How Alexander the Great Almost Failed Before He Began | History For Sleep

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To night my sleep buddies. 
I hope you're doing well, 

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because we are following a story
that almost didn't happen shaped

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as much by chance as by 
ambition. 

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Alexander, the Great Rose in a 
world where his victories were 

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unlikely his position fragile 
and his future far from certain 

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yet events unfolded in ways. 
No one could have planned. 

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If you enjoy these slow Journeys
through history, you can like 

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the video, subscribe. 
And let me know where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is. 

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Now, dim the lights, turn on a 
fan for some noise and allow the

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Knight to settle in slowly. 
Welcome to a soothing journey 

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through one of history is most 
improbable stories. 

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Now, remember your settling in 
to explore how a young prince, 

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from the edge of the Greek 
World. 

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Born into a dynasty played by 
instability, and surrounded by 

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enemies. 
Somehow conquered, an Empire 

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that stretched from the 
Mediterranean to India. 

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So, let's discover together, why
Alexander, the Great's Victory 

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seemed impossible before they 
happened. 

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Your standing in the Royal 
Palace at Pelham Asado on a 

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summer night. 
In 356, BCE the air smells of 

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olive oil lamps and the faint 
Center of horses drifting in 

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from the Stables below. 
Through the window. 

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You can see the rugged 
mountains, that ring, this 

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northern kingdom, their peaks 
dark against a star-filled sky 

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somewhere in these Chambers, a 
baby has just been born to King,

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Philip, the second and his wife 
olympius that child is 

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Alexander. 
And if you could tell the 

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assembled Nobles, what his 
future holds, they would laugh 

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you out the room. 
Macedonia, in 356 BCE isn't 

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exactly the Crown Jewel of the 
ancient world. 

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Think of it as the rough cousin.
Nobody invites to dinner parties

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while the sophisticated 
city-states of Southern Greece, 

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Athens Sparta and thieves 
debate, philosophy and Stage. 

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Elaborate theatrical 
Productions. 

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Macedonia remains a semi 
barbaric Kingdom of shepherds 

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farmers and Warriors the Greeks 
down south. 

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Don't even consider macedonians 
fully Greek. 

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Their dialects sound strange. 
That custom seemed course and 

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their kings have a disturbing 
habit of murdering each other. 

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You walk through the palace. 
Corridors your sandals, clicking

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on Stone floors, that lack the 
polished. 

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Marble of Athens, the walls are 
sturdy, but plain there's wealth

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here. 
Philip's, recent military 

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reforms of begun paying off. 
But it's the wealth of a 

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frontier Kingdom. 
Not a cultural center. 

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In the Great Hall Shields, hang 
on walls, alongside the mounted 

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heads of boars and deer the 
Nobles who gather here are 

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Fighters first administrators 
second and philosophers. 

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Never The Baby Alexander enters 
a family that makes modern 

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dysfunctional households. 
Look, peaceful his father. 

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Philip is a military genius and 
political operator who has 

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somehow survived the chaos of 
Macedonian Court politics. 

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Philip spent his youth, as a 
hostage in Thebes, which sounds 

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terrible Until you realize, it 
probably saved his life. 

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While he was away, his family 
members were busy, killing each 

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other. 
In the traditional Macedonian 

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fashion, by the time, Philip 
returned. 

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And eventually seized the 
throne. 

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He had learned two important 
lessons. 

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First how to fight like the 
Greeks? 

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Second how to ski like a 
Survivor Alexander's mother 

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Olympia's from epirus another 
kingdom on massive as western 

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border. 
She is intelligent Fierce 

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fiercely ambitious and deeply 
religious. 

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In ways that make people nervous
you might catch up, midnight 

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ceremonies honoring day and Ice 
handling snakes with a further 

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that even the most devoted cult 
members find unsettling. 

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She believes. 
She's descended from Achilles on

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one side and ascended from God's
on the other. 

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When she looks at her newborn 
son, she doesn't see a baby. 

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She sees a prophecy waiting to 
unfold the marriage between 

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Philip and olympias. 
Is strategic political and 

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increasingly toxic Philip 
collects wives the way. 

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Some people collect coins. 
And Olympus, resents each new 

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marriage as a threat to her 
son's position in Macedonia, 

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succession isn't guaranteed to 
the eldest son, any legitimate 

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male Heir can make a claim and 
legitimacy is interpreted 

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loosely. 
Philip has other Sons by other 

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wives, and each one represents 
potential competition for 

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Alexander. 
You're watching a child born 

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into instability. 
The kingdom itself. 

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Barely held together before 
Philip took charge For decades, 

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Macedonia had been the punching 
bag of its neighbors, illyrians 

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raided from the West Thracians 
from the East, and the Greek 

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city-states from the south 
treated Macedonia, as either a 

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resource to exploit or a threat 
to contain, Philip has changed 

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that through military Innovation
and ruthless diplomacy. 

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But his accomplishments are 
recent and fragile one 

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assassination, one loss, battle 
one, Palace coup and everything 

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could collapse back into chaos, 
the odds are stacked against 

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this baby in ways that were 
discouraged. 

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Anyone with sense. 
He's born into a dynasty where 

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murder is standard. 
Operating procedure for 

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succession disputes. 
His kingdom is surrounded by 

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enemies who view Macedonia, as 
an upstart newsons, the mighty 

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Persian Empire, which controls 
everything from Egypt to 

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Afghanistan as well. 
And armies that make massive 

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Donya look like a village 
militia. 

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Even if Alex somehow survives 
childhood and Court intrigues 

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and inherits his father's 
Throne. 

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The smart money says, he'll 
spend his range just trying to 

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hold Macedonia together. 
But you're not watching a normal

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baby. 
You're watching someone who will

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rewrite the rules of what's 
possible. 

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Not because he was destined to 
succeed but because he was too 

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stubborn to accept that he was 
supposed to fail. 

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You're in the Macedonian Camp 
Watching Teenage Alexander. 

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Observe his father's Army 
drilling formation, the smell of

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leather and bronze fills your 
nostrils. 

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Dust rises from thousands of 
feet moving in unison, this is 

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Philip's creation. 
The war machine that will make 

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everything else possible and 
Alexander is absorbing every 

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detail with the intense of 
someone memorizing. 

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Sacred text Philip didn't invent
military power. 

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He inherited a mess and turned 
it into something, formidable 

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through borrowing adapting and 
Relentless practice, you can see

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the result in the soldiers 
before you. 

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The core of the Macedonian army 
is the Phalanx that dense 

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formation of infantry carrying 
Spears, so long. 

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They'd be useless in any other 
context. 

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The sarisa. 
The Macedonian Pike stretches 18

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feet. 
A man holding one. 

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Can barely manage it to loan, 
but thousands of men holding 

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them in formation. 
Create a bristling wall of 

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bronze spear points that extends
farther than any enemy can reach

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Philip borrowed. 
This idea, from The thebans Who 

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perfected dense infantry 
tactics, but he took it further 

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deeper formations longer Spears.
Better training. these aren't 

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aristocratic hoplites who fight 
when convenient and far, when 

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not, these are professional 
soldiers who drill constantly 

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You watch them now. 
Moving like a single organism. 

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Each man. 
Maintaining exactly the right 

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spacing from his neighbor's too 
close and they can't move too 

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far and gaps appear. 
They've practiced this until 

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their bodies know the spacing 
without thinking. 

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But the Phalanx alone isn't 
enough and Philip understood 

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that. 
You turn your attention to the 

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Cavalry exercising on the flanks
the companion, Cavalry, they're 

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called, and they're the elite. 
These are noble sons and trusted

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Warriors who form Philip's 
Hammer. 

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While the Phalanx is his Anvil, 
the strategy is elegant It's the

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enemy in place with the Phalanx,
then smashing into their flank. 

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With heavy Cavalry, in theory, 
murderously effective in 

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practice, Alexander is learning,
that Warfare isn't about 

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individual heroism, its about 
systems, the Macedonian army 

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wins because every piece works 
together. 

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The Infantry holds the Cavalry 
strikes. 

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The light troops screen, and 
harass, and the CJ engines 

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another of Philips innovation's 
knockdown City walls that used 

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to make places invincible. 
It's combined arms Warfare 

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before anyone called it, that 
you also see what Alexander is 

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inheriting in terms of political
structure, Philip has 

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reorganized the Macedonian 
nobility into something more 

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useful than feuding Clans. 
The companion. 

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Cavalry serves double duty as a 
military unit and political 

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institution. 
By keeping the sons of Nobles, 

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close training, and fighting 
beside them Philippines Shores, 

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loyalty while also making sure 
potential Rivals are where he 

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can watch them. 
His patronage and hostage taking

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raped into one elegant package 
the Kingdom's Finance is show, 

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Philip's, practical genius, you 
can't run a professional Army on

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Goodwill, Philip has expanded 
macedonia's, territory seizing, 

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control of Gold and Silver Mines
in Thrace and around Mount 

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pangai on those mines fund, 
everything. 

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The coins, you might see 
Changing Hands in the camper 

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Philips image. 
A constant reminder of who's 

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paying the bills, Money buys. 
Loyalty more reliably than 

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speeches about honor. 
Alexander is also inheriting. 

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His father's diplomatic 
Playbook. 

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Philip doesn't just conquer. 
He absorbs. after defeating 

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Greek city states, he doesn't 
burn them to the ground, he 

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incorporates them into his 
Alliance System, the league of 

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Corinth Where Greek States, 
theoretically remain 

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independent, while acknowledging
Macedonian leadership. 

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It's a Gemini with a velvet 
glove at least most of the time 

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cities, that resists get harsh 
lessons, but those that submit 

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find, Philip surprisingly 
reasonable But here's what 

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Alexander sees, clearly watching
his father work. 

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All of this is fragile. 
The Macedonian system depends on

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constant success. 
The Army needs payment, which 

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requires controlling wealth 
producing territories, which 

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requires military Victory, which
requires paying the Army? 

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It's a cycle. 
That only works if it keeps 

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working. 
One, serious defeat could break 

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the whole machine Philip has 
also made enemies everywhere. 

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The Greek city-states resent. 
Master, Tony and dominance. 

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The Persians watch with growing 
concern as this Western Kingdom 

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grows stronger. 
The tribes on macedonia's 

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borders, wait for any sign of 
weakness, Philip Zone Nobles 

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elevated and enriched by. 
His success, might just as 

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easily turn on him. 
If Fortune shifts. 

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Alexander is inheriting power 
but that power sits on 

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foundations of recently dried 
concrete, not ancient Bedrock, 

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you notice something else. 
As you watch Young Alexander 

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study as father's work, He's not
just memorizing tactics, he's 

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identifying limitations, the 
Phalanx is powerful but slow and

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inflexible. 
Cavalry is devastating but 

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relatively small in Number, the 
political alliances are useful 

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but unreliable. 
Philip has built something 

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impressive but Alexander is 
already thinking about how to 

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push beyond what his father 
achieved. 

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There's a strange irony in 
watching. 

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This Philip is giving Alexander 
the tools to succeed but those 

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tools come with an expiration 
date built in The same system 

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that makes Conquest possible. 
Also makes Conquest necessary, 

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stop expanding in the money, 
dries up the soldiers grow 

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restless, and the Allies Drift 
Away. 

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Alexander won't just inherit an 
empire in Waiting. 

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He'll inherit an obligation to 
keep moving forward or watch. 

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Everything collapse backward, 
you're in a garden at Miser. 

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The quiet Sanctuary away from 
the palace at paler. 

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The air smells of herbs and wild
thyme sunlight filters. 

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Through great finds overhead, 
creating patterns of light and 

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Shadow on the ground. 
This is where Philip has sent 

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Alexander to study under 
Aristotle and it's about as far 

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from a traditional military 
training ground as you can 

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imagine. 
Aristotle isn't here by 

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accident. 
Philip could have hired any 

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number of teachers, but he chose
one of the greatest Minds in the

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Greek world. 
The philosopher arrives from 

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Athens, carrying Scrolls 
questions and a systematic 

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approach to understanding 
everything you watch as he walks

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with Alexander through the 
garden. 

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Discussing not Battle Tactics, 
but biology Ethics politics and 

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the nature of the universe. 
The relationship between teacher

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and student is more complex than
simple instruction Aristotle 

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treats Alexander as someone 
capable of understanding, 

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sophisticated ideas and 
Alexander responds. 

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By asking questions that reveal 
a mind constantly testing 

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boundaries when Aristotle 
explained his classification of 

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animals, Alex and wants to know 
about creatures. 

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00:12:48,500 --> 00:12:51,900
Nobody has catalogued yet when 
they discuss politics? 

234
00:12:51,900 --> 00:12:55,400
Alexander doesn't, just absorb 
Aristotle's theories. 

235
00:12:55,400 --> 00:12:59,100
He challenges them with examples
from Macedonian reality. 

236
00:12:59,100 --> 00:13:03,500
You overhear them, debating the 
nature of kingship Aristotle, 

237
00:13:03,500 --> 00:13:06,800
following his teacher, Plato 
suggests that the ideal ruler is

238
00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:10,200
one who governs with wisdom and 
virtue pursuing the common good.

239
00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:14,200
Alexander listens, but counters 
with observations, from watching

240
00:13:14,200 --> 00:13:16,600
his father, Philip governs 
affectively. 

241
00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:19,500
Not because he's a philosopher 
king, but because he understands

242
00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:22,500
power, how to gain it, keep it 
and use it. 

243
00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:26,500
The theoretical ideal and 
practical reality, don't quite 

244
00:13:26,500 --> 00:13:29,100
match. 
And Alexander is learning to 

245
00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:32,100
navigate that Gap. 
The curriculum here goes far 

246
00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:35,700
beyond what most princes study, 
you see, Alexander examining 

247
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,400
plants specimens, learning to 
identify medicinal herbs and 

248
00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,600
poisonous ones Aristotle 
believes in understanding the 

249
00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:46,000
natural world through direct 
observation, and Alexander takes

250
00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:47,800
to this approach 
enthusiastically. 

251
00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:52,400
He's not just memorizing facts. 
He's learning a method, watch 

252
00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:54,200
carefully, categorize, what you 
see? 

253
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:56,400
Look for patterns and test your 
assumptions. 

254
00:13:57,100 --> 00:13:59,700
Its scientific thinking before 
science was formalized. 

255
00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:02,700
Its methods, geography 
Fascinate, Alexander 

256
00:14:02,700 --> 00:14:06,100
particularly Aristotle, shares 
maps, and travelers accounts of 

257
00:14:06,100 --> 00:14:09,000
distant lands. 
The Known World extends from the

258
00:14:09,008 --> 00:14:12,700
pillars of Hercules in the west 
to India in the East and from 

259
00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:15,300
Ethiopian the South to the air 
in the North. 

260
00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:19,200
The maps have enormous blank 
spaces where acknowledge Fades 

261
00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:23,300
into rumor and Legend. 
Alexander's, these blank spaces 

262
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:26,900
with special intense tea. 
What's actually out there? 

263
00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:30,700
Stories about Persian wealth 
accurate or exaggerated. 

264
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:35,600
How wide is the world really? 
Homer's epics are another focus 

265
00:14:35,600 --> 00:14:38,600
of study. 
Alexander already knows the 

266
00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:41,900
Iliad nearby heart. 
His mother made sure of that. 

267
00:14:42,700 --> 00:14:47,300
Claiming descent from Achilles. 
But with Aristotle, he examines 

268
00:14:47,300 --> 00:14:50,500
the text differently. 
They discuss leadership styles. 

269
00:14:50,500 --> 00:14:54,200
The relationship between glory 
and wisdom and the role of Fate 

270
00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:57,700
versus choice. 
Alexander identifies with the 

271
00:14:57,700 --> 00:15:01,700
killies but also recognizes 
Kylie's limitations The Greatest

272
00:15:01,700 --> 00:15:05,900
Warrior in The Iliad dies young 
and his rage causes catastrophe 

273
00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:08,900
for his own side. 
There's a lesson there about the

274
00:15:08,900 --> 00:15:13,300
costs of unchecked emotion. 
You notice Alexander developing,

275
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:16,400
what might be called strategic 
empathy during the studies 

276
00:15:16,400 --> 00:15:18,700
Aristotle. 
Teaches him about different 

277
00:15:18,700 --> 00:15:22,200
cultures forms of government and
religious beliefs. 

278
00:15:23,200 --> 00:15:27,300
The Greek World contains 
democracies oligarchies tyrannis

279
00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:31,900
and kingdoms each operating on 
different principles beyond the 

280
00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:33,900
Greek World lie. 
The Persians with their 

281
00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:37,500
centralized monarchy, the 
nomadic civilians, with their 

282
00:15:37,500 --> 00:15:41,900
mobile society and the Egyptians
with their ancient priesthoods. 

283
00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:45,100
Alexander is learning that 
people organize themselves in 

284
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:47,800
various ways each with logic 
behind it. 

285
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:50,800
But you also catch something 
troubling in these lessons 

286
00:15:50,800 --> 00:15:55,400
Aristotle for all his wisdom, 
carries the prejudices of his 

287
00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:57,400
culture. 
He teaches that Greeks and 

288
00:15:57,408 --> 00:16:02,100
naturally suited to rule and 
that barbarians non-greeks are 

289
00:16:02,100 --> 00:16:06,100
suited to serve This idea will 
Lodge in Alexander's mind but 

290
00:16:06,100 --> 00:16:09,000
he'll apply it. 
Strangely, he'll conquer as a 

291
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,500
Macedonian and Greek yet, he'll 
also adopt Persian customs and 

292
00:16:12,500 --> 00:16:15,400
marry foreign wives and promote 
non-greeks to high positions. 

293
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:18,600
The student will take the 
teachers framework and bend it 

294
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:21,000
into something Aristotle, 
wouldn't quite recognize. 

295
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:26,300
The education at Mesa lasts 
about three years during that 

296
00:16:26,300 --> 00:16:28,500
time. 
Alexander trains physically 

297
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:33,100
running wrestling and hunting. 
You watch him returned from a 

298
00:16:33,100 --> 00:16:37,000
hunt mudded and exhilarated from
pursuing a wild boar through 

299
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:40,100
rough country. 
The intellectual and physical 

300
00:16:40,100 --> 00:16:43,600
training happened together 
creating someone who can think 

301
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:47,200
strategically and act decisively
near the end of his time with 

302
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:49,300
Aristotle. 
Something happens that reveals 

303
00:16:49,300 --> 00:16:53,500
the contradiction Alexander is 
becoming Trader arrives with the

304
00:16:53,500 --> 00:16:57,500
Magnificent horse. 
That no one can tame. 

305
00:16:58,300 --> 00:17:02,700
The horses, huge powerful, and 
seemingly vicious, Philip is 

306
00:17:02,700 --> 00:17:05,300
ready to send it away. 
When Alexander asks for a 

307
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:09,200
chance, he's observed, something
others missed the horses afraid 

308
00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:12,400
of its own shadow. 
Alexander turns the horse, 

309
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:17,099
toward the sun, eliminating the 
shadow, calms it and then mounts

310
00:17:17,099 --> 00:17:20,000
it in that moment. 
You see observation leading to 

311
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,300
understanding leading to action.
It's everything Aristotle taught

312
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:27,099
applied to solving an immediate 
practical problem. 

313
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:30,200
Cephalus becomes Alexander's 
horse for the next. 

314
00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:32,800
Two decades, carrying him across
Asia. 

315
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:36,600
The relationship between Rider 
and horse becomes legendary, but

316
00:17:36,600 --> 00:17:39,200
it starts here with the teenager
who paid attention while 

317
00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:41,400
everyone else just saw an 
impossible problem. 

318
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:47,900
Alexander leaves me sir educated
but Restless Aristotle has shown

319
00:17:47,900 --> 00:17:51,400
him how to think Philip has 
shown him how to fight, but 

320
00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:53,600
neither has shown him limits. 
He's willing to accept. 

321
00:17:54,500 --> 00:17:57,600
Your standing on a Dusty Road in
Asia, Minor watching Supply 

322
00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,500
wagons Creek passed. 
The smell of ox, sweat and grain

323
00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:04,700
sacks fills the air. 
This is years after Alexander 

324
00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:07,800
crossed into Asia, but to 
understand how he won. 

325
00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:11,500
You need to understand how he 
ate armies, march on their 

326
00:18:11,500 --> 00:18:14,100
stomachs and Alexander's 
greatest battles. 

327
00:18:14,100 --> 00:18:17,200
Weren't against Persian forces. 
They were against distance 

328
00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:20,800
terrain and the calendar. 
When Alexander crosses the 

329
00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:27,500
hellespont into Asia in 334 BCE 
with roughly 40,000 men, he's 

330
00:18:27,500 --> 00:18:31,000
bringing along a logistics 
nightmare each Soldier needs 

331
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:32,900
about two pounds of grain per 
day. 

332
00:18:32,900 --> 00:18:37,400
The horses need more, do the 
math and you're looking at 50 

333
00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:40,900
tons of food daily for the Army 
alone, not counting the camp 

334
00:18:40,900 --> 00:18:44,700
followers servants and animals. 
That's a mountain of wheat 

335
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:47,800
moving slowly across some of the
harshest country in the world, 

336
00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:51,600
you watch the Army's, forages 
spread out into the countryside,

337
00:18:51,600 --> 00:18:54,200
requisitioning supplies from 
local villages. 

338
00:18:55,000 --> 00:18:58,800
It's not quite pillaging, 
Alexander learns early that 

339
00:18:58,800 --> 00:19:02,100
terrorizing, the locals, makes 
them hide their food and flee, 

340
00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:06,300
leaving nothing to take. 
Instead his system involves 

341
00:19:06,300 --> 00:19:10,600
payment at least, theoretically,
The reality is somewhere between

342
00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:13,900
purchase and polite theft, but 
it works better than pure 

343
00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:16,900
plunder. 
The geography of Alexander's 

344
00:19:16,900 --> 00:19:20,400
campaign tells you why so many 
thought, he'd fail, you're 

345
00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:23,000
looking at a world where 
mountains form natural barriers 

346
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:27,300
Rivers become impossible. 
In Spring floods, Desert stretch

347
00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:29,600
for weeks of travel and winter 
shuts. 

348
00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:32,900
Down military operations, 
entirely the Persian Empire 

349
00:19:32,900 --> 00:19:37,200
spans 3000 miles from west to 
east, marching from Macedonia to

350
00:19:37,208 --> 00:19:39,300
India. 
And back covers distances that 

351
00:19:39,300 --> 00:19:41,200
make modern road trips look 
trivial. 

352
00:19:41,900 --> 00:19:45,100
Consider the terrain. 
You cross coastal plains where 

353
00:19:45,108 --> 00:19:49,100
cities cluster then climb into 
mountain ranges, where passes 

354
00:19:49,100 --> 00:19:52,900
might be held by hostile tribes.
You descend into river. 

355
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:56,300
Valleys where local rulers might
support or oppose you, you 

356
00:19:56,300 --> 00:19:59,500
Traverse plateaus where some 
heat can kill as effectively as 

357
00:19:59,508 --> 00:20:03,400
any sword each type of terrain 
requires different tactics, 

358
00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:06,500
different Supply methods and 
different timing. 

359
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:09,600
Alexander succeeds partly 
because he's willing to move 

360
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:11,400
when conventional wisdom says 
don't. 

361
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:14,300
Your crossing, the hell is in 
early spring? 

362
00:20:14,300 --> 00:20:17,300
When the weather is still 
unpredictable, but you want the 

363
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:21,100
whole campaigning season ahead, 
your marching through gaudium in

364
00:20:21,108 --> 00:20:24,500
winter, when other armies would 
hunker down your crossing, the 

365
00:20:24,500 --> 00:20:28,400
gedrosian desert in late summer,
which is insane, but it's the 

366
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:30,800
root. 
Nobody expects, which makes it 

367
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:34,200
strategically useful. 
If you survive the supplies 

368
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,200
system. 
Alexander develops is adaptable 

369
00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:38,900
in Fertile. 
Regions, you live off the land 

370
00:20:38,900 --> 00:20:42,200
near coasts, you coordinate with
the fleet to bring supplies by 

371
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:45,700
sea in Barren, areas, you 
established Supply dumps in 

372
00:20:45,700 --> 00:20:48,700
advance stashing grain and 
fodder along your route. 

373
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:52,300
You also move fast enough that 
you don't exhaust any single 

374
00:20:52,300 --> 00:20:53,900
region before moving to the 
next. 

375
00:20:53,900 --> 00:20:58,600
It's like a locust swarm but 
organized and directional notice

376
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:03,600
another crucial element 
intelligence gathering Before 

377
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:06,400
Alexander moves into new 
territory Scouts, go ahead 

378
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:11,200
talking to locals mapping water 
sources and identifying Food 

379
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:14,400
Supplies. 
The Army rarely blunders into a 

380
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,200
region blind. 
Someone has usually been their 

381
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:20,200
first asking questions and 
sending information back. 

382
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:23,400
It's not perfect. 
The good drosi and desert 

383
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:27,000
disaster, proves that But it's 
more thorough than most ancient 

384
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:30,300
armies attempted Rivers, present
constant challenges. 

385
00:21:30,300 --> 00:21:33,900
You can't just Ford them 
anywhere or any time, the 

386
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:36,100
granicus is narrow enough to 
force in Spring. 

387
00:21:36,100 --> 00:21:40,200
The Danube is another matter 
entirely the Indus and its 

388
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:43,000
tributaries are massive barriers
that require boat construction 

389
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:44,900
bridge building and careful 
timing. 

390
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:48,900
With flood Seasons, Alexander's 
Engineers become as important as

391
00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:51,900
his Cavalry finding Crossing 
points and building the 

392
00:21:51,900 --> 00:21:55,500
infrastructure that keeps the 
Army moving Cities, complicate 

393
00:21:55,500 --> 00:21:59,400
the logistics picture. 
You can see just city which pins

394
00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:02,300
down your army and consumes 
resources while the Defenders 

395
00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:05,900
weight you out. 
Or you can buy pass it, but that

396
00:22:05,900 --> 00:22:08,600
leaves a hostile force in your 
rear that might cut your supply 

397
00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:11,700
lines. 
Alexander's solution, varies 

398
00:22:11,700 --> 00:22:15,600
important cities, get perceived 
with whatever it takes, Siege 

399
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:17,700
Towers minds and Relentless 
assault. 

400
00:22:17,700 --> 00:22:21,100
Lesser cities, get offers, they 
be wise not to refuse. 

401
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:24,900
The calculation is always about 
whether taking the city is worth

402
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:26,800
the time and resources. 
It will cost. 

403
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:31,700
Climate's Rhythm shapes. 
Everything you campaign in 

404
00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:34,700
spring summer and fall. 
Winter means stopping and 

405
00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:36,800
finding cities. 
Friendly enough or conquered. 

406
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:39,200
Thoroughly enough to house the 
Army while weather makes 

407
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:42,700
movement dangerous. 
This seasonal pause isn't wasted

408
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:45,500
time. 
It's when Alexander reorganizes 

409
00:22:45,500 --> 00:22:49,600
integrates new troops, handles 
political business and plans. 

410
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:53,100
The next year's campaign. 
The Rhythm becomes predictable. 

411
00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:58,800
Move fight conquer, winter, 
repeat, you're all so watching, 

412
00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:02,500
Alexander adapt to local 
conditions in Egypt, you use the

413
00:23:02,500 --> 00:23:05,200
Niles Transportation Network in 
Factory. 

414
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:09,200
You learn Mountain Warfare in 
India, you face where elephants 

415
00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:12,800
and monsoons that turn roads 
into rivers of mud, each region,

416
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:15,900
teaches new lessons. 
And the army that reaches, India

417
00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:18,500
is more sophisticated than the 
one that crossed into Asia. 

418
00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:22,700
The extended supply lines of 
eventually become Alexander's 

419
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:27,100
greatest vulnerability you're in
India and your Logistics Trail 

420
00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:31,500
stretches back, thousands of 
miles messages, take months to 

421
00:23:31,500 --> 00:23:33,700
travel from the front to 
Macedonia and back. 

422
00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:38,100
Reinforcements, arrived 
irregularly, local satraps 

423
00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:39,600
control, the territory you've 
conquered. 

424
00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:43,100
And if they Rebel or simply 
stopped cooperating, your army 

425
00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:47,200
becomes isolated the troops 
understand this which is partly 

426
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:49,100
why they eventually refused to 
go further. 

427
00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:52,800
They're not just tired of 
fighting, they're terrified of 

428
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,800
being cut off from home. 
There's a reason most conquista 

429
00:23:56,800 --> 00:23:59,700
to their home base. 
The further you go, the thinner,

430
00:23:59,700 --> 00:24:03,800
your stretched Alexander, pushes
beyond what sustainable and he 

431
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:08,600
only avoids catastrophe through 
luck speed and Shear or dacit. 

432
00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:12,300
The fact that he makes it back 
at all, is nearly as impressive 

433
00:24:12,300 --> 00:24:15,800
as the conquest themselves, 
you're in the Macedonian Camp 

434
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:19,200
the night before, the battle of 
issus, the airfields, electronic

435
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:22,900
with anticipation and fear 
soldiers, sit around fires, 

436
00:24:22,900 --> 00:24:27,800
checking equipment, talking in 
low voices and their moveing 

437
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:31,200
among them is Alexander. 
He's not in his tent. 

438
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:33,700
Reviewing Maps or Consulting 
with commanders. 

439
00:24:33,700 --> 00:24:37,900
He's here visible. 
Heating to regular Soldiers by 

440
00:24:37,900 --> 00:24:40,300
name. 
This is the aspect of 

441
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:43,600
Alexander's success that's 
hardest to quantify but 

442
00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:46,500
impossible to ignore your 
watching leadership as 

443
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:50,800
performance presence and genuine
connection all woven together 

444
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:54,000
into something that makes men 
willing to March, thousands of 

445
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:56,200
miles and fighting possible 
battles. 

446
00:24:56,200 --> 00:25:01,400
Watch how he moves through camp.
Stops at a fire where veterans 

447
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:02,900
from the Phalanx are sharing 
bread. 

448
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:05,700
He asks about their families 
back in. 

449
00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:10,700
Macedonia remembers details from
previous conversations and jokes

450
00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:12,900
about the Persian army waiting 
across the river. 

451
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:15,000
These aren't scripted 
interactions. 

452
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:18,500
Alexander genuinely seems to 
know these men and care about 

453
00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:21,800
their answers. 
When he moves on, you can see 

454
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:25,200
the soldiers sitting straighter 
talking more confidently. 

455
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:29,400
His presence is tangible. 
Alexander fights in the front, 

456
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:33,100
not the rear. 
At the grandeurs river, he's one

457
00:25:33,100 --> 00:25:36,100
of the first into the water 
leading the cavalry charge 

458
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:39,400
personally. 
Persian Noble strikes at him 

459
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:43,500
shattering Alexander's helmet 
before the second broken Land, 

460
00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:46,200
one of Alexander's companions 
kills the attacker. 

461
00:25:47,100 --> 00:25:49,300
Alexander could have died in the
campaign's first. 

462
00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:53,200
Major battle, but he survives 
and every Soldier sees their 

463
00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:56,700
King taking the same risks. 
They do this pattern repeats 

464
00:25:56,700 --> 00:26:01,400
constantly Europe's a watching 
Alexander directing The Siege 

465
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:03,400
personally when an arrow 
striking in the shoulder. 

466
00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:07,800
He has it, pulled out and 
continues, fighting at The Hider

467
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:09,400
speeds River. 
He's in the front ranks again 

468
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:13,300
this time facing war elephants, 
during the siege of the Molly 

469
00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:15,500
city in India. 
He climbs the wall himself when 

470
00:26:15,500 --> 00:26:19,200
his troops hesitate and he ends 
up isolated with only three 

471
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,700
companions while the mallee 
attack, he nearly dies from an 

472
00:26:22,700 --> 00:26:25,900
arrow, through the chest, and 
the Army rages through the city,

473
00:26:25,900 --> 00:26:29,300
afterward massacring 
inhabitants, out of Fury and 

474
00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:33,200
fear at almost losing their 
King, The injuries pile up over 

475
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:37,300
the years Arrow, wounds sword 
cuts, and a concussion from a 

476
00:26:37,300 --> 00:26:42,200
sling, Stone Alexander's body 
becomes a map of his battles but

477
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,200
each wound proves to his troops 
that their King doesn't ask them

478
00:26:45,200 --> 00:26:48,100
to do anything. 
He won't do himself, its 

479
00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:51,400
leadership through shared 
suffering, you also noticed. 

480
00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:55,100
How Alexander celebrates 
victories after significant 

481
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:59,300
battles, there are games 
competitions, sacrifices to the 

482
00:26:59,300 --> 00:27:01,700
gods and distributions of 
plunder. 

483
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:05,300
He on a soldiers, who performed 
exceptionally, sometimes 

484
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:08,800
promoting them on the spot. 
He holds elaborate funerals for 

485
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:12,700
the Fallen, ensuring their 
families, receive pensions the 

486
00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:15,800
men die, but their names and 
sacrifices are remembered 

487
00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:19,100
publicly, the relationship 
between Alexander and his troops

488
00:27:19,100 --> 00:27:22,100
is an entirely warm and fuzzy. 
He demands. 

489
00:27:22,100 --> 00:27:23,900
Brutal discipline when 
necessary. 

490
00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:27,700
You're watching a mass 
punishment after a unit breaks 

491
00:27:27,700 --> 00:27:30,900
formation, and flees the 
responsible officers are 

492
00:27:30,900 --> 00:27:33,700
executed publicly. 
The lesson is clear. 

493
00:27:34,500 --> 00:27:37,700
Cowardice brings death. 
But the same Army that 

494
00:27:37,700 --> 00:27:40,600
Witnesses, execution or so, 
sees, Alexander, sharing 

495
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:43,200
hardships. 
When water is scarce in the 

496
00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:46,500
desert, he paused out a helmet 
of water that Scouts bring him 

497
00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:49,100
refusing to drink if his troops 
can't. 

498
00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:51,500
Symbolic. 
Yes. 

499
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:56,300
Effective. 
Absolutely Alexander's ability 

500
00:27:56,300 --> 00:27:59,300
to inspire shows up most clearly
an impossible situation. 

501
00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:03,900
Europe Tire a city on an island 
that is never been taken by 

502
00:28:03,900 --> 00:28:06,500
Siege. 
The conventional wisdom is to 

503
00:28:06,500 --> 00:28:10,300
give up and bypass it but 
Alexander ordered a Causeway 

504
00:28:10,300 --> 00:28:11,900
built from the mainland to the 
island. 

505
00:28:11,900 --> 00:28:16,100
Essentially, creating a land 
bridge, where none existed the 

506
00:28:16,100 --> 00:28:19,400
engineering required is 
staggering the time consumed is 

507
00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:22,300
enormous and the tyrion's 
attack, the construction 

508
00:28:22,300 --> 00:28:24,400
constantly. 
It should fail. 

509
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:28,800
But Alexander's will become the 
armies will, and after seven 

510
00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:33,200
months tire falls, the troops 
accomplish it because Alexander 

511
00:28:33,200 --> 00:28:36,700
convinced them, they could. 
There's also a dark side to this

512
00:28:36,708 --> 00:28:40,000
leadership Alexander's. 
Charisma makes men do things, 

513
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:44,000
they'd normally refuse burning 
persepolis marching through the 

514
00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:48,400
gedrosian desert fighting in 
Monsoon, rains in India, these 

515
00:28:48,400 --> 00:28:51,800
decisions risk, the Army 
survival, some soldiers, follow 

516
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:55,900
out of loyalty, others from fear
of punishment, and many from a 

517
00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:58,200
strange belief, that Alexander's
luck will hold. 

518
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:01,700
He exploits that belief 
ruthlessly. 

519
00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:05,400
The massive donian ability, 
presents a different leadership 

520
00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:08,300
challenge. 
These are men who Alexander when

521
00:29:08,300 --> 00:29:11,600
he was just Philip's, son, and 
they remember that their nobles 

522
00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:13,100
too. 
Not just some boardmans 

523
00:29:13,100 --> 00:29:16,300
Alexander, manages them, through
a combination of personal 

524
00:29:16,300 --> 00:29:19,800
relationships. 
Calculated generosity, and 

525
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:23,600
occasional ruthlessness. 
Clitus, one of the companions 

526
00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:27,400
who saved Alexander's life at 
the grandest later, criticizes 

527
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:31,100
Alexander during a drunken 
Feast, Alexander kills him in a 

528
00:29:31,108 --> 00:29:33,700
rage then spends days in 
anguished regret. 

529
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:36,500
The lesson for other Nobles is 
complex. 

530
00:29:36,500 --> 00:29:40,500
Alexander values, loyalty, but 
won't tolerate challenges to his

531
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:44,000
authority. 
Even from friends, you noticed 

532
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:47,400
that Alexander's leadership 
style changes over time, the 

533
00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:50,300
young king, who crosses into 
Asia listens to advisors and 

534
00:29:50,300 --> 00:29:53,100
follows. 
Macedonian Customs, the Emperor 

535
00:29:53,100 --> 00:29:56,700
who reaches India wears Persian 
dress expects proskynesis 

536
00:29:56,700 --> 00:30:00,500
prostration and makes decisions 
increasingly alone. 

537
00:30:01,200 --> 00:30:04,400
Success breeds confidence that 
curdles into arrogance. 

538
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:07,300
The troops who worshiped. 
Him begin to whisper these 

539
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:12,400
becoming foreign less Macedonian
and more Persian the same 

540
00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:16,100
presence that inspired the now 
sometimes alienates them, but 

541
00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,100
even at the end, when the Army 
refuses to continue past the 

542
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:22,300
heifer, sis River in India 
Alexander's handling of the 

543
00:30:22,300 --> 00:30:26,200
mutiny shows his understanding 
of leadership, He sulks in his 

544
00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:29,600
tent for days, trying to shame 
them into continuing. 

545
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:33,100
When that fails, he accepts 
their decision, but stages, it 

546
00:30:33,100 --> 00:30:34,900
as his own choice based on 
Omens. 

547
00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:39,900
Both sides save face the troops,
get to go home and Alexander 

548
00:30:39,900 --> 00:30:41,400
avoids looking like he lost 
control. 

549
00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:44,900
It's manipulation, but it's 
effective manipulation 

550
00:30:44,900 --> 00:30:47,900
leadership. 
You realize watching Alexander 

551
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:50,500
isn't just about inspiring 
moments, it's about 

552
00:30:50,500 --> 00:30:54,400
understanding what motivates 
people, Glory greed, fear, 

553
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:58,500
loyalty, pride and orchestrating
those motivations towards your 

554
00:30:58,500 --> 00:31:01,000
goals. 
Alexander conducts, his army 

555
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,900
like an instrument knowing which
strings to pluck and when the 

556
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:07,800
fact that he sometimes mistakes,
the music doesn't change. 

557
00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:09,500
The skill involved in the 
conducting. 

558
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:13,100
You're in a Persian War, Council
chamber, watching commanders, 

559
00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:18,500
debate strategy, the year is 
333, BCE, and Alexander is 

560
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:21,100
invaded Asia. 
The smart move. 

561
00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:25,400
The Persian Noble's argue is to 
withdraw Scorch, the Earth, and 

562
00:31:25,400 --> 00:31:28,900
let Alexander supply lines, 
collapse, his far from home. 

563
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:33,200
His army is relatively small and
time is on Persia's side, but 

564
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:36,300
Darius, the third, the Persian 
king rejects the strategy. 

565
00:31:36,300 --> 00:31:40,700
He chooses to face, Alexander 
directly a discus, that choice 

566
00:31:40,700 --> 00:31:44,300
changes, everything luck runs 
through Alexander's campaigns, 

567
00:31:44,300 --> 00:31:47,200
like, a river through a valley 
sometimes, it's the river that 

568
00:31:47,200 --> 00:31:50,400
creates the valley shape, your 
watching moments were things 

569
00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:53,900
could have gone catastrophically
wrong but didn't often through 

570
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:56,200
random chance rather than 
brilliant planing. 

571
00:31:57,300 --> 00:32:01,100
Start at the granicus river 
Alexander's first major battle 

572
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:03,400
in Asia. 
He attacks across a river 

573
00:32:03,408 --> 00:32:07,100
against a defended position, 
which violates every tactical 

574
00:32:07,100 --> 00:32:10,700
principal The Persians have 
Cavalry waiting on the opposite 

575
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:13,100
bank and Alexander charges 
straight at them. 

576
00:32:13,100 --> 00:32:16,500
It's a foolish move that works 
partly because the Persian 

577
00:32:16,500 --> 00:32:19,400
commanders are more interested 
in killing Alexander personally 

578
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:22,700
and claiming the glory than in 
defeating his army 

579
00:32:22,700 --> 00:32:26,000
systematically. 
They Converge on him and in the 

580
00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:29,500
confusion of single combat. 
The Macedonian Phalanx, crosses 

581
00:32:29,500 --> 00:32:30,900
the river and establishes 
position. 

582
00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:34,500
If the Persians had fought 
defensively in hunting for 

583
00:32:34,500 --> 00:32:38,600
personal Glory, Alexander might 
have died in Asia's first, major

584
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:42,300
engagement, Then there's 
darius's decision at Isis. 

585
00:32:42,300 --> 00:32:45,100
The battlefield. 
Geography favors, Alexander 

586
00:32:45,100 --> 00:32:49,100
enormously the narrow coastal. 
Plain negate, Persia's, 

587
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:53,600
numerical Advantage, Darius 
chose to fight in the open 

588
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,900
Plains of Mesopotamia where 
Persian Cavalry could maneuver 

589
00:32:56,900 --> 00:32:59,900
freely. 
Why haps? 

590
00:32:59,900 --> 00:33:02,800
Because retreating seemed 
cowardly perhaps, because his 

591
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:04,700
advisors pushed for immediate 
confrontation. 

592
00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:07,900
Perhaps, because he 
underestimated Alexander 

593
00:33:07,900 --> 00:33:12,000
regardless, the choice hand, 
Alexander of Victory, he 

594
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:16,700
desperately needs Darius, flees 
the Persian army breaks, and 

595
00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:20,400
Alexander gains credibility as a
legitimate threat rather than a 

596
00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:24,400
raiding party from Macedonia. 
You notice how often Alexander's

597
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:27,300
gambles pay off, when they 
shouldn't attire. 

598
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:30,400
The Siege drags on for seven 
months, Alexander has already 

599
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:32,800
spent more time here than the 
entire city is worth 

600
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:35,500
strategically. 
If tires Defenders, hold out 

601
00:33:35,500 --> 00:33:38,700
another month or two Alexander 
might be forced to withdraw 

602
00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:43,400
leaving his first major failure 
as a scar on his reputation, but

603
00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:45,700
the city Falls just before that 
breaking point. 

604
00:33:45,700 --> 00:33:48,600
And what could have been a 
disaster, becomes another 

605
00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:52,300
victory. 
Gaka Mella, the decisive battle 

606
00:33:52,300 --> 00:33:56,500
against Darius, shows, both 
planning and absurd Fortune 

607
00:33:56,500 --> 00:33:59,500
working together. 
Alexander Scouts the battlefield

608
00:33:59,500 --> 00:34:02,700
beforehand and noticed his 
Darius as cleared and leveled, 

609
00:34:02,700 --> 00:34:05,200
the ground to favor, his sight 
to chariot. 

610
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:09,800
So Alexander attacks on the 
ground, Darius prepared, knowing

611
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:13,600
his fails can handle the 
Chariots, the plan works. 

612
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:16,600
But there's a moment during the 
battle when the mass Adonia line

613
00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:19,000
breaks and Darius could have 
won. 

614
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:23,100
If he'd committed his reserves, 
instead Gary sees Alexander 

615
00:34:23,100 --> 00:34:25,300
charging toward him personally 
and fleas. 

616
00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:28,900
Again the person King's fear, 
hands aleksandra and Empire 

617
00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:34,100
timing matters as much as luck. 
Alexander invades percher when 

618
00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:36,800
the emperor is wealthy, but 
military complacent. 

619
00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:40,699
The Persian army hasn't fought a
serious war in Generations. 

620
00:34:40,699 --> 00:34:44,699
Their commanders learned tactics
from textbooks and peace time 

621
00:34:44,699 --> 00:34:48,100
exercises while Alexander's 
troops are veterans, who cut 

622
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:50,600
their teeth fighting Mountain 
tribes and Greek hoplites. 

623
00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:54,300
The timing isn't planned. 
It's just when Alexander happens

624
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:57,100
to become king and when his 
father's assassination forces 

625
00:34:57,100 --> 00:34:59,800
him to move, But it's perfect 
timing. 

626
00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:02,700
Nonetheless disease and 
assassination to remove 

627
00:35:02,708 --> 00:35:06,900
Alexander's rivals in ways, no 
strategy could accomplish Darius

628
00:35:06,900 --> 00:35:08,200
dies. 
At the hands of his own 

629
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:12,200
subordinates eliminating, the 
legitimate Persian king, and 

630
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:16,000
leaving Alexander to claim his 
avenging, darius's murder rather

631
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:20,700
than just conquering, Propaganda
gold that Alexander didn't have 

632
00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:23,500
to walk a straight. 
Meanwhile, potential rivals in 

633
00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:25,600
Macedonia die or discredit 
themselves. 

634
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:29,300
Conveniently leaving Alexander 
without serious challenges to 

635
00:35:29,300 --> 00:35:31,300
his throne back. 
Home your watching. 

636
00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:34,900
Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush
mountains in tobacco tree and 

637
00:35:34,900 --> 00:35:36,900
the audacity nearly kills his 
army. 

638
00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:41,900
The pass is a higher than anyone
expected the cold, more severe 

639
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:46,200
and the food scarcer if the 
weather had been slightly worse,

640
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:49,600
if the local guides haven't 
cooperated, or if the Descent 

641
00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:52,800
had been steeper, the Army could
have perished in the mountains 

642
00:35:52,800 --> 00:35:55,200
in, they struggle through and 
emerge. 

643
00:35:55,200 --> 00:35:58,800
As the first Western Army to 
cross those Peaks terrifying, 

644
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:01,300
the locals, who thought the 
mountains made them unreachable,

645
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:06,100
had the Hades River in India, 
Alexander faces porus, his army,

646
00:36:06,100 --> 00:36:09,300
which includes war, elephants is
horses, have never encountered. 

647
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:12,700
The battle plan involved 
crossing the river at night 

648
00:36:12,700 --> 00:36:14,600
during a storm to achieve 
surprise. 

649
00:36:14,600 --> 00:36:20,300
His ridiculously risky horses. 
Can Panic troops can drown and 

650
00:36:20,300 --> 00:36:25,000
the surprise can fail. 
But the storm provides cover the

651
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:28,700
crossing succeeds and Alexander 
Windsor battle that most, 

652
00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:32,800
generals wouldn't have attempted
later Alexander's admirers will 

653
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:36,600
call it genius more accurately. 
It's a calculated risk that 

654
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:39,500
happened to work. 
The relationship between luck 

655
00:36:39,500 --> 00:36:43,500
and skill gets complicated here.
Alexander creates opportunities 

656
00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:45,600
for luck to favor him by moving 
fast. 

657
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:49,500
Taking initiative and putting 
himself in positions where Good 

658
00:36:49,500 --> 00:36:52,200
Fortune becomes possible 
Addison's. 

659
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,700
He's lucky, Darius chose that 
battlefield, but Alexander got 

660
00:36:55,700 --> 00:36:58,200
to wish this quickly enough. 
That Darius had to react to him 

661
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:02,100
rather than vice versa. 
The speed creates the conditions

662
00:37:02,100 --> 00:37:05,500
for luck to matter. 
You also see how Alexander's 

663
00:37:05,500 --> 00:37:09,200
personality affects his fortune.
His willingness to take enormous

664
00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:13,700
risks means he experiences both 
spectacular successes and near 

665
00:37:13,700 --> 00:37:16,800
disasters. 
The difference is that he 

666
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:20,300
survives his disasters and 
publicizes is successes at the 

667
00:37:20,308 --> 00:37:23,300
Molly city in India. 
Getting isolated on the wall 

668
00:37:23,300 --> 00:37:24,900
could have ended his entire 
campaign. 

669
00:37:24,900 --> 00:37:29,400
Instead, he survives and the 
story becomes another example of

670
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:33,800
his heroic courage, rather than 
his Reckless stupidity, the 

671
00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:35,900
survivorship bias here. 
That's impossible to ignore. 

672
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:38,900
You're watching Alexander's 
campaigns knowing they 

673
00:37:38,900 --> 00:37:42,500
succeeded, but you can imagine 
parallel universes where the 

674
00:37:42,508 --> 00:37:45,700
arrow at Garza. 
Hit a vital organ, where Darius 

675
00:37:45,700 --> 00:37:49,500
stood his ground at gawgaw Mela 
where the Hindu Kush Crossing 

676
00:37:49,500 --> 00:37:53,000
ended in Mass starvation and 
where the Russian desert 

677
00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:55,900
claimed, the entire Army in 
those universes. 

678
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:59,900
Alexander is a footnote a 
reckless, massive donian, King 

679
00:37:59,900 --> 00:38:01,800
who invaded Persia and died 
quickly. 

680
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:06,800
But in this universe the gambles
pay off the river crossing 

681
00:38:06,800 --> 00:38:09,800
succeed. 
The siege of eventually fall. 

682
00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:14,200
The enemies make mistakes at 
crucial moments Alexander's luck

683
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:16,600
becomes part of his Legend and 
soldiers. 

684
00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:20,200
Start believing their King is 
divinely protected that belief 

685
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,800
becomes self-fulfilling troops 
fight harder because they think 

686
00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:27,500
fortune favors Alexander which 
makes victories more likely, 

687
00:38:27,500 --> 00:38:31,000
which reinforces the belief near
the end. 

688
00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:35,300
Alexander's luck shows signs of 
running out the wound at the 

689
00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:38,600
Molly City, nearly kills him. 
The desert Crossing loses 

690
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:42,900
thousands of men and animals his
troops refused to continuing to 

691
00:38:42,900 --> 00:38:45,400
India. 
These are warning signs that 

692
00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:50,000
fortune is finite but Alexander 
dies before he fully exhausted 

693
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:51,100
it. 
You want? 

694
00:38:51,100 --> 00:38:54,500
What would have happened? 
If he lived another decade would

695
00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:57,400
his luck of held Would we 
remember him differently? 

696
00:38:57,400 --> 00:39:01,300
If one of those later gambles 
had failed catastrophically At 

697
00:39:01,300 --> 00:39:04,300
that speculation. 
What you know, is that Alexander

698
00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:07,100
one partly, because the dice 
kept coming up in his favor at 

699
00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:10,400
critical moments, Skill 
positioned him to roll those 

700
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:13,800
dice but luck determined what 
numbers showed you're watching 

701
00:39:13,808 --> 00:39:17,200
something peculiar happen as 
Alexander's campaigns progress. 

702
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:19,500
Each Victory makes the next one 
easier. 

703
00:39:19,500 --> 00:39:23,400
Not because the enemies become 
weaker but because Alexander's 

704
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,900
Army becomes more formidable in 
ways that transcend simple 

705
00:39:26,900 --> 00:39:30,600
military strength. 
Momentum the strange force that 

706
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:33,900
makes moving objects. 
Want to keep moving becomes as 

707
00:39:33,900 --> 00:39:36,400
powerful as any weapon in 
Alexander Arsenal. 

708
00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:40,800
The psychological effect starts,
early after the granite has 

709
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:43,200
River Victory. 
Greek cities in Asia Minor that 

710
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:45,700
were previously under Persian 
control, start opening their 

711
00:39:45,700 --> 00:39:48,100
Gates. 
They don't resist because 

712
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:51,700
resistance seems futile. 
How Alexander has demonstrated, 

713
00:39:51,700 --> 00:39:54,800
he can win against Persian 
forces and surrendering, early 

714
00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:58,100
means better treatment you watch
cities that could have cost 

715
00:39:58,100 --> 00:40:02,300
months to besiege instead, 
welcome Alex as a liberator, 

716
00:40:02,300 --> 00:40:06,500
each surrendering encourages the
next city to follow suit the 

717
00:40:06,500 --> 00:40:10,100
wealth accumulation feeds. 
The momentum Persia is rich in 

718
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:14,000
ways that make Macedonia look. 
Poor after Isis, Alexander 

719
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:17,100
captures darius's package train,
which includes the Persian Royal

720
00:40:17,100 --> 00:40:20,400
Treasury. 
Suddenly Alexander can pay his 

721
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:22,400
troops and gold rather than 
promises. 

722
00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:26,200
He can hire more soldiers. 
Build more Siege equipment and 

723
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:28,700
fund his political operations 
back in Greece. 

724
00:40:29,600 --> 00:40:32,900
Money makes everything easier 
and each Conquest brings more 

725
00:40:32,900 --> 00:40:35,900
money. 
You notice how Alexander's 

726
00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:39,800
reputation starts working for 
him before battles enemies. 

727
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:42,700
Know they're facing the king. 
Who defeated Darius, who 

728
00:40:42,700 --> 00:40:47,400
conquered Egypt who broke tire 
that knowledge undermines morale

729
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:50,100
before fighting begins a galga 
mellor. 

730
00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:52,700
Many of darius's soldiers. 
Flee early not because the 

731
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:55,500
macedonians are winning but 
because they expect the 

732
00:40:55,500 --> 00:41:00,400
macedonians to win. 
Expectations reality, the Army 

733
00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:03,400
itself, improves through 
experience, the troops who 

734
00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:08,500
crossed into Asia in 334, BC are
good, but the veterans who reach

735
00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,900
India's later are extraordinary.
They fought in every type of 

736
00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:16,900
train against every type of 
enemy using every type of 

737
00:41:16,900 --> 00:41:20,500
tactic, they've learned to build
Bridges, conduct sieges, 

738
00:41:20,500 --> 00:41:23,800
coordinate, with Naval forces 
and to local conditions. 

739
00:41:23,800 --> 00:41:27,600
Each campaign is a training 
exercise for the next one. 

740
00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:31,900
Alexander integrates Concord 
people's into his forces which 

741
00:41:31,900 --> 00:41:35,900
increases his numbers. 
But also sends a message Persian

742
00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:37,900
Cavalry. 
Start fighting alongside 

743
00:41:37,900 --> 00:41:41,200
macedonians local auxiliaries. 
Join the Army. 

744
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:45,000
This makes force shows that 
Alexander isn't just conquering,

745
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,100
he's building something larger 
than a Macedonian Kingdom. 

746
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:51,800
The vision expands with each 
additional from recovering, 

747
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:55,800
Greek cities to defeating Persia
to ruling Asia to reaching the 

748
00:41:55,808 --> 00:41:59,100
end of the world. 
Each goal achieved suggests. 

749
00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:02,500
The next goal is achievable too.
The administrative structure, 

750
00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:05,100
Alexander establishes, helps 
maintain momentum. 

751
00:42:05,900 --> 00:42:09,500
Conquered territories, get 
satraps, local Governors who 

752
00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:12,800
manage regions and Supply 
resources to the advancing Army.

753
00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:16,000
This creates a trail of stable 
territory behind the front 

754
00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:19,300
lines. 
It's not perfect, some satraps 

755
00:42:19,300 --> 00:42:22,400
Rebel, some steel, some proven 
competent. 

756
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:26,000
But it's functional enough that 
Alexander can keep pushing 

757
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:28,900
forward without constantly 
worrying about his rear. 

758
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:32,300
You see momentum working at 
multiple levels simultaneously 

759
00:42:32,300 --> 00:42:37,200
militarily, Victory is 
accumulate economically wealth 

760
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:40,700
Flows In politically 
Alexander's, legitimacy 

761
00:42:40,700 --> 00:42:44,700
increases psychologically, both 
his truths and his enemies start

762
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:45,800
believing. 
He's Unstoppable. 

763
00:42:45,800 --> 00:42:50,100
These factors reinforce each 
other creating a self-sustaining

764
00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:54,800
cycle of success. 
But momentum has limits and 

765
00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:57,400
dangers. 
You're watching Alexander in 

766
00:42:57,400 --> 00:43:00,600
bacteria and Society, Anna 
mountain regions where there are

767
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:03,900
no major battles to win. 
Just endless guerrilla warfare 

768
00:43:03,900 --> 00:43:07,200
against local tribes, the 
momentum spotters here, 

769
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:10,500
Alexander spends years, passing 
territories that don't 

770
00:43:10,500 --> 00:43:13,400
particularly care about his 
Grand Vision and can't be 

771
00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:17,200
defeated in decisive battles, 
the easy Victory, stop the 

772
00:43:17,200 --> 00:43:19,500
casualties, Mount, and the 
troops start, grumbling 

773
00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:23,400
momentum, requires visible 
progress and these campaigns 

774
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:27,100
don't provide it. 
The Army's growing diversity, 

775
00:43:27,100 --> 00:43:31,000
also creates tensions, 
Macedonian veterans resent, 

776
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:33,700
seeing Persians elevated, to 
positions of Honor. 

777
00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:38,100
When Alexander adopts, Persian 
dress and Customs, it feels like

778
00:43:38,100 --> 00:43:40,700
betrayal to soldiers, who 
thought they were fighting to 

779
00:43:40,700 --> 00:43:45,000
defeat Persia, not become it. 
The momentum that United, the 

780
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:47,500
Army behind a conquering, King 
starts fracturing. 

781
00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:49,000
When the mission becomes less 
clear. 

782
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:52,300
By the time Alexander reaches, 
India. 

783
00:43:52,300 --> 00:43:55,900
Momentum has carried the Army 
impossibly far from home. 

784
00:43:55,900 --> 00:44:00,100
They've marched for years 
crossed, deserts, and mountains 

785
00:44:00,100 --> 00:44:03,000
and Fort enemies. 
Most never imagined existed. 

786
00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:07,300
But their all so exhausted 
separated from families by 

787
00:44:07,300 --> 00:44:11,000
thousands of miles and 
increasingly uncertain about 

788
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:13,700
what their fighting for the 
momentum, that pushed them 

789
00:44:13,700 --> 00:44:15,400
forward. 
Finally meets an immovable 

790
00:44:15,400 --> 00:44:18,300
object, their own unwillingness 
to go further. 

791
00:44:19,900 --> 00:44:23,500
The Mutiny at the heifers River 
marks the moment when momentum 

792
00:44:23,500 --> 00:44:27,100
breaks Alexander wants to 
continue into the Ganges Valley,

793
00:44:27,100 --> 00:44:30,900
convinced that the edge of the 
world lies just beyond the 

794
00:44:30,900 --> 00:44:33,600
troops refused. 
They followed Alexander 

795
00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:37,000
everywhere but they won't follow
him there for the first time. 

796
00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:40,100
Alexander can't overcome 
resistance through force of 

797
00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:44,200
Personality or the promise of 
future Glory, the campaign has 

798
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:48,400
reached its natural limit, even 
then momentum helps Alexander on

799
00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:51,300
the return Journey. 
His reputation makes local 

800
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:55,400
rulers cautious about resisting 
cities surrender or face 

801
00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:58,000
destruction. 
The army that returns is smaller

802
00:44:58,000 --> 00:45:01,600
than the one that invaded 
reduced by combat losses disease

803
00:45:01,600 --> 00:45:04,700
desertion and the desert 
Crossing, but it still 

804
00:45:04,700 --> 00:45:06,500
formidable enough to command 
respect. 

805
00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:10,500
You realize that Alexander's 
Conquest weren't inevitable even

806
00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:14,300
after they started. 
Momentum helped, but it required

807
00:45:14,300 --> 00:45:17,100
constant feeding. 
Each Victory needed to be 

808
00:45:17,108 --> 00:45:21,100
published. 
Each defeat minimized Niche, 

809
00:45:21,100 --> 00:45:24,600
pause filled with training or 
diplomacy or preparation for the

810
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:27,300
next Advanced. 
Alexander understood that 

811
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:28,700
stopping meant risking 
everything. 

812
00:45:28,700 --> 00:45:33,600
So he almost never stopped until
his troops forced him to Final 

813
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:37,800
irony, is that momentum? 
Kills him, not directly, but he 

814
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:40,600
can't adjust a peacetime back in
Babylon. 

815
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:44,300
After the campaigns, Alexander 
plans, new Expeditions for 

816
00:45:44,300 --> 00:45:47,700
Arabia Carthage, the Western 
Mediterranean, there's always 

817
00:45:47,700 --> 00:45:50,500
another Target. 
His body is breaking down from 

818
00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:54,100
wounds fever and excessive 
drinking, but his mind still 

819
00:45:54,100 --> 00:45:58,300
operates in campaign mode. when 
he dies at 32, his planning 

820
00:45:58,300 --> 00:46:02,400
rather than resting Momentum 
once started becomes hard to 

821
00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:04,700
stop. 
You're in a library centuries 

822
00:46:04,700 --> 00:46:08,100
after Alexander's death 
surrounded by Scrolls and 

823
00:46:08,100 --> 00:46:10,800
history is written by people 
trying to make sense of what 

824
00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:13,500
happened. 
They've turned Alexander into 

825
00:46:13,500 --> 00:46:18,700
myth philosophy and Legend, you 
know, something, they don't you 

826
00:46:18,700 --> 00:46:21,800
watched it happen. 
You saw the luck, the mistakes 

827
00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:24,000
and the chaos. 
That history smooth into 

828
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:28,000
narrative looking back at 
Alexander's improbable success. 

829
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:31,700
You see patterns that 
contemporaries couldn't Philip's

830
00:46:31,700 --> 00:46:33,500
reforms. 
Created the military instrument 

831
00:46:33,500 --> 00:46:37,400
Aristotle's, teaching provided 
the intellectual framework. 

832
00:46:38,200 --> 00:46:39,900
Persian weakness offered the 
opportunity. 

833
00:46:41,100 --> 00:46:42,800
But none of it, guaranteed 
success. 

834
00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:46,400
You're staring at a sequence of 
events where everything had to 

835
00:46:46,400 --> 00:46:49,400
go approximately right for 
Alexander to achieve what he did

836
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:54,400
and somehow improbably things 
did go approximately right? 

837
00:46:54,400 --> 00:46:57,900
The revisionist historians will 
argue that Alexander was 

838
00:46:57,900 --> 00:47:00,200
inevitable. 
That the Persian Empire was 

839
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:04,300
right for conquest and that any 
competent Macedonian King could 

840
00:47:04,300 --> 00:47:06,800
have done it but you know, 
that's nonsense. 

841
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:09,800
Alexander's, brother, Philip 
Harry dais couldn't have done 

842
00:47:09,800 --> 00:47:11,800
it. 
Neither could any of the other 

843
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:14,200
Macedonian Nobles. 
It required. 

844
00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:17,600
Someone with Alexander specific 
combination of military Talent, 

845
00:47:17,600 --> 00:47:21,700
political cunning, physical, 
courage, and sheer stubborn 

846
00:47:21,700 --> 00:47:25,200
refusal to accept limits. 
You also see what Alexander 

847
00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:28,300
didn't accomplish. 
He conquered an Empire but 

848
00:47:28,300 --> 00:47:30,000
didn't create a stable success 
estate. 

849
00:47:30,900 --> 00:47:33,700
Within years of his death, his 
generals will carve up his 

850
00:47:33,700 --> 00:47:36,800
territories into separate 
kingdoms the unity. 

851
00:47:36,800 --> 00:47:40,300
He forced through military power
collapses, the moment that power

852
00:47:40,300 --> 00:47:44,900
disappears by that measure, 
Alexander fails, he builds, 

853
00:47:44,900 --> 00:47:47,900
nothing permanent beyond the 
cities named after him and The 

854
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:49,800
Roots. 
He opened between Eastern West 

855
00:47:50,700 --> 00:47:53,700
But the question was never where
the Alexander was supposed to 

856
00:47:53,708 --> 00:47:55,800
succeed in creating a lasting 
Empire. 

857
00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:58,800
The question was whether he was 
supposed to win at all. 

858
00:47:58,808 --> 00:48:03,200
And by that measure the answer 
is clearly, no, the odds against

859
00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:06,500
a young Macedonian King, 
Conquering, the Persian Empire 

860
00:48:06,500 --> 00:48:09,400
were astronomical. 
The fact that he did it anyway, 

861
00:48:09,400 --> 00:48:12,900
doesn't mean it was probable or 
inevitable, it means that 

862
00:48:12,900 --> 00:48:17,500
sometimes improbably things 
happen that weren't supposed to 

863
00:48:17,500 --> 00:48:19,700
happen. 
You think about the people who 

864
00:48:19,700 --> 00:48:22,900
live through Alexander's 
campaigns and wonder how they 

865
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:25,700
processed it. 
The person Nobles, who thought 

866
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:28,600
they were defending an eternal 
Empire and instead watched it 

867
00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:32,100
shatter, the Greek city-states, 
that mocked Macedonia. 

868
00:48:32,100 --> 00:48:35,400
And then found themselves 
subject to Macedonian hegemony. 

869
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:40,000
The Indian kingdoms on the far 
edge of Alexander's Advanced who

870
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:43,000
encountered Greeks for the first
time and had to make sense of 

871
00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:44,700
these strange Invaders from the 
West. 

872
00:48:45,700 --> 00:48:48,700
Their world was rearranged by 
someone who wasn't supposed to 

873
00:48:48,708 --> 00:48:51,400
rearrange it. 
There's a lesson in there about 

874
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:55,000
history on predicted ability. 
The historians who come after 

875
00:48:55,000 --> 00:48:58,300
try to explain Alexander's 
success as if it makes sense in 

876
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:01,000
retrospect. 
But living through it the 

877
00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:04,500
outcomes far from certain at any
point things could have gone 

878
00:49:04,500 --> 00:49:07,000
differently. 
Alexander could have died young 

879
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:09,300
from disease or battle or 
assassination. 

880
00:49:09,300 --> 00:49:12,500
The Macedonian army could have 
broken apart from internal 

881
00:49:12,500 --> 00:49:14,900
tensions. 
The Persian Empire could have 

882
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:16,300
rallied and crushed The 
Invasion. 

883
00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:20,200
None of these happened but they 
could have and the stories 

884
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:22,800
written centuries. 
Later makes success seemed more 

885
00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:27,000
for ordained than it was you 
close your eyes, the library, 

886
00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:30,300
fading around you. 
The story of Alexander isn't 

887
00:49:30,300 --> 00:49:32,600
really about how a young king 
conquered the world. 

888
00:49:33,600 --> 00:49:35,700
It's about how someone who 
wasn't supposed to win. 

889
00:49:35,700 --> 00:49:40,000
Kept winning anyway, through 
Talent timing and tremendous 

890
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:43,000
luck until his troops. 
Finally made him stop. 

891
00:49:43,000 --> 00:49:45,800
It's a reminder that history 
isn't a story written in 

892
00:49:45,800 --> 00:49:48,400
advance. 
To series of people, making 

893
00:49:48,400 --> 00:49:51,900
choices and taking risks where 
outcomes aren't determined until

894
00:49:51,900 --> 00:49:54,700
they happen. 
Young Prince, born in Pella, in 

895
00:49:54,708 --> 00:49:59,300
356, BCE to a disfunctional 
family in a kingdom. 

896
00:49:59,300 --> 00:50:02,400
Nobody respected had no 
business, conquering, one of 

897
00:50:02,408 --> 00:50:06,700
History's Greatest Empires but 
he did it anyway and that's why 

898
00:50:06,700 --> 00:50:09,600
thousands of years later were 
still trying to understand how 

899
00:50:09,600 --> 00:50:11,300
it happened. 
Sleep. 

900
00:50:11,300 --> 00:50:18,800
Well, knowing that sometimes the
impossible becomes real In the 

901
00:50:18,800 --> 00:50:22,500
early 19th century, the United 
States was still refining its 

902
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:25,200
identity grappling with 
International pressures. 

903
00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:28,300
Chief among them was the 
persistent clash with Great 

904
00:50:28,300 --> 00:50:31,200
Britain which never fully 
receded, even after the 

905
00:50:31,200 --> 00:50:35,200
Revolutionary War. 
By the year 1812 tensions. 

906
00:50:35,200 --> 00:50:38,600
Had once again, escalated 
British warships roamed, the 

907
00:50:38,600 --> 00:50:41,500
Atlantic seizing, American 
Merchant vessels and impressing,

908
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:45,000
Sailors into the Royal Navy. 
Britain Justified these actions 

909
00:50:45,000 --> 00:50:48,400
by citing its endless struggle 
with Napoleonic France but 

910
00:50:48,400 --> 00:50:51,300
Americans saw them as blatant 
infringements on neutral rights 

911
00:50:51,300 --> 00:50:55,900
politicians in Washington DC, 
argued, that National sealed. 

912
00:50:55,900 --> 00:50:58,200
Honor demanded a Resolute 
stance. 

913
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:01,900
Yet not all Americans. 
Agreed, New England Merchants 

914
00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:05,400
dependent on overseas trade. 
Feared that a war would wreck 

915
00:51:05,400 --> 00:51:08,400
their livelihoods Frontier 
Farmers from the west and south 

916
00:51:08,400 --> 00:51:11,600
Main wild were more bellicose. 
They complained of British 

917
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:14,800
influence over native tribes 
alleging that British agents 

918
00:51:14,800 --> 00:51:17,600
provided Weaponry to indigenous 
groups resisting American 

919
00:51:17,600 --> 00:51:21,200
expansion. 
Fame orators in Congress labeled

920
00:51:21,200 --> 00:51:23,600
warhawks pressed for military 
action. 

921
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:27,200
Insisting, that only Force could
end Maritime harassment and 

922
00:51:27,200 --> 00:51:30,800
secure National credibility. 
James Madison, the fourth 

923
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:35,500
president presided over a 
Charged political scene. a quiet

924
00:51:35,500 --> 00:51:39,600
dilber, I save he weighed 
options carefully. 

925
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:45,600
But the Klamath a war grew in 
June 1812, Madison Center War 

926
00:51:45,600 --> 00:51:48,700
message to Congress, 
highlighting impressment trade, 

927
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:52,000
restrictions and alleged British
Insight of native violence. 

928
00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:56,600
A narrow majority in both houses
voted for war, marking the first

929
00:51:56,600 --> 00:51:59,000
time that the United States 
formally declared it. 

930
00:51:59,900 --> 00:52:02,700
The nation's newness and 
untested Military raised 

931
00:52:02,700 --> 00:52:05,600
questions, could the young 
Republic must of the unity and 

932
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:07,900
resources to challenge. 
The world's leading Naval power 

933
00:52:07,900 --> 00:52:11,300
on paper, the British hardly 
viewed, the us as a primary 

934
00:52:11,300 --> 00:52:14,600
threat, Napoleon's armies in 
Europe had captured their 

935
00:52:14,600 --> 00:52:18,100
attention, nonetheless, the 
British recognized that if the 

936
00:52:18,100 --> 00:52:20,900
Americans invaded Canada, the 
region might be lost. 

937
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:25,100
After all, Canada was likely 
populated and the British 

938
00:52:25,100 --> 00:52:27,100
presence there. 
Hinged on loyal malicious 

939
00:52:27,100 --> 00:52:30,900
British leaders believed that 
despite the American impetus. 

940
00:52:32,400 --> 00:52:35,300
The conflict wouldn't Supply. 
Britain's Prime Focus on the 

941
00:52:35,300 --> 00:52:38,400
European front, so they 
stationed smaller Garrison's 

942
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:41,200
trusting that, the disorganized 
American approach would yield 

943
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:44,700
limited success across the 
Atlantic in American port 

944
00:52:44,700 --> 00:52:46,900
cities. 
Many tried to maintain Commerce 

945
00:52:46,900 --> 00:52:50,500
but with British blockades, 
looming, Merchant captains, 

946
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:53,200
found themselves restricted or 
forced to sail under constant 

947
00:52:53,200 --> 00:52:55,300
threat. 
The administration in 

948
00:52:55,300 --> 00:52:58,300
Washington, saw the conflict as 
a chance to rid the continent of

949
00:52:58,300 --> 00:53:01,600
lingering British power. 
Some leaders fantasized that 

950
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:03,500
capturing Canada might be 
straightforward. 

951
00:53:04,300 --> 00:53:07,000
They assume Canadians would 
readily join the American cause.

952
00:53:07,700 --> 00:53:11,700
However, that assumption proved 
naive Canadian loyalty to the 

953
00:53:11,700 --> 00:53:14,900
crown, especially among certain 
Pockets was stronger than 

954
00:53:14,900 --> 00:53:18,900
American Ted anticipated. 
Meanwhile, the wars outbreak 

955
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:22,000
also reverberated among native 
nations particularly in the 

956
00:53:22,008 --> 00:53:25,200
Great Lakes region, some tribes 
formed alliances with the 

957
00:53:25,200 --> 00:53:27,000
British. 
Considering them to be less 

958
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:29,400
harmful than the land hungry, 
American settlers. 

959
00:53:30,100 --> 00:53:32,800
Leaders like to come surface 
strove to form abroad 

960
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:34,700
indigenous. 
Confederation that might halt 

961
00:53:34,700 --> 00:53:37,500
further, American encroachment. 
For them. 

962
00:53:37,500 --> 00:53:40,700
This war was another chapter in 
a longstanding struggle to 

963
00:53:40,700 --> 00:53:44,100
defend their home lands. 
The British short on Manpower 

964
00:53:44,100 --> 00:53:47,900
readily welcome to indigenous 
allies will be it with uncertain

965
00:53:47,900 --> 00:53:51,600
commitments once the war ended. 
Public opinion within the United

966
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:54,600
States remained uneven, southern
and western states. 

967
00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:58,400
Tended to favor hostilities in 
contrast, many new englanders 

968
00:53:58,400 --> 00:54:00,200
rely on. 
Atlantic trade. 

969
00:54:00,200 --> 00:54:03,300
Found the conflict ruinous some 
states. 

970
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:05,200
Half-heartedly contributed 
militia. 

971
00:54:05,900 --> 00:54:09,200
Political friction within the US
threatened to hamper effective, 

972
00:54:09,200 --> 00:54:12,100
prosecution of the war. 
Nevertheless, the formal 

973
00:54:12,100 --> 00:54:15,700
declaration spurred initial 
bursts of patriotism in certain 

974
00:54:15,700 --> 00:54:19,200
regions, local militia parades, 
and oratory about defending 

975
00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:22,200
Liberty, repeated, the rhetoric 
of the revolutionary era, 

976
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:25,700
though, critics derided the war 
as Mr. Madison's war. 

977
00:54:26,500 --> 00:54:30,400
As the summer of 1812 progressed
American forces readied 

978
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:33,700
invasions across the Canadian 
border aiming to quickly seize 

979
00:54:33,700 --> 00:54:37,900
territory, the war department. 
However, was ill-prepared the 

980
00:54:37,900 --> 00:54:41,700
regular army was small officer 
by mix of Revolutionary War 

981
00:54:41,700 --> 00:54:44,400
veterans, and political 
appointees State, militias 

982
00:54:44,400 --> 00:54:47,500
varied, widely and disciplined. 
Supplier lines were shaking 

983
00:54:47,500 --> 00:54:50,400
still, generals promise Swift 
victories. 

984
00:54:50,400 --> 00:54:53,800
Observers from Europe. 
Half attentive while embroiled 

985
00:54:53,800 --> 00:54:58,000
in Napoleonic campaigns, watched
with mild interest, suspecting 

986
00:54:58,000 --> 00:54:59,700
the conflict would remain 
localized. 

987
00:55:00,500 --> 00:55:04,200
The War of 1812 began. 
In this precarious multifaceted 

988
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:06,700
environment. 
The Americans believed they 

989
00:55:06,700 --> 00:55:10,200
could have Avenged Maritime 
wrongs and perhaps expand into 

990
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:12,400
Canada. 
The British confident. 

991
00:55:12,400 --> 00:55:15,900
But distracted expected to 
defend Canada with minimal 

992
00:55:15,900 --> 00:55:20,400
resources indigenous Nations 
caught in the crossfire saw an 

993
00:55:20,400 --> 00:55:22,400
opportunity to resist American 
expansion. 

994
00:55:23,400 --> 00:55:26,100
As the war commenced. 
If you realize the 

995
00:55:26,100 --> 00:55:28,500
transformative effects it would 
have on North America's 

996
00:55:28,500 --> 00:55:31,100
diplomatic and cultural 
landscape early. 

997
00:55:31,100 --> 00:55:34,900
In 1813 American strategists. 
Believe they could redeem the 

998
00:55:34,900 --> 00:55:38,100
humiliations of 1812 by 
launching renewed, offensives 

999
00:55:38,100 --> 00:55:40,900
into Canada. 
However, the same structural 

1000
00:55:40,900 --> 00:55:45,100
flaws, persisted volunteer, 
militias uncertain supply lines 

1001
00:55:45,100 --> 00:55:47,700
and Leadership lacking 
experience in large-scale 

1002
00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:50,500
campaigns. 
Generals like Henry Dearborn, 

1003
00:55:50,500 --> 00:55:53,200
planned coordinated, thrusts 
along Lake Ontario in the 

1004
00:55:53,208 --> 00:55:56,400
Niagara Frontier. 
Yet cooperation between commands

1005
00:55:56,400 --> 00:56:00,100
remained shaky and British 
Defenders aided by local militia

1006
00:56:00,100 --> 00:56:03,200
and Indigenous allies 
effectively, countered many 

1007
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:06,300
moves. 
On Lake Erie Oliver Hazard, 

1008
00:56:06,300 --> 00:56:09,500
Perry supervised a frantic 
shipbuilding effort at Presque 

1009
00:56:09,500 --> 00:56:11,500
Isle present, dayra 
Pennsylvania. 

1010
00:56:12,800 --> 00:56:17,000
The plan was bold construct. 
A small Fleet to wrest control 

1011
00:56:17,000 --> 00:56:19,700
of the lake from the British 
thereby isolating their 

1012
00:56:19,700 --> 00:56:21,300
garrisons in Western Upper 
Canada. 

1013
00:56:22,700 --> 00:56:26,600
In September 1813 Perry, 
Squadron face the British at the

1014
00:56:26,608 --> 00:56:29,500
Battle of Lake Erie. 
The mid chaotic fighting 

1015
00:56:29,500 --> 00:56:33,500
Perry's, Flagship took heavy 
damage, prompting him to row to 

1016
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:34,900
another vessel and continue the 
fight. 

1017
00:56:35,900 --> 00:56:39,700
The result was a striking, 
American victory culminating in 

1018
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:42,600
his laconic message. 
We have met the enemy and they 

1019
00:56:42,600 --> 00:56:45,400
are ours. 
This Triumph severed Britain 

1020
00:56:45,400 --> 00:56:48,700
Supply route and forced them to 
abandon Detroit simultaneously. 

1021
00:56:48,700 --> 00:56:51,700
William Henry Harrison LED an 
American Army into Upper Canada 

1022
00:56:52,300 --> 00:56:55,800
Bolstered by a Lake Erie 
strategic Advantage, Harrison 

1023
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:58,900
Advanced culminating in the 
battle of the Thames in October,

1024
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:02,200
1813. 
The death of Tecumseh their 

1025
00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:04,100
shattered, the indigenous 
Coalition in the region, 

1026
00:57:04,100 --> 00:57:07,600
although some tribes would 
continue resistance unified 

1027
00:57:07,600 --> 00:57:11,200
front to comes a champion as 
dissipated American morale. 

1028
00:57:11,200 --> 00:57:14,400
Sword at these Regional 
successes mitigating memories of

1029
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:17,500
the prior years. 
Catastrophes yet not all fronts 

1030
00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:21,300
prospered along Lake Ontario, 
The American's captured and 

1031
00:57:21,308 --> 00:57:25,400
burned, York future Toronto, 
angering Canadian locals, but 

1032
00:57:25,400 --> 00:57:29,200
failing to achieve a decisive 
hold Furthermore, the attempt to

1033
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:32,600
hold or take the Niagara region 
vacillated as leadership, change

1034
00:57:32,600 --> 00:57:35,900
the incompetent or quarrelsome, 
interplay among American 

1035
00:57:35,900 --> 00:57:37,800
generals let opportunities slip 
away. 

1036
00:57:37,800 --> 00:57:41,700
British regulars though 
outnumbered capitalized on 

1037
00:57:41,700 --> 00:57:43,500
interior lines and local 
knowledge. 

1038
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:46,800
They also enjoyed better 
coordination with indigenous 

1039
00:57:46,800 --> 00:57:50,100
forces. 
On the Atlantic side the US 

1040
00:57:50,100 --> 00:57:52,800
Navy's larger warships 
occasionally triumphed in single

1041
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:56,900
ship duels but Britain's 
blockade grew tighter, American 

1042
00:57:56,900 --> 00:57:59,300
Merchant vessels found it 
perilous to venture out. 

1043
00:58:00,100 --> 00:58:02,000
Privateers operating from 
smaller ports. 

