The Most Notorious Criminals of Victorian England | Boring History For Sleep

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My tired, potatoes. 
Welcome back. 

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Before we step into this one, 
let the knights stay calm around

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you. 
We're not chasing shocks here 

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and we're not turning the past 
into something loud. 

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We're looking carefully at the 
darker corners of Victorian 

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England from a safe distance, 
the way you might study an old 

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street through a Rainbird 
window. 

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Tonight, we're easing into the 
most notorious criminals of 

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Victorian England, not just the 
names people, remember? 

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But the crowded cities, 
desperate lives, strange 

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investigations and uneasy public
Fascination. 

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That surrounded them So, if you 
are ready to get this show on 

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the road and these stories from 
the past help, you unwind feel 

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free to follow. 
If you are new here, leave a 

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like and let me know where 
you're listening from and what 

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time it is tonight. 
Now, let your body settle deeper

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into that neck pillow. 
Loosen your breathing and we 

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will quietly roll in together. 
Imagine standing on a London 

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Street sometime in the early 
1860s late enough in the evening

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that The Gaslight is softened, 
everything to Amber. 

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The cobblestones are damp the 
air carriers, cold, smoke, and 

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River Mud. 
The Faint, sweetness of a 

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roasted Chestnut Cellar working 
a corner somewhere, just to your

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left. 
A newspaper boy is still calling

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out headlines even at this hour 
because headlines, in Victorian 

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England, were kind of currency. 
More alarming, the news, the 

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faster, the papers move from 
hand to hand along the pavement.

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The city had grown too quickly 
to understand itself in just a 

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few decades. 
London had expanded from a large

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and somewhat disorganized Town 
into something with no real 

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comparison anywhere in the 
world, at that particular 

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moment. 
By the 1880s over 4 million 

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people lived within its borders 
crowded into neighborhoods. 

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Designed for far fewer streets 
that had once passed through 

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Open Fields. 
Now ran between tall smoke dark 

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and tenement blocks pressing 
close on either side. 

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Rivers that had once run clear 
had turned the color of old tea 

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and smelled accordingly. 
The city breathed in cold smoke,

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and breathed out noises. 
And most of its residents were 

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simply doing their best to 
survive each day with whatever 

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energy remained after the 
previous one. 

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Poverty was not a background 
detail in this world for the 

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majority of the urban 
population. 

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It was the central organizing 
fact of existence. in the East 

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End of London, family of seven, 
or eight people regularly, 

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occupied a single room, Sewage 
ran openly through certain 

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Alleyways well into the 1850s. 
Work was intermittent frequently

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dangerous and rarely paid well 
enough to provide much comfort. 

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Children in factories on the 
streets. 

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And in cramped workshops from an
early age illness, moved through

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tenement buildings with very 
little resistance and 

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considerable speed, finding new 
occupants before the previous 

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ones had been properly buried. 
A journalist named Henry Mayhew 

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spent years walking through the 
poorest neighborhoods of the 

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capital writing down. 
What he observed with unusual 

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patience and care. 
His surveys published through 

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the early 1850s revealed a 
London that most readers had 

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never seen from the inside. 
Flower Sellers and mudlarks cost

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Among Us and Sewer Hunters. 
A whole economy running just 

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beneath the surface of the 
respectable City that 

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comfortable londoners imagined. 
They inhabited What made you 

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documented was? 
Not only the weight of debt 

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probation, but the extraordinary
human engine. 

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Utility that poverty demanded. 
His work gave her Victorian 

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readers, a portrait of a city. 
They moved through daily but 

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never fully knew A city that 
existed in the same physical 

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space as theirs, but followed 
entirely different rules into 

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this dense and exhausted world 
came crime in quantities that 

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made the newspapers. 
Deeply professionally happy. 

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The Metropolitan Police have 
been established in 1829 largely

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through the determination of 
Sir, Robert peel and serving as 

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Home Secretary. 
Pills argument was 

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straightforward a professional 
uniformed. 

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Salaried police force would 
reduce criminal activity far 

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more reliably than the scattered
arrangement of Parish constables

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and nightwatchman that had 
served London, rather poorly for

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centuries. 
The new officers were 

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immediately nicknamed peelers by
the population. 

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They were meant to protect and 
occasionally Bobby's a name. 

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So durable, it is never entirely
left the language. 

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They wore tall hats and carried 
wooden trunks. 

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They walked fixed beats through 
a signed neighborhoods. 

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They were not in the early 
years, particularly popular, 

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many londoners regarded, a 
uniformed office officer 

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appearing regularly on this 
street to something 

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uncomfortably close to 
government surveillance and that

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mistrust took considerable time 
to soften into anything more 

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cooperative. 
The early constables were also 

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not detectives in any 
meaningful. 

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Modern sense, they patrolled, 
they broke up, disturbances, 

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they arrested, pickpockets 
habitual drunks and people found

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loitering without any obvious 
lawful purpose. 

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The concept of a detective, 
someone who gathered physical 

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evidence, interviewed Witnesses,
with methodical care and 

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assembled a criminal case 
through sustained. 

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Observation and careful, 
inference was still a relatively

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experimental idea. 
Small detective Branch within 

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the Metropolitan Police have 
been created in 1842, but it 

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operated with thin Staffing and 
even thinner public confidence. 

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When a serious crime occurred, 
the investigation that followed 

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was frequently slow, sometimes, 
genuinely chaotic, and 

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occasionally aimed with great 
conviction, that entirely the 

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wrong person. 
This state of affairs made the 

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newspapers. 
Extraordinarily pleased. 

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The Victorian press was not a 
cautious or restrained 

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institution by any reasonable 
measure. 

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The abolition of the newest 
paper stamp tax in 1855 combined

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with steady advances in 
printing, technology had made 

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papers affordable for almost any
working adult in the country. 

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Circulation. 
Expanded rapidly. 

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Competition between rival 
titles. 

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Grew fierce in ways. 
It had never quite been before. 

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Editors discovered, with some 
speed that crime, sold papers in

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a way that political commentary 
and economic analysis, simply 

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could not match a sensational 
murder, a twisting courtroom 

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drama and elaborate fraud or a 
baffling disappearance. 

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These stories were covered with 
a level of detail and visible, 

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enthusiasm that would draw 
comment even by the standards of

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today. 
The Illustrated police news was 

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perhaps the most striking 
expression of this appetite in 

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print. 
It published not only written 

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accounts of crimes and trials, 
but dramatic woodcut 

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illustrations depicting. 
Murders, dramatic arrests, 

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executioners and courtroom 
confrontation, its readership 

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was vast people who had never 
visited, London, could describe 

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the geography of certain 
notorious crime scene because 

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they had studied them in those 
pages rendered in ink with 

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decorative borders and 
breathless Catchings beneath 

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each image. 
Crime had become a form of mass 

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entertainment. 
And the newspapers had become 

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its most enthusiastic producers.
There was something complicated 

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operating here, that more 
thoughtful, observers of the 

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period, occasionally pores to 
examine the same papers that 

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devoted their editorial columns 
to the moral condemnation of 

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criminal Behavior, were 
simultaneously making that 

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behavior as Vivid as dramatic 
and as memorable as their 

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presses could manage. 
Their readers were horrified and

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captivated at the same time, 
which was, of course, precisely 

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where the newspaper business 
preferred to keep them. the Old 

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Bailey London, central Criminal 
Court, was the place where these

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tensions converged most visibly,
and most publicly, Trials, were 

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open to the gallery, Spectators 
packed into watch. 

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Verdicts reached the waiting 
crowds outside within minutes of

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an announcement. 
Executioners had been public 

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spectacles until 1868 drawing 
Gathering that function 

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simultaneously as community 
events and Collective, 

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expressions of something, darker
and harder to name. 

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The last public execution in 
England took place outside new 

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gate prison in May of that year 
and the attendance was 

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reportedly in the tens of 
thousands, the newspaper 

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correspondent, who watched the 
entire proceedings described in 

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atmosphere, he compared to a 
Fairground and found himself 

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genuinely troubled by his own 
description of. 

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After 1868 executions moved 
permanently behind Prison Walls.

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The crowd dispersed from that 
particular entertainment for the

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last time. 
But public fascination with 

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criminals did not diminish by 
any measurable amount. 

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It simply relocated to the 
courtroom to the printed column 

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to The Illustrated pamphlet 
hawked outside the courthouse on

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verdict morning. 
The figure of the criminal had 

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taken on a strange cultural 
weight in Victorian England. 

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Simultaneously condemned in 
public and quietly celebrated in

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private. 
A dark reflection of the society

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that read about them at the 
breakfast table, while the toast

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grew cold. 
You're already settling the 

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amber light of the imagined 
Street, beginning to soften 

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around you. 
The newspaper boys voice, Fades 

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down the road. 
The chestnut seller packs up and

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round to the corner. 
The cobblestones become less 

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distinct Under Foot. 
We're going to travel through 

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some of the most talked about 
criminal cases of that long, 

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Victorian century. 
Not all of them have violent, 

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not all of them were physically 
threatening in any obvious way. 

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Several of them were from a 
comfortable historical remove, 

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almost genuinely comic. 
But each of them caught on 

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something in the public 
imagination. 

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That could not be easily 
released. 

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A question without a clean, 
answer a story that refused to 

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resolve into anything simple or 
satisfying. 

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Charles piece was born in 
Sheffield In 1832 the son of a 

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traveling showman who kept 
performing animals. 

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Growing up in that environment, 
gave young Charles, An Early 

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Education in the art of 
presenting one thing. 

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While being something else 
entirely a skill, he would 

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refine into a lifelong, 
professional discipline from 

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childhood. 
He combined two qualities that 

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were Define the whole of his 
adulthood existence. 

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A genuine and rather touching 
musical talent and a complete 

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inability to leave other 
people's property where he had 

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found it. 
He was physically unremarkable 

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in almost every respect. 
Small wiry and Warren looking 

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even in middle age. 
Piece was the kind of man who 

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could stand in an ordinary crowd
and vanished from memory within 

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seconds of leaving it. 
His face was mobile and 

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adaptable capable of a ranging 
itself into almost any 

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expression. 
The occasional required His 

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hands. 
However were exceptional. 

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They were Nimble enough for a 
violin bow and quiet enough for 

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a window, latch and complete 
darkness. 

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He used both skills 
professionally sometimes on the 

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same evening, occasionally in 
the same neighborhood. 

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Piece spent much of his earlier,
adult life cycling in and out of

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prison on burglary convictions. 
These sentences seem to 

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inconvenience rather than 
fundamentally discourage him. 

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Each release was followed by a 
period of relatively legitimate 

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activity often traveling as 
musician, performing at public 

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houses and Community concerts, 
and then a gradual return to the

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systemic burglary of households 
in whatever region. 

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He happened to be residing in, 
at the time, he became a cross 

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those years genuinely skilled at
the second occupation. 

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He studied the habits of 
households in the streets, he 

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selected he designed and 
manufactured his own specialized

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tools. 
He understood moonless nights 

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new, how to move through a 
sleeping house without 

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disturbing anyone His approach 
to disguise was equally 

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methodical. 
Piece understood that people 

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notice what they expect to 
notice. 

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A man with obvious physical 
disabilities, with a distinctive

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walk or a recognizable 
impediment, registers in memory 

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as a specific type of person. 
Rather than, as an individual, 

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he exploited this with 
considerable creativity 

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altering, his gate his posture, 
his apparent age and eventually 

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his appearance through applied 
Prosthetics made from materials 

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available in any hardware shop. 
Please descriptions of him 

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circulated in Sheffield and its 
surrounding districts were often

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so different from each other. 
That they appeared to describe 

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several different men which was 
more or less the intended 

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effect. 
By the early 1870s piece of 

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settled into a peculiar double 
life across the Sheffield and 

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Nottingham districts. 
He attended church with visible 

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regularity. 
He gave musical recitals at 

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local events. 
He maintained a respectable 

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household. 
By many contemporary accounts, 

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he was Charming social company. 
A man with a talent for making 

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people feel. 
They had his genuine and 

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undivided attention. 
He was also burgling properties 

237
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:25,400
across the region at a pace that
kept the local constabulary in a

238
00:13:25,408 --> 00:13:29,700
constant state of frustrated 
alertness producing descriptions

239
00:13:29,700 --> 00:13:32,600
of a phantom burglar. 
They could never quite pin to an

240
00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:36,300
actual purse and the situation 
became considerably more serious

241
00:13:36,300 --> 00:13:40,300
in 1876 when a prolonged and 
troubled dispute with a neighbor

242
00:13:40,300 --> 00:13:44,100
named Arthur Dice and ended in 
peace shooting and killing him. 

243
00:13:45,300 --> 00:13:48,400
The circumstances surrounding 
the dispute were unpleasant and 

244
00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:52,300
complicated in ways that did not
reflect especially well on any 

245
00:13:52,300 --> 00:13:56,000
of the parties involved. 
What was an ambiguous was that 

246
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,700
Dyson was dead. 
And peace was responsible. 

247
00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:01,700
Piece fled before. 
An arrest could be made leaving 

248
00:14:01,700 --> 00:14:04,500
his family behind in Sheffield 
and disappearing with an 

249
00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:06,700
efficiency that suggested prior 
rehearsal. 

250
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:10,000
He reappeared in London 
operating under the name, John 

251
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:14,000
Thompson presenting himself as a
semi-retired businessman with a 

252
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:16,100
mild but noticeable, physical 
disability. 

253
00:14:16,100 --> 00:14:19,800
He kept a modest but entirely 
respectable property and Peckham

254
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:23,000
and maintained a circle of 
neighbors who found him quiet 

255
00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:26,500
Pleasant and entirely 
unremarkable in the best 

256
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:29,600
possible way. 
He tended a small garden. 

257
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:33,100
He kept a pet, he attended local
events. 

258
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:37,300
Continued burgling House's South
London with considerable 

259
00:14:37,300 --> 00:14:41,400
regularity in enthusiasm. 
In Sheffield, the police 

260
00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:44,700
maintained an active file on a 
wanted, fugitive named Charles 

261
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:48,000
peace, who had apparently 
evaporated somewhere into the 

262
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:52,400
national fog. 
His capturing October 1878 came 

263
00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:55,700
not through any Triumph of 
detective method, but through 

264
00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:59,400
the particular variety of bad 
luck, that tends to catch people

265
00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:02,300
who push their Fortune too far 
for too long. 

266
00:15:03,100 --> 00:15:06,500
A police Constable named, Edward
Robinson, Disturbed him, mid 

267
00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:09,900
burglary and black Heath. 
He shot him in the arm before 

268
00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:12,900
being physically subdued by the 
officer who appears to have been

269
00:15:12,908 --> 00:15:15,500
exceptionally determined under 
the circumstances. 

270
00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:19,100
Even as the small odd-looking 
man calling himself, John 

271
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:21,200
Thompson was being processed at 
the station. 

272
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,800
The authorities had no immediate
reason to connect him with the 

273
00:15:24,800 --> 00:15:28,800
file sitting open in Sheffield. 
A connection was eventually 

274
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:31,300
established largely. 
Through the assistance of Hannah

275
00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:34,300
piece. 
His wife whose motivations for 

276
00:15:34,300 --> 00:15:36,900
providing this information to 
the police appear, to have been 

277
00:15:36,908 --> 00:15:40,600
several and entirely 
understandable. once his real 

278
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:44,800
identity was confirmed, Charles 
piece stood trial not only for 

279
00:15:44,800 --> 00:15:47,900
the black Heath shooting, but 
for the murder of Arthur Dice 

280
00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:51,800
and nearly two years early, He 
was convicted of both charges 

281
00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:56,600
and was executed at army prison 
in Leeds, in February 1879. 

282
00:15:57,600 --> 00:16:01,200
The newspapers were beside the 
cells with satisfaction piece 

283
00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:03,900
and give them everything of 
Victorian Crime Story could 

284
00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:06,700
require. 
The respectable disguise 

285
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:08,500
maintained flawlessly over 
years. 

286
00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:12,500
The double life, concealed 
beneath Church going and musical

287
00:16:12,500 --> 00:16:15,400
performance. 
The dramatic Blackheath capture 

288
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:19,300
the charismatic and occasionally
theatrical courtroom presents. 

289
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:22,700
Various accounts claimed. 
He had expressed disappointment 

290
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:26,700
that his execution was not to be
a public event, apparently 

291
00:16:26,700 --> 00:16:29,500
understanding very clearly, the 
theatrical dimension of 

292
00:16:29,508 --> 00:16:33,400
everything that was happening. 
Whether that detail is strictly 

293
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:35,400
accurate. 
Hardly matters at this distance,

294
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:39,900
it fits him so precisely that 
Victorian readers accepted it 

295
00:16:39,900 --> 00:16:44,200
without hesitation What piece 
represented beyond the 

296
00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:46,100
individual catalog of his 
crimes? 

297
00:16:46,100 --> 00:16:50,300
Was a specific anxiety that ran 
through Victorian respectable 

298
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:54,800
Society with the Persistence of 
a low-grade fever if a man who 

299
00:16:54,800 --> 00:16:58,100
attended Sunday services and 
performed violin recitals at 

300
00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:00,100
Community. 
Gatherings could also be 

301
00:17:00,100 --> 00:17:02,600
murdering neighbors and 
systematically stripping. 

302
00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:05,700
The contents of other people's 
homes after dark, then the 

303
00:17:05,708 --> 00:17:09,599
reassuring surface of domestic 
life was considerably less solid

304
00:17:09,599 --> 00:17:11,599
than the middle class is 
preferred to imagine. 

305
00:17:12,700 --> 00:17:15,400
The neighbor who nodded 
pleasantly over the garden fence

306
00:17:15,400 --> 00:17:17,900
might be something quite 
different after 9 in the 

307
00:17:17,900 --> 00:17:21,099
evening. 
That thought arriving at The 

308
00:17:21,099 --> 00:17:23,300
Breakfast Table in newspaper 
Inc. 

309
00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:27,099
Had a quality of discomfort that
The Illustrated police news was 

310
00:17:27,099 --> 00:17:29,700
very happy to Amplified 
considerable length. 

311
00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:35,000
You shift gently the violin 
music, Fades down some imagined 

312
00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:38,200
Street. 
The Sheffield fog thickens and 

313
00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:42,500
then lifts, we move north to a 
quiet accounting and to a 

314
00:17:42,500 --> 00:17:45,700
different kind of crime entirely
in the northeastern County of 

315
00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:49,200
Durham in a sequence of small 
mining towns, and colliery 

316
00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:51,700
Villages. 
A woman named Marianne cotton 

317
00:17:51,700 --> 00:17:53,900
spent approximately 20 years 
out. 

318
00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:57,000
Living her husband's her 
children and various 

319
00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,600
stepchildren with a frequency 
that should have drawn 

320
00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:03,000
concentrated official attention 
considerably sooner than it 

321
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:08,600
actually did. cotton was born In
1832, in County, Durham the Same

322
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:12,100
year as Charles piece, though 
her world and his shared almost 

323
00:18:12,100 --> 00:18:15,400
no characteristics. 
She grew up in a Methodist 

324
00:18:15,400 --> 00:18:18,600
household, trained as a 
dressmaker and by all 

325
00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:22,900
contemporary accounts was 
capable a Tractive and confident

326
00:18:22,900 --> 00:18:27,000
in social situations. 
She married, young had children 

327
00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:30,600
and watched them die with a 
regularity that was in the 

328
00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:34,100
context of mid Victorian working
class communities, with 

329
00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:38,500
genuinely terrible infant and 
child, mortality rates not 

330
00:18:38,500 --> 00:18:40,800
immediately recognized as 
extraordinary. 

331
00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:45,100
What was unusual though? 
Not initially identified as such

332
00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:48,300
was the pattern, when viewed 
across time cotton married, at 

333
00:18:48,308 --> 00:18:50,800
least four times by the most 
reliable accounts. 

334
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:54,600
She was also associated with at 
least one additional long-term 

335
00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:58,000
domestic partner. 
In each of these relationships, 

336
00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:01,200
the husband or partner died 
following a relatively brief 

337
00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:03,900
illness. 
Several of the men had also 

338
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:06,200
taken out life insurance 
policies shortly before they 

339
00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:09,500
became ill policies from which 
cotton received the benefit. 

340
00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:13,100
The children from her various 
marriages and domestic 

341
00:19:13,100 --> 00:19:15,800
Arrangements. 
Also died in numbers that when 

342
00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:18,800
eventually totaled were 
impossible to attribute to 

343
00:19:18,800 --> 00:19:21,600
ordinary Misfortune even by the 
standards of an era. 

344
00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:25,900
With high childhood mortality, 
the best estimates produced by 

345
00:19:25,900 --> 00:19:29,300
later historical and forensic 
examination suggests. 

346
00:19:29,300 --> 00:19:33,400
She may have poisoned as many as
20 people across the span of her

347
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:35,800
adult life. 
Though, the precise figure 

348
00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:38,200
remains difficult to establish 
with confidence. 

349
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:41,500
Because most of the deaths 
occurred before anyone was 

350
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:45,100
actively looking for a pattern. 
Connecting them the substance 

351
00:19:45,100 --> 00:19:49,200
she used was asked Nick, most 
commonly administered dissolved 

352
00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:51,800
in soft soap. 
Cleaning product, then in 

353
00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:55,100
ordinary household use and 
therefore extremely easy to 

354
00:19:55,100 --> 00:19:57,600
obtain with out arousing any 
suspicion at all. 

355
00:19:58,900 --> 00:20:02,300
Arsenic poisoning in the 1860s 
and early 1870s. 

356
00:20:03,100 --> 00:20:05,700
Could present symptoms closely 
resembling, those of 

357
00:20:05,700 --> 00:20:09,800
gastroenteritis which was a 
common and genuinely fatal 

358
00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:13,400
illness in communities with 
inconsistent water quality and 

359
00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:18,100
unreliable food storage. unless 
an examining doctor at specific 

360
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:21,900
prior reasons to suspect 
poisoning, the death from 

361
00:20:21,900 --> 00:20:25,300
administered arsenic could 
easily be recorded as natural 

362
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:29,700
causes and moved past. 
Without centralized record, 

363
00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:32,400
keeping that connected deaths 
across different towns and 

364
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:35,200
parishes. 
There was no mechanism by which 

365
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:38,400
a pattern of losses in different
locations would automatically 

366
00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:41,700
draw anyone's attention. 
The events that finally brought 

367
00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:46,500
scrutiny to Cotton's domestic. 
History began in 1872 in the 

368
00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:49,200
village of West Auckland where 
she was living with her steps 

369
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,100
on. 
Charles Edward cotton, a boy of 

370
00:20:52,108 --> 00:20:55,900
seven years whose continued 
existence was inconvenient to a 

371
00:20:55,900 --> 00:20:58,500
new domestic arrangement. 
She was hoping to establish with

372
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:02,400
a man named quick Manning. 
A local official named Thomas 

373
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:06,300
Riley, who had some social 
acquaintance with cotton became 

374
00:21:06,300 --> 00:21:09,100
uneasy when she raised the 
subject of placing the child in 

375
00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:11,600
the workhouse. 
Riley suggested this would 

376
00:21:11,600 --> 00:21:13,500
reflect badly on her as a 
parent. 

377
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,600
Cotton reportedly responded that
the boy would not be troubling 

378
00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:20,900
anyone for very long. 
In any case, Riley found this 

379
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:24,000
comment difficult to dismiss and
mentioned it to a local doctor. 

380
00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:27,600
The doctor examined. 
The child found nothing that 

381
00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:30,200
immediately alarmed him and 
Charles Edward died. 

382
00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:34,900
Within days of the examination. 
Riley still carrying the unease 

383
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:38,300
that the remarked planted in him
pushed for a formal inquest. 

384
00:21:38,300 --> 00:21:41,900
A basic chemical analysis of the
boy's stomach contents, found 

385
00:21:41,900 --> 00:21:46,000
arsenic The local police began 
the process of examining other 

386
00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:48,100
recently, buried members of 
Cotton's household. 

387
00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,300
They found asked Nick in her 
most recent husband, they found 

388
00:21:52,300 --> 00:21:55,100
traces in other individuals 
connected to the domestic 

389
00:21:55,100 --> 00:21:58,100
Circle. 
The case expanded rapidly into 

390
00:21:58,100 --> 00:22:00,500
something, the Durham 
constabulary had not anticipated

391
00:22:00,500 --> 00:22:04,200
and was not well, prepared to 
manage at the scale, it required

392
00:22:04,900 --> 00:22:09,400
Cotton was arrested in July 1872
and charged initially with the 

393
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:12,600
murder of her steps on. 
Her trial at Durham. 

394
00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:16,500
In March. 1873 proceeded with 
medical evidence from the 

395
00:22:16,500 --> 00:22:20,300
prosecution. 
That was solidly assembled. the 

396
00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:23,300
defense argument centered on the
possibility that arsenic had 

397
00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:26,100
leached into household dust and 
surfaces from contaminated 

398
00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:30,200
wallpaper Chemically plausible 
suggestion in the theoretical 

399
00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:33,600
sense, but one, that could not 
account for the concentrations 

400
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:36,000
found in the body is during 
post-mortem analysis. 

401
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:39,100
She was convicted and hanged at 
Durham prison in. 

402
00:22:39,108 --> 00:22:43,100
March, 1873 the newspaper 
coverage of her case is 

403
00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:46,100
instructive in ways that extend 
well, beyond the facts of the 

404
00:22:46,108 --> 00:22:49,800
crimes themselves. 
Cotton was described repeatedly 

405
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:54,200
in the press as a monster as 
unnatural as a woman, whose 

406
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:56,900
actions were rendered. 
Especially incomprehensible 

407
00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:00,200
precisely because she was a 
woman and had been a mother. 

408
00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:04,300
The framing applied to her 
reporting was almost entirely 

409
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:07,000
different from the framing 
applied to Charles piece. 

410
00:23:07,900 --> 00:23:11,500
Piece was covered as a villain, 
certainly but also as a clever 

411
00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:14,800
and in some ways entertaining, 
one, a man, whose 

412
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:18,300
resourcefulness and daring gave 
him a kind of dark appeal. 

413
00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:21,800
Cotton was presented as 
something that had failed to 

414
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,700
conform to the category of 
Womanhood in its fundamental 

415
00:23:24,700 --> 00:23:28,200
requirements and negation of 
what women were supposed to be 

416
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,300
rather than simply a person who 
had committed serious crimes. 

417
00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:35,400
This pattern ran through. 
Most Victorian coverage of 

418
00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:37,700
female criminals with a 
consistent. 

419
00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:40,700
See that reflected the period 
broader assumptions about 

420
00:23:40,700 --> 00:23:44,600
gender, a woman who killed was 
rarely presented simply as a 

421
00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:47,000
murderer. 
She was presented as an 

422
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:48,900
aberration within Womanhood 
itself. 

423
00:23:48,900 --> 00:23:52,200
Something wrong with the 
category rather than with the 

424
00:23:52,208 --> 00:23:54,900
individual. 
And this framing was treated in 

425
00:23:54,900 --> 00:23:57,000
editorial. 
Columns as almost more 

426
00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:58,700
disturbing than the deaths 
themselves. 

427
00:23:59,500 --> 00:24:02,000
The historical record also 
raises the uncomfortable 

428
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,500
possibility, that the pattern of
deaths was allowed to continue 

429
00:24:05,500 --> 00:24:08,800
as long as it did partly. 
Because the victims were poor 

430
00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:12,300
working-class, people living in 
communities, where death came 

431
00:24:12,300 --> 00:24:16,300
frequently and no single loss 
attracted to sustained official 

432
00:24:16,300 --> 00:24:21,900
inquiry. 20 deaths spread across
20 years in a world without 

433
00:24:21,900 --> 00:24:25,500
centralized, Vital Records or 
routine forensic pathology could

434
00:24:25,500 --> 00:24:27,600
remain below. 
Any threshold of official 

435
00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:29,700
visibility for an extremely long
time. 

436
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:34,200
You breathe out slowly The 
mining Village grows quiet in 

437
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,200
your thoughts. 
The Durham hillside's Fade to 

438
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:41,900
Grey and green you travel South 
again toward London towards 

439
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:44,200
something. 
Stranger and considerably more 

440
00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:46,700
theatrical than anything. 
We've encountered so far. 

441
00:24:48,100 --> 00:24:53,200
In 1854 a young English baronet 
named Rogers born boarded a ship

442
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:55,000
called the Bella in South 
America. 

443
00:24:55,000 --> 00:25:00,100
The Vessel sank no survivors 
were found Roger titch. 

444
00:25:00,100 --> 00:25:03,400
Born was declared dead and his 
family though considerably 

445
00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:06,700
distressed by the loss, 
proceeded with the management of

446
00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:08,900
their Affairs. 
As bereaved families, eventually

447
00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:12,600
must Roger's mother, the 
french-born lady Henrietta 

448
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:15,500
tichborne. 
Did not accept that her son was 

449
00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:18,200
dead. 
She refused to accept it with 

450
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:22,900
the kind of absolute decade-long
evidence resistant refusal that 

451
00:25:22,900 --> 00:25:27,200
only a very particular type of 
personality can sustain against 

452
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:31,200
all of available facts. 
She placed advertisements in 

453
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:34,900
newspapers across England and in
papers distributed in Australia.

454
00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:38,700
Asking for any information 
relating to the whereabouts of 

455
00:25:38,708 --> 00:25:40,900
her missing, son. 
She wrote letters. 

456
00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:45,200
She waited in 1865 word reached 
from Australia. 

457
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:47,900
That a man living in Wagga Wagga
had come forward. 

458
00:25:47,900 --> 00:25:51,000
Claiming to be the Lost Roger, 
teach born alive. 

459
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:54,500
After all these years and having
somehow survived the wreck of 

460
00:25:54,500 --> 00:25:58,500
the Bella through means he was 
vague about this man was 

461
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:02,400
extremely large, he waits 
somewhere in the region of 25 

462
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:06,600
stone, which approaches, 300 and
350 pounds by any reasonable 

463
00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:09,800
calculation. 
The actual Roger Tisch born 

464
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:14,100
according to photographs family 
descriptions and the memory of 

465
00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:17,700
people who had known him had 
been a slim narrow-shouldered 

466
00:26:17,700 --> 00:26:21,100
young man with a very specific 
and distinctive way of carrying 

467
00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:24,000
himself. 
These two descriptions did not 

468
00:26:24,008 --> 00:26:26,300
obviously correspond to the same
human body. 

469
00:26:27,700 --> 00:26:30,900
Lady, tiche born to Paris to 
meet the man who had arrived 

470
00:26:30,900 --> 00:26:33,800
from Australia. 
She identified him as her son. 

471
00:26:34,500 --> 00:26:38,500
The man was almost, certainly 
Arthur Autumn Born in 1834 in 

472
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:42,100
wapping London to a butcher. 
He had emigrated to Australia in

473
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:45,000
his younger years. 
Worked variously as a butcher 

474
00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:49,200
and as a Stockman in the rural 
interior and had absorbed a 

475
00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:51,500
considerable quantity of 
detailed information about the 

476
00:26:51,500 --> 00:26:55,300
tick-borne family from a former 
employee of theirs who happened 

477
00:26:55,300 --> 00:26:57,800
to be living in the same 
district of New South Wales. 

478
00:26:58,900 --> 00:27:02,500
Armed with this information with
the powerful assistance of Lady 

479
00:27:02,500 --> 00:27:06,600
tich borns deep and urgent need 
to believe Autumn managed to 

480
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:08,600
sustain his claim for a period 
of time. 

481
00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:10,400
That was remarkable in 
retrospect. 

482
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:15,500
He arrived in England in 1866 
and was received by Lady Tish 

483
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:19,300
born as her returning son. 
She provided him with a regular 

484
00:27:19,300 --> 00:27:22,000
allowance. 
He presented himself at various 

485
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:25,300
social functions as the 
tick-borne are and conducted 

486
00:27:25,300 --> 00:27:28,500
himself with a confidence of a 
man who had decided the role was

487
00:27:28,500 --> 00:27:32,500
his intended to inhabit. 
It thoroughly other former 

488
00:27:32,500 --> 00:27:35,200
acquaintances and Associates of 
the real Roger tick. 

489
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:38,600
Born were considerably less 
persuaded several noted that the

490
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:42,200
claimant as he was already being
called in the papers did not 

491
00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:45,200
speak French. 
Despite Roger having spent a 

492
00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:47,400
significant period of his 
education in France. 

493
00:27:48,300 --> 00:27:51,600
He had the wrong physical 
markings, or rather the absence 

494
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,100
of physical markings, that Roger
had been known to possess. 

495
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:58,100
His knowledge of the tichborne 
Family Estate at Tiki porn Park 

496
00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:01,300
was curiously. 
Patchy in specific areas that 

497
00:28:01,300 --> 00:28:04,200
are genuine are ought to have 
remembered without difficulty. 

498
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:08,000
And his body, by any normal 
accounting, bore. 

499
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:11,000
No real resemblance to the 
description of Roger, tick-borne

500
00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:14,000
available from photographs. 
And from the memories of people 

501
00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:18,600
who had actually known him, Lady
tick-borne died in 1868. 

502
00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:23,100
Still entirely convinced. 
Without her financial support 

503
00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:26,400
and her emotional endorsement. 
The claimants position became 

504
00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:30,300
considerably less stable, he 
launched a formal legal action 

505
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:34,000
to claim the pitch born, baronet
Sea and the associated estate, 

506
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,800
and the Civil Trial that 
followed became one of the 

507
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:40,500
longest, most expensive, most 
obsessively, followed legal, 

508
00:28:40,500 --> 00:28:42,600
proceedings of the entire 
Victorian era. 

509
00:28:43,300 --> 00:28:47,600
It ran for 100 and 2 days. 
Evidence against the claimants 

510
00:28:47,600 --> 00:28:51,700
identity accumulated in steady 
muthaqqal increments throughout.

511
00:28:52,700 --> 00:28:55,600
The case of eventually collapsed
and the claimant was arrested 

512
00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:59,300
for perjury at the conclusion of
the proceedings, his criminal 

513
00:28:59,300 --> 00:29:05,300
trial began in 1873 and ran for 
188 days which at the time was 

514
00:29:05,300 --> 00:29:08,400
the longest criminal trial in 
English legal history and was 

515
00:29:08,400 --> 00:29:11,400
treated as such with 
considerable Fascination by the 

516
00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:15,000
newspapers. 
Prosecution assembled Witnesses 

517
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,200
documents and a detailed 
reconstruction of Arthur Orton's

518
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,700
documented, early life in 
wapping that proved very 

519
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:26,000
difficult to counter. 
He was convicted and sentenced 

520
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:29,600
to 14 years of penal servitude. 
What made the case, 

521
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:33,100
extraordinary was not simply The
Audacity Of The fraud, but the 

522
00:29:33,100 --> 00:29:36,200
scale of public support that 
attached itself to the claimant 

523
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:40,300
during both trials. 
Working-class backing was vocal 

524
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:43,100
organized. 
And in some cases quite 

525
00:29:43,100 --> 00:29:47,500
passionate Titch born defense 
Association raised funds. 

526
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:51,300
There were public demonstrations
questions were raised in 

527
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:52,800
Parliament, by sympathetic 
members. 

528
00:29:53,900 --> 00:29:57,300
The popular interpretation among
the climate supporters was not 

529
00:29:57,300 --> 00:30:00,100
that a butcher's son from 
whopping was a tempting a Brazen

530
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:03,900
fraud on the legal system that 
the establishment was protecting

531
00:30:03,900 --> 00:30:09,500
an aristocratic estate from a 
legitimate whose awkward Origins

532
00:30:09,500 --> 00:30:12,900
and considerable girth offended.
The sensibilities of those who 

533
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:16,600
preferred their are slender. 
And well educated whether that 

534
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:19,600
reading was accurate, hardly 
diminishes its significant. 

535
00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:23,000
It shows how thoroughly the case
of become a vehicle for 

536
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:26,600
arguments, about class and power
that had very little to do with 

537
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,300
the specific question of whether
Orton was or was not Roger pitch

538
00:30:30,300 --> 00:30:33,800
born. 
Autumn was released in 1884, 

539
00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:35,900
having served approximately 10 
years. 

540
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:40,300
He gave lectures sold signed 
pamphlets and appeared at 

541
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:43,800
Fairgrounds as a living exhibit 
in the ongoing spectacle of his 

542
00:30:43,808 --> 00:30:46,700
own case. 
He eventually published a 

543
00:30:46,700 --> 00:30:49,800
confession in a newspaper, then 
publicly retracted it. 

544
00:30:50,500 --> 00:30:55,000
He died in poverty in 1898 and 
was buried in a pauper's grave, 

545
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:59,000
which is remaining supporters 
found so inappropriate that they

546
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,500
organized a more properly marked
burial for him. 

547
00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:06,500
Even in death, the tich born 
case could not find a clean or 

548
00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:09,400
settled ending the case. 
All, so served as a prolonged 

549
00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:12,100
and slightly uncomfortable, 
public seminar on the nature of 

550
00:31:12,100 --> 00:31:15,400
identity itself. 
On the reliability of human 

551
00:31:15,400 --> 00:31:18,800
memory and recognition and on 
the willingness of people to 

552
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:20,200
believe what they wished to 
believe. 

553
00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:24,000
Even when the available evidence
suggested caution, That 

554
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,100
particular lesson has not dated 
in any significant way. 

555
00:31:27,900 --> 00:31:29,600
You rest with that thought for a
moment. 

556
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:33,900
The courtroom empty slowly, the 
long trial adjourns. 

557
00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:38,400
We leave the question of who was
genuinely who and moved toward a

558
00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:40,200
different type of crime and 
entirely. 

559
00:31:40,900 --> 00:31:44,000
The offense is made newly 
possible by the modern world 

560
00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:47,500
itself. 
Victorian England things on a 

561
00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:50,300
scale that the previous Century 
would have struggled to imagine 

562
00:31:50,300 --> 00:31:52,700
and might have found faintly 
alarming. 

563
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:56,800
Railways were the most visible 
and dramatic expression of this 

564
00:31:56,800 --> 00:32:00,300
ambition by the middle of the 
century, a web of lines 

565
00:32:00,300 --> 00:32:03,400
connected, most of the country. 
And the speed at which people 

566
00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:06,700
and goods could move from one 
location to another a 

567
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:10,900
transformed Commerce, 
agriculture, communication and 

568
00:32:10,900 --> 00:32:14,300
ordinary daily life in ways that
were still being understood as 

569
00:32:14,300 --> 00:32:16,700
they were happening to the 
people experience in them. 

570
00:32:17,500 --> 00:32:20,600
New technologies, created new 
varieties of crime. 

571
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:23,200
The railways in particular 
generated. 

572
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:26,800
A remarkable range of a fences 
that had simply not been 

573
00:32:26,800 --> 00:32:29,000
possible before. 
The first locomotive ran on a 

574
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,700
commercial line. 
Cargo theft was one of the 

575
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:34,400
earliest and most persistent 
Goods. 

576
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:37,900
Traveled, long distance is and 
sealed wagons passed through 

577
00:32:37,900 --> 00:32:40,100
multiple handling points at 
different stations. 

578
00:32:40,100 --> 00:32:43,600
Along the Route and arrived at 
their destinations in conditions

579
00:32:43,600 --> 00:32:46,500
when nobody at the delivery and 
could easily verify whether 

580
00:32:46,500 --> 00:32:49,900
everything loaded at the origin 
was still present Railway 

581
00:32:49,900 --> 00:32:53,000
workers with access to wagons 
and warehouses discovered 

582
00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:57,300
relatively quickly, that small 
high value items could disappear

583
00:32:57,300 --> 00:32:59,900
from sealed crates. 
Without the discrepancy being 

584
00:32:59,900 --> 00:33:03,800
noticed for days or weeks, by 
which point the chain of custody

585
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:07,200
was so long and complicated that
attribution was nearly 

586
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:10,500
impossible. 
Ticket fraud was widespread and 

587
00:33:10,500 --> 00:33:14,800
imaginatively executed. 
In the early Decades of Railway 

588
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:17,200
operation. 
The ticketing systems used 

589
00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:20,900
across different lines were 
inconsistent enough that are 

590
00:33:20,900 --> 00:33:24,000
determined and informed traveler
could exploit the gaps between 

591
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:28,200
them. inspectors were deployed 
at Major stations in increasing 

592
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:33,200
numbers, through the 1840 and 
1850, the dynamic between ticket

593
00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:35,900
inspectors and the various 
individuals who had developed 

594
00:33:35,900 --> 00:33:39,300
creative interpretations of what
their ticket actually entitled 

595
00:33:39,300 --> 00:33:43,700
them to do generated a small, 
but steady stream of court cases

596
00:33:43,700 --> 00:33:47,000
throughout the middle Decades of
the century forgery, however, 

597
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:50,400
was the crime that the Victorian
Financial establishment feared 

598
00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:53,900
with the greatest depth of 
concern and with fully Justified

599
00:33:53,900 --> 00:33:58,500
reason, The expansion of banking
across the country, had put in 

600
00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:02,500
negotiable financial instruments
into circulation in volume. 

601
00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:04,700
That would have been 
incomprehensible to previous 

602
00:34:04,700 --> 00:34:10,199
generation's Checks, promissory 
notes and bills of exchange each

603
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:14,000
depended on handwriting on 
signatures on the physical 

604
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:17,100
characteristics of paper and ink
for their legality. 

605
00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:21,300
Skilled forger with access to 
good materials. 

606
00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:25,699
And sufficient nerve could in 
theory manufacturer, almost 

607
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:30,199
unlimited Financial value from 
nothing but time patience. 

608
00:34:30,199 --> 00:34:34,400
And a very steady hand, The case
that troubled, Victorian 

609
00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:38,699
banking, most persistently was 
that of Austin Bidwell and his 

610
00:34:38,699 --> 00:34:43,100
associates who in 1872 and 1873 
executed one of the most 

611
00:34:43,100 --> 00:34:47,500
audacious Financial frauds of 
the entire Century, Bidwell, and

612
00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:51,199
his Confederates, including his 
brother, George and a forger of 

613
00:34:51,199 --> 00:34:53,100
exceptional. 
Technical skill named, George 

614
00:34:53,100 --> 00:34:56,800
MacDonald, Spent months 
carefully constructing a 

615
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:00,100
relationship of trust with the 
bank of England's Western Branch

616
00:35:00,100 --> 00:35:03,200
in London. 
They open legitimate accounts, 

617
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:07,700
conducted normal, transactions 
with visible regularity over an 

618
00:35:07,700 --> 00:35:11,300
extended period to establish 
their credibility as reliable 

619
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:14,100
customers. 
And then gradually introduced 

620
00:35:14,100 --> 00:35:17,500
forged bills of Exchange in 
increasing denomination's. 

621
00:35:18,300 --> 00:35:21,400
By the time, the fraud was 
detected in early, 1873 

622
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:26,500
approximately 100,000 pounds, 
would be in extracted an 

623
00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:28,800
enormous figure by any measure 
of the period. 

624
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:32,500
The detection came partly 
through the meticulous paper 

625
00:35:32,500 --> 00:35:36,100
systems that Victorian banking 
required and partly through a 

626
00:35:36,100 --> 00:35:40,400
small but decisive era. 
One of the forged documents bore

627
00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:43,500
a bill dated with a day that did
not exist in the month's 

628
00:35:43,500 --> 00:35:46,200
specified. 
The discrepancy was caught by a 

629
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:49,400
bank employee whose careful 
attention to numerical details. 

630
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:53,100
Saved the institutional from 
further loss though, the funds 

631
00:35:53,100 --> 00:35:56,700
already removed were large on 
recoverable, Members of The 

632
00:35:56,700 --> 00:35:59,400
Bidwell gang were arrested in 
various countries over the 

633
00:35:59,400 --> 00:36:02,200
following months, and 
transported back to London for 

634
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:05,000
trial. 
All four received sentences of 

635
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:09,200
Life, penal servitude a severity
that reflected with some 

636
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:11,600
Precision. 
How existentially threatening 

637
00:36:11,600 --> 00:36:15,700
the Victorian Financial system. 
Found any serious challenge to 

638
00:36:15,700 --> 00:36:19,600
the Integrity of paper money? 
Forgery cases occupied the 

639
00:36:19,608 --> 00:36:22,600
criminal courts throughout the 
Victorian decades with 

640
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:25,900
considerable regularity. 
Some were grander than the 

641
00:36:25,900 --> 00:36:26,600
Bidwell. 
Case. 

642
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:29,900
Many were far smaller a 
Tradesman. 

643
00:36:29,900 --> 00:36:31,200
Forging. 
A reference letter. 

644
00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:34,200
A domestic servant adjusting a 
wage receipt. 

645
00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:38,000
A clerk gradually altering 
figures in a company Ledger 

646
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:40,000
across Superior of months in a 
mount. 

647
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:44,600
Small enough to avoid immediate 
notice Yale varied anonymously. 

648
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:46,900
The underlying logic was 
consistent. 

649
00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:51,400
Victorian Commerce ran on 
documents anyone with the skill 

650
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:54,600
in the materials to alter a 
document convincingly had access

651
00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:56,600
to a kind of invisible 
mechanism. 

652
00:36:56,600 --> 00:37:00,400
That could be applied against 
the financial system with a 

653
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:03,200
subtlety that physical theft 
could never achieve. 

654
00:37:04,900 --> 00:37:07,700
The detective branch of the 
Metropolitan Police had been 

655
00:37:07,708 --> 00:37:12,600
established in 1842, under some 
pressure from reformers who felt

656
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:15,300
that the uniform constabulary 
was simply not equipped to 

657
00:37:15,308 --> 00:37:17,900
investigate complex crimes 
systematically. 

658
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:21,400
The branch was small and 
initially operated with 

659
00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:25,700
considerable improvisation and 
inspector named Charles field 

660
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:30,708
working through the late 1840s 
and into the 1850s became one of

661
00:37:30,716 --> 00:37:34,400
the most recognized detectives 
of the early period and was 

662
00:37:34,400 --> 00:37:37,800
widely believed to have provided
at least partial inspiration for

663
00:37:37,800 --> 00:37:41,400
the character of Inspector 
bucket in Charles, dickens's 

664
00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:45,700
novel Bleak House. 
Published in 1852 field. 

665
00:37:45,700 --> 00:37:48,100
Worked largely on Long. 
Professional experience, 

666
00:37:48,100 --> 00:37:51,700
Instinct and intimate, knowledge
of the criminal networks 

667
00:37:51,700 --> 00:37:54,200
operating in particular, London 
neighborhoods. 

668
00:37:54,900 --> 00:37:58,100
He was effective within those 
methods, but the methods had 

669
00:37:58,100 --> 00:38:01,200
obvious limits when applied to 
something like a well-organized.

670
00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:05,300
Financial fraud being executed 
by educated men, with bank 

671
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:08,800
accounts. 
By the 1870s and 1880s. 

672
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:12,200
A more systematic approach to 
investigation was being 

673
00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:15,700
developed partly in response to 
the complexity of financial 

674
00:38:15,700 --> 00:38:20,300
crime and partly in response to 
high-profile failures in cases 

675
00:38:20,300 --> 00:38:23,300
involving violence where 
detection had been chaotic or 

676
00:38:23,300 --> 00:38:27,300
misdirected Criminal record 
keeping improved in the major 

677
00:38:27,300 --> 00:38:30,500
Urban forces. 
More disciplined procedures for 

678
00:38:30,500 --> 00:38:32,600
handling physical. 
Evidence were introduced 

679
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:36,600
fingerprinting would not arrive 
as a formal investigative tool 

680
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:40,200
until the 1890s. 
But the underlying principles of

681
00:38:40,200 --> 00:38:44,300
systemic physical identification
were being actively worked out 

682
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:48,200
through the 1880s by figures, 
including Francis, Galton in 

683
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:51,300
England, and the French 
Anthropologist Alphonse Bertie 

684
00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:55,100
all Is precisely calibrated 
system of body measurements was 

685
00:38:55,100 --> 00:38:58,100
adopted by several European 
police forces and briefly 

686
00:38:58,100 --> 00:39:01,400
applied in Britain. 
The science of catching 

687
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:04,300
criminals was slowly and 
unevenly. 

688
00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:07,600
And with a number of setbacks 
becoming something that deserved

689
00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:12,000
to be called a science. 
You feel this period settled 

690
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,700
around you? 
The smell of Railway, iron and 

691
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:18,500
fresh newspaper ink. 
The scratch of a pen on Ledger 

692
00:39:18,500 --> 00:39:21,600
Paper in a little office. 
The distant sound of a 

693
00:39:21,600 --> 00:39:24,100
locomotive somewhere out in the 
dark beyond the city. 

694
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:27,700
The world was changing at a 
speed that the people inside it 

695
00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:31,600
could feel but not quite account
for and crying was changing with

696
00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:33,500
it. 
And the means of pursuing 

697
00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:37,700
criminals were just beginning to
change in return. we move 

698
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:42,200
forward now into the Autumn of 
1888 into the place where 

699
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:45,300
several of these threads came 
together, Poverty and 

700
00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:47,700
newspapers, and detective 
inadequacy. 

701
00:39:47,700 --> 00:39:51,100
And the particular fear that a 
city generates when it cannot 

702
00:39:51,100 --> 00:39:54,000
identify, what is walking its 
streets after dark. 

703
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:59,700
You're standing in White Chapel 
now in the Autumn of 1888 and 

704
00:39:59,700 --> 00:40:02,800
the fog is a physical presence 
rather than a poetic one. 

705
00:40:03,800 --> 00:40:06,800
Comes off the Thames and settles
between the buildings and does 

706
00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:10,100
not lift until well past 
mid-morning, if it lifts at all.

707
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:13,800
The East End of London, in this 
decade, was the part of the city

708
00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:16,900
that the rest of London 
discussed in the way that people

709
00:40:16,900 --> 00:40:20,700
discuss something, they are 
genuinely afraid to examine too 

710
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:23,400
closely. 
It was among the most densely 

711
00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:27,100
populated urban areas in the 
world its streets were narrow 

712
00:40:27,100 --> 00:40:30,000
and its building's lean toward 
each other across the Alleyways 

713
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,000
as though sharing a confidential
thought. 

714
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,500
Work was a regular and extremely
difficult to find at any 

715
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:39,800
reliable way wage. 
The social reformer Charles 

716
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:43,000
Booth, who was just beginning 
the enormous survey work that 

717
00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:45,900
would eventually produce his 
multi-volume study of London 

718
00:40:45,900 --> 00:40:49,700
poverty. 
Estimated that roughly 30% of 

719
00:40:49,700 --> 00:40:53,900
the East End population live 
below what he calculated as a 

720
00:40:53,900 --> 00:40:57,600
minimal poverty line. 
That figure expressed as a 

721
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:01,700
number fails to convey what? 
30% of a population actually 

722
00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:05,400
looks like from the street level
which was dense, and cold and 

723
00:41:05,408 --> 00:41:07,700
close. 
Into this environment. 

724
00:41:07,700 --> 00:41:12,700
Beginning in August of 1888 and 
continuing through November, a 

725
00:41:12,700 --> 00:41:15,400
series of murders occurred that 
were attributed to a single 

726
00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:19,500
unnamed individual. 
The victims were women, most of 

727
00:41:19,500 --> 00:41:21,800
them working informally in 
Street prostitution. 

728
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:25,800
As the only economic option that
particular circumstances at left

729
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:28,200
them. 
Five murders are attributed to 

730
00:41:28,200 --> 00:41:31,900
the same Killer by most careful 
historical analysis though. 

731
00:41:31,900 --> 00:41:34,600
The number discussed in 
contemporary accounts was larger

732
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:38,400
and the question of which deaths
to include in the series was 

733
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:41,600
argued, intensely in the 
newspapers at the time and has 

734
00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:46,000
been argued among historians 
ever since What separated these 

735
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:48,300
killings from the many other 
murders that occurred in 

736
00:41:48,300 --> 00:41:50,700
Victorian. 
London was a combination of 

737
00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:52,400
factors operating 
simultaneously. 

738
00:41:53,500 --> 00:41:55,700
The violence was of an unusual 
character. 

739
00:41:55,700 --> 00:41:59,900
The victims were found in public
or semi-public locations with 

740
00:41:59,900 --> 00:42:03,200
injuries that the examining 
surgeons described with a 

741
00:42:03,200 --> 00:42:06,400
clinical Precision, but still 
read starkly on the page. 

742
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:10,900
And then letters began arriving.
Letters claiming to be written 

743
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:14,400
by the killer were delivered to 
a news agency and to the central

744
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:17,700
news agency, beginning in late 
September 1888. 

745
00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:21,700
They were passed to the 
Metropolitan Police, one of 

746
00:42:21,708 --> 00:42:24,100
them, gave the writer a name 
that he claimed as his own. 

747
00:42:24,900 --> 00:42:27,900
The name of those letters was 
Jack the Ripper, where there any

748
00:42:27,900 --> 00:42:30,600
of those letters was genuinely 
authored by the person 

749
00:42:30,600 --> 00:42:34,000
responsible for the killings has
never been definitively 

750
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:37,800
established and the balance of 
careful historical and forensic 

751
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:40,800
opinion. 
Now leans toward the view that 

752
00:42:40,800 --> 00:42:43,900
most are all of the major 
correspondents was fabricated, 

753
00:42:43,900 --> 00:42:47,500
most likely by journalists 
seeking to sustain the stories 

754
00:42:47,500 --> 00:42:51,300
momentum or by members of the 
public seeking, The Peculiar 

755
00:42:51,300 --> 00:42:54,000
gratification of connection to 
an event. 

756
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:57,900
They were not part of Robert 
Anderson, who headed the 

757
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:00,000
criminal investigation 
department at the time, 

758
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:03,400
expressed his private belief 
that the correspondents was 

759
00:43:03,400 --> 00:43:07,400
fraudulent That view was shared 
fairly widely within the 

760
00:43:07,400 --> 00:43:10,300
investigative Branch though. 
It was considerably less, 

761
00:43:10,300 --> 00:43:12,800
welcome at the newspapers that 
have published the letters to 

762
00:43:12,800 --> 00:43:16,300
enormous circulation benefit the
letters were published 

763
00:43:16,300 --> 00:43:19,800
regardless the name traveled 
through every paper in the 

764
00:43:19,808 --> 00:43:23,500
country within days and across 
the International press within 

765
00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:27,600
weeks, the case became with a 
speed that surprised even those 

766
00:43:27,600 --> 00:43:30,600
who have been watching it 
closely something qualitatively 

767
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:33,000
different from an ordinary 
murder investigation. 

768
00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:37,800
It became a cultural symbol and 
symbols accumulate, meaning 

769
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:42,200
shaped as much by the fears of 
the people interpreting them as 

770
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:44,200
by the facts of the underlying 
of events. 

771
00:43:45,100 --> 00:43:48,000
The newspapers competed with 
visible intensity for the most 

772
00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:51,900
dramatic coverage, reporters 
flooded into White Chapel. 

773
00:43:51,900 --> 00:43:56,400
Interviewing anyone willing to 
speak and some who are not best 

774
00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,200
positioned to be encouraged 
toward public statements? 

775
00:44:00,500 --> 00:44:02,900
maps of the murder sights were 
published with the kind of 

776
00:44:02,900 --> 00:44:06,100
careful detail, normally 
reserved for military campaigns,

777
00:44:07,100 --> 00:44:09,500
Theories were presented as 
though they were everdance. 

778
00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:14,400
The volume of coverage generated
more letters, more theories and 

779
00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:16,900
more coverage in a 
self-sustaining Loop that the 

780
00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:20,000
editors involved showed. 
No inclination to interrupt. 

781
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:23,800
The Metropolitan Police received
suggestions accusations can 

782
00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:27,600
propose solutions from the 
public at a rate that the 

783
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:30,400
detective Branch had no 
established procedure for 

784
00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:33,300
managing. 
Some of the suggestions were 

785
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:37,200
serious, many were not all of 
them required, at least some 

786
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:38,900
degree of attention. 
At a moment, when the 

787
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:42,000
investigating officers had 
already more work than their 

788
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:45,300
numbers could comfortably carry.
Those officers included 

789
00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:49,400
Frederick Abilene a detective, 
inspector with long experience 

790
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:52,000
in the East End, who spent 
months on the case with 

791
00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:54,400
considerable dedication and 
Professional Care. 

792
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:58,000
He pursued numerous lines of 
inquiry. 

793
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:02,500
He conducted extensive 
interviews, he submitted regular

794
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:04,400
written reports up the chain of 
command. 

795
00:45:05,300 --> 00:45:08,900
The case remained unsolved, the 
investigation was carried out 

796
00:45:08,900 --> 00:45:11,900
under genuine forensic, 
constraints that are important 

797
00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:15,600
to understand clearly. 
There was no systematic method 

798
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:19,300
for analyzing physical trace, 
evidence Beyond careful visual 

799
00:45:19,300 --> 00:45:21,700
observation of the scene 
fingerprinting. 

800
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:25,300
Did not yet exist, as an 
investigative tool. blood 

801
00:45:25,300 --> 00:45:27,900
grouping was not a concept that 
medicine had yet developed 

802
00:45:28,800 --> 00:45:31,200
forensic, pathology in the 
modern sense was not available. 

803
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:35,100
The medical examinations carried
out by the police surgeons were 

804
00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:38,400
professional and Careful by the 
standards of their time, but 

805
00:45:38,400 --> 00:45:41,000
those standards were simply 
insufficient for the nature of 

806
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:43,600
this case. 
The murders ended in November 

807
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:48,100
1888 with the death of a woman 
named Mary Jane Kelly in her 

808
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:52,000
room on Dorset Street. whether 
the killer died shortly 

809
00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:55,900
afterward was imprisoned for an 
unrelated offense, left the 

810
00:45:55,900 --> 00:45:59,700
country or chose to stop for 
reasons of their own has never 

811
00:45:59,708 --> 00:46:04,200
been established and may never 
be Case remained technically 

812
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:07,200
open. 
In a formal legal sense. 

813
00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:10,500
It still is what the case 
reveals about the society that 

814
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:13,500
surrounded. 
It is in retrospect a 

815
00:46:13,500 --> 00:46:15,900
significant as any individual 
fact within it. 

816
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:18,800
The actual lives of the women 
who died. 

817
00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:21,800
Received almost, no sustained 
attention in the Press coverage.

818
00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:25,300
Their names appeared in the 
columns, but the circumstances 

819
00:46:25,300 --> 00:46:27,700
that had placed them. 
In those particular streets on 

820
00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:31,600
those particular nights, the 
poverty, the lack of available 

821
00:46:31,600 --> 00:46:36,300
work inadequacy of shelter, 
provision the specific economic 

822
00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:38,800
conditions of White Chapel in 
the late 1880s. 

823
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:41,600
These received almost no serious
examination. 

824
00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:46,500
The newspapers were absorbed by 
the mystery by the detective 

825
00:46:46,500 --> 00:46:50,000
failure by the freeze of danger.
Among the comfortable reading 

826
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:52,900
classes who live nowhere near 
the East End and were never at 

827
00:46:52,900 --> 00:46:55,100
any realistic risk from what was
happening there. 

828
00:46:56,300 --> 00:46:59,400
The women who died were working 
class and poor and employed in 

829
00:46:59,408 --> 00:47:02,100
work. 
That Victoria and respectability

830
00:47:02,100 --> 00:47:05,800
judged harshly. 
This shape, the tone of 

831
00:47:05,808 --> 00:47:07,500
reporting in ways that were 
visible. 

832
00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:11,100
Even at the time, to a small 
number of observers, who noted 

833
00:47:11,100 --> 00:47:14,200
them in print though, those 
observations, did not much 

834
00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:17,900
change the mainstream approach. 
The poverty that had produced 

835
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:21,400
their circumstances was treated 
in certain editorial registers 

836
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:24,700
as a partial contextual 
explanation for what had 

837
00:47:24,700 --> 00:47:27,900
happened to them as though 
inhabiting a particular economic

838
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:30,900
position lowered, the Threshold 
at which are death, became fully

839
00:47:30,900 --> 00:47:33,800
tragic. 
That was not a subtle or 

840
00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:38,000
isolated editorial position. 
It ran through a significant 

841
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:40,800
proportion of the mainstream 
press coverage with a 

842
00:47:40,800 --> 00:47:44,400
consistency that reflects the 
values of the society producing 

843
00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:46,100
it more accurately than it 
reflects. 

844
00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:47,800
The facts of the individual 
lives. 

845
00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:52,100
It was describing The White 
Chapel case also became in the 

846
00:47:52,100 --> 00:47:55,500
Years immediately following a 
significant driver of pressure 

847
00:47:55,500 --> 00:47:58,400
for more systematic approaches 
to criminal investigation. 

848
00:47:59,200 --> 00:48:02,500
The failure to make an arrest 
played out in full public view 

849
00:48:02,500 --> 00:48:04,900
over weeks and months in every 
newspaper in the country. 

850
00:48:05,900 --> 00:48:09,700
Concentrated Minds in ways that 
private departmental criticism 

851
00:48:09,700 --> 00:48:13,100
had not managed theorem 
measurements for Criminal, 

852
00:48:13,100 --> 00:48:16,300
Identification of formally 
introduced in British policing 

853
00:48:16,300 --> 00:48:19,600
in 1894. 
Fingerprinting as a standard 

854
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:23,200
investigative tool followed 
within a few years, the case 

855
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:25,900
that had exposed the most 
visible limits of Victorian 

856
00:48:25,900 --> 00:48:28,500
detection helped Define with 
some sharpness. 

857
00:48:28,500 --> 00:48:32,100
What detection would need to 
become You're breathing more 

858
00:48:32,100 --> 00:48:34,700
slowly. 
Now the Whitechapel streets are 

859
00:48:34,700 --> 00:48:37,000
still. 
The fog has thickened to the 

860
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:40,200
point where the gas laps are no 
longer visible as distinct light

861
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:44,700
sources, but only as dull orange
warmth diffused through the air.

862
00:48:45,700 --> 00:48:48,600
The air moves forward out of 
1888 towards something more 

863
00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:51,300
settled and we follow it at a 
gentle pace. 

864
00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:55,100
The Old Bailey stands on a site 
with a long history of judgment 

865
00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:58,800
Newgate Prison, which had 
occupied the adjacent ground for

866
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:02,100
centuries was demolished at the 
beginning of the 20th century 

867
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:04,700
and the central Criminal Court 
that replaced. 

868
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:09,100
It opened in 1907 with its 
copper Dome and the figure of 

869
00:49:09,100 --> 00:49:13,000
Justice, positioned higher above
the street, her scales balanced 

870
00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:16,500
against the city sky, but the 
legal tradition that the 

871
00:49:16,500 --> 00:49:19,400
building represented had been 
working through its cases on 

872
00:49:19,400 --> 00:49:23,500
that ground for far longer, and 
the Victorian decades had 

873
00:49:23,500 --> 00:49:25,900
provided it with some of its 
most celebrated, most 

874
00:49:25,900 --> 00:49:28,600
complicated and most 
persistently talked about 

875
00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:31,800
material. 
The trials that move through. 

876
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:35,100
The Victorian Old, Bailey were 
not simply legal proceedings in 

877
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:39,300
any narrow administrative sense.
They were public performance is 

878
00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:42,500
in a society that had few other 
large public performances 

879
00:49:42,500 --> 00:49:45,200
available. 
They were covered by journalists

880
00:49:45,200 --> 00:49:48,300
who understood the theatrical 
dimension of a good courtroom 

881
00:49:48,300 --> 00:49:50,800
and exploited it with 
professional skill. 

882
00:49:50,800 --> 00:49:54,400
They were attended by Spectators
who came for the drama as much 

883
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:57,400
as for any Civic sense of being 
present at Justice being done. 

884
00:49:58,600 --> 00:50:01,200
They produced verdicts that 
sometimes settled, the matter 

885
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:03,800
cleanly. 
And sometimes as the Tish, born 

886
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:05,900
case demonstrated at 
considerable length. 

887
00:50:06,600 --> 00:50:09,100
Left the underlying arguments 
still running in the streets 

888
00:50:09,100 --> 00:50:11,300
outside long. 
After the courtroom was locked 

889
00:50:11,300 --> 00:50:13,700
and the judge had retired for 
the evening. 

890
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:18,600
What the Victorian Criminal 
Courts also produced over time 

891
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:21,800
and across many difficult cases 
was an increasingly 

892
00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,700
sophisticated understanding of 
what evidence should look like. 

893
00:50:24,700 --> 00:50:28,600
How testimony should be 
evaluated and what standards of 

894
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:30,900
proof of serious criminal case 
required. 

895
00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:35,100
The era's legal system was 
imperfect in ways that were 

896
00:50:35,100 --> 00:50:37,200
visible even to people operating
within it. 

897
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:40,600
It was heavily influenced by 
class in ways that both 

898
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:44,700
prosecutors and defense Council.
Understood and worked with. 

899
00:50:44,700 --> 00:50:48,600
It was occasionally manipulated 
by newspaper coverage in ways 

900
00:50:48,600 --> 00:50:50,700
that trial judges found 
difficult to prevent. 

901
00:50:50,700 --> 00:50:54,800
And it sometimes convicted the 
wrong person, which the Press 

902
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:58,200
usually covered with slightly 
less, enthusiasm than it had 

903
00:50:58,200 --> 00:51:01,700
devoted to the original trial, 
but the Victorian courts. 

904
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:04,900
Also produced the procedural 
traditions in the evidentiary 

905
00:51:04,900 --> 00:51:08,500
standards that were refined into
the legal Frameworks that came. 

906
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:12,200
After them the details case, 
records from Victorian trials, 

907
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:15,600
preserved in archives including 
the Old Bailey proceedings, 

908
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:19,200
which documented criminal trials
from the 18th century, onward 

909
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:23,900
provided later generations, with
an extraordinary resource for 

910
00:51:23,900 --> 00:51:27,200
understanding how the period 
handled crime evidence. 

911
00:51:28,300 --> 00:51:32,000
Domini and judgment. 
Detective fiction. 

912
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:36,700
Which the Victorian era produced
in remarkable quantities, and 

913
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:39,400
which found eager readers at 
every level of the reading 

914
00:51:39,400 --> 00:51:42,500
public? 
Served as a kind of imaginative 

915
00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:46,000
resolution for the anxiety, is 
that real criminal cases could 

916
00:51:46,000 --> 00:51:49,600
not satisfy the locked room 
problem with its elegant 

917
00:51:49,600 --> 00:51:53,400
solution, the brilliant analysis
that reveals the hidden truth, 

918
00:51:53,400 --> 00:51:57,200
the final scene where all the 
elements fall into their proper 

919
00:51:57,200 --> 00:51:59,200
places like a well-fitted 
mechanism. 

920
00:52:00,100 --> 00:52:02,600
These offered a version of 
reality in which crime was 

921
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:06,200
always in principal explicable 
and always ultimately resolved 

922
00:52:06,200 --> 00:52:09,100
by the correct application of 
intelligence and observation. 

923
00:52:09,100 --> 00:52:11,500
The most famous, fictional 
detective. 

924
00:52:11,500 --> 00:52:15,000
In the English language was 
introduced to readers by Arthur 

925
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:19,000
Conan Doyle in 1887, one year 
before the Whitechapel murders, 

926
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:23,300
and the timing carries a certain
significance character of 

927
00:52:23,308 --> 00:52:26,800
Sherlock Holmes arrived at 
precisely the moment when public

928
00:52:26,800 --> 00:52:30,400
appetite for a rational 
systematic infallible, detective

929
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:34,100
was at its highest point, and 
when the real metropolitan 

930
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:36,600
police were engaged in a visible
demonstration of their 

931
00:52:36,600 --> 00:52:41,500
considerable distance from that 
ideal home's was not a figure 

932
00:52:41,500 --> 00:52:44,800
constructed from nothing. 
His methods Drew on emerging 

933
00:52:44,800 --> 00:52:47,400
scientific approaches to 
observation and inference that. 

934
00:52:47,400 --> 00:52:50,300
Real investigators were 
beginning to develop and apply. 

935
00:52:51,200 --> 00:52:54,200
But he was all. 
So a reassuring fantasy, a 

936
00:52:54,200 --> 00:52:57,300
response to a genuine cultural 
need for the belief that crime. 

937
00:52:57,300 --> 00:53:02,000
However, mysteriously appeared 
was always solderable if only 

938
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:04,600
one possessed the correct 
qualities of observation and 

939
00:53:04,600 --> 00:53:07,700
reason. 
The Victorian public wanted 

940
00:53:07,700 --> 00:53:11,900
deeply to believe this 
particularly after 1888. 

941
00:53:12,800 --> 00:53:16,300
The fantasy proved durable 
enough to Outlast the century 

942
00:53:16,300 --> 00:53:21,400
that produced it by a very long 
way. the legacy of the cases, we

943
00:53:21,400 --> 00:53:23,900
have traveled through tonight is
worth holding in your thoughts 

944
00:53:23,900 --> 00:53:28,400
for a moment before you drift 
further from the Charles piece 

945
00:53:28,400 --> 00:53:32,300
demonstrated that respectability
was a performance that could be 

946
00:53:32,308 --> 00:53:35,800
maintained almost indefinitely 
by a sufficiently committed 

947
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:38,900
performer and was therefore 
perhaps not the guarantee of 

948
00:53:38,908 --> 00:53:42,700
fundamental character that 
middle-class Victorian society 

949
00:53:42,700 --> 00:53:46,500
preferred to take it for Marion 
cotton demonstrated that 

950
00:53:46,500 --> 00:53:50,300
domestic life the household and 
the family that Victorian 

951
00:53:50,300 --> 00:53:53,100
cultural. 
Ideology placed at the center of

952
00:53:53,100 --> 00:53:54,900
social stability and moral 
order. 

