300 --> 05:08:39,800
knowing exactly which Windows to
open at what time of day and 

5816
05:08:39,800 --> 05:08:42,700
timing, their daily activities 
around the sun's path across the

5817
05:08:42,700 --> 05:08:46,100
sky, like choreographers of 
comfort. think about your own 

5818
05:08:46,100 --> 05:08:49,400
relationship with heat for a 
moment when it's 85 degrees 

5819
05:08:49,400 --> 05:08:53,200
outside, you probably consider 
that uncomfortably warm Your 

5820
05:08:53,200 --> 05:08:55,500
great grandmother would have 
called that a pleasant day and 

5821
05:08:55,500 --> 05:08:57,400
maybe even won a light sweater 
in the morning. 

5822
05:08:58,200 --> 05:09:00,900
The human body's tolerance for 
temperature was remarkably 

5823
05:09:00,900 --> 05:09:03,800
different when it was regularly 
exposed to Natural variations 

5824
05:09:03,800 --> 05:09:07,000
much like how your eyes adjusted
darkness when you're not 

5825
05:09:07,008 --> 05:09:09,300
constantly staring at bright 
screens. 

5826
05:09:10,000 --> 05:09:13,100
The pre-air conditioning World 
operated on rhythms, that seem 

5827
05:09:13,100 --> 05:09:16,500
almost mystical to us now. 
People rose with the Sun, not 

5828
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:19,500
because they were more virtuous 
but because the coolest part of 

5829
05:09:19,508 --> 05:09:21,400
the day was precious and not to 
be wasted. 

5830
05:09:22,300 --> 05:09:25,300
They took afternoon naps, not 
out of laziness, but because 

5831
05:09:25,300 --> 05:09:28,000
even the most ambitious person 
recognized that fighting the 

5832
05:09:28,000 --> 05:09:31,800
peak heat was often futile. 
Evening activities began later 

5833
05:09:31,800 --> 05:09:35,500
and lasted longer creating 
social patterns that persisted 

5834
05:09:35,500 --> 05:09:38,300
well into the night when the are
finally offered some relief. 

5835
05:09:39,200 --> 05:09:42,000
Communities were shaped by heat 
in ways that went far beyond 

5836
05:09:42,000 --> 05:09:44,000
personal comfort. 
Cities. 

5837
05:09:44,000 --> 05:09:47,200
Look different, you'll discover 
more about this soon but the 

5838
05:09:47,200 --> 05:09:50,300
social fabric was different too.
Neighbor's knew each other 

5839
05:09:50,300 --> 05:09:53,300
better partly, because everyone 
spent more time outside on, 

5840
05:09:53,300 --> 05:09:56,100
porches and Stoops seeking 
whatever Breeze might be 

5841
05:09:56,100 --> 05:09:59,000
available, The evening 
constitutional wasn't just 

5842
05:09:59,000 --> 05:10:02,300
exercise. 
It was so social networking new 

5843
05:10:02,300 --> 05:10:05,500
sharing and communal heat 
management all rolled into one 

5844
05:10:05,500 --> 05:10:08,300
Pleasant tradition. 
You've probably noticed how 

5845
05:10:08,300 --> 05:10:10,800
quiet your neighborhood gets 
whenever on Retreats indoors to 

5846
05:10:10,800 --> 05:10:14,400
their climate controlled 
environments in the preac era. 

5847
05:10:14,400 --> 05:10:18,000
Neighborhoods came alive during 
the cooler hours, children 

5848
05:10:18,000 --> 05:10:21,000
played in the streets until well
past dark adults lingered on 

5849
05:10:21,008 --> 05:10:23,500
front porches with glasses of 
sweet tea or lemonade. 

5850
05:10:24,400 --> 05:10:27,100
And the boundaries between 
private and public space blurred

5851
05:10:27,100 --> 05:10:30,600
in the most wonderful ways, food
culture clothing, choices 

5852
05:10:30,600 --> 05:10:33,800
architectural decisions, work 
schedules, social Gatherings, 

5853
05:10:33,800 --> 05:10:36,900
and even romance. 
Everything was influenced by the

5854
05:10:36,900 --> 05:10:40,000
simple fact that when it got hot
you had to deal with it using 

5855
05:10:40,000 --> 05:10:42,700
nothing but human Ingenuity and 
natural resources. 

5856
05:10:43,500 --> 05:10:46,200
Your ancestors became masters of
reading air, currents, 

5857
05:10:46,200 --> 05:10:49,600
understanding thermal dynamics, 
and working with nature rather 

5858
05:10:49,600 --> 05:10:52,600
than against it. 
This isn't a story about how 

5859
05:10:52,600 --> 05:10:55,300
tough people used to be, though,
they certainly were resourceful.

5860
05:10:55,300 --> 05:10:58,600
It's about how different life 
was when humans lived in closer,

5861
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:01,500
harmony with the natural cycles,
when Comfort was something you 

5862
05:11:01,500 --> 05:11:04,100
actively created rather than 
passively consumed. 

5863
05:11:05,000 --> 05:11:07,800
It's about communities that 
formed around shared challenges 

5864
05:11:07,800 --> 05:11:11,300
and clever solutions that often 
worked better than our modern 

5865
05:11:11,300 --> 05:11:13,700
Brute Force. 
Approach of Simply cranking up 

5866
05:11:13,700 --> 05:11:17,900
the AC and hoping the electric 
grid holds As you settle in for 

5867
05:11:17,900 --> 05:11:20,700
this journey through the pre-air
conditioning World, you'll 

5868
05:11:20,700 --> 05:11:23,600
discover that our ancestors were
just surviving the heat. 

5869
05:11:23,600 --> 05:11:26,900
It was thriving in it, creating 
Beauty and comfort, and 

5870
05:11:26,900 --> 05:11:29,900
community in ways that might 
surprise you and maybe even 

5871
05:11:29,900 --> 05:11:34,400
inspire you so let's step back 
in time together for sure, when 

5872
05:11:34,400 --> 05:11:37,500
staying cool was an art form, 
And some are evenings were 

5873
05:11:37,508 --> 05:11:40,400
something people actually look 
forward to your ancestors were 

5874
05:11:40,408 --> 05:11:43,500
essentially climate engineers 
and they didn't even know it. 

5875
05:11:44,200 --> 05:11:47,100
Before the Advent of HVAC 
systems Builders were crafting 

5876
05:11:47,100 --> 05:11:50,000
structures that would leave 
modern Energy Efficiency experts

5877
05:11:50,000 --> 05:11:52,200
in all they understood 
something, we've largely 

5878
05:11:52,200 --> 05:11:55,200
forgotten that the right 
building can be a natural air 

5879
05:11:55,200 --> 05:11:58,100
conditioning system working with
physics rather than against it. 

5880
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:00,600
Walk through any historic 
neighborhood. 

5881
05:12:00,600 --> 05:12:03,400
And you'll notice things that 
might seem decorative, but were 

5882
05:12:03,400 --> 05:12:05,300
actually brilliant. 
Cooling strategies. 

5883
05:12:05,300 --> 05:12:08,700
Those deep wraparound, porches 
weren't just for sitting. 

5884
05:12:08,700 --> 05:12:12,000
They were thermal buffers zones,
creating shade that kept the 

5885
05:12:12,008 --> 05:12:15,300
sun's heat from ever reaching. 
The main walls of the house, the

5886
05:12:15,300 --> 05:12:18,100
wide overhanging Eaves. 
You see on older homes weren't 

5887
05:12:18,100 --> 05:12:20,300
architectural flourishes. 
They were carefully. 

5888
05:12:20,300 --> 05:12:22,900
Calculated to block the high 
summer sun while allowing the 

5889
05:12:22,900 --> 05:12:24,400
lower winter sun to warm the 
interior. 

5890
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:28,600
Consider the lofty sealing of 
old House's which may seem 

5891
05:12:28,600 --> 05:12:32,000
intimidating to those accustomed
to Modern 8, foot rooms, the 

5892
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:34,400
great grandparents built those 
High ceilings because hot air 

5893
05:12:34,400 --> 05:12:37,300
rises and they wanted it to rise
as far away from them as 

5894
05:12:37,308 --> 05:12:39,500
possible. 
Those ceiling fans, you see in 

5895
05:12:39,508 --> 05:12:42,500
historic homes weren't working 
against the natural convection, 

5896
05:12:42,500 --> 05:12:45,100
they were amplifying it. 
Creating air movement that made 

5897
05:12:45,100 --> 05:12:49,100
85 Degrees feel like a 
comfortable 705 The most 

5898
05:12:49,100 --> 05:12:52,300
ingenious homes, had what we now
call passive cooling systems 

5899
05:12:52,300 --> 05:12:55,700
built right into their bones. 
In the South, you'll find houses

5900
05:12:55,700 --> 05:12:58,800
built on tools that allowed air 
to flow underneath cooling. 