1044
00:58:02,000 --> 00:58:05,200
Try to slip through, capturing 
British Merchant ships for 

1045
00:58:05,200 --> 00:58:07,700
Bounty. 
Despite being a significant 

1046
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:10,700
threat to Britain, these 
privateers were unable to lift 

1047
00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:14,300
the blockade. coastal towns 
faced hardship, as imported 

1048
00:58:14,300 --> 00:58:18,700
goods, became scarce, fueling 
discontent In New England, 

1049
00:58:18,700 --> 00:58:23,500
especially anti-war sentiments, 
solidified, some Federalists saw

1050
00:58:23,500 --> 00:58:27,100
the conflict as a southern War 
suspecting expansions in 

1051
00:58:27,100 --> 00:58:30,100
territory only benefitted, 
South-Western agrarian 

1052
00:58:30,100 --> 00:58:33,900
interests. 
Amid these realities 1814 

1053
00:58:33,900 --> 00:58:36,200
brought a watershed shift in the
global context. 

1054
00:58:37,400 --> 00:58:40,500
Napoleon's defeat in Europe, 
freed British resources to Pivot

1055
00:58:40,500 --> 00:58:43,300
to North America. 
The British plan, major events 

1056
00:58:43,300 --> 00:58:46,900
of one a southern thrust aiming 
to capture New Orleans. 

1057
00:58:46,900 --> 00:58:50,300
Another amid Atlanta Invasion to
strike the Chesapeake. 

1058
00:58:50,300 --> 00:58:53,800
They also stepped up at a temps 
to secure control of Lake 

1059
00:58:53,800 --> 00:58:56,200
Champlain, a route to New York's
interior. 

1060
00:58:57,100 --> 00:59:00,000
The intensification alarm the 
Matson Administration which 

1061
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:03,600
realized that if these drives 
succeeded May G US cities could 

1062
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:05,700
fall or State's might Bolt from 
the Union. 

1063
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:10,500
Also, Central in 1814, was a 
series of negotiations that 

1064
00:59:10,500 --> 00:59:15,900
began engent Belgium, American 
delegates, including John Quincy

1065
00:59:15,900 --> 00:59:19,100
Adams and Henry. 
Clay faced British counterparts,

1066
00:59:19,800 --> 00:59:23,000
These talks progressed slowly, 
shaped by events on the 

1067
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:26,700
battlefield initially. 
Britain, demanded concessions, 

1068
00:59:26,700 --> 00:59:29,100
like a recognized indigenous 
buffer state in the old 

1069
00:59:29,100 --> 00:59:33,000
Northwest while the Americans 
insisted on status quo 

1070
00:59:33,000 --> 00:59:36,800
Antebellum. 
Each side hoped for a military 

1071
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:38,600
advantage that would improve 
bargaining. 

1072
00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:42,200
Throughout the summer. 
The negotiations, sea sawed, 

1073
00:59:42,200 --> 00:59:46,200
overshadowed by intensifying 
hostilities and overlooked 

1074
00:59:46,200 --> 00:59:48,000
aspect was the South-Western 
Frontier. 

1075
00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:51,900
Where Andrew Jackson confronted 
Creek Warriors allied with or 

1076
00:59:51,900 --> 00:59:55,200
influenced by the British? 
Jackson's Tennessee, Volunteers,

1077
00:59:55,200 --> 00:59:58,200
waged, fierce fierce campaigns 
in the creek War, culminating, 

1078
00:59:58,200 --> 01:00:01,400
in a decisive victory. 
At Horseshoe, Bend the resulting

1079
01:00:01,400 --> 01:00:03,700
treaty forced vast, land, 
cessions, from The Creeks, 

1080
01:00:03,700 --> 01:00:07,400
revealing, how the War of 1812. 
Also served American expansion 

1081
01:00:07,400 --> 01:00:12,000
to indigenous expense Jackson's 
reputation, soared positioning 

1082
01:00:12,000 --> 01:00:14,300
him for greater National 
prominence after the conflict. 

1083
01:00:14,300 --> 01:00:18,100
Thus, by mid 1814, the war was 
nearing a pivotal moment. 

1084
01:00:18,100 --> 01:00:21,100
The British plan to unleash 
their Superior fleets and 

1085
01:00:21,100 --> 01:00:22,900
Veteran troops. 
Now freed from European 

1086
01:00:22,900 --> 01:00:26,700
governments, the Americans 
battered and divided pinned 

1087
01:00:26,700 --> 01:00:29,300
hopes on local, successes on the
resilience of militia. 

1088
01:00:30,100 --> 01:00:33,700
Diplomatic channels flickered 
but no one was sure how soon or 

1089
01:00:33,700 --> 01:00:35,300
on what terms piece would 
arrive? 

1090
01:00:35,300 --> 01:00:38,700
The stage was set for dramatic 
clashes that would shape not 

1091
01:00:38,700 --> 01:00:41,900
just the immediate fortunes of 
the two countries but the future

1092
01:00:41,900 --> 01:00:46,000
map of North America observers 
recognized that the war's 

1093
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:47,900
outcome. 
Might finally clarify whether 

1094
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:51,400
the United States after three 
decades of Independence could 

1095
01:00:51,400 --> 01:00:54,800
fully stand among Global powers 
or remain overshadowed by older 

1096
01:00:54,800 --> 01:00:58,200
Empires. 
Late 1814 saw Britain, escalate 

1097
01:00:58,200 --> 01:01:01,800
one prong targeted, the 
Chesapeake, its success at 

1098
01:01:01,800 --> 01:01:04,200
capturing and burning Washington
DC in August. 

1099
01:01:04,200 --> 01:01:07,900
The British sought to quickly 
follow up by attacking 

1100
01:01:07,900 --> 01:01:09,600
Baltimore. 
A crucial Port. 

1101
01:01:09,600 --> 01:01:13,300
If Baltimore fell Britain, might
cripple the Region's Commerce 

1102
01:01:13,300 --> 01:01:16,500
and break American resolve yet 
Baltimore's Defenders prepared, 

1103
01:01:16,500 --> 01:01:20,700
vigorously citizens, erected 
barricades sank vessels to block

1104
01:01:20,700 --> 01:01:23,200
Harbor, approaches and 
reinforced Fort McHenry. 

1105
01:01:24,400 --> 01:01:26,700
British warships, commenced 
bombardment on the night of 

1106
01:01:26,700 --> 01:01:30,100
September 13th. 
Unleashing Salvo after Salvo in 

1107
01:01:30,100 --> 01:01:35,100
the fort despite the onslaught 
the fort held When Dawn arrived,

1108
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:38,900
the American flags still 
billowed witnessed by Francis 

1109
01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:41,700
Scott Key who penned the 
Star-Spangled Banner. 

1110
01:01:43,500 --> 01:01:46,100
This morale, boosting outcome 
forced the British to withdraw 

1111
01:01:46,100 --> 01:01:48,500
neutralizing, their Chesapeake 
campaign. 

1112
01:01:49,300 --> 01:01:53,100
Another British thrust aimed at 
Lake Champlain, an army advance 

1113
01:01:53,100 --> 01:01:55,600
from Canada, hoping to slice 
into Upstate. 

1114
01:01:55,600 --> 01:01:57,200
New York and isolate New 
England. 

1115
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:02,600
On September 11th, 1814 American
Naval forces, under Thomas 

1116
01:02:02,600 --> 01:02:06,100
macdonough, won the pivotal 
Battle of Plattsburgh Bay out. 

1117
01:02:06,100 --> 01:02:08,800
Maneuvering the British 
Squadron, With their Naval 

1118
01:02:08,800 --> 01:02:11,200
support lost the British land 
Invasion. 

1119
01:02:11,200 --> 01:02:13,200
Faltered forcing a hasty 
Retreat. 

1120
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:17,600
This second repulsed alongside 
Baltimore's defense shattered. 

1121
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:20,100
British hopes for Swift 
resolution by capturing major 

1122
01:02:20,100 --> 01:02:22,600
towns. 
Meanwhile, the South-Western 

1123
01:02:22,600 --> 01:02:25,600
Frontier remained, a separate 
theater, Andrew Jackson's 

1124
01:02:25,600 --> 01:02:27,900
victory over the Creeks. 
Had freed him to concentrate on 

1125
01:02:27,900 --> 01:02:30,400
potential. 
British moves along the Gulf 

1126
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:33,200
Coast. 
British strategists planned, a 

1127
01:02:33,200 --> 01:02:36,000
grand assault on New Orleans, 
imagining that controlling the 

1128
01:02:36,008 --> 01:02:38,300
Mississippi's mouth would hamper
American expansion. 

1129
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:42,100
Jaxon where of the vital 
importance of the city 

1130
01:02:42,100 --> 01:02:46,500
assembled, a force of militia, 
volunteers Freedman and even a 

1131
01:02:46,500 --> 01:02:48,500
group of Barataria Pirates under
Jean. 

1132
01:02:48,500 --> 01:02:51,600
Lafitte forging a makeshift but 
spirited Army. 

1133
01:02:51,600 --> 01:02:53,700
But that confrontational 
weighted. 

1134
01:02:53,700 --> 01:02:55,800
Final, culmination early the 
next year. 

1135
01:02:56,800 --> 01:02:58,600
In the midst of these unfolding 
battles. 

1136
01:02:58,600 --> 01:03:03,000
Negotiations in Ghent progressed
sensing that neither side would 

1137
01:03:03,000 --> 01:03:06,700
gain from prolonged conflict. 
British Diplomat seized earlier 

1138
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:09,800
demands for territory or 
indigenous buffer States while 

1139
01:03:09,800 --> 01:03:13,900
Americans by the burning of 
their Capital recognize that an 

1140
01:03:13,900 --> 01:03:18,100
indefinite War threatened ruin. 
by December a draft treaty, 

1141
01:03:18,100 --> 01:03:22,400
emerged endorsing the principle 
of status quo Antebellum, both 

1142
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:26,600
nations, would revert to pre-war
boundaries, Outstanding issues 

1143
01:03:26,600 --> 01:03:28,800
like impressment or Maritime 
rights, were not addressed 

1144
01:03:28,800 --> 01:03:31,900
rendering the Wars original 
triggers unsolved. 

1145
01:03:31,900 --> 01:03:35,400
Nonetheless, the desperate 
wearing on both sides pressed 

1146
01:03:35,400 --> 01:03:37,200
them, to sign the Treaty of 
Ghent on the December. 

1147
01:03:37,200 --> 01:03:42,300
The 24th 1814 however, word of 
the treaty needed weeks to 

1148
01:03:42,300 --> 01:03:45,600
Traverse the Atlantic. 
None of the signatures realized 

1149
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:47,600
a major confrontation loomed on 
the Mississippi. 

1150
01:03:48,400 --> 01:03:50,400
British forces. 
Landed near New Orleans in 

1151
01:03:50,400 --> 01:03:54,800
mid-December 1814 Jackson rushed
to fortify the city's approaches

1152
01:03:54,800 --> 01:03:58,100
digging entrenchments. 
Along the Rodriguez Canal on 

1153
01:03:58,100 --> 01:04:01,900
January 8th, 1815 the British 
launched a frontal assault. 

1154
01:04:01,900 --> 01:04:05,500
Certain their disciplined ranks.
Could overwhelm Jackson's ragtag

1155
01:04:05,500 --> 01:04:09,700
Defenders instead entrenched. 
Americans Unleashed devastating 

1156
01:04:09,700 --> 01:04:13,600
vollies of musket and artillery.
Fire decimating British columns 

1157
01:04:13,600 --> 01:04:18,000
the attack collapsed British, 
casualties sword while American 

1158
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:20,300
losses, were modest. 
Jacksons Victory. 

1159
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:22,400
Catapulted, him in international
stardom. 

1160
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:25,700
Ironically this epic battle 
occurred after the signing of 

1161
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:28,200
peace. 
When news of the Treaty of 

1162
01:04:28,200 --> 01:04:29,700
Ghent. 
Finally, reached North America 

1163
01:04:29,700 --> 01:04:32,300
Weeks Later. 
Both countries ratified at 

1164
01:04:32,300 --> 01:04:36,200
promptly halting further 
bloodshed For Americans. 

1165
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:38,300
The war concluded on an 
emotional High. 

1166
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:40,700
Thanks to the improbable success
in New Orleans. 

1167
01:04:40,700 --> 01:04:44,100
They hail the conflict as a 
second triumph over the Britain.

1168
01:04:44,100 --> 01:04:47,000
Ignoring that the treaty 
emitted, the maritime issues 

1169
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:49,200
that sparked the war for 
Britain. 

1170
01:04:49,200 --> 01:04:52,100
The war had always been aside 
theater overshadowed by the 

1171
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:54,900
Napoleon like Wars. 
So ending it with minimal. 

1172
01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:58,700
Concessions was acceptable. 
Only indigenous nation's truly 

1173
01:04:58,700 --> 01:05:01,300
lost out. 
With tecumseh's Confederation 

1174
01:05:01,300 --> 01:05:05,200
broken and no recognized buffer,
territory the war, thus spurred 

1175
01:05:05,200 --> 01:05:08,600
the Unstoppable wave of American
expansion, westward in the 

1176
01:05:08,608 --> 01:05:12,900
aftermath Federalist opposition,
collapsed, tainted by War, 

1177
01:05:12,900 --> 01:05:15,000
rumored secession, talk at the 
Hartford Convention. 

1178
01:05:15,000 --> 01:05:18,900
The party withered ushering in 
the so called Era of Good 

1179
01:05:18,900 --> 01:05:21,800
Feelings. 
The war also stimulated a sense 

1180
01:05:21,800 --> 01:05:24,100
of national identity, forging 
Heroes. 

1181
01:05:24,100 --> 01:05:27,000
Like Andrew Jackson William, 
Henry, Harrison and Oliver 

1182
01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:29,600
Hazard Perry. 
The Mythos of the war 

1183
01:05:29,600 --> 01:05:32,200
overshadowed, the chaotic 
mismanagement and Half Baked 

1184
01:05:32,200 --> 01:05:34,000
strategies that marked its early
phases. 

1185
01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:38,100
Instead popular memory latched 
onto the Star-Spangled defense 

1186
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:40,300
of Fort. 
McHenry the ragtag victory at 

1187
01:05:40,300 --> 01:05:43,300
New Orleans and the notion that 
the United States had defended 

1188
01:05:43,300 --> 01:05:47,900
its independence once again. 
From a broader perspective, the 

1189
01:05:47,900 --> 01:05:51,400
War of 1812 significantly shaped
North American geopolitics. 

1190
01:05:52,200 --> 01:05:55,500
Canada having rebuffed Invasion 
Consolidated. 

1191
01:05:55,500 --> 01:05:58,700
His distinct identity 
reinforcing loyalty to the crown

1192
01:05:58,700 --> 01:06:02,700
the United States for its part 
experience to Surge of 

1193
01:06:02,708 --> 01:06:05,700
nationalism. 
Ironically reinforcing Union 

1194
01:06:05,700 --> 01:06:09,400
sentiments, despite the wars 
Rocky start, The conflict. 

1195
01:06:09,400 --> 01:06:12,200
Also revealed structural 
weaknesses in American Finance 

1196
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:16,500
and Logistics prompting 
post-war, reforms freed from 

1197
01:06:16,500 --> 01:06:19,800
foreign entanglements. 
The US turned more confidently 

1198
01:06:19,800 --> 01:06:22,000
towards internal development and
westward expansion. 

1199
01:06:23,100 --> 01:06:25,400
Indeed the walls, messy 
conclusion. 

1200
01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:27,100
Paved the path for subsequent 
growth. 

1201
01:06:27,100 --> 01:06:29,200
That would define much of the 
19th century. 

1202
01:06:29,200 --> 01:06:33,200
Historians continue to debate 
the War of 1812 deeper 

1203
01:06:33,200 --> 01:06:35,900
significance. 
Some label it, a minor War 

1204
01:06:35,900 --> 01:06:39,600
overshadowed by the Napoleonic 
Giants in Europe While others, 

1205
01:06:39,600 --> 01:06:42,100
see it as a critical second test
of American sovereignty. 

1206
01:06:42,100 --> 01:06:45,400
The reality perhaps is that both
are true. 

1207
01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:48,500
On the grand scale. 
Britain was more consumed with 

1208
01:06:48,500 --> 01:06:52,700
the Napoleon. but for the young 
United States, The conflict 

1209
01:06:52,700 --> 01:06:55,700
marked a crucial juncture. 
Did the New Republic have the 

1210
01:06:55,700 --> 01:06:57,500
cohesion to withstand external 
assault? 

1211
01:06:57,500 --> 01:06:59,200
Or would it fragment under 
pressure? 

1212
01:07:00,100 --> 01:07:02,700
One often overlooked outcome was
the impetus for American 

1213
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:05,900
industrialization. 
British blockades cut off 

1214
01:07:05,900 --> 01:07:08,700
European Imports. 
Prompting domestic manufacturers

1215
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:11,000
to step in and Supply textiles 
and finished goods. 

1216
01:07:11,000 --> 01:07:15,700
Previously sourced from abroad 
This unintended stimulus, laid 

1217
01:07:15,700 --> 01:07:18,200
early foundation for the 
Industrial Revolution State 

1218
01:07:18,200 --> 01:07:21,400
Side. 
Once piece resumed those infant 

1219
01:07:21,400 --> 01:07:23,200
Industries demanded tariff 
protection. 

1220
01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:27,300
Spurring sectional debate over 
free trade versus protective 

1221
01:07:27,300 --> 01:07:30,100
measures a theme. 
That shaped National politics. 

1222
01:07:30,100 --> 01:07:33,600
Well, into the mid-century the 
war also spurred the creation of

1223
01:07:33,600 --> 01:07:37,200
new symbols of identity. 
The Battered, but surviving flag

1224
01:07:37,200 --> 01:07:41,200
at Fort McHenry the poem by 
Francis Scott Key that morphed 

1225
01:07:41,200 --> 01:07:44,400
into a national anthem and even 
the iconic image of Dolly, 

1226
01:07:44,400 --> 01:07:46,500
Madison rescuing, crucial State 
papers. 

1227
01:07:46,500 --> 01:07:50,500
These narratives turn the War of
1812 into a story of Pierce. 

1228
01:07:51,700 --> 01:07:55,200
For many Americans in subsequent
decades, it stood as proof that 

1229
01:07:55,200 --> 01:07:58,500
courage and cunning could offset
inferior numbers or resources 

1230
01:07:58,500 --> 01:08:01,300
that cultural Legacy 
overshadowed the administrative 

1231
01:08:01,300 --> 01:08:04,000
bumbling and the partisan Rancor
that nearly crippled the war 

1232
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:07,700
effort for indigenous Nations. 
The war's end accelerated. 

1233
01:08:07,700 --> 01:08:11,300
Their dispossession to come as 
dream of a native Confederacy 

1234
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:14,900
collapsed with his death. 
British forces no longer needing

1235
01:08:14,900 --> 01:08:18,899
a bulwark against us expansion. 
Provided limited post-war 

1236
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:21,000
assistance. 
Tribes that had allied with 

1237
01:08:21,000 --> 01:08:24,100
Britain faced retribution or 
land seizures as American's 

1238
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:26,899
advanced. 
In the South Andrew Jackson's 

1239
01:08:26,899 --> 01:08:28,500
post-war. 
Ascendancy led to further 

1240
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:32,300
treaties pushing native groups 
West, thus the War of 1812 

1241
01:08:32,300 --> 01:08:35,899
served as a key moment. 
Paving the way for wide spread 

1242
01:08:35,899 --> 01:08:38,399
White Settlement throughout the 
Mississippi region and Beyond 

1243
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:42,600
Has for Canada, it developed a 
sense of shared Heritage by 

1244
01:08:42,600 --> 01:08:46,000
resisting American Innovations, 
French and English-speaking 

1245
01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:49,899
Canadians United under the crown
to repel the foreign threat. so 

1246
01:08:49,899 --> 01:08:52,800
in seeds for a budding national 
identity distinct from Britain 

1247
01:08:52,800 --> 01:08:57,200
and the US Figures like Laura, 
Secord who carried warning of an

1248
01:08:57,200 --> 01:09:01,700
American raid or the dead 
generalized Brock became Local 

1249
01:09:01,700 --> 01:09:04,399
Heroes. 
The war's memory underscored 

1250
01:09:04,399 --> 01:09:07,399
that Canada would not be simply 
swallowed by the larger Republic

1251
01:09:07,399 --> 01:09:10,200
to the South. 
A dynamic that remains a point 

1252
01:09:10,207 --> 01:09:13,300
of cultural Pride. 
Meanwhile the returning US 

1253
01:09:13,300 --> 01:09:15,399
soldiers found themselves in 
varied conditions. 

1254
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:19,300
Many Frontier militias simply 
melted back into civilian life 

1255
01:09:19,300 --> 01:09:23,399
officers like Andrew Jackson or 
William Henry Harrison parlayed 

1256
01:09:23,399 --> 01:09:26,600
their War reputations into 
Political Capital eventually 

1257
01:09:26,600 --> 01:09:29,600
capturing the White House. 
The post-war political 

1258
01:09:29,600 --> 01:09:32,200
environment recognized the 
potency of war heroes as 

1259
01:09:32,200 --> 01:09:35,500
leaders. 
That Federalist Party tarred 

1260
01:09:35,500 --> 01:09:38,600
with disloyalty soon dissolved 
leaving the Democratic 

1261
01:09:38,600 --> 01:09:41,899
Republicans dominant though. 
Internal factions would later 

1262
01:09:41,899 --> 01:09:45,300
spin off into new parties. 
James, Madison completed his 

1263
01:09:45,300 --> 01:09:48,600
presence in 1817, claiming the 
war had proven, the 

1264
01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:51,300
Constitutional system could 
endure an external threat. 

1265
01:09:52,300 --> 01:09:56,900
However, not all scars vanished.
New England's economy battered 

1266
01:09:56,900 --> 01:10:00,600
by blockades, pivoted more 
strongly toward manufacturing, 

1267
01:10:00,600 --> 01:10:03,300
Southern cotton, expanded 
rapidly. 

1268
01:10:03,300 --> 01:10:07,500
Ironically fueled by the sense 
of security that no immediate 

1269
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:10,700
British incursion, threatened, 
the coastline The wars of 

1270
01:10:10,708 --> 01:10:13,700
ephemeral alliances with French 
Exiles or Spanish forces in 

1271
01:10:13,700 --> 01:10:16,700
Florida. 
Factored into ongoing jockeying 

1272
01:10:16,700 --> 01:10:18,600
for territory within a few 
years. 

1273
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:22,300
The US negotiated further 
expansion, culminating, in the 

1274
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:24,900
acquisition of Florida from 
Spain in 1819. 

1275
01:10:26,200 --> 01:10:30,200
These expansions ironically were
partly greased by the sense that

1276
01:10:30,200 --> 01:10:35,300
the US had won the War of 1812. 
Even if the official treaty 

1277
01:10:35,300 --> 01:10:37,200
indicated, no formal, Victor or 
concession. 

1278
01:10:38,000 --> 01:10:40,500
Thus the conflicts Legacy 
blossomed in multiple 

1279
01:10:40,500 --> 01:10:42,900
directions. 
For some it was an afterthought 

1280
01:10:42,908 --> 01:10:46,100
overshadowed by the Napoleonic 
Saga for others. 

1281
01:10:46,100 --> 01:10:48,900
Especially Americans. 
It was a second war of 

1282
01:10:48,900 --> 01:10:52,400
independence that validated the 
Constitutional experiment for 

1283
01:10:52,400 --> 01:10:54,900
indigenous Nations, it 
triggered, sorrowful 

1284
01:10:54,900 --> 01:10:58,800
fragmentation, for Canadians it.
Stamped a rebellious proud 

1285
01:10:58,800 --> 01:11:00,900
identity that shaped future 
Confederation. 

1286
01:11:00,900 --> 01:11:04,400
And for the wider Atlantic 
World, it removed a potential 

1287
01:11:04,400 --> 01:11:08,300
Thorn allowing Britain and the 
US to gradually pivot from 

1288
01:11:08,300 --> 01:11:11,000
enemies to trading. 
Partners course, the 

1289
01:11:11,000 --> 01:11:12,800
complexities of war, never 
vanished neatly. 

1290
01:11:13,500 --> 01:11:16,800
Subsequent decades or tensions 
remain especially in a boundary 

1291
01:11:16,800 --> 01:11:20,100
disputes in the Great Lakes 
region eventually resolved by 

1292
01:11:20,100 --> 01:11:22,900
the peaceful diplomacy, the War 
of 1812. 

1293
01:11:22,900 --> 01:11:26,700
Thus quietly ended an era of 
direct anglo-american conflict 

1294
01:11:27,500 --> 01:11:30,300
In the century that followed 
both Nations found more 

1295
01:11:30,300 --> 01:11:34,000
pressing, concerns elsewhere, 
forging an uneasy but enduring 

1296
01:11:34,000 --> 01:11:37,400
peace over time. 
The war receded into historical 

1297
01:11:37,400 --> 01:11:41,500
memory overshadowed, by other 
Milestones, yet its impact on 

1298
01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:45,000
shaping North American, 
political cultural and economic 

1299
01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:48,300
trajectories remains in 
disputable From a modern 

1300
01:11:48,300 --> 01:11:51,400
viewpoint. 
The War of 1812 often suffers 

1301
01:11:51,400 --> 01:11:53,800
from overshadowing by the 
American Revolution, or the 

1302
01:11:53,808 --> 01:11:57,500
Civil War, yet it introduced 
important transformations in how

1303
01:11:57,500 --> 01:12:00,200
Americans conceptualize their a 
government's role. 

1304
01:12:00,800 --> 01:12:04,500
How local militias interface 
with Federal Authority and how 

1305
01:12:04,500 --> 01:12:08,500
the broader continent responded 
to shifting power dynamics for a

1306
01:12:08,500 --> 01:12:11,900
generation that came of age. 
After 1776, the war, proved 

1307
01:12:11,900 --> 01:12:15,200
their own defining moment. 
Many states or newly minted. 

1308
01:12:15,200 --> 01:12:18,400
Heroes were identified local 
episodes of Valor forging. 

1309
01:12:18,400 --> 01:12:22,000
A tapestry of War Stories That 
fed local Pride among lesson 

1310
01:12:22,000 --> 01:12:25,300
known anecdotes is the role of 
enslaved men who escaped to 

1311
01:12:25,300 --> 01:12:28,300
British lines particularly in 
the Chesapeake region. 

1312
01:12:29,100 --> 01:12:32,500
The British offered freedom to 
those who joined their, cause a 

1313
01:12:32,500 --> 01:12:34,500
kin to certain practices during 
the revolution. 

1314
01:12:35,400 --> 01:12:38,300
Many seized the chance. 
Enforcing British logistical 

1315
01:12:38,300 --> 01:12:41,400
efforts or forming labor 
battalions, following the war. 

1316
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:45,000
Some relocated to British 
territories such as Nova Scotia 

1317
01:12:45,000 --> 01:12:49,100
or Trinidad, forming diaspora 
communities known as merkin's. 

1318
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:51,500
The phenomenon. 
Highlighted the contradictory 

1319
01:12:51,500 --> 01:12:55,700
nature of War Fort over Liberty 
while slavery, persisted adding 

1320
01:12:55,700 --> 01:12:58,000
another dimension to the moral 
tension of the era. 

1321
01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:01,700
Another overlooked thread is the
role of women on the home front.

1322
01:13:02,600 --> 01:13:04,500
Dolly Madison's Rescue of the 
White House. 

1323
01:13:04,500 --> 01:13:07,600
Portrait is famous but countless
unnamed women. 

1324
01:13:07,600 --> 01:13:10,200
Toiled under blockades farmed 
while. 

1325
01:13:10,200 --> 01:13:14,100
Husbands marched and nursed, 
wounded militiamen, some women 

1326
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:18,100
with entrepreneurial Flair 
turned to weaving or local 

1327
01:13:18,100 --> 01:13:21,600
manufacturing to fill voids left
by the disrupted in Port Market.

1328
01:13:22,600 --> 01:13:25,900
Their contributions though. 
Seldom documented were part of 

1329
01:13:25,900 --> 01:13:28,000
the shift toward a more 
self-sufficient, domestic 

1330
01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:32,100
economy, proving that crises can
spur inventive, responses in 

1331
01:13:32,100 --> 01:13:35,100
local communities. 
Meanwhile, the impetus for 

1332
01:13:35,108 --> 01:13:38,600
building infrastructure, grew 
the war exposed, how the poor 

1333
01:13:38,600 --> 01:13:40,200
roads. 
Hindered troop movements and 

1334
01:13:40,200 --> 01:13:43,600
supply lines, prompting calls 
for federal investment in 

1335
01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:46,500
internal improvements, canals 
turnpike's. 

1336
01:13:46,500 --> 01:13:49,200
And eventually railroads, 
although these developments 

1337
01:13:49,200 --> 01:13:52,200
Advanced, mostly after the war 
ended, the War of 1812 

1338
01:13:52,200 --> 01:13:55,200
experience, laid bare the 
necessity for connectivity. 

1339
01:13:56,100 --> 01:13:59,000
As a result, the federal 
government gradually leaned into

1340
01:13:59,000 --> 01:14:00,800
more involvement with the 
infrastructure. 

1341
01:14:00,800 --> 01:14:05,300
An idea championed by national 
Republicans, who wanted to unify

1342
01:14:05,300 --> 01:14:07,500
the state's through improved 
trade routes. 

1343
01:14:08,300 --> 01:14:11,500
Diplomatically the postwar 
settlements signified, a slow 

1344
01:14:11,500 --> 01:14:14,800
thorong in Anglo American 
relations, British Statesman 

1345
01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:17,900
preoccupied with maintaining 
post Napoleonic Europe's order. 

1346
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:21,500
Found it pragmatic to reduce 
friction across the Atlantic. 

1347
01:14:22,200 --> 01:14:25,800
the rush back at agreement of 
1817, demilitarized the Great 

1348
01:14:25,800 --> 01:14:29,400
Lakes a pioneering Arms, Control
pack that diffused future 

1349
01:14:29,400 --> 01:14:33,300
tensions over time, the Canada 
US, boundary stabilized 

1350
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:37,700
Fostering an unusual phenomenon,
the world's longest undefended 

1351
01:14:37,700 --> 01:14:40,700
Frontier. 
This shift from hostility to 

1352
01:14:40,700 --> 01:14:43,900
Mutual accommodation in. 
North America stands as a direct

1353
01:14:43,900 --> 01:14:46,800
outgrowth of the war. 
Even if overshadowed by the 

1354
01:14:46,800 --> 01:14:51,600
dramatic episodes of 1812 to 
1815 for indigenous peoples the 

1355
01:14:51,600 --> 01:14:54,900
war's end spelled heartbreak 
Britain no longer needed to 

1356
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:57,700
bolster native confederation so 
they withdrew support. 

1357
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:00,300
The momentum of American 
expansion. 

1358
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:05,200
Resumed Unstoppable. 
Patchwork of treaties Force onto

1359
01:15:05,200 --> 01:15:08,600
smaller lands or Westwood. 
The war had briefly offered a 

1360
01:15:08,600 --> 01:15:10,400
chance for Unity under to come 
to campus as leadership. 

1361
01:15:10,400 --> 01:15:14,400
But that Vision perished at the 
tens, the subsequent 

1362
01:15:14,400 --> 01:15:18,100
displacement of tribes in Ohio 
and Indiana sawed part of the 

1363
01:15:18,100 --> 01:15:20,800
broader National policy that 
would eventually culminate in 

1364
01:15:20,800 --> 01:15:22,900
the forested removals of the 
1830s. 

1365
01:15:23,800 --> 01:15:27,400
Culturally the war feder 
romantic notion of American 

1366
01:15:27,400 --> 01:15:30,100
Pride in adversity. 
Painters. 

1367
01:15:30,100 --> 01:15:33,100
Produced Works depicting. 
The Constitution's duels at sea 

1368
01:15:33,100 --> 01:15:34,900
or the British retreat from 
Baltimore. 

1369
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:39,600
Poetry and ballads commemorated.
Local militia triumphs over 

1370
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:42,300
decades. 
These popular accounts coalesced

1371
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:44,800
into a somewhat sanitized 
narrative, highlighting victory 

1372
01:15:44,800 --> 01:15:47,700
at New Orleans and the heroic 
stand at Fort McHenry. 

1373
01:15:48,800 --> 01:15:51,900
The Fiasco's the bungled 
invasions of Canada, the burning

1374
01:15:51,900 --> 01:15:55,500
of Washington slipped into 
lesser emphasis this selective, 

1375
01:15:55,500 --> 01:15:58,400
memory pattern shaped how 
textbooks presented the war for 

1376
01:15:58,400 --> 01:16:00,800
Generations. 
Culminating, in a sense that the

1377
01:16:00,800 --> 01:16:03,900
US overcame formidable odds to 
defend its independence. 

1378
01:16:03,900 --> 01:16:07,800
Once more thus, the War of 1812 
was not solely about the 

1379
01:16:07,808 --> 01:16:10,500
immediate triggers of Maritime 
rights or Frontier attention. 

1380
01:16:11,300 --> 01:16:14,900
Its significant is unfolded over
decades, influencing Economic 

1381
01:16:14,900 --> 01:16:19,600
Policy, forging new Heroes, 
weaving, New cultural motifs and

1382
01:16:19,600 --> 01:16:22,400
setting boundaries for 
indigenous communities, even 

1383
01:16:22,400 --> 01:16:25,200
with no territorial gains 
certified, the intangible 

1384
01:16:25,200 --> 01:16:29,100
results were profound. 
The conflict established that 

1385
01:16:29,100 --> 01:16:32,000
the US could wage war without 
fracturing or be, it narrowly? 

1386
01:16:32,600 --> 01:16:35,900
It paved a path for internal 
expansion and signaled that a 

1387
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:38,700
truly post Colonial. 
North America was emerging With 

1388
01:16:38,700 --> 01:16:41,100
the US and Canada forging 
distinct identities. 

1389
01:16:41,900 --> 01:16:45,500
Looking back these legacies 
underscore that Wars even ones 

1390
01:16:45,500 --> 01:16:49,100
overshadowed by larger Global 
events can reshape continents in

1391
01:16:49,100 --> 01:16:53,300
subtle but enduring ways, the 
War of 1812 might seem distant 

1392
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:56,200
yet its themes echo in 
contemporary life. 

1393
01:16:56,200 --> 01:16:59,600
How a Young Nation Handles in 
international bullying, the 

1394
01:16:59,600 --> 01:17:02,100
friction between defending 
principles and managing every 

1395
01:17:02,100 --> 01:17:04,900
day, Commerce. 
I'm the tensions of forging 

1396
01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:07,100
Unity among disparate Regional 
interests. 

1397
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:12,000
Observing how that the US then 
navigated blockades invasions 

1398
01:17:12,000 --> 01:17:15,900
and internal disputes can offer 
perspective on the modern crises

1399
01:17:15,900 --> 01:17:19,100
where resource constraints and 
political divides remain just as

1400
01:17:19,100 --> 01:17:23,900
real albeit in different forms. 
One instructive aspect is the 

1401
01:17:23,900 --> 01:17:26,300
leadership Dynamic President 
Madison. 

1402
01:17:26,300 --> 01:17:29,800
Initially reluctant found 
himself back into a war by vocal

1403
01:17:29,800 --> 01:17:33,100
Congressional voices. 
The war's early failures exposed

1404
01:17:33,100 --> 01:17:35,400
the cost of insufficient 
preparation and partisan. 

1405
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:38,600
Bickering, only by mid conflict.
Did the administration 

1406
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:41,500
coordinator effectively with 
local, militias Naval 

1407
01:17:41,500 --> 01:17:45,500
contractors, and privateers. 
This shift from disorganization 

1408
01:17:45,500 --> 01:17:49,600
to partial Synergy teaches how 
policy making once confronted 

1409
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:54,300
with real adversity can pivot. 
Many modern observers glean that

1410
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:58,000
advanced planning while I deal. 
Often collides with political 

1411
01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:01,700
hesitancy yet, adversity can 
spur belated but decisive 

1412
01:18:01,700 --> 01:18:04,500
collaboration. 
Another dimension is the 

1413
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:06,300
interplay of personal and 
strategic. 

1414
01:18:06,300 --> 01:18:10,000
Agendas ambitious. 
Generals such as William Hull or

1415
01:18:10,000 --> 01:18:12,300
later. 
Jacob Brown had their reputation

1416
01:18:12,300 --> 01:18:15,600
at stake. 
Politicians in Congress, angled 

1417
01:18:15,600 --> 01:18:17,200
for local advantage or 
re-election. 

1418
01:18:17,900 --> 01:18:21,500
The war's path was shaped by 
these individual aims, sometimes

1419
01:18:21,500 --> 01:18:23,900
to the detriment of cohesive 
National strategy. 

1420
01:18:23,900 --> 01:18:27,200
Similarly, in today's 
environment personal ambition 

1421
01:18:27,200 --> 01:18:30,500
can sabotage or realign 
Collective efforts showing that 

1422
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:33,400
cohesively leadership must 
harness personal drives rather 

1423
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:36,700
than deny them. 
The conflict also, underscores 

1424
01:18:36,700 --> 01:18:40,200
how external catalysts can unify
and otherwise fractious Society,

1425
01:18:40,200 --> 01:18:43,700
despite ongoing disputes, the 
burning of Washington United, 

1426
01:18:43,700 --> 01:18:47,300
who previously, criticized the 
war, the subsequent defense of 

1427
01:18:47,300 --> 01:18:49,300
Baltimore. 
Turned despair into resilience 

1428
01:18:49,300 --> 01:18:52,400
bridging divides. 
At least temporarily this 

1429
01:18:52,400 --> 01:18:54,200
phenomenon. 
Appears repeatedly in. 

1430
01:18:54,200 --> 01:18:58,100
National History is a tangible. 
External threat can Galvanize 

1431
01:18:58,100 --> 01:19:00,100
Unity. 
Overshadowing, internal 

1432
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:03,100
differences. 
However, sustaining that Unity 

1433
01:19:03,100 --> 01:19:06,400
after the crisis of debate is 
another matter, a lesson, well, 

1434
01:19:06,400 --> 01:19:09,800
illustrated by the Meltdown of 
Federalists support post-war and

1435
01:19:09,800 --> 01:19:11,700
the ephemeral Era of Good 
Feelings. 

1436
01:19:12,500 --> 01:19:16,400
From a moral Vantage. 
The war showcase how indigenous 

1437
01:19:16,400 --> 01:19:19,000
alliances can be manipulated by 
great Powers. 

1438
01:19:19,000 --> 01:19:22,700
British promises to protect 
native lands or the American 

1439
01:19:22,700 --> 01:19:25,100
pledged to incorporate friendly 
tribes. 

1440
01:19:25,100 --> 01:19:29,100
Often found little fulfillment, 
once strategic ends were met The

1441
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:31,700
ephemeral nature of these 
alliances led to tragic outcomes

1442
01:19:31,700 --> 01:19:34,800
for indigenous communities, 
modern discussions about the 

1443
01:19:34,808 --> 01:19:37,600
rights of marginalized groups 
caught in geopolitical 

1444
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:39,900
crossfires resonate with the 
story of these nations. 

1445
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:44,100
Exploitation as pawns while 
times differ the principle that 

1446
01:19:44,100 --> 01:19:47,300
real autonomy seldom emerges 
from foreign patrons remains 

1447
01:19:47,300 --> 01:19:51,800
relevant in the realm of memory,
the War of 1812 reveals how 

1448
01:19:51,800 --> 01:19:53,200
selective retelling can 
overshadow. 

1449
01:19:53,200 --> 01:19:57,100
Complexities Francis. 
Scott Key is rockets red glare 

1450
01:19:57,100 --> 01:20:00,000
sword in the National 
Consciousness, overshadowing 

1451
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:03,200
episodes where us invasions 
faild or inflicted harm on 

1452
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:06,300
civilians today. 
Educational curricula often 

1453
01:20:06,300 --> 01:20:09,300
reduced the water to a handful 
of famous, vignettes, burning of

1454
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:13,100
Washington, The Star Spangled 
Banner, Andrew Jackson, New 

1455
01:20:13,100 --> 01:20:17,400
Orleans neglecting the messy 
intricacies this phenomenon in 

1456
01:20:17,400 --> 01:20:20,700
historical narrative, underscore
the importance of seeking more, 

1457
01:20:20,700 --> 01:20:23,000
profound perspectives Beyond 
iconic highlights. 

1458
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:26,700
Another parallel to modern 
times, is the wars reflection on

1459
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:30,300
global Commerce, then, as now 
major Powers tried to control 

1460
01:20:30,300 --> 01:20:33,000
trade routes imposing blockades,
or sanctions. 

1461
01:20:33,000 --> 01:20:36,900
The US had to navigate to duel 
challenge, sustaining internal 

1462
01:20:36,900 --> 01:20:40,300
Unity while resisting external 
economic pressure, the wars 

1463
01:20:40,300 --> 01:20:43,300
outcome hinted that a nation 
with robust internal markets and

1464
01:20:43,300 --> 01:20:46,600
flexible production can endure 
even when cut off from usual 

1465
01:20:46,600 --> 01:20:50,200
trade, This resilience Dynamic 
remains at the core of 

1466
01:20:50,208 --> 01:20:53,200
contemporary, discourse around 
self-sufficiency and Global 

1467
01:20:53,200 --> 01:20:56,400
Supply chains. 
Ultimately, the War of 1812 

1468
01:20:56,400 --> 01:21:00,800
Legacy remains multifaceted. 
United Americans around A 

1469
01:21:00,800 --> 01:21:03,600
Renewed sense of identity. 
Advanced some individuals, 

1470
01:21:03,600 --> 01:21:06,500
politically and inflicted 
irreparable damage on 

1471
01:21:06,500 --> 01:21:09,000
indigenous. 
Confederacies it, highlighted 

1472
01:21:09,000 --> 01:21:12,300
that the young Republic though. 
Battered could stand. 

1473
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:15,500
As an independent entity 
shaping, a distinct brand of 

1474
01:21:15,500 --> 01:21:18,500
national pride, that propelled 
expansions West and culturally 

1475
01:21:18,500 --> 01:21:20,300
Evolution at home. 
Yet. 

1476
01:21:20,300 --> 01:21:23,400
The moral questions particularly
regarding indigenous and 

1477
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:27,000
enslaved populations, reveal 
deeper costs, For midlife 

1478
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:29,700
readers, who are balancing 
personal ideals with real world.

1479
01:21:29,700 --> 01:21:33,400
Complexities, the War of 1812 
emphasizes that every Grand 

1480
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:37,100
Enterprise from commercial 
policy to Warfare hinges on the 

1481
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:40,500
negotiations of principal 
ambition and compromise. 

1482
01:21:41,300 --> 01:21:44,200
During this delicate balance 
societies, often uncover, their 

1483
01:21:44,200 --> 01:21:47,200
potential for harmony as well as
the potential for future strife.

1484
01:21:48,300 --> 01:21:50,900
When the final guns fell, silent
in the Treaty of Ghent was 

1485
01:21:50,900 --> 01:21:53,600
ratified. 
The War of 1812 immediate 

1486
01:21:53,600 --> 01:21:55,000
outcome. 
Could be summarized as a 

1487
01:21:55,008 --> 01:21:58,000
military stalemate but a cycle 
logical victory for the US. 

1488
01:21:58,900 --> 01:22:01,800
The impetus behind the wall. 
Ending British impressment and 

1489
01:22:01,800 --> 01:22:05,200
Maritime restrictions remained 
largely unresolved in the text 

1490
01:22:05,200 --> 01:22:07,300
of Peace. 
But Global shifts. 

1491
01:22:07,300 --> 01:22:10,400
Including the final defeat of 
Napoleon rendered. 

1492
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:13,500
Those Maritime issues moot. 
Britain no longer felt the same 

1493
01:22:13,508 --> 01:22:15,600
compulsion to detain American 
Sailors. 

1494
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:19,900
Gradually normal trade, resumed,
domestically, the war left 

1495
01:22:19,900 --> 01:22:22,500
behind a changed political and 
economic landscape. 

1496
01:22:22,500 --> 01:22:27,200
The Federalist Party collapsed 
tainted by its near treasonous 

1497
01:22:27,200 --> 01:22:30,300
Hartford Convention, the 
Democratic Republicans 

1498
01:22:30,300 --> 01:22:33,200
established a single party 
dominance despite the emergence 

1499
01:22:33,200 --> 01:22:36,700
of internal factions James 
Monroe, succeeded Madison. 

1500
01:22:36,700 --> 01:22:40,200
And ushered in the so called Era
of Good Feelings where parties 

1501
01:22:40,200 --> 01:22:43,500
and bickering, lulled 
temporarily Simultaneously. 

1502
01:22:43,500 --> 01:22:46,800
The war stoked calls for a more 
robust National infrastructure 

1503
01:22:46,800 --> 01:22:51,400
roads, canals a better banking 
system to prevent future 

1504
01:22:51,400 --> 01:22:54,600
logistic nightmares. 
Many of the same states to 

1505
01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:56,600
bought Federal Authority during 
the war. 

1506
01:22:56,600 --> 01:22:59,300
Now grudgingly admitted the 
necessity of coordinated 

1507
01:22:59,300 --> 01:23:01,500
planning of the wars 
personalities. 

1508
01:23:01,500 --> 01:23:05,500
Andrew Jackson emerged as the 
archetypal hero, his triumphant 

1509
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:09,200
New Orleans overshadowed early 
fast goes, popular ballads, 

1510
01:23:09,200 --> 01:23:11,500
hailed him as the Unstoppable 
Old Hickory. 

1511
01:23:12,300 --> 01:23:15,400
This catapulted, Jackson toward 
the presidency in the following 

1512
01:23:15,400 --> 01:23:19,300
decade shaping, a new wave of 
populist politics that departed 

1513
01:23:19,300 --> 01:23:21,700
from the more Patrician style of
Jefferson or Madison. 

1514
01:23:21,700 --> 01:23:25,200
Another figure Dolly Madison 
remained. 

1515
01:23:25,200 --> 01:23:27,500
A cultural icon for her bravery 
during the White House. 

1516
01:23:27,500 --> 01:23:31,300
Evacuation exemplifying how 
small a personal acts can become

1517
01:23:31,300 --> 01:23:34,700
legendary in a war, overshadowed
by battles and sieges. 

1518
01:23:35,600 --> 01:23:38,500
Meanwhile, the war's end did not
bring peace to indigenous 

1519
01:23:38,500 --> 01:23:40,900
Nations. 
With tecumseh's Coalition 

1520
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:45,300
shattered American expansion, 
surged West leading to treaties 

1521
01:23:45,300 --> 01:23:47,800
that often force of ancestral 
lands. 

1522
01:23:47,800 --> 01:23:51,600
The wars of ephemeral alliances 
where in the British used tribal

1523
01:23:51,600 --> 01:23:55,200
forces to hamper us invasions 
vanished, once the conflict 

1524
01:23:55,200 --> 01:23:58,700
concluded, leaving tribes 
vulnerable, this pattern 

1525
01:23:58,700 --> 01:24:01,800
repeated throughout the 19th 
century, culminating in a 

1526
01:24:01,800 --> 01:24:04,500
systematic push across the 
continent that overshadowed 

1527
01:24:04,500 --> 01:24:08,900
early, illusions of indigenous, 
LED Confederation For Britain. 

1528
01:24:08,900 --> 01:24:12,600
The war was a minor chapter. 
Most British historical accounts

1529
01:24:12,600 --> 01:24:14,800
mention it. 
As a side Conflict overshadowed 

1530
01:24:14,800 --> 01:24:17,800
by the Napoleonic Wars, the 
eventual forging of an amicable 

1531
01:24:17,800 --> 01:24:20,100
British American relationship in
the 19th century. 

1532
01:24:20,100 --> 01:24:23,600
Meant that the War of 1812 
quietly retreated into the 

1533
01:24:23,608 --> 01:24:26,600
background of British 
Consciousness, The Joint rushed 

1534
01:24:26,600 --> 01:24:29,600
back at agreement of 1817. 
Prevented future Naval, 

1535
01:24:29,600 --> 01:24:32,900
build-ups on the great lakes and
fostered the concept of a 

1536
01:24:32,900 --> 01:24:36,100
demilitarized boundary that 
remains remarkable in global 

1537
01:24:36,100 --> 01:24:38,900
terms. 
To Canada defending against 

1538
01:24:38,900 --> 01:24:42,000
American invasions underlined, a
budding sense of distinct 

1539
01:24:42,000 --> 01:24:45,000
identity residents of Upper and 
Lower Canada. 

1540
01:24:45,000 --> 01:24:48,600
Had to many American surprised. 
Not welcome the idea of 

1541
01:24:48,600 --> 01:24:51,300
annexation. 
This loyalty to the British 

1542
01:24:51,300 --> 01:24:55,300
crown found fresh impetus after 
repelling, repeated us attacks 

1543
01:24:55,300 --> 01:24:58,000
over time. 
Canadian historians pointed to 

1544
01:24:58,000 --> 01:25:00,100
the War of 1812 as a 
foundational moment. 

1545
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:03,400
The volunteer militias that 
alliances with indigenous 

1546
01:25:03,400 --> 01:25:06,400
Fighters and the persevering 
local leadership, formed the 

1547
01:25:06,400 --> 01:25:09,600
nucleus of later. 
Canadian Unity commemorations 

1548
01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:12,400
throughout the 19th century, 
celebrated Heroes, like Isaac 

1549
01:25:12,400 --> 01:25:16,000
Brock forging National myths. 
That shape the country's future.

1550
01:25:16,900 --> 01:25:20,400
In the broader context of US. 
Military traditional the war. 

1551
01:25:20,400 --> 01:25:23,100
Highlighted weaknesses, that 
spurred professionalization. 

1552
01:25:24,000 --> 01:25:26,600
The humiliating collapses of 
militias taught that raw 

1553
01:25:26,600 --> 01:25:29,900
volunteer forces needed, better 
training and discipline Naval 

1554
01:25:29,900 --> 01:25:32,400
successes on the other hand. 
Proved the potential of a 

1555
01:25:32,408 --> 01:25:36,900
well-crafted professional Navy. 
Post-war the Navy's leadership 

1556
01:25:36,900 --> 01:25:40,500
gradually expanded the adopting 
new ship designs and forging a 

1557
01:25:40,500 --> 01:25:43,000
tradition that would eventually 
propelled the US to Maritime 

1558
01:25:43,000 --> 01:25:44,200
prominence. 
In The Next Century. 

1559
01:25:44,200 --> 01:25:48,200
The Army though, overshadowed 
also instituted reforms in 

1560
01:25:48,200 --> 01:25:51,900
leadership, selection and Supply
management, As the decades 

1561
01:25:51,900 --> 01:25:56,400
passed the war's memory nestled 
international law, The Star 

1562
01:25:56,400 --> 01:25:59,400
Spangled Banner originally 
penned as a poem, eventually 

1563
01:25:59,400 --> 01:26:02,200
became the national anthem by 
the early 20th century. 

1564
01:26:02,200 --> 01:26:07,700
Immortalizing that moment at 
Fort McHenry Veterans of the war

1565
01:26:07,700 --> 01:26:11,000
overshadowed, by the larger 
generation of Revolutionary, War

1566
01:26:11,000 --> 01:26:14,100
Patriots, formed their 
associations, though, their 

1567
01:26:14,100 --> 01:26:16,500
Recollections were less 
frequently lionized. 

1568
01:26:16,500 --> 01:26:20,300
It wasn't until the war 
Centennial in 1912 that a wave 

1569
01:26:20,300 --> 01:26:23,800
of commemorative events, revived
interest historians, passed 

1570
01:26:23,800 --> 01:26:27,600
Diaries and official records. 
Unveiling the wars complexities,

1571
01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:31,100
how it Advanced certain 
domestic, Industries spurred 

1572
01:26:31,100 --> 01:26:34,800
expansion in flamed indigenous 
dispossession and permanently 

1573
01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:36,600
altered the shape of Canadian 
identity. 

1574
01:26:37,700 --> 01:26:41,300
For Canada, it reinforced a 
distinctive path on the crown 

1575
01:26:41,300 --> 01:26:44,400
for Britain. 
It ended in Oaks and Sideshow 

1576
01:26:44,400 --> 01:26:46,800
that proved Americans wouldn't 
revert to Colonial dependence 

1577
01:26:46,800 --> 01:26:50,800
and for indigenous peoples. 
It signaled, the lethal truth of

1578
01:26:50,800 --> 01:26:55,600
an expanding American Republic. 
The wars finale overshadowed by 

1579
01:26:55,608 --> 01:26:59,200
the real time of news delivered.
No single glorious. 

1580
01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:01,800
Victor. 
But shape, the next century is 

1581
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:08,600
cross-border realities in ways, 
subtle yet in during Have you 

1582
01:27:08,608 --> 01:27:11,400
ever been looking through old 
photo albums and come across a 

1583
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:14,300
picture that makes you stop? 
And think there are hints of 

1584
01:27:14,300 --> 01:27:15,900
stories. 
You have never heard but somehow

1585
01:27:15,900 --> 01:27:18,300
recognized in the faces the 
clothing. 

1586
01:27:18,300 --> 01:27:21,900
And the way the light falls when
you venture into the realm of 

1587
01:27:21,900 --> 01:27:24,300
ancient myths, that is precisely
what occurs. 

1588
01:27:24,300 --> 01:27:27,500
These are not merely Dusty 
stories from long gone 

1589
01:27:27,500 --> 01:27:30,300
societies. 
Rather they are family portraits

1590
01:27:30,300 --> 01:27:32,900
of the human Spirit glimpses of 
the things we have. 

1591
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:37,400
Always feared hoped for and 
wondered about well before they 

1592
01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:40,400
were textbooks documentaries or 
that one friend who always has 

1593
01:27:40,400 --> 01:27:42,900
the Wikipedia page open. 
There were storytellers. 

1594
01:27:42,900 --> 01:27:47,000
Imagine this your sitting around
the first campfire in history. 

1595
01:27:47,000 --> 01:27:50,800
When someone asked the question 
that started it all, So, how 

1596
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:53,800
exactly did we get here? 
They had a lot of imagination, 

1597
01:27:53,800 --> 01:27:56,300
too. 
The enuma Elish is a wonderfully

1598
01:27:56,300 --> 01:27:58,600
chaotic creation story. 
That was told by the ancient 

1599
01:27:58,600 --> 01:28:01,600
Babylonians. 
Imagine the universe beginning 

1600
01:28:01,600 --> 01:28:04,700
with a family dispute that went 
totally wrong rather than with a

1601
01:28:04,708 --> 01:28:08,000
big bang. 
Consider Tiamat a primordial 

1602
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:10,200
water goddess. 
To be the epitome of the 

1603
01:28:10,200 --> 01:28:13,500
helicopter parent who genuinely,
detest her children growing up 

1604
01:28:13,500 --> 01:28:15,700
and moving out. 
The younger Gods. 

1605
01:28:15,700 --> 01:28:19,400
Her children are acting like 
teenagers with the ability to 

1606
01:28:19,400 --> 01:28:23,100
create universes making too much
noise and hosting Cosmic 

1607
01:28:23,100 --> 01:28:25,800
parties. 
Tiamat literally becomes a 

1608
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:28,100
nuclear parent after deciding 
that enough is enough. 

1609
01:28:28,100 --> 01:28:32,600
She makes monsters and not just 
any monsters, but the kind that 

1610
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:35,300
would make a director of a 
horror film cry with jealousy. 

1611
01:28:36,100 --> 01:28:39,900
They have serpent heads, 
scorpion tails and dispositions,

1612
01:28:39,900 --> 01:28:43,700
that would drive a honey badger 
to retreat her scheme, get rid 

1613
01:28:43,700 --> 01:28:46,500
of the young gods and bring some
Tranquility back to the universe

1614
01:28:46,500 --> 01:28:48,800
as is always the case with 
family drama. 

1615
01:28:48,800 --> 01:28:52,100
This is where things start to 
get interesting and a little 

1616
01:28:52,108 --> 01:28:55,100
ridiculous. 
Marduk her great-great-grandson 

1617
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:58,200
takes over young, and ambitious,
and equipped, with Divine 

1618
01:28:58,200 --> 01:29:00,000
weapons. 
That would make any superhero 

1619
01:29:00,000 --> 01:29:02,200
envious. 
He is essentially the family's 

1620
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:04,700
Golden Child. 
He has a net that can catch 

1621
01:29:04,700 --> 01:29:07,000
anything and winds that can 
topple mountains. 

1622
01:29:07,000 --> 01:29:10,700
If Nature Documentaries featured
magic weapons and failed, family

1623
01:29:10,700 --> 01:29:14,200
therapy, the conflict between 
tmat, and Marduk would be like, 

1624
01:29:14,200 --> 01:29:16,300
watching a documentary about 
Cosmic forces. 

1625
01:29:17,400 --> 01:29:20,500
Marduk defeats Tiamat, not only 
by using physical Force. 

1626
01:29:20,500 --> 01:29:24,800
But also, by outwitting his 
elderly grandmother He turns her

1627
01:29:24,800 --> 01:29:27,400
body into the Earth and the 
heavens by using her own chaotic

1628
01:29:27,400 --> 01:29:30,300
Waters against her. 
In Divine real estate 

1629
01:29:30,300 --> 01:29:34,200
development, nothing is wasted 
its recycling on a global scale.

1630
01:29:34,200 --> 01:29:37,900
The conflict between traditional
and novel Concepts between the 

1631
01:29:37,900 --> 01:29:40,900
familiar chaos and the 
unpredictability of the order we

1632
01:29:40,900 --> 01:29:43,500
could establish is what makes 
this story so. 

1633
01:29:43,500 --> 01:29:47,900
Charming, every family has a 
Tiamat someone who recalls a 

1634
01:29:47,900 --> 01:29:51,200
time when everything was easier,
even if that meant total chaos, 

1635
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,200
the beginnings of the Norse 
people are delightfully strange 

1636
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:56,100
in that specific Scandinavian 
way. 

1637
01:29:56,900 --> 01:29:59,600
Kindergarten, which sounds like 
a dental procedure, but is 

1638
01:29:59,600 --> 01:30:02,800
actually a cosmic void existed 
before anything else. 

1639
01:30:02,800 --> 01:30:06,200
Imagine it as the universe's, 
awkward adolescents. 

1640
01:30:06,200 --> 01:30:09,000
When it was unsure of its own 
identity muscle. 

1641
01:30:09,000 --> 01:30:11,800
Haim a world of fire. 
That would make a July Arizona 

1642
01:30:11,800 --> 01:30:13,700
day. 
Seemed like a Pleasant Fall day 

1643
01:30:13,700 --> 01:30:18,300
on one side of this emptiness. 
Nilheim, a world of ice and 

1644
01:30:18,300 --> 01:30:20,800
missed, that would make a 
Canadian winter appear Tropical 

1645
01:30:20,800 --> 01:30:24,000
Lei on the opposite side. 
You get what you would expect 

1646
01:30:24,000 --> 01:30:27,000
when Fire and Ice Collide in the
middle of these two extremes. 

1647
01:30:27,000 --> 01:30:29,300
There was a lot of steam and a 
mere. 

1648
01:30:29,308 --> 01:30:31,700
The first giant came out of this
Cosmic sauna. 

1649
01:30:31,700 --> 01:30:34,100
Now Emilia wasn't exactly a 
model citizen. 

1650
01:30:34,100 --> 01:30:37,400
He was more akin to that 
neighbor who lets his yard run a

1651
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:39,700
mark and somehow manages to turn
it into an ecosystem. 

1652
01:30:39,700 --> 01:30:43,800
He sweated a lot while he slept 
and more Giants emerge from his 

1653
01:30:43,800 --> 01:30:46,100
perspiration. 
It's disgusting. 

1654
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:50,200
But strangely effective 
old-fashioned sweating suffices 

1655
01:30:50,200 --> 01:30:53,500
in the primordial World. 
Dating apps are not necessary. 

1656
01:30:53,500 --> 01:30:56,600
Since Emir was taking up too 
much room and let's face it. 

1657
01:30:56,900 --> 01:30:59,800
The hygiene situation was 
getting out of control the gods,

1658
01:30:59,800 --> 01:31:04,200
finally decided he had to leave.
His flesh became the Earth, his 

1659
01:31:04,200 --> 01:31:07,300
blood, the Seas his bones, the 
mountains and his skull, the 

1660
01:31:07,300 --> 01:31:10,200
sky, and they killed him and 
used his body to create the 

1661
01:31:10,200 --> 01:31:12,100
world. 
It's the quintessential 

1662
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:15,600
do-it-yourself project and 
explains why the Norse was so 

1663
01:31:15,608 --> 01:31:17,700
Adept at maximizing scarce 
resources. 

1664
01:31:17,700 --> 01:31:21,300
The Dreamtime a concept that is 
a combination of geography 

1665
01:31:21,300 --> 01:31:24,700
history and an endless. 
Family reunion is perhaps the 

1666
01:31:24,700 --> 01:31:27,300
most endearingly realistic 
creation story told by 

1667
01:31:27,300 --> 01:31:30,200
Aboriginal Australians. 
The Dreamtime is about the 

1668
01:31:30,200 --> 01:31:32,400
moment. 
The world was created but it's 

1669
01:31:32,400 --> 01:31:34,700
also about the moment its 
constantly being created. 

1670
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:38,300
Imagine the landscape is a 
living library with the Hill, 

1671
01:31:38,300 --> 01:31:41,300
Rock and water feature. 
Representing a chapter in a 

1672
01:31:41,300 --> 01:31:44,600
continuous narrative. 
One of the most significant. 

1673
01:31:44,600 --> 01:31:47,300
Dreamtime creatures, the rainbow
serpent. 

1674
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:51,100
Not only made valleys and 
rivers, but she also Drew up the

1675
01:31:51,100 --> 01:31:53,300
rules for coexisting peacefully 
with the land. 

1676
01:31:54,000 --> 01:31:57,000
Like a cosmic interior 
decorator, she traversed, the 

1677
01:31:57,000 --> 01:32:01,300
continent locating water sources
establishing, holy locations, 

1678
01:32:01,300 --> 01:32:04,300
and laying out guidelines for 
how people should interact with 

1679
01:32:04,300 --> 01:32:07,000
their surroundings. 
This Viewpoint is lovely because

1680
01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:09,500
it allows you to actively 
participate in the creative 

1681
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:12,000
process. 
Every time you step outside, 

1682
01:32:12,000 --> 01:32:15,300
you're walking through the story
itself, not just witnessing the 

1683
01:32:15,300 --> 01:32:18,000
outcomes of some Cosmic event 
that happened ages ago. 

1684
01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:22,000
Every Sunrise is the first 
Sunrise of the day as well as 

1685
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:25,400
the Sunrise of today. 
Each tree has a connection to 

1686
01:32:25,400 --> 01:32:28,400
both the original tree and all 
subsequent trees that will 

1687
01:32:28,400 --> 01:32:31,600
Sprout from its seeds. 
There is a profound commonality 

1688
01:32:31,600 --> 01:32:34,900
among these creation stories. 
They acknowledge that beginning 

1689
01:32:34,900 --> 01:32:38,400
are messy, complex and 
frequently involve far more 

1690
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:41,700
chaos and we would like 
Acknowledge that making anything

1691
01:32:41,700 --> 01:32:45,700
valuable be at a universe or a 
good lasagna involves getting 

1692
01:32:45,700 --> 01:32:49,200
your hands dirty making mistakes
and occasionally beginning from 

1693
01:32:49,200 --> 01:32:51,300
scratch. 
Let's talk about heroes. 

1694
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:54,100
Now that we figured out how it 
all began and what a 

1695
01:32:54,100 --> 01:32:57,100
delightfully messy Affair that 
was, but not the kind that you 

1696
01:32:57,108 --> 01:33:00,000
see in superhero movies, where 
everything is expertly, 

1697
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:01,900
sculpted. 
And they have the amazing 

1698
01:33:01,900 --> 01:33:05,400
ability to save the world 
without breaking a nail, ancient

1699
01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:08,100
Heroes were more akin to that 
well-meaning friend, who 

1700
01:33:08,100 --> 01:33:10,900
constantly breaks things and 
puts people in awkward 

1701
01:33:10,900 --> 01:33:14,800
situations, but somehow by a 
combination of good, fortune, 

1702
01:33:14,800 --> 01:33:18,700
obstinacy and occasional genius 
manages to save the day. 

1703
01:33:18,700 --> 01:33:21,700
Consider Gilgamesh. 
If you haven't heard of him, 

1704
01:33:21,700 --> 01:33:24,000
consider him. 
The first Action Hero in 

1705
01:33:24,000 --> 01:33:26,800
history, complete with the 
emotional baggage and bad 

1706
01:33:26,800 --> 01:33:28,800
judgment. 
That would define the genre. 

1707
01:33:28,800 --> 01:33:32,100
For centuries to come, he ruled 
over a rook, which was 

1708
01:33:32,100 --> 01:33:34,700
essentially the ancient world's 
equivalent of a large city 

1709
01:33:34,700 --> 01:33:38,900
impressive, but not without its 
share of urban issues, Gilgamesh

1710
01:33:38,900 --> 01:33:42,000
possessed all the qualities. 
Of King could desire, wealth, 

1711
01:33:42,000 --> 01:33:44,900
power, magnificent architectural
Feats. 

1712
01:33:44,900 --> 01:33:47,800
And the assurance that comes 
from being two, thirds divine 

1713
01:33:48,600 --> 01:33:51,900
However he also possessed the 
social skills of a teenager who 

1714
01:33:51,900 --> 01:33:54,000
drinks a lot of coffee. 
He was that boss. 

1715
01:33:54,000 --> 01:33:57,200
Who shows up at parties without 
invitation micromanages, 

1716
01:33:57,200 --> 01:34:00,300
everything and generally adds 
unnecessary complexity to 

1717
01:34:00,300 --> 01:34:03,300
everyone's lives after growing 
tired of his Antics. 

1718
01:34:03,300 --> 01:34:06,500
The people of Uruk complaint, to
the gods as anyone would in 

1719
01:34:06,500 --> 01:34:10,100
their circumstances. 
The gods, displaying the sort of

1720
01:34:10,100 --> 01:34:12,500
divine wisdom, that leaves. 
You wondering how they were able

1721
01:34:12,500 --> 01:34:15,400
to get their positions in the 
first place decided that 

1722
01:34:15,400 --> 01:34:18,300
speaking with Gilgamesh about 
his actions and perhaps offering

1723
01:34:18,300 --> 01:34:21,300
some Management training was not
the answer instead. 

1724
01:34:21,300 --> 01:34:24,200
They made someone who was a 
strong and unyielding as 

1725
01:34:24,200 --> 01:34:26,900
Gilgamesh in the hopes that they
would battle each other and 

1726
01:34:26,900 --> 01:34:29,100
leave. 
Everyone else alone could do 

1727
01:34:29,100 --> 01:34:30,300
came into the picture in this 
way. 

1728
01:34:30,300 --> 01:34:34,500
Enkidu was the antithesis of 
Gilgamesh whereas Gilgamesh was 

1729
01:34:34,500 --> 01:34:38,200
refined but Annoying enkidu was 
wild but sincere. 

1730
01:34:38,900 --> 01:34:42,200
He knew the language of nature 
lived among animals and had 

1731
01:34:42,200 --> 01:34:44,500
never known the unique stress 
that comes with handling 

1732
01:34:44,500 --> 01:34:46,000
building permits, or a city 
budget. 

1733
01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:49,300
When these two eventually 
crossed paths, they engaged in 

1734
01:34:49,300 --> 01:34:51,900
an epic wrestling match that 
likely damaged property across 

1735
01:34:51,900 --> 01:34:54,800
multiple city blocks. 
As you might expect from two 

1736
01:34:54,800 --> 01:34:58,400
alpha personalities, then 
however, an intriguing event 

1737
01:34:58,400 --> 01:35:01,600
occurred, they became best 
friends rather than destroying 

1738
01:35:01,600 --> 01:35:04,800
one another Seeing two 
hurricanes Collide and somehow 

1739
01:35:04,800 --> 01:35:06,300
created. 
A nice breeze was like that. 

1740
01:35:06,300 --> 01:35:08,800
Both of them were changed by 
their friendship. 

1741
01:35:09,700 --> 01:35:13,100
Gilgamesh gained empathy and 
realized that perhaps just 

1742
01:35:13,100 --> 01:35:16,000
possibly being the strongest 
person in the room does not 

1743
01:35:16,000 --> 01:35:18,800
necessarily make you the best 
candidate for every position. 

1744
01:35:20,000 --> 01:35:23,300
Enkidu gained knowledge of 
civilization, but he remained 

1745
01:35:23,300 --> 01:35:26,100
skeptical of some of its more 
absurd features such as the 

1746
01:35:26,100 --> 01:35:29,100
requirement to dress formally 
for formal meetings or the 

1747
01:35:29,108 --> 01:35:31,600
social pressure to act as those 
small talk matters. 

1748
01:35:31,600 --> 01:35:34,700
They embarked on adventures 
together that were equal parts. 

1749
01:35:34,700 --> 01:35:38,900
Ridiculous and heroic indeed, 
they battled monsters but they 

1750
01:35:38,900 --> 01:35:41,900
also face the issues that arise 
in any friendship between two 

1751
01:35:41,900 --> 01:35:44,300
individuals who are accustomed 
to being the center of 

1752
01:35:44,308 --> 01:35:46,800
attention. 
They argued over priorities 

1753
01:35:46,800 --> 01:35:50,800
strategy and most likely more 
than a few times, whether they 

1754
01:35:50,800 --> 01:35:53,500
would be better off returning to
their simpler early lives. 

1755
01:35:53,500 --> 01:35:57,100
When they encountered Humber 
bear, the protector of the cedar

1756
01:35:57,100 --> 01:35:59,900
Forest, their friendship was 
truly put to the test. 

1757
01:36:00,800 --> 01:36:03,500
The ancient equivalent of a 
security system created by 

1758
01:36:03,500 --> 01:36:05,000
someone with severe trust 
issues. 

1759
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:10,400
Humbaba wasn't just any monster,
he had many faces a roar. 

1760
01:36:10,400 --> 01:36:13,000
That could be heard from miles 
and breathe that could kill at 

1761
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:15,900
Great distances. 
In addition to being risky, 

1762
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:18,400
fighting him was the kind of 
foolishness that leaves, you 

1763
01:36:18,408 --> 01:36:21,400
wondering what they were 
thinking the problem with heroes

1764
01:36:21,400 --> 01:36:24,100
in ancient Tales. 
However, is that they don't act 

1765
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:27,200
in ways that are simple or 
logical, they perform them 

1766
01:36:27,200 --> 01:36:28,900
because no one else is willing 
to do so. 

1767
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:33,300
And someone has to Instead of 
using Superior Weaponry or 

1768
01:36:33,300 --> 01:36:37,400
cunning tactics Gilgamesh and 
ketu defeated Humber by working 

1769
01:36:37,400 --> 01:36:39,800
together and displaying the kind
of resolve that comes from 

1770
01:36:39,800 --> 01:36:41,900
having a loved one. 
Look out for you though. 

1771
01:36:41,900 --> 01:36:44,300
Life has a way of defying 
narrative conventions. 

1772
01:36:44,300 --> 01:36:46,900
The victory should have been the
stories conclusion. 

1773
01:36:48,200 --> 01:36:50,700
The two friends were becoming 
too strong and self-assured. 

1774
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:53,900
According to the gods who 
apparently had not learned from 

1775
01:36:53,900 --> 01:36:58,000
their earlier interventions. 
In the most unjust and unheroic 

1776
01:36:58,000 --> 01:37:00,900
manner imaginable. 
They killed enkidu not in 

1777
01:37:00,900 --> 01:37:04,900
combat, not valiantly. 
But through illness one of the 

1778
01:37:04,900 --> 01:37:07,500
most relatable scenes in all of 
ancient literature as 

1779
01:37:07,500 --> 01:37:09,600
gilgamesh's response to his 
friend's passing. 

1780
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:13,600
He didn't take it with stoic 
nobility, or use his sorrow to 

1781
01:37:13,600 --> 01:37:16,000
act morally, he completely 
collapsed. 

1782
01:37:16,000 --> 01:37:20,100
He was unable to eat sleep or 
comprehend how someone so 

1783
01:37:20,100 --> 01:37:23,900
vibrant could just vanish. 
He developed an obsession with 

1784
01:37:23,900 --> 01:37:27,000
figuring out how to bring in 
keto back or at the very least 

1785
01:37:27,000 --> 01:37:32,000
why death had to be involved. 
His quest to location The Keeper

1786
01:37:32,000 --> 01:37:34,700
of the secret of immortality and
a survivor of the great flood 

1787
01:37:34,700 --> 01:37:40,000
was motivated by this obsession.
The trip was lengthy risky and 

1788
01:37:40,000 --> 01:37:42,700
full of the kinds of challenges 
that make you wonder if the 

1789
01:37:42,700 --> 01:37:44,600
final destination is worth the 
journey. 

1790
01:37:45,700 --> 01:37:49,800
Driven by the simple desperate, 
hope that perhaps just possibly,

1791
01:37:49,800 --> 01:37:51,900
there was a way to undo the 
unfixable. 

1792
01:37:51,900 --> 01:37:55,700
He traversed, underworlds 
climbed mountains, and crossed 

1793
01:37:55,700 --> 01:37:57,700
deserts. 
He eventually located 

1794
01:37:57,700 --> 01:38:00,800
utnapishtim who listened to his 
story before telling him 

1795
01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:02,600
something? 
That was precisely what he 

1796
01:38:02,600 --> 01:38:04,900
needed to know, but wasn't what 
he wanted to hear. 

1797
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:08,600
According to itna pitched. 
Him death is what? 

1798
01:38:08,600 --> 01:38:11,600
Gives life purpose, and is 
neither a punishment, nor an 

1799
01:38:11,600 --> 01:38:13,600
error. 
There wouldn't be any pressure 

1800
01:38:13,600 --> 01:38:16,300
to love create, or make the most
of our time if there were no 

1801
01:38:16,300 --> 01:38:18,800
endings, however, would not be 
steamed. 

1802
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:21,100
Also told Gilgamesh about a 
plant that could bring back 

1803
01:38:21,100 --> 01:38:23,700
youth because ancient Tales 
recognized that wisdom without 

1804
01:38:23,700 --> 01:38:28,500
hope is simply depression. 
Not exactly a mortality but the 

1805
01:38:28,508 --> 01:38:31,400
opportunity to begin a new to 
apply the lessons. 

1806
01:38:31,400 --> 01:38:33,000
He had learned to a new phase of
his life. 

1807
01:38:33,000 --> 01:38:35,300
The plant was discovered by 
Gilgamesh. 

1808
01:38:36,300 --> 01:38:39,900
He had the ability to turn back 
time, regain his Youth, and have

1809
01:38:39,900 --> 01:38:43,700
another chance at everything. 
Then in a moment of utterly 

1810
01:38:43,700 --> 01:38:48,000
human negligence, you put it 
down during a bath and took it 

1811
01:38:48,008 --> 01:38:50,000
from him. 
You might anticipate that this 

1812
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:53,200
will be the last crushing blow, 
the point at, which are hero 

1813
01:38:53,200 --> 01:38:58,200
surrendered in Stead, the roof 
will chuckle of someone who has 

1814
01:38:58,200 --> 01:39:00,600
finally figured out the 
punchline to a cosmic joke, 

1815
01:39:00,600 --> 01:39:04,300
rather than the bitter laugh of 
defeat, He came to the 

1816
01:39:04,308 --> 01:39:06,500
realization that he had. 
Been searching in the wrong 

1817
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:09,700
places for immortality. 
He was Immortal because of his 

1818
01:39:09,700 --> 01:39:13,400
tale, his friendship with and 
Kido and his quest comprehend 

1819
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:15,200
life and death. 
Long. 

1820
01:39:15,200 --> 01:39:17,600
After his physical body was 
gone, they would be remembered 

1821
01:39:17,600 --> 01:39:20,800
and cherished told and retold. 
You should see what our 

1822
01:39:20,800 --> 01:39:23,000
ancestors had to deal with if 
you think dating is difficult 

1823
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:26,500
now with its apps and algorithms
and the never-ending debate over

1824
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:29,600
who should pay for coffee. 
Classic love Tales make the 

1825
01:39:29,608 --> 01:39:31,400
drama of contemporary 
relationships. 

1826
01:39:31,400 --> 01:39:34,000
Seem like a friendly argument 
about who gets to do the dishes 

1827
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:37,500
first, These were not merely 
stories about a boy meeting a 

1828
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:39,500
girl falling in love and leading
a happy life. 

1829
01:39:39,500 --> 01:39:43,900
These were epic Tales of passion
that had the power to literally 

1830
01:39:43,900 --> 01:39:48,100
alter the terrain jealousy. 
That could spot conflicts and 

1831
01:39:48,100 --> 01:39:51,500
romantic actions that needed 
either divine intervention or 

1832
01:39:51,500 --> 01:39:54,800
extremely high, insureance. 
The world's first tragic. 

1833
01:39:54,800 --> 01:39:58,400
Love song Orpheus and eurydice 
was brought to us by the Greeks,

1834
01:39:59,200 --> 01:40:01,000
Orpheus was no ordinary 
musician. 

1835
01:40:01,000 --> 01:40:04,000
He was the type of artist who 
could persuade rivers to alter 

1836
01:40:04,000 --> 01:40:07,200
their course, calls trees to 
uproot themselves in order to 

1837
01:40:07,200 --> 01:40:10,700
follow his music and most likely
persuade animals to harmonize 

1838
01:40:10,700 --> 01:40:13,600
with his Melodies. 
He was essentially the result of

1839
01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:16,700
combining all of the greatest 
musicians in history and 

1840
01:40:16,700 --> 01:40:18,700
endowing them with superhuman 
Powers. 

1841
01:40:18,700 --> 01:40:22,700
Because she understood the music
Behind the Music, the silence 

1842
01:40:22,700 --> 01:40:24,200
between the notes that gave his 
art. 

1843
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:28,000
Meaning eurydice, was his ideal 
match, not because she was a 

1844
01:40:28,000 --> 01:40:32,400
passive recipient of his talent.
They seem to communicate in 

1845
01:40:32,400 --> 01:40:34,900
their own private language of 
glances and half-formed 

1846
01:40:34,900 --> 01:40:36,900
sentences. 
The kind of love that makes 

1847
01:40:36,900 --> 01:40:40,600
other people feel both jealous 
and a little queasy they're 

1848
01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:42,200
happily ever after. 
Should have started on their 

1849
01:40:42,200 --> 01:40:45,300
wedding day. 
Rather it served as the Prelude 

1850
01:40:45,300 --> 01:40:47,600
to the sort of tragedy that 
makes you want to shout at the 

1851
01:40:47,608 --> 01:40:50,300
characters to just stay home and
get takeout. 

1852
01:40:51,700 --> 01:40:54,600
Eurydice stepped on a snake 
while strolling across a meadow 

1853
01:40:54,600 --> 01:40:56,900
doing. 
Just the kind of naive romantic 

1854
01:40:56,900 --> 01:40:59,700
thing that ancient story 
heroines ought to know better by

1855
01:40:59,700 --> 01:41:02,700
now. 
Not just any snake, but the kind

1856
01:41:02,700 --> 01:41:06,200
that only shows up in stories to
sabotage a delicate moments. 

1857
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:09,800
She was instantly killed by the 
bite and all his realized that 

1858
01:41:09,800 --> 01:41:12,800
all of his musical ability was 
useless if he couldn't use it to

1859
01:41:12,800 --> 01:41:16,100
save the one person who meant 
the most to him, his grief 

1860
01:41:16,100 --> 01:41:18,700
wasn't the kind of subdued quiet
sadness. 

1861
01:41:18,700 --> 01:41:22,100
You see, in films, it was the 
unadulterated desperate, kind 

1862
01:41:22,100 --> 01:41:24,600
that pushes you to do things. 
You never would have imagined, 

1863
01:41:24,600 --> 01:41:28,100
you could he made the decision 
to go to the underworld in order

1864
01:41:28,100 --> 01:41:31,800
to retrieve her something that 
no living person had ever tried.

1865
01:41:31,800 --> 01:41:35,000
According to Greek, mythology, 
the underworld was more than 

1866
01:41:35,000 --> 01:41:38,300
just a place of punishment. 
It was the cosmic counterpart of

1867
01:41:38,308 --> 01:41:42,500
the most exclusive Club on Earth
with a stricted mission's policy

1868
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:44,700
that required death before. 
One could enter. 