953
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:58,600
Was not inherently or 
automatically safe. 

954
00:53:59,300 --> 00:54:02,300
And let the institutional 
invisibility of women in certain

955
00:54:02,300 --> 00:54:04,600
domestic. 
Contexts could be exploited with

956
00:54:04,600 --> 00:54:08,300
terrible consequences over an 
extended period without any 

957
00:54:08,300 --> 00:54:11,300
external mechanism drawing 
attention to the accumulation. 

958
00:54:11,300 --> 00:54:14,900
The tichborne claimant 
demonstrated that personal 

959
00:54:14,900 --> 00:54:18,900
identity was more malleable, and
more dependent on social 

960
00:54:18,900 --> 00:54:22,700
agreement than anyone 
particularly wanted to examine a

961
00:54:22,700 --> 00:54:27,100
Close, Quarters that memory was 
unreliable and that a 

962
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:29,500
sufficiently desired. 
Belief could survive a very 

963
00:54:29,500 --> 00:54:32,800
substantial quantity of 
contradicting evidence, the 

964
00:54:32,800 --> 00:54:35,500
forges and the railway thieves 
demonstrated that the new 

965
00:54:35,500 --> 00:54:39,400
commercial World constructed on 
documents and institutional 

966
00:54:39,400 --> 00:54:43,400
trust, and the reliable 
operation of complex systems was

967
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:46,800
only as robust as the honesty of
the people, operating it at 

968
00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:49,400
every level. 
Which was a somewhat less 

969
00:54:49,400 --> 00:54:51,600
comfortable thought than the 
Victorian Financial 

970
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:54,800
establishment would have 
preferred to contemplate over 

971
00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:58,500
its morning correspondence. 
And the White Chapel case, 

972
00:54:58,500 --> 00:55:02,700
demonstrated with a Clarity that
the newspapers mostly declined 

973
00:55:02,700 --> 00:55:06,000
to address directly. 
That the safety of some people 

974
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:09,900
mattered enormously to the 
society that surrounded them and

975
00:55:09,900 --> 00:55:13,500
that the safety of other people 
could remain invisible until the

976
00:55:13,500 --> 00:55:17,400
circumstances became impossible 
to avoid, which point the 

977
00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:20,700
coverage focused large on the 
mystery rather than the lives 

978
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:23,600
and moved on when the mystery 
proved insoluble. 

979
00:55:24,300 --> 00:55:27,800
Detective fiction offered 
imaginative resolution for all 

980
00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:31,800
of these anxieties, the locked 
room with its clever solution. 

981
00:55:31,800 --> 00:55:35,800
The evidence correctly, read the
final explanation in which all 

982
00:55:35,800 --> 00:55:39,300
the complicated unsatisfying. 
Elements of real human behavior 

983
00:55:39,300 --> 00:55:42,900
fall into their proper and 
understandable positions. 

984
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:47,100
It sold extremely well in the 
Victorian era and has never 

985
00:55:47,100 --> 00:55:50,000
stopped selling. 
The actual Victorian, criminal 

986
00:55:50,000 --> 00:55:52,700
cases were Messier and Stranger 
than their fictional 

987
00:55:52,700 --> 00:55:56,400
counterparts as actual events 
tend to be in comparison to the 

988
00:55:56,400 --> 00:56:00,300
stories constructed around them.
They raise questions, they could

989
00:56:00,300 --> 00:56:03,900
not answer they produced 
verdicts that felt inadequate to

990
00:56:03,900 --> 00:56:05,400
the full weight of what had 
happened. 

991
00:56:06,200 --> 00:56:09,200
They left evidence on examine 
and Witnesses on heard and 

992
00:56:09,208 --> 00:56:13,400
explanations permanently 
incomplete. they were, in other 

993
00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:18,800
words, history, Which is always 
more human, more uncertain and 

994
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:21,500
more genuinely interesting than 
the version that ends with a 

995
00:56:21,500 --> 00:56:24,400
satisfying explanation and a 
closed casefile. 

996
00:56:25,100 --> 00:56:27,900
You are drifting now and that is
exactly right. 

997
00:56:27,900 --> 00:56:31,300
The old Bailey's Dome is just 
visible against to Sky. 

998
00:56:31,300 --> 00:56:34,300
That's beginning to like around 
the edges from the deep Navy of 

999
00:56:34,300 --> 00:56:38,100
full night toward the gray blue 
of an early London morning. 

1000
00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:42,700
The streets below are quiet in 
the particular way that city 

1001
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:46,900
streets, occasionally manage 
briefly and impermanent in the 

1002
00:56:46,900 --> 00:56:50,100
hour before the working day, 
begins to gather itself again. 

1003
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:53,900
The newspaper boys will be back,
the courts will open their 

1004
00:56:53,900 --> 00:56:56,000
doors. 
The papers will locate their 

1005
00:56:56,000 --> 00:56:59,800
next great story because the 
supply of great stories in 

1006
00:56:59,800 --> 00:57:02,700
Victorian England was like the 
city that produced them 

1007
00:57:02,700 --> 00:57:07,500
essentially in exhaustible. 
Crime and poverty and ambition, 

1008
00:57:07,500 --> 00:57:11,300
and the distance between what 
people appear to be and what 

1009
00:57:11,300 --> 00:57:15,100
they actually were. 
These were not conditions that a

1010
00:57:15,100 --> 00:57:19,000
single Century could exhaust. 
But for now, the city is still. 

1011
00:57:19,800 --> 00:57:23,200
The gas lamps are beginning to 
pay as the sky, brightens slowly

1012
00:57:23,200 --> 00:57:27,100
above the rooftops, to the east.
The cobblestones have dried 

1013
00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:31,100
overnight the chestnut sellers 
Corner stands empty somewhere on

1014
00:57:31,100 --> 00:57:33,300
a respectable Street. 
In Aurora, you will never need 

1015
00:57:33,300 --> 00:57:36,200
to name. 
Adore, is bolted a candle as 

1016
00:57:36,200 --> 00:57:40,500
burned down to its last quarter 
of wax and a well-worn newspaper

1017
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:44,000
lies folded on a side table, 
where someone left it after, 

1018
00:57:44,000 --> 00:57:47,400
reading it through twice, The 
story is in it are finished for 

1019
00:57:47,400 --> 00:57:50,000
tonight. 
The people in them are resting 

1020
00:57:50,000 --> 00:57:53,500
as they have been resting for a 
century and a half in the 

1021
00:57:53,500 --> 00:57:56,500
particular piece that time 
eventually brings to even the 

1022
00:57:56,500 --> 00:58:01,600
most unsettled of his histories.
let the city settle fully around

1023
00:58:01,600 --> 00:58:06,800
you now, Let the fog come in one
final time from the direction of

1024
00:58:06,808 --> 00:58:10,000
the Thames. 
Softening every hard Edge. 

1025
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:13,800
It finds blurring the lamp light
into something warm and 

1026
00:58:13,800 --> 00:58:16,600
indistinct, letting the 
courtroom Galleries and the 

1027
00:58:16,600 --> 00:58:20,100
cobblestones, and the newspaper 
headlines all dissolved together

1028
00:58:20,100 --> 00:58:25,100
into the same quiet gray that 
sleep is made of You have been 

1029
00:58:25,100 --> 00:58:27,700
there for a while. 
Now, longer than you perhaps 

1030
00:58:27,700 --> 00:58:31,700
noticed, rest the century is 
finished. 

1031
00:58:32,600 --> 00:58:35,400
Cases are closed. 
The fog has done. 

1032
00:58:35,400 --> 00:58:42,100
Its gentle work. 
It is 1913 in Detroit. 

1033
00:58:42,100 --> 00:58:45,000
Michigan. 
The city hums with a new kind of

1034
00:58:45,000 --> 00:58:49,000
energy as factories rise along, 
the Riverbanks and thousands of 

1035
00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:51,600
workers pour into the automotive
plants each morning. 

1036
00:58:51,600 --> 00:58:54,800
You are one of them living 
through the moment when the 

1037
00:58:54,800 --> 00:58:58,100
automobile transforms from a 
luxury curiosity, in to 

1038
00:58:58,100 --> 00:59:00,300
something that will reshape the 
entire world. 

1039
00:59:00,300 --> 00:59:04,900
You wait before the sunrise is 
the rumors cold and the air 

1040
00:59:04,900 --> 00:59:07,300
smells like coal smoke from the 
furnace down stairs. 

1041
00:59:08,000 --> 00:59:10,400
Your boarding house sits three 
blocks from the Ford Highland 

1042
00:59:10,400 --> 00:59:12,600
Park. 
Plant close enough, that you can

1043
00:59:12,600 --> 00:59:16,700
hear the factory whistle, even 
through closed windows The sound

1044
00:59:16,700 --> 00:59:19,300
cuts through the Darkness at 5 
in the morning sharp and 

1045
00:59:19,300 --> 00:59:22,500
insistent, you swing your legs 
out of bed and your feet touch, 

1046
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:25,900
the cold floorboards, the chill 
runs up through your ankles. 

1047
00:59:26,800 --> 00:59:28,600
Winter Mornings. 
In Detroit, have a particular 

1048
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:30,600
bite to them. 
The kind that makes you move 

1049
00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:32,900
quickly. 
Just to generate warmth, you 

1050
00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:35,800
reach for your workloads, hung 
on the back of the door where 

1051
00:59:35,800 --> 00:59:38,500
they dried overnight. 
The shirt is stiff from 

1052
00:59:38,508 --> 00:59:40,900
yesterday. 
Sweating machine oil, you pull 

1053
00:59:40,900 --> 00:59:43,100
it on. 
Anyway, everyone's work clothes 

1054
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:45,800
smell like this. 
After a few weeks the scent of 

1055
00:59:45,800 --> 00:59:49,300
metal and grease becomes part of
your skin part of your identity.

1056
00:59:50,400 --> 00:59:53,500
You button the shirt and reach 
for your trousers, thick canvas 

1057
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:56,100
material that can withstand 
Sparks and sharp edges. 

1058
00:59:56,100 --> 00:59:59,000
Your hands move through this 
routine with without much 

1059
00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:01,800
thought. 
You have done this same sequence

1060
01:00:01,800 --> 01:00:04,800
of movements for six months. 
Now, ever since you arrived from

1061
01:00:04,800 --> 01:00:08,100
the farm in Ohio. 
The rhythms of factory life have

1062
01:00:08,100 --> 01:00:11,100
replaced, the rhythms of 
agricultural Seasons instead of 

1063
01:00:11,100 --> 01:00:14,200
roosters and cattle, you wake to
whistles and street cars. 

1064
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:17,100
You Splash cold water on your 
face, from the basement by the 

1065
01:00:17,100 --> 01:00:19,500
window. 
The shock of it helps clear the 

1066
01:00:19,500 --> 01:00:22,400
fog from your mind. 
Through the glass, you can see 

1067
01:00:22,400 --> 01:00:25,500
other boarding houses other 
windows glowing with Lamplight, 

1068
01:00:25,500 --> 01:00:27,600
as dozens of men, prepare for 
the same shift. 

1069
01:00:27,600 --> 01:00:31,500
The city is Waking Up In Waves 
neighborhood by neighborhood. 

1070
01:00:32,500 --> 01:00:35,100
Downstairs in the kitchen, 
misses O'Brien has already set 

1071
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:37,600
out breakfast. 
She runs the boarding house with

1072
01:00:37,600 --> 01:00:39,700
German Precision even though she
is Irish. 

1073
01:00:40,400 --> 01:00:42,800
Coffee. 
Steams in a large pot on the 

1074
01:00:42,800 --> 01:00:44,900
stove. 
The smell fills the narrow 

1075
01:00:44,900 --> 01:00:47,300
hallway. 
You grab a Tin Cup and pour 

1076
01:00:47,300 --> 01:00:49,500
yourself some. 
The heat spreading through your 

1077
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:52,500
fingers, the other borders 
Shuffle, in one by one. 

1078
01:00:52,500 --> 01:00:56,300
Nobody talks much this early 
there is just the sound of 

1079
01:00:56,300 --> 01:01:00,200
spoons against bowls cups being 
refilled chairs, scraping 

1080
01:01:00,200 --> 01:01:03,400
against linoleum. 
You eat quickly oatmeal with a 

1081
01:01:03,400 --> 01:01:05,300
splash of milk and a piece of 
bread with butter. 

1082
01:01:05,300 --> 01:01:09,700
The food is plain but filling 
designed to carry you through to

1083
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:12,700
the lunch break you finish 
eating, and grab your coat from 

1084
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:15,900
The Hook by the door. 
The fabric is worn at the elbows

1085
01:01:15,900 --> 01:01:17,900
and the pockets sag from 
carrying wrenches and 

1086
01:01:17,900 --> 01:01:21,500
screwdrivers you step out into 
the pre-dawn darkness. 

1087
01:01:22,200 --> 01:01:23,500
The cold air hits you 
immediately. 

1088
01:01:23,500 --> 01:01:25,800
You can see your breath in thick
clouds. 

1089
01:01:25,800 --> 01:01:28,700
The street is already busy with 
workers heading toward the 

1090
01:01:28,708 --> 01:01:31,700
factories. 
Some Walk Alone, others in small

1091
01:01:31,700 --> 01:01:35,200
groups, everyone moves with 
purpose, being late, means 

1092
01:01:35,200 --> 01:01:39,200
losing pay or worse, The factory
runs on strict schedules. 

1093
01:01:39,200 --> 01:01:41,800
Each minute is accounted for 
you. 

1094
01:01:41,800 --> 01:01:44,900
Join the stream of men walking 
North toward Highland Park, the 

1095
01:01:44,900 --> 01:01:47,300
sound of boots on pavement 
creates a steady Rhythm. 

1096
01:01:47,300 --> 01:01:51,500
Someone coughs, A Streetcar 
clangs its Bell to blocks over 

1097
01:01:51,500 --> 01:01:56,100
dogs bark from behind fences. 
The city is Industrial now in 

1098
01:01:56,100 --> 01:01:59,300
ways that still surprise, you 
sometimes just five years ago. 

1099
01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:01,100
This neighborhood was mostly 
empty. 

1100
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:04,200
Lots and farmland. 
The sky begins to lighten as you

1101
01:02:04,200 --> 01:02:06,400
walk. 
The darkness shifts from black 

1102
01:02:06,400 --> 01:02:09,800
to deep blue to Gray. 
You can make out the shape of 

1103
01:02:09,800 --> 01:02:13,400
other walkers more clearly now 
familiar faces in greeting. 

1104
01:02:13,400 --> 01:02:17,300
He recognized the man who works 
two stations down from yours on 

1105
01:02:17,300 --> 01:02:20,000
the line. 
He has a thick mustache, that 

1106
01:02:20,000 --> 01:02:22,200
always seems to collect metal 
dust by midday. 

1107
01:02:22,200 --> 01:02:24,900
The factory comes into view as 
you round the corner onto 

1108
01:02:24,900 --> 01:02:27,900
Woodward Avenue, the building 
sprawls across several city 

1109
01:02:27,900 --> 01:02:32,100
blocks, a massive structure of 
brick and steel and glass Smoke 

1110
01:02:32,100 --> 01:02:35,500
Stacks, rise like monuments. 
Even from here, you can hear the

1111
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:38,700
hum of Machinery, the plant runs
around the clock now. 

1112
01:02:38,700 --> 01:02:42,400
Three shifts, keep the assembly 
line moving, you join the crowd 

1113
01:02:42,400 --> 01:02:45,800
at the main gate, the guard 
checks faces as people pass 

1114
01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:48,100
through. 
He knows most workers by sight 

1115
01:02:48,100 --> 01:02:51,700
but still maintains, the ritual 
of inspection company rules. 

1116
01:02:51,700 --> 01:02:55,900
Everything at Ford has rules. 
You file past him into the yard.

1117
01:02:55,900 --> 01:02:59,100
The yard is enormous bigger than
any bar you ever saw back in 

1118
01:02:59,100 --> 01:03:03,300
Ohio railroad tracks, Chris 
crossed, the space Freight cars,

1119
01:03:03,300 --> 01:03:06,600
sit waiting to be unloaded or 
filled materials arrive, 

1120
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:11,700
constantly, steal, rather glass 
leather, everything needed to 

1121
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:14,200
build all of meals, flows into 
the place, like Rivers 

1122
01:03:14,200 --> 01:03:17,000
converging. 
You head toward the entrance for

1123
01:03:17,000 --> 01:03:20,200
your section, other workers peel
off toward different buildings. 

1124
01:03:20,200 --> 01:03:22,400
The plant is organized like a 
small City. 

1125
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:26,400
Each department handling 
specific tasks Foundry workers. 

1126
01:03:26,400 --> 01:03:28,700
Go One Direction paint shop 
workers. 

1127
01:03:28,700 --> 01:03:31,400
Go another you work on the 
chassis assembly line. 

1128
01:03:31,400 --> 01:03:35,600
So you head toward building 3 
Time clock station stands, just 

1129
01:03:35,600 --> 01:03:38,300
inside the door. 
You pull your card from the rack

1130
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:41,500
and slide it into the machine. 
The mechanism stamps, the time 

1131
01:03:41,500 --> 01:03:46,400
with a satisfying chunk 5:52 
a.m. 8 minutes to spare, you 

1132
01:03:46,400 --> 01:03:48,800
return, the card to its slot and
continue toward the floor. 

1133
01:03:49,500 --> 01:03:52,300
The locker room, smells like 
sweat and oil, and cigarette 

1134
01:03:52,300 --> 01:03:54,300
smoke. 
You open your assigned locker 

1135
01:03:54,300 --> 01:03:55,900
and stash your coat, and lunch 
pail. 

1136
01:03:55,900 --> 01:03:58,300
Some men are already changing 
into their work. 

1137
01:03:58,300 --> 01:04:01,000
Aprons others. 
Sit on benches smoking. 

1138
01:04:01,000 --> 01:04:04,400
One last cigarette before the 
shift Begins, the chatter is low

1139
01:04:04,400 --> 01:04:07,000
and sporadic. 
You tie on your leather apron 

1140
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:09,700
and grab your gloves. 
The gloves are warned smooth in 

1141
01:04:09,700 --> 01:04:11,500
places where you grip tools 
repeatedly. 

1142
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:14,800
They fit like a second skin. 
Now you learned early on that 

1143
01:04:14,800 --> 01:04:17,200
good gloves. 
Make all the difference blisters

1144
01:04:17,200 --> 01:04:20,500
and cuts slow you down. 
The former appears in the 

1145
01:04:20,508 --> 01:04:23,000
doorway calls out, time to 
start. 

1146
01:04:24,100 --> 01:04:26,600
The men, stub out, cigarettes 
and clothes, lockers, and file 

1147
01:04:26,600 --> 01:04:29,400
toward the factory floor. 
The Casual atmosphere of 

1148
01:04:29,400 --> 01:04:31,600
evaporates. 
Everyone knows what comes next 

1149
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:36,100
eight hours of continuous motion
8 hours of the line, you walk 

1150
01:04:36,100 --> 01:04:37,900
through the double doors and 
onto the floor. 

1151
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:40,300
The noise hits. 
You like a physical Force, 

1152
01:04:40,300 --> 01:04:43,900
machinery, clangs and hisses and
Roars metal. 

1153
01:04:43,900 --> 01:04:46,900
Strikes metal in rhythmic 
percussion conveyor belts 

1154
01:04:46,900 --> 01:04:49,400
Rumble. 
The sound is so constant that 

1155
01:04:49,400 --> 01:04:52,600
after a while you stop hearing 
individual noises it all Blends 

1156
01:04:52,600 --> 01:04:54,700
into one massive industrial 
Symphony. 

1157
01:04:56,000 --> 01:04:59,300
The assembly line stretches the 
length of the building partially

1158
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:01,600
assembled chassis move past on 
the conveyor system. 

1159
01:05:01,600 --> 01:05:05,400
Progressing from bear frames to 
nearly complete automobiles. 

1160
01:05:05,400 --> 01:05:09,000
Each worker has a specific 
station, a specific task to 

1161
01:05:09,000 --> 01:05:12,300
perform as each chassis. 
By you, take your position at 

1162
01:05:12,300 --> 01:05:14,800
station 47. 
Your job is to install. 

1163
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:17,400
The steering column and connect 
it to the front axle assembly. 

1164
01:05:17,400 --> 01:05:22,000
The same task repeated hundreds 
of times each day, you have done

1165
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:24,800
it so many times that your hands
know the movements without 

1166
01:05:24,800 --> 01:05:27,100
conscious thought. 
The line starts. 

1167
01:05:27,100 --> 01:05:30,300
Moving the first chassis of the 
day, approaches your station. 

1168
01:05:30,300 --> 01:05:32,400
You reach for your tools and get
ready. 

1169
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:36,000
Another day has begun. 
The chassis arrives at your 

1170
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:37,600
station. 
Moving at walking pace. 

1171
01:05:37,600 --> 01:05:40,500
The conveyor never stops. 
Never hesitate. 

1172
01:05:40,500 --> 01:05:44,000
You have exactly one minute and 
20 seconds to complete your 

1173
01:05:44,000 --> 01:05:44,600
tasks. 
Before. 

1174
01:05:44,600 --> 01:05:48,400
The next chassis arrives, the 
timing is precise Ford's 

1175
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:49,800
Engineers. 
Calculated it down to the 

1176
01:05:49,808 --> 01:05:52,000
second. 
You grab the steering column 

1177
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:53,300
from the bin beside your 
station. 

1178
01:05:53,300 --> 01:05:57,000
The metal is cold even through 
your gloves, you position it in 

1179
01:05:57,000 --> 01:05:59,900
the mounting bracket and thread.
The first bolt, your wrench 

1180
01:05:59,900 --> 01:06:03,300
tightens it in three quick 
turns, the motion is automatic 

1181
01:06:03,300 --> 01:06:06,200
now, right hand reaches for the 
Bolt left. 

1182
01:06:06,200 --> 01:06:09,900
Hand steady is the column right 
hand tightens next Bolt, the 

1183
01:06:09,900 --> 01:06:13,000
chassis moves forward. 
You walk alongside it staying in

1184
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:16,000
rhythm with the belt. 
This is the trick of assembly 

1185
01:06:16,000 --> 01:06:18,800
line work. 
You cannot fight the pace, you 

1186
01:06:18,800 --> 01:06:22,100
must become part of it. 
Your body, learns to match the 

1187
01:06:22,100 --> 01:06:25,100
speed. 
Exactly, stepping and reaching 

1188
01:06:25,100 --> 01:06:28,500
and turning in time with the 
machinery, 4 bolts, secure the 

1189
01:06:28,508 --> 01:06:31,400
column, then you can connect the
steering linkage to the front 

1190
01:06:31,400 --> 01:06:34,000
axle assembly. 
The parts fit together with 

1191
01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:37,300
satisfying, clicks and snaps. 
Everything is standardized. 

1192
01:06:37,300 --> 01:06:40,600
Now, every Model T uses the same
components? 

1193
01:06:40,600 --> 01:06:43,800
No, custom fitting required. 
No adjustments needed. 

1194
01:06:43,800 --> 01:06:46,400
Just assembly, you finish and 
step back. 

1195
01:06:47,100 --> 01:06:49,500
The chassis down the line to the
next station. 

1196
01:06:49,500 --> 01:06:52,700
Where another worker will 
install the dashboard behind 

1197
01:06:52,700 --> 01:06:54,300
you. 
The next chassis has already 

1198
01:06:54,300 --> 01:06:56,800
arrived. 
You turn and start the process. 

1199
01:06:56,800 --> 01:07:04,100
Again reach position, Bolten 
walk, and turn and reach again. 

1200
01:07:04,100 --> 01:07:07,400
The work has a meditative 
quality once you settle into it.

1201
01:07:07,408 --> 01:07:11,400
The repetition empties your mind
of other thoughts, there is only

1202
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:15,000
the tasks, the motion Rhythm. 
Some men, hate this aspect of 

1203
01:07:15,000 --> 01:07:16,800
the line. 
They say, it makes them feel 

1204
01:07:16,800 --> 01:07:19,100
like machines themselves others,
find it. 

1205
01:07:19,100 --> 01:07:23,500
Soothing no decisions to make. 
No, uncertain is just the work. 

1206
01:07:24,400 --> 01:07:27,400
You fall into that Rhythm. 
Now, chassis after chassis 

1207
01:07:27,400 --> 01:07:31,300
passes through your hands, the 
numbers pile up, 10 completed 

1208
01:07:31,300 --> 01:07:36,300
2030, your muscles, warm with 
the effort, sweat begins to form

1209
01:07:36,300 --> 01:07:37,900
despite the cool air in the 
building. 

1210
01:07:38,800 --> 01:07:42,300
The factory is not heated in 
Winter and not cooled in summer.

1211
01:07:42,900 --> 01:07:44,700
Temperature control would be too
expensive. 

1212
01:07:44,708 --> 01:07:47,800
The noise around you becomes 
background texture. 

1213
01:07:47,800 --> 01:07:50,000
You can distinguish between 
sounds. 

1214
01:07:50,000 --> 01:07:53,200
Now, the hiss of the pneumatic 
tools at the next station. 

1215
01:07:54,100 --> 01:07:57,500
Clang of metal Parts being 
dropped into bins, the rumble of

1216
01:07:57,508 --> 01:08:00,000
the overhead crane moving 
materials, across the building, 

1217
01:08:00,000 --> 01:08:03,800
the shouts of Foreman calling 
out instructions or Corrections.

1218
01:08:04,800 --> 01:08:07,700
Occasionally something goes 
wrong, a bolt threads 

1219
01:08:07,700 --> 01:08:10,300
incorrectly apart. 
Does not fit quite right? 

1220
01:08:10,300 --> 01:08:12,600
Quite, you have to signal for 
help. 

1221
01:08:12,600 --> 01:08:15,100
The line does not stop for 
individual problems. 

1222
01:08:15,100 --> 01:08:18,000
A relief worker fills in at your
station, while you fix the 

1223
01:08:18,000 --> 01:08:22,000
issue, then you jump back in and
catch up, falling behind, is not

1224
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:25,399
acceptable. 
The line is Relentless, you work

1225
01:08:25,399 --> 01:08:28,500
alongside men from everywhere. 
The man to your left, came from 

1226
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:31,399
Poland three years ago. 
He speaks broken English but his

1227
01:08:31,399 --> 01:08:34,500
hands are skilled and fast the 
man on your right. 

1228
01:08:34,500 --> 01:08:37,300
Grew up in Kentucky and moved, 
North looking for factory wages 

1229
01:08:37,300 --> 01:08:40,100
down the line, there are 
Italians and Irish and Germans 

1230
01:08:40,100 --> 01:08:42,600
and Greeks. 
Detroit has become a magnet for 

1231
01:08:42,600 --> 01:08:46,300
anyone willing to work hard. the
demographic of the factory floor

1232
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:49,399
would have been Unthinkable, 
just a generation ago, Farm 

1233
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:52,600
boys, work beside recent 
immigrants, white men work 

1234
01:08:52,600 --> 01:08:56,399
beside black men who migrated 
from the south The assembly line

1235
01:08:56,399 --> 01:08:59,600
does not care about background. 
It only cares about output. 

1236
01:08:59,600 --> 01:09:02,500
Can you keep Pace? 
Can you do the job? 

1237
01:09:02,500 --> 01:09:06,399
That is all that matters. 
This mixing creates tension. 

1238
01:09:06,399 --> 01:09:09,700
Sometimes people bring their 
prejudices with them, but the 

1239
01:09:09,700 --> 01:09:11,600
work itself creates a kind of a 
quality. 

1240
01:09:11,600 --> 01:09:14,000
Everyone is reduced to the same 
function. 

1241
01:09:14,000 --> 01:09:18,000
Everyone serves the line old 
social, hierarchies mean, less 

1242
01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:21,899
in this new industrial world. 
The foreman walks past your 

1243
01:09:21,899 --> 01:09:23,899
station. 
He carries a clipboard and 

1244
01:09:23,899 --> 01:09:25,800
watches everything with sharp 
eyes. 

1245
01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:29,399
Foreman are promoted from the 
line chosen for their 

1246
01:09:29,399 --> 01:09:31,300
reliability and attention to 
detail. 

1247
01:09:31,300 --> 01:09:35,399
This one worked his way up. 
Over two years, he knows every 

1248
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:37,500
job on this section because he 
is done them all himself. 

1249
01:09:38,600 --> 01:09:41,600
He stops and watches. 
You complete a chassis, you feel

1250
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:43,200
his eyes on you, but do not 
change. 

1251
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:45,700
Your pace showing off, leads to 
mistakes. 

1252
01:09:45,700 --> 01:09:48,200
Maintaining steady. 
Rhythm is, what earns approval? 

1253
01:09:49,000 --> 01:09:50,800
He makes a note on his clipboard
and moves on. 

1254
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:55,300
You breathe a little easier. 
No Corrections needed the 

1255
01:09:55,300 --> 01:09:58,600
morning, progresses in this way.
Timeline loses, its usual shape.

1256
01:09:59,400 --> 01:10:00,800
Cannot check a watch while 
working. 

1257
01:10:00,800 --> 01:10:03,000
The only markers of the chassis 
themselves. 

1258
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:06,500
Each one represents one minute 
and 20 seconds of your life. 

1259
01:10:06,500 --> 01:10:11,400
You count them unconsciously 50 
completed 75 100. 

1260
01:10:11,400 --> 01:10:14,900
Your hands develop their own 
intelligence muscle memory 

1261
01:10:14,900 --> 01:10:18,400
guides, every movement, reach 
without looking grab the right 

1262
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:22,100
size wrench without checking 
threads blind because you know 

1263
01:10:22,100 --> 01:10:24,900
exactly where the holes are. 
This physical knowledge. 

1264
01:10:24,900 --> 01:10:28,200
Cannot be taught in words, it 
only comes through thousands of 

1265
01:10:28,200 --> 01:10:31,100
repetitions. 
Sometimes your mind wanders, 

1266
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:34,400
even as your hands continue 
working, you think about letters

1267
01:10:34,400 --> 01:10:36,900
from home, your mother wants to 
know when you will visit. 

1268
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:39,700
You think about the money 
accumulating in your savings 

1269
01:10:39,700 --> 01:10:41,400
account. 
Five dollars a day. 

1270
01:10:42,600 --> 01:10:45,600
That is what Ford pays now, more
than twice. 

1271
01:10:45,600 --> 01:10:48,600
What most factories offer? 
You think about what that money 

1272
01:10:48,600 --> 01:10:51,600
will buy a house someday a 
future? 

1273
01:10:52,900 --> 01:10:54,800
Five dollar day, change 
everything. 

1274
01:10:54,800 --> 01:10:56,300
When Ford announced it last 
year. 

1275
01:10:57,100 --> 01:11:00,100
Workers flooded to Detroit from 
across the country, the 

1276
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:02,700
newspapers called it 
revolutionary critics called it 

1277
01:11:02,700 --> 01:11:05,100
Reckless. 
But Ford understood something 

1278
01:11:05,100 --> 01:11:08,800
fundamental pay workers, well, 
and they will buy the products. 

1279
01:11:08,800 --> 01:11:11,000
They make turn workers into 
customers. 

1280
01:11:11,000 --> 01:11:15,600
Expand the market, you are proof
of that theory, 6 months ago. 

1281
01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:18,000
You could never have imagined 
owning an automobile. 

1282
01:11:18,000 --> 01:11:20,700
Now, you think about it 
regularly, maybe in another 

1283
01:11:20,700 --> 01:11:22,500
year? 
Maybe when you have saved 

1284
01:11:22,500 --> 01:11:26,200
enough, A Model T cost about six
months salary. 

1285
01:11:26,200 --> 01:11:29,800
Now expensive but not 
impossible, not for someone 

1286
01:11:29,800 --> 01:11:33,900
earning five dollars a day. 
The line continues more chassis 

1287
01:11:33,900 --> 01:11:36,500
passed through your station. 
The work is hard on the body. 

1288
01:11:36,500 --> 01:11:39,400
Your shoulders ache from the 
repeated motions. 

1289
01:11:39,400 --> 01:11:42,000
Your back complains from the 
constant bending and 

1290
01:11:42,000 --> 01:11:45,600
straightening your hands, cramp 
around the wrench, but you push 

1291
01:11:45,600 --> 01:11:49,700
through everyone pushes through 
stopping means losing your spot.

1292
01:11:49,700 --> 01:11:53,400
Losing your spot means losing 
this wage around you, the 

1293
01:11:53,400 --> 01:11:57,200
factory floor is a landscape of 
focused efforts of men 

1294
01:11:57,200 --> 01:11:59,200
performing, hundreds of 
different tasks. 

1295
01:11:59,200 --> 01:12:03,200
Each person is component in a 
larger machine metaphor is 

1296
01:12:03,200 --> 01:12:05,600
obvious, but also true. 
The assembly line. 

1297
01:12:05,600 --> 01:12:09,100
Only works when every part 
functions correctly, remove one 

1298
01:12:09,100 --> 01:12:13,000
worker and the whole system 
falters, this is what Henry? 

1299
01:12:13,000 --> 01:12:16,000
Ford perfected, not the 
automobile itself. 

1300
01:12:16,000 --> 01:12:20,600
Other companies made cars before
Ford, but Ford created the 

1301
01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:23,000
system that could produce 
automobiles at unprecedented 

1302
01:12:23,000 --> 01:12:24,500
scale. 
And speed. 

1303
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:28,100
He broke down the complex 
process of building a car into 

1304
01:12:28,100 --> 01:12:31,800
simple repeatable tasks. 
Then he arranged those tasks and

1305
01:12:31,800 --> 01:12:35,300
sequence and set them in motion.
The result is efficiency that 

1306
01:12:35,300 --> 01:12:39,100
seems almost magical. 
A complete Model T rolls off the

1307
01:12:39,108 --> 01:12:43,200
line, every 93 minutes now. 
Just a few years ago, it took 12

1308
01:12:43,200 --> 01:12:46,200
hours to build one car. 
The Improvement is staggering 

1309
01:12:46,200 --> 01:12:49,800
production has increased 50 
times over costs have dropped 

1310
01:12:49,800 --> 01:12:52,700
prices have fallen more people 
can afford. 

1311
01:12:52,700 --> 01:12:57,800
Automobiles demand increases, 
the factory expands more workers

1312
01:12:57,800 --> 01:13:00,600
are hired. 
The cycle continues, you are 

1313
01:13:00,608 --> 01:13:02,300
living inside this 
transformation. 

1314
01:13:02,300 --> 01:13:05,700
You are part of the machine that
is changing how things are made.

1315
01:13:06,900 --> 01:13:10,200
The implications stretch far 
beyond automobiles, other 

1316
01:13:10,200 --> 01:13:12,800
Industries are watching and 
learning the assembly. 

1317
01:13:12,800 --> 01:13:14,800
Line method will spread to 
Furniture factories. 

1318
01:13:14,800 --> 01:13:18,000
Appliance manufacturers textile 
mills. 

1319
01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:21,600
The entire industrial world is 
being reshaped by what happens 

1320
01:13:21,600 --> 01:13:25,100
here in Highland Park but those 
large historical forces feel 

1321
01:13:25,100 --> 01:13:26,700
distant. 
When you are focused on the 

1322
01:13:26,700 --> 01:13:29,900
chassis in front of you right 
now, there is only the immediate

1323
01:13:29,900 --> 01:13:34,700
reality, the steering column the
bolts, the wrench, the next 

1324
01:13:34,700 --> 01:13:37,900
chassis, arriving, The work 
continues with without pause. 

1325
01:13:37,900 --> 01:13:40,800
The lunch. 
Whistle blows at noon the sound 

1326
01:13:40,800 --> 01:13:43,400
cuts, through the factory noise 
and everyone stops immediately. 

1327
01:13:43,400 --> 01:13:47,200
The line shutters to a halt. 
We step back from your station 

1328
01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:49,800
and roll your shoulders feeling 
the muscles protest. 

1329
01:13:50,600 --> 01:13:52,900
Eight hours suddenly feels very 
long. 

1330
01:13:52,900 --> 01:13:55,900
When you're only halfway through
you walk to the locker room with

1331
01:13:55,900 --> 01:13:58,900
the others, the crowd moves, 
slowly, everyone tired already. 

1332
01:13:59,900 --> 01:14:02,400
You retrieve your lunch pail, 
and find a spot in the break 

1333
01:14:02,400 --> 01:14:05,200
area. 
Some men, go outside to eat, you

1334
01:14:05,200 --> 01:14:06,600
prefer staying inside, where it 
is. 

1335
01:14:06,600 --> 01:14:09,700
Slightly warmer you open the 
pale and pull out your lunch 

1336
01:14:09,700 --> 01:14:13,500
sandwich with cheese, and 
leftover sausage and Apple. 

1337
01:14:14,100 --> 01:14:17,100
A cookie that misses O'Brien 
packed you eat methodically. 

1338
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:21,500
Not tasting, much food is fuel, 
you need calories to keep 

1339
01:14:21,500 --> 01:14:24,400
working. 
Around you men talk in low 

1340
01:14:24,400 --> 01:14:26,600
voices. 
Some complain about aches and 

1341
01:14:26,608 --> 01:14:29,900
pains others. 
Discuss weekend plans, a few 

1342
01:14:29,900 --> 01:14:32,200
read newspapers. 
You notice that most 

1343
01:14:32,200 --> 01:14:34,700
conversations. 
Stay superficial, real 

1344
01:14:34,700 --> 01:14:36,800
friendships are hard to form in 
a place like this. 

1345
01:14:36,800 --> 01:14:40,000
Everyone is too tired. 
Everyone just wants to finish 

1346
01:14:40,000 --> 01:14:43,500
the shift and go home. 
You think about Henry Ford while

1347
01:14:43,500 --> 01:14:46,100
you eat? 
The man is a legend even among 

1348
01:14:46,100 --> 01:14:48,900
people who work in his 
factories, he walks the floor, 

1349
01:14:48,900 --> 01:14:52,600
sometimes appearing without 
warning tall, and thin with 

1350
01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:55,600
intense eyes. 
He watches everything but rarely

1351
01:14:55,600 --> 01:15:00,000
speaks workers, both admire and 
fear Him Ford's philosophy. 

1352
01:15:00,000 --> 01:15:03,600
Shapes every aspect of the 
plant, he believes in efficiency

1353
01:15:03,600 --> 01:15:07,000
Above All Else. 
Waste is the enemy wasted motion

1354
01:15:07,000 --> 01:15:10,800
wasted materials wasted time, 
everything must serve 

1355
01:15:10,800 --> 01:15:12,800
production. 
The factory is designed around 

1356
01:15:12,800 --> 01:15:15,300
this principle materials flow in
One Direction. 

1357
01:15:15,300 --> 01:15:17,900
Assembly progresses in a 
straight line. 

1358
01:15:17,900 --> 01:15:22,400
No backtracking, no redundancy. 
Five dollar day was 

1359
01:15:22,400 --> 01:15:25,200
controversial even within the 
company, Ford's business 

1360
01:15:25,200 --> 01:15:28,000
partners initially opposed it. 
They thought it would bankrupt 

1361
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:32,000
the operation, but Ford insisted
he understood that high wages 

1362
01:15:32,000 --> 01:15:35,200
would reduce turnover training. 
New workers is expensive. 

1363
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:37,600
Keeping experienced workers is 
cheaper. 

1364
01:15:37,600 --> 01:15:39,500
The math. 
Works out there. 

1365
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:42,900
Were conditions attached to the 
five dollar day workers had to 

1366
01:15:42,900 --> 01:15:46,100
maintain certain standards of 
behavior and living the company 

1367
01:15:46,100 --> 01:15:48,200
sent inspectors to check home 
conditions. 

1368
01:15:48,200 --> 01:15:52,100
They wanted to see clean houses 
sober habits, stable families. 

1369
01:15:52,800 --> 01:15:55,900
The intrusion angered many 
workers, but most accepted it as

1370
01:15:55,900 --> 01:15:58,500
the price of higher pay. 
You passed the inspection 

1371
01:15:58,500 --> 01:16:00,500
without trouble. 
Your boarding house is 

1372
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:02,900
respectable. 
You do not drink excessively 

1373
01:16:02,900 --> 01:16:04,700
you. 
Send money home to your family. 

1374
01:16:05,600 --> 01:16:07,300
The inspector marked you as 
qualified. 

1375
01:16:07,300 --> 01:16:11,400
The full wage was approved this 
paternalistic approach bothers. 

1376
01:16:11,400 --> 01:16:14,400
Some people they say, Ford is 
trying to control workers even 

1377
01:16:14,400 --> 01:16:18,200
outside the factory, but others 
appreciate the structure, many 

1378
01:16:18,200 --> 01:16:21,800
workers came from chaotic 
situations, the stability feels 

1379
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:23,100
good. 
Even if it comes with 

1380
01:16:23,100 --> 01:16:26,000
requirements, the lunch break is
only 30 minutes. 

1381
01:16:26,000 --> 01:16:29,700
Time passes quickly, you finish 
eating and use the washroom. 

1382
01:16:29,700 --> 01:16:33,700
The facilities are surprisingly.
Modern Ford insisted on clean 

1383
01:16:33,700 --> 01:16:37,700
bathrooms with running water. 
Another unusual feature most 

1384
01:16:37,700 --> 01:16:40,500
Factory is barely provide 
outhouses your return to the 

1385
01:16:40,508 --> 01:16:43,700
floor as the warning Bell Rings,
five, minutes until restart. 

1386
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:47,600
You take your position at 
station 47 other workers Shuffle

1387
01:16:47,600 --> 01:16:50,200
into place along the line. 
The foreman walks through 

1388
01:16:50,200 --> 01:16:53,300
checking that everyone is ready.
The line lurches back into 

1389
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:56,000
motion. 
The afternoon shift Begins, the 

1390
01:16:56,000 --> 01:16:59,200
work is identical to the 
morning, same chassis, same 

1391
01:16:59,200 --> 01:17:03,000
task, same with him. 
But the afternoon feels heavy 

1392
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:05,200
somehow. 
The Teague makes everything 

1393
01:17:05,200 --> 01:17:07,300
harder, your muscles are less, 
responsive. 

1394
01:17:07,300 --> 01:17:11,400
Your attention wants to drift. 
You force yourself to focus, 

1395
01:17:12,300 --> 01:17:15,200
Mistakes happen. 
When concentration slips a 

1396
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:17,500
chassis moves past with 
improperly installed steering. 

1397
01:17:17,500 --> 01:17:19,800
The foreman catches. 
It three stations down. 

1398
01:17:19,800 --> 01:17:21,600
He walks back to find. 
Who did it? 

1399
01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:24,600
The culprit is a young man who 
only started last week. 

1400
01:17:25,400 --> 01:17:27,800
The foreman does not yell but 
his disappointment is clear. 

1401
01:17:27,800 --> 01:17:31,200
The mistake will be noted you're
more careful with the next 

1402
01:17:31,200 --> 01:17:35,000
chassis triple check every bolt.
Make sure the linkage connection

1403
01:17:35,000 --> 01:17:38,000
is solid do not give the foreman
any reason to look your way. 

1404
01:17:38,800 --> 01:17:41,900
Staying invisible is the goal. 
Good workers Fade Into the 

1405
01:17:41,900 --> 01:17:45,700
background problem workers, 
draw, attention the hours, crawl

1406
01:17:45,700 --> 01:17:52,100
by you, count, chassis to Mark, 
progress, 200 200, 250, 300 each

1407
01:17:52,100 --> 01:17:54,800
number is a small victory, each 
completed unit. 

1408
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:58,000
Brings, you closer to the end of
shift, whistle around you, the 

1409
01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:01,100
factory maintains, its 
Relentless Pace, the noise, 

1410
01:18:01,100 --> 01:18:05,100
never diminishes the motion, 
never stops the building itself,

1411
01:18:05,100 --> 01:18:09,500
seems alive a massive organism 
dedicated to a single purpose, 

1412
01:18:09,500 --> 01:18:14,700
building automobiles more and 
more automobiles, an endless 

1413
01:18:14,700 --> 01:18:17,700
stream of black model, T's 
rolling toward the shipping dock

1414
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:21,100
Henry Ford wanted his car to be 
affordable for the average 

1415
01:18:21,100 --> 01:18:24,300
worker. 
He succeeded the Model T now 

1416
01:18:24,308 --> 01:18:27,500
costs less than 300 dollars, 
farmers can buy them, 

1417
01:18:27,500 --> 01:18:30,700
shopkeepers can buy them Factory
workers, can buy them. 

1418
01:18:30,700 --> 01:18:32,900
The automobile is becoming 
Democratic. 

1419
01:18:32,900 --> 01:18:36,500
This democratization changes 
Society in ways, both obvious, 

1420
01:18:36,500 --> 01:18:39,200
and subtle people can travel 
farther. 

1421
01:18:39,200 --> 01:18:43,400
Rural isolation decreases dating
habits shift when young. 

1422
01:18:43,400 --> 01:18:46,900
People have cars shopping, 
patterns change entire 

1423
01:18:46,900 --> 01:18:49,600
Industries, spring up to support
automobile ownership. 

1424
01:18:49,600 --> 01:18:54,100
Gas, stations repair, shops 
Parts, suppliers, road, 

1425
01:18:54,100 --> 01:18:57,100
construction companies, you are 
part of this transformation, 

1426
01:18:57,100 --> 01:19:00,300
whether you realize it or not 
every steering column, you 

1427
01:19:00,300 --> 01:19:03,000
install helps move the world a 
little bit further into the 

1428
01:19:03,000 --> 01:19:06,400
automotive age, the work feels 
repetitive and small in the 

1429
01:19:06,408 --> 01:19:08,900
moment. 
But multiply your efforts by 

1430
01:19:08,900 --> 01:19:12,300
thousands of workers across 
three shifts every day and the 

1431
01:19:12,300 --> 01:19:15,600
impact becomes enormous. 
This is Ford's genius. 

1432
01:19:15,600 --> 01:19:18,400
He created a system that turned 
individual. 

1433
01:19:18,400 --> 01:19:21,000
Small actions into massive 
Collective output. 

1434
01:19:21,000 --> 01:19:25,500
No single worker, builds a car, 
But together you build hundreds 

1435
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:28,200
the whole is greater than the 
summer of its parts. 

1436
01:19:28,200 --> 01:19:30,400
The assembly line makes this 
possible. 

1437
01:19:30,400 --> 01:19:33,700
The factory has a particular 
smell that you notice most, when

1438
01:19:33,700 --> 01:19:36,800
you first arrive each morning, 
when you step outside at the end

1439
01:19:36,800 --> 01:19:40,300
of shift metal and oil and sweat
combined into something, 

1440
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:44,000
uniquely Industrial. 
The scent clings to your clothes

1441
01:19:44,000 --> 01:19:46,100
and skin you carry it home with 
you. 

1442
01:19:46,800 --> 01:19:49,800
Mrs. O'Brien sometimes complains
that the borders, make the whole

1443
01:19:49,808 --> 01:19:52,800
house smell, like the factory. 
The sounds of the plant create 

1444
01:19:52,800 --> 01:19:55,200
their own language. 
You learn to interpret different

1445
01:19:55,200 --> 01:19:59,000
noises, the pneumatic wrench 
makes a specific wine when it is

1446
01:19:59,008 --> 01:20:01,800
working correctly. 
The different sound means 

1447
01:20:01,800 --> 01:20:04,900
something is wrong. 
The conveyor belt rumbles at a 

1448
01:20:04,900 --> 01:20:08,200
steady frequency, any variation 
indicates a problem, the 

1449
01:20:08,200 --> 01:20:11,400
overhead cranes, grown. 
When moving heavy loads, you 

1450
01:20:11,400 --> 01:20:12,700
notice? 
They alert when you hear that 

1451
01:20:12,700 --> 01:20:15,500
groan. 
Machine sounds mixed with human 

1452
01:20:15,500 --> 01:20:19,300
sounds Foreman. 
Shout instructions workers, call

1453
01:20:19,300 --> 01:20:21,600
out. 
Warnings, someone drops a wrench

1454
01:20:21,600 --> 01:20:25,200
and it clangs against concrete. 
Laughter erupts from somewhere 

1455
01:20:25,200 --> 01:20:27,500
down the line. 
Even in this industrial 

1456
01:20:27,500 --> 01:20:31,300
environment moments of humanity 
break through your hands. 

1457
01:20:31,300 --> 01:20:35,300
Tell their own story, calluses, 
form in specific patterns, based

1458
01:20:35,300 --> 01:20:38,500
on how you grip tools, the skin 
on your palms is thick and 

1459
01:20:38,500 --> 01:20:40,800
tough. 
Your fingernails are perpetually

1460
01:20:40,800 --> 01:20:44,500
edged with Grime, no matter how 
hard you scrub, these are marks 

1461
01:20:44,500 --> 01:20:48,000
of your profession. 
Badge of a factory worker the 

1462
01:20:48,000 --> 01:20:50,900
temperature on the floor varies 
by season, but is never truly 

1463
01:20:50,900 --> 01:20:53,700
comfortable. 
Winter brings cold that seeps 

1464
01:20:53,700 --> 01:20:55,900
through the concrete and makes 
metal painful to touch. 

1465
01:20:56,600 --> 01:20:59,800
Summer brings heat, that has 
nowhere to escape the big 

1466
01:20:59,800 --> 01:21:03,200
windows can be opened but they 
do little hundreds of bodies and

1467
01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:05,300
running machines generate 
tremendous warmth. 

1468
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:09,300
You learn to dress in layers 
during winter, start with long 

1469
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:11,300
underwear. 
Add a heavy shirt. 

1470
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:15,600
The work will warm you up at the
first hour is brutal in summer. 

1471
01:21:15,608 --> 01:21:18,600
You wear as little as safety 
allows, the heat becomes 

1472
01:21:18,600 --> 01:21:21,900
oppressive by afternoon, some 
men pour water over their heads 

1473
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:23,400
during breaks, just to cool 
down. 

1474
01:21:24,800 --> 01:21:27,400
The light inside the factory 
comes from both windows and 

1475
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:31,500
electric bulbs, Ford invested 
heavily enlightening, properly 

1476
01:21:31,500 --> 01:21:33,500
illumination reduces mistakes 
and injuries. 

1477
01:21:33,500 --> 01:21:36,400
The building has more windows 
than typical factories. 

1478
01:21:36,400 --> 01:21:40,700
Natural light is cheaper than 
electricity, The combination of 

1479
01:21:40,700 --> 01:21:43,600
sunlight and artificial light 
creates a strange quality 

1480
01:21:43,600 --> 01:21:47,800
Shadows Fall in unexpected, 
directions dust hangs in the 

1481
01:21:47,800 --> 01:21:49,900
air. 
Fine, metal particles drift 

1482
01:21:49,900 --> 01:21:52,100
through the space. 
You can see them in the light 

1483
01:21:52,100 --> 01:21:56,500
beams they coat every surface 
workers, breathe this dust all 

1484
01:21:56,500 --> 01:21:59,300
day. 
Some develops that never quite 

1485
01:21:59,300 --> 01:22:01,800
go away. 
The company doctor says it is 

1486
01:22:01,800 --> 01:22:03,400
harmless but workers are not so 
sure. 

1487
01:22:04,200 --> 01:22:08,200
The floor itself is concrete 
swept clean, multiple times per 

1488
01:22:08,200 --> 01:22:10,500
shift. 
Any depth on the floor is a 

1489
01:22:10,500 --> 01:22:13,500
safety hazard dropped Parts. 
Could cause someone to slip. 

1490
01:22:14,300 --> 01:22:18,100
Spilled oil, creates dangerous 
patches forming a strict about 

1491
01:22:18,100 --> 01:22:20,600
housekeeping. 
Everything must stay clean, and 

1492
01:22:20,600 --> 01:22:23,700
organized. 
Safety is emphasized more at the

1493
01:22:23,700 --> 01:22:26,600
other factories. 
You've heard about guards cover,

1494
01:22:26,600 --> 01:22:29,700
most moving Parts. 
Warning, signs Mark, dangerous 

1495
01:22:29,700 --> 01:22:33,000
areas, workers received basic 
training, on accident, 

1496
01:22:33,000 --> 01:22:35,700
prevention. 
Still injuries happen. 

1497
01:22:35,700 --> 01:22:40,500
A hand crushed between moving 
Parts, a foot run over by a 

1498
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:42,900
materials cart. 
Burns from Hot Metal. 

1499
01:22:42,900 --> 01:22:45,000
The work is inherently 
dangerous. 

1500
01:22:45,000 --> 01:22:47,900
No matter what precautions are 
taking you have been lucky. 

1501
01:22:47,900 --> 01:22:51,800
So far just minor cuts and 
bruises nothing serious. 

1502
01:22:51,800 --> 01:22:55,600
You try to stay alert and 
careful but fatigue makes 

1503
01:22:55,600 --> 01:22:59,100
everyone careless eventually. 
That is when accidents happen. 

1504
01:22:59,900 --> 01:23:03,200
Late in the shift when attention
wanders when hands move 

1505
01:23:03,200 --> 01:23:05,100
automatically without conscious 
guidance. 

1506
01:23:05,900 --> 01:23:09,300
That is the dangerous time. 
The Rhythm Of The Line creates a

1507
01:23:09,300 --> 01:23:12,000
kind of Trance State. 
You can lose yourself in the 

1508
01:23:12,000 --> 01:23:14,600
repetition minutes pass with 
without awareness. 

1509
01:23:14,600 --> 01:23:17,900
You can complete chassis after 
chassis with no memory of the 

1510
01:23:17,908 --> 01:23:20,800
individual units. 
This mental absent is both 

1511
01:23:20,800 --> 01:23:24,500
blessing and curse. 
It makes time pass faster, but 

1512
01:23:24,500 --> 01:23:27,200
also increases risk. 
Some workers. 

1513
01:23:27,200 --> 01:23:30,600
Try to break the monotony with 
small variations, they develop 

1514
01:23:30,600 --> 01:23:34,000
personal techniques for their 
tasks slightly different grip on

1515
01:23:34,000 --> 01:23:35,900
a wrench. 
A particular way of positioning 

1516
01:23:35,900 --> 01:23:39,700
Parts, these tiny acts of 
individuality matter in a system

1517
01:23:39,708 --> 01:23:41,800
designed to eliminate individual
variation. 

1518
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:45,200
They remind you that you're 
still human, not just a 

1519
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:47,200
component. 
In the machine, the company 

1520
01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:50,900
discourages such variations 
standardization is everything 

1521
01:23:50,900 --> 01:23:54,700
the right way to do each job has
been determined by time studies,

1522
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:57,300
and efficiency. 
Experts deviation from the 

1523
01:23:57,300 --> 01:24:01,000
approved method is not permitted
but workers find ways to assert 

1524
01:24:01,000 --> 01:24:03,900
themselves anyway. small, 
rebellions that management 

1525
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:08,100
mostly ignores as long as output
remains steady Your body adapts 

1526
01:24:08,100 --> 01:24:11,000
to the work over time. 
Muscles develop in specific 

1527
01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:13,500
areas. 
Your right arm is noticeably 

1528
01:24:13,500 --> 01:24:16,400
stronger from wielding, the 
wrench, your grip strength has 

1529
01:24:16,400 --> 01:24:18,700
increased. 
You can walk further without 

1530
01:24:18,700 --> 01:24:21,200
tiring the job makes you 
physically harder. 

1531
01:24:21,200 --> 01:24:24,500
Even as it wears you down, 
mentally evening approaches. 

1532
01:24:24,500 --> 01:24:27,600
But you cannot see the sun from 
inside the building you judge 

1533
01:24:27,600 --> 01:24:30,300
time by the quality of light. 
Filtering Through the Windows, 

1534
01:24:30,300 --> 01:24:34,500
the afternoon shifts from Bright
to gold and gray Shadows length.

1535
01:24:34,500 --> 01:24:37,400
And your stomach, reminds you 
that lunch was hours ago. 

1536
01:24:37,400 --> 01:24:40,900
You ignore the hunger The end of
shift is closed. 

1537
01:24:40,900 --> 01:24:42,800
Now, the last hour is always the
hardest. 

1538
01:24:42,800 --> 01:24:46,900
Your body knows that rest is 
near every minute feels longer 

1539
01:24:46,900 --> 01:24:50,500
every chassis takes more effort,
but you maintain your pace 

1540
01:24:50,500 --> 01:24:54,700
slowing down in the final our 
invites scrutiny, better to push

1541
01:24:54,700 --> 01:24:57,400
through and finish strong. 
The end of shift whistle. 

1542
01:24:57,400 --> 01:25:00,800
Finally sounds at 6 p.m. the 
line stops, and the entire 

1543
01:25:00,800 --> 01:25:03,800
Factory seems to Exhale. 
You step back from your station,

1544
01:25:03,800 --> 01:25:08,100
and stretch your spine, cracks 
your shoulders, burn your hands 

1545
01:25:08,100 --> 01:25:10,400
ache, but you made it through 
another day. 

1546
01:25:11,500 --> 01:25:14,600
The crowd moves toward the time,
clock station, you retrieve your

1547
01:25:14,608 --> 01:25:20,000
card and Stamp Out. 6:02 p.m. 
the two minute delay is from the

1548
01:25:20,000 --> 01:25:23,500
walk and the crowd at the clock.
Those two minutes are not paid, 

1549
01:25:23,500 --> 01:25:25,600
but complaining about it would 
be pointless. 

1550
01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:29,800
That is just how it works. 
You collect your coat and lunch 

1551
01:25:29,800 --> 01:25:32,500
pail from the locker. 
The room fills with tired, men 

1552
01:25:32,500 --> 01:25:34,300
changing clothes and preparing 
to leave. 

1553
01:25:34,300 --> 01:25:36,700
The atmosphere is different from
the morning. 

1554
01:25:36,700 --> 01:25:41,100
Now there is relief, a sense of 
accomplishment, 12 hours until 

1555
01:25:41,100 --> 01:25:43,000
this starts. 
Again, that feels like a 

1556
01:25:43,000 --> 01:25:45,900
lifetime right now. 
Step outside into the evening. 

1557
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:49,200
Are the cold feels good after 
the stale warmth of the factory?

1558
01:25:50,100 --> 01:25:52,400
You take a deep breath and start
walking toward home. 

1559
01:25:53,200 --> 01:25:55,500
The streets are busy with 
workers, leaving the day shift, 

1560
01:25:55,500 --> 01:25:58,900
thousands of men, flood out of 
the plant and dispersed into the

1561
01:25:58,908 --> 01:26:01,900
surrounding neighborhoods. 
Some men head to taverns 

1562
01:26:01,900 --> 01:26:05,600
drinking after work is common. 
The bars near the factory do 

1563
01:26:05,600 --> 01:26:08,700
good business between shifts, 
you occasionally, join them but 

1564
01:26:08,700 --> 01:26:12,500
not tonight you're too tired you
just want food and bed. 

1565
01:26:13,400 --> 01:26:16,700
The walk home takes 15 minutes. 
Your legs are heavy but the 

1566
01:26:16,700 --> 01:26:19,400
movement feels good after 
standing mostly in one place all

1567
01:26:19,400 --> 01:26:20,700
day. 
Other workers. 

1568
01:26:20,700 --> 01:26:23,900
Walk in the same direction you 
fall into step with a group 

1569
01:26:23,900 --> 01:26:27,400
heading your way, nobody talks 
much everyone is too tired. 

1570
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:30,500
You think about the social 
structure of the factory as you 

1571
01:26:30,500 --> 01:26:32,800
walk? 
There are clear hierarchies, but

1572
01:26:32,800 --> 01:26:35,000
they are different from 
traditional class systems. 

1573
01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:38,800
Foreman hold more power than 
line workers, skilled Tradesmen,

1574
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:41,200
who maintain Machinery. 
Earn more than assembly workers 

1575
01:26:41,200 --> 01:26:44,900
office staff for separate 
entirely white collar workers, 

1576
01:26:44,900 --> 01:26:46,400
who rarely interact with the 
floor. 

1577
01:26:47,500 --> 01:26:50,100
But within the assembly workers,
there is a kind of equality. 

1578
01:26:50,100 --> 01:26:54,300
You all do similar work for 
similar pay, background matters 

1579
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:57,500
less than reliability. 
The Immigrant from Poland is 

1580
01:26:57,500 --> 01:27:01,200
judged by his output. 
Not the black man from Georgia 

1581
01:27:01,200 --> 01:27:04,300
is measured by his speed and 
accuracy, not his skin color. 

1582
01:27:04,300 --> 01:27:08,400
The system is far from perfect 
but it offers opportunities that

1583
01:27:08,400 --> 01:27:10,000
would be impossible in other 
contexts. 

1584
01:27:10,700 --> 01:27:14,900
This industrial mixing creates 
new social patterns workers form

1585
01:27:14,900 --> 01:27:18,100
friendships across ethnic lines.
They share lunch together. 

1586
01:27:18,100 --> 01:27:20,000
They help each other learn the 
work. 

1587
01:27:20,900 --> 01:27:24,100
Common experience creates bonds 
that transcend old divisions. 

1588
01:27:24,100 --> 01:27:27,200
Not always Prejudice does not 
disappear. 

1589
01:27:28,100 --> 01:27:30,500
But it's softens in the shared 
struggle of factory life. 

1590
01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:32,700
The Boarding House appears 
ahead? 

1591
01:27:32,700 --> 01:27:35,500
You climb the steps and enter 
the warm interior. 

1592
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:37,700
The smell of cooking, fills, the
hallway. 

1593
01:27:37,700 --> 01:27:42,000
Mrs. O'Brien is preparing for 
her borders student night. 

1594
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:44,700
You can tell from the center of 
beef and potatoes. 

1595
01:27:44,700 --> 01:27:48,400
You wash up in the bath room, 
scrubbing away, the worst of the

1596
01:27:48,400 --> 01:27:52,600
grime, the water in the basement
turns gray you dry, your face 

1597
01:27:52,600 --> 01:27:54,200
and hands and head to the dining
room. 

1598
01:27:54,900 --> 01:27:56,500
Several other borders are 
already seated. 

1599
01:27:56,500 --> 01:27:59,200
They not in greeting as you take
your usual chair. 

1600
01:28:00,100 --> 01:28:02,700
Mrs. O'Brien serves the stew 
family style. 

1601
01:28:02,700 --> 01:28:06,500
Everyone helps themselves Food 
is simple but good. 

1602
01:28:06,500 --> 01:28:10,500
You eat hungrily shopping 
upgrade with bread conversation 

1603
01:28:10,500 --> 01:28:11,900
around. 
The table is sporadic. 

1604
01:28:11,900 --> 01:28:15,500
Everyone is tired, but there is 
comfort in the shared meal. 

1605
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:19,600
After dinner, you Retreat to 
your room, the space is small, 

1606
01:28:19,600 --> 01:28:23,600
but private, a bed, a dresser a 
chair by the window. 

1607
01:28:23,600 --> 01:28:26,900
You hang up, your work clothes 
and change into cleaner trails 

1608
01:28:26,900 --> 01:28:30,000
and shirt, then you sit in the 
chair and look out at the 

1609
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:32,500
street. 
Evening in Detroit has its own 

1610
01:28:32,500 --> 01:28:35,900
character street lights. 
Flicker on people, move past on 

1611
01:28:35,900 --> 01:28:38,900
their way to various 
destinations a car rattles by 

1612
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:41,100
one of the few private 
automobiles in this 

1613
01:28:41,100 --> 01:28:43,800
neighborhood. 
Most workers still walk or take 

1614
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:47,000
streetcars, but that is changing
every month. 

1615
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:49,800
You see more cars on the 
streets, you think about buying 

1616
01:28:49,800 --> 01:28:52,400
one yourself, a model team 
black, the standard 

1617
01:28:52,400 --> 01:28:55,300
configuration it would cost 
about six months wages at your 

1618
01:28:55,308 --> 01:28:57,400
current savings rate. 
But it would open up 

1619
01:28:57,400 --> 01:29:01,000
possibilities, you could visit 
family in Ohio, more easily, you

1620
01:29:01,000 --> 01:29:04,000
could drive to other parts of 
the city, the freedom appeals to

1621
01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:05,700
you for. 
Now, you save your money 

1622
01:29:05,700 --> 01:29:08,300
carefully. 
Five dollars a day minus room 

1623
01:29:08,300 --> 01:29:11,100
and board and expenses leaves 
about three dollars that you can

1624
01:29:11,100 --> 01:29:13,800
save. 
That adds up to around 90 

1625
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:15,400
dollars per month, if you are 
discipline. 

1626
01:29:16,300 --> 01:29:19,600
And six months, you would have 
enough for a car or enough for a

1627
01:29:19,600 --> 01:29:22,500
down payment, on a house, the 
choice will have to be made 

1628
01:29:22,500 --> 01:29:25,800
eventually. 
Factory shapes your entire life.

1629
01:29:25,800 --> 01:29:29,100
Even when you are not there, 
your Social Circle consists 

1630
01:29:29,100 --> 01:29:32,400
mostly of other Factory workers 
your schedule revolves around 

1631
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:36,600
shift times your body adapts to 
the physical demands, your 

1632
01:29:36,600 --> 01:29:39,700
thoughts, return constantly to 
the work, the assembly line 

1633
01:29:39,700 --> 01:29:43,200
becomes the organizing printable
of your existence, some workers.

1634
01:29:43,200 --> 01:29:46,300
Resist, this total absorption, 
they maintain hobbies and 

1635
01:29:46,300 --> 01:29:49,800
interests outside the factory. 
They read books, they attend 

1636
01:29:49,800 --> 01:29:51,800
church socially. 
They played baseball on 

1637
01:29:51,800 --> 01:29:55,200
weekends, these activities 
provide balance and prevent the 

1638
01:29:55,200 --> 01:29:56,600
factory from consuming 
everything. 

1639
01:29:57,400 --> 01:29:59,900
You admire that, but struggle to
find energy for it. 

1640
01:29:59,900 --> 01:30:04,000
After 8 hours on the line, you 
mostly just want to rest reading

1641
01:30:04,000 --> 01:30:07,400
makes your eyes hurt, social 
activities require effort. 

1642
01:30:07,400 --> 01:30:11,000
You do not have Baseball sounds 
appealing but your body needs 

1643
01:30:11,000 --> 01:30:13,600
recovery time. 
The work takes everything you 

1644
01:30:13,600 --> 01:30:17,300
have to give This is the reality
that critics of the assembly 

1645
01:30:17,300 --> 01:30:21,400
line, do not understand the five
dollar wages generous, but it is

1646
01:30:21,400 --> 01:30:24,400
earned through complete physical
commitment, Ford pays well 

1647
01:30:24,400 --> 01:30:27,900
because he demands total effort,
there is no coasting on the 

1648
01:30:27,900 --> 01:30:30,300
assembly line. 
Every minute is productive or 

1649
01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:32,800
you lose your spot. 
The long-term effects concern 

1650
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:34,900
you sometimes. 
Will your body, hold up. 

1651
01:30:34,900 --> 01:30:37,800
Can you do this work for years 
or will it break you down? 

1652
01:30:37,800 --> 01:30:41,600
You see older workers in their 
40s and 50s who move stiffly and

1653
01:30:41,600 --> 01:30:43,900
Grimace with pain. 
Is that your future? 

1654
01:30:43,900 --> 01:30:46,700
Or will you find a way to 
advance into a less physical 

1655
01:30:46,700 --> 01:30:50,300
role Foreman positions, open 
occasionally skilled maintenance

1656
01:30:50,300 --> 01:30:52,600
jobs, pay better, and are less 
demanding physically, 

1657
01:30:53,600 --> 01:30:55,800
Officeworks exists for those 
with education. 

1658
01:30:55,800 --> 01:30:58,500
There are paths forward if you 
can position yourself correctly 

1659
01:30:58,500 --> 01:31:02,100
but competition is intense 
thousands of workers. 

1660
01:31:02,100 --> 01:31:06,000
All want the same limited 
opportunities for now, you focus

1661
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:09,500
on doing your job well and 
staying employed security feels 

1662
01:31:09,500 --> 01:31:13,500
more important than advancement.
The five-dollar wage is more 

1663
01:31:13,500 --> 01:31:16,400
than you ever made before 
keeping that wage as the 

1664
01:31:16,408 --> 01:31:19,200
priority. 
Everything else can wait you 

1665
01:31:19,200 --> 01:31:21,400
pull out a piece of paper and 
write a letter to your mother. 

1666
01:31:21,400 --> 01:31:24,600
You tell her about the work in 
general terms, you do not 

1667
01:31:24,600 --> 01:31:27,600
mention the fatigue or the 
danger, you emphasize the good 

1668
01:31:27,600 --> 01:31:31,100
pay and the opportunities. 
You send her money regularly, 20

1669
01:31:31,100 --> 01:31:33,900
dollars this month. 
She writes back with news from 

1670
01:31:33,900 --> 01:31:37,600
home and expressions of pride, 
your family thinks your part of 

1671
01:31:37,600 --> 01:31:40,300
something important. 
They see the factory job as a 

1672
01:31:40,308 --> 01:31:43,400
step up from farm work. 
They are right in many ways. 

1673
01:31:43,400 --> 01:31:46,400
The wages are better. 
The future seems more secure, 

1674
01:31:46,400 --> 01:31:50,400
but they do not understand the 
cost, the physical toll, the 

1675
01:31:50,400 --> 01:31:54,500
mental monotony, the loss of 
autonomy Still you would not 

1676
01:31:54,500 --> 01:31:57,100
trade it. 
The alternative is returning to 

1677
01:31:57,100 --> 01:32:00,800
the farm where wages are minimal
and the future is limited or 

1678
01:32:00,800 --> 01:32:03,400
finding work in some other 
Factory, that pays less and 

1679
01:32:03,400 --> 01:32:06,700
treats work as worse. 
Ford, may be demanding, but the 

1680
01:32:06,708 --> 01:32:10,900
company is also more Progressive
than most 5.00 day proof that 

1681
01:32:10,900 --> 01:32:15,000
the attention to safety proves 
it the modern facilities prove 

1682
01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:17,000
it. 
You finish the letter and seal 

1683
01:32:17,000 --> 01:32:19,100
it in an envelope. 
You will mail it tomorrow on the

1684
01:32:19,100 --> 01:32:21,600
way to work then you undress and
climb into bed. 