5901
05:12:58,800 --> 05:13:02,700
The floors From Below. 
The famous dog Trot houses with 

5902
05:13:02,700 --> 05:13:04,700
an open Breezeway running right 
through the center. 

5903
05:13:04,700 --> 05:13:07,600
Were essentially wind tunnels 
that captured every available 

5904
05:13:07,600 --> 05:13:09,800
Breeze and funneled it through 
the Living Spaces. 

5905
05:13:10,700 --> 05:13:12,900
Your ancestors, understood 
cross-ventilation like 

5906
05:13:12,900 --> 05:13:15,800
meteorologists. 
They positioned Windows, not 

5907
05:13:15,800 --> 05:13:19,100
just for light or views but to 
create Pathways for air to move 

5908
05:13:19,108 --> 05:13:21,800
through the house. 
They knew that a window on the 

5909
05:13:21,800 --> 05:13:24,200
Shaded. 
North Side, would draw cool air.

5910
05:13:24,200 --> 05:13:27,600
In while a window on the sunny 
South Side would let hot air 

5911
05:13:27,600 --> 05:13:30,700
Escape, creating a natural 
circulation system. 

5912
05:13:30,700 --> 05:13:33,100
That worked, as long as there 
was even the slightest 

5913
05:13:33,100 --> 05:13:35,300
temperature difference between 
inside and outside. 

5914
05:13:36,200 --> 05:13:39,100
In hot climates thick walls were
just for durability. 

5915
05:13:39,100 --> 05:13:43,600
They were thermal Mass absorbing
heat during the day and 

5916
05:13:43,600 --> 05:13:46,300
releasing it slowly at night. 
Essentially smoothing out 

5917
05:13:46,300 --> 05:13:49,800
temperatures. 
Adobe houses in the south-west 

5918
05:13:49,800 --> 05:13:52,700
could stay remarkably cool 
during blazing hot days because 

5919
05:13:52,700 --> 05:13:56,100
those thick walls, acted like 
natural battery is storing and 

5920
05:13:56,100 --> 05:13:58,700
releasing heat on a delayed 
schedule that favored human 

5921
05:13:58,700 --> 05:14:01,300
comfort. 
Color choices weren't just 

5922
05:14:01,308 --> 05:14:04,700
aesthetic decisions, either 
light, colored roofs and walls 

5923
05:14:04,700 --> 05:14:08,200
reflected heat rather than 
absorbing it while strategic use

5924
05:14:08,200 --> 05:14:10,800
of vegetation created 
microclimates around homes. 

5925
05:14:11,700 --> 05:14:13,900
Your great-grandmother's rose 
bushes and climbing vines 

5926
05:14:13,900 --> 05:14:17,300
weren't just pretty, they were 
living insulation shading walls 

5927
05:14:17,300 --> 05:14:18,800
and cooling the air through 
transpiration. 

5928
05:14:19,900 --> 05:14:22,100
The Victorian era brought us 
some of the most sophisticated, 

5929
05:14:22,100 --> 05:14:25,000
natural, cooling systems, 
disguised, as architectural 

5930
05:14:25,000 --> 05:14:27,700
details, those cupolas and roof 
monitors. 

5931
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:30,400
You see on old houses were 
actually thermal chimneys 

5932
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:33,100
designed to pull hot air up and 
out of the building. 

5933
05:14:34,000 --> 05:14:36,400
The decorative lattice work and 
fretwork weren't just 

5934
05:14:36,400 --> 05:14:38,700
ornamental. 
They provided shade while 

5935
05:14:38,700 --> 05:14:41,800
allowing air to flow through 
creating natural evaporative 

5936
05:14:41,800 --> 05:14:44,200
cooling. 
Even urban planning was 

5937
05:14:44,200 --> 05:14:45,700
influenced by the need to stay 
cool. 

5938
05:14:46,600 --> 05:14:49,400
Cities were laid out with wide 
streets to allow air circulation

5939
05:14:49,400 --> 05:14:52,700
and generous setbacks between 
buildings, prevented them from 

5940
05:14:52,700 --> 05:14:55,900
creating heat Islands. 
Tree-lined streets were just 

5941
05:14:55,900 --> 05:14:57,600
beautiful. 
They were essential 

5942
05:14:57,600 --> 05:15:00,600
infrastructure, providing shade 
and cooling the air through 

5943
05:15:00,600 --> 05:15:03,900
evaporation. 
Your ancestors also understood 

5944
05:15:03,900 --> 05:15:05,900
the power of thermal zoning 
within their homes. 

5945
05:15:06,700 --> 05:15:09,100
The kitchen was often separate 
from the main house or located 

5946
05:15:09,100 --> 05:15:12,300
in a basement or outbuilding. 
Keeping the heat from cooking 

5947
05:15:12,300 --> 05:15:15,900
fires away from Living Spaces 
bedrooms were typically on upper

5948
05:15:15,900 --> 05:15:17,500
floors. 
Where breezes were stronger 

5949
05:15:17,500 --> 05:15:21,200
while daily activities happened 
in the cooler ground floor rooms

5950
05:15:21,200 --> 05:15:24,200
during hot weather. 
They selected the materials 

5951
05:15:24,200 --> 05:15:26,600
based on the cooling properties 
and aesthetic appeal. 

5952
05:15:27,300 --> 05:15:30,300
Hardwood, floors stayed cooler 
than carpets high quality 

5953
05:15:30,300 --> 05:15:33,100
plaster walls had better thermal
properties than thin drywall. 

5954
05:15:33,700 --> 05:15:36,900
And natural materials like stone
and brick had thermal mass that 

5955
05:15:36,900 --> 05:15:38,600
helped regulate temperature 
naturally. 

5956
05:15:39,400 --> 05:15:42,400
These weren't just practical 
decisions, they created homes 

5957
05:15:42,400 --> 05:15:44,400
that were genuinely more 
comfortable than many modern 

5958
05:15:44,400 --> 05:15:46,900
houses. 
The constant air movement, the 

5959
05:15:46,900 --> 05:15:50,000
natural temperature regulation, 
and the connection to outdoor 

5960
05:15:50,000 --> 05:15:52,600
breezes and seasonal changes, 
created, living environments. 

5961
05:15:52,600 --> 05:15:54,900
That worked with human 
physiology, rather than trying 

5962
05:15:54,900 --> 05:15:58,700
to override it completely. 
Your great grandparents home's 

5963
05:15:58,700 --> 05:16:02,500
breathed in ways that our sealed
climate control boxes simply 

5964
05:16:02,500 --> 05:16:05,700
don't your great grandparents 
didn't just check the whether 

5965
05:16:05,700 --> 05:16:08,400
they lived it. 
Breathed it and plan their 

5966
05:16:08,400 --> 05:16:10,900
entire day around it. 
They had an intimate 

5967
05:16:10,900 --> 05:16:13,100
relationship with atmospheric 
conditions. 

5968
05:16:13,100 --> 05:16:15,200
That would seem almost 
Supernatural to you now. 

5969
05:16:16,100 --> 05:16:18,500
While you might glance at your 
phone's weather app and grab an 

5970
05:16:18,500 --> 05:16:22,100
umbrella, they could feel a 
storm coming in their bones and 

5971
05:16:22,100 --> 05:16:24,600
predict the next day's Heat, by 
the way that the evening are 

5972
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:27,700
moved through their hair. 
The pier conditioning day began 

5973
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:29,600
with what we might call a 
temperature, reconnaissance 

5974
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:32,100
mission. 
Before your great-grandmother 

5975
05:16:32,100 --> 05:16:35,500
even got out of bed, she was 
assessing the thermal situation.

5976
05:16:36,300 --> 05:16:38,500
Was there still a hint of 
coolness in the air that could 

5977
05:16:38,500 --> 05:16:41,600
be captured and preserved? 
Were the windows that have been 

5978
05:16:41,608 --> 05:16:44,000
opened to the night Breeze, 
ready to be closed before the 

5979
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:45,700
sun began? 
Its daily assault. 