1869
01:41:45,800 --> 01:41:48,100
With only his liar and the 
resolve that comes from having 

1870
01:41:48,100 --> 01:41:50,700
nothing left to lose, Orpheus 
appeared at the entrance. 

1871
01:41:50,700 --> 01:41:53,500
Either the most romantic gesture
in history or the most 

1872
01:41:53,508 --> 01:41:56,500
spectacular example of failing 
to know when to give up occurred

1873
01:41:56,500 --> 01:42:00,100
next. the entire underworld 
wept, when Orpheus performed for

1874
01:42:00,100 --> 01:42:04,500
Hades and Persephone the king 
and queen of the Dead, His music

1875
01:42:04,500 --> 01:42:08,300
was so Exquisite, so full of 
real love and loss. 

1876
01:42:08,900 --> 01:42:11,800
Eternal punishments. 
Paused the rivers of the Dead 

1877
01:42:11,800 --> 01:42:15,600
ceased to flow and death itself.
Appeared to listen for a brief 

1878
01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:18,100
moment. 
Hades, who was presumably 

1879
01:42:18,100 --> 01:42:20,500
unmoved by anything in his life?
Struck a bargain. 

1880
01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:23,800
There was a requirement that 
Orpheus lead you to see out 

1881
01:42:23,800 --> 01:42:26,400
without turning around before. 
She could return to the world of

1882
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:29,700
the living. 
He was unable to look over a 

1883
01:42:29,700 --> 01:42:32,900
shoulder for confirmation to see
if she was following or even to 

1884
01:42:32,900 --> 01:42:34,300
catch a glimpse of her 
reflection. 

1885
01:42:35,300 --> 01:42:37,800
When someone you love is guiding
you, while you're walking in the

1886
01:42:37,808 --> 01:42:40,300
dark, you have to have complete 
faith in them. 

1887
01:42:40,300 --> 01:42:42,900
Orpheus made it through the 
majority of the journey. 

1888
01:42:43,700 --> 01:42:46,600
He listened for the sound of her
footsteps behind him as he 

1889
01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:49,400
walked steadily upward, while 
guiding her with his liar. 

1890
01:42:50,100 --> 01:42:52,800
doubt, however, began to creep 
in as they got closer to the 

1891
01:42:52,800 --> 01:42:57,200
entrance to the world above What
if all of this was a cruel ruse?

1892
01:42:57,200 --> 01:42:59,300
What if she wasn't actually 
present? 

1893
01:42:59,300 --> 01:43:02,500
What if the gods hadn't been 
moved by his love after all 

1894
01:43:02,500 --> 01:43:06,100
Orpheus, turned around at the 
last second when Freedom 

1895
01:43:06,100 --> 01:43:09,100
appeared Within Reach and 
sunlight, was visible ahead. 

1896
01:43:09,100 --> 01:43:13,800
He saw eurydice real and 
beautiful reaching for him and 

1897
01:43:13,800 --> 01:43:17,600
then he saw her go away forever.
There would be no Second 

1898
01:43:17,600 --> 01:43:20,700
Chances. 
No, please for divine pity and 

1899
01:43:20,700 --> 01:43:23,200
no cunning deals. 
This time, they had lost 

1900
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:25,500
everything because of his lack 
of faith at the last. 

1901
01:43:25,500 --> 01:43:28,700
Crucial Moment, The Narrative 
might conclude there with 

1902
01:43:28,700 --> 01:43:31,500
Orpheus receiving a severe 
lesson in trust and living out 

1903
01:43:31,500 --> 01:43:32,900
the remainder of his days 
writing. 

1904
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:36,800
Gloomy ballads, simple morals. 
However are insufficient to 

1905
01:43:36,800 --> 01:43:38,900
satisfy the love stories of the 
ancient world. 

1906
01:43:40,100 --> 01:43:43,200
Broken by his mistake and loss, 
Orpheus travel the world 

1907
01:43:43,200 --> 01:43:46,500
performing Melancholy music that
moved people to tears for no 

1908
01:43:46,500 --> 01:43:50,300
apparent reason. 
The main ads danish's followers 

1909
01:43:50,300 --> 01:43:52,900
eventually killed him because 
they were offended by his 

1910
01:43:52,900 --> 01:43:55,900
loyalty to his deceased wife and
his unwillingness to move on, 

1911
01:43:55,900 --> 01:43:58,500
but the Love Story went on even 
after death. 

1912
01:43:59,300 --> 01:44:02,900
Still singing, orpheus's head 
drifted across the sea and Down 

1913
01:44:02,900 --> 01:44:05,800
the River to the Island of 
Lesbos where it turned into an 

1914
01:44:05,800 --> 01:44:08,900
oracle. 
Even when death, triumphs some 

1915
01:44:08,900 --> 01:44:12,300
bonds are stronger than death. 
As demonstrated by the fact that

1916
01:44:12,300 --> 01:44:14,900
his love for Uranus. 
Literally outlasted his physical

1917
01:44:14,900 --> 01:44:17,700
life Norse love stories were 
similar to relationship 

1918
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:20,400
counseling conducted by people 
who use access to solve 

1919
01:44:20,400 --> 01:44:22,600
problems. 
If Greek love stories were 

1920
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:27,000
complex Consider the tale of 
sigurd and brynhill, which 

1921
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:30,200
somehow incorporates 
misidentification memory loss, 

1922
01:44:30,200 --> 01:44:33,600
family conflicts. 
And the sort of magical meddling

1923
01:44:33,600 --> 01:44:35,700
that leaves, you wondering why 
the gods didn't have more 

1924
01:44:35,700 --> 01:44:39,400
enjoyable, pastimes. 
As a typical Norse hero sigurd 

1925
01:44:39,400 --> 01:44:42,700
was strong courageous skilled 
with a sword and exuded the 

1926
01:44:42,700 --> 01:44:45,600
confidence that comes from 
having Divine ancestry and great

1927
01:44:45,600 --> 01:44:48,200
publicity. 
He killed the dragon fafnir 

1928
01:44:48,200 --> 01:44:51,600
claimed a treasure that was 
cursed in its own way and 

1929
01:44:51,600 --> 01:44:54,300
essentially made himself into 
the type of man that mothers 

1930
01:44:54,300 --> 01:44:57,500
warned their daughters about but
secretly hope will last them to 

1931
01:44:57,500 --> 01:45:01,300
dance one of Odin's chooses of 
the slain Grinnell was a 

1932
01:45:01,300 --> 01:45:04,800
valkyrie, a sort of warrior 
psychopomp and career advisor 

1933
01:45:04,800 --> 01:45:08,800
for fallen heroes. 
Odin and cursor to sleep until a

1934
01:45:08,800 --> 01:45:12,300
hero courageous enough to Brave 
her up because she had heard by 

1935
01:45:12,300 --> 01:45:14,100
assisting the wrong person in a 
battle. 

1936
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:17,300
It was similar to Sleeping 
Beauty, but it placed less focus

1937
01:45:17,300 --> 01:45:20,000
on Hallmarks and more on 
fighting skills. 

1938
01:45:20,000 --> 01:45:24,100
It was love at first sight or at
least, at first Awakening, when 

1939
01:45:24,100 --> 01:45:28,300
sigurd discovered her encircled 
by flames and looking strikingly

1940
01:45:28,300 --> 01:45:32,000
beautiful in her Enchanted, 
sleep, with all the further and 

1941
01:45:32,000 --> 01:45:34,600
conviction of those who have 
never had to deal with the 

1942
01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:37,600
difficulties of truly 
cohabitating, on a daily basis. 

1943
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:41,600
They committed themselves to one
another however, complications 

1944
01:45:41,600 --> 01:45:44,800
arose because this is a Norse 
tale and the gods get anxious 

1945
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:47,900
when people are happy. 
A potion that completely erased,

1946
01:45:47,900 --> 01:45:51,500
brynhill was administered to 
seagood, who married King Yuki's

1947
01:45:51,500 --> 01:45:53,500
daughter goudron while under its
influence. 

1948
01:45:54,400 --> 01:45:57,700
Try explaining magical memory 
loss to someone whose heart you 

1949
01:45:57,700 --> 01:46:00,500
just broke, even though it 
wasn't exactly his fault. 

1950
01:46:00,500 --> 01:46:03,800
In the meantime, Brunel who 
still thought so good, loved her

1951
01:46:03,800 --> 01:46:07,300
was duped into Marion goodrum's 
brother Gunner by means of a 

1952
01:46:07,300 --> 01:46:10,600
complex ruse in which sigurd 
pretended to be someone else and

1953
01:46:10,600 --> 01:46:12,100
obtained. 
Her hand in marriage, on 

1954
01:46:12,100 --> 01:46:15,000
goodness behalf. 
It's the sort of plot that makes

1955
01:46:15,000 --> 01:46:17,400
you appreciate the relative 
Simplicity of contemporary 

1956
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:19,800
dating apps. 
And assessments a flowchart. 

1957
01:46:19,800 --> 01:46:23,100
The situation went from 
complicated to disastrous when 

1958
01:46:23,100 --> 01:46:26,300
the magic wore off and everyone 
realized what to truly happened.

1959
01:46:26,300 --> 01:46:29,100
Could run learned that her 
husband's heart belonged to 

1960
01:46:29,108 --> 01:46:30,600
someone else. 
She good. 

1961
01:46:30,600 --> 01:46:32,900
Recalled. 
His true love Bryn hilde realize

1962
01:46:32,900 --> 01:46:36,000
she'd been duped and Gana found 
himself married to a woman who 

1963
01:46:36,000 --> 01:46:39,000
was planning to murder his 
brother in law, everyone died 

1964
01:46:39,000 --> 01:46:43,100
but they did it with dignity and
style which is a quintessential 

1965
01:46:43,100 --> 01:46:46,200
Norse resolution in order for 
them to die together. 

1966
01:46:46,200 --> 01:46:50,800
Bryn hilde planned murder and 
then took her own life, gonna 

1967
01:46:50,800 --> 01:46:54,200
lost both his brother-in-law. 
And his wife goudron, was left a

1968
01:46:54,200 --> 01:46:58,200
widow and the entire tragic mess
became the focus of Epic poems 

1969
01:46:58,200 --> 01:47:00,500
that are still told today, let's
face it. 

1970
01:47:00,500 --> 01:47:03,400
The majority of these old love 
stories don't have Happy 

1971
01:47:03,400 --> 01:47:06,100
Endings, which isn't what makes 
them so captivating. 

1972
01:47:06,900 --> 01:47:09,800
Is there understanding that love
is both the most potent and the 

1973
01:47:09,800 --> 01:47:11,900
most perilous force in Human 
Experience. 

1974
01:47:12,600 --> 01:47:15,300
Love has the power to motivate 
people to do, Unthinkable, 

1975
01:47:15,300 --> 01:47:18,300
bravery and devotional Deeds, 
but it can also lead them to 

1976
01:47:18,300 --> 01:47:21,800
make incredibly bad choices that
have an impact on entire 

1977
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:23,400
Kingdoms. 
In addition to the themselves, 

1978
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,500
ancient storytellers, recognize 
something that contemporary 

1979
01:47:26,500 --> 01:47:29,900
romance, occasionally overlooks.
That the intensity of Love is 

1980
01:47:29,900 --> 01:47:32,900
directly correlated with its 
capacity for both creation and 

1981
01:47:32,900 --> 01:47:35,900
destruction. 
These weren't sterile fairy 

1982
01:47:35,900 --> 01:47:38,900
tales about meeting your true 
love and leading a conflict-free

1983
01:47:38,900 --> 01:47:41,300
life. 
They were candid admissions. 

1984
01:47:41,300 --> 01:47:44,000
That love is a complex messy, 
often a logical and 

1985
01:47:44,000 --> 01:47:47,500
fundamentally Human Experience. 
Every family has that one 

1986
01:47:47,500 --> 01:47:51,500
relative who unexpectedly attend
events makes a fence of jokes 

1987
01:47:51,500 --> 01:47:54,800
break, something Priceless 
somehow adds interest to the 

1988
01:47:54,808 --> 01:47:57,800
event and leaves, you wondering,
if you should give them a hug or

1989
01:47:57,800 --> 01:48:00,100
keep the nice China for yourself
the next time. 

1990
01:48:00,900 --> 01:48:03,100
These characters are known as 
tricksters in mythology. 

1991
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:06,500
There are also more than just 
stories about bad behavior or 

1992
01:48:06,500 --> 01:48:09,500
comedic relief the other 
changemakers and Cosmic 

1993
01:48:09,500 --> 01:48:12,600
comedians who serve as a 
reminder that sometimes the most

1994
01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:14,600
surprising answers lead to the 
best answers. 

1995
01:48:14,600 --> 01:48:18,100
Thanks to recent Motion, 
Pictures Loki, has arguably the 

1996
01:48:18,100 --> 01:48:20,800
most well-known trickster of all
time, but the Hollywood 

1997
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:24,700
adaptation hardly captures his 
complexity, a villain with good 

1998
01:48:24,700 --> 01:48:26,700
cheekbones and daddy issues 
wasn't all that. 

1999
01:48:26,700 --> 01:48:30,700
The Norse Loki was he was the 
god of necessary complications 

2000
01:48:30,700 --> 01:48:33,700
the Divine representation of the
idea that sometimes things must 

2001
01:48:33,700 --> 01:48:37,300
be broken in order to be 
properly fixed, Loki's 

2002
01:48:37,300 --> 01:48:39,800
relationship with the other gods
was similar to that of a friend 

2003
01:48:39,808 --> 01:48:42,800
who always comes up with the 
most absurd solution to any 

2004
01:48:42,800 --> 01:48:46,300
issue and somehow succeed. 
So frequently that people can 

2005
01:48:46,300 --> 01:48:50,900
continue to listen to him, he 
wasn't inherently bad, rather he

2006
01:48:50,900 --> 01:48:53,600
was the type of person who 
brings up awkward topics during 

2007
01:48:53,600 --> 01:48:55,900
family, gatherings and calls out
hypocrisy. 

2008
01:48:55,900 --> 01:48:58,900
When the gods decided that 
Asgard needed more security, 

2009
01:48:58,900 --> 01:49:01,300
they hired a builder who said 
they could, Create an 

2010
01:49:01,300 --> 01:49:03,000
impregnable wall in a single 
season. 

2011
01:49:03,900 --> 01:49:07,500
The cost, the goddess, freyja 
the Moon, and the Sun. 

2012
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:10,900
The gods agreed because they 
were certain the Builder 

2013
01:49:10,900 --> 01:49:13,100
couldn't possibly meet the 
deadline even though it was 

2014
01:49:13,100 --> 01:49:15,600
clearly a bad deal. 
The kind of contract that makes 

2015
01:49:15,600 --> 01:49:18,900
you wonder if anyone actually 
reads the fine print naturally. 

2016
01:49:18,900 --> 01:49:22,800
The Builder had a secret weapon.
Svadilfari a magnificent 

2017
01:49:22,800 --> 01:49:24,800
stallion capable of moving 
stones. 

2018
01:49:24,800 --> 01:49:26,800
That should have taken an entire
crew of workers. 

2019
01:49:26,800 --> 01:49:29,900
The gods realized they were 
going to lose some of their most

2020
01:49:29,900 --> 01:49:33,100
precious possessions to what was
effectively an extremely costly 

2021
01:49:33,100 --> 01:49:36,500
construction project as the 
deadline Drew closer and the 

2022
01:49:36,500 --> 01:49:38,000
wall. 
Got closer to completion. 

2023
01:49:38,000 --> 01:49:41,100
Loki's unique approach to 
problem-solving was helpful in 

2024
01:49:41,100 --> 01:49:44,300
this situation. 
In a typically unorthodox move, 

2025
01:49:44,300 --> 01:49:47,700
he changed into a mayor and 
enticed vadeal Faria away just 

2026
01:49:47,700 --> 01:49:50,500
in time to prevent the Builder 
from completing the wall. 

2027
01:49:51,500 --> 01:49:54,700
The plan was successful but it 
had an unintended consequence. 

2028
01:49:54,700 --> 01:49:58,900
Loki gave birth to slight near 
an eight-legged horse that came 

2029
01:49:58,900 --> 01:50:02,200
out in Mount and possibly the 
most peculiar addition to any 

2030
01:50:02,200 --> 01:50:05,200
family tree in mythological 
history, tricksters are willing 

2031
01:50:05,208 --> 01:50:07,100
to pay personal cost to solve 
problems. 

2032
01:50:07,100 --> 01:50:10,800
That everyone else is too proud 
to dignified or two traditional 

2033
01:50:10,800 --> 01:50:12,800
to handle as the story 
demonstrates. 

2034
01:50:13,900 --> 01:50:17,200
Not only did Loki save the gods 
from a bad deal but he also 

2035
01:50:17,208 --> 01:50:19,000
effectively and strangely 
embodied. 

2036
01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:23,100
The solution tricksters, however
are not exclusively Norse of all

2037
01:50:23,100 --> 01:50:25,200
the chaos agents and Nancy the 
spider. 

2038
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:28,600
A West African custom is 
arguably the most endearing. 

2039
01:50:29,500 --> 01:50:31,300
A Nancy was more of a Purpose 
Driven. 

2040
01:50:31,300 --> 01:50:33,100
Strategic Troublemaker than 
Loki. 

2041
01:50:33,100 --> 01:50:36,300
Whose tricks frequently had 
unexpected repercussions that 

2042
01:50:36,300 --> 01:50:40,700
descended into Cosmic drama. 
He redistributed resources power

2043
01:50:40,700 --> 01:50:43,300
and knowledge from those who 
hoarded them to those who needed

2044
01:50:43,300 --> 01:50:45,900
them rather than causing chaos 
for its own sake. 

2045
01:50:45,900 --> 01:50:49,900
Not merely a family tragedy the 
story of Osiris's death and 

2046
01:50:49,900 --> 01:50:52,700
Resurrection became a model for 
comprehending, how life can 

2047
01:50:52,700 --> 01:50:56,800
emerge from Death, how chaos can
be brought back to order and how

2048
01:50:56,800 --> 01:51:00,600
love can overcome destruction 
with perseverance wisdom, and 

2049
01:51:00,600 --> 01:51:04,200
truly amazing, magical 
abilities, In addition to 

2050
01:51:04,200 --> 01:51:07,600
Reviving, her husband, Isis 
changed the Egyptians perception

2051
01:51:07,600 --> 01:51:11,200
of death and what possibilities 
Beyond it compared to the gods 

2052
01:51:11,200 --> 01:51:14,200
of the Greeks and Egyptians the 
gods of the Hindu tradition were

2053
01:51:14,200 --> 01:51:15,900
both more Cosmic and more 
intimate. 

2054
01:51:15,900 --> 01:51:19,000
These were not merely strong 
creatures with human-like 

2055
01:51:19,000 --> 01:51:21,600
personalities. 
They were facets of a Divine 

2056
01:51:21,600 --> 01:51:25,000
reality so vast and intricate 
that it needed to take on 

2057
01:51:25,000 --> 01:51:27,900
several forms in order for human
Minds to understand it, 

2058
01:51:27,900 --> 01:51:30,800
depending on which story you are
hearing and what lesson needed 

2059
01:51:30,800 --> 01:51:33,600
to be taught Krishna. 
One of the most adored Hindu 

2060
01:51:33,600 --> 01:51:37,000
gods, was able to be a cosmic 
principle, a mischievous child, 

2061
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:41,300
a romantic hero, a wise teacher,
and a Divine Warrior all at 

2062
01:51:41,300 --> 01:51:44,000
once. 
During his childhood he gained 

2063
01:51:44,000 --> 01:51:47,400
notoriety for stealing butter, 
concealing clothing, from women 

2064
01:51:47,400 --> 01:51:50,600
who are bathing and generally 
acting like the most endearing 

2065
01:51:50,600 --> 01:51:54,000
young criminal in the world. 
As an adult, he served as the 

2066
01:51:54,000 --> 01:51:57,300
warrior arjuna's charioteer, and
spiritual Mentor in the bug of 

2067
01:51:57,308 --> 01:52:00,300
argita imparting. 
Some of the most profound 

2068
01:52:00,300 --> 01:52:02,200
philosophical lessons in human 
history. 

2069
01:52:02,200 --> 01:52:05,100
As arrows flew past them on a 
battlefield. 

2070
01:52:05,100 --> 01:52:07,800
Krishna stories are lovely 
because they cover the whole 

2071
01:52:07,800 --> 01:52:11,400
range of Human Experience. 
He is more than just a distant 

2072
01:52:11,400 --> 01:52:13,200
Divine being giving advice from 
above. 

2073
01:52:13,200 --> 01:52:16,900
As a grown teacher, he's aware 
of the weight of Duty and moral 

2074
01:52:16,900 --> 01:52:19,500
responsibility. 
The complexity of love and 

2075
01:52:19,500 --> 01:52:23,000
relationships as young man and 
the joy of stealing candy, as a 

2076
01:52:23,000 --> 01:52:27,700
child, he literally possesses 
multitudes and his tales servers

2077
01:52:27,700 --> 01:52:31,200
are reminded that if we know how
to seek it out, Divinity as 

2078
01:52:31,200 --> 01:52:34,300
woven throughout every moment of
life and is not distinct from 

2079
01:52:34,300 --> 01:52:37,700
the everyday Human Experience. 
The Celtic Bridget, however is 

2080
01:52:37,700 --> 01:52:40,400
arguably the most intriguing 
debt from any tradition. 

2081
01:52:40,400 --> 01:52:44,000
She was able to be both a pagan 
goddess and a Christian Saint 

2082
01:52:44,000 --> 01:52:45,600
with out. 
Anyone seen to find this 

2083
01:52:45,600 --> 01:52:49,100
particularly odd, she was the 
goddess of healing Smith, craft,

2084
01:52:49,100 --> 01:52:52,400
and poetry three disciplines 
that may not seem connected. 

2085
01:52:52,600 --> 01:52:55,200
Until you consider that. 
They are all about transforming 

2086
01:52:55,200 --> 01:52:58,900
raw materials into something 
more complete beautiful or 

2087
01:52:58,900 --> 01:53:02,200
useful than they were before. 
Bridges Forge, was more than 

2088
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:05,600
just a place to shape metal. 
It was a place to pound words 

2089
01:53:05,600 --> 01:53:09,500
out of inspiration to strengthen
broken objects and to turn the 

2090
01:53:09,500 --> 01:53:12,400
commonplace materials of life 
into something that could be 

2091
01:53:12,400 --> 01:53:15,000
used for both utilitarian and 
religious purposes. 

2092
01:53:15,000 --> 01:53:18,500
She realized that when spiritual
work and daily work are done 

2093
01:53:18,508 --> 01:53:21,600
with love skill and attention. 
There is no real difference 

2094
01:53:21,600 --> 01:53:24,600
between the two, the stories of 
Bridget did not vanish when 

2095
01:53:24,600 --> 01:53:28,400
Christianity arrived in Ireland.
Rather they changed somewhat. 

2096
01:53:29,100 --> 01:53:32,900
The goddess was transformed into
Saint Brigid and for centuries. 

2097
01:53:32,900 --> 01:53:35,500
Nuns cared for her sacred fires 
in convents. 

2098
01:53:36,200 --> 01:53:38,600
Though, they were no longer 
regarded as the abilities of an 

2099
01:53:38,600 --> 01:53:41,200
ancient Celtic deity. 
The talent. 

2100
01:53:41,200 --> 01:53:45,100
She bestowed, poetry 
craftsmanship and healing were 

2101
01:53:45,100 --> 01:53:48,800
now recognized as gifts from the
Christian God It was the 

2102
01:53:48,800 --> 01:53:52,200
Pinnacle of cultural adaptation 
respecting, both traditional 

2103
01:53:52,200 --> 01:53:55,400
knowledge and contemporary 
insights without asking anyone 

2104
01:53:55,400 --> 01:53:57,000
to give up what had always 
worked for them. 

2105
01:53:57,000 --> 01:54:01,100
Let's now discuss monsters which
are essential to any good story 

2106
01:54:01,100 --> 01:54:03,500
and were present in. 
Some genuinely amazing ancient 

2107
01:54:03,500 --> 01:54:06,200
mythologies. 
However, these weren't merely 

2108
01:54:06,200 --> 01:54:08,700
arbitrary frightening objects 
meant to give people nightmares.

2109
01:54:08,700 --> 01:54:13,300
They were fears given shape and 
anxieties disguised a scales 

2110
01:54:13,300 --> 01:54:17,400
clause and multiple heads and 
issues that needed Heroes magic.

2111
01:54:17,400 --> 01:54:20,800
Or at the very least excellent 
running shoes because they 

2112
01:54:20,800 --> 01:54:22,500
couldn't be resolved with common
sense. 

2113
01:54:22,500 --> 01:54:26,700
This thinks a riddle with wings 
and a very short fuse was a gift

2114
01:54:26,700 --> 01:54:29,700
from the Greeks. and imagine 
what would happen if someone 

2115
01:54:29,700 --> 01:54:32,400
asked to commit of nightmare 
designers to create the most 

2116
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:36,100
challenging client Imagine a 
creature that has the head of a 

2117
01:54:36,108 --> 01:54:39,300
woman, the wings of an eagle and
the body of a lion. 

2118
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:43,900
In addition to eating people, 
the Sphinx required them to pass

2119
01:54:43,900 --> 01:54:46,400
a test and failing it meant that
they would perish. 

2120
01:54:46,400 --> 01:54:48,500
Not only was her. 
Well, known riddle. 

2121
01:54:48,500 --> 01:54:50,600
What walks on? 
Four legs in the morning? 

2122
01:54:50,600 --> 01:54:53,100
Two legs at noon and three legs 
in the evening. 

2123
01:54:54,200 --> 01:54:57,400
Clever wordplay exercise. 
It was a question about the 

2124
01:54:57,400 --> 01:55:01,300
state of humanity, how we 
evolved over time and the phases

2125
01:55:01,300 --> 01:55:03,100
of life that everyone must 
experience. 

2126
01:55:03,100 --> 01:55:06,500
If they are fortunate enough to 
live that long, the monster was 

2127
01:55:06,500 --> 01:55:09,900
defending a basic reality about 
life, not just a city. 

2128
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:14,100
Sphinx became so irate at having
her riddle solved that she threw

2129
01:55:14,100 --> 01:55:16,000
herself off a cliff. 
When he'd just gave the right 

2130
01:55:16,000 --> 01:55:20,300
response that humans crawl as 
infants walk upright as adults 

2131
01:55:20,300 --> 01:55:24,300
and use canes in old age. 
Although, it's a dramatic 

2132
01:55:24,300 --> 01:55:27,500
response, you have to respect 
her dedication to her work. 

2133
01:55:28,300 --> 01:55:30,500
She was more than a Monster who 
enjoyed riddles. 

2134
01:55:30,500 --> 01:55:33,900
She was the embodiment of the 
questions that haunt people at 

2135
01:55:33,900 --> 01:55:36,200
night and her mission was 
accomplished. 

2136
01:55:36,200 --> 01:55:39,700
Once those questions were 
resolved, but Medusa, whose tale

2137
01:55:39,700 --> 01:55:42,400
has been repeated and 
reinterpreted so many times that

2138
01:55:42,400 --> 01:55:45,300
it's easy to forget. 
The original tragedy was perhaps

2139
01:55:45,300 --> 01:55:48,200
the most psychologically complex
monster in Greek mythology. 

2140
01:55:49,100 --> 01:55:52,600
She was not born a monster 
rather, she was made into one as

2141
01:55:52,600 --> 01:55:55,100
retribution for being attacked 
in the temple of Athena. 

2142
01:55:55,900 --> 01:55:58,900
Rather than punishing her 
assailant Athena punished, the 

2143
01:55:58,900 --> 01:56:02,200
victim by transforming her, 
lovely hair into snakes and 

2144
01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:04,900
cursing her with a look, that 
would make anyone who saw her 

2145
01:56:04,900 --> 01:56:07,300
Turn to Stone. 
Take a moment to consider the 

2146
01:56:07,300 --> 01:56:11,100
horror of Medusa's existence. 
She was isolated in a way that 

2147
01:56:11,100 --> 01:56:14,500
most people can't comprehend 
rendered literally Untouchable. 

2148
01:56:14,500 --> 01:56:18,200
And unable to look at another 
person without killing them, she

2149
01:56:18,200 --> 01:56:21,200
became the embodiment of both 
female anger and female 

2150
01:56:21,200 --> 01:56:24,600
helplessness She was dangerous 
to everyone who came into 

2151
01:56:24,600 --> 01:56:27,600
contact with her, but she was 
unable to turn that danger into 

2152
01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:29,900
anything. 
Positive, it took cunning and 

2153
01:56:29,900 --> 01:56:33,100
divine help for Perseus to kill 
her in the end, not bravery or 

2154
01:56:33,100 --> 01:56:35,100
strength. 
He effectively turned her own 

2155
01:56:35,100 --> 01:56:37,600
power against her, by using a 
mirror Shield to get close to 

2156
01:56:37,608 --> 01:56:39,200
her without looking into her 
eyes. 

2157
01:56:40,200 --> 01:56:42,500
However, Medusa was not 
helpless. 

2158
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:46,600
Even in death, her blood turned 
into a poison that killed and a 

2159
01:56:46,600 --> 01:56:49,100
medicine that healed and Her 
Image became a symbol of 

2160
01:56:49,108 --> 01:56:52,500
protection reminding evil that 
some types of suffering, give 

2161
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:55,400
one strength, that is 
unbeatable, like everything else

2162
01:56:55,400 --> 01:56:58,400
in Norse mythology, the Norse 
had their own unique perspective

2163
01:56:58,400 --> 01:57:01,400
on monsters and it was more 
nuanced and ethically dubious 

2164
01:57:01,400 --> 01:57:04,700
than you might think. 
One of Loki's children was the 

2165
01:57:04,700 --> 01:57:09,100
world, serpent German gander? 
Which was so big that it in 

2166
01:57:09,100 --> 01:57:11,400
circled the entire world and 
held onto its own tail. 

2167
01:57:12,300 --> 01:57:15,100
It wasn't intentionally 
malevolent, it was simply so 

2168
01:57:15,100 --> 01:57:18,300
massive that it's very existence
posed in an inherent threat, to 

2169
01:57:18,300 --> 01:57:21,700
the stability of the universe. 
The God of Thunder, Thor was 

2170
01:57:21,700 --> 01:57:24,100
destined to battle your Gander. 
At the end of the world 

2171
01:57:24,100 --> 01:57:26,900
Ragnarok, both would perish in 
the conflict. 

2172
01:57:26,900 --> 01:57:30,400
The serpent from Thor's, hammer 
and Thor, from the Serpent's 

2173
01:57:30,400 --> 01:57:33,800
poison It was a perfect 
illustration of the Norse 

2174
01:57:33,800 --> 01:57:36,200
understanding that sometimes 
there are no winners in 

2175
01:57:36,200 --> 01:57:39,000
conflicts and that the best 
course of action is to make sure

2176
01:57:39,000 --> 01:57:41,000
that destruction serves a 
greater good. 

2177
01:57:41,000 --> 01:57:46,200
However, fenrir the wolf and one
of Loki's Offspring was arguably

2178
01:57:46,200 --> 01:57:49,800
the most fascinating Norse 
monster knowing from prophecy. 

2179
01:57:49,800 --> 01:57:51,900
That fenrir would ultimately 
kill Odin. 

2180
01:57:51,900 --> 01:57:56,000
The gods chose to bind the wolf 
with an unbreakable chain rather

2181
01:57:56,000 --> 01:57:59,000
than attempting to stop this 
fate with wisdom or kindness. 

2182
01:57:59,900 --> 01:58:03,000
It took cunning to bind him, 
they persuaded fenrir that it 

2183
01:58:03,008 --> 01:58:06,000
was a test of his strength and 
then wouldn't let him go when he

2184
01:58:06,000 --> 01:58:09,600
demonstrate that he couldn't 
escape the tale of fenrir is the

2185
01:58:09,600 --> 01:58:12,200
ideal example of how attempting 
to avert a future. 

2186
01:58:12,200 --> 01:58:15,900
This is feared can actually 
bring it about even though the 

2187
01:58:15,900 --> 01:58:19,800
wolf had done nothing wrong, the
gods treatment of him, chaining 

2188
01:58:19,800 --> 01:58:23,300
him was precisely the kind of 
Injustice, that would incite the

2189
01:58:23,308 --> 01:58:26,200
Roth required to carry out the 
prophecy because they were 

2190
01:58:26,200 --> 01:58:28,400
afraid of him. 
They made their own enemy 

2191
01:58:28,400 --> 01:58:30,500
demonstrating. 
That sometimes the most 

2192
01:58:30,500 --> 01:58:34,300
dangerous monsters are the ones 
we create for ourselves the 

2193
01:58:34,300 --> 01:58:37,300
Banshee, arguably the most 
psychologically complex monstro 

2194
01:58:37,300 --> 01:58:41,400
of all has Celtic Roots. 
She was grief personified, the 

2195
01:58:41,400 --> 01:58:44,100
embodiment of lost that some 
families experience over many 

2196
01:58:44,100 --> 01:58:47,500
generations, but she wasn't evil
in the traditional sense. 

2197
01:58:47,500 --> 01:58:50,700
Death was announced by her 
wailing but she did not cause 

2198
01:58:50,700 --> 01:58:53,400
it. 
She only recognized it gave it a

2199
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:57,100
voice and made it impossible to 
downplay or ignore the Banshee. 

2200
01:58:57,100 --> 01:58:59,100
Recognized a crucial aspect of 
human nature. 

2201
01:58:59,100 --> 01:59:03,300
We require our sorrows losses 
and pain to be seen as genuine 

2202
01:59:03,300 --> 01:59:06,200
and noteworthy. 
She was Dreadful not because she

2203
01:59:06,200 --> 01:59:09,100
brought death, but rather 
because she made people face 

2204
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:11,800
their mortality and the 
knowledge that everyone they 

2205
01:59:11,800 --> 01:59:13,600
cared about would eventually 
pass away. 

2206
01:59:13,600 --> 01:59:18,000
However, she was also consoling 
in her own way, her presence 

2207
01:59:18,000 --> 01:59:21,300
demonstrated that death had 
purpose that the Universe did 

2208
01:59:21,300 --> 01:59:24,100
not disregard loss. 
And that there was someone whose

2209
01:59:24,100 --> 01:59:26,900
responsibility was to grieve for
the deceased in a dignified 

2210
01:59:26,900 --> 01:59:29,900
manner. 
She was the cosmic counterpart 

2211
01:59:29,900 --> 01:59:31,900
of the friend. 
Who attends funerals brings 

2212
01:59:31,900 --> 01:59:34,800
castles to bereaved families and
ensures that no one must go 

2213
01:59:34,800 --> 01:59:37,800
through life's darkest times 
alone as our journey through the

2214
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:40,100
world of ancient stories draws 
to a close. 

2215
01:59:40,100 --> 01:59:43,600
It is worthwhile to pause and 
reflect on the kind of magic 

2216
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:46,500
that didn't require heroic 
quests or divine intervention. 

2217
01:59:47,600 --> 01:59:50,200
The common place in chantant 
that made every day life a 

2218
01:59:50,200 --> 01:59:52,600
little more bearable, a little 
more meaningful and a little 

2219
01:59:52,608 --> 01:59:55,700
more connected to the greater 
mysteries of existence, the most

2220
01:59:55,700 --> 01:59:58,600
significant magic occurs in the 
pauses between the dramatic 

2221
01:59:58,600 --> 02:00:02,200
moments in the everyday rituals 
that bind us to one another and 

2222
02:00:02,200 --> 02:00:05,700
to the cycles of nature. 
This is something that ancient 

2223
02:00:05,700 --> 02:00:08,600
people's understood but we 
occasionally forget in our 

2224
02:00:08,600 --> 02:00:11,000
haste, to separate the logical 
from the miraculous. 

2225
02:00:11,000 --> 02:00:14,900
This is beautifully illustrated 
by the Japanese concept of Kami 

2226
02:00:14,900 --> 02:00:17,800
often translated as gods or 
spirits. 

2227
02:00:17,800 --> 02:00:20,500
Come here, actually more like 
the Divine Essence that 

2228
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:24,000
permeates everything including 
every tree Rock. 

2229
02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:29,500
River, Mountain well-made tool 
act of kindness, and instance of

2230
02:00:29,500 --> 02:00:31,900
flawless, attention to a 
straightforward task. 

2231
02:00:32,700 --> 02:00:36,700
The word itself, implies 
something above or superior, but

2232
02:00:36,700 --> 02:00:39,300
not in the sense of being, far, 
away or unreachable. 

2233
02:00:40,200 --> 02:00:43,000
In Stead, it's the 
characteristic that when 

2234
02:00:43,000 --> 02:00:46,300
experienced with the appropriate
level of awareness, elevates 

2235
02:00:46,300 --> 02:00:49,900
ordinary things to extraordinary
a master Potter does more than 

2236
02:00:49,900 --> 02:00:52,500
simply mold. 
Clay, they work with the fire, 

2237
02:00:52,500 --> 02:00:55,500
the army of the earth and their 
own hands to create something, 

2238
02:00:55,500 --> 02:00:58,900
useful and beautiful. 
By learning to work with whether

2239
02:00:58,900 --> 02:01:02,500
soil and seasons in ways that 
respect both ecological balance 

2240
02:01:02,500 --> 02:01:04,800
and human needs. 
A gardener engages. 

2241
02:01:04,800 --> 02:01:07,700
In the continuous dialogue 
between human intention and 

2242
02:01:07,700 --> 02:01:11,000
natural processes. 
This inside transforms every 

2243
02:01:11,000 --> 02:01:14,100
activity into a possible 
spiritual practice every 

2244
02:01:14,100 --> 02:01:17,500
beautifully, crafted item into a
form of prayer and every 

2245
02:01:17,500 --> 02:01:20,300
encounter with nature into a 
chance to connect with something

2246
02:01:20,300 --> 02:01:24,900
greater than personal worries, 
It's transformation without the 

2247
02:01:24,900 --> 02:01:28,600
drama magic without the 
fireworks and Transcendence. 

2248
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:31,400
Found in giving, whatever task 
at hand, your whole attention 

2249
02:01:31,400 --> 02:01:35,800
through its understanding of 
thin places where the line 

2250
02:01:35,800 --> 02:01:38,200
separating the everyday World 
from the other world becomes 

2251
02:01:38,200 --> 02:01:40,800
permeable. 
Where magic is not only possible

2252
02:01:40,800 --> 02:01:43,900
but nearly inevitable. 
The Celtic tradition provides a 

2253
02:01:43,900 --> 02:01:46,900
similar Viewpoint. 
These could be ancient Groves or

2254
02:01:46,900 --> 02:01:50,800
stone circles, but they could 
also be Wells Crossroads or even

2255
02:01:50,800 --> 02:01:53,500
specific times of day when the 
light falls in a particular way 

2256
02:01:53,500 --> 02:01:55,900
and everything seems more 
significant alive. 

2257
02:01:55,900 --> 02:01:59,300
And interconnected the 
realization that thin places 

2258
02:01:59,300 --> 02:02:02,200
aren't merely specific places. 
But rather, States Of 

2259
02:02:02,208 --> 02:02:06,000
Consciousness that can be 
developed anywhere, however was 

2260
02:02:06,000 --> 02:02:08,500
the most significant realization
in Celtic spirituality. 

2261
02:02:09,900 --> 02:02:12,700
When you learn to approach 
everyday situation with the same

2262
02:02:12,700 --> 02:02:15,900
level of reverence and 
attention, typically, reserved 

2263
02:02:15,900 --> 02:02:20,300
for formal religious practices, 
the real magic happens, taking 

2264
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:23,400
care of a fire become a means of
taking part of the cosmic dance 

2265
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:26,500
between order and entropy. 
Cooking becomes an offering to 

2266
02:02:26,500 --> 02:02:28,700
the spirits of the home and 
washing dishes. 

2267
02:02:28,700 --> 02:02:31,800
Becomes a meditation on the 
element of water, the knowledge 

2268
02:02:31,800 --> 02:02:35,700
that everything location and 
creature has a spirit and a 

2269
02:02:35,700 --> 02:02:39,000
story of its own and that wisdom
arises from learning to listen 

2270
02:02:39,000 --> 02:02:40,900
to these stories with humility 
and respect. 

2271
02:02:41,800 --> 02:02:43,900
Is derived from native American 
traditions. 

2272
02:02:43,900 --> 02:02:47,800
A rock is more than just a 
mineral formation, it is an 

2273
02:02:47,800 --> 02:02:51,100
elder who is seen in numerable 
seasons and has its own wisdom 

2274
02:02:51,100 --> 02:02:54,300
about patience endurance. 
And the gradual change of 

2275
02:02:54,308 --> 02:02:57,800
Landscapes over time this 
Viewpoint completely changes how

2276
02:02:57,800 --> 02:03:01,200
people interact with nature. 
You start to see yourself as a 

2277
02:03:01,208 --> 02:03:04,200
part of a continuous dialogue 
that has been going on for 

2278
02:03:04,200 --> 02:03:07,700
thousands of years before you 
arrived and will continue long 

2279
02:03:07,700 --> 02:03:10,400
after you leave. 
Rather than as a collection of 

2280
02:03:10,400 --> 02:03:14,000
resources to be used or 
challenges to overcome finding 

2281
02:03:14,000 --> 02:03:16,600
your place in this conversation 
and adding your voice. 

2282
02:03:16,600 --> 02:03:19,400
While paying attention to 
everyone else's is more 

2283
02:03:19,400 --> 02:03:22,400
important than trying to control
or dominate it something 

2284
02:03:22,400 --> 02:03:24,100
similar. 
But even more thorough is 

2285
02:03:24,100 --> 02:03:26,900
encapsulated in the Aboriginal 
Australian concept of country. 

2286
02:03:27,700 --> 02:03:30,100
The living system of 
relationships between land 

2287
02:03:30,100 --> 02:03:32,900
water, plants animals, and 
ancestors and descendants, 

2288
02:03:32,900 --> 02:03:35,600
Define your identity and 
responsibilities. 

2289
02:03:35,600 --> 02:03:39,100
It is not just the place. 
You happen to live in the sense 

2290
02:03:39,100 --> 02:03:41,500
that your identity is 
inextricably linked to the 

2291
02:03:41,500 --> 02:03:44,400
network of relationships that 
supports all life, you are 

2292
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:48,000
country not just from it because
everything you do has an impact 

2293
02:03:48,000 --> 02:03:51,200
on the overall systems Balance 
and Health, this knowledge makes

2294
02:03:51,200 --> 02:03:54,900
every action meaningful. 
Taking water from a spring is 

2295
02:03:54,900 --> 02:03:56,500
more than just a practical 
issue. 

2296
02:03:56,500 --> 02:03:59,900
It's a way to communicate with 
the water spirits and calls for 

2297
02:03:59,900 --> 02:04:03,800
appreciation, acknowledgment and
close attention to reciprocity. 

2298
02:04:04,700 --> 02:04:07,300
Foraging is only one aspect of 
gathering food plants. 

2299
02:04:07,300 --> 02:04:10,600
Another is engaging in a 
relationship that necessitates 

2300
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:14,300
understanding the seasons. 
Migration patterns, soil 

2301
02:04:14,300 --> 02:04:17,600
conditions, and the requirements
of all other organisms that 

2302
02:04:17,600 --> 02:04:21,100
share resources, developing the 
sensitivity and wisdom to live 

2303
02:04:21,100 --> 02:04:24,200
in harmony with all the forces, 
both visible and invisible 

2304
02:04:24,200 --> 02:04:28,100
human, and more than human that 
enable life is what all these 

2305
02:04:28,100 --> 02:04:31,400
Traditions have in common rather
than gaining control over the 

2306
02:04:31,400 --> 02:04:33,900
world. 
They acknowledge that rather 

2307
02:04:33,900 --> 02:04:35,600
than existing independently of 
nature. 

2308
02:04:35,600 --> 02:04:38,900
Humans are merely one species 
within a complex, web of 

2309
02:04:38,900 --> 02:04:41,700
interdependence that 
necessitates ongoing care 

2310
02:04:41,700 --> 02:04:45,700
support and Care supernatural, 
abilities, or drastic changes 

2311
02:04:45,700 --> 02:04:49,100
are not promised by this type of
commonplace magic, rather. 

2312
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:53,500
It provides something perhaps 
more valuable a way of life that

2313
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:56,700
acknowledges, the sacred aspect 
of everyday life that finds 

2314
02:04:56,700 --> 02:04:59,900
connection and meaning in the 
most basic activities and that 

2315
02:04:59,908 --> 02:05:02,900
turns every day, life into a 
continuous spiritual practice 

2316
02:05:02,900 --> 02:05:06,100
without requiring anyone. 
To give up their obligations or 

2317
02:05:06,100 --> 02:05:09,700
withdraw from society you may be
wondering what exactly we're 

2318
02:05:09,700 --> 02:05:12,300
supposed to do with all these 
stories of gods and heroes 

2319
02:05:12,300 --> 02:05:15,400
monsters. 
And tricksters tragic love 

2320
02:05:15,400 --> 02:05:19,200
stories and creation myths. 
That start with chaos as our 

2321
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:21,400
journey through these old, Tales
comes to an end. 

2322
02:05:22,200 --> 02:05:24,700
These aren't merely amusing 
artifacts from the early days of

2323
02:05:24,708 --> 02:05:27,300
humanity. 
They are inheritance records, 

2324
02:05:27,300 --> 02:05:31,300
psychological maps, and guides 
to navigating the intricacies of

2325
02:05:31,300 --> 02:05:34,300
life that haven't evolved as 
much as we may believe, the 

2326
02:05:34,300 --> 02:05:37,000
ancient storytellers recognized 
something that are modern 

2327
02:05:37,000 --> 02:05:38,600
culture. 
Occasionally finds difficult to 

2328
02:05:38,600 --> 02:05:41,400
grasp. 
Wisdom isn't just about learning

2329
02:05:41,400 --> 02:05:43,700
new things or using cunning to 
solve problems. 

2330
02:05:43,700 --> 02:05:47,200
It involves cultivating, the 
ability to live with uncertainty

2331
02:05:47,200 --> 02:05:51,500
to find purpose in flaws to hold
on to hope when loss is 

2332
02:05:51,500 --> 02:05:55,100
unavoidable and to acknowledge 
the sacred aspect of Every Day. 

2333
02:05:55,100 --> 02:05:57,700
Life, think about the 
beginning's described in the 

2334
02:05:57,708 --> 02:06:01,400
creation stories, They make no 
guarantees about the neatness 

2335
02:06:01,400 --> 02:06:03,700
orderliness or predictability of
beginning. 

2336
02:06:03,700 --> 02:06:07,300
Anything worthwhile, he had a 
new way of life, a relationship,

2337
02:06:07,300 --> 02:06:10,000
a universe or a creative 
endeavor. 

2338
02:06:10,900 --> 02:06:14,000
Rather they recognize that all 
significant Creations. 

2339
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:17,600
Come from some kind of chaos, 
necessitate, the dismantling of 

2340
02:06:17,608 --> 02:06:21,200
earlier plans, and entails some 
trial and error that cannot be 

2341
02:06:21,200 --> 02:06:24,600
prevented by better planning 
according to the Babylonian tale

2342
02:06:24,600 --> 02:06:28,800
of Marduk and Tiamat, sometimes 
progress, necessitates a direct 

2343
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:31,800
confrontation, with the past, 
not to destroy it, out of 

2344
02:06:31,808 --> 02:06:35,200
resentment or impatience. 
But to respect what it is given 

2345
02:06:35,200 --> 02:06:38,600
us while making room for New 
Opportunities, we are reminded 

2346
02:06:38,600 --> 02:06:41,000
that every beginning, entails 
letting go of something else 

2347
02:06:41,000 --> 02:06:44,200
that this letting go is a 
necessary part of the process 

2348
02:06:44,200 --> 02:06:47,200
rather than a result of poor 
planning by the Norse 

2349
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:50,300
understanding that creation 
necessitates, sacrifice that 

2350
02:06:50,300 --> 02:06:52,600
emir's death was required for 
the world's birth. 

2351
02:06:52,600 --> 02:06:55,200
Perhaps the most advanced 
interpretation of all is 

2352
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:58,500
provided by the Aboriginal 
concept of the dream time which 

2353
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:02,000
holds the creation is ongoing 
present and occurring in every 

2354
02:07:02,000 --> 02:07:05,800
moment of focus and intention, 
rather than a curing, once in 

2355
02:07:05,800 --> 02:07:08,800
the distant, past your 
decisions, focus and 

2356
02:07:08,800 --> 02:07:10,700
relationships are all a part of 
the cosmic. 

2357
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:13,800
Creative process and you're not 
merely living in a created 

2358
02:07:13,800 --> 02:07:15,900
world. 
You're actively contributing to 

2359
02:07:15,900 --> 02:07:19,400
its continuous creation. 
The heroes offer equally useful 

2360
02:07:19,400 --> 02:07:21,600
advice for dealing with the 
difficulties of adulthood. 

2361
02:07:21,600 --> 02:07:24,600
They are not guides to 
immortality or enduring 

2362
02:07:24,600 --> 02:07:27,600
happiness. 
Quite the contrary in fact they 

2363
02:07:27,600 --> 02:07:31,000
are sincere admissions that in 
order to grow you must confront 

2364
02:07:31,000 --> 02:07:34,200
things you would rather avoid. 
That courage is the choice to 

2365
02:07:34,200 --> 02:07:37,800
act in spite of fear rather than
the lack of fear and that the 

2366
02:07:37,800 --> 02:07:40,900
most significant successes are 
frequently hidden from everyone 

2367
02:07:40,900 --> 02:07:43,200
but the person who achieves 
them, we learned from 

2368
02:07:43,200 --> 02:07:46,100
gilgamesh's Journey that while 
the desire to resist change and 

2369
02:07:46,100 --> 02:07:47,900
loss is normal and 
understandable. 

2370
02:07:47,900 --> 02:07:52,000
It is ultimately pointless. 
His desire for immortality isn't

2371
02:07:52,000 --> 02:07:54,800
realized in the way he 
envisioned, but his Readiness to

2372
02:07:54,800 --> 02:07:58,300
love profoundly grieve openly 
and live on. 

2373
02:07:58,300 --> 02:08:01,100
In spite of deaths, inevitable 
conclusion, produces a different

2374
02:08:01,100 --> 02:08:05,100
kind of immortality. 
The kind that endures entails in

2375
02:08:05,100 --> 02:08:08,500
our impact in the transformation
we bring about in other people's

2376
02:08:08,500 --> 02:08:10,500
lives. 
The love stories provide 

2377
02:08:10,500 --> 02:08:12,200
guidance. 
That is both Transcendent and 

2378
02:08:12,200 --> 02:08:16,000
useful, they recognize that love
is the most potent and perilous 

2379
02:08:16,000 --> 02:08:19,100
force in human history. 
Able to inspire both the most 

2380
02:08:19,100 --> 02:08:24,900
amazing creations and the most 
spectacular catastrophes They 

2381
02:08:24,900 --> 02:08:26,500
contend that cultivating, the 
wisdom to love. 

2382
02:08:26,500 --> 02:08:29,600
Well in spite of difficulties, 
is more important than finding a

2383
02:08:29,600 --> 02:08:32,300
love without problems. 
We learn from Orpheus and 

2384
02:08:32,300 --> 02:08:33,800
eurydice the value of faith in 
things. 

2385
02:08:33,800 --> 02:08:36,900
We cannot see or control the 
necessity of trust in 

2386
02:08:36,900 --> 02:08:40,300
relationships and how doubt can 
sabotage even the strongest 

2387
02:08:40,300 --> 02:08:43,100
bonds? 
They also teach us how love 

2388
02:08:43,100 --> 02:08:46,300
transcends physical proximity 
and how caring for someone 

2389
02:08:46,300 --> 02:08:49,300
profoundly Alters you in ways 
that lasts long after they are 

2390
02:08:49,300 --> 02:08:51,900
gone, perhaps the most useful 
advice for surviving in. 

2391
02:08:51,900 --> 02:08:54,400
The modern world can be found in
the trickster stories. 

2392
02:08:54,400 --> 02:08:57,100
They remind us that the best 
solution sometimes. 

2393
02:08:57,100 --> 02:08:59,800
Come from those who aren't 
invested in keeping the status 

2394
02:08:59,800 --> 02:09:03,300
quo, that changed typically 
comes from unexpected directions

2395
02:09:03,300 --> 02:09:06,200
and that those in charge, don't 
always know what they're doing. 

2396
02:09:06,208 --> 02:09:10,500
Coyote Loki and announces will 
show how important it is to 

2397
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:13,300
challenge authority, to be 
prepared to break rules that 

2398
02:09:13,300 --> 02:09:16,200
don't really benefit anyone and 
to acknowledge that every 

2399
02:09:16,200 --> 02:09:19,100
solution leads to new issues, 
Technology. 

2400
02:09:19,100 --> 02:09:20,800
That changes messy and 
unpredictable. 

2401
02:09:20,800 --> 02:09:24,100
But they also highlight how 
resilient creative and humorous 

2402
02:09:24,100 --> 02:09:27,800
people can be in the face of 
adversity power responsibility 

2403
02:09:27,800 --> 02:09:31,000
and the human propensity to 
establish authorities and then 

2404
02:09:31,000 --> 02:09:33,700
berate them for their. 
Flaws are all explored in the 

2405
02:09:33,700 --> 02:09:37,200
tales of gods living among 
humans with all of their trivial

2406
02:09:37,200 --> 02:09:40,400
jealousies and bad judgment. 
The Greek gods, serve. 

2407
02:09:40,400 --> 02:09:42,700
As a reminder that those in 
charge of significant matters 

2408
02:09:42,700 --> 02:09:46,100
are frequently just as perplexed
and conflicted as the general 

2409
02:09:46,100 --> 02:09:49,900
populace and that power does not
always translate into wisdom. 

2410
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:52,900
However, the stories also 
implies that the Divine is not 

2411
02:09:52,900 --> 02:09:55,900
something distant and 
unfathomable, but rather is 

2412
02:09:55,900 --> 02:09:58,900
interwoven with every day life, 
in ways, that become apparent, 

2413
02:09:58,900 --> 02:10:02,900
when we look closely, The Hindu 
conception of Krishna as both a 

2414
02:10:02,908 --> 02:10:06,500
button stealing child and a 
cosmic principle suggests, a 

2415
02:10:06,500 --> 02:10:09,400
spirituality, that accepts the 
whole range of Human Experience 

2416
02:10:09,400 --> 02:10:11,800
rather than attempting to 
transcend it. 

2417
02:10:11,800 --> 02:10:14,800
Perhaps the most advanced 
psychological advice of all is 

2418
02:10:14,800 --> 02:10:18,300
found in the monster stories. 
Although they admit that fear is

2419
02:10:18,300 --> 02:10:19,900
a natural part of The Human 
Experience. 

2420
02:10:19,900 --> 02:10:23,100
They also contend that our 
monsters frequently reveal 

2421
02:10:23,100 --> 02:10:26,300
crucial details about the things
we need to confront. 

2422
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:29,100
The things were avoiding. 
And the things we haven't yet, 

2423
02:10:29,100 --> 02:10:32,200
figured out how to integrate. 
Even when that power seems more 

2424
02:10:32,200 --> 02:10:34,700
like, a curse than a gift 
reduces serves. 

2425
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:37,300
As a reminder, that some types 
of suffering can give rise to 

2426
02:10:37,300 --> 02:10:40,100
power. 
The Sphinx implies that rather 

2427
02:10:40,100 --> 02:10:43,100
than being adversaries that must
be vanquished the monsters. 

2428
02:10:43,100 --> 02:10:46,000
We Face are frequently questions
disguised as puzzles. 

2429
02:10:46,000 --> 02:10:49,500
That must be solved. 
Fenrir shows us how fear can 

2430
02:10:49,500 --> 02:10:52,300
produce the very Futures. 
We are trying to avoid and how 

2431
02:10:52,300 --> 02:10:55,000
treating someone as dangerous 
can actually make them 

2432
02:10:55,000 --> 02:10:57,400
dangerous. 
Most significantly these old 

2433
02:10:57,400 --> 02:11:00,000
Tales have a deeper 
understanding of time than our 

2434
02:11:00,000 --> 02:11:02,300
culture does. 
They don't have an obsession 

2435
02:11:02,300 --> 02:11:05,300
with linear progress, which is 
the belief that things are 

2436
02:11:05,300 --> 02:11:09,400
always improving that issues can
be resolved once and for all or 

2437
02:11:09,400 --> 02:11:11,900
that better methods or 
Technologies can radically alter

2438
02:11:11,900 --> 02:11:14,900
human nature, rather, they 
acknowledge that human existence

2439
02:11:14,900 --> 02:11:18,800
is cyclical that the same basic 
problems arise in every 

2440
02:11:18,800 --> 02:11:21,100
generation. 
And that wisdom is not in 

2441
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:23,200
finding a permanent solution to 
these problems. 

2442
02:11:23,200 --> 02:11:27,200
But rather in creating the 
abilities viewpoints and 

2443
02:11:27,200 --> 02:11:30,200
behaviors that enable, each 
generation to face them with 

2444
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:32,900
dignity Ingenuity and support 
from one another. 

2445
02:11:32,900 --> 02:11:36,200
We are reminded that destruction
and creation are Partners in an 

2446
02:11:36,200 --> 02:11:39,300
eternal dance that loss and 
renewal are part of the same 

2447
02:11:39,300 --> 02:11:42,800
process and that every ending 
contains the seeds of New 

2448
02:11:42,800 --> 02:11:45,600
Beginnings by the seasonal 
cycles that occur in. 

2449
02:11:45,600 --> 02:11:48,600
So many mythologies from 
Persephone's yearly Journey 

2450
02:11:48,600 --> 02:11:51,900
Between Worlds to the north 
understanding of Ragnarok as 

2451
02:11:51,900 --> 02:11:54,800
both ending and beginning 
compared to our achievement 

2452
02:11:54,800 --> 02:11:57,600
oriented culture. 
This cyclical view of time 

2453
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:00,700
offers a different relationship 
to both success and failure. 

2454
02:12:01,300 --> 02:12:04,300
It implies that difficulties 
frequently proceed periods of 

2455
02:12:04,300 --> 02:12:08,000
growth that setbacks are not a 
reversible defeats, but rather 

2456
02:12:08,000 --> 02:12:10,000
organic components of larger 
patterns. 

2457
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:13,900
And that the objective is not to
reach a perfect state but rather

2458
02:12:13,900 --> 02:12:16,900
to acquire the fortitude and 
insight necessary to face, 

2459
02:12:16,900 --> 02:12:19,500
whatever lies ahead. 
When you close this collection 

2460
02:12:19,500 --> 02:12:22,900
of stories and go back to your 
own life with its unique, blend 

2461
02:12:22,900 --> 02:12:26,000
of routine tasks, and sacred 
moments, ordinary 

2462
02:12:26,000 --> 02:12:28,700
responsibilities and 
extraordinary possibilities. 

2463
02:12:28,700 --> 02:12:32,700
You take with you the wisdom of 
thousands of generations who 

2464
02:12:32,700 --> 02:12:35,200
have grappled with the same 
basic questions you do. 

2465
02:12:36,400 --> 02:12:38,600
How do you find meaning in an 
uncertain world? 

2466
02:12:39,500 --> 02:12:42,200
How can you accept loss and 
still love deeply? 

2467
02:12:43,000 --> 02:12:45,700
How do you remain hopeful when 
you recognize the challenges? 

2468
02:12:46,800 --> 02:12:49,400
In the vast network of 
relationships, that binds all 

2469
02:12:49,400 --> 02:12:51,600
life together. 
How do you find your place? 

2470
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:54,200
The solutions, these Tails 
provide are neither 

2471
02:12:54,200 --> 02:12:56,500
straightforward nor definitive 
rather. 

2472
02:12:56,500 --> 02:12:59,900
They are molded by the wizard of
innumerable individuals who have

2473
02:12:59,900 --> 02:13:03,600
persevered in the unavoidable 
difficulties of human life and 

2474
02:13:03,600 --> 02:13:06,800
have been tested by time. 
They serve as a reminder. 

2475
02:13:06,800 --> 02:13:09,800
That we are not alone in our 
difficulties that the same 

2476
02:13:09,800 --> 02:13:13,000
questions that keep us up at 
night are the same ones that 

2477
02:13:13,000 --> 02:13:16,500
have always kept people up and 
that participating in such an 

2478
02:13:16,500 --> 02:13:20,000
age-old discussion can be both 
humbling and consoling. 

2479
02:13:20,000 --> 02:13:23,900
The knowledge that the journey 
itself is significant that the 

2480
02:13:23,900 --> 02:13:26,800
questions are just as 
significant as the answers and 

2481
02:13:26,800 --> 02:13:29,700
that each generation has the 
chance to contribute its own 

2482
02:13:29,700 --> 02:13:33,500
voice, to the Grand ongoing 
Narrative of what it means to be

2483
02:13:33,500 --> 02:13:36,300
human in a mysterious and great 
Universe. 

2484
02:13:36,300 --> 02:13:39,900
The things that the myths offer 
more than simple answers or 

2485
02:13:39,900 --> 02:13:42,800
Happy Endings, you can therefore
rest in the knowledge that 

2486
02:13:42,800 --> 02:13:45,700
you're surrounded by stories as 
well as blankets as you turn off

2487
02:13:45,700 --> 02:13:48,900
the light and go to sleep. 
These stories are held in place,

2488
02:13:48,900 --> 02:13:51,900
not only by your immediate 
surroundings but also by the 

2489
02:13:51,900 --> 02:13:54,900
collective wisdom of all those 
who have ever gazed at the same 

2490
02:13:54,900 --> 02:13:58,400
Stars, pondered the same 
Mysteries and managed to turn 

2491
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:01,600
their confusion and longing into
stories that continue to comfort

2492
02:14:01,600 --> 02:14:03,000
and guide. 
Those who follow them. 

2493
02:14:03,000 --> 02:14:05,900
Your life with all its everyday 
magic and everyday. 

2494
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:09,100
Heroism is one of the newest 
chapters in this Timeless book. 

2495
02:14:09,800 --> 02:14:12,800
The ancient stories are still 
being written, rest, easy. 

2496
02:14:12,800 --> 02:14:16,300
Knowing that you are a part of 
something far more expansive and

2497
02:14:16,300 --> 02:14:18,400
exquisite, the new could have 
ever dreamed. 

2498
02:14:18,400 --> 02:14:22,100
When you first open these Pages,
sweet dreams, fellow human being

2499
02:14:22,100 --> 02:14:24,000
on the Eternal Journey, word 
count. 

2500
02:14:24,700 --> 02:14:28,900
About 7,000 words and Nancy 
strategy of stealing fire from 

2501
02:14:28,900 --> 02:14:30,900
the sky. 
God is a prime illustration of 

2502
02:14:30,900 --> 02:14:34,600
it. 
Nyame, the sky God owned fire 

2503
02:14:34,600 --> 02:14:36,900
and kept it locked away for his 
exclusive use. 

2504
02:14:37,600 --> 02:14:41,000
Humans had to Fumble around in 
the dark after the sunset were 

2505
02:14:41,000 --> 02:14:43,400
cold and were unable to 
properly, prepare their food. 

2506
02:14:44,300 --> 02:14:47,400
Nyam simply didn't understand 
why anyone else needed access to

2507
02:14:47,400 --> 02:14:49,900
something so potent and 
potentially hazardous. 

2508
02:14:50,400 --> 02:14:52,500
It wasn't that he was 
intentionally cruel. 

2509
02:14:52,500 --> 02:14:55,600
The obvious solution to this 
problem, in announces opinion 

2510
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:57,700
was to steal the fire and give 
it to humanity. 

2511
02:14:58,600 --> 02:15:01,200
He thought hoarding useful items
was essentially foolish. 

2512
02:15:01,200 --> 02:15:04,000
Not because he harbored any 
particular animosity toward 

2513
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:07,700
Miami instead of being left 
unused in some Cosmic storage 

2514
02:15:07,700 --> 02:15:10,900
unit fire was intended to be 
shared and improve everyone's 

2515
02:15:10,900 --> 02:15:13,700
quality of life. 
The actual theft was a 

2516
02:15:13,700 --> 02:15:17,200
Masterwork of preparation and 
creativity among other things 

2517
02:15:17,200 --> 02:15:20,000
and Nancy was one of the 
greatest storytellers in history

2518
02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:23,500
and he persuaded niyama to allow
him to visit by promising to 

2519
02:15:23,500 --> 02:15:25,400
share some of his well-known 
Tales. 

2520
02:15:26,300 --> 02:15:29,400
The Nancy was able to smuggle 
some fire into a tiny potty. 

2521
02:15:29,400 --> 02:15:32,800
It concealed in his web while 
niamey was preoccupied with an 

2522
02:15:32,800 --> 02:15:36,100
especially captivating story 
about why mosquitoes buzz in 

2523
02:15:36,100 --> 02:15:40,000
people's ears for a spider. 
Even a magical, one crossing the

2524
02:15:40,000 --> 02:15:43,900
sky to get the fire to Earth was
no easy task and Nancy had to 

2525
02:15:43,908 --> 02:15:47,900
use Ingenuity for navigation 
transportation and maintaining 

2526
02:15:47,900 --> 02:15:51,600
the fire throughout the trip. 
Additionally, he had to stay out

2527
02:15:51,600 --> 02:15:54,400
of near Maize sight when the 
sky-god eventually found out 

2528
02:15:54,400 --> 02:15:56,500
about the theft and came to look
for his belongings. 

2529
02:15:56,500 --> 02:15:59,900
However announced he was 
successful and fire spread like 

2530
02:15:59,900 --> 02:16:04,700
well fire among people. 
Cooking, staying warm working 

2531
02:16:04,700 --> 02:16:07,400
after dark and generally 
improving one's quality of life 

2532
02:16:07,400 --> 02:16:11,200
will all made possible. 
Initially incensed nyami was 

2533
02:16:11,200 --> 02:16:13,900
forced to acknowledge that fire 
was far more beneficial when it 

2534
02:16:13,900 --> 02:16:15,700
was being used as opposed to 
being stored. 

2535
02:16:15,700 --> 02:16:19,600
In fact, the theft increased 
rather than decreased the value 

2536
02:16:19,600 --> 02:16:23,500
of the gift, the way that Anansi
Stories reinterpret stealing and

2537
02:16:23,500 --> 02:16:27,500
breaking the law as acts of 
social, justice is fantastic and

2538
02:16:27,500 --> 02:16:30,500
Nancy redistributes resources 
because he sees a world where 

2539
02:16:30,500 --> 02:16:32,600
good things are kept from those 
who need them. 

2540
02:16:32,600 --> 02:16:35,100
Not because he has avaricious or
malevolent. 

2541
02:16:35,100 --> 02:16:38,700
He resembles a cosmic Robinhood,
but he has better jokes. 

2542
02:16:38,700 --> 02:16:41,200
And more legs. 
Another example of the art of 

2543
02:16:41,208 --> 02:16:43,299
necessary. 
Mischief is coyote, the 

2544
02:16:43,299 --> 02:16:46,400
trickster of many Native 
American traditions or as an 

2545
02:16:46,400 --> 02:16:49,600
Nancy was endearing and 
determined and Loki was complex 

2546
02:16:49,600 --> 02:16:54,500
and occasionally destructive. 
Coyote was coyote, however was 

2547
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:56,900
like that friend, who has good 
intentions, but no sense of 

2548
02:16:56,907 --> 02:16:59,200
proportion. 
He would flood of Valley. 

2549
02:16:59,200 --> 02:17:02,299
While Watering your garden then,
move mountains to help you find 

2550
02:17:02,299 --> 02:17:04,299
a misplaced. 
Earring, there is a common 

2551
02:17:04,299 --> 02:17:08,500
pattern to Coyote stories. 
Coyote sees a problem devises, 

2552
02:17:08,500 --> 02:17:10,100
what appears to be a clever 
solution. 

2553
02:17:10,100 --> 02:17:14,000
Enthusiastically puts the 
solution into practice and then 

2554
02:17:14,000 --> 02:17:17,200
faces consequences that are 
typically far more significant 

2555
02:17:17,200 --> 02:17:19,400
and bizarre than anyone could 
have predicted. 

2556
02:17:19,400 --> 02:17:23,400
He is the Divine representation 
of both the necessity of trying 

2557
02:17:23,400 --> 02:17:25,799
new things. 
Even when you are unsure of how 

2558
02:17:25,799 --> 02:17:29,600
they will turn out and the law 
of unintended consequences, his 

2559
02:17:29,600 --> 02:17:32,600
attempt to introduce salmon, to 
the Columbia Rivers inhabitants 

2560
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:35,000
is among the most Charming of 
coyotes Tales. 

2561
02:17:35,000 --> 02:17:38,200
According to this version, a 
family of creatures had 

2562
02:17:38,200 --> 02:17:41,100
constructed a dam across the 
river and was hoarding, all the 

2563
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:43,600
salmon refusing to share them 
with anybody else. 

2564
02:17:44,400 --> 02:17:46,799
Coyote determined that people's 
hunger was intolerable. 

2565
02:17:46,799 --> 02:17:49,299
As usual he offered a 
straightforward solution. 

2566
02:17:49,299 --> 02:17:52,799
He would break the dam and 
release the salmon, easy 

2567
02:17:52,799 --> 02:17:56,400
efficient and sure to lead to 
complications he hadn't yet. 

2568
02:17:56,400 --> 02:18:00,000
Considered Coyote was skilled at
the destructive aspect of 

2569
02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:02,700
problem solving. 
So the dam breaking itself went 

2570
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:05,299
without a hitch. 
The salmon, however, had to be 

2571
02:18:05,299 --> 02:18:08,000
equitably shared with all the 
various communities along the 

2572
02:18:08,008 --> 02:18:09,900
river. 
Once they were free, this was 

2573
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:12,900
the point at which coyote is 
lack of administrative abilities

2574
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:16,000
clashed with his good 
intentions, Immediately 

2575
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:19,299
overwhelmed by the logistics. 
He appointed himself coordinator

2576
02:18:19,299 --> 02:18:22,400
of salmon distribution. 
They couldn't agree on seasonal 

2577
02:18:22,400 --> 02:18:24,500
schedules. 
Had different fishing traditions

2578
02:18:24,500 --> 02:18:26,500
and wanted different numbers of 
fish. 

2579
02:18:27,600 --> 02:18:30,799
The world's first fisheries 
management crisis resulted from 

2580
02:18:30,799 --> 02:18:33,000
what should have been a 
straightforward resource-sharing

2581
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:35,799
issue, coyote ultimately 
resolved, the issue by 

2582
02:18:35,799 --> 02:18:38,700
essentially stating that salmon 
would migrate in Cycles. 

2583
02:18:38,700 --> 02:18:41,900
Arriving in large quantities for
a portion of the year before 

2584
02:18:41,900 --> 02:18:45,000
departing to spawn. 
Although it wasn't the 

2585
02:18:45,000 --> 02:18:48,400
sophisticated long-term fix, he 
had hoped for it, did the trick.

2586
02:18:49,200 --> 02:18:52,500
Everyone received salmon, the 
salmon was able to procreate and

2587
02:18:52,500 --> 02:18:55,600
carry on the cycle and coyote 
gained insight into the 

2588
02:18:55,600 --> 02:18:57,900
distinction between destroying 
and repairing things. 

2589
02:18:57,900 --> 02:19:02,200
The understanding that changes 
Messi progress frequently comes 

2590
02:19:02,200 --> 02:19:05,200
from unexpected directions. 
And sometimes the best solution 

2591
02:19:05,200 --> 02:19:07,799
come from people who aren't 
invested in maintaining the 

2592
02:19:07,799 --> 02:19:10,200
status quo is what makes tricks 
to stories. 

2593
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:13,299
So Timeless. 
Tricksters don't use meticulous 

2594
02:19:13,299 --> 02:19:16,100
planning and risk assessment to 
solve problems the way experts 

2595
02:19:16,100 --> 02:19:18,600
and authorities. 
Do when their tired of the 

2596
02:19:18,600 --> 02:19:21,600
status quo, and open to trying 
something new, they sold 

2597
02:19:21,600 --> 02:19:24,200
problems the same way. 
Regular people, do they 

2598
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:26,500
acknowledge that good? 
Intentions do not always 

2599
02:19:26,500 --> 02:19:29,700
translate into successful 
outcomes that every solution 

2600
02:19:29,700 --> 02:19:32,900
leads to new issues and that 
sometimes it is more important 

2601
02:19:32,900 --> 02:19:34,900
to Simply start the process of 
change. 

2602
02:19:34,900 --> 02:19:39,799
Even if you have no control over
its direction, Trickster energy,

2603
02:19:39,799 --> 02:19:42,799
the willingness to ask 
questions, try new things and 

2604
02:19:42,799 --> 02:19:44,400
break rules that need to be 
broken. 

2605
02:19:44,400 --> 02:19:47,900
Feels more relevant than ever in
a world that frequently feels 

2606
02:19:47,900 --> 02:19:50,000
trapped in patterns that don't 
benefit anyone. 

2607
02:19:50,000 --> 02:19:53,400
Ancient people's conceptions of 
their gods, have a wonderfully 

2608
02:19:53,400 --> 02:19:56,100
human quality. 
These were not the far-off 

2609
02:19:56,100 --> 02:20:00,500
unfathomable beings of later 
theology emanating Perfection 

2610
02:20:00,500 --> 02:20:04,500
from some inaccessible Celestial
throne With the ability to 

2611
02:20:04,500 --> 02:20:07,300
transform their negative 
emotions into natural 

2612
02:20:07,300 --> 02:20:10,100
calamities. 
These Divine being shared all of

2613
02:20:10,100 --> 02:20:12,300
our problems. 
Small Grievances and dubious 

2614
02:20:12,300 --> 02:20:15,700
decision, making abilities. 
Specifically, the Greek gods 

2615
02:20:15,700 --> 02:20:18,200
were like a dysfunctional 
family, that just so happened to

2616
02:20:18,200 --> 02:20:21,800
govern the Natural Forces. 
Mount Olympus was not so much, a

2617
02:20:21,800 --> 02:20:25,400
place of God as it was the most 
exclusive gated community in the

2618
02:20:25,400 --> 02:20:28,400
world inhabited by being with 
Limitless power and the 

2619
02:20:28,400 --> 02:20:30,800
emotional maturity of reality TV
contestants. 

2620
02:20:31,900 --> 02:20:34,400
They had sibling rivalries that 
could literally change the 

2621
02:20:34,400 --> 02:20:38,600
landscape, harbored resentments 
for centuries and fell in love 

2622
02:20:38,600 --> 02:20:41,800
in inappropriate ways as the 
alleged ruler of the Gods and 

2623
02:20:41,800 --> 02:20:43,300
universe. 
Zeus devoted. 

2624
02:20:43,300 --> 02:20:46,800
Most of his time to resolving 
issues that he had caused his 

2625
02:20:46,800 --> 02:20:48,400
solution to his attraction to 
Mortal. 

2626
02:20:48,400 --> 02:20:51,100
Women was to change into 
different animals and entice 

2627
02:20:51,100 --> 02:20:54,000
them which resulted in a 
constant flow of demigod 

2628
02:20:54,000 --> 02:20:56,000
Offspring with complex parental 
problems. 

2629
02:20:56,000 --> 02:20:59,200
When the king of the Gods chose 
to court, the women in the form 

2630
02:20:59,200 --> 02:21:02,800
of a bull or a swan, his wife 
Hera spent just as much time. 

2631
02:21:02,800 --> 02:21:05,900
Being in raged about these 
Affairs and exacting revenge on 

2632
02:21:05,900 --> 02:21:07,600
the women. 
As if they had any say in the 

2633
02:21:07,600 --> 02:21:10,600
matter, it was like watching a 
soap opera with characters who 

2634
02:21:10,600 --> 02:21:12,400
could throw lightning bolts when
they were angry. 

2635
02:21:13,300 --> 02:21:16,300
When the next Crisis arose from 
precisely the same pattern of 

2636
02:21:16,300 --> 02:21:19,700
behavior everyone would act 
shocked Zeus would have an 

2637
02:21:19,700 --> 02:21:23,000
affair here would discover it 
and innocent people would be 

2638
02:21:23,008 --> 02:21:26,500
cursed with terrible Fates or 
turned into trees of all the 

2639
02:21:26,508 --> 02:21:28,900
Greek gods. 
Hades was arguably the most 

2640
02:21:28,900 --> 02:21:31,600
relatable, since he was forced 
to hold the position that no one

2641
02:21:31,600 --> 02:21:34,200
wanted. 
That of ruler of the underworld 

2642
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:37,600
Hades received the basement off 
of the cosmos. 

2643
02:21:37,600 --> 02:21:40,800
While his brothers Zeus and 
Poseidon were given the exciting

2644
02:21:40,800 --> 02:21:44,200
Realms of the sky and the Sea 
complete with dramatic weather 

2645
02:21:44,200 --> 02:21:46,300
patterns and amazing power 
displays. 

2646
02:21:47,300 --> 02:21:50,600
Although his work managing the 
dead was significant, it wasn't 

2647
02:21:50,600 --> 02:21:53,400
exactly the kind of thing that 
attracted a lot of favorable 

2648
02:21:53,400 --> 02:21:55,600
press. 
It's possible that Hades 

2649
02:21:55,600 --> 02:21:57,600
received the least glamorous 
assignment because he was the 

2650
02:21:57,600 --> 02:21:59,300
most responsible of the Three 
Brothers. 

2651
02:21:59,300 --> 02:22:03,500
He managed, his realm 
effectively kept himself most of

2652
02:22:03,500 --> 02:22:05,600
the time and showed up for work 
every day. 

2653
02:22:06,500 --> 02:22:09,300
Even that story becomes more 
likeable when you consider that 

2654
02:22:09,300 --> 02:22:11,600
he was likely. 
Just lonely and didn't know how 

2655
02:22:11,600 --> 02:22:14,100
to ask someone out when your job
required you to spend all of 

2656
02:22:14,100 --> 02:22:17,700
your time with dead people. 
His biggest PR disaster was 

2657
02:22:17,700 --> 02:22:20,200
kidnapping. 
Persephone to be his wife giving

2658
02:22:20,200 --> 02:22:23,000
that it was negotiated by those 
who had the authority to wipe 

2659
02:22:23,000 --> 02:22:25,000
out all life on Earth. 
If they didn't get their way, 

2660
02:22:25,000 --> 02:22:28,300
the solution to Persephone's 
predicament where she spends 

2661
02:22:28,300 --> 02:22:31,200
part of the Year underground 
with Hades and part of the Year 

2662
02:22:31,200 --> 02:22:33,100
above ground. 
With her mother Demeter was 

2663
02:22:33,100 --> 02:22:36,300
actually a fairly reasonable 
compromise Hades received 

2664
02:22:36,300 --> 02:22:38,600
company. 
During the dark months Humanity,

2665
02:22:38,600 --> 02:22:42,100
received an explanation for the 
seasonal changes and Demeter 

2666
02:22:42,100 --> 02:22:44,000
received her daughter back for 
the spring and summer. 

2667
02:22:44,000 --> 02:22:46,900
If you don't consider the 
kidnapping aspect too much, 

2668
02:22:46,900 --> 02:22:50,400
everyone kind of won the gods of
Egypt approach, Divine Behavior 

2669
02:22:50,400 --> 02:22:53,800
differently, The Egyptian gods 
were more like Cosmic principles

2670
02:22:53,800 --> 02:22:56,700
with personalities than the 
Greek gods who were basically 

2671
02:22:56,700 --> 02:22:58,100
Immortal humans with 
superpowers. 

2672
02:22:59,300 --> 02:23:01,000
They were more than just strong 
creatures. 

2673
02:23:01,000 --> 02:23:04,500
They represented the basic 
elements of life such as death, 

2674
02:23:04,500 --> 02:23:09,000
rebirth order chaos. 
The flooding of the Nile and the

2675
02:23:09,000 --> 02:23:12,400
sun's journey across the sky. 
Making sure the sun rose. 

2676
02:23:12,400 --> 02:23:15,000
Each day was perhaps the most 
significant Duty performed by 

2677
02:23:15,008 --> 02:23:17,200
the Sun. 
God Ra in the Egyptian Pantheon 

2678
02:23:17,200 --> 02:23:21,400
to do this, he had to travel 
across the sky every day in a 

2679
02:23:21,400 --> 02:23:24,200
solar barque and then go through
the underworld every night to 

2680
02:23:24,200 --> 02:23:27,500
defeat the serpent apep who 
stood for chaos and truly didn't

2681
02:23:27,500 --> 02:23:30,700
want the sun to rise again. 
It wasn't as simple as flipping 

2682
02:23:30,700 --> 02:23:33,500
a cosmic switch. 
Take a moment to consider the 

2683
02:23:33,500 --> 02:23:37,100
weight of that responsibility. 
Raw was required to successfully

2684
02:23:37,100 --> 02:23:40,900
navigate Celestial Waters. 
Lead a crew of divine beings. 