1685
01:32:21,600 --> 01:32:25,100
The mattress feels wonderful, 
your body, relaxes into it. 

1686
01:32:26,200 --> 01:32:28,200
You close your eyes and sleep 
comes quickly. 

1687
01:32:28,200 --> 01:32:32,000
Tomorrow will be the same. 
Wait, before Dawn, walk to the 

1688
01:32:32,000 --> 01:32:33,700
factory. 
Eight hours on the line. 

1689
01:32:33,700 --> 01:32:38,800
Walk home eat sleep, the cycle 
repeats But you are building 

1690
01:32:38,800 --> 01:32:41,100
something. 
Saving money, creating a future.

1691
01:32:41,100 --> 01:32:44,600
The repetition has purpose even 
when it feels meaningless. 

1692
01:32:45,400 --> 01:32:48,700
Sunday is your day off. 
You wake naturally no alarm 

1693
01:32:48,700 --> 01:32:52,200
needed the luxury of sleeping 
and the Sun is fully up. 

1694
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:55,900
Feels almost decadent you 
stretch and take your time 

1695
01:32:55,900 --> 01:33:00,100
getting dressed today. 
You wear your good clothes clean

1696
01:33:00,100 --> 01:33:02,500
shirt with no oil stains 
trousers. 

1697
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:05,500
That still hold a crease. 
You eat a leisurely breakfast 

1698
01:33:05,500 --> 01:33:09,000
while reading the newspaper. 
Mrs. O'Brien provides The 

1699
01:33:09,000 --> 01:33:11,600
Detroit papers are full of 
stories about the automotive 

1700
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:15,400
industry, production numbers, 
new factories opening expansion 

1701
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:17,900
plans. 
The city is booming in ways that

1702
01:33:17,900 --> 01:33:21,300
seem almost unbelievable Just 10
years ago. 

1703
01:33:21,300 --> 01:33:24,700
Detroit was a mid-sized. 
Manufacturing city known mainly 

1704
01:33:24,700 --> 01:33:28,200
for stoves and railroad cars. 
The population was around 

1705
01:33:28,200 --> 01:33:31,900
300,000. 
Now it approaches 600,000 and 

1706
01:33:31,900 --> 01:33:34,900
grows larger every month. 
People pour in from everywhere, 

1707
01:33:34,900 --> 01:33:38,400
seeking factory jobs the city 
cannot build housing fast enough

1708
01:33:38,408 --> 01:33:42,800
this rapid growth creates chaos 
streets that were dirt paths. 

1709
01:33:42,800 --> 01:33:46,400
Five years ago now carry heavy 
traffic neighborhood spring up 

1710
01:33:46,400 --> 01:33:49,800
overnight speculators, buy 
Farmland on the outskirts and 

1711
01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:53,400
subdivided into Lots. 
Builders throw up houses, as 

1712
01:33:53,400 --> 01:33:57,800
fast as possible quality varies 
wildly the automotive, industry 

1713
01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:00,200
drives. 
All of this Ford is the largest 

1714
01:34:00,200 --> 01:34:01,900
employer but dozens of other 
companies. 

1715
01:34:01,900 --> 01:34:05,800
Also build cars in Detroit 
Packard, Dodge, Cadillac 

1716
01:34:05,800 --> 01:34:08,700
Studebaker. 
Each company runs its own 

1717
01:34:08,700 --> 01:34:12,100
factories and employees. 
Thousands competition is fears. 

1718
01:34:12,100 --> 01:34:15,700
Innovation, is constant the 
industry of wolves month by 

1719
01:34:15,700 --> 01:34:17,900
month. 
You decide to walk down town and

1720
01:34:17,900 --> 01:34:21,200
see the city on your day off. 
The weather is cold but clear, 

1721
01:34:21,200 --> 01:34:24,700
perfect for exploring, you 
bundle up and set out. 

1722
01:34:25,500 --> 01:34:27,900
The walk takes about 40 minutes 
from your boarding house. 

1723
01:34:27,900 --> 01:34:31,300
You do not mind after a week of 
standing in one spot. 

1724
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:32,900
Covering some distance feels 
good. 

1725
01:34:33,600 --> 01:34:37,200
Downtown Detroit is transformed 
new buildings, rise on every 

1726
01:34:37,200 --> 01:34:40,500
block, the streets, Buzz with 
activity, even on Sunday. 

1727
01:34:41,400 --> 01:34:43,500
Shops display Goods. 
In elaborate window 

1728
01:34:43,500 --> 01:34:46,100
Arrangements. 
Restaurants, advertised special 

1729
01:34:46,100 --> 01:34:49,000
dinners movie theaters promised,
the latest films. 

1730
01:34:49,000 --> 01:34:51,400
The city feels alive with 
possibility. 

1731
01:34:51,400 --> 01:34:55,100
You window shop for a while. 
Looking at things, you cannot 

1732
01:34:55,100 --> 01:34:59,200
quite afford yet a nice suit in 
a haberdashery window leather 

1733
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:00,500
shoes, that would last for 
years. 

1734
01:35:00,500 --> 01:35:02,400
The wrist, watch with a second 
hand. 

1735
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:05,500
These items represent the life. 
You're working toward 

1736
01:35:05,500 --> 01:35:11,100
middle-class respectability 
Comfort stability, The 

1737
01:35:11,100 --> 01:35:15,000
automotive has created a new 
class of prosperous workers men 

1738
01:35:15,000 --> 01:35:17,800
who earn enough to buy houses 
and furniture and even 

1739
01:35:17,800 --> 01:35:21,300
automobiles this worker 
Prosperity is unprecedented. 

1740
01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:23,400
Factory workers were 
traditionally poor. 

1741
01:35:23,400 --> 01:35:27,000
They lived in slums and 
struggled to survive, but the 

1742
01:35:27,000 --> 01:35:28,700
five-dollar day changed that 
equation. 

1743
01:35:28,700 --> 01:35:32,800
You see evidence of this new 
Prosperity everywhere workers 

1744
01:35:32,800 --> 01:35:35,600
dressed in good clothes, 
families shopping together, 

1745
01:35:35,600 --> 01:35:37,800
children, who look well fed and 
healthy. 

1746
01:35:37,800 --> 01:35:40,900
This is what Ford's wage 
Revolution accomplished. 

1747
01:35:40,900 --> 01:35:43,800
It lifted thousands of workers 
into something, resembling 

1748
01:35:43,800 --> 01:35:46,600
middle class. 
Life critics argue that Ford 

1749
01:35:46,600 --> 01:35:50,200
buys, worker loyalty with high 
wages that the paternalistic 

1750
01:35:50,200 --> 01:35:52,000
company policy is a Mount to 
control. 

1751
01:35:52,000 --> 01:35:56,000
They are not entirely wrong, but
workers mostly do not care about

1752
01:35:56,000 --> 01:35:59,000
the theoretical concerns. 
They care about feeding their 

1753
01:35:59,000 --> 01:36:00,700
families and having decent 
lives. 

1754
01:36:00,700 --> 01:36:04,900
The five dollar wage makes that 
possible you stop at a small 

1755
01:36:04,900 --> 01:36:08,000
restaurant for lunch. 
A real sit-down meal in stead of

1756
01:36:08,008 --> 01:36:09,600
the quick lunches, you eat at 
the factory. 

1757
01:36:10,700 --> 01:36:13,900
The menu offers choices, you 
order roast chicken with 

1758
01:36:13,900 --> 01:36:17,500
potatoes and vegetables, coffee 
and a slice of pie for dessert, 

1759
01:36:17,500 --> 01:36:20,400
the whole meal cost, more than a
week of groceries, but you 

1760
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:23,800
justify it as a Sunday treat. 
The restaurant is full of other 

1761
01:36:23,800 --> 01:36:27,000
Factory workers enjoying their 
day off you recognize a few 

1762
01:36:27,008 --> 01:36:29,700
faces from the plant. 
They not in greeting, but 

1763
01:36:29,700 --> 01:36:32,800
everyone maintains polite 
distance the factory hierarchy 

1764
01:36:32,800 --> 01:36:34,900
extends into social life 
workers. 

1765
01:36:34,900 --> 01:36:37,400
Do not presume friendship just 
because they work for the same 

1766
01:36:37,400 --> 01:36:40,000
company. 
After lunch, you walk to the 

1767
01:36:40,008 --> 01:36:43,400
riverfront, the Detroit river 
separates the city from Canada. 

1768
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:46,300
Ships move up and down carrying 
goods. 

1769
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:48,700
The water is gray under the 
winter Sky. 

1770
01:36:48,700 --> 01:36:52,500
You stand and watch for a while 
enjoying the open space and 

1771
01:36:52,500 --> 01:36:55,000
fresh air. 
This is one thing you miss about

1772
01:36:55,000 --> 01:36:57,800
Farm Life. 
The Open Sky, the sense of 

1773
01:36:57,808 --> 01:37:00,100
space, the factory floor is 
vast. 

1774
01:37:00,100 --> 01:37:03,900
But enclosed, you spend all week
under artificial light breathing

1775
01:37:03,900 --> 01:37:07,400
recycled are standing by the 
river on Sunday, helps balance 

1776
01:37:07,400 --> 01:37:10,000
that confinement. 
Other people walk along the 

1777
01:37:10,000 --> 01:37:13,400
riverfront couples holding hands
families with children. 

1778
01:37:13,400 --> 01:37:17,800
Old men, feeding Birds, the 
diversity of the crowd, reflects

1779
01:37:17,800 --> 01:37:21,000
the changing City. 
Troy's is becoming a genuine 

1780
01:37:21,000 --> 01:37:24,000
metropolis, a place where 
different kinds of people live 

1781
01:37:24,000 --> 01:37:26,600
side by side. 
You think about bringing someone

1782
01:37:26,600 --> 01:37:28,800
to the riverfront someday a 
woman. 

1783
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:32,300
Perhaps you have not had much 
time or energy for romance since

1784
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:35,100
moving to Detroit the work 
consumes too much. 

1785
01:37:35,100 --> 01:37:38,400
But you would like to have a 
family, eventually, A Home of 

1786
01:37:38,400 --> 01:37:41,000
your own, the normal markers of 
adult life. 

1787
01:37:41,000 --> 01:37:44,300
For now, those dreams remain 
distant, you're still 

1788
01:37:44,300 --> 01:37:47,900
establishing yourself, building 
savings, learning the city. 

1789
01:37:48,800 --> 01:37:50,900
Romance can wait until you have 
more stability. 

1790
01:37:50,900 --> 01:37:54,200
That is the Practical approach 
though. 

1791
01:37:54,200 --> 01:37:57,300
Sometimes you feel the weight of
loneliness the afternoon passes 

1792
01:37:57,300 --> 01:37:59,600
pleasantly, you explore 
different neighborhoods. 

1793
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:03,200
You see the mansions on Boston 
Boulevard, where automotive 

1794
01:38:03,200 --> 01:38:06,800
executives live enormous houses 
with manicured, Lawns and 

1795
01:38:06,808 --> 01:38:09,200
expensive. 
Automobiles parked in circular 

1796
01:38:09,200 --> 01:38:11,900
driveways. 
This is where the real welfare 

1797
01:38:11,900 --> 01:38:13,900
accumulates Factory wages are 
good. 

1798
01:38:13,900 --> 01:38:15,800
But ownership is where fortunes 
are made. 

1799
01:38:15,808 --> 01:38:18,800
Henry Ford is one of the richest
men in America. 

1800
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:21,500
Now, his personal wealth is 
estimated in the tens of 

1801
01:38:21,508 --> 01:38:24,900
millions, that money comes from 
building and selling automobiles

1802
01:38:24,900 --> 01:38:28,500
every Model T that rolls off the
line adds to his fortune, you 

1803
01:38:28,500 --> 01:38:31,500
helped build those cars. 
Your labor creates his wealth. 

1804
01:38:31,500 --> 01:38:35,200
The relationship is clear and 
undeniable some workers resent. 

1805
01:38:35,200 --> 01:38:38,100
This dynamic they argue that 
labor should share more of the 

1806
01:38:38,108 --> 01:38:40,700
profits. 
Union organizers occasionally 

1807
01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:43,800
appear near the factory Gates 
handing out pamphlets and making

1808
01:38:43,800 --> 01:38:46,900
speeches. 
Ford opposes unions vigorously. 

1809
01:38:46,900 --> 01:38:50,000
He believes the Five-dollar wage
makes unions. 

1810
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:52,800
Unnecessary most workers. 
Agree with him. 

1811
01:38:52,800 --> 01:38:55,200
Why organized when pay is 
already good. 

1812
01:38:55,900 --> 01:38:59,700
But not everyone is satisfied. 
Some workers want more control 

1813
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:03,300
over working conditions, more 
say in how the factory operates,

1814
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:06,000
more security against arbitrary 
firing. 

1815
01:39:06,000 --> 01:39:09,700
These concerns are legitimate. 
Even if Union organizing remains

1816
01:39:09,700 --> 01:39:13,400
minimal, you have mixed feelings
about unions the higher wages 

1817
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:15,000
and better conditions would be 
welcome. 

1818
01:39:15,000 --> 01:39:17,500
You also worry about conflict 
with management. 

1819
01:39:17,500 --> 01:39:21,300
Getting fired, would be 
devastating better to keep your 

1820
01:39:21,300 --> 01:39:24,200
head down and do the work. 
That is the safer path. 

1821
01:39:24,200 --> 01:39:27,200
Evening approaches the winter 
sunsets early. 

1822
01:39:27,200 --> 01:39:29,400
You start walking back toward 
the boarding house. 

1823
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:31,400
The temperature drops as 
darkness. 

1824
01:39:31,400 --> 01:39:34,600
Comes you move quickly to stay 
warm other people. 

1825
01:39:34,600 --> 01:39:36,100
Hurry, past on their own 
errands. 

1826
01:39:36,100 --> 01:39:40,400
The city does not slow down just
because the sun sets, you arrive

1827
01:39:40,400 --> 01:39:42,700
home as Mrs. O'Brien is setting 
out Sunday dinner. 

1828
01:39:42,700 --> 01:39:45,700
This is the best meal of the 
week roast beef. 

1829
01:39:45,700 --> 01:39:48,800
With all the accompaniments the 
borders gather and eat. 

1830
01:39:48,800 --> 01:39:51,100
Together conversation is more 
relaxed on Sunday. 

1831
01:39:51,100 --> 01:39:53,800
Evening's the next workday is 
still hours away. 

1832
01:39:53,800 --> 01:39:58,300
Everyone can afford to relax a 
little After dinner, you Retreat

1833
01:39:58,300 --> 01:39:59,700
to your room and read for a 
while. 

1834
01:39:59,700 --> 01:40:02,600
You have a book about the 
history of Machinery, it 

1835
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:05,000
interests you to understand the 
context of your work. 

1836
01:40:05,000 --> 01:40:07,500
The assembly line did not appear
from nowhere. 

1837
01:40:07,500 --> 01:40:10,400
It evolved from early 
manufacturing methods, 

1838
01:40:10,400 --> 01:40:13,900
understanding the evolution 
helps you see your place in a 

1839
01:40:13,900 --> 01:40:17,900
larger story You read until your
eyes grow heavy, then you set 

1840
01:40:17,900 --> 01:40:21,900
the book aside and prepare for 
bed, tomorrow's Monday back to 

1841
01:40:21,900 --> 01:40:26,100
the factory, back to the line, 
the cycle begins again but 

1842
01:40:26,100 --> 01:40:29,800
Sunday, provided a break, a 
reminder that life exists beyond

1843
01:40:29,800 --> 01:40:32,500
the factory walls. 
That helps you face the weaker 

1844
01:40:32,500 --> 01:40:34,800
head. 
Monday morning arrives like all 

1845
01:40:34,800 --> 01:40:39,000
the others, the whistle blows 
you wake and dress and eat and 

1846
01:40:39,000 --> 01:40:42,000
walk to the factory. 
The routine is so familiar. 

1847
01:40:42,000 --> 01:40:45,900
Now that you barely notice the 
individual steps, your body 

1848
01:40:45,900 --> 01:40:49,100
moves through the sequence 
automatically the day shift 

1849
01:40:49,100 --> 01:40:51,300
begins. 
You take your position at 

1850
01:40:51,300 --> 01:40:54,900
station, 47. 
The line starts moving chassis 

1851
01:40:54,900 --> 01:40:58,200
after chassis passes through 
your hands reach and bolt and 

1852
01:40:58,200 --> 01:41:00,900
tighten and move. 
The rhythm is unchanged. 

1853
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:04,600
The work is identical. 
Another week begins, but 

1854
01:41:04,600 --> 01:41:07,700
something feels different today.
Maybe it is the Sunday rest. 

1855
01:41:07,700 --> 01:41:11,800
Maybe it is the time you spent 
exploring the city, whatever the

1856
01:41:11,800 --> 01:41:15,600
reason you see the work with 
slightly fresher eyes, you 

1857
01:41:15,600 --> 01:41:17,400
notice details? 
That usually blur into 

1858
01:41:17,400 --> 01:41:21,400
background The man working, two 
stations ahead has developed a 

1859
01:41:21,400 --> 01:41:24,300
limp. 
He favors his left leg an injury

1860
01:41:24,300 --> 01:41:28,200
perhaps or just the accumulated 
strain of months on the line. 

1861
01:41:28,200 --> 01:41:32,100
He keeps working though showing 
weakness, invites replacement. 

1862
01:41:32,100 --> 01:41:35,700
You make a mental note to watch 
your own body more carefully. 

1863
01:41:35,700 --> 01:41:38,500
The woman who delivers parts to 
your station moves, with 

1864
01:41:38,500 --> 01:41:41,700
practice deficiency. 
Yes, women work in the factory 

1865
01:41:41,700 --> 01:41:44,100
too. 
Not on the assembly line itself,

1866
01:41:44,100 --> 01:41:48,500
but in supporting roles Parts, 
delivery Quality Inspection, 

1867
01:41:48,500 --> 01:41:52,300
administrative tasks, Ford 
employees, women more readily 

1868
01:41:52,300 --> 01:41:55,200
than most companies. 
Another Progressive policy that 

1869
01:41:55,200 --> 01:41:58,500
sets the company apart. 
She sets down a bit of steering 

1870
01:41:58,500 --> 01:42:00,400
columns and takes away the empty
bin. 

1871
01:42:00,400 --> 01:42:04,900
The Exchange happens in seconds.
She does not speak and neither 

1872
01:42:04,900 --> 01:42:06,400
do you. 
There is no time for 

1873
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:08,900
conversation but you appreciate 
her competence. 

1874
01:42:08,900 --> 01:42:12,000
The supply chain must work 
perfectly or the line stops. 

1875
01:42:12,000 --> 01:42:15,000
She ensures that your station 
never runs out of parts. 

1876
01:42:16,100 --> 01:42:20,000
The morning passes, lunch comes 
and goes the afternoon shift. 

1877
01:42:20,000 --> 01:42:22,400
Begins your back in the familiar
rhythm. 

1878
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:25,700
But your mind keeps returning to
larger questions. 

1879
01:42:26,700 --> 01:42:29,500
How long will you do this work? 
What comes next? 

1880
01:42:30,400 --> 01:42:32,400
Is there a future beyond the 
assembly line? 

1881
01:42:32,400 --> 01:42:34,900
These questions have no easy 
answers. 

1882
01:42:34,900 --> 01:42:37,400
Some workers. 
Stay on the line for years. 

1883
01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:41,300
Even decades. they make peace 
with the monotony and focus on 

1884
01:42:41,300 --> 01:42:44,800
the steady paycheck, others move
into skilled trades, or 

1885
01:42:44,800 --> 01:42:48,600
supervisory roles Few leave for 
different Industries entirely. 

1886
01:42:48,600 --> 01:42:52,000
There is no single path. 
You think about the skills? 

1887
01:42:52,000 --> 01:42:55,500
You're developing manual 
dexterity mechanical 

1888
01:42:55,500 --> 01:42:59,100
understanding the ability to 
work precisely under time 

1889
01:42:59,100 --> 01:43:01,300
pressure. 
These skills could transfer to 

1890
01:43:01,300 --> 01:43:06,000
other roles tool and die maker 
caps machine repair technician 

1891
01:43:06,000 --> 01:43:09,100
jobs, that pay even better than 
assembly work. 

1892
01:43:09,100 --> 01:43:11,700
And offer more of autonomy, but 
those positions require 

1893
01:43:11,700 --> 01:43:13,900
additional training, you would 
need to study. 

1894
01:43:13,900 --> 01:43:16,300
Take classes invest time and 
money. 

1895
01:43:16,300 --> 01:43:19,500
That feels overwhelming when 
you're already working 8-hour 

1896
01:43:19,500 --> 01:43:21,700
days. 
Still it might be necessary. 

1897
01:43:21,700 --> 01:43:25,400
You cannot imagine doing this 
exact job for the rest of your 

1898
01:43:25,400 --> 01:43:28,400
working life. 
Form an appears at your station.

1899
01:43:28,400 --> 01:43:30,600
He watches. 
You complete a chassis. 

1900
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:34,600
You maintain steady pace and 
clean technique in ODS approval 

1901
01:43:34,600 --> 01:43:36,800
and moves on. 
Small moments. 

1902
01:43:36,800 --> 01:43:39,900
Like this matter, building a 
reputation for reliability 

1903
01:43:39,900 --> 01:43:43,800
creates opportunities when 
skilled positions open Foreman. 

1904
01:43:43,800 --> 01:43:46,200
Remember the workers who 
consistently perform well. 

1905
01:43:47,300 --> 01:43:50,000
The afternoon continues, you 
fall back into the 

1906
01:43:50,000 --> 01:44:03,000
semi-transition while you work. 
He wanted to make automobiles 

1907
01:44:03,000 --> 01:44:06,100
accessible to everyone to 
transform American life, through

1908
01:44:06,100 --> 01:44:08,700
mass production. 
He succeeded beyond what? 

1909
01:44:08,700 --> 01:44:11,900
Anyone thought possible. 
The Model T changed everything. 

1910
01:44:11,900 --> 01:44:15,700
It brought Mobility to Millions 
it reshaped cities and 

1911
01:44:15,700 --> 01:44:18,800
Countryside alike. 
Your role in the transformation 

1912
01:44:18,800 --> 01:44:21,500
is small. 
But real every steering column 

1913
01:44:21,500 --> 01:44:24,900
you install is a central, remove
your work and the card does not 

1914
01:44:24,900 --> 01:44:27,900
function multiply your 
contribution by all the other 

1915
01:44:27,900 --> 01:44:29,900
workers and the full scope 
becomes clear. 

1916
01:44:30,700 --> 01:44:33,900
Together, you are building the 
future, this thought provides 

1917
01:44:33,900 --> 01:44:37,300
meaning to the repetitive work. 
You're not just tightening bolts

1918
01:44:37,300 --> 01:44:39,600
your participating in something 
larger. 

1919
01:44:39,600 --> 01:44:43,000
The Industrial Revolution is not
just an abstract, historical 

1920
01:44:43,000 --> 01:44:46,500
force. 
It is this this factorie this 

1921
01:44:46,500 --> 01:44:49,800
assembly line, the specific 
actions performed by real 

1922
01:44:49,800 --> 01:44:52,200
people. 
The philosophical perspective 

1923
01:44:52,200 --> 01:44:56,000
helps but does not eliminate the
fatigue, your body still aches, 

1924
01:44:56,000 --> 01:44:59,700
your mind still wants to escape.
But understanding the broader 

1925
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:02,500
context, makes the immediate 
difficulties more bearable. 

1926
01:45:02,500 --> 01:45:06,100
Purpose transforms suffering 
into something meaningful, the 

1927
01:45:06,100 --> 01:45:08,800
end of shift whistle. 
Finally sounds you complete your

1928
01:45:08,800 --> 01:45:11,100
last chassis of the day and step
back from the line. 

1929
01:45:11,100 --> 01:45:15,000
Another day finished another 
small increment of progress 

1930
01:45:15,000 --> 01:45:18,400
towards your future goals. 
You clean your station and head 

1931
01:45:18,400 --> 01:45:21,900
to the locker room. 
The walk home passes in the 

1932
01:45:21,900 --> 01:45:26,400
usual way tired workers moving 
through darkening streets, you 

1933
01:45:26,400 --> 01:45:28,200
arrive at the boarding house and
go through the evening. 

1934
01:45:28,200 --> 01:45:32,100
Routine dinner wash up a few 
minutes of reading then bed. 

1935
01:45:33,100 --> 01:45:35,000
As you lie in the darkness, 
waiting for sleep. 

1936
01:45:35,000 --> 01:45:36,500
You think about the bigger 
picture? 

1937
01:45:37,300 --> 01:45:40,600
Troy is being built right now. 
The automotive industry is 

1938
01:45:40,600 --> 01:45:44,800
creating a new kind of City, a 
new kind of economy, a new kind 

1939
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:48,100
of life, you are part of that 
creation, whether you fully 

1940
01:45:48,100 --> 01:45:51,700
realize it or not, the assembly 
line will spread other 

1941
01:45:51,700 --> 01:45:53,200
Industries will adopt. 
The methods. 

1942
01:45:53,200 --> 01:45:56,100
Pioneered here production will 
become faster and cheaper 

1943
01:45:56,100 --> 01:45:59,700
consumer goods will become more.
Abundant standards of living 

1944
01:45:59,700 --> 01:46:01,900
will rise. 
All of this flows from the 

1945
01:46:01,900 --> 01:46:03,600
innovation's happening in 
Detroit, right now. 

1946
01:46:04,700 --> 01:46:07,700
But there will be costs too. 
The dehumanizing aspects of 

1947
01:46:07,700 --> 01:46:09,800
assembly line work will affect 
Millions. 

1948
01:46:09,800 --> 01:46:13,600
The environmental impact of mass
automobile ownership will 

1949
01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:16,600
reshape the landscape. 
Urban sprawl will consume 

1950
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:18,800
Farmland. 
These consequences are not yet 

1951
01:46:18,800 --> 01:46:21,700
visible but they are coming. 
You cannot see that far ahead. 

1952
01:46:21,700 --> 01:46:25,100
You can only see tomorrow, 
another shift at the factory 

1953
01:46:25,100 --> 01:46:28,900
another day of repetitive work. 
Another small addition to your 

1954
01:46:28,900 --> 01:46:33,700
savings one day at a time that 
is all anyone can manage sleep. 

1955
01:46:33,700 --> 01:46:36,800
Finally comes your last 
conscious thought is of the 

1956
01:46:36,800 --> 01:46:39,200
morning whistle. 
It will sound in just a few 

1957
01:46:39,208 --> 01:46:41,900
hours. 
The cycle will begin again, but 

1958
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:45,700
For now, you rest. 
The factory releases its hold, 

1959
01:46:45,700 --> 01:46:50,000
the assembly line stops moving 
the noise Fades, there is only 

1960
01:46:50,000 --> 01:46:53,900
darkness and silence and the 
Deep Sleep of exhausted muscles.

1961
01:46:53,900 --> 01:46:56,300
Tomorrow will bring the same 
work. 

1962
01:46:57,100 --> 01:47:01,000
Same routine the same Rhythm but
you will face it. 

1963
01:47:01,000 --> 01:47:04,700
As you have faced all the days 
before with determination with 

1964
01:47:04,700 --> 01:47:07,100
resilience. 
With the knowledge that this 

1965
01:47:07,100 --> 01:47:10,100
work, however, difficult is 
building something. 

1966
01:47:10,100 --> 01:47:13,700
Your future, your city, your 
world. 

1967
01:47:15,300 --> 01:47:18,100
The early Automotive workers of 
Detroit are creating the 20th 

1968
01:47:18,100 --> 01:47:20,900
century. 
You are one of them that matters

1969
01:47:20,900 --> 01:47:24,900
that will always matter, no 
matter how tired you get or how 

1970
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:29,200
monotonous the work becomes that
fundamental truth remains, you 

1971
01:47:29,200 --> 01:47:32,300
are building the future. 
One steering column at a time. 

1972
01:47:36,700 --> 01:47:39,900
Smell reaches. 
You first bread would smoke 

1973
01:47:39,900 --> 01:47:42,600
underneath it? 
Particular dense, smoke of 

1974
01:47:42,608 --> 01:47:44,400
Vinewood burning in a stone 
oven. 

1975
01:47:44,400 --> 01:47:48,300
And then the bread itself, 
yeasty and warm, and already 

1976
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:50,400
somewhere in the process of 
becoming the thing. 

1977
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:54,500
It is going to be your standing 
on a stone pave Street, in the 

1978
01:47:54,508 --> 01:47:59,000
city of Pompeii on a morning in 
the late summer of 1780 and the 

1979
01:47:59,008 --> 01:48:01,900
bakery two doors down has been 
going since before Dawn. 

1980
01:48:02,700 --> 01:48:05,800
The sun is not yet fully up. 
The sky above the roof. 

1981
01:48:05,800 --> 01:48:07,800
Tops is the color of pale 
terracotta. 

1982
01:48:08,600 --> 01:48:11,600
Particular shade that the Bay of
Naples Sky turns in the minutes 

1983
01:48:11,600 --> 01:48:13,000
before the light arrives 
properly. 

1984
01:48:13,000 --> 01:48:17,100
And the street is already 
moving, not crowded, not yet but

1985
01:48:17,100 --> 01:48:21,000
occupied A man with a cart is 
hauling something toward the 

1986
01:48:21,000 --> 01:48:23,700
market. 
A woman is feeling a clay jug at

1987
01:48:23,708 --> 01:48:25,100
the public fountain on the 
corner. 

1988
01:48:25,100 --> 01:48:28,500
The water running in a constant 
thin stream from the stone 

1989
01:48:28,500 --> 01:48:32,400
spout, which runs all day and 
all night, because the aqueduct 

1990
01:48:32,400 --> 01:48:35,300
that feeds, it does not have an 
off switch two, boys are doing 

1991
01:48:35,300 --> 01:48:38,100
something in a doorway that may 
be an argument or maybe a game 

1992
01:48:38,100 --> 01:48:41,900
and is probably both The stones 
beneath your feet, a large flat 

1993
01:48:41,900 --> 01:48:45,400
slabs of Graber salt. 
One, Smooth by generations of 

1994
01:48:45,400 --> 01:48:48,800
feet and cartwheels and between 
them the ruts left by those. 

1995
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:51,700
Same cart wheels, cut inches 
deep into the Rock. 

1996
01:48:52,500 --> 01:48:54,600
Stepping Stones cross the street
at intervals. 

1997
01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:57,700
Raised above the level of the 
road to keep pedestrians out of 

1998
01:48:57,708 --> 01:49:00,800
whatever the street is currently
containing, which in the morning

1999
01:49:00,800 --> 01:49:03,300
is mostly water from the knights
cleaning and the Overflow from 

2000
01:49:03,300 --> 01:49:06,300
The Fountains and later in the 
day, will be more varied and 

2001
01:49:06,300 --> 01:49:11,100
Less Pleasant Pompeii in 79 ad 
is a city of somewhere between 

2002
01:49:11,100 --> 01:49:13,900
11,000 and 20,000. 
People, depending on which 

2003
01:49:13,900 --> 01:49:16,800
historian, you ask and what 
method of counting they prefer. 

2004
01:49:16,800 --> 01:49:20,600
It covers roughly 66 hectares of
land, on a plate of hardened, 

2005
01:49:20,600 --> 01:49:23,800
lava above the Bay of Naples 
with the Soviets Rising behind 

2006
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:27,100
it to the North, and the Sea 
glittering to the south on clear

2007
01:49:27,100 --> 01:49:31,200
days, which most days are. 
It is a prosperous City, a 

2008
01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:33,500
trading City, the volcanic soil 
around. 

2009
01:49:33,500 --> 01:49:36,500
It is some of the most fertile 
in the Mediterranean producing 

2010
01:49:36,500 --> 01:49:39,300
wheat and wine and olives in 
quantities, that have made the 

2011
01:49:39,300 --> 01:49:42,600
region Rich for centuries. 
The port gives it access to 

2012
01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:46,800
markets across the empire. 
Rome is roughly 240 kilometers, 

2013
01:49:46,800 --> 01:49:50,600
North up the coast, which in the
first century ad is a journey of

2014
01:49:50,608 --> 01:49:54,300
several days close enough to 
matter and far enough to feel 

2015
01:49:54,300 --> 01:49:57,000
like its own world. 
The bakery is open. 

2016
01:49:57,000 --> 01:50:00,900
There are approximately 35 
bakeries operating in Pompeii at

2017
01:50:00,900 --> 01:50:04,300
this point in its history. 
Archaeologists know this because

2018
01:50:04,300 --> 01:50:07,300
they are all still here 
preserved under the ash that 

2019
01:50:07,300 --> 01:50:10,800
will bury the city later today. 
Their ovens and millstones and 

2020
01:50:10,800 --> 01:50:13,000
storage rooms intact beneath the
centuries. 

2021
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:15,200
Each Bakery serves its local 
neighborhood. 

2022
01:50:15,200 --> 01:50:18,700
Positioned on the main streets 
near Grain supplies and the 

2023
01:50:18,700 --> 01:50:21,900
larger ones have their own mils 
in a separate room, four or 

2024
01:50:21,900 --> 01:50:25,300
five, large battle Millstone 
shaped like hourglasses driven 

2025
01:50:25,300 --> 01:50:27,500
by donkeys. 
Walking in circles in the dark. 

2026
01:50:27,500 --> 01:50:31,000
The grain goes in at the top, 
the flower comes out at the 

2027
01:50:31,000 --> 01:50:33,300
bottom. 
The donkey continues to walk. 

2028
01:50:34,500 --> 01:50:37,000
The bread that comes out of 
these ovens is called panis 

2029
01:50:37,000 --> 01:50:40,700
quadratus. 
It is a round loaf scored across

2030
01:50:40,700 --> 01:50:44,400
the top in a grid pattern before
baking dividing the surface into

2031
01:50:44,400 --> 01:50:47,700
80 equal sections so that it can
be broken apart by hand without 

2032
01:50:47,700 --> 01:50:50,300
cutting. 
The loaves are baked on, wooden 

2033
01:50:50,300 --> 01:50:53,900
paddles, slid into the stone 
oven and left for approximately 

2034
01:50:53,900 --> 01:50:57,200
half an hour, there are 81 of 
them in the oven of 1 Bakery 

2035
01:50:57,200 --> 01:51:00,100
right now. 
When excavators open that oven 

2036
01:51:00,100 --> 01:51:03,000
in the mid-19th century, nearly 
1800 years. 

2037
01:51:03,000 --> 01:51:04,400
After the morning, we are 
describing. 

2038
01:51:04,400 --> 01:51:08,700
They found all 81, still inside.
The eruption happened, before 

2039
01:51:08,700 --> 01:51:10,300
the baker came back to check on 
them. 

2040
01:51:10,300 --> 01:51:12,700
The Ashen pumice, and the long 
sealed. 

2041
01:51:12,700 --> 01:51:14,900
Centuries had preserved them in 
a state that allowed the 

2042
01:51:14,900 --> 01:51:18,600
excavators to identify exactly 
what they were down to the 

2043
01:51:18,600 --> 01:51:21,500
scoring pattern on the surface 
and the poppy seeds baked into 

2044
01:51:21,500 --> 01:51:24,100
the crust. 
The bread is still in the Museo 

2045
01:51:24,100 --> 01:51:26,000
archaeological, Nacional in 
Naples. 

2046
01:51:26,000 --> 01:51:29,500
It is still recognizably bread. 
This morning. 

2047
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:32,100
The baker is checking the 
temperature of the oven with the

2048
01:51:32,100 --> 01:51:34,600
practiced attention of someone 
who has been doing this since 

2049
01:51:34,600 --> 01:51:37,400
before sunrise. 
And the bread is rising towards 

2050
01:51:37,400 --> 01:51:39,200
done. 
And the street outside is 

2051
01:51:39,200 --> 01:51:41,300
filling with people who will 
want some of it. 

2052
01:51:42,000 --> 01:51:44,900
You move along the pavement, 
toward the smell the street, 

2053
01:51:44,900 --> 01:51:48,400
your walking on is called the 
Vietnamese, which means the 

2054
01:51:48,400 --> 01:51:51,000
street of a Bandits. 
And it is one of the main 

2055
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:54,300
arteries of the city running 
east to west through the heart 

2056
01:51:54,300 --> 01:51:56,200
of Pompeii from the four of 
them. 

2057
01:51:56,200 --> 01:51:59,800
At one end to the sauna gate at 
the other shops, on both sides 

2058
01:51:59,800 --> 01:52:02,100
of it to opening. 
As you walk, their wooden 

2059
01:52:02,100 --> 01:52:04,900
shutters folded back to reveal 
the counters and Wares inside. 

2060
01:52:04,900 --> 01:52:07,600
The opening of each One, 
releasing its own specific 

2061
01:52:07,600 --> 01:52:09,300
contribution to the morning 
smell. 

2062
01:52:10,100 --> 01:52:14,500
Fresh fish from one garam. 
The fermented fish sauce that 

2063
01:52:14,500 --> 01:52:17,100
Romans put on everything with a 
dedication, bordering on the 

2064
01:52:17,100 --> 01:52:20,700
religious from another olives 
wool. 

2065
01:52:21,500 --> 01:52:24,400
The dry Dusty smell of a 
Fuller's Workshop, where cloth 

2066
01:52:24,400 --> 01:52:27,700
is being cleaned with urine, 
which is the Roman method and 

2067
01:52:27,700 --> 01:52:30,400
which you register and move past
as quickly as seems polite. 

2068
01:52:30,400 --> 01:52:34,000
The public fountains are 
everywhere, Pompei has at least 

2069
01:52:34,008 --> 01:52:37,900
40 of them Stone basins fed by 
the aqueduct system positioned 

2070
01:52:37,900 --> 01:52:40,500
throughout the city so that no 
resident needs to walk more than

2071
01:52:40,500 --> 01:52:44,900
80 meters to reach freshwater. 
They overflow constantly, the 

2072
01:52:44,900 --> 01:52:48,000
excess running down the gutters 
into the street drains which is 

2073
01:52:48,000 --> 01:52:50,500
partly, why the Stepping Stones 
across the roads exist? 

2074
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:53,700
The constant sound of running 
water, underneath everything 

2075
01:52:53,700 --> 01:52:57,300
else, underneath the cartwheels,
and the voices, and the distant 

2076
01:52:57,300 --> 01:52:59,100
Bray of a donkey and a bakery 
yard. 

2077
01:52:59,100 --> 01:53:02,300
There's a kind of low. 
Continuous note that the city 

2078
01:53:02,300 --> 01:53:06,600
runs on you, reach the bakery, 
the counter faces, the street 

2079
01:53:06,600 --> 01:53:10,300
warns smooth along the top Edge,
where hands of rested against it

2080
01:53:10,300 --> 01:53:13,400
for decades and behind it. 
The baker's assistant is 

2081
01:53:13,400 --> 01:53:16,500
stacking, the first loaves of 
the morning, the panis quadratus

2082
01:53:16,500 --> 01:53:19,700
arranged in rows. 
Each one marked with its 8 

2083
01:53:19,700 --> 01:53:22,600
sections, still warm enough. 
That the heat rises off the 

2084
01:53:22,600 --> 01:53:25,600
mini, gentle wave in column. 
The price is painted on the 

2085
01:53:25,600 --> 01:53:27,300
wall, beside the counter in Red 
Letters. 

2086
01:53:27,300 --> 01:53:30,400
You buy a loaf. 
It is heavier than it looks and 

2087
01:53:30,400 --> 01:53:33,500
warm in your hands and smells of
the wood, smoke in the yeast and

2088
01:53:33,500 --> 01:53:36,700
something else underneath. 
Something mineral and faint. 

2089
01:53:36,700 --> 01:53:40,100
That might be the volcanic soil.
The grain was grown in carried 

2090
01:53:40,100 --> 01:53:42,100
all the way through the 
millstone and the oven. 

2091
01:53:42,100 --> 01:53:45,300
And into the bread itself, you 
break off a section along one of

2092
01:53:45,308 --> 01:53:48,300
the scored lines. 
The inside is dense and slightly

2093
01:53:48,300 --> 01:53:52,200
gray made from a mix of flowers 
and it is the bread of a city 

2094
01:53:52,200 --> 01:53:55,200
that has been baking this way 
for generations and will bake 

2095
01:53:55,200 --> 01:53:56,700
this way until the morning Runs 
Out. 

2096
01:53:57,400 --> 01:54:01,700
The sun is fully up now the 
shadow of Vesuvius Falls across 

2097
01:54:01,700 --> 01:54:04,700
the northern part of the city. 
In the early morning that large 

2098
01:54:04,700 --> 01:54:08,100
familiar shape on the horizon, 
that everyone who lives here has

2099
01:54:08,100 --> 01:54:10,500
been looking at their entire 
lives without particular 

2100
01:54:10,500 --> 01:54:12,200
concern. 
It is a mountain. 

2101
01:54:12,200 --> 01:54:15,600
It is a very large amount in it 
has been there longer than 

2102
01:54:15,600 --> 01:54:17,900
anyone can remember the soil 
around. 

2103
01:54:17,900 --> 01:54:21,300
It is fertile Beyond Reason, and
the air near it has a faint 

2104
01:54:21,300 --> 01:54:24,300
mineral sharpness and 
occasionally in recent months. 

2105
01:54:24,300 --> 01:54:27,100
There have been small Tremors 
that rattle the cups on the 

2106
01:54:27,100 --> 01:54:30,100
shelves and a discussed in the 
Tabernacle for a day or two 

2107
01:54:30,108 --> 01:54:33,400
before being forgotten, the city
does not worry about the 

2108
01:54:33,400 --> 01:54:35,300
mountain. 
The city is busy. 

2109
01:54:35,300 --> 01:54:39,000
The Forum is opening, the baths 
will be warm by mid-morning. 

2110
01:54:39,000 --> 01:54:42,500
There is an election campaign 
underway and someone has painted

2111
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:45,200
a new endorsement on the wall of
a building three streets. 

2112
01:54:45,200 --> 01:54:48,300
Over the wet plaster. 
Still drying the letters, still 

2113
01:54:48,300 --> 01:54:49,700
bright red, in the Morning, 
Light. 

2114
01:54:50,500 --> 01:54:53,600
Pompeii has about 12 hours left 
and neither of you knows it yet 

2115
01:54:53,600 --> 01:54:56,800
for now, there is only the bread
in your hands and the sound of 

2116
01:54:56,800 --> 01:55:00,300
the city waking up around you, 
the cart wheels on the basalt 

2117
01:55:00,300 --> 01:55:02,700
stones and the water from the 
fountains, and the donkeys 

2118
01:55:02,700 --> 01:55:06,300
turning in the dark Bakery yards
and the smell of Vinewood, smoke

2119
01:55:06,300 --> 01:55:09,900
and yeast drifting down the Via 
del up on dancer, in the warm 

2120
01:55:09,900 --> 01:55:13,700
morning are of the 24th of 
August 79 ad. 

2121
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:18,000
The grand house is of Pompeii 
are not where you live. 

2122
01:55:18,000 --> 01:55:21,700
The ones tourists, visit the 
house of the Faun with its 

2123
01:55:21,700 --> 01:55:24,700
famous Mosaic floors. 
The House of the vettii with its

2124
01:55:24,700 --> 01:55:26,400
painted walls and elaborate 
Garden. 

2125
01:55:26,400 --> 01:55:29,200
Those belong to a different 
Pompeii than the one Euro 

2126
01:55:29,200 --> 01:55:31,700
occupying this morning. 
They belong to the pomp of 

2127
01:55:31,700 --> 01:55:34,300
wealthy merchants and 
landowners, the people whose 

2128
01:55:34,300 --> 01:55:36,900
names appear on Election 
endorsements painted in large 

2129
01:55:36,900 --> 01:55:39,800
letters on street corners, the 
people whose dining rooms have 

2130
01:55:39,800 --> 01:55:43,400
dining rooms, you know, those 
houses exist, you can see the 

2131
01:55:43,400 --> 01:55:46,300
walls of a few of them from 
where your standing, you do not 

2132
01:55:46,300 --> 01:55:49,800
live in one, you live up stairs,
the building you live in is 

2133
01:55:49,800 --> 01:55:53,200
called an insular, which means 
Ireland, which is the Roman word

2134
01:55:53,200 --> 01:55:54,700
for a multi-story apartment 
block. 

2135
01:55:54,700 --> 01:55:57,300
And the name makes a kind of 
sense when you look at it from 

2136
01:55:57,300 --> 01:56:00,700
the street, the building sitting
in its City Block, like a solid 

2137
01:56:00,700 --> 01:56:04,500
mass of rendered Stone and 
Timber surrounded on all sides 

2138
01:56:04,500 --> 01:56:07,600
by streets and Alleyways the 
upper floors stepping slightly 

2139
01:56:07,600 --> 01:56:10,600
back from the lower ones in the 
Casual asymmetry of buildings 

2140
01:56:10,600 --> 01:56:13,700
that have been added to over 
several Generations by owners 

2141
01:56:13,700 --> 01:56:15,800
who are more interested. 
In rent income than 

2142
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:19,100
architectural consistency, the 
ground floor does not belong to 

2143
01:56:19,100 --> 01:56:22,700
you the ground floor, belongs to
the shops pompeian buildings are

2144
01:56:22,700 --> 01:56:25,400
typically organized. 
This way with commercial, tap on

2145
01:56:25,400 --> 01:56:28,500
a running along the street, 
Frontage each one a single room 

2146
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:31,700
opening directly onto the 
pavement through a wide doorway,

2147
01:56:31,700 --> 01:56:34,300
that can be sealed at night with
a wooden shutter. 

2148
01:56:35,500 --> 01:56:38,600
The Taberna beside the entrance 
to your stairwell sells oil, and

2149
01:56:38,600 --> 01:56:42,200
olives from large ceramic jars, 
sunk into its counter, the one 

2150
01:56:42,200 --> 01:56:44,200
next to it. 
Sells wine by the cup from 

2151
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:47,700
similar jars. 
The Fuller's shop across the 

2152
01:56:47,700 --> 01:56:50,800
narrow Alleyway, smells as full 
as shops. 

2153
01:56:50,800 --> 01:56:54,700
Always smell of the urine, used 
to clean cloth which the Fuller 

2154
01:56:54,700 --> 01:56:57,900
collects from the public toilet 
two streets over in large, clay 

2155
01:56:57,900 --> 01:57:01,600
vessels that Passing Strangers 
contribute to for a small fee. 

2156
01:57:02,600 --> 01:57:04,800
The Roman approached to waste 
management was nothing. 

2157
01:57:04,800 --> 01:57:08,400
If not efficient, your staircase
is inside the building, narrow 

2158
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:11,700
and steep cut from the same 
Stone as the ground floor before

2159
01:57:11,700 --> 01:57:15,000
switching to Timber at the level
where the construction changed 

2160
01:57:15,000 --> 01:57:18,200
the stairs, a warning in the 
center from years of feet, going

2161
01:57:18,200 --> 01:57:21,600
up and down, and they Creek in a
way that varies by step. 

2162
01:57:21,600 --> 01:57:25,100
So that, any wrestling of this 
building could identify where on

2163
01:57:25,100 --> 01:57:27,900
the staircase, any other 
resident currently is purely by 

2164
01:57:27,900 --> 01:57:30,600
listening. 
You know that the man of you 

2165
01:57:30,600 --> 01:57:33,800
comes home, late, most nights 
because the specific of the 

2166
01:57:33,800 --> 01:57:37,100
fourth step from the top, is the
last sound you hear before you 

2167
01:57:37,100 --> 01:57:39,700
sleep. 
Your room is on the second floor

2168
01:57:39,700 --> 01:57:44,300
in Pompeii, unlike in Rome, the 
insula tend to run to two 

2169
01:57:44,300 --> 01:57:46,400
stories rather than four or five
partly. 

2170
01:57:46,400 --> 01:57:48,900
Because the city never developed
the desperate, vertical 

2171
01:57:48,900 --> 01:57:51,000
overcrowding of the capital and 
partly. 

2172
01:57:51,000 --> 01:57:53,900
Because the upper floors here 
are mostly Timber and Timber 

2173
01:57:53,900 --> 01:57:55,800
buildings on. 
Volcanic rock in a region of 

2174
01:57:55,800 --> 01:57:59,200
intermittent seismic activity 
are not ideally suited to go 

2175
01:57:59,200 --> 01:58:01,900
much higher than two, stories 
without becoming a structural. 

2176
01:58:01,900 --> 01:58:06,200
Argument waiting to happen the 
earthquake of 62 ad 17 years. 

2177
01:58:06,200 --> 01:58:09,400
Before this morning, damaged a 
significant portion of the city 

2178
01:58:09,400 --> 01:58:11,800
and the rebuilding has been 
ongoing ever since. 

2179
01:58:11,800 --> 01:58:15,600
Some of it was still ongoing 
when the day ran out, your room 

2180
01:58:15,600 --> 01:58:19,900
contains a bed, wooden chest and
oil lamp and a small shelf where

2181
01:58:19,900 --> 01:58:23,300
you keep the things you keep. 
The bed is a wooden frame with 

2182
01:58:23,300 --> 01:58:26,400
rope strung across it. 
Supporting a mattress stuffed 

2183
01:58:26,400 --> 01:58:29,600
with wool and dried grass that 
has been in use long enough to 

2184
01:58:29,600 --> 01:58:32,700
have settled into an approximate
impression of your body which is

2185
01:58:32,700 --> 01:58:34,400
either comfortable or simply 
familiar. 

2186
01:58:35,400 --> 01:58:38,100
The window is an opening in the 
wall with wooden shutters that 

2187
01:58:38,100 --> 01:58:42,100
when open give you a view of the
alleyway, the wall of the 

2188
01:58:42,100 --> 01:58:45,300
building opposite, and a narrow 
strip of sky above it, when the 

2189
01:58:45,300 --> 01:58:48,400
windows open, the street comes 
in with it, every sound of the 

2190
01:58:48,400 --> 01:58:51,800
city arriving without filtering 
or distance, the cart wheels and

2191
01:58:51,808 --> 01:58:54,500
the conversations and the water 
from the fountain at the corner 

2192
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:57,500
and the dogs and whatever the 
fullest shop is currently doing.

2193
01:58:57,500 --> 01:59:01,800
When the window is closed, the 
room is dark and still you spend

2194
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:05,600
very little time in this room 
outside of sleeping Pompeii and 

2195
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:07,900
apartments were not designed for
living in the way that modern 

2196
01:59:07,900 --> 01:59:10,600
apartments are designed for 
living in, they were designed 

2197
01:59:10,600 --> 01:59:13,500
for sleeping in and storing 
things in the rest of Life. 

2198
01:59:13,500 --> 01:59:15,700
Have happened outside in the 
streets of the shops and the 

2199
01:59:15,700 --> 01:59:18,300
four of them and the bars 
because the city was the living 

2200
01:59:18,300 --> 01:59:20,800
space and the room was simply 
where you put your body when it 

2201
01:59:20,800 --> 01:59:23,900
needed to stop moving. 
The walls of your building are 

2202
01:59:23,900 --> 01:59:25,900
covered in writing. 
Not vandalism. 

2203
01:59:25,900 --> 01:59:30,100
Not exactly or not only 
graffiti, and Pompeii is one of 

2204
01:59:30,108 --> 01:59:32,600
the most extraordinary 
archaeological records of 

2205
01:59:32,600 --> 01:59:35,100
ordinary. 
Roman Life, covering practically

2206
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:38,100
every available wall surface 
with election, endorsements, 

2207
01:59:38,100 --> 01:59:42,100
personal announcements, insults 
jokes Declarations of Love 

2208
01:59:42,100 --> 01:59:45,500
Declarations of hate 
advertisements, and the 

2209
01:59:45,500 --> 01:59:47,400
occasional philosophical 
observation. 

2210
01:59:47,400 --> 01:59:51,200
Archaeologists have catalogued 
more than 11,000. 

2211
01:59:51,200 --> 01:59:55,000
Individual graffiti inscriptions
from Pompeii more than from any 

2212
01:59:55,000 --> 01:59:57,200
other site. 
In the ancient world they were 

2213
01:59:57,200 --> 02:00:00,800
scratched into plaster with the 
stylists or painted on in red or

2214
02:00:00,800 --> 02:00:03,600
black Letters by professional 
sign painters called Script 

2215
02:00:03,600 --> 02:00:06,000
Torres. 
Who were hired to produce large 

2216
02:00:06,000 --> 02:00:07,900
neat and announcements on 
prominent walls. 

2217
02:00:09,100 --> 02:00:13,000
One inscription on a wall near 
the Forum reads in Latin that 

2218
02:00:13,000 --> 02:00:16,800
someone named Lucius is to see 
Diaz regards his own the thief, 

2219
02:00:16,800 --> 02:00:20,900
who stole his cloak at the bars.
The grievance is approximately 

2220
02:00:20,900 --> 02:00:23,400
2000 years old and it reads like
something. 

2221
02:00:23,400 --> 02:00:25,800
You might post on a neighborhood
Message Board, this afternoon, 

2222
02:00:25,800 --> 02:00:29,200
another announces, an upcoming 
gladiatorial games in the 

2223
02:00:29,200 --> 02:00:32,900
amphitheater, listing the date, 
in the sponsors name, another 

2224
02:00:32,900 --> 02:00:36,300
endorses a local candidate for 
the office of a deal and notes 

2225
02:00:36,300 --> 02:00:39,900
that he gets good bread which in
Pompeii was a genuine political 

2226
02:00:39,900 --> 02:00:42,700
credential. 
Another simply says that a man 

2227
02:00:42,700 --> 02:00:46,000
named Attilio's, a full, which 
required no more context than 

2228
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:48,700
than it does. 
Now The wall of your building 

2229
02:00:48,700 --> 02:00:50,000
contributes to this 
conversation. 

2230
02:00:50,000 --> 02:00:53,800
Someone has written in red paint
that the tavern keeper on the 

2231
02:00:53,800 --> 02:00:55,800
corner. 
Waters his wine, which is either

2232
02:00:55,800 --> 02:00:59,500
a complaint or a warning or 
possibly both Below it in a 

2233
02:00:59,500 --> 02:01:02,400
different hand, someone has 
added a single line questioning,

2234
02:01:02,400 --> 02:01:04,100
the first writers authority to 
judge. 

2235
02:01:04,900 --> 02:01:07,200
Below that a third person has 
drawn. 

2236
02:01:07,200 --> 02:01:10,600
Something that is either a fish 
or a rude gesture and the 

2237
02:01:10,600 --> 02:01:13,600
ambiguity appears to be 
intentional, you read it on your

2238
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:16,400
way out this morning, the way 
you read it every morning, the 

2239
02:01:16,400 --> 02:01:18,200
way you read a neighborhood 
where the walls have been 

2240
02:01:18,208 --> 02:01:20,200
talking for decades. 
Your neighbor on. 

2241
02:01:20,200 --> 02:01:23,900
This floor is a Craftsman of 
some kind, a metalwork of base 

2242
02:01:23,900 --> 02:01:26,800
on the occasional sound of 
hammering that comes through the

2243
02:01:26,800 --> 02:01:29,900
shared wall in the late 
afternoon, you do not know his 

2244
02:01:29,900 --> 02:01:31,900
name. 
You know, the rhythm of his 

2245
02:01:31,900 --> 02:01:35,600
days, the time sees home and The
Time seasons, not the particular

2246
02:01:35,600 --> 02:01:38,900
quality of his cough through. 
The thin plaster wall that 

2247
02:01:38,900 --> 02:01:42,900
separates your respective lives.
This is the texture of insular, 

2248
02:01:42,900 --> 02:01:45,300
living. 
This intimate proximity between 

2249
02:01:45,300 --> 02:01:48,200
people who are strangers in the 
formal sense and Neighbors in 

2250
02:01:48,200 --> 02:01:51,800
every practical one. 
Below you in the ground floor, 

2251
02:01:51,800 --> 02:01:53,900
to burner on the other side of 
the stairwell, from the oil 

2252
02:01:53,900 --> 02:01:56,000
Cellar, a woman is opening her 
shop. 

2253
02:01:56,000 --> 02:01:59,400
You can hear the wooden shutter 
folding Back Against The Wall, 

2254
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:03,200
the scrape and clatter of it. 
And then the particular choir to

2255
02:02:03,200 --> 02:02:06,600
sound of her arranging whatever 
she sells on the counter, you do

2256
02:02:06,608 --> 02:02:09,600
not know what she sells. 
You have never been in that 

2257
02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:12,700
shop, but you know, that sound 
the morning sound of her 

2258
02:02:12,700 --> 02:02:15,100
opening. 
The way, the City opens itself, 

2259
02:02:15,100 --> 02:02:18,900
one shutter at a time in the 
hour after Dawn Street outside 

2260
02:02:18,900 --> 02:02:21,600
is fully awake. 
Now, the sun is clearing the 

2261
02:02:21,600 --> 02:02:23,600
roof tops and the Shadows on the
alleyway wall. 

2262
02:02:23,600 --> 02:02:26,200
A shortening, and somewhere. 
In the distance, The Forum is 

2263
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:28,900
opening for business, the 
lawyers, and the money changers,

2264
02:02:28,900 --> 02:02:31,100
and the magistrates taking their
positions for the day. 

2265
02:02:32,100 --> 02:02:35,200
The smell of bread from the 
bakery on the Via del on Danza, 

2266
02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:38,400
has been replaced by the more 
complex smell of the city fully 

2267
02:02:38,400 --> 02:02:41,100
operational, smoke and animals, 
and cooking. 

2268
02:02:41,100 --> 02:02:44,100
And the salt edge of the sea 
somewhere beyond the southern 

2269
02:02:44,100 --> 02:02:46,600
walls. 
Pompei has been a city for 

2270
02:02:46,600 --> 02:02:49,500
several centuries before this 
morning, the Oscars were here. 

2271
02:02:49,500 --> 02:02:53,700
First, then the Greeks, then the
Samurais, then the Romans who 

2272
02:02:53,700 --> 02:02:58,000
took it in 89 BC, and made it a 
Roman colony and changed its 

2273
02:02:58,000 --> 02:03:00,400
name and built their four of 
them, and their bars and their 

2274
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:01,900
Amphitheater in the Roman 
fashion. 

2275
02:03:01,900 --> 02:03:04,800
While leaving much of the older 
Street plan intact. 

2276
02:03:05,700 --> 02:03:08,400
Streets of Pompeii run at odd 
angles because they were laid 

2277
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:10,900
out before Rome got here. 
And Rome did not bother to 

2278
02:03:10,900 --> 02:03:13,700
straighten them. 
The city is a palimpsest of its 

2279
02:03:13,700 --> 02:03:17,700
own history older buildings 
adapted and re adapted walls 

2280
02:03:17,700 --> 02:03:20,400
that have been painted and 
repainted and written on and on 

2281
02:03:20,400 --> 02:03:23,800
again temples that began as one 
thing and became another. 

2282
02:03:24,500 --> 02:03:27,200
It is a city that has been 
inhabited so long and so 

2283
02:03:27,200 --> 02:03:30,300
continuously that it has 
absorbed everything that ever 

2284
02:03:30,300 --> 02:03:32,700
happened inside it, wearing that
history. 

2285
02:03:32,700 --> 02:03:35,600
The way the basalt streets, 
where the ruts from the carts 

2286
02:03:35,600 --> 02:03:39,100
pressed in and permanent and 
entirely unremarkable to the 

2287
02:03:39,108 --> 02:03:42,000
people walking across it. 
Every day, your building has 

2288
02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:44,900
been here for at least two 
generations, the stone of the 

2289
02:03:44,900 --> 02:03:47,900
lower floor, is darker than the 
Timbre of the upper darker and 

2290
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:50,800
harder and the door frame at the
bottom of your staircase. 

2291
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:53,600
Has been worn, Smooth by the 
hands of everyone who ever 

2292
02:03:53,600 --> 02:03:56,900
reached for it going in and 
coming out you reach for it. 

2293
02:03:56,900 --> 02:04:01,600
Now, the street receives you, 
the city is in the middle of its

2294
02:04:01,600 --> 02:04:04,400
morning, and there is a great 
deal of it to be in by 

2295
02:04:04,400 --> 02:04:06,200
mid-morning. 
The bread is gone and you need 

2296
02:04:06,208 --> 02:04:08,600
something else. 
The thermopolium on the corner 

2297
02:04:08,600 --> 02:04:11,300
of the Via de la, banda dancer 
has been opened since, before 

2298
02:04:11,300 --> 02:04:14,600
you left your building, it's 
L-shaped counter facing the 

2299
02:04:14,600 --> 02:04:17,600
street with the circular opening
sunk into the stone top, where 

2300
02:04:17,600 --> 02:04:21,500
the ceramic Dolce hit, large, 
round belly jars, holding 

2301
02:04:21,500 --> 02:04:23,200
whatever the establishment is 
selling today. 

2302
02:04:24,300 --> 02:04:27,800
The counter itself is faced with
fragments of colored, marble red

2303
02:04:27,800 --> 02:04:31,100
and white and gray set in 
patterns that catch the morning.

2304
02:04:31,100 --> 02:04:34,800
Light, it is not an elegant 
counter in any Grand sense. 

2305
02:04:34,800 --> 02:04:37,800
It is the counter of a place 
that has been here a long time 

2306
02:04:37,800 --> 02:04:39,900
and expects to be here, a long 
time. 

2307
02:04:39,900 --> 02:04:43,700
More and has decorated itself. 
Accordingly with the cheerful 

2308
02:04:43,700 --> 02:04:45,900
permanent of a business that 
knows its neighborhood. 

2309
02:04:45,900 --> 02:04:49,600
There are at least 80 therapy 
are operating in Pompeii. 

2310
02:04:50,300 --> 02:04:52,400
You know, this the way, you 
know, the geography of your own 

2311
02:04:52,400 --> 02:04:56,400
City, not as a fact that you've 
counted but as a texture of the 

2312
02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:58,800
streets, the way these 
establishments are simply 

2313
02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:01,300
presented into intervals along 
every major road. 

2314
02:05:01,300 --> 02:05:04,800
And many of the smaller ones 
identifiable at a distance, by 

2315
02:05:04,800 --> 02:05:08,300
the protruding counter and the 
smell of whatever is warm inside

2316
02:05:08,300 --> 02:05:10,400
the dolia. 
They are the fast food 

2317
02:05:10,400 --> 02:05:13,600
infrastructure of the first 
century ad the place where 

2318
02:05:13,600 --> 02:05:16,500
people who have no kitchen in 
their insular room or no time to

2319
02:05:16,500 --> 02:05:19,200
use one, come to eat something 
hot without ceremony or delay. 

2320
02:05:19,200 --> 02:05:22,800
Behind this particular counter. 
A woman is moving between the 

2321
02:05:22,800 --> 02:05:25,700
jars with the practice economy 
of someone who has done the same

2322
02:05:25,700 --> 02:05:28,900
sequence of movements several 
thousand times and no longer 

2323
02:05:28,900 --> 02:05:33,000
needs to think about any of it. 
one jar holds a thick, lentil 

2324
02:05:33,000 --> 02:05:38,400
stew, dark and fragrant with 
cumin Another holds wine, a 

2325
02:05:38,400 --> 02:05:40,400
local campanian read that. 
The region is known for 

2326
02:05:40,400 --> 02:05:41,800
throughout the Mediterranean 
world. 

2327
02:05:42,700 --> 02:05:46,100
Another holds garam, the 
fermented fish sauce that Romans

2328
02:05:46,100 --> 02:05:49,000
used the way other cultures use 
salt, which is to say on 

2329
02:05:49,000 --> 02:05:51,600
everything and in quantities, 
that would alarm anyone who was 

2330
02:05:51,600 --> 02:05:54,400
not raised with it. 
There is bread on the counter 

2331
02:05:54,400 --> 02:05:58,400
the same panis quadratus from 
the bakery down the street and 

2332
02:05:58,400 --> 02:06:01,300
there are olives in a shallow 
dish and there is something on a

2333
02:06:01,300 --> 02:06:04,600
low Brazier at the back of the 
counter that is either meat or 

2334
02:06:04,600 --> 02:06:06,100
the convincing impression of 
meat. 

2335
02:06:06,100 --> 02:06:09,200
Giving off a smell that has been
reaching into the street for the

2336
02:06:09,200 --> 02:06:12,700
last hour you order the stew. 
You eat it standing at the 

2337
02:06:12,700 --> 02:06:15,700
counter because the counter is 
where you eat at a thermopolium 

2338
02:06:16,400 --> 02:06:19,400
There are occasionally benches 
or a small back room, but this 

2339
02:06:19,400 --> 02:06:23,100
is a street facing operation and
the street is where its business

2340
02:06:23,100 --> 02:06:26,300
happens around you. 
Other people are doing the same 

2341
02:06:26,300 --> 02:06:30,000
eating quickly and efficiently, 
the kind of eating that happens 

2342
02:06:30,000 --> 02:06:32,700
between other things rather than
being a thing in itself. 

2343
02:06:33,700 --> 02:06:36,900
A man with paint on his hands is
working through a couple of wine

2344
02:06:36,900 --> 02:06:40,400
before whatever. 
The morning's next task is, Two 

2345
02:06:40,400 --> 02:06:42,800
women are sharing a portion of 
something from the same Bowl, 

2346
02:06:42,800 --> 02:06:46,000
talking in the fast, overlapping
way of people who have a great 

2347
02:06:46,000 --> 02:06:49,600
deal to cover in a limited time.
a child is stealing an Olive 

2348
02:06:49,600 --> 02:06:51,800
from the dish on the counter and
then looking at you to see if 

2349
02:06:51,808 --> 02:06:54,900
you noticed which you did but 
which does not seem worth 

2350
02:06:54,900 --> 02:06:58,300
addressing the excavation of a 
well-preserved thermopolium in 

2351
02:06:58,300 --> 02:07:02,600
the Reggio 5 area of Pompeii and
by archeologists in 2019 

2352
02:07:02,600 --> 02:07:06,100
revealed the contents of some of
the dolia in extraordinary 

2353
02:07:06,100 --> 02:07:11,300
detail Duck bones, pork fish, 
snails father beans. 

2354
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:13,900
The remnants of a meal that had 
been in progress. 

2355
02:07:13,900 --> 02:07:16,700
When the volcano ended it 
preserved inside the ceramic 

2356
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:19,800
containers for nearly 2000 years
until someone lifted the lid. 

2357
02:07:20,400 --> 02:07:23,300
The dog painted on the front of 
that particular counter and the 

2358
02:07:23,300 --> 02:07:26,300
images of a rooster, and a sea 
nymph on its side was still 

2359
02:07:26,300 --> 02:07:29,900
bright enough to photograph. 
The meal was still in some sense

2360
02:07:29,900 --> 02:07:32,800
still there. 
You finish your stew and move 

2361
02:07:32,800 --> 02:07:35,300
on. 
The Forum is a 10 minute. 

2362
02:07:35,300 --> 02:07:39,700
Walk from the thermopolium along
the via the West End of the 

2363
02:07:39,700 --> 02:07:41,700
city. 
You have walked this route 

2364
02:07:41,700 --> 02:07:44,500
enough time that you do it 
without navigating the root 

2365
02:07:44,500 --> 02:07:46,500
simply happening the way 
familiar routes happen. 

2366
02:07:46,500 --> 02:07:49,400
Your feet, knowing the turns 
before your mind is finished, 

2367
02:07:49,400 --> 02:07:51,900
requesting them. 
Stepping Stones across the 

2368
02:07:51,900 --> 02:07:54,900
intersecting streets, the 
fountain at the corner of the 

2369
02:07:54,900 --> 02:07:59,100
Via artery. 
The smell of Simply accepted as 

2370
02:07:59,100 --> 02:08:00,500
part of this section of the 
walk. 

2371
02:08:00,500 --> 02:08:03,800
The stretch of wall between two 
shop fronts, where someone has 

2372
02:08:03,800 --> 02:08:05,200
been adding to a running 
argument. 

2373
02:08:05,200 --> 02:08:08,700
For what looks like several 
months, the layers of response 

2374
02:08:08,700 --> 02:08:10,900
building on each other in 
different hands and different 

2375
02:08:10,900 --> 02:08:14,300
colors a conversation. 
So slow it moves at the pace of 

2376
02:08:14,308 --> 02:08:18,200
paint drying. 
The election campaign is in full

2377
02:08:18,208 --> 02:08:19,700
noise. 
This morning, there are 

2378
02:08:19,700 --> 02:08:23,500
approximately 2,600, painted 
electoral inscriptions on the 

2379
02:08:23,500 --> 02:08:26,600
walls of Pompeii and a 
significant proportion of them 

2380
02:08:26,600 --> 02:08:28,900
are fresh. 
Elections for the city's 

2381
02:08:28,900 --> 02:08:31,300
magistrates happen. 
Every year in March, which is 

2382
02:08:31,300 --> 02:08:34,200
months away. 
But campaigns begin, whenever a 

2383
02:08:34,200 --> 02:08:37,300
candidate decides to begin his 
campaign and the city's 

2384
02:08:37,300 --> 02:08:39,700
professional. 
Sign painters the scriptures who

2385
02:08:39,700 --> 02:08:42,800
are hired to produce large neat.
Endorsements on prominent wall, 

2386
02:08:42,800 --> 02:08:45,900
surfaces have been busy the 
inscriptions, follow a 

2387
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:49,400
recognizable pattern, a 
candidate's name the office, he 

2388
02:08:49,400 --> 02:08:52,300
seeking, and then a line of 
endorsement from what ever group

2389
02:08:52,300 --> 02:08:55,700
or individual is backing him. 
Some of these endorsements are 

2390
02:08:55,700 --> 02:08:58,800
straightforwardly respectable, 
the neighbor's of Marcus 

2391
02:08:58,800 --> 02:09:02,800
lucretius fronto urged you to 
elect him a dial, The worshipers

2392
02:09:02,800 --> 02:09:07,200
of Isis support, can I use to 
the goldsmiths, the marble 

2393
02:09:07,200 --> 02:09:10,900
Cutters, The Bakers, the 
inkeepers, each trade, and Guild

2394
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:13,400
putting its name behind its 
preferred candidate in bright, 

2395
02:09:13,400 --> 02:09:15,000
red letters on the walls of the 
Viera. 