5980
05:16:46,500 --> 05:16:49,800
This wasn't casual observation, 
it was a survival strategy 

5981
05:16:49,800 --> 05:16:53,400
disguised as a morning routine. 
You probably think of your daily

5982
05:16:53,400 --> 05:16:56,500
schedule as being controlled by 
work hours, appointments and 

5983
05:16:56,500 --> 05:16:59,100
social obligations. 
Your ancestors, organize their 

5984
05:16:59,100 --> 05:17:02,500
days around the sun's path, and 
the thermometers climb The 

5985
05:17:02,500 --> 05:17:05,500
heaviest work laundry cooking 
and cleaning happened in the 

5986
05:17:05,500 --> 05:17:09,000
early morning hours when the air
was still cool and energy levels

5987
05:17:09,000 --> 05:17:12,500
were high. 
By the time you settled in for 

5988
05:17:12,500 --> 05:17:15,200
your second cup of coffee your 
ancestors had already 

5989
05:17:15,200 --> 05:17:18,000
accomplished what might take you
all morning simply because they 

5990
05:17:18,000 --> 05:17:21,300
understood that working with the
cool was far more efficient than

5991
05:17:21,300 --> 05:17:24,800
fighting the heat midday brought
what we might call the ultimate 

5992
05:17:24,800 --> 05:17:28,500
hibernation. 
Between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. when 

5993
05:17:28,500 --> 05:17:32,000
the sun was most merciless, 
sensible, people found Shady 

5994
05:17:32,000 --> 05:17:35,100
spots and settled in for 
activities that required minimal

5995
05:17:35,100 --> 05:17:37,200
movement. 
This wasn't laziness. 

5996
05:17:37,200 --> 05:17:40,100
It was physics, your 
great-grandfather understood 

5997
05:17:40,100 --> 05:17:43,100
that his body was a heat, 
generating machine and adding 

5998
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:45,000
human generated warmth to the 
days. 

5999
05:17:45,000 --> 05:17:47,000
Natural furnace was simply poor 
engineering. 

6000
05:17:48,100 --> 05:17:51,400
The Siesta which we often think 
of as a quaint foreign custom 

6001
05:17:51,400 --> 05:17:52,900
was actually brilliant thermal 
management. 

6002
05:17:52,900 --> 05:17:55,900
While you might pass through the
afternoon heat with air 

6003
05:17:55,900 --> 05:17:58,900
conditioning and iced coffee. 
Your ancestors recognized that 

6004
05:17:58,900 --> 05:18:01,400
the human body naturally. 
Wanted to slow down during the 

6005
05:18:01,408 --> 05:18:04,600
hottest part of the day. 
They worked with their biology, 

6006
05:18:04,600 --> 05:18:07,800
rather than against it 
conserving energy for the cooler

6007
05:18:07,800 --> 05:18:09,500
evening hours. 
When productivity could resume. 

6008
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:13,500
But here's where it gets 
interesting, your ancestors 

6009
05:18:13,500 --> 05:18:15,600
didn't just endure these daily 
heat Cycles. 

6010
05:18:15,600 --> 05:18:17,700
They found genuine pleasure in 
them. 

6011
05:18:18,500 --> 05:18:20,700
The evening Awakening, when 
temperatures finally began to 

6012
05:18:20,708 --> 05:18:22,200
drop and life resumed, its 
normal. 

6013
05:18:22,200 --> 05:18:26,700
Pace was a daily celebration. 
Imagine the relief and joy of 

6014
05:18:26,700 --> 05:18:30,600
feeling that first Cool Breeze. 
After hours of Stillness, the 

6015
05:18:30,600 --> 05:18:33,300
way evening are felt like Silk 
against skin that had been warm 

6016
05:18:33,300 --> 05:18:36,800
all day these thermal rhythms 
also influence the schedule of 

6017
05:18:36,800 --> 05:18:39,400
social life. 
Dinner party is began to later 

6018
05:18:39,400 --> 05:18:42,300
when the Airhead cool enough to 
make cooking and eating Pleasant

6019
05:18:42,300 --> 05:18:45,200
again evening. 
Visits to neighbors walks around

6020
05:18:45,200 --> 05:18:47,300
the community and outdoor games 
and activities. 

6021
05:18:47,300 --> 05:18:50,600
All of these began when the sun 
started its descent, and 

6022
05:18:50,600 --> 05:18:54,100
continued well into the night, 
making the most of every degree 

6023
05:18:54,100 --> 05:18:57,100
of cooling, your 
great-grandmother became a 

6024
05:18:57,100 --> 05:18:59,600
master of microclimate 
management within her own home. 

6025
05:19:00,400 --> 05:19:02,900
She knew which room stayed 
coolest at which times of day, 

6026
05:19:02,900 --> 05:19:06,200
which Windows to open to catch 
the morning Breeze and which 

6027
05:19:06,200 --> 05:19:08,000
ones to close to keep out the 
afternoon Heat. 

6028
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:11,600
She understood that opening 
Windows on the Shady Side of the

6029
05:19:11,600 --> 05:19:13,400
house. 
While closing those On the Sunny

6030
05:19:13,400 --> 05:19:16,500
Side, created natural air 
conditioning, pulling cool air 

6031
05:19:16,500 --> 05:19:19,900
through while allowing hot air 
to escape The evening ritual of 

6032
05:19:19,908 --> 05:19:23,600
opening up, the house was a 
precise science as temperatures 

6033
05:19:23,600 --> 05:19:27,000
dropped Windows throughout the 
home were strategically open to 

6034
05:19:27,000 --> 05:19:30,500
capture every available Breeze 
and encourage air circulation. 

6035
05:19:31,500 --> 05:19:34,300
Your ancestors could feel the 
subtle pressure changes that 

6036
05:19:34,300 --> 05:19:37,700
indicated when outdoor air was 
finally cooler than indoor are 

6037
05:19:37,700 --> 05:19:41,100
the exact moment when natural 
ventilation would begin working 

6038
05:19:41,100 --> 05:19:43,500
in their favor rather than 
against it. 

6039
05:19:44,500 --> 05:19:47,100
They all understood the art of 
thermal layering in their daily 

6040
05:19:47,100 --> 05:19:50,000
lives. 
Light loose clothing during the 

6041
05:19:50,000 --> 05:19:53,000
day can be supplemented with 
light shawls or wraps as evening

6042
05:19:53,000 --> 05:19:56,000
breezes picked up. 
During hot hours, they start 

6043
05:19:56,000 --> 05:19:58,900
their hair up and off the neck, 
allowing it to flow freely when 

6044
05:19:58,900 --> 05:20:01,700
the coolness returned. 
Even the choice of where, to 

6045
05:20:01,700 --> 05:20:04,500
sit, which cheer to choose and 
which side of the porch to 

6046
05:20:04,500 --> 05:20:07,400
favor, all of these decisions 
were made with thermal comfort 

6047
05:20:07,400 --> 05:20:10,000
in mind where the prediction 
became a survival. 

6048
05:20:10,000 --> 05:20:13,600
Skill your great-grandfather 
could read cloud formation wind 

6049
05:20:13,600 --> 05:20:16,300
patterns, and atmospheric 
pressure changes, like you read 

6050
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:18,700
traffic signs. 
A shift in wind direction. 

6051
05:20:18,700 --> 05:20:21,900
Might mean relief was coming 
certain cloud, formations 

6052
05:20:21,900 --> 05:20:24,100
promised afternoon, 
thunderstorms, that would break 

6053
05:20:24,100 --> 05:20:28,500
the Heat The behavior of animals
and the feel of the are provided

6054
05:20:28,500 --> 05:20:31,100
advanced warning of weather 
changes that could affect the 

6055
05:20:31,100 --> 05:20:34,400
days Comfort level. 
This daily dance with whether 

6056
05:20:34,400 --> 05:20:38,100
created a life that was deeply 
connected to natural cycles 

6057
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:41,300
where human activity flowed 
within environmental conditions,

6058
05:20:41,300 --> 05:20:42,700
rather than trying to dominate 
them. 

6059
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:46,100
He had a way of bringing people 
together that our climate 

6060
05:20:46,100 --> 05:20:49,400
controlled world has largely 
forgotten When staying cool 

6061
05:20:49,400 --> 05:20:53,000
required Community effort and 
shared wisdom, social bonds, 

6062
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:55,600
formed around the simple, 
necessity of surviving summer, 

6063
05:20:55,600 --> 05:20:58,800
your great-grandparents didn't 
just endure the heat alone. 

6064
05:20:58,800 --> 05:21:02,100
They created entire social 
systems around managing it 

6065
05:21:02,100 --> 05:21:04,700
together turning. 
What could have been individual 

6066
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:07,000
misery into Collective comfort 
and even Joy? 