2685
02:23:40,900 --> 02:23:43,800
And then engage in a cosmic 
battle against the forces of 

2686
02:23:43,800 --> 02:23:47,100
entropy on a daily basis, the 
sun wouldn't rise and 

2687
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:48,600
civilization would come to an 
end. 

2688
02:23:48,600 --> 02:23:52,400
If he had a bad day became ill 
or distracted, or simply didn't 

2689
02:23:52,400 --> 02:23:54,300
feel like putting up with Apex 
nonsense. 

2690
02:23:54,300 --> 02:23:57,400
What's amazing. 
Is that role was able to stick 

2691
02:23:57,400 --> 02:24:00,500
to this routine for thousands of
years without ever taking a day 

2692
02:24:00,500 --> 02:24:02,700
off. 
He either needs to learn about 

2693
02:24:02,700 --> 02:24:05,800
work-life balance, or is the 
most Dependable employee in the 

2694
02:24:05,800 --> 02:24:08,200
universe because of his 
commitment to routine. 

2695
02:24:08,200 --> 02:24:11,400
However, the interconnectedness 
of existence was also something 

2696
02:24:11,400 --> 02:24:14,500
that the Egyptian gods 
understood, every element of 

2697
02:24:14,500 --> 02:24:17,300
Egyptian, cosmology was 
affected, when set killed, his 

2698
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:18,900
brother of Cyrus out of 
jealousy. 

2699
02:24:19,700 --> 02:24:22,200
Family drama, that makes Greek 
Divine dysfunction. 

2700
02:24:22,200 --> 02:24:27,000
See mild set ruled over chaos in
the desert Osiris became the god

2701
02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:29,600
of the dead and the afterlife, 
and their sister wife. 

2702
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:32,700
Isis became the goddess of 
healing and Magic as she sought 

2703
02:24:32,700 --> 02:24:36,100
to protect their son Horus and 
bring her husband back to life 

2704
02:24:36,100 --> 02:24:43,200
The Narrative of Harry S, 
Truman's Roots traced to the 

2705
02:24:43,208 --> 02:24:46,200
quiet, farmlands of Western 
Missouri, worlds removed from 

2706
02:24:46,208 --> 02:24:47,500
the polished corals of 
Washington. 

2707
02:24:47,500 --> 02:24:51,900
He'd one day in habit. 
Born on May 8th 1884 in the 

2708
02:24:51,900 --> 02:24:54,800
small town of Lamar, he was the 
first child of John Anderson, 

2709
02:24:54,800 --> 02:24:58,200
Truman and Martha, Ellen young 
modest, beginning shaped his 

2710
02:24:58,200 --> 02:25:01,300
early sensibilities, the family 
moved frequently, chasing 

2711
02:25:01,300 --> 02:25:04,000
opportunities, across Hard, 
Scrabble, farmland, and short 

2712
02:25:04,000 --> 02:25:06,800
lived Ventures. 
Even so the young Truman 

2713
02:25:06,800 --> 02:25:10,000
absorbed or Relentless work 
ethic from dawn to dusk chores, 

2714
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:13,700
and glean and vanished sense of 
people's struggles, little about

2715
02:25:13,700 --> 02:25:16,100
his childhood for casted, the 
president. 

2716
02:25:16,100 --> 02:25:18,200
See that would thrust him in to 
Global crises. 

2717
02:25:18,200 --> 02:25:22,100
His Boyhood was peppered with a 
pawnshop, for reading a 

2718
02:25:22,100 --> 02:25:24,000
borrowed. 
Copy of plutarch's lives or 

2719
02:25:24,000 --> 02:25:26,500
perhaps are Mark, Twain, novel, 
capturing the spirit of Middle 

2720
02:25:26,500 --> 02:25:29,100
America. 
Unlike many peers, Harry 

2721
02:25:29,100 --> 02:25:31,900
devoured, thick tomes about 
history, and political 

2722
02:25:31,900 --> 02:25:35,200
philosophy, the Spectacles 
perched on his nose, earned him 

2723
02:25:35,208 --> 02:25:37,700
occasional teasing from 
schoolmates, but he Shrugged it 

2724
02:25:37,700 --> 02:25:39,700
off. 
His father's Farm demands, 

2725
02:25:39,700 --> 02:25:43,300
forced him to develop stamina in
a literal sense, wrangling 

2726
02:25:43,300 --> 02:25:46,700
mules, or stacking hay, even as 
he contemplated the larger World

2727
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:50,000
Beyond County Line's. 
With no prestigious family name 

2728
02:25:50,000 --> 02:25:52,000
or wealth. 
Further education was never 

2729
02:25:52,000 --> 02:25:54,200
assured after finishing High 
School. 

2730
02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:57,300
In the independence College 
seemed an unreachable dream, 

2731
02:25:57,300 --> 02:26:01,000
family, finances and 
obligations, rerouted him to an 

2732
02:26:01,000 --> 02:26:04,000
array of our jobs timekeeper for
the Santa Fe railroad Bank, 

2733
02:26:04,000 --> 02:26:07,500
Clark, and farmhand. 
By his early 20s Truman's 

2734
02:26:07,500 --> 02:26:11,200
curiosity about public affairs. 
Solidified, the world was Qin 

2735
02:26:11,200 --> 02:26:14,900
upping, horse-drawn wagons met 
shiny annual, Autumn Abels the 

2736
02:26:14,900 --> 02:26:16,700
economy swelled and new 
technologies. 

2737
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:19,700
Whispered of Unstoppable 
progress, yet Southern 

2738
02:26:19,700 --> 02:26:22,900
Missouri's, conservative climate
promised, fast, social, or 

2739
02:26:22,900 --> 02:26:26,300
political transformation. 
Politically a swirl of party 

2740
02:26:26,300 --> 02:26:27,900
machines. 
Especially the Pendergrass 

2741
02:26:27,900 --> 02:26:31,400
faction in the Kansas City, 
state of Missouri dominated 

2742
02:26:31,400 --> 02:26:35,600
local elections to elections. 
Established Danny's overshadowed

2743
02:26:35,600 --> 02:26:37,800
the notion that ordinary 
citizens could break into 

2744
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:40,900
politics. 
Truman while not outspoken about

2745
02:26:40,900 --> 02:26:46,100
these realities, observe them 
closely in the year. 1905, the 

2746
02:26:46,100 --> 02:26:50,100
young man ventured to Kansas 
City, the state of Missouri, but

2747
02:26:50,100 --> 02:26:52,700
his father's declining Health 
compelled him to return to the 

2748
02:26:52,700 --> 02:26:54,600
Grandview Farm due to family 
obligations. 

2749
02:26:55,800 --> 02:26:59,000
The life of a farmer was tough 
on body and spiritually in an 

2750
02:26:59,000 --> 02:27:02,500
era lacking Modern Machinery. 
But these years on the farms are

2751
02:27:02,500 --> 02:27:05,800
might argue lay the foundation 
for Truman's later authenticity.

2752
02:27:05,800 --> 02:27:09,900
He saw the cyclical nature of 
crops, the unpredictability of 

2753
02:27:09,900 --> 02:27:12,800
weather and the straightforward 
handshake culture of small town 

2754
02:27:12,800 --> 02:27:15,500
trades. 
The stoicism gleaned from 

2755
02:27:15,500 --> 02:27:17,500
failed, harvests or broken 
equipment. 

2756
02:27:17,500 --> 02:27:21,400
Taught him resilience a trait. 
He'd lean on heavily decades 

2757
02:27:21,400 --> 02:27:25,800
later under unimaginably, higher
Stakes, then came 1917 and 

2758
02:27:25,800 --> 02:27:27,400
America's entry into World War 
One. 

2759
02:27:28,400 --> 02:27:31,400
Like many patriots Truman 
enlisted at 33. 

2760
02:27:31,400 --> 02:27:34,400
He wasn't a typical fresh-faced 
recruit but his earnestness and 

2761
02:27:34,400 --> 02:27:36,500
unwavering sense of Duty 
propelled him forward. 

2762
02:27:36,500 --> 02:27:39,900
Commissioned as an artillery 
officer, he found a surprising 

2763
02:27:39,900 --> 02:27:43,100
gift for leadership men, who 
initially dismissed him as a 

2764
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:46,000
four-eyed Farm Boy, discovered a
commanding presence. 

2765
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:50,200
In forced disciplines, but 
listen to grievances forging, an

2766
02:27:50,200 --> 02:27:52,300
efficient battery that 
ultimately saw action in The 

2767
02:27:52,300 --> 02:27:53,900
Muddy Shell, Scott Fields of 
France. 

2768
02:27:54,900 --> 02:27:57,700
Under withering artillery Truman
kept his battery steady and 

2769
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:01,200
morale intact that successful 
fueled a new self-confidence. 

2770
02:28:01,200 --> 02:28:04,900
If he could manage the emotional
storm of War, may be Leading Men

2771
02:28:04,900 --> 02:28:07,900
and later constituents was not. 
So implausible. 

2772
02:28:09,000 --> 02:28:12,800
Returning Stateside in 1919 
Truman married, best Wallace his

2773
02:28:12,800 --> 02:28:14,400
longtime sweet heart from 
Independence. 

2774
02:28:14,400 --> 02:28:17,300
She was known for a steady 
temperament and a gentle 

2775
02:28:17,300 --> 02:28:20,700
reluctance for public life. 
Their Union would provide her 

2776
02:28:20,700 --> 02:28:24,100
emotional grounding through the 
political turbulence ahead. 

2777
02:28:25,000 --> 02:28:28,800
At first, they tested civilian 
Ventures, he tried opening a 

2778
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:31,700
men's clothing store in Kansas 
City, but the post-war economy 

2779
02:28:31,700 --> 02:28:35,000
sank into recession, the store 
failed, leaving him in debt, 

2780
02:28:35,000 --> 02:28:38,300
that took years to repay despite
the financial strain. 

2781
02:28:38,300 --> 02:28:41,200
He refused to declare bankruptcy
demonstrating his adherence to 

2782
02:28:41,200 --> 02:28:43,100
the moral code of meeting 
obligations. 

2783
02:28:44,300 --> 02:28:47,200
Around this time, the Pendergast
political machine offered a 

2784
02:28:47,200 --> 02:28:50,400
Lifeline, Tom Pendergast, a 
powerful Democratic boss, 

2785
02:28:50,400 --> 02:28:52,600
recognized Truman's, war hero 
reputation. 

2786
02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:55,800
And unwavering loyalty he 
suggested a run for County, 

2787
02:28:55,800 --> 02:28:59,500
judge a role more administrative
than judicial in Jackson County.

2788
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:02,200
Truman. 
Initially, hesitant realized 

2789
02:29:02,200 --> 02:29:05,200
politics could merge. 
His sense of civic duty with a 

2790
02:29:05,200 --> 02:29:09,100
means to provide for his family.
In 1922, he stepped onto the 

2791
02:29:09,100 --> 02:29:12,400
ballot the campaign demanded. 
He mingled with rural neighbors 

2792
02:29:12,400 --> 02:29:15,700
chatting, Dusty General stores 
and knock on thousands of doors 

2793
02:29:15,700 --> 02:29:20,300
over time, he honed and every 
man approached direct warm 

2794
02:29:20,300 --> 02:29:23,500
unpretentious though, 
overshadowed by bigger city 

2795
02:29:23,500 --> 02:29:27,000
names Truman 1, he soon 
discovered that politics 

2796
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:30,400
demanded compromise the Press 
sniffed at him as a Pendergrass 

2797
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:32,700
puppet, but he set about 
improving County Roads and 

2798
02:29:32,708 --> 02:29:34,800
public buildings focusing on 
practical governance. 

2799
02:29:34,800 --> 02:29:36,500
He didn't make headlines in 
Washington. 

2800
02:29:36,500 --> 02:29:40,400
But local folks started trusting
that judge Truman might be the 

2801
02:29:40,400 --> 02:29:43,200
rare politician who balanced 
machine loyalty with genuine 

2802
02:29:43,200 --> 02:29:46,400
public benefit. 
This Vantage from county level 

2803
02:29:46,400 --> 02:29:49,000
duties juggling budgets awarding
contracts. 

2804
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:51,900
Meeting local taxpayers would 
form the Bedrock of his 

2805
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:54,400
pragmatic style. 
Later defining, how he navigated

2806
02:29:54,400 --> 02:29:56,600
the halls of Congress and 
eventually the White House. 

2807
02:29:57,300 --> 02:30:00,500
Harry Truman's position as a 
Jackson County Judge provided 

2808
02:30:00,500 --> 02:30:03,400
him with an intimate view of the
political dynamics that shaped 

2809
02:30:03,400 --> 02:30:05,800
Kansas City and its surrounding 
areas. 

2810
02:30:05,800 --> 02:30:09,600
Contrary to Modern assumptions 
judge in, that era didn't always

2811
02:30:09,600 --> 02:30:11,500
require a law degree. 
The role. 

2812
02:30:11,500 --> 02:30:14,300
Resembled a county. 
Commissioner managing budgets, 

2813
02:30:14,300 --> 02:30:17,600
overseeing infrastructure and 
mediating local disputes. 

2814
02:30:17,600 --> 02:30:19,700
Truman's approach was 
straightforward. 

2815
02:30:19,700 --> 02:30:23,900
Keep roads, maintained ensure 
budgets, balanced and minimize 

2816
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:27,200
corruption where possible. 
Yet the Pendergast machine that 

2817
02:30:27,200 --> 02:30:30,900
backed him thrived on patronage 
awarding contracts to Friendly 

2818
02:30:30,900 --> 02:30:33,800
bidders for Truman. 
The challenge was upholding 

2819
02:30:33,800 --> 02:30:37,100
Integrity while not alienating 
the very Network that had placed

2820
02:30:37,100 --> 02:30:41,200
him in office throughout the 
1920s Truman and a reputation 

2821
02:30:41,200 --> 02:30:44,600
for honesty that set him apart. 
He was rarely indulged in the 

2822
02:30:44,608 --> 02:30:48,400
nepotism that others accepted as
routine journalists covering 

2823
02:30:48,400 --> 02:30:50,600
local government. 
Perceive judge Truman as a 

2824
02:30:50,600 --> 02:30:53,600
unique individual, a devoted 
member of the Pendergast team 

2825
02:30:53,600 --> 02:30:55,700
who genuinely aimed to promote 
the public welfare. 

2826
02:30:56,300 --> 02:31:00,200
He developed a method, maintain 
civil relationships with boss, 

2827
02:31:00,200 --> 02:31:02,900
Tom Pendergast, but quietly, 
push for efficient 

2828
02:31:02,900 --> 02:31:06,100
Administration. 
This precarious, balance Drew 

2829
02:31:06,100 --> 02:31:09,100
occasional, disapproval from 
reform-minded critics, who felt 

2830
02:31:09,100 --> 02:31:12,400
he should break with the machine
entirely Truman reason that from

2831
02:31:12,400 --> 02:31:15,700
within he could do more for 
constituents in private. 

2832
02:31:15,700 --> 02:31:17,800
He admitted the tension. 
Nored at him yet. 

2833
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:19,400
No. 
Obvious alternative route 

2834
02:31:19,400 --> 02:31:22,000
existed. 
The machine was the only ladder 

2835
02:31:22,000 --> 02:31:25,100
for local Democratic politicians
by the early. 1930s. 

2836
02:31:25,100 --> 02:31:28,900
The Great Depression rattled, 
every corner of America, Kansas 

2837
02:31:28,900 --> 02:31:32,000
City state of Missouri, faced 
Bank closures, mass 

2838
02:31:32,000 --> 02:31:35,600
unemployment, and bread lines, 
Truman re-elected as a presiding

2839
02:31:35,600 --> 02:31:38,900
judge in 1930, used New Deal 
funds to jumpstart local 

2840
02:31:38,900 --> 02:31:42,600
projects Bridges public 
buildings and new highways 

2841
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:45,300
attempting to pump lifeblood 
into the local economy. 

2842
02:31:45,300 --> 02:31:49,000
His sincere empathy for ordinary
families grounded. 

2843
02:31:49,000 --> 02:31:52,100
In his experience of economic 
hardship, colored every 

2844
02:31:52,100 --> 02:31:54,800
decision. 
He oversaw County relief program

2845
02:31:54,800 --> 02:31:57,700
that will not free of cronyism 
often delivered. 

2846
02:31:57,700 --> 02:32:01,600
Real help to need citizens. 
This bolstered Truman standing 

2847
02:32:01,600 --> 02:32:03,500
as a conscientious official 
though. 

2848
02:32:03,500 --> 02:32:06,500
Overshadowed by the Iconic New 
Deal initiatives Champion by 

2849
02:32:06,500 --> 02:32:08,900
President Franklin D Roosevelt 
at the national level. 

2850
02:32:10,000 --> 02:32:14,200
The year 1934 brought a new 
opportunity Pendergast decided 

2851
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:17,100
to push Truman as the Democratic
candidate for the US Senate. 

2852
02:32:17,900 --> 02:32:20,000
Though, overshadowed, by more 
prominent figures in state 

2853
02:32:20,000 --> 02:32:23,500
politics Truman's, quiet, 
perseverance appealed to rural 

2854
02:32:23,500 --> 02:32:27,100
voters, on the campaign Trail, 
wearing his trademark wide 

2855
02:32:27,100 --> 02:32:30,200
brimmed hat and thick glasses. 
He visited farmhouses and small 

2856
02:32:30,200 --> 02:32:32,300
town. 
Gatherings, he promised to back 

2857
02:32:32,300 --> 02:32:36,000
Roosevelt's programs, praising 
the impetus behind the Meanwhile

2858
02:32:36,000 --> 02:32:39,600
suspicious voices hammered him 
as a Pendergast stooge. 

2859
02:32:41,000 --> 02:32:44,200
The bosses, endorsements sealed,
the nomination, but winning the 

2860
02:32:44,208 --> 02:32:46,000
general election was no 
guarantee. 

2861
02:32:46,000 --> 02:32:48,700
Nonetheless. 
National frustration with the 

2862
02:32:48,700 --> 02:32:52,000
Republicans handling of the 
depression gave the Democrats, a

2863
02:32:52,000 --> 02:32:55,900
strong Tailwind Truman eked out 
of Victory heading to Washington

2864
02:32:55,900 --> 02:33:00,000
at age. 50 in the Senate. 
He was a small fish in a pond 

2865
02:33:00,000 --> 02:33:03,700
teeming with the established 
ways like a Huey Long Carter 

2866
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:05,500
glass and Robert La Follette, 
Junior. 

2867
02:33:05,500 --> 02:33:09,500
Eager to prove his worth Truman 
initially found himself 

2868
02:33:09,500 --> 02:33:12,200
overshadowed by Southern 
Democrats who dominated key 

2869
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:14,600
committees. 
He stuck to the Commerce and 

2870
02:33:14,600 --> 02:33:17,400
Interstate regulation, 
committee's quietly, gleaning 

2871
02:33:17,400 --> 02:33:21,400
how legislative deals were 
forged mindful that he needed to

2872
02:33:21,400 --> 02:33:23,100
rid himself of the Pendergrass 
stigma. 

2873
02:33:23,100 --> 02:33:27,400
He tackled issues with the 
methodical zeal. one such moment

2874
02:33:27,400 --> 02:33:30,800
arrived, in 1939, when he 
chaired a subcommittee 

2875
02:33:30,800 --> 02:33:34,200
investigating Railroad 
reorganization, Applying his 

2876
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:38,000
county-level budgeting lessons 
to a national stage colleagues. 

2877
02:33:38,000 --> 02:33:42,300
Noticed his meticulous approach,
he seldom boasted rarely sought 

2878
02:33:42,300 --> 02:33:44,200
headlines, but delivered 
results. 

2879
02:33:45,200 --> 02:33:48,800
The mid-1930s to late 1930s. 
Also saw the unraveling of 

2880
02:33:48,808 --> 02:33:52,200
Pendergast Empire. 
Accusations of tax evasion and 

2881
02:33:52,200 --> 02:33:57,000
Corruption sword in 1939. 
Tom Pendergast was convicted of 

2882
02:33:57,000 --> 02:34:00,300
tax fraud and imprisoned 
headlines implicated him in his 

2883
02:34:00,300 --> 02:34:04,600
associates in a massive graphed 
Truman facing re-election in 

2884
02:34:04,600 --> 02:34:08,700
1940, braced for the blowback, 
his opponents, painted him as 

2885
02:34:08,700 --> 02:34:12,200
the senator from Pendergast, The
Truman countered that he too, 

2886
02:34:12,200 --> 02:34:15,200
disapproved of corruption. 
And these records stood 

2887
02:34:15,200 --> 02:34:19,700
independent voters, evaluating 
his actual performance decided 

2888
02:34:19,700 --> 02:34:23,200
to give him another term. 
The tight race confirmed that 

2889
02:34:23,208 --> 02:34:26,000
his margin of Victory Lane trust
built by actual service 

2890
02:34:26,000 --> 02:34:28,400
overshadowing the old Machine 
Label. 

2891
02:34:29,200 --> 02:34:31,700
In his second term, Truman's 
name surfaced more often, 

2892
02:34:31,700 --> 02:34:34,200
especially as storm clouds 
gathered in Europe. 

2893
02:34:34,900 --> 02:34:40,200
World War 2 erupted in 1939 by 
1941, America was edging closer 

2894
02:34:40,200 --> 02:34:43,700
to involvement roseville's 
lendlease policies and the ramp 

2895
02:34:43,700 --> 02:34:46,000
up of Defense Industries, 
demanded close oversight. 

2896
02:34:46,900 --> 02:34:50,500
Truman sensing billions of tax 
dollars, swirling into new 

2897
02:34:50,500 --> 02:34:54,000
factories spearheaded as senate 
committee to monitor War 

2898
02:34:54,000 --> 02:34:56,400
profiteering. 
The Senate special committee to 

2899
02:34:56,400 --> 02:34:59,500
investigate the National Defense
program, more famously known as 

2900
02:34:59,500 --> 02:35:02,700
The Truman committee set out to 
ensure that war contracts will 

2901
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:06,600
legitimate factories, produced 
quality goods and unscrupulous 

2902
02:35:06,600 --> 02:35:10,100
profiteers were exposed. 
This gave Truman a national 

2903
02:35:10,100 --> 02:35:12,600
Spotlight. 
He visited defense plants in 

2904
02:35:12,600 --> 02:35:16,200
cognito scrutinizing. 
Paperwork the committee earned 

2905
02:35:16,200 --> 02:35:19,600
praise for saving taxpayers. 
Giant sums press coverage, 

2906
02:35:19,600 --> 02:35:22,500
portrayed him as a bulldog for 
accountability, not a 

2907
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:24,600
grandstander. 
But someone truly outraged by 

2908
02:35:24,600 --> 02:35:29,100
waste direct exploitation. 
By 1943, The Truman committee 

2909
02:35:29,100 --> 02:35:31,800
had propelled the senator from 
Missouri in to the National 

2910
02:35:31,800 --> 02:35:34,600
Consciousness pundits. 
Who wants to dismiss him as a 

2911
02:35:34,608 --> 02:35:37,500
background functionary. 
Now viewed him as a champion of 

2912
02:35:37,500 --> 02:35:40,800
good governance, amid a massive 
global war, the White House. 

2913
02:35:40,800 --> 02:35:45,400
Notice two Roosevelt seeking to 
unify, the Democratic party for 

2914
02:35:45,400 --> 02:35:49,200
the 1944 election face. 
The question of who should serve

2915
02:35:49,200 --> 02:35:53,500
as vice president, his current 
VP Henry Wallace was viewed as 

2916
02:35:53,500 --> 02:35:56,600
two, Radical by Party. 
Conservatives could Harry Truman

2917
02:35:56,600 --> 02:36:00,100
a moderate Pro defense. 
Corruption fighting senator. 

2918
02:36:00,100 --> 02:36:03,200
Be the compromise pick. 
The party bigwigs thought. 

2919
02:36:03,200 --> 02:36:07,700
So the stage was set for a Twist
in Truman's life from being a 

2920
02:36:07,700 --> 02:36:10,800
steady second term Senator to 
possibly occupying the second 

2921
02:36:10,800 --> 02:36:13,100
highest office in the land 
perched. 

2922
02:36:13,100 --> 02:36:15,300
Precariously near the center of 
a global conflict. 

2923
02:36:16,100 --> 02:36:19,300
Harry Truman, never aggressively
personed, the vice presidency, 

2924
02:36:19,300 --> 02:36:23,600
but in the swirl of 1944 
politics, He emerged as a 

2925
02:36:23,608 --> 02:36:27,700
near-consensus choice. 
Franklin D Roosevelt seeking an 

2926
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:30,400
unprecedented. 
Fourth term recognized that in a

2927
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:33,800
fractious Democratic party. 
Henry Wallace polarized, too 

2928
02:36:33,800 --> 02:36:37,500
many Conservative Democrats, 
demanded a replacement and 

2929
02:36:37,500 --> 02:36:40,400
Truman unassuming loyalty and 
his credibility in the war 

2930
02:36:40,400 --> 02:36:43,400
proved to be a suitable fit. 
When the Democratic National 

2931
02:36:43,400 --> 02:36:47,100
Convention convened that July in
Chicago backroom dealings sealed

2932
02:36:47,100 --> 02:36:50,700
the arrangement Truman famously 
claimed, he woke up one morning 

2933
02:36:50,700 --> 02:36:53,600
as a senator and went to bed 
that night as the party's Vice 

2934
02:36:53,600 --> 02:36:56,400
Presidential nominee. 
Even then he expressed 

2935
02:36:56,400 --> 02:36:59,400
reluctance famously quipping. 
That the role was largely 

2936
02:36:59,400 --> 02:37:01,900
ornamental. 
A spare tire on the automobile 

2937
02:37:01,900 --> 02:37:05,700
of government. the Roosevelt 
Truman ticket triumphed in 

2938
02:37:05,700 --> 02:37:10,900
November 1944 riding on FDR's 
record as a wartime leader The 

2939
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:14,200
margin was narrower than earlier
Roosevelt victories reflecting 

2940
02:37:14,200 --> 02:37:17,400
War fatigue among Americans. 
But a victory was still a 

2941
02:37:17,400 --> 02:37:21,500
victory and in January, 1945 
Truman took the oath as vice 

2942
02:37:21,500 --> 02:37:25,400
president within weeks the 
Allies Advanced or Nazi Germany.

2943
02:37:25,400 --> 02:37:28,300
The battle of the Bulger had 
ended and the liberation of 

2944
02:37:28,300 --> 02:37:31,800
concentration camps approached. 
Meanwhile the Pacific Theater 

2945
02:37:31,800 --> 02:37:34,800
raged on with US forces, inching
closer to Japan. 

2946
02:37:35,500 --> 02:37:37,900
Truman found himself at the 
periphery of top-level 

2947
02:37:37,900 --> 02:37:40,600
discussions. 
Roosevelt, his health failing 

2948
02:37:40,600 --> 02:37:43,200
still dominated the 
administration's strategic 

2949
02:37:43,200 --> 02:37:46,500
deliberations. 
Truman's main tasks involved. 

2950
02:37:46,500 --> 02:37:49,100
Presiding over the Senate and 
fulfilling ceremonial roles. 

2951
02:37:49,100 --> 02:37:52,500
He was rarely looped into the 
secrets of the Manhattan Project

2952
02:37:52,500 --> 02:37:54,400
or the exact shape of post-war 
negotiations. 

2953
02:37:54,400 --> 02:38:00,700
Everything changed abruptly on 
April 12th, 1945, Rosevelt, died

2954
02:38:00,700 --> 02:38:03,800
in Warm Springs. 
Georgia after months of visibly,

2955
02:38:03,800 --> 02:38:07,200
declining vitality, Stunned 
Truman was summoned to the White

2956
02:38:07,200 --> 02:38:10,200
House and took the oath of 
office as president in a small 

2957
02:38:10,208 --> 02:38:13,200
tents ceremony. 
He later recalled, I felt like 

2958
02:38:13,200 --> 02:38:16,800
the moon, the stars and all the 
planets had fallen on me. 

2959
02:38:17,900 --> 02:38:20,500
The man who had been in the dark
about critical aspects of the 

2960
02:38:20,500 --> 02:38:22,800
war, particularly the atomic 
program. 

2961
02:38:22,800 --> 02:38:26,900
Now became Commander in Chief of
a global superpower in Waiting, 

2962
02:38:26,900 --> 02:38:30,100
advisors scrambled to brief him 
on ongoing strategies. 

2963
02:38:30,100 --> 02:38:33,400
Secret weapons, research and the
complexities of Allied 

2964
02:38:33,400 --> 02:38:35,500
negotiations with star in and 
Churchill. 

2965
02:38:36,200 --> 02:38:39,000
Truman's earliest, decisions 
revolved around ending World War

2966
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:43,400
Two in Europe Victory, seemed 
imminent with Hitler's regime. 

2967
02:38:43,400 --> 02:38:49,900
Collapsing VE Day victory in 
Europe, arrived on May 8th 1945,

2968
02:38:49,900 --> 02:38:53,000
overshadowing, the raw sense of 
Roosevelt's absence. 

2969
02:38:53,000 --> 02:38:56,200
Meanwhile, the Potsdam 
Conference in July saw a Truman 

2970
02:38:56,200 --> 02:38:58,500
meet Winston. 
Churchill later replaced by 

2971
02:38:58,500 --> 02:39:01,300
Clement Atlee mid conference and
Joseph Stalin. 

2972
02:39:02,100 --> 02:39:05,100
With the war in Europe settled. 
The conversation, pivoted, 

2973
02:39:05,100 --> 02:39:08,300
dividing Germany into zones 
shaping Eastern, Europe's 

2974
02:39:08,300 --> 02:39:10,900
future, and extracting 
concessions from the Soviet 

2975
02:39:10,900 --> 02:39:14,700
Union about joining the war. 
Against Japan Truman a novice in

2976
02:39:14,700 --> 02:39:17,100
the high stakes, diplomacy that 
Rosevelt had navigated 

2977
02:39:17,100 --> 02:39:21,900
approached star in with caution.
Glean that the Soviet leader had

2978
02:39:21,900 --> 02:39:25,500
Ambitions in Eastern Europe. 
A Harbin of postwar friction. 

2979
02:39:26,300 --> 02:39:29,400
Simultaneously Truman faced a 
moral and strategic quandary in 

2980
02:39:29,400 --> 02:39:32,000
the Pacific the Manhattan 
Project had succeeded. 

2981
02:39:32,000 --> 02:39:34,900
The atomic bomb was ready, 
military planners. 

2982
02:39:34,900 --> 02:39:38,200
Estimated an invasion of Japan's
home Islands could cost a 

2983
02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:40,900
catastrophic number of Allied 
and Japanese lives. 

2984
02:39:40,900 --> 02:39:43,700
The question was, where the 
dropping the ball might force a 

2985
02:39:43,700 --> 02:39:46,600
swift surrender. 
Truman wrestled with the ethics 

2986
02:39:46,600 --> 02:39:48,600
But ultimately authorized using 
Atomic weapons. 

2987
02:39:48,600 --> 02:39:52,300
Believing it would end the 
conflict more quickly on August 

2988
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:56,200
6th. 1945, a B-29 dropped. 
The first bomb on Hiroshima. 

2989
02:39:56,200 --> 02:39:59,800
Three days later. 
Nagasaki was hit, Japan 

2990
02:39:59,800 --> 02:40:01,800
announced surrender on August 
15th. 

2991
02:40:01,800 --> 02:40:04,900
The effect was as unprecedented 
as it was terrifying. 

2992
02:40:04,900 --> 02:40:09,700
The world recognized a new era 
of nuclear capability Truman 

2993
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:11,400
Justified, his choice to the 
American public. 

2994
02:40:11,400 --> 02:40:14,800
As a necessary. 
Evil one that in his view saved 

2995
02:40:14,800 --> 02:40:18,300
more lives than it cost. 
Others debated, the morality for

2996
02:40:18,300 --> 02:40:21,500
generations to come but the 
immediate aftermath was a wave 

2997
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:24,300
of relief that the war was over 
emerging from the wars. 

2998
02:40:24,300 --> 02:40:28,200
Conclusion Truman found an 
altered Planet, the Soviet Union

2999
02:40:28,200 --> 02:40:32,200
and the US stood as rival 
superpowers, Europe in Ruins 

3000
02:40:32,200 --> 02:40:35,400
Asia, wrestled with new 
Independence movements and the 

3001
02:40:35,400 --> 02:40:39,200
nuclear age, overshadowed all 
many Americans wanted a return 

3002
02:40:39,200 --> 02:40:42,500
to domestic normalcy hoping to 
spend energy on economic 

3003
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:45,300
Revival. 
But the unraveling alliance with

3004
02:40:45,300 --> 02:40:49,000
Stalin's USSR, hinted at a new 
conflict in the making. 

3005
02:40:49,800 --> 02:40:53,200
A cold war of ideologies spies 
and proxy battles. 

3006
02:40:54,000 --> 02:40:57,400
Truman The Accidental, president
would have to craft policies 

3007
02:40:57,400 --> 02:41:01,700
that shape the precarious World 
in 1946 as the rest of the 

3008
02:41:01,700 --> 02:41:05,500
Allied powers demobilized. 
Soviets entrenched in Eastern 

3009
02:41:05,500 --> 02:41:07,900
Europe, Winston Churchill no 
longer. 

3010
02:41:07,908 --> 02:41:11,200
Britain's prime minister 
visited, the US and declared an 

3011
02:41:11,200 --> 02:41:14,100
iron curtain had descended 
across the continent. 

3012
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:18,000
Truman recognized the need for a
Doctrine to counter Soviet 

3013
02:41:18,000 --> 02:41:20,800
expansion, albeit, short of 
direct Warfare. 

3014
02:41:21,500 --> 02:41:25,200
The seeds of the containment 
strategy took shape culminating 

3015
02:41:25,200 --> 02:41:28,400
in what would be known as the 
Truman Doctrine pledging support

3016
02:41:28,400 --> 02:41:30,600
to countries threatened by the 
Communists of version. 

3017
02:41:31,600 --> 02:41:34,500
With minimal foreign policy 
background, he relied on 

3018
02:41:34,500 --> 02:41:38,200
seasoned figures like George 
Marshall, denature, son, and 

3019
02:41:38,200 --> 02:41:41,100
others to devise new Frameworks 
for the global stability. 

3020
02:41:41,100 --> 02:41:43,600
Meanwhile, on the domestic 
front. 

3021
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:45,600
The challenge of Recon. 
The economy. 

3022
02:41:45,600 --> 02:41:48,900
From wartime production to 
peace, time, soared labor 

3023
02:41:48,900 --> 02:41:52,700
strikes in demands for civil 
rights tested Truman's 

3024
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:57,800
leadership, As 1947 approached, 
Truman's tenure had only begun 

3025
02:41:57,800 --> 02:42:01,000
the decisions about nuclear 
arms, the Aidan programs for 

3026
02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:03,200
war, ravaged allies and the 
looming. 

3027
02:42:03,200 --> 02:42:05,700
Confrontational with Soviet 
policies in Europe and Asia. 

3028
02:42:05,700 --> 02:42:09,100
These would Define not just his 
presidency, but the entire 

3029
02:42:09,100 --> 02:42:12,500
Global Order, once a quiet, 
Senator overshadowed by 

3030
02:42:12,500 --> 02:42:15,900
roseville's, magnetism Truman 
had stepped into the spotlight. 

3031
02:42:17,100 --> 02:42:19,500
He was about to introduce a new 
vocabulary to American 

3032
02:42:19,500 --> 02:42:23,100
statecraft, the Marshall Plan, 
the Berlin airlift, and the 

3033
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:25,800
seeds of NATO forging, an era 
where the United States 

3034
02:42:25,800 --> 02:42:28,900
embraced, superpower 
responsibilities, Unthinkable a 

3035
02:42:28,900 --> 02:42:31,900
mere decade earlier. 
In the tumultuous post-war 

3036
02:42:31,900 --> 02:42:34,800
climate Harry Truman found. 
His president's a pivoting on 

3037
02:42:34,800 --> 02:42:39,100
two broad fronts foreign policy 
crises and domestic upheaval. 

3038
02:42:39,900 --> 02:42:43,700
Fresh from the Euphoria victory,
over fascism Americans soon. 

3039
02:42:43,700 --> 02:42:46,000
Recognized that a new tension 
with the Soviet Union. 

3040
02:42:46,000 --> 02:42:49,000
Dominated world, affairs, 
Eastern Europe, lay under 

3041
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:52,300
communist influence and 
starlings grip tightened across 

3042
02:42:52,300 --> 02:42:56,400
Poland Hungary and others. 
These developments spurred 

3043
02:42:56,400 --> 02:42:58,500
Truman's Administration to 
articulate a more defined 

3044
02:42:58,500 --> 02:43:02,400
stance. 
In March 1947, he presented to 

3045
02:43:02,400 --> 02:43:04,400
Congress what became known as 
the Truman Doctrine. 

3046
02:43:04,400 --> 02:43:08,000
The United States would Aid 
Nations resisting subjugation by

3047
02:43:08,000 --> 02:43:11,400
armed minorities or outside 
pressures though, triggered by 

3048
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:14,300
crises in Greece and Turkey the 
doctrines signaled. 

3049
02:43:14,300 --> 02:43:16,100
A broader commitment to 
containing communism. 

3050
02:43:16,900 --> 02:43:19,600
Skeptics worried about 
entangling America, in Endless, 

3051
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:22,300
foreign struggles, but Truman 
insisted that. 

3052
02:43:22,300 --> 02:43:24,100
Inaction would yield greater 
perils. 

3053
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:27,800
Soon after Secretary of State, 
George Marshall proposed the 

3054
02:43:27,800 --> 02:43:29,900
European recovery program 
colloquially. 

3055
02:43:29,900 --> 02:43:33,500
The Marshall Plan War, ravaged, 
Europe, faced famine and 

3056
02:43:33,500 --> 02:43:36,400
economic collapse conditions. 
Ripe for communist infiltration.

3057
02:43:36,400 --> 02:43:39,900
Marshall's Plan offered massive 
financial aid to rebuild 

3058
02:43:39,900 --> 02:43:43,500
infrastructure Revitalize 
Industries and stabilize 

3059
02:43:43,500 --> 02:43:47,100
currencies Truman champion. 
This approach is simultaneously 

3060
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:50,600
humanitarian and strategic. 
Western Europe, Swift 

3061
02:43:50,600 --> 02:43:53,500
reconstruction, under the plan, 
created an economic boom. 

3062
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:57,300
Forging stable, democracies less
vulnerable to Soviet influence 

3063
02:43:57,300 --> 02:44:02,000
this bold initiative, reshaped 
America's Global role no longer 

3064
02:44:02,000 --> 02:44:04,600
isolationist. 
It was now the engine of a 

3065
02:44:04,600 --> 02:44:07,800
nascent Western Alliance 
domestically Truman encountered 

3066
02:44:07,800 --> 02:44:10,800
an equally, formidable 
challenge, millions of veterans 

3067
02:44:10,800 --> 02:44:13,400
returned, seeking jobs and 
affordable housing. 

3068
02:44:13,400 --> 02:44:16,900
Labor unions, having postponed 
strike during the war. 

3069
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:19,900
Now pressed for raises in an 
inflationary climate. 

3070
02:44:20,600 --> 02:44:22,900
The Republican Resurgence in the
1946. 

3071
02:44:22,900 --> 02:44:27,400
Midterms gave the GOP control of
Congress complicating Truman's 

3072
02:44:27,400 --> 02:44:29,600
legislative Ambitions, he 
Advanced what? 

3073
02:44:29,600 --> 02:44:32,800
He dubbed the Fair Deal. 
Sweeter proposals aiming to 

3074
02:44:32,808 --> 02:44:36,500
expand upon roseville's, New 
Deal, National Health Care civil

3075
02:44:36,500 --> 02:44:41,300
rights, measures 8 to education 
and a higher minimum wage Yeah, 

3076
02:44:41,300 --> 02:44:44,600
these ran headlong into 
Congressional opposition with 

3077
02:44:44,600 --> 02:44:47,200
the Republicans and conservative
Southern Democrats blocking 

3078
02:44:47,200 --> 02:44:49,700
large. 
Segments, the result incremental

3079
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:53,000
progress overshadowed by 
persistent gridlock. 

3080
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:57,900
Matters of race also percolated.
Despite Roosevelt's color blind 

3081
02:44:57,900 --> 02:45:00,800
rhetoric during the war 
African-Americans faced 

3082
02:45:00,800 --> 02:45:04,900
persistent discrimination. 
In 1948, Truman issued an 

3083
02:45:04,900 --> 02:45:08,600
executive order to desegregate 
the Armed Forces, a bold move 

3084
02:45:08,600 --> 02:45:12,400
that outraged, many Southern 
politicians, but signaled, a new

3085
02:45:12,400 --> 02:45:15,700
federal stance on civil rights. 
He also called for an end to 

3086
02:45:15,708 --> 02:45:19,300
poll taxes and for legislation 
Banning lynching though, those 

3087
02:45:19,300 --> 02:45:22,600
proposals stalled in Congress, 
Civil rights leaders. 

3088
02:45:22,600 --> 02:45:25,400
Applauded him as the first 
modern president to make such a 

3089
02:45:25,400 --> 02:45:27,800
stand, though. 
It carried political risks in 

3090
02:45:27,800 --> 02:45:32,000
the upcoming election. 
The 1948 presidential race 

3091
02:45:32,000 --> 02:45:35,400
shaped up as a daunting one for 
Truman many believed he was 

3092
02:45:35,400 --> 02:45:39,600
doomed to defeat even within his
party southern Dixiecrats. 

3093
02:45:39,600 --> 02:45:42,700
Broke off championing Strom 
Thurmond in the protest of civil

3094
02:45:42,700 --> 02:45:44,708
rights. 
While Henry Wallace a form of 

3095
02:45:44,716 --> 02:45:47,400
former vice president led. 
The Progressive Party from the 

3096
02:45:47,400 --> 02:45:52,100
left, the Republican nominee 
Thomas Dewey exuded confidence 

3097
02:45:52,100 --> 02:45:55,400
pollsters and newspapers 
predicted a Shore, Republican 

3098
02:45:55,400 --> 02:45:58,900
Victory, but Truman embarked on 
a legendary Whistlestop campaign

3099
02:45:58,900 --> 02:46:01,800
across the country by train 
hitting small towns and big 

3100
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:04,800
cities with fiery speeches. 
He hammered the do-nothing 

3101
02:46:04,800 --> 02:46:07,800
Congress for blocking his Fair 
Deal measures championed, the 

3102
02:46:07,808 --> 02:46:12,700
average Dean citizens needs and 
exuded an underdog energy that 

3103
02:46:12,700 --> 02:46:15,400
resonated with voters on 
Election night. 

3104
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:18,800
The Chicago Tribune famously 
printed its Dewey defeats 

3105
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:23,900
Truman, headline prematurely. 
The actual result a surprise 

3106
02:46:23,900 --> 02:46:27,400
Truman Victory securing his 
place in the white house for a 

3107
02:46:27,400 --> 02:46:30,100
full term. 
Historians still Marvel at this 

3108
02:46:30,100 --> 02:46:33,400
upset, tributing it to Truman's 
Relentless, Grassroots, appeal, 

3109
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:36,600
and Americans preference for 
continuity and uncertain times. 

3110
02:46:36,600 --> 02:46:40,300
Even after this Triumph, the 
cold Wars, drumbeat intensified 

3111
02:46:40,300 --> 02:46:45,000
in 1949, the Soviets tested, 
their first atomic bomb sooner 

3112
02:46:45,000 --> 02:46:48,200
than Western intelligence had 
anticipated China's. 

3113
02:46:48,200 --> 02:46:50,500
Civil War ended with MAO 
zedong's, communist Victory, 

3114
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:54,400
another Blow To Us hopes of 
containing communism within the 

3115
02:46:54,400 --> 02:46:56,400
US. 
Paranoia about Soviet 

3116
02:46:56,400 --> 02:46:59,100
infiltration sword. 
Prompting investigations of 

3117
02:46:59,100 --> 02:47:02,000
alleged spies in government. 
Accusations. 

3118
02:47:02,000 --> 02:47:05,000
By Senator Joseph McCarthy, of 
communist sympathizers in the 

3119
02:47:05,008 --> 02:47:08,900
state department, gain traction,
fueling an era of blacklists and

3120
02:47:08,900 --> 02:47:11,700
loyalty. 
Oaths Truman initially 

3121
02:47:11,700 --> 02:47:15,300
dismissive of McCarthy's claims 
found the climate overshadowing 

3122
02:47:15,300 --> 02:47:17,100
more moderate approaches to 
subversion. 

3123
02:47:17,900 --> 02:47:21,300
The so-called Red Scare impacted
the national mood making 

3124
02:47:21,300 --> 02:47:24,600
American suspicious of any 
perceived left-leaning activity.

3125
02:47:25,300 --> 02:47:29,600
Simultaneously, the Berlin 
crisis escalated, in 1948, to 

3126
02:47:29,600 --> 02:47:33,700
1949 Stalin blockaded West, 
Berlin, hoping to force the 

3127
02:47:33,700 --> 02:47:36,700
Allies out. 
Truman answers with the Berlin 

3128
02:47:36,700 --> 02:47:40,600
Air Lift, logistical Marvel 
fairing supplies by are to 2 

3129
02:47:40,600 --> 02:47:43,900
million berliners Round the 
Clock cargo plane soared over 

3130
02:47:43,900 --> 02:47:47,800
Soviet occupied Zone's, bringing
food and coal the operation 

3131
02:47:47,800 --> 02:47:50,700
success showcase Truman's 
willingness to stand firm 

3132
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:54,000
without triggering. 
Direct War by midnight. 1949, 

3133
02:47:54,000 --> 02:47:57,300
the blockade ended, proving 
Weston Unity triumphant. 

3134
02:47:58,100 --> 02:48:01,400
Yet Germany's formal partition 
into Eastern West underscored 

3135
02:48:01,400 --> 02:48:04,100
that the global divide was no 
fleeting spat. 

3136
02:48:04,100 --> 02:48:07,700
It crystallized an iron curtain 
across Europe. 

3137
02:48:08,700 --> 02:48:11,100
Truman's presidency. 
Thus served as The Crucible. 

3138
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:15,800
Forging NATO established in 1949
to unify Western defense. 

3139
02:48:16,800 --> 02:48:20,600
By 1950, the stage was set for 
the next major conflict in 

3140
02:48:20,600 --> 02:48:23,000
Korea. 
Communist North invaded, the 

3141
02:48:23,000 --> 02:48:27,700
South prompting un-led 
intervention Truman fervent to 

3142
02:48:27,700 --> 02:48:31,500
stop aggression but wary of 
Another World War authorized 

3143
02:48:31,500 --> 02:48:35,100
forces under General MacArthur, 
the Korean War would Define his 

3144
02:48:35,100 --> 02:48:38,400
final years in office, 
intensifying domestic debates 

3145
02:48:38,400 --> 02:48:41,000
over how to contain Communism 
without triggering nuclear 

3146
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:44,300
catastrophe. 
So from the Vantage of the early

3147
02:48:44,300 --> 02:48:49,500
1950s Harry Truman, once a 
relatively obscure Senator had 

3148
02:48:49,500 --> 02:48:52,000
become, the architect of 
containment, The Man Behind the 

3149
02:48:52,000 --> 02:48:55,400
Fair Deal, and the figure 
bridging FDR's Global Legacy 

3150
02:48:55,400 --> 02:48:58,700
with a precarious New Order. 
His next steps would further 

3151
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:01,300
tests both his presidency and 
the tolerance of a public 

3152
02:49:01,300 --> 02:49:03,300
increasingly fatigued by 
unending. 

3153
02:49:03,300 --> 02:49:07,100
Conflicts abroad, June 1950, 
jolted, The Truman 

3154
02:49:07,100 --> 02:49:10,200
Administration where North 
Korean forces under the Second 

3155
02:49:10,200 --> 02:49:14,000
Son, surged across the 38th 
parallel overwhelming, the 

3156
02:49:14,008 --> 02:49:16,700
ill-prepared South Korean army 
within days. 

3157
02:49:16,700 --> 02:49:20,500
Soul fell, the UN Security 
Council swiftly, condemned the 

3158
02:49:20,508 --> 02:49:23,200
aggression. 
A rare instance where the Soviet

3159
02:49:23,200 --> 02:49:24,800
Union's absence from the 
council. 

3160
02:49:24,800 --> 02:49:27,700
Due to boycotting over China's 
seat allowed. 

3161
02:49:27,700 --> 02:49:32,000
A unanimous resolution to pass. 
Truman responded promptly, he 

3162
02:49:32,000 --> 02:49:35,100
committed US Air and Naval 
support soon dispatching. 

3163
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:38,000
Ground troops. 
Technically, the conflict was a 

3164
02:49:38,000 --> 02:49:39,800
police action rather than a 
declared war. 

3165
02:49:40,700 --> 02:49:43,100
But thousands of American 
servicemen found themselves. 

3166
02:49:43,100 --> 02:49:45,200
In brutal combat across the 
Korean Peninsula. 

3167
02:49:45,200 --> 02:49:49,100
General, Douglas MacArthur a 
decorated World War, Two figure 

3168
02:49:49,100 --> 02:49:53,800
assumed command of UN forces. 
At first, the situation was Dire

3169
02:49:53,800 --> 02:49:57,700
Allied lines, shrank to a small 
defensive pocket around pusan. 

3170
02:49:57,700 --> 02:50:02,700
Then came the Bold in Sean 
Landing in September 1950, a 

3171
02:50:02,700 --> 02:50:05,300
brilliant amphibious operation 
that out flanks North Korean 

3172
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:10,000
supply, lines MacArthur's troops
recaptured Soul reversing, North

3173
02:50:10,000 --> 02:50:14,800
Korea's gains boyed by success. 
MacArthur pushed north crossing 

3174
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:17,500
the 38th parallel with Truman's 
tentative endorsement. 

3175
02:50:18,500 --> 02:50:21,100
The objective evolved from 
merely repelling The Invasion to

3176
02:50:21,100 --> 02:50:22,700
toppling the Kim regime 
entirely. 

3177
02:50:22,700 --> 02:50:27,400
So the general believed, Yet, a 
new threat loomed communist, 

3178
02:50:27,400 --> 02:50:30,300
China warned, it would not 
tolerate foreign armies on its 

3179
02:50:30,300 --> 02:50:32,800
border. 
Truman's advisors debated, 

3180
02:50:32,800 --> 02:50:36,800
whether unifying of by force was
feasible or wise Crossing into 

3181
02:50:36,800 --> 02:50:39,700
the far, north could lead to 
Chinese intervention many 

3182
02:50:39,700 --> 02:50:43,400
warned. 
MacArthur Brash and confident 

3183
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:47,500
discounted such warnings. 
By late 1950. 

3184
02:50:47,500 --> 02:50:51,700
Chinese volunteers, poor cross. 
The Yellow River, launching a 

3185
02:50:51,700 --> 02:50:55,300
massive counter-offensive. 
American and Allied Forces 

3186
02:50:55,300 --> 02:50:57,600
reeled Southwood in a grim, 
winter retreat. 

3187
02:50:58,200 --> 02:51:00,900
Public shocked at this sudden, 
reversal battered Truman's. 

3188
02:51:00,900 --> 02:51:04,700
Popularity as casualties 
mounted, a rift yawned between 

3189
02:51:04,700 --> 02:51:09,000
Macarthur who demanded expanded 
War, potentially bombing Chinese

3190
02:51:09,000 --> 02:51:11,800
bases. 
And Truman, who insisted on 

3191
02:51:11,800 --> 02:51:15,000
avoiding a broader conflict 
MacArthur disregarding 

3192
02:51:15,000 --> 02:51:17,900
presidential directives publicly
criticized, Washington's 

3193
02:51:17,900 --> 02:51:21,200
caution, effectively, 
undermining, Truman's Authority.

3194
02:51:21,900 --> 02:51:25,700
In April, 1951 Truman made a 
fateful decision, he revved 

3195
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:30,100
MacArthur of command. 
The Uproar was immediate. 

3196
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:35,300
MacArthur was a national hero 
welcomed home by throngs, 

3197
02:51:35,300 --> 02:51:40,000
chanting his name. 
Meanwhile critics accused Truman

3198
02:51:40,000 --> 02:51:43,100
of weakening the war effort but 
Truman committed to civilian 

3199
02:51:43,100 --> 02:51:45,100
control of the military stood 
firm. 

3200
02:51:45,100 --> 02:51:47,800
He believed that letting a 
general Define foreign policy 

3201
02:51:47,800 --> 02:51:49,500
threatened, the very core of 
democracy. 

3202
02:51:49,500 --> 02:51:54,000
Despite the controversy, the 
Korean War ground on Armistice 

3203
02:51:54,000 --> 02:51:58,500
talks started in mid 1951 but 
dragged on for months, even as 

3204
02:51:58,500 --> 02:52:02,200
battles flared along entrenched 
lines near the 38th parallel. 

3205
02:52:03,200 --> 02:52:07,200
While US public support for the 
war waned, Truman's White House 

3206
02:52:07,200 --> 02:52:10,700
wrestled with spiraling defense 
costs anxious to avoid 

3207
02:52:10,700 --> 02:52:13,300
overextension. 
Some saw parallels to the 

3208
02:52:13,308 --> 02:52:16,500
frustration in World War 1, 
trenches minimal, territorial 

3209
02:52:16,500 --> 02:52:19,700
gains High casualties and 
endless negotiations. 

3210
02:52:21,000 --> 02:52:25,500
By 1952 many Americans had grown
disillusioned, the war 

3211
02:52:25,500 --> 02:52:27,900
overshadowed domestic progress 
on the Fair Deal. 

3212
02:52:27,900 --> 02:52:31,400
Political opponents, hammered 
Truman for what they saw, as a 

3213
02:52:31,400 --> 02:52:34,400
stalemate in Asia, tying it to 
claims of infiltration by 

3214
02:52:34,400 --> 02:52:39,200
communist sympathizers at home. 
Fed by these tensions, the 1952 

3215
02:52:39,200 --> 02:52:42,900
presidential election shaped up 
Truman battered by criticism. 

3216
02:52:42,900 --> 02:52:44,700
Decided not to run for another 
term. 

3217
02:52:44,700 --> 02:52:48,200
He had served nearly eight years
after Roosevelt's death, plus 

3218
02:52:48,200 --> 02:52:52,000
the partial term instead, the 
Democratic party nominated at 

3219
02:52:52,000 --> 02:52:55,400
least Stevenson the second who 
faced Dwight D Eisenhower the 

3220
02:52:55,400 --> 02:52:57,100
popular General from World War 
2. 

3221
02:52:58,100 --> 02:53:01,000
Eisenhower's promised to go to 
Korea and the war resonated 

3222
02:53:01,000 --> 02:53:05,000
deeply with a weary public 
Truman overshadowed, simply 

3223
02:53:05,000 --> 02:53:09,600
hoped, the conflict might find 
resolution In January 1953, he 

3224
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:12,300
left office with approval 
ratings, near historic lows, 

3225
02:53:12,300 --> 02:53:15,200
overshadowed, by the drawn-out, 
Korean struggle. 

3226
02:53:15,200 --> 02:53:17,600
And the McCarthy era's 
Relentless accusations of 

3227
02:53:17,608 --> 02:53:21,000
communist infiltration in the 
government yet even as he 

3228
02:53:21,000 --> 02:53:24,000
vacated the White House Truman 
insisted that the containment 

3229
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:27,000
strategy was correct. 
He recognized that waiting 

3230
02:53:27,000 --> 02:53:30,800
passively would yield expansions
of Soviet or Chinese communism, 

3231
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:34,400
which he believed threatened 
global stability, the Berlin. 

3232
02:53:34,400 --> 02:53:38,300
Airlift, the Marshall Plan, the 
formation of NATO and a degree 

3233
02:53:38,300 --> 02:53:41,400
in Turkey stood as cornerstones 
of what he considered necessary 

3234
02:53:41,400 --> 02:53:44,300
steps. 
The Korean War while painful in 

3235
02:53:44,300 --> 02:53:47,000
his View at halted a potential 
chain reaction of communist 

3236
02:53:47,000 --> 02:53:51,000
conquests in Asia the public and
policy circles fiercely debated,

3237
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:53,900
whether the high cost Justified 
the war returning to 

3238
02:53:53,900 --> 02:53:56,300
Independence. 
Missouri, Truman embraced 

3239
02:53:56,300 --> 02:53:58,000
private life. 
Without many of the trappings 

3240
02:53:58,000 --> 02:54:01,500
modern presidents would later 
enjoy, he had minimal pension, 

3241
02:54:01,500 --> 02:54:04,400
no secret service detail 
initially and took up every day,

3242
02:54:04,400 --> 02:54:08,000
routines morning, walks visits 
to his library and Lively 

3243
02:54:08,000 --> 02:54:11,900
discussions with passes by over 
time Americans, softened toward 

3244
02:54:11,900 --> 02:54:15,300
him the same man, once reviled 
for MacArthur's firing. 

3245
02:54:15,300 --> 02:54:18,800
And for the loss of China found,
belated appreciation as a symbol

3246
02:54:18,800 --> 02:54:22,700
of plain-spoken decency. 
Journalists occasionally visited

3247
02:54:22,700 --> 02:54:25,200
his mum, modest home to chat 
about world events. 

3248
02:54:25,200 --> 02:54:27,700
He deflected speculation about 
regrets. 

3249
02:54:27,700 --> 02:54:31,500
Typically remarking that under 
the same conditions, he do much 

3250
02:54:31,500 --> 02:54:33,900
the same. 
The Aging man in his signature 

3251
02:54:33,900 --> 02:54:37,500
Fedora projected an air of calm 
that belied the turmoil. 

3252
02:54:37,500 --> 02:54:42,100
He once navigated in the broader
sense the years following 1953 

3253
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:45,300
revealed that the cold war 
strategies Truman helped Pioneer

3254
02:54:45,300 --> 02:54:48,900
would Endure Cross presidents 
shaping US foreign policy for 

3255
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:51,200
decades. 
The notion that America must 

3256
02:54:51,200 --> 02:54:53,200
lead. 
Alliance is prop up, threatened,

3257
02:54:53,200 --> 02:54:56,000
governments, and maintain a 
robust military footprint. 

3258
02:54:56,000 --> 02:54:58,900
Ode much to the architecture in 
his advisors, sketched 

3259
02:54:58,900 --> 02:55:02,100
controversies over, nuclear 
arms, covid intervention. 

3260
02:55:02,100 --> 02:55:06,000
And moral trade-offs, would 
continue to swirl meanwhile, the

3261
02:55:06,000 --> 02:55:09,200
so called Truman Doctrine in 
simpler times evolved into 

3262
02:55:09,200 --> 02:55:13,100
Myriad forms from Vietnam to the
Middle East, where the favorable

3263
02:55:13,100 --> 02:55:16,400
or unfavorable The boundaries 
Truman established during the 

3264
02:55:16,400 --> 02:55:19,600
initial years of the Cold War 
established a superpower's 

3265
02:55:19,600 --> 02:55:23,000
worldwide stance. 
After leaving the presidency, 

3266
02:55:23,000 --> 02:55:26,300
Harry Truman quietly returned to
the same unpretentious 

3267
02:55:26,300 --> 02:55:29,900
Independence neighborhood, he'd 
Left Behind reporters, Marvel 

3268
02:55:29,900 --> 02:55:32,700
that unlike many political 
figures who were treated into 

3269
02:55:32,700 --> 02:55:36,600
comfortable consultant gigs, or 
lavish perks Truman strolled us 

3270
02:55:36,600 --> 02:55:39,300
about as though unchanged. 
He personally answered the phone

3271
02:55:39,300 --> 02:55:42,700
at his home penders letters at a
small writing desk and took 

3272
02:55:42,700 --> 02:55:45,900
daily constitutional through the
neighborhood where neighbors 

3273
02:55:45,900 --> 02:55:48,500
encountered him, he was as 
likely to talk about local 

3274
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:51,400
weather AS Global Affairs. 
However, his historical 

3275
02:55:51,400 --> 02:55:52,900
decisions, carried significant 
weight. 

3276
02:55:52,900 --> 02:55:57,600
Despite the sense of normalcy in
1953, the Korean Wars. 

3277
02:55:57,600 --> 02:56:01,100
Armistice took effect largely 
shaped by his successor 

3278
02:56:01,100 --> 02:56:03,800
Eisenhower, who carried forward 
negotiations. 

3279
02:56:03,800 --> 02:56:06,800
That Truman's administration had
begun though the conflict 

3280
02:56:06,800 --> 02:56:09,000
remained. 
Technically unresolved, the 

3281
02:56:09,000 --> 02:56:12,500
ceasefire established, the 
demilitarized zone freezing, the

3282
02:56:12,500 --> 02:56:16,300
peninsula's division, Critics 
contended that, a final piece 

3283
02:56:16,300 --> 02:56:17,900
was never achieved under 
Truman's. 

3284
02:56:17,900 --> 02:56:21,000
Watch yet, Defenders are argued 
that halting North Korean 

3285
02:56:21,000 --> 02:56:24,900
advances preserved, South 
Korea's future, As years passed 

3286
02:56:24,900 --> 02:56:28,600
the ongoing partitioned to the 
legacy of tension in East Asia. 

3287
02:56:28,600 --> 02:56:31,500
Intimately linked to Truman 
stand against communist 

3288
02:56:31,500 --> 02:56:34,300
aggression. 
In the realm of civil liberties,

3289
02:56:34,300 --> 02:56:38,500
the McCarthy era is further 
gradually subsided, Senator 

3290
02:56:38,500 --> 02:56:41,000
McCarthy overreached, and was 
eventually censured by his 

3291
02:56:41,000 --> 02:56:44,500
colleagues retrospective 
analysis revealed, the climate 

3292
02:56:44,500 --> 02:56:48,200
of fear had led to blacklists 
and ruined careers with called 

3293
02:56:48,200 --> 02:56:50,200
scant evidence of actual. 
Subversion. 

3294
02:56:51,100 --> 02:56:54,500
From his Vantage Point Truman, 
felt Vindicated about firing 

3295
02:56:54,500 --> 02:56:56,500
MacArthur and resisting 
extremes. 

3296
02:56:56,500 --> 02:56:59,700
He had insisted that 
constitutional processes matter 

3297
02:56:59,700 --> 02:57:02,500
more than a general's, personal 
conviction or a demagogue 

3298
02:57:02,500 --> 02:57:05,400
execution. 
Yet the climate had left scars 

3299
02:57:05,400 --> 02:57:09,000
on the Democratic party, 
Truman's own brand of moderate, 

3300
02:57:09,000 --> 02:57:12,900
liberalism, heavy on foreign 
policy hawkishness and domestic 

3301
02:57:12,900 --> 02:57:16,000
incremental, reforms had 
receded, under the weight of 

3302
02:57:16,008 --> 02:57:19,700
political realignments. 
Truman's financial situation. 

3303
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:23,700
Post-presidency was precarious 
at that time ex-presidents 

3304
02:57:23,700 --> 02:57:27,000
received, no, pension, except 
for a small army pension from 

3305
02:57:27,000 --> 02:57:30,400
his service in World War one. 
He faced birds and living costs 

3306
02:57:30,400 --> 02:57:34,200
a modest book deal for his 
Memoirs helped, but it was not 

3307
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:36,800
extravagant. 
He refused to cash in on 

3308
02:57:36,800 --> 02:57:38,400
corporate lobbying or serve on 
boards. 

3309
02:57:38,400 --> 02:57:42,300
He considered morally dubious 
eventually Congress passed. 

3310
02:57:42,300 --> 02:57:46,000
The former presidents act in 
1958 partly spurred by Truman 

3311
02:57:46,000 --> 02:57:48,800
circumstance, providing a 
pension and resources for office

3312
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:51,600
staff. 
He disliked to take in charity 

3313
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:55,200
but recognize the policy. 
Served future ex-presidents more

3314
02:57:55,200 --> 02:57:58,200
than himself. 
Meanwhile, he poured energy into

3315
02:57:58,200 --> 02:58:01,100
his Presidential Library. 
Determined that the story of his

3316
02:58:01,100 --> 02:58:03,800
administration warts and all be 
accessible to Scholars? 

3317
02:58:03,800 --> 02:58:10,200
His Memoirs published in two 
volumes 1955 and 1956 revealed a

3318
02:58:10,200 --> 02:58:12,100
candid, plain-spoken Narrative 
of events. 

3319
02:58:12,100 --> 02:58:15,300
He offered no apologies for the 
atomic bomb decisions. 

3320
02:58:15,300 --> 02:58:18,500
Emphasizing that the abrupt end 
of the Pacific War saved. 

3321
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:20,700
Countless Allied and Japanese 
lives. 

3322
02:58:22,200 --> 02:58:25,600
On the controversies surrounding
recognition of Israel Truman 

3323
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:28,500
Swift acknowledgment of the new 
state in 19 was a watershed 

3324
02:58:28,500 --> 02:58:29,900
moment. 
In Middle East politics. 

3325
02:58:29,900 --> 02:58:33,100
He insisted it was the moral 
path despite opposition from 

3326
02:58:33,100 --> 02:58:34,900
Key. 
Advisors indeed. 

3327
02:58:34,900 --> 02:58:38,700
This quiet steadfast approach 
characterized his Recollections,

3328
02:58:38,700 --> 02:58:42,900
he may have been overshadowed by
FDR or disliked by flamboyant 

3329
02:58:42,900 --> 02:58:45,700
generals. 
But in times of Crisis, he did 

3330
02:58:45,700 --> 02:58:48,500
what he believed was necessary. 
Over time. 

3331
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:51,600
Public perception of Truman. 
Shifted from unremarkable. 

3332
02:58:51,600 --> 02:58:53,800
Care taker to gutsy decision 
maker. 

3333
02:58:54,500 --> 02:58:57,500
Revisionist historians started 
praising, The Truman doctrines 

3334
02:58:57,500 --> 02:59:00,600
Clarity, the martial plan, 
success, in rebuilding Europe, 

3335
02:59:00,600 --> 02:59:03,900
and the pragmatic approach to 
containing Soviet influence. 

3336
02:59:04,900 --> 02:59:07,600
They noted how he integrated 
civil rights stances into 

3337
02:59:07,600 --> 02:59:11,100
mainstream Democratic ideology 
setting the stage for the more 

3338
02:59:11,100 --> 02:59:13,100
comprehensive reforms of the 
1960s. 

3339
02:59:14,100 --> 02:59:17,600
Younger politicians from John F,
Kennedy onward acknowledged. 

3340
02:59:17,600 --> 02:59:21,200
A debt to Truman's Legacy that 
the presidency was about forging

3341
02:59:21,200 --> 02:59:24,900
alliances championing domestic 
fairness and preserving a stable

3342
02:59:24,900 --> 02:59:27,400
Global Order. 
Not all revered him. 

3343
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:30,900
Some leftist critics hammered 
the extremes of anti-communist 

3344
02:59:30,900 --> 02:59:34,400
actions While others on the 
right called the stalemate in 

3345
02:59:34,400 --> 02:59:36,500
Korea evidence of half-hearted 
War. 

3346
02:59:36,500 --> 02:59:40,300
Yet a nostalgic sentiment 
gradually emerged painting 

3347
02:59:40,300 --> 02:59:43,200
Truman as a leader of a simpler 
more honest era. 

3348
02:59:44,100 --> 02:59:46,500
Truman's personal life. 
In his later years, revolved 

3349
02:59:46,500 --> 02:59:49,700
around Devotion to best remained
reclusive preferring not to 

3350
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:52,400
appear in public. 
The couple's, daily routine 

3351
02:59:52,400 --> 02:59:56,400
included, quite breakfasts 
visits to the library and an 

3352
02:59:56,400 --> 02:59:59,200
occasional Drive, grandchildren 
brought New Joy. 

3353
02:59:59,200 --> 03:00:03,200
Sometimes foreign dignitaries or
Scholars would drop by seeking 

3354
03:00:03,200 --> 03:00:06,400
the old man's perspective. 
He offered on vaishna Stars 

3355
03:00:06,400 --> 03:00:09,200
peppered with plain spoken. 
Missouri and humor. 

3356
03:00:09,200 --> 03:00:11,700
There were no Illusions or 
Frills in his answers 

3357
03:00:11,700 --> 03:00:15,000
journalists noticed that he 
rarely exploited the spotlight, 

3358
03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:17,800
preferring to let official 
archives and Librarians, handle 

3359
03:00:17,800 --> 03:00:22,500
big historical queries. 
By the 1960s, the Cold War had 

3360
03:00:22,500 --> 03:00:26,200
escalated to new crises the 
Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile 

3361
03:00:26,200 --> 03:00:28,300
Crisis, and Vietnam's deepening 
conflict. 

3362
03:00:29,600 --> 03:00:32,900
Truman watched with concern, he 
occasionally wrote letters to 

3363
03:00:32,900 --> 03:00:35,100
current officials carefully. 
Disclaiming that he was not 

3364
03:00:35,100 --> 03:00:38,400
meddling, merely offering the 
wisdom gleaned from the post 

3365
03:00:38,400 --> 03:00:41,400
World War 2 Crucible. 
Presidents of both parties, 

3366
03:00:41,400 --> 03:00:44,500
recognized the significance of a
living repository of post-war 

3367
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:47,300
policy decisions. 
Sometimes hosting him at White 

3368
03:00:47,300 --> 03:00:49,600
House. 
Gatherings Though, not an 

3369
03:00:49,600 --> 03:00:53,400
official advisor Truman's moral 
Authority soared. people 

3370
03:00:53,400 --> 03:00:56,100
perceived him as the final 
figure from a crucial period of 

3371
03:00:56,100 --> 03:00:59,700
transition, the establishment of
the atomic age, the emergence of

3372
03:00:59,708 --> 03:01:04,000
containment And the delicate 
balance between social justice 

3373
03:01:04,000 --> 03:01:08,400
and political realism in 
December 1972 at the age at 

3374
03:01:08,400 --> 03:01:12,500
8:00, Harry Truman passed away. 
The state funeral and 

3375
03:01:12,500 --> 03:01:15,400
Independence was modest 
reflecting, his personal style 

3376
03:01:15,400 --> 03:01:18,700
presidents, foreign dignitaries 
and ordinary Americans. 

3377
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:21,800
Pause to salute, man. 
Whose improbable Journey, took 

3378
03:01:21,800 --> 03:01:24,300
him from Missouri farm to the 
White House's epicenter 

3379
03:01:24,300 --> 03:01:27,500
eulogies, recalled him as the 
champion of the Marshall Plan, 

3380
03:01:27,500 --> 03:01:31,100
the father of containment the 
unlikely victory of 1948. 

3381
03:01:32,600 --> 03:01:36,300
And the president who integrated
the military over time, his name

3382
03:01:36,300 --> 03:01:38,300
became shorthand for fortitude 
Under Pressure. 

3383
03:01:38,300 --> 03:01:42,800
The buck stops here in his own 
famous phrase, it stands as an 

3384
03:01:42,800 --> 03:01:45,000
emblem of personal 
accountability that for a better

3385
03:01:45,000 --> 03:01:47,700
or worse, shaped the modern 
presidency, and the Free World 

3386
03:01:47,700 --> 03:01:50,900
post-war order. 
Fast forward to the present and 

3387
03:01:50,900 --> 03:01:53,600
Harry Truman's memory stands. 
As a fascinating study in 

3388
03:01:53,600 --> 03:01:56,500
leadership. 
He was a product of small town, 

3389
03:01:56,500 --> 03:02:00,100
America shaped by the 
unvarnished realities of farm 

3390
03:02:00,100 --> 03:02:03,300
labor and local politics. 
He lacked formal college degrees

3391
03:02:03,300 --> 03:02:06,600
or aristocratic lineage 
initially seeming and improbable

3392
03:02:06,600 --> 03:02:08,700
figure to guide the world's most
powerful Nation. 

3393
03:02:09,500 --> 03:02:12,400
Yet Guided by personal ethics, 
and a knack for directness. 

3394
03:02:12,400 --> 03:02:15,800
He navigated Global crises 
unmatched in scale. 

3395
03:02:16,700 --> 03:02:20,100
Historians often, Place him 
among the near Great presidents.

3396
03:02:20,100 --> 03:02:23,900
An honor marking house, 
significantly steered the US in 

3397
03:02:23,900 --> 03:02:27,300
the aftermath of World War 2. 
One of the most potent lessons 

3398
03:02:27,300 --> 03:02:30,300
gleaned from his presidency lies
in how he approached big 

3399
03:02:30,300 --> 03:02:34,200
decisions Truman, rarely 
wallowed in indecision faced 

3400
03:02:34,200 --> 03:02:36,000
with the atomic bombs moral 
Quagmire. 

3401
03:02:37,000 --> 03:02:41,500
He concluded swiftly to use it, 
faced with Soviet expansion, he 

3402
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:44,600
launched the Truman Doctrine, 
even the firing of General 

3403
03:02:44,600 --> 03:02:48,300
MacArthur a national hero 
Illustrated a principle. 

3404
03:02:48,300 --> 03:02:52,800
No individual stands above 
civilian Authority, many leaders

3405
03:02:52,800 --> 03:02:56,100
might waffle or Fear public 
backlash, but Truman style was 

3406
03:02:56,100 --> 03:02:59,400
to weigh advice pick a course. 
And then bear the consequences 

3407
03:02:59,400 --> 03:03:02,900
that unwavering approach still 
informs discussions about how 

3408
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:06,100
leaders handle emergency Powers 
his era. 

3409
03:03:06,100 --> 03:03:09,000
Also, cements the notion that 
personal authenticity can matter

3410
03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:12,100
more than rhetorical polish, 
Unlike FDR's Patrician 

3411
03:03:12,100 --> 03:03:15,300
confidence or JFK's glamour. 
Truman's Persona was 

3412
03:03:15,300 --> 03:03:17,800
straightforward, sprinkled with 
folksy phrases. 

3413
03:03:17,800 --> 03:03:21,400
Critics at times, derided his 
style is hickey or unrefined, 

3414
03:03:21,400 --> 03:03:24,100
but millions of Americans 
identified with it. 

3415
03:03:24,100 --> 03:03:27,400
Seeing in him, a mirror of their
anxieties and aspirations, 

3416
03:03:27,400 --> 03:03:30,100
political culture in the 21st 
century. 

3417
03:03:30,100 --> 03:03:34,600
Saturated with scripted sound 
bites, often yearns for that raw

3418
03:03:34,600 --> 03:03:37,500
sincerity even if the 
complexities are far more 

3419
03:03:37,500 --> 03:03:40,000
complicated than a single 
personality trait can address. 

3420
03:03:41,000 --> 03:03:43,700
Another dimension of Truman 
story pertains to the permanent 

3421
03:03:43,700 --> 03:03:47,300
changes in US governments. 
He presided over the creation of

3422
03:03:47,300 --> 03:03:52,300
the National Security State, CIA
NSA, and the mushrooming defense

3423
03:03:52,300 --> 03:03:55,100
department. 
He also oversaw the near 

3424
03:03:55,100 --> 03:03:58,000
permanent mobilization of the 
economy to feed the cold Wars 

3425
03:03:58,000 --> 03:04:00,600
demands. 
This shift from a more isolated 

3426
03:04:00,600 --> 03:04:03,400
Republic to a globally. 
Engaged superpower was not 

3427
03:04:03,400 --> 03:04:07,900
wholly his alone, but he carried
forward the impetus The ongoing 

3428
03:04:07,900 --> 03:04:09,900
debate about how much 
governments surveillance or 

3429
03:04:09,900 --> 03:04:13,200
Global policing is Justified. 
Those are debt to the structures

3430
03:04:13,200 --> 03:04:16,300
built under Truman. 
His own personal discomfort with

3431
03:04:16,300 --> 03:04:18,200
certain expansions such as 
loyalty. 

3432
03:04:18,200 --> 03:04:21,600
Oaths, testifies to the moral, 
dilemmas in twined with these 

3433
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:25,700
transformations, Civil rights 
also saw impetus under his watch

3434
03:04:25,700 --> 03:04:29,500
though, this took decades, for 
the full effect to unfold, his 

3435
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:31,400
desegregation of the Armed 
Forces. 

3436
03:04:31,400 --> 03:04:34,700
In 1948, was one of the earliest
executive acts dismantling 

3437
03:04:34,700 --> 03:04:38,000
institutional racism. 
Though, overshadowed by the more

3438
03:04:38,000 --> 03:04:41,300
dramatic battles of the 1950s 
and 60s, it laid a crucial 

3439
03:04:41,300 --> 03:04:44,100
precedent. 
Black veterans who served in 

3440
03:04:44,100 --> 03:04:47,400
integrated units, carried new 
expectations for equal 

3441
03:04:47,400 --> 03:04:49,500
treatment. 
Fueling the Civil Rights 

3442
03:04:49,500 --> 03:04:52,100
Movement. 
This example, underscores that 

3443
03:04:52,108 --> 03:04:55,500
incremental changes championed 
by a leaders. 

3444
03:04:55,500 --> 03:04:58,600
Not known primarily as civil 
rights Crusaders can pivot 

3445
03:04:58,600 --> 03:05:02,300
historical momentum in ways, 
invisible at the time, modern 

3446
03:05:02,300 --> 03:05:06,300
presidents from both parties. 
Occasionally invoked Truman's 

3447
03:05:06,300 --> 03:05:09,200
name when justifying bold 
stances, they highlight his 

3448
03:05:09,200 --> 03:05:12,000
willingness to Buck popularity 
for principal or highlight. 

3449
03:05:12,000 --> 03:05:15,700
How under crisis he harnessed 
executive power to contain 

3450
03:05:15,700 --> 03:05:18,100
threats. 
Some hail him as the father of 

3451
03:05:18,100 --> 03:05:21,100
American internationalism. 
Forging alliances and Frameworks

3452
03:05:21,100 --> 03:05:24,600
like NATO others, cringe at the 
memory of the bombings, and the 

3453
03:05:24,600 --> 03:05:29,100
Loyalty purges that Duality 
heroic to some morally. 

3454
03:05:29,100 --> 03:05:32,400
Fraught to others mirrors, the 
complexity of the 20th century 

3455
03:05:32,400 --> 03:05:36,400
itself, For the typical American
family though, the memory of 

3456
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:40,200
Truman might conjure images of 
that iconic. 1948 photo with the

3457
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:44,300
newspaper headline Dewey defeats
Truman or the black and white 

3458
03:05:44,300 --> 03:05:46,200
footage of him announcing Japan 
surrender. 

3459
03:05:47,100 --> 03:05:49,100
Libraries across the country. 
Preserve Diaries from 

3460
03:05:49,108 --> 03:05:52,500
grandparents, who felt uncertain
about sending their sons to 

3461
03:05:52,500 --> 03:05:56,100
Korea reading Day by Day news of
the Truman War. 

3462
03:05:57,200 --> 03:06:00,100
The Narrative resonates, a low 
profile man. 

3463
03:06:00,100 --> 03:06:03,900
Confronted with outsized 
responsibilities forging a path 

3464
03:06:03,900 --> 03:06:05,400
that was neither perfect nor 
doomed. 

3465
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:09,000
But shaped by moral convictions,
in a refusal to shirk tough 

3466
03:06:09,000 --> 03:06:13,000
calls, in the end Harry Truman's
life serves as a testament, to 

3467
03:06:13,000 --> 03:06:16,700
the unexpected emergence of 
leadership and the resilience 

3468
03:06:16,700 --> 03:06:19,300
and determination of common men 
in the face of extraordinary 

3469
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:22,000
events. 
For a generation battered by 

3470
03:06:22,000 --> 03:06:25,500
depression and War. 
He was a reassuring presence for

3471
03:06:25,500 --> 03:06:27,500
modern society. 
Grappling with new Global 

3472
03:06:27,500 --> 03:06:31,200
threats from climate crises to 
cyber conflicts, his blueprint 

3473
03:06:31,200 --> 03:06:35,300
of strategic alliances 
unwavering moral lines and 

3474
03:06:35,300 --> 03:06:38,100
willingness to face unpopularity
might hold valuable lessons. 