2396
02:09:16,400 --> 02:09:19,900
Summer less obviously. 
So One inscription on the wall 

2397
02:09:19,900 --> 02:09:23,300
of a building near the Forum, 
endorses a candidate named vasya

2398
02:09:23,300 --> 02:09:26,300
with the support of the petty 
thieves of the city, another 

2399
02:09:26,300 --> 02:09:29,100
offers him, the enthusiastic 
backing of all the drunkards, 

2400
02:09:29,100 --> 02:09:32,000
the third from the late 
sleepers, whether these 

2401
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:34,500
endorsements are genuine 
expressions of support from 

2402
02:09:34,500 --> 02:09:37,700
Pompeii's criminal underclass. 
Well, whether they are the work 

2403
02:09:37,700 --> 02:09:40,200
of opponents trying to damage 
the man's reputation by 

2404
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:43,300
association is a question 
historians have been debating 

2405
02:09:43,300 --> 02:09:45,700
for some time. 
The wall simply say what they 

2406
02:09:45,708 --> 02:09:49,000
say One candidate, a man named 
Gaius Julius. 

2407
02:09:49,000 --> 02:09:51,400
Polybius has taken a more direct
approach. 

2408
02:09:52,100 --> 02:09:55,700
His endorsement simply notes 
that he provides good bread, not

2409
02:09:55,700 --> 02:09:59,200
that he is honest, not that, he 
is financially prudent, not that

2410
02:09:59,200 --> 02:10:02,000
the marble Cutters speak highly 
of him that he provides good 

2411
02:10:02,000 --> 02:10:04,400
bread. 
This is in the context of 

2412
02:10:04,400 --> 02:10:07,500
Pompeii and politics, a 
genuinely meaningful claim. 

2413
02:10:07,500 --> 02:10:10,600
Bread was distributed as a 
political tool throughout the 

2414
02:10:10,600 --> 02:10:13,100
Roman world. 
And a candidate who controlled, 

2415
02:10:13,100 --> 02:10:16,000
or was associated with a 
reliable bakery at something 

2416
02:10:16,000 --> 02:10:17,900
tangible to offer the voting 
population. 

2417
02:10:17,900 --> 02:10:21,900
The Fresco in the house of one 
of his supporters, excavated in 

2418
02:10:21,900 --> 02:10:25,800
the 1940s, shows a man in a toga
handing bread across a counter 

2419
02:10:25,800 --> 02:10:28,500
to the electorate with the 
formal gravity of someone who 

2420
02:10:28,500 --> 02:10:32,600
understands that this gesture is
also a campaign event He passed 

2421
02:10:32,600 --> 02:10:35,400
that Fresco on your way to the 
Forum, The Forum opens up in 

2422
02:10:35,400 --> 02:10:37,800
front of you at the end of the 
Via, Della Bond dancer. 

2423
02:10:37,800 --> 02:10:41,800
And the scale of it is as always
slightly larger than you expect 

2424
02:10:41,800 --> 02:10:43,200
it to be after the narrow 
streets. 

2425
02:10:44,000 --> 02:10:49,300
It is a long, rectangular space,
roughly 150, metres by 38 paved 

2426
02:10:49,300 --> 02:10:52,400
in travertine Limestone, that is
pale and bright in the morning, 

2427
02:10:52,400 --> 02:10:55,800
sun and surrounded on three 
sides, by colonnaded buildings, 

2428
02:10:55,800 --> 02:10:57,700
whose function between them 
covers. 

2429
02:10:57,700 --> 02:11:00,200
Most of what, a Roman city 
government is required to do. 

2430
02:11:01,000 --> 02:11:04,200
the Temple of Jupiter at the 
Northern end, the Basilica along

2431
02:11:04,200 --> 02:11:07,500
the western side where legal 
proceedings happen, by contracts

2432
02:11:07,500 --> 02:11:10,700
are witnessed and debts argued 
over and property disputes 

2433
02:11:10,700 --> 02:11:14,400
conducted with the passionate 
attention that Romans bring to a

2434
02:11:14,400 --> 02:11:18,200
property dispute The committee 
where votes are cast during 

2435
02:11:18,200 --> 02:11:21,300
elections, the mossallam, the 
market building, where food 

2436
02:11:21,300 --> 02:11:24,600
vendors, operate under a roof 
and the smell is a concentrated 

2437
02:11:24,600 --> 02:11:26,200
version of the smell of the 
whole city. 

2438
02:11:27,200 --> 02:11:31,500
Forum is not quiet at this hour.
It is never quiet the space, 

2439
02:11:31,500 --> 02:11:34,400
hums with the particular energy 
of a place where Commerce and 

2440
02:11:34,400 --> 02:11:37,700
Civic life and religion, all 
happen within shouting distance 

2441
02:11:37,700 --> 02:11:39,700
of each other, which in Pompei 
they do. 

2442
02:11:39,700 --> 02:11:43,700
And the shouting distance is 
used regularly arguments about 

2443
02:11:43,700 --> 02:11:47,800
prices arguments about property 
boundaries arguments about which

2444
02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:51,600
candidate deserves the vote of 
which killed A lawyer is making 

2445
02:11:51,608 --> 02:11:53,800
a point to someone near the 
Basilica entrance with the 

2446
02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:56,800
emphatic gestures of a man who 
has been paid to be convincing 

2447
02:11:56,800 --> 02:12:00,000
and is earning his fee too much 
ants are conducting a 

2448
02:12:00,000 --> 02:12:02,400
transaction with the focused 
Mutual suspicion of people who 

2449
02:12:02,400 --> 02:12:04,200
respect each other's business 
instincts. 

2450
02:12:04,200 --> 02:12:08,200
While trusting neither The 
standardized weights are kept in

2451
02:12:08,200 --> 02:12:11,600
the Forum. 
This is one of the more quietly 

2452
02:12:11,600 --> 02:12:13,900
significant facts about Pompeii 
and commerce. 

2453
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:17,400
The city maintained official 
weights against which the scales

2454
02:12:17,400 --> 02:12:20,600
used in shops and markets, had 
to be periodically checked. 

2455
02:12:21,300 --> 02:12:23,900
A system of quality control for 
measurement, that ensured, at 

2456
02:12:23,900 --> 02:12:26,000
least the theoretical 
possibility of honest 

2457
02:12:26,000 --> 02:12:29,400
transactions, how closely the 
official weights, and the market

2458
02:12:29,400 --> 02:12:32,400
scales agreed in practice is a 
question that the graffiti 

2459
02:12:32,400 --> 02:12:34,600
record does not fully answer 
though. 

2460
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:37,500
The inscription of about the man
whose Copper Pot was stolen from

2461
02:12:37,500 --> 02:12:40,400
a shop and the one about the 
tavern keeper who Waters his 

2462
02:12:40,400 --> 02:12:44,000
wine suggest that commercial 
trust in Pompeii had the same 

2463
02:12:44,000 --> 02:12:47,400
ceiling and floor that it is 
always had in market economies. 

2464
02:12:48,800 --> 02:12:50,400
You stand in the forum for a 
moment. 

2465
02:12:50,400 --> 02:12:53,700
In the city conduct itself 
around you, the mountain is 

2466
02:12:53,700 --> 02:12:56,300
visible from here above the 
roofline of the Temple of 

2467
02:12:56,308 --> 02:12:59,000
Jupiter to the north. 
The Familiar bulk of the 

2468
02:12:59,000 --> 02:13:01,800
Sylvia's Rising against the pale
blue of the morning Sky. 

2469
02:13:01,800 --> 02:13:05,100
It is looked exactly like this 
your entire life. 

2470
02:13:05,100 --> 02:13:08,900
It looked exactly like this your
parents entire lives. 

2471
02:13:08,900 --> 02:13:12,600
The soil around it grows greats 
and wheat of a quality that has 

2472
02:13:12,600 --> 02:13:15,200
made this region one of the most
productive in the Empire. 

2473
02:13:16,000 --> 02:13:19,700
The mountain gives and the 
mountains sits there as large 

2474
02:13:19,700 --> 02:13:23,100
and permanent and unremarkable 
as the Stepping Stones across 

2475
02:13:23,100 --> 02:13:26,500
the streets and the ruts in the 
basalt, in the graffiti on every

2476
02:13:26,500 --> 02:13:28,400
wall. 
You have things to do this 

2477
02:13:28,400 --> 02:13:31,200
morning, the Forum is not where 
you spend your morning. 

2478
02:13:31,200 --> 02:13:34,000
It is where you pass through on 
the way to other things. 

2479
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:37,600
The way a city center is always 
more a point of orientation than

2480
02:13:37,600 --> 02:13:41,000
a destination. 
A fixed point that the day 

2481
02:13:41,000 --> 02:13:43,800
arranges itself around without 
necessarily arriving at. 

2482
02:13:43,800 --> 02:13:47,000
But you pause here for a moment 
anyway, in the Morning Light, 

2483
02:13:47,700 --> 02:13:50,900
With the pale, Limestone under 
your feet and the smell of them 

2484
02:13:50,900 --> 02:13:54,200
are coming across the square and
the lawyer, making his point 

2485
02:13:54,200 --> 02:13:56,900
near the Basilica. 
Because Pompeii has the 

2486
02:13:56,900 --> 02:14:00,500
particular quality of a place 
that rewards pausing in a city. 

2487
02:14:00,500 --> 02:14:03,800
So dense with life and argument 
and commerce and graffiti and 

2488
02:14:03,800 --> 02:14:07,400
bread and stew and election 
campaigns that standing still in

2489
02:14:07,400 --> 02:14:10,100
the middle of it. 
For 30 seconds is enough to 

2490
02:14:10,100 --> 02:14:12,700
absorb more of the first 
century, ad than most people 

2491
02:14:12,700 --> 02:14:15,700
will ever experience. 
The afternoon bars are still 

2492
02:14:15,708 --> 02:14:17,600
ahead of you. 
The afternoon belongs to the 

2493
02:14:17,600 --> 02:14:22,200
bars, not just yours. 
Everyone's The rhythm of the 

2494
02:14:22,208 --> 02:14:24,900
pompeian day moves toward the 
baths, the way water moves 

2495
02:14:24,900 --> 02:14:29,000
toward a drain, not urgently but
inevitably the mornings work and

2496
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:32,400
commerce gradually releasing its
grip on the city as the heat of 

2497
02:14:32,408 --> 02:14:35,500
the afternoon builds and the 
Forum empties and the shops 

2498
02:14:35,500 --> 02:14:37,900
begin their slow lean toward 
closing. 

2499
02:14:37,900 --> 02:14:41,100
There are four public bath 
complexes operating in Pompey. 

2500
02:14:41,100 --> 02:14:44,400
On this morning, the stabian 
baths, oldest and largest 

2501
02:14:44,400 --> 02:14:48,300
sitting at the intersection of 
the Via de la bandeja and the VR

2502
02:14:48,300 --> 02:14:52,000
dating back to roughly. 
The second century, BC and 

2503
02:14:52,000 --> 02:14:55,400
rebuilt and expanded so many 
times, since the building is 

2504
02:14:55,400 --> 02:14:58,000
essentially appellant test of 
three centuries of Roman bathing

2505
02:14:58,000 --> 02:15:02,400
preferences, The Forum baths 
smaller, but highly decorated 

2506
02:15:02,400 --> 02:15:06,100
the Suburban bars, just outside 
the city walls and the central 

2507
02:15:06,100 --> 02:15:08,300
bars. 
Newest of all still under 

2508
02:15:08,300 --> 02:15:10,900
construction on the morning. 
We are describing begun after 

2509
02:15:10,908 --> 02:15:13,900
the earthquake of 6280 and not 
yet finished. 

2510
02:15:13,900 --> 02:15:17,800
When the day ran out, You're 
going to the stadium bars, the 

2511
02:15:17,800 --> 02:15:21,200
entrance, from the Vietnamese 
takes you through a vestibule 

2512
02:15:21,200 --> 02:15:24,200
and into the Palace restaurant, 
the open exercise Courtyard 

2513
02:15:24,200 --> 02:15:27,900
which is a large rectangular 
space around on three sides by a

2514
02:15:27,900 --> 02:15:31,900
Colonnade of Doric columns the 
stone warm in the afternoon sun,

2515
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:35,400
the courtyard itself occupied by
men doing the things that men do

2516
02:15:35,400 --> 02:15:38,000
in Palestine wrestling in one 
corner. 

2517
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:42,000
Ballgames near the far, wall, 
two version of which are in 

2518
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:45,000
progress simultaneously with a 
level of territorial overlap, 

2519
02:15:45,000 --> 02:15:48,100
that seems either Cooperative or
confrontational depending on 

2520
02:15:48,100 --> 02:15:51,500
which moment You observe. 
Someone is running circuits of 

2521
02:15:51,508 --> 02:15:55,200
the courtyard with the focused 
misery of a person who has 

2522
02:15:55,200 --> 02:15:58,200
decided to take exercise. 
Seriously and is currently in 

2523
02:15:58,200 --> 02:16:00,400
the part of that decision. 
That is least enjoyable. 

2524
02:16:01,500 --> 02:16:03,600
A bronze gong. 
Hangs near the entrance to the 

2525
02:16:03,600 --> 02:16:07,000
bathing rooms when the water in 
the caldarium and tepidarium 

2526
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:09,800
reaches the correct temperature 
and attendance strikes, the 

2527
02:16:09,800 --> 02:16:13,300
gong, and the sound carries a 
cross, the palestra and out into

2528
02:16:13,308 --> 02:16:17,600
the street Beyond announcing 
that, the bars are ready, The 

2529
02:16:17,600 --> 02:16:21,100
gong found in the stabian baths.
Now, in the archaeological 

2530
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:24,400
Museum in Naples, is a first 
century object, that was still 

2531
02:16:24,400 --> 02:16:26,300
hanging in its place when the 
ash reached it. 

2532
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:30,100
Someone Struck it every 
afternoon for generations and 

2533
02:16:30,100 --> 02:16:33,299
then one after noon they did not
leave your clothes in the 

2534
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:35,799
appetite area. 
The changing room is a long 

2535
02:16:35,808 --> 02:16:39,400
rectangular space with stone 
benches along the walls and rows

2536
02:16:39,400 --> 02:16:41,600
of niches cut into the plaster 
of them. 

2537
02:16:41,600 --> 02:16:45,100
Each Niche deep enough to hold a
folded garment or a pair of 

2538
02:16:45,100 --> 02:16:47,500
sandals. 
The ceiling is Barrel vaulted 

2539
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:51,200
and decorated with stucco work 
in white and okra geometric 

2540
02:16:51,200 --> 02:16:53,400
patterns that have been 
Gathering a light coating of 

2541
02:16:53,407 --> 02:16:56,500
steam and times. 
Since the room was built, The 

2542
02:16:56,500 --> 02:16:58,799
floor is tiled. 
Everything in this room is 

2543
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:01,299
oriented toward the Practical 
business of removing your 

2544
02:17:01,299 --> 02:17:02,799
clothes and storing them 
somewhere. 

2545
02:17:02,799 --> 02:17:05,700
They will still be there when 
you return, which in a public 

2546
02:17:05,700 --> 02:17:08,400
changing room is a matter of 
reasonable, but not, absolute 

2547
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:10,799
confidence. 
There are tendons, but the 

2548
02:17:10,799 --> 02:17:13,500
attendance are busy. 
And the graffiti on the walls of

2549
02:17:13,500 --> 02:17:16,100
the changing room includes at 
least one reference to items 

2550
02:17:16,100 --> 02:17:18,200
going missing. 
Because, of course, it does 

2551
02:17:18,200 --> 02:17:22,100
you're carrying a small flask of
olive oil and a curved metal 

2552
02:17:22,100 --> 02:17:25,799
tool called astral This is how 
Romans clean themselves at the 

2553
02:17:25,799 --> 02:17:27,900
baths. 
There is no soap in the modern 

2554
02:17:27,900 --> 02:17:30,200
sense. 
What you do instead is cover 

2555
02:17:30,200 --> 02:17:34,299
your skin in oil from the flask,
allow it to sit for a moment and

2556
02:17:34,299 --> 02:17:36,900
then scrape it off along with 
the dirt and sweat using the 

2557
02:17:36,900 --> 02:17:40,500
curved blade of the schedule. 
Working from shoulder to wrist 

2558
02:17:40,500 --> 02:17:44,000
and hit to knee with the 
practice deficiency of a process

2559
02:17:44,000 --> 02:17:47,200
that you have been performing. 
Since childhood the oil Loose 

2560
02:17:47,200 --> 02:17:48,799
Ends, whatever the skin is 
accumulated. 

2561
02:17:48,799 --> 02:17:51,100
During the day, the schedule 
removes it. 

2562
02:17:51,900 --> 02:17:54,500
The result combined with what 
the hot rooms are about to do is

2563
02:17:54,500 --> 02:17:56,900
a cleanliness that is different 
from what soap produces. 

2564
02:17:56,900 --> 02:17:59,400
But arrives at roughly, the same
destination. 

2565
02:18:00,700 --> 02:18:02,700
The tepidarium is the first 
room. 

2566
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:06,400
It is a warm room. 
Not hot designed to prepare the 

2567
02:18:06,400 --> 02:18:08,799
body for what comes next by 
raising the temperature 

2568
02:18:08,799 --> 02:18:11,600
gradually. 
The walls are thick and the 

2569
02:18:11,600 --> 02:18:15,400
heating comes from below through
the hypercore, the system of 

2570
02:18:15,400 --> 02:18:18,500
Halo flooring supported on 
stacks of terracotta tiles. 

2571
02:18:18,500 --> 02:18:21,299
That allows hot air from the 
furnace room to circulate 

2572
02:18:21,299 --> 02:18:24,700
beneath your feet and Rise into 
the walls through channels built

2573
02:18:24,700 --> 02:18:28,500
into the plaster. 
Of the tepidarium is warm to 

2574
02:18:28,500 --> 02:18:31,400
stand on, not uncomfortable, not
yet. 

2575
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:35,400
Just warm in the way that a room
can be warm when the warmth 

2576
02:18:35,400 --> 02:18:38,500
comes from the ground up, rather
than the air down a thorough and

2577
02:18:38,508 --> 02:18:41,799
enveloping warmth that starts at
the soles of your feet and moves

2578
02:18:41,799 --> 02:18:44,600
upward through you with a 
deliberate patients, the 

2579
02:18:44,600 --> 02:18:47,799
tepidarium of the men's section 
at the stadium bars is decorated

2580
02:18:47,799 --> 02:18:51,200
with elements. 
These are figures muscular male 

2581
02:18:51,200 --> 02:18:54,400
forms carved in Stucker and 
painted that stand between the 

2582
02:18:54,400 --> 02:18:56,100
rectangular niches along the 
walls. 

2583
02:18:56,100 --> 02:18:59,100
Each one carrying the weight of 
the barrel Vault on its 

2584
02:18:59,100 --> 02:19:01,700
shoulders with the expression of
someone who has been doing this 

2585
02:19:01,700 --> 02:19:05,100
for a very long time and has 
achieved a kind of resigned 

2586
02:19:05,100 --> 02:19:08,400
Karma about it. 
The ceiling above them is 

2587
02:19:08,400 --> 02:19:12,799
elaborately, worked curved and 
coughed, and the combined effect

2588
02:19:12,799 --> 02:19:15,299
of the warm air, and the dim 
light, and the carved figures 

2589
02:19:15,299 --> 02:19:18,400
holding up the world of your 
head, is something between a 

2590
02:19:18,400 --> 02:19:21,000
steam room and a temple. 
Neither comfortable nor 

2591
02:19:21,000 --> 02:19:24,100
uncomfortable simply presented 
in a way that the outdoor city 

2592
02:19:24,100 --> 02:19:26,900
is not. 
You stay in the tepidarium until

2593
02:19:26,900 --> 02:19:29,700
your skin is flushed and the 
muscles in your shoulders have 

2594
02:19:29,700 --> 02:19:32,100
begun to consider the 
possibility of releasing some of

2595
02:19:32,108 --> 02:19:35,700
their opinions about the day. 
The caldarium is the next room 

2596
02:19:35,700 --> 02:19:37,200
and it is considerably more 
serious. 

2597
02:19:37,200 --> 02:19:40,500
The hot room at the stadium. 
Baths contains, a large marble 

2598
02:19:40,500 --> 02:19:44,200
lined pool along one wall. 
The alvarius where bathers can 

2599
02:19:44,200 --> 02:19:47,500
lie back against the sloped 
sides and let the hot water do. 

2600
02:19:47,500 --> 02:19:50,500
What hot water does, which is 
disagree with tension. 

2601
02:19:50,500 --> 02:19:52,300
In a way that tension eventually
loses. 

2602
02:19:52,300 --> 02:19:55,900
That the far end of the room on 
a raised base, is the labrum. 

2603
02:19:55,900 --> 02:19:59,200
A large circular Basin filled 
with cool water that you can 

2604
02:19:59,200 --> 02:20:02,500
Splash onto your face, when the 
heat becomes more than you want.

2605
02:20:03,400 --> 02:20:05,600
The walls of the Caldera were 
warm to the touch. 

2606
02:20:05,600 --> 02:20:08,900
The heating channels inside the 
plastic carrying the same heat 

2607
02:20:08,900 --> 02:20:12,200
that comes through the floor so 
that the room is warm from every

2608
02:20:12,200 --> 02:20:15,500
surface simultaneously. 
A total warmth, that is either 

2609
02:20:15,500 --> 02:20:19,100
exactly what your body needed, 
or precisely one degree too 

2610
02:20:19,100 --> 02:20:20,900
much. 
Depending on the moment, the 

2611
02:20:20,900 --> 02:20:23,500
room is not quiet, the baths are
never quiet. 

2612
02:20:23,500 --> 02:20:26,800
The sound in the caldarium is 
the particular acoustic of a 

2613
02:20:26,800 --> 02:20:30,400
tiled room with water and steam.
All voices, arriving, slightly 

2614
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:33,400
blurred and echoing 
conversations overlapping with 

2615
02:20:33,400 --> 02:20:36,500
the slap of water and the scrap 
of struggles on skin. 

2616
02:20:37,300 --> 02:20:39,900
People are talking about the 
election people are talking 

2617
02:20:39,908 --> 02:20:43,000
about the price of grain. 
Someone is talking about the 

2618
02:20:43,000 --> 02:20:45,800
games at the amphitheater, next 
month, with an enthusiasm that 

2619
02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:49,300
suggests he has money on the 
outcome, a man near the labor of

2620
02:20:49,308 --> 02:20:52,000
his conducting, what appears to 
be a business negotiation with 

2621
02:20:52,000 --> 02:20:55,000
someone across the pool. 
The voices carrying over the 

2622
02:20:55,000 --> 02:20:57,700
water, with the practice 
projection of people who 

2623
02:20:57,700 --> 02:21:01,300
understand that the bars are 
also in office, the philosopher 

2624
02:21:01,300 --> 02:21:04,400
Seneca writing about Roman baths
in an essay that has survived 

2625
02:21:04,400 --> 02:21:07,100
2000 years. 
Describe the noise of the 

2626
02:21:07,100 --> 02:21:09,900
establishment above, which he 
was trying to work as including 

2627
02:21:09,900 --> 02:21:13,700
the groan of men weightlifting. 
The slap of hands on oiled 

2628
02:21:13,700 --> 02:21:17,000
bodies during massage. 
The shout of the pastry seller. 

2629
02:21:17,000 --> 02:21:20,300
The sausage man. 
The confectioner each with their

2630
02:21:20,300 --> 02:21:23,700
own distinct cry. 
He found it distracting. 

2631
02:21:24,500 --> 02:21:27,400
He also described it with a 
specificity that makes clear. 

2632
02:21:27,400 --> 02:21:30,600
He had spent considerable time 
listening to it, which suggests 

2633
02:21:30,600 --> 02:21:33,400
that whatever said about 
distraction, the baths held in 

2634
02:21:33,400 --> 02:21:34,900
the same way they held everyone 
else. 

2635
02:21:34,900 --> 02:21:38,200
He scraped the oil from your 
arms in the hot room and lie. 

2636
02:21:38,200 --> 02:21:41,200
Back against the sloped wall of 
the Elvis, with the warm water 

2637
02:21:41,200 --> 02:21:43,800
at your shoulders, and the 
voices of the city moving 

2638
02:21:43,800 --> 02:21:47,600
through the steam around you. 
The afternoon is at his deepest 

2639
02:21:47,600 --> 02:21:51,100
point now outside the streets 
Acquired, and they were this 

2640
02:21:51,100 --> 02:21:53,400
morning. 
The heaviest commercial traffic 

2641
02:21:53,400 --> 02:21:56,800
has passed, the Forum is still 
occupied, but less urgently. 

2642
02:21:56,800 --> 02:22:00,200
So, the bakery have sold most of
what they baked this morning. 

2643
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:03,400
The thermopolia are between 
their midday rush and their 

2644
02:22:03,400 --> 02:22:06,500
evening service. 
The sun is high and hot and the 

2645
02:22:06,508 --> 02:22:08,300
Shadows are short. 
And the city is in that 

2646
02:22:08,308 --> 02:22:11,000
particular middle of the 
afternoon state that all warm 

2647
02:22:11,000 --> 02:22:13,700
cities enter somewhere between 
the mornings industry and the 

2648
02:22:13,708 --> 02:22:17,100
evenings Leisure a brief 
domestic pause in the larger of 

2649
02:22:17,100 --> 02:22:20,900
the day in here. 
The pauses longer the Frigidaire

2650
02:22:20,900 --> 02:22:23,900
is the last room. 
It is circular painted yellow 

2651
02:22:23,900 --> 02:22:27,100
with green branches along the 
lower walls and in the center of

2652
02:22:27,100 --> 02:22:28,700
it. 
A cold plunge pool sits, 

2653
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:32,000
recessed into the floor, the 
water cold enough, that stepping

2654
02:22:32,000 --> 02:22:35,000
into it after the caldarium 
produces a full body responds 

2655
02:22:35,000 --> 02:22:38,200
that is approximately equal 
parts shock and relief, the 

2656
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:41,900
cold, Titan's everything, the 
heat loose and the Skin closest,

2657
02:22:41,900 --> 02:22:45,300
the blood moon moves the ancient
writers who described this 

2658
02:22:45,300 --> 02:22:48,200
moment used words suggesting 
that the cold bath made them 

2659
02:22:48,200 --> 02:22:51,500
feel stronger and more Supple in
their limbs which is precisely 

2660
02:22:51,500 --> 02:22:53,600
what it feels like a 
recalibration. 

2661
02:22:53,600 --> 02:22:56,000
The body reminded of its own 
edges. 

2662
02:22:56,000 --> 02:22:59,200
After the long dissolution of 
the hot room You stand in the 

2663
02:22:59,200 --> 02:23:02,200
Frigidaire and for a moment 
after the plunge, dripping on 

2664
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:05,600
the tiled floor, letting the air
of the room finish the work that

2665
02:23:05,600 --> 02:23:08,600
the water started. 
The baths are not done with the 

2666
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:12,400
day, they will run until the 
light fails and Beyond people 

2667
02:23:12,400 --> 02:23:15,000
will come and go through the 
afternoon and into the evening. 

2668
02:23:15,000 --> 02:23:17,900
The changing rooms cycling 
through its population of 

2669
02:23:17,900 --> 02:23:20,400
Pompeii ends at every level of 
wealth and occupation. 

2670
02:23:20,400 --> 02:23:23,300
The graffiti on the walls 
accumulating its record of 

2671
02:23:23,300 --> 02:23:25,200
visits and opinions and missing 
items. 

2672
02:23:26,600 --> 02:23:29,200
The furnace beneath the floors 
will be fed all afternoon by the

2673
02:23:29,200 --> 02:23:32,200
attendance who spend their 
working days in the heat of the 

2674
02:23:32,200 --> 02:23:34,600
furnace room. 
So that other people can spend 

2675
02:23:34,600 --> 02:23:36,500
their Leisure Hours In the Heat 
of the caldarium. 

2676
02:23:36,500 --> 02:23:40,100
You collect your clothes from 
the appetite area dress and step

2677
02:23:40,100 --> 02:23:43,000
back out into the Via. 
Della bondanza, the sun has 

2678
02:23:43,000 --> 02:23:46,600
moved, while you are inside the 
shadows in the street run longer

2679
02:23:46,600 --> 02:23:48,300
now. 
And the air has the particular 

2680
02:23:48,300 --> 02:23:51,300
quality of a later afternoon in 
summer, still warm. 

2681
02:23:51,300 --> 02:23:53,600
But with something in it, that 
is beginning to suggest the 

2682
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:56,000
evening. 
The mountain to the north is the

2683
02:23:56,000 --> 02:23:59,500
same as it was this morning, the
same bulk against the same Sky. 

2684
02:23:59,500 --> 02:24:03,000
The city is turning toward its 
evening and the mountain is 

2685
02:24:03,000 --> 02:24:06,400
still the mountain unchanged 
against the same sky as always 

2686
02:24:06,400 --> 02:24:09,500
occupied. 
The papino on the corner is the 

2687
02:24:09,500 --> 02:24:13,800
kind of place that has no name. 
Anyone uses Everyone knows it by

2688
02:24:13,800 --> 02:24:17,200
its position, the one passed the
fullest shop, the one with the 

2689
02:24:17,208 --> 02:24:19,900
broken tile above the door that 
has been broken for three years.

2690
02:24:19,900 --> 02:24:23,800
The one where the owner Waters 
is wine, only a little and is 

2691
02:24:23,800 --> 02:24:26,400
therefore regarded as Honest by 
the standards of the street. 

2692
02:24:26,400 --> 02:24:30,100
There are approximately 120 
establishments of this kind 

2693
02:24:30,100 --> 02:24:33,700
operating in Pompeii somewhere 
between a thermopolium and a 

2694
02:24:33,708 --> 02:24:37,400
full Tavern selling Wine and 
Food and the particular social 

2695
02:24:37,400 --> 02:24:40,500
atmosphere of a room where 
everyone has been before and 

2696
02:24:40,500 --> 02:24:43,900
will be. 
Again you go in the interior is 

2697
02:24:43,900 --> 02:24:47,200
a single room with a low ceiling
and three wooden tables and a 

2698
02:24:47,200 --> 02:24:50,500
counter along the left wall with
two, large ceramic jars, sunk 

2699
02:24:50,500 --> 02:24:53,200
into it. 
One containing wine diluted with

2700
02:24:53,200 --> 02:24:56,500
water in the Roman fashion. 
One containing something darker 

2701
02:24:56,500 --> 02:24:58,900
and less diluted for the part of
the afternoon when the 

2702
02:24:58,900 --> 02:25:02,900
distinction stops mattering. 
Fresco's cover the walls as they

2703
02:25:02,900 --> 02:25:06,200
cover most walls in Pompeii. 
Though these are not the careful

2704
02:25:06,200 --> 02:25:08,600
mythological scene of a wealthy 
man's triennium. 

2705
02:25:09,300 --> 02:25:12,700
These are the frescoes of a 
Pepino scenes of men playing 

2706
02:25:12,700 --> 02:25:16,400
dice two figures to table with 
cups, between them someone 

2707
02:25:16,400 --> 02:25:20,000
gesturing at someone else, with 
the expansive imprecision of a 

2708
02:25:20,000 --> 02:25:21,300
person who has been sitting in 
this room. 

2709
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:24,300
For some time, the figures in 
the frescoes are doing exactly 

2710
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:27,300
what the people in the room are 
doing this may be intentional, 

2711
02:25:27,300 --> 02:25:30,700
you sit at the table, nearest 
the door, the wine arrives in a 

2712
02:25:30,708 --> 02:25:33,900
ceramic cup without being asked 
for which is the custom and you 

2713
02:25:33,900 --> 02:25:36,500
add water from The Jug on the 
table in the ratio that seems 

2714
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:39,700
correct for later afternoon, 
Which is less water than you 

2715
02:25:39,700 --> 02:25:42,100
would have added in the morning 
and more than you will add in 

2716
02:25:42,100 --> 02:25:45,200
the evening. 
The campaign of this region has 

2717
02:25:45,200 --> 02:25:47,500
been exported across the 
Mediterranean for centuries. 

2718
02:25:48,300 --> 02:25:51,100
The volcanic soil that makes the
farmers of the region wealthy 

2719
02:25:51,100 --> 02:25:53,200
and the mountain that has made 
that soil. 

2720
02:25:53,200 --> 02:25:56,300
What it is a connected in a way 
that nobody in this room is 

2721
02:25:56,300 --> 02:25:59,600
thinking about while they drink 
The conversation in the popular 

2722
02:25:59,600 --> 02:26:02,100
is the conversation of people at
the end of their working day, 

2723
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:05,000
someone is complaining about the
price of Timba. 

2724
02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:07,700
Someone else is saying that the 
price of Timber is not the 

2725
02:26:07,700 --> 02:26:10,100
problem that the problem is the 
supplier. 

2726
02:26:10,100 --> 02:26:13,100
And that the supplier has always
been the problem and that 

2727
02:26:13,100 --> 02:26:15,200
everyone in the room. 
Already knows this about the 

2728
02:26:15,200 --> 02:26:19,300
supplier, A young man near the 
back wall, is reading a letter 

2729
02:26:19,300 --> 02:26:22,200
allowed to an older man who 
either cannot read or as 

2730
02:26:22,200 --> 02:26:25,600
forgotten his reading tablet, 
the young man's voice, low. 

2731
02:26:25,600 --> 02:26:28,500
And deliberate working through 
the words with the care of, 

2732
02:26:28,500 --> 02:26:30,500
someone reading another person's
news for them. 

2733
02:26:30,500 --> 02:26:34,700
What the news is you cannot tell
The older man is listening with 

2734
02:26:34,700 --> 02:26:37,800
his hands flat on the table. 
There have been small Tremors in

2735
02:26:37,808 --> 02:26:40,500
the last few days. 
This is the kind of thing that 

2736
02:26:40,500 --> 02:26:42,700
gets mentioned in poppy, Nye 
briefly. 

2737
02:26:42,700 --> 02:26:45,800
And without particular alarm 
because Campania has always had 

2738
02:26:45,800 --> 02:26:48,600
Tremors and the people who live 
here have always had a casual 

2739
02:26:48,600 --> 02:26:51,200
relationship with them. 
The writer Pliny, the Younger, 

2740
02:26:51,200 --> 02:26:53,900
describing the region to the 
historian tacitus, some years 

2741
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:56,600
after the events, we were 
approaching noted that Earth 

2742
02:26:56,600 --> 02:26:59,100
Tremors were not particularly 
alarming and companion because 

2743
02:26:59,100 --> 02:27:02,400
they are frequent. 
This was simply true, the 

2744
02:27:02,400 --> 02:27:05,900
earthquake of 62 ad had been the
worst in living memory and had 

2745
02:27:05,900 --> 02:27:09,000
caused serious damage across the
city and the rebuilding had 

2746
02:27:09,000 --> 02:27:11,000
occupied the better part of 17 
years. 

2747
02:27:11,000 --> 02:27:15,200
And even now in 79, there were 
building, still mid repair, 

2748
02:27:15,200 --> 02:27:17,300
scaffolding. 
Still up on the Temple of Venus 

2749
02:27:17,300 --> 02:27:21,000
near the Forum, the central bars
still under construction the 

2750
02:27:21,000 --> 02:27:23,800
city carrying its recovery. 
The way, any City carries a 

2751
02:27:23,800 --> 02:27:26,100
large repair constantly in the 
background. 

2752
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:30,500
The Tremors of the last four 
days have been smaller than that

2753
02:27:30,500 --> 02:27:34,200
much smaller someone at the 
table near the counter, 

2754
02:27:34,200 --> 02:27:35,800
mentioned them in the way you 
mentioned. 

2755
02:27:35,800 --> 02:27:39,500
Whether as a fact of the day, 
rather than an event, there are 

2756
02:27:39,500 --> 02:27:42,500
some brief discussion of what 
the Tremors might mean, which 

2757
02:27:42,500 --> 02:27:44,800
for most people at this table, 
defaults to the religious 

2758
02:27:44,800 --> 02:27:48,000
interpretation, the gods 
conducting whatever business 

2759
02:27:48,000 --> 02:27:51,100
requires periodic shaking of the
ground, which is their 

2760
02:27:51,100 --> 02:27:53,800
prerogative and which the 
correct offerings will address. 

2761
02:27:54,700 --> 02:27:57,000
Someone mentions that the 
springs near the edge of the 

2762
02:27:57,000 --> 02:28:00,300
city have been running low, not 
running at all, in some cases, 

2763
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:02,800
which is strange for August but 
not impossible. 

2764
02:28:03,600 --> 02:28:06,000
Someone else mentions that the 
dogs have been behaving. 

2765
02:28:06,000 --> 02:28:08,800
Oddly. 
This observation receives the 

2766
02:28:08,800 --> 02:28:12,500
response, it usually receives, 
which is mild agreement and then

2767
02:28:12,500 --> 02:28:14,800
a return to the subject of the 
Timber supplier. 

2768
02:28:15,800 --> 02:28:18,500
The mountain is visible through 
the open door of the Pepino. 

2769
02:28:19,100 --> 02:28:22,300
Not looming, not threatening not
doing anything that a mountain 

2770
02:28:22,300 --> 02:28:26,100
does not ordinarily. 
Do just there, the upper slopes 

2771
02:28:26,100 --> 02:28:28,900
of Vesuvius are covered in 
vegetation, Vineyards. 

2772
02:28:28,900 --> 02:28:31,300
And Forest running up to what 
appears from here to be the 

2773
02:28:31,300 --> 02:28:33,700
summit though? 
What looks like the summit from 

2774
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:36,300
Pompeii is actually the rim of 
the old claps crater. 

2775
02:28:36,300 --> 02:28:39,000
The true volcanic structure, 
invisible behind it. 

2776
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:42,900
Spartacus camped on those slopes
with his Rebel Army more than a 

2777
02:28:42,900 --> 02:28:45,200
century ago. 
Using the mountain as a fortress

2778
02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:47,800
and the vines there grew strong 
on the same soil. 

2779
02:28:47,800 --> 02:28:50,000
That grows the greats in the cup
of your currently drinking. 

2780
02:28:50,900 --> 02:28:53,600
The city is lived beneath this 
mountain for as long as the city

2781
02:28:53,600 --> 02:28:56,600
is existed. 
Not despite it but partly 

2782
02:28:56,600 --> 02:28:59,900
because of it the fertility of 
the volcanic soil is the reason 

2783
02:28:59,900 --> 02:29:02,400
the farm surrounding Pompeii 
produced what they produce. 

2784
02:29:02,400 --> 02:29:05,400
The reason the olive oil and 
wine from this region, move on 

2785
02:29:05,408 --> 02:29:08,300
ships across the Mediterranean. 
The reason the city is 

2786
02:29:08,300 --> 02:29:11,100
prosperous enough to have a four
of them and four public bars and

2787
02:29:11,100 --> 02:29:15,400
80 the popular and 120 poppy 
night, and an Amphitheater. 

2788
02:29:15,400 --> 02:29:19,700
That seats, 20,000 people, The 
mountain and the city are in a 

2789
02:29:19,700 --> 02:29:22,000
relationship. 
So old and so unexamined, that 

2790
02:29:22,000 --> 02:29:25,000
it has become invisible. 
The way all relationships become

2791
02:29:25,000 --> 02:29:27,100
invisible when they have been 
the same for long enough. 

2792
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:32,200
The afternoon light is beginning
to shift, not dramatically, not 

2793
02:29:32,200 --> 02:29:34,500
yet. 
But the quality of the light 

2794
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:37,100
coming through the door has 
changed from the flat, white of 

2795
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:40,600
mid-afternoon, to something with
slightly more angle to it, the 

2796
02:29:40,600 --> 02:29:43,400
shadows in the street, outside 
running a few degrees longer 

2797
02:29:43,400 --> 02:29:46,700
than they were an hour ago. 
The oil seller across the street

2798
02:29:46,700 --> 02:29:50,100
is moving his display inside. 
The fullest shop has gone quiet.

2799
02:29:50,100 --> 02:29:53,700
You finish your wine. 
The walk back to your building 

2800
02:29:53,700 --> 02:29:57,100
takes you past the bakery on the
Via de la banda which has been 

2801
02:29:57,108 --> 02:29:59,800
closed for an hour. 
Now the shutter down the 

2802
02:29:59,800 --> 02:30:03,100
mornings work done, passed the 
public fountain on the corner 

2803
02:30:03,100 --> 02:30:05,700
still running. 
Its thin constant stream into 

2804
02:30:05,700 --> 02:30:08,600
the basement, the Overflow, 
trickling down the gutter into 

2805
02:30:08,600 --> 02:30:12,500
the drain, Passed the wall where
the election endorsements are 

2806
02:30:12,500 --> 02:30:15,900
drying in the afternoon, sun the
red letters of the latest one. 

2807
02:30:15,900 --> 02:30:17,600
Still bright against the white 
Plaster. 

2808
02:30:17,600 --> 02:30:20,700
The name of the candidate in his
virtues and the name of his 

2809
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:22,700
supporters standing. 
Ready to greet the morning 

2810
02:30:22,700 --> 02:30:25,300
traffic. 
Someone has added something new 

2811
02:30:25,300 --> 02:30:26,900
below the endorsement since the 
morning. 

2812
02:30:27,800 --> 02:30:31,300
Single line, scratched into the 
plaster with a stylus in the 

2813
02:30:31,300 --> 02:30:34,200
Casual cramped, handwriting of 
someone who was walking past and

2814
02:30:34,200 --> 02:30:37,300
had a thought and acted on it. 
You cannot read it from here. 

2815
02:30:37,300 --> 02:30:40,200
It does not matter. 
There will be another one below 

2816
02:30:40,200 --> 02:30:43,500
that by tomorrow and another 
below that and the wall will go 

2817
02:30:43,508 --> 02:30:47,200
on accumulating its record of 
the city passing by for as long 

2818
02:30:47,200 --> 02:30:51,400
as the city is passing by Your 
building is ahead, the staircase

2819
02:30:51,400 --> 02:30:53,700
Will Creak on every step, as it 
always does. 

2820
02:30:53,700 --> 02:30:55,800
The room will be dimmer than the
street. 

2821
02:30:55,800 --> 02:30:58,900
Your neighbor above will arrive 
home at some point in the early 

2822
02:30:58,900 --> 02:31:01,200
evening. 
And now by the fourth step from 

2823
02:31:01,200 --> 02:31:04,200
the top, the oil lamp will need 
filling before it gets fully 

2824
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:07,200
dark tomorrow, the bread will be
in the oven Before Dawn. 

2825
02:31:07,200 --> 02:31:10,300
Tomorrow, the fountain will be 
running at the corner tomorrow. 

2826
02:31:10,300 --> 02:31:12,700
The mounting will be exactly 
where it has always been 

2827
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:16,000
somewhere in the next few hours 
while the city settles into its 

2828
02:31:16,000 --> 02:31:18,000
evening, and the poppy Phil of 
the oil lamps. 

2829
02:31:18,000 --> 02:31:21,500
Come on in the windows of the, 
in the thermopolia send this 

2830
02:31:21,500 --> 02:31:23,100
smells into the darkening 
streets. 

2831
02:31:23,100 --> 02:31:27,800
A small Tremor moves through the
ground beneath Pompeii. the cups

2832
02:31:27,800 --> 02:31:30,900
on the shelves, rattled briefly 
the wine in the jars, Shivers 

2833
02:31:30,900 --> 02:31:36,900
the city notes, it Continues. 
The morning of the 24th begins 

2834
02:31:36,900 --> 02:31:39,600
like any other morning. 
The bakery is a firing their 

2835
02:31:39,600 --> 02:31:42,500
ovens Before Dawn. 
The public fountains are running

2836
02:31:42,500 --> 02:31:45,300
their constant thin streams into
their Stone basements. 

2837
02:31:46,100 --> 02:31:48,600
The staircase in your building 
creeks in its sequence. 

2838
02:31:48,600 --> 02:31:51,800
As the first people of the day 
descent to the street, around 

2839
02:31:51,800 --> 02:31:55,700
midday, the mountain opens, not 
with warning, not with a sound 

2840
02:31:55,700 --> 02:31:58,100
that gives the city time to 
understand what it is hearing 

2841
02:31:58,100 --> 02:32:01,400
before it arrives. 
The eruption column rises from 

2842
02:32:01,400 --> 02:32:04,600
Vesuvius, within minutes to a 
height, that Pliny the Younger 

2843
02:32:04,600 --> 02:32:07,300
watching from across the Bay of 
Naples at Massena. 

2844
02:32:07,300 --> 02:32:11,400
Describes in a letter written 
years later as resembling an 

2845
02:32:11,400 --> 02:32:14,800
umbrella, pine tree, a great 
trunk rising to enormous height 

2846
02:32:14,800 --> 02:32:17,300
and then spreading outward into 
branches. 

2847
02:32:18,000 --> 02:32:21,400
He is 29 kilometers away. 
When he writes this, the column 

2848
02:32:21,400 --> 02:32:25,000
reaches 20 kilometers into the 
sky and begins moving Southeast 

2849
02:32:25,000 --> 02:32:28,100
toward Pompeii. 
The first thing that falls on 

2850
02:32:28,100 --> 02:32:32,700
the city is pumice, small white,
porous Stones, Some of the size 

2851
02:32:32,700 --> 02:32:36,200
of a thumbnail and some the size
of a fist arriving in a hail 

2852
02:32:36,200 --> 02:32:39,000
from a sky that is dark and so 
rapidly that noon looks like 

2853
02:32:39,000 --> 02:32:41,700
dusk. 
The pumice is warm to the touch.

2854
02:32:41,700 --> 02:32:45,800
It falls at a rate of roughly 15
centimeters an hour, building on

2855
02:32:45,800 --> 02:32:48,300
the streets and the roof tops, 
and the Forum and the awnings of

2856
02:32:48,300 --> 02:32:51,300
the Thermopylae and the 
courtyard of the stadium bars. 

2857
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:54,500
With a steady Relentless 
accumulation that has no 

2858
02:32:54,500 --> 02:32:58,400
intention of stopping. 
It, he begins to empty. 

2859
02:32:59,100 --> 02:33:02,400
Not all at once, not in a single
panicked wave. 

2860
02:33:03,200 --> 02:33:05,700
People make decisions at 
different speeds and with 

2861
02:33:05,700 --> 02:33:06,900
different amounts of 
information. 

2862
02:33:06,900 --> 02:33:10,200
And the information available in
the first hour of the eruption 

2863
02:33:10,200 --> 02:33:13,200
is partial and confusing. 
The column over the mountain is 

2864
02:33:13,200 --> 02:33:16,500
clearly visible and clearly 
alarming, but the pom is fall 

2865
02:33:16,500 --> 02:33:18,600
while dangerous and 
uncomfortable is survivable, if 

2866
02:33:18,600 --> 02:33:21,600
you keep moving and most people 
who are going to leave Pompeii 

2867
02:33:21,600 --> 02:33:23,300
leave. 
Now in these first few hours, 

2868
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:26,000
streaming through the city gates
with whatever they can carry 

2869
02:33:26,000 --> 02:33:29,000
moving away from the mountain 
along the roads leading, South 

2870
02:33:29,000 --> 02:33:32,300
and West. 
Roughly 80% of pompei's 

2871
02:33:32,300 --> 02:33:37,000
population escapes during this 
window. 20%, who stay do so for 

2872
02:33:37,000 --> 02:33:38,900
reasons as varied as people are 
varied. 

2873
02:33:39,500 --> 02:33:41,900
Some have elderly relatives who 
cannot move quickly. 

2874
02:33:42,600 --> 02:33:45,300
Some have valuables they cannot 
bring themselves to abandon. 

2875
02:33:45,300 --> 02:33:49,200
Some are simply waiting to see 
if it gets worse or better a 

2876
02:33:49,200 --> 02:33:52,400
calculation that the situation 
is continuously changing and 

2877
02:33:52,400 --> 02:33:53,900
which keeps yielding the wrong 
answer. 

2878
02:33:53,900 --> 02:33:57,700
Some shelter in Sellers, and 
stone, vaulted rooms, which 

2879
02:33:57,700 --> 02:34:00,400
offer protection from the 
falling permis, but will often 

2880
02:34:00,400 --> 02:34:02,100
no protection against what comes
later. 

2881
02:34:02,100 --> 02:34:05,500
Some simply do not yet believe 
that this is what it appears to 

2882
02:34:05,500 --> 02:34:07,500
be. 
Because the mountain has always 

2883
02:34:07,500 --> 02:34:10,800
been there and has never done 
this before in anyone's living 

2884
02:34:10,800 --> 02:34:13,200
memory. 
The pumice Falls for 

2885
02:34:13,200 --> 02:34:17,000
approximately 18 hours, through 
the afternoon and into the 

2886
02:34:17,000 --> 02:34:18,600
evening. 
And through the night, the city 

2887
02:34:18,600 --> 02:34:20,100
is being buried degree by 
degree. 

2888
02:34:20,900 --> 02:34:23,800
The Fountains are covered. 
Stepping Stones across the 

2889
02:34:23,800 --> 02:34:27,100
streets disappear, the election 
endorsements on the walls of the

2890
02:34:27,108 --> 02:34:30,700
Via de la bondanza are being 
covered letter by letter in gray

2891
02:34:30,700 --> 02:34:34,300
white, volcanic Stone. 
The 81 loaves in the bakery oven

2892
02:34:34,300 --> 02:34:37,400
have been in there since before 
noon and no one has come back to

2893
02:34:37,400 --> 02:34:40,300
check on them. 
Pliny the Younger in his letter 

2894
02:34:40,300 --> 02:34:43,700
to tacitus describes the 
darkness that falls over the 

2895
02:34:43,700 --> 02:34:47,300
region as the cloud spreads Not 
the darkness of a moonless 

2896
02:34:47,300 --> 02:34:49,800
night, he writes. 
But as if a lamp had been, put 

2897
02:34:49,800 --> 02:34:52,800
out in a closed room. 
He's describing what he sees 

2898
02:34:52,800 --> 02:34:55,900
from Messina across the bay in 
Pompei itself. 

2899
02:34:55,900 --> 02:34:59,400
The darkness is more complete. 
The city that began this day lit

2900
02:34:59,400 --> 02:35:02,000
by the pale terracotta Dawn is 
now lit. 

2901
02:35:02,000 --> 02:35:04,800
Only by the fires on the 
mountain visible, through the 

2902
02:35:04,800 --> 02:35:08,100
falling Ash as distant moving 
lines of orange and red. 

2903
02:35:08,100 --> 02:35:11,600
And by the occasional flash of 
lightning inside the volcanic 

2904
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:14,800
column itself, the enormous 
electrical discharge produced by

2905
02:35:14,800 --> 02:35:17,400
the Collision of Ash particles 
in the stratosphere at Cloud. 

2906
02:35:17,400 --> 02:35:21,500
The roofs begin to fail the 
weight of pumice accumulating on

2907
02:35:21,500 --> 02:35:23,600
the flat. 
Clay tile roofs of pompei's 

2908
02:35:23,600 --> 02:35:25,800
buildings is more than the 
roofing structures. 

2909
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:29,000
Were built to Bear the collapses
begin in the weakest building 

2910
02:35:29,000 --> 02:35:31,800
in. 
The sound of a roof giving away 

2911
02:35:31,800 --> 02:35:34,800
in the city that has gone. 
Otherwise quiet beneath its 

2912
02:35:34,800 --> 02:35:39,100
volcanic blanket is a particular
and final sound the crack of 

2913
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:43,200
Timba and the sliding Cascade of
tile and stone muffled by the 

2914
02:35:43,200 --> 02:35:44,900
ash already covering everything 
outside. 

2915
02:35:45,900 --> 02:35:47,300
Some people are killed by the 
roof. 

2916
02:35:47,300 --> 02:35:50,000
Collapses. 
Some of the approximately 2000 

2917
02:35:50,000 --> 02:35:52,900
people who stayed in Pompeii. 
A Sheltering in the rooms of 

2918
02:35:52,908 --> 02:35:54,400
buildings, whose roofs come 
down. 

2919
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:58,900
The archaeologists Giuseppe 
fiorelli, Excavating Pompeii. 

2920
02:35:58,900 --> 02:36:02,500
In the 1860s developed, the 
technique of pouring plaster 

2921
02:36:02,500 --> 02:36:04,800
into the hollow cavities left in
the hardened. 

2922
02:36:04,800 --> 02:36:08,200
Ash buy, decomposed bodies 
creating casts that revealed not

2923
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:11,100
just the presence of the dead, 
but their postures in the moment

2924
02:36:11,100 --> 02:36:13,600
of death. 
Some are lying with their arms, 

2925
02:36:13,600 --> 02:36:16,200
over their faces. 
Some are curled on this side, 

2926
02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:20,600
some are upright pressed against
walls, the cast of Pompeii among

2927
02:36:20,600 --> 02:36:23,600
the most affecting objects that 
archeology has ever produced. 

2928
02:36:23,600 --> 02:36:26,800
The shape of a human life 
preserved in the thing that 

2929
02:36:26,800 --> 02:36:29,100
ended it. 
Just Before Dawn. 

2930
02:36:29,100 --> 02:36:32,500
On the 25th, the eruption 
changes character, the column 

2931
02:36:32,500 --> 02:36:35,100
that has been projecting 
material upward for 18 hours, 

2932
02:36:35,100 --> 02:36:38,500
begins to collapse under its own
weight, the cooler outer shell 

2933
02:36:38,500 --> 02:36:41,100
of Ashton gas losing. 
Its ability to stay suspended 

2934
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:45,000
and falling back toward the 
mountain in a dense fast moving 

2935
02:36:45,000 --> 02:36:49,600
Avalon. this collapsed generates
what volcanologist call a pirate

2936
02:36:49,600 --> 02:36:53,400
classic density, current Flow of
superheated, gas and rock 

2937
02:36:53,400 --> 02:36:57,100
fragments moving down the 
mountain, at speeds between 100 

2938
02:36:57,100 --> 02:37:01,100
and 400 kilometers per hour at 
temperatures between 300 and 500

2939
02:37:01,100 --> 02:37:03,500
Degrees. 
The first of these currents 

2940
02:37:03,500 --> 02:37:07,500
reaches Herculaneum in minutes, 
the second and the third and the

2941
02:37:07,500 --> 02:37:09,600
fourth move outward and 
Southward. 

2942
02:37:09,600 --> 02:37:13,800
And in the brief false Dawn 
between surges when the ashfall 

2943
02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:16,200
is paused and the surviving 
residents of Pompeii and the 

2944
02:37:16,208 --> 02:37:19,200
people who fled and have been 
Sheltering in the countryside, 

2945
02:37:19,200 --> 02:37:22,900
begin to wonder if it is over, 
if they might go back, if the 

2946
02:37:22,900 --> 02:37:26,100
city is still there to go back 
to the last and deadliest surge 

2947
02:37:26,100 --> 02:37:30,100
Suites through Pompeii. 
The city is covered under 4 to 6

2948
02:37:30,108 --> 02:37:34,200
meters of volcanic material, The
Forum and the stadium Bears and 

2949
02:37:34,200 --> 02:37:37,800
the Via del abandoned dancer and
the bakery and the popping a and

2950
02:37:37,800 --> 02:37:40,900
the insulae and the election 
endorsements, and the stolen 

2951
02:37:40,900 --> 02:37:44,500
cloaks and the arguments about 
Timber prices in the 81 lows in 

2952
02:37:44,500 --> 02:37:47,000
the oven, a sealed in the 
particular, darkness of things 

2953
02:37:47,000 --> 02:37:51,200
that have been buried. 
The mountain is quiet, the Bay 

2954
02:37:51,200 --> 02:37:54,100
of Naples which Pliny the Elder 
crossed in a fleet Galley to 

2955
02:37:54,100 --> 02:37:57,200
attempt to rescue and did not 
come back from returns to its 

2956
02:37:57,200 --> 02:38:01,300
ordinary color in the days that 
follow the Sun comes back, the 

2957
02:38:01,300 --> 02:38:04,800
haze in the air from the 
eruption slowly disperses the 

2958
02:38:04,800 --> 02:38:07,900
surviving residents of Pompeii 
who made it out through the city

2959
02:38:07,900 --> 02:38:10,900
Gates and down the roads, to the
South and West carry What They 

2960
02:38:10,900 --> 02:38:12,400
Carried with them and do not 
return. 

2961
02:38:13,500 --> 02:38:16,100
The city is gone. 
The rebuilding that had been 

2962
02:38:16,108 --> 02:38:18,200
ongoing since the earthquake of 
62. 

2963
02:38:18,200 --> 02:38:21,600
Does not resume the central 
baths, remain unfinished. 

2964
02:38:22,300 --> 02:38:24,700
The scaffolding on the Temple of
Venus stays up until the 

2965
02:38:24,700 --> 02:38:28,300
scaffolding rots. 
Pompeii is not rebuilt, not even

2966
02:38:28,300 --> 02:38:31,100
properly located, the Ash and 
pumice cover it. 

2967
02:38:31,100 --> 02:38:34,100
So completely that within a 
generation the site becomes 

2968
02:38:34,100 --> 02:38:37,700
approximate rather than precise.
The general area that people 

2969
02:38:37,700 --> 02:38:40,600
know was once a place rather 
than a place anyone is looking 

2970
02:38:40,600 --> 02:38:43,400
for The roads that led to it are
still there. 

2971
02:38:44,300 --> 02:38:46,500
The farms around it. 
Eventually, resumed, the 

2972
02:38:46,500 --> 02:38:50,400
volcanic soil is fertile after 
the eruption as before it, the 

2973
02:38:50,400 --> 02:38:53,700
mountain sits as it always sat 
the city sits underneath it, 

2974
02:38:53,700 --> 02:38:58,900
17th centuries, pass, 17th. 
Centuries as a long time for a 

2975
02:38:58,900 --> 02:39:02,900
city to wait, Pompeii was not 
entirely forgotten during those 

2976
02:39:02,900 --> 02:39:05,700
years, people knew that 
something had been there. 

2977
02:39:06,500 --> 02:39:09,300
The roads that led to. 
It was still there Farmers, 

2978
02:39:09,300 --> 02:39:12,500
working the volcanic soil of it,
occasionally turned up fragments

2979
02:39:12,500 --> 02:39:15,600
of tile or Pottery or pieces of 
carved stone. 

2980
02:39:15,600 --> 02:39:18,600
That suggested, there was 
something below the general area

2981
02:39:18,600 --> 02:39:22,100
was known as civitas the city 
because enough people remembered

2982
02:39:22,100 --> 02:39:24,500
enough to preserve the category 
without being able to name. 

2983
02:39:24,500 --> 02:39:28,900
What was inside it. 
In 1748 workers, digging 

2984
02:39:28,900 --> 02:39:31,800
foundations for a Royal Palace 
broke through into rooms. 

2985
02:39:31,800 --> 02:39:34,600
The rooms had walls. 
The walls had colors. 

2986
02:39:34,600 --> 02:39:38,500
The colors had not faded. 
This is the first extraordinary 

2987
02:39:38,500 --> 02:39:42,100
fact about Pompeii the ash that 
buried the city, sealed it from 

2988
02:39:42,100 --> 02:39:45,100
air, and moisture. 
So completely that the frescoes 

2989
02:39:45,100 --> 02:39:47,700
on the walls of houses, 
excavated in the 18th century 

2990
02:39:47,700 --> 02:39:49,600
were still bright when the ash 
came off them. 

2991
02:39:50,400 --> 02:39:53,300
The Reds and blues and ochas of 
paintings that had been hanging 

2992
02:39:53,300 --> 02:39:56,800
and dining rooms and entrance 
hall since the first century ad 

2993
02:39:56,800 --> 02:39:59,500
emerged, from their volcanic 
casing with a freshness, that 

2994
02:39:59,500 --> 02:40:03,500
gutter visiting the site in the 
1780s described as astonishing. 

2995
02:40:04,800 --> 02:40:06,700
What the ash had preserved was 
not a ruin. 

2996
02:40:06,700 --> 02:40:09,900
It was a pause. 
The excavation was proceeded 

2997
02:40:09,900 --> 02:40:12,800
across the following decades 
with the enthusiasm and methods 

2998
02:40:12,800 --> 02:40:16,200
of the era, which is to say that
valuable objects, were extracted

2999
02:40:16,200 --> 02:40:19,200
and sent to Royal collections 
without much attention being 

3000
02:40:19,200 --> 02:40:20,400
paid to wear. 
Exactly. 

3001
02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:22,800
They had come from, or what 
their context meant. 

3002
02:40:24,200 --> 02:40:26,700
The frescoes that came off the 
walls of Pompeii in these early 

3003
02:40:26,700 --> 02:40:28,100
decades living. 
Now in the National 

3004
02:40:28,100 --> 02:40:31,500
archaeological Museum in Naples 
separated from the rooms they 

3005
02:40:31,500 --> 02:40:34,900
were made for from The house's 
that contain those rooms from 

3006
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:37,700
the streets. 
Those houses stood on They're 

3007
02:40:37,700 --> 02:40:40,900
beautiful in the museum. 
They are so disconnected the way

3008
02:40:40,900 --> 02:40:43,400
any object is disconnected. 
When you remove it from the 

3009
02:40:43,400 --> 02:40:45,000
situation that gave it its 
meaning. 

3010
02:40:46,100 --> 02:40:49,200
Systematic excavation began to 
improve in the early 19th 

3011
02:40:49,200 --> 02:40:52,500
century, and transformed again, 
under Giuseppe fiorelli who 

3012
02:40:52,500 --> 02:40:56,300
became director of the site in 
1863 and spent the next decade 

3013
02:40:56,300 --> 02:40:58,100
developing the approach that 
would define. 

3014
02:40:58,100 --> 02:41:01,400
How Pompei was understood fear, 
Ellie's, key Insight was the 

3015
02:41:01,400 --> 02:41:04,400
cavities. 
The ash that buried Pompeii had 

3016
02:41:04,400 --> 02:41:06,300
hardened around the bodies of 
those who died. 

3017
02:41:06,300 --> 02:41:09,600
In the eruption forming, a 
precise external cast of each 

3018
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:12,900
person in the position, they 
occupied in their final moment. 

3019
02:41:14,200 --> 02:41:17,600
When the organic material inside
decomposed over, centuries it 

3020
02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:20,300
left a hollow in the hardened, 
Ash, that preserved, the exact 

3021
02:41:20,300 --> 02:41:23,800
shape of a human body. 
The curve of a shoulder, the 

3022
02:41:23,800 --> 02:41:26,000
position of hands, the angle of 
a face. 

3023
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:29,500
Fiorelli began pouring, liquid 
plaster into these Hollows. 

3024
02:41:30,500 --> 02:41:32,600
What emerged when the 
surrounding Ash was carefully. 

3025
02:41:32,600 --> 02:41:35,500
Removed were not statues. 
They were presences. 

3026
02:41:35,500 --> 02:41:38,500
A man with his arm raised to 
protect his face from the 

3027
02:41:38,500 --> 02:41:41,300
pyroclastic. 
Surge, a woman curled on her 

3028
02:41:41,300 --> 02:41:43,700
side. 
A Child of perhaps, three years 

3029
02:41:43,700 --> 02:41:47,200
old, a couple who died in each. 
Other's arms, in a Cellar, on 

3030
02:41:47,200 --> 02:41:50,500
the edge of the city, the ash 
recording, the exact posture of 

3031
02:41:50,508 --> 02:41:52,900
two people who chose not to face
the end separately. 

3032
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:56,200
Fiorelli made more than 100 of 
these costs during his 

3033
02:41:56,200 --> 02:41:59,900
directorship, the 22 best 
preserved are now displayed in 

3034
02:41:59,900 --> 02:42:02,900
the great gymnasium at Pompeii 
and the rest remained in the 

3035
02:42:02,908 --> 02:42:06,400
places where they were found. 
The dog was found chained. 

3036
02:42:06,400 --> 02:42:09,000
The dog whose owner had 
apparently not been able to 

3037
02:42:09,000 --> 02:42:12,600
release it before leaving or had
not thought to or had believed. 

3038
02:42:12,600 --> 02:42:15,400
There would be time later and 
there was not was found by 

3039
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:19,300
excavators, still attached to 
the chain, that attached it to a

3040
02:42:19,300 --> 02:42:22,200
stake in its yard contorted in 
its final position. 

3041
02:42:23,500 --> 02:42:25,900
The cast of the dog is one of 
the most visited objects at 

3042
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:27,900
Pompeii. 
It is also one of the most 

3043
02:42:27,900 --> 02:42:31,000
ordinary a domestic animal in a 
domestic situation. 

3044
02:42:31,000 --> 02:42:34,700
The kind of thing that happens 
every day in every city in the 

3045
02:42:34,700 --> 02:42:37,100
world. 
The routine constraint of a pet 

3046
02:42:37,100 --> 02:42:40,700
made permanent by catastrophe. 
The dog was doing what chained 

3047
02:42:40,700 --> 02:42:42,700
dogs do. 
It was simply there. 

3048
02:42:42,700 --> 02:42:46,600
When the city stopped, the bread
was in the oven. 81 loaves of 

3049
02:42:46,600 --> 02:42:48,800
Palace quadratus that were 
baking in the oven of one. 

3050
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:50,500
Bakery on the morning of the 
24th. 

3051
02:42:50,500 --> 02:42:54,000
The found by excavators in the 
mid-19th century when the sealed

3052
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:56,300
oven was opened. 
They had been in there for 

3053
02:42:56,300 --> 02:43:00,600
approximately 1800 years. 
They were carbonized black and 

3054
02:43:00,600 --> 02:43:05,000
compressed, but unmistakably 
lows the scoring pattern across 

3055
02:43:05,000 --> 02:43:08,300
this surface is still visible. 
The division into 8 portions 

3056
02:43:08,300 --> 02:43:09,900
that allowed them to be broken 
by hand. 

3057
02:43:09,900 --> 02:43:13,300
Still clear in the carbon There 
in the National archaeological 

3058
02:43:13,300 --> 02:43:16,300
Museum in Naples. 
They are still recognizably 

3059
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:18,700
bred. 
The graffiti is still readable 

3060
02:43:18,700 --> 02:43:22,600
more than 11,000 inscriptions 
survive on the walls of Pompeii 

3061
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:25,600
protected by the same Ash that 
covered and preserved everything

3062
02:43:25,600 --> 02:43:28,000
else. 
The man whose cloak was stolen 

3063
02:43:28,000 --> 02:43:30,600
at the baths. 
The petty thieves endorsing 

3064
02:43:30,600 --> 02:43:34,100
fattier for edil the Declaration
that a candidate provides good 

3065
02:43:34,100 --> 02:43:36,300
bread. 
The assertion that a certain 

3066
02:43:36,300 --> 02:43:40,200
Tavern, keeper Waters his wine, 
the line about ALG and alacenas.

3067
02:43:40,200 --> 02:43:43,700
The osir of Gaius per Medias 
diplus who noted the exact date 

3068
02:43:43,700 --> 02:43:46,000
of his visit. 
The running arguments and 

3069
02:43:46,000 --> 02:43:48,700
Declarations of love and 
election, endorsements, and 

3070
02:43:48,700 --> 02:43:51,600
gladiatorial, statistics and 
shopping lists and complaints 

3071
02:43:51,600 --> 02:43:54,700
that the ash stopped, 
mid-sentence and kept exactly as

3072
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:57,600
they were. 
When excavators open the rooms 

3073
02:43:57,600 --> 02:44:00,700
of Pompei in the 18th and 19th 
centuries and found these walls,

3074
02:44:00,700 --> 02:44:03,500
they found a city still in the 
middle of its conversation. 

3075
02:44:03,500 --> 02:44:06,700
The conversations had simply 
been paused rather than 

3076
02:44:06,700 --> 02:44:09,400
concluded. 
The graffiti was still making 

3077
02:44:09,400 --> 02:44:12,600
its points to whoever was 
standing in front of it, 2000 

3078
02:44:12,600 --> 02:44:14,200
years. 
After the person who wrote it 

3079
02:44:14,200 --> 02:44:16,300
had stopped caring about the 
outcome. 

3080
02:44:17,100 --> 02:44:20,100
What Pompeii gave the world when
it came back was not just an 

3081
02:44:20,100 --> 02:44:22,400
archaeological site. 
It was a new way of thinking 

3082
02:44:22,400 --> 02:44:25,200
about the past as something that
could be inhabited rather than 

3083
02:44:25,200 --> 02:44:28,600
merely studied the city's 
Discovery in the mid-18th 

3084
02:44:28,600 --> 02:44:30,400
century arrived. 
At exactly the moment. 