6067
05:21:07,800 --> 05:21:10,300
The front porch served as more 
than just an architectural 

6068
05:21:10,300 --> 05:21:13,900
feature it served as the Hub of 
the community's cooling culture.

6069
05:21:14,800 --> 05:21:16,700
While you might spend your 
evening's inside watching 

6070
05:21:16,700 --> 05:21:19,900
television in X condition 
Comfort your ancestors, gather 

6071
05:21:19,900 --> 05:21:23,500
on porches, as the sun went 
down, creating informal networks

6072
05:21:23,500 --> 05:21:27,000
of conversation, shared cooling,
strategies and mutual support. 

6073
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:30,800
These were not planned social 
events, they were spontaneous 

6074
05:21:30,800 --> 05:21:33,500
communities, that formed 
wherever people could catch a 

6075
05:21:33,500 --> 05:21:35,400
breeze and share the relief of 
cooling air. 

6076
05:21:36,200 --> 05:21:38,600
Imagine a summary evening in 
your great-grandmother's 

6077
05:21:38,600 --> 05:21:41,500
neighborhood. 
As temperatures, finally began 

6078
05:21:41,500 --> 05:21:44,300
to drop porch lights, would 
flicker on and rocking chairs 

6079
05:21:44,300 --> 05:21:47,300
would Creak into motion 
children, would emerge from 

6080
05:21:47,300 --> 05:21:49,500
houses. 
Like flowers opening to cooler 

6081
05:21:49,500 --> 05:21:52,500
are beginning games of tag and 
hide and seek that could 

6082
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:54,300
continue safely in the Gathering
dusk. 

6083
05:21:55,300 --> 05:21:57,800
Adults would settle into 
conversations that meandered 

6084
05:21:57,800 --> 05:22:00,900
like the evening Breeze itself, 
unhurried and comfortable. 

6085
05:22:01,700 --> 05:22:03,900
These porch communities, shared 
more than just evening. 

6086
05:22:03,900 --> 05:22:07,700
Are they exchanged cooling 
wisdom, like valuable currency. 

6087
05:22:08,600 --> 05:22:11,100
Your great, aunt might share her
secret for keeping bed sheets. 

6088
05:22:11,108 --> 05:22:14,000
Cool Hint. 
It involves strategic folding 

6089
05:22:14,000 --> 05:22:16,700
and placement while your 
neighbor would demonstrate his 

6090
05:22:16,700 --> 05:22:19,800
technique for creating cross, 
breezes, using strategically 

6091
05:22:19,800 --> 05:22:24,000
placed fans and open windows. 
Cooling knowledge was Community 

6092
05:22:24,000 --> 05:22:27,400
knowledge passed down through 
informal networks of neighbors. 

6093
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:30,200
Who understood that everyone's 
Comfort depended on shared 

6094
05:22:30,200 --> 05:22:33,400
intelligence. 
The evening constitutional that 

6095
05:22:33,400 --> 05:22:34,900
leisurely walk through the 
neighborhood. 

6096
05:22:34,900 --> 05:22:38,700
That seemed so old fashioned, 
now was actually sophisticated 

6097
05:22:38,700 --> 05:22:42,700
heat management to socializing. 
Your great grandparents 

6098
05:22:42,700 --> 05:22:46,100
understood that moving slowly 
through cooling air was more 

6099
05:22:46,100 --> 05:22:49,200
refreshing than sitting still. 
And that Community, walks 

6100
05:22:49,200 --> 05:22:51,700
created opportunities for air 
circulation around their bodies.

6101
05:22:51,700 --> 05:22:55,300
While maintaining social 
connections, these walks were to

6102
05:22:55,300 --> 05:22:58,200
exercise in the modern sense. 
They were communal cooling 

6103
05:22:58,200 --> 05:23:01,500
therapy churches schools and 
community centers became 

6104
05:23:01,500 --> 05:23:05,000
cooling, sanctuaries. 
During the most brutal Heat Not 

6105
05:23:05,000 --> 05:23:07,000
because they had air 
conditioning, they didn't, but 

6106
05:23:07,000 --> 05:23:10,300
because they were designed with 
high ceilings large windows and 

6107
05:23:10,300 --> 05:23:13,000
Architectural features that 
promoted air circulation. 

6108
05:23:13,700 --> 05:23:16,600
More importantly, they offered 
the psychological comfort of 

6109
05:23:16,600 --> 05:23:19,500
shared experience. 
Suffering through heat alone, 

6110
05:23:19,500 --> 05:23:23,000
felt overwhelming, enduring it 
as part of a community made it 

6111
05:23:23,008 --> 05:23:27,000
manageable and even meaningful. 
Your ancestors created, social 

6112
05:23:27,000 --> 05:23:30,800
rituals around heat relief that 
sound, almost magical now, Ice 

6113
05:23:30,800 --> 05:23:32,500
cream socials weren't just sweet
treats. 

6114
05:23:32,500 --> 05:23:35,200
They were Community cooling 
events where shared cold 

6115
05:23:35,200 --> 05:23:37,400
provided both physical and 
psychological relief. 

6116
05:23:38,200 --> 05:23:40,900
Picnics were carefully planned 
for shady spots near water, 

6117
05:23:40,900 --> 05:23:44,400
where evaporation and tree cover
created, natural cooling Zone's.

6118
05:23:45,300 --> 05:23:48,200
Swimming, holes became social 
centers, not just for 

6119
05:23:48,200 --> 05:23:51,400
recreation, but as genuine 
relief stations where entire 

6120
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:54,600
communities could find respite 
together, the sharing economy 

6121
05:23:54,600 --> 05:23:57,800
existed long before we had a 
name for it, especially when it 

6122
05:23:57,800 --> 05:24:01,100
came to pooling resources 
families with ice would share 

6123
05:24:01,100 --> 05:24:02,500
with neighbor's whose ice had 
melted. 

6124
05:24:03,600 --> 05:24:06,200
Those fortunate enough to have 
deeper Welles with cooler. 

6125
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:09,300
Water, would fill jugs for 
families whose Wells ran, warm 

6126
05:24:10,000 --> 05:24:12,800
When electric fans became 
available people borrowed and 

6127
05:24:12,800 --> 05:24:14,700
shared them like Precious 
commodities. 

6128
05:24:15,800 --> 05:24:17,400
Community. 
Ice houses weren't just 

6129
05:24:17,400 --> 05:24:20,100
commercial Enterprise. 
They were essential social 

6130
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:23,100
infrastructure. 
Evening, entertainment adapted, 

6131
05:24:23,100 --> 05:24:25,700
to take advantage of cooling, 
air and Community Gathering. 

6132
05:24:26,500 --> 05:24:28,800
Ban concerts in the park weren't
just cultural events. 

6133
05:24:28,800 --> 05:24:31,700
They were Mass cooling therapy 
sessions where hundreds of 

6134
05:24:31,708 --> 05:24:34,900
people could gather in Open 
Spaces, designed to capture 

6135
05:24:34,900 --> 05:24:38,500
evening, breezes outdoor 
theaters, Garden parties, and 

6136
05:24:38,500 --> 05:24:40,700
Community festivals. 
All took advantage of the 

6137
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:43,500
natural cooling that happened 
when the sun went down and 

6138
05:24:43,500 --> 05:24:45,200
people came together in Open 
Spaces. 

6139
05:24:46,000 --> 05:24:48,700
Children's play adapted to heat 
in ways that created their own 

6140
05:24:48,700 --> 05:24:52,800
social cooling systems games 
moved to shaded areas during the

6141
05:24:52,800 --> 05:24:55,800
day and resumed in full energy 
as evening approached. 

6142
05:24:56,500 --> 05:24:59,500
Jump, rope Hopscotch, and tag 
became evening activities when 

6143
05:24:59,500 --> 05:25:02,000
their are was finally coolers 
enough for active play. 

6144
05:25:02,800 --> 05:25:05,900
Swimming wasn't just Recreation.
It was a central cooling that 

6145
05:25:05,900 --> 05:25:07,800
happened in community with 
neighborhood. 

6146
05:25:07,800 --> 05:25:10,800
Swimming holes becoming social 
centers where entire families 

6147
05:25:10,800 --> 05:25:12,700
gathered for Relief and 
fellowship. 

6148
05:25:13,400 --> 05:25:16,200
Your great-grandparents all. 
So understood that shared meals 

6149
05:25:16,200 --> 05:25:18,600
during hot weather required 
different social Arrangements, 

6150
05:25:18,600 --> 05:25:20,900
early in the morning or late in 
the evening. 