3475
03:06:38,100 --> 03:06:42,300
Indeed, his story stands as a 
testament to how the unassuming 

3476
03:06:42,300 --> 03:06:46,300
can transform into pivotal 
figures, once fate thrusts them 

3477
03:06:46,300 --> 03:06:49,700
into the spotlight. 
As the decades roll on the 

3478
03:06:49,700 --> 03:06:52,400
modest Museum who saw himself 
simply as a public servant 

3479
03:06:52,400 --> 03:06:56,300
remains emblematic of how 
steadfast character can guide a 

3480
03:06:56,300 --> 03:06:59,200
nation through perilous. 
Time's and reshape the very 

3481
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:06,400
meaning of American leadership. 
From his earliest days, young 

3482
03:07:06,400 --> 03:07:09,200
Marcus sentenced expectations. 
Clinging to him like a heavy 

3483
03:07:09,200 --> 03:07:11,700
mantle. 
He was not yet the philosophical

3484
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:13,800
Emperor. 
History would Revere Emilia 

3485
03:07:13,800 --> 03:07:17,200
curious boy from a prominent 
Roman family marble halls and 

3486
03:07:17,208 --> 03:07:20,100
hushed political debates, formed
the backdrop of his childhood. 

3487
03:07:20,100 --> 03:07:23,900
Each conversation reinforcing, 
the idea that he was fated for a

3488
03:07:23,900 --> 03:07:27,700
grand role even while tinkering 
with wax tablets and toying with

3489
03:07:27,708 --> 03:07:30,800
styluses the weight of the 
future loomed in every corner of

3490
03:07:30,800 --> 03:07:34,100
his home. 
Despite his Tender Years, Marcus

3491
03:07:34,100 --> 03:07:37,300
felt drawn to the Roman forums, 
colossal, columns, and venerable

3492
03:07:37,300 --> 03:07:41,000
statues each marble figure 
whispered Tales of Victory and 

3493
03:07:41,000 --> 03:07:43,300
downfall. 
Reminding him how power 

3494
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:46,800
shimmered then vanished. 
He marveled at the thought, that

3495
03:07:46,800 --> 03:07:49,600
these silent Sentinels once 
watched over leaders, who like 

3496
03:07:49,600 --> 03:07:53,100
him and walked these streets 
shoulder to shoulder with fate. 

3497
03:07:54,200 --> 03:07:57,400
More than politics or pageantry 
Marcus discovered his Keen 

3498
03:07:57,400 --> 03:08:00,900
interest in philosophy. 
His mother gentle but incisive, 

3499
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:04,800
recited lines from stoic texts 
on a rainy afternoon's. 

3500
03:08:04,800 --> 03:08:08,400
Speaking of moral fortitude as 
the shield against life's 

3501
03:08:08,400 --> 03:08:12,300
unpredictable storm in these 
verses Marcus found a reassuring

3502
03:08:12,300 --> 03:08:15,200
promise that wisdom could 
transcend, the clamor of 

3503
03:08:15,200 --> 03:08:19,500
ambition, this Fascination grew.
When he met Junior's rusticus, a

3504
03:08:19,500 --> 03:08:22,400
revered tutor and compressor, 
selling and truth, instead of 

3505
03:08:22,408 --> 03:08:26,300
coddling, markers rustica's. 
Challenged him igniting the fire

3506
03:08:26,300 --> 03:08:30,200
of a questioning mine. 
The lessons were forging in a 

3507
03:08:30,200 --> 03:08:33,600
sanctuary one Guided by reason 
rather than impulse. 

3508
03:08:33,600 --> 03:08:36,800
While many children dreamed of 
Feasts and fleeting 

3509
03:08:36,800 --> 03:08:40,000
distractions. 
Marcus quietly gravitated toward

3510
03:08:40,000 --> 03:08:43,900
Karma Pursuits evening hours 
found him practicing Letters by 

3511
03:08:43,900 --> 03:08:46,700
Lamplight. 
His stylist, carving words, 

3512
03:08:46,700 --> 03:08:48,900
about Duty and virtue into 
smooth wax. 

3513
03:08:48,900 --> 03:08:53,300
Even at a young age, he sensed 
that an empire was not just a 

3514
03:08:53,300 --> 03:08:56,300
playground of wealth and power, 
but an arena, where moral 

3515
03:08:56,300 --> 03:08:59,400
strength was tested at every 
turn Politics. 

3516
03:08:59,400 --> 03:09:04,600
However, remained an unrelenting
reality allies and adversaries. 

3517
03:09:04,600 --> 03:09:08,200
Shifted like Desert, Sands? 
Whispered rumors ignited 

3518
03:09:08,200 --> 03:09:11,000
disputes in the Senate before. 
The boy even finished his 

3519
03:09:11,000 --> 03:09:15,800
morning meal, the sheer chaos 
and settled markers reinforcing 

3520
03:09:15,800 --> 03:09:18,400
his belief that the world 
desperately needed unwavering 

3521
03:09:18,400 --> 03:09:21,200
ethical principles. 
In the orchard behind his 

3522
03:09:21,200 --> 03:09:24,300
family's estate were 112. 
She's casting Shadows. 

3523
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:27,500
The boy pondered the gap between
Noble intentions and that 

3524
03:09:27,500 --> 03:09:29,200
labyrinth in struggles for 
control. 

3525
03:09:30,300 --> 03:09:32,900
Could a leader, maintain honor 
in a realm that seemed to thrive

3526
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:36,000
on cunning. 
One evening, he overheard a 

3527
03:09:36,000 --> 03:09:37,500
conversation between two young 
Senators. 

3528
03:09:37,500 --> 03:09:41,300
Speculating on the emperor's 
successor, they spoke of cunning

3529
03:09:41,300 --> 03:09:43,900
lineage and ties. 
That Could tip the scales of 

3530
03:09:43,908 --> 03:09:47,300
power, the gravity of those 
words thrilled and sobered him 

3531
03:09:47,300 --> 03:09:49,100
soon. 
The emperor's choice would 

3532
03:09:49,100 --> 03:09:52,500
reshape the lives of thousands. 
They they would someday look to 

3533
03:09:52,500 --> 03:09:55,400
Marcus for leader to ship the 
thought, both exhilarated and 

3534
03:09:55,400 --> 03:09:58,600
weighed him down, he was fully 
aware that the opulent facade of

3535
03:09:58,608 --> 03:10:00,900
Rome, concealed, genuine 
struggles for numerous 

3536
03:10:00,900 --> 03:10:03,200
individuals. 
However a glimmer of 

3537
03:10:03,200 --> 03:10:06,700
determination glowed within him.
If he could combine his moral 

3538
03:10:06,700 --> 03:10:09,500
convictions with practical 
governance, perhaps he could 

3539
03:10:09,508 --> 03:10:12,700
leave a lasting Legacy, for Rome
surpassing The Monuments 

3540
03:10:12,700 --> 03:10:16,500
adorning its Skyline within the 
hush of the orchard lulled by 

3541
03:10:16,508 --> 03:10:19,500
the center of citrus. 
Marcus would close his eyes and 

3542
03:10:19,500 --> 03:10:22,100
imagine a city where leaders 
governed with compassion and 

3543
03:10:22,100 --> 03:10:24,400
Clarity. 
Where a child's lessons in 

3544
03:10:24,400 --> 03:10:27,400
virtue could shine light into 
the darkest corners of public 

3545
03:10:27,400 --> 03:10:30,000
life. 
This was more than daydreaming. 

3546
03:10:30,000 --> 03:10:33,600
It was the formation of an inner
Compass over time. 

3547
03:10:33,600 --> 03:10:36,500
That Compass would guide him 
through personal trials and 

3548
03:10:36,500 --> 03:10:40,100
political storms alike, the 
seeds of the greatness once 

3549
03:10:40,100 --> 03:10:43,100
planted sprouting Quiet Moments 
of introspection. 

3550
03:10:44,200 --> 03:10:47,500
Marcus Aurelius was still a boy 
but those daily lessons. 

3551
03:10:47,500 --> 03:10:52,100
Stoic texts moral debate 
afternoon spent in wide or at 

3552
03:10:52,100 --> 03:10:55,600
the forums relics were shaping 
him into something unexpected. 

3553
03:10:56,500 --> 03:10:58,900
He wants to be more than a 
figurehead, who wore the purple 

3554
03:10:58,900 --> 03:11:01,800
cloak of Rome. 
He aspired to be a leader who 

3555
03:11:01,800 --> 03:11:05,300
through reason and resolve could
honor the Empire's Legacy while 

3556
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:08,300
also molding it into a place 
where virtue had not yet gone to

3557
03:11:08,300 --> 03:11:10,700
die. 
Only time would reveal the 

3558
03:11:10,700 --> 03:11:15,000
magnitude of that promise. 
But in those early days, He 

3559
03:11:15,000 --> 03:11:18,200
nurtured it beneath the lemon 
trees, letting the steady Roman 

3560
03:11:18,200 --> 03:11:22,800
son, coax it into full bloom. 
Occasionally, he noticed the 

3561
03:11:22,800 --> 03:11:25,600
quiet fear, in the eyes of 
servants wondering. 

3562
03:11:25,600 --> 03:11:28,200
If the next political shift 
would upend their lives. 

3563
03:11:28,900 --> 03:11:31,700
The silent observers became 
Marcus's secret teachers 

3564
03:11:31,700 --> 03:11:34,300
revealing how the whims of the 
powerful sent ripples through 

3565
03:11:34,300 --> 03:11:38,000
every social and each nervous 
glance was a stark. 

3566
03:11:38,000 --> 03:11:40,500
Reminder. 
That real lives rested on the 

3567
03:11:40,500 --> 03:11:44,500
emperor's decrees for Marcus. 
The truest path forward lay in 

3568
03:11:44,508 --> 03:11:48,300
forging a principled heart. 
One that would not falter when 

3569
03:11:48,300 --> 03:11:50,400
confronted by the swirling. 
Winds of power. 

3570
03:11:51,600 --> 03:11:54,000
He did not yet know how we might
achieve such steadiness. 

3571
03:11:54,000 --> 03:11:57,800
Only that he must he become the 
very thing. 

3572
03:11:57,800 --> 03:12:02,300
He feared The Turning Point came
when Emperor Hadrian aging and 

3573
03:12:02,300 --> 03:12:06,000
burden by illness, cast his gaze
upon the Empire's future in 

3574
03:12:06,000 --> 03:12:08,900
doing, so he settled upon 
antoninus, pierces, his 

3575
03:12:08,900 --> 03:12:11,600
immediate successor. 
But insisted that antoninus, 

3576
03:12:11,600 --> 03:12:15,200
adopt young markers alongside 
Lucius verus for Marcus. 

3577
03:12:15,200 --> 03:12:17,200
This was no mere ceremonial 
shift. 

3578
03:12:17,200 --> 03:12:21,700
Suddenly every gesture was 
scrutinized every uttered word 

3579
03:12:21,700 --> 03:12:25,100
weighed for hints of potential, 
however, while he felt Destiny's

3580
03:12:25,100 --> 03:12:28,400
grip tightened around him. 
He also discovered unexpected 

3581
03:12:28,400 --> 03:12:31,000
warmth in antoninus. 
The man, he would learn to call 

3582
03:12:31,000 --> 03:12:35,400
Father Antoninus Pius was 
neither a flamboyant conqueror 

3583
03:12:35,400 --> 03:12:38,500
of various politician. 
His nature leaned toward the 

3584
03:12:38,500 --> 03:12:41,800
steady and the dutiful. 
He managed Affairs of state with

3585
03:12:41,800 --> 03:12:45,000
consistent practicality doing 
so, in the manner that 

3586
03:12:45,000 --> 03:12:47,500
contrasted sharply with the 
tempestuous reigns, Roman 

3587
03:12:47,500 --> 03:12:51,300
witness before. 
Gradually Marcus realized that 

3588
03:12:51,300 --> 03:12:54,500
the empire did not always hunger
for breathtaking exploits. 

3589
03:12:54,500 --> 03:12:58,300
It sometimes needed the 
comforting hand of stability and

3590
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:01,100
from antoninus. 
He absorbed a set of quiet 

3591
03:13:01,100 --> 03:13:05,000
lessons among them, the value of
patience, the virtue of measured

3592
03:13:05,000 --> 03:13:07,700
decision-making, and the simple 
power of reliability. 

3593
03:13:08,900 --> 03:13:11,000
But not everyone supported this 
new Arrangement. 

3594
03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:14,900
Some in the Senate murmured. 
That Marcus was Too Young Too 

3595
03:13:14,900 --> 03:13:19,000
reflective to predisposed toward
philosophy, to handle Imperial 

3596
03:13:19,000 --> 03:13:22,100
responsibilities. 
They questioned whether the boy 

3597
03:13:22,100 --> 03:13:25,100
who spent hours with stoic 
Scrolls and moral treatises 

3598
03:13:25,100 --> 03:13:27,500
could ever become the commanding
presence. 

3599
03:13:27,500 --> 03:13:31,900
They believed Rome required In 
response, Marcus met these 

3600
03:13:31,900 --> 03:13:36,200
doubts not with anger but with a
focus determination if you was 

3601
03:13:36,200 --> 03:13:39,400
untested in governance then he 
would devote himself even more 

3602
03:13:39,400 --> 03:13:41,300
deeply to studying its 
intricacies. 

3603
03:13:41,300 --> 03:13:45,700
He devoured treatises on law 
poured over military histories 

3604
03:13:45,700 --> 03:13:48,800
and conversed late into the 
night with advisors who had 

3605
03:13:48,800 --> 03:13:50,500
navigated the Labyrinth of Roman
Politics. 

3606
03:13:50,500 --> 03:13:54,600
The more he learned the more he 
recognized that governance was 

3607
03:13:54,600 --> 03:13:57,300
not a place for rash tempers or 
inflexible dogmas. 

3608
03:13:58,200 --> 03:14:01,500
Indeed it demanded. 
Both compassion and Detachment 

3609
03:14:01,500 --> 03:14:04,300
an ability to stand firm for 
justice. 

3610
03:14:04,300 --> 03:14:07,400
While also understanding the 
fragility of human ambition. 

3611
03:14:08,500 --> 03:14:11,900
His bond with Lucius verus added
a Twist to this evolving chapter

3612
03:14:11,900 --> 03:14:16,400
Lucia was his co-heir. 
A young man prone to revelry and

3613
03:14:16,400 --> 03:14:19,100
spectacle. 
Far less studious the markers 

3614
03:14:19,100 --> 03:14:22,400
but undeniably charismatic. 
The two could not have been more

3615
03:14:22,400 --> 03:14:24,400
different. 
Yeah, they were tied to get 

3616
03:14:24,400 --> 03:14:28,100
together by Destiny's decree 
even so Marcus found that their 

3617
03:14:28,100 --> 03:14:31,900
differences in Rich his 
perspective through Lucia's, he 

3618
03:14:31,900 --> 03:14:35,400
glimpsed the appeal of festivity
and lived experience worlds, 

3619
03:14:35,400 --> 03:14:38,900
that felt distant to his 
contemplative Soul, he did not 

3620
03:14:38,900 --> 03:14:41,600
begrudge Lucius. 
His extravagance is, but he 

3621
03:14:41,608 --> 03:14:44,300
pledged to maintain a certain 
balance steering. 

3622
03:14:44,300 --> 03:14:48,300
Clear of the pitfalls of 
mindless Indulgence, Under 

3623
03:14:48,300 --> 03:14:51,600
antennas is watchful, guidance, 
Marcus began attending meetings,

3624
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:54,700
where Roman officials debated 
issues of provincial taxes and 

3625
03:14:54,700 --> 03:14:57,700
infrastructure. 
At first, he was a silent 

3626
03:14:57,700 --> 03:15:00,800
Observer. 
He listened intently noting how 

3627
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:03,200
rhetorical skill could sway, 
opinions. 

3628
03:15:03,200 --> 03:15:07,900
How Alliance is formed and 
dissolved gradually and to minus

3629
03:15:07,900 --> 03:15:11,800
entrusted him with minor tasks 
drafting letters to distant 

3630
03:15:11,800 --> 03:15:14,200
Governors. 
Reviewing small legal disputes 

3631
03:15:14,200 --> 03:15:16,700
or overseeing the maintenance of
an aqueduct. 

3632
03:15:17,400 --> 03:15:20,900
Despite the seemingly mundane 
details each assignment 

3633
03:15:20,900 --> 03:15:23,100
revealed, the hidden threads 
that held Rome together. 

3634
03:15:24,100 --> 03:15:26,600
And enlightening moment arrived 
when an official from a 

3635
03:15:26,608 --> 03:15:29,300
far-flung province complained 
about an unpaid Legion. 

3636
03:15:30,100 --> 03:15:32,800
Though it seemed a trivial 
matter and administrative 

3637
03:15:32,800 --> 03:15:37,400
oversight, threatened, the 
morale of soldiers, men, tasked 

3638
03:15:37,400 --> 03:15:41,400
with safeguarding Roman borders.
Marcus tackled the crisis with 

3639
03:15:41,400 --> 03:15:44,800
empathy in funds were 
dispatched, promptly and 

3640
03:15:44,800 --> 03:15:47,700
carefully offering a few 
thoughtful words of gratitude 

3641
03:15:47,700 --> 03:15:51,000
for the troop service. 
The gesture, though. 

3642
03:15:51,000 --> 03:15:54,800
Modest resinated widely rumors 
spread of the young Heir, who 

3643
03:15:54,800 --> 03:15:57,700
was genuinely concerned for the 
well-being of people. 

3644
03:15:57,700 --> 03:16:01,600
He had never met For the first 
time, Marcus sense that his 

3645
03:16:01,608 --> 03:16:03,400
inclination toward moral 
philosophy. 

3646
03:16:03,400 --> 03:16:07,100
Might in fact, hold a practical 
value in the arena of power 

3647
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:09,800
life. 
Under antoninus, is roof was 

3648
03:16:09,800 --> 03:16:13,000
both nurturing and demanding the
emperor expected discipline. 

3649
03:16:13,000 --> 03:16:16,000
But also allowed Marcus to 
cultivate intellectual, Pursuits

3650
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:19,300
debates, with Leonard Scholars 
and philosophers, became as 

3651
03:16:19,300 --> 03:16:22,100
common as talk of grain. 
Shipments from Egypt, in these 

3652
03:16:22,100 --> 03:16:26,200
discussions, Marcus refined, his
belief that leadership was not 

3653
03:16:26,200 --> 03:16:29,200
about personal Glory. 
It was about serving a greater 

3654
03:16:29,200 --> 03:16:32,900
whole He saw an antoninus, a man
who labored daily for the good 

3655
03:16:32,900 --> 03:16:35,800
of Rome. 
Not because it was glorious, but

3656
03:16:35,800 --> 03:16:38,800
because it was right. 
Still, there were moments of 

3657
03:16:38,800 --> 03:16:41,300
doubt, the ghosts of the 
previous Emperors. 

3658
03:16:41,300 --> 03:16:44,800
Men, such as the mission and 
nearer, cast Long Shadows. 

3659
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:48,700
Marcus knew well that absolute 
Authority could corrupt a weak 

3660
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:51,000
soul. 
Later at night, when Roman 

3661
03:16:51,000 --> 03:16:54,200
lamps, flickered, he wrestled 
with questions that few dare to 

3662
03:16:54,200 --> 03:16:56,900
ask allowed. 
How could one wheel power 

3663
03:16:56,900 --> 03:17:00,700
without compromising virtue? 
Was it possible to harmonize the

3664
03:17:00,700 --> 03:17:03,300
stoic ideals. 
He revered with the demands of 

3665
03:17:03,308 --> 03:17:06,400
real politic The path ahead was 
a precarious. 

3666
03:17:06,400 --> 03:17:09,900
One line with expectations, both
from the Senate and the people. 

3667
03:17:10,600 --> 03:17:14,600
Yet each day in small but 
significant ways Marcus was 

3668
03:17:14,600 --> 03:17:17,800
learning that an Emperor's Duty 
was not just to conquer but to 

3669
03:17:17,800 --> 03:17:21,000
care not simply to command but 
to comprehend. 

3670
03:17:21,800 --> 03:17:25,100
By internalizing these truths. 
He began shaping the course of 

3671
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:28,300
his future Reign more 
importantly he was becoming the 

3672
03:17:28,300 --> 03:17:31,100
steward of an Empire that under 
his guiding hand. 

3673
03:17:31,100 --> 03:17:34,800
Might just find the soul. 
It had long been missing years 

3674
03:17:34,800 --> 03:17:38,700
passed quietly, each Sunrise, an
opportunity for Marcus to 

3675
03:17:38,700 --> 03:17:41,700
refine, his understanding of 
both philosophy and government. 

3676
03:17:42,600 --> 03:17:46,800
And to 9 aspires, hail and 
cautious, presided over Rome 

3677
03:17:46,800 --> 03:17:49,400
without the military spectacles 
or outlandish feast. 

3678
03:17:50,200 --> 03:17:53,200
That had characterized some of 
his predecessors in this 

3679
03:17:53,200 --> 03:17:56,900
environment, Marcus matured into
a man who murdered introspection

3680
03:17:56,900 --> 03:18:01,000
with practical discipline. 
The empire under antoninus is 

3681
03:18:01,000 --> 03:18:04,600
measured, hand was relatively 
calm, but that calmness was not 

3682
03:18:04,600 --> 03:18:07,700
guaranteed to last. 
Everyone sent the inevitable 

3683
03:18:07,700 --> 03:18:11,100
storms gathering on the horizon 
and Markus spent, his days 

3684
03:18:11,100 --> 03:18:13,900
balancing official duties with 
philosophical exploration. 

3685
03:18:13,900 --> 03:18:16,900
When he was not pouring over 
Scrolls of legislation or 

3686
03:18:16,900 --> 03:18:20,300
meeting envoys from distant 
provinces, he would lose himself

3687
03:18:20,300 --> 03:18:22,400
in the works of Epic, Titus and 
Seneca. 

3688
03:18:23,000 --> 03:18:26,700
Far from an abstract exercise. 
These writings felt like Maps, 

3689
03:18:26,700 --> 03:18:31,200
guiding him through the moral 
intricacies of leadership. he 

3690
03:18:31,200 --> 03:18:34,200
scribbled notes in the margins 
pondering, how to remain true to

3691
03:18:34,200 --> 03:18:37,500
himself, even when thrust into 
decisions affecting thousands of

3692
03:18:37,500 --> 03:18:41,100
lives, Although, he now enjoyed 
a status, second only to 

3693
03:18:41,100 --> 03:18:43,600
antoninus, Marcus remained 
approachable. 

3694
03:18:44,400 --> 03:18:46,500
He developed a habit of 
conversing with those at the 

3695
03:18:46,508 --> 03:18:50,400
fringes of power interpreters, 
who facilitated talks with 

3696
03:18:50,400 --> 03:18:53,400
foreign delegations stewards who
oversaw the daily distribution 

3697
03:18:53,400 --> 03:18:56,400
of grain, even the Librarians 
who cared for Rome's, 

3698
03:18:56,400 --> 03:18:59,300
repositories of knowledge, 
listening to their small. 

3699
03:18:59,300 --> 03:19:02,600
But urgent stories, he saw more 
clearly the magnitude of 

3700
03:19:02,600 --> 03:19:05,000
responsibility that would soon 
rest upon his shoulders. 

3701
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:09,100
Each conversation reminded him 
that the Empire success was 

3702
03:19:09,100 --> 03:19:12,700
anchored in everyday diligence 
not just in Grand proclamations.

3703
03:19:12,700 --> 03:19:17,100
His personal life though, mostly
tranquil had its challenges 

3704
03:19:17,100 --> 03:19:20,300
encouraged by antoninus. 
He entered a thoughtful 

3705
03:19:20,300 --> 03:19:22,400
marriage. 
With faustina the emperor's 

3706
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:24,900
daughter. 
A union was not just a political

3707
03:19:24,900 --> 03:19:26,900
Arrangement. 
There was genuine affection 

3708
03:19:26,900 --> 03:19:30,800
between them Faustini brought a 
spirited energy that balanced 

3709
03:19:30,800 --> 03:19:35,300
Marcus's more reflective nature,
yet the intricacies of raising a

3710
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:37,500
family within the palace tested 
his composure. 

3711
03:19:37,500 --> 03:19:41,200
In ways philosophy books, rarely
addressed Their children's 

3712
03:19:41,200 --> 03:19:44,500
laughter filled the marble 
halls, but so did the strains of

3713
03:19:44,508 --> 03:19:48,000
potential succession debates. 
Marcus tried to be an Engaged 

3714
03:19:48,000 --> 03:19:50,300
father but he often found 
himself juggling. 

3715
03:19:50,300 --> 03:19:52,600
The Empire's needs with the 
demands of Parenthood. 

3716
03:19:52,600 --> 03:19:56,900
Meanwhile, Lucius verus is 
adoptive brother, grew 

3717
03:19:56,900 --> 03:20:00,600
increasingly Restless. 
The Lalonde antoninus is Rule 

3718
03:20:00,600 --> 03:20:02,000
left. 
Lucius craving excitement. 

3719
03:20:02,000 --> 03:20:05,200
He frequented Gatherings that 
were rumored to be lavishly. 

3720
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:08,700
Heated Mystic drawing the 
Curiosity of Rome's Elite and 

3721
03:20:08,700 --> 03:20:11,800
the concern of its moralists 
despite their occasional 

3722
03:20:11,800 --> 03:20:16,800
friction Marcus still cared for 
Lucius who was after all part of

3723
03:20:16,800 --> 03:20:21,100
the family to reconcile their 
worlds, Marcus invited Lucius to

3724
03:20:21,100 --> 03:20:24,000
more official functions. 
Hoping to blend Lucius charm 

3725
03:20:24,000 --> 03:20:25,500
with the seriousness of 
leadership. 

3726
03:20:25,500 --> 03:20:29,600
Sometimes it worked other times 
it sparked tension. 

3727
03:20:30,400 --> 03:20:32,900
It was around this period. 
That disturbing news began to 

3728
03:20:32,900 --> 03:20:35,900
trickle in from the northern 
Frontiers Germanic tribes 

3729
03:20:35,900 --> 03:20:37,400
tested. 
The boundaries of the Empire. 

3730
03:20:37,400 --> 03:20:41,700
Small incursions, hinting at 
bigger clashes to come Rome had 

3731
03:20:41,708 --> 03:20:44,600
grown accustomed to relative 
peace and these events rattled, 

3732
03:20:44,600 --> 03:20:48,400
the comfortable illusion of 
Eternal stability, Marcus became

3733
03:20:48,400 --> 03:20:51,500
acutely aware that stoic ideals,
would soon be tested on the 

3734
03:20:51,500 --> 03:20:55,300
battlefield as much as in the 
Senate. responding to these 

3735
03:20:55,300 --> 03:20:57,500
threats required, not just 
philosophical, calm, but 

3736
03:20:57,508 --> 03:21:02,200
strategic understanding a skill,
he was only beginning to hone In

3737
03:21:02,200 --> 03:21:05,900
the midst of these concerns and 
to Genesis Health began, its 

3738
03:21:05,900 --> 03:21:08,600
slow decline. 
The once vigorous Emperor, found

3739
03:21:08,600 --> 03:21:12,300
it harder to manage day-to-day 
Affairs, his breath grew labored

3740
03:21:12,300 --> 03:21:15,800
and he often complained of 
fatigue, Though he did his best,

3741
03:21:15,800 --> 03:21:18,800
to hide this weakness from the 
public, it was clear that the 

3742
03:21:18,800 --> 03:21:21,300
reins of power would soon pass 
to Marcus. 

3743
03:21:21,300 --> 03:21:25,800
The Senate aware of antonyms, is
frailty started looking to 

3744
03:21:25,800 --> 03:21:29,500
Marcus for guidance. 
The time of apprenticeship was 

3745
03:21:29,500 --> 03:21:33,400
ending a new chapter Beckham. 
And as the final months of 

3746
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:36,700
antonin's, Life sliped Away 
Roman braced for another 

3747
03:21:36,700 --> 03:21:40,800
transition advisors supplicants 
and petitioners flocked to 

3748
03:21:40,800 --> 03:21:43,700
Markus seeking to gauge how he 
would wield Authority. 

3749
03:21:43,700 --> 03:21:47,200
Their probing questions. 
Highlighted the complexity of 

3750
03:21:47,200 --> 03:21:51,100
the Imperial mantle he would 
have to be judge General 

3751
03:21:51,100 --> 03:21:54,200
administrator and guardian of 
moral order. 

3752
03:21:55,000 --> 03:21:58,900
While Marcus is stoic, studies. 
Had long taught him to detach 

3753
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:02,300
from anxiety. 
He founded increasingly hard to 

3754
03:22:02,300 --> 03:22:05,700
remain unaffected, by these 
growing burdens in private 

3755
03:22:05,700 --> 03:22:09,600
moments, he can fight it in. 
Fosston admitting fears about 

3756
03:22:09,600 --> 03:22:13,500
war about the intrigues, lurking
beneath Rome's Placid surface 

3757
03:22:13,500 --> 03:22:16,500
and about the simple possibility
of failing, those who depended 

3758
03:22:16,500 --> 03:22:19,700
on him. 
She in turn reminded him of his 

3759
03:22:19,700 --> 03:22:23,600
capacity for empathy and reason.
Though, the role of Emperor 

3760
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:27,400
seemed impossibly Grand, Marcus 
had spent his entire life 

3761
03:22:27,400 --> 03:22:31,300
preparing in subtle ways, for 
the very challenges that now 

3762
03:22:31,300 --> 03:22:35,300
loomed ahead. 
Finally antoninus, PS passed 

3763
03:22:35,300 --> 03:22:38,600
gently. 
And without drama surrounded by 

3764
03:22:38,600 --> 03:22:41,800
those, he loved the city. 
Let out a measured sigh of 

3765
03:22:41,808 --> 03:22:44,800
Sorrow acknowledging, the 
passing of an era defined by 

3766
03:22:44,800 --> 03:22:47,700
stability. 
However, beneath that grief 

3767
03:22:47,700 --> 03:22:51,400
layer cautious optimism, that 
Marcus, Aurelius thoughtful, and

3768
03:22:51,400 --> 03:22:54,000
assuming and thoroughly steeped 
in the empires working. 

3769
03:22:54,000 --> 03:22:57,900
Might guide Rome with both 
virtue and pragmatism many. 

3770
03:22:57,900 --> 03:23:00,200
Whispered that a new golden age.
Could be on the horizon. 

3771
03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:04,800
Others recalling, the cycles of 
history, reserved judgment and 

3772
03:23:04,800 --> 03:23:07,300
till the events, proved the 
substance of Marcus's character.

3773
03:23:08,200 --> 03:23:11,000
With the empress seat. 
Now vacant All Eyes turned to 

3774
03:23:11,000 --> 03:23:13,300
Marcus. 
The hush that settled over the 

3775
03:23:13,300 --> 03:23:17,400
city was brief but profound a 
quiet vowel formed in his mind. 

3776
03:23:17,400 --> 03:23:21,200
He would carry forth. 
The stoic torch letting reason 

3777
03:23:21,200 --> 03:23:25,800
Define his Reign and compassion.
Temper his decisions unknown 

3778
03:23:25,800 --> 03:23:28,600
trials, awaited him from 
Barbarian incursions to 

3779
03:23:28,600 --> 03:23:31,000
political betrayals, but he 
would meet them as a man 

3780
03:23:31,000 --> 03:23:33,200
dedicated to something greater 
than personal gain. 

3781
03:23:34,100 --> 03:23:37,100
Rome was poised to discover if a
philosopher king could truly 

3782
03:23:37,100 --> 03:23:40,700
exists a leader who could blend 
moral wisdom with the realities 

3783
03:23:40,700 --> 03:23:45,000
of ruling an Empire that those 
Splendid was also vulnerable and

3784
03:23:45,000 --> 03:23:49,000
flawed in the wake of antonyms, 
passing Marcus, Aurelius 

3785
03:23:49,000 --> 03:23:52,000
ascended to the throne with a 
mixture of solemnity and 

3786
03:23:52,000 --> 03:23:55,900
resolved by tradition. 
He shared Authority with Lucius 

3787
03:23:55,900 --> 03:23:59,200
verus for the adoption 
Arrangements that Hadrian had 

3788
03:23:59,200 --> 03:24:02,500
set in motion years before. 
It was a decision that 

3789
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:06,300
simultaneously solidified Rome's
governance and tested Marcus's 

3790
03:24:06,300 --> 03:24:10,300
patients despite their differing
temperaments one philosophical 

3791
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:12,700
and measured the other spirited 
and convivial. 

3792
03:24:12,700 --> 03:24:16,700
They now United in leadership. 
The first challenge appeared 

3793
03:24:16,700 --> 03:24:19,900
swiftly, the parthian Empire 
seized upon the perceived 

3794
03:24:19,900 --> 03:24:23,600
vulnerability of a transitioning
Rome threatening key Eastern 

3795
03:24:23,600 --> 03:24:27,700
provinces Roman Legions prepared
for battle and Lucius verus 

3796
03:24:27,700 --> 03:24:29,500
rushed to oversee military 
operations. 

3797
03:24:29,500 --> 03:24:32,600
Marcus stayed behind in the 
capital to manage the rest of 

3798
03:24:32,600 --> 03:24:35,700
the Empire letters from the 
front revealed victories 

3799
03:24:35,700 --> 03:24:38,600
peppered with Lucius. 
Flamboyant account of triumphs 

3800
03:24:38,600 --> 03:24:41,100
yet Marcus. 
Also, since the strain on the 

3801
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:45,200
troops, in addition to the 
Clashing of Swords, War also 

3802
03:24:45,200 --> 03:24:48,500
presented logistical challenges 
such as supply lines desert 

3803
03:24:48,500 --> 03:24:53,100
conditions and the imminent 
threat of disease as if On Cue a

3804
03:24:53,100 --> 03:24:56,400
devastating plague emerged 
traveling with the legions back 

3805
03:24:56,400 --> 03:24:59,800
from the Eastern campaigns, 
called the antonine plague by 

3806
03:24:59,800 --> 03:25:03,300
Future historians. 
Its bred like wildfire leaving 

3807
03:25:03,300 --> 03:25:07,300
panic in its wake Citizens fled 
the densely populated quarters, 

3808
03:25:07,300 --> 03:25:10,400
while rumors circulated that the
gods were punishing Rome for its

3809
03:25:10,408 --> 03:25:13,100
arrogance. 
In the midst of this horror 

3810
03:25:13,100 --> 03:25:17,300
Marcus, clung to his stoic, 
Roots advocating, calm reason 

3811
03:25:17,300 --> 03:25:21,200
and measured steps to contain 
the devastation hospitals were 

3812
03:25:21,200 --> 03:25:25,200
organized, rationals, allocated,
despite skepticism from some 

3813
03:25:25,200 --> 03:25:27,400
Corners. 
The emperor led by example, 

3814
03:25:27,400 --> 03:25:30,800
supporting sanitation measures 
and funding the medical efforts 

3815
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:34,300
of Galen the famed physician of 
the time yet, the costs were 

3816
03:25:34,300 --> 03:25:38,500
severe cities grew Tomlin from 
the high death, toll, Farmland 

3817
03:25:38,500 --> 03:25:42,600
on tended, and the empires 
morale dipped to a new low, The 

3818
03:25:42,600 --> 03:25:43,800
plagues merciless. 
Reach. 

3819
03:25:43,800 --> 03:25:45,400
Sharpened Marcus's sense of 
empathy. 

3820
03:25:46,200 --> 03:25:49,500
He realized that no matter one 
station in life suffering, 

3821
03:25:49,500 --> 03:25:52,900
belonged to all he worked. 
Tirelessly with local leaders to

3822
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:56,500
provide relief draining, 
personal funds to feed and heal 

3823
03:25:56,500 --> 03:25:59,300
those most affected. 
While some criticize these 

3824
03:25:59,300 --> 03:26:03,000
expenses as unsustainable 
Marcus, saw them as a moral 

3825
03:26:03,000 --> 03:26:05,800
imperative. 
An emperor he believed was 

3826
03:26:05,800 --> 03:26:08,600
beholden to the welfare of his 
subjects, not the other way 

3827
03:26:08,600 --> 03:26:11,600
around. 
Over time the plague receded 

3828
03:26:11,600 --> 03:26:14,700
though there was scars. 
It left on Rome, both physical 

3829
03:26:14,700 --> 03:26:16,600
and psychological would linger 
for years. 

3830
03:26:16,600 --> 03:26:20,300
The war front also stabilized 
under Lucia's oversight, 

3831
03:26:20,300 --> 03:26:24,600
enabling the generals to secure 
treaties eventually Lucius 

3832
03:26:24,600 --> 03:26:27,400
returned to the capital, 
bringing with him or Nate Spoils

3833
03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:29,900
of Victory. 
Yet, Marcus noticed a new 

3834
03:26:29,900 --> 03:26:32,700
Gravity in his brother's 
demeanor, the conflict. 

3835
03:26:32,700 --> 03:26:35,500
And subsequent plagues seemed to
have tempered Lucius as thirst 

3836
03:26:35,500 --> 03:26:39,300
for diversions, least, for a 
while, for the time being, they 

3837
03:26:39,300 --> 03:26:42,800
presented a cohesive front, but 
the Empire had little time for 

3838
03:26:42,800 --> 03:26:45,900
respite almost. 
As soon as the Eastern threats 

3839
03:26:45,900 --> 03:26:49,200
of sighted word arrived of 
renewed aggression, along the 

3840
03:26:49,200 --> 03:26:53,000
Danube Germanic tribes 
emboldened by Rome's, 

3841
03:26:53,000 --> 03:26:55,200
vulnerabilities, pushed 
Southward. 

3842
03:26:55,200 --> 03:26:57,400
This new confrontation, 
demanded. 

3843
03:26:57,400 --> 03:27:01,400
A robust, military response. 
Rome prepared, Legions to defend

3844
03:27:01,400 --> 03:27:04,000
its territory and Marcus himself
to lead them. 

3845
03:27:05,000 --> 03:27:07,600
Though it was not typical for a 
philosopher to Don military 

3846
03:27:07,600 --> 03:27:10,600
Garb, he understood that a 
Hands-On approach would 

3847
03:27:10,600 --> 03:27:14,800
Galvanize soldiers and reassure 
a fearful populace. hacking up 

3848
03:27:14,800 --> 03:27:17,600
his Scrolls and leaving behind 
the marble halls of the palace 

3849
03:27:17,600 --> 03:27:21,400
Marcus journeyed North stationed
in military camps. 

3850
03:27:21,400 --> 03:27:24,300
He observed firsthand. 
The Stark realities of War. 

3851
03:27:25,600 --> 03:27:28,200
There were no polite. 
Senate debates here only the raw

3852
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:31,800
tension of men preparing for 
battle, surrounded by tents and 

3853
03:27:31,808 --> 03:27:34,800
the clang of metal. 
He composed sections of what 

3854
03:27:34,800 --> 03:27:36,600
would later. 
Be known as his meditations 

3855
03:27:36,600 --> 03:27:40,200
journaling thoughts on duty 
mortality and the interplay 

3856
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:43,300
between fate and Free. 
Will this writing served as a 

3857
03:27:43,308 --> 03:27:47,000
kind of mental Fortress 
shielding him from the cynicism 

3858
03:27:47,000 --> 03:27:48,900
and despair. 
That often accompany the 

3859
03:27:48,900 --> 03:27:52,100
brutality of War. 
In these harsh and virals. 

3860
03:27:52,100 --> 03:27:55,300
Marcus discovered a facet of 
leadership, seldom addressed in 

3861
03:27:55,300 --> 03:27:58,800
philosophical texts, the 
delicate balance between mercy 

3862
03:27:58,800 --> 03:28:01,100
and force. 
When Tribune's asked how to 

3863
03:28:01,100 --> 03:28:03,900
handle captured enemy combatants
or how to deal with a defiant 

3864
03:28:03,900 --> 03:28:07,700
provinces Marcus weighed each 
decision with painstaking care. 

3865
03:28:07,700 --> 03:28:11,600
He believed that any punishment 
must be morally Justified, not 

3866
03:28:11,600 --> 03:28:15,300
simply enacted for vengeance or 
as a show of Might, yes. 

3867
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,700
New Rome had to maintain its 
Authority or risk. 

3868
03:28:18,700 --> 03:28:23,400
Inviting further rebellions Back
in Rome faustina managed the 

3869
03:28:23,400 --> 03:28:26,000
household and represented, the 
Imperial family, and public 

3870
03:28:26,000 --> 03:28:29,600
ceremonies, she wrote supportive
letters to Marcus sharing 

3871
03:28:29,600 --> 03:28:34,100
updates about domestic affairs, 
their bond forged in quieter 

3872
03:28:34,100 --> 03:28:37,800
times, proved resilient through 
these challenges despite the 

3873
03:28:37,800 --> 03:28:40,400
stress of Separation. 
They found solace in one 

3874
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:43,200
another's, determination to keep
Rome functioning and hopeful 

3875
03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:46,900
night after night, Marcus Red 
Letters From the capitol 

3876
03:28:46,900 --> 03:28:51,100
reflecting on how ephemeral life
could be how swiftly fortunes 

3877
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:53,800
changed. 
He reminded himself that an 

3878
03:28:53,800 --> 03:28:56,800
Emperor's responsibility was to 
act as a steward, not a 

3879
03:28:56,800 --> 03:28:59,700
desperate and that each decision
would reverberate through the 

3880
03:28:59,700 --> 03:29:03,400
Empire long after he was gone. 
And so he pressed ones 

3881
03:29:03,400 --> 03:29:06,900
Consulting with generals, 
negotiating with tribal leaders,

3882
03:29:06,900 --> 03:29:10,200
and continuing to record his 
private Reflections about human 

3883
03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:13,600
nature. 
As War raged the Empire watched 

3884
03:29:13,600 --> 03:29:15,400
with a mixed of dread and 
admiration? 

3885
03:29:15,400 --> 03:29:19,000
Here was a ruler who seemed less
concerned with personal glory 

3886
03:29:19,000 --> 03:29:21,800
and more intent on preserving 
Rome's values and stability. 

3887
03:29:22,600 --> 03:29:25,700
Veterans soldiers. 
Once skeptical of a philosopher 

3888
03:29:25,700 --> 03:29:29,100
Emperor fort, with a renewed 
further, encouraged by his 

3889
03:29:29,100 --> 03:29:30,600
willingness to share their 
burdens. 

3890
03:29:30,600 --> 03:29:34,600
In those Windswept camps, along 
the Danube Marcus, Aurelius 

3891
03:29:34,600 --> 03:29:37,900
began shaping a legacy. 
Unlike any other one, rooted in 

3892
03:29:37,900 --> 03:29:40,800
the conviction that wisdom and 
compassion far from being 

3893
03:29:40,800 --> 03:29:43,200
weaknesses with the Empire's 
strongest defense. 

3894
03:29:44,100 --> 03:29:45,900
The Savage Winters on the 
danubian. 

3895
03:29:45,900 --> 03:29:48,800
Frontier tested Rome's, Legions 
in ways few had anticipated. 

3896
03:29:49,900 --> 03:29:53,200
Snow whipped through the 
encampments, layering tents in 

3897
03:29:53,200 --> 03:29:55,900
white drifts horses whinny at 
the bitter, chill. 

3898
03:29:55,900 --> 03:29:59,200
And the men huddled around, 
makes you fires Marcus, 

3899
03:29:59,200 --> 03:30:02,100
Aurelius, never want to Shield 
himself from hardship. 

3900
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:04,500
Felt the sting of Frozen are 
each morning. 

3901
03:30:05,300 --> 03:30:08,700
For all the stoic Council, he 
had absorbed, he still founded 

3902
03:30:08,700 --> 03:30:11,800
an unrelenting, challenged to 
rise at dawn and address the 

3903
03:30:11,800 --> 03:30:14,000
concerns of his commanders. 
Yet. 

3904
03:30:14,000 --> 03:30:17,400
The deeper the cold bit into his
bones, the more he recognized 

3905
03:30:17,400 --> 03:30:20,000
that resolve was forged through 
shared trials. 

3906
03:30:20,800 --> 03:30:24,100
Messages arrive from Rome, some 
filled with trivialities of 

3907
03:30:24,100 --> 03:30:27,600
Court life, others warning, that
the imperial treasury was 

3908
03:30:27,600 --> 03:30:30,600
dwindling under the twin demands
of plague recovery and War 

3909
03:30:30,600 --> 03:30:33,700
expenses. 
Food prices Rose Merchants 

3910
03:30:33,700 --> 03:30:38,200
hoarded grain and unrest 
simmered in urban districts in 

3911
03:30:38,200 --> 03:30:42,000
response, Marcus intensified 
efforts to maintain supply lines

3912
03:30:42,000 --> 03:30:45,100
ensuring that shipments of grain
and other Essentials could reach

3913
03:30:45,100 --> 03:30:47,100
both the Frontline and the 
capital. 

3914
03:30:47,100 --> 03:30:50,600
It was a delicate balance. 
Requiring deals with regional 

3915
03:30:50,600 --> 03:30:53,300
Governors and the occasional 
Stern, reminders of Imperial 

3916
03:30:53,300 --> 03:30:55,800
Authority. 
Amid the logistics and 

3917
03:30:55,800 --> 03:30:59,200
strategizing he found an 
unlikely companion in Claudius 

3918
03:30:59,200 --> 03:31:03,100
pompeianus a seasoned General 
known for his sharp wit while 

3919
03:31:03,100 --> 03:31:06,200
Pompey, honest thrived on 
Military prowess he was also 

3920
03:31:06,200 --> 03:31:09,600
open to philosophical musings. 
Many evenings. 

3921
03:31:09,600 --> 03:31:12,900
The two men would talk over 
steaming bowls of spelt porridge

3922
03:31:12,900 --> 03:31:15,700
about the nature of fate and 
whether just War could exist. 

3923
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:20,400
These conversations though brief
allowed Marcus moments of 

3924
03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:23,900
intellectual clarity. 
He saw in Pompeo, so fellow 

3925
03:31:23,900 --> 03:31:26,800
Seeker will be at one who 
channeled his conviction into 

3926
03:31:26,800 --> 03:31:29,000
martial discipline, rather than 
written reflection. 

3927
03:31:30,400 --> 03:31:34,400
Those Wars burdened heavily 
Marcus's popularity among the 

3928
03:31:34,400 --> 03:31:38,300
soldiers sword in him. 
They saw not an aloof Imperial 

3929
03:31:38,300 --> 03:31:40,700
figure but a leader who endured 
the same. 

3930
03:31:40,700 --> 03:31:43,200
Bitter chill. 
The same muddy camps. 

3931
03:31:43,200 --> 03:31:45,100
The same threat of Southern 
attack. 

3932
03:31:46,100 --> 03:31:49,000
During battle preparations, 
markers, took care to visit in 

3933
03:31:49,000 --> 03:31:51,400
soldiers, offering words of 
encouragement. 

3934
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:55,600
His presence among them became a
reassuring, symbol that ROMs 

3935
03:31:55,600 --> 03:31:58,000
Emperor. 
Understood sacrifice, not from a

3936
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:01,600
gilded distance but through 
personal experience yet. 

3937
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:05,300
The Frontiers dangers were 
manifold rumors circulated of 

3938
03:32:05,300 --> 03:32:09,800
potential betrayal among Allied 
tribes, an infiltration by spies

3939
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:13,500
working for the Germanic Chiefs 
Skirmishes, erupted 

3940
03:32:13,500 --> 03:32:17,200
unexpectedly, sometimes a wave 
of arrows would descend at night

3941
03:32:17,200 --> 03:32:21,200
leaving the camp reeling. 
Through it all Marcus, refused 

3942
03:32:21,200 --> 03:32:22,900
to let paranoia corrode his 
judgment. 

3943
03:32:22,900 --> 03:32:27,100
He tightened security. 
Yes, but also dispatched 

3944
03:32:27,100 --> 03:32:30,200
diplomats to negotiate terms if 
a measure of Peace could be 

3945
03:32:30,208 --> 03:32:32,300
attained through reason rather 
than Bloodshed. 

3946
03:32:32,300 --> 03:32:37,700
He was determined to find it. 
Back in Rome faustina managed 

3947
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:39,800
the Empire's public face as best
she could. 

3948
03:32:39,800 --> 03:32:43,700
She visited temples performed 
ritual offerings and listened to

3949
03:32:43,700 --> 03:32:45,900
the appeals of citizens who 
sought the emperor. 

3950
03:32:46,900 --> 03:32:49,800
Though, many admired, her 
resilience Whispers of courting 

3951
03:32:49,800 --> 03:32:53,700
tree continued to swirl. 
Some criticize faustina for her 

3952
03:32:53,700 --> 03:32:56,100
independent demeanor. 
While others eager for 

3953
03:32:56,100 --> 03:32:58,300
influence. 
Try to align the cells with her.

3954
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:02,000
She navigated these politics 
deftly sending regular 

3955
03:33:02,000 --> 03:33:04,200
dispatchers to Markus. 
So he was never uninformed. 

3956
03:33:05,200 --> 03:33:09,100
Letters also arrived from Lucius
verus who split his time between

3957
03:33:09,100 --> 03:33:11,800
the Capitol and lesser conflicts
simmering and other territories.

3958
03:33:12,600 --> 03:33:16,000
His initial flamboyance had 
softened by a pragmatic. 

3959
03:33:17,500 --> 03:33:21,100
Acceptance of Imperial Duty 
together or be it from a 

3960
03:33:21,100 --> 03:33:24,300
distance markers and Lucius 
worked to present a united 

3961
03:33:24,300 --> 03:33:27,000
front. 
They knew roams foes would seize

3962
03:33:27,000 --> 03:33:30,200
upon any sign of Discord as the 
war stretched on. 

3963
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:33,000
Marcus, felt the strain in every
facet of his life. 

3964
03:33:33,800 --> 03:33:36,000
He was the philosopher Emperor 
yet. 

3965
03:33:36,000 --> 03:33:38,200
He frequently ordered troop 
movements that ended in 

3966
03:33:38,200 --> 03:33:41,700
Bloodshed at night. 
When the cold wind rattled the 

3967
03:33:41,700 --> 03:33:44,400
tent flaps. 
He wrestled with guilt, he 

3968
03:33:44,400 --> 03:33:47,500
reminded himself that stoicism 
was not about denying emotion, 

3969
03:33:47,500 --> 03:33:50,200
but understanding it. 
Power. 

3970
03:33:50,200 --> 03:33:54,500
He realized did not give him the
luxury of Clean Hands leaders. 

3971
03:33:54,500 --> 03:33:57,000
Often had to act in ways that 
chafed against their deeper 

3972
03:33:57,000 --> 03:33:59,500
ideals. 
Still, there were small mercies 

3973
03:33:59,500 --> 03:34:03,800
briefcases, brokered a day of 
sunshine to melt the ice, a 

3974
03:34:03,800 --> 03:34:06,400
messenger, bringing news that a 
troubled provinces had 

3975
03:34:06,400 --> 03:34:10,000
stabilized in these fleeting 
moments, Marcus remembered, why 

3976
03:34:10,000 --> 03:34:13,400
he had taken up this struggle in
the first place to safeguard a 

3977
03:34:13,400 --> 03:34:15,000
realm that for all its 
imperfections. 

3978
03:34:15,000 --> 03:34:17,600
Still held the potential for 
virtue. 

3979
03:34:17,600 --> 03:34:22,100
If Rome could remain strong yet,
morally grounded, the seeds of a

3980
03:34:22,100 --> 03:34:23,900
more enlightened Society. 
Might one day. 

3981
03:34:23,908 --> 03:34:28,200
Take root victory was not 
guaranteed nor was an end to the

3982
03:34:28,200 --> 03:34:31,600
constant trials. 
The Barbarian tribes fought with

3983
03:34:31,600 --> 03:34:35,600
desperation determined to carve 
out territories in the Empire's 

3984
03:34:35,600 --> 03:34:38,900
weakening landscape but Marcus 
pressed on forging sell 

3985
03:34:38,900 --> 03:34:42,100
alliances and marshaling 
legionary forces always mindful 

3986
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:44,600
that true Victory would involve 
reconciliation as much as 

3987
03:34:44,600 --> 03:34:47,600
military success. 
His body bore the signs of 

3988
03:34:47,600 --> 03:34:51,300
fatigue and a creeping illness. 
Sometimes left him feverish but 

3989
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:53,600
he maintained the outward 
composure expected of an 

3990
03:34:53,600 --> 03:34:55,700
emperor. 
As the harshest winter months 

3991
03:34:55,700 --> 03:34:58,500
receded, the glimmered, the 
faint promise of progress. 

3992
03:34:59,200 --> 03:35:02,500
More tribes showed willingness 
to negotiate to accept treaties 

3993
03:35:02,500 --> 03:35:05,100
that allowed them limited 
settlement in exchange for 

3994
03:35:05,100 --> 03:35:07,700
peace. 
Though, some Roman senators were

3995
03:35:07,700 --> 03:35:10,900
outraged by the concessions, 
Marcus stood firm. 

3996
03:35:11,500 --> 03:35:14,400
He believed that clinging to Old
illusions of absolute Dominion 

3997
03:35:14,400 --> 03:35:16,500
would only compound the cycle of
violence. 

3998
03:35:17,400 --> 03:35:20,200
Compassion, Guided, by 
children's reason, was his 

3999
03:35:20,200 --> 03:35:22,300
guiding star even in the theater
of war? 

4000
03:35:23,000 --> 03:35:26,200
After countless skirmishes and 
negotiations, the tides slowly 

4001
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:30,000
began to turn in Rome's, favor, 
Marcus Aurelius whether and 

4002
03:35:30,000 --> 03:35:33,100
weary found himself overseeing a
series of settlements that 

4003
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:36,400
cautiously stabilized. 
The Danube in Frontier tribes, 

4004
03:35:36,400 --> 03:35:39,300
once considered mortal enemies. 
Now, sought peaceful coexistence

4005
03:35:39,300 --> 03:35:43,300
albeit with complex agreements 
involving tribute migration 

4006
03:35:43,300 --> 03:35:47,500
rights and mutual defense pacts.
Some Senators bemoan the 

4007
03:35:47,500 --> 03:35:51,700
dilution of Roman Purity but 
Markus saw a different future a 

4008
03:35:51,700 --> 03:35:53,400
broader. 
More interconnected Empire that 

4009
03:35:53,400 --> 03:35:56,700
could adapt and Thrive his 
determination to incorporate 

4010
03:35:56,700 --> 03:35:59,800
foreign people's and stead of 
vanquishing them outrage 

4011
03:35:59,800 --> 03:36:03,700
traditionalists However the 
emperor deemed it imprudent to 

4012
03:36:03,700 --> 03:36:05,800
presume that. 
The Empire's initial borders 

4013
03:36:05,800 --> 03:36:07,900
were unchangeable like a living 
organism. 

4014
03:36:07,900 --> 03:36:12,300
Rome had to evolve or with her. 
He recalled his stoic maxims. 

4015
03:36:12,300 --> 03:36:15,600
All things change and one must 
move in harmony with the 

4016
03:36:15,600 --> 03:36:19,600
Nature's flow for Marcus, that 
included welcoming new voices 

4017
03:36:19,600 --> 03:36:23,200
into the Roman fold, even if it 
defied entrenched Notions of 

4018
03:36:23,200 --> 03:36:27,000
superiority. 
Physically, the years of 

4019
03:36:27,008 --> 03:36:30,900
hardship, had taken a toll, the 
Relentless of the frontier, the 

4020
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:34,100
stress of command and the 
sporadic fevers that plagued him

4021
03:36:34,100 --> 03:36:37,000
during extended campaigns left 
markers for them before. 

4022
03:36:37,800 --> 03:36:40,900
Long days, spent riding between 
Outpost led to frequent aches 

4023
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:43,500
and a persistent cough hinted at
something more serious. 

4024
03:36:43,500 --> 03:36:48,200
Nonetheless, he pushed forward 
Guided by a sense of Duty that 

4025
03:36:48,200 --> 03:36:50,500
burned hotter than any physical 
ailment. 

4026
03:36:51,500 --> 03:36:55,300
The war itself was winding down 
yet, a fresh tragedy, shook him,

4027
03:36:55,300 --> 03:36:59,200
word reached the Emperor of 
Lucius sudden death from illness

4028
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:03,100
while returning to Rome, Marcus 
grieved deeply for his adoptive 

4029
03:37:03,100 --> 03:37:05,200
brother. 
Though, they had often been at 

4030
03:37:05,200 --> 03:37:07,200
odds. 
Lucy is presents, had been a 

4031
03:37:07,200 --> 03:37:10,200
stabilizing factor. 
A reminder that rulership could 

4032
03:37:10,200 --> 03:37:14,200
have more than one face. 
In the aftermath Marcus, pull 

4033
03:37:14,200 --> 03:37:18,100
the weight of the Empire alone 
sleepless nights ensued haunted 

4034
03:37:18,100 --> 03:37:21,400
by questions about Legacy 
mortality and the shape of 

4035
03:37:21,400 --> 03:37:24,000
Rome's future returning to the 
capital. 

4036
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:28,700
He found a society wounded but 
not broken the plague scars 

4037
03:37:28,700 --> 03:37:31,600
remained visible in empty shops 
and thinner crowds but daily 

4038
03:37:31,600 --> 03:37:35,800
life had regained some vibrancy 
Senators who once criticized him

4039
03:37:35,800 --> 03:37:38,300
with veiled scorn now offered 
subdued. 

4040
03:37:38,300 --> 03:37:41,300
Respect many recognized that he 
had led Rome through one of its 

4041
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:44,800
darkest chapters whether or not 
they agreed with every decision.

4042
03:37:45,600 --> 03:37:49,600
Outside the Senate Artisans and 
Farmers alike of The Emperor's 

4043
03:37:49,600 --> 03:37:52,500
empathy. 
A trait seldom celebrated in men

4044
03:37:52,500 --> 03:37:55,200
of power. 
However, no sooner did Marcus 

4045
03:37:55,200 --> 03:37:57,300
settle back into Roman Affairs 
than fresh Rumours. 

4046
03:37:57,300 --> 03:38:00,800
Emerged Whispers accused 
faustina of conspiring against 

4047
03:38:00,800 --> 03:38:03,200
him. 
Suggesting she had grown too 

4048
03:38:03,200 --> 03:38:04,800
close to certain members of the 
Court. 

4049
03:38:04,800 --> 03:38:09,100
Markus pained, by this gossip, 
try to separate baseless slander

4050
03:38:09,100 --> 03:38:12,100
from legitimate concern. 
He had learned from his years of

4051
03:38:12,108 --> 03:38:14,900
governance that rumors often 
sprang from Envy or 

4052
03:38:14,900 --> 03:38:17,900
manipulation. 
Still, the seeds of Doubt would 

4053
03:38:17,900 --> 03:38:21,000
difficult to eradicate entirely.
Faustina. 

4054
03:38:21,000 --> 03:38:24,300
Dismissed, the accusation and 
Markus trusting her loyalty did 

4055
03:38:24,300 --> 03:38:28,300
not pursue them further. 
In these uneasy times, he also 

4056
03:38:28,300 --> 03:38:32,000
grappled with fatherly worries, 
his son Commodus, was 

4057
03:38:32,000 --> 03:38:35,300
approaching manhood eager to 
mold him into a successor, who 

4058
03:38:35,300 --> 03:38:38,900
could uphold Rome's, evolving 
ideals Marcus introduced him to 

4059
03:38:38,908 --> 03:38:41,500
General's, legal experts, and 
philosophers. 

4060
03:38:41,500 --> 03:38:45,300
Yet Commodus seemed indifferent 
to the stoic virtues that had 

4061
03:38:45,300 --> 03:38:48,000
guided his father. 
He exhibited flashes of 

4062
03:38:48,000 --> 03:38:50,700
arrogance. 
A taste for spectacle and a 

4063
03:38:50,700 --> 03:38:52,300
hunger for the luxuries of Court
life. 

4064
03:38:53,000 --> 03:38:56,100
Marcus prayed that the exposure 
to genuine responsibility, would

4065
03:38:56,100 --> 03:38:59,800
temper those impulses, but he 
could not silence the disquiet 

4066
03:38:59,800 --> 03:39:03,300
that churned within him. 
Amid political intrigues and 

4067
03:39:03,300 --> 03:39:07,400
paternal anxieties Marcus 
returned to his writings adding 

4068
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:10,200
new pages to the philosophical 
Journal, kept close at hand. 

4069
03:39:11,100 --> 03:39:13,800
These Reflections composed in 
the hush of dawn, or by 

4070
03:39:13,800 --> 03:39:17,000
Lamplight later at night, served
as a compass, when external 

4071
03:39:17,000 --> 03:39:18,500
chaos threatened to overwhelm 
him. 

4072
03:39:19,200 --> 03:39:23,300
Quietly, he reaffirmed that 
Temperance, Justice, courage and

4073
03:39:23,300 --> 03:39:25,900
wisdom remained, the pillars 
upon which are life of purpose 

4074
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:28,500
was built. 
For he could not in force these 

4075
03:39:28,500 --> 03:39:30,900
virtues on an Empire, let alone 
on his child. 

4076
03:39:30,900 --> 03:39:34,600
He could at least embody them. 
Determined to leave Rome 

4077
03:39:34,600 --> 03:39:37,800
stronger than he found it. 
Marcus embarked on a series of 

4078
03:39:37,808 --> 03:39:40,700
legal and social reforms. 
He wanted to streamline 

4079
03:39:40,700 --> 03:39:43,700
bureaucratic processes. 
Ensure that provincial Governors

4080
03:39:43,700 --> 03:39:46,300
were held accountable and 
provide stable infrastructure 

4081
03:39:46,300 --> 03:39:48,400
for population. 
Still reeling from war and 

4082
03:39:48,400 --> 03:39:51,500
disease. 
Funding was scarce but he 

4083
03:39:51,500 --> 03:39:53,700
allocated what resources? 
He could to the projects. 

4084
03:39:53,700 --> 03:39:58,100
He deemed essential aqueducts 
were prepared roads improved and

4085
03:39:58,100 --> 03:40:01,100
schools, granted modest stipends
to educate the Next Generation. 

4086
03:40:02,100 --> 03:40:05,000
Critics warned that such 
benevolence bordered on naivete 

4087
03:40:05,000 --> 03:40:07,100
yet. 
Marcus viewed, these steps as 

4088
03:40:07,100 --> 03:40:10,900
vital investments in a more 
resilient Rome even in the hush 

4089
03:40:10,900 --> 03:40:12,800
of progress. 
He was not blind to the 

4090
03:40:12,800 --> 03:40:16,100
undercurrent of discontent 
powerful families plotted by 

4091
03:40:16,100 --> 03:40:19,400
closed doors, believing that an 
emperor preoccupied with moral 

4092
03:40:19,400 --> 03:40:22,700
philosophy, could be out, 
maneuvered soldiers, once loyal 

4093
03:40:22,700 --> 03:40:27,400
grew Restless in the peace time.
The Empire's old ghosts never 

4094
03:40:27,400 --> 03:40:30,900
fully vanished, Marcus braced 
himself for the next upheaval 

4095
03:40:30,900 --> 03:40:34,300
aware that stability was always 
an interlude, never a permanent 

4096
03:40:34,300 --> 03:40:38,400
State and so he carried on 
leaning on the very principles. 

4097
03:40:38,400 --> 03:40:42,000
He had studied as a child 
navigating betrayal and forging 

4098
03:40:42,000 --> 03:40:45,500
alliances contending with the 
willful nature of his offspring.

4099
03:40:46,400 --> 03:40:49,800
Tried to remain steadfast. 
Each day, brought a new puzzle. 

4100
03:40:49,800 --> 03:40:53,900
A shortage of funds, a border, 
Skirmish Ascend, not as 

4101
03:40:53,900 --> 03:40:57,800
duplicity yet through it all 
Marcus, Aurelius refused to 

4102
03:40:57,808 --> 03:40:59,700
relinquish. 
His core belief that reason and 

4103
03:40:59,700 --> 03:41:02,100
compassion might still 
illuminate the darkest corals of

4104
03:41:02,108 --> 03:41:05,000
power. 
Time was a patient sculptor 

4105
03:41:05,000 --> 03:41:08,800
etching its lines deeper into 
Marcus's features though. 

4106
03:41:08,800 --> 03:41:12,100
He still attended to official 
duties with unwavering diligence

4107
03:41:12,100 --> 03:41:16,100
his health faltered that 
persistent cough worsened and 

4108
03:41:16,100 --> 03:41:20,100
his Knights, grew more Restless,
the Physicians advised rest, but

4109
03:41:20,100 --> 03:41:23,600
an Emperor's life rarely, 
granted such luxuries fears 

4110
03:41:23,600 --> 03:41:25,800
lingered, too. 
The sense that the empire was, 

4111
03:41:25,800 --> 03:41:29,500
but one rumor, one betrayal or 
one Uprising away from 

4112
03:41:29,500 --> 03:41:32,500
fragmentation. 
Marcus stood at the center, 

4113
03:41:32,500 --> 03:41:35,700
exerting every effort to 
maintain Unity through the 

4114
03:41:35,700 --> 03:41:39,400
combined power of rational 
governance and moral conviction.

4115
03:41:40,300 --> 03:41:43,200
In the final campaigns against 
resurgent Germanic tribes 

4116
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:46,600
Marcus. 
Once again took to the field age

4117
03:41:46,600 --> 03:41:50,900
had not diminished his resolve 
From Camp to Camp, he traveled 

4118
03:41:50,900 --> 03:41:54,100
with a small retinue. 
Offering encouragement to battle

4119
03:41:54,100 --> 03:41:57,300
weary troops. 
Yet this time the warn Emperor 

4120
03:41:57,300 --> 03:41:58,800
appeared more ghostly than 
Regal. 

4121
03:41:59,700 --> 03:42:01,500
The men spoke of his stoic 
endurance. 

4122
03:42:01,500 --> 03:42:05,100
How is eyes shimmered with 
fever, even as he spoke of Duty 

4123
03:42:05,100 --> 03:42:08,400
and fortitude, for all he had 
done to keep Rome intact. 

4124
03:42:08,400 --> 03:42:11,000
The ravages of illness. 
Would not yield to rhetorical 

4125
03:42:11,000 --> 03:42:14,400
skill Commodus. 
Summon his father's side 

4126
03:42:14,400 --> 03:42:17,700
witnessed first-hand the 
Empire's fringes, a harsh land 

4127
03:42:17,700 --> 03:42:20,900
shaped by conflict. 
Marcus hope, the site would 

4128
03:42:20,900 --> 03:42:23,700
steal his son's character. 
Prompting a sense of 

4129
03:42:23,708 --> 03:42:27,000
responsibility. 
But Commodus wore impatience 

4130
03:42:27,000 --> 03:42:29,500
like a second. 
Toga, he complained about the 

4131
03:42:29,500 --> 03:42:32,100
cold. 
About the humble, rations about 

4132
03:42:32,100 --> 03:42:34,700
the lack of pomp. 
He believed befitted but an 

4133
03:42:34,700 --> 03:42:39,100
imperial are Marcus inwardly 
grieved, knowing the path ahead 

4134
03:42:39,100 --> 03:42:41,500
might Splinter beneath Commodus 
is restless feet. 

4135
03:42:42,300 --> 03:42:44,300
Yet he also recognized that no 
father. 

4136
03:42:44,300 --> 03:42:47,800
Could impose virtue on a 
reluctant child in quite a 

4137
03:42:47,800 --> 03:42:50,300
moments. 
Marcus confided in Claudius 

4138
03:42:50,300 --> 03:42:54,500
pompeianus who had remained a 
steadfast adviser the Empress of

4139
03:42:54,500 --> 03:42:57,600
the contradiction inherent in 
rulership how inspiring 

4140
03:42:57,600 --> 03:43:00,300
philosopher must enforce harsh 
discipline to maintain the 

4141
03:43:00,300 --> 03:43:03,700
Empire's cohesion? 
Pompeiana, suffered practical 

4142
03:43:03,700 --> 03:43:07,300
wisdom while Marcus responded 
with meditative Reflections. 

4143
03:43:07,300 --> 03:43:10,600
Their conversations formed a 
final tapestry of friendship, 

4144
03:43:10,600 --> 03:43:14,100
weaving threads of pragmatism 
and introspection together in 

4145
03:43:14,100 --> 03:43:18,500
the Twilight of Marcus's reign. 
Eventually, the newsreader had 

4146
03:43:18,500 --> 03:43:21,100
taken Gravely ill Camp. 
Physicians. 

4147
03:43:21,100 --> 03:43:24,200
Tried every remedy, they knew 
from herbal concoctions to 

4148
03:43:24,200 --> 03:43:28,800
prayers at makeshift altars, but
the decline accelerated Markers 

4149
03:43:28,800 --> 03:43:32,400
retreated to his tent. 
His body weakening yet his mind 

4150
03:43:32,400 --> 03:43:35,600
still alert summoning Commodus 
for a last conference. 

4151
03:43:36,400 --> 03:43:40,200
He emphasized a single theme, 
the virtues that guide a leader.

4152
03:43:40,200 --> 03:43:44,500
Must not be mere ornament in the
hush between Father and Son yut 

4153
03:43:44,500 --> 03:43:47,500
words about compassion for 
subjects fairness in judgment. 

4154
03:43:47,500 --> 03:43:52,200
And the necessity to curb excess
Commodus shifting uneasily, 

4155
03:43:52,200 --> 03:43:54,300
nodded but offered little 
reassurance. 

4156
03:43:55,400 --> 03:43:58,000
As the hours slipped by the 
emperor returned to his 

4157
03:43:58,000 --> 03:44:01,100
meditations, there in the fading
of a lantern. 

4158
03:44:01,100 --> 03:44:04,100
He penned a few final lines in a
journal that had been His 

4159
03:44:04,100 --> 03:44:07,800
companion through Wars plagues 
political Strife. 

4160
03:44:07,800 --> 03:44:11,500
He wrote not a victories or 
conquests but of how fleeting 

4161
03:44:11,500 --> 03:44:15,100
each moment is and how each 
individuals duty is to act in 

4162
03:44:15,100 --> 03:44:18,000
accordance with the good of the 
whole rumor would have it that 

4163
03:44:18,000 --> 03:44:21,200
these last notes carried more 
Serenity than sorrow as though 

4164
03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:23,700
Marcus were already stepping 
into the realm Beyond mortal 

4165
03:44:23,700 --> 03:44:26,400
worries. 
When his eyes closed for the 

4166
03:44:26,408 --> 03:44:30,300
final time the camp fell into a 
somber hush soldiers. 

4167
03:44:30,300 --> 03:44:32,900
Who had long admired his calm 
presence gathered around the 

4168
03:44:32,900 --> 03:44:36,800
tent quite quietly paying their 
respects courtiers murmured that

4169
03:44:36,800 --> 03:44:39,800
the Empire had lost its kale 
even though those who want to 

4170
03:44:39,808 --> 03:44:42,000
criticize Marcus found 
themselves longing for his 

4171
03:44:42,000 --> 03:44:44,600
Steady Hand. 
The commander of the Guard 

4172
03:44:44,600 --> 03:44:47,400
ordered a gentle watch 
throughout the night unwilling 

4173
03:44:47,400 --> 03:44:50,100
to break the solemn peace that 
followed his final breath. 

4174
03:44:50,900 --> 03:44:54,100
Yet life in the Empire continued
the next day. 

4175
03:44:54,100 --> 03:44:58,000
Commodus assumed leadership and 
Rome braced for another shift. 

4176
03:44:58,800 --> 03:45:01,900
Few doubted that change was 
inevitable, Marcus had known it 

4177
03:45:01,900 --> 03:45:05,500
himself but he had also believed
that his efforts his stoic 

4178
03:45:05,500 --> 03:45:09,400
counsel and moral reforms had 
planted seeds for a gentler. 

4179
03:45:09,400 --> 03:45:14,400
More reasoned Empire The 
question of whether those seeds 

4180
03:45:14,400 --> 03:45:17,500
would Sprout, or wither under 
committed, his rule filled 

4181
03:45:17,500 --> 03:45:19,300
hearts, with both anticipation 
and Dread. 

4182
03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:22,900
In the days, following his 
death, the body of Marcus 

4183
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:26,600
Aurelius was prepared for a 
reverent return to Rome crowds 

4184
03:45:26,600 --> 03:45:28,400
lined the streets to catch a 
glimpse of the funeral 

4185
03:45:28,400 --> 03:45:31,200
procession. 
Rome did not always cherish its 

4186
03:45:31,200 --> 03:45:34,500
philosophers, but it seemed 
determined to honor this one who

4187
03:45:34,500 --> 03:45:36,200
had guided the Empire through 
despair. 

4188
03:45:36,200 --> 03:45:40,500
Women wept openly remembering 
how he had once funded relief in

4189
03:45:40,500 --> 03:45:43,800
their neighborhoods. 
Veteran, stood in stoic salute, 

4190
03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:45,700
each recalling the winter 
nights. 

4191
03:45:45,700 --> 03:45:47,900
He spent among them. 
Scholars carried. 

4192
03:45:47,900 --> 03:45:50,600
Small scraps of parchment filled
with the Emperors wisdom 

4193
03:45:50,600 --> 03:45:53,600
uncertain. 
If the new era would appreciate 

4194
03:45:53,600 --> 03:45:55,900
such lessons in the coming 
years. 

4195
03:45:55,900 --> 03:45:59,000
Rome's course, would deviate 
sharply from the principles 

4196
03:45:59,000 --> 03:46:02,800
markers had championed Commodus 
is Reign brought spectacle over 

4197
03:46:02,800 --> 03:46:07,200
substance extravagance over 
empathy yet long after the 

4198
03:46:07,200 --> 03:46:10,200
Empire's fortunes Rose and fell 
the writings of markers or 

4199
03:46:10,200 --> 03:46:13,300
really us endured quite quietly 
offering guidance to those who 

4200
03:46:13,300 --> 03:46:17,900
like him sought a life anchored 
by virtue and reason, He left 

4201
03:46:17,900 --> 03:46:20,200
behind those. 
Sweeping arcs of Conquest, no 

4202
03:46:20,200 --> 03:46:24,100
Grand self-aggrandizing 
monuments, his legacy was etched

4203
03:46:24,100 --> 03:46:27,000
in the hearts and minds of those
who witnessed, how an emperor 

4204
03:46:27,000 --> 03:46:30,400
could sit by a soldier's 
bedside, or grant clemency to a 

4205
03:46:30,400 --> 03:46:33,400
defeated foe. 
The marble might crumble the 

4206
03:46:33,400 --> 03:46:36,900
gold might tarnish but the 
ideals Marcus championed 

4207
03:46:36,900 --> 03:46:42,800
Integrity humility, wisdom would
stand resilient and so in the 

4208
03:46:42,800 --> 03:46:45,300
annals of History he would 
remain a Guiding Light. 

4209
03:46:46,000 --> 03:46:49,100
A testament that even within the
higher seat of power, the human 

4210
03:46:49,100 --> 03:46:51,600
Spirit could strive for 
something nobler than mere 

4211
03:46:51,600 --> 03:46:59,700
Dominion. 
Picture yourself standing in a 

4212
03:46:59,700 --> 03:47:03,300
field somewhere in northern 
France around the year 950 if 

4213
03:47:03,300 --> 03:47:06,000
you'd been there a century 
earlier, you'd be shivering in 

4214
03:47:06,000 --> 03:47:10,500
your Woolen, cloak watching, 
anxiously as late spring, frosts

4215
03:47:10,500 --> 03:47:13,700
threatened the Bali, you'd 
carefully planted the growing 

4216
03:47:13,700 --> 03:47:17,500
season would have been short and
unpredictable a constant gamble 

4217
03:47:17,500 --> 03:47:20,700
against cold and damp that made 
every Harvest feel like a minor 

4218
03:47:20,700 --> 03:47:23,300
miracle. 
But now something has shifted 

4219
03:47:24,400 --> 03:47:27,900
You probably wouldn't notice it 
in any single year, climate 

4220
03:47:27,900 --> 03:47:31,200
doesn't announce itself with 
Fanfare or send advanced notice.

4221
03:47:31,200 --> 03:47:35,700
Instead, you'd gradually realize
that your grandfather's stories 

4222
03:47:35,700 --> 03:47:39,100
about brutal Winters and faild 
crops don't quite match your own

4223
03:47:39,108 --> 03:47:42,400
experience anymore. 
The frost comes later each 

4224
03:47:42,400 --> 03:47:46,300
Autumn, the spring Thor arrives 
a week or two earlier, those 

4225
03:47:46,300 --> 03:47:48,800
precious growing days between 
the last frost. 

4226
03:47:48,800 --> 03:47:51,100
And the first one stretched just
a bit longer. 

4227
03:47:51,100 --> 03:47:55,500
This is how the medieval warm 
period arrived, not with drama, 

4228
03:47:55,500 --> 03:47:59,600
but with the Quiet insistence of
warmer, ocean, currents, and 

4229
03:47:59,600 --> 03:48:02,900
shifting atmospheric patterns 
that nobody in medieval, Europe 

4230
03:48:02,900 --> 03:48:06,200
could explain or even properly 
measure They had no 

4231
03:48:06,200 --> 03:48:09,900
thermometers, no weather 
satellites and no climate 

4232
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:12,700
Scientists Publishing papers 
about Atlantic oscillation 

4233
03:48:12,700 --> 03:48:16,000
patterns. 
What they had were fields that 

4234
03:48:16,000 --> 03:48:19,600
suddenly seemed more generous 
Vineyards creeping Northwood 

4235
03:48:19,600 --> 03:48:23,400
into territories, where greats 
had never ripened before and a 

4236
03:48:23,400 --> 03:48:26,500
gradual sense that nature had 
shifted into a more forgiving 

4237
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:28,900
mood. 
The change began roughly around 

4238
03:48:28,900 --> 03:48:33,700
900 CE and would last until 
about 1300 give or take a few 

4239
03:48:33,708 --> 03:48:36,400
decades depending on which part 
of Europe, you called home. 

4240
03:48:37,200 --> 03:48:40,300
scientists now estimate that 
average temperatures during this

4241
03:48:40,300 --> 03:48:44,300
period were perhaps one to two 
degrees Celsius warmer than the 

4242
03:48:44,300 --> 03:48:48,200
centuries before and after One 
or two degrees doesn't sound 

4243
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:51,400
like much when you're adjusting 
your thermostat, but in 

4244
03:48:51,400 --> 03:48:55,400
agricultural, terms, in an era 
when survival depended directly 

4245
03:48:55,400 --> 03:48:58,800
on what you could Coke from the 
soil, those degrees might as 

4246
03:48:58,800 --> 03:49:00,000
well. 
Have been a gift from Heaven. 

4247
03:49:00,000 --> 03:49:03,900
Imagine the Old Farmers of that 
era, men and women who had spent

4248
03:49:03,900 --> 03:49:07,100
their lives working land, that 
yielded just barely enough to 

4249
03:49:07,100 --> 03:49:09,800
survive. 
They must have noticed the 

4250
03:49:09,800 --> 03:49:14,000
patterns Shifting, the wheat, 
grew taller, the oats filled out

4251
03:49:14,000 --> 03:49:17,600
more completely vegetables that 
had always been temperamental 

4252
03:49:17,600 --> 03:49:21,100
suddenly became reliable. 
And most remarkably in regions 

4253
03:49:21,100 --> 03:49:24,500
where farming had always been 
marginal at best communities 

4254
03:49:24,500 --> 03:49:27,700
found themselves with actual 
surpluses For the First Time In 

4255
03:49:27,700 --> 03:49:30,400
Living memory, the warming 
wasn't uniform. 

4256
03:49:30,400 --> 03:49:34,800
Of course, northern Europe felt 
the effects most strongly places

4257
03:49:34,800 --> 03:49:38,600
like England Scandinavia and the
northern reaches of the Holy 

4258
03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:41,400
Roman Empire suddenly found 
their climates becoming 

4259
03:49:41,400 --> 03:49:45,600
surprisingly hospitable. 
The Norse, those seafaring 

4260
03:49:45,600 --> 03:49:48,100
people were usually associate 
with cold and ice. 

4261
03:49:48,900 --> 03:49:51,200
Discovered, they could grow 
barley in Greenland. 

4262
03:49:52,300 --> 03:49:56,600
Think about that for a moment. 
Greenland that massive island of

4263
03:49:56,600 --> 03:49:59,900
ice and rock once had Farms 
producing grain. 

4264
03:50:01,400 --> 03:50:05,000
The name, Greenland wasn't just 
liking marketing for a few 

4265
03:50:05,008 --> 03:50:06,200
centuries. 
Part of it. 

4266
03:50:06,200 --> 03:50:09,200
Actually were green. 
Meanwhile, the Mediterranean 

4267
03:50:09,200 --> 03:50:13,300
regions experience their own 
transformations, Tilly and 

4268
03:50:13,300 --> 03:50:15,400
Southern France. 
Already had favorable climates 

4269
03:50:15,400 --> 03:50:19,300
but the warmer period brought 
longer growing seasons and more 

4270
03:50:19,300 --> 03:50:22,200
predictable weather patterns. 
The olive Groves. 