3085
02:44:30,400 --> 02:44:33,000
When European art and 
architecture were searching for 

3086
02:44:33,000 --> 02:44:35,400
a new vocabulary and Pompeii 
provided one. 

3087
02:44:35,400 --> 02:44:39,100
The neoclassical movement that 
swept through painting and 

3088
02:44:39,100 --> 02:44:41,700
design and architecture in the 
late, 18th, and early 19th 

3089
02:44:41,700 --> 02:44:43,800
century. 
Drew directly from the excavated

3090
02:44:43,800 --> 02:44:47,000
rooms of Pompeii. 
The Vivid wall paintings that 

3091
02:44:47,000 --> 02:44:49,700
came out of the ash, their 
geometric borders, and their 

3092
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:53,100
illusionistic Landscapes and 
their mythological scenes ended 

3093
02:44:53,100 --> 02:44:56,400
up reproduced in country houses 
in England and parlors in France

3094
02:44:56,400 --> 02:44:58,900
and public buildings Across the 
Western world. 

3095
02:44:59,900 --> 02:45:02,900
A city that had been sealed for 
17th centuries, shaped the 

3096
02:45:02,908 --> 02:45:06,300
Aesthetics of a civilization, 
the excavations have never 

3097
02:45:06,300 --> 02:45:08,900
stopped. 
New sections of Pompeii are 

3098
02:45:08,900 --> 02:45:12,800
still being uncovered in 2019. 
The contents of the Thermopolis 

3099
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:16,000
in the Reggio 5 area were 
revealed the duck bones and the 

3100
02:45:16,000 --> 02:45:17,900
pork and the snail still in the 
doli. 

3101
02:45:17,900 --> 02:45:23,100
After 2000 years in 2021, the 
room of two men was found their 

3102
02:45:23,100 --> 02:45:24,500
bodies. 
Preserved in positions, 

3103
02:45:24,500 --> 02:45:27,800
suggesting they died in an 
embrace one older and one 

3104
02:45:27,800 --> 02:45:30,200
younger. 
Possibly a master and a Slave. 

3105
02:45:31,100 --> 02:45:35,100
In 2023 a richly decorated 
Banquet Hall was uncovered, with

3106
02:45:35,100 --> 02:45:37,600
frescoes of mythological 
figures, still Vivid on its 

3107
02:45:37,600 --> 02:45:40,200
walls. 
The city has been giving up its 

3108
02:45:40,200 --> 02:45:42,700
rooms for nearly three centuries
and has not yet. 

3109
02:45:42,700 --> 02:45:46,100
Given up all of them somewhere 
under the ash that has not yet 

3110
02:45:46,100 --> 02:45:48,400
been moved. 
There are still rooms with their

3111
02:45:48,400 --> 02:45:51,300
doors closed and their walls 
painted and their objects where 

3112
02:45:51,300 --> 02:45:53,500
someone left them on a morning 
in 79 ad. 

3113
02:45:54,900 --> 02:45:58,500
The morning that began like any 
other morning the bread in the 

3114
02:45:58,500 --> 02:46:03,500
oven, The Fountains running the 
staircase, creaking the election

3115
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:06,600
endorsements drying on the walls
of the Via dancer. 

3116
02:46:07,600 --> 02:46:10,300
There is a particular thing that
Pompei does to the people who 

3117
02:46:10,300 --> 02:46:13,200
visit it, that no other 
archaeological site quite 

3118
02:46:13,200 --> 02:46:15,900
replicates. 
Other sights show you what was 

3119
02:46:15,900 --> 02:46:18,300
Pompey shows you what was 
interrupted. 

3120
02:46:18,300 --> 02:46:21,300
The difference between those two
things is the difference between

3121
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:24,900
reading a completed sentence and
reading a sentence that stops in

3122
02:46:24,900 --> 02:46:28,000
the middle of a word and leaves 
you standing in the Silence of 

3123
02:46:28,000 --> 02:46:31,400
what was about to come next. 
He walked those streets this 

3124
02:46:31,400 --> 02:46:33,400
morning. 
You ate bread from a bakery. 

3125
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:36,800
That was still making bread when
the ash arrived you sat in a 

3126
02:46:36,800 --> 02:46:39,400
Pepino and drank wine, while the
mountain stood, where it always 

3127
02:46:39,400 --> 02:46:43,000
stood, you laying warm water in 
the caldarium of the stabian 

3128
02:46:43,000 --> 02:46:44,600
baths. 
While the city went about its 

3129
02:46:44,600 --> 02:46:48,500
afternoon, you read the walls, 
you noted the Tremors, you went 

3130
02:46:48,500 --> 02:46:52,000
home up a staircase that 
announced every step, the city 

3131
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:55,100
was alive around you, it was 
alive around everyone who was 

3132
02:46:55,100 --> 02:46:57,300
ever in it. 
Everyone who bought bread on the

3133
02:46:57,300 --> 02:47:00,700
Via De La, Bam, Danza and voted 
in the four of them and argued 

3134
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:03,200
about the price of Timber and 
Pompeii and carried. 

3135
02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:06,900
Coal up six flights of stairs 
and first century Warsaw and 

3136
02:47:06,900 --> 02:47:10,500
watched the glowing vials in a 
leaking shed and lay in a Garret

3137
02:47:10,500 --> 02:47:13,900
in Paris with a chair piled, on 
the blanket against the cold and

3138
02:47:13,900 --> 02:47:17,200
sat on a bench in a Taven in the
English, Midlands listening to a

3139
02:47:17,200 --> 02:47:20,800
fire burn low and the building 
settle people have always been 

3140
02:47:20,800 --> 02:47:23,300
in the middle of their lives. 
The ash comes in different 

3141
02:47:23,300 --> 02:47:25,500
forms. 
If you're still awake, my tired 

3142
02:47:25,500 --> 02:47:29,400
dumpling's that is Pompeii. 
If the baths took you somewhere 

3143
02:47:29,400 --> 02:47:32,400
and the bread, brought you back 
and the wine at the popina, sent

3144
02:47:32,400 --> 02:47:35,200
you off again, good. 
That is exactly what it was 

3145
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:37,900
supposed to do. 
If you have a thumb or a finger 

3146
02:47:37,900 --> 02:47:41,100
available, from whatever warm 
situation you are currently in a

3147
02:47:41,100 --> 02:47:43,300
like or subscribe helps this 
channel more than you might 

3148
02:47:43,308 --> 02:47:46,100
think it is the ancient 
equivalent of painting, a good 

3149
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:49,100
endorsement on a city wall and 
we all know how long those last 

3150
02:47:49,100 --> 02:47:55,900
good night. 
You stand in a valley that will 

3151
02:47:55,900 --> 02:47:57,900
one day be called the Fertile 
Crescent. 

3152
02:47:58,700 --> 02:48:01,700
Though no one has named it yet. 
The year is somewhere around 

3153
02:48:01,700 --> 02:48:05,800
10,000 BCE and you are part of a
small group learning to notice 

3154
02:48:05,800 --> 02:48:09,900
patterns The wild grass is here,
growth, thick in certain seasons

3155
02:48:09,900 --> 02:48:12,600
and their seeds are worth the 
effort of gathering. 

3156
02:48:13,500 --> 02:48:17,100
You have watched these grasses 
for years now noting, which ones

3157
02:48:17,100 --> 02:48:19,300
taste better and which ones grow
back more. 

3158
02:48:19,300 --> 02:48:23,200
Reliably, the work is tedious in
the way that fundamental 

3159
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:28,000
discoveries often are You crouch
low in the morning coolness and 

3160
02:48:28,000 --> 02:48:30,700
run your hands along the storks 
of wild m. 

3161
02:48:30,700 --> 02:48:33,900
A week the seeds come loose with
gentle pressure. 

3162
02:48:34,700 --> 02:48:38,500
They fall into your woven basket
with soft, tapping sound. 

3163
02:48:39,400 --> 02:48:42,600
Your back aches from the 
posture, but you have learned 

3164
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:45,700
that patience. 
Here means eating later, the 

3165
02:48:45,700 --> 02:48:49,500
grains, you gather a small and 
irregular, they lack the plump, 

3166
02:48:49,500 --> 02:48:52,000
uniformity of wheat. 
You might recognize from a 

3167
02:48:52,000 --> 02:48:55,600
modern Bakery. 
Colonel is a tiny package of 

3168
02:48:55,600 --> 02:48:58,000
potential though. 
You do not think of it in those 

3169
02:48:58,000 --> 02:49:00,100
terms. 
You think of it as food that 

3170
02:49:00,100 --> 02:49:03,200
stores well and does not spoil 
as quickly as meat or fruit. 

3171
02:49:04,100 --> 02:49:06,600
You think of it as insurance 
against the lean months? 

3172
02:49:07,400 --> 02:49:09,700
The wild Emma wheat. 
You collect has a particular 

3173
02:49:09,700 --> 02:49:12,300
quality that makes it both 
useful and frustrating. 

3174
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:17,300
The seeds cling stubbornly to 
their chaff, the papery outer 

3175
02:49:17,300 --> 02:49:21,700
covering, that protected them. 
While growing Which the grain by

3176
02:49:21,700 --> 02:49:25,000
beating it or rubbing it between
your palms to separate seed from

3177
02:49:25,000 --> 02:49:27,600
chuff. 
The chuff floats away on the 

3178
02:49:27,600 --> 02:49:30,900
Wind when you toss the mixture 
in a shallow basket, this 

3179
02:49:30,900 --> 02:49:34,700
winnowing process takes time but
it produces cleaner grain. 

3180
02:49:34,700 --> 02:49:38,300
That stores better. 
Storage itself, requires care 

3181
02:49:38,300 --> 02:49:41,300
and planning. 
You keep the Grain in large, 

3182
02:49:41,300 --> 02:49:44,200
clay vessels sealed with plant 
fiber plugs. 

3183
02:49:45,000 --> 02:49:50,700
Moisture is the enemy. wet grain
Sprouts or molds, both of, which

3184
02:49:50,700 --> 02:49:54,600
make it in edible You store the 
vessels and the driest part of 

3185
02:49:54,600 --> 02:49:58,300
your dwelling, elevated off the 
ground, where dampness tends to 

3186
02:49:58,308 --> 02:50:00,500
collect. 
You check them regularly 

3187
02:50:00,500 --> 02:50:04,200
sniffing for the musty smell. 
That indicates problems. 

3188
02:50:05,100 --> 02:50:07,800
The grain you say, for planting 
next, season gets special 

3189
02:50:07,800 --> 02:50:10,400
treatment. 
You select the largest healthier

3190
02:50:10,400 --> 02:50:12,200
seeds from the best growing 
plants. 

3191
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:16,700
You notice though, you cannot 
articulate why that this 

3192
02:50:16,700 --> 02:50:18,700
selective saving gradually 
changes. 

3193
02:50:18,700 --> 02:50:22,500
The grain over dozens of 
harvests, the seeds, become 

3194
02:50:22,500 --> 02:50:25,500
slightly larger, the plants 
slightly more vigorous. 

3195
02:50:26,400 --> 02:50:28,400
You're inadvertently 
domesticating. 

3196
02:50:28,400 --> 02:50:31,400
Wheat through this process 
though, the concept of 

3197
02:50:31,400 --> 02:50:33,700
domestication does not exist 
yet. 

3198
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:37,800
Back at your settlement, you 
face the challenge that is 

3199
02:50:37,800 --> 02:50:39,000
puzzled your people for 
Generations. 

3200
02:50:40,100 --> 02:50:43,100
These hard little seeds are 
nearly impossible to eat whole. 

3201
02:50:43,700 --> 02:50:46,600
Your teeth, cannot crack them 
properly, and swallowing them 

3202
02:50:46,600 --> 02:50:50,300
whole offers, no nourishment. 
Someone discovered years ago, 

3203
02:50:50,300 --> 02:50:53,300
that smashing them between 
Stones helps though. 

3204
02:50:53,300 --> 02:50:56,300
The work is exhausting and the 
results are inconsistent. 

3205
02:50:56,300 --> 02:50:59,000
You settle into the Rhythm. 
That your grandmother tort you, 

3206
02:50:59,008 --> 02:51:03,900
you place a handful of grains on
a flat grinding stone and use a 

3207
02:51:03,900 --> 02:51:08,100
smaller round Stone to crush the
Motion is a gentle, rocking 

3208
02:51:08,100 --> 02:51:13,100
press not a pound pounding 
shatters, the grains to 

3209
02:51:13,100 --> 02:51:17,000
violently and send them flying. 
The rocking press gradually 

3210
02:51:17,000 --> 02:51:19,800
breaks them down into something 
between meal and flour. 

3211
02:51:20,700 --> 02:51:24,700
The sound is a soft scraping 
crunch, almost medicine. 

3212
02:51:24,700 --> 02:51:28,400
If you let yourself sink in to 
it, The resulting powder is 

3213
02:51:28,400 --> 02:51:31,900
coarse and still contains plenty
of Hull fragments. 

3214
02:51:32,700 --> 02:51:34,400
You blow gently across the 
surface. 

3215
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:37,400
The lightest chaff lifts away on
your breath. 

3216
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:42,200
It is not refined by any stretch
but it is workable. 

3217
02:51:42,200 --> 02:51:45,900
You mix it with water in a 
shallow clay bowl and the 

3218
02:51:45,900 --> 02:51:47,700
transformation begins 
immediately. 

3219
02:51:48,500 --> 02:51:51,600
The dry powder drinks, the water
and becomes a thick sticky 

3220
02:51:51,600 --> 02:51:54,300
paste. 
This paste is the ancestor of 

3221
02:51:54,308 --> 02:51:57,600
everything that follows. 
You do not know it yet, but this

3222
02:51:57,600 --> 02:52:01,300
simple mixture of crushed grain 
and water will eventually become

3223
02:52:01,300 --> 02:52:08,000
bread, beer, pasta, and yes, 
even pizza crust. for now, it is

3224
02:52:08,000 --> 02:52:11,900
just porridge, You eat it with 
your fingers, scraping it from 

3225
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:15,900
the bowl and thick Globs. 
It tastes earthy and slightly 

3226
02:52:15,900 --> 02:52:19,000
sweet with a texture that sticks
to your teeth. 

3227
02:52:19,900 --> 02:52:23,200
Someone in your group possibly 
driven by boredom or curiosity. 

3228
02:52:23,200 --> 02:52:25,500
Try something different one 
afternoon. 

3229
02:52:26,400 --> 02:52:29,700
Instead of eating the grain 
paste immediately they spread 

3230
02:52:29,700 --> 02:52:31,500
it. 
Thinly on a hot stone that has 

3231
02:52:31,500 --> 02:52:35,800
been sitting near the fire, the 
pace sizzles and stiffens within

3232
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:38,100
minutes. 
It transforms from sticky mush 

3233
02:52:38,100 --> 02:52:41,700
in to something crisp and easy 
to peel away from the stone. 

3234
02:52:42,500 --> 02:52:45,700
This is not quite bread, but it 
is no longer porridge either. 

3235
02:52:45,700 --> 02:52:49,000
It is a flatbread though. 
No one will call it that for 

3236
02:52:49,000 --> 02:52:51,800
1000 years. 
The Taste is different when 

3237
02:52:51,800 --> 02:52:54,600
cooked this way. 
The heat brings out a nuttiness 

3238
02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:58,900
that the raw paste lacks the 
edges charged slightly adding a 

3239
02:52:58,900 --> 02:53:02,000
smoky bitterness that balances 
the grains natural sweetness. 

3240
02:53:02,800 --> 02:53:05,300
You can hold it in your hand 
without the sticky mess. 

3241
02:53:05,300 --> 02:53:08,300
You can tear it into pieces and 
share it more easily. 

3242
02:53:09,200 --> 02:53:11,000
This matters more than you might
expect. 

3243
02:53:12,000 --> 02:53:15,000
Food that can be broken and 
paste around changes how people 

3244
02:53:15,000 --> 02:53:18,300
gather over the following 
Generations, your descendants 

3245
02:53:18,300 --> 02:53:22,300
refine this process, they learn 
that certain grains work better 

3246
02:53:22,300 --> 02:53:25,000
than others. 
Barley becomes a favorite in 

3247
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:28,300
some Region's because it grows 
reliably even in poor soil. 

3248
02:53:29,200 --> 02:53:31,900
Emerald wins favor Elsewhere for
its Superior flavor. 

3249
02:53:32,800 --> 02:53:36,300
Einhorn wheat, one of the 
earliest cultivated grains 

3250
02:53:36,300 --> 02:53:39,600
becomes a staple in areas where 
the growing season is short. 

3251
02:53:40,400 --> 02:53:42,100
The grinding Stones improved 
too. 

3252
02:53:42,100 --> 02:53:45,200
Someone figures out that a 
slightly concave grinding 

3253
02:53:45,200 --> 02:53:48,000
surface holds the grains better 
and reduces spillage. 

3254
02:53:48,800 --> 02:53:50,500
Someone else discovers that a 
smoother. 

3255
02:53:50,500 --> 02:53:53,300
Pestle Stone creates, finer 
flour with less effort. 

3256
02:53:54,200 --> 02:53:57,400
These Innovations spread slowly 
through trade and observational,

3257
02:53:57,400 --> 02:54:00,700
a traveler sees a better 
grinding technique in a 

3258
02:54:00,700 --> 02:54:03,000
neighboring Valley and carries 
the knowledge home. 

3259
02:54:03,700 --> 02:54:06,800
The transition from Gathering 
wild grains to deliberately 

3260
02:54:06,800 --> 02:54:09,900
planting them happen. 
So gradually that no single 

3261
02:54:09,900 --> 02:54:14,500
generation notices the shift You
save the largest healthier seeds

3262
02:54:14,500 --> 02:54:18,300
from each Harvest and scatter 
them in cleared ground near Your

3263
02:54:18,300 --> 02:54:21,400
settlement. 
Following year, you notice that 

3264
02:54:21,400 --> 02:54:24,300
these deliberately planted 
grains grow more densely than 

3265
02:54:24,300 --> 02:54:28,000
the wild stands. 
You repeat the process, your 

3266
02:54:28,000 --> 02:54:30,200
children, repeat it their 
children, repeat it. 

3267
02:54:30,900 --> 02:54:35,900
By 8,000 BCE communities across 
the Fertile Crescent to farming,

3268
02:54:35,900 --> 02:54:38,500
and earnest. 
The wild grass is your 

3269
02:54:38,500 --> 02:54:40,400
ancestors. 
Gathered have been transformed 

3270
02:54:40,400 --> 02:54:44,600
through generations of selective
saving into early domesticated 

3271
02:54:44,600 --> 02:54:48,000
varieties. 
The grains are larger now and 

3272
02:54:48,000 --> 02:54:51,100
the storks, hold on, to their 
seeds, more firmly making 

3273
02:54:51,100 --> 02:54:55,300
Harvest easier. 
This is not yet, the wheat that 

3274
02:54:55,300 --> 02:54:58,900
will fill Egyptian granaries but
it is heading in that direction.

3275
02:54:59,900 --> 02:55:01,900
The flatbreads you make are 
still simple. 

3276
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:06,300
You mix ground grain with water,
sometimes adding a bit of salt. 

3277
02:55:06,300 --> 02:55:09,700
If you live near the coast or 
assault flat, You press the 

3278
02:55:09,700 --> 02:55:12,800
dough flat with your palms and 
lay it on a heated stone or 

3279
02:55:12,800 --> 02:55:15,000
directly in the ashes of a Dying
fire. 

3280
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:19,100
The bread Cooks quickly 
developing a golden brown 

3281
02:55:19,100 --> 02:55:22,700
surface with darker spots, where
it touched the hottest areas. 

3282
02:55:23,500 --> 02:55:26,200
You brush off the Ash and eat it
while it is still warm. 

3283
02:55:26,800 --> 02:55:29,900
These bread serve a dozen 
purposes Beyond simply eating. 

3284
02:55:29,900 --> 02:55:32,700
You wrap food in them to keep 
your hands clean. 

3285
02:55:32,700 --> 02:55:37,000
You use them to scoop up stews 
and thick soups letting the 

3286
02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:39,300
bread soak up the liquid before 
eating it. 

3287
02:55:40,400 --> 02:55:43,900
When the bread goes stale, you 
break it into pieces and add it 

3288
02:55:43,900 --> 02:55:47,400
back to soups or grind it into 
breadcrumbs for thickening. 

3289
02:55:47,400 --> 02:55:51,300
Nothing is wasted. 
The evening fires in Your 

3290
02:55:51,300 --> 02:55:53,700
settlement smell constantly of 
baking grain. 

3291
02:55:53,700 --> 02:55:57,300
The smoke carries a toasted, 
almost coffee, like a Roma, that

3292
02:55:57,300 --> 02:56:01,000
signals home, from a distance. 
Children learn to make flatbread

3293
02:56:01,000 --> 02:56:03,700
as soon as their hands are 
strong enough to grind grain. 

3294
02:56:04,600 --> 02:56:06,600
The work is communal and 
constant. 

3295
02:56:07,400 --> 02:56:08,600
There is always someone 
grinding. 

3296
02:56:08,600 --> 02:56:12,600
Always someone mixing always 
someone tending a baking stone. 

3297
02:56:13,900 --> 02:56:15,000
The seasons. 
Dictate. 

3298
02:56:15,000 --> 02:56:19,200
The rhythm of grain work spring 
brings planting appeared of 

3299
02:56:19,200 --> 02:56:21,700
hard, labor, clearing ground and
sowing seed. 

3300
02:56:22,500 --> 02:56:25,700
Some is relatively quiet for 
grain Farmers filled with 

3301
02:56:25,700 --> 02:56:27,600
weeding and watching the stalks 
grow tall. 

3302
02:56:27,600 --> 02:56:31,800
You check the fields regularly 
for pests or disease though. 

3303
02:56:31,800 --> 02:56:33,800
Your options for intervention 
are limited. 

3304
02:56:33,800 --> 02:56:37,500
You can pull obvious weeds and 
hope for the best regarding 

3305
02:56:37,500 --> 02:56:40,800
everything else. 
Late summer and Early Autumn 

3306
02:56:40,800 --> 02:56:43,400
bring harvest the most critical 
period of the year. 

3307
02:56:43,400 --> 02:56:47,800
You must time the Harvest 
precisely cut too early and the 

3308
02:56:47,800 --> 02:56:51,400
grain is not fully mature 
reducing your yield wait too 

3309
02:56:51,400 --> 02:56:54,600
long and birds eat your crop or 
whether knocks down the stalks 

3310
02:56:54,600 --> 02:56:58,200
you watch the grain heads 
carefully waiting for that 

3311
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:00,700
perfect moment when they are 
golden and dry. 

3312
02:57:00,700 --> 02:57:06,000
But before they shatter and drop
this seeds, The Harvest itself 

3313
02:57:06,000 --> 02:57:09,900
is backbreaking work you use. 
Flint bladed, sickles to cut the

3314
02:57:09,900 --> 02:57:13,600
stalks close to the ground. 
The bundles, get tied and 

3315
02:57:13,600 --> 02:57:17,100
carried to a threshing floor, a 
hard packed area where you can 

3316
02:57:17,100 --> 02:57:19,700
beat the grain to separate seed 
from stork. 

3317
02:57:20,700 --> 02:57:23,400
Chaff gets winnowed away by 
tossing it in baskets. 

3318
02:57:23,400 --> 02:57:26,700
While the wind blows what 
remains is the pressure's. 

3319
02:57:26,700 --> 02:57:28,700
Grain that will feed you through
winter and spring. 

3320
02:57:28,700 --> 02:57:33,300
Winter is for processing. 
The stored grain into food, you 

3321
02:57:33,300 --> 02:57:36,600
grind daily, or every few days 
producing flour as needed. 

3322
02:57:36,600 --> 02:57:40,200
The grinding work helps keep 
your warm on cold days. 

3323
02:57:40,200 --> 02:57:44,200
The physical exertion generating
heat while your muscles work. 

3324
02:57:45,300 --> 02:57:48,300
The rhythm of the grinding. 
Stone becomes meditative during 

3325
02:57:48,300 --> 02:57:51,000
Long Winter, afternoons. 
When outdoor work is impossible.

3326
02:57:51,000 --> 02:57:54,900
You do not think of this as the 
beginning of civilization, but 

3327
02:57:54,900 --> 02:57:59,800
historians will the ability to 
store grain and convert it into 

3328
02:57:59,800 --> 02:58:02,300
stable. 
Portable food allows your 

3329
02:58:02,300 --> 02:58:05,900
community to stay in one place. 
You build more permanent 

3330
02:58:05,900 --> 02:58:08,600
structures because you are not 
following game animals anymore. 

3331
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:12,800
You develop Pottery because you 
need vessels to store grain. 

3332
02:58:12,800 --> 02:58:17,500
You create granaries because you
have Surplus, all of this traces

3333
02:58:17,500 --> 02:58:21,100
back to those first experiments 
with wild grass seeds and hot 

3334
02:58:21,100 --> 02:58:24,100
stones. 
The flatbreads themselves are 

3335
02:58:24,100 --> 02:58:27,200
deeply personal each family 
develops preferences. 

3336
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:30,500
Some like their DOTA producing a
softer. 

3337
02:58:30,500 --> 02:58:34,200
More pliable bread. 
Others prefer it drier creating 

3338
02:58:34,200 --> 02:58:38,100
a cracker like Snap. 
Some mixing wild herbs or seeds 

3339
02:58:38,100 --> 02:58:40,300
for flavor others. 
Keep it plain. 

3340
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,300
These preferences will echo down
through Millennia showing up in 

3341
02:58:44,300 --> 02:58:48,500
the regional bread traditions of
Egypt, Greece Rome, and 

3342
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:50,700
eventually the very flatbreads 
of Italy. 

3343
02:58:51,600 --> 02:58:54,900
As you fall asleep tonight in 
your simple dwelling, the smell 

3344
02:58:54,900 --> 02:58:58,300
of that day's baking. 
Still lingers, you can taste the

3345
02:58:58,300 --> 02:59:02,900
faint grittiness of stone ground
Grain on your teeth. your arms 

3346
02:59:02,900 --> 02:59:06,400
ache pleasantly from the 
grinding work tomorrow, you will

3347
02:59:06,408 --> 02:59:11,100
do it all again and the next 
day, and the next You're 

3348
02:59:11,100 --> 02:59:13,800
building something without 
knowing it, you are teaching the

3349
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:16,900
world, how to eat. 
You find yourself in Egypt. 

3350
02:59:16,900 --> 02:59:22,500
Now around 3,000 BCE. 
The Nile floods with reliable 

3351
02:59:22,500 --> 02:59:25,700
Precision, leaving behind rich, 
black silt. 

3352
02:59:25,700 --> 02:59:27,800
That makes the valley. 
The most productive Farmland. 

3353
02:59:27,800 --> 02:59:31,000
In the known world. 
You're a baker, though. 

3354
02:59:31,000 --> 02:59:32,900
That word does not quite capture
what you do. 

3355
02:59:32,900 --> 02:59:38,100
Your part grain Farmer, part 
Miller Park experimenter and 

3356
02:59:38,100 --> 02:59:41,200
park Keeper Of Secrets that your
guild guards carefully. 

3357
02:59:42,000 --> 02:59:45,000
The wheat you work with, has 
evolved considerably from those 

3358
02:59:45,000 --> 02:59:48,800
early Wild Grains. 
Emma wheat dominate the fields 

3359
02:59:48,800 --> 02:59:52,700
here along with Bali. 
The Colonel's a plumper and more

3360
02:59:52,700 --> 02:59:55,600
uniform. 
The yields are astonishing 

3361
02:59:55,600 --> 02:59:58,100
compared to what farmers and 
other regions manage. 

3362
02:59:59,100 --> 03:00:02,400
A single acre along the Nile can
produce enough grain to feed 

3363
03:00:02,400 --> 03:00:06,100
several families for a year. 
This abundant allows 

3364
03:00:06,100 --> 03:00:09,300
specialization. 
You can focus entirely on 

3365
03:00:09,300 --> 03:00:13,400
turning green into bread, While 
others focus on farming Pottery,

3366
03:00:13,400 --> 03:00:18,100
weaving or Administration? 
You're grinding equipment would 

3367
03:00:18,100 --> 03:00:20,400
Astound your ancestors from the 
Fertile Crescent. 

3368
03:00:20,400 --> 03:00:25,000
You use a large saddle, quirin, 
a curved Stone surface that 

3369
03:00:25,000 --> 03:00:28,900
allows you to push and pull a 
smaller Stone across it in 

3370
03:00:28,900 --> 03:00:30,900
smooth. 
Efficient Strokes. 

3371
03:00:30,900 --> 03:00:35,200
The motion is almost like 
rowing, you can grind far more 

3372
03:00:35,208 --> 03:00:38,200
grain in an hour than the old 
back and forth pounding method 

3373
03:00:38,200 --> 03:00:41,600
ever allowed. 
The flower you produce is finer 

3374
03:00:41,600 --> 03:00:45,600
too, though, still course by 
modern standards tiny fragments 

3375
03:00:45,600 --> 03:00:48,800
of Stone from the grinding 
process mixed into the flour, 

3376
03:00:48,800 --> 03:00:52,100
which will eventually wear down 
the teeth of everyone who eats 

3377
03:00:52,100 --> 03:00:55,800
your bread regularly. 
The real Revolution happens by 

3378
03:00:55,800 --> 03:00:58,200
accident as most revolution's 
do. 

3379
03:00:59,100 --> 03:01:02,400
You mix your flour with water as
usual, adding a bit of salt. 

3380
03:01:03,200 --> 03:01:05,600
You intend to bake it 
immediately but something 

3381
03:01:05,600 --> 03:01:08,300
distract. 
You perhaps a neighbor needs 

3382
03:01:08,300 --> 03:01:10,500
help. 
Perhaps you get called away to 

3383
03:01:10,500 --> 03:01:12,200
assist with an irrigation 
dispute. 

3384
03:01:13,000 --> 03:01:16,400
Whatever the reason the dose 
sits for several hours in a warm

3385
03:01:16,400 --> 03:01:19,800
corner of your workspace? 
When you return something has 

3386
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,500
changed the dough is expanded 
slightly. 

3387
03:01:22,500 --> 03:01:28,300
It smells different, not bad but
Tangy and complex You press a 

3388
03:01:28,300 --> 03:01:31,700
finger into it and it Springs 
back slowly rather than staying 

3389
03:01:31,700 --> 03:01:34,500
compressed. 
You have no framework for 

3390
03:01:34,500 --> 03:01:38,200
understanding fermentation, yet.
You do not know about wild yeast

3391
03:01:38,200 --> 03:01:40,200
or bacteria. 
You just know that something 

3392
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:42,600
interesting has happened. 
You bake it anyway. 

3393
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:46,300
Curious you shape it into a 
round flat Loaf, and place it on

3394
03:01:46,300 --> 03:01:50,100
your baking stone as it Cooks. 
It does something no flatbread 

3395
03:01:50,100 --> 03:01:55,100
has ever done before it rises 
not dramatically but noticeably 

3396
03:01:56,100 --> 03:01:59,900
The interior develops, an open 
almost sponge like texture 

3397
03:01:59,900 --> 03:02:01,600
instead of the usual dense 
compression. 

3398
03:02:02,500 --> 03:02:05,400
When you break it open Steam 
escape from Tiny Pockets 

3399
03:02:05,400 --> 03:02:09,300
throughout the crumb. 
The bread is lighter area and 

3400
03:02:09,300 --> 03:02:12,900
somehow more satisfying, to eat.
You've just discovered left, 

3401
03:02:12,900 --> 03:02:16,300
though, you will not call it 
that you will call it the bread 

3402
03:02:16,300 --> 03:02:20,300
that rows or the puffy bread or 
something equally descriptive. 

3403
03:02:21,100 --> 03:02:25,200
Immediately try to replicate it.
You mix another batch and let it

3404
03:02:25,200 --> 03:02:27,000
sit. 
Sometimes it works. 

3405
03:02:27,000 --> 03:02:31,300
Sometimes it does not. 
The inconsistency is maddening 

3406
03:02:31,300 --> 03:02:33,000
until you figure out the key 
variable. 

3407
03:02:33,000 --> 03:02:36,700
You need a starter. 
You save a piece of the Risen 

3408
03:02:36,700 --> 03:02:39,700
dough before baking it. 
All the next day you mix this 

3409
03:02:39,700 --> 03:02:43,000
old dough into your fresh batch.
The results are far more 

3410
03:02:43,000 --> 03:02:45,800
reliable. 
The dough Rises every time now 

3411
03:02:45,800 --> 03:02:49,900
though the timing varies with 
temperature and humidity, you've

3412
03:02:49,900 --> 03:02:53,800
essentially created a sourdough 
starter that, you have no idea 

3413
03:02:53,800 --> 03:02:56,600
that you are cultivating a 
living culture of wild yeast, 

3414
03:02:56,600 --> 03:03:01,500
and lactobacilli bacteria. 
This discovery spreads through 

3415
03:03:01,500 --> 03:03:05,400
the baking community of Egypt 
faster than new agricultural 

3416
03:03:05,400 --> 03:03:09,700
techniques usually do. 
Within a generation 11d bread is

3417
03:03:09,700 --> 03:03:11,800
the standard in urban areas, 
though. 

3418
03:03:11,800 --> 03:03:15,100
Rural community is often stick 
with traditional flatbreads for 

3419
03:03:15,100 --> 03:03:18,900
practical reasons, leavening 
requires, time and attention. 

3420
03:03:18,900 --> 03:03:22,300
You need to maintain your 
starter feeding it regularly 

3421
03:03:22,300 --> 03:03:25,600
with fresh flour and water. 
You need to plan ahead because 

3422
03:03:25,600 --> 03:03:30,200
the dough needs hours to rise. 
Flatbread is faster and simpler 

3423
03:03:30,200 --> 03:03:34,300
when you need food immediately. 
Your bakery like many in Egypt 

3424
03:03:34,300 --> 03:03:38,000
becomes a semi-public space, you
bake, not just for your family, 

3425
03:03:38,000 --> 03:03:41,800
but for Neighbors who bring you 
their grain, they pay you in a 

3426
03:03:41,800 --> 03:03:43,500
share of the flower or in other 
Goods. 

3427
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:46,200
Bread becomes a form of currency
in itself. 

3428
03:03:46,208 --> 03:03:50,000
Workers on the pyramids, receive
their wages partially, in bread 

3429
03:03:50,000 --> 03:03:54,400
rations, the standardized loaves
make accounting easier, three 

3430
03:03:54,400 --> 03:03:55,500
small. 
Loaves, equal one. 

3431
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:59,400
Large loaf equals half a day's 
wages equals a specific quantity

3432
03:03:59,400 --> 03:04:02,100
of beer. 
The Egyptians develop an 

3433
03:04:02,100 --> 03:04:06,000
impressive, variety of breads, 
you make small round loaves for 

3434
03:04:06,000 --> 03:04:09,500
personal portions, you make 
large communal, loaves meant to 

3435
03:04:09,500 --> 03:04:12,700
be broken and shared. 
You make enriched breads with 

3436
03:04:12,700 --> 03:04:14,900
honey or animal fat for special 
occasions. 

3437
03:04:14,900 --> 03:04:18,800
You make unsalted breads for 
religious offerings because salt

3438
03:04:18,800 --> 03:04:20,800
is associated with chaos and the
desert. 

3439
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:24,900
You make shape to Breads in the 
forms of animals or spirals for 

3440
03:04:24,900 --> 03:04:27,600
festivals your oven has evolved 
too. 

3441
03:04:27,600 --> 03:04:31,600
Use a beehive shaped Clay Oven 
that retains heat but 

3442
03:04:31,600 --> 03:04:35,400
beautifully, you build a fire 
inside it using dried dung or 

3443
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:38,200
straw materials that burn hot 
and clean. 

3444
03:04:39,300 --> 03:04:43,200
Once the interior is Thoroughly 
heated, you scrape out the coals

3445
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:47,000
and Ash The residual heat in the
clay walls, bakes your bread, 

3446
03:04:47,000 --> 03:04:51,200
you can fit a dozen loaves in at
once all baking in the ambient 

3447
03:04:51,200 --> 03:04:55,100
heat without any open flame, the
bread develops, a Golden Krust 

3448
03:04:55,100 --> 03:04:59,100
and stays moist inside. 
Temperature control becomes an 

3449
03:04:59,100 --> 03:05:01,200
art form. 
You learn to judge the oven's 

3450
03:05:01,200 --> 03:05:04,600
Heat by how quickly water 
droplets evaporate on the floor 

3451
03:05:04,600 --> 03:05:08,600
or by holding your hand inside 
for account, too hot and the 

3452
03:05:08,608 --> 03:05:11,900
crust Burns. 
Before the interior, Cooks two, 

3453
03:05:11,900 --> 03:05:13,800
cool. 
And the bread stays pale and 

3454
03:05:13,800 --> 03:05:16,800
dense, the perfect. 
Temperature produces a crust 

3455
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:20,600
that crackles when you break it 
and a crumb that tears in soft 

3456
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:24,800
irregular layers, The smell of 
an Egyptian Bakery is in toxic. 

3457
03:05:25,800 --> 03:05:28,900
Yeast and fermentation creates 
sour funky notes. 

3458
03:05:29,700 --> 03:05:34,200
Baking grain adds toasted nutty 
layers, honey and Rich breads, 

3459
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:38,400
contribute caramel sweetness. 
The combination is complex and 

3460
03:05:38,400 --> 03:05:41,900
inviting in a way that simple 
flatbread, never quite achieved.

3461
03:05:42,600 --> 03:05:46,100
People can smell your bakery 
from streets away the aroma 

3462
03:05:46,100 --> 03:05:48,100
signals prosperity and 
civilization. 

3463
03:05:49,000 --> 03:05:52,000
Egyptian Bakers, also innovate 
with grain combinations. 

3464
03:05:52,000 --> 03:05:54,400
You mix. 
Emma wheat with barley to create

3465
03:05:54,400 --> 03:05:57,600
breads with different textures 
and flavors pure Emma. 

3466
03:05:57,600 --> 03:05:59,500
Produces a lighter sweeter 
bread. 

3467
03:06:00,200 --> 03:06:02,900
Pure barley creates a denser. 
Earthier loaf. 

3468
03:06:03,700 --> 03:06:07,000
A 50/50 blend offers a middle 
ground that many prefer for 

3469
03:06:07,000 --> 03:06:10,000
everyday eating. 
You experiment, constantly 

3470
03:06:10,000 --> 03:06:14,000
adjusting ratios based on what 
the Harvest provides and what 

3471
03:06:14,000 --> 03:06:17,300
your customers requests. 
Written records from this 

3472
03:06:17,300 --> 03:06:19,300
period. 
Preserved on Papyrus. 

3473
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:22,100
And two walls mentioned bread 
obsessively. 

3474
03:06:23,100 --> 03:06:26,100
The Egyptian language has over 
40 different words for bread 

3475
03:06:26,100 --> 03:06:30,600
types, each specifying, slight, 
variations in ingredients shape 

3476
03:06:30,600 --> 03:06:34,100
or baking method. 
This is not the vocabulary of a 

3477
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:36,000
culture that views bread as mere
fuel. 

3478
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:39,600
This is the language of people, 
who can consider Bread Central 

3479
03:06:39,600 --> 03:06:43,300
to their identity, The dead 
received bread in their tombs 

3480
03:06:43,300 --> 03:06:45,900
painted scenes on burial 
chamber. 

3481
03:06:45,900 --> 03:06:49,600
Walls show the entire bread 
making process from harvesting 

3482
03:06:49,600 --> 03:06:52,700
grain to grinding flour, to 
shaping loaves. 

3483
03:06:53,500 --> 03:06:56,200
The Egyptians believed the 
deceased will need to eat in the

3484
03:06:56,200 --> 03:06:58,400
afterlife, and bread is 
essential. 

3485
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:02,700
Some tombs can contain actual 
loaves, preserve for thousands 

3486
03:07:02,700 --> 03:07:06,800
of years in the dry Desert Air. 
Modern archaeologists of 

3487
03:07:06,800 --> 03:07:10,600
recovered these ancient breads. 
Finding them still identifiable 

3488
03:07:10,600 --> 03:07:13,200
though. 
Thoroughly desiccated You take 

3489
03:07:13,208 --> 03:07:16,400
pride in your craft, you know, 
that your skill allows the 

3490
03:07:16,400 --> 03:07:20,500
scribes to write the soldiers to
fight and the pyramid Builders 

3491
03:07:20,500 --> 03:07:23,800
to hold stone blocks. 
You know that without reliable 

3492
03:07:23,800 --> 03:07:27,200
bread, production Egyptian 
civilization would collapse 

3493
03:07:27,200 --> 03:07:30,200
within weeks. 
Your work is not glamorous but 

3494
03:07:30,200 --> 03:07:33,400
it's fundamental. 
You're feeding an Empire one 

3495
03:07:33,400 --> 03:07:37,400
loaf at a time as the evening 
settles and you Bank, the coals 

3496
03:07:37,400 --> 03:07:40,600
in your oven, you reflect on how
far bread is traveled. 

3497
03:07:41,300 --> 03:07:45,100
Your ancestors, ate grain Pace. 
Your grandparents Made Simple, 

3498
03:07:45,100 --> 03:07:47,800
flatbreads. 
You create risen lows with 

3499
03:07:47,800 --> 03:07:51,700
complex flavors and textures, 
your children will inherit these

3500
03:07:51,700 --> 03:07:54,100
techniques and likely improve on
them. 

3501
03:07:54,100 --> 03:07:57,700
The journey continues. 
You have moved forward in time 

3502
03:07:57,700 --> 03:08:02,000
and westward in geography. 
You stand in Athens around 500 

3503
03:08:02,000 --> 03:08:05,300
BC, breathing, in the 
distinctive smell of a 

3504
03:08:05,300 --> 03:08:08,400
commercial Bakery District. 
The Greeks of inherited 

3505
03:08:08,400 --> 03:08:12,200
Egyptian, bread, technology, and
refined it with typical Greek, 

3506
03:08:12,200 --> 03:08:14,900
enthusiasm for specialization 
and quality. 

3507
03:08:15,800 --> 03:08:18,800
The Greeks differentiate between
bread makers and bread sellers 

3508
03:08:18,800 --> 03:08:21,300
between Grain Millers and don't 
need us. 

3509
03:08:22,200 --> 03:08:25,300
Each role as a separate 
profession with its own training

3510
03:08:25,300 --> 03:08:28,700
and social standing. 
You're a baker specifically 

3511
03:08:28,700 --> 03:08:32,500
meaning, you focus on the actual
transformation of dough into 

3512
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:35,100
bread rather than the 
Preparatory or sales work. 

3513
03:08:36,400 --> 03:08:39,900
This division of labor allows 
you to develop genuine expertise

3514
03:08:39,900 --> 03:08:43,400
in the precise variables that 
affect bread quality. 

3515
03:08:44,000 --> 03:08:47,200
Your oven is larger and more 
sophisticated than the Egyptian 

3516
03:08:47,200 --> 03:08:49,700
models. 
The Greeks have figured out how 

3517
03:08:49,700 --> 03:08:53,400
to build ovens with a separate 
Firebox allowing, continuous 

3518
03:08:53,400 --> 03:08:57,800
baking without the need to heat 
clear and then use the space. 

3519
03:08:57,800 --> 03:09:01,400
You maintain a steady fire in 
the Firebox and the heat 

3520
03:09:01,400 --> 03:09:03,500
circulates through the baking 
chamber. 

3521
03:09:03,500 --> 03:09:06,400
You can load and unload bread 
throughout the day. 

3522
03:09:06,400 --> 03:09:10,000
Keeping production flowing, the 
Greeks, are obsessed with wheat 

3523
03:09:10,000 --> 03:09:14,500
Purity, the whitest, finest 
flour commands, the highest 

3524
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:18,500
prices you sift your flour 
through progressively, finer 

3525
03:09:18,500 --> 03:09:22,500
cloth, screen's separating out 
the brand and any remaining, 

3526
03:09:22,500 --> 03:09:26,500
Hull fragments the resulting 
white flower produces breads 

3527
03:09:26,500 --> 03:09:28,500
with a light, almost fluffy 
texture. 

3528
03:09:29,200 --> 03:09:33,000
The poori bread made from 
unsifted flour, which is darker.

3529
03:09:33,000 --> 03:09:36,300
Denser and more nutritious 
though, no one understands 

3530
03:09:36,300 --> 03:09:40,100
nutrition in those terms yet. 
They just know that core spread 

3531
03:09:40,100 --> 03:09:43,400
is cheap and filling. 
Greek bread culture includes 

3532
03:09:43,400 --> 03:09:47,100
both leavened and unleavened 
varieties you make barley cakes 

3533
03:09:47,100 --> 03:09:50,900
that are essentially upgraded, 
flatbreads popular with soldiers

3534
03:09:50,900 --> 03:09:54,800
and travelers because they keep 
well and do not require careful 

3535
03:09:54,800 --> 03:09:57,500
handling. 
You make wheat breads leavened 

3536
03:09:57,500 --> 03:10:00,400
with the sourdough starters that
every Bakery maintains like 

3537
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:03,900
Precious commodities. 
You make Honey Cakes that blur. 

3538
03:10:03,900 --> 03:10:07,200
The line between bread and 
dessert enriched with olive oil 

3539
03:10:07,200 --> 03:10:09,300
and sweetened with time 
centered, honey. 

3540
03:10:10,700 --> 03:10:13,000
The social importance of 
breading grease cannot be 

3541
03:10:13,000 --> 03:10:15,800
overstated. 
The gymnasium culture that 

3542
03:10:15,800 --> 03:10:19,600
defines Greek male education 
includes communal meals where 

3543
03:10:19,600 --> 03:10:23,400
bread is Central Simposio were 
philosophers debate and drink. 

3544
03:10:23,400 --> 03:10:27,200
Wine, always include bread. 
Theater audience is eat bread. 

3545
03:10:27,200 --> 03:10:29,900
During performance is red is not
just food. 

3546
03:10:29,900 --> 03:10:33,500
It is the expected. 
Baseline of civilized life. 

3547
03:10:34,300 --> 03:10:37,200
To eat only meat or vegetables 
without bread is considered 

3548
03:10:37,200 --> 03:10:40,400
barbaric. 
Across the Mediterranean now to 

3549
03:10:40,400 --> 03:10:45,200
roam around 100 BC, EE. 
The Romans have absorbed, Greek 

3550
03:10:45,200 --> 03:10:47,700
bread technology and as they do 
with everything. 

3551
03:10:47,700 --> 03:10:51,200
Industrialized it. 
The city of Rome contains 

3552
03:10:51,200 --> 03:10:54,400
hundreds of commercial bakeries.
Each feeding a neighborhood. 

3553
03:10:55,100 --> 03:10:58,900
The government regulates bread, 
prices and quality because bread

3554
03:10:58,900 --> 03:11:02,700
shortages lead to riots. 
Several Emperors lose power 

3555
03:11:02,700 --> 03:11:05,000
because they fail to maintain 
the grain Supply. 

3556
03:11:05,800 --> 03:11:08,600
The phrase bread and circuses 
exist for good reason. 

3557
03:11:08,600 --> 03:11:12,800
Keep people fed and entertained 
and the Empire stays stable. 

3558
03:11:12,800 --> 03:11:15,500
Roman bakeries are impressive 
operations. 

3559
03:11:15,500 --> 03:11:19,600
You work in one that employs, 20
people some handle, the grain 

3560
03:11:19,600 --> 03:11:22,900
delivery and storage some 
operate, the Mills which are now

3561
03:11:22,908 --> 03:11:26,200
powered by donkeys, walking in 
circles rather than human 

3562
03:11:26,200 --> 03:11:29,400
muscle. 
Some mix and need the massive 

3563
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:32,500
quantities of doe required to 
feed hundreds of people daily. 

3564
03:11:33,500 --> 03:11:37,900
Some the others, some sell the 
finished product. he specialized

3565
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:41,700
in shape and scoring the loaves,
a job that requires speed and 

3566
03:11:41,700 --> 03:11:45,200
consistency, the Romans of 
developed standardized bread 

3567
03:11:45,200 --> 03:11:49,500
shapes The panis quadratus or 
Square bread, is the most 

3568
03:11:49,500 --> 03:11:52,300
common. 
You divide the dough into equal 

3569
03:11:52,300 --> 03:11:57,100
portions shape each into a round
and then score it deeply with a 

3570
03:11:57,100 --> 03:11:59,900
cross pattern. 
This allows the bread to be 

3571
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:03,700
easily broken into four equal 
pieces, which matters for 

3572
03:12:03,700 --> 03:12:07,900
portion control and pricing. 
The scoring also helps the bread

3573
03:12:07,900 --> 03:12:11,800
expand properly during baking 
without tearing unpredictably. 

3574
03:12:11,800 --> 03:12:14,300
Your oven is a technological 
Marvel. 

3575
03:12:14,300 --> 03:12:17,700
It is built into the wall of the
bakery with a large opening at 

3576
03:12:17,700 --> 03:12:19,200
the front and a chimney at the 
back. 

3577
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:22,700
The floor is tiled with fire 
resistant. 

3578
03:12:22,700 --> 03:12:27,100
Stone, the dome-shaped ceiling 
reflects heat downward onto the 

3579
03:12:27,100 --> 03:12:30,000
bread. 
You use a long wooden peel to 

3580
03:12:30,000 --> 03:12:34,100
slide loaves in and out a 
technique that requires practice

3581
03:12:34,100 --> 03:12:38,600
to master Misjudge the angle and
your bread ends up against the 

3582
03:12:38,600 --> 03:12:42,900
back wall or folded in half. 
The peel itself deserves 

3583
03:12:42,900 --> 03:12:46,300
attention, it is a flat, wooden 
paddle attached to a long 

3584
03:12:46,308 --> 03:12:49,500
handle, allowing you to reach 
deep into the oven without 

3585
03:12:49,500 --> 03:12:52,800
burning yourself. 
The wood must be smooth enough 

3586
03:12:52,800 --> 03:12:56,300
that raw dough does not stick 
but not so polished that it 

3587
03:12:56,300 --> 03:12:59,500
becomes slippery. 
You dust the peel with flour or 

3588
03:12:59,500 --> 03:13:01,500
fine, cornmeal before placing 
dough on it. 

3589
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:05,800
Quick jerking motion slides, the
loaf off onto the oven floor. 

3590
03:13:05,800 --> 03:13:10,400
The movement looks simple, but 
takes months to perfect loading.

3591
03:13:10,400 --> 03:13:12,000
The oven is a choreographed 
dance. 

3592
03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:15,300
You arranged loaves in a 
specific pattern that maximizes 

3593
03:13:15,300 --> 03:13:18,000
space while allowing heat to 
circulate? 

3594
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:23,100
The hottest spots usually toward
the back and sides, get the lows

3595
03:13:23,100 --> 03:13:27,100
that need the most Browning. 
Enriched breads that Bern easily

3596
03:13:27,100 --> 03:13:31,000
go in cooler, areas near the 
front, you keep a mental map of 

3597
03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:34,400
which loaf is where because they
do not all bake at the same 

3598
03:13:34,400 --> 03:13:37,200
rate. 
Some will be ready to pull in 20

3599
03:13:37,200 --> 03:13:42,200
minutes others need 30 or more. 
The fuel you use is crucial roam

3600
03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:45,100
suffers from wood scarcity 
because the surrounding forests 

3601
03:13:45,100 --> 03:13:47,900
have been cut down to build the 
city and the Empire's ships. 

3602
03:13:48,700 --> 03:13:52,500
Firewood is expensive. 
So you burn Alternatives or Lyft

3603
03:13:52,500 --> 03:13:55,600
pits left over from all 
production burn hot and steady. 

3604
03:13:56,400 --> 03:14:00,800
Dried Great Vines from 
winemaking, produce intense heat

3605
03:14:00,800 --> 03:14:05,000
for short periods. 
Charcoal made from wood and 

3606
03:14:05,000 --> 03:14:08,700
distant forests and transported 
to the city is reserved for the 

3607
03:14:08,708 --> 03:14:12,200
hottest baking needs. 
Roman bread includes some 

3608
03:14:12,200 --> 03:14:14,200
surprising ingredients by modern
standards. 

3609
03:14:14,200 --> 03:14:18,200
He sometimes add wine or wine 
leaves to the dough for flavor. 

3610
03:14:19,000 --> 03:14:21,700
You incorporate cheese into 
certain specialty, breads, 

3611
03:14:21,700 --> 03:14:25,300
creating something that would 
not be entirely unfamiliar to a 

3612
03:14:25,300 --> 03:14:28,300
modern Italian. 
You use herbs like a Gana and 

3613
03:14:28,300 --> 03:14:31,500
rosemary especially in breads 
meant for dipping in olive oil. 

3614
03:14:32,400 --> 03:14:35,000
These flavor additions are 
subtle, but noticeable. 

3615
03:14:36,000 --> 03:14:39,000
The Romans also perfect a 
technique that the Egyptians 

3616
03:14:39,000 --> 03:14:40,600
started but never fully 
explored. 

3617
03:14:40,600 --> 03:14:44,800
You enriched dough with olive 
oil and sometimes milk creating 

3618
03:14:44,800 --> 03:14:48,300
breads that stay soft for days 
and of hardening overnight. 

3619
03:14:48,300 --> 03:14:50,900
This is crucial for military 
supply. 

3620
03:14:50,900 --> 03:14:54,600
Roman soldiers marching across 
Europe, carry bread that remains

3621
03:14:54,600 --> 03:14:57,400
edible for a week. 
If wrapped properly the oil 

3622
03:14:57,400 --> 03:15:02,300
preserves moisture and slows 
staling Bread quality becomes a 

3623
03:15:02,300 --> 03:15:05,500
status symbol the wealthy eat 
panis religion. 

3624
03:15:05,500 --> 03:15:08,400
Aus bread made from the finest 
sifted white flour. 

3625
03:15:09,200 --> 03:15:12,400
The middle class is eat panis. 
Secondary areas made from 

3626
03:15:12,400 --> 03:15:14,700
partially, sifted, flour, with 
some brown remaining. 

3627
03:15:15,800 --> 03:15:19,000
Poori panis, plateaus a core 
stock bread. 

3628
03:15:19,000 --> 03:15:22,500
That provides maximum calories 
per coin, but little refinement.

3629
03:15:23,400 --> 03:15:26,100
You can identify someone's 
social class by watching what 

3630
03:15:26,100 --> 03:15:29,500
bread they buy. 
The insulae the multi-story 

3631
03:15:29,500 --> 03:15:32,900
apartment buildings where most 
Romans live, do not have others.

3632
03:15:33,900 --> 03:15:36,800
Fire codes, prohibit. 
Open flames in most residential 

3633
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:40,200
units, because Rome burns down 
with depressing, regularity. 

3634
03:15:41,500 --> 03:15:44,700
This means most Romans depend on
Commercial Bakery. 

3635
03:15:44,700 --> 03:15:48,700
You are not just a convenient, 
you're a necessity. 

3636
03:15:49,900 --> 03:15:53,200
Without bakeries, the city could
not function at its current 

3637
03:15:53,200 --> 03:15:57,200
population density. 
Your workday starts Before Dawn.

3638
03:15:57,900 --> 03:16:01,000
You arrive when the streets are 
still dark and empty except for 

3639
03:16:01,000 --> 03:16:04,300
night soil, collectors, and the 
occasional stumbling drunk. 

3640
03:16:05,000 --> 03:16:08,400
You stoke, the oven fire and 
check your starter, feeding it 

3641
03:16:08,400 --> 03:16:12,800
with fresh flour and water. by 
the time, the sun rises your 

3642
03:16:12,800 --> 03:16:16,800
first batch of loaves is baking 
The smell draws early. 

3643
03:16:16,800 --> 03:16:20,300
Customers workers, who grabbed 
bread on their way to the docks 

3644
03:16:20,300 --> 03:16:23,400
or construction site. 
The rhythm of production 

3645
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:27,700
continues all day. 
You shape dough load ovens, pull

3646
03:16:27,700 --> 03:16:31,900
finish lows and start again. 
Your hands develop. 

3647
03:16:31,900 --> 03:16:35,700
Calluses in specific patterns 
from handling the peel, and 

3648
03:16:35,700 --> 03:16:39,300
scoring the dough. 
Your forearms grow strong from 

3649
03:16:39,300 --> 03:16:43,000
the constant needing. 
You can judge dough Readiness by

3650
03:16:43,000 --> 03:16:45,800
touch alone. 
Knowing exactly when it is 

3651
03:16:45,800 --> 03:16:50,000
fermented enough. 
And when it is overproofed, The 

3652
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:53,100
social role of the bakery 
extends Beyond Simple Commerce. 

3653
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:57,700
People gather here to exchange 
news, notices get posted on your

3654
03:16:57,700 --> 03:16:59,700
wall. 
Announcing everything from lost 

3655
03:16:59,700 --> 03:17:01,700
dogs to upcoming Gladiator 
games. 

3656
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:05,000
Children are sent to buy bread 
and linger to play in the 

3657
03:17:05,008 --> 03:17:07,800
street. 
Outside, the bakery is a 

3658
03:17:07,800 --> 03:17:11,300
neighborhood institution, as 
much a community center as a 

3659
03:17:11,300 --> 03:17:14,300
business. 
You take Professional Pride and 

3660
03:17:14,300 --> 03:17:17,600
consistency. 
Your regular customers know what

3661
03:17:17,600 --> 03:17:20,100
to expect. 
They want the same bread. 

3662
03:17:20,100 --> 03:17:21,800
They bought yesterday and the 
day before. 

3663
03:17:21,800 --> 03:17:26,500
Innovation is fine for special 
occasions, but Daily Bread 

3664
03:17:26,500 --> 03:17:30,400
should be reliable, this 
conservative approach to staple 

3665
03:17:30,400 --> 03:17:32,300
foods will persist for thousands
of years. 

3666
03:17:32,300 --> 03:17:37,100
People want their comfort foods 
to taste like home as your shift

3667
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:39,200
ends and you head home through 
Roman Street. 

3668
03:17:39,200 --> 03:17:41,600
Still warm from the day son, you
pass. 

3669
03:17:41,600 --> 03:17:44,700
Other Bakery is Each has its own
reputation. 

3670
03:17:45,600 --> 03:17:49,500
Summoned for particularly soft 
bread, some for whole grain 

3671
03:17:49,500 --> 03:17:52,100
options. 
Some for the Honey Cakes. 

3672
03:17:52,100 --> 03:17:55,800
They make for festive. 
Competition pushes quality 

3673
03:17:55,800 --> 03:17:58,400
higher. 
A baker, who produces 

3674
03:17:58,400 --> 03:18:01,700
consistently inferior bread goes
out of business quickly. 

3675
03:18:02,500 --> 03:18:05,500
Tonight, you will sleep with the
smell of baking, still clinging 

3676
03:18:05,500 --> 03:18:08,200
to your clothes, and hair, your 
dreams. 

3677
03:18:08,200 --> 03:18:11,400
When they come the likely 
involve, the rhythmic motion of 

3678
03:18:11,400 --> 03:18:15,500
your work, You will reach for 
Phantom bread Peels and shape 

3679
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:19,100
invisible loaves. 
This is the life you chose or 

3680
03:18:19,100 --> 03:18:21,900
that shows you tomorrow. 
You will do it all again, 

3681
03:18:21,900 --> 03:18:25,100
feeding Rome on panis quadratus 
at a time. 

3682
03:18:25,108 --> 03:18:30,300
You stand in Pompey on a warming
in 79 CE, several months before 

3683
03:18:30,300 --> 03:18:33,500
Vesuvius, erupts and preserves 
this city and Ash for two 

3684
03:18:33,500 --> 03:18:35,600
millennia. 
You work in one of the many 

3685
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:37,400
commercial bakeries that dot the
city. 

3686
03:18:38,100 --> 03:18:41,500
Pompeii is prosperous 
comfortable and utterly doomed 

3687
03:18:41,500 --> 03:18:44,300
though you have no way of 
knowing that last part. 

3688
03:18:45,200 --> 03:18:47,100
Your bakery is built around a 
large Courtyard. 

3689
03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:51,200
The grinding room. 
Occupies one section where 

3690
03:18:51,200 --> 03:18:54,400
donkeys walking, Eternal 
circles, turning massive. 

3691
03:18:54,400 --> 03:18:57,900
Millstone's the mixing and 
kneading area takes up another 

3692
03:18:57,900 --> 03:19:00,400
section. 
The oven dominates, the back 

3693
03:19:00,400 --> 03:19:04,000
wall, a magnificent Dome 
structure built from volcanic 

3694
03:19:04,000 --> 03:19:06,300
stone that holds heat like 
nothing else. 

3695
03:19:07,400 --> 03:19:10,500
Storage rooms for grain and 
flour fill the remaining space. 

3696
03:19:10,500 --> 03:19:15,300
The entire operation is designed
for a fishing and volume the 

3697
03:19:15,300 --> 03:19:17,200
morning. 
Starts with The Familiar sound 

3698
03:19:17,200 --> 03:19:19,600
of the donkeys. 
Beginning their walk, the 

3699
03:19:19,600 --> 03:19:23,900
millstone's rumble and grinding 
grain into flour with a sound 

3700
03:19:23,900 --> 03:19:27,200
like distant Thunder. 
You've learned to tune out this 

3701
03:19:27,200 --> 03:19:29,300
noise but visitors, find it 
overwhelming. 

3702
03:19:29,300 --> 03:19:32,800
The whole building vibrates 
slightly from the constant 

3703
03:19:32,800 --> 03:19:37,300
grinding dust hangs in the air, 
making the sunlight visible in 

3704
03:19:37,300 --> 03:19:40,400
Golden shafts. 
Your dough comes from the 

3705
03:19:40,400 --> 03:19:43,700
previous day's mixing. 
It is fermented overnight in 

3706
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:47,600
large, clay vessels. 
Developing the complex sour Tang

3707
03:19:47,600 --> 03:19:50,500
that Romans prefer. 
You turn it out onto the work 

3708
03:19:50,500 --> 03:19:54,000
surface. 
A smooth stone, slab, Warren 

3709
03:19:54,000 --> 03:19:58,200
concave from years of use. 
The dough is sticky and Alive 

3710
03:19:58,200 --> 03:20:01,700
bubbling with fermentation, you 
flour, your hands and begin 

3711
03:20:01,700 --> 03:20:05,100
dividing it into portions each 
portion gets weighed on a 

3712
03:20:05,100 --> 03:20:08,500
balance scale. 
Consistency matters for pricing 

3713
03:20:08,500 --> 03:20:11,800
and for customer Trust. a loaf 
that weighs the same as 

3714
03:20:11,800 --> 03:20:16,100
yesterday's low cells easily a 
loaf that seems smaller even if 

3715
03:20:16,100 --> 03:20:20,200
it costs the same generates 
complaints, You have learned to 

3716
03:20:20,200 --> 03:20:23,500
judge The Weight by field but 
you still check each one to be 

3717
03:20:23,500 --> 03:20:26,700
certain. 
Shaping as where Artistry enters

3718
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:30,700
the process, you cut your hands 
around each portion and rotated 

3719
03:20:30,700 --> 03:20:33,300
against the stone creating 
surface tension. 

3720
03:20:33,300 --> 03:20:35,600
That will help the bread. 
Hold its shape during baking. 

3721
03:20:36,700 --> 03:20:39,800
Two little tension and the loafs
flat. 

3722
03:20:40,500 --> 03:20:46,400
Too much and the surface tears. 
You work quickly shaping dozens 

3723
03:20:46,400 --> 03:20:49,500
of loaves, in the time, it takes
to describe the process once. 

3724
03:20:50,300 --> 03:20:53,100
The motion is intuitive. 
Now, after years of practice, 

3725
03:20:53,100 --> 03:20:57,300
your hands know exactly how much
pressure to apply and when to 

3726
03:20:57,300 --> 03:21:01,000
release You can feel through 
your palms when the dough has 

3727
03:21:01,000 --> 03:21:03,800
the right tightness the shape 
rounds. 

3728
03:21:03,800 --> 03:21:06,200
Sit on the work surface from a 
moment before you move them. 

3729
03:21:06,200 --> 03:21:09,200
To the proofing boards, they 
look almost alive. 

3730
03:21:09,200 --> 03:21:12,800
Gently expanding as the 
fermentation gases, continue 

3731
03:21:12,800 --> 03:21:16,000
working inside. 
Proofing is the waiting period. 

3732
03:21:16,000 --> 03:21:18,500
Where shaped loaves? 
Rise one final time. 

3733
03:21:18,500 --> 03:21:21,200
Before baking. 
You place the on wooden boards, 

3734
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:24,200
dusted with flour or in cloth 
line baskets. 

3735
03:21:25,100 --> 03:21:28,100
The baskets leave a distinctive 
pattern on the dose surface 

3736
03:21:28,100 --> 03:21:30,900
circular ridges. 
That Mark, the bread as having 

3737
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:34,300
been properly proofed Some 
customers prefer basket 

3738
03:21:34,300 --> 03:21:36,200
proofread for its rustic 
appearance. 

3739
03:21:36,200 --> 03:21:41,100
Others want smooth sided lows. 
You accommodate both preference.

3740
03:21:41,100 --> 03:21:44,700
Is the timing of this. 
Final rise is critical under 

3741
03:21:44,700 --> 03:21:47,500
proofed bread. 
Bakes up dense and heavy with a 

3742
03:21:47,500 --> 03:21:49,800
tight crumb and Little Oven 
spring. 

3743
03:21:50,600 --> 03:21:53,900
Overproof bread collapses in the
oven spreading flat and 

3744
03:21:53,900 --> 03:21:56,100
developing a course irregular 
texture. 

3745
03:21:57,100 --> 03:22:00,300
The Sweet Spot is narrow, 
perhaps 20 to 40 minutes, 

3746
03:22:00,300 --> 03:22:02,400
depending on temperature and 
dough composition. 

3747
03:22:03,300 --> 03:22:06,900
You judge Readiness by pressing 
a finger, gently into the dough.

3748
03:22:06,900 --> 03:22:10,500
It should spring back slowly 
leaving a slight indentation. 

3749
03:22:10,500 --> 03:22:15,000
The scoring comes next. 
You use a sharp blade to cut the

3750
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:17,300
traditional cross pattern. 
Deep into each loaf. 

3751
03:22:18,100 --> 03:22:21,600
The cuts should be decisive and 
clean hesitant soaring. 

3752
03:22:21,600 --> 03:22:24,700
Motions deflate the dough and 
produce poor results. 

3753
03:22:25,500 --> 03:22:28,000
You mark each loaf with a swift 
confidence. 

3754
03:22:28,000 --> 03:22:31,200
Born from repetition. 
The scored lows. 

3755
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:33,800
Go onto wooden boards to rest 
briefly before baking. 

3756
03:22:34,700 --> 03:22:38,100
Your oven is already hot. 
You built the fire hours ago, 

3757
03:22:38,100 --> 03:22:42,700
feeding it with scrap wood and 
dried Vine cutting The interior 

3758
03:22:42,700 --> 03:22:46,100
temperatures difficult to 
describe in numbers because the 

3759
03:22:46,100 --> 03:22:49,000
monitors will not be invented 
for another 16th centuries. 

3760
03:22:49,000 --> 03:22:53,300
But you know when it is, right. 
You can hold your hand inside 

3761
03:22:53,300 --> 03:22:55,900
for a count of Foley before the 
heat becomes unbearable. 

3762
03:22:56,800 --> 03:22:59,900
Water sprinkled on the floor of 
evaporates immediately with a 

3763
03:22:59,900 --> 03:23:02,700
sharp hiss. 
You load the loaves using a 

3764
03:23:02,708 --> 03:23:05,200
long-handled peel. 
Sliding them directly onto the 

3765
03:23:05,200 --> 03:23:09,000
stone floor. 
They go in raw and pale within 

3766
03:23:09,000 --> 03:23:10,400
minutes. 
They begin transforming. 

3767
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:14,800
The heat causes the water in the
dough to vaporize creating steam

3768
03:23:14,800 --> 03:23:18,800
that expands the air pockets 
left by fermentation. the bread 

3769
03:23:18,800 --> 03:23:22,100
Rises dramatically nearly 
doubling in volume, the crust 

3770
03:23:22,100 --> 03:23:25,600
forms and Browns developing the 
crispy texture and complex 

3771
03:23:25,600 --> 03:23:29,400
flavor, that only high heat can 
create The smell is 

3772
03:23:29,400 --> 03:23:32,800
extraordinary. 
Fresh bread, baking produces 

3773
03:23:32,800 --> 03:23:36,800
hundreds of volatile, compounds 
each contributing to the overall

3774
03:23:36,800 --> 03:23:40,500
aroma. 
You detect yeast, toasted grain 

3775
03:23:40,500 --> 03:23:44,700
caramelized sugars and something
almost nutty from the mayard 

3776
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:46,500
reactions occurring on the 
crossed. 

3777
03:23:47,300 --> 03:23:50,600
This is the smell that will make
Pompeii and bread famous across 

3778
03:23:50,600 --> 03:23:53,200
the empire. 
This is the smell that will 

3779
03:23:53,200 --> 03:23:57,200
still cling to carbonize loaves,
when archaeologists dig them up.

3780
03:23:57,200 --> 03:24:01,300
19th centuries, later, Timing, 
the base is pure Instinct. 

3781
03:24:01,300 --> 03:24:04,000
You have no clot, no time and no
temperature. 