6151
05:25:20,900 --> 05:25:23,900
When temperatures were bearable 
heavy cooking took place 

6152
05:25:24,800 --> 05:25:28,000
Community Kitchens often outdoor
spaces with good ventilation 

6153
05:25:28,000 --> 05:25:31,400
became gathering places where 
the heat of cooking could be 

6154
05:25:31,400 --> 05:25:35,000
shared and managed collectively 
rather than making individual 

6155
05:25:35,000 --> 05:25:38,500
homes on bearable. 
The social side of staying cool.

6156
05:25:38,500 --> 05:25:42,400
Created bonds that extended far 
beyond summer heat neighbors, 

6157
05:25:42,400 --> 05:25:45,500
who shared cooling strategies 
families, who gathered for 

6158
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:48,600
evening porch, conversations 
communities that came together 

6159
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:51,600
in cooling spaces. 
These relationships, persisted 

6160
05:25:51,600 --> 05:25:54,900
year-round creating social 
fabric that was strengthened by 

6161
05:25:54,900 --> 05:25:57,300
the shared challenge of managing
summer heat together. 

6162
05:25:57,300 --> 05:26:01,300
Your great-grandfather's work 
day was unlike yours with heat 

6163
05:26:01,300 --> 05:26:03,700
acting as an invisible 
choreographer, guiding every 

6164
05:26:03,700 --> 05:26:07,000
step while you might complain 
about a slightly, warm office or

6165
05:26:07,000 --> 05:26:08,700
adjust the thermostat, a degree 
or two. 

6166
05:26:08,700 --> 05:26:11,800
He organized his entire 
professional life, around the 

6167
05:26:11,800 --> 05:26:14,900
reality that work had to happen 
and whatever temperature 

6168
05:26:14,900 --> 05:26:18,700
provided managing temperature 
was not just about personal 

6169
05:26:18,700 --> 05:26:20,700
Comfort. 
It was about survival 

6170
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:24,400
productivity in creating 
sustainable rhythms that could 

6171
05:26:24,400 --> 05:26:28,000
last a lifetime. the 
agricultural world where most of

6172
05:26:28,000 --> 05:26:31,300
your ancestors, likely spent 
their working lives operated on 

6173
05:26:31,300 --> 05:26:35,100
what we might call thermal 
scheduling Farmers were not 

6174
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:37,500
early risers because they were 
more virtuous than you. 

6175
05:26:37,500 --> 05:26:41,600
They were thermal strategists. 
The period between 4 a.m. and 10

6176
05:26:41,600 --> 05:26:44,400
a.m. represented precious hours 
when both are temperature and 

6177
05:26:44,400 --> 05:26:46,100
energy levels, favored, 
productive work. 

6178
05:26:47,000 --> 05:26:49,400
Your great-grandfather could 
accomplish more in those cool 

6179
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:52,200
morning hours than in twice as 
much time during the heat of 

6180
05:26:52,208 --> 05:26:54,600
midday. 
Harvest Time reveals the 

6181
05:26:54,600 --> 05:26:57,300
sophisticated heat management 
strategies your ancestors 

6182
05:26:57,300 --> 05:27:00,500
developed grain cutting 
haymaking and fruit picking 

6183
05:27:00,500 --> 05:27:02,800
weren't scheduled by calendar 
convenience. 

6184
05:27:02,800 --> 05:27:06,000
But by the intersection of crop 
Readiness and thermal reality 

6185
05:27:06,000 --> 05:27:09,500
work Crews would start Before 
Dawn race against the climbing 

6186
05:27:09,500 --> 05:27:12,200
sun and take extended midday 
breaks that weren't laziness. 

6187
05:27:12,200 --> 05:27:15,500
But practical physics, the 
afternoon shift would resume 

6188
05:27:15,500 --> 05:27:19,200
only when Shadows grew long and 
are began to cool indoor work 

6189
05:27:19,200 --> 05:27:21,200
adapted to heat with equal 
sophistication. 

6190
05:27:22,200 --> 05:27:25,000
Your great-grandmother's kitchen
operated on thermal logic, that 

6191
05:27:25,000 --> 05:27:28,100
would impress modern efficiency.
Experts bread, baking happened. 

6192
05:27:28,100 --> 05:27:30,700
In the early morning using 
retained heat for multiple 

6193
05:27:30,700 --> 05:27:32,700
batches before the day became 
unbearable. 

6194
05:27:33,300 --> 05:27:36,000
Canning and preserving a central
work that unfortunately 

6195
05:27:36,000 --> 05:27:39,000
generated lots of heat, the 
scheduled for the coolest days 

6196
05:27:39,000 --> 05:27:41,700
available or done in outdoor 
kitchens that kept the heat away

6197
05:27:41,700 --> 05:27:44,600
from Living Spaces. 
Laundering day was perhaps the 

6198
05:27:44,600 --> 05:27:47,900
most thermally challenging work,
your ancestors faced heating 

6199
05:27:47,900 --> 05:27:52,000
water, boiling, clothes, or 
clothes, and using Hot Irons 

6200
05:27:52,000 --> 05:27:53,500
could turn a house into a 
furnace. 

6201
05:27:54,400 --> 05:27:57,000
Smart housekeepers, develop 
strategies, that sound almost 

6202
05:27:57,000 --> 05:27:59,900
military in their Precision 
Heating water Outdoors. 

6203
05:27:59,900 --> 05:28:02,800
When possible doing washing, in 
early morning, or late evening, 

6204
05:28:02,800 --> 05:28:06,600
and saving ironing for the 
coolest days, some families even

6205
05:28:06,600 --> 05:28:10,400
had separate wash houses, small 
buildings dedicated to heat 

6206
05:28:10,400 --> 05:28:12,700
generating work that kept the 
main house comfortable. 

6207
05:28:13,400 --> 05:28:16,600
Professional work adapted to 
Heaton ways that shaped entire 

6208
05:28:16,600 --> 05:28:19,500
Industries. 
Blacksmiths and metal workers 

6209
05:28:19,500 --> 05:28:23,500
who dealt with extreme heat as 
part of their craft developed 

6210
05:28:23,500 --> 05:28:26,500
techniques for managing both the
heat of their forges and the 

6211
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:29,900
ambient heat of Summer. 
They worked shorter shifts 

6212
05:28:29,900 --> 05:28:33,600
during hot weather started early
and took longer breaks their 

6213
05:28:33,600 --> 05:28:35,800
shops were designed with 
sophisticated ventilation 

6214
05:28:35,800 --> 05:28:38,300
systems, that would impress, 
modern industrial engineers. 

6215
05:28:39,000 --> 05:28:41,900
The concept of the workday 
itself was more flexible into 

6216
05:28:41,900 --> 05:28:45,200
the pre-air conditioning era. 
During the hottest weeks of 

6217
05:28:45,200 --> 05:28:48,700
Summer, many businesses would 
close during mid-day hours and 

6218
05:28:48,700 --> 05:28:49,700
reopen. 
In the evening. 

6219
05:28:49,700 --> 05:28:52,600
Staying open later to take 
advantage of cooler, air. 

6220
05:28:53,300 --> 05:28:56,800
Such Behavior wasn't vacation. 
It was thermal adaptation that 

6221
05:28:56,800 --> 05:29:00,100
actually increased productivity 
by working with natural cycles, 

6222
05:29:00,100 --> 05:29:02,400
rather than against them. 
Your ancestors. 

6223
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:05,100
Understood something. 
We've largely forgotten, the 

6224
05:29:05,100 --> 05:29:07,800
human performance varies 
dramatically with temperature 

6225
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:11,300
and fighting this reality as 
less efficient than adapting to 

6226
05:29:11,300 --> 05:29:13,900
it. 
Thermal Comfort significantly 

6227
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:17,200
affects cognitive function, 
physical endurance, and even 

6228
05:29:17,200 --> 05:29:20,700
mood as modern research confirms
their intuitive understanding. 

6229
05:29:21,500 --> 05:29:24,700
The scheduled demanding mental, 
work for cool hours and saved 

6230
05:29:24,700 --> 05:29:27,200
routine tasks were times when 
heat May concentration. 

6231
05:29:27,200 --> 05:29:31,200
Difficult rest wasn't just the 
absence of work, it was active 

6232
05:29:31,200 --> 05:29:35,100
Heap management, the afternoon 
cset which we often dismiss. 

6233
05:29:35,100 --> 05:29:38,600
As laziness was actually a 
sophisticated recovery strategy.