4271
03:50:22,200 --> 03:50:26,600
Flourished wine production, 
expanded the entire Rhythm Of 

4272
03:50:26,600 --> 03:50:30,400
Agricultural life adjusted to 
this new more generous Tempo. 

4273
03:50:30,400 --> 03:50:34,000
But perhaps the most significant
changes occurred in places that 

4274
03:50:34,000 --> 03:50:36,000
had previously been on the edge 
of viability. 

4275
03:50:37,100 --> 03:50:40,800
The Scottish Highlands those 
Misty Mountains were farming? 

4276
03:50:40,800 --> 03:50:44,400
Had always been a hard Scrabble 
Affair, suddenly supported more 

4277
03:50:44,400 --> 03:50:48,800
extensive agriculture. 
Villages appeared in Alpine, 

4278
03:50:48,800 --> 03:50:51,100
valleys that had been too cold 
for permanent settlement. 

4279
03:50:51,800 --> 03:50:55,500
The tree line crept, higher up, 
Mountain sides, and forests 

4280
03:50:55,500 --> 03:50:58,300
reclaimed areas that had been 
Tundra just Generations. 

4281
03:50:58,300 --> 03:51:02,300
Before you have to understand 
medieval people didn't think of 

4282
03:51:02,300 --> 03:51:04,300
whether as something variable 
and cyclical. 

4283
03:51:04,300 --> 03:51:07,700
The way we do, they believed 
climate was essentially fixed 

4284
03:51:07,700 --> 03:51:12,400
part of God's unchanging 
creation. when weather varied, 

4285
03:51:12,400 --> 03:51:16,900
they attributed it to Divine 
will or moral causes a harsh 

4286
03:51:16,900 --> 03:51:18,400
winter. 
Meant God was angry. 

4287
03:51:18,400 --> 03:51:21,300
A good harvest meant. 
Their prayers had been answered.

4288
03:51:22,400 --> 03:51:25,200
The idea that Global temperature
patterns could shift over 

4289
03:51:25,200 --> 03:51:28,400
centuries without any 
Supernatural cause would have 

4290
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:30,200
been almost incomprehensible to 
them. 

4291
03:51:30,200 --> 03:51:33,700
So when the weather improved 
medieval Europeans didn't see 

4292
03:51:33,700 --> 03:51:37,100
climate change. 
They saw a blessing, they 

4293
03:51:37,100 --> 03:51:39,800
interpreted the warmer 
temperatures and better harvests

4294
03:51:39,800 --> 03:51:43,500
as evidence that God was pleased
with Christian civilization. 

4295
03:51:44,400 --> 03:51:47,300
This wasn't just wishful 
thinking it was the only 

4296
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:50,100
framework they had for 
understanding why their world 

4297
03:51:50,108 --> 03:51:53,600
was becoming more abundant. 
The timing of this climatic 

4298
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:56,900
shift coincided with other 
changes in European Society. 

4299
03:51:57,700 --> 03:52:01,300
The chaos of the early medieval 
period, those centuries after 

4300
03:52:01,300 --> 03:52:04,500
Rome's fall when various 
kingdoms Rose and fell, when 

4301
03:52:04,500 --> 03:52:08,400
Viking raids disrupted, Coastal 
communities, when Central 

4302
03:52:08,400 --> 03:52:12,300
Authority was more aspiration 
than reality was gradually. 

4303
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:15,900
Giving way to more stable 
political structures, the 

4304
03:52:15,900 --> 03:52:19,200
warming climate didn't cause 
this stabilization, but it 

4305
03:52:19,208 --> 03:52:22,700
certainly helped it's much 
easier to build a civilization 

4306
03:52:22,700 --> 03:52:25,400
when you're not constantly 
worried about starving. 

4307
03:52:25,400 --> 03:52:28,700
As you lie, there to night 
consider how differently 

4308
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:31,300
medieval people experiences 
Seasons compared to us. 

4309
03:52:32,100 --> 03:52:34,600
You probably interact with 
whether primarily as an 

4310
03:52:34,600 --> 03:52:39,300
inconvenience traffic delays 
cancel plans and wardrobe 

4311
03:52:39,300 --> 03:52:42,500
decisions. 
For medieval Europeans weather 

4312
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:45,200
was existential a bad growing 
season. 

4313
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:46,900
Didn't mean buying more 
groceries? 

4314
03:52:46,900 --> 03:52:49,500
It meant hunger. 
Possibly starvation. 

4315
03:52:50,500 --> 03:52:52,900
A mild winter didn't mean lower 
heating bills. 

4316
03:52:52,900 --> 03:52:57,600
It meant livestock survived fuel
would lasted longer and people 

4317
03:52:57,600 --> 03:53:01,200
made it through to spring when 
temperatures Rose by those one 

4318
03:53:01,200 --> 03:53:05,100
or two degrees when growing 
Seasons extended by a week or 

4319
03:53:05,100 --> 03:53:08,600
two the effects rippled through 
every aspect of life. 

4320
03:53:09,500 --> 03:53:12,600
More food, meant better 
nutrition, which meant healthier

4321
03:53:12,600 --> 03:53:16,400
people which meant more workers,
which meant more land, could be 

4322
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:19,200
cultivated, which meant even 
more food. 

4323
03:53:20,200 --> 03:53:24,100
It was a virtuous cycle, the 
kind of positive feedback loop 

4324
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:27,700
that drives historical change in
ways that are only obvious in 

4325
03:53:27,700 --> 03:53:30,600
hindsight. 
The forests of Europe which had 

4326
03:53:30,600 --> 03:53:32,800
been slowly recovering since the
Roman period. 

4327
03:53:32,800 --> 03:53:36,900
Now, faced a new pressure, 
Warmer weather meant more people

4328
03:53:36,900 --> 03:53:39,400
and more people needed more 
farmland. 

4329
03:53:40,400 --> 03:53:43,800
The great medieval deforestation
began in Earnest during this 

4330
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:46,300
period. 
As communities, cleared Woodland

4331
03:53:46,300 --> 03:53:49,000
to create Fields pastures and 
settlements. 

4332
03:53:50,400 --> 03:53:53,200
The Primeval Forest that had 
once covered most of Europe, 

4333
03:53:53,200 --> 03:53:55,900
began their long retreat, into 
the pockets of wilderness that 

4334
03:53:55,900 --> 03:53:59,400
survived today, settled deeper 
into your blankets now and 

4335
03:53:59,400 --> 03:54:02,100
imagine your walking through a 
medieval village during Harvest 

4336
03:54:02,100 --> 03:54:06,300
Time in the year 1150. 
The smell of cut grain for fills

4337
03:54:06,300 --> 03:54:09,600
the air that Dusty slightly 
sweet scent. 

4338
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:12,300
That only comes when wheat or 
barley is being gathered. 

4339
03:54:13,100 --> 03:54:15,300
Hear the rhythmic sound of 
scythes. 

4340
03:54:15,300 --> 03:54:18,600
Through stalks the voices of 
workers calling to each other 

4341
03:54:18,600 --> 03:54:21,300
across the fields and somewhere 
nearby. 

4342
03:54:21,300 --> 03:54:24,400
Someone is singing a work song 
whose Melody has been passed 

4343
03:54:24,400 --> 03:54:28,000
down through so many generations
that nobody remembers who first 

4344
03:54:28,000 --> 03:54:31,500
composed it what your witnessing
is an Agricultural Revolution 

4345
03:54:31,500 --> 03:54:34,600
that happened without anyone 
planning it without any 

4346
03:54:34,600 --> 03:54:38,400
government program or conscious 
Innovation, the medieval warm 

4347
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:42,000
period created conditions that 
allowed medieval Europeans to 

4348
03:54:42,000 --> 03:54:45,300
finally move Beyond subsistence 
farming into something that 

4349
03:54:45,300 --> 03:54:49,300
resembled actual productivity. 
He crop in this transformation 

4350
03:54:49,300 --> 03:54:52,500
was wheat. 
Before the warming period, much 

4351
03:54:52,500 --> 03:54:55,300
of Northern Europe, relied on 
Hardy, but less nutritious 

4352
03:54:55,300 --> 03:54:58,800
grains like rye and oats which 
could survive in poor 

4353
03:54:58,800 --> 03:55:01,600
conditions, but didn't provide 
the same caloric value as wheat.

4354
03:55:02,900 --> 03:55:05,900
We just fussier. 
It needs more warmth, better 

4355
03:55:05,900 --> 03:55:09,700
soil, and more careful timing. 
But when conditions are right, 

4356
03:55:09,700 --> 03:55:14,000
we yields more food per acre 
than almost any other grain crop

4357
03:55:14,000 --> 03:55:16,600
of available to Medieval Farmers
as temperatures. 

4358
03:55:16,600 --> 03:55:20,800
Rose the Wheatland moved North 
fields in England that had grown

4359
03:55:20,800 --> 03:55:23,400
Rye for Generations were 
replanted with wheat. 

4360
03:55:24,300 --> 03:55:26,800
French Estates that had 
struggled with Mixed Grain. 

4361
03:55:26,800 --> 03:55:29,600
Crops found they could 
specialize in wheat production. 

4362
03:55:30,700 --> 03:55:32,400
The difference wasn't just 
agricultural. 

4363
03:55:32,400 --> 03:55:35,400
It was nutritional and economic 
wheat. 

4364
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:39,500
Makes better bread stores longer
and commands higher prices at 

4365
03:55:39,500 --> 03:55:42,200
Market. 
Communities that successfully 

4366
03:55:42,200 --> 03:55:45,200
transitioned to wheat, farming 
found themselves with both 

4367
03:55:45,200 --> 03:55:48,100
better diets and more valuable 
crops to trade. 

4368
03:55:48,100 --> 03:55:51,500
But the real Revolution came 
from the combination of warmer 

4369
03:55:51,500 --> 03:55:52,700
weather. 
With several farming 

4370
03:55:52,700 --> 03:55:55,300
innovations, that happened to 
emerge around the same time. 

4371
03:55:56,200 --> 03:55:58,900
The heavy plow which could turn 
the dense soils of Northern 

4372
03:55:58,900 --> 03:56:02,200
Europe far better than the light
Roman scratch plows became 

4373
03:56:02,200 --> 03:56:06,300
wide-spread during this period. 
Three field system of crop 

4374
03:56:06,300 --> 03:56:10,200
rotation where you plant one 
filled, with winter, crops one 

4375
03:56:10,200 --> 03:56:14,300
with spring crops and let the 
third life fellow allowed 

4376
03:56:14,300 --> 03:56:16,500
Farmers to keep more land 
productive each year. 

4377
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:19,800
These Innovations were new 
invention during the medieval 

4378
03:56:19,800 --> 03:56:23,000
warm period, but they became 
practical and wide-spread 

4379
03:56:23,000 --> 03:56:24,800
because the climate, Now 
supported them. 

4380
03:56:25,600 --> 03:56:28,500
A heavy plow is only useful if 
your soil is productive enough 

4381
03:56:28,500 --> 03:56:32,600
to justify the investment. 
Three field rotation only makes 

4382
03:56:32,600 --> 03:56:35,600
sense if your growing season is 
long enough for both winter and 

4383
03:56:35,600 --> 03:56:38,600
spring. 
Crops to mature reliably The 

4384
03:56:38,600 --> 03:56:41,200
warming temperatures, turned 
agricultural Theory into 

4385
03:56:41,200 --> 03:56:44,300
practical reality. 
You'd see other changes too. 

4386
03:56:44,300 --> 03:56:47,600
Subtle ones that transformed 
daily life in ways that medieval

4387
03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:49,200
people probably didn't fully 
appreciate. 

4388
03:56:50,800 --> 03:56:53,700
Kitchen Gardens became more 
productive, providing 

4389
03:56:53,700 --> 03:56:57,300
vegetables, that added variety 
and nutrition to diets that had 

4390
03:56:57,300 --> 03:57:00,700
been monotonously grain-based. 
Fruit trees that had been 

4391
03:57:00,708 --> 03:57:04,500
temperamental now produced 
reliable crops herbs for 

4392
03:57:04,500 --> 03:57:08,200
medicine and flavoring thrived. 
In the extended growing Seasons 

4393
03:57:08,200 --> 03:57:11,800
beekeeping expanded dramatically
during this period. 

4394
03:57:11,800 --> 03:57:15,700
And if you've ever tasted real 
honey, you'll understand why 

4395
03:57:15,700 --> 03:57:20,300
this mattered in an era before 
sugar was available to anyone. 

4396
03:57:20,300 --> 03:57:23,900
But the wealthy honey, was the 
only sweetener most people would

4397
03:57:23,900 --> 03:57:26,900
ever taste. 
More temperate, weather meant 

4398
03:57:26,900 --> 03:57:30,300
longer flowering Seasons, which 
meant bees could produce more 

4399
03:57:30,300 --> 03:57:33,100
honey. 
Monasteries in particular became

4400
03:57:33,100 --> 03:57:37,200
centers of beekeeping and the 
demand for beeswax candles, and 

4401
03:57:37,200 --> 03:57:40,700
that honey production was both 
spiritually and economically 

4402
03:57:40,700 --> 03:57:44,600
valuable the warming period also
made livestock farming more 

4403
03:57:44,600 --> 03:57:47,200
feasible in Northern Region's 
cattle. 

4404
03:57:47,200 --> 03:57:50,000
Sheep and pigs could be 
supported in larger numbers 

4405
03:57:50,000 --> 03:57:53,600
because winter fodder, lasted 
longer and animals didn't need 

4406
03:57:53,600 --> 03:57:57,400
to burn as many calories just 
staying warm This meant more 

4407
03:57:57,400 --> 03:58:01,300
meat, milk cheese and wool. 
All the products that made 

4408
03:58:01,300 --> 03:58:04,100
medieval life slightly more 
comfortable and substantially 

4409
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:06,100
more. 
Prosperous Dairy production, 

4410
03:58:06,100 --> 03:58:08,700
particularly benefitted from the
climatic changes. 

4411
03:58:09,600 --> 03:58:11,700
Medieval people didn't drink 
much fresh milk. 

4412
03:58:11,700 --> 03:58:15,400
It spoiled too quickly without 
Refrigeration but they were 

4413
03:58:15,400 --> 03:58:20,200
masters of dairy preservation. 
Cheese butter and fermented milk

4414
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:23,400
products provided crucial 
protein and fat during winter 

4415
03:58:23,400 --> 03:58:26,800
months, when fresh food was 
scarce. better weather meant 

4416
03:58:26,800 --> 03:58:29,600
healthier livestock which meant 
more milk, which meant 

4417
03:58:29,600 --> 03:58:32,600
communities could produce larger
stores of preserved, dairy 

4418
03:58:32,600 --> 03:58:36,200
products, the expansion of sheep
farming in England during this 

4419
03:58:36,200 --> 03:58:39,500
period laid the groundwork for 
the medieval wool trade that 

4420
03:58:39,500 --> 03:58:43,100
would eventually make England 
wealthy sheep, a remarkably 

4421
03:58:43,100 --> 03:58:46,500
Hardy animals, but they do best 
in moderate climates where they 

4422
03:58:46,500 --> 03:58:49,600
can graze year round without 
exhausting themselves fighting 

4423
03:58:49,600 --> 03:58:53,200
cold. 
The medieval warm period created

4424
03:58:53,200 --> 03:58:55,000
ideal conditions for 
large-scale. 

4425
03:58:55,000 --> 03:58:57,800
Sheep farming across Northern 
England, Scotland in the low 

4426
03:58:57,800 --> 03:58:59,900
countries. 
If you could have spoken with a 

4427
03:58:59,900 --> 03:59:03,000
medieval farmer about these 
changes and if they had the 

4428
03:59:03,008 --> 03:59:06,900
conceptual framework to 
understand your question, They 

4429
03:59:06,900 --> 03:59:09,300
probably wouldn't have described
it as an Agricultural 

4430
03:59:09,300 --> 03:59:11,900
Revolution. 
They would have talked about how

4431
03:59:11,900 --> 03:59:14,800
their lord had allowed them to 
clear more forests for planting 

4432
03:59:14,800 --> 03:59:18,700
or how their Village had pulled 
resources to buy a better plow, 

4433
03:59:18,700 --> 03:59:21,800
or how the Harvest had been good
for several years running. 

4434
03:59:23,300 --> 03:59:26,300
Schematic nature of the changes 
would have been invisible to 

4435
03:59:26,300 --> 03:59:30,600
them obscured by the daily work 
of survival and the limited 

4436
03:59:30,600 --> 03:59:32,900
scope of their individual 
experience. 

4437
03:59:32,900 --> 03:59:36,800
Step back, take the longer view 
that historical distance 

4438
03:59:36,800 --> 03:59:39,200
provides, and you see something 
remarkable. 

4439
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:45,300
European agricultural production
probably increased by 50 to 75% 

4440
03:59:45,300 --> 03:59:51,900
between 900 and 91300. 
The same land worked by similar 

4441
03:59:51,900 --> 03:59:54,700
methods. 
Suddenly yielded dramatically 

4442
03:59:54,700 --> 03:59:57,100
more food. 
Some of this came from 

4443
03:59:57,100 --> 04:00:02,000
Innovation, some from expansion 
onto marginal lands but much of 

4444
04:00:02,000 --> 04:00:04,900
it came from those one or two 
degrees of warming that made 

4445
04:00:04,900 --> 04:00:08,300
everything just slightly easier.
This abundance created 

4446
04:00:08,300 --> 04:00:10,300
possibilities that hadn't 
existed before. 

4447
04:00:11,300 --> 04:00:14,300
For the first time since the 
Roman Empire significant numbers

4448
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:17,000
of people could be supported 
without directly, working the 

4449
04:00:17,000 --> 04:00:19,600
land. 
You needed Farmers to produce 

4450
04:00:19,600 --> 04:00:23,000
surplus food, but once you have 
that Surplus, you could support 

4451
04:00:23,000 --> 04:00:26,500
craftspeople. 
Merchants Builders Scholars and 

4452
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:29,900
all the other Specialists the 
complex societies require the 

4453
04:00:29,900 --> 04:00:32,600
grain mills that dotted every 
medieval stream and River, 

4454
04:00:32,608 --> 04:00:35,500
worked over time during this 
period processing. 

4455
04:00:35,500 --> 04:00:37,400
The increased harvests into 
flour. 

4456
04:00:37,400 --> 04:00:40,300
The technology of water Mills 
was ancient. 

4457
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:44,400
Romans had used them extensively
but the medieval warm period 

4458
04:00:44,400 --> 04:00:47,900
gave medieval Europeans enough. 
Grain to make Mills economically

4459
04:00:47,900 --> 04:00:51,300
viable throughout the 
countryside, the steady Splash 

4460
04:00:51,300 --> 04:00:53,700
and grind of Mill. 
Wheels became the background 

4461
04:00:53,700 --> 04:00:57,800
music of medieval Rural Life, 
Vineyards, expanded Northwood in

4462
04:00:57,800 --> 04:00:59,800
one of the periods most Visible 
Changes. 

4463
04:01:00,700 --> 04:01:03,900
Wine production which had 
retreated Southward after the 

4464
04:01:03,900 --> 04:01:06,600
Roman period. 
Now crept back in to central 

4465
04:01:06,600 --> 04:01:09,900
France the Rhineland and even 
Southern England. 

4466
04:01:10,900 --> 04:01:13,400
Medieval people discovering they
could grow wine. 

4467
04:01:13,400 --> 04:01:16,300
Grapes in Yorkshire, must have 
felt like residents of Alaska 

4468
04:01:16,300 --> 04:01:18,600
suddenly finding they could grow
oranges. 

4469
04:01:19,400 --> 04:01:23,400
It was unprecedented remarkable 
and highly profitable. 

4470
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:26,800
The expansion of viticulture 
wasn't just about alcohol 

4471
04:01:26,800 --> 04:01:29,100
though. 
Medieval people certainly 

4472
04:01:29,100 --> 04:01:32,900
appreciated their wine. 
Vineyards represented long-term 

4473
04:01:32,900 --> 04:01:36,700
agricultural investment. 
You don't plant grape Vines, if 

4474
04:01:36,700 --> 04:01:40,700
you expect the climate to turn 
harsh in a few years Vines, take

4475
04:01:40,700 --> 04:01:42,900
time to mature and require 
consistent conditions. 

4476
04:01:44,000 --> 04:01:46,800
The fact that communities were 
willing to invest in Vineyards 

4477
04:01:46,800 --> 04:01:49,700
across northern Europe. 
Suggest a widespread if 

4478
04:01:49,700 --> 04:01:53,900
unconscious belief that the good
weather was going to last as you

4479
04:01:53,900 --> 04:01:57,100
Nestle deeper into your 
comfortable spot, let's visit a 

4480
04:01:57,100 --> 04:01:59,700
medieval village at the height 
of the medieval warm period. 

4481
04:02:00,400 --> 04:02:04,000
Say, around 1200. 
This isn't the Grim 

4482
04:02:04,000 --> 04:02:07,100
poverty-stricken settlement that
popular imagination, often 

4483
04:02:07,100 --> 04:02:09,800
conjures. 
This is a village experience in 

4484
04:02:09,800 --> 04:02:11,600
something. 
Its residents might not have 

4485
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:13,300
words for, but can certainly 
feel. 

4486
04:02:14,100 --> 04:02:16,700
Prosperity. 
The Village sits in a valley 

4487
04:02:16,700 --> 04:02:19,700
surrounded by fields that 
stretch farther than they did in

4488
04:02:19,700 --> 04:02:22,900
your grandfather's time. 
The forest has been pushed back 

4489
04:02:22,900 --> 04:02:27,900
by cultivated land divided into 
the long strip of the open field

4490
04:02:27,900 --> 04:02:31,300
system. 
Smoke rises from perhaps 40 

4491
04:02:31,300 --> 04:02:34,100
Cottage Cottages twice. 
As many as existed. 

4492
04:02:34,100 --> 04:02:37,700
A century ago. 
The church wants a simple. 

4493
04:02:37,700 --> 04:02:40,500
Wooden structure is being 
rebuilt in stone. 

4494
04:02:41,300 --> 04:02:44,700
A project that has consumed The 
Village's Surplus wealth for the

4495
04:02:44,708 --> 04:02:48,400
past decade but will stand as a 
testament to their success for 

4496
04:02:48,400 --> 04:02:51,100
centuries to come. 
You noticed that people look 

4497
04:02:51,100 --> 04:02:54,500
different than you might expect.
They're not the skeleton 

4498
04:02:54,500 --> 04:02:57,800
malnourished figures of popular 
medieval stereotypes. 

4499
04:02:58,700 --> 04:03:01,500
Better nutrition over several 
Generations, has produced a 

4500
04:03:01,500 --> 04:03:04,700
population that's healthier 
taller and more robust. 

4501
04:03:05,800 --> 04:03:08,600
Children play in the village 
common, and there are many of 

4502
04:03:08,600 --> 04:03:11,000
them. 
The improved diet has reduced 

4503
04:03:11,000 --> 04:03:13,000
infant mortality and increased 
fertility. 

4504
04:03:14,000 --> 04:03:17,000
Population growth during the 
medieval warm period was 

4505
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:19,700
substantial. 
With Europe's population, 

4506
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:23,800
roughly doubling between 1,000 
and 1300 The Cottages 

4507
04:03:23,800 --> 04:03:26,500
themselves. 
Show signs of modest, but real 

4508
04:03:26,500 --> 04:03:29,700
Improvement. 
That roofs are better maintained

4509
04:03:29,700 --> 04:03:32,400
because there's labor and 
materials to spare for repairs. 

4510
04:03:33,200 --> 04:03:37,400
Some houses have actual chimneys
and of simple, smoke holes, a 

4511
04:03:37,400 --> 04:03:39,900
technological advancement. 
That might seem trivial until 

4512
04:03:39,900 --> 04:03:41,900
you've spent a winter in a 
smoke-filled room. 

4513
04:03:43,400 --> 04:03:45,800
Windows remain. 
Small glasses is still 

4514
04:03:45,800 --> 04:03:49,900
expensive, but shutters are more
carefully fitted and somehow 

4515
04:03:49,900 --> 04:03:52,600
households of even acquired oil 
lamps to supplement their 

4516
04:03:52,600 --> 04:03:56,000
rush-lights and Tallow candles 
inside these homes. 

4517
04:03:56,000 --> 04:03:58,500
You'd find possessions that 
suggests a level of comfort 

4518
04:03:58,500 --> 04:04:01,600
unknown. 
In early centuries, iron pots 

4519
04:04:01,600 --> 04:04:05,000
and pans. 
Wooden plates and bowls, ceramic

4520
04:04:05,000 --> 04:04:09,400
jugs for storing ale or cider. 
And perhaps even a few pewter 

4521
04:04:09,400 --> 04:04:13,100
items for special occasions 
These aren't wealthy people by 

4522
04:04:13,100 --> 04:04:16,400
any means, but they're no longer
living at the absolute edge of 

4523
04:04:16,408 --> 04:04:19,200
subsistence. 
They have small margins of 

4524
04:04:19,208 --> 04:04:22,100
safety. 
Tiny buffers against disaster 

4525
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:25,600
that make life incrementally. 
More secure, the Village Market 

4526
04:04:25,600 --> 04:04:29,300
held, weekly has expanded from a
simple exchange of local Goods 

4527
04:04:29,300 --> 04:04:32,300
to a genuine commercial event 
Farmers. 

4528
04:04:32,300 --> 04:04:34,800
Bring Surplus produce, 
vegetables. 

4529
04:04:34,800 --> 04:04:39,700
Eggs cheese, wool and the 
products of their land and 

4530
04:04:39,700 --> 04:04:42,500
labor. 
Traveling Merchants offer goods 

4531
04:04:42,500 --> 04:04:45,700
from distant, places. 
Salt from Coastal evaporation 

4532
04:04:45,700 --> 04:04:50,100
ponds iron tools from Regional 
forges cloth from Flemish 

4533
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:53,700
Weavers and pottery from 
specialized ceramic workshops. 

4534
04:04:54,600 --> 04:04:58,500
The fact that these markets can 
sustain regular trade, indicates

4535
04:04:58,500 --> 04:05:00,900
that people have enough Surplus 
to buy things, they don't 

4536
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:04,400
strictly need for survival 
money, circulates more freely 

4537
04:05:04,400 --> 04:05:07,800
than it did in early centuries. 
The Feudal economy, hadn't 

4538
04:05:07,800 --> 04:05:10,900
disappeared peasants. 
Still owed labor services to 

4539
04:05:10,900 --> 04:05:14,300
their laws in agricultural 
production was still organized 

4540
04:05:14,300 --> 04:05:17,300
around manorial Estates. 
But increasingly these 

4541
04:05:17,300 --> 04:05:20,600
obligations could be paid in 
cash rather than in kind. 

4542
04:05:21,400 --> 04:05:24,400
A peasant might pay a fee in 
stead of working three days a 

4543
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:28,000
week on the Lord's land creating
a primitive but functional labor

4544
04:05:28,000 --> 04:05:30,900
market where people could sell 
their time for money. 

4545
04:05:30,900 --> 04:05:34,500
This monetization of the economy
might sound dry and Technical 

4546
04:05:34,500 --> 04:05:38,500
but it represented a fundamental
shift in how medieval people 

4547
04:05:38,500 --> 04:05:43,100
experience daily life. 
Money creates options with cash.

4548
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:46,900
You could hire someone to repair
your roof by a piglet to raise 

4549
04:05:46,908 --> 04:05:50,100
for winter meat or save toward a
dowry for your daughter. 

4550
04:05:51,000 --> 04:05:54,600
Without money, you are locked 
into a barter economy where 

4551
04:05:54,600 --> 04:05:58,100
everything you needed had to be 
produced locally or acquired 

4552
04:05:58,100 --> 04:06:00,700
through complex, webs of 
reciprocal obligation. 

4553
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:03,900
The Lord's manner visible on its
Hill overlooking, the village 

4554
04:06:03,900 --> 04:06:07,700
has also improved The old wooden
Palisade has been replaced with 

4555
04:06:07,700 --> 04:06:10,600
stone walls. 
The Great Hall has been expanded

4556
04:06:10,600 --> 04:06:13,900
and rumor says the Lord's wife 
as ordered glass windows for the

4557
04:06:13,900 --> 04:06:17,200
solar The private family 
quarters where the nobility 

4558
04:06:17,200 --> 04:06:19,300
retreated from the public life 
of the hall. 

4559
04:06:20,200 --> 04:06:22,700
These improvements aren't just 
displays of wealth. 

4560
04:06:22,700 --> 04:06:25,700
Their Investments made possible 
by increasing. 

4561
04:06:25,700 --> 04:06:28,900
Agricultural revenue from lands 
that now, produce reliable 

4562
04:06:28,900 --> 04:06:32,700
surpluses but perhaps the most 
significant change is harder to 

4563
04:06:32,700 --> 04:06:36,400
see directly. 
The slow shift in legal status, 

4564
04:06:36,400 --> 04:06:39,500
and social relationships that 
Surplus wealth enables. 

4565
04:06:40,400 --> 04:06:43,200
When everyone is barely 
surviving social structures 

4566
04:06:43,200 --> 04:06:46,500
remain rigid because there's no 
room for negotiation or 

4567
04:06:46,500 --> 04:06:50,300
innovation when there's a 
surplus, Things become fluid. 

4568
04:06:51,100 --> 04:06:53,800
Some peasants or accumulating 
enough wealth to buy their 

4569
04:06:53,800 --> 04:06:57,400
freedom from feudal. 
Obligations others are 

4570
04:06:57,400 --> 04:06:58,900
specializing in particular 
crafts. 

4571
04:06:58,900 --> 04:07:02,200
Becoming the villages 
acknowledged expert in carpentry

4572
04:07:02,200 --> 04:07:05,500
or smithing or leatherwork, a 
few particularly successful 

4573
04:07:05,500 --> 04:07:07,700
peasant, families are even 
beginning to differentiate 

4574
04:07:07,700 --> 04:07:11,100
themselves from their neighbors,
acquiring more land, better 

4575
04:07:11,100 --> 04:07:14,700
tools and the kind of resources 
that Mark, the beginning of a 

4576
04:07:14,700 --> 04:07:18,400
rural middle class. 
The son of one such family has 

4577
04:07:18,400 --> 04:07:22,200
been sent to the monastery to 
learn reading and writing an 

4578
04:07:22,200 --> 04:07:24,400
investment in education. 
That would have been 

4579
04:07:24,400 --> 04:07:27,700
Unthinkable. 
When every Pair of Hands was 

4580
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:31,800
needed for basic survival, The 
Village priest often, the only 

4581
04:07:31,800 --> 04:07:35,200
literate person in the community
has become more than just a 

4582
04:07:35,200 --> 04:07:39,400
Spiritual Authority, he is an 
administrator, a Record Keeper, 

4583
04:07:39,400 --> 04:07:42,900
and sometimes a teacher for 
promising children whose 

4584
04:07:42,900 --> 04:07:47,100
families can spare them from 
farm work. the church building 

4585
04:07:47,100 --> 04:07:50,500
itself serves multiple 
functions, a place of worship on

4586
04:07:50,500 --> 04:07:54,500
Sundays, a meeting hall for 
Village assemblies, and a secure

4587
04:07:54,500 --> 04:07:57,600
storage space for important 
documents and valuable items, 

4588
04:07:57,600 --> 04:08:01,400
Market, towns began sprouting 
across Europe during this period

4589
04:08:01,400 --> 04:08:06,000
growing up at Crossroads, River 
Crossing and other strategic 

4590
04:08:06,000 --> 04:08:10,400
locations where trade naturally 
concentrated These towns 

4591
04:08:10,400 --> 04:08:13,200
occupied a space between the 
rural Villages and the 

4592
04:08:13,200 --> 04:08:16,700
established cities serving as 
commercial hubs, where local 

4593
04:08:16,700 --> 04:08:20,500
agricultural Surplus, could be 
converted into Goods, services 

4594
04:08:20,500 --> 04:08:24,300
and opportunities in these 
Market towns, you'd find the 

4595
04:08:24,300 --> 04:08:26,800
beginnings of specialized 
medieval crafts. 

4596
04:08:27,400 --> 04:08:30,000
Blacksmiths who once made 
everything from horseshoes to 

4597
04:08:30,000 --> 04:08:34,300
cooking pots now, focused on 
specific products, achieving 

4598
04:08:34,300 --> 04:08:37,600
levels of skill and efficiency 
that generalist never could. 

4599
04:08:38,400 --> 04:08:41,400
Weavers formed gills to control 
quality and training. 

4600
04:08:42,500 --> 04:08:45,300
Tanners, despite the noxious 
smell of their work became 

4601
04:08:45,300 --> 04:08:47,600
essential suppliers to the 
leather goods trade. 

4602
04:08:48,500 --> 04:08:52,700
Baker's large enough to serve 
dozens of families operating on 

4603
04:08:52,700 --> 04:08:56,300
scales that made economic sense.
Only when population's were 

4604
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:57,900
large and prosperous enough to 
support them. 

4605
04:08:57,900 --> 04:09:02,500
The prosperity wasn't evenly 
distributed, of course. life in 

4606
04:09:02,500 --> 04:09:06,700
a medieval village, even during 
the best of times was still life

4607
04:09:06,700 --> 04:09:10,600
without modern medicine 
sanitation or personal Liberty, 

4608
04:09:10,600 --> 04:09:14,700
as we understand it, People 
worked long hours at physically 

4609
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:18,100
demanding labor. 
Disease remained ever present 

4610
04:09:18,100 --> 04:09:21,400
women died in childbirth, with 
frightening, regularity, 

4611
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:26,200
children grew up, expecting to 
follow their parents occupation 

4612
04:09:26,200 --> 04:09:30,100
with little opportunity for 
social Mobility beyond what the 

4613
04:09:30,100 --> 04:09:32,700
church might offer to 
particularly bright or devout 

4614
04:09:32,700 --> 04:09:35,700
individuals, yet compared to the
centuries before. 

4615
04:09:35,700 --> 04:09:39,100
And after the medieval warm 
period, offered something that 

4616
04:09:39,100 --> 04:09:43,100
medieval Europeans had rarely 
experienced a sense that life 

4617
04:09:43,100 --> 04:09:46,900
was getting better than worse. 
That the Next Generation might 

4618
04:09:46,900 --> 04:09:49,600
have it easier than the current 
one and that the world was 

4619
04:09:49,600 --> 04:09:54,100
expanding rather than 
Contracting This optimism born 

4620
04:09:54,100 --> 04:09:57,400
of full granaries and healthy 
livestock created a cycle 

4621
04:09:57,400 --> 04:10:01,200
climate as important as the 
physical warming, that made it 

4622
04:10:01,200 --> 04:10:03,400
possible. 
Let's drift now from The 

4623
04:10:03,400 --> 04:10:06,500
Villages of Continental Europe, 
to something more adventurous 

4624
04:10:06,500 --> 04:10:09,300
though, don't worry. 
He will keep things suitably 

4625
04:10:09,300 --> 04:10:12,800
peaceful and contemplative 
picture of the coast of Norway 

4626
04:10:12,800 --> 04:10:16,400
around the year 1000 where the 
warming climate was creating 

4627
04:10:16,400 --> 04:10:19,200
opportunities that would have 
been Unthinkable just a century 

4628
04:10:19,200 --> 04:10:22,600
earlier the Norse those 
seafaring people we often call 

4629
04:10:22,600 --> 04:10:26,300
Viking's had always been 
masterful Sailors but the 

4630
04:10:26,300 --> 04:10:29,000
medieval warm period gave them 
something they'd never had 

4631
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,400
before ice received for longer 
parts of the year. 

4632
04:10:34,000 --> 04:10:36,500
The Arctic Ice that normally 
choked, the northern Atlantic 

4633
04:10:36,500 --> 04:10:39,700
retreated, just enough to open 
routes that had been impossible,

4634
04:10:39,700 --> 04:10:43,000
creating Maritime highways to 
territories that had been 

4635
04:10:43,008 --> 04:10:46,500
Legends or rumors. 
Eric the Reds colonization of 

4636
04:10:46,500 --> 04:10:50,200
Greenland around 985 represents.
One of the most remarkable 

4637
04:10:50,200 --> 04:10:52,100
episodes of the medieval warm 
period. 

4638
04:10:52,800 --> 04:10:55,500
Greenland, that massive Island 
that's mostly ice. 

4639
04:10:55,500 --> 04:10:59,300
Even today, had coastal areas 
that became remarkably habitable

4640
04:10:59,300 --> 04:11:03,500
during the warming centuries. 
Eric and his followers family 

4641
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:07,300
seeking New Opportunities. 
Second Sons with no inheritance 

4642
04:11:07,300 --> 04:11:10,700
people fleeing feuds or seeking 
Fresh Starts. 

4643
04:11:11,600 --> 04:11:14,600
Established settlements that 
would endure for nearly 500 

4644
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:17,100
years. 
Imagine sailing from Iceland 

4645
04:11:17,100 --> 04:11:18,900
toward Greenland in an open 
boat. 

4646
04:11:19,600 --> 04:11:21,800
Your worldly possessions packed 
around you. 

4647
04:11:21,800 --> 04:11:25,800
Livestock lowering nervously in 
the hull and children huddled 

4648
04:11:25,800 --> 04:11:30,700
against the spray you'd navigate
by sun and stars by the flight 

4649
04:11:30,700 --> 04:11:34,000
patterns of birds and by the 
color and temperature of the 

4650
04:11:34,000 --> 04:11:37,500
water. 
After days at Sea, you'd finally

4651
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:40,600
spot the high mountains of 
Greenland rising from the ocean.

4652
04:11:41,500 --> 04:11:45,100
Their peaks white with permanent
snow but their lower slopes 

4653
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:48,500
surprisingly green, the north 
greenlanders settled primarily 

4654
04:11:48,500 --> 04:11:52,500
on the South-Western Coast where
fueled cut deep into the island 

4655
04:11:52,500 --> 04:11:56,000
and provided shelter from the 
North Atlantic ferocious storms.

4656
04:11:56,900 --> 04:12:00,900
They built Turf houses, thick 
walled structures of stone and 

4657
04:12:00,900 --> 04:12:04,500
sod that could withstand Arctic 
winds while conserving precious 

4658
04:12:04,500 --> 04:12:07,300
warmth. 
These weren't temporary camps 

4659
04:12:07,300 --> 04:12:10,400
but permanent homesteads 
complete with barns for 

4660
04:12:10,400 --> 04:12:14,600
livestock storage rooms for hay 
and supplies and all the 

4661
04:12:14,600 --> 04:12:18,900
infrastructure of agricultural 
settlement and they farmed this 

4662
04:12:18,900 --> 04:12:22,600
detail, always surprises people 
who imagine Greenland as an 

4663
04:12:22,600 --> 04:12:26,300
eternally Frozen Wasteland. 
During the medieval warm period,

4664
04:12:26,300 --> 04:12:29,100
nor settlers grew, barley, for 
bread and beer. 

4665
04:12:29,100 --> 04:12:33,500
They raced cattle sheep and 
goats that grazed on 

4666
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:35,500
surprisingly Lush summer 
pastures. 

4667
04:12:35,500 --> 04:12:39,100
They hunted seals and Caribou 
for meat and skin skins. 

4668
04:12:39,100 --> 04:12:42,700
They cut hay in summer and 
stored it for winter fodder. 

4669
04:12:43,400 --> 04:12:47,000
They even exported walrus Ivory 
and polar bear hides back to 

4670
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:50,800
Europe luxury goods that 
commanded premium prices in 

4671
04:12:50,800 --> 04:12:53,900
Continental markets. 
Life in North Greenland was 

4672
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:57,400
never easy even during the best 
climate conditions. 

4673
04:12:58,200 --> 04:13:02,300
Winters remained harsh growing 
Seasons, stayed short and the 

4674
04:13:02,308 --> 04:13:05,400
settlers lived at the absolute 
edge of where medieval 

4675
04:13:05,400 --> 04:13:09,700
agriculture could function. 
But for several centuries, it 

4676
04:13:09,700 --> 04:13:12,900
worked archaeological evidence 
shows that the greenlanders 

4677
04:13:12,900 --> 04:13:14,700
maintain trade contacts with 
Europe. 

4678
04:13:14,700 --> 04:13:18,700
Imported timber for 
construction, acquired iron, 

4679
04:13:18,700 --> 04:13:22,100
tools, and weapons and 
participated in the broader 

4680
04:13:22,100 --> 04:13:24,900
medieval economy. 
Despite their extreme isolation 

4681
04:13:24,900 --> 04:13:28,800
from Greenland Norse explorers 
pushed even farther west 

4682
04:13:28,800 --> 04:13:32,900
reaching what they called 
Vinland the northeast coast of 

4683
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:36,300
North America. 
Leaf Ericson's Voyage around the

4684
04:13:36,308 --> 04:13:39,900
year. 1000 brought Europeans to 
the Americas 5 centuries before 

4685
04:13:39,900 --> 04:13:42,600
Columbus though is settlement 
didn't last. 

4686
04:13:43,500 --> 04:13:46,700
The temporary camp at Lonzo 
Meadows, in Newfoundland Stan 

4687
04:13:46,700 --> 04:13:49,000
today, as evidence of this 
remarkable voyage. 

4688
04:13:49,800 --> 04:13:52,800
Proof that medieval Europeans 
briefly touched American soil 

4689
04:13:52,800 --> 04:13:56,300
before retreating back to 
Greenland and Iceland the 

4690
04:13:56,300 --> 04:13:59,200
warming climate opened up new 
possibilities in the North 

4691
04:13:59,200 --> 04:14:02,500
Atlantic itself. 
Iceland which had been settled 

4692
04:14:02,500 --> 04:14:06,700
by Norse colonists in the 870s. 
Flourished during the medieval 

4693
04:14:06,700 --> 04:14:09,500
warm period. 
The Island's, livestock 

4694
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:12,500
populations expanded, its 
fishing grounds, became more 

4695
04:14:12,500 --> 04:14:15,500
productive and its position as a
weigh station between 

4696
04:14:15,500 --> 04:14:18,600
Scandinavia and Greenland. 
Made it a crucial Link in 

4697
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:22,200
northern trade networks but the 
Norse Atlantic Adventure wasn't 

4698
04:14:22,200 --> 04:14:25,000
just about exploring Westward 
into new territories. 

4699
04:14:25,000 --> 04:14:28,500
It was also about the quotidian 
reality of living in these 

4700
04:14:28,500 --> 04:14:32,000
remote settlements maintaining 
connections across vast 

4701
04:14:32,000 --> 04:14:35,200
stretches of ocean, and building
communities, and environments 

4702
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:38,300
that tested human resilience in 
ways that more temperate regions

4703
04:14:38,300 --> 04:14:42,100
never did consider the logistics
of the Greenland colony. 

4704
04:14:42,600 --> 04:14:46,400
Almost everything made of wood 
timber for buildings and boats. 

4705
04:14:46,400 --> 04:14:51,000
Barrel stays for storage 
firewood, for warmth had to be 

4706
04:14:51,000 --> 04:14:54,900
imported from Iceland or Norway.
Greenland had virtually. 

4707
04:14:54,900 --> 04:14:58,200
No trees. 
So every plank represented a 

4708
04:14:58,200 --> 04:15:00,700
successful trading, voyage 
across dangerous Seas. 

4709
04:15:01,700 --> 04:15:04,600
Iron was equally precious and 
skilled crafts. 

4710
04:15:04,600 --> 04:15:08,800
People who could work metal were
valued community members Church 

4711
04:15:08,800 --> 04:15:13,300
bells, glass windows communion 
wine and countless other items. 

4712
04:15:13,300 --> 04:15:16,000
Required regular trade contact 
with distant Europe. 

4713
04:15:16,000 --> 04:15:19,200
The Greenland ignore maintain 
their European identity. 

4714
04:15:19,200 --> 04:15:22,900
Despite their isolation, they 
built churches modeled on 

4715
04:15:22,900 --> 04:15:26,400
Scandinavian Designs. 
Buried their dead in Christian 

4716
04:15:26,400 --> 04:15:29,500
graveyards and maintained 
Bishops who reported to 

4717
04:15:29,500 --> 04:15:31,600
ecclesiastical authorities in 
Norway. 

4718
04:15:32,700 --> 04:15:34,800
This connection to broader 
Christendom matter. 

4719
04:15:34,800 --> 04:15:37,400
Deeply to them. 
They didn't want to be forgotten

4720
04:15:37,400 --> 04:15:40,600
Outpost but recognized members 
of the European civilization. 

4721
04:15:40,600 --> 04:15:44,500
However, remote their location, 
the warming period also 

4722
04:15:44,500 --> 04:15:47,300
affected, Norse activities in 
more traditional Waters. 

4723
04:15:48,000 --> 04:15:50,700
The waters around the Pharaoh 
Islands, became more productive.

4724
04:15:51,600 --> 04:15:54,200
Norwegian fishermen could 
Venture father North along the 

4725
04:15:54,200 --> 04:15:58,700
coast accessing Cod grounds that
had been too dangerous or ice 

4726
04:15:58,700 --> 04:16:02,300
Bound in earlier centuries. 
Trade routes across the Baltic 

4727
04:16:02,300 --> 04:16:05,900
expanded as ice-free periods. 
Length and connecting. 

4728
04:16:05,900 --> 04:16:08,900
Scandinavia with the emerging 
cities of Northern, Germany, and

4729
04:16:08,900 --> 04:16:11,800
Poland in a delightfully mundane
way. 

4730
04:16:11,800 --> 04:16:15,100
The medieval warm period made 
sea travel, less immediately 

4731
04:16:15,100 --> 04:16:18,700
terrifying. 
Medieval ships were remarkably 

4732
04:16:18,700 --> 04:16:22,900
seaworthy the Norse narr. 
The primary cargo vessel of the 

4733
04:16:22,900 --> 04:16:26,300
North Atlantic. could survive 
conditions that would sink more 

4734
04:16:26,300 --> 04:16:29,300
modern ships, but they were all 
so open to the elements 

4735
04:16:29,300 --> 04:16:32,600
uncomfortable and dangerous in 
ways that modern Travelers can 

4736
04:16:32,600 --> 04:16:36,100
barely imagine Warmer water's 
meant marginally less 

4737
04:16:36,100 --> 04:16:40,400
hypothermia risk for Sailors who
never to go got soaked by spray.

4738
04:16:41,900 --> 04:16:45,100
Longer ice-free Seasons meant 
extended trading windows. 

4739
04:16:46,000 --> 04:16:50,200
Reduce storm frequency a debated
effect of the warming but 

4740
04:16:50,200 --> 04:16:53,700
suggested by some climate 
reconstructions meant fewer 

4741
04:16:53,700 --> 04:16:57,600
shipwrecks and lost Crews. 
The climatic optimism that 

4742
04:16:57,600 --> 04:17:01,000
allowed the Norse to attempt 
Greenland colonization also. 

4743
04:17:01,000 --> 04:17:03,200
Influenced exploration closer to
home. 

4744
04:17:04,000 --> 04:17:07,200
The development of permanent 
fishing stations in Iceland, the

4745
04:17:07,200 --> 04:17:10,400
expansion of seal hunting 
operations and the growth of 

4746
04:17:10,400 --> 04:17:14,400
Arctic trade in Furs and walrus 
Ivory all reflected confidence 

4747
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:16,400
that the favorable conditions 
would continue. 

4748
04:17:16,400 --> 04:17:20,000
Let's turn now from The 
Adventures of seafaring North to

4749
04:17:20,000 --> 04:17:23,800
something equally ambitious but 
more stationary extraordinary 

4750
04:17:23,800 --> 04:17:26,800
cathedral building, boom that 
swept across Europe during the 

4751
04:17:26,800 --> 04:17:29,600
medieval warm period. 
Get comfortable. 

4752
04:17:29,600 --> 04:17:33,600
We're going to spend time 
thinking about Stone faith and 

4753
04:17:33,600 --> 04:17:35,700
what it means. 
When a society has enough 

4754
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:38,700
Surplus wealth to invest in 
structures, that take 

4755
04:17:38,700 --> 04:17:42,400
generations to complete around 
the year. 1000, something 

4756
04:17:42,400 --> 04:17:44,600
remarkable began happening 
across Europe. 

4757
04:17:45,400 --> 04:17:47,900
Communities that had been making
do with modest. 

4758
04:17:47,900 --> 04:17:50,600
Wooden churches decided to 
rebuild in stone. 

4759
04:17:51,600 --> 04:17:54,700
But they didn't just replace one
building with another of similar

4760
04:17:54,700 --> 04:17:58,100
size. 
They build upward and outward, 

4761
04:17:58,100 --> 04:18:02,100
creating structures of 
unprecedented, high and 

4762
04:18:02,100 --> 04:18:05,600
ambition. 
The Romanesque and then Gothic 

4763
04:18:05,600 --> 04:18:08,100
Cathedrals that Rose during the 
medieval warm period, 

4764
04:18:08,100 --> 04:18:10,900
represented engineering 
achievements. 

4765
04:18:10,900 --> 04:18:14,800
That rivaled anything since the 
Roman Empire The Cathedral at 

4766
04:18:14,800 --> 04:18:17,700
Santiago de Compostela in Spain,
began in 1075. 

4767
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:21,000
Canterbury cathedral in England 
rebuilt. 

4768
04:18:21,000 --> 04:18:25,900
After a fire in 1174, Shark 
cathedral in France with its 

4769
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:28,600
magnificent. 
Stained glass was largely 

4770
04:18:28,600 --> 04:18:31,800
constructed between 1194 and 12 
and 20. 

4771
04:18:31,800 --> 04:18:38,200
Notre Dame de Paris started in 
1163 Cologne, Cathedral begun in

4772
04:18:38,200 --> 04:18:42,200
1248. 
These buildings and Hunters like

4773
04:18:42,200 --> 04:18:45,800
them represented, not just 
religious fervor but economic 

4774
04:18:45,800 --> 04:18:48,900
capacity. 
You don't build Cathedrals when 

4775
04:18:48,900 --> 04:18:52,300
you're worried about starving. 
Imagine the construction site of

4776
04:18:52,300 --> 04:18:57,000
a major Gothic cathedral in say 
1200, The scaffolding Rises 

4777
04:18:57,000 --> 04:19:00,800
impossibly High wooden 
structures that Sway alarmingly 

4778
04:19:00,800 --> 04:19:04,100
in the wind, but somehow support
teams of Masons working at 

4779
04:19:04,100 --> 04:19:07,200
Heights, that would make modern 
safety inspectors faint. 

4780
04:19:08,200 --> 04:19:11,600
Stonecutters shape blocks with 
hammer and chisel producing 

4781
04:19:11,600 --> 04:19:13,900
edges. 
So precise, that mortar becomes 

4782
04:19:13,900 --> 04:19:17,500
almost unnecessary. 
Carpenters, construct the 

4783
04:19:17,500 --> 04:19:20,700
complex wooden centering that 
will support Stone arches until 

4784
04:19:20,700 --> 04:19:24,100
the mortar sets. 
Glassmakers craft colored 

4785
04:19:24,100 --> 04:19:28,000
windows that transform sunlight 
into divine revelation, the 

4786
04:19:28,000 --> 04:19:30,400
organization required. 
For these projects was 

4787
04:19:30,400 --> 04:19:34,200
staggering, Quarries, had to be 
opened or expanded to provide 

4788
04:19:34,200 --> 04:19:37,700
suitable Stone. 
Transportation networks were 

4789
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:40,300
needed to move, massive blocks 
from Quarry to construction 

4790
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:43,300
site, sometimes across dozens of
miles. 

4791
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:47,900
Skilled Craftsmen Masons. 
Carpenters, Glaziers metal 

4792
04:19:47,900 --> 04:19:52,000
workers had to be recruited, 
housed and paid. 

4793
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:54,700
Raw materials from across 
Europe. 

4794
04:19:54,700 --> 04:19:59,200
Had to be acquired LED for 
roofing, iron for reinforcements

4795
04:19:59,200 --> 04:20:03,400
Gold Leaf for decoration and 
precious pigments for painting. 

4796
04:20:03,400 --> 04:20:05,700
All of this required Surplus 
wealth. 

4797
04:20:05,700 --> 04:20:08,600
On a scale that hadn't existed 
in Europe since the Roman 

4798
04:20:08,600 --> 04:20:11,600
period. 
The agricultural abundance made 

4799
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:13,500
possible by the medieval warm 
period. 

4800
04:20:13,500 --> 04:20:17,000
Created the economic conditions 
for Cathedral Construction. 

4801
04:20:17,900 --> 04:20:20,400
But the decision to actually 
build these massive structures 

4802
04:20:20,400 --> 04:20:23,800
reflected, something else. 
Confidence in the future. 

4803
04:20:23,800 --> 04:20:27,000
Think about what it means to 
start a building project that, 

4804
04:20:27,000 --> 04:20:29,000
you know, won't be finished in 
your life time. 

4805
04:20:29,000 --> 04:20:33,100
When a community broke ground on
a cathedral, they understood 

4806
04:20:33,100 --> 04:20:36,400
that their grandchildren might 
see it completed, or they great 

4807
04:20:36,400 --> 04:20:38,400
grandchildren, or possibly 
never. 

4808
04:20:39,500 --> 04:20:42,000
They were investing resources. 
That could have been spent on 

4809
04:20:42,000 --> 04:20:46,800
immediate needs better housing, 
more food, stronger defenses in 

4810
04:20:46,800 --> 04:20:49,700
favor of a permanent monument. 
That would serve Generations, 

4811
04:20:49,700 --> 04:20:52,500
not yet. 
Born, this long-term thinking 

4812
04:20:52,500 --> 04:20:56,000
was itself a luxury made 
possible by climatic stability? 

4813
04:20:57,000 --> 04:21:01,100
When harvests are unreliable and
survival uncertain, you focus on

4814
04:21:01,100 --> 04:21:04,100
immediate needs. 
When conditions are favorable 

4815
04:21:04,100 --> 04:21:07,800
and predictable, you can afford 
to think in terms of centuries 

4816
04:21:07,800 --> 04:21:10,800
rather than Seasons. 
The gothic architectural 

4817
04:21:10,800 --> 04:21:14,500
Revolution that occurred during 
this period pointed arches, 

4818
04:21:14,500 --> 04:21:17,900
flying buttresses ribbed volts, 
and all the technical 

4819
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:20,800
innovations that allowed 
buildings to soar higher and 

4820
04:21:20,800 --> 04:21:24,500
admit more light Wasn't just 
artistic development. 

4821
04:21:25,300 --> 04:21:28,400
These Innovations solved, 
practical problems of building 

4822
04:21:28,400 --> 04:21:31,400
tall stone structures, that 
didn't collapse under their own 

4823
04:21:31,400 --> 04:21:34,100
weight. 
Medieval mace and were 

4824
04:21:34,100 --> 04:21:36,000
rediscovering. 
Structural engineering 

4825
04:21:36,000 --> 04:21:40,000
principles that Romans had 
known, and that had been largely

4826
04:21:40,000 --> 04:21:42,900
forgotten during the early 
medieval period, but if you 

4827
04:21:42,900 --> 04:21:46,000
asked a medieval Master Mason, 
why his Cathedral needed to be 

4828
04:21:46,000 --> 04:21:47,800
so tall. 
He wouldn't talk about 

4829
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:50,900
engineering principles. 
He'd talk about reaching toward 

4830
04:21:50,900 --> 04:21:54,800
Heaven about creating a physical
manifestation of divine glory 

4831
04:21:54,800 --> 04:21:57,800
and about light streaming 
through stained glass, as a 

4832
04:21:57,800 --> 04:22:00,900
metaphor, for divine grace, in 
Illuminating, the human soul. 

4833
04:22:02,000 --> 04:22:05,200
The gothic cathedral was 
theology rendered in stone and 

4834
04:22:05,200 --> 04:22:07,500
glass. 
Three-dimensional, argument 

4835
04:22:07,500 --> 04:22:10,700
about the nature of God, and 
Humanities relationship to the 

4836
04:22:10,700 --> 04:22:14,500
Divine, the stained glass 
windows deserve their own moment

4837
04:22:14,500 --> 04:22:18,300
of contemplation. 
Imagine standing inside shark 

4838
04:22:18,300 --> 04:22:22,500
Cathedral as often Sun streams 
through the famous blue Windows 

4839
04:22:22,500 --> 04:22:25,400
transforming ordinary daylight 
into something. 

4840
04:22:25,400 --> 04:22:27,400
That seems to come from another 
world. 

4841
04:22:28,500 --> 04:22:31,700
Medieval people believe these 
windows served an educational 

4842
04:22:31,700 --> 04:22:34,700
purpose. 
They told biblical stories to an

4843
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:38,100
illiterate population, but they 
also created an atmosphere that 

4844
04:22:38,100 --> 04:22:41,900
felt genuinely Transcendent the 
craftsmanship involved in 

4845
04:22:41,900 --> 04:22:44,000
medieval stained glass was 
remarkable. 

4846
04:22:44,800 --> 04:22:47,900
Glassmakers had to produce 
colored glass by adding metallic

4847
04:22:47,900 --> 04:22:49,800
oxides, during the glass blowing
process. 

4848
04:22:50,800 --> 04:22:54,400
Each window required, thousands 
of individual pieces, cut to 

4849
04:22:54,400 --> 04:22:58,700
precise shapes and fitted into 
LED Kane's, then assembled in to

4850
04:22:58,700 --> 04:23:02,500
enormous, compositions, 
depicting everything, from Bible

4851
04:23:02,500 --> 04:23:06,700
stories to Saints, lives to the 
trades and professions of the 

4852
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:09,200
town. 
The major Rose Windows. 

4853
04:23:09,200 --> 04:23:12,600
Those enormous circular windows 
at the ends of transepts. 

4854
04:23:12,600 --> 04:23:15,900
Contained enough, individual 
glass pieces that cataloging 

4855
04:23:15,900 --> 04:23:19,600
them all could take weeks, the 
social organization of Cathedral

4856
04:23:19,600 --> 04:23:23,600
construction, created its own 
culture Master, Builders the 

4857
04:23:23,600 --> 04:23:26,600
medieval equivalent of 
Architects, move from Project to

4858
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:29,800
project bringing teams of 
skilled Masons with them. 

4859
04:23:30,600 --> 04:23:34,600
These Master Builders often sign
their work surviving Cathedral 

4860
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:36,700
designs show. 
Remarkably detailed 

4861
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:40,100
architectural drawings. 
That demonstrates sophisticated 

4862
04:23:40,100 --> 04:23:43,300
understanding of geometry. 
And structural mechanics, the 

4863
04:23:43,300 --> 04:23:46,000
workshops attached to Major 
Cathedrals became centers of 

4864
04:23:46,000 --> 04:23:48,600
craft training, where skills 
were passed from Master to 

4865
04:23:48,600 --> 04:23:51,700
Apprentice. 
A young man hoping to become a 

4866
04:23:51,700 --> 04:23:55,400
stone Mason might spend Years, 
Learning the trade, starting 

4867
04:23:55,400 --> 04:23:59,500
with simple tasks like mixing 
mortar and gradually advancing 

4868
04:23:59,500 --> 04:24:03,300
to more complex work. 
The lodge the workshop, building

4869
04:24:03,300 --> 04:24:06,600
attached to the construction 
site developed its own culture 

4870
04:24:06,600 --> 04:24:11,000
customs and even primitive Union
like organization's. 

4871
04:24:11,600 --> 04:24:15,100
Cathedral construction created 
demand for specialized trades 

4872
04:24:15,100 --> 04:24:19,400
beyond the core building crafts.
Sculptors decorated for SARS 

4873
04:24:19,400 --> 04:24:21,500
with Biblical scenes and 
grotesque figures. 

4874
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:25,700
Painters created enormous 
frescoes on interior walls, 

4875
04:24:25,700 --> 04:24:29,200
metal workers produced 
decorative iron work for doors 

4876
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:32,500
and windows woodcarvers crafted 
choir stalls. 

4877
04:24:32,500 --> 04:24:36,600
Rude screens and elaborate 
altarpieces each Cathedral 

4878
04:24:36,600 --> 04:24:39,900
became a focus point for every 
artistic trade in medieval 

4879
04:24:39,900 --> 04:24:43,600
Europe, the economic impact of a
major Theodore project on its 

4880
04:24:43,600 --> 04:24:45,300
surrounding region was 
substantial. 

4881
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:50,000
Construction might employ 100 of
workers directly while secondary

4882
04:24:50,000 --> 04:24:53,800
effects, feeding workers, 
housing them providing 

4883
04:24:53,800 --> 04:24:56,500
materials, supported hundreds 
more. 

4884
04:24:57,400 --> 04:25:00,400
Towns with major Cathedral 
projects, effectively had a 

4885
04:25:00,408 --> 04:25:03,400
permanent job's program that 
could last for Generations, 

4886
04:25:03,400 --> 04:25:07,100
providing employment and 
circulating money through the 

4887
04:25:07,100 --> 04:25:09,700
local economy. 
Monasteries and Abbeys went 

4888
04:25:09,700 --> 04:25:11,700
through similar building booms 
during this period. 

4889
04:25:12,600 --> 04:25:16,100
The sister National order 
founded in 1098 established 

4890
04:25:16,100 --> 04:25:19,800
hundreds of Abyss Europe during 
the 12th and 13th centuries. 

4891
04:25:20,700 --> 04:25:23,300
These monasteries were just 
religious centers, but 

4892
04:25:23,300 --> 04:25:26,800
agricultural, innovators, who 
applied systematic, thinking to 

4893
04:25:26,800 --> 04:25:30,300
farming, livestock, breeding, 
and Land Management. 

4894
04:25:31,400 --> 04:25:33,900
System. 
Abby's often sat in remote, 

4895
04:25:33,900 --> 04:25:37,200
valleys where the monks had 
cleared forest and drained 

4896
04:25:37,200 --> 04:25:39,900
Wetlands. 
Creating productive, Farmland 

4897
04:25:39,900 --> 04:25:43,000
through organized, labor, and 
Engineering, the architectural 

4898
04:25:43,000 --> 04:25:48,300
style developed by the sister of
austere, elegant, emphasizing 

4899
04:25:48,300 --> 04:25:52,600
proportion, and light, rather 
than decoration, created some of

4900
04:25:52,608 --> 04:25:54,500
the periods. 
Most beautiful buildings. 

4901
04:25:55,300 --> 04:25:59,600
Fountains Abbey and Yorkshire 
Fontaine Abbey in France, and 

4902
04:25:59,600 --> 04:26:03,400
probably Abbey in Spain, these 
structures combined spiritual 

4903
04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:06,900
Purpose, with practical design 
in ways that still impress 

4904
04:26:06,900 --> 04:26:09,700
visitors today as you drift 
towards sleep. 

4905
04:26:09,700 --> 04:26:13,500
Consider the ambition, it took 
to build the structures medieval

4906
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:17,200
people lacked, power tools, 
still reinforcement, modern 

4907
04:26:17,200 --> 04:26:21,500
cranes, or computer-aided 
design, What they had was time, 

4908
04:26:21,500 --> 04:26:26,700
skill faith and the economic 
surplus created by a climate 

4909
04:26:26,700 --> 04:26:29,900
that had decided for a few 
centuries to be unusually 

4910
04:26:29,900 --> 04:26:32,100
Cooperative. 
Let's spend some time. 

4911
04:26:32,100 --> 04:26:35,000
Now in the medieval Countryside,
during what we might call, its 

4912
04:26:35,000 --> 04:26:38,600
golden age, those decades, in 
the middle of the medieval warm 

4913
04:26:38,600 --> 04:26:41,900
period when the benefits were 
clearest and the eventual 

4914
04:26:41,900 --> 04:26:44,200
ending, still felt impossibly 
distant. 

4915
04:26:45,200 --> 04:26:48,500
Find that perfect spot in your 
blankets and imagine your 

4916
04:26:48,500 --> 04:26:52,700
experience, a full year in 
rural, Medieval Europe, watching

4917
04:26:52,700 --> 04:26:55,100
the seasons. 
Turn in a world where nature 

4918
04:26:55,100 --> 04:26:58,700
seemed more generous than usual,
spring arrives in early March 

4919
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:00,700
early than your grandparents 
from remembered. 

4920
04:27:01,500 --> 04:27:05,000
The last snow melts quickly, 
leaving Fields muddy but ready 

4921
04:27:05,000 --> 04:27:07,900
for plowing. 
You'd see teams of oxen or 

4922
04:27:07,900 --> 04:27:11,500
horses, pulling plows, through 
heavy, soil opening, furrows, 

4923
04:27:11,500 --> 04:27:13,000
that will receive this year's 
crop. 

4924
04:27:14,200 --> 04:27:18,100
The plow team is the most 
valuable asset of Village owns a

4925
04:27:18,100 --> 04:27:21,700
toxin working together. 
Guided by an experienced Plowman

4926
04:27:21,700 --> 04:27:25,100
who can keep his Furrow straight
by eyeballing landmarks in the 

4927
04:27:25,100 --> 04:27:28,200
distance. 
The plowing takes weeks and 

4928
04:27:28,200 --> 04:27:30,100
everyone has opinions about how 
it's going. 

4929
04:27:30,900 --> 04:27:34,300
Some fields are being opened for
the first time former Forest, 

4930
04:27:34,300 --> 04:27:37,200
that was cleared during the 
winter and now needs to be 

4931
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:40,700
brought into cultivation. 
Other fields are returning to 

4932
04:27:40,700 --> 04:27:44,400
service after a year line 
fallow, you can see how the soil

4933
04:27:44,400 --> 04:27:48,200
is recovered. thick with 
earthworms and surprisingly, 

4934
04:27:48,200 --> 04:27:52,600
friable despite its clay 
content, once plowing finishes 

4935
04:27:52,600 --> 04:27:57,000
planting begins, Spring wheat or
barley goes into the ground. 

4936
04:27:57,000 --> 04:28:02,100
Each seed pressed into the soil 
by hand or broadcast the field, 

4937
04:28:02,100 --> 04:28:05,700
in that ancient motion that 
farmers of use since agriculture

4938
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:09,000
was invented. 
Children followed the sewers 

4939
04:28:09,000 --> 04:28:12,800
using sticks to cover seeds with
soil simultaneously. 

4940
04:28:12,800 --> 04:28:15,700
Protecting them from birds and 
giving them better contact with 

4941
04:28:15,700 --> 04:28:18,700
the Earth. 
It's tedious work and your back 

4942
04:28:18,700 --> 04:28:21,300
would ache from the constant 
bending that they're 

4943
04:28:21,300 --> 04:28:24,200
satisfaction in seeing the neat 
rows, taking shape across the 

4944
04:28:24,200 --> 04:28:26,600
field between planting and 
harvest. 

4945
04:28:26,600 --> 04:28:31,000
There's constant work. 
Weeding monitoring for pests 

4946
04:28:31,000 --> 04:28:33,800
repairing fences to keep 
livestock from trampling. 

4947
04:28:33,800 --> 04:28:36,800
The crops and maintaining 
drainage ditches to prevent 

4948
04:28:36,800 --> 04:28:39,300
water. 
Logging medieval farming was 

4949
04:28:39,300 --> 04:28:42,200
labor-intensive in ways that 
modern agriculture hasn't been 

4950
04:28:42,200 --> 04:28:45,900
for centuries, but there are 
also moments of relative Leisure

4951
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:49,000
times when the crops simply 
needs to grow and there's 

4952
04:28:49,000 --> 04:28:52,700
nothing to do but wait and Hope 
Summer brings the hay Harvest 

4953
04:28:52,700 --> 04:28:54,800
one of the years. 
Crucial tasks. 

4954
04:28:54,800 --> 04:28:58,500
Hey provides winter, fodder for 
livestock and the amount you can

4955
04:28:58,500 --> 04:29:00,900
store determines. 
How many animals will survive 

4956
04:29:00,900 --> 04:29:04,100
until spring? 
You'd see entire villages in The

4957
04:29:04,100 --> 04:29:07,700
Meadows, cutting grass, with 
scythes and synchronized Rose, 

4958
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:12,100
turning, the cut hated dry, then
Gathering it into Haystacks that

4959
04:29:12,100 --> 04:29:15,800
Tower over the workers like 
rustic monuments to agricultural

4960
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:18,100
effort. 
The rhythm of sighing is almost 

4961
04:29:18,100 --> 04:29:21,900
hypnotic the long sweep of the 
blade through grass, the step 

4962
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:26,000
forward, the next sweep 
experience, mowers can work for 

4963
04:29:26,000 --> 04:29:28,500
hours with barely appalls, their
movement. 

4964
04:29:28,500 --> 04:29:32,700
So practiced they seem 
effortless, Behind them, come 

4965
04:29:32,700 --> 04:29:36,000
the women, and children, rake in
the cut grass into windrows, 

4966
04:29:36,000 --> 04:29:40,000
then turning it regularly. 
So all sides dry evenly. 

4967
04:29:41,100 --> 04:29:43,900
If rain threatens before, the 
hay is completely dry. 

4968
04:29:43,900 --> 04:29:48,100
There's a frantic scramble to 
get it undercover because wet, 

4969
04:29:48,100 --> 04:29:51,400
hay can mold or even 
spontaneously combust in the 

4970
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:54,300
stack, the extended growing 
seasons of the medieval. 

4971
04:29:54,300 --> 04:29:57,400
Warm period meant hey, Harvest 
for more abundant than in 

4972
04:29:57,400 --> 04:30:00,400
previous centuries. 
Meadows, that once yielded one 

4973
04:30:00,400 --> 04:30:03,900
cutting per summer. 
Now produced two, sometimes even

4974
04:30:03,900 --> 04:30:08,300
a third late season Harvest. 
this Surplus hey meant Villages 

4975
04:30:08,300 --> 04:30:11,800
could support, larger herds, 
which meant more milk, more meat

4976
04:30:11,800 --> 04:30:16,000
and more rocks and for plowing 
it was another of those virtuous

4977
04:30:16,000 --> 04:30:19,200
Cycles where better conditions 
created opportunities that 

4978
04:30:19,200 --> 04:30:22,400
reinforced the benefits High 
summer, settles over the 

4979
04:30:22,400 --> 04:30:26,500
countryside, like a warm blanket
The grain crops are growing tall

4980
04:30:26,500 --> 04:30:30,008
now transforming Fields into 
Seas of green that Ripple in the

4981
04:30:30,016 --> 04:30:34,200
breeze. barley and oats head out
first, their bearded tops 

4982
04:30:34,200 --> 04:30:38,400
catching the sunlight, wheat 
follows, later, it seed, heads 

4983
04:30:38,400 --> 04:30:42,600
heavy with developing grain 
Walking past these fields you'd 

4984
04:30:42,600 --> 04:30:46,300
hear the constant Whisper Of 
Wind Through storks punctuated 

4985
04:30:46,300 --> 04:30:49,100
by Birdsong and the distant 
sounds of village life. 

4986
04:30:49,100 --> 04:30:53,400
This is the season of relative 
Plenty when Gordon's a producing

4987
04:30:53,400 --> 04:30:57,700
vegetables and everyone's diet 
improves Fresh peas and beans 

4988
04:30:57,700 --> 04:31:00,800
appear on tables. 
Onions and garlic are pulled as 

4989
04:31:00,800 --> 04:31:03,600
needed. 
Herbs grow thick in every doyard

4990
04:31:03,600 --> 04:31:07,500
garden, sage and Thyme and 
rosemary, used for both cooking 

4991
04:31:07,500 --> 04:31:10,600
and basic medicine. 
The Village might have a few 

4992
04:31:10,600 --> 04:31:14,000
beehives humming with activity 
as bees work, the wildflowers in

4993
04:31:14,000 --> 04:31:16,400
The Meadows. 
Livestock are out on pasture 

4994
04:31:16,400 --> 04:31:19,700
supervised by Shepherds or cow 
herds who spent a long days in 

4995
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:23,300
the fields with their charges. 
Its lonely work but not 

4996
04:31:23,300 --> 04:31:26,600
unpleasant during good weather. 
You might see a young Shepherd 

4997
04:31:26,600 --> 04:31:28,400
sitting on a hillside with his 
sheep. 

4998
04:31:28,400 --> 04:31:32,000
Scattered across the slope. 
Practicing his carving on a 

4999
04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:35,800
piece of wood or simply watching
clouds drift across, remarkably 

5000
04:31:35,800 --> 04:31:38,500
blue skies. 
August brings the grain harvest.

5001
04:31:38,500 --> 04:31:41,600
The years to finding event. 
This is where everything comes 

5002
04:31:41,600 --> 04:31:44,900
down to whether and timing 
Harvest two early in the grain 

5003
04:31:44,900 --> 04:31:48,200
hasn't fully ripened Harvest, 
too late and a storm might 

5004
04:31:48,200 --> 04:31:51,000
flatten the crop or rain might 
ruin it in the field. 

5005
04:31:52,400 --> 04:31:55,900
Medieval Farmers had to judge 
the perfect moment by experience

5006
04:31:55,900 --> 04:32:00,200
and Instinct reading signs in 
the wheat heads and watching the

5007
04:32:00,200 --> 04:32:03,300
sky with the intense of 
meteorologists who knew their 

5008
04:32:03,308 --> 04:32:06,600
lives depended on getting the 
Four cast, right when the 

5009
04:32:06,600 --> 04:32:08,700
Harvest begins. 
It consumes the entire 

5010
04:32:08,700 --> 04:32:13,200
Community, everyone who can 
work, does men cutting the grain

5011
04:32:13,200 --> 04:32:17,300
with sickles or sighs women 
binding the cut stalks into 

5012
04:32:17,300 --> 04:32:20,700
sheaves and children Gathering 
the sheaves in, to shocks to 

5013
04:32:20,708 --> 04:32:25,600
dry. the work continues from 
dawn to dusk and sometimes 

5014
04:32:25,600 --> 04:32:30,000
Beyond when Moonlight allows 
There's a desperate urgency to 

5015
04:32:30,000 --> 04:32:33,600
get the crop safely gathered 
before weather or accident can 

5016
04:32:33,600 --> 04:32:36,000
destroy months of agricultural 
labor. 

5017
04:32:36,000 --> 04:32:38,400
The sound of harvest is 
distinctive. 

5018
04:32:38,400 --> 04:32:42,800
The swish of blades through 
stalks the rustle of grain being

5019
04:32:42,800 --> 04:32:45,200
bound. 
And the rhythmic thump as 

5020
04:32:45,200 --> 04:32:47,300
sheaves are set up right into 
shocks. 

5021
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:51,200
People call to each other across
the field coordinating, work 

5022
04:32:51,200 --> 04:32:54,800
warning about obstacles and 
maintaining the social cohesion 

5023
04:32:54,800 --> 04:32:57,500
that makes group labor possible.
Songs. 

5024
04:32:57,500 --> 04:33:00,700
Help paste the work and someone 
usually knows dozens of verses 

5025
04:33:00,700 --> 04:33:04,000
about harvesting some ancient 
and some improvised for the 

5026
04:33:04,000 --> 04:33:06,500
occasion. 
Once the grain is cut and shot, 

5027
04:33:06,500 --> 04:33:10,300
it needs to be transported to 
the village and stored in Barnes

5028
04:33:10,300 --> 04:33:13,400
until threshing can begin. 
This is where you'd see the 

5029
04:33:13,400 --> 04:33:17,900
Harvest carts, sturdy, wooden 
Vehicles, pulled by oxen loaded,

5030
04:33:17,900 --> 04:33:20,900
so heavily with sheaves that 
they seem impossible to move. 

5031
04:33:22,099 --> 04:33:24,500
Trip from field to Barn is slow 
and careful. 

5032
04:33:24,500 --> 04:33:27,900
Because losing a cartload of 
grain to an overturned wagon. 

5033
04:33:27,900 --> 04:33:31,400
Would be a minor disaster 
threshing begins after harvest 

5034
04:33:31,400 --> 04:33:34,500
finishes and it continues 
through Autumn and into winter 

5035
04:33:34,500 --> 04:33:38,200
whenever weather permits. 
Sheaves are on a prepared 

5036
04:33:38,200 --> 04:33:41,400
threshing floor, usually just 
beaten Earth in a barn or 

5037
04:33:41,400 --> 04:33:45,000
Courtyard and beaten with flails
to separate grain from chaff. 

5038
04:33:45,599 --> 04:33:50,000
It's exhausting repetitive work 
that produces clouds of dust and

5039
04:33:50,000 --> 04:33:53,500
leaves everyone coughing. 
The rhythmic sound of flail 

5040
04:33:53,500 --> 04:33:57,000
striking grain provides the 
soundtrack for autumn in every 

5041
04:33:57,000 --> 04:34:00,200
medieval village. 
After threshing comes winnowing 

5042
04:34:00,200 --> 04:34:03,000
where workers tossed. 
The threshed grain into the air,

5043
04:34:03,000 --> 04:34:06,099
so wind can carry away. 
The lighter chaff while heavier 

5044
04:34:06,099 --> 04:34:10,099
grain, kernels fall back down. 
It requires a certain act to get

5045
04:34:10,108 --> 04:34:12,900
the tossing motion, right? 
And it only works when there's 

5046
04:34:12,900 --> 04:34:15,400
enough Breeze, but not so much 
that you lose grain. 

5047
04:34:16,300 --> 04:34:19,300
What watching skilled Winner's 
at work, has its own aesthetic. 

5048
04:34:19,300 --> 04:34:23,099
The graceful Arc of grain 
through the air, the shower of 

5049
04:34:23,108 --> 04:34:27,300
chaff drifting downwind and the 
steady accumulation of clean 

5050
04:34:27,300 --> 04:34:31,900
grain in baskets, Autumn is also
time for the pig, slaughter, one

5051
04:34:31,900 --> 04:34:35,900
of the year's major events Pigs,
which have spent the summer 

5052
04:34:35,900 --> 04:34:38,599
growing fat on food, scraps, and
forests mastered. 

5053
04:34:38,599 --> 04:34:40,900
A killed and butchered in a 
process. 

5054
04:34:40,900 --> 04:34:44,000
That transforms them into the 
preserved meat that will sustain

5055
04:34:44,000 --> 04:34:48,000
families through winter. 
Everything from a pig is used. 

5056
04:34:48,000 --> 04:34:52,599
The meat is salted or smoked, 
the fat is rendered into lard. 

5057
04:34:52,599 --> 04:34:56,900
The blood is made into sausages,
the intestines become sausage 

5058
04:34:56,900 --> 04:35:00,700
casings and even the head is 
boiled for Braun, the work of 

5059
04:35:00,700 --> 04:35:03,000
butchering and preserving is 
skilled and communal. 

5060
04:35:03,800 --> 04:35:06,099
Families. 
Help each other knowing their 

5061
04:35:06,099 --> 04:35:08,200
turn will come and they'll 
receive the same assistance. 

5062
04:35:09,000 --> 04:35:12,700
Smell of smoking meat, hangs 
over villages in, Autumn a 

5063
04:35:12,700 --> 04:35:15,700
scent, that means security. 
You have food stored for the 

5064
04:35:15,700 --> 04:35:19,000
lean months ahead, late Autumn 
brings different tasks. 

5065
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:22,500
Root vegetables are harvested 
and stored in cool Cellars 

5066
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:26,400
apples are picked and pressed 
for cider or stored in straw 

5067
04:35:26,400 --> 04:35:29,400
lined boxes where they might 
last until spring. 

5068
04:35:30,599 --> 04:35:34,500
The last grazing is finished and
livestock are brought into barns

5069
04:35:34,500 --> 04:35:37,900
or closer pastures where they 
can be monitored during winter. 

5070
04:35:39,099 --> 04:35:42,000
Firewood cut during the summer. 
Needs to be split and stacked 

5071
04:35:42,000 --> 04:35:46,900
close to houses where it will. 
Stay relatively dry winter in 

5072
04:35:46,900 --> 04:35:50,000
the medieval warm period, was 
milder than in centuries before 

5073
04:35:50,000 --> 04:35:52,099
or after, but it was still 
winter. 

5074
04:35:53,000 --> 04:35:57,200
You'd see less outdoor work and 
more indoor tasks, weaving tool,

5075
04:35:57,200 --> 04:36:00,099
maintenance food, preparation 
and craft work. 

5076
04:36:01,000 --> 04:36:04,599
This is when the social life of 
villages turned inward when 

5077
04:36:04,599 --> 04:36:07,700
people gathered in the relative 
warmth of halls or large House's

5078
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:12,099
and when storytelling and music 
passed the dark evening's, the 

5079
04:36:12,099 --> 04:36:14,000
Christmas season brought its own
Traditions. 