3782
03:24:04,000 --> 03:24:07,300
Probe, you watch the color, 
develop you, listen to The 

3783
03:24:07,300 --> 03:24:10,900
Sounds, the bread makes as 
moisture escapes, you smell the 

3784
03:24:10,900 --> 03:24:14,500
progression from raw dough to 
perfectly baked to just starting

3785
03:24:14,500 --> 03:24:17,800
to overbake. 
When the moment is right, you 

3786
03:24:17,800 --> 03:24:21,000
pull the loaves. 
Each one gets a quick inspection

3787
03:24:21,000 --> 03:24:23,700
for Quality before going into 
the basket for sale. 

3788
03:24:24,800 --> 03:24:27,900
Finished panis quadratus is 
beautiful in its Simplicity. 

3789
03:24:27,900 --> 03:24:30,800
The cross scoring is open during
baking. 

3790
03:24:30,800 --> 03:24:34,900
Creating four rounded sections. 
That can be easily broken apart.

3791
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:39,700
The crust is deep gold with 
darker spots, where it touched 

3792
03:24:39,700 --> 03:24:41,600
the hottest parts of the oven 
floor. 

3793
03:24:42,300 --> 03:24:44,400
The bottom shows, the 
characteristic pattern of the 

3794
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:47,600
stone tiles. 
When you tap the underside, it 

3795
03:24:47,600 --> 03:24:51,300
sounds Hollow indicating that. 
The interior is fully cooked and

3796
03:24:51,300 --> 03:24:54,500
properly aerated. 
Breaking a loaf reveals the 

3797
03:24:54,500 --> 03:24:57,300
crumb structure. 
The interior is open and 

3798
03:24:57,300 --> 03:25:00,300
irregular full of holes. 
Where fermentation gases 

3799
03:25:00,300 --> 03:25:03,500
expanded? 
The texture is neither dense or 

3800
03:25:03,500 --> 03:25:07,100
so Airy that it falls apart. 
It tears with a slight 

3801
03:25:07,100 --> 03:25:10,000
resistance. 
To feel substantial in your 

3802
03:25:10,000 --> 03:25:13,600
mouth, requiring actual chewing 
rather than dissolving 

3803
03:25:13,600 --> 03:25:16,900
instantly, like cake. 
This is real bread. 

3804
03:25:16,900 --> 03:25:21,200
The kind that satisfies hunger 
and provides lasting energy. 

3805
03:25:22,200 --> 03:25:25,000
Your customers start arriving. 
As soon as the first loaves are 

3806
03:25:25,008 --> 03:25:28,000
ready. 
The bakery sells directly to the

3807
03:25:28,000 --> 03:25:32,100
public through a wide opening in
the front wall. people line up 

3808
03:25:32,100 --> 03:25:37,100
coins in hand, most buy one, or 
two loaves, some by four or five

3809
03:25:37,100 --> 03:25:41,000
feeding large families or 
hosting guests, few by the 

3810
03:25:41,000 --> 03:25:44,300
previous day's bread at a 
discount perfectly fine, for 

3811
03:25:44,300 --> 03:25:48,400
making Bread, soup or grinding 
into crumbs, the social mixing 

3812
03:25:48,400 --> 03:25:51,300
that happens at your counter 
would horrify risk to Kratts. 

3813
03:25:52,000 --> 03:25:56,500
Slaves by Bread, alongside free 
citizens, women chat, with each 

3814
03:25:56,500 --> 03:25:59,600
other, while waiting children 
are sent on errands and must 

3815
03:25:59,600 --> 03:26:01,800
navigate The Adult World of 
Commerce. 

3816
03:26:01,800 --> 03:26:05,500
Everyone needs bread, everyone 
comes to you. 

3817
03:26:06,700 --> 03:26:10,600
The bakery is one of the few, 
truly Democratic spaces in Roman

3818
03:26:10,600 --> 03:26:13,700
society. 
You also fulfill special orders 

3819
03:26:13,700 --> 03:26:17,500
wealthy households and servants 
to buy bread made with finer 

3820
03:26:17,500 --> 03:26:20,100
flour or enriched with oil and 
honey. 

3821
03:26:21,000 --> 03:26:24,400
These breads cost more and get 
priority in the other, you make 

3822
03:26:24,408 --> 03:26:26,700
them in smaller. 
Batches to avoid mixing up 

3823
03:26:26,700 --> 03:26:29,300
orders. 
Each customer has preferences 

3824
03:26:29,300 --> 03:26:32,800
and you track the mentally. 
The Senators household likes 

3825
03:26:32,800 --> 03:26:36,400
bread with rosemary, the wine 
Merchants family, prefers it, 

3826
03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:40,600
plain the Fuller who lived two 
streets over always buys four 

3827
03:26:40,600 --> 03:26:43,200
loaves of the cheapest bread. 
Every morning without fail. 

3828
03:26:44,100 --> 03:26:46,600
Midday brings a lull. 
You use this time for 

3829
03:26:46,600 --> 03:26:50,600
maintenance, the oven gets swept
out, removing accumulated, Ash, 

3830
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:54,000
the millstones are checked for 
wear, the donkeys are given 

3831
03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:56,100
water. 
And a rest, you inspect your 

3832
03:26:56,100 --> 03:27:00,000
sourdough starter feeding it 
with fresh flour and water. 

3833
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:03,900
This starter is over a 
decade-old pass to you. 

3834
03:27:03,900 --> 03:27:07,400
By the baker, you Apprentice 
under it represents continuity 

3835
03:27:07,400 --> 03:27:10,300
and tradition. 
The afternoon, season another 

3836
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:13,600
baking session, the oven still 
hot from the morning requires, 

3837
03:27:13,600 --> 03:27:16,700
less fuel to reach, baking 
temperature, you load a second 

3838
03:27:16,700 --> 03:27:19,600
round of loaves, usually, a 
different mix of types. 

3839
03:27:20,300 --> 03:27:23,400
Morning customers want standard 
loaves for the day's meals. 

3840
03:27:23,400 --> 03:27:26,300
After noon customers are 
planning for dinner or tomorrow 

3841
03:27:26,300 --> 03:27:29,900
you include more specialty 
Breads in the afternoon batch 

3842
03:27:29,900 --> 03:27:32,800
there's evening approaches you 
start cleaning up. 

3843
03:27:32,800 --> 03:27:35,900
The work surface is get scraped 
down and white. 

3844
03:27:35,900 --> 03:27:38,700
The boss gets that held Rising 
doe. 

3845
03:27:38,700 --> 03:27:40,400
Get turned out and shaking 
clean. 

3846
03:27:41,300 --> 03:27:45,100
Floor gets swept though. 
The fine flour dust never fully 

3847
03:27:45,100 --> 03:27:48,100
disappears. 
Your clothes are permanently 

3848
03:27:48,100 --> 03:27:50,700
stained with it. 
Your hair has a Perpetual 

3849
03:27:50,700 --> 03:27:54,200
dusting of white making you look
older than your years. 

3850
03:27:55,000 --> 03:27:58,300
The last customers trickle in 
just before closing, these are 

3851
03:27:58,300 --> 03:28:01,800
often the poorest residents, 
hoping for end of day discounts,

3852
03:28:01,800 --> 03:28:04,800
you sell them, the bread that 
did not move earlier, dropping 

3853
03:28:04,800 --> 03:28:07,900
the price slightly. 
It is better to sell it cheap 

3854
03:28:07,900 --> 03:28:09,100
than to have it. 
Go stale. 

3855
03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:12,700
Besides these customers will 
remember your generosity and 

3856
03:28:12,700 --> 03:28:16,000
remain loyal. 
You Bank the fire in the oven, 

3857
03:28:16,000 --> 03:28:19,400
covering the coals with Ash to 
preserve them for tomorrow. 

3858
03:28:20,300 --> 03:28:24,300
Starting a fire from scratch is 
time-consuming and wastes fuel 

3859
03:28:24,300 --> 03:28:28,208
banked coals can be revived with
fresh kindling and a bit of 

3860
03:28:28,216 --> 03:28:31,100
blowing. 
You secure the grain storage 

3861
03:28:31,100 --> 03:28:33,000
against rodents and lock the 
front Gates. 

3862
03:28:33,700 --> 03:28:37,200
The bakery grows quiet after the
constant activity of the day. 

3863
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:40,600
Walking home through Pompeii 
streets, you pass, other 

3864
03:28:40,600 --> 03:28:44,100
businesses closing for the 
night, the fish sauce shop, the 

3865
03:28:44,100 --> 03:28:47,200
wine bar, the laundry. 
Each establishment is a 

3866
03:28:47,208 --> 03:28:50,600
specialized as yours each 
focused on doing one thing. 

3867
03:28:50,600 --> 03:28:53,800
Well, this is what Romans 
civilization looks like at the 

3868
03:28:53,800 --> 03:28:56,500
street level. 
This is what disappears when to 

3869
03:28:56,500 --> 03:28:59,900
Serious erupts tonight. 
You do not know that in a few 

3870
03:28:59,908 --> 03:29:02,700
months, your bakery will be 
buried under meters of Ash. 

3871
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:04,700
And pumice. 
You do not know that 

3872
03:29:04,700 --> 03:29:07,900
archaeologists will find your 
oven nearly intact with 

3873
03:29:07,900 --> 03:29:09,800
carbonized loaves. 
Still inside. 

3874
03:29:10,600 --> 03:29:13,000
You do not know that those 
loaves will become famous 

3875
03:29:13,000 --> 03:29:16,800
studded and displayed tangible 
proof of your skill. 

3876
03:29:16,800 --> 03:29:20,500
You just know that tomorrow, you
will get up before Dawn and do 

3877
03:29:20,500 --> 03:29:24,200
it all again. 
Bread, Waits for No One. 

3878
03:29:24,900 --> 03:29:28,200
You find yourself in Italy, 
several centuries, later around 

3879
03:29:28,200 --> 03:29:31,300
600 CE. 
Rome has fallen. 

3880
03:29:31,300 --> 03:29:35,300
The Empire is a memory. 
The sophisticated Urban 

3881
03:29:35,300 --> 03:29:38,100
infrastructure that supported 
professional bakeries as 

3882
03:29:38,100 --> 03:29:40,800
collapsed. 
You're a peasant farmer in what 

3883
03:29:40,800 --> 03:29:43,000
was once a prosperous 
agricultural region. 

3884
03:29:43,000 --> 03:29:46,400
Now, you grow your own grain and
bake your own bread. 

3885
03:29:47,100 --> 03:29:48,700
Because there is no one else to 
do it for you. 

3886
03:29:49,800 --> 03:29:52,900
Technique of survived but the 
scale has changed dramatically. 

3887
03:29:52,900 --> 03:29:56,800
You do not have access to the 
massive Stone Mills at Roman 

3888
03:29:56,800 --> 03:30:01,300
Bakery is used. 
Instead, you grind by hand using

3889
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:05,200
a saddle queer, the same 
technology or ancestors used 

3890
03:30:05,200 --> 03:30:08,900
thousands of years ago. 
The work is exhausting and 

3891
03:30:08,900 --> 03:30:12,600
time-consuming grinding enough 
flour for a week's worth of 

3892
03:30:12,600 --> 03:30:17,100
bread, takes hours of Labor. 
Your oven is smaller and cruder 

3893
03:30:17,100 --> 03:30:19,500
than the beautiful Dome 
structures of Pompeii. 

3894
03:30:20,200 --> 03:30:23,900
Built it yourself from clay and 
stone following instructions 

3895
03:30:23,900 --> 03:30:27,500
passed down, orally through your
family, it works, but 

3896
03:30:27,500 --> 03:30:31,000
inefficiently Heat escapes 
through cracks. 

3897
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:35,200
The floor is uneven causing 
bread to bake unpredictably You 

3898
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:37,100
make do because you have no 
alternative. 

3899
03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:41,300
The grain you grow is mixed. 
You plant Emma wheat when you 

3900
03:30:41,300 --> 03:30:44,800
can get seed, but often you 
settle for barley or even oats 

3901
03:30:45,600 --> 03:30:48,100
the Harvest depends on whether 
that seems increasingly 

3902
03:30:48,100 --> 03:30:51,000
unreliable. 
Drought years mean, hunger. 

3903
03:30:51,000 --> 03:30:55,300
Goodyears, mean a surplus you 
can store or trade you have no 

3904
03:30:55,300 --> 03:30:57,500
safety. 
Net beyond your own planning and

3905
03:30:57,500 --> 03:30:59,800
the dubious generosity of local 
laws. 

3906
03:30:59,800 --> 03:31:04,400
Your bread is coarse and dark. 
You cannot afford the time to 

3907
03:31:04,400 --> 03:31:05,500
sift flour. 
Finally. 

3908
03:31:05,500 --> 03:31:09,900
So you use the whole grain brown
and all The resulting bread is 

3909
03:31:09,900 --> 03:31:14,200
nutritious but dense and heavy, 
it fills the stomach but lacks 

3910
03:31:14,200 --> 03:31:16,600
the light texture that Roman 
Baker's achieved with white 

3911
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:19,800
flour. you remember stories, 
your grandfather told about 

3912
03:31:19,800 --> 03:31:23,700
bread from the old days, you 
suspect the exaggerated but you 

3913
03:31:23,700 --> 03:31:27,000
wish you could take it to know 
for certain The brand gives the 

3914
03:31:27,000 --> 03:31:30,300
bread a rougher texture that 
takes some getting used to it. 

3915
03:31:30,300 --> 03:31:34,000
Scratches slightly going down 
your throat, it's its heavy in 

3916
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:38,200
your belly, but it provides bulk
that refined flour cannot match.

3917
03:31:39,100 --> 03:31:42,700
Single thicks slice keeps you 
full for hours which matters 

3918
03:31:42,700 --> 03:31:46,400
when food is scarce, the whole 
grain also keeps longer without 

3919
03:31:46,400 --> 03:31:50,100
going completely stale. white 
bread would be a luxury, you 

3920
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:53,700
cannot afford, even if you knew 
how to make it, The color of 

3921
03:31:53,700 --> 03:31:57,500
your bread ranges from gray, 
brown to almost black, depending

3922
03:31:57,500 --> 03:32:01,600
on what grain you use. 
Rye bread is the darkest nearly 

3923
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:04,200
black when made from whole grain
Rye flour. 

3924
03:32:04,900 --> 03:32:08,700
Barley bread is lighter more of 
a brown gray mixed grain. 

3925
03:32:08,700 --> 03:32:12,300
Bread Falls somewhere in between
you learn to judge the bread's 

3926
03:32:12,300 --> 03:32:14,900
done this by color changes that 
are subtle when you start with 

3927
03:32:14,900 --> 03:32:19,600
dark dough, A few Shades. 
Darker means perfectly baked too

3928
03:32:19,600 --> 03:32:21,100
much. 
Darker means burned. 

3929
03:32:22,000 --> 03:32:25,900
Leavening is hit or miss you 
maintain a starter when you can,

3930
03:32:25,900 --> 03:32:29,100
but sometimes you have to let it
die because you cannot spare the

3931
03:32:29,100 --> 03:32:32,300
flour to feed it. 
Starting a new culture from 

3932
03:32:32,300 --> 03:32:36,500
scratch requires luck, sometimes
wild yeast, colonizes your 

3933
03:32:36,500 --> 03:32:38,600
dough. 
Sometimes it does not. 

3934
03:32:39,900 --> 03:32:43,000
Sometimes, what colonizes it 
makes the bread tastes off or 

3935
03:32:43,000 --> 03:32:46,400
causes stomach troubles. 
You eat it anyway, because 

3936
03:32:46,400 --> 03:32:50,800
wasting food is not an option. 
The social role of bread has 

3937
03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:53,800
changed. 
In Roman times, bread was 

3938
03:32:53,800 --> 03:32:55,300
something you bought from 
professionals. 

3939
03:32:55,300 --> 03:32:57,700
Now, it is something women make 
at home. 

3940
03:32:57,700 --> 03:33:01,300
One of countless tasks required.
To keep a household functioning.

3941
03:33:02,100 --> 03:33:05,500
Baking happens whenever Fuel and
time, align, not on a daily 

3942
03:33:05,500 --> 03:33:07,600
schedule. 
You might bake several days 

3943
03:33:07,600 --> 03:33:10,500
worth of bread at once. 
Then, eat stale bread for the 

3944
03:33:10,500 --> 03:33:13,600
rest of the week. 
Fuel is a constant problem. 

3945
03:33:14,500 --> 03:33:17,200
Forests are recovering. 
Now that Roman demand for wood 

3946
03:33:17,200 --> 03:33:19,900
has ceased. 
But they belong to Lords who 

3947
03:33:19,900 --> 03:33:24,100
guard their Timber jealously. 
You gather Fallen branches and 

3948
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:27,500
dried grass. 
You burn straw, and animal dung,

3949
03:33:28,300 --> 03:33:30,800
Anything that produces heat 
becomes fuel? 

3950
03:33:30,800 --> 03:33:34,800
The bread often takes faintly of
smoke from these less than ideal

3951
03:33:34,800 --> 03:33:38,500
burning materials. 
Despite the hardships bred 

3952
03:33:38,500 --> 03:33:41,900
remain Central to life. 
You break it with prayers before

3953
03:33:41,900 --> 03:33:45,600
eating you use it to Mark, 
celebrations and religious 

3954
03:33:45,600 --> 03:33:48,000
festivals. 
When a child is born. 

3955
03:33:48,000 --> 03:33:52,200
You bake special bread to give 
thanks when someone dies you 

3956
03:33:52,200 --> 03:33:53,900
place bread in the grave for 
their Journey. 

3957
03:33:54,700 --> 03:33:58,000
Bread is still sacred even when 
it is coarse and barely 

3958
03:33:58,000 --> 03:34:01,200
palatable. 
Technique of shaping and baking 

3959
03:34:01,200 --> 03:34:05,200
have simplified you make round 
loaves because rounds are easy 

3960
03:34:05,200 --> 03:34:09,100
and practical you score them 
with a simple cross more habit 

3961
03:34:09,100 --> 03:34:11,800
than necessity. 
The bread does not rise 

3962
03:34:11,800 --> 03:34:14,000
dramatically. 
So the scoring serves little 

3963
03:34:14,000 --> 03:34:18,700
functional purpose, it is a 
connection to old traditions, a 

3964
03:34:18,700 --> 03:34:22,800
gesture toward better times. 
Regional variations began 

3965
03:34:22,800 --> 03:34:24,800
emerging during the centuries of
isolation. 

3966
03:34:25,700 --> 03:34:28,300
Different values developed 
different bread cultures based 

3967
03:34:28,300 --> 03:34:32,000
on what grows well locally. 
Areas with abundant Chestnut 

3968
03:34:32,000 --> 03:34:36,100
trees, starting incorporating 
Chestnut, flour, creating dense,

3969
03:34:36,100 --> 03:34:40,100
sweet breads. 
Mountain regions with short 

3970
03:34:40,100 --> 03:34:42,400
growing Seasons, favor, barley, 
and rye. 

3971
03:34:43,100 --> 03:34:47,000
Coastal areas sometimes mix in 
fish meal or seaweed for extra 

3972
03:34:47,000 --> 03:34:50,800
nutrition during lean times. 
The absence of professional 

3973
03:34:50,800 --> 03:34:53,700
Bakers means knowledge, 
transmission becomes informal. 

3974
03:34:54,500 --> 03:34:56,900
Daughter's learn from mothers, 
sisters. 

3975
03:34:56,900 --> 03:35:00,400
Share techniques when a woman 
marries and moves to her 

3976
03:35:00,400 --> 03:35:03,500
husband's Village, she brings 
her family's bread methods with 

3977
03:35:03,500 --> 03:35:05,800
her. 
Over Generations, these 

3978
03:35:05,800 --> 03:35:09,700
techniques blend and evolve in 
ways that would never happen in 

3979
03:35:09,700 --> 03:35:12,100
a professional Bakery. 
Where methods are standardized. 

3980
03:35:13,100 --> 03:35:16,700
You sometimes make flatbreads, 
especially when fuel is scarce. 

3981
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:21,600
thin flatbread cooked quickly on
hot stone uses far less heat 

3982
03:35:21,600 --> 03:35:25,300
than a thick loaf baked in an 
oven The Taste brings back 

3983
03:35:25,300 --> 03:35:29,200
Echoes of ancient times though. 
You have no way of knowing that 

3984
03:35:29,200 --> 03:35:32,700
your flatbread is nearly 
identical to what people hate 

3985
03:35:32,700 --> 03:35:35,500
8,000 years ago in the Fertile 
Crescent. 

3986
03:35:36,500 --> 03:35:40,000
You have circled back to the 
beginning, not through choice, 

3987
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:44,000
but through necessity. 
Trade begins, recovering slowly.

3988
03:35:45,100 --> 03:35:47,900
Italian cities that survived, 
the collapse start rebuilding. 

3989
03:35:48,900 --> 03:35:52,500
Merchants moved between them 
carrying grain and flour along 

3990
03:35:52,500 --> 03:35:55,600
with other Goods. 
You occasionally, see bread, you

3991
03:35:55,600 --> 03:35:59,200
did not bake yourself bought in 
the market from someone who 

3992
03:35:59,200 --> 03:36:02,500
specializes in it again. 
These loaves are better than 

3993
03:36:02,500 --> 03:36:05,300
yours, lighter and more 
flavorful. 

3994
03:36:05,300 --> 03:36:07,300
They also cost more than you 
can. 

3995
03:36:07,308 --> 03:36:10,500
Usually, afford by 900 CE 
professional. 

3996
03:36:10,500 --> 03:36:14,200
Bakery is a returning to Italian
cities, the craft knowledge 

3997
03:36:14,200 --> 03:36:17,000
preserved, through the dark, 
centuries as being formalized 

3998
03:36:17,000 --> 03:36:21,500
again, gilts formed to control 
quality and training Mills are 

3999
03:36:21,500 --> 03:36:23,800
rebuilt some now, powered by 
water wheels rather than 

4000
03:36:23,800 --> 03:36:26,400
donkeys. 
The infrastructure of bread is 

4001
03:36:26,400 --> 03:36:30,500
slowly reconstructing itself, 
the countryside lags behind as 

4002
03:36:30,500 --> 03:36:33,400
it always does. 
You can continue making bread 

4003
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:36,300
the same way your grandmother 
did, which is mostly the same 

4004
03:36:36,300 --> 03:36:39,800
way her grandmother did. 
Change comes slowly to rural 

4005
03:36:39,800 --> 03:36:42,200
areas. 
You have no reason to alter 

4006
03:36:42,200 --> 03:36:45,000
methods that work adequately 
even if they are not optimal 

4007
03:36:45,000 --> 03:36:47,600
grade is bread, it keeps you 
alive. 

4008
03:36:47,600 --> 03:36:51,200
That is sufficient. 
Yet even in your simple 

4009
03:36:51,200 --> 03:36:53,200
Farmhouse. 
You sometimes experiment? 

4010
03:36:53,900 --> 03:36:57,800
You try mixing different grains?
You adjust water amounts, you 

4011
03:36:57,800 --> 03:37:01,800
vary baking times. 
These experiments rarely lead to

4012
03:37:01,800 --> 03:37:05,000
dramatic improvements but 
occasionally, you stumble onto 

4013
03:37:05,000 --> 03:37:08,700
something worth keeping Perhaps 
a slightly wetter dough creates 

4014
03:37:08,700 --> 03:37:12,200
a softer crumb that certain herb
improves the flavor. 

4015
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,800
The small discoveries accumulate
over time, your children will 

4016
03:37:16,800 --> 03:37:19,500
inherit these techniques, along 
with your land and tools. 

4017
03:37:19,500 --> 03:37:22,300
They will modify them based on 
their own experience. 

4018
03:37:22,300 --> 03:37:24,200
Is their children will do the 
same. 

4019
03:37:24,200 --> 03:37:28,000
This slow generational, 
evolution of bread making will 

4020
03:37:28,000 --> 03:37:31,700
continue for centuries creating 
the regional bread Traditions 

4021
03:37:31,700 --> 03:37:33,800
that will eventually Define 
Italian cuisine. 

4022
03:37:34,900 --> 03:37:36,500
Falling asleep in your small 
house. 

4023
03:37:36,500 --> 03:37:40,700
You can smell tomorrow's bread. 
You mix the dough this evening 

4024
03:37:40,700 --> 03:37:42,500
and left it to ferment 
overnight. 

4025
03:37:43,300 --> 03:37:46,600
In the morning, you will shape 
it and bake it and eat it and 

4026
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:50,300
the cycle will continue. 
This is the Rhythm of Life in 

4027
03:37:50,300 --> 03:37:53,400
post, Roman Italy. 
This is how bread persists 

4028
03:37:53,400 --> 03:37:57,000
through collapse and Chaos. 
It's survives because people 

4029
03:37:57,000 --> 03:37:59,400
need it and are willing to work 
for it. 

4030
03:38:01,000 --> 03:38:03,700
You live in Italy. 
In 1300 CE. 

4031
03:38:03,700 --> 03:38:06,300
The Renaissance is beginning 
though. 

4032
03:38:06,300 --> 03:38:09,600
No one calls it that yet. 
Cities are thriving again. 

4033
03:38:10,300 --> 03:38:14,400
Trade routes, connect Italy to 
The Wider World new ingredients 

4034
03:38:14,400 --> 03:38:17,500
and ideas flow. 
Along those routes arriving in 

4035
03:38:17,500 --> 03:38:20,600
markets and eventually finding 
their way into bread. 

4036
03:38:21,700 --> 03:38:25,700
You're a baker in a mid-sized, 
Italian city, perhaps bologna or

4037
03:38:25,700 --> 03:38:28,100
Florence. 
You operate in a world that 

4038
03:38:28,100 --> 03:38:30,200
would be recognizable to a Roman
Baker. 

4039
03:38:30,200 --> 03:38:34,200
With important differences, The 
Guild system controls who can 

4040
03:38:34,200 --> 03:38:37,400
bake professionally and enforces
quality standards. 

4041
03:38:37,400 --> 03:38:40,500
You can completed a seven year 
apprenticeship before being 

4042
03:38:40,500 --> 03:38:44,000
allowed to open your own Bakery.
The training was thorough and 

4043
03:38:44,000 --> 03:38:46,200
occasionally brutal, but it gave
you skills. 

4044
03:38:46,200 --> 03:38:50,000
That would impress any Roman. 
Your flower comes from better 

4045
03:38:50,000 --> 03:38:54,000
wheat than your ancestors grew. 
Centuries of selective breeding 

4046
03:38:54,000 --> 03:38:57,300
have produced varieties that 
thrive in Italian soil and 

4047
03:38:57,300 --> 03:38:59,900
climate. 
The grains are larger and more 

4048
03:38:59,900 --> 03:39:03,100
consistent. 
Flour when properly milled, and 

4049
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:05,700
sifted is white enough to 
satisfy the wealthy. 

4050
03:39:05,700 --> 03:39:09,800
Customers who demanded He also 
stopped darker flowers for those

4051
03:39:09,800 --> 03:39:13,400
with simpler budgets. 
The oven technology has improved

4052
03:39:13,400 --> 03:39:16,100
significantly. 
You use a Wood-Fired Brick Oven 

4053
03:39:16,100 --> 03:39:18,700
with a dome ceiling and a 
chimney that draws smoke away. 

4054
03:39:18,700 --> 03:39:22,000
Efficiently. 
The retention of heat is superb.

4055
03:39:22,000 --> 03:39:25,100
You can bake multiple batches on
a single firing. 

4056
03:39:25,100 --> 03:39:28,100
The oven floor is made from 
special, clay tiles that 

4057
03:39:28,108 --> 03:39:31,500
distribute heat evenly. 
These ovens are expensive to 

4058
03:39:31,500 --> 03:39:35,600
build but lasts for Generations.
If maintained properly Your 

4059
03:39:35,600 --> 03:39:38,900
bread selection would Astound 
earlier Bakers, you make the 

4060
03:39:38,900 --> 03:39:42,200
traditional round loaves. 
Of course, you also make a long 

4061
03:39:42,200 --> 03:39:46,000
gated lows that fit better in 
certain ovens, you make rolls 

4062
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:49,200
for individual servings. 
You make enriched breads with 

4063
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:53,500
eggs and butter for the wealthy,
you make for catcher a flatbread

4064
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:56,800
topped with olive oil and salt 
that sells well as a snack or 

4065
03:39:56,800 --> 03:40:00,100
breakfast food. 
The variety reflects both 

4066
03:40:00,100 --> 03:40:02,800
customer demand and your own 
creativity within Guild, 

4067
03:40:02,800 --> 03:40:05,700
restriction. 
And Graded breads for special 

4068
03:40:05,700 --> 03:40:08,000
occasions, require skill to 
shape properly. 

4069
03:40:08,700 --> 03:40:12,400
Each strand must be of equal 
thickness and the braiding must 

4070
03:40:12,400 --> 03:40:15,500
be tight enough to hold during 
baking but not so tight that the

4071
03:40:15,500 --> 03:40:18,800
bread cannot expand. 
The finished product looks 

4072
03:40:18,800 --> 03:40:21,200
impressive, which is exactly the
point? 

4073
03:40:22,100 --> 03:40:25,100
Wealthy customers, pay extra for
bread that announces their 

4074
03:40:25,100 --> 03:40:28,200
status. 
Small roles called, Panini. 

4075
03:40:28,200 --> 03:40:31,400
Buy some customers a convenient 
for workers who need portable 

4076
03:40:31,400 --> 03:40:34,500
food. 
You shape them quickly rolling 

4077
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:37,800
each portion of dough into a 
ball and letting it proof 

4078
03:40:37,800 --> 03:40:41,600
briefly before baking. 
They cook faster than large 

4079
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:45,100
loaves which helps during busy 
periods when the oven needs to 

4080
03:40:45,100 --> 03:40:48,500
keep producing. 
Some customers request roles 

4081
03:40:48,500 --> 03:40:52,600
split and filled with cheese or 
preserved Meats creating a meal 

4082
03:40:52,608 --> 03:40:56,300
in hand. 
Enriched breads, push the 

4083
03:40:56,300 --> 03:40:59,800
boundaries of what constitutes 
bread versus what becomes cake. 

4084
03:41:00,500 --> 03:41:04,100
You add eggs to the dough which 
creates a tender almost fluffy 

4085
03:41:04,100 --> 03:41:08,600
crumb but butter or lard 
contributes richness and helps 

4086
03:41:08,600 --> 03:41:13,000
the bread, stay soft for days. 
Honey or sugar provides 

4087
03:41:13,000 --> 03:41:15,900
sweetness. 
These breads are expensive to 

4088
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:18,300
make because the ingredients 
costs substantially more than 

4089
03:41:18,300 --> 03:41:23,000
flour water and salt. 
You reserve them for festivals 

4090
03:41:23,000 --> 03:41:26,600
wedding and customers willing to
pay premium prices. 

4091
03:41:27,500 --> 03:41:30,200
For catcher, deserves special 
attention because it represents 

4092
03:41:30,200 --> 03:41:33,300
the bridge between ancient 
flatbreads and modern Pete. 

4093
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:37,400
Sir, you make it by pressing 
Easter dough, flat dimpling it 

4094
03:41:37,400 --> 03:41:40,700
with your fingers, brushing it 
generously with olive oil and 

4095
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:44,900
sprinkling it with core salt. 
Sometimes you add Rosemary or 

4096
03:41:44,900 --> 03:41:47,900
other herbs. 
Sometimes you press thin slices 

4097
03:41:47,900 --> 03:41:51,300
of onion into the surface. 
The result is crispy on the 

4098
03:41:51,308 --> 03:41:55,800
bottom soft and oil rich in the 
middle and deeply satisfying to 

4099
03:41:55,800 --> 03:41:58,700
eat. 
This Focaccia is not pizza yet, 

4100
03:41:58,700 --> 03:42:02,600
but it is getting close. 
The Easter dough provides a 

4101
03:42:02,600 --> 03:42:04,500
better base than unleavened 
flatbreads. 

4102
03:42:04,500 --> 03:42:07,700
The oil keeps it moist and adds 
richness. 

4103
03:42:08,700 --> 03:42:11,900
The toppings while simple show 
that people enjoy bread as a 

4104
03:42:11,900 --> 03:42:15,800
platform for other flavors. 
The conceptual leap to adding 

4105
03:42:15,800 --> 03:42:18,500
cheese and other Toppings is not
far off though. 

4106
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:20,900
It will take several more, 
centuries to fully develop. 

4107
03:42:21,800 --> 03:42:24,900
Your work day is long, but less 
physically brutal than in early 

4108
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:27,300
eras. 
You have apprentices to do the 

4109
03:42:27,300 --> 03:42:30,900
heavy grinding and needing Mills
powered by water wheels. 

4110
03:42:30,900 --> 03:42:33,200
Provide flour. 
In quantities that hand, 

4111
03:42:33,200 --> 03:42:36,900
grinding could never achieve you
focus on the skilled work of 

4112
03:42:36,900 --> 03:42:40,600
fermentation management do 
shaping and oven tending. 

4113
03:42:41,300 --> 03:42:44,300
This is professional baking at a
level of sophistication, not 

4114
03:42:44,300 --> 03:42:47,600
seen since Rome. 
The social importance of bread 

4115
03:42:47,600 --> 03:42:51,100
has evolved. 
It is still a staple but now it 

4116
03:42:51,100 --> 03:42:55,300
also serves symbolic roles and 
Christian ritual, The Eucharist 

4117
03:42:55,300 --> 03:42:58,300
uses unleavened bread to 
represent the body of Christ. 

4118
03:42:59,200 --> 03:43:01,400
You make special communion 
breads for churches. 

4119
03:43:01,400 --> 03:43:04,600
Small Wafers that must be 
perfect in appearance and 

4120
03:43:04,608 --> 03:43:08,600
completely uniform. 
This sacred bread represents the

4121
03:43:08,600 --> 03:43:12,300
highest level of your craft 
requiring patience and 

4122
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:16,200
reverence. 
Secular celebrations also center

4123
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:19,100
around bread. 
Weddings, include special 

4124
03:43:19,100 --> 03:43:22,700
breads, often sweetened with 
honey and enriched with eggs 

4125
03:43:22,700 --> 03:43:26,500
Harvest festivals feature 
enormous communal loaves. 

4126
03:43:27,200 --> 03:43:30,100
Religious holidays, each have 
their traditional bread shapes 

4127
03:43:30,100 --> 03:43:33,500
and flavors, you maintain 
recipes for dozens of these 

4128
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:36,300
special breads each with 
specific requirements. 

4129
03:43:36,300 --> 03:43:40,500
Passed down through the gilled, 
the price of bread is regulated 

4130
03:43:40,500 --> 03:43:43,600
by the city government. 
This is both protective and 

4131
03:43:43,600 --> 03:43:45,600
restrictive. 
It ensures. 

4132
03:43:45,600 --> 03:43:49,500
You cannot be undercut by 
unscrupulous competitors willing

4133
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:53,400
to use inferior flour, or short 
weight, their loaves, it also 

4134
03:43:53,400 --> 03:43:56,100
limits your profit. 
Margins, you make a comfortable 

4135
03:43:56,100 --> 03:43:58,400
living, but will never become 
wealthy from baking alone. 

4136
03:43:59,400 --> 03:44:02,400
The most successful Bakers 
diverse fight into grain trading

4137
03:44:02,400 --> 03:44:06,400
on Milling. competition among 
bakeries is fears, but generally

4138
03:44:06,400 --> 03:44:09,900
civil The Guild prohibits 
certain types of aggressive 

4139
03:44:09,900 --> 03:44:12,700
behavior. 
You cannot steal another Baker's

4140
03:44:12,700 --> 03:44:15,100
apprentices. 
You cannot spread false rumors 

4141
03:44:15,100 --> 03:44:18,900
about competitors quality. 
You cannot bake outside your 

4142
03:44:18,900 --> 03:44:22,500
designated hours which are set 
to prevent anyone from gaining 

4143
03:44:22,500 --> 03:44:25,100
an unfair Advantage by working 
while others sleep. 

4144
03:44:26,100 --> 03:44:29,400
These rules create a stable if 
somewhat rigid Market. 

4145
03:44:30,500 --> 03:44:34,400
Innovation happens slowly Within
These constraints you experiment

4146
03:44:34,400 --> 03:44:36,400
with new bread, shapes and minor
flavor. 

4147
03:44:36,400 --> 03:44:40,200
Variations you try different 
hydration levels in your dough. 

4148
03:44:40,200 --> 03:44:43,700
You are just fermentation times 
to see how it affects taste and 

4149
03:44:43,700 --> 03:44:46,500
texture. 
These incremental improvements 

4150
03:44:46,500 --> 03:44:49,600
add up over time. 
Pushing bread, quality steadily 

4151
03:44:49,600 --> 03:44:52,100
higher without disrupting the 
social order. 

4152
03:44:53,100 --> 03:44:56,700
Your relationship with Farmers 
as formalized, you can tracked 

4153
03:44:56,700 --> 03:45:00,000
with specific Farms to supply 
grain, to Greed upon prices. 

4154
03:45:00,000 --> 03:45:03,800
This gives you security of 
supply and gives Farmers a 

4155
03:45:03,800 --> 03:45:06,100
guaranteed buyer. 
The arrangement works. 

4156
03:45:06,100 --> 03:45:09,900
Well, when harvesting, normal in
lean years, it causes tension as

4157
03:45:09,900 --> 03:45:12,800
Farmers attempted to sell the 
highest bidder regardless of 

4158
03:45:12,800 --> 03:45:15,400
contracts. 
The Guild helps mediate these 

4159
03:45:15,400 --> 03:45:18,100
disputes. 
The Milling process as become a 

4160
03:45:18,108 --> 03:45:22,000
specialty unto itself. 
Large water-powered Mills on 

4161
03:45:22,008 --> 03:45:24,700
Rivers, produce flour for 
multiple bakeries. 

4162
03:45:24,700 --> 03:45:27,700
These Mills can achieve a finest
of grind. 

4163
03:45:27,700 --> 03:45:32,000
That hand-powered saddle, clones
could never match The resulting 

4164
03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:34,000
white flour makes bread. 
That would have been 

4165
03:45:34,008 --> 03:45:36,700
unimaginably refined to ancient 
Bakers. 

4166
03:45:37,400 --> 03:45:40,900
Of course, this refined flour. 
Also removes, most of the 

4167
03:45:40,900 --> 03:45:44,300
nutritional value but no one 
understands that connection yet.

4168
03:45:45,200 --> 03:45:48,200
You make bread for every social 
class though the types vary 

4169
03:45:48,200 --> 03:45:51,000
widely. 
The wealthy eat white bread made

4170
03:45:51,000 --> 03:45:54,900
from highly refined flour. 
Often enriched with eggs, milk 

4171
03:45:54,900 --> 03:45:57,600
or butter. 
The middle class is eat whole 

4172
03:45:57,600 --> 03:46:00,900
wheat bread, with some brand, 
remaining, the poori dark bread 

4173
03:46:00,900 --> 03:46:03,900
made from barley Rye or mixed 
grains with little refinement. 

4174
03:46:04,700 --> 03:46:07,800
You can identify someone stated 
Us by what bread they buy from 

4175
03:46:07,800 --> 03:46:10,000
you. 
Health beliefs about bread as 

4176
03:46:10,000 --> 03:46:13,500
starting to develop Physicians. 
Recommend white bread for the 

4177
03:46:13,508 --> 03:46:16,200
sick because it is considered 
easier to digest. 

4178
03:46:17,100 --> 03:46:20,900
Dark bread is associated with 
strength and endurance, suitable

4179
03:46:20,900 --> 03:46:23,600
for Laborers. 
Sweet breads are thought to 

4180
03:46:23,600 --> 03:46:27,400
balance melancholic humors. 
These beliefs have no scientific

4181
03:46:27,400 --> 03:46:31,200
basis, but they influence buying
patterns and your production 

4182
03:46:31,200 --> 03:46:35,000
decisions. 
As the day ends and you close 

4183
03:46:35,000 --> 03:46:38,300
your bakery, you reflect on how 
the craft has evolved. 

4184
03:46:38,900 --> 03:46:42,300
Your Roman predecessors would 
recognize your basic techniques.

4185
03:46:42,300 --> 03:46:45,700
It would be amazed by your 
variety and consistency. 

4186
03:46:46,600 --> 03:46:48,900
Your medieval Guild structure 
would puzzle them. 

4187
03:46:48,900 --> 03:46:52,500
The social importance of bread 
has if anything increased? 

4188
03:46:53,200 --> 03:46:56,600
You're not just feeding people, 
you're maintaining civilization 

4189
03:46:56,600 --> 03:46:58,500
itself. 
One loaf at a time. 

4190
03:46:59,200 --> 03:47:03,100
Tonight, you will sleep soundly.
Your body tired from honest work

4191
03:47:03,100 --> 03:47:05,500
tomorrow will bring the same 
cycle. 

4192
03:47:06,200 --> 03:47:11,100
Mix ferment shape bake, sell 
repeat. 

4193
03:47:12,100 --> 03:47:14,900
This Rhythm has sustained 
Baker's for thousands of years. 

4194
03:47:14,900 --> 03:47:19,200
It will sustain Bakers for 
thousands more Your part of 

4195
03:47:19,208 --> 03:47:22,200
something larger than yourself a
chain of Crafts. 

4196
03:47:22,200 --> 03:47:27,200
People stretching back to the 
first person who Mixed Grain and

4197
03:47:27,200 --> 03:47:31,700
water, and discovered bread. 
You find yourself in Naples 

4198
03:47:31,700 --> 03:47:36,800
around 1700 CE. 
The city is crowded, noisy and 

4199
03:47:36,800 --> 03:47:39,400
vibrant. 
The port brings goods from a 

4200
03:47:39,400 --> 03:47:41,000
cross. 
The Mediterranean, and Beyond 

4201
03:47:42,000 --> 03:47:44,800
among these Goods is a fruit 
that arrived from the Americas 

4202
03:47:44,800 --> 03:47:47,800
two centuries ago and has now 
become naturalized in southern 

4203
03:47:47,800 --> 03:47:52,000
Italy, You know it as the Tomato
though, many still regard it 

4204
03:47:52,000 --> 03:47:55,500
with suspicion, you're a street 
vendor selling food to working 

4205
03:47:55,500 --> 03:47:58,300
people who have no time or 
facilities to cook for 

4206
03:47:58,300 --> 03:48:01,400
themselves. 
Your specialty is flatbreads, 

4207
03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:05,700
prepared, quickly and sold hot. 
The techniques you use Trace 

4208
03:48:05,700 --> 03:48:09,300
back thousands of years but the 
specific combination you are 

4209
03:48:09,300 --> 03:48:11,600
developing is new. 
You are though. 

4210
03:48:11,600 --> 03:48:14,100
You do not know it helping to 
invent Pizza. 

4211
03:48:14,900 --> 03:48:19,000
Your workspace is minimal. 
You have a small Wood-Fired oven

4212
03:48:19,000 --> 03:48:21,700
basically a metal box lined with
firebrick. 

4213
03:48:21,700 --> 03:48:24,900
You have a marble slab for 
working dough. 

4214
03:48:24,900 --> 03:48:29,400
You have a few basic 
ingredients, flour water salt, 

4215
03:48:29,400 --> 03:48:34,500
yeast, Olive oil, tomatoes, 
cheese and herbs. from the 

4216
03:48:34,500 --> 03:48:37,500
simple components, you create 
food that feeds hundreds of 

4217
03:48:37,500 --> 03:48:40,900
people daily The dough is 
similar to do. 

4218
03:48:40,900 --> 03:48:44,900
You make it thinner, you need it
until it becomes a elastic and 

4219
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:48,300
smooth. 
You let it rest briefly just 

4220
03:48:48,300 --> 03:48:51,000
long enough for the gluten to 
relax so you can stretch it. 

4221
03:48:51,700 --> 03:48:54,800
Then you press it flat with your
hands working from the center 

4222
03:48:54,800 --> 03:48:57,500
outward. 
Leaving a slightly thicker Rim 

4223
03:48:57,500 --> 03:49:01,400
around the edge. this Rim will 
puff up during baking creating a

4224
03:49:01,400 --> 03:49:05,400
crust to hold on to Stretching 
technique takes practice to 

4225
03:49:05,400 --> 03:49:07,800
master. 
You use your fingertips, to 

4226
03:49:07,808 --> 03:49:11,100
press the dough, flat initially,
then switch to pulling and 

4227
03:49:11,100 --> 03:49:14,100
rotating it. 
Some vendors toss the dough in 

4228
03:49:14,100 --> 03:49:17,000
the air spinning it to stretch 
it evenly through centrifugal 

4229
03:49:17,000 --> 03:49:20,000
force. 
This is partly Showmanship 

4230
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:23,400
attract and customers with the 
spectacle but it also works 

4231
03:49:23,400 --> 03:49:27,200
efficiently creating a uniform 
thickness without overworking 

4232
03:49:27,200 --> 03:49:29,900
the dough. 
You have not quite mastered the 

4233
03:49:29,900 --> 03:49:33,200
tossing technique yet. 
Preferring the reliability of 

4234
03:49:33,200 --> 03:49:36,500
hand stretching. 
Thickness matters more than you 

4235
03:49:36,500 --> 03:49:39,700
might expect too thick and the 
bottom stays doughy. 

4236
03:49:39,700 --> 03:49:43,800
While the top Burns too thin, 
and the Doats or become cracker 

4237
03:49:43,800 --> 03:49:47,200
like the ideal is perhaps a 
quarter inch thick, maybe 

4238
03:49:47,200 --> 03:49:51,300
slightly less At this thickness,
the dough Cooks through quickly 

4239
03:49:51,300 --> 03:49:53,800
while still maintaining enough 
structure to support toppings 

4240
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:57,900
and stay pliable enough to fold 
for eating to Marta's are the 

4241
03:49:57,908 --> 03:50:01,200
Innovation that changes 
everything earlier Generations. 

4242
03:50:01,200 --> 03:50:04,400
Use them sparingly. 
If at all, they were considered 

4243
03:50:04,400 --> 03:50:07,600
potentially poisonous a 
reasonable assumption given that

4244
03:50:07,600 --> 03:50:09,600
Tomatoes belong to the 
nightshade family. 

4245
03:50:10,500 --> 03:50:12,800
But poverty and hunger broke 
down those barriers. 

4246
03:50:13,600 --> 03:50:17,100
Someone desperate enough tried 
cooking tomatoes and discovered.

4247
03:50:17,100 --> 03:50:19,100
They were not only safe but 
delicious. 

4248
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:23,300
You crushed, fresh tomatoes, and
cook them, briefly with salt and

4249
03:50:23,308 --> 03:50:25,600
olive oil. 
The heat concentrates, the 

4250
03:50:25,600 --> 03:50:27,700
flavor, and kills any harmful 
bacteria. 

4251
03:50:28,700 --> 03:50:32,100
The resulting sources Tangy, 
slightly sweet and deeply 

4252
03:50:32,100 --> 03:50:34,700
savory. 
You spread it thinly over your 

4253
03:50:34,700 --> 03:50:38,200
flattened dough leaving the rim 
bear the sauce, soaks into the 

4254
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:40,000
dough slightly flavoring it 
throughout. 

4255
03:50:41,000 --> 03:50:44,000
Cheese comes next. 
You use a local cheese that will

4256
03:50:44,008 --> 03:50:46,500
eventually be called mozzarella,
though. 

4257
03:50:46,500 --> 03:50:48,100
The name is not yet 
standardized. 

4258
03:50:48,100 --> 03:50:53,800
It is fresh, soft, and Mild made
from Buffalo milk or cow's milk 

4259
03:50:53,800 --> 03:50:57,500
depending on what is available. 
You tear it into small pieces 

4260
03:50:57,500 --> 03:51:00,800
and scatter them across the 
tomato sauce, when baked baked 

4261
03:51:00,800 --> 03:51:02,700
the cheese, will melt into 
creamy pools. 

4262
03:51:02,700 --> 03:51:06,700
Sometimes you add other toppings
and choose a popular and cheap. 

4263
03:51:06,708 --> 03:51:08,300
Providing salty. 
Intensity. 

4264
03:51:09,100 --> 03:51:11,800
Garlic cloves, sliced, thin, and
sharpness. 

4265
03:51:12,700 --> 03:51:14,800
Fresh basil leaves contribute to
peppery. 

4266
03:51:14,800 --> 03:51:18,200
Almost minty note. 
These are not random choices, 

4267
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:22,300
each topping serves a purpose 
balancing, the acid of the 

4268
03:51:22,300 --> 03:51:26,400
tomatoes and the richness of the
cheese, the baking happens fast.

4269
03:51:26,400 --> 03:51:30,200
Your oven is screaming. 
Hot much hotter than necessary 

4270
03:51:30,200 --> 03:51:33,600
for regular bread. 
You slide the prepared flatbread

4271
03:51:33,600 --> 03:51:36,400
directly onto the oven floor 
using a long peel. 

4272
03:51:37,100 --> 03:51:39,700
The intense heat causes the 
bottom to crisp almost 

4273
03:51:39,700 --> 03:51:42,600
immediately. 
The cheese melts and begins to 

4274
03:51:42,600 --> 03:51:47,000
Brown the rim puffs up from the 
steam generated by the moisture 

4275
03:51:47,000 --> 03:51:49,400
within minutes. 
It is done. 

4276
03:51:50,000 --> 03:51:53,400
The result is unlike anything, 
your ancestors made, it is 

4277
03:51:53,400 --> 03:51:55,700
crispy on the bottom but soft in
the middle. 

4278
03:51:55,700 --> 03:51:59,000
The tomato sauce provides a city
and sweetness. 

4279
03:51:59,000 --> 03:52:01,500
The cheese adds richness and 
salt. 

4280
03:52:01,500 --> 03:52:05,700
The herbs contribute freshness, 
the whole is greater than the 

4281
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:09,400
sum of its parts. 
This is recognizably peatza 

4282
03:52:09,400 --> 03:52:11,300
though. 
It lacks the name and will not 

4283
03:52:11,300 --> 03:52:13,700
gain wide Fame for another 
Century or more. 

4284
03:52:14,700 --> 03:52:16,600
Your customers are not a wrist 
to crack. 

4285
03:52:16,600 --> 03:52:20,300
So, wealthy, merchants their 
Dock Workers, laundry, women 

4286
03:52:20,300 --> 03:52:23,000
street sweepers and day 
laborers. 

4287
03:52:23,000 --> 03:52:27,700
They buy your flatbread because 
it is cheap filling and tasty. 

4288
03:52:28,600 --> 03:52:31,800
They eat it while standing 
often, folding it in half to 

4289
03:52:31,800 --> 03:52:34,900
make it easier to handle. 
Plates are unnecessary. 

4290
03:52:34,900 --> 03:52:37,300
The bread is both container and 
meal. 

4291
03:52:38,100 --> 03:52:40,400
The eating habits of your 
customers shape, how you make 

4292
03:52:40,400 --> 03:52:44,200
the food, they have 10 minutes 
to eat before returning to work,

4293
03:52:44,200 --> 03:52:46,700
they cannot sit at a table with 
utensils. 

4294
03:52:46,700 --> 03:52:51,700
They need food that travels well
does not drip excessively and 

4295
03:52:51,700 --> 03:52:54,600
can be consumed with one hand 
while the other stays free for 

4296
03:52:54,600 --> 03:52:57,900
work or balance. 
Your flatbreads meet all these 

4297
03:52:57,900 --> 03:53:01,200
requirements perfectly. 
You watch how people eat your 

4298
03:53:01,200 --> 03:53:04,800
product and adjust accordingly. 
When you notice customers 

4299
03:53:04,800 --> 03:53:07,700
struggling with cheese that 
slides off, you start using 

4300
03:53:07,700 --> 03:53:11,900
Thermo cheese that holds better.
When tomato sauce, drips and 

4301
03:53:11,900 --> 03:53:15,000
stains clothes, you cook it 
longer to thicken it. 

4302
03:53:15,700 --> 03:53:18,700
When the rim gets too puffy and 
customers, discard it as 

4303
03:53:18,700 --> 03:53:21,000
wasteful. 
You make the rim slightly 

4304
03:53:21,000 --> 03:53:23,900
thinner. 
Each small adjustment improves 

4305
03:53:23,900 --> 03:53:27,600
the product incrementally. 
The smell of your operation will

4306
03:53:27,600 --> 03:53:30,500
becomes a landmark. 
People give directions relative 

4307
03:53:30,500 --> 03:53:33,800
to your oven, meet me near the 
Pete's cell on the Water Front. 

4308
03:53:33,800 --> 03:53:37,300
The bakery is two streets. 
Pass the place with the Tomato 

4309
03:53:37,300 --> 03:53:39,800
smell. 
Your owner is distinctive enough

4310
03:53:39,800 --> 03:53:42,900
that even blind residents of the
neighborhood can navigate by it.

4311
03:53:43,700 --> 03:53:46,900
To Muto yeast would smoke and 
melted cheese. 

4312
03:53:46,900 --> 03:53:50,500
Create an olfactory signature, 
that defines this corner of 

4313
03:53:50,508 --> 03:53:52,800
Naples. 
Weather effects, your business 

4314
03:53:52,800 --> 03:53:56,500
dramatically rainy days. 
See fewer customers because 

4315
03:53:56,500 --> 03:54:00,100
workers stay home or eating 
taverns blazing hot days, 

4316
03:54:00,100 --> 03:54:02,300
increased demand? 
Because no one wants to stand 

4317
03:54:02,300 --> 03:54:06,100
over a cooking fire at home. 
You learn to predict customer 

4318
03:54:06,100 --> 03:54:07,900
flow based on clouds and 
temperature? 

4319
03:54:08,800 --> 03:54:12,400
You adjust your preparation 
accordingly, making more dough 

4320
03:54:12,400 --> 03:54:15,900
before busy periods and scaling 
back when demand will be light. 

4321
03:54:16,600 --> 03:54:18,100
The economics are 
straightforward. 

4322
03:54:18,100 --> 03:54:22,100
Flower is cheap tomatoes and 
season are practically free. 

4323
03:54:22,100 --> 03:54:24,900
Cheese costs more but you use it
sparingly. 

4324
03:54:26,000 --> 03:54:29,700
Fuel is the major expense but 
your oven is efficient and you 

4325
03:54:29,700 --> 03:54:31,800
bake continuously during busy 
periods. 

4326
03:54:31,800 --> 03:54:35,800
You sell each piece for a few 
coins, making a slim profit on 

4327
03:54:35,800 --> 03:54:40,400
volume. if you sell 100 pieces a
day you earn enough to live on, 

4328
03:54:41,900 --> 03:54:44,900
Other vendors, notice your 
success and start copying you? 

4329
03:54:45,600 --> 03:54:49,000
Soon, there are multiple sellers
making similar flaps with tomato

4330
03:54:49,000 --> 03:54:52,000
and cheese. 
Competition drives, quality 

4331
03:54:52,000 --> 03:54:54,800
improvements. 
Someone figures out that letting

4332
03:54:54,800 --> 03:54:57,000
the dough ferment longer 
improves the flavor. 

4333
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:00,500
Someone else discovers that a 
wetter dough creates better 

4334
03:55:00,500 --> 03:55:03,100
texture. 
These improvements spread 

4335
03:55:03,100 --> 03:55:05,000
quickly through, observation and
imitation. 

4336
03:55:05,000 --> 03:55:09,400
The regional variations are 
already appearing in Naples. 

4337
03:55:09,400 --> 03:55:13,100
The flatbreads tend to have a 
softer chewier crust because the

4338
03:55:13,100 --> 03:55:17,400
local flower has a particular 
protein content in Rome, the 

4339
03:55:17,400 --> 03:55:20,700
style is thinner and crispier in
Sicily. 

4340
03:55:20,700 --> 03:55:24,100
The toppings are more generous 
and the cheeses different each 

4341
03:55:24,100 --> 03:55:26,600
region adapts. 
The basic concept to local 

4342
03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:28,300
tastes and available 
ingredients. 

4343
03:55:28,300 --> 03:55:30,900
The wealthy largely ignore this 
food. 

4344
03:55:30,900 --> 03:55:34,200
They have access to elaborate 
meals prepared by professional 

4345
03:55:34,200 --> 03:55:37,200
Cooks street. 
Food is beneath their status. 

4346
03:55:37,200 --> 03:55:41,800
This will change eventually, but
for now, Pizza belongs to the 

4347
03:55:41,800 --> 03:55:44,800
poor. 
It is their Innovation, their 

4348
03:55:44,800 --> 03:55:46,400
contribution to culinary 
history. 

4349
03:55:47,300 --> 03:55:49,900
The fact that it will eventually
conquer the world would 

4350
03:55:49,900 --> 03:55:52,100
astonish. 
You, you do not think about 

4351
03:55:52,100 --> 03:55:56,200
Legacy or history, you think 
about fuel costs and customer 

4352
03:55:56,200 --> 03:55:58,500
flow. 
And whether the cheese Supply 

4353
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:02,200
will deliver on time, you think 
about the blister on your hand 

4354
03:56:02,200 --> 03:56:06,000
from the hotel and the Aiken 
your feet from standing all day.

4355
03:56:06,800 --> 03:56:09,100
You think about feeding your own
family with the money? 

4356
03:56:09,100 --> 03:56:13,400
You earn from feeding strangers.
The techniques you use daily are

4357
03:56:13,400 --> 03:56:15,700
the accumulated wisdom of 10,000
years. 

4358
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:18,900
The grain cultivation from the 
Fertile Crescent. 

4359
03:56:19,600 --> 03:56:22,900
The leavening discovered in 
Egypt, the oven technology 

4360
03:56:22,900 --> 03:56:26,800
perfected in Rome, the regional 
adaptations developed during the

4361
03:56:26,800 --> 03:56:30,000
medieval period, the tomatoes, 
from the new world. 

4362
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:33,400
All of these threads come 
together in your hands as you 

4363
03:56:33,400 --> 03:56:37,300
stretch dough and spread source 
and slide flatbreads into your 

4364
03:56:37,308 --> 03:56:40,400
roaring oven. 
As evening Falls and you sell 

4365
03:56:40,400 --> 03:56:43,000
the last of your inventory, you 
reflect on the day. 

4366
03:56:43,800 --> 03:56:47,300
Your hands are stained with 
tomato juice and flour your 

4367
03:56:47,300 --> 03:56:49,400
clothes smell of wood, smoke and
melted cheese. 

4368
03:56:49,400 --> 03:56:53,000
Your cash box contains enough 
coins to buy tomorrow's 

4369
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:54,500
ingredients and feed your 
family. 

4370
03:56:54,500 --> 03:56:59,300
This is good day Anonymous day. 
You pack up your equipment and 

4371
03:56:59,300 --> 03:57:01,400
head home through Naples narrow 
streets. 

4372
03:57:02,500 --> 03:57:04,700
Around you. 
The city continues. 

4373
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:08,500
Its chaotic, existence Merchants
Hawk, Wares. 

4374
03:57:08,500 --> 03:57:12,500
Musicians play for coins, 
arguments, such rupt and 

4375
03:57:12,500 --> 03:57:17,500
dissolved life in all its messy,
Vitality surrounds, you and 

4376
03:57:17,500 --> 03:57:21,400
somewhere in this noise and 
confusion, a new food is being 

4377
03:57:21,400 --> 03:57:25,700
born, one flatbread at a time 
tonight, you will sleep with the

4378
03:57:25,700 --> 03:57:29,100
satisfaction of work. 
Well done tomorrow, you'll get 

4379
03:57:29,100 --> 03:57:33,100
up and do it all again, you'll 
mix dough and crushed to Marta's

4380
03:57:33,100 --> 03:57:34,800
and feed the working people of 
Naples. 

4381
03:57:34,800 --> 03:57:38,000
You will not know that two 
centuries from now people around

4382
03:57:38,000 --> 03:57:40,100
the world will eat variations of
what you make. 

4383
03:57:40,900 --> 03:57:43,000
You will not know that pizza 
will become one of the most 

4384
03:57:43,000 --> 03:57:46,000
popular foods on Earth. 
You just know that it tastes 

4385
03:57:46,000 --> 03:57:50,600
good sells well and lets you 
make a living that is enough. 

4386
03:57:51,600 --> 03:57:54,000
The story of bread and pizza 
does not end here. 

4387
03:57:54,000 --> 03:57:57,900
Of course, it continues forward 
into industrial Mills and gas 

4388
03:57:57,900 --> 03:58:00,700
ovens and frozen dough and 
Global chains. 

4389
03:58:01,600 --> 03:58:03,800
But those developments belong to
a different era. 

4390
03:58:04,400 --> 03:58:08,100
For tonight, the story rests 
here in the warm, glow of a wood

4391
03:58:08,108 --> 03:58:11,800
fired oven in Naples with the 
smell of tomatoes and cheese 

4392
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:15,800
filling the air and the endless,
human need for good food being 

4393
03:58:15,800 --> 03:58:19,800
met one meal at a time. 
Well, my tired dumpling's. 

4394
03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:21,500
We have traveled along Road 
tonight. 

4395
03:58:22,300 --> 03:58:25,600
From Wild grasses in ancient 
valleys to wood-fired ovens in 

4396
03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:28,000
Naples. 
Bread has been Humanity's 

4397
03:58:28,000 --> 03:58:31,400
constant companion. 
It evolved from simple 

4398
03:58:31,400 --> 03:58:35,600
sustenance to cultural 
Touchstone from survival food to

4399
03:58:35,600 --> 03:58:38,900
coloring art. 
Pizza, you might order tomorrow 

4400
03:58:38,900 --> 03:58:43,300
traces, its lineage back, 10,000
years to someone who first 

4401
03:58:43,300 --> 03:58:45,600
thought to grind grain and mix 
it with water. 

4402
03:58:46,500 --> 03:58:48,300
Every bite contains that 
history. 

4403
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:51,700
If you know where to look. if 
this journey through grain and 

4404
03:58:51,700 --> 03:58:55,700
ovens helped you relax tonight, 
Perhaps leave a like or share 

4405
03:58:55,700 --> 03:58:58,300
this with someone who 
appreciates slow food history. 

4406
03:58:58,300 --> 03:59:02,200
No pressure though. 
Either way, I will be here 

4407
03:59:02,200 --> 03:59:04,700
whenever you need a history 
lesson that doubles as a sleep 

4408
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:13,700
aid until next time sleep well, 
In the middle years of the 

4409
03:59:13,700 --> 03:59:17,400
1800s, when steam engines were 
beginning to reshape the world 

4410
03:59:17,400 --> 03:59:21,000
and Gaslight was still a Wonder 
in most homes there existed. 

4411
03:59:21,000 --> 03:59:25,000
A profession that demanded 
extraordinary dedication, and 

4412
03:59:25,000 --> 03:59:28,500
unusual courage. 
The Lighthouse Keeper stood, 

4413
03:59:28,500 --> 03:59:31,300
between the merchant ships of 
Empire and the hungry rocks that

4414
03:59:31,300 --> 03:59:35,600
looked beneath the waves. to 
night, you step into that world 

4415
03:59:35,600 --> 03:59:40,000
of light and solitude, The 
morning arrives differently when

4416
03:59:40,000 --> 03:59:43,500
you live inside a tower of stone
and iron rises from the sea 

4417
03:59:43,500 --> 03:59:46,300
itself. 
You waking your narrow bunk to 

4418
03:59:46,300 --> 03:59:48,100
the sound of waves against 
granite. 

4419
03:59:48,700 --> 03:59:51,600
The air Taste of salt even here 
in your sleeping quarters. 

4420
03:59:51,600 --> 03:59:56,000
Every breath carries the ocean 
inside your lungs, your room 

4421
03:59:56,000 --> 03:59:59,100
measures, perhaps eight feet 
across the curved wall. 

4422
03:59:59,100 --> 04:00:01,200
Follows the light House's 
circular design. 

4423
04:00:02,300 --> 04:00:05,300
A small porthole window. 
Shows you the grey Dawn breaking

4424
04:00:05,300 --> 04:00:07,700
over the channel. 
You swing your legs over the 

4425
04:00:07,700 --> 04:00:10,300
side of the bunk. 
The floor beneath your feet is 

4426
04:00:10,300 --> 04:00:14,000
cold iron, your boots waiting. 
Exactly where you left them the 

4427
04:00:14,000 --> 04:00:16,700
night before. 
The keepers quarters occupy, the

4428
04:00:16,708 --> 04:00:20,000
middle section of the tower 
below you, the storage rooms 

4429
04:00:20,000 --> 04:00:22,700
hold lamp oil and Provisions 
above you. 

4430
04:00:22,700 --> 04:00:24,900
The light chamber weights for 
its evening duties. 

4431
04:00:25,600 --> 04:00:27,800
You dress in Wool trousers, and 
a thick shirt. 

4432
04:00:27,800 --> 04:00:30,300
The clothing. 
Never quite dries in this 

4433
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:33,300
environment. 
Everything you own carries a 

4434
04:00:33,300 --> 04:00:36,000
permanent dampness that becomes 
normal after the first month. 

4435
04:00:36,900 --> 04:00:39,300
Your routine Begins. 
The same way every morning. 

4436
04:00:40,200 --> 04:00:43,100
You climb the spiral stairs to 
check the lamp first. 

4437
04:00:43,900 --> 04:00:47,500
This takes pressed of breakfast 
or washing or any other human 

4438
04:00:47,500 --> 04:00:50,300
need. 
The stairs wind up would in a 

4439
04:00:50,300 --> 04:00:53,700
tight coil. 
Your hand runs along the iron 

4440
04:00:53,700 --> 04:00:58,300
railing worn, Smooth by Decades 
of Keepers before you the steps 

4441
04:00:58,300 --> 04:01:02,900
number 147 from your quarters to
the lamp room, you count them 

4442
04:01:02,900 --> 04:01:05,500
with out thinking the rhythm is 
entered your bones. 

4443
04:01:05,500 --> 04:01:09,100
The lamp-room greets you with 
its familiar smell of oil and 

4444
04:01:09,100 --> 04:01:13,100
metal and glass cleaner. 
The great lens dominate the 

4445
04:01:13,100 --> 04:01:16,500
space, it stands taller than a 
man and weighs more than a 

4446
04:01:16,508 --> 04:01:19,700
carriage. 
This particular lens was crafted

4447
04:01:19,700 --> 04:01:22,600
by the French inventor 
Augustine, Jean frenel. 

4448
04:01:23,500 --> 04:01:27,100
The design uses a series of 
concentric prisms that bend and 

4449
04:01:27,100 --> 04:01:29,100
focus light with remarkable 
efficiency. 

4450
04:01:30,300 --> 04:01:34,500
A single oil flame becomes a 
beam visible for 20 miles across

4451
04:01:34,500 --> 04:01:37,100
the water. 
You approach the lamp with the 

4452
04:01:37,108 --> 04:01:40,300
reverence. 
It deserves The mechanism must 

4453
04:01:40,300 --> 04:01:42,800
be inspected before the morning 
fully arrives. 

4454
04:01:43,600 --> 04:01:46,400
The Clockwork Waits system, 
hangs down through the center of

4455
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:48,900
the Tower. 
During the night this week to 

4456
04:01:48,900 --> 04:01:52,300
send it slowly turning the lens 
in its endless rotation. 

4457
04:01:53,300 --> 04:01:56,000
The rotation creates the 
characteristic flash pattern 

4458
04:01:56,000 --> 04:01:59,000
that identifies your light house
to passing ship's. 

4459
04:01:59,800 --> 04:02:02,800
You record the night's 
performance in your logbook the 

4460
04:02:02,800 --> 04:02:06,700
lamp burned without incident. 
Clockwork maintained its Rhythm 

4461
04:02:06,700 --> 04:02:09,400
the lens completed its 
rotations. 

4462
04:02:09,400 --> 04:02:13,400
According to schedule the log 
book sits on a small desk bolted

4463
04:02:13,400 --> 04:02:16,800
to the wall, Every keeper, 
maintains these records with 

4464
04:02:16,800 --> 04:02:20,900
meticulous care, Trinity house, 
inspectors review, them during 

4465
04:02:20,900 --> 04:02:23,900
their quarterly, visits you 
write in clear script. 

4466
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:30,500
Is the 14th of November 1863. 
The weather was fair through the

4467
04:02:30,508 --> 04:02:32,600
night with moderate Seas from 
the southwest. 

4468
04:02:33,700 --> 04:02:37,400
Your handwriting fills page 
after page of these books years 

4469
04:02:37,400 --> 04:02:40,000
from now, Maritime historians 
will study them to understand 

4470
04:02:40,000 --> 04:02:41,800
shipping patterns and weather 
conditions. 

4471
04:02:41,800 --> 04:02:44,500
You do not think about this 
Legacy. 

4472
04:02:44,500 --> 04:02:47,600
You simply record what happened?
The morning inspection 

4473
04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:50,100
continues. 
You check the Mercury float. 

4474
04:02:50,100 --> 04:02:52,200
That allows the lens to rotate 
with minimal friction. 

4475
04:02:53,100 --> 04:02:56,900
The liquid metal gleams in its 
brass trough, you verify that 

4476
04:02:56,900 --> 04:03:00,600
the level remains constant, the 
Mercury fascinated you when you 

4477
04:03:00,600 --> 04:03:05,400
first began this work, it moves 
Like Water waste like lead. 

4478
04:03:05,400 --> 04:03:09,800
It pulls and separates and 
reforms with an alien quality 

4479
04:03:09,800 --> 04:03:13,700
that never quite feels natural. 
The brass. 

4480
04:03:13,700 --> 04:03:17,000
Trough that contains it was 
machined to exacting. 

4481
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:21,600
Tolerance is the entire lens. 
Operators floats on this Mercury

4482
04:03:21,600 --> 04:03:25,800
bed, the weight of the Glass and
Metal assembly is a stormis. 