6234
05:29:39,300 --> 05:29:42,000
Your great-grandparents 
understood that forcing the body

6235
05:29:42,000 --> 05:29:44,700
to maintain High activity 
levels, during the peak heat, 

6236
05:29:44,700 --> 05:29:47,700
created fatigue, that would 
affect productivity for the rest

6237
05:29:47,700 --> 05:29:50,700
of the day by resting. 
During the hottest hours, they 

6238
05:29:50,700 --> 05:29:52,300
preserved energy for evening 
work. 

6239
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:55,900
When conditions improved, Sleep 
itself, required thermal 

6240
05:29:55,900 --> 05:29:57,900
strategy, your great-grandmother
didn't. 

6241
05:29:57,900 --> 05:30:01,300
Just go to bed, she prepared for
sleep with the same attention to

6242
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:02,900
cooling. 
That you might give to adjusting

6243
05:30:02,900 --> 05:30:05,900
your thermostat beds, were 
positioned to catch evening. 

6244
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:09,400
Breezes bedrooms were open to 
night air and even sleep, 

6245
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:12,300
schedules shifted with the 
seasons, some of their times 

6246
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:14,300
were later. 
Taking advantage of cooler 

6247
05:30:14,300 --> 05:30:17,400
evening hours while wait times 
were early to capture the cool 

6248
05:30:17,400 --> 05:30:20,900
of dawn, the social aspects of 
work also adapted to heat. 

6249
05:30:20,900 --> 05:30:24,400
Quilting bees barn-raising and 
Community work. 

6250
05:30:24,400 --> 05:30:27,500
Projects were scheduled for 
cooler weather when possible or 

6251
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:30,300
organized to take advantage of 
shared cooling strategies. 

6252
05:30:31,100 --> 05:30:33,700
Group work meant shared cooling,
wisdom summer. 

6253
05:30:33,700 --> 05:30:35,500
Always knew which area State 
coolest. 

6254
05:30:35,500 --> 05:30:38,700
When breezes were strongest or 
how to organize tasks to 

6255
05:30:38,700 --> 05:30:42,300
minimize heat generation, Your 
ancestors developed, what we 

6256
05:30:42,300 --> 05:30:45,100
might call thermal efficiency. 
The ability to accomplish 

6257
05:30:45,100 --> 05:30:47,700
necessary work while generating 
and absorbing the least 

6258
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:51,100
possible, Heat, Such efficiency 
wasn't just about personal 

6259
05:30:51,100 --> 05:30:53,200
Comfort. 
It was about sustainable 

6260
05:30:53,200 --> 05:30:54,800
productivity. 
That could be maintained 

6261
05:30:54,800 --> 05:30:57,800
throughout long hot summers 
without exhaustion or heat 

6262
05:30:57,800 --> 05:31:00,400
related illness your 
great-grandmother's wardrobe. 

6263
05:31:00,400 --> 05:31:01,700
Wasn't just about looking 
proper. 

6264
05:31:01,700 --> 05:31:04,800
It was an engineering Marvel 
designed to make summer heat 

6265
05:31:04,800 --> 05:31:07,700
bearable while maintaining 
social respectability, every 

6266
05:31:07,700 --> 05:31:11,100
fabric Choice, every style 
decision, and every accessory, 

6267
05:31:11,100 --> 05:31:14,100
served a dual purpose, keeping 
cool, and looking appropriate. 

6268
05:31:15,000 --> 05:31:17,400
While you might throw on shorts 
and a t-shirt for hot weather, 

6269
05:31:17,400 --> 05:31:19,700
she had to work within social 
expectations. 

6270
05:31:19,700 --> 05:31:22,500
That required, much more 
coverage, making her cooling 

6271
05:31:22,500 --> 05:31:24,700
strategies far more 
sophisticated than yours. 

6272
05:31:25,700 --> 05:31:28,600
The Fabrics, your ancestors 
chose reveal their profound 

6273
05:31:28,600 --> 05:31:32,100
understanding of thermal 
properties, linen cotton and 

6274
05:31:32,100 --> 05:31:34,600
other natural. 
Fibers weren't selected, just 

6275
05:31:34,600 --> 05:31:36,500
because synthetic materials 
didn't exist. 

6276
05:31:36,500 --> 05:31:40,600
They were chosen because they 
breathed absorbed moisture and 

6277
05:31:40,600 --> 05:31:43,200
allowed air circulation in ways 
that kept the body cooler. 

6278
05:31:44,000 --> 05:31:46,700
Your great grandmother knew that
loose weave Fabrics created, 

6279
05:31:46,700 --> 05:31:49,200
tiny air pockets that insulated 
against Heat. 

6280
05:31:49,900 --> 05:31:52,500
While tight weaves trapped hot 
air against the skin. 

6281
05:31:53,200 --> 05:31:56,100
Color science played a crucial 
role in pre-air conditioning 

6282
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:58,400
fashion. 
Light colors were just 

6283
05:31:58,400 --> 05:32:01,900
fashionable in summer, they were
essential technology reflecting 

6284
05:32:01,900 --> 05:32:05,500
heat rather than absorbing it. 
Your great-grandmother's white 

6285
05:32:05,500 --> 05:32:09,000
cotton dresses, light colored 
parasols and pale, summer hats 

6286
05:32:09,000 --> 05:32:10,700
were essentially, wearable, 
cooling systems. 

6287
05:32:10,700 --> 05:32:12,900
That modern researchers 
confirmed as remarkably 

6288
05:32:12,900 --> 05:32:16,700
effective heat management. 
The layering strategies, your 

6289
05:32:16,700 --> 05:32:19,200
ancestors developed would 
impress modern outdoor gear 

6290
05:32:19,200 --> 05:32:22,300
designers, they understood that 
multiple light layers, could be 

6291
05:32:22,308 --> 05:32:25,300
adjusted throughout the day as 
temperatures changed allowing 

6292
05:32:25,300 --> 05:32:29,800
for fine-tuned thermal control. 
A light chamise followed by a 

6293
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:32,700
cotton dress topped with a 
removable shawl or jacket 

6294
05:32:32,700 --> 05:32:34,800
created. 
A flexible system that could 

6295
05:32:34,800 --> 05:32:37,100
adapt to morning. 
Coolness midday heat and 

6296
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:39,400
evening. 
Breezes your great grandfather's

6297
05:32:39,400 --> 05:32:41,600
summer work, clothes, tell their
own cooling story. 

6298
05:32:41,600 --> 05:32:44,700
Those loose overalls were just 
practical for farm work. 

6299
05:32:44,700 --> 05:32:47,600
They allowed air circulation 
around the body while protecting

6300
05:32:47,600 --> 05:32:50,300
skin from the Sun, the wide 
brimmed hats. 

6301
05:32:50,300 --> 05:32:53,400
That seem purely functional were
actually sophisticated cooling 

6302
05:32:53,400 --> 05:32:55,800
devices. 
Creating portable shade while 

6303
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:57,700
allowing heat to escape from the
head. 

6304
05:32:57,700 --> 05:33:00,900
Even suspenders served, a 
cooling purpose, holding the 

6305
05:33:00,900 --> 05:33:02,900
pants away from the body to 
allow air circulation. 

6306
05:33:04,300 --> 05:33:06,500
Styling, in the pre-air 
conditioning era was as much 

6307
05:33:06,500 --> 05:33:10,100
about temperature management. 
As it was about fashion, the 

6308
05:33:10,100 --> 05:33:12,600
great grandmother's, elaborate 
updos weren't just decorative. 

6309
05:33:12,600 --> 05:33:15,400
They lifted hair off the neck 
and allowed air to circulate 

6310
05:33:15,400 --> 05:33:17,900
around one of the body's most 
effective cooling zones. 