5080
04:36:14,000 --> 04:36:17,599
The Yule Log carefully selected 
and brought to the half with 

5081
04:36:17,599 --> 04:36:20,700
ceremony. 
Special Foods were saved for the

5082
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:24,200
celebration, perhaps a goose or 
even beef if the Harvest had 

5083
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:27,099
been good. 
Evergreen decorations to remind 

5084
04:36:27,099 --> 04:36:30,099
people, that life persists, even
in the darkest season. 

5085
04:36:31,000 --> 04:36:34,400
Mystery plays performed by 
Village amateurs retelling 

5086
04:36:34,400 --> 04:36:38,500
biblical stories with enthusiasm
that compensated for any lack of

5087
04:36:38,508 --> 04:36:41,500
professional polish. 
Throughout all these Seasons, 

5088
04:36:41,500 --> 04:36:44,300
you'd notice the background 
presence of the church marking 

5089
04:36:44,300 --> 04:36:47,200
sacred time alongside 
agricultural time. 

5090
04:36:48,000 --> 04:36:51,700
Saints days, provided regular 
interruptions to work, creating 

5091
04:36:51,700 --> 04:36:55,000
a rhythm of feast and fasting 
that structured the year 

5092
04:36:55,000 --> 04:36:58,800
religiously and socially. 
The liturgical calendar told 

5093
04:36:58,800 --> 04:37:02,300
medieval people where they stood
in Salvation history, even as 

5094
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:05,000
the agricultural calendar told 
him where they stood in the 

5095
04:37:05,008 --> 04:37:08,599
annual cycle of planting and 
harvest, the medieval warm 

5096
04:37:08,599 --> 04:37:11,300
period, didn't eliminate the 
hardships of Rural Life. 

5097
04:37:12,099 --> 04:37:15,800
People still worked incredibly 
hard, still faced dangers from 

5098
04:37:15,800 --> 04:37:19,599
disease and accident, and still 
lived within narrow social and 

5099
04:37:19,599 --> 04:37:23,099
economic constraints. but it 
softened, some of the harshness,

5100
04:37:23,900 --> 04:37:27,700
Harvest were more reliable. 
Winters were less brutal, and 

5101
04:37:27,700 --> 04:37:30,700
the margin between sufficiently 
and starvation wide. 

5102
04:37:30,700 --> 04:37:34,000
And just enough to make life 
feel less desperate in the 

5103
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:36,800
evening's. 
When work finally finished, you 

5104
04:37:36,800 --> 04:37:39,500
might see people sitting outside
their Cottages during the long 

5105
04:37:39,500 --> 04:37:42,700
summer Twilights. 
Simply enjoying the warmth and 

5106
04:37:42,700 --> 04:37:46,800
the relative prosperity Children
play games that have been passed

5107
04:37:46,800 --> 04:37:50,900
down through generations. 
Adults repair, tools or spin 

5108
04:37:50,900 --> 04:37:53,000
thread. 
The kind of light work that can 

5109
04:37:53,000 --> 04:37:56,099
be done while socializing 
Someone might have a simple 

5110
04:37:56,099 --> 04:38:00,300
instrument, a pipe or a small 
drum and provide music for 

5111
04:38:00,300 --> 04:38:03,500
impromptu dancing. 
These moments of leisure these 

5112
04:38:03,500 --> 04:38:07,300
spaces where life was about more
than mere survival with a real 

5113
04:38:07,300 --> 04:38:09,099
gift of the medieval warm 
period. 

5114
04:38:10,099 --> 04:38:11,800
The climate didn't just provide 
food. 

5115
04:38:11,800 --> 04:38:17,000
It provided time, energy, and 
psychological space for medieval

5116
04:38:17,000 --> 04:38:19,800
Europeans to build something 
Beyond subsistence. 

5117
04:38:20,599 --> 04:38:23,900
The cathedrals and Market towns 
and manuscripts, all flowed from

5118
04:38:23,900 --> 04:38:27,700
this fundamental surplus of 
resources and confidence as you 

5119
04:38:27,700 --> 04:38:29,400
settle. 
Even deeper into Comfort 

5120
04:38:29,400 --> 04:38:31,599
preparing for the final stage of
sleep. 

5121
04:38:31,599 --> 04:38:35,800
Let's Quantum plate. 
Something more melancholic, How 

5122
04:38:35,800 --> 04:38:39,800
the medieval warm period ended, 
and what its fading can teach us

5123
04:38:39,800 --> 04:38:44,000
about climate, resilience and 
the fragility of even seemingly 

5124
04:38:44,000 --> 04:38:46,700
stable conditions, the end of 
the medieval. 

5125
04:38:46,700 --> 04:38:50,700
Warm period wasn't dramatic, or 
sudden there was no catastrophic

5126
04:38:50,700 --> 04:38:53,200
event. 
No, volcanic eruption or meteor 

5127
04:38:53,200 --> 04:38:55,300
impact that clearly marked 
transition. 

5128
04:38:56,099 --> 04:39:01,099
Instead around 1300 temperatures
began to gradually decline. 

5129
04:39:01,800 --> 04:39:06,200
Growing Seasons shortened year 
by year so incrementally that no

5130
04:39:06,200 --> 04:39:08,700
single year. 
Felt definitively different from

5131
04:39:08,700 --> 04:39:11,500
the one before. 
Imagine being a farmer in the 

5132
04:39:11,500 --> 04:39:15,400
year 1310 noticing that the last
frost came a bit earlier this 

5133
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:19,000
Autumn than usual, then the next
year spring seemed to arrive 

5134
04:39:19,000 --> 04:39:21,300
late. 
Then a summer, that was 

5135
04:39:21,300 --> 04:39:22,300
unusually. 
Cool. 

5136
04:39:22,300 --> 04:39:25,608
And wet with rain at Harvest 
Time that ruined part of the 

5137
04:39:25,616 --> 04:39:27,700
crop. 
Individually. 

5138
04:39:27,700 --> 04:39:30,099
These were just weather 
variations of the sort that 

5139
04:39:30,099 --> 04:39:34,000
every Agricultural Society 
experience is. but they were 

5140
04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:37,200
accumulating into a pattern that
would eventually be recognized 

5141
04:39:37,200 --> 04:39:40,900
as the onset of what historians 
called the little Ice Age, the 

5142
04:39:40,900 --> 04:39:45,200
Norse colonies in Greenland, the
changes most acutely, those 

5143
04:39:45,200 --> 04:39:47,900
settlements that had Thrive for 
three centuries, found their 

5144
04:39:47,900 --> 04:39:51,200
growing Seasons, becoming 
shorter, their pastures less 

5145
04:39:51,200 --> 04:39:54,500
productive and their hunting 
territory shrinking as ice 

5146
04:39:54,500 --> 04:39:58,000
returned The last definite 
record of the Greenland 

5147
04:39:58,000 --> 04:40:01,900
settlements dates to the early 
1400s after, which they simply 

5148
04:40:01,900 --> 04:40:05,400
vanished from history. 
Whether the inhabitants died 

5149
04:40:05,400 --> 04:40:09,400
were evacuated or a simile to 
the Inuit people who had moved 

5150
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:12,700
into the territory. 
Remains uncertain, the fate of 

5151
04:40:12,700 --> 04:40:15,300
these Greenland is offers a 
sobering lesson about the 

5152
04:40:15,300 --> 04:40:17,400
relationship between climate and
settlement. 

5153
04:40:18,200 --> 04:40:21,700
The North greenlanders had built
an entire Society based on 

5154
04:40:21,708 --> 04:40:25,300
conditions that turned out to be
temporary, their Farms, their 

5155
04:40:25,300 --> 04:40:28,600
churches, and their way of life,
all depended on a climatic 

5156
04:40:28,600 --> 04:40:33,000
window that gradually closed. 
When conditions changed, they 

5157
04:40:33,000 --> 04:40:36,800
lack the flexibility to adapt. 
They couldn't transform their 

5158
04:40:36,800 --> 04:40:39,600
agricultural settlements into 
hunting societies, like the 

5159
04:40:39,600 --> 04:40:43,500
Inuit couldn't abandon their 
livestock based economy and 

5160
04:40:43,500 --> 04:40:45,900
couldn't or wouldn't change the 
fundamental patterns. 

5161
04:40:45,900 --> 04:40:49,300
That had worked for Generations 
archaeological evidence from the

5162
04:40:49,308 --> 04:40:50,900
abandoned. 
Greenland settlements is 

5163
04:40:50,900 --> 04:40:54,500
haunting the last inhabitants 
are eaten their dogs and cattle 

5164
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:58,300
suggesting desperate hunger. 
But they hadn't adopted Inuit 

5165
04:40:58,300 --> 04:41:02,000
hunting techniques or Diet. 
Even as those indigenous people 

5166
04:41:02,000 --> 04:41:06,200
thrived in the same environment 
cultural identity, it seems can 

5167
04:41:06,200 --> 04:41:09,900
be both the source of resilience
and a fatal limitation back in 

5168
04:41:09,900 --> 04:41:11,800
Europe, the cooling climate 
created. 

5169
04:41:11,800 --> 04:41:14,800
Stresses that contributed to 
what historian sometimes called,

5170
04:41:14,800 --> 04:41:19,300
the crisis of the late Middle 
Ages, The Great Famine of 1315, 

5171
04:41:19,300 --> 04:41:23,800
struck a population that had 
grown to level sustainable only 

5172
04:41:23,800 --> 04:41:25,800
during optimal climate 
conditions. 

5173
04:41:26,700 --> 04:41:30,300
Three years of cold wet weather,
ruined Harvest across, northern 

5174
04:41:30,300 --> 04:41:34,700
Europe, and millions died of 
starvation or diseases, that 

5175
04:41:34,700 --> 04:41:38,500
thrive when populations are 
weakened by malnutrition the 

5176
04:41:38,500 --> 04:41:42,500
Black Death arriving. 
In 1347 found a European 

5177
04:41:42,500 --> 04:41:46,700
population already stressed by 
Decades of deteriorating climate

5178
04:41:46,700 --> 04:41:50,300
and periodic food, shortages, 
Where the climate change 

5179
04:41:50,300 --> 04:41:53,700
directly contributed to the 
plague spread remains debated. 

5180
04:41:53,700 --> 04:41:57,300
But there's no question that the
warming periods end had weakened

5181
04:41:57,300 --> 04:42:00,300
medieval Europe's resilience to 
catastrophe yet. 

5182
04:42:00,300 --> 04:42:03,700
The story isn't simply one of 
decline, medieval Europeans, 

5183
04:42:03,700 --> 04:42:07,500
proved remarkably adaptive in 
many ways, agricultural 

5184
04:42:07,500 --> 04:42:10,300
practices evolved to suit 
shorter growing Seasons. 

5185
04:42:10,300 --> 04:42:13,700
Communities. 
Diversify their crops relying 

5186
04:42:13,700 --> 04:42:16,600
Less on wheat, and more on Hardy
a grains. 

5187
04:42:17,400 --> 04:42:20,700
Fishing became more important to
coastal regions where farming 

5188
04:42:20,700 --> 04:42:24,200
became marginal. 
Trade networks, adjusted to new 

5189
04:42:24,200 --> 04:42:28,200
realities the cathedral building
boom slowed, but didn't entirely

5190
04:42:28,200 --> 04:42:31,200
stopped some projects. 
Were completed even as 

5191
04:42:31,200 --> 04:42:32,900
conditions. 
Deteriorated. 

5192
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:38,000
Estimate institutional momentum 
and the importance people placed

5193
04:42:38,000 --> 04:42:41,600
on these structures. 
Other Cathedrals remained 

5194
04:42:41,600 --> 04:42:44,500
unfinished for centuries. 
They are in complete Towers 

5195
04:42:44,500 --> 04:42:47,300
standing as monuments to 
interrupted ambition. 

5196
04:42:47,300 --> 04:42:50,700
The end of the medieval, warm 
period reminds us that climate 

5197
04:42:50,700 --> 04:42:54,300
isn't a static backdrop to human
history, but an active force. 

5198
04:42:54,300 --> 04:42:58,600
That shapes what's possible and 
what's difficult Those one or 

5199
04:42:58,600 --> 04:43:01,200
two degrees of warming that 
characterized the medieval warm 

5200
04:43:01,200 --> 04:43:04,700
period had allowed European 
civilization to expand and 

5201
04:43:04,700 --> 04:43:07,100
flourish. 
The return to cooler 

5202
04:43:07,100 --> 04:43:10,400
temperatures constrain that 
expansion and forced adaptation.

5203
04:43:10,400 --> 04:43:14,000
Modern climate science, gives us
tools that medieval people 

5204
04:43:14,000 --> 04:43:16,200
lacked. 
We can measure temperature 

5205
04:43:16,200 --> 04:43:20,300
changes, precisely model, 
climate systems and predict 

5206
04:43:20,300 --> 04:43:22,400
future Trends with reasonable 
accuracy. 

5207
04:43:23,700 --> 04:43:27,000
We know that the medieval warm 
period was primarily a regional 

5208
04:43:27,000 --> 04:43:30,400
phenomenon, it affected Europe 
in the North Atlantic strongly, 

5209
04:43:30,400 --> 04:43:33,400
but other parts of the world 
experience, different patterns. 

5210
04:43:33,400 --> 04:43:37,800
We understand that it was driven
by natural variations in solar 

5211
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:41,900
output and ocean circulation not
by any human activity. 

5212
04:43:41,900 --> 04:43:44,900
But we also know that our 
current warming is different 

5213
04:43:44,900 --> 04:43:48,500
faster. 
More Global and driven by human 

5214
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:51,500
greenhouse gas emissions rather 
than natural cycles. 

5215
04:43:52,300 --> 04:43:56,400
The medieval warm period offers 
both hope and warning hope 

5216
04:43:56,400 --> 04:43:59,400
because it shows that societies 
can Thrive during warming 

5217
04:43:59,400 --> 04:44:03,000
periods and adapt to climate 
changes and warning because it 

5218
04:44:03,000 --> 04:44:06,500
demonstrates the populations and
economies built for one climate 

5219
04:44:06,500 --> 04:44:08,700
regime can face serious. 
Disruption. 

5220
04:44:08,700 --> 04:44:12,700
When conditions shift the 
medieval experience suggests 

5221
04:44:12,700 --> 04:44:15,700
that climate change creates 
winners and losers and that the 

5222
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:17,800
impacts are never evenly 
distributed. 

5223
04:44:18,700 --> 04:44:21,600
The Norse benefited enormously 
from warming. 

5224
04:44:21,600 --> 04:44:24,900
That open the North Atlantic 
while other regions experience 

5225
04:44:24,900 --> 04:44:28,600
different effects. 
When cooling returned those same

5226
04:44:28,600 --> 04:44:30,900
nor settlements that had 
flourished during warm 

5227
04:44:30,900 --> 04:44:34,400
centuries, were among the first 
casualties perhaps, the deepest 

5228
04:44:34,400 --> 04:44:37,900
lesson is about the human 
tendency to assume that current 

5229
04:44:37,900 --> 04:44:39,700
conditions will persist 
indefinitely. 

5230
04:44:41,200 --> 04:44:44,600
Medieval Europeans who planted 
Vineyards in England or 

5231
04:44:44,600 --> 04:44:47,500
established farms in Greenland 
weren't being naive. 

5232
04:44:47,500 --> 04:44:51,300
They were responding rationally 
to conditions that had persisted

5233
04:44:51,300 --> 04:44:54,800
for Generations, but those 
Generations were a blinking, 

5234
04:44:54,800 --> 04:44:59,100
climatic terms a temporary 
window that felt permanent only 

5235
04:44:59,100 --> 04:45:02,700
because human lifespans are so 
brief as you drift towards 

5236
04:45:02,700 --> 04:45:04,900
sleep. 
Consider how the medieval warm 

5237
04:45:04,900 --> 04:45:08,700
period changed everything for 
medieval Europeans without the 

5238
04:45:08,700 --> 04:45:10,500
fully understanding what was 
happening? 

5239
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:14,300
The experience, the benefits 
better harvests. 

5240
04:45:14,900 --> 04:45:19,000
Expanding populations, ambitious
building projects without 

5241
04:45:19,000 --> 04:45:21,500
knowing they were living through
a climatic anomaly. 

5242
04:45:22,200 --> 04:45:26,200
The world around conditions that
seemed normal but were actually 

5243
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:28,800
unusual the Cathedral at Tron 
time. 

5244
04:45:28,800 --> 04:45:32,200
In Norway begun in 1070 still 
stands today. 

5245
04:45:32,200 --> 04:45:37,200
Nearly a thousand years later. 
the north settlement at breta 

5246
04:45:37,200 --> 04:45:46,800
lead in Greenland, founded 
around 9, 8 5, both were 

5247
04:45:46,800 --> 04:45:50,800
products of the same optimistic 
era, both by people, who believe

5248
04:45:50,800 --> 04:45:54,600
they were creating permanent 
institutions One survived 

5249
04:45:54,600 --> 04:45:57,800
climate change. 
The other didn't these outcomes 

5250
04:45:57,800 --> 04:46:00,800
weren't inevitable? 
They resulted from countless, 

5251
04:46:00,800 --> 04:46:03,900
individual choices, 
institutional structures, 

5252
04:46:03,900 --> 04:46:06,800
geographical advantages and 
sheer luck. 

5253
04:46:08,100 --> 04:46:11,800
The medieval warm period didn't 
determine medieval history, but 

5254
04:46:11,800 --> 04:46:15,300
it shaped the space within which
that history unfolded, creating 

5255
04:46:15,300 --> 04:46:18,100
opportunities, and imposing, 
constraints, that influenced 

5256
04:46:18,100 --> 04:46:21,400
everything from agriculture to 
architecture to exploration 

5257
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:25,200
asleep, draws closer, and you're
breathing settles in to its 

5258
04:46:25,200 --> 04:46:29,000
nocturnal rhythm. 
Let's take one last, quiet 

5259
04:46:29,000 --> 04:46:32,300
moment to reflect on what those 
warm centuries mean. 

5260
04:46:32,300 --> 04:46:36,300
For us, viewing them from the 
comfortable distance of 700 

5261
04:46:36,300 --> 04:46:39,900
years, the medieval warm period 
stands as a reminder, that 

5262
04:46:39,900 --> 04:46:43,500
earth's climate is never truly 
stable that the normal 

5263
04:46:43,500 --> 04:46:46,700
conditions we experienced are 
actually temporary States within

5264
04:46:46,700 --> 04:46:51,200
longer patterns of variation 
Medieval Europeans couldn't have

5265
04:46:51,200 --> 04:46:54,800
known this, they lacked the 
scientific tools and historical 

5266
04:46:54,800 --> 04:46:57,200
perspective to see their time in
context. 

5267
04:46:57,200 --> 04:47:01,400
We have no such excuse we can 
look back across centuries and 

5268
04:47:01,408 --> 04:47:04,500
see how profoundly climate 
shapes human possibilities. 

5269
04:47:04,500 --> 04:47:07,300
Those medieval farmers who 
brought new land under 

5270
04:47:07,300 --> 04:47:09,900
cultivation. 
The Norse Sailors who colonized 

5271
04:47:09,900 --> 04:47:12,100
Greenland. 
And the Master Builders who 

5272
04:47:12,100 --> 04:47:15,500
designed soaring Cathedrals. 
They were all responding to 

5273
04:47:15,500 --> 04:47:18,200
Opportunities created by 
climatic conditions. 

5274
04:47:18,200 --> 04:47:21,500
They didn't understand. 
And didn't predict Their 

5275
04:47:21,500 --> 04:47:24,600
successes and failures offer a 
strange kind of comfort. 

5276
04:47:24,600 --> 04:47:28,700
Humans have always lived with 
climate uncertainty and have 

5277
04:47:28,700 --> 04:47:31,900
always built civilization on 
foundations that turned out to 

5278
04:47:31,900 --> 04:47:33,500
be more temporary than they 
imagined. 

5279
04:47:33,500 --> 04:47:36,800
The Surplus wealth that made 
medieval Cathedral culture 

5280
04:47:36,800 --> 04:47:39,400
possible. 
Came ultimately from soil and 

5281
04:47:39,400 --> 04:47:43,000
son from the interaction of 
human labor within the 

5282
04:47:43,000 --> 04:47:45,100
conditions that happen to be 
favorable. 

5283
04:47:45,900 --> 04:47:49,400
When we admire a Gothic Federal 
today, we're looking at Frozen 

5284
04:47:49,400 --> 04:47:53,100
climate data, evidence of what 
humans can achieve when Nature 

5285
04:47:53,100 --> 04:47:56,100
provides an extra margin of 
resources and time. 

5286
04:47:56,100 --> 04:48:00,200
But we're also looking at 
ambition, creativity and the 

5287
04:48:00,200 --> 04:48:03,700
human desire to create something
that transcends the immediate 

5288
04:48:03,700 --> 04:48:06,500
moment. 
The medieval Builders knew their

5289
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:09,000
Cathedrals would Outlast them, 
and they were right. 

5290
04:48:09,800 --> 04:48:12,200
Charter and Canterbury and 
cologne. 

5291
04:48:12,200 --> 04:48:15,700
Still stand, still, Inspire and 
still serve purposes. 

5292
04:48:15,700 --> 04:48:19,200
Their creators would recognize 
climate made these structures 

5293
04:48:19,200 --> 04:48:23,100
possible but human vision and 
effort made them real The 

5294
04:48:23,100 --> 04:48:26,800
Village, prosperity of the 
medieval warm period modest by 

5295
04:48:26,800 --> 04:48:29,500
our standards. 
But real by theirs shows how 

5296
04:48:29,500 --> 04:48:32,800
relatively small environmental 
changes can Cascade through 

5297
04:48:32,800 --> 04:48:36,300
Society An extra week of growing
season. 

5298
04:48:36,300 --> 04:48:39,900
Meant more food, which meant 
healthier children, which meant 

5299
04:48:39,900 --> 04:48:43,400
more workers, which meant new 
land, could be cleared, which 

5300
04:48:43,400 --> 04:48:46,900
created opportunities for 
specialization, which enabled 

5301
04:48:46,900 --> 04:48:51,500
Market towns, which facilitated 
trade, which distributed wealth 

5302
04:48:51,500 --> 04:48:56,100
more widely, small cores is 
larger effects and when 

5303
04:48:56,100 --> 04:49:00,400
conditions deteriorated the 
process reversed, shorter 

5304
04:49:00,400 --> 04:49:03,500
growing Seasons, meant smaller 
harvests, which meant less 

5305
04:49:03,500 --> 04:49:07,300
Surplus, which meant reduced 
trade, which meant economic 

5306
04:49:07,300 --> 04:49:11,400
contraction, which meant social 
stress, the medieval warm 

5307
04:49:11,400 --> 04:49:14,900
periods and didn't destroy 
European civilization, but it 

5308
04:49:14,900 --> 04:49:18,500
certainly tested it Exposing 
vulnerabilities that have been 

5309
04:49:18,500 --> 04:49:22,300
masked by favorable conditions 
tonight as you sleep in a 

5310
04:49:22,300 --> 04:49:25,000
climate controlled room your 
comfort maintained by 

5311
04:49:25,000 --> 04:49:27,100
Technologies. 
Medieval people couldn't have 

5312
04:49:27,100 --> 04:49:30,500
imagined the story of the 
medieval warm period offers 

5313
04:49:30,500 --> 04:49:33,300
perspective. 
We have capabilities, they 

5314
04:49:33,300 --> 04:49:37,400
lacked, we can predict whether 
control indoor, climate 

5315
04:49:37,400 --> 04:49:41,900
transport food globally, and 
adapt to environmental changes 

5316
04:49:41,900 --> 04:49:43,900
with the resources, they never 
possessed. 

5317
04:49:44,700 --> 04:49:47,000
But we also face challenges at 
Scales. 

5318
04:49:47,000 --> 04:49:50,400
They never encountered with 
climate changing faster than 

5319
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:54,000
natural systems. 
Can adapt affecting populations 

5320
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:56,500
far larger than Medieval Europe 
ever supported. 

5321
04:49:56,500 --> 04:49:59,900
The optimism of the cathedral 
Builders believing. 

5322
04:49:59,900 --> 04:50:02,600
They were creating permanent 
monuments for a stable future 

5323
04:50:02,600 --> 04:50:05,400
echoes in our own assumptions 
about tomorrow. 

5324
04:50:06,400 --> 04:50:10,300
We build cities on coastlines 
and in deserts plan for future 

5325
04:50:10,300 --> 04:50:14,000
that assume conditions won't 
change dramatically and invest 

5326
04:50:14,000 --> 04:50:16,600
in infrastructure. 
Designed for climate patterns 

5327
04:50:16,600 --> 04:50:20,200
that may already be shifting. 
Perhaps medieval experience 

5328
04:50:20,200 --> 04:50:24,200
offers a gentle warning assume 
less permanence build more 

5329
04:50:24,200 --> 04:50:28,000
flexibility and remember that 
favorable conditions don't last 

5330
04:50:28,000 --> 04:50:31,000
forever, but there's also 
inspiration in those medieval 

5331
04:50:31,000 --> 04:50:35,000
centuries, humans adapted, 
survived and occasionally 

5332
04:50:35,000 --> 04:50:38,000
thrived through climate changes.
They couldn't measure or predict

5333
04:50:38,800 --> 04:50:42,700
We have better tools but face, 
larger challenges and evil. 

5334
04:50:42,700 --> 04:50:45,500
Europeans worked within their 
constraints and created 

5335
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:48,100
remarkable things we can do the 
same. 

5336
04:50:48,100 --> 04:50:50,900
Hopefully, with more foresight 
about the foundations were 

5337
04:50:50,900 --> 04:50:54,600
building upon fields that 
medieval Farmers cleared during 

5338
04:50:54,600 --> 04:50:57,300
the medieval warm period still 
feed us today. 

5339
04:50:58,300 --> 04:51:02,000
The churches they built still 
shelter congregations the market

5340
04:51:02,000 --> 04:51:03,900
towns. 
They established still service 

5341
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:05,500
centers of Commerce and 
community. 

5342
04:51:06,700 --> 04:51:09,900
What they created during those 
warm centuries, outlasted the 

5343
04:51:09,900 --> 04:51:13,300
climate that made creation 
easier, proving that human 

5344
04:51:13,300 --> 04:51:18,000
achievements carefully designed 
and solid can endure through 

5345
04:51:18,000 --> 04:51:20,900
changing conditions as you drift
into sleep. 

5346
04:51:20,900 --> 04:51:24,500
Let the story of the medieval 
warm period, settle into your 

5347
04:51:24,500 --> 04:51:27,700
thoughts, like snow accumulating
slowly on a winter field. 

5348
04:51:27,700 --> 04:51:32,900
Quiet gentle covering everything
with a layer of perspective. 

5349
04:51:34,000 --> 04:51:36,900
Those medieval farmers and 
sailors and Builders were people

5350
04:51:36,900 --> 04:51:40,600
like you. 
Call ambitious trying to make 

5351
04:51:40,600 --> 04:51:43,700
the best of conditions. 
They inherited hoping to leave 

5352
04:51:43,700 --> 04:51:47,200
something valuable for those who
came after they succeeded more 

5353
04:51:47,200 --> 04:51:50,700
than they probably imagined. 
Seventh centuries later, we 

5354
04:51:50,700 --> 04:51:54,700
still study their lives, admire 
their achievements and learn 

5355
04:51:54,700 --> 04:51:56,800
from their adaptations and their
failures. 

5356
04:51:56,800 --> 04:52:01,500
The climate that shape their 
world has changed changed again 

5357
04:52:01,500 --> 04:52:06,000
and is changing still. 
But the essential human story of

5358
04:52:06,000 --> 04:52:08,800
working with what nature 
provides adapting. 

5359
04:52:08,800 --> 04:52:11,800
When conditions shift and 
building toward Futures. 

5360
04:52:11,800 --> 04:52:15,500
We hope for but can't guarantee 
continues sleep. 

5361
04:52:15,500 --> 04:52:19,400
Now, warm and comfortable and 
perhaps dream of those medieval 

5362
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:21,400
Summers when growing Seasons 
stretched. 

5363
04:52:21,400 --> 04:52:25,700
Just a bit longer when harvests 
filled Barnes to overflowing. 

5364
04:52:25,700 --> 04:52:29,000
And when communities looked at 
empty, hillside's and saw 

5365
04:52:29,000 --> 04:52:32,800
opportunities rather than 
challenges, Dream of Cathedral 

5366
04:52:32,800 --> 04:52:36,600
Builders measuring Stone by hand
and I creating structures that 

5367
04:52:36,600 --> 04:52:39,900
would Outlast, not just their 
own lives, but the climate that 

5368
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:43,300
made their work possible. 
The medieval warm period ended 

5369
04:52:43,300 --> 04:52:47,000
but its lessons remain. 
Climate shapes history without 

5370
04:52:47,000 --> 04:52:51,400
determining it. 
Humans adapt, build, create and 

5371
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:54,100
endure. 
Through changing conditions, the

5372
04:52:54,100 --> 04:52:57,300
margins between success and 
failure can be measured in 

5373
04:52:57,300 --> 04:52:59,900
degrees of temperature and weeks
of growing season. 

5374
04:52:59,900 --> 04:53:03,600
And what we build during 
favourable times must be solid 

5375
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:07,200
enough to survive when condition
shift because shift, they always

5376
04:53:07,200 --> 04:53:10,300
do tomorrow, you'll wake your 
own climate, your own 

5377
04:53:10,308 --> 04:53:14,400
challenges, and your own 
opportunities. the medieval warm

5378
04:53:14,400 --> 04:53:18,200
period is gone but its story 
connects you to an unbroken 

5379
04:53:18,200 --> 04:53:21,800
chain of humans, who have always
lived with climate uncertainty 

5380
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:26,000
always built despite it And 
always hoped that what they 

5381
04:53:26,008 --> 04:53:30,000
created would endure and 
sometimes wonderfully, it does. 

5382
04:53:37,100 --> 04:53:40,500
I remember the day I first came 
to court a half star of gesture 

5383
04:53:40,500 --> 04:53:43,300
with bells on my hat jangling 
and Dread in my belly. 

5384
04:53:43,300 --> 04:53:47,500
The royal castle loomed ahead 
all Grace stone walls and 

5385
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:49,600
towering battlements against the
Cloudy skull. 

5386
04:53:50,700 --> 04:53:53,700
My heart thudded, as I passed 
beneath the iron pot colors. 

5387
04:53:54,400 --> 04:53:56,700
A pair of guards snickered at 
the sight of me and my thread 

5388
04:53:56,700 --> 04:53:59,000
bear. 
Motley I clutched my Loot and 

5389
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:01,700
Falls tightly praying. 
I wouldn't end the day in the 

5390
04:54:01,708 --> 04:54:05,000
stocks. 
Inside Torchlight flickered on 

5391
04:54:05,000 --> 04:54:08,700
tapestries and armored Knights. 
Servants rushed by with steaming

5392
04:54:08,700 --> 04:54:12,200
platters of meat and trenches of
bread, the air smelled of wood 

5393
04:54:12,200 --> 04:54:13,500
smokes spiced. 
Why? 

5394
04:54:13,500 --> 04:54:16,200
And a hint of something foul 
from The Stables? 

5395
04:54:17,100 --> 04:54:19,100
I followed a steward into the 
enormous Hall. 

5396
04:54:19,100 --> 04:54:22,400
My shoes scuffing over rushes 
strewn on the floor at the far 

5397
04:54:22,400 --> 04:54:26,100
end on a raised dais sat King 
Edward of England, my new master

5398
04:54:26,800 --> 04:54:28,900
He wore a fur-lined mantle and 
no Crown yet. 

5399
04:54:28,900 --> 04:54:32,400
He radiated Authority. 
He fixed his Keen gray eyes on 

5400
04:54:32,400 --> 04:54:34,500
me as the gathered. 
Courtiers announced me as the 

5401
04:54:34,500 --> 04:54:37,500
evening's entertainment. 
Every gaze in the hall turned, 

5402
04:54:37,500 --> 04:54:41,400
my way, I felt naked despite my 
Motley tunic and jingling Bells 

5403
04:54:42,000 --> 04:54:45,900
I swept a deep bow arms, blade, 
comically, nearly losing my 

5404
04:54:45,900 --> 04:54:48,600
balance for effect. 
A few Chuckles broke, the 

5405
04:54:48,600 --> 04:54:52,900
silence, welcome full called the
king his voice, echoing off, the

5406
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:57,000
rafters, what do they call you? 
Tom, your majesty Tom full. 

5407
04:54:57,000 --> 04:55:00,400
I answered brightly hiding my 
nerves under a grin in truth. 

5408
04:55:00,400 --> 04:55:04,300
Like Christian name was William 
but a new life, warrant in a new

5409
04:55:04,308 --> 04:55:06,400
name. 
My answer earned an approving 

5410
04:55:06,400 --> 04:55:07,900
smirk. 
Very well. 

5411
04:55:07,900 --> 04:55:11,000
Tom let us see if your humor is 
a sharp as your tongue is. 

5412
04:55:11,000 --> 04:55:13,900
Quick said King. 
Edward, he gestured for me to 

5413
04:55:13,900 --> 04:55:16,400
begin. 
I started with the jaunty. 

5414
04:55:16,400 --> 04:55:19,700
Tune on my loot, a bawdy Tavern,
song about a Tipsy. 

5415
04:55:19,700 --> 04:55:23,100
Fryer, losing his robe to the 
wind, my fingers trembled on the

5416
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:26,800
strings, but the melody came 
out, Mary and bright laughter 

5417
04:55:26,800 --> 04:55:29,000
rows from the tables at the 
chorus is naughty twist, 

5418
04:55:29,000 --> 04:55:32,200
emboldened, I launched into a 
comic tale. 

5419
04:55:32,200 --> 04:55:36,000
Peppering it with Jabs at Castle
life, a joke about the cook over

5420
04:55:36,000 --> 04:55:39,900
salting the stew, a clip about a
knight's rusted armor creaking 

5421
04:55:39,900 --> 04:55:44,000
like an old Ox, the courtiers go
forward and even the queen hit a

5422
04:55:44,000 --> 04:55:47,000
smile behind her hand. 
Warm relief spread through my 

5423
04:55:47,000 --> 04:55:51,600
chest, they were laughing. 
Finally, I decided to make a 

5424
04:55:51,608 --> 04:55:53,800
bold joke aimed at the most 
significant Target. 

5425
04:55:54,800 --> 04:55:57,300
Balancing on one leg in an 
exaggerated pose. 

5426
04:55:57,300 --> 04:56:00,700
I lowered my voice 
conspiratorially Lords and 

5427
04:56:00,700 --> 04:56:03,700
Ladies I announced I've heard a 
wondrous secret about our 

5428
04:56:03,700 --> 04:56:05,600
sovereign. 
A hush fell. 

5429
04:56:06,400 --> 04:56:08,000
I flashed an impish grin at King
Edward. 

5430
04:56:08,000 --> 04:56:11,600
It said his majesty has a unique
blessing from Saint Peter 

5431
04:56:11,600 --> 04:56:14,300
himself. 
Only the king sit on his throne 

5432
04:56:14,300 --> 04:56:17,600
and make the Angels Sing 
especially after he is enjoyed a

5433
04:56:17,600 --> 04:56:20,600
Hearty dinner. 
I patted my backside and wide my

5434
04:56:20,600 --> 04:56:23,600
eyes in a certainly for a 
heartbeat silents. 

5435
04:56:24,500 --> 04:56:27,300
Some Lords look scandalized that
I joked about the king's Royal 

5436
04:56:27,300 --> 04:56:29,600
behind the king's eyebrow 
arched. 

5437
04:56:29,600 --> 04:56:33,500
My pulse pounded had I gone too 
far then King. 

5438
04:56:33,500 --> 04:56:36,600
Edward threw back his head and 
laughed a deep roaring laugh. 

5439
04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:39,800
That shattered the tension the 
court followed suit laughter 

5440
04:56:39,800 --> 04:56:42,900
Rippling through the hall. 
The King mimicked sternness by 

5441
04:56:42,900 --> 04:56:46,500
waving a finger at me. mind, 
your cheek Nave or I'll have you

5442
04:56:46,500 --> 04:56:50,300
whipped for impudence, he said, 
still chuckling I dropped my 

5443
04:56:50,300 --> 04:56:53,900
knees in a mock pleading bow, 
Mercy or Majesty. 

5444
04:56:53,900 --> 04:56:56,000
I only speak gospel truth in 
your praise. 

5445
04:56:56,000 --> 04:56:58,200
I replied with an overly Pious 
tone. 

5446
04:56:58,800 --> 04:57:02,300
The king laughed again and gave 
a dismissive wave signaling, my 

5447
04:57:02,300 --> 04:57:05,900
performance was over. 
As I backed away, trembling with

5448
04:57:05,900 --> 04:57:09,700
relief, a servant press to 
Silver Coin, into my palm, a 

5449
04:57:09,700 --> 04:57:13,200
reward from the king, I bowed 
One Last Time, cheeks flushed 

5450
04:57:13,200 --> 04:57:15,200
and retreated to the edge of the
hall. 

5451
04:57:15,200 --> 04:57:19,900
My debut had been a success that
night, the Stuart showed me to a

5452
04:57:19,900 --> 04:57:22,800
small chamber in the Castle's 
upper kitchens simple but mine 

5453
04:57:22,800 --> 04:57:25,200
alone. 
I collapsed onto the straw 

5454
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:28,600
filled bed exhausted but 
exhilarated had arrived with 

5455
04:57:28,608 --> 04:57:32,000
nothing but my wits and earned 
not only coin, but also a place 

5456
04:57:32,000 --> 04:57:34,900
in the king's household. 
I was no longer a Wandering 

5457
04:57:34,900 --> 04:57:39,300
Vagabond, I was the king's fool 
as I stared up at the ceiling. 

5458
04:57:39,300 --> 04:57:43,400
I allowed myself a grin tomorrow
and each day that followed I 

5459
04:57:43,400 --> 04:57:46,500
would balance between humor and 
Power in a quart of Lords. 

5460
04:57:46,500 --> 04:57:50,800
And Ladies, I a mere full had 
found a foot Hole by Autumn of 

5461
04:57:50,800 --> 04:57:53,400
that year, I had become a 
familiar part of Court life 

5462
04:57:53,400 --> 04:57:55,500
ever. 
Ready with a quick to lift a 

5463
04:57:55,500 --> 04:57:58,600
mood. 
On one crisp evening at a 

5464
04:57:58,600 --> 04:58:01,000
harvest Feast. 
The Great Hall hosted. 

5465
04:58:01,000 --> 04:58:04,800
A Grand Banquet after a long day
of festivities, The Trestle 

5466
04:58:04,800 --> 04:58:07,600
tables grown with roasted bore 
and spiced ale. 

5467
04:58:08,100 --> 04:58:11,000
I flitted around refilling 
drinks and tossing one-liners. 

5468
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:15,200
Most laughed kindly but sir, 
Roger a Burly, Baron with a 

5469
04:58:15,208 --> 04:58:17,600
Perpetual scowl decided to Sport
with me. 

5470
04:58:18,600 --> 04:58:21,600
Oh there full he bellowed 
feigning joviality. 

5471
04:58:21,600 --> 04:58:23,900
We hear you. 
Juggle anything, try these. 

5472
04:58:23,900 --> 04:58:27,800
He suddenly hurled two oranges 
at me, the first, I snatched out

5473
04:58:27,800 --> 04:58:30,700
of the air, but the second 
struck my cheek sharply before 

5474
04:58:30,700 --> 04:58:34,800
splattering on the floor. 
Laughter, erupted pain, fled my 

5475
04:58:34,800 --> 04:58:38,000
cheek and my face burned as 
Noble's howled at my expense. 

5476
04:58:38,900 --> 04:58:40,800
For an instant. 
I nearly flung the remaining 

5477
04:58:40,800 --> 04:58:43,400
orange at him. 
I imagine it smacking that red 

5478
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:46,900
face oath but a full survives on
wit not Roth. 

5479
04:58:47,800 --> 04:58:50,500
I grinned foolishly and juggled 
the lone orange, as if nothing 

5480
04:58:50,500 --> 04:58:52,000
were amiss. 
Many. 

5481
04:58:52,000 --> 04:58:53,800
Thanks my lord for the extra 
supper. 

5482
04:58:53,800 --> 04:58:57,200
I quit pretending to bite into 
the fruit before nearly dropping

5483
04:58:57,200 --> 04:59:01,100
it in an exaggerated fumble. 
The onlookers laughed and you 

5484
04:59:01,100 --> 04:59:05,600
this time with me rather than at
me even sir, Roger satisfied 

5485
04:59:05,600 --> 04:59:08,400
that I had accepted the mockery 
gave a reluctant chuckle. 

5486
04:59:08,400 --> 04:59:12,600
I made a grand Bao, swallowing 
my wounded Pride when I rested 

5487
04:59:12,600 --> 04:59:15,800
glance up at King Edward, he was
watching me with a faint smirk. 

5488
04:59:16,900 --> 04:59:20,800
Later that night, a royal page 
summoned me to the king heart. 

5489
04:59:20,800 --> 04:59:24,000
Pounding with worry, I made my 
way to his private chamber. 

5490
04:59:24,700 --> 04:59:26,700
Had I overstepped in some way at
the feast. 

5491
04:59:27,500 --> 04:59:30,900
I entered to find King Edward 
Alone by The Hearth gazing at 

5492
04:59:30,900 --> 04:59:32,200
the letters. 
Spread on a table. 

5493
04:59:32,200 --> 04:59:36,300
His crown sat off to the side as
if even gold and jewels grew 

5494
04:59:36,300 --> 04:59:39,300
heavy for him tonight. 
Tom, come here a moment. 

5495
04:59:39,300 --> 04:59:42,100
He said this was no summons for 
entertainment. 

5496
04:59:42,100 --> 04:59:45,700
His tone was pensive. 
The king rubbed her hand over 

5497
04:59:45,700 --> 04:59:50,200
his brow news from the shires, 
he muttered, poor harvests and 

5498
04:59:50,200 --> 04:59:52,500
empty. 
Storehouses, yet my Lord's 

5499
04:59:52,500 --> 04:59:56,900
demand their taxes in full 
beside and glanced at me. 

5500
04:59:56,900 --> 05:00:01,100
Do you have a zest for that? 
His question was Earnest, not a 

5501
05:00:01,100 --> 05:00:02,600
command for a silly face or 
song. 

5502
05:00:02,600 --> 05:00:05,100
I took a breath. 
Sire. 

5503
05:00:05,100 --> 05:00:09,400
If I may spin a small Fable 
sometimes aren't answers slink 

5504
05:00:09,400 --> 05:00:13,900
out better in story form. 
At his nod, I spoke softly I 

5505
05:00:13,900 --> 05:00:16,800
told of a farmer who had a 
skinny mule that pulled his plow

5506
05:00:16,800 --> 05:00:21,000
when drought with the crops. 
The farmer threatened to whip 

5507
05:00:21,000 --> 05:00:24,400
the mule to make it work harder,
but the Beast begged for a bit 

5508
05:00:24,408 --> 05:00:26,400
more feed. 
So he'd have strength to pull 

5509
05:00:26,400 --> 05:00:30,300
the farmer relented and fed. 
The mule extra grain comes 

5510
05:00:30,300 --> 05:00:33,400
spring, they tilled enough land 
to survive and even Thrive when 

5511
05:00:33,400 --> 05:00:36,700
rains returned, As I finished, I
stole a side. 

5512
05:00:36,700 --> 05:00:39,600
Long, look at King, Edward, he 
stared out the window stroking. 

5513
05:00:39,600 --> 05:00:42,500
His beard for a moment. 
I feared I'd been too bold. 

5514
05:00:42,500 --> 05:00:46,800
My Tails meaning was clear, then
he gave a low chuckle clever, 

5515
05:00:46,800 --> 05:00:50,100
mule, he mused clever enough to 
get his belly full. 

5516
05:00:51,500 --> 05:00:54,100
I bowed my head relieved. 
Mules. 

5517
05:00:54,100 --> 05:00:57,500
Often do your majesty when they 
pray in rhyme. 

5518
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:00,700
I said with the jingle of my cat
bell, he turned to face me. 

5519
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:02,900
And I saw a trace of admiration 
in his worn eyes. 

5520
05:01:03,600 --> 05:01:06,900
You have a sharper width than 
many in silk Tom you wrap wisdom

5521
05:01:06,900 --> 05:01:09,800
in nonsense. 
I felt a warmth in my chest. 

5522
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:14,000
However I responded lightly 
saying it's but a Fool's simple 

5523
05:01:14,000 --> 05:01:17,900
Fable sire King. 
Edward managed to slice smile on

5524
05:01:17,900 --> 05:01:20,400
the contrary. 
I will consider what you have 

5525
05:01:20,400 --> 05:01:23,300
implied. 
He clapped a hand on my 

5526
05:01:23,300 --> 05:01:27,200
shoulder, a gesture of trust and
thanks, that will be all get 

5527
05:01:27,200 --> 05:01:29,600
some rest. 
I bowed deeply, good night. 

5528
05:01:29,600 --> 05:01:32,400
Your majesty before to partying,
I turned back with the cheeky 

5529
05:01:32,400 --> 05:01:34,900
bow and don't forget to feed 
your mule sire. 

5530
05:01:34,900 --> 05:01:38,200
I said, King Edward bark to 
brief laugh and wave me away. 

5531
05:01:38,200 --> 05:01:41,600
I slipped out with a grin. 
Walking back to my quarters 

5532
05:01:41,600 --> 05:01:45,000
through the dim corridors, I 
felt nearly weightless tonight. 

5533
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:47,000
I had stepped Beyond mirror 
Entertainer. 

5534
05:01:47,000 --> 05:01:51,300
I had in my small way shape, the
king's thoughts, it was 

5535
05:01:51,308 --> 05:01:53,300
exhilarating and a little 
terrifying. 

5536
05:01:54,300 --> 05:01:57,600
A Fool's jingling cap, I 
realized could carry surprising 

5537
05:01:57,600 --> 05:01:59,400
influence if I used my wit 
wisely. 

5538
05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:03,300
Although favor can change 
quickly for the time, being the 

5539
05:02:03,300 --> 05:02:05,800
king, relied on the Hidden 
Truths within my pranks. 

5540
05:02:05,800 --> 05:02:09,400
Winter brought hardship, and 
unrest a poor harvest left, many

5541
05:02:09,400 --> 05:02:12,400
starving and Whispers of 
rebellion drifted into court. 

5542
05:02:12,400 --> 05:02:15,800
King Edward's temper. 
Once jovial in my company, grew 

5543
05:02:15,800 --> 05:02:18,700
brittle, as dried kindling more 
often, I saw him. 

5544
05:02:18,700 --> 05:02:22,400
Frown at reports from his 
Barons, grain riots poaching in 

5545
05:02:22,400 --> 05:02:25,100
the Royal forests. 
A distant Village refusing to 

5546
05:02:25,100 --> 05:02:29,000
pay tithes Fear and anger, 
coiled around the court like 

5547
05:02:29,000 --> 05:02:31,800
smoke. 
One Bleak afternoon, the king 

5548
05:02:31,800 --> 05:02:33,600
held open court to dispense 
Justice. 

5549
05:02:34,500 --> 05:02:38,500
I stood at the edge of the Halls
quiet, since the tension one by 

5550
05:02:38,500 --> 05:02:40,400
one, prisoners were brought 
Before the Throne. 

5551
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:43,600
The gaunt farmer, who had slain 
a deer on crownland, begged, 

5552
05:02:43,600 --> 05:02:46,200
Mercy, claiming it was to feed 
his Starving Children. 

5553
05:02:47,100 --> 05:02:48,600
Next. 
A ragged group of villagers 

5554
05:02:48,600 --> 05:02:51,100
accused of sparking. 
A food riot in the north were 

5555
05:02:51,100 --> 05:02:53,700
Dragged In Chains. 
My stomach tightened at their 

5556
05:02:53,700 --> 05:02:55,300
Hollow cheeks and terrified 
eyes. 

5557
05:02:55,300 --> 05:02:58,600
The Barons and courtiers looked 
on with hard disapproval. 

5558
05:02:58,600 --> 05:03:02,100
So, Warwick the king, Stern face
advisor, urged severity. 

5559
05:03:02,100 --> 05:03:04,400
An example must be made your 
majesty. 

5560
05:03:04,400 --> 05:03:07,900
He declared loud enough for all 
to hear Clemente for lawbreakers

5561
05:03:07,900 --> 05:03:09,900
and famine. 
Would only breed chaos. 

5562
05:03:09,900 --> 05:03:14,600
Show them the cost of defiance. 
I watched King Edward's face as 

5563
05:03:14,600 --> 05:03:18,400
where spoke a muscle in his jaw 
twitched the king's eyes 

5564
05:03:18,400 --> 05:03:20,800
usually. 
So keen and Alive were clouded 

5565
05:03:20,800 --> 05:03:23,100
with worried, he would rather 
not seem weak. 

5566
05:03:23,100 --> 05:03:26,900
The farmer was up first for 
judgment King Edward announced 

5567
05:03:26,900 --> 05:03:29,400
that the farmer would receive a 
public whipping as punishment. 

5568
05:03:29,400 --> 05:03:33,400
The poor man broke down in tears
grateful that he had avoided The

5569
05:03:33,400 --> 05:03:35,500
Noose. 
I let out a breath. 

5570
05:03:35,500 --> 05:03:39,800
I hadn't realized I was holding.
Then came the villagers a guard 

5571
05:03:39,800 --> 05:03:42,700
read out their crime leading. 
A mob to raid a granary owned by

5572
05:03:42,700 --> 05:03:45,400
the crown, an old woman among 
them cried out. 

5573
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:48,500
We only took the grain because 
our children would dieing. 

5574
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:52,400
Her voice echoed in the hall. 
So Warwick shook his head, in 

5575
05:03:52,408 --> 05:03:55,800
disgust, the courtiers murdered 
angrily about treason and 

5576
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:58,500
thievery. 
I bit my tongue, a 1,000 

5577
05:03:58,500 --> 05:04:01,600
thoughts, clashing, in my mind, 
these folk had broken the law. 

5578
05:04:01,600 --> 05:04:04,600
Yes. 
But out of desperation, a 

5579
05:04:04,600 --> 05:04:07,100
glanced toward the King Edwards 
face hardened. 

5580
05:04:07,100 --> 05:04:10,600
As he prepared to deliver his 
Verdict by my Royal Authority. 

5581
05:04:10,600 --> 05:04:14,000
You shall he began likely 
meaning to condemn them to the 

5582
05:04:14,008 --> 05:04:17,600
dungeons or worse? 
But before I was doing I stepped

5583
05:04:17,600 --> 05:04:21,200
forward, my heart thundered in 
my chest but I couldn't stay 

5584
05:04:21,200 --> 05:04:23,700
silent. 
Perhaps, I'd spent too long 

5585
05:04:23,700 --> 05:04:27,100
weaving truth into jests the 
truth now came out bear and 

5586
05:04:27,100 --> 05:04:30,900
unadorned Your majesty. 
I interjected and a loud and 

5587
05:04:30,900 --> 05:04:33,600
clear voice to ask if I might 
offer a fools perspective. 

5588
05:04:34,900 --> 05:04:37,900
Shocked hush fell. 
One did not interrupt the king 

5589
05:04:37,900 --> 05:04:39,400
at trials. 
Certainly not a full. 

5590
05:04:39,400 --> 05:04:42,100
I generally heard so. 
Warwick's hiss of annoyance. 

5591
05:04:42,800 --> 05:04:45,600
King Edward turned, his cold 
Gaze on me, more startled than 

5592
05:04:45,600 --> 05:04:49,200
furious at least. 
Yet I swallowed hard, there was 

5593
05:04:49,200 --> 05:04:52,400
no turning back. 
I adopted a deliberately like 

5594
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:54,600
tone, though. 
My pulse pounded, in my ears. 

5595
05:04:55,400 --> 05:04:57,600
These poor souls stand accused 
of stealing bread. 

5596
05:04:57,600 --> 05:05:00,900
I said gesturing to the 
trembling Villages and truly 

5597
05:05:00,900 --> 05:05:04,200
that is no jesting matter. 
But I wonder sire. 

5598
05:05:04,200 --> 05:05:07,600
If a father is to be whipped for
feeding his children, Venison 

5599
05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:10,700
and mothers are to be cast in 
Dungeon for snatching a few 

5600
05:05:10,700 --> 05:05:13,400
loaves. 
I forced a thin smile. 

5601
05:05:13,400 --> 05:05:17,300
Perhaps your humble full should 
be punished as well for, I've 

5602
05:05:17,300 --> 05:05:19,900
been stealing your valuable are 
all these years without paying 

5603
05:05:19,900 --> 05:05:22,400
coin for it. 
Few nervous. 

5604
05:05:22,400 --> 05:05:25,100
Titus came from the back of the 
hall, then died immediately. 

5605
05:05:25,900 --> 05:05:29,400
The king's eyes narrowed, I 
pressed on my voice gaining A 

5606
05:05:29,400 --> 05:05:32,000
desperate strength. 
Only a fool would make light of 

5607
05:05:32,000 --> 05:05:34,100
hunger. 
My Lord, I speak not to mock 

5608
05:05:34,100 --> 05:05:38,000
your justice but to beseech your
mercy starvation makes fools of 

5609
05:05:38,008 --> 05:05:42,300
us all I bowed low my head bent 
so I couldn't see his reaction. 

5610
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:45,900
My hands were shaking. 
No one else dead. 

5611
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:48,700
Breathe For a heartbeat. 
There was silence. 

5612
05:05:48,700 --> 05:05:52,100
So deep I heard the distant drip
of wax from a candle, then 

5613
05:05:52,100 --> 05:05:55,800
enough, King Edward said 
quietly, the word fell like an 

5614
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:58,200
axe. 
I looked up his face was flushed

5615
05:05:58,200 --> 05:06:00,900
not with myth but with anger 
I'll hear no more. 

5616
05:06:02,500 --> 05:06:05,200
He stood from the throne and in 
that moment, he loomed larger 

5617
05:06:05,200 --> 05:06:08,300
than I'd ever seen him. 
Who is King? 

5618
05:06:08,300 --> 05:06:12,400
Here you fall? 
His voice was deceptively, soft 

5619
05:06:12,400 --> 05:06:16,300
quivering with restrained, rage.
Do you presume to lecture me on 

5620
05:06:16,300 --> 05:06:19,300
duty and mercy dressed in Motley
and bells. 

5621
05:06:20,800 --> 05:06:23,300
Every utterance from his lips 
felt like a boulder hurled 

5622
05:06:23,300 --> 05:06:26,000
towards my head. 
I opened my mouth to stammer and

5623
05:06:26,000 --> 05:06:28,500
apology but he silenced me with 
a glare. 

5624
05:06:29,400 --> 05:06:31,400
Take him the king snapped to his
guards. 

5625
05:06:32,100 --> 05:06:34,500
In an instant rough hands seized
my arms. 

5626
05:06:34,500 --> 05:06:37,500
My belt, it cap tumbled to the 
floor as a guard yanked. 

5627
05:06:37,500 --> 05:06:39,900
Me backward. 
I heard a few gasps among the 

5628
05:06:39,900 --> 05:06:42,600
courtiers lady Margaery covered 
her mouth in dismay. 

5629
05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:45,000
So Warwick simply watched with a
thin smile. 

5630
05:06:46,000 --> 05:06:48,600
My Cap's little bells. 
Jangled on the stones. 

5631
05:06:48,600 --> 05:06:51,300
A faint jingling that seemed to 
underline my Folly. 

5632
05:06:51,300 --> 05:06:55,500
King Edward's voice echoed in 
the rafters, cold and formal for

5633
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:58,100
his disruption and insolence. 
Let the Kings full receive the 

5634
05:06:58,100 --> 05:07:01,200
same punishment. 
He pitted he should receive 20 

5635
05:07:01,200 --> 05:07:03,700
lashes before the court at dawn 
Terror. 

5636
05:07:03,700 --> 05:07:07,500
Washed over me, 20 lashes, my 
knees, nearly buckled. 

5637
05:07:07,500 --> 05:07:11,400
I wanted to bake forgiveness to 
plead that I'd only spoke out of

5638
05:07:11,400 --> 05:07:13,800
concern but I tongue felt 
paralyzed. 

5639
05:07:13,800 --> 05:07:16,900
Two guards dragged me from the 
hall as the king's attention 

5640
05:07:16,900 --> 05:07:19,900
returned to the stunned 
prisoners before him As they 

5641
05:07:19,900 --> 05:07:23,600
hold me away, none dead to 
object, or even meet my eyes. 

5642
05:07:23,600 --> 05:07:27,500
They threw me into a drafty 
chamber, where I collapsed to 

5643
05:07:27,508 --> 05:07:30,200
the floor, my back pressed 
against Cold Stone. 

5644
05:07:30,200 --> 05:07:33,800
As I tried to catch my breath, I
tasted blood, and I must have 

5645
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:37,500
bit my tongue without noticing. 
When I shut my eyes, hot tears, 

5646
05:07:37,500 --> 05:07:39,900
force their way out, and rolled 
down my cheeks. 

5647
05:07:39,900 --> 05:07:42,900
Full, full like, cursed myself 
silently. 

5648
05:07:42,900 --> 05:07:46,100
What did I done? 
I had wanted to save a few 

5649
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:50,400
peasants from the king's Roth. 
Instead, I had only intensified 

5650
05:07:50,400 --> 05:07:52,800
the king's wrath and burned 
myself in the process. 

5651
05:07:52,800 --> 05:07:56,400
In my mind, I saw the king's 
face again, in raged and 

5652
05:07:56,400 --> 05:08:00,000
unyielding, that image stabbed 
at my heart more sharply than 

5653
05:08:00,000 --> 05:08:02,200
any whip. 
Could not long ago. 

5654
05:08:02,200 --> 05:08:05,100
I had sat by that same man's 
half trading, fables and easing 

5655
05:08:05,100 --> 05:08:07,100
his Birds. 
Now, he looked at me as just 

5656
05:08:07,100 --> 05:08:10,200
another disobedient subject. 
Toward midnight. 

5657
05:08:10,200 --> 05:08:13,000
The guards came to escort me to 
the pillory in the courtyard. 

5658
05:08:13,000 --> 05:08:15,100
The sentence was to be carried 
out. 

5659
05:08:15,100 --> 05:08:18,400
At first light, they locked my 
wrists and neck in the wooden 

5660
05:08:18,400 --> 05:08:20,800
stocks. 
Stood hunched in that cruel 

5661
05:08:20,800 --> 05:08:23,800
device for Endless hours 
shivering in the winter cold 

5662
05:08:23,800 --> 05:08:27,000
alone under the stars, snow 
began to fall thin. 

5663
05:08:27,000 --> 05:08:31,200
Icy flakes catching in my hair. 
The pain had not yet begun but a

5664
05:08:31,200 --> 05:08:33,400
dread deeper than any wound 
nored at me. 

5665
05:08:34,100 --> 05:08:37,500
As Darkness deepened alone, 
figure approached through the 

5666
05:08:37,500 --> 05:08:40,700
torch-lit yard. 
I squinted through Frozen lashes

5667
05:08:40,700 --> 05:08:44,100
to see Master Robert, the king's
old Chamberlain carrying a cloak

5668
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:47,000
Without a word. 
He draped it over my shoulders. 

5669
05:08:47,000 --> 05:08:49,300
His eyes were sad as he met my 
gaze. 

5670
05:08:49,300 --> 05:08:53,000
You were Brave Tom? 
He whispered just loud enough 

5671
05:08:53,000 --> 05:08:55,600
for me to hear. 
He was indeed Brave. 

5672
05:08:55,600 --> 05:08:59,200
If not a little foolish, a 
bitter laugh Escape ring. 

5673
05:08:59,200 --> 05:09:02,500
What other thing could I be? 
He shook his head and pressed a 

5674
05:09:02,500 --> 05:09:05,600
small flask of veil to my lips. 
Greatly, I drank a burning 

5675
05:09:05,600 --> 05:09:09,300
mouthful that chase some of the 
Chill from my bones, is his 

5676
05:09:09,300 --> 05:09:12,100
majesty. 
I croaked, I wrote raw from the 

5677
05:09:12,108 --> 05:09:13,900
cold night air as I struggled to
hold back. 

5678
05:09:13,900 --> 05:09:18,000
Sobs Master Robert sighed, he 
was alone in his Chambers. 

5679
05:09:18,000 --> 05:09:20,200
He's unlikely to change his mind
by morning. 

5680
05:09:20,200 --> 05:09:24,000
I am sorry. 
He hesitated some of us perceive

5681
05:09:24,000 --> 05:09:27,900
the truth, in your words, but 
the king he's under enormous 

5682
05:09:27,900 --> 05:09:31,200
strain. 
I nodded as best I could with my

5683
05:09:31,200 --> 05:09:34,200
neck trapped. 
Tear slipped down my face, hot 

5684
05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:37,200
against my numb skin. 
Thank you, I managed to whisper 

5685
05:09:37,200 --> 05:09:40,000
the Chamberlain. 
Squeezed my shoulder gently and 

5686
05:09:40,000 --> 05:09:42,300
departed. 
Leaving the cloak as my only 

5687
05:09:42,300 --> 05:09:45,300
comfort. 
I spent the remaining hours in 

5688
05:09:45,300 --> 05:09:49,000
silent prayer prayer that the 
king's heart would soften that 

5689
05:09:49,000 --> 05:09:51,800
Dawn would never come and that I
might endure. 

5690
05:09:51,800 --> 05:09:55,300
What was to come? 
I was not a warrior or a martyr.

5691
05:09:55,300 --> 05:09:57,300
Just a Fool who had flown too 
close to the Sun. 

5692
05:09:57,300 --> 05:09:59,600
The strange Freedom I'd had to 
speak. 

5693
05:09:59,600 --> 05:10:03,400
Truth had shown its price. 
At Sunrise, they flogged me. 

5694
05:10:03,400 --> 05:10:07,000
I bit down on a leather strap to
keep from screaming as each lash

5695
05:10:07,000 --> 05:10:09,400
Torah. 
Cross my back fiery pain 

5696
05:10:09,400 --> 05:10:13,400
exploded with every stroke. 
By the 10th, blow my vision. 

5697
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:16,600
Blurred by the 20th, I hung limp
in the restraints. 

5698
05:10:16,600 --> 05:10:19,600
Unable to stand, I didn't really
heard an official readout my 

5699
05:10:19,600 --> 05:10:21,800
crime of insolence to the 
gathered courtiers as the 

5700
05:10:21,800 --> 05:10:24,400
punishment was delivered, as if 
it was some theater. 

5701
05:10:24,400 --> 05:10:28,300
And I was the main spectacle 
when it was mercifully over, 

5702
05:10:28,300 --> 05:10:32,100
they released the pillars lock 
and I crumpled to the snow, the 

5703
05:10:32,100 --> 05:10:34,800
world spun for a moment, as I 
lay there with my cheek against 

5704
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:39,100
the white trampled ground, I 
could hear distant Applause from

5705
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:44,000
one or two Nobles and ugly 
mockery warm blood trickled 

5706
05:10:44,000 --> 05:10:47,000
under my shirt. 
Two guards, lifted me to my feet

5707
05:10:47,000 --> 05:10:49,700
and carried me away. 
As if I were worthless trash, I 

5708
05:10:49,700 --> 05:10:52,700
drifted In and Out Of 
Consciousness, once through a 

5709
05:10:52,700 --> 05:10:56,200
blur of tears, I thought I saw 
the king watching from a high 

5710
05:10:56,200 --> 05:10:58,200
window. 
I couldn't discern his 

5711
05:10:58,200 --> 05:11:00,200
expression. 
They dumped me in my little 

5712
05:11:00,200 --> 05:11:03,500
chamber and left without a word.
I don't know how long I remained

5713
05:11:03,500 --> 05:11:07,100
motionless on the floor, curled 
up, in gasping, eventually a 

5714
05:11:07,100 --> 05:11:08,900
kind maid servant slipped in and
tended. 

5715
05:11:08,900 --> 05:11:12,000
My wounds with vinegar and clean
bandages, cluckin softly and 

5716
05:11:12,000 --> 05:11:14,100
pity. 
I thanked her in a hoarse 

5717
05:11:14,100 --> 05:11:17,100
whisper by Nightfall. 
I could at least sit upright on 

5718
05:11:17,100 --> 05:11:19,700
my straw cot. 
Every movement sent bolts of 

5719
05:11:19,708 --> 05:11:23,200
Agony through my welted back. 
I stared at the dark sealing 

5720
05:11:23,200 --> 05:11:26,200
Hollow and heartsick. 
A full I had been indeed 

5721
05:11:26,200 --> 05:11:28,900
thinking I could speak for the 
week and not be struck down. 

5722
05:11:30,100 --> 05:11:33,000
As the castle around me bustled,
with the evening supper and 

5723
05:11:33,000 --> 05:11:36,900
song, I lay inside silent 
tasting, bitterness like bile. 

5724
05:11:37,700 --> 05:11:41,200
I did not know what hurt more 
the fiery stripes across my 

5725
05:11:41,200 --> 05:11:43,100
back. 
All the cold distance that now 

5726
05:11:43,100 --> 05:11:47,500
yawned between me and the king. 
I had thought perhaps foolishly 

5727
05:11:47,500 --> 05:11:51,400
was my friend after a week Under
Siege with little progress, the 

5728
05:11:51,400 --> 05:11:53,400
king decided to send a message 
of surrender. 

5729
05:11:53,400 --> 05:11:55,900
Terms to Duke Jeffrey to my 
surprise. 

5730
05:11:55,900 --> 05:11:59,500
He chose me as the envoy. 
Perhaps he chose me as the envoy

5731
05:11:59,500 --> 05:12:01,100
as a form of punishment or 
perhaps. 

5732
05:12:01,100 --> 05:12:03,600
He believed that having a full 
present would emphasize his 

5733
05:12:03,600 --> 05:12:06,600
contempt. 
Either way, I found myself 

5734
05:12:06,600 --> 05:12:09,500
standing before the king in his 
Pavilion, as he thrusts to 

5735
05:12:09,508 --> 05:12:13,100
sealed parchment into my hand, 
carry our surrender offer to 

5736
05:12:13,108 --> 05:12:15,500
Duke Jeffries gate. 
You have a silver tongue. 

5737
05:12:15,500 --> 05:12:18,000
Perhaps, you can persuade him 
wear Siege engines. 

5738
05:12:18,008 --> 05:12:21,200
Cannot he said coolie His Knight
smirked. 

5739
05:12:21,200 --> 05:12:23,300
We all knew this errand carried 
risk. 

5740
05:12:23,900 --> 05:12:26,900
A rebel might easily kill the 
king's fool as a mockery of the 

5741
05:12:26,900 --> 05:12:29,300
message. 
I realized King Edward was 

5742
05:12:29,300 --> 05:12:31,800
effectively sending me as a 
disposable Herald. 

5743
05:12:33,300 --> 05:12:36,900
Still, I mustered, my courage. 
This was the first Duty he had 

5744
05:12:36,900 --> 05:12:41,000
given me since my disgrace. 
Perhaps, if I succeeded, it 

5745
05:12:41,000 --> 05:12:45,900
could begin to mend the rift. 
As you command sire, I said 

5746
05:12:45,900 --> 05:12:49,600
quietly. 
Soon after I rode out under a 

5747
05:12:49,600 --> 05:12:52,500
truce flag, replacing my Motley 
with a simple tunic adorned with

5748
05:12:52,508 --> 05:12:55,300
the Royal Arms. 
A pair of trumpeters, accompany 

5749
05:12:55,300 --> 05:12:57,500
partway and sounded a call 
before falling back. 

5750
05:12:58,300 --> 05:13:01,000
Alone, I approached the Castle's
gate across a field littered 

5751
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:04,900
with broken arrows, my spine, 
prickled expecting at any moment

5752
05:13:04,900 --> 05:13:07,900
to hear the Sinister twang of a 
bowstring and feel an arrow 

5753
05:13:07,900 --> 05:13:11,900
between my shoulders. 
But none came instead, a knot of

5754
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:15,200
the Duke soldiers emerged to 
top, the battlements crossbows 

5755
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:18,000
trained on me. 
I come bearing a message from 

5756
05:13:18,000 --> 05:13:20,700
King Edward. 
I shouted up in a steady a voice

5757
05:13:20,708 --> 05:13:24,400
as I could manage. 
Eventually the iron pot colored 

5758
05:13:24,400 --> 05:13:27,400
upward just enough for a handful
of armored men to drag me 

5759
05:13:27,400 --> 05:13:29,800
inside. 
I was roughly searched and 

5760
05:13:29,800 --> 05:13:32,500
relieved of my small dagger, 
more a tool than a weapon. 

5761
05:13:32,500 --> 05:13:34,700
Then they shoved me into a 
torch-lit. 

5762
05:13:34,700 --> 05:13:37,000
Great hall where Duke Jeffrey 
himself awaited. 

5763
05:13:37,000 --> 05:13:40,500
He was a formidable figure in 
steel plate and a crimson cloak.

5764
05:13:40,500 --> 05:13:43,500
A middle-aged man with a scarred
brow and weary eyes. 

5765
05:13:43,500 --> 05:13:47,100
So he said his voice. 
Echoing off the stone walls, 

5766
05:13:47,100 --> 05:13:50,400
Edward sends his full to parley 
His is he so short of loyal 

5767
05:13:50,400 --> 05:13:53,500
Knights Snickers echoed from the
Duke's men around me. 

5768
05:13:53,500 --> 05:13:57,600
I straightened to my full height
trying not to let my knees Quake

5769
05:13:57,600 --> 05:14:00,100
loyal. 
Knights are too valuable to risk

5770
05:14:00,100 --> 05:14:02,700
on Duke Jeffrey. 
I replied before thinking better

5771
05:14:02,700 --> 05:14:05,400
of it. 
My old reflex for wit had 

5772
05:14:05,400 --> 05:14:09,100
slipped out some of the Rebel 
soldiers bristled but the Duke 

5773
05:14:09,100 --> 05:14:12,100
barked a short laugh. 
Hand me the message full, he 

5774
05:14:12,100 --> 05:14:15,000
said I presented the parchment 
with a slight bow. 

5775
05:14:15,000 --> 05:14:18,100
As he read the king's offer 
amnesty and exchange for 

5776
05:14:18,100 --> 05:14:20,800
immediate surrender. 
His face showed no flicker of 

5777
05:14:20,800 --> 05:14:23,300
concession when he finished, he 
scoffed. 

5778
05:14:23,300 --> 05:14:27,400
Empty promises did Edward think 
of a few pardoning words would 

5779
05:14:27,400 --> 05:14:30,200
make me kneel. 
He must consider me more foolish

5780
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:33,100
than you. 
A tent silence fell. 

5781
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,400
I realized all eyes were on me 
awaiting a response. 

5782
05:14:36,400 --> 05:14:40,100
If I returned empty-handed and 
tongue-tied, I'd earn only 

5783
05:14:40,100 --> 05:14:43,400
scorn. 
So drawing a shaky breath, I 

5784
05:14:43,400 --> 05:14:46,200
addressed the Duke. 
His majesty desires, no more. 

5785
05:14:46,200 --> 05:14:48,900
Bloodshed, he offers you a 
chance to retain your lands and 

5786
05:14:48,900 --> 05:14:52,000
honor your grace. 
I employ you to think of the 

5787
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:54,200
kingdom and your men who have 
families waiting for them. 

5788
05:14:55,000 --> 05:14:58,000
My voice echoed in the hall. 
It was a bold speech for my 

5789
05:14:58,000 --> 05:15:00,300
station, but I spoke with 
genuine pleading. 

5790
05:15:00,300 --> 05:15:03,900
I had seen enough suffering. 
Jeffrey regarded. 

5791
05:15:03,900 --> 05:15:05,500
Me with a faintly surprised 
expression. 

5792
05:15:05,500 --> 05:15:09,800
He spoke earnestly as if he were
a fool, he sighed deeply. 

5793
05:15:09,800 --> 05:15:12,600
And for a moment, I thought I 
saw sorrow in his eyes. 

5794
05:15:13,600 --> 05:15:15,800
You are young. 
You do not know Edward as I do 

5795
05:15:15,800 --> 05:15:18,000
he keeps his promises only while
it suits him. 

5796
05:15:18,000 --> 05:15:20,900
Tell your king that Jeffrey of 
March will not yield to pretty 

5797
05:15:20,900 --> 05:15:24,200
words and Hollow Clemente we 
will meet on the field and set 

5798
05:15:24,200 --> 05:15:27,400
our different sizes with steel. 
My heart sank. 

5799
05:15:27,400 --> 05:15:32,100
Is that your final answer? 
My Lord, I asked softly it is. 

5800
05:15:32,100 --> 05:15:36,200
He said, then he leaned forward 
and added in a low growl, tell 

5801
05:15:36,200 --> 05:15:38,800
Edward that by week's end. 
I shall sit on his throne or 

5802
05:15:38,800 --> 05:15:40,700
die. 
In the attempt, I bowed 

5803
05:15:40,700 --> 05:15:44,600
understanding the Pali was over.
But as I turn to leave one of 

5804
05:15:44,600 --> 05:15:46,700
the Dukes Captain stepped 
forward with a hand on his 

5805
05:15:46,700 --> 05:15:49,100
sword, eyeing me with a wolfish 
grin. 

5806
05:15:50,100 --> 05:15:54,300
Duke Jeffrey waved a Gauntlet at
hand, dismissively know, his 

5807
05:15:54,300 --> 05:15:57,000
butt a messenger. 
And an honest, one at that, let 

5808
05:15:57,000 --> 05:15:59,700
him return unharmed. 
We are not the Savages that 

5809
05:15:59,700 --> 05:16:04,800
Edward would claim. 
He looked at me, go full, thank 

5810
05:16:04,800 --> 05:16:06,600
whatever. 
God you pray to that, I am not 

5811
05:16:06,600 --> 05:16:10,000
in the mood to play games with a
gesture today, they escorted me 

5812
05:16:10,000 --> 05:16:12,700
back to the gate. 
I felt the glare of archers on 

5813
05:16:12,700 --> 05:16:16,100
my back, as I walked out, 
refusing to break into a run, 

5814
05:16:16,100 --> 05:16:19,400
they shoved me out and slammed 
the pork colors behind me. 

5815
05:16:20,200 --> 05:16:22,900
Weak need with relief. 
I walked back to our lines. 

5816
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:26,400
Facing the rebel Lord had been 
terrifying but at least I 

5817
05:16:26,400 --> 05:16:29,500
survived unscathed. 
Back in King Edwards Camp, I 

5818
05:16:29,500 --> 05:16:32,400
delivered Duke Jeffries reply 
faithful to King Edward and his 

5819
05:16:32,400 --> 05:16:35,500
Council the king's face 
tightened at the Duke's 

5820
05:16:35,500 --> 05:16:38,100
Defiance. 
He said nothing to me, except a 

5821
05:16:38,100 --> 05:16:40,400
curtain odd of dismissal. 
It was as if I were, truly 

5822
05:16:40,400 --> 05:16:43,900
nothing more than a talking 
letter that night, I sat by the 

5823
05:16:43,900 --> 05:16:47,600
campfires watching, armored men,
hurry about shop, opening 

5824
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:50,600
swords, and Whispering prayers 
and murmuring about illumines 

5825
05:16:51,300 --> 05:16:53,000
Blood would begin to Flow by 
Dawn. 

5826
05:16:53,000 --> 05:16:57,000
I felt utterly small beneath the
vast, dark sky, once a Fool's 

5827
05:16:57,000 --> 05:17:01,200
quick-witted in the king's hall.
Now it meant nothing on the eve 

5828
05:17:01,200 --> 05:17:03,600
of Slaughter. 
I realized I was witnessing the 

5829
05:17:03,600 --> 05:17:06,800
gears of History turning in 
different to one humble gesture.

5830
05:17:08,100 --> 05:17:10,700
In the flicker of the firelight,
I caught sight of king, Edward 

5831
05:17:10,700 --> 05:17:12,900
standing with his generals 
Resolute and Grim. 

5832
05:17:12,900 --> 05:17:15,800
I remembered when he used to 
smile at my Antics. 

5833
05:17:15,800 --> 05:17:20,500
But that was before famine 
rebellion and my own over bold 

5834
05:17:20,500 --> 05:17:24,900
tongue had come between us. 
Now, I was just another soul in 

5835
05:17:24,900 --> 05:17:27,300
his train useful, only for the 
odd Aaron. 

5836
05:17:28,000 --> 05:17:30,500
As trumpet sounded dough and 
mournful in the darkness. 

5837
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:33,200
I wrapped my cloak tight and 
tried to steal a few hours of 

5838
05:17:33,200 --> 05:17:36,500
sleep on the cold ground. 
Tomorrow's battle would decide 

5839
05:17:36,500 --> 05:17:39,300
the fate of the Kingdom. 
I could do nothing but witness 

5840
05:17:39,300 --> 05:17:42,800
it a full on the sidelines of 
Kings, hoping to survive the 

5841
05:17:42,800 --> 05:17:47,000
coming Dawn at Dawn, King 
Edwards, army clashed with Duke 

5842
05:17:47,000 --> 05:17:49,400
Jeffries rebels in a coffin of 
Steel. 

5843
05:17:49,400 --> 05:17:53,900
And screams suddenly I saw King 
Edward unhorse, his white 

5844
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:57,100
charger had been felled under 
her him and the King was on foot

5845
05:17:57,100 --> 05:17:59,500
fighting off Rebel soldiers who 
pressed in around him. 

5846
05:18:00,300 --> 05:18:03,500
My heart pounded in my chest, 
the knights who should have been

5847
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:07,000
by his side dispersed leaving, 
only me close enough to assist 

5848
05:18:07,000 --> 05:18:10,300
him in that moment without 
thinking, I grabbed a discarded 

5849
05:18:10,300 --> 05:18:12,800
spear from the churned mud and 
ran towards the king. 

5850
05:18:12,800 --> 05:18:16,700
The sight of a Motley clad full 
sprinting into the thick of 

5851
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:20,000
battle stunned. 
Both friends and foes alike, one

5852
05:18:20,000 --> 05:18:22,200
Rebel, Knight charged, the king 
from behind. 

5853
05:18:22,200 --> 05:18:25,600
I heard myself at him with all 
my might by sheer luck. 

5854
05:18:25,608 --> 05:18:28,900
He went down in a clatter of 
armor, more surprised than hurt.

5855
05:18:29,600 --> 05:18:32,000
King Edward world at the sound 
and caught sight of me. 

5856
05:18:32,008 --> 05:18:35,500
Mud splattered and wild-eyed 
standing over the night. 

5857
05:18:35,500 --> 05:18:39,700
I'd felt for an instant, our 
eyes met, then another Rebel 

5858
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:42,400
lunged at the King. 
Edward parried and together. 

5859
05:18:42,400 --> 05:18:46,700
We stood back to back Sovereign 
and fooling and unlikely circle 

5860
05:18:46,700 --> 05:18:50,000
of Defense. 
I brandished the spear wildly 

5861
05:18:50,000 --> 05:18:52,100
screaming, more in Terror than 
Fury. 

5862
05:18:52,800 --> 05:18:55,900
In that moment, a surge of Royal
Knights plowed into the melee 

5863
05:18:55,900 --> 05:18:59,200
driving the rebels back. 
As the enemy fell into confusion

5864
05:18:59,200 --> 05:19:01,900
and began to retreat. 
We pulled the king onto a fresh 

5865
05:19:01,900 --> 05:19:05,100
horse. 
The battle soon turned in our 

5866
05:19:05,100 --> 05:19:08,400
favor Duke Jeffries line broke 
under the onslaught of the 

5867
05:19:08,400 --> 05:19:13,100
king's forces by noon, it was 
over the rebels threw down arms 

5868
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:15,300
or fled Victory belonged to King
Edward. 

5869
05:19:15,300 --> 05:19:19,100
But it came at a terrible cost 
body's carpeted the field and 

5870
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:22,200
the surprise of the Wounded 
echoed in the Smoky air in the 

5871
05:19:22,200 --> 05:19:24,900
aftermath, I slumped exhausted 
on a fallen log. 

5872
05:19:24,900 --> 05:19:28,900
I hand still trembling from 
adrenaline, Blood spattered. 

5873
05:19:28,900 --> 05:19:32,500
My once colorful attire, some of
it from a shallow cut on my arm.

5874
05:19:33,400 --> 05:19:36,300
As the king moved among the 
living and dead tending to the 

5875
05:19:36,300 --> 05:19:39,700
wounded and gazing sorrow over 
the Carnage, I watched in a 

5876
05:19:39,700 --> 05:19:42,000
day's. 
When at last the king approached

5877
05:19:42,000 --> 05:19:44,400
me, I struggled to my feet and 
bowed on steadily. 