4483
04:03:26,700 --> 04:03:29,500
Yet it rotates with the lightest
touch because friction has been 

4484
04:03:29,500 --> 04:03:32,700
nearly eliminated. 
This engineering represents 

4485
04:03:32,700 --> 04:03:35,900
Decades of refinement. 
Early light house is used 

4486
04:03:35,900 --> 04:03:38,000
mechanical bearings. 
That required constant 

4487
04:03:38,000 --> 04:03:41,700
maintenance. 
The friction generated heat the 

4488
04:03:41,700 --> 04:03:45,400
mechanisms were quickly 
Augustine for nails invention of

4489
04:03:45,400 --> 04:03:48,700
the Kata dioptric, lens, 
revolutionized, Lighthouse, 

4490
04:03:48,700 --> 04:03:52,600
technology, But it was, the 
addition of the Mercury, float 

4491
04:03:52,600 --> 04:03:56,600
system that made the design. 
Truly practical you learned 

4492
04:03:56,600 --> 04:03:59,000
these technical details during 
your initial training. 

4493
04:03:59,900 --> 04:04:02,400
Trinity house maintains a school
for new Keepers. 

4494
04:04:02,400 --> 04:04:05,700
The instruction covers both the 
practical skills and the 

4495
04:04:05,700 --> 04:04:08,900
theoretical knowledge 
Understanding how the Equipment 

4496
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:12,700
Works makes you a better keeper?
You can diagnose problems more 

4497
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:15,000
quickly. 
You can perform repairs with 

4498
04:04:15,000 --> 04:04:18,400
greater confidence. 
The lamp itself must be cleaned.

4499
04:04:18,400 --> 04:04:20,700
While the glass is still warm 
from burning through the night, 

4500
04:04:20,700 --> 04:04:24,200
you climb the small ladder that 
provides access to the burner 

4501
04:04:24,200 --> 04:04:28,800
assembly, the flame burned way 
oil until recently Now, you use 

4502
04:04:28,800 --> 04:04:32,700
culture oil pressed from rape 
seed, the newer fuel Burns, 

4503
04:04:32,700 --> 04:04:35,200
cleaner and produces less smoke 
to dirty, the lens. 

4504
04:04:35,200 --> 04:04:38,700
You extinguish the flame of a 
careful turn of the valve. 

4505
04:04:38,700 --> 04:04:42,400
The southern absence of light 
feels wrong even in the growing 

4506
04:04:42,400 --> 04:04:45,400
Dawn. 
Your light house exists to 

4507
04:04:45,400 --> 04:04:48,600
combat Darkness. 
The glass chimney requires 

4508
04:04:48,600 --> 04:04:52,500
immediate cleaning, you use a 
soft cloth, and a solution of 

4509
04:04:52,500 --> 04:04:55,700
vinegar and water. 
The soot comes away in dark 

4510
04:04:55,700 --> 04:04:59,800
streaks that stained the cloth. 
This task demands, patience. 

4511
04:04:59,800 --> 04:05:03,200
A single smudge. 
On the glass reduces the light 

4512
04:05:03,200 --> 04:05:06,800
intensity. 
Ships depend on that intensity 

4513
04:05:06,800 --> 04:05:11,000
to judge their distance from the
rocks. the lens itself receives 

4514
04:05:11,000 --> 04:05:13,800
its own cleaning regimen, you 
move around its circumference 

4515
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:18,100
polishing each prism panel The 
morning sun, begins to strike 

4516
04:05:18,100 --> 04:05:21,300
through the glass rainbow 
patterns dance, across the 

4517
04:05:21,300 --> 04:05:23,500
walls. 
These rainbows never lose their 

4518
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:27,300
ability to please you. 
The science of light, refraction

4519
04:05:27,300 --> 04:05:30,600
becomes a daily Archer with the 
lamp tended. 

4520
04:05:30,600 --> 04:05:32,000
You descend to prepare 
breakfast. 

4521
04:05:32,900 --> 04:05:35,900
The small kitchen, occupies one 
corner of your living level. 

4522
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:39,900
It contains a coal stove, a 
water pump connected to the 

4523
04:05:39,900 --> 04:05:43,000
rainwater system, and a cabinet 
for dry goods. 

4524
04:05:44,500 --> 04:05:47,800
The kitchen represents careful 
adaptation to limited space. 

4525
04:05:47,800 --> 04:05:51,400
Every item has been selected for
efficiency and durability. 

4526
04:05:52,600 --> 04:05:55,100
Nothing decorative or 
unnecessary occupies. 

4527
04:05:55,100 --> 04:05:58,100
The pressure's room. 
The coal stove is a compact 

4528
04:05:58,100 --> 04:06:00,400
model, designed specifically, 
for light houses. 

4529
04:06:01,300 --> 04:06:04,500
In a Burns fuel efficiently and 
produces adequate heat for 

4530
04:06:04,500 --> 04:06:07,200
cooking. 
The chimney runs up through the 

4531
04:06:07,200 --> 04:06:10,400
Tower, interior providing some 
warmth to the upper levels. 

4532
04:06:11,100 --> 04:06:14,900
Managing the stove requires 
skill, two little air and the 

4533
04:06:14,900 --> 04:06:19,100
fire smolders in efficiently too
much, air and cold consumption 

4534
04:06:19,100 --> 04:06:21,100
increases Beyond sustainable 
levels. 

4535
04:06:21,800 --> 04:06:23,800
You've learned to maintain the 
perfect balance. 

4536
04:06:23,800 --> 04:06:27,600
The Fire Burns hot enough for 
cooking but not so hot that it 

4537
04:06:27,600 --> 04:06:31,000
wastes fuel the water pump 
connects to the rainwater 

4538
04:06:31,000 --> 04:06:34,700
collection system. 
The towers conical roof funnels 

4539
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:37,700
precipitation into a cistern 
built into the structure. 

4540
04:06:38,600 --> 04:06:41,900
This water provides your entire 
supply for drinking cooking and 

4541
04:06:41,900 --> 04:06:44,700
washing. 
Water Management requires 

4542
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:49,000
constant vigilance during dry 
spells, the system level drops 

4543
04:06:49,000 --> 04:06:52,100
alarmingly, you must ration 
usage to prevent running 

4544
04:06:52,100 --> 04:06:55,600
completely dry it. 
A rain is generally adequate in 

4545
04:06:55,600 --> 04:06:58,600
this climate but some are 
drought can occur. 

4546
04:06:58,600 --> 04:07:01,500
You have a emergency procedures 
for such situations. 

4547
04:07:01,500 --> 04:07:04,700
The supply boat can deliver 
fresh water. 

4548
04:07:04,700 --> 04:07:08,700
If absolutely necessary. 
The taste of rainwater changes 

4549
04:07:08,700 --> 04:07:12,200
with the seasons spring rain, 
tastes clean, and soft. 

4550
04:07:12,900 --> 04:07:16,700
Summer Rain, sometimes carries 
dust, Autumn rain, has a mineral

4551
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:21,400
quality winter. 
Rain taste sharp and cold the 

4552
04:07:21,400 --> 04:07:25,000
subtle variations become 
familiar over time, you develop 

4553
04:07:25,000 --> 04:07:28,200
preferences and opinions about 
water, that would seem absurd to

4554
04:07:28,200 --> 04:07:30,400
people with access to Wells or 
town supplies. 

4555
04:07:31,200 --> 04:07:35,300
You like the stove with practice
deficiency, coal must be used 

4556
04:07:35,308 --> 04:07:39,000
sparingly. 
Your monthly allocation arrives 

4557
04:07:39,000 --> 04:07:41,300
by supply boat along with your 
food and mail. 

4558
04:07:41,900 --> 04:07:45,100
The kettle goes on. 
First T is not negotiable in the

4559
04:07:45,100 --> 04:07:47,400
morning routine. 
While the water heats. 

4560
04:07:47,400 --> 04:07:48,900
You assemble, the rest of 
breakfast. 

4561
04:07:49,900 --> 04:07:53,500
Porridge made from oats a slice 
of yesterday's bread with butter

4562
04:07:53,500 --> 04:07:56,800
from The Croc two eggs from the 
chickens that live in a small 

4563
04:07:56,800 --> 04:07:58,600
Coupe attached to the towers 
base. 

4564
04:07:58,600 --> 04:08:01,600
Yes you keep chickens on a 
lighthouse. 

4565
04:08:01,600 --> 04:08:04,900
They provide eggs and a touch of
life beyond your own company. 

4566
04:08:04,900 --> 04:08:08,000
They're cluckin Echoes up 
through the tower on quiet 

4567
04:08:08,000 --> 04:08:10,700
mornings. 
The decision to keep poultry 

4568
04:08:10,700 --> 04:08:12,800
seemed eccentric. 
When you first proposed it, 

4569
04:08:12,800 --> 04:08:16,900
trendy house had no official 
policy regarding livestock at 

4570
04:08:16,900 --> 04:08:19,500
offshore light House's. 
But they approved. 

4571
04:08:19,500 --> 04:08:21,000
Your request after 
consideration. 

4572
04:08:21,800 --> 04:08:24,100
The chickens arrived as chicks 
via the supply boat. 

4573
04:08:24,100 --> 04:08:28,100
Erased them in a makeshift. 
Brooder heated by a small oil 

4574
04:08:28,100 --> 04:08:30,400
lamp. 
They grew into Hardie Birds 

4575
04:08:30,400 --> 04:08:32,100
adapted to the lighthouse 
environment. 

4576
04:08:33,000 --> 04:08:36,200
The breed is a type of Sussex 
chicken known for reliability 

4577
04:08:36,200 --> 04:08:39,800
and calm temperament. 
Excitable Birds would not 

4578
04:08:39,800 --> 04:08:41,700
survive. 
The constant sound of the wave 

4579
04:08:41,700 --> 04:08:45,700
and wind your flock consists of 
six hens they live. 

4580
04:08:45,700 --> 04:08:48,700
In a specially constructed Coupe
attached to the Tower of Base. 

4581
04:08:48,700 --> 04:08:52,200
The structure is built to 
withstand severe weather while 

4582
04:08:52,200 --> 04:08:56,300
providing adequate ventilation. 
The birds have adapted to their 

4583
04:08:56,308 --> 04:08:58,500
unusual home with remarkable 
success. 

4584
04:08:58,500 --> 04:09:02,900
They lay eggs consistently. 
They tolerate the isolation. 

4585
04:09:02,900 --> 04:09:05,900
They even seemed to enjoy 
watching the sea from their 

4586
04:09:05,900 --> 04:09:08,500
protected enclosure. 
Caring for them. 

4587
04:09:08,500 --> 04:09:10,600
Adds Pleasant. 
Variety to your routine. 

4588
04:09:11,300 --> 04:09:13,700
The morning feed and egg 
collection, provide a connection

4589
04:09:13,700 --> 04:09:17,000
to agricultural life. 
The simple Act of tending 

4590
04:09:17,000 --> 04:09:18,800
livestock grounds you in 
normalcy. 

4591
04:09:19,500 --> 04:09:22,700
The chickens also provide 
company, they recognize your 

4592
04:09:22,700 --> 04:09:25,900
footsteps they gather. 
When you approach their 

4593
04:09:25,900 --> 04:09:30,300
personalities emerge over time, 
One hand is bold and curious. 

4594
04:09:31,400 --> 04:09:35,300
Another is shy and cautious. 
A third has a tendency to pick 

4595
04:09:35,300 --> 04:09:37,900
at shiny objects. 
These individual 

4596
04:09:37,900 --> 04:09:40,100
characteristics, make them more 
than just egg. 

4597
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:42,600
Producers, you have named them 
privately though. 

4598
04:09:42,600 --> 04:09:44,500
You would feel foolish admitting
this to anyone? 

4599
04:09:45,400 --> 04:09:52,600
The name's a simple Ginger, 
Speckles Whitey brownie, stripe 

4600
04:09:52,600 --> 04:09:55,900
and Dot. 
Each corresponds to a physical 

4601
04:09:55,900 --> 04:09:59,000
characteristic, the eggs, they 
produce a pressure. 

4602
04:09:59,900 --> 04:10:03,600
Protein in an environment where 
most food arrives preserved in 

4603
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:07,700
tins or barrels, the rich orange
Oaks of health and proper 

4604
04:10:07,700 --> 04:10:10,000
nutrition. 
You collect the eggs by 

4605
04:10:10,000 --> 04:10:13,900
descending to the service level.
The chickens have a protected 

4606
04:10:13,900 --> 04:10:16,300
enclosure that Shields them from
the worst weather. 

4607
04:10:17,000 --> 04:10:20,000
They seemed unbothered by the 
waves that crash just feet away.

4608
04:10:20,800 --> 04:10:22,900
The birds recognize your step on
the ladder. 

4609
04:10:22,900 --> 04:10:26,900
They gather expectantly just as 
you scatter their feed and 

4610
04:10:26,900 --> 04:10:29,100
collect two brown eggs, still 
warm from the nest. 

4611
04:10:29,800 --> 04:10:32,600
Back in your kitchen, you crack 
the eggs into a pan. 

4612
04:10:32,600 --> 04:10:36,700
The butter sizzles, the smell of
cooking fills the small space 

4613
04:10:36,700 --> 04:10:38,600
with something approaching 
domestic comfort. 

4614
04:10:38,600 --> 04:10:43,500
You eat standing at the small 
counter The portal window shows 

4615
04:10:43,500 --> 04:10:45,500
you, the sea stretching away 
toward France. 

4616
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:49,700
On clear days you can sometimes 
see the French Coast as a gray 

4617
04:10:49,700 --> 04:10:53,000
line on the horizon. 
Today, the visibility is good. 

4618
04:10:53,000 --> 04:10:56,100
The automata mayor has a Clarity
that summer Lacks. 

4619
04:10:56,700 --> 04:10:59,900
You can make out individual wave
patterns miles from the tower. 

4620
04:11:00,900 --> 04:11:02,800
Ship moves, a cross, your field 
of vision. 

4621
04:11:02,800 --> 04:11:06,300
It is, a three-masted bark 
heading up the channel toward 

4622
04:11:06,300 --> 04:11:08,700
London. 
The Vessel maintains a safe 

4623
04:11:08,700 --> 04:11:10,800
distance from the rocks that 
surround your light house. 

4624
04:11:10,800 --> 04:11:14,600
Those rocks 17 ships in the 
decade before your light was 

4625
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:18,000
built. 
Now they claim none, your work 

4626
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:21,300
saves lives by preventing 
disasters that never happen. 

4627
04:11:22,000 --> 04:11:24,400
After breakfast, comes the 
morning maintenance cycle. 

4628
04:11:24,400 --> 04:11:27,700
A lighthouse, is a machine that 
requires constant attention. 

4629
04:11:27,700 --> 04:11:32,900
You begin with the Mercury, the 
float must be perfectly level or

4630
04:11:32,900 --> 04:11:35,200
the lens rotation will develop 
irregularities. 

4631
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:38,000
Use a specialized tool to check 
the alignment. 

4632
04:11:38,000 --> 04:11:43,100
The Mercury itself is poisonous,
you know, this from the training

4633
04:11:43,100 --> 04:11:45,500
manual. 
Keepers must avoid prolonged 

4634
04:11:45,500 --> 04:11:49,200
contact with the substance. you 
wear gloves when working near 

4635
04:11:49,200 --> 04:11:52,300
the trough the brass fittings 
throughout the tower require 

4636
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:56,100
weekly polishing Saltair 
corrodes metal with Relentless 

4637
04:11:56,100 --> 04:12:00,100
efficiency, you fight this 
corrosion with oil and elbow 

4638
04:12:00,100 --> 04:12:03,400
grease and stubborn 
determination The windows 

4639
04:12:03,400 --> 04:12:06,800
needed, attention every few 
days, salt spray builds up on 

4640
04:12:06,800 --> 04:12:09,900
the external glass. 
Yeah, access the outside 

4641
04:12:09,900 --> 04:12:11,900
Gallery. 
Through a small door in the lamp

4642
04:12:11,900 --> 04:12:14,200
room. 
The gallery is a narrow walkway 

4643
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:18,100
that encircles the tower just 
below the lamp and iron railing 

4644
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:20,100
prevents Keepers from tumbling 
to the Rocks. 

4645
04:12:20,100 --> 04:12:23,600
Below the wind at this, height 
can reach surprise in strength, 

4646
04:12:24,500 --> 04:12:26,600
You step out side with your 
bucket and cloths. 

4647
04:12:26,600 --> 04:12:30,600
The morning air hits your face 
with its salt fresh intensity. 

4648
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:34,900
The wind pulls at your clothes. 
The height still affects you 

4649
04:12:34,900 --> 04:12:40,000
even after two years of service.
The tower stands 130 feet above 

4650
04:12:40,000 --> 04:12:42,300
the high tide. 
Mark the Rocks below. 

4651
04:12:42,300 --> 04:12:46,700
Look very small and very hard. 
You begin washing the windows, 

4652
04:12:46,700 --> 04:12:50,900
the glass extends in panels, 
around the lamp room, each panel

4653
04:12:50,900 --> 04:12:53,800
must be cleaned on both sides 
for maximum transparency. 

4654
04:12:54,800 --> 04:12:57,900
The work is methodical, you move
around the gallery, cleaning 

4655
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:00,900
each section. 
The physical rhythm is soothing 

4656
04:13:00,900 --> 04:13:04,200
your mind can wander while your 
hands perform their practice 

4657
04:13:04,200 --> 04:13:06,800
tasks. 
You think about your family on 

4658
04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:09,800
the mainland, your wife and 
three children live in the 

4659
04:13:09,800 --> 04:13:12,800
keepers Cottage near the harbor,
you see them during your 

4660
04:13:12,800 --> 04:13:15,700
monthly, sure. 
Leave The separation is the 

4661
04:13:15,700 --> 04:13:19,300
hardest part of this profession.
You missed the daily details of 

4662
04:13:19,300 --> 04:13:21,500
their lives. 
Your youngest daughter is 

4663
04:13:21,500 --> 04:13:23,900
learning to read. 
She writes you letters in 

4664
04:13:23,900 --> 04:13:26,700
careful script. 
These letters arrived with the 

4665
04:13:26,700 --> 04:13:29,300
supply boat. 
You read the multiple times 

4666
04:13:29,300 --> 04:13:31,200
searching for all the small 
news. 

4667
04:13:31,200 --> 04:13:34,300
They contain your eldest son 
wants to become a keeper. 

4668
04:13:34,300 --> 04:13:37,000
Like his father, this fills you 
with mixed feelings. 

4669
04:13:37,000 --> 04:13:39,900
The work is Honorable but 
lonely. 

4670
04:13:41,300 --> 04:13:43,400
You wonder if you should 
encourage a different path. 

4671
04:13:44,000 --> 04:13:47,500
The morning continues with its 
established patterns after the 

4672
04:13:47,500 --> 04:13:50,100
window cleaning. 
You descend to inspect the 

4673
04:13:50,100 --> 04:13:52,200
provisions. 
The Storage level contains 

4674
04:13:52,200 --> 04:13:55,800
barrels of lamp oil. 
Sacks of coal preserved Foods in

4675
04:13:55,800 --> 04:13:59,500
tins and jars and the essential 
supplies that keep you alive and

4676
04:13:59,500 --> 04:14:01,700
working, you maintain an 
inventory Ledger. 

4677
04:14:01,700 --> 04:14:06,200
Every item consumed must be 
recorded Trinity house needs to 

4678
04:14:06,200 --> 04:14:08,400
know that supplies are being 
used appropriately and not 

4679
04:14:08,408 --> 04:14:10,800
wasted. 
You check the oil, barrels 

4680
04:14:10,800 --> 04:14:14,000
first, the cultural arrives in 
sealed containers. 

4681
04:14:14,000 --> 04:14:16,700
You verify that none have 
developed leaks. 

4682
04:14:17,400 --> 04:14:19,600
A spill would be both wasteful 
and dangerous. 

4683
04:14:19,600 --> 04:14:22,800
The food stores require careful 
monitoring. 

4684
04:14:22,800 --> 04:14:26,400
Weevils can infiltrate even 
sealed containers. 

4685
04:14:26,400 --> 04:14:30,000
You inspect the flour and rice 
for signs of infestation, 

4686
04:14:30,000 --> 04:14:34,400
everything appears satisfactory.
You make notes in your Ledger, 

4687
04:14:34,400 --> 04:14:37,800
the next Supply delivery is 
scheduled for the 21st. 

4688
04:14:37,800 --> 04:14:41,500
You have adequate Provisions 
until then, The morning 

4689
04:14:41,500 --> 04:14:44,300
inspection rounds. 
Continue check the rain water 

4690
04:14:44,300 --> 04:14:46,100
system that provides your 
drinking water. 

4691
04:14:46,100 --> 04:14:48,600
Level is good after recent 
rains. 

4692
04:14:48,600 --> 04:14:51,500
The water tastes slightly of the
metal tank, but remains 

4693
04:14:51,500 --> 04:14:53,800
drinkable your boil it for tea 
and cooking. 

4694
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:58,000
Raw rainwater, sometimes carries
an unpleasant flatness. 

4695
04:14:58,600 --> 04:15:00,600
You inspect the towers structure
itself. 

4696
04:15:00,600 --> 04:15:05,500
Cracks in, the masonry can admit
water water leads to corrosion 

4697
04:15:05,500 --> 04:15:07,700
and eventual. 
Structural failure. 

4698
04:15:08,300 --> 04:15:11,300
The walls show. 
No new damage, the granite 

4699
04:15:11,300 --> 04:15:14,300
blocks remain sound. 
The lighthouse was built to 

4700
04:15:14,300 --> 04:15:16,800
Outlast the keeper and his 
children and his children's 

4701
04:15:16,800 --> 04:15:20,200
children by midday your morning.
Duties are complete. 

4702
04:15:20,200 --> 04:15:23,800
You prepare a simple lunch of 
bread and cheese and pickled 

4703
04:15:23,800 --> 04:15:26,500
vegetables. 
He often noon stretches ahead 

4704
04:15:26,500 --> 04:15:29,300
with its own requirements. 
There are always tasks waiting. 

4705
04:15:29,300 --> 04:15:31,900
A Keepers work is never fully 
finished. 

4706
04:15:33,000 --> 04:15:35,200
Today you plan to service the 
fog horn mechanism. 

4707
04:15:35,200 --> 04:15:38,300
The device sits in its own 
chamber below the lamp room. 

4708
04:15:38,300 --> 04:15:41,900
It consists of compressed air 
system that produces the Deep 

4709
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:43,500
blast. 
That one ship during low 

4710
04:15:43,500 --> 04:15:48,000
visibility fog, horn requires 
monthly maintenance, the air 

4711
04:15:48,000 --> 04:15:51,200
compressor must be oil, the horn
trumpet must be cleaned. 

4712
04:15:51,200 --> 04:15:55,100
The timing mechanism must be 
verified you gather your tools 

4713
04:15:55,100 --> 04:15:56,800
and climb to the fog horn 
chamber. 

4714
04:15:57,500 --> 04:15:59,700
The machine Mary fills, most of 
the small room. 

4715
04:15:59,700 --> 04:16:03,000
The compressor is a beautiful 
piece of Victorian engineering. 

4716
04:16:03,000 --> 04:16:07,300
All brass and iron precision. 
You begin the service procedure 

4717
04:16:07,300 --> 04:16:10,500
oil goes into specific points. 
On the compressor. 

4718
04:16:10,500 --> 04:16:14,300
The moving Parts must remain 
lubricated to prevent seizure. 

4719
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:18,400
The work is absorbing, you lose 
track of time, while focusing on

4720
04:16:18,400 --> 04:16:21,700
the mechanical details. 
The afternoon light shifts 

4721
04:16:21,700 --> 04:16:25,400
across the chamber floor. 
When you finish you test the 

4722
04:16:25,400 --> 04:16:28,800
system, the fog horn produces, 
its characteristic Bellow. 

4723
04:16:28,800 --> 04:16:32,000
The sound is loud enough to make
your ears ring even though you 

4724
04:16:32,000 --> 04:16:35,900
stand by the trumpet, That sound
carries for miles across the 

4725
04:16:35,900 --> 04:16:39,000
water in fog. 
So thick, you cannot see the 

4726
04:16:39,000 --> 04:16:41,600
gallery. 
Railing ships here your warning 

4727
04:16:41,600 --> 04:16:46,600
and steer away from danger. 
The afternoon continues, you 

4728
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:49,400
return to your quarters for a 
cup of tea and a brief rest. 

4729
04:16:49,400 --> 04:16:52,500
Your living space has become 
familiar to the point of 

4730
04:16:52,500 --> 04:16:57,500
invisibility, the curved wall 
the small bookshelf, the writing

4731
04:16:57,500 --> 04:17:00,200
desk the bunk with its wool 
blankets. 

4732
04:17:00,200 --> 04:17:04,600
You keep the space tidy through 
habit disorder and a light house

4733
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:08,400
leads to accidents. 
Everything has its place your 

4734
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:11,500
books, provide evening 
entertainment, you own perhaps, 

4735
04:17:11,500 --> 04:17:14,500
20 volumes, they include 
technical manuals. 

4736
04:17:14,500 --> 04:17:18,900
A Bible several novels, another 
book of poetry that your wife 

4737
04:17:18,908 --> 04:17:24,100
gave you, you read slowly making
each book last The supply boat 

4738
04:17:24,100 --> 04:17:27,200
brings occasional new reading 
material but you cannot count on

4739
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:29,500
it. 
The lighthouse service provides 

4740
04:17:29,500 --> 04:17:33,100
some educational materials, you 
receive monthly journals about 

4741
04:17:33,100 --> 04:17:35,200
Maritime, safety and Lighthouse 
technology. 

4742
04:17:35,200 --> 04:17:38,600
These keep you informed about 
developments in your profession.

4743
04:17:38,600 --> 04:17:41,900
You learned, for example, that 
electric lights are being tested

4744
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:45,000
in some lighthouses. 
The technology is still 

4745
04:17:45,000 --> 04:17:49,000
experimental, most Towers 
continue to rely on oil, lamps, 

4746
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:52,600
and fresnel lenses the 
afternoon, Fades into evening. 

4747
04:17:52,600 --> 04:17:55,900
The sun begins, its descent 
toward the Western Horizon. 

4748
04:17:55,900 --> 04:17:59,100
You prepare for the most 
important part of your daily 

4749
04:17:59,100 --> 04:18:01,600
routine. 
The transition from day to 

4750
04:18:01,600 --> 04:18:04,100
night, carries special 
significance at a light house 

4751
04:18:05,100 --> 04:18:07,700
Your Role shifts from 
maintenance worker to guardian 

4752
04:18:07,700 --> 04:18:10,800
of the light the responsibility 
intensifies. 

4753
04:18:10,800 --> 04:18:14,100
As Darkness approaches you check
the time on your pocket. 

4754
04:18:14,100 --> 04:18:18,000
Watch the device is reliable 
chronometer provided by Trinity 

4755
04:18:18,000 --> 04:18:21,800
house accurate, timekeeping is 
essential for proper light 

4756
04:18:21,800 --> 04:18:25,900
management. 
Sunset occurs at specific times,

4757
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:28,000
that shift, gradually through 
the seasons. 

4758
04:18:28,700 --> 04:18:32,500
He maintained a chart that lists
the exact Sunset moment for each

4759
04:18:32,500 --> 04:18:36,100
day of the year. 
The lamp must be lit, 30 minutes

4760
04:18:36,100 --> 04:18:39,200
before this time. 
This buffer ensures that your 

4761
04:18:39,200 --> 04:18:40,500
light is burning at full 
strength. 

4762
04:18:40,500 --> 04:18:43,900
When true Darkness arrives. 
Ships, beginning their night 

4763
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:46,200
passages will see your beacon 
from the moment. 

4764
04:18:46,200 --> 04:18:49,100
They need it. 
The weather effects visibility 

4765
04:18:49,100 --> 04:18:52,700
and thus influences when the 
light becomes necessary. 

4766
04:18:53,500 --> 04:18:55,700
On clear days. 
You might safely delay. 

4767
04:18:55,700 --> 04:18:59,200
Lighting slightly But 
regulations require the 

4768
04:18:59,200 --> 04:19:01,600
30-minute buffer. 
Regardless of conditions 

4769
04:19:01,600 --> 04:19:05,300
consistency is more important 
than minor efficiency, gains 

4770
04:19:05,300 --> 04:19:07,800
ships captains, plan their 
navigation. 

4771
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:11,300
Based on a reliable patterns, 
your light must be predictable 

4772
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:15,100
lighting the lamp the evening 
ritual begins exactly 30 minutes

4773
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:18,900
before Sunset you climb to the 
lamp room with a specific kind 

4774
04:19:18,900 --> 04:19:22,000
of focus. 
This task allows no distraction 

4775
04:19:22,000 --> 04:19:24,100
or error. 
Ships are already beginning 

4776
04:19:24,100 --> 04:19:26,600
their night passages they will 
need your light. 

4777
04:19:27,500 --> 04:19:30,600
The lamp itself is cold. 
Now, it has rested through the 

4778
04:19:30,600 --> 04:19:33,100
day while the sun provided 
natural illumination. 

4779
04:19:33,100 --> 04:19:35,600
Now it must wake and do its 
work. 

4780
04:19:35,600 --> 04:19:38,200
You begin by checking the oil 
reservoir. 

4781
04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:41,900
The level must be sufficient to 
burn through the night without 

4782
04:19:41,900 --> 04:19:45,700
attention you calculate that. 
Approximately two quarts will be

4783
04:19:45,708 --> 04:19:49,500
consumed before Dawn. 
The reservoir requires filling 

4784
04:19:49,500 --> 04:19:52,200
you carefully pour culture oil 
from a storage. 

4785
04:19:52,200 --> 04:19:54,400
Can the golden liquid flows 
smoothly? 

4786
04:19:54,400 --> 04:19:58,700
You stop when the level reaches 
the proper Mark the wick needs 

4787
04:19:58,700 --> 04:20:01,700
trimming throughout the night, 
the flame creates carbon 

4788
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:05,000
deposits on the Wick's Edge, 
these deposits reduce light 

4789
04:20:05,000 --> 04:20:08,600
output and create smoke. 
You special scissors designed 

4790
04:20:08,600 --> 04:20:11,600
for this purpose, the blades, 
cut, the black, and Portion away

4791
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:14,900
cleanly. 
Fresh Wick underneath shows pale

4792
04:20:14,900 --> 04:20:17,200
and ready. 
The chimney glass must be 

4793
04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:20,600
perfectly clean. 
You polish it again even though 

4794
04:20:20,600 --> 04:20:24,200
you cleaned it this morning. 
Evening light, reveals in 

4795
04:20:24,200 --> 04:20:26,700
Perfections that Morning Light, 
conceals. 

4796
04:20:26,700 --> 04:20:31,500
Next comes the lens inspection. 
You walk around the great for 

4797
04:20:31,500 --> 04:20:33,900
now operator. 
Checking each prison for dust or

4798
04:20:33,900 --> 04:20:37,100
salt residue. 
Your cloth moves gently across 

4799
04:20:37,100 --> 04:20:40,700
the glass surfaces. 
The Clockwork mechanism requires

4800
04:20:40,700 --> 04:20:44,500
winding the weight that drives 
the rotation hangs on a steel 

4801
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:47,500
cable. 
During the night, gravity will 

4802
04:20:47,500 --> 04:20:50,700
pull this weight downward and 
its descent will turn the gears.

4803
04:20:50,700 --> 04:20:54,100
That rotate the lens. 
You attach the winding crank to 

4804
04:20:54,100 --> 04:20:57,700
its socket, the mechanism 
requires considerable effort to 

4805
04:20:57,700 --> 04:21:02,300
wind fully you count the 
revolutions 32 turns bring the 

4806
04:21:02,308 --> 04:21:05,600
weight to its highest position 
your arms, feel the work. 

4807
04:21:05,600 --> 04:21:08,500
This is heavy. 
Lifting disguised as mechanical 

4808
04:21:08,500 --> 04:21:11,400
operation. 
You breathe steadily, and 

4809
04:21:11,400 --> 04:21:14,900
maintain the Rhythm. 
With the mechanism wound, you 

4810
04:21:14,900 --> 04:21:17,800
verify the rotation speed the 
lens. 

4811
04:21:17,800 --> 04:21:21,700
Must complete one revolution. 
Every two minutes, this creates 

4812
04:21:21,700 --> 04:21:24,600
the flash pattern that 
identifies your particular 

4813
04:21:24,600 --> 04:21:27,600
lighthouse. 
Every light house has its own 

4814
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:31,300
signature pathan. 
Ships captains, study charts 

4815
04:21:31,300 --> 04:21:34,900
that list these patterns. 
They identify their position by 

4816
04:21:34,900 --> 04:21:38,600
noting, which light they see. 
Your light house produces three 

4817
04:21:38,600 --> 04:21:40,600
flashes followed by a dark 
period. 

4818
04:21:41,400 --> 04:21:46,900
Flash flash, then Darkness. 
This pattern repeats throughout 

4819
04:21:46,900 --> 04:21:49,500
the night. 
The timing must be precise. 

4820
04:21:49,500 --> 04:21:52,500
Use a pocket watch to verify the
rotation speed. 

4821
04:21:53,600 --> 04:21:56,800
The lens turn smoothly 
completing its circuit in 

4822
04:21:56,800 --> 04:21:59,600
exactly two minutes. 
Everything is ready. 

4823
04:22:00,400 --> 04:22:04,300
The sun approaches The Horizon. 
The sky begins to show Colors. 

4824
04:22:04,300 --> 04:22:08,500
You strike a match, the small 
flame dances in your hand. 

4825
04:22:08,500 --> 04:22:12,300
You apply it to the wick. 
The lamp catches immediately, 

4826
04:22:12,300 --> 04:22:17,000
the flame grows as it consumes 
the oil, it settles into a 

4827
04:22:17,000 --> 04:22:21,100
steady burn, light begins to 
emerge from the lens, the 

4828
04:22:21,100 --> 04:22:24,300
prisms, gather the flame and 
transform it into focused 

4829
04:22:24,300 --> 04:22:27,300
brilliance. 
The beam shoots out across the 

4830
04:22:27,300 --> 04:22:30,200
darkening water. 
You watch this transformation 

4831
04:22:30,200 --> 04:22:34,000
every evening. 
In never becomes routine, the 

4832
04:22:34,000 --> 04:22:36,600
moment when your small flame 
becomes a beacon that can guide 

4833
04:22:36,600 --> 04:22:39,200
ship's, 20 miles away, carries a
quiet power. 

4834
04:22:40,200 --> 04:22:44,600
The lamp burns with a soft raw. 
The sound is almost like 

4835
04:22:44,600 --> 04:22:47,600
breathing the lighthouse has 
come alive for the night. 

4836
04:22:47,600 --> 04:22:53,100
You make your log entry lamp at 
1700 hours wind from the south 

4837
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:57,200
west of moderate strength, 
visibility, xlint your evening 

4838
04:22:57,200 --> 04:23:00,800
duties of begun. 
The nightwatch requires 

4839
04:23:00,800 --> 04:23:04,500
different skills than the day. 
You prepare a supper of tinned 

4840
04:23:04,500 --> 04:23:07,400
beef, boiled potatoes and 
carrots from The Root Cellar? 

4841
04:23:08,400 --> 04:23:12,000
Food is plain, but adequate. 
Keep his learn to appreciate 

4842
04:23:12,000 --> 04:23:15,000
simple meals. 
You eat while reading one of 

4843
04:23:15,008 --> 04:23:19,400
your books tonight, you choose, 
the Poetry volume the verses 

4844
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:21,900
provide good company during the 
isolated hours. 

4845
04:23:21,900 --> 04:23:26,700
After supper, you wash, your 
dishes in the small sink, water 

4846
04:23:26,700 --> 04:23:29,900
is too precious to waste. 
You use minimal amounts for 

4847
04:23:29,900 --> 04:23:33,400
cleaning the evening, settles 
around the tower, the darkness 

4848
04:23:33,400 --> 04:23:37,400
grows complete Your lamp beam 
sweeps across the water in its 

4849
04:23:37,400 --> 04:23:40,500
endless pattern. 
You return to the lamp room for 

4850
04:23:40,500 --> 04:23:44,200
your first night inspection. 
Flame Burns, deadly. 

4851
04:23:45,100 --> 04:23:48,700
The Clockwork maintains, its 
Rhythm the rotation continues 

4852
04:23:48,700 --> 04:23:52,400
without filtering. 
Through the Windows, you can see

4853
04:23:52,400 --> 04:23:54,300
your light painting across the 
ways. 

4854
04:23:55,100 --> 04:23:59,000
The beam creates a path of 
brightness that moves like a 

4855
04:23:59,000 --> 04:24:01,600
spoke on a great wheel. 
Ships. 

4856
04:24:01,600 --> 04:24:04,300
Begin to appear as moving lights
on the horizon. 

4857
04:24:04,300 --> 04:24:07,300
You watch them pass safely 
beyond the rocks. 

4858
04:24:07,300 --> 04:24:11,200
Each vessel represents lives and
cargo protective by your 

4859
04:24:11,200 --> 04:24:15,300
vigilantes. the nightwatch 
involves hourly inspections, you

4860
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:17,500
must verify that the lamp 
continues burning and the 

4861
04:24:17,500 --> 04:24:22,500
mechanism continues functioning 
equipment can fail Weather can 

4862
04:24:22,500 --> 04:24:24,500
change a keeper, must remain 
alert. 

4863
04:24:24,500 --> 04:24:26,600
You settle into the watch 
routine. 

4864
04:24:26,600 --> 04:24:29,300
You spend 30 minutes in the lamp
room observing. 

4865
04:24:29,300 --> 04:24:32,100
Then you descend your quarters 
for rest. 

4866
04:24:32,100 --> 04:24:35,700
The new return for another 
inspection, this pattern will 

4867
04:24:35,700 --> 04:24:39,800
continue until dawn the tower at
night has its own character. 

4868
04:24:39,800 --> 04:24:45,000
The darkness transforms familiar
spaces, shadows gather in 

4869
04:24:45,000 --> 04:24:49,400
unexpected places, the sound of 
waves becomes more pronounced. 

4870
04:24:49,400 --> 04:24:53,400
When you cannot see them, You 
carry a small oil lantern for 

4871
04:24:53,400 --> 04:24:56,600
moving between levels, the 
spiral stairs. 

4872
04:24:56,600 --> 04:24:58,600
Require careful attention in the
dark. 

4873
04:24:58,600 --> 04:25:01,700
A misstep. 
Could mean Serious injury? 

4874
04:25:02,800 --> 04:25:04,900
The isolation of nightwatch is 
profound. 

4875
04:25:04,900 --> 04:25:08,500
You are alone in a tower, 
surrounded by water and 

4876
04:25:08,500 --> 04:25:11,700
darkness. 
The nearest human being is Miles

4877
04:25:11,700 --> 04:25:15,000
Away across the channel. 
Some Keepers, find this Solitude

4878
04:25:15,000 --> 04:25:18,200
unbearable. 
They request transfers to shore 

4879
04:25:18,200 --> 04:25:19,900
stations after brief 
assignments. 

4880
04:25:19,900 --> 04:25:23,900
Others embrace the quiet. 
You have made peace with the 

4881
04:25:23,908 --> 04:25:26,500
loneliness. 
The work provides purpose. 

4882
04:25:26,500 --> 04:25:29,800
The lighthouse depends on your 
care ships. 

4883
04:25:29,800 --> 04:25:32,900
Depend on your light. 
Around midnight, you brew, 

4884
04:25:32,900 --> 04:25:36,200
another pot of tea, the hot, 
liquid helps maintain alertness.

4885
04:25:36,200 --> 04:25:40,600
You add sugar for energy. 
The midnight inspection shows. 

4886
04:25:40,600 --> 04:25:44,400
Everything functioning normally 
The oil level is decreased as 

4887
04:25:44,400 --> 04:25:47,300
expected. 
Flame burns with steady 

4888
04:25:47,300 --> 04:25:49,900
intensity. 
You stand on the gallery for a 

4889
04:25:49,908 --> 04:25:52,700
few minutes. 
The night air is cold and sharp 

4890
04:25:52,700 --> 04:25:57,800
Stars fill the sky above the 
Milky Way spreads like spilled 

4891
04:25:57,800 --> 04:26:02,000
milk across the darkness, the 
ancient Sailors navigated by the

4892
04:26:02,000 --> 04:26:06,500
Stars, they had no light houses 
or charts, they trusted the 

4893
04:26:06,500 --> 04:26:09,900
heavens and their own 
experience, your work connected 

4894
04:26:09,900 --> 04:26:12,900
to that tradition. 
You provide a fixed point of 

4895
04:26:12,900 --> 04:26:14,700
reference in the moving chaos of
the sea. 

4896
04:26:15,700 --> 04:26:19,000
The Evolution from Celestial 
navigation to Lighthouse systems

4897
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:21,400
represents. 
A fundamental shift in Maritime 

4898
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:25,300
safety. 
For thousands of years Sailors, 

4899
04:26:25,300 --> 04:26:27,800
relied entirely on their 
knowledge of stars and 

4900
04:26:27,800 --> 04:26:31,000
coastlines. 
Cloudy night, could mean 

4901
04:26:31,000 --> 04:26:33,600
disaster. 
The first light house is were 

4902
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:38,100
simple, Beacon fires tended by 
monks or Villages wood burned in

4903
04:26:38,108 --> 04:26:40,800
Iron braziers. 
The light was weak and 

4904
04:26:40,800 --> 04:26:45,900
unreliable but even that small 
flame saved lives, the Romans 

4905
04:26:45,900 --> 04:26:48,600
built sophisticated light houses
at Major ports. 

4906
04:26:49,300 --> 04:26:52,200
The Pharaohs of Alexandria. 
Stood among the wonders of the 

4907
04:26:52,200 --> 04:26:56,700
ancient world that Tower Rose, 
over 400 feet and used mirrors 

4908
04:26:56,700 --> 04:27:00,300
to amplify its fire. 
Most of those early lighthouses 

4909
04:27:00,300 --> 04:27:04,100
are gone now, lost to 
earthquakes or war or simple 

4910
04:27:04,100 --> 04:27:07,300
neglect. 
But their legacy continues in 

4911
04:27:07,300 --> 04:27:10,600
Towers like yours, see the 
modern Lighthouse system, 

4912
04:27:10,600 --> 04:27:15,100
emerged in the 1700s, Trinity 
house in England, and similar 

4913
04:27:15,100 --> 04:27:18,600
organizations and other nations 
began standardizing, designs and

4914
04:27:18,600 --> 04:27:21,700
operations. 
The addition of the frenel lens 

4915
04:27:21,700 --> 04:27:24,100
in the 1820s transformed the 
technology. 

4916
04:27:24,100 --> 04:27:27,600
Suddenly a light house could 
project useful light for many 

4917
04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:31,700
miles rather than just a few 
Your particular Light House 

4918
04:27:31,700 --> 04:27:33,600
represents The Cutting Edge of 
that technology. 

4919
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:38,000
The lens installed here is one 
of the finest examples of its 

4920
04:27:38,000 --> 04:27:41,900
type ships, captains study the 
characteristics of each light 

4921
04:27:41,900 --> 04:27:43,900
house. 
They memorized the flash 

4922
04:27:43,900 --> 04:27:47,300
patterns this knowledge allows 
them to determine their exact 

4923
04:27:47,300 --> 04:27:51,400
position even on the darkest 
Knight Your three flash pattern 

4924
04:27:51,400 --> 04:27:53,900
identifies this specific 
location. 

4925
04:27:53,900 --> 04:27:57,800
No other light house in the 
channel uses exactly the same 

4926
04:27:57,800 --> 04:28:01,300
sequence. 
This system of unique signatures

4927
04:28:01,300 --> 04:28:03,600
creates a network of navigation 
points. 

4928
04:28:04,400 --> 04:28:07,800
Captain can track his progress 
along the coast by noting which 

4929
04:28:07,800 --> 04:28:11,600
lights appear and when The 
reliability of this system. 

4930
04:28:11,600 --> 04:28:13,600
Depends entirely on Keepers like
you. 

4931
04:28:14,300 --> 04:28:18,300
If your light fails the entire 
navigation, chain breaks down, 

4932
04:28:18,300 --> 04:28:23,200
this responsibility weighs on 
new constantly lives depend on 

4933
04:28:23,200 --> 04:28:27,000
your attention to duty. 
Stormfront is building to the 

4934
04:28:27,008 --> 04:28:29,300
West. 
You can see the distant 

4935
04:28:29,300 --> 04:28:31,300
lightning, flickering along the 
horizon. 

4936
04:28:31,900 --> 04:28:35,100
The wind is beginning to shift 
where the changes rapidly at 

4937
04:28:35,100 --> 04:28:37,600
Sea. 
What begins as a clear night can

4938
04:28:37,600 --> 04:28:41,600
become a tempest within hours? 
Your return inside and note the 

4939
04:28:41,600 --> 04:28:45,400
approaching weather in your log.
Storm conditions developing from

4940
04:28:45,400 --> 04:28:48,100
the West. 
Visibility remains good 

4941
04:28:48,100 --> 04:28:51,200
currently the hours between 
midnight and Dawn of the 

4942
04:28:51,200 --> 04:28:53,800
longest. 
Time moves differently. 

4943
04:28:53,800 --> 04:28:57,700
During the Deep night, each hour
stretches into what feels like 

4944
04:28:57,700 --> 04:29:00,300
two. 
You come back drowsiness through

4945
04:29:00,300 --> 04:29:04,100
movement, you perform additional
inspections even when they are 

4946
04:29:04,108 --> 04:29:07,900
not strictly necessary, you 
climb and descend the stairs to 

4947
04:29:07,900 --> 04:29:11,700
maintain blood flow. 
The lamp continues, its patient 

4948
04:29:11,700 --> 04:29:15,800
work, the light sweeps across 
the water, the Clockwork 

4949
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:19,800
mechanism, takes deadly. 
A three in the morning, the 

4950
04:29:19,800 --> 04:29:23,000
storm arrives, the wind 
increases dramatically. 

4951
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:27,800
Rain begins to lash against the 
windows, the tower Trimble 

4952
04:29:27,800 --> 04:29:30,700
slightly in the gusts. 
You watch from the lamp room as 

4953
04:29:30,700 --> 04:29:34,400
the weather intensifies. 
The waves grow larger, white 

4954
04:29:34,400 --> 04:29:38,200
foam, appears on their crests. 
The sea becomes a chaos of 

4955
04:29:38,200 --> 04:29:41,000
moving water. 
Your light cuts through the 

4956
04:29:41,000 --> 04:29:45,200
rain, the beam remains visible. 
Despite the conditions, the 

4957
04:29:45,200 --> 04:29:48,000
fresnel lens was designed for 
exactly this situation. 

4958
04:29:49,400 --> 04:29:51,500
The storm test the light house 
is construction. 

4959
04:29:51,500 --> 04:29:54,800
Wind pressure against the tower 
creates a deep humming sound. 

4960
04:29:54,800 --> 04:29:57,800
The structure flexes slightly 
but remain solid. 

4961
04:29:57,800 --> 04:30:00,800
You monitor the lamp closely 
during storms. 

4962
04:30:00,800 --> 04:30:04,700
High winds can affect the flame.
Drafts can cause flickering or 

4963
04:30:04,700 --> 04:30:08,100
even extinguishment? 
The flame Burns, deadly. 

4964
04:30:08,100 --> 04:30:12,800
The oil feed remains constant, 
the lens rotation continues 

4965
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:16,500
without interruption. 
This is why light houses exist. 

4966
04:30:17,400 --> 04:30:21,300
their weather requires no 
warning lights, storms, demand 

4967
04:30:21,300 --> 04:30:25,400
them, Absolute You watch a ship 
struggling through the Heavy 

4968
04:30:25,400 --> 04:30:28,200
Seas. 
The Vessel pictures and roles in

4969
04:30:28,200 --> 04:30:30,500
the ways. 
It maintains a safe distance 

4970
04:30:30,500 --> 04:30:32,900
from the Rocks Guided by your 
light. 

4971
04:30:33,700 --> 04:30:37,300
The ship is a steam freighter, 
carrying cargo up the channel 

4972
04:30:37,300 --> 04:30:40,200
toward London. 
You can see its navigation 

4973
04:30:40,200 --> 04:30:42,400
lights, bobbing in the darkness 
green. 

4974
04:30:42,400 --> 04:30:46,600
On the starboard side red on the
port side white at the masked 

4975
04:30:46,600 --> 04:30:49,700
head these lights communicate 
information to other vessels. 

4976
04:30:49,700 --> 04:30:53,500
They indicate the ships heading 
and Status Maritime traffic 

4977
04:30:53,500 --> 04:30:55,900
follows specific rules to 
prevent collisions. 

4978
04:30:55,900 --> 04:30:58,500
Your Lighthouse provides a 
different kind of information 

4979
04:30:58,500 --> 04:31:03,200
you, mark, a fixed position. 
You warn of danger, you offer a 

4980
04:31:03,200 --> 04:31:06,500
reference point for navigation. 
Calculations the freighter 

4981
04:31:06,500 --> 04:31:09,900
maintains its course. 
The captain has plotted a safe 

4982
04:31:09,900 --> 04:31:11,200
route that accounts for your 
position. 

4983
04:31:11,200 --> 04:31:14,400
He knows the rocks are here, he 
steers accordingly. 

4984
04:31:15,200 --> 04:31:17,900
You will never meet that 
Captain, you will never know his

4985
04:31:17,900 --> 04:31:21,400
name or hear his voice, but your
work has helped him survive this

4986
04:31:21,400 --> 04:31:25,100
night. 
This Anonymous service defines 

4987
04:31:25,100 --> 04:31:29,000
light housekeeping, you protect 
people, you will never encounter

4988
04:31:29,000 --> 04:31:32,600
you prevent disaster. 
That will never make headlines 

4989
04:31:32,600 --> 04:31:36,400
because they never occur. 
The mathematics of prevention 

4990
04:31:36,400 --> 04:31:41,200
are invisible success leaves no 
evidence ship's pass safely and 

4991
04:31:41,200 --> 04:31:44,700
continue to their destinations 
the normal course of Commerce 

4992
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:48,700
proceeds uninterrupted. 
Only failure creates visible 

4993
04:31:48,700 --> 04:31:52,300
proof of need when a lighthouse 
fails and a ship wrecks, 

4994
04:31:52,300 --> 04:31:55,100
everyone understands the 
importance of the keepers work 

4995
04:31:55,100 --> 04:31:58,500
but such failures are rare 
precisely because Keepers 

4996
04:31:58,500 --> 04:32:02,100
perform their duties reliably. 
The captain of that ship can see

4997
04:32:02,100 --> 04:32:04,600
your beam. 
He knows where the danger lies. 

4998
04:32:04,600 --> 04:32:06,900
He can. 
Steer his course, accordingly, 

4999
04:32:07,800 --> 04:32:11,300
Your small flame in the darkness
saves that ship and its crew. 

5000
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:13,800
This is the mathematics of 
Lighthouse. 

5001
04:32:13,800 --> 04:32:19,100
Keeping one keeper, one lamp 
dozens of lives preserved. 

5002
04:32:19,700 --> 04:32:23,800
The storm continues through the 
pre-dawn hours, the rain falls 

5003
04:32:23,800 --> 04:32:27,000
in sheets, the wind howls around
the tower like something 

5004
04:32:27,000 --> 04:32:29,200
Hungary, you remain at your 
post. 

5005
04:32:30,400 --> 04:32:33,200
Sleep is impossible. 
During severe weather equipment.

5006
04:32:33,200 --> 04:32:36,400
Failures are most likely when 
conditions are worse, the oil 

5007
04:32:36,400 --> 04:32:39,500
level continues to drop. 
You add more fuel at 4 in the 

5008
04:32:39,508 --> 04:32:41,500
morning. 
The lamp must not fail Before 

5009
04:32:41,500 --> 04:32:45,100
Sunrise. 
Dawn arrives, slowly through the

5010
04:32:45,100 --> 04:32:49,500
storm clouds, the darkness, 
softens into gray, the rain 

5011
04:32:49,500 --> 04:32:53,500
continues, but the wind begins 
to moderate You can extinguish 

5012
04:32:53,500 --> 04:32:57,600
the lamp at first light, the 
beam is no longer needed. 

5013
04:32:57,600 --> 04:33:01,200
The approaching Dawn provides 
natural illumination. 

5014
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:04,300
You turn the valve that stops 
the oil flow. 

5015
04:33:05,300 --> 04:33:09,500
Flamed diminishes and dies. 
The sudden darkness in the lamp 

5016
04:33:09,500 --> 04:33:11,400
room, feels strange after the 
long night. 

5017
04:33:12,400 --> 04:33:14,300
The storm has left debris on the
gallery. 

5018
04:33:15,099 --> 04:33:19,200
Seaweed and small pieces of 
Driftwood litter, the walkway, a

5019
04:33:19,200 --> 04:33:20,800
dead fish lies against the 
railing. 

5020
04:33:20,800 --> 04:33:24,800
He will clean this mess later. 
A first comes breakfast and the 

5021
04:33:24,800 --> 04:33:27,900
morning, inspection routine, 
another night watch completed. 

5022
04:33:27,900 --> 04:33:31,900
And another day beginning, the 
cycle continues without pores 

5023
04:33:32,599 --> 04:33:35,000
The morning after a storm 
carries its own particular 

5024
04:33:35,000 --> 04:33:37,800
quality, the air tastes scrubbed
clean. 

5025
04:33:37,800 --> 04:33:40,400
The wind has dropped to a gentle
breeze. 

5026
04:33:40,400 --> 04:33:44,400
The sea still runs high, but the
dangerous chaos as passed. 

5027
04:33:45,099 --> 04:33:47,300
You prepare your usual breakfast
with hands. 

5028
04:33:47,300 --> 04:33:49,300
That feel the fatigue of the 
long night. 

5029
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:54,099
The porridge seems to take 
longer to cook the tea requires 

5030
04:33:54,099 --> 04:33:57,000
more time to steep properly. 
Sleep. 

5031
04:33:57,000 --> 04:33:58,900
Deprivation is part of the 
profession. 

5032
04:33:59,700 --> 04:34:03,000
During severe weather a keeper 
May remain awake for 24 hours or

5033
04:34:03,000 --> 04:34:07,599
more your body has learned to 
function despite exhaustion, you

5034
04:34:07,599 --> 04:34:10,800
eat slowly, allowing your system
to absorb the foods energy. 

5035
04:34:10,800 --> 04:34:13,400
The hot tea helps restore 
alertness. 

5036
04:34:14,300 --> 04:34:16,200
You will need to remain 
functional through the day. 

5037
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:19,900
The morning, inspection reveals 
minor damage from the storm. 

5038
04:34:19,900 --> 04:34:22,700
One of the exterior shutters has
come loose. 

5039
04:34:22,700 --> 04:34:26,400
The chicken coop shows signs of 
flooding these repairs take 

5040
04:34:26,400 --> 04:34:30,500
priority, you gather your tools 
and begin the work, the shutter 

5041
04:34:30,500 --> 04:34:33,099
requires new. 
Fasteners the old ones of 

5042
04:34:33,099 --> 04:34:35,500
corroded and failed under the 
storm's pressure. 

5043
04:34:35,500 --> 04:34:38,800
You drill new holes and install 
fresh bolts. 

5044
04:34:38,800 --> 04:34:42,300
Working on the exterior of the 
tower during post storm 

5045
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:45,800
conditions, demands care. 
The surface is a wet and 

5046
04:34:45,800 --> 04:34:48,500
slippery. 
One wrong step could send you 

5047
04:34:48,500 --> 04:34:51,200
fall into the Rocks. 
Below, you move deliberately 

5048
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:55,300
safety Trump. 
Speed in light, housework, a 

5049
04:34:55,300 --> 04:34:57,200
dead. 
Keeper is useless to the ship's 

5050
04:34:57,200 --> 04:35:00,599
that depend on your light. 
The chicken coop, needs bailing,

5051
04:35:00,599 --> 04:35:03,700
several inches of water, have 
accumulated inside the 

5052
04:35:03,700 --> 04:35:06,200
enclosure. 
The birds huddle on their 

5053
04:35:06,200 --> 04:35:09,000
elevated roofs, looking for 
draggled and unhappy. 

5054
04:35:09,700 --> 04:35:11,400
He used a bucket to remove the 
water. 

5055
04:35:11,400 --> 04:35:13,700
The chickens watch you with 
their usual. 

5056
04:35:13,700 --> 04:35:17,000
Skeptical Expressions, they seem
to blame you for the weather. 

5057
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:20,700
Fresh straw goes down. 
Once the floor is dry enough. 

5058
04:35:21,599 --> 04:35:25,099
The birds to send from their 
roosts and begin investigating. 

5059
04:35:25,099 --> 04:35:27,200
The new bedding with cautious 
interest. 

5060
04:35:28,200 --> 04:35:31,200
You scatter extra feed as 
compensation for their rough 

5061
04:35:31,200 --> 04:35:33,700
night. 
Chickens, appreciate this 

5062
04:35:33,700 --> 04:35:35,900
gesture, with enthusiastic 
pecking. 

5063
04:35:36,599 --> 04:35:38,599
By midday the repairs are 
complete. 

5064
04:35:38,599 --> 04:35:42,000
The tower has weathered another 
storm without serious damage. 

5065
04:35:42,000 --> 04:35:45,000
The Granite Construction has 
proven its worth. 

5066
04:35:45,000 --> 04:35:50,000
Once again, you allow yourself a
brief rest, your bunk feels like

5067
04:35:50,000 --> 04:35:51,800
luxury after the sleepless 
night. 

5068
04:35:52,400 --> 04:35:55,400
You close your eyes and tending 
to rest for an hour, you wake 

5069
04:35:55,400 --> 04:35:57,599
four hours later to the sound of
a boat horn. 

5070
04:35:58,500 --> 04:36:01,400
The Supply Vestal is arrived 
earlier than scheduled, you 

5071
04:36:01,400 --> 04:36:03,800
scrambled from your bunk and 
descent to The Landing platform.

5072
04:36:03,800 --> 04:36:06,599
The supply boat is already tying
up at the dock. 

5073
04:36:06,599 --> 04:36:09,200
The boat's Captain is a man 
named William Harris. 

5074
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:13,200
He has been making Lighthouse 
delivery for 15 years, you know,

5075
04:36:13,200 --> 04:36:13,800
him. 
Well. 

5076
04:36:14,800 --> 04:36:17,400
Mr. Harris shouts a greeting, 
over the sound of the engine. 

5077
04:36:17,400 --> 04:36:20,500
You wave acknowledgment and help
secure the lines. 

5078
04:36:20,500 --> 04:36:23,099
The supply delivery is a 
significant event. 

5079
04:36:23,099 --> 04:36:29,000
It brings food male lamp oil, 
coal and occasional luxuries. 

5080
04:36:30,300 --> 04:36:34,000
The process takes about two 
hours from start to finish, Mr. 

5081
04:36:34,000 --> 04:36:36,800
Harris and his assistant begin, 
unloading crates and barrels. 

5082
04:36:36,800 --> 04:36:40,300
You help carry them up the Steep
path of the towers Storage 

5083
04:36:40,300 --> 04:36:42,300
level. 
The work is hard labor. 

5084
04:36:42,300 --> 04:36:45,800
Each barrel of oil weighs 
approximately 200 pounds. 

5085
04:36:46,900 --> 04:36:49,700
The path is narrow and slippery 
from the recent rain. 

5086
04:36:49,700 --> 04:36:52,700
You make multiple trips. 
Hauling supplies from the boat 

5087
04:36:52,700 --> 04:36:55,900
to the tower, your muscles 
protest, but you maintain the 

5088
04:36:55,900 --> 04:36:58,599
Rhythm. 
Conversation with Mr. Harris 

5089
04:36:58,599 --> 04:37:02,400
provides a welcome change from 
Solitude he shares news from the

5090
04:37:02,400 --> 04:37:05,400
mainland, the new Railway line 
is being constructed. 

5091
04:37:05,400 --> 04:37:08,099
The queen has visited a nearby 
Town. 

5092
04:37:08,099 --> 04:37:11,200
These details can connect you to
the world beyond your Tower. 

5093
04:37:11,200 --> 04:37:14,400
They remind you that life 
continues in places where people

5094
04:37:14,400 --> 04:37:19,300
gather and interact Mr. Harris 
also brings your mail three, 

5095
04:37:19,300 --> 04:37:23,599
letters this time from your 
wife, one from your eldest son. 

5096
04:37:23,599 --> 04:37:26,000
You tuck them carefully into 
your pocket. 

5097
04:37:26,000 --> 04:37:29,800
You will read them later when 
you have privacy and time to 

5098
04:37:29,800 --> 04:37:33,900
absorb their contents properly. 
The supply delivery concludes 

5099
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:37,500
with an inspection. 
Mr. Harris walk through the 

5100
04:37:37,500 --> 04:37:39,900
tower. 
Yeah, checking equipment and 

5101
04:37:39,900 --> 04:37:41,800
noting any needs of the next 
delivery? 

5102
04:37:42,599 --> 04:37:46,599
He examined the lamp mechanism 
with professional interests Mr. 

5103
04:37:46,599 --> 04:37:49,700
Harris was once a keeper 
himself, he understands the 

5104
04:37:49,700 --> 04:37:52,200
work. 
Intimately everything meets with

5105
04:37:52,200 --> 04:37:54,800
his approval. 
You maintain your station. 

5106
04:37:54,800 --> 04:37:58,400
Well, The Trinity house 
inspectors will find no fault 

5107
04:37:58,400 --> 04:38:02,500
during their next visit. 
Mr. Harris departs with a final 

5108
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:04,900
wave. 
The boat pulls away from the 

5109
04:38:04,900 --> 04:38:08,400
dock and turns toward the 
mainland the engine sound Fades 

5110
04:38:08,400 --> 04:38:10,500
into the distance. 
You are alone again. 

5111
04:38:11,300 --> 04:38:13,800
The silence returns, like a 
familiar coat. 

5112
04:38:14,400 --> 04:38:17,599
You carry the letters up to your
quarters and settle at your 

5113
04:38:17,599 --> 04:38:19,900
small desk. 
The afternoon, light through the

5114
04:38:19,900 --> 04:38:21,800
porthole provides adequate 
illumination. 

5115
04:38:21,800 --> 04:38:26,000
Your wife's first letter 
contains domestic news your 

5116
04:38:26,000 --> 04:38:29,500
youngest daughter, lost a tooth,
your middle son, won a prize of 

5117
04:38:29,500 --> 04:38:32,800
school for his arithmetic. 
Small details. 

5118
04:38:32,800 --> 04:38:35,599
Fill you with longing? 
You missed the daily texture of 

5119
04:38:35,599 --> 04:38:38,700
family life. 
The bed time stories, the 

5120
04:38:38,700 --> 04:38:41,800
morning porridge shared around 
the kitchen table, your wife 

5121
04:38:41,800 --> 04:38:45,099
writes that she misses you 
terribly, but understands the 

5122
04:38:45,099 --> 04:38:49,099
importance of your work. 
She is proud to be married to a 

5123
04:38:49,099 --> 04:38:51,800
keeper. 
This Pride helped sustain you 

5124
04:38:51,800 --> 04:38:56,200
during the lonely, stretches 
your work matters, your family, 

5125
04:38:56,200 --> 04:38:59,700
support your dedication. 
The second letter from your wife

5126
04:38:59,700 --> 04:39:03,599
includes a small sketch drawn by
your daughter, it shows the 

5127
04:39:03,599 --> 04:39:07,099
light house with exaggerated 
height and huge light at the 

5128
04:39:07,099 --> 04:39:09,500
top. 
Stick figures represent the 

5129
04:39:09,500 --> 04:39:13,200
family waving from the shore. 
You smile at the innocent 

5130
04:39:13,200 --> 04:39:15,300
Artistry. 
The drawing will go on your 

5131
04:39:15,300 --> 04:39:17,000
wall, next to the other, she 
ascent. 

5132
04:39:17,599 --> 04:39:20,800
Your son's letter asks technical
questions about the lighthouse. 

5133
04:39:20,800 --> 04:39:22,900
He wants to know how the lens 
works. 

5134
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:26,800
He asks about The Clockwork 
mechanism, you will write 

5135
04:39:26,808 --> 04:39:30,300
detailed responses this evening.
Teaching your son about the 

5136
04:39:30,300 --> 04:39:32,800
profession. 
Pleases you, perhaps he will 

5137
04:39:32,808 --> 04:39:37,500
indeed follow in your footsteps.
The letters read and reread, you

5138
04:39:37,500 --> 04:39:39,900
fold them carefully and place 
them in the small box where you 

5139
04:39:39,900 --> 04:39:43,300
keep all correspondents, the 
afternoon as advanced while you 

5140
04:39:43,300 --> 04:39:47,300
read evening approaches soon you
must prepare to like the lamp 

5141
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:50,700
the routine, never stops the 
light must burn every night 

5142
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:53,800
regardless of whether for tea or
personal circumstances. 

5143
04:39:54,800 --> 04:39:57,900
You prepare for the evening 
ritual, The Familiar steps 

5144
04:39:57,900 --> 04:40:00,600
provide Comfort through their 
very predictability. 

5145
04:40:01,900 --> 04:40:04,000
Winter arrives, gradually to 
light house. 

5146
04:40:04,000 --> 04:40:08,800
The days grow short shorter, the
temperature drops, the Seas 

5147
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:13,500
become more violent, the work 
becomes harder, You have been at

5148
04:40:13,500 --> 04:40:15,200
this station for three years 
now. 

5149
04:40:16,500 --> 04:40:18,600
Seasons have cycled through 
their patterns. 

5150
04:40:19,600 --> 04:40:23,100
You recognize the signs of 
approaching winter, the bird 

5151
04:40:23,100 --> 04:40:25,800
migration provide, the most 
obvious marker. 

5152
04:40:26,700 --> 04:40:29,200
Flocks of seabirds passed the 
light house on their Journey. 

5153
04:40:29,200 --> 04:40:32,500
South They rest briefly on the 
gallery railing before 

5154
04:40:32,500 --> 04:40:35,100
continuing. 
You watch them with interest. 

5155
04:40:36,100 --> 04:40:39,500
These creatures navigate by 
Instinct across vast distances. 

5156
04:40:39,500 --> 04:40:42,000
They need no charts or 
lighthouses. 

5157
04:40:42,800 --> 04:40:46,600
First serious winter storm 
arrives in early, December, the 

5158
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:50,400
weather builds were two days 
before breaking with full force.

5159
04:40:50,400 --> 04:40:54,300
You secure everything. 
That can be secured, the 

5160
04:40:54,300 --> 04:40:56,500
chickens are moved to an 
interior storage room. 

5161
04:40:57,400 --> 04:41:01,300
External equipment is tied down 
or brought inside the storm last

5162
04:41:01,300 --> 04:41:04,400
three days, Wind and Rain 
assault. 

5163
04:41:04,400 --> 04:41:08,100
The tower without pause waves. 
Crash against the base with 

5164
04:41:08,100 --> 04:41:10,000
enough Force to shake the 
structure. 

5165
04:41:10,800 --> 04:41:13,600
You maintain your watch through 
it all the lamp Burns. 

5166
04:41:13,600 --> 04:41:15,800
Continue. 
The Clockwork keeps its Rhythm 

5167
04:41:15,800 --> 04:41:18,500
your like guide ships through 
the chaos. 

5168
04:41:19,200 --> 04:41:22,800
Sleep comes in brief snatches 
between inspections, you learn 

5169
04:41:22,800 --> 04:41:24,800
to rest while remaining 
partially alert. 

5170
04:41:25,900 --> 04:41:28,600
Keeper developed this skill or 
fails in the professional. 

5171
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:32,800
On the third day, the storm, 
finally breaks the wind shifts, 

5172
04:41:32,800 --> 04:41:35,900
the rain stops, the clouds begin
to separate. 

5173
04:41:36,800 --> 04:41:39,100
You step onto the gallery to 
assess the damage. 

5174
04:41:39,900 --> 04:41:44,000
The winter are cuts through your
coat, your breath makes clouds. 

5175
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:46,900
In the cold. 
The gallery shows evidence of 

5176
04:41:46,900 --> 04:41:51,000
the storms of violence, salt 
deposits coat, every surface, 

5177
04:41:51,900 --> 04:41:54,400
Small Pebbles have been thrown 
up from the Rocks below. 

5178
04:41:54,400 --> 04:41:58,500
A section of railing has bent 
under some tremendous impact. 

5179
04:41:58,500 --> 04:42:02,000
The mainland is barely visible 
through the lingering Haze. 

5180
04:42:02,000 --> 04:42:06,900
Your family seems very far away.
You complete your inspection and

5181
04:42:06,900 --> 04:42:09,100
begin repairs. 
The bent railing can be 

5182
04:42:09,108 --> 04:42:10,700
straightened with tools and 
effort. 

5183
04:42:10,700 --> 04:42:14,000
The salt must be washed away 
before it causes corrosion. 

5184
04:42:14,000 --> 04:42:16,700
The winter work is harder than 
summer. 

5185
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:20,700
Maintenance cold, makes metal 
brittle, your hands lose feeling

5186
04:42:20,700 --> 04:42:24,700
while working outside. 
Simple tasks, take twice as long

5187
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:28,400
but the work must be done. 
A light house cannot take winter

5188
04:42:28,400 --> 04:42:32,300
vacation, the weeks pass in 
their established Rhythm short 

5189
04:42:32,300 --> 04:42:37,500
days and long nights frequent 
storms bitter, cold your monthly

5190
04:42:37,500 --> 04:42:40,100
surely becomes crucial to 
maintaining morale. 