6311
05:33:18,800 --> 05:33:22,100
Those intricate braids and buns.
That looks so complicated in Old

6312
05:33:22,100 --> 05:33:24,700
photographs were actually 
practical cooling technology 

6313
05:33:24,700 --> 05:33:28,700
disguised, as Beauty routines 
undergarments of the era reveal,

6314
05:33:28,700 --> 05:33:31,800
the sophisticated, understanding
your ancestors, had of thermal 

6315
05:33:31,800 --> 05:33:36,100
regulation, while the idea of 
corsets and multiple petticoats 

6316
05:33:36,100 --> 05:33:39,600
might seem stifling to you, 
These garments were designed to 

6317
05:33:39,600 --> 05:33:42,700
create air pockets and allow 
circulation while maintaining 

6318
05:33:42,700 --> 05:33:46,600
the silhouette that social 
expectations demanded. some are 

6319
05:33:46,600 --> 05:33:50,000
undergarments were made from the
lightest possible materials and 

6320
05:33:50,000 --> 05:33:53,400
designed to Wick moisture away 
from the body thermal reality 

6321
05:33:53,400 --> 05:33:56,300
completely shaped food culture 
in the pre-air conditioning era,

6322
05:33:57,000 --> 05:33:59,500
Your great-grandmother didn't 
avoid using the oven in summer 

6323
05:33:59,500 --> 05:34:02,400
because she was trying to save 
energy, she avoided it because 

6324
05:34:02,400 --> 05:34:04,900
heating the kitchen could make 
the entire house on bearable for

6325
05:34:04,900 --> 05:34:07,400
days. 
Summer menus were essentially 

6326
05:34:07,400 --> 05:34:11,700
cooling strategies to Skies as 
meals, cold soups fresh salads 

6327
05:34:11,700 --> 05:34:13,800
and uncooked Foods weren't just 
refreshing. 

6328
05:34:13,800 --> 05:34:17,500
They were thermal management. 
Your ancestors understood that 

6329
05:34:17,500 --> 05:34:20,000
digestion itself, generates body
heat. 

6330
05:34:20,000 --> 05:34:24,400
So summer, meals were lighter 
easier to digest and required 

6331
05:34:24,400 --> 05:34:27,000
less internal energy to process 
those. 

6332
05:34:27,000 --> 05:34:29,700
Elaborate cold salads and 
chilled soups that seem. 

6333
05:34:29,700 --> 05:34:33,100
So elegant in Old cookbooks, 
were actually sophisticated 

6334
05:34:33,100 --> 05:34:36,700
cooling technology preservation 
methods adapted to heat in 

6335
05:34:36,700 --> 05:34:39,800
ingenious ways. 
Route Sellers springhills and 

6336
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:41,500
Ice houses were just food 
storage. 

6337
05:34:41,500 --> 05:34:43,600
They were Community cooling 
infrastructure. 

6338
05:34:44,600 --> 05:34:47,500
Your great-grandmother might 
plan her weekly menu around what

6339
05:34:47,500 --> 05:34:49,300
could be stored without 
generating heat. 

6340
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:52,000
What could be prepared without 
cooking and what would actually 

6341
05:34:52,000 --> 05:34:53,800
help cool the body from the 
inside? 

6342
05:34:55,000 --> 05:34:57,700
Beverages became medicine in the
pre-air conditioning world. 

6343
05:34:58,500 --> 05:35:01,000
Sweet tea, lemonade. 
And other cooling drinks weren't

6344
05:35:01,000 --> 05:35:03,100
just Refreshments. 
They were thermal therapy. 

6345
05:35:04,200 --> 05:35:06,500
Your ancestors understood that 
certain ingredients could 

6346
05:35:06,500 --> 05:35:09,300
actually help the body cool 
itself While others would make 

6347
05:35:09,300 --> 05:35:12,700
heat worse. 
Mint cucumber, and citrus serve,

6348
05:35:12,700 --> 05:35:16,100
not only as flavoring but also 
as internal cooling agents, even

6349
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:18,000
social dining adapted to heat 
management. 

6350
05:35:19,000 --> 05:35:21,700
Some are entertaining moved 
Outdoors, not just for Ambience 

6351
05:35:21,700 --> 05:35:25,400
but for thermal practicality. 
Garden parties, picnics and 

6352
05:35:25,400 --> 05:35:27,800
outdoor dining took advantage of
breezes and shade. 

6353
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:31,000
While keeping Z heat generating 
cooking activities away from 

6354
05:35:31,000 --> 05:35:33,900
Living Spaces, your great 
grandmother's summer dinner 

6355
05:35:33,900 --> 05:35:36,200
party is were carefully 
choreographed to minimize heat 

6356
05:35:36,200 --> 05:35:38,600
generation while maximizing 
cooling opportunities. 

6357
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:42,800
The timing of meals shifted with
thermal reality breakfast. 

6358
05:35:42,800 --> 05:35:46,000
Might be substantial taking 
advantage of cool morning air 

6359
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:48,600
for cooking and eating. 
Lunch became lighter and 

6360
05:35:48,600 --> 05:35:50,600
simpler. 
While dinner was often delayed 

6361
05:35:50,600 --> 05:35:53,800
until evening when both cooking 
and eating could happen in more 

6362
05:35:53,800 --> 05:35:57,000
comfortable temperatures. 
Your ancestors didn't eat by the

6363
05:35:57,000 --> 05:35:58,900
clock, they ate by the 
thermometer. 

6364
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:02,300
These weren't just survival 
strategies, they created a 

6365
05:36:02,300 --> 05:36:03,700
culture of Elegance and 
sophistication. 

6366
05:36:03,700 --> 05:36:06,400
That worked within natural 
limits, rather than trying to 

6367
05:36:06,400 --> 05:36:09,100
overcome them. 
Your great-grandmother managed 

6368
05:36:09,100 --> 05:36:11,800
to stay cool. 
Look, beautiful and maintain 

6369
05:36:11,800 --> 05:36:14,100
social standards without ever 
touching a thermostat. 

6370
05:36:14,100 --> 05:36:17,200
Creating a lifestyle that was 
both practical and genuinely 

6371
05:36:17,200 --> 05:36:19,500
stylish. 
As you settle into your climate 

6372
05:36:19,500 --> 05:36:22,200
controlled bedroom tonight, 
consider how different your 

6373
05:36:22,200 --> 05:36:25,400
great grandparents relationship 
with sleep was during the 

6374
05:36:25,400 --> 05:36:28,700
sweltering summer months night 
wasn't just a time for rest. 

6375
05:36:28,700 --> 05:36:32,000
It was the daily reward for 
surviving another day of heat. 

6376
05:36:32,700 --> 05:36:36,700
precious opportunity to cool 
down recharge and prepare for 

6377
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:40,200
whatever thermal challenges 
tomorrow might bring the evening

6378
05:36:40,200 --> 05:36:42,100
hours. 
Held a special magic that are 

6379
05:36:42,100 --> 05:36:44,300
artificially. 
Cooled world has largely 

6380
05:36:44,300 --> 05:36:46,900
forgotten. 
The transition from day to night

6381
05:36:46,908 --> 05:36:49,600
was something your ancestors 
savored like wine. 

6382
05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:53,900
As the Sun finally began, its 
descent the entire household 

6383
05:36:53,900 --> 05:36:56,700
would shift into evening mode 
with the Precision of a well 

6384
05:36:56,708 --> 05:36:59,300
rehearsed Orchestra. 
Windows that had been 

6385
05:36:59,300 --> 05:37:02,100
strategically closed during the 
heat of the day would begin 

6386
05:37:02,100 --> 05:37:05,400
opening in careful sequence. 
Each one position to catch the 

6387
05:37:05,400 --> 05:37:08,100
first hint of cooling air, and 
encourage it to flow through the

6388
05:37:08,100 --> 05:37:10,500
house. 
Your great-grandmother had an 

6389
05:37:10,500 --> 05:37:12,600
intimate knowledge of her home's
thermal personality. 

6390
05:37:12,600 --> 05:37:15,900
She knew which Windows to open 
first to create the gentle 

6391
05:37:15,900 --> 05:37:18,700
suction, that would pull hot air
out while drawing cooler area. 

6392
05:37:19,500 --> 05:37:22,200
She understood the exact moment 
when the outdoor temperature 

6393
05:37:22,200 --> 05:37:23,700
dropped below the indoor 
temperature. 

6394
05:37:23,700 --> 05:37:27,000
The magical threshold when 
natural ventilation changed from

6395
05:37:27,000 --> 05:37:31,400
liability to blessing. this 
wasn't guesswork, it was science

6396
05:37:31,400 --> 05:37:34,600
learned through years of paying 
attention to the Sea, subtle 

6397
05:37:34,600 --> 05:37:38,200
signals that told her when 
relief was finally available The

6398
05:37:38,200 --> 05:37:40,400
bedroom preparation. 
Rituals of the pre-air 

6399
05:37:40,400 --> 05:37:42,900
conditioning era would seem 
elaborate to you now, but they 

6400
05:37:42,900 --> 05:37:45,300
were essential technology for 
achieving comfortable sleep. 