5878
05:19:44,400 --> 05:19:47,900
I expected perhaps a reprimand 
for plunging into the fight. 

5879
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:51,500
Unbidden instead King Edward 
dismounted and stepped forward. 

5880
05:19:52,300 --> 05:19:55,400
For a long moment. 
He simply regarded me taking in 

5881
05:19:55,400 --> 05:19:58,300
the spear still clenched in my 
hand, and the drying blood on my

5882
05:19:58,308 --> 05:20:01,500
cheek, then to my shock, he 
knelt slightly and placed a hand

5883
05:20:01,508 --> 05:20:03,700
on my shoulder. 
You saved my life. 

5884
05:20:03,700 --> 05:20:06,600
Today he said quietly. 
There was an openness in his 

5885
05:20:06,608 --> 05:20:08,400
face. 
I'd not seen since my earliest 

5886
05:20:08,400 --> 05:20:10,900
days at court. 
Full or not Tom you have the 

5887
05:20:10,900 --> 05:20:13,200
heart of a true friend Sia I 
only did. 

5888
05:20:13,200 --> 05:20:16,100
What anyone would I stammered 
suddenly choking up? 

5889
05:20:17,600 --> 05:20:20,800
He shook his head and turned to 
the Lord's gathering around in a

5890
05:20:20,808 --> 05:20:22,700
clear voice. 
He proclaimed that my bravery 

5891
05:20:22,700 --> 05:20:24,400
had saved him and would not be 
forgotten. 

5892
05:20:25,600 --> 05:20:28,400
My cheeks burned with humble 
Pride, as Nobles, who wants 

5893
05:20:28,400 --> 05:20:30,300
neared? 
Now, inclined their heads to me,

5894
05:20:30,300 --> 05:20:33,500
I understood that my return to 
the king's favor, was not due to

5895
05:20:33,508 --> 05:20:36,700
humor, but rather to my 
unwavering loyalty during 

5896
05:20:36,700 --> 05:20:40,500
crucial moments, That evening we
shared a quiet Victory meal in 

5897
05:20:40,500 --> 05:20:43,200
Camp late that night as I sat by
the dying. 

5898
05:20:43,200 --> 05:20:45,200
Fire. 
King, Edward draped, his own 

5899
05:20:45,200 --> 05:20:46,600
fur. 
Cloak around my shoulders. 

5900
05:20:46,600 --> 05:20:49,100
Your catch your death. 
In this chill. 

5901
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:51,700
Tom. 
He said softly side by side 

5902
05:20:51,700 --> 05:20:54,700
under the Starry Sky, we sat in 
a comfortable silence. 

5903
05:20:55,700 --> 05:20:56,600
After a long. 
Pause. 

5904
05:20:56,600 --> 05:21:00,500
He murmured so much lost. 
Will God forgive me for this 

5905
05:21:00,500 --> 05:21:03,800
day? 
In that moment, he was not a 

5906
05:21:03,800 --> 05:21:07,000
mighty king but a weary man I 
Found the courage to answer 

5907
05:21:07,000 --> 05:21:09,600
gently that he had done his duty
and even shown Mercy. 

5908
05:21:09,600 --> 05:21:15,200
If a king can be merciful I said
surely God can too He managed to

5909
05:21:15,200 --> 05:21:18,300
warn smile and grip my arm. 
Thank you, Tommy whispered. 

5910
05:21:19,100 --> 05:21:21,800
By the time I crawled into my 
small tent, I felt lighter than 

5911
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:25,600
I had in a long while the gulf 
between the king and his full 

5912
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:28,500
had closed in The Crucible of 
war, and with it came a new 

5913
05:21:28,500 --> 05:21:31,000
trust. 
I dare to hope that better days.

5914
05:21:31,000 --> 05:21:34,500
Lay ahead when I might serve him
with both wit and devotion, as I

5915
05:21:34,500 --> 05:21:38,500
once did for a brief golden time
after the battle life, at court 

5916
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:41,500
was kind to me. 
King Edward, kept me close and 

5917
05:21:41,500 --> 05:21:44,000
though, I still donned caps and 
bells to amuse him. 

5918
05:21:44,008 --> 05:21:46,500
I also became something of a 
confidant again. 

5919
05:21:46,500 --> 05:21:49,700
I even offered the king and 
occasional candid observation to

5920
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:52,700
Aid, his rule. 
The memory of my pasta strange 

5921
05:21:52,700 --> 05:21:54,400
moment faded like a terrible 
dream. 

5922
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:59,300
But fortunes we will never stops
turning some years later, a 

5923
05:21:59,300 --> 05:22:01,800
harsh winter illness, swept 
through the land, the illness 

5924
05:22:01,800 --> 05:22:04,800
affected, both the upper and 
lower classes equally King 

5925
05:22:04,800 --> 05:22:07,700
Edward vigorous. 
In battle succumbed in his bed 

5926
05:22:07,700 --> 05:22:11,000
chamber, after a week of fever, 
I started his bedside near the 

5927
05:22:11,008 --> 05:22:13,000
end, holding his hand as the 
fever. 

5928
05:22:13,000 --> 05:22:16,200
Took him on a frigid February 
night when he breathed his last.

5929
05:22:16,200 --> 05:22:20,800
I lost not only my king, but 
also my truest friend, the court

5930
05:22:20,800 --> 05:22:22,600
mourned. 
And then the power shifted. 

5931
05:22:22,600 --> 05:22:26,300
King Edwards are was a boy of 
12, so a council of Regents took

5932
05:22:26,300 --> 05:22:30,200
control Almost overnight, the 
atmosphere at court changed. 

5933
05:22:30,200 --> 05:22:34,200
The new rulers had little use 
for the old King's fool to them.

5934
05:22:34,200 --> 05:22:36,400
I was a remnant of Edward Zero 
at best. 

5935
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:39,700
Irrelevant at worst a nuisance 
with too many of the late King's

5936
05:22:39,700 --> 05:22:42,500
confidences in the weeks. 
After the funeral I became 

5937
05:22:42,500 --> 05:22:46,600
increasingly unwelcome the boy 
King Guided by Stern advisors. 

5938
05:22:46,600 --> 05:22:50,000
Showed no interest in my Antics.
I used to sit near the throne 

5939
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:52,800
but now I found myself standing 
at the back of the hall. 

5940
05:22:53,500 --> 05:22:57,100
One gray morning, I was summoned
before Lord Warwick the very 

5941
05:22:57,100 --> 05:22:59,400
adviser who had urge my flogging
years ago. 

5942
05:22:59,400 --> 05:23:02,600
And now one of the princes 
Regents, he regarded me with 

5943
05:23:02,600 --> 05:23:06,500
cold disdain The crown has 
decided your services are no 

5944
05:23:06,500 --> 05:23:09,700
longer required. 
He said flatly, he pushed across

5945
05:23:09,700 --> 05:23:13,500
the table, a small persons as a 
gesture of compensation. 

5946
05:23:13,500 --> 05:23:16,100
You are to leave the palace by 
sundown. 

5947
05:23:17,200 --> 05:23:21,200
I felt a Pang of disbelief, I 
dare to ask if I had a fence or 

5948
05:23:21,200 --> 05:23:24,600
could make amends but warwicks 
silence me with a glare. 

5949
05:23:24,600 --> 05:23:28,300
The young king was too busy to 
indulge a Fool's prattle. 

5950
05:23:28,300 --> 05:23:31,500
He said they didn't require a 
gesture to interrupt them. 

5951
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:35,600
For an instant anger flared. 
I had bled for this Kingdom and 

5952
05:23:35,600 --> 05:23:38,300
The Late King valued me, but one
look at Warwick's face. 

5953
05:23:38,300 --> 05:23:40,000
Told me. 
Protest was futile. 

5954
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:43,400
These men saw only a clown, not 
a counselor. 

5955
05:23:44,000 --> 05:23:47,200
I took the leather purse with 
trembling fingers, it felt 

5956
05:23:47,200 --> 05:23:51,500
pitifully, light about my head. 
As you command my Lord, I 

5957
05:23:51,500 --> 05:23:54,800
murmured there was nothing else 
to do to resist. 

5958
05:23:54,800 --> 05:23:56,600
Would mean imprisonment or 
worse. 

5959
05:23:57,800 --> 05:24:00,800
That afternoon, I packed my 
Scamp belongings, a few Warren, 

5960
05:24:00,800 --> 05:24:04,700
Motley tunics, my Loot and the 
Gilded wooden full SEPTA King. 

5961
05:24:04,700 --> 05:24:07,100
Edward had once give him a 
suggesting staff of office. 

5962
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:09,700
Not one familiar face came to 
wish me. 

5963
05:24:09,700 --> 05:24:13,500
Well, any who might have were 
gone or afraid to show kindness 

5964
05:24:13,500 --> 05:24:16,800
to a dismissed full. 
I walked out of the palace gates

5965
05:24:16,800 --> 05:24:19,400
at Twilight. 
A solitary figure for the first 

5966
05:24:19,400 --> 05:24:23,200
time in years. regards hardly 
glanced at me as I passed under 

5967
05:24:23,200 --> 05:24:26,200
the pork colorless where I had 
first entered so many years ago 

5968
05:24:27,000 --> 05:24:29,500
Frightened youth. 
Eager to entertain a king. 

5969
05:24:30,500 --> 05:24:32,600
How different that departure was
now older. 

5970
05:24:32,600 --> 05:24:35,500
Wiser and bearing the weight of 
Sorrows and joys alike. 

5971
05:24:36,500 --> 05:24:39,300
As I left the Royal Court behind
I paused on a hill. 

5972
05:24:39,300 --> 05:24:43,200
Overlooking the capital, the sun
was sinking in a cold purple sky

5973
05:24:43,200 --> 05:24:46,000
in the distance. 
The towers of the castle, caught

5974
05:24:46,000 --> 05:24:48,700
the last Light. 
Standing in that same spot on 

5975
05:24:48,700 --> 05:24:51,800
happier days, alongside King. 
Edward, I recalled listening to 

5976
05:24:51,800 --> 05:24:55,400
him, confide his worries, I 
remembered our laughter, our 

5977
05:24:55,400 --> 05:24:59,300
battles of wit, and even our 
moments of anger, A sad smile 

5978
05:24:59,300 --> 05:25:02,700
tugged at my lips. 
Full, I came and a full. 

5979
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:06,000
I depart I whispered to the 
chiller my breath swirled. 

5980
05:25:06,000 --> 05:25:09,300
Like ghostly incense. 
There was no audience to laugh 

5981
05:25:09,300 --> 05:25:13,500
or applaud Only the Lonely wind.
I drew my tattered, cloak 

5982
05:25:13,500 --> 05:25:15,800
Tighter and turned away from the
only home. 

5983
05:25:15,800 --> 05:25:19,100
I'd known in my adult life. 
It was time to explore the Fate 

5984
05:25:19,100 --> 05:25:22,400
that a king's fool without a 
king might face for months, I 

5985
05:25:22,400 --> 05:25:25,400
roamed through Villages and 
Market towns free and without a 

5986
05:25:25,400 --> 05:25:27,900
master initially, the freedom 
felt jarring. 

5987
05:25:27,900 --> 05:25:32,200
I could go anywhere say anything
yet who cared now for the words 

5988
05:25:32,200 --> 05:25:35,100
of a king's fool. 
I earned my supper by telling 

5989
05:25:35,100 --> 05:25:38,400
stories or juggling in Tavern 
yards before performing not for 

5990
05:25:38,400 --> 05:25:40,100
Nobles, but for farmers and 
fishermen. 

5991
05:25:40,900 --> 05:25:42,800
Some nights. 
I stepped in a hay loft or under

5992
05:25:42,800 --> 05:25:45,300
the Open Sky, my joints ached 
more than they used to. 

5993
05:25:45,300 --> 05:25:48,200
And the laughter, of course, 
Villages was a poor substitute 

5994
05:25:48,200 --> 05:25:50,200
for the attentive hush of a 
Royal Court. 

5995
05:25:51,200 --> 05:25:53,900
One Autumn evening, I found 
myself in a small country in 

5996
05:25:53,900 --> 05:25:56,600
entertaining a handful of locals
by the half. 

5997
05:25:57,300 --> 05:25:59,900
I narrated humorous stories 
about court life, taking care, 

5998
05:25:59,900 --> 05:26:03,200
not to mention specific names 
and managed to elicit a few 

5999
05:26:03,200 --> 05:26:06,900
Chuckles from the audience. 
Afterward, as the Patron's 

6000
05:26:06,900 --> 05:26:10,600
drifted off, The Innkeeper 
pressed into my hand, pity or 

6001
05:26:10,600 --> 05:26:15,400
payment, perhaps both and asked,
were you truly the king's full 

6002
05:26:15,400 --> 05:26:19,000
once? 
I nodded with a faint smile. 

6003
05:26:19,000 --> 05:26:23,400
I was I replied, he shook his 
head in Wonder and went to lock 

6004
05:26:23,400 --> 05:26:25,500
up leaving me alone with the 
dying fire. 

6005
05:26:26,800 --> 05:26:30,300
I sat there long after the last 
Embers crumbled, nursing the. 

6006
05:26:30,300 --> 05:26:33,700
AL in my memories. 
Yes, I had been the Kings full. 

6007
05:26:33,700 --> 05:26:38,500
I had lived in a castle one 
silks, however, patched dined on

6008
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:41,600
Venison and custard and traded 
wits with powerful men. 

6009
05:26:42,600 --> 05:26:46,600
I had experienced both highs and
lows now, I was no one of 

6010
05:26:46,600 --> 05:26:50,100
importance. 
Despite feeling unimportant, I 

6011
05:26:50,100 --> 05:26:52,700
still sensed the same heart 
beating in my chest and 

6012
05:26:52,700 --> 05:26:55,700
maintained the same Keen Eye for
absurdity in the world. 

6013
05:26:56,600 --> 05:26:59,500
In the Silence of that table, 
and I realized that in my own 

6014
05:26:59,500 --> 05:27:01,300
way. 
I still carried the truth. 

6015
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:04,500
Speakers torch. 
I could now speak freely about 

6016
05:27:04,500 --> 05:27:07,000
the Lords of vanity. 
The pause plight and other 

6017
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:09,700
Palace secrets. 
The strange privilege. 

6018
05:27:09,700 --> 05:27:13,400
I once held to speak truth to 
power had come at enormous risk.

6019
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:15,900
Now, I held a different sort of 
freedom. 

6020
05:27:15,900 --> 05:27:19,700
I could speak truth openly but 
Power no longer heeded. 

6021
05:27:19,700 --> 05:27:23,100
It was a lonely, Freedom strip 
of the glamour that once gave my

6022
05:27:23,108 --> 05:27:25,400
words. 
Wait, I drained my ale and 

6023
05:27:25,408 --> 05:27:27,000
stepped outside into the crisp 
night. 

6024
05:27:27,700 --> 05:27:29,400
Thin sliver of moon hung 
overhead. 

6025
05:27:29,400 --> 05:27:33,100
The Village was dark and 
sleeping only the distant bark 

6026
05:27:33,100 --> 05:27:36,100
of a dog and the rustle of 
trees, kept me company pulling 

6027
05:27:36,100 --> 05:27:38,800
my threadbare cloak around my 
shoulders, I walked down the 

6028
05:27:38,800 --> 05:27:42,000
empty Lane toward the unstable 
loft, where a pile of straw, 

6029
05:27:42,000 --> 05:27:46,300
waited as my bed, overhead, 
countless Stars glittered the 

6030
05:27:46,300 --> 05:27:49,100
same stars are used to Gazette 
from the castle, parapets and 

6031
05:27:49,100 --> 05:27:51,800
King Edwards day. 
How many times did I stood by 

6032
05:27:51,800 --> 05:27:55,100
his side after a feast pointing 
out a constellation on making a 

6033
05:27:55,100 --> 05:27:57,100
wish? 
I closed my eyes and could 

6034
05:27:57,100 --> 05:28:01,300
almost hear the king's Rich 
laugh beside me and ache swelled

6035
05:28:01,300 --> 05:28:05,200
in my throat parts, sorrow 
Parts, sweet reminiscence, ah 

6036
05:28:05,200 --> 05:28:06,900
Edward. 
I'm at the sky. 

6037
05:28:06,900 --> 05:28:10,400
They took your full away but 
they'll never quite rid me of 

6038
05:28:10,400 --> 05:28:12,500
you. 
Perhaps it was a foolish thing 

6039
05:28:12,500 --> 05:28:15,900
to say, but then foolishness had
always been my trade. 

6040
05:28:17,500 --> 05:28:19,700
I climbed into the Loft and laid
down on the straw. 

6041
05:28:20,400 --> 05:28:23,200
Through a gap in the roof, I 
could to see a splash of stars. 

6042
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:26,500
I thought of the people, I had 
been the eager young, gesture 

6043
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:29,500
the broken, the stocks, the 
unlikely hero on the 

6044
05:28:29,500 --> 05:28:32,600
battlefield, The Trusted friend.
And now the Vagabond 

6045
05:28:32,600 --> 05:28:34,900
Storyteller, which was the real 
me. 

6046
05:28:35,800 --> 05:28:37,800
Perhaps all of them, perhaps 
none. 

6047
05:28:39,200 --> 05:28:41,100
As I drifted to sleep, I found 
myself. 

6048
05:28:41,100 --> 05:28:44,500
Smiling in the dark, I had 
played my part in the grand, 

6049
05:28:44,500 --> 05:28:47,500
pageant of kings and clowns, and
though, my costume was torn. 

6050
05:28:47,500 --> 05:28:50,600
And my stage now, humble in, I 
still had my wits, my memories, 

6051
05:28:50,600 --> 05:28:53,200
and my voice in the morning. 
I would move on to the next 

6052
05:28:53,200 --> 05:28:56,300
Village and the next crowd. 
Maybe I'd make them laugh, maybe

6053
05:28:56,300 --> 05:28:59,800
I'd make them think either way, 
the spirit of the Kings full 

6054
05:28:59,800 --> 05:29:02,600
lived on as long as I drew 
breath, whatever tomorrow 

6055
05:29:02,600 --> 05:29:05,600
brings, I will meet it, as I 
always have with a jest on my 

6056
05:29:05,608 --> 05:29:08,600
tongue, a tear in my eye and 
hope in my Foolish Heart. 

6057
05:29:14,000 --> 05:29:16,300
Friends. 
We're going back more than 400 

6058
05:29:16,300 --> 05:29:19,300
years to meet a young girl who 
would have a profound impact on 

6059
05:29:19,300 --> 05:29:21,800
American history. 
The interesting part of our 

6060
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:25,100
story is that almost everything 
you believe, you know about her 

6061
05:29:25,100 --> 05:29:29,000
is likely incorrect. 
Of course, you've heard of 

6062
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:33,200
Pocahontas, everybody has. 
However, her name wasn't really 

6063
05:29:33,200 --> 05:29:37,000
that Hammer Newt which 
translates to little Mischief in

6064
05:29:37,000 --> 05:29:40,900
her native power tan language, 
was her true name and believe me

6065
05:29:40,908 --> 05:29:43,200
when I say that she immediately 
lived up to that moniker. 

6066
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:46,700
She was born in, what is now 
Virginia in 1596? 

6067
05:29:46,700 --> 05:29:50,800
Her father was Chief wounds and 
a cow but everyone called him 

6068
05:29:50,808 --> 05:29:54,100
Chief power tan because to be 
honest his real name was too 

6069
05:29:54,100 --> 05:29:57,400
long even for his own people. 
Now picture yourself as the 

6070
05:29:57,408 --> 05:30:01,100
daughter of a chief in a world 
where your father ruled over, 30

6071
05:30:01,100 --> 05:30:05,300
tribes and about 15,000 people. 
It's like being the child of the

6072
05:30:05,300 --> 05:30:10,300
president, the governor and the 
mayor combined Amin however, was

6073
05:30:10,300 --> 05:30:13,000
no ordinary spoiled princess. 
Who sat around munching on 

6074
05:30:13,000 --> 05:30:15,300
grapes. 
Oh, no, she was actually getting

6075
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:18,800
her hands dirty out there. 
The Tidy Suburban communities, 

6076
05:30:18,800 --> 05:30:21,200
you may imagine when you think 
of home when nothing, like the 

6077
05:30:21,200 --> 05:30:25,000
poet and world through forests, 
so dense that sunlight hardly 

6078
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:27,800
reached the ground, these vast 
Villages were connected by 

6079
05:30:27,800 --> 05:30:31,500
well-traveled paths. 
Forest where you would get lost,

6080
05:30:31,500 --> 05:30:34,600
trying to find your car keys, 
but these people knew every tree

6081
05:30:34,600 --> 05:30:37,200
stream and hiding place as well 
as you do the rooms in your 

6082
05:30:37,200 --> 05:30:39,900
home. 
Amanita to this world like a 

6083
05:30:39,900 --> 05:30:42,200
sponge. 
She already showed signs of 

6084
05:30:42,200 --> 05:30:45,700
being what we might politely 
call spirited the type of child 

6085
05:30:45,700 --> 05:30:48,800
who would sneak out of the long 
house to go exploring when she 

6086
05:30:48,800 --> 05:30:51,500
was supposed to be helping with 
dinner preparations or climb the

6087
05:30:51,500 --> 05:30:54,000
tallest tree, just to see what 
was on the other side of the 

6088
05:30:54,000 --> 05:30:56,100
Hill. 
While other kids, her age were 

6089
05:30:56,100 --> 05:30:59,200
learning to weave baskets and 
tenth crops you would find the 

6090
05:30:59,200 --> 05:31:01,900
way of life of her father's 
people to be both remarkably 

6091
05:31:01,900 --> 05:31:05,600
alien and oddly familiar. 
They had politics a lot of them.

6092
05:31:06,400 --> 05:31:08,900
The Powhatan Confederacy, 
resembled a sophisticated 

6093
05:31:08,900 --> 05:31:12,800
neighborhood association, but in
fighting over lawn care, they 

6094
05:31:12,800 --> 05:31:15,600
were settling territorial 
disputes and negotiating trade 

6095
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:18,100
agreements. 
Chief per Harten was effectively

6096
05:31:18,100 --> 05:31:21,000
in charge of a small country. 
Complete with all the hassles 

6097
05:31:21,000 --> 05:31:23,000
that came with juggling, 
conflicting, interests, 

6098
05:31:23,000 --> 05:31:25,800
personalities, and the 
occasional neighboring tribe, 

6099
05:31:25,800 --> 05:31:28,400
that felt they could just walk 
in and take over little. 

6100
05:31:28,400 --> 05:31:30,000
Amen. 
Ute was in the midst of all of 

6101
05:31:30,000 --> 05:31:31,700
this. 
Keeping a close eye on 

6102
05:31:31,708 --> 05:31:34,400
everything and not missing 
anything before she could 

6103
05:31:34,400 --> 05:31:38,500
pronounce the word correctly, 
she was studying statecraft. you

6104
05:31:38,500 --> 05:31:41,200
know, how some children, even 
when adults, believe they are 

6105
05:31:41,208 --> 05:31:44,600
being subtle, have an amazing 
ability to pick up on every new 

6106
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:48,000
Nuance of adult conversations, 
how many it was doing just that,

6107
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:51,400
but she was so learning to read 
the political Winds of a whole 

6108
05:31:51,400 --> 05:31:54,500
Confederation of tribes being 
the daughter of the chief meant 

6109
05:31:54,500 --> 05:31:56,600
that everyone expected you to do
great things. 

6110
05:31:56,600 --> 05:31:59,500
But no one knew exactly what 
those great things should 

6111
05:31:59,500 --> 05:32:02,000
entail. 
Boys had clear careers. 

6112
05:32:02,000 --> 05:32:05,700
They would either be Hunters 
Warriors or if they were 

6113
05:32:05,700 --> 05:32:09,400
fortunate and intelligent 
political leaders But girls were

6114
05:32:09,400 --> 05:32:12,400
making their own rules, 
especially girls, like ammonite,

6115
05:32:12,400 --> 05:32:16,300
who had a special combination of
intelligence curiosity and a 

6116
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:18,100
total disregard for staying out 
of trouble. 

6117
05:32:18,100 --> 05:32:21,400
How many was known for her 
ability to charm her way out of 

6118
05:32:21,400 --> 05:32:24,400
nearly any predicament by the 
time she was 10 or 11 years old.

6119
05:32:25,300 --> 05:32:28,400
Imagine the type of child, who, 
when Court exploring the 

6120
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:31,100
basement during lunch, could 
persuade the principal of the 

6121
05:32:31,108 --> 05:32:34,800
school that she was in fact, 
conducting educational research.

6122
05:32:35,700 --> 05:32:38,300
That was ammun. 
But she was interacting with 

6123
05:32:38,300 --> 05:32:41,200
tribal Elders who had been 
around long enough to recognize 

6124
05:32:41,200 --> 05:32:43,200
most ploys rather than a 
principal. 

6125
05:32:43,200 --> 05:32:47,000
What set her apart though was 
more than just her charm or 

6126
05:32:47,000 --> 05:32:49,600
intelligence. 
She was innately able to see 

6127
05:32:49,600 --> 05:32:53,400
connections that others fail to 
notice Amin could see complex 

6128
05:32:53,400 --> 05:32:56,900
situations and find Solutions. 
No one else had considered much 

6129
05:32:56,900 --> 05:32:59,700
like a person who can quickly 
identify where the odd shaped 

6130
05:32:59,700 --> 05:33:02,900
piece goes and a jigsaw puzzle. 
Nobody could have predicted how 

6131
05:33:02,900 --> 05:33:06,300
crucial, this specific set of 
skills would become You know how

6132
05:33:06,300 --> 05:33:08,300
it feels to be going about your 
day as usual. 

6133
05:33:08,300 --> 05:33:11,700
Perhaps reading a book or doing 
some yard work and something 

6134
05:33:11,700 --> 05:33:14,000
totally out of the blue occurs 
and Alters everything. 

6135
05:33:15,100 --> 05:33:18,300
Perhaps you run into someone, 
you haven't seen in 20 years or 

6136
05:33:18,300 --> 05:33:21,100
the phone rings with news, that 
could change your life that 

6137
05:33:21,100 --> 05:33:24,500
time, however, came for Amy to 
her people, in the spring of 

6138
05:33:24,500 --> 05:33:28,300
1607 and it showed up as three 
ships that appeared on the 

6139
05:33:28,300 --> 05:33:30,400
horizon, like something from a 
fever dream. 

6140
05:33:30,400 --> 05:33:33,900
Imagine waking up on morning. 
At the age of 11 to find that 

6141
05:33:33,900 --> 05:33:35,700
aliens have landed in your 
backyard. 

6142
05:33:36,500 --> 05:33:39,600
Not the spooky aliens from 
movies, but the ungainly 

6143
05:33:39,600 --> 05:33:42,600
obviously lost and most likely 
harmless kind. 

6144
05:33:43,800 --> 05:33:46,600
That's about what happened. 
When 104 English colonists 

6145
05:33:46,600 --> 05:33:49,900
arrived on the shores of the 
Chesapeake Bay, surveyed, the 

6146
05:33:49,900 --> 05:33:53,100
mosquito infested swamp land and
concluded that the area would be

6147
05:33:53,108 --> 05:33:54,800
ideal for establishing a 
settlement. 

6148
05:33:56,200 --> 05:33:58,600
The power tan people likely had 
a few other names for their new 

6149
05:33:58,600 --> 05:34:00,400
home. 
Most of which would not be 

6150
05:34:00,400 --> 05:34:03,400
suitable for bedtime reading, 
but the English named it James 

6151
05:34:03,400 --> 05:34:07,400
town after King James. 
The first, because let's face 

6152
05:34:07,400 --> 05:34:10,800
it, would you really pick a 
swampy island with dirty water 

6153
05:34:10,800 --> 05:34:14,800
hostile mosquitoes and soil that
appeared to have lost all life 

6154
05:34:14,800 --> 05:34:16,300
as a place to establish a new 
town. 

6155
05:34:16,300 --> 05:34:21,200
However there they were pale 
strangely dressed strangers, 

6156
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:24,300
unpacking their things as if 
they had recently moved into the

6157
05:34:24,300 --> 05:34:26,900
area. 
Chief paulato was no idiot. 

6158
05:34:26,900 --> 05:34:30,400
Now, having been in charge of 
his Confederacy for decades, he 

6159
05:34:30,400 --> 05:34:32,900
had witnessed his fair share of 
strange situations 

6160
05:34:32,900 --> 05:34:36,500
unanticipated, guests, an 
individuals who were obviously 

6161
05:34:36,500 --> 05:34:39,600
inexperienced. 
His attitude toward the English 

6162
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:42,700
was similar to that of a patient
neighbor observing someone 

6163
05:34:42,700 --> 05:34:45,800
attempt to put together Ikea 
furniture without first reading 

6164
05:34:45,800 --> 05:34:49,700
the instructions. 
Curious a little amused but also

6165
05:34:49,700 --> 05:34:51,800
wondering when they would have 
eventually ask for assistance. 

6166
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:55,700
Hammer new, who's 11 years old 
and inherently interested in 

6167
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:59,200
anything novel and possibly 
thrilling found these odd 

6168
05:34:59,200 --> 05:35:02,600
newcomers to be fascinating. 
They wore more layers of clothes

6169
05:35:02,600 --> 05:35:04,900
than seemed to practically 
necessary for the Virginia 

6170
05:35:04,900 --> 05:35:08,500
weather had hair in colors. 
She had never seen and had pale 

6171
05:35:08,500 --> 05:35:12,100
skin that burned in the Sun. 
She loved puzzles, and they were

6172
05:35:12,100 --> 05:35:15,000
like walking puzzles. 
However, what was most 

6173
05:35:15,000 --> 05:35:17,500
fascinating about these? 
English colonists was not how 

6174
05:35:17,500 --> 05:35:20,800
they looked, but rather, how 
utterly unprepared they were for

6175
05:35:20,800 --> 05:35:24,900
well, everything he's were 
individuals who somehow 

6176
05:35:24,900 --> 05:35:27,300
persuaded themselves that they 
could arrive in a foreign 

6177
05:35:27,300 --> 05:35:31,000
country and start discovering 
gold strewn about like spare 

6178
05:35:31,000 --> 05:35:33,000
change. 
It seems that no one had 

6179
05:35:33,000 --> 05:35:36,400
considered bringing anyone who 
truly knew how to grow food or 

6180
05:35:36,400 --> 05:35:39,100
construct houses that wouldn't 
collapse in the first strong 

6181
05:35:39,100 --> 05:35:41,800
wind wind. 
Despite the fact that they had 

6182
05:35:41,800 --> 05:35:43,700
packed a ton of expensive 
clothing and weapons. 

6183
05:35:44,700 --> 05:35:47,400
It was similar to watching your 
city cousins, attempt camping, 

6184
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:50,300
but instead of spending a 
weekend in the woods, they were 

6185
05:35:50,300 --> 05:35:52,800
planning to stay forever and 
they had forgotten how to 

6186
05:35:52,800 --> 05:35:56,000
survive, rather than where the 
can opener was one. 

6187
05:35:56,000 --> 05:35:58,800
Of the colonists leaders was a 
man by the name of John Smith. 

6188
05:35:58,800 --> 05:36:02,300
Historians, take some of Smith's
stories with a grain of salt, 

6189
05:36:02,300 --> 05:36:04,800
the size of a dinner roll 
because Smith was the type of 

6190
05:36:04,800 --> 05:36:08,100
person who would later write 
extremely details of his 

6191
05:36:08,100 --> 05:36:10,500
adventures. 
If you've ever known someone who

6192
05:36:10,500 --> 05:36:13,100
tells really great stories that 
get a little better every time 

6193
05:36:13,100 --> 05:36:14,800
they tell them, you'll 
understand why. 

6194
05:36:15,600 --> 05:36:18,800
Smith's later writings that he 
met a man when he was taken 

6195
05:36:18,800 --> 05:36:21,500
prisoner on one of his 
exploration trips back in 

6196
05:36:21,500 --> 05:36:24,600
England, he told a very dramatic
story about how young 

6197
05:36:24,600 --> 05:36:28,400
Pocahontas, he used her nickname
through herself across his body 

6198
05:36:28,400 --> 05:36:30,900
to save his life just as he was 
about to be executed. 

6199
05:36:32,100 --> 05:36:35,100
Although it is a romantic story 
that has served as the basis for

6200
05:36:35,100 --> 05:36:38,700
innumerable novels and films. 
The real world was likely far 

6201
05:36:38,700 --> 05:36:42,400
more ordinary and fascinating 
most likely Smith misinterpreted

6202
05:36:42,400 --> 05:36:45,300
presence during a formal 
ceremony, which could have been 

6203
05:36:45,300 --> 05:36:48,300
an adoption ritual. 
Imagine assuming the bride and 

6204
05:36:48,300 --> 05:36:50,900
groomer in trouble because 
everyone appears so serious 

6205
05:36:50,900 --> 05:36:53,500
during a wedding ceremony from a
different culture without 

6206
05:36:53,500 --> 05:36:56,300
knowing what's happening. 
That was most likely Smith 

6207
05:36:56,300 --> 05:36:59,400
standing there feeling as though
he was going to die while being 

6208
05:36:59,400 --> 05:37:03,400
accepted into the community. 
How many most likely found the 

6209
05:37:03,400 --> 05:37:06,700
entire scene to be both amusing 
and fascinating at the same 

6210
05:37:06,700 --> 05:37:09,300
time? 
This adult man was obviously 

6211
05:37:09,300 --> 05:37:12,200
afraid of a ceremony That was 
supposed to be helpful to him. 

6212
05:37:12,200 --> 05:37:15,400
And he was totally unaware of 
the significance of everything 

6213
05:37:15,400 --> 05:37:18,400
that was going on around him. 
She was already learning that 

6214
05:37:18,400 --> 05:37:22,400
the ability to translate not 
just words, but entire world 

6215
05:37:22,400 --> 05:37:26,300
views is sometimes the most 
crucial competency when 

6216
05:37:26,300 --> 05:37:28,800
interacting with people from 
diverse cultural backgrounds. 

6217
05:37:29,800 --> 05:37:32,400
And the most significant event 
in her early life was going to 

6218
05:37:32,408 --> 05:37:35,500
be that ability that innate 
talent for recognizing 

6219
05:37:35,500 --> 05:37:38,300
connections and creating Bridges
between other worlds. 

6220
05:37:38,300 --> 05:37:41,900
You may be wondering how an 11 
year old girl became one of the 

6221
05:37:41,900 --> 05:37:45,100
most significant diplomats in 
history as you settle into your 

6222
05:37:45,100 --> 05:37:46,900
cozy, spot for tonight's 
chapter. 

6223
05:37:46,900 --> 05:37:50,700
So grab that hot beverage and 
prepare yourself for a tale of a

6224
05:37:50,700 --> 05:37:53,400
person who learned to speak two 
languages that were not simply 

6225
05:37:53,400 --> 05:37:56,700
powered and English but rather 
the languages of two completely 

6226
05:37:56,708 --> 05:37:59,800
different worldviews. 
Anyone who has ever been the 

6227
05:37:59,800 --> 05:38:02,200
only person in a room who can 
understand both sides of an 

6228
05:38:02,208 --> 05:38:05,900
argument will recognize amen Ute
situation after her initial 

6229
05:38:05,900 --> 05:38:09,100
meeting with John Smith. 
You know how it feels when your 

6230
05:38:09,100 --> 05:38:12,000
friend is upset with your other 
friend and you hear both of 

6231
05:38:12,008 --> 05:38:15,100
their points of view, only to 
discover that their anger is 

6232
05:38:15,100 --> 05:38:19,900
about entirely different things.
That was a Munoz life except 

6233
05:38:19,900 --> 05:38:23,400
that two civilizations survival 
was at stake, rather than a 

6234
05:38:23,400 --> 05:38:25,800
friend's drama. 
If they weren't so, desperate, 

6235
05:38:25,800 --> 05:38:28,200
the English colonists struggles 
would almost be humorous. 

6236
05:38:28,200 --> 05:38:31,800
Imagine a tempting to cultivate 
a garden without ever seeing a 

6237
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:34,800
seed Sprout or building a house 
without ever holding a hammer. 

6238
05:38:35,400 --> 05:38:37,900
Like people who arrive at a 
beach expecting to find a 

6239
05:38:37,900 --> 05:38:40,000
shopping mall. 
These individuals have traveled 

6240
05:38:40,000 --> 05:38:44,000
to Virginia expecting to find 
cities, teeming with gold, they 

6241
05:38:44,000 --> 05:38:46,400
were put in the awkward 
situation of needing assistance 

6242
05:38:46,400 --> 05:38:48,800
from the very people they had 
thought would be impressed by 

6243
05:38:48,800 --> 05:38:53,000
their Superior European ways 
when reality set in Ahmanet 

6244
05:38:53,000 --> 05:38:56,000
started going to Jamestown on a 
regular basis and her presence 

6245
05:38:56,000 --> 05:38:58,300
there was like having a 
professional interpreter at a 

6246
05:38:58,300 --> 05:39:01,000
multilingual meeting. 
She did a lot of literal 

6247
05:39:01,000 --> 05:39:04,100
translation that she also 
translated expectations 

6248
05:39:04,100 --> 05:39:05,900
traditions and entire ways of 
thinking. 

6249
05:39:05,900 --> 05:39:09,000
She could explain that the 
English probably didn't mean to 

6250
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:11,200
come across as rude or menacing 
to her people. 

6251
05:39:11,200 --> 05:39:14,400
She could explain the rationale 
behind her people's actions to 

6252
05:39:14,400 --> 05:39:16,800
the English when they did 
something that scared or 

6253
05:39:16,800 --> 05:39:19,600
perplexed them, that she was 
developing into, what we might 

6254
05:39:19,600 --> 05:39:22,400
refer to as a cultural 
interpreter, but she was doing 

6255
05:39:22,400 --> 05:39:24,700
it naturally much. 
Like some people are born 

6256
05:39:24,700 --> 05:39:27,800
musicians or athletes. 
She understood the reasons 

6257
05:39:27,800 --> 05:39:31,500
behind each side's reactions and
more crucial how to facilitate 

6258
05:39:31,500 --> 05:39:34,800
Mutual understanding. 
This work wasn't simple. 

6259
05:39:35,600 --> 05:39:38,100
And City yourself constantly 
caught between two groups of 

6260
05:39:38,100 --> 05:39:41,500
people who both believe their 
correct about everything and who

6261
05:39:41,500 --> 05:39:44,400
can continue to turn to you for 
solutions to issues that seem to

6262
05:39:44,400 --> 05:39:46,000
be growing more complex by the 
day. 

6263
05:39:46,000 --> 05:39:49,500
Because they continue to try to 
grow crops that weren't suitable

6264
05:39:49,500 --> 05:39:52,400
for Virginia soil, and because 
they had brought along more 

6265
05:39:52,400 --> 05:39:55,000
gentleman than Farmers, the 
English were always running out 

6266
05:39:55,000 --> 05:39:57,900
of food. 
The Powhatan people were growing

6267
05:39:57,900 --> 05:40:00,500
more and more irritated with 
their neighbors, who seemed to 

6268
05:40:00,508 --> 05:40:03,400
believe that borrowing, food and
supplies without asking was 

6269
05:40:03,400 --> 05:40:06,700
okay. 
However, aminu possessed a 

6270
05:40:06,700 --> 05:40:09,300
quality that most diplomats 
learn over the course of years. 

6271
05:40:09,300 --> 05:40:13,700
She truly liked people even when
they were acting absurdly. 

6272
05:40:14,400 --> 05:40:17,100
She admired, the English 
colonists unyielding resolve, 

6273
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:20,000
even when it took them in 
completely different directions 

6274
05:40:20,000 --> 05:40:22,700
and found their errors, more 
humorous than dangerous. 

6275
05:40:23,400 --> 05:40:25,900
However, she could also 
understand why her people were 

6276
05:40:25,900 --> 05:40:28,200
annoyed by these odd. 
Neighbors, who didn't seem to 

6277
05:40:28,200 --> 05:40:32,200
understand common sense or basic
courtesy She took a refreshingly

6278
05:40:32,200 --> 05:40:35,800
realistic approach to diplomacy,
she would bring food to James 

6279
05:40:35,800 --> 05:40:38,900
Town when people were hungry 
were set up unofficial meetings,

6280
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:41,100
where both parties could 
actually speak to one another 

6281
05:40:41,100 --> 05:40:44,900
rather than assuming things in 
place of formal, negotiations, 

6282
05:40:44,900 --> 05:40:47,900
and drawn-out speeches. 
She was skilled at finding 

6283
05:40:47,900 --> 05:40:51,700
common ground in unexpected 
places and using humor to defuse

6284
05:40:51,700 --> 05:40:54,300
tension. 
She observed, for example, that 

6285
05:40:54,300 --> 05:40:56,800
both the Powhatan and the 
English enjoyed storytelling 

6286
05:40:56,800 --> 05:41:00,400
games, and showcasing their 
abilities, she would therefore 

6287
05:41:00,400 --> 05:41:03,600
plan storytelling sessions, or 
contests in place of official, 

6288
05:41:03,600 --> 05:41:06,100
diplomatic Gathering so that 
people could get to know one 

6289
05:41:06,100 --> 05:41:08,900
another as Unique Individuals 
rather than, as representatives 

6290
05:41:08,900 --> 05:41:11,700
of intimidating, foreign 
cultures, once you've witnessed 

6291
05:41:11,700 --> 05:41:14,400
someone laughed at a funny joke,
or face the same common issues 

6292
05:41:14,400 --> 05:41:15,600
you do, it's difficult to 
remain. 

6293
05:41:15,600 --> 05:41:19,200
Afraid of them Pocahontas, which
translates to playful one in 

6294
05:41:19,208 --> 05:41:22,500
pohat was the name. 
The English adopted for her, it 

6295
05:41:22,500 --> 05:41:24,800
was a loving moniker that 
reflected both her gift for 

6296
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:28,200
finding novel solutions to 
issues and her ability to inject

6297
05:41:28,200 --> 05:41:31,800
humor into serious situations. 
How many could find ways to 

6298
05:41:31,800 --> 05:41:34,600
remind people that they had more
in common than they realized 

6299
05:41:34,600 --> 05:41:38,500
much like a person who can make 
a group of quarreling relatives 

6300
05:41:38,500 --> 05:41:40,500
laugh together by telling the 
perfect story. 

6301
05:41:40,500 --> 05:41:44,100
At the right time, she was vital
to both communities Survival by 

6302
05:41:44,100 --> 05:41:47,600
the time she was 13. 
The poppet people needed her to 

6303
05:41:47,600 --> 05:41:49,800
help them deal with these 
unfamiliar, but seemingly 

6304
05:41:49,800 --> 05:41:52,800
permanent new neighbors, and the
English needed her to help the 

6305
05:41:53,000 --> 05:41:54,200
Understand how to live in 
Virginia. 

6306
05:41:54,200 --> 05:41:57,700
Imagine what it would be like to
spend your adolescents literally

6307
05:41:57,700 --> 05:42:00,900
Torn Between Two Worlds, each 
with its own set of rules, 

6308
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:05,100
expectations and ideals for you 
as you become more comfortable 

6309
05:42:05,100 --> 05:42:08,400
in your evening attire. 
Growing up for ammu meant 

6310
05:42:08,400 --> 05:42:10,800
negotiating, the more 
complicated relationship between

6311
05:42:10,800 --> 05:42:14,200
her people and the English 
colonists in addition to the 

6312
05:42:14,200 --> 05:42:18,800
typical difficulties of puberty.
The situation at Jamestown had 

6313
05:42:18,800 --> 05:42:21,700
changed from being awkwardly. 
Funny to actually dangerous by 

6314
05:42:21,700 --> 05:42:26,600
1609 when she was around 13. 
The colonists had to endure, 

6315
05:42:26,600 --> 05:42:29,300
what they dubbed. 
The starving time a severe 

6316
05:42:29,300 --> 05:42:31,800
winter in which they had to eat 
tree bark, and shoe leather in 

6317
05:42:31,800 --> 05:42:34,500
order to survive. 
It was similar to witnessing 

6318
05:42:34,500 --> 05:42:37,200
your neighbor's, go through the 
most Dreadful camping, trip, 

6319
05:42:37,200 --> 05:42:39,600
imaginable. 
Only in stead of being able to 

6320
05:42:39,600 --> 05:42:41,600
Simply leave when things became 
too tough. 

6321
05:42:42,300 --> 05:42:45,400
A Manute was in the unique 
position of being a teenager and

6322
05:42:45,400 --> 05:42:47,600
a prominent figure in two 
distinct societies. 

6323
05:42:48,500 --> 05:42:51,600
Imagine being in high school and
being asked for your opinion on 

6324
05:42:51,600 --> 05:42:54,100
important political issues by 
adults from two different 

6325
05:42:54,100 --> 05:42:57,300
communities. 
Most adults would be overwhelmed

6326
05:42:57,300 --> 05:43:00,600
by this kind of responsibility, 
but she managed it with a sense 

6327
05:43:00,600 --> 05:43:03,100
of humor and wisdom that seemed 
well beyond her years. 

6328
05:43:04,200 --> 05:43:06,800
A father's relationship with the
English had grown more tents, 

6329
05:43:06,800 --> 05:43:10,000
Chief Powhatan, faced a problem 
that would be difficult for any 

6330
05:43:10,000 --> 05:43:12,700
leader to handle. 
How do you deal with neighbors? 

6331
05:43:12,700 --> 05:43:15,800
Who consistently take more than 
they give who don't seem to 

6332
05:43:15,800 --> 05:43:19,100
understand the fundamentals of 
reciprocity, and who keep making

6333
05:43:19,100 --> 05:43:21,100
promises. 
They can't or won't keep. 

6334
05:43:22,000 --> 05:43:24,600
It was similar to having house 
guests who had stayed for years 

6335
05:43:24,600 --> 05:43:27,600
and had no intention of going 
though, not in the way, the 

6336
05:43:27,600 --> 05:43:30,200
Disney films would have, you 
believe something happened 

6337
05:43:30,200 --> 05:43:32,400
during this trying time? 
That would forever alter 

6338
05:43:32,400 --> 05:43:36,200
ammonites life She was taken 
prisoner by English colonists in

6339
05:43:36,208 --> 05:43:41,000
1613 when she was around 17 with
the intention of using her as a 

6340
05:43:41,008 --> 05:43:44,900
bargaining chip with her father.
Although the term captured 

6341
05:43:44,900 --> 05:43:48,500
conjures up images for dramatic 
chase scene, the truth was 

6342
05:43:48,500 --> 05:43:52,300
likely more akin to being duped 
by people, she trusted a 

6343
05:43:52,300 --> 05:43:54,700
betrayal that must have been 
like learning that friends you'd

6344
05:43:54,700 --> 05:43:57,600
supported during adversity, had 
been plotting to take advantage 

6345
05:43:57,600 --> 05:44:00,200
of you all along. 
She was brought by the English 

6346
05:44:00,200 --> 05:44:03,300
to a community known as 
henricus, where they intended to

6347
05:44:03,300 --> 05:44:06,600
detain her until Chief Powhatan,
accepted their demands. 

6348
05:44:07,700 --> 05:44:10,600
A new didn't spend her time in 
captivity planning, retaliation 

6349
05:44:10,600 --> 05:44:13,600
or longing, for her Freedom. 
Which is where the story takes 

6350
05:44:13,600 --> 05:44:17,000
an interesting turn. 
Rather, she began constructing 

6351
05:44:17,000 --> 05:44:21,600
Bridges as she had always done. 
Alexander Whitaker an English 

6352
05:44:21,608 --> 05:44:24,400
Minister. 
She met at Henry kiss was tasked

6353
05:44:24,400 --> 05:44:25,900
with converting her to 
Christianity. 

6354
05:44:26,900 --> 05:44:30,400
In reality, it was more akin to 
a lengthy philosophical debate 

6355
05:44:30,400 --> 05:44:33,100
between two. 
Highly intelligent individuals 

6356
05:44:33,100 --> 05:44:35,200
with diametrically opposed World
Views. 

6357
05:44:36,000 --> 05:44:38,600
Whittaker was confronted by a 
young woman who questioned 

6358
05:44:38,600 --> 05:44:42,600
preconceptions asked insightful 
questions and approached 

6359
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:45,100
Christianity. 
With the same curiosity, she had

6360
05:44:45,100 --> 05:44:46,600
always shown in learning about 
other cultures. 

6361
05:44:47,600 --> 05:44:51,000
At this point, Our Story begins 
to resemble a romantic comedy. 

6362
05:44:51,000 --> 05:44:54,500
Albeit one with far greater 
stakes and a lot more cultural 

6363
05:44:54,500 --> 05:44:57,200
Nuance. 
She also met a tobacco farmer 

6364
05:44:57,200 --> 05:45:01,200
named John Rolfe Rolfe was a 
widower, a businessman and a man

6365
05:45:01,208 --> 05:45:04,100
who devoted most of his time to 
contemplating tobacco plants. 

6366
05:45:04,100 --> 05:45:07,100
He was not the handsome hero of 
movie fantasies. 

6367
05:45:07,100 --> 05:45:11,200
In addition, he had a sincere 
desire to comprehend ammonite as

6368
05:45:11,200 --> 05:45:13,900
a human being rather than just, 
as a political figure or symbol,

6369
05:45:13,900 --> 05:45:17,300
their bond grew gradually much 
like a friendship that 

6370
05:45:17,300 --> 05:45:20,600
progressively transforms into 
something, more roles, was one 

6371
05:45:20,600 --> 05:45:24,400
of the few English colonists who
treated as an equal rather than 

6372
05:45:24,400 --> 05:45:27,600
an exotic curiosity who 
genuinely listened, when she 

6373
05:45:27,600 --> 05:45:30,200
spoke and who inquired about her
culture with without passing 

6374
05:45:30,200 --> 05:45:33,100
judgment. 
Finding someone who was prepared

6375
05:45:33,100 --> 05:45:36,500
to meet her halfway must have 
been, like, finding a cozy chair

6376
05:45:36,500 --> 05:45:39,900
after years of standing as the 
link between two worlds. 

6377
05:45:39,900 --> 05:45:43,300
However, the romance was more 
than a straightforward tale of 

6378
05:45:43,300 --> 05:45:46,400
love, how many was faced with 
the decision that would shape 

6379
05:45:46,400 --> 05:45:49,200
the rest of her life. 
She could attempt to return to 

6380
05:45:49,200 --> 05:45:51,800
her father's world. 
Give them the growing hostility 

6381
05:45:51,800 --> 05:45:54,600
between the power turn and the 
English, well, she could 

6382
05:45:54,600 --> 05:45:56,600
dedicate herself to creating 
something new. 

6383
05:45:56,600 --> 05:45:59,700
That incorporated, the best 
aspects of Both Worlds, she'd 

6384
05:45:59,700 --> 05:46:04,200
learned to appreciate, she made 
her choice in 1614, she became a

6385
05:46:04,208 --> 05:46:07,700
Christian changed. 
Her name to Rebecca and wedge, 

6386
05:46:07,700 --> 05:46:10,900
John Rolfe, in the first known 
interracial Union in American 

6387
05:46:10,900 --> 05:46:13,600
history. 
Politically speaking, the 

6388
05:46:13,600 --> 05:46:16,500
marriage established, a formal 
alliance between the English and

6389
05:46:16,500 --> 05:46:19,600
the power town, which resulted 
in years of Peace in the area. 

6390
05:46:20,300 --> 05:46:23,100
More than that though. 
It was a decision that reflected

6391
05:46:23,100 --> 05:46:26,300
who she had grown into someone, 
who thought the Intercultural 

6392
05:46:26,300 --> 05:46:29,400
understanding was not only 
feasible, but also necessary. 

6393
05:46:30,400 --> 05:46:33,300
Imagine an 18 year old woman who
had just made one of the most 

6394
05:46:33,308 --> 05:46:36,600
important choices in early 
American history as you delve 

6395
05:46:36,600 --> 05:46:40,700
deeper into this evening story. 
Although the term America 

6396
05:46:40,700 --> 05:46:43,500
wouldn't be coined for another 
150 years. 

6397
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:47,500
Amin was essentially creating a 
new way of being American when 

6398
05:46:47,500 --> 05:46:50,100
she changed her name to Rebecca.
Roll from 1614. 

6399
05:46:51,100 --> 05:46:53,900
A union with John Rolfe, brought
about what historians refer to 

6400
05:46:53,900 --> 05:46:57,700
as the piece of Pocahontas. 
A period of time during which 

6401
05:46:57,700 --> 05:47:00,900
the power tan Confederacy and 
the English colonists were able 

6402
05:47:00,900 --> 05:47:03,500
to live side by side without 
perpetual hostilities. 

6403
05:47:04,300 --> 05:47:06,500
Stakes with the survival of 
entire communities. 

6404
05:47:06,500 --> 05:47:09,500
So it was similar to finally 
bringing rival neighbors 

6405
05:47:09,500 --> 05:47:11,500
together on property lines and 
noise levels. 

6406
05:47:11,500 --> 05:47:14,500
Both sides were able to 
concentrate on building, rather 

6407
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:17,000
than defending for the first 
time since the arrival of the 

6408
05:47:17,000 --> 05:47:19,500
English. 
Rebecca threw herself into this 

6409
05:47:19,500 --> 05:47:22,300
new life with the same Vigor. 
She had always used to tackle 

6410
05:47:22,300 --> 05:47:25,200
challenging issues. 
It was probably like learning to

6411
05:47:25,200 --> 05:47:28,300
play a completely different 
sport with completely different 

6412
05:47:28,300 --> 05:47:30,600
rules when she learned how to 
manage a household in the 

6413
05:47:30,600 --> 05:47:33,200
English way. 
She was now running a colonial 

6414
05:47:33,200 --> 05:47:35,800
farmhouse in place of the 
communal longhouses where she 

6415
05:47:35,800 --> 05:47:38,400
had been raised. 
She was dealing with the very 

6416
05:47:38,400 --> 05:47:41,600
English idea, of a nuclear 
family rather than shared 

6417
05:47:41,600 --> 05:47:44,400
responsibilities dispersed 
throughout an extended family 

6418
05:47:44,400 --> 05:47:47,100
Network. 
She contributed to the creation 

6419
05:47:47,100 --> 05:47:49,700
of something. 
Completely new though, rather 

6420
05:47:49,700 --> 05:47:51,900
than merely a simulating into 
English culture. 

6421
05:47:52,800 --> 05:47:56,300
Powhatan and English Traditions 
merged in her home in ways that 

6422
05:47:56,300 --> 05:48:00,400
benefitted everyone. 
She raised her son, Thomas born 

6423
05:48:00,400 --> 05:48:03,200
in 1615 to be at home in both 
worlds. 

6424
05:48:03,200 --> 05:48:07,200
Served corn alongside English 
bred and used indigenous plants 

6425
05:48:07,200 --> 05:48:09,600
for medicine while also learning
European cures. 

6426
05:48:10,500 --> 05:48:12,800
Being one of the first 
individuals to be born into a 

6427
05:48:12,800 --> 05:48:16,400
truly bicultural family Thomas 
exemplifies, something 

6428
05:48:16,400 --> 05:48:18,100
extraordinary in American 
history. 

6429
05:48:19,300 --> 05:48:22,100
He would grow up understanding 
that having multiple identities 

6430
05:48:22,100 --> 05:48:24,900
was a strength to be celebrated 
rather than a problem to be 

6431
05:48:24,900 --> 05:48:26,800
solved. 
He came to view. 

6432
05:48:26,800 --> 05:48:30,400
Cultural differences as chances 
for growth, rather than causes 

6433
05:48:30,400 --> 05:48:33,100
for contention. 
As a result of Rebecca's 

6434
05:48:33,100 --> 05:48:35,800
influence. 
In the meantime, John rolf's 

6435
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:38,000
tobacco experiments were 
yielding impressive results. 

6436
05:48:38,600 --> 05:48:42,100
By 1617 tobacco was starting to 
become the colonies. 

6437
05:48:42,100 --> 05:48:45,200
First significant source of 
income, he had been working to 

6438
05:48:45,200 --> 05:48:47,400
create tobacco strains. 
That would thrive in Virginia 

6439
05:48:47,400 --> 05:48:49,900
soil and satisfy European 
pallets. 

6440
05:48:51,000 --> 05:48:53,900
The establishment of long-term 
economic ties between her people

6441
05:48:53,900 --> 05:48:56,900
in the English may have seemed 
like a side note to Rebecca 

6442
05:48:56,900 --> 05:48:59,600
story but it was actually 
essential to everything. 

6443
05:48:59,600 --> 05:49:01,900
She had been striving for 
Rebecca. 

6444
05:49:01,900 --> 05:49:05,000
Saw what many others did not 
mutual benefit not just 

6445
05:49:05,000 --> 05:49:07,600
tolerance his. 
Typically necessary for enduring

6446
05:49:07,600 --> 05:49:11,000
peace between communities. 
The tobacco industry. 

6447
05:49:11,000 --> 05:49:14,500
Produced Financial incentives 
for collaboration providing both

6448
05:49:14,500 --> 05:49:17,100
parties with realistic 
justifications to uphold 

6449
05:49:17,100 --> 05:49:18,700
mutually beneficial 
Partnerships. 

6450
05:49:19,500 --> 05:49:22,500
It was similar to discovering a 
profitable business venture that

6451
05:49:22,500 --> 05:49:25,700
simultaneously resolved a 
political issue in colonial 

6452
05:49:25,700 --> 05:49:28,900
circles Rebecca had gained some 
notoriety by 1616. 

6453
05:49:29,800 --> 05:49:32,500
Both sides of the Atlantic were 
captivated by tales of the 

6454
05:49:32,500 --> 05:49:36,700
Indian, princess who despite 
their exaggerated nature had 

6455
05:49:36,700 --> 05:49:39,400
saved John Smith. and 
subsequently weden, Englishmen 

6456
05:49:40,000 --> 05:49:42,900
She was viewed by the Virginia 
Company which was constantly 

6457
05:49:42,900 --> 05:49:46,600
searching for methods to draw in
more colonists and investors as 

6458
05:49:46,600 --> 05:49:49,300
the ideal spokesperson for the 
success of their colonial 

6459
05:49:49,300 --> 05:49:51,800
Endeavor in part as 
distinguished visitors. 

6460
05:49:51,800 --> 05:49:55,200
And in part as tangible evidence
that the colonial experiment was

6461
05:49:55,200 --> 05:49:57,900
successful. 
They invited Rebecca, and John 

6462
05:49:57,900 --> 05:50:01,400
to come to England. 
Rebecca saw this invitation as 

6463
05:50:01,400 --> 05:50:04,000
an amazing opportunity to visit 
the country of the people. 

6464
05:50:04,000 --> 05:50:07,300
She'd been working with for 
almost 10 years and perhaps to 

6465
05:50:07,300 --> 05:50:09,600
speak directly to English 
authorities about treating. 

6466
05:50:09,600 --> 05:50:13,300
Her father's people fairly She 
had no idea what the trip to 

6467
05:50:13,300 --> 05:50:16,300
England would be like one of the
biggest cities in the world in 

6468
05:50:16,300 --> 05:50:19,100
1616. 
London was a place of both 

6469
05:50:19,100 --> 05:50:23,700
extreme wealth and debilitating,
poverty, Grand architecture and 

6470
05:50:23,700 --> 05:50:26,500
foul. 
Odors sophisticated culture and 

6471
05:50:26,500 --> 05:50:29,900
cruel entertainment. 
Walking through London must have

6472
05:50:29,900 --> 05:50:32,500
felt like visiting an alien 
planet to someone who had grown 

6473
05:50:32,500 --> 05:50:36,100
up in Virginia's forests. 
However, Rebecca adjusted to 

6474
05:50:36,100 --> 05:50:39,300
London Society with the same 
Poise that she had displayed in 

6475
05:50:39,300 --> 05:50:41,200
each of her previous difficult 
circumstances. 

6476
05:50:41,200 --> 05:50:45,400
She attended Court events met 
with Nobles and Enchanted 

6477
05:50:45,400 --> 05:50:48,600
everyone with her intelligence 
dignity and innate ability to 

6478
05:50:48,600 --> 05:50:51,300
negotiate. 
She became the first Native 

6479
05:50:51,300 --> 05:50:53,700
American to be welcomed as a 
guest of honor by English 

6480
05:50:53,700 --> 05:50:56,900
royalty, when she was introduced
to King James, the first and 

6481
05:50:56,900 --> 05:50:59,000
Queen Anne. 
More significantly. 

6482
05:50:59,000 --> 05:51:01,600
She made use of her time in 
England, to tell her people's 

6483
05:51:01,600 --> 05:51:03,900
story. 
Not the idealized one that 

6484
05:51:03,900 --> 05:51:05,500
English audiences desire to 
hear. 

6485
05:51:05,500 --> 05:51:08,900
But the truth about a civilized 
society, deserving of dignity 

6486
05:51:08,900 --> 05:51:12,700
and Justice, she discussed the 
agricultural Innovations, the 

6487
05:51:12,700 --> 05:51:16,100
intricate political structure of
the Powhatan Confederacy, and 

6488
05:51:16,100 --> 05:51:18,900
their aspiration for peaceful, 
coexistence, with their English 

6489
05:51:18,900 --> 05:51:21,600
Neighbors. 
The establishment of true 

6490
05:51:21,600 --> 05:51:24,400
understanding between people's 
who had initially viewed. 

6491
05:51:24,400 --> 05:51:28,400
One another as incomprehensibly 
foreign was in a sense, the 

6492
05:51:28,400 --> 05:51:31,300
result of everything Rebecca had
been striving for since she was 

6493
05:51:31,300 --> 05:51:33,900
11 years old. 
She had turned into a living 

6494
05:51:33,900 --> 05:51:36,200
example of how such 
comprehension was not only 

6495
05:51:36,200 --> 05:51:39,100
feasible, but also had the 
potential to serve as the 

6496
05:51:39,100 --> 05:51:42,200
Cornerstone of enduring Harmony 
and shared prosperity. 

6497
05:51:43,300 --> 05:51:45,900
Pour yourself another cup of tea
and settle in for what may be 

6498
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:49,100
the most moving part of 
Rebecca's story as we draw to a 

6499
05:51:49,100 --> 05:51:50,500
close, our evening journey 
together. 

6500
05:51:51,400 --> 05:51:54,700
Because sometimes rather than on
either side, those who dedicate 

6501
05:51:54,700 --> 05:51:57,800
their lives to constructing 
Bridges Between Worlds, find 

6502
05:51:57,800 --> 05:51:59,900
that they are most at home in 
the crossing itself. 

6503
05:52:00,800 --> 05:52:03,600
Anyone who's ever felt torn 
between two different versions 

6504
05:52:03,600 --> 05:52:07,300
of themselves will recognize 
Rebecca's time in London as both

6505
05:52:07,300 --> 05:52:10,900
triumphant and difficult. 
She was hailed as evidence of 

6506
05:52:10,900 --> 05:52:14,100
the success of English 
colonialism, hailed as an exotic

6507
05:52:14,100 --> 05:52:16,800
princess and admired as a 
Christian convert. 

6508
05:52:17,700 --> 05:52:21,400
However, she was also exhausted 
homesick and becoming more. 

6509
05:52:21,400 --> 05:52:24,500
Conscious of how little the 
England she was seeing resembled

6510
05:52:24,500 --> 05:52:26,700
the impoverished town. 
She had left behind in Virginia.

6511
05:52:27,600 --> 05:52:30,600
During her months in London, she
ran into John Smith, once more, 

6512
05:52:30,600 --> 05:52:33,800
the same, John Smith who had 
made her famous with his 

6513
05:52:33,800 --> 05:52:37,400
dramatic rescue story. 
Their encounter was like awkward

6514
05:52:37,400 --> 05:52:39,500
as reunions with old friends can
be. 

6515
05:52:39,500 --> 05:52:42,100
When both of you have undergone 
difficult to explain changes 

6516
05:52:42,100 --> 05:52:45,300
Smith was now earning a living 
as a writer and professional 

6517
05:52:45,300 --> 05:52:50,000
Explorer, sharing his tales of 
the new world, as a mother wife 

6518
05:52:50,000 --> 05:52:53,200
and unofficial Ambassador 
Rebecca had to negotiate the 

6519
05:52:53,200 --> 05:52:55,100
complicated politics of two 
continents. 

6520
05:52:55,100 --> 05:52:58,700
The thing that most impressed 
about Smith was how his account 

6521
05:52:58,700 --> 05:53:00,900
of their early interactions had 
developed over time. 

6522
05:53:00,900 --> 05:53:05,100
In histories, the ceremony, she 
recalled had evolved into a last

6523
05:53:05,100 --> 05:53:08,100
minute escape from certain 
death, probably a formal 

6524
05:53:08,100 --> 05:53:11,200
adoption ritual that he had 
misinterpreted hearing. 

6525
05:53:11,200 --> 05:53:13,900
Someone characterized your 
childhood neighborhood as a 

6526
05:53:13,900 --> 05:53:17,300
perilous Wilderness when you 
remember it as just home was 

6527
05:53:17,300 --> 05:53:20,500
like that. 
However, Rebecca refrained from 

6528
05:53:20,500 --> 05:53:23,500
publicly correcting his stories.
She had discovered that. 

6529
05:53:23,500 --> 05:53:26,500
Sometimes the understanding that
develops from shared narratives,

6530
05:53:26,500 --> 05:53:30,000
even if they are flawed is more 
significant than the truth. 

6531
05:53:31,300 --> 05:53:34,100
Despite their embellishment, 
Smith's stories had influenced 

6532
05:53:34,100 --> 05:53:36,200
English audiences to feel pity 
for her people. 

6533
05:53:36,200 --> 05:53:39,600
Perhaps the larger truth that 
these stories conveyed was more 

6534
05:53:39,600 --> 05:53:41,100
significant than the literal 
truth. 

6535
05:53:41,100 --> 05:53:44,400
If dramatic Tales of romance and
rescue helped English, people 

6536
05:53:44,400 --> 05:53:46,800
see that Native Americans were 
deserving of respect. 

6537
05:53:47,800 --> 05:53:50,900
In addition to being a well, 
known visitor, Rebecca actively 

6538
05:53:50,900 --> 05:53:52,900
supported her people during her 
stay in England. 

6539
05:53:53,700 --> 05:53:57,200
She consistently argued that the
Powhatan Confederacy should be 

6540
05:53:57,200 --> 05:54:00,500
regarded as a valid political 
entity, deserving of respect and

6541
05:54:00,500 --> 05:54:03,600
Equitable treatment, when she 
met with representatives of the 

6542
05:54:03,600 --> 05:54:07,100
Virginia Company, religious 
leaders and political figures. 

6543
05:54:08,100 --> 05:54:09,900
She was effectively acting as an
unofficial. 

6544
05:54:09,900 --> 05:54:13,100
Ambassador, a tempting to 
influence English, Colonial 

6545
05:54:13,100 --> 05:54:16,200
policy from within by utilizing 
her special position. 

6546
05:54:17,700 --> 05:54:20,400
But the physical strain of 
London life was wearing thin. 

6547
05:54:21,200 --> 05:54:23,000
For lungs used to Virginia 
forests. 

6548
05:54:23,000 --> 05:54:26,200
The cities are heavy with smoke 
from innumerable. 

6549
05:54:26,200 --> 05:54:30,400
Coal fires was harsh. 
For someone accustomed to a more

6550
05:54:30,408 --> 05:54:34,000
active outdoor Lifestyle. 
The rich foods formal attire, 

6551
05:54:34,000 --> 05:54:36,500
and ongoing social obligations, 
were draining. 

6552
05:54:37,100 --> 05:54:41,200
The psychological toll of always
being on, always standing in for

6553
05:54:41,200 --> 05:54:44,200
something greater than herself, 
always conscious that her 

6554
05:54:44,200 --> 05:54:46,000
actions would be taken as proof 
of her. 

6555
05:54:46,000 --> 05:54:48,500
Entire people was the most 
difficult of all. 

6556
05:54:49,400 --> 05:54:52,700
Rebecca John and infant Thomas. 
Got ready to leave for Virginia 

6557
05:54:52,700 --> 05:54:56,900
at the beginning of 1617. 
She couldn't wait to return 

6558
05:54:56,900 --> 05:54:59,700
home, see her family and get 
back to work. 

6559
05:54:59,700 --> 05:55:02,700
Fostering useful collaboration 
between the power and an English

6560
05:55:02,700 --> 05:55:06,000
communities. 
Rebecca became Gravely ill with 

6561
05:55:06,000 --> 05:55:09,000
what was likely other 
tuberculosis or newna, which 

6562
05:55:09,000 --> 05:55:11,700
were common diseases that killed
people in the 17th century. 

6563
05:55:11,700 --> 05:55:14,500
London just after the ship had 
left, the Thames River. 

6564
05:55:15,300 --> 05:55:18,900
At around age 21, she passed 
away in Gravesend England in 

6565
05:55:18,900 --> 05:55:22,900
march 1617. 
According to John Rolfe, she 

6566
05:55:22,900 --> 05:55:25,600
expressed her faith, and hope 
that her work would continue in 

6567
05:55:25,600 --> 05:55:28,800
her, final remarks. 
Although the precise location of

6568
05:55:28,800 --> 05:55:32,100
her grave has been lost to time.
It was instant George's Church 

6569
05:55:32,100 --> 05:55:35,500
in grave, Zen and although 
Rebecca's remarkable life came 

6570
05:55:35,500 --> 05:55:39,200
to an end with her passing her 
influence, persisted She'd 

6571
05:55:39,200 --> 05:55:41,700
contributed to the peace between
the PowerHouse and English, 

6572
05:55:41,700 --> 05:55:45,100
which persisted for a number of 
additional years, allowing both 

6573
05:55:45,100 --> 05:55:49,100
groups to build stronger bonds. 
A son Thomas became a prosperous

6574
05:55:49,100 --> 05:55:52,200
planter who remained connected 
to his Powhatan and English 

6575
05:55:52,200 --> 05:55:55,700
Roots, eventually, visiting his 
mother's family in Virginia as 

6576
05:55:55,700 --> 05:55:59,100
an adult. 
Most significantly Rebecca had 

6577
05:55:59,100 --> 05:56:01,800
shown that people from vastly 
different cultures, could not 

6578
05:56:01,800 --> 05:56:05,200
only understand one another but 
also developed completely new 

6579
05:56:05,200 --> 05:56:07,600
Lifestyles. 
That respected the best aspects 

6580
05:56:07,600 --> 05:56:10,300
of both Traditions. 
Something that many people in 

6581
05:56:10,300 --> 05:56:11,800
her rear believed was 
impossible. 

6582
05:56:12,600 --> 05:56:15,300
She had demonstrated that being 
Torn Between Two Worlds, could 

6583
05:56:15,300 --> 05:56:17,600
mean belonging everywhere rather
than nowhere. 

6584
05:56:18,600 --> 05:56:22,000
As our time with Rebecca draws 
to a close, remember this, you 

6585
05:56:22,000 --> 05:56:25,300
just spent time with someone who
more than 400 years ago. 

6586
05:56:25,300 --> 05:56:28,900
Figured out how to do something.
We're still learning how to 

6587
05:56:28,900 --> 05:56:31,400
create true understanding 
between people who are very 

6588
05:56:31,400 --> 05:56:32,700
different perspectives on the 
world. 

6589
05:56:34,100 --> 05:56:36,600
Rebecca's death in England was 
not the end of her story. 

6590
05:56:36,600 --> 05:56:40,500
It was only the beginning in 
many respects, Thomas Roth, her 

6591
05:56:40,500 --> 05:56:43,500
son, became the embodiment of 
all she had Strife for he was 

6592
05:56:43,500 --> 05:56:45,300
equally comfortable in power 
tan. 

6593
05:56:45,300 --> 05:56:48,700
Council meetings in English 
drawing rooms equally proficient

6594
05:56:48,700 --> 05:56:51,800
in both indigenous ecological 
knowledge and European 

6595
05:56:51,800 --> 05:56:55,000
agricultural methods. 
He took his mother's genetic 

6596
05:56:55,000 --> 05:56:58,100
Heritage and her talent for 
seeing connections, where others

6597
05:56:58,100 --> 05:57:01,000
saw only difference is with him 
when he eventually visited 

6598
05:57:01,000 --> 05:57:04,000
Virginia as an adult to meet his
grandfather Chief powhatan's 

6599
05:57:04,000 --> 05:57:06,800
people. 
Rebecca's lineage persisted in 

6600
05:57:06,800 --> 05:57:10,100
Virginia, through Thomas and His
descendants eventually extending

6601
05:57:10,100 --> 05:57:11,800
throughout the American South 
and Beyond. 

6602
05:57:12,600 --> 05:57:14,700
She's one of the most common 
ancestors of old. 

6603
05:57:14,700 --> 05:57:18,100
Virginia families with thousands
of Americans today tracing their

6604
05:57:18,100 --> 05:57:20,200
lineage back to Rebecca and John
Rolfe. 

6605
05:57:20,900 --> 05:57:23,900
More than genetic inheritance. 
However, these descendants 

6606
05:57:23,900 --> 05:57:25,700
continued. 
Her method of negotiating. 

6607
05:57:25,700 --> 05:57:27,200
Difficult cultural 
circumstances. 

6608
05:57:27,200 --> 05:57:30,800
The capacity to stay loyal to 
oneself while remaining 

6609
05:57:30,800 --> 05:57:34,800
receptive to new information. 
Rebecca may not have realized it

6610
05:57:34,800 --> 05:57:37,500
but her life story. 
Also evolved Beyond historical 

6611
05:57:37,500 --> 05:57:39,900
fact to become a fundamental 
American Myth. 

6612
05:57:40,700 --> 05:57:43,700
Despite the fact that the 
reality was far more complicated

6613
05:57:43,700 --> 05:57:47,200
and the conclusion far more 
tragic than the myth implied, 

6614
05:57:47,200 --> 05:57:50,300
the story of Pocahontas. 
Saving John Smith came to 

6615
05:57:50,300 --> 05:57:52,700
represent the potential for 
collaboration between Native 

6616
05:57:52,700 --> 05:57:56,800
Americans and European settlers.
Every American generation has 

6617
05:57:56,800 --> 05:58:00,400
retold and reimagined her story,
which is fascinating because it 

6618
05:58:00,400 --> 05:58:03,400
frequently reveals more about 
the storytellers than it does 

6619
05:58:03,400 --> 05:58:06,500
about Rebecca. 
She's occasionally portrayed as 

6620
05:58:06,500 --> 05:58:09,300
The Honorable Savage who assumed
barbarism for civilization. 

6621
05:58:10,600 --> 05:58:14,500
She is the unfortunate victim of
colonialism at times at times. 

6622
05:58:14,500 --> 05:58:17,700
She's the courageous heroine who
used love and compassion to 

6623
05:58:17,700 --> 05:58:20,900
unite Two Worlds. 
Although there are truthful 

6624
05:58:20,900 --> 05:58:23,600
aspects in each of these 
versions, none fully conveys. 

6625
05:58:23,600 --> 05:58:26,800
The complexity of her true self 
because she was more human. 

6626
05:58:26,800 --> 05:58:29,700
The real Rebecca was more 
fascinating than any of these 

6627
05:58:29,700 --> 05:58:33,100
mythological representations. 
She was a person who found 

6628
05:58:33,100 --> 05:58:36,600
herself in an unprecedented 
circumstance and responded with 

6629
05:58:36,600 --> 05:58:39,500
intelligence flexibility and 
extraordinary emotional 

6630
05:58:39,500 --> 05:58:42,800
maturity. 
She was neither a symbol nor a 

6631
05:58:42,800 --> 05:58:45,400
stereotype. 
She made errors had to make 

6632
05:58:45,400 --> 05:58:48,400
difficult decisions, and 
occasionally had to put workable

6633
05:58:48,400 --> 05:58:50,000
Solutions ahead of Ideal 
results. 

6634
05:58:50,800 --> 05:58:53,000
To put it another way. 
She was just the kind of person 

6635
05:58:53,000 --> 05:58:56,400
that we need more of in every 
age, her method of diplomacy, 

6636
05:58:56,400 --> 05:58:58,700
which is founded on 
interpersonal, connections, 

6637
05:58:58,700 --> 05:59:02,200
realistic problems, solving and 
sincere interest in the opinions

6638
05:59:02,200 --> 05:59:05,500
of others provides lessons that 
are still applicable to today. 

6639
05:59:06,300 --> 05:59:10,000
Rebecca's example serves as a 
reminder that in a society where

6640
05:59:10,000 --> 05:59:12,800
people frequently appear more 
concerned with winning arguments

6641
05:59:12,800 --> 05:59:15,900
than with understanding one 
another listening to others with

6642
05:59:15,900 --> 05:59:18,900
genuine interest and respect is 
frequently the most effective 

6643
05:59:18,900 --> 05:59:21,700
way to influence them. 
She also Illustrated something 

6644
05:59:21,700 --> 05:59:23,500
that is worth reiterating in the
present. 

6645
05:59:24,300 --> 05:59:27,400
That learning from others, does 
not necessitate sacrificing. 

6646
05:59:27,400 --> 05:59:30,800
Your own values nor does 
preserving, your own cultural 

6647
05:59:30,800 --> 05:59:34,000
identity, require rejecting 
everything about other cultures.

6648
05:59:35,000 --> 05:59:37,500
Rebecca converted to 
Christianity while maintaining 

6649
05:59:37,500 --> 05:59:41,100
her Powhatan identity. 
She was able to navigate English

6650
05:59:41,100 --> 05:59:44,300
society while maintaining her 
understanding of her father's, 

6651
05:59:44,300 --> 05:59:47,800
political concerns, She 
instilled in her son, a sense of

6652
05:59:47,800 --> 05:59:51,400
pride in his entire Heritage, 
not just the aspects that were 

6653
05:59:51,400 --> 05:59:55,500
deemed acceptable by Society. 
Most significantly, Rebecca 

6654
05:59:55,500 --> 05:59:58,500
demonstrated to us that serving 
as a bridge between other worlds

6655
05:59:58,500 --> 06:00:01,400
is not only feasible, but also 
necessary. 

6656
06:00:02,100 --> 06:00:04,800
There are people who fulfill 
this role in every community and

6657
06:00:04,800 --> 06:00:07,200
time period. 
Assisting various groups in 

6658
06:00:07,200 --> 06:00:09,400
understanding one. 
Another by translating, not just

6659
06:00:09,400 --> 06:00:13,700
words, but entire world views. 
Though they rarely receive the 

6660
06:00:13,700 --> 06:00:17,200
credit, they Merit these Bridge 
Builders enable civilization. 

6661
06:00:18,600 --> 06:00:20,400
Think about this as you get 
ready for bed tonight. 

6662
06:00:21,200 --> 06:00:24,200
Although Rebecca's life was 
short, just 21 years. 

6663
06:00:24,200 --> 06:00:28,700
She was able to stop Wars ring 
about enduring peace, Forge, new

6664
06:00:28,700 --> 06:00:31,700
kinds of collaboration and show 
that individuals from very 

6665
06:00:31,700 --> 06:00:34,200
different backgrounds. 
Could not only live together but

6666
06:00:34,200 --> 06:00:35,600
also produce something 
beautiful. 

6667
06:00:35,600 --> 06:00:38,700
She demonstrated that one 
individual could alter history 

6668
06:00:38,700 --> 06:00:42,200
if they worked with tolerance 
humor and sincere concern. 

6669
06:00:42,200 --> 06:00:44,900
For other people. 
Remember, Rebecca, the next time

6670
06:00:44,900 --> 06:00:47,300
you're in a situation where 
people seem to be talking over 

6671
06:00:47,300 --> 06:00:50,600
one another, and various groups 
are assuming things rather than 

6672
06:00:50,600 --> 06:00:53,300
asking questions, or when 
conflict seems unavoidable, 

6673
06:00:53,300 --> 06:00:56,200
because no one is paying 
attention, remember that 

6674
06:00:56,200 --> 06:00:59,500
understanding can develop even 
in the most unlikely situations 

6675
06:00:59,500 --> 06:01:02,700
that bridge building is feasible
and that sometimes the most 

6676
06:01:02,700 --> 06:01:06,400
significant thing you can do, is
just assist people in seeing one

6677
06:01:06,400 --> 06:01:09,500
another, as fellow human beings,
rather than a symbols of 

6678
06:01:09,500 --> 06:01:12,800
terrifying, alien ideas, I hope 
you have a little more of. 

6679
06:01:12,800 --> 06:01:15,200
Rebecca's ability to see 
connections where others only 

6680
06:01:15,200 --> 06:01:18,100
see different cities. 
When you wake up tomorrow sweet 

6681
06:01:18,100 --> 06:01:18,700
dreams.