6401
05:37:46,200 --> 05:37:48,800
Beds were positioned, not just 
for convenience but to catch 

6402
05:37:48,800 --> 05:37:51,900
every available Breeze. 
Your great-grandfather might 

6403
05:37:51,900 --> 05:37:54,300
move the entire bed closer to 
Windows during Heatwave 

6404
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:56,600
transforming. 
The bedroom layout to take 

6405
05:37:56,600 --> 05:38:00,200
advantage of night air movement.
Bedding became a crucial element

6406
05:38:00,200 --> 05:38:03,600
in thermal management. 
Heavy quilts and comforters were

6407
05:38:03,600 --> 05:38:06,700
stored away for the summer by 
lightweight cotton sheets that 

6408
05:38:06,700 --> 05:38:10,200
could breathe with the sleeper. 
Some families had special summer

6409
05:38:10,200 --> 05:38:12,000
sheets made from linen or 
cotton. 

6410
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:14,400
So fine is. 
So it was almost like sleeping 

6411
05:38:14,400 --> 05:38:18,300
under woven are Pillows were 
swapped for thinner versions and

6412
05:38:18,300 --> 05:38:20,400
even mattresses might be 
replaced with lighter 

6413
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:23,000
Alternatives that didn't trap 
and hold body heat throughout 

6414
05:38:23,000 --> 05:38:25,600
the night. 
The evening cooling routine, 

6415
05:38:25,600 --> 05:38:29,000
extended Beyond just opening 
Windows, your great-grandmother 

6416
05:38:29,000 --> 05:38:31,800
might take a cool bath or Splash
cold water on her wrists. 

6417
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:34,600
And neck areas where blood 
vessels are close to the surface

6418
05:38:34,600 --> 05:38:36,300
and cooling. 
Them could affect the entire 

6419
05:38:36,300 --> 05:38:39,300
body's temperature. 
Hair that had been pinned up all

6420
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:42,500
day would be, brushed out in a 
Range to allow maximum air 

6421
05:38:42,500 --> 05:38:44,300
circulation around the neck and 
head during sleep. 

6422
05:38:45,300 --> 05:38:48,300
Children's bedtime routines, 
were specially adapted to heat 

6423
05:38:48,300 --> 05:38:51,500
management lightweight, cotton 
nightgowns replaced heavier, 

6424
05:38:51,500 --> 05:38:54,500
sleepwear, and children, might 
sleep with damp wash clothes on 

6425
05:38:54,500 --> 05:38:57,300
their foreheads, or arms. 
Some parents would lightly, 

6426
05:38:57,300 --> 05:39:00,800
dampen sheets with cool water, 
creating evaporative cooling. 

6427
05:39:00,800 --> 05:39:03,300
That could make the difference 
between restful sleep and a 

6428
05:39:03,300 --> 05:39:05,300
night of tossing. 
And turning for families 

6429
05:39:05,300 --> 05:39:07,300
fortunate enough to have 
multiple sleeping spaces, 

6430
05:39:07,300 --> 05:39:11,300
summer, brought strategic 
relocations sleeping, porches 

6431
05:39:11,300 --> 05:39:13,700
screened areas that were 
essentially outdoor bedrooms 

6432
05:39:13,700 --> 05:39:17,100
became Haven's during the 
hottest weeks upper floors, 

6433
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:20,200
which were stifling during the 
day, like become comfortable at 

6434
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:22,700
night, when breezes were 
stronger at higher elevations. 

6435
05:39:23,500 --> 05:39:25,800
Some families would move 
mattresses to the coolest rooms 

6436
05:39:25,800 --> 05:39:28,400
in the house or even Outdoors 
under mosquito netting when he 

6437
05:39:28,400 --> 05:39:31,800
became truly unbearable. 
The sounds of Summer Nights were

6438
05:39:31,800 --> 05:39:33,500
different in the pre-air 
conditioning era. 

6439
05:39:34,200 --> 05:39:37,400
Instead of the constant hum of 
climate control systems your 

6440
05:39:37,400 --> 05:39:39,700
great-grandparents, fell asleep 
to the Natural Symphony of 

6441
05:39:39,700 --> 05:39:42,900
cooling air, The Whisper of 
breezes through window screens. 

6442
05:39:42,900 --> 05:39:46,400
The Gentle Creek of settling 
houses as temperatures dropped 

6443
05:39:46,400 --> 05:39:49,500
and the distant conversations of
neighbors also seeking relief on

6444
05:39:49,500 --> 05:39:53,300
their porches and in their yards
Night work took on special 

6445
05:39:53,300 --> 05:39:56,900
significance, during hot spells 
tasks that generated heat. 

6446
05:39:56,900 --> 05:39:58,900
During the day could be 
accomplished in the Blessed, 

6447
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:00,700
coolness of evening and early 
morning hours. 

6448
05:40:01,600 --> 05:40:05,200
Your great-grandmother might do 
her ironing by Lamplight, taking

6449
05:40:05,200 --> 05:40:07,400
advantage of temperatures that 
made the additional heat 

6450
05:40:07,400 --> 05:40:09,900
bearable baking. 
For the next day, could happen 

6451
05:40:09,900 --> 05:40:12,200
in the pre-dawn hours when 
others wouldn't turn kitchens 

6452
05:40:12,200 --> 05:40:15,100
into furnaces. 
The social aspects of cooling 

6453
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:18,400
extended into the night as well.
Neighbors might visit each 

6454
05:40:18,400 --> 05:40:21,000
other's cooling spots. 
One family had a better 

6455
05:40:21,000 --> 05:40:23,800
cross-breeze while another had a
deeper, well with cooler water 

6456
05:40:23,800 --> 05:40:27,000
for late evening refreshment. 
These evening, Gatherings were 

6457
05:40:27,000 --> 05:40:29,800
not formal social events. 
That spontaneous communities of 

6458
05:40:29,800 --> 05:40:32,800
relief were shared cooling 
strategies and mutual support, 

6459
05:40:32,800 --> 05:40:34,600
made the heat more bearable for 
everyone. 

6460
05:40:35,500 --> 05:40:37,800
Dawn brought its rituals in the 
pre-air conditioning world. 

6461
05:40:38,700 --> 05:40:41,200
Your great-grandfather would 
rise early not just to get work 

6462
05:40:41,200 --> 05:40:44,200
done before the heat returned, 
but to save her those precious 

6463
05:40:44,200 --> 05:40:45,700
hours when the air was actually 
cool. 

6464
05:40:46,800 --> 05:40:49,700
The morning routine, included, 
assessing the days thermal 

6465
05:40:49,700 --> 05:40:51,900
prospects. 
Checking cloud, cover feeling 

6466
05:40:51,900 --> 05:40:55,000
the air for humidity and making 
strategic decisions about how to

6467
05:40:55,000 --> 05:40:57,000
capture and preserve the 
coolness for as long as 

6468
05:40:57,000 --> 05:40:59,300
possible. 
The cycle would begin. 

6469
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:02,100
Again, windows that have been 
opened tonight are would be 

6470
05:41:02,100 --> 05:41:05,000
strategically, closed as 
temperatures began to rise. 

6471
05:41:05,000 --> 05:41:08,400
Curtains would be drawn to block
the sun's Heat and the daily 

6472
05:41:08,400 --> 05:41:09,900
dance with temperature would 
resume. 

6473
05:41:10,700 --> 05:41:14,000
For those hours of relief that 
nightly promise of cooling air 

6474
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:17,400
and comfortable sleep, made it 
all bearable and even beautiful.

6475
05:41:18,400 --> 05:41:20,600
Your ancestors didn't just 
survive the heat. 

6476
05:41:20,600 --> 05:41:24,100
They created lives of Grace and 
comfort within natural limits. 

6477
05:41:24,100 --> 05:41:27,100
That required wisdom. 
Patience and Community. 

6478
05:41:27,100 --> 05:41:30,200
They understood something. 
We're still learning that 

6479
05:41:30,200 --> 05:41:32,500
working with natural cycles 
rather than against them. 

6480
05:41:32,500 --> 05:41:35,500
Can create not just 
sustainability but genuine 

6481
05:41:35,500 --> 05:41:39,300
contentment As you drift off to 
sleep tonight, in your climate 

6482
05:41:39,300 --> 05:41:42,100
controlled comfort. 
You might just dream of summary 

6483
05:41:42,100 --> 05:41:43,800
evening's. 
When cool air was a gift to be 

6484
05:41:43,808 --> 05:41:46,900
savored and relief was something
earned through the simple 

6485
05:41:46,900 --> 05:41:49,400
passage of time. 
And the reliable promise that 

6486
05:41:49,400 --> 05:41:51,900
every hot day of eventually 
surrendered us to the cooling 

6487
05:41:51,900 --> 05:41:52,600
mercy of night.