5191
04:42:40,900 --> 04:42:43,800
The brief time with your family,
recharges your spirit for 

5192
04:42:43,800 --> 04:42:47,300
another month of isolation. 
The journey to the mainland 

5193
04:42:47,300 --> 04:42:49,400
takes about two hours when 
weather permits. 

5194
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:52,900
We pack a small bag with clothes
and gifts for the children. 

5195
04:42:52,900 --> 04:42:55,800
Small items carved from 
driftwood. 

5196
04:42:56,800 --> 04:42:58,800
Shells collected from around the
tower base. 

5197
04:42:59,600 --> 04:43:02,000
The boat ride provides 
transition time between your Two

5198
04:43:02,000 --> 04:43:04,600
Worlds. 
The Lighthouse Keeper transforms

5199
04:43:04,600 --> 04:43:08,700
gradually back into husband and 
father the mental shift requires

5200
04:43:08,700 --> 04:43:12,100
this buffer period, you watch 
your Tower recede into the 

5201
04:43:12,100 --> 04:43:14,300
distance. 
The structure looks different 

5202
04:43:14,300 --> 04:43:17,400
from this perspective smaller 
and more vulnerable than it 

5203
04:43:17,400 --> 04:43:20,500
feels from inside. 
Other keepers have described 

5204
04:43:20,500 --> 04:43:23,400
similar, feelings. 
The lighthouse looms large in 

5205
04:43:23,408 --> 04:43:26,700
your daily consciousness. 
But viewed from the mainland. 

5206
04:43:26,700 --> 04:43:29,500
It becomes just another 
navigational marker on the 

5207
04:43:29,508 --> 04:43:32,200
horizon. 
You arrived at the cottage and 

5208
04:43:32,200 --> 04:43:33,600
your children, rushed to greet. 
You. 

5209
04:43:33,600 --> 04:43:38,000
They have grown noticeably since
your last visit Time moves fast 

5210
04:43:38,000 --> 04:43:40,000
faster when you're not present 
to observe it. 

5211
04:43:40,000 --> 04:43:44,100
Your wife prepares your favorite
meal, roasted chicken with 

5212
04:43:44,100 --> 04:43:49,700
potatoes and gravy fresh bread. 
Let apple pie with cream, The 

5213
04:43:49,700 --> 04:43:52,100
Taste of Home, fill your mouth 
with remembered Pleasures, 

5214
04:43:52,100 --> 04:43:55,500
Lighthouse, food is adequate but
lacks the flavors of a proper 

5215
04:43:55,500 --> 04:43:57,700
kitchen. 
He spend your surely leave 

5216
04:43:57,700 --> 04:43:59,600
making small, repairs around the
cottage. 

5217
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:03,300
The door latch needs. 
Fixing the roofers developed, a 

5218
04:44:03,300 --> 04:44:05,600
leak. 
You approached these tasks with 

5219
04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:07,800
the same thoughtful care. 
You bring to light house 

5220
04:44:07,800 --> 04:44:11,700
maintenance your eldest son 
follows you everywhere asking 

5221
04:44:11,700 --> 04:44:14,900
endless questions. 
You explain how things work and 

5222
04:44:14,900 --> 04:44:17,900
why they matter. 
Teaching him bring satisfaction 

5223
04:44:17,900 --> 04:44:21,300
that transcends words. 
The knights at home, feel 

5224
04:44:21,300 --> 04:44:25,600
strange, the bed is too soft, 
the silence is too quiet. 

5225
04:44:25,600 --> 04:44:29,000
You have become accustomed to 
the constant sound of waves. 

5226
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:31,400
Your wife understands this 
adjustment. 

5227
04:44:31,400 --> 04:44:36,000
She gives you space to re-adapt 
to domestic life too soon. 

5228
04:44:36,000 --> 04:44:40,100
The weekends, you must return to
the lighthouse The replacement 

5229
04:44:40,100 --> 04:44:43,700
Keepers completed his rotation. 
The farewells are difficult, 

5230
04:44:43,700 --> 04:44:46,900
every time, your youngest 
daughter, cries, your wife, 

5231
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:50,300
maintains composure, until 
you're out of sight, your return

5232
04:44:50,300 --> 04:44:52,700
to the tower carrying fresh 
supplies and renewed 

5233
04:44:52,700 --> 04:44:55,400
determination. 
The isolation is bearable, when 

5234
04:44:55,400 --> 04:45:00,000
you remember, why you endure it?
Winter deepens January, brings 

5235
04:45:00,000 --> 04:45:04,300
ice the spray from waves freezes
on contact with the tower. 

5236
04:45:04,300 --> 04:45:07,600
The structure becomes encased in
a shell of ice. 

5237
04:45:07,600 --> 04:45:11,200
You must chip away the ice 
build-up to maintain access to 

5238
04:45:11,200 --> 04:45:14,300
the exterior. 
The gallery becomes treacherous 

5239
04:45:14,300 --> 04:45:18,000
with frozen coating. 
The lamp-room requires constant 

5240
04:45:18,000 --> 04:45:22,600
monitoring cold effects, the 
oils viscosity The flame can 

5241
04:45:22,600 --> 04:45:26,200
burn a regularly, if the fuel 
becomes too thick, you keep the 

5242
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:29,300
lamp room as warm as possible. 
A small stove provides 

5243
04:45:29,300 --> 04:45:33,400
supplemental heat. 
The balance is delicate Year too

5244
04:45:33,400 --> 04:45:36,400
much heat can damage the lens 
mechanism, too. 

5245
04:45:36,400 --> 04:45:37,500
Little allows the oil to 
thicken. 

5246
04:45:38,600 --> 04:45:40,200
February brings the worst 
weather. 

5247
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:44,600
Storms arrive one after another,
with barely a day's respite 

5248
04:45:44,600 --> 04:45:47,200
between them. 
You live in a state of constant.

5249
04:45:47,200 --> 04:45:51,800
Vigilance, every night demands, 
full attention every day, brings

5250
04:45:51,800 --> 04:45:54,700
new repairs. 
The isolation becomes 

5251
04:45:54,700 --> 04:45:57,300
oppressive. 
During the stretches, you have 

5252
04:45:57,300 --> 04:45:59,800
not seen another human being in 
five weeks. 

5253
04:45:59,800 --> 04:46:03,400
The supply boat cannot reach the
lighthouse in severe weather, 

5254
04:46:04,200 --> 04:46:08,600
Human beings evolved for social 
connection isolation conflicts 

5255
04:46:08,600 --> 04:46:13,200
with fundamental psychological 
needs. extended Solitude can 

5256
04:46:13,200 --> 04:46:16,500
produce strange effects on the 
mind you have developed 

5257
04:46:16,500 --> 04:46:20,700
strategies to combat the worst 
symptoms, maintaining routines, 

5258
04:46:20,700 --> 04:46:24,300
provide structure, physical 
work, prevents rumination 

5259
04:46:24,300 --> 04:46:29,000
reading, occupies, the thinking 
mind, Talking aloud helps 

5260
04:46:29,000 --> 04:46:32,700
maintain verbal fluency. 
You describe your actions as you

5261
04:46:32,700 --> 04:46:35,500
perform them. 
You read passages from books and

5262
04:46:35,500 --> 04:46:38,200
full voice. 
You recite poems from memory. 

5263
04:46:39,100 --> 04:46:41,800
The sound of your own voice, 
prevents the strange feeling of 

5264
04:46:41,800 --> 04:46:44,700
Disconnect connection that can 
develop in total silence. 

5265
04:46:45,900 --> 04:46:49,100
Some Keepers report, losing the 
ability to speak normally after 

5266
04:46:49,100 --> 04:46:52,500
extended quiet. 
He write letters even knowing 

5267
04:46:52,500 --> 04:46:55,100
they cannot be sent until the 
supply boat arrives. 

5268
04:46:55,800 --> 04:46:58,900
The act of composing thoughts 
for another person maintained 

5269
04:46:58,900 --> 04:47:01,100
social connection. 
Psychologically, if not 

5270
04:47:01,100 --> 04:47:04,100
physically. 
Your dreams become Vivid during 

5271
04:47:04,100 --> 04:47:08,000
periods of isolation. 
The mind seems to compensate for

5272
04:47:08,000 --> 04:47:11,600
lack of external stimulation by 
creating a labyrinth. 

5273
04:47:11,600 --> 04:47:16,400
Internal experiences, you dream 
of family, gatherings of 

5274
04:47:16,400 --> 04:47:20,100
conversations, with friends of 
walking, through crowded 

5275
04:47:20,100 --> 04:47:23,600
markets. 
These dreams feel intensely real

5276
04:47:23,600 --> 04:47:27,300
while they last. 
Waking from such dreams brings a

5277
04:47:27,300 --> 04:47:30,900
moment of disorientation the 
tower, seems a specially empty 

5278
04:47:30,900 --> 04:47:33,000
after the Vivid social world of 
sleep. 

5279
04:47:34,000 --> 04:47:37,600
Some Keepers struggle seriously 
with this isolation Trinity 

5280
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:40,300
house has procedures for 
identifying psychological 

5281
04:47:40,300 --> 04:47:44,000
distress inspectors, watch for 
warning signs during their 

5282
04:47:44,000 --> 04:47:46,400
visits. 
Pursue cannot cope with 

5283
04:47:46,400 --> 04:47:49,500
Solitude, a reassigned to shore,
stations, or other duties. 

5284
04:47:50,300 --> 04:47:54,100
There is no shame in this. 
The work demands unusual, 

5285
04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:57,400
psychological resilience, you 
have managed the isolation 

5286
04:47:57,400 --> 04:48:01,000
successfully so far but you 
understand how it can break a 

5287
04:48:01,000 --> 04:48:03,200
person. 
The Mind needs human contact. 

5288
04:48:03,200 --> 04:48:06,600
The way the body needs food, 
your food stocks, run low. 

5289
04:48:06,600 --> 04:48:10,000
You rationale carefully the 
chickens have stopped laying in 

5290
04:48:10,008 --> 04:48:12,300
the cold. 
You have no fresh eggs. 

5291
04:48:12,300 --> 04:48:15,600
Kim the loneliness presses 
against your mind, like physical

5292
04:48:15,600 --> 04:48:18,100
weight. 
You talk to yourself just to 

5293
04:48:18,100 --> 04:48:22,200
hear a human voice but the lamp 
continues to burn ships. 

5294
04:48:22,200 --> 04:48:26,100
Continue to pass safely. 
Your work continues to matter. 

5295
04:48:27,100 --> 04:48:30,900
March arrives with marginally 
better conditions, the days 

5296
04:48:30,900 --> 04:48:34,000
length and slightly, the 
temperature rises a few degrees.

5297
04:48:34,000 --> 04:48:37,500
The supply boat makes it through
on a relatively calm day. 

5298
04:48:38,300 --> 04:48:40,500
Mr. Harris brings provisions and
news. 

5299
04:48:41,300 --> 04:48:43,200
He also brings a letter from 
Trinity house. 

5300
04:48:44,100 --> 04:48:48,000
You open it with curiosity and 
Mild concern. official 

5301
04:48:48,000 --> 04:48:52,100
correspondents usually means 
changes or inspections the 

5302
04:48:52,100 --> 04:48:55,100
letter informs you that you have
been selected for Commendation 

5303
04:48:55,100 --> 04:48:58,900
your exemplary service during 
the difficult winter has been 

5304
04:48:58,900 --> 04:49:02,700
noted Trinity house recognizes 
your dedication. 

5305
04:49:02,700 --> 04:49:06,600
This recognition means little in
Practical terms. 

5306
04:49:06,600 --> 04:49:10,400
No increase in pay on know, 
changing conditions. 

5307
04:49:11,300 --> 04:49:15,400
But it acknowledges that someone
noticed your work, you feel a 

5308
04:49:15,400 --> 04:49:18,300
quiet Pride. 
The acknowledgment matters more 

5309
04:49:18,300 --> 04:49:22,300
than you expected. 
To bring arrives slowly, the 

5310
04:49:22,300 --> 04:49:26,700
weather gradually moderates, the
Seas become less violent, the 

5311
04:49:26,700 --> 04:49:29,600
temperature rises enough that 
ice no longer forms. 

5312
04:49:29,600 --> 04:49:33,700
You emerge from winter, like a 
sailor, reaching Port, after a 

5313
04:49:33,700 --> 04:49:36,600
long voyage. 
The worst is passed. 

5314
04:49:36,600 --> 04:49:41,600
Some are approaches the annual 
inspection occurs in April. 3 

5315
04:49:41,600 --> 04:49:45,400
off from Trinity house are on a 
special boat, they spend two 

5316
04:49:45,400 --> 04:49:47,500
days, examining every aspect of 
your station. 

5317
04:49:47,500 --> 04:49:51,700
They inspect the lamp mechanism.
They review your logbooks, they 

5318
04:49:51,700 --> 04:49:55,600
test the fog horn, they examine 
the structure for damage, your 

5319
04:49:55,600 --> 04:49:57,700
company them through the 
inspection with nervous. 

5320
04:49:57,700 --> 04:50:00,200
Tension the work is being 
evaluated. 

5321
04:50:00,200 --> 04:50:02,500
Your competence is being 
measured. 

5322
04:50:03,500 --> 04:50:07,300
The Chief Inspector is a Stern, 
man named Mr. Thompson, he's 

5323
04:50:07,300 --> 04:50:09,600
been evaluating lighthouses for 
20 years. 

5324
04:50:09,600 --> 04:50:13,700
Nothing escapes his notice. 
He finds a minor issue with your

5325
04:50:13,700 --> 04:50:15,700
record. 
Keeping you've got to note the 

5326
04:50:15,708 --> 04:50:17,200
exact time of a lamprey 
lighting. 

5327
04:50:17,200 --> 04:50:20,600
After maintenance, this is 
recorded as a small deficiency, 

5328
04:50:20,600 --> 04:50:25,300
otherwise your station passes 
inspection with high Marks, Mr. 

5329
04:50:25,300 --> 04:50:28,000
Thompson offers brief, praise 
for your maintenance standards, 

5330
04:50:28,000 --> 04:50:30,900
the officials depart your return
to your routine. 

5331
04:50:30,900 --> 04:50:34,400
The brief human contact leaves. 
You feeling more isolated than 

5332
04:50:34,400 --> 04:50:38,800
before Summer to Lighthouse, 
brings its own unique challenges

5333
04:50:38,800 --> 04:50:41,500
and pleasures. 
The weather moderates and to 

5334
04:50:41,500 --> 04:50:45,300
Long stretches of calm the Seas,
flattened into gentle swells, 

5335
04:50:45,300 --> 04:50:48,400
the air warms enough that you 
can work outside, without heavy 

5336
04:50:48,400 --> 04:50:51,800
clothing, The increased daylight
means shorter nights for the 

5337
04:50:51,800 --> 04:50:54,600
lamp. 
You light it later, an 

5338
04:50:54,600 --> 04:50:57,300
extinguish it earlier, the 
routine shifts with the season. 

5339
04:50:58,200 --> 04:51:00,300
Some are also brings increased 
shipping traffic. 

5340
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:04,000
The channel fills with vessels, 
taking advantage of favorable 

5341
04:51:04,000 --> 04:51:06,400
weather. 
You see dozens of ships, each 

5342
04:51:06,400 --> 04:51:08,400
day passing within view of your 
light. 

5343
04:51:09,600 --> 04:51:12,100
The variety of vessels provide 
endless interest. 

5344
04:51:13,000 --> 04:51:15,900
Sleek clipper ships racing to 
deliver tea from China. 

5345
04:51:16,900 --> 04:51:19,900
Sturdy Merchants Steamers 
carrying manufactured goods to 

5346
04:51:19,900 --> 04:51:23,300
distant ports. 
Naval vessels maintaining the 

5347
04:51:23,300 --> 04:51:26,500
Royal Navy's presence. 
Each ship type has its own 

5348
04:51:26,500 --> 04:51:29,800
characteristics. 
The Clippers move with Grace 

5349
04:51:29,800 --> 04:51:33,500
Under full sail, their hulls cut
through the water with minimal 

5350
04:51:33,500 --> 04:51:37,000
disturbance, they represent the 
Pinnacle of sailing ship design.

5351
04:51:37,000 --> 04:51:40,600
The steamships announced their 
presence with smoke Trails. 

5352
04:51:40,600 --> 04:51:44,100
The new technology is 
transforming Maritime Commerce. 

5353
04:51:45,200 --> 04:51:48,000
Steam provides reliable power. 
Regardless of win conditions. 

5354
04:51:48,000 --> 04:51:50,800
You have watched this 
transformation over your years 

5355
04:51:50,800 --> 04:51:53,000
of service. 
Each season brings more 

5356
04:51:53,000 --> 04:51:55,100
steamships and fewer sailing 
vessels. 

5357
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:58,000
The age of sail is ending before
your eyes. 

5358
04:51:58,000 --> 04:52:00,800
Some of the older Keepers, more 
than this change. 

5359
04:52:00,800 --> 04:52:03,800
They appreciate the beauty of 
ships under canvas. 

5360
04:52:04,500 --> 04:52:07,900
Sight of a full rigged ship in 
fair, weather, stirs something 

5361
04:52:07,900 --> 04:52:11,300
in the maritime soul, but you 
recognize the Practical 

5362
04:52:11,300 --> 04:52:15,500
advantages of steam, power, 
more, reliable schedules, less 

5363
04:52:15,500 --> 04:52:19,400
dependent on favorable wins. 
Safe operations in difficult 

5364
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,400
conditions. 
The steamship Captain, still use

5365
04:52:22,400 --> 04:52:26,100
your Lighthouse for navigation, 
the technology of propulsion 

5366
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:30,100
changes but the need for Coastal
navigation remains constant. 

5367
04:52:30,800 --> 04:52:33,400
Some of them Sale close enough 
that you can make out details, 

5368
04:52:33,400 --> 04:52:36,100
the names painted on their 
Hulls. 

5369
04:52:36,900 --> 04:52:40,500
The flags indicating their home 
ports, the sailors working on 

5370
04:52:40,500 --> 04:52:43,400
Deck, you wave occasionally to 
passing ships. 

5371
04:52:43,400 --> 04:52:47,700
Sometimes the sailors wave back.
These brief acknowledgments 

5372
04:52:47,700 --> 04:52:49,800
create a momentary connection of
cross, the water. 

5373
04:52:50,700 --> 04:52:53,100
The maintenance workload eases 
during summer. 

5374
04:52:54,000 --> 04:52:56,100
Storms are less frequent and 
less severe. 

5375
04:52:56,800 --> 04:52:59,500
Equipment runs more reliably and
moderate temperatures. 

5376
04:52:59,500 --> 04:53:02,200
He used the extra time to 
perform deep maintenance 

5377
04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:05,400
projects that are impossible 
during winter can be tackled. 

5378
04:53:05,400 --> 04:53:09,000
Now, you repaint, the gallery 
railing, the old painters 

5379
04:53:09,000 --> 04:53:12,900
weathered away in many places. 
Fresh paint protects the metal 

5380
04:53:12,900 --> 04:53:15,600
from rossed. 
The work is Pleasant in the 

5381
04:53:15,600 --> 04:53:18,200
summer. 
Are You Can See For Miles across

5382
04:53:18,200 --> 04:53:21,500
the Blue Water. 
The Horizon stretches endlessly 

5383
04:53:21,500 --> 04:53:26,500
tend to the small garden plot 
near the base of the Tower. the 

5384
04:53:26,500 --> 04:53:29,400
rocky soil is poor, but you have
built it up with imported Earth 

5385
04:53:29,400 --> 04:53:33,200
and composted waste Creating 
arable soil from nothing, 

5386
04:53:33,200 --> 04:53:35,500
requires patience and continuous
effort. 

5387
04:53:35,500 --> 04:53:39,700
You save every bit of organic 
material vegetable, peelings 

5388
04:53:39,700 --> 04:53:42,800
eggshells, the droppings from 
the chicken coop. 

5389
04:53:42,800 --> 04:53:46,300
These materials go into a 
composting bin sheltered from 

5390
04:53:46,300 --> 04:53:50,200
the worst weather over months, 
they decompose into rich dark 

5391
04:53:50,200 --> 04:53:53,700
soil. 
This precious substance gets 

5392
04:53:53,700 --> 04:53:57,100
mixed with sand and imported 
Earth to create planting medium.

5393
04:53:57,100 --> 04:54:01,300
The growing space is limited to 
perhaps 12 square feet but this 

5394
04:54:01,300 --> 04:54:05,000
small area can produce a amounts
of food with proper management. 

5395
04:54:06,000 --> 04:54:08,900
The location presents unique 
challenges salt. 

5396
04:54:08,900 --> 04:54:11,000
Spray affects some plants 
negatively. 

5397
04:54:11,000 --> 04:54:15,800
Wind can shred delicate leaves. 
The growing season is shortened 

5398
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:19,300
by the Marine climate But 
certain crops thrive in these 

5399
04:54:19,300 --> 04:54:22,500
conditions root vegetables, 
tolerate salt better than leafy 

5400
04:54:22,500 --> 04:54:25,300
greens. 
Hardy herbs, withstand the wind 

5401
04:54:25,300 --> 04:54:28,300
cool weather, crops appreciate 
the moderated temperatures. 

5402
04:54:28,300 --> 04:54:31,200
You have learned through trial 
and error, which varieties 

5403
04:54:31,200 --> 04:54:34,900
performed best Some seeds, 
simply refuse to germinate 

5404
04:54:34,900 --> 04:54:41,000
others grow, but produce poorly.
Few adapt and flourish potatoes 

5405
04:54:41,000 --> 04:54:43,400
grow. 
Well, in this environment you 

5406
04:54:43,400 --> 04:54:46,400
also plant carrots, onions and a
few herbs. 

5407
04:54:47,000 --> 04:54:49,400
The fresh vegetables. 
Supplement your preserved, 

5408
04:54:49,400 --> 04:54:51,900
Provisions the chickens enjoy 
the warm weather. 

5409
04:54:51,900 --> 04:54:54,900
They produce eggs reliably 
throughout summer. 

5410
04:54:54,900 --> 04:54:57,600
You have more eggs than you can 
eat some. 

5411
04:54:57,600 --> 04:54:59,900
Go to Mr. Harris, as thanks for 
his deliveries. 

5412
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:04,800
The summer, solstice arrives on 
the longest day of the year, the

5413
04:55:04,800 --> 04:55:07,200
sun sets very late and Rises 
very early. 

5414
04:55:08,000 --> 04:55:11,500
Your lamp Burns for only a few 
hours and you stand on the 

5415
04:55:11,500 --> 04:55:16,400
gallery watching the sunset. 
Sky fills with colors, orange 

5416
04:55:16,400 --> 04:55:19,300
and pink, and purple blend 
Across the Western Horizon. 

5417
04:55:20,300 --> 04:55:24,500
The sea reflects, the skies 
colors, the water becomes a 

5418
04:55:24,500 --> 04:55:27,700
mirror of the heavens. 
The beauty is almost painful in 

5419
04:55:27,700 --> 04:55:29,900
its intensity. 
These moments. 

5420
04:55:29,900 --> 04:55:31,900
Remind you why you chose this 
profession? 

5421
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:37,600
The isolation of hardship fade. 
Pure experience of light and 

5422
04:55:37,600 --> 04:55:39,800
water and Sky fills your 
awareness. 

5423
04:55:39,800 --> 04:55:43,200
The summer nights of brief but 
magical. 

5424
04:55:44,300 --> 04:55:46,200
Stars appear in their full 
Glory. 

5425
04:55:47,000 --> 04:55:49,700
The Milky Way arches overhead. 
Like a river of light. 

5426
04:55:50,400 --> 04:55:52,600
He sometimes bring your 
telescope to the gallery. 

5427
04:55:53,400 --> 04:55:56,600
The device reveals craters on 
the moon and the moons of 

5428
04:55:56,600 --> 04:55:59,400
Jupiter. 
The universe expands under 

5429
04:55:59,400 --> 04:56:03,800
magnification these observations
connect you to the longer 

5430
04:56:03,800 --> 04:56:07,400
edition of Navigators who use 
stars to find their way, The 

5431
04:56:07,400 --> 04:56:10,400
Lighthouse Keeper in the ancient
Salish, share the same sky. 

5432
04:56:11,000 --> 04:56:14,000
The constellations wheel 
overhead in their Eternal 

5433
04:56:14,000 --> 04:56:16,800
patterns. 
Orion, the hunter rises in 

5434
04:56:16,800 --> 04:56:20,700
Winter, The Great Bear circles, 
the North Star, the summer 

5435
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:24,300
triangle dominates, warm nights.
You have learned to read these 

5436
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:27,700
patterns like a book. 
The position of stars tells you 

5437
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:29,600
the time without consulting your
watch. 

5438
04:56:30,400 --> 04:56:33,800
The season of reveals itself in 
which constellations dominate. 

5439
04:56:34,600 --> 04:56:38,100
Ancient people's their calendars
and myths around these Same 

5440
04:56:38,100 --> 04:56:41,200
Stars. 
The heavens connected human 

5441
04:56:41,200 --> 04:56:45,800
beings across vast spans of time
and culture your modern Light 

5442
04:56:45,800 --> 04:56:49,800
House technology serves the same
fundamental purpose as those 

5443
04:56:49,800 --> 04:56:53,500
ancient star watches. 
You provide guidance through 

5444
04:56:53,500 --> 04:56:56,800
Darkness, you help people find 
their way home. 

5445
04:56:56,800 --> 04:57:02,600
The stars in Duo while Empires 
rise and fall The sea continues,

5446
04:57:02,600 --> 04:57:05,000
its patient work regardless of 
human activity. 

5447
04:57:05,800 --> 04:57:09,100
Your Lighthouse Marks, One Small
point where human effort 

5448
04:57:09,100 --> 04:57:14,000
intersect with eternal Forces. 
This perspective helps during 

5449
04:57:14,000 --> 04:57:17,200
difficult moments, the 
isolation, and hardship matter 

5450
04:57:17,200 --> 04:57:19,200
less. 
When viewed against the vast 

5451
04:57:19,200 --> 04:57:23,100
sweep of Maritime history. you 
are one keeper among thousands, 

5452
04:57:23,100 --> 04:57:27,400
your work spans, a few decades 
at most, but the tradition 

5453
04:57:27,400 --> 04:57:31,700
continues beyond your individual
contribution Future Keepers will

5454
04:57:31,700 --> 04:57:34,900
climb these same stairs. 
There will tend this same lamp. 

5455
04:57:34,900 --> 04:57:37,700
They will watch these Same Stars
Wheeling overhead. 

5456
04:57:38,500 --> 04:57:41,700
The work transcends, the 
individual, the light matters 

5457
04:57:41,700 --> 04:57:44,400
more than the keeper. 
August brings different. 

5458
04:57:44,400 --> 04:57:48,900
Whether the air comes heavy and 
still thunderstorms develop with

5459
04:57:48,900 --> 04:57:52,800
sudden violence, he watched the 
storms approach from miles away.

5460
04:57:52,800 --> 04:57:56,800
The clouds building into 
towering structures, an 

5461
04:57:56,800 --> 04:57:59,500
enlightening flickers inside 
them, like thoughts and a brain.

5462
04:58:00,400 --> 04:58:03,700
When the storms arrive, they 
deliver spectacular displays 

5463
04:58:03,700 --> 04:58:07,600
lightning strikes, the water 
Thunder Echoes off the tower 

5464
04:58:07,600 --> 04:58:11,900
rainfalls in Torrance your light
continues burning through the 

5465
04:58:11,900 --> 04:58:15,400
electrical storms. 
The lamp provides guidance. 

5466
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:17,400
When visibility drops to nearly 
nothing. 

5467
04:58:18,200 --> 04:58:20,100
You take precautions during 
lightning. 

5468
04:58:20,800 --> 04:58:24,200
The tower has a lightning rod 
that diverts strikes safely to 

5469
04:58:24,200 --> 04:58:27,500
ground. 
But electricity is unpredictable

5470
04:58:27,500 --> 04:58:30,800
and dangerous. 
One August evening, lightning 

5471
04:58:30,800 --> 04:58:34,400
strikes, very close to the 
tower, the bolt hits the water, 

5472
04:58:34,400 --> 04:58:38,200
perhaps 50 yards away, the flash
is blinding. 

5473
04:58:38,200 --> 04:58:43,500
The Thunder is instantaneous and
deafening your ears ring for 

5474
04:58:43,500 --> 04:58:46,500
hours afterward. 
The smell of ozone. 

5475
04:58:46,500 --> 04:58:50,200
Fills the lamp room, but the 
equipment continues functioning 

5476
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:53,000
without damage. 
Some of begins to fade in 

5477
04:58:53,000 --> 04:58:54,900
September. 
The days. 

5478
04:58:54,900 --> 04:58:57,700
Shortened noticeably the 
temperature starts to drop. 

5479
04:58:58,400 --> 04:59:01,100
The shipping traffic begins to 
decrease you. 

5480
04:59:01,100 --> 04:59:04,100
Prepare for the approaching 
autumn and winter supplies. 

5481
04:59:04,100 --> 04:59:06,600
A stockpiled equipment is 
serviced. 

5482
04:59:06,600 --> 04:59:10,500
The chickens are checked for 
health, your quarterly, surely 

5483
04:59:10,500 --> 04:59:13,300
arrives. 
In late September your return to

5484
04:59:13,300 --> 04:59:16,200
the cottage and your family. 
Your children have changed 

5485
04:59:16,200 --> 04:59:18,400
again. 
Your youngest daughter reads 

5486
04:59:18,400 --> 04:59:20,900
fluently. 
Now your middle son has grown 

5487
04:59:20,900 --> 04:59:23,200
taller. 
Your eldest is beginning to show

5488
04:59:23,200 --> 04:59:27,300
signs of approaching manhood. 
Your wife has aged slightly. 

5489
04:59:28,400 --> 04:59:31,500
Stress of managing the household
alone shows in small ways. 

5490
04:59:31,500 --> 04:59:35,900
Gray appears in her hair lines 
deeper around her eyes. 

5491
04:59:35,900 --> 04:59:39,600
You feel guilt for the burden, 
your professional places on her.

5492
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:43,500
Which she insists. 
She's proud of your work and 

5493
04:59:43,500 --> 04:59:45,100
Lighthouse. 
Keepers wife accepts, the 

5494
04:59:45,100 --> 04:59:47,900
sacrifice the weak passes too 
quickly. 

5495
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:51,300
You help with Harvest tasks in 
the small Cottage Garden. 

5496
04:59:51,300 --> 04:59:53,500
You repair items around the 
property. 

5497
04:59:53,500 --> 04:59:55,600
You spend time with each child 
individually. 

5498
04:59:56,600 --> 04:59:59,200
Your eldest son asks again about
becoming a keeper. 

5499
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:03,000
He's now 15 and serious about 
the question you explain the 

5500
05:00:03,000 --> 05:00:07,100
reality is honestly the 
isolation the danger, the 

5501
05:00:07,100 --> 05:00:10,800
demanding routine. 
He remains interested you 

5502
05:00:10,800 --> 05:00:13,500
promised to make inquiries about
apprenticeship opportunities. 

5503
05:00:13,500 --> 05:00:16,500
The return to the light house 
comes with mixed feelings. 

5504
05:00:16,500 --> 05:00:20,500
You miss your family immediately
upon leaving but you also feel 

5505
05:00:20,500 --> 05:00:24,200
the pull of your duties The 
tower has become a second home, 

5506
05:00:24,200 --> 05:00:26,900
the routine provides structure 
and purpose. 

5507
05:00:26,900 --> 05:00:30,000
The work matters in concrete and
measurable ways. 

5508
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:34,400
Autumn settles over the channel.
The leaves would be changing 

5509
05:00:34,400 --> 05:00:39,300
color on the mainland. 
But at the Lighthouse rest, the 

5510
05:00:39,300 --> 05:00:42,200
seasons are marked by sea and 
sky rather than trees. 

5511
05:00:42,200 --> 05:00:45,000
The storms return with 
increasing frequency. 

5512
05:00:46,200 --> 05:00:49,100
Character of autumn weather 
differs from winter but brings 

5513
05:00:49,100 --> 05:00:52,200
its own challenges. 
You settle into the seasonal. 

5514
05:00:52,200 --> 05:00:57,200
Rhythm the work continues the 
light burns every night ships 

5515
05:00:57,200 --> 05:01:01,200
pass safely, the visitors arrive
on an unusually calm October 

5516
05:01:01,200 --> 05:01:03,600
day. 
October in the channel, brings 

5517
05:01:03,600 --> 05:01:08,100
variable conditions, some days, 
a miracle others, deliver the 

5518
05:01:08,100 --> 05:01:12,400
first serious Autumn storms, 
this particular morning offers, 

5519
05:01:12,400 --> 05:01:16,400
gentle, swells and clear 
visibility You spot the boat 

5520
05:01:16,400 --> 05:01:18,400
from the gallery during your 
morning rounds. 

5521
05:01:18,400 --> 05:01:22,700
It is not the supply vessel. 
This boat is smaller and moves 

5522
05:01:22,700 --> 05:01:25,900
with different purpose. 
The hull design, suggests 

5523
05:01:25,900 --> 05:01:29,100
official, business government 
boats, have a characteristic 

5524
05:01:29,100 --> 05:01:34,000
shape, you recognize, the type, 
even at a distance, a curiosity 

5525
05:01:34,000 --> 05:01:38,400
mixes with mild concern, 
unexpected, visitors usually 

5526
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:42,100
mean, inspections or problems. 
The boat reaches the landing 

5527
05:01:42,100 --> 05:01:46,000
platform, two men disembark you 
descend to meet them. 

5528
05:01:46,000 --> 05:01:49,700
The older man introduces himself
as Mr. Edward Cunningham from 

5529
05:01:49,700 --> 05:01:53,500
the Board of Trade, the younger 
is his assistant, their 

5530
05:01:53,500 --> 05:01:57,100
conducting a study of Lighthouse
operations Mr. Cunningham 

5531
05:01:57,100 --> 05:02:00,100
explains that the government is 
considering improvements to the 

5532
05:02:00,100 --> 05:02:02,800
lighthouse system. 
They are visiting various 

5533
05:02:02,800 --> 05:02:05,700
stations to observe actual 
working conditions. 

5534
05:02:05,700 --> 05:02:09,700
You welcome them cautiously 
Official visitors can mean 

5535
05:02:09,700 --> 05:02:11,700
additional paperwork and 
scrutiny. 

5536
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:15,800
They spend the morning touring 
the tower Mr. Cunningham asks 

5537
05:02:15,800 --> 05:02:18,600
details questions about every 
aspect of the operation. 

5538
05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:23,100
How much oil do you can consume 
monthly how often does equipment

5539
05:02:23,100 --> 05:02:25,400
fail? 
What are the most dangerous 

5540
05:02:25,400 --> 05:02:27,700
aspects of the work? 
You answer? 

5541
05:02:27,700 --> 05:02:29,900
Honestly. 
The reality of light 

5542
05:02:29,900 --> 05:02:31,100
housekeeping needs. 
No. 

5543
05:02:31,100 --> 05:02:34,500
Embellishment. 
Mr. Cunningham takes extensive 

5544
05:02:34,500 --> 05:02:37,700
notes, his assistant sketches, 
the lamp mechanism and the 

5545
05:02:37,700 --> 05:02:41,400
living quarters at midday, you 
prepare lunch for all three of 

5546
05:02:41,400 --> 05:02:45,700
you, your Provisions stretched 
to accommodate guests simple 

5547
05:02:45,700 --> 05:02:50,200
fare but adequate Over the meal,
Mr. Cunningham shares his 

5548
05:02:50,200 --> 05:02:53,400
observations, he's impressed by 
your organization and 

5549
05:02:53,400 --> 05:02:56,500
discipline, he notes that 
conditions are more Spartan than

5550
05:02:56,500 --> 05:02:59,400
he anticipated. 
You explain that most Keepers 

5551
05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:02,700
adapt to the circumstances. 
The isolation is the hardest 

5552
05:03:02,700 --> 05:03:04,900
part. 
The physical challenges can be 

5553
05:03:04,908 --> 05:03:09,300
managed Mr. Cunningham asks 
about your family, you describe 

5554
05:03:09,300 --> 05:03:12,400
the monthly, sure Leaf system, 
you mentioned the strain, it 

5555
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:15,400
places on domestic life. 
He nods with understanding. 

5556
05:03:16,400 --> 05:03:18,600
The government is aware that 
light housekeeping, demands, 

5557
05:03:18,600 --> 05:03:23,200
significant personal sacrifice. 
His study aims to identify ways 

5558
05:03:23,200 --> 05:03:25,900
to improve keeper. 
Welfare while maintaining the 

5559
05:03:25,900 --> 05:03:29,500
high standards of light 
reliability, you discuss 

5560
05:03:29,500 --> 05:03:32,900
potential improvements better 
heating systems would help 

5561
05:03:32,900 --> 05:03:35,400
during winter more frequent 
Supply. 

5562
05:03:35,400 --> 05:03:38,500
Deliveries would ease the 
cycleogical burden of isolation.

5563
05:03:39,600 --> 05:03:43,600
Mr. Cunningham records, all 
suggestions makes no promises 

5564
05:03:43,600 --> 05:03:47,100
but seems genuinely interested 
in the keepers perspective. 

5565
05:03:48,000 --> 05:03:51,800
The afternoon continues with 
more observations Mr. Cunningham

5566
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:54,100
wants to see you, light, the 
lamp, at the proper time. 

5567
05:03:54,100 --> 05:03:57,300
The evening ritual proceeds, 
normally, despite the audience, 

5568
05:03:57,300 --> 05:04:01,000
you follow your established 
routine, check the oil level 

5569
05:04:01,000 --> 05:04:04,700
trim the wick the Clockwork like
the flame. 

5570
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:09,300
Mr. Cunningham watches with 
professional attention, he sees 

5571
05:04:09,300 --> 05:04:12,200
how the simple flame transforms 
into the powerful beam. 

5572
05:04:12,200 --> 05:04:15,800
The visitors. 
Depart as Darkness Falls, their 

5573
05:04:15,800 --> 05:04:18,200
boat, navigates away from the 
Rocks, using your light as 

5574
05:04:18,200 --> 05:04:20,200
reference. 
You stand on the gallery. 

5575
05:04:20,200 --> 05:04:24,600
Watching them go the visit was 
interesting, but also exhausting

5576
05:04:25,400 --> 05:04:28,200
Explaining your routine to 
Outsiders makes you more aware 

5577
05:04:28,200 --> 05:04:32,000
of its peculiarities. 
The tower, feels more isolated 

5578
05:04:32,000 --> 05:04:36,200
after they leave. 
The silence seems deeper your 

5579
05:04:36,200 --> 05:04:37,800
own company. 
Seems less adequate. 

5580
05:04:38,700 --> 05:04:41,300
November arrives with 
deteriorating weather. 

5581
05:04:42,200 --> 05:04:44,900
The transition toward winter 
begins, its familiar pattern. 

5582
05:04:44,900 --> 05:04:47,900
You can complete maintenance 
tasks in preparation. 

5583
05:04:47,900 --> 05:04:51,900
The gallery shutters are 
reinforced The fog horn is 

5584
05:04:51,900 --> 05:04:54,800
service extra lamp oil is 
stockpiled. 

5585
05:04:54,800 --> 05:04:59,800
A severe storm strike in 
mid-november, the weather builds

5586
05:04:59,800 --> 05:05:02,500
rapidly from calm to Violent 
within hours. 

5587
05:05:03,500 --> 05:05:05,800
You secure the tower and prepare
for a difficult night. 

5588
05:05:05,800 --> 05:05:10,300
The wind reaches frightening 
intensity the ways to tremendous

5589
05:05:10,300 --> 05:05:14,000
size, your lamp Burns, defiantly
against the chaos. 

5590
05:05:14,000 --> 05:05:19,400
The beam cuts through rain and 
spray ship somewhere beyond your

5591
05:05:19,400 --> 05:05:20,800
vision. 
Rely on that light. 

5592
05:05:21,900 --> 05:05:24,200
The tower shudders under wave 
impacts. 

5593
05:05:24,900 --> 05:05:28,100
Structure groans. 
But holds, the Victorian 

5594
05:05:28,100 --> 05:05:30,800
Engineers Built. 
Well, you remain at your post 

5595
05:05:30,800 --> 05:05:33,100
through the long night, sleep is
impossible. 

5596
05:05:33,100 --> 05:05:36,600
The storm is too violent to 
allow any inattention. 

5597
05:05:37,400 --> 05:05:41,900
Dawn, arrives gray and angry, 
the storm continues unabated. 

5598
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:47,100
This will be a multi-day event. 
You maintain your vigil food is 

5599
05:05:47,100 --> 05:05:51,200
eaten standing. 
Rest comes in brief moments 

5600
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:53,900
between inspections on the 
second night. 

5601
05:05:53,900 --> 05:05:57,800
Fatigue becomes dangerous. 
You must fight to maintain 

5602
05:05:57,800 --> 05:06:01,600
alertness, your body demands 
sleep, but Duty requires 

5603
05:06:01,600 --> 05:06:04,600
consciousness. 
Walk circuits around, the lamp 

5604
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:07,500
room to stay awake. 
You recite poetry allowed. 

5605
05:06:07,500 --> 05:06:11,100
You perform mental calculations 
anything to keep your mind 

5606
05:06:11,100 --> 05:06:14,300
engaged, the storm. 
Finally breaks on the third 

5607
05:06:14,300 --> 05:06:18,000
morning, the wind shifts and 
decreases the rain stops. 

5608
05:06:18,000 --> 05:06:21,400
The sea begins to moderate. 
You nearly collapsed with 

5609
05:06:21,400 --> 05:06:23,500
relief. 
Trial is over. 

5610
05:06:23,500 --> 05:06:27,600
You survived another test. 
The damage assessment reveals 

5611
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:30,600
several problems. 
A window is cracked from wave 

5612
05:06:30,600 --> 05:06:32,600
impact. 
Part of the gallery. 

5613
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:36,000
Flooring, as buckled, the 
chicken coop has been completely

5614
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:38,800
destroyed. 
The chickens are gone either 

5615
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:41,700
Swept Away by waves or killed by
the violence. 

5616
05:06:42,700 --> 05:06:45,100
You feel unexpected grief at 
their loss. 

5617
05:06:45,800 --> 05:06:48,300
Those birds provided 
companionship beyond their 

5618
05:06:48,300 --> 05:06:51,900
practical value, their daily 
routine parallel to your own, 

5619
05:06:51,900 --> 05:06:55,500
the repairs will take days. 
You begin the work with depleted

5620
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:58,800
energy Reserves. 
The cracked window requires, 

5621
05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:01,500
immediate attention, cold air 
and water. 

5622
05:07:01,500 --> 05:07:04,300
Intrusion, will worsen the 
damage you carefully. 

5623
05:07:04,300 --> 05:07:07,100
Remove the broken Pane and 
install a replacement from your 

5624
05:07:07,100 --> 05:07:10,600
emergency supplies. 
The gallery, flooring demands 

5625
05:07:10,600 --> 05:07:13,700
more extensive work. 
The buckled section, must be 

5626
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:17,300
removed and replaced. 
This job requires tools and 

5627
05:07:17,300 --> 05:07:19,100
materials and considerable 
effort. 

5628
05:07:19,100 --> 05:07:23,400
You work steadily through the 
following days progress is slow,

5629
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:27,200
but consistent, the tower 
gradually returns to proper 

5630
05:07:27,200 --> 05:07:29,700
condition. 
The supply boat arrives on 

5631
05:07:29,700 --> 05:07:33,600
schedule, Mr. Harris brings 
materials for the repairs along 

5632
05:07:33,600 --> 05:07:37,800
with standard Provisions. 
He also brings news a light 

5633
05:07:37,800 --> 05:07:39,200
house. 
Along the coast suffered 

5634
05:07:39,200 --> 05:07:43,100
complete destruction, during the
same storm, the keeper and his 

5635
05:07:43,100 --> 05:07:45,500
assistant were both killed this 
information. 

5636
05:07:45,500 --> 05:07:48,100
Affects you deeply, those men 
were colleagues. 

5637
05:07:48,100 --> 05:07:50,900
You never met. 
He died during the same work, 

5638
05:07:50,900 --> 05:07:53,700
you do the death? 
Remind you that Lighthouse, 

5639
05:07:53,700 --> 05:07:58,800
keeping carries real danger, the
secant kill equipment can fail. 

5640
05:07:58,808 --> 05:08:02,300
Storms, can overwhelm even the 
best preparations. 

5641
05:08:02,300 --> 05:08:06,600
You think about their families 
wives suddenly widowed children 

5642
05:08:06,600 --> 05:08:09,800
left fatherless. 
The lighthouse servers provides 

5643
05:08:09,800 --> 05:08:12,900
modest pensions but nothing 
replaces the Lost men. 

5644
05:08:13,700 --> 05:08:17,700
That night you stand extra, 
watch in their honor, the work, 

5645
05:08:17,700 --> 05:08:21,400
they did matters their sacrifice
serves the greater good. 

5646
05:08:22,300 --> 05:08:24,700
December arrives with Winter's 
full weight. 

5647
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:29,400
Cold settles over the channel, 
ice returns to coat the tower. 

5648
05:08:29,400 --> 05:08:34,500
The routine continues the lamp 
burned every night your 

5649
05:08:34,500 --> 05:08:38,300
vigilance never wave as 
Christmas approaches, but holds 

5650
05:08:38,300 --> 05:08:41,600
little meaning at the light 
house, your scheduled for surely

5651
05:08:41,600 --> 05:08:44,000
leave after the holiday on 
Christmas Day. 

5652
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:49,000
You prepare the best meal 
supplies allowed, Tinder 

5653
05:08:49,000 --> 05:08:51,700
preserved vegetables. 
A small pudding you saved for 

5654
05:08:51,700 --> 05:08:55,500
the occasion, you eat alone in 
your quarters, the meal tastes 

5655
05:08:55,500 --> 05:09:00,100
fine, but lacks Joy, Solitary 
celebration is contradiction. 

5656
05:09:00,100 --> 05:09:02,500
Your family is together at the 
cottage. 

5657
05:09:02,500 --> 05:09:05,000
Your children are opening 
presents. 

5658
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:07,800
Your wife is preparing, a proper
Christmas dinner. 

5659
05:09:07,800 --> 05:09:11,400
You imagine their activities 
with precise detail. 

5660
05:09:11,400 --> 05:09:15,700
The mental pictures, provide, 
both comfort and pain after the 

5661
05:09:15,700 --> 05:09:18,400
meal. 
You write letters, you describe 

5662
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:22,000
your Christmas to your wife, you
send individual messages to each

5663
05:09:22,000 --> 05:09:24,400
child. 
The letters will go out on the 

5664
05:09:24,400 --> 05:09:28,000
next supply boat. 
Your family will read them days 

5665
05:09:28,000 --> 05:09:31,500
after Christmas has passed. 
You spend the evening reading by

5666
05:09:31,500 --> 05:09:35,400
Lamplight. 
The hours pass slowly outside. 

5667
05:09:35,400 --> 05:09:37,600
The winter night is cold and 
clear. 

5668
05:09:38,500 --> 05:09:43,200
The stars shine with exceptional
brightness, the Frost creates 

5669
05:09:43,200 --> 05:09:46,800
patterns on the windows, the sea
sounds calm in the distance. 

5670
05:09:46,800 --> 05:09:50,800
You perform, your midnight 
inspection, the lamp burned, 

5671
05:09:50,800 --> 05:09:55,000
deadly, the mechanism functions 
perfectly, everything is as it 

5672
05:09:55,000 --> 05:09:57,700
should be another Christmas at 
the light house. 

5673
05:09:57,700 --> 05:10:02,700
Another year approaching its end
the work continues regardless of

5674
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:06,300
holidays or Seasons. 
Your surely leave begins on the 

5675
05:10:06,308 --> 05:10:09,700
30th of December. 
You arrive at the cottage in 

5676
05:10:09,700 --> 05:10:11,600
time, to celebrate the new year 
with your family. 

5677
05:10:12,600 --> 05:10:15,000
Your children are delighted by 
your presence. 

5678
05:10:15,000 --> 05:10:18,400
They show you their Christmas 
presents, they describe the 

5679
05:10:18,408 --> 05:10:21,300
holiday festivities and 
enthusiastic detail. 

5680
05:10:21,300 --> 05:10:25,000
Your wife has prepared the house
for your arrival, fresh bread, 

5681
05:10:25,000 --> 05:10:28,300
clean Linens, a warm fire in the
Hearth. 

5682
05:10:28,300 --> 05:10:32,700
These domestic Comforts feel 
like luxury, the lighthouse is 

5683
05:10:32,700 --> 05:10:35,900
simplified, your needs, but not 
eliminated your appreciation for

5684
05:10:35,900 --> 05:10:38,400
home. 
New Year's Eve arrives. 

5685
05:10:38,400 --> 05:10:41,300
You attend the community 
celebration in the village. 

5686
05:10:41,300 --> 05:10:44,600
Neighbors, greet you with 
respect, everyone knows. 

5687
05:10:44,600 --> 05:10:49,700
You are the Lighthouse Keeper. 
At midnight, the bells ring, the

5688
05:10:49,700 --> 05:10:54,700
new year, begins 1864 arrived 
with promise and uncertainty, 

5689
05:10:54,700 --> 05:10:59,700
you kiss your wife, you embrace 
your children, the moment holds 

5690
05:10:59,700 --> 05:11:03,900
perfect happiness that, you 
know, it cannot last in a few 

5691
05:11:03,908 --> 05:11:06,300
days, you must return to the 
Tower. 

5692
05:11:07,300 --> 05:11:11,200
Cycle continues. 
The farewell comes to soon. 

5693
05:11:12,500 --> 05:11:16,000
Your family stands at the 
cottage door, waving you walked 

5694
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:17,600
toward the harbor and the 
waiting boat. 

5695
05:11:18,400 --> 05:11:20,800
The light house appears on the 
horizon as you approach. 

5696
05:11:21,700 --> 05:11:25,900
Tower, stand solid and familiar.
Your second home awaits, you 

5697
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:28,200
climb the spiral stairs to your 
quarters. 

5698
05:11:29,100 --> 05:11:31,600
The space welcomes. 
You with its curved walls and 

5699
05:11:31,608 --> 05:11:34,500
narrow bunk. 
Everything is exactly as you 

5700
05:11:34,500 --> 05:11:37,500
left it. 
The books on the Shelf, the log 

5701
05:11:37,500 --> 05:11:40,600
book on the desk, the lamp 
waiting in its chamber above, 

5702
05:11:40,600 --> 05:11:43,300
you, resume your duties without 
transition. 

5703
05:11:44,100 --> 05:11:46,400
The light must be prepared for 
the coming night. 

5704
05:11:47,300 --> 05:11:51,800
The routine and folds you once 
again the isolation Returns the 

5705
05:11:51,800 --> 05:11:55,100
work continues. 
That you carry your family's 

5706
05:11:55,100 --> 05:11:57,100
love like a lamp. 
Inside your chest. 

5707
05:11:58,100 --> 05:12:02,300
That light burns, regardless of 
external Darkness, the newest 

5708
05:12:02,300 --> 05:12:06,700
stretches ahead. 
More nights more storms, more 

5709
05:12:06,700 --> 05:12:08,900
ships, guided safely, passed the
Rocks. 

5710
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:12,900
You're a light housekeeper. 
This work defines you. 

5711
05:12:12,900 --> 05:12:17,700
The sacrifice means something, 
the beam sweeps across the 

5712
05:12:17,700 --> 05:12:20,400
water. 
The Clockwork ticks its patient 

5713
05:12:20,400 --> 05:12:23,000
Rhythm. 
The waves, sound their endless 

5714
05:12:23,000 --> 05:12:25,500
percussion against Stone. 
You stand what? 

5715
05:12:25,500 --> 05:12:30,600
You maintain the light You serve
those who sail the dark Waters. 

5716
05:12:30,600 --> 05:12:33,400
This is your life. 
This is your purpose. 

5717
05:12:33,400 --> 05:12:35,900
This is your contribution to the
world. 

5718
05:12:35,900 --> 05:12:39,000
A lighthouse stands. 
The light burns. 

5719
05:12:39,000 --> 05:12:42,700
The ship's pass safely. 
And Somewhere Beyond the 

5720
05:12:42,700 --> 05:12:46,400
Horizon, your family sleeps 
peacefully, knowing you're doing

5721
05:12:46,408 --> 05:12:51,200
work that matters. 
The night watch continues, the 

5722
05:12:51,200 --> 05:12:54,600
tower stands firm the keeper 
remains vigilant. 

5723
05:12:55,700 --> 05:12:57,300
Story of the Victorian 
Lighthouse. 

5724
05:12:57,300 --> 05:13:01,000
Keeper is written in logbook 
entries and maintained equipment

5725
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:03,000
and live saved that will never 
know. 

5726
05:13:03,000 --> 05:13:06,100
They were in danger. 
It is a quiet story. 

5727
05:13:06,100 --> 05:13:11,300
A isolated story. but it is a 
story of profound importance, 

5728
05:13:11,300 --> 05:13:19,400
the light burns on You wake 
before the sun touches the 

5729
05:13:19,400 --> 05:13:22,600
watchtowers, curved roof, the 
air carriers that particular 

5730
05:13:22,600 --> 05:13:24,400
chill. 
That comes just before Dawn 

5731
05:13:24,400 --> 05:13:27,600
breaks over Northern China. 
Crisp enough to make you pull 

5732
05:13:27,600 --> 05:13:30,600
your padded jacket tighter. 
But not so cold, that frosted as

5733
05:13:30,600 --> 05:13:32,100
formed on the stone beneath your
feet. 

5734
05:13:33,000 --> 05:13:35,200
You've been stationed at this 
section of the wall for three 

5735
05:13:35,200 --> 05:13:37,200
years now. 
And your body has learned to 

5736
05:13:37,200 --> 05:13:40,100
recognize the exact moment when 
night shifts toward mourning, 

5737
05:13:40,100 --> 05:13:44,000
even before your eyes open, The 
darkness around, you isn't 

5738
05:13:44,000 --> 05:13:46,900
complete Stars. 
Still scatter across the sky, 

5739
05:13:46,900 --> 05:13:51,000
like rice grains spilled on dark
silk, and you can make out the 

5740
05:13:51,000 --> 05:13:54,700
walls, distinctive crenellation 
those tooth like parapets 

5741
05:13:54,700 --> 05:13:57,900
stretching away in both 
directions and they blur into 

5742
05:13:57,900 --> 05:14:01,500
the pre-dawn Shadows somewhere 
in the distance, a rooster's 

5743
05:14:01,500 --> 05:14:03,600
from one of the villages tucked 
Into The Valleys below. 

5744
05:14:04,500 --> 05:14:07,600
The sound carries strangely. 
Well, in this still our bouncing

5745
05:14:07,600 --> 05:14:09,700
off the mountains in a way that 
makes you smile. 

5746
05:14:10,600 --> 05:14:12,600
That rooster belongs to Old 
Chen's Farm. 

5747
05:14:12,600 --> 05:14:15,300
You're fairly certain which 
means it's probably the brown 

5748
05:14:15,300 --> 05:14:16,700
one with the Crooked tail 
feather. 

5749
05:14:17,600 --> 05:14:20,400
You stretch slowly feeling your 
joints per test in that 

5750
05:14:20,400 --> 05:14:23,700
familiar, way the stone platform
where you've spent the night, 

5751
05:14:23,700 --> 05:14:25,100
isn't uncomfortable. 
Exactly. 

5752
05:14:25,100 --> 05:14:30,500
You've slept in worse places but
it certainly isn't a bed You're 

5753
05:14:30,500 --> 05:14:33,100
sleeping, mat has compressed 
over the hours and you roll it 

5754
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,000
up carefully, tucking it into 
the corner of the Watchtower, 

5755
05:14:36,000 --> 05:14:37,500
where it lives during daylight 
hours. 

5756
05:14:39,000 --> 05:14:43,000
Tower itself is roughly 15 feet 
square with walls thick enough 

5757
05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:46,200
to keep out most of the Wind. 
Small opening at regular 

5758
05:14:46,200 --> 05:14:47,700
intervals. 
Allow you to observe the 

5759
05:14:47,700 --> 05:14:51,000
landscape and a larger opening 
face in Wood toward the 

5760
05:14:51,000 --> 05:14:54,700
populated side of the wall. 
As the sky begins to lighten 

5761
05:14:54,700 --> 05:14:57,400
from black to deep blue, you can
see the wall more. 

5762
05:14:57,400 --> 05:15:00,800
Clearly this particular section 
runs along a ridge line 

5763
05:15:00,800 --> 05:15:04,300
following the natural Contours 
of the mountain with an elegant,

5764
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:07,000
that seems almost casual until 
you remember the planning 

5765
05:15:07,000 --> 05:15:10,700
required to achieve it. 
The wall dips and Rises curves 

5766
05:15:10,700 --> 05:15:13,700
and straightens all while 
maintaining its essential 

5767
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:17,300
purpose a raise pathway wide 
enough for soldiers and supplies

5768
05:15:17,300 --> 05:15:19,200
protected by parapets on both 
sides. 

5769
05:15:20,100 --> 05:15:22,700
The first True Light catches, 
the Eastern face of the wall 

5770
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:25,900
turning the grayish Stone, a 
warm, golden color that lasts 

5771
05:15:25,900 --> 05:15:28,300
only minutes before fading to 
its usual tone. 

5772
05:15:29,200 --> 05:15:31,200
You've watched this 
transformation hundreds of 

5773
05:15:31,208 --> 05:15:34,100
times, and it never quite loses 
its appeal. 

5774
05:15:35,000 --> 05:15:37,000
The stones themselves are 
slightly irregular. 

5775
05:15:37,000 --> 05:15:40,900
This section was built using 
local materials and you can see 

5776
05:15:40,900 --> 05:15:44,300
variations in color and texture 
that tell the story of where 

5777
05:15:44,300 --> 05:15:47,700
each Stone originated Some came 
from the mountain just north of 

5778
05:15:47,700 --> 05:15:48,800
here. 
Others. 

5779
05:15:48,800 --> 05:15:52,800
From a quarry to valleys over. 
A hawk appears circling lazily 

5780
05:15:52,800 --> 05:15:55,100
on the morning thermals that are
just beginning to rise. 

5781
05:15:55,100 --> 05:15:58,600
You watch it for a moment. 
Appreciating the efficiency of 

5782
05:15:58,600 --> 05:16:02,800
its movement, Hawks often Patrol
this section of the wall drawn 

5783
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:05,600
by the mice and small creatures 
that make homes in the crevices 

5784
05:16:05,600 --> 05:16:08,600
between stones. 
The relationship feels almost 

5785
05:16:08,600 --> 05:16:12,400
Co-operative, the wall provides 
hunting grounds and the Hawks 

5786
05:16:12,400 --> 05:16:14,000
provide entertainment for 
Watchmen. 

5787
05:16:14,000 --> 05:16:17,600
You might otherwise find the 
hours slow. you hear footsteps, 

5788
05:16:17,600 --> 05:16:21,100
before you see Wang, your fellow
Guardian emerging from the 

5789
05:16:21,100 --> 05:16:24,800
Watchtower to the east, he moves
with the careful gate of someone

5790
05:16:24,800 --> 05:16:28,100
whose knees remember every 
winter spent on Cold Stone and 

5791
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:32,500
he is carrying a small Clay Pot 
that likely contains tea Wong is

5792
05:16:32,500 --> 05:16:34,800
perhaps 15 years older than you 
with a face. 

5793
05:16:34,800 --> 05:16:38,900
Weathered by constant exposure 
to wind and Sun until his skin 

5794
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:41,000
resembles, the leather used for 
water bags. 

5795
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:45,200
He nods in greeting the gesture 
economical and friendly without 

5796
05:16:45,200 --> 05:16:47,100
requiring conversation, this 
early in the day. 

5797
05:16:48,300 --> 05:16:51,600
The two of you stand together in
comfortable, silence watching as

5798
05:16:51,600 --> 05:16:55,200
the valley below, gradually 
reveals itself terrorist Fields 

5799
05:16:55,200 --> 05:16:58,200
become visible first. 
They're careful geometry, a 

5800
05:16:58,200 --> 05:17:01,900
human Counterpoint to the wild 
mountains Beyond Then the 

5801
05:17:01,900 --> 05:17:05,100
village appears not 
dramatically, but incrementally,

5802
05:17:05,100 --> 05:17:08,900
the smoke from morning fires, 
begins to rise and the darker 

5803
05:17:08,900 --> 05:17:11,500
shapes of building separate 
themselves from the landscape. 

5804
05:17:11,500 --> 05:17:14,200
You can identify individual 
structures. 

5805
05:17:14,200 --> 05:17:17,900
Now, the larger building that 
serves as a communal Granary the

5806
05:17:17,900 --> 05:17:21,000
temple with its distinctive 
curved roof and the cluster of 

5807
05:17:21,008 --> 05:17:24,400
houses where the families live. 
Your stomach reminds you that 

5808
05:17:24,400 --> 05:17:27,400
you haven't eaten since 
yesterday, evening and one seems

5809
05:17:27,400 --> 05:17:30,900
to have the same thought because
he produces two small rice cakes

5810
05:17:30,900 --> 05:17:32,600
from somewhere within his 
jacket. 

5811
05:17:33,500 --> 05:17:36,700
Their slightly stale but welcome
and you eat your slowly making 

5812
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:39,800
it last. 
The tea when Wang finally pause 

5813
05:17:39,800 --> 05:17:42,900
it, from his pot into two small 
cups his barely warm but 

5814
05:17:42,900 --> 05:17:46,500
flavored with something perhaps,
Ginger, that makes it feel 

5815
05:17:46,500 --> 05:17:50,200
warming despite its temperature.
The morning routine continues 

5816
05:17:50,200 --> 05:17:51,900
with a casualness. 
Born of repetition. 

5817
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:55,000
You walked the section of wall. 
That's your responsibility, 

5818
05:17:55,000 --> 05:17:58,200
checking for obvious problems 
that might have emerged 

5819
05:17:58,200 --> 05:18:01,900
overnight, a loose Stone here, 
some mortar that seems to be 

5820
05:18:01,908 --> 05:18:04,800
crumbling there. 
Nothing urgent, but you make 

5821
05:18:04,800 --> 05:18:08,900
mental notes, the wall is always
changing always requiring 

5822
05:18:08,900 --> 05:18:12,300
attention like a very large and 
very patient animal that needs 

5823
05:18:12,300 --> 05:18:15,700
constant grooming. 
Other Guardians appear as the 

5824
05:18:15,708 --> 05:18:18,800
morning progresses emerging from
their own watch Towers or 

5825
05:18:18,800 --> 05:18:21,600
walking up the stone ramps that 
provide access from Below. 

5826
05:18:22,700 --> 05:18:25,400
You exchange nods and occasional
comments about the weather, 

5827
05:18:25,400 --> 05:18:28,800
which looks promising. 
Clear skies suggesting a good 

5828
05:18:28,808 --> 05:18:30,600
day for the repair work that's 
been played. 

5829
05:18:31,400 --> 05:18:35,000
Everyone moves with purpose but 
without Rush understanding that,

5830
05:18:35,000 --> 05:18:38,500
the work ahead requires steady 
effort rather than bursts of 

5831
05:18:38,500 --> 05:18:41,800
energy by mid-morning. 
You've descended the wall using 

5832
05:18:41,800 --> 05:18:45,400
one of the internal staircases 
steep Stone steps. 

5833
05:18:45,400 --> 05:18:47,800
One Smooth by countless feet 
over decades. 

5834
05:18:48,700 --> 05:18:52,200
The Village at the walls base as
fully awake and the sounds of 

5835
05:18:52,200 --> 05:18:54,200
daily life. 
Created gentle Symphony 

5836
05:18:54,200 --> 05:18:56,400
hammering from the Carpenters 
Workshop. 

5837
05:18:56,400 --> 05:19:00,400
The rhythmic thump of someone 
beating grain children's voices 

5838
05:19:00,400 --> 05:19:03,500
from the small school and 
Underneath It, All the constant 

5839
05:19:03,500 --> 05:19:05,900
background presence of chickens 
making their various 

5840
05:19:05,900 --> 05:19:09,200
pronouncements about life. 
The Village exists because of 

5841
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:11,400
the wall. 
And for the wall, though, after 

5842
05:19:11,400 --> 05:19:14,600
Generations, this relationship 
has become so natural that 

5843
05:19:14,600 --> 05:19:16,100
nobody thinks about it much 
anymore. 

5844
05:19:16,900 --> 05:19:19,500
The house is built from the same
Stone as the wall itself. 

5845
05:19:19,500 --> 05:19:23,200
Creating a visual continuity, 
that makes the settlement seemed

5846
05:19:23,200 --> 05:19:25,200
to have grown organically from 
the landscape. 

5847
05:19:25,800 --> 05:19:29,100
Narrow Pathways wind between 
buildings, following routes 

5848
05:19:29,100 --> 05:19:32,000
established, by the Practical 
considerations of daily life. 

5849
05:19:32,000 --> 05:19:35,100
Rather than any formal planning,
you're heading to the workshop 

5850
05:19:35,100 --> 05:19:37,300
where supplies are stored and 
prepared for the day's 

5851
05:19:37,300 --> 05:19:39,700
maintenance work. 
The building sits partially 

5852
05:19:39,700 --> 05:19:42,700
against the wall itself. 
Using the massive structure as 

5853
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:45,800
one wall and taking advantage of
its thermal Mass to keep the 

5854
05:19:45,800 --> 05:19:48,700
interior cool in summer and 
relatively warm in winter. 

5855
05:19:49,600 --> 05:19:52,100
Inside you find master Liu 
already sorting through 

5856
05:19:52,100 --> 05:19:54,600
materials. 
He's the senior Mason for this 

5857
05:19:54,600 --> 05:19:56,800
section. 
A man whose knowledge of stone 

5858
05:19:56,800 --> 05:19:58,700
and mortar. 
Seems almost Supernatural in its

5859
05:19:58,700 --> 05:20:02,000
depth, Master Leo, doesn't look 
up immediately when you enter 

5860
05:20:02,000 --> 05:20:05,400
focused on examining a pile of 
lime the arrived yesterday from 

5861
05:20:05,400 --> 05:20:08,600
the kill and two valleys over. 
He picks up Pinschers of it, 

5862
05:20:08,600 --> 05:20:11,800
rubbing the material between his
fingers with the concentration 

5863
05:20:11,800 --> 05:20:13,500
of someone reading an important 
text. 

5864
05:20:14,600 --> 05:20:16,700
You've learned not to interrupt 
these examinations. 

5865
05:20:17,600 --> 05:20:19,900
The quality of lime varies 
depending on countless factors, 

5866
05:20:19,900 --> 05:20:24,200
the type of Rocket was made from
the temperature of the Kiln, the

5867
05:20:24,200 --> 05:20:27,600
weather during production, and 
master Liu can detect subtle 

5868
05:20:27,600 --> 05:20:30,400
differences, that determine how 
well it will perform in Mortar. 

5869
05:20:31,100 --> 05:20:34,400
Eventually he nods to himself 
and looks up acknowledging your 

5870
05:20:34,400 --> 05:20:37,300
presence with a slight smile 
that creases his face and 

5871
05:20:37,300 --> 05:20:41,300
familiar patterns. 
Good lime he says simply which 

5872
05:20:41,300 --> 05:20:43,700
from Master Luke counts as 
enthusiastic praise. 

5873
05:20:43,700 --> 05:20:46,700
You help him transfer the lime 
into smaller containers that 

5874
05:20:46,700 --> 05:20:48,100
will be easier to carry up the 
wall. 

5875
05:20:48,100 --> 05:20:52,100
Careful not to raise dust. 
The fine powder has a sharp 

5876
05:20:52,100 --> 05:20:54,400
alkaline smell that catches in 
your throat. 

5877
05:20:54,400 --> 05:20:57,900
If you're not careful. 
Around you the workshop reveals 

5878
05:20:57,900 --> 05:21:01,400
the organized complexity of all 
maintenance wooden shelves, hold

5879
05:21:01,400 --> 05:21:04,700
tools in careful Arrangement 
hammers of various sizes and 

5880
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:07,100
weights chisels with different 
profiles. 

5881
05:21:07,100 --> 05:21:10,800
Wooden mallets, bronze measuring
devices levels. 

5882
05:21:10,800 --> 05:21:15,400
Plumb lines brushes for applying
mortar and scrapers for removing

5883
05:21:15,400 --> 05:21:18,200
old material. 
Each tool has its specific 

5884
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:22,300
purpose and each shows the wear 
patterns of frequent use, some 

5885
05:21:22,300 --> 05:21:23,600
of have been in service for 
decades. 

5886
05:21:23,600 --> 05:21:27,300
Their wooden handles smooth and 
dark from the oils of many hands

5887
05:21:27,300 --> 05:21:30,600
in one corner. 
Bundles of wooden planks lean 

5888
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:34,000
against the wall waiting to be 
used for scaffolding or perhaps 

5889
05:21:34,000 --> 05:21:36,700
for repairing, the wooden 
building that the walls length. 

5890
05:21:37,400 --> 05:21:40,600
Small shelters were supplies are
stored or where Guardians can 

5891
05:21:40,600 --> 05:21:42,100
take refuge during severe 
weather. 

5892
05:21:43,000 --> 05:21:46,300
The wood smells pleasantly 
resinous cut recently enough, 

5893
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:49,800
that sap still marks and pieces.
These planks came from the 

5894
05:21:49,800 --> 05:21:52,900
forest on the mountains. 
Northern slope carried down by 

5895
05:21:52,900 --> 05:21:55,300
the same team that will help. 
Hold them back up when the time 

5896
05:21:55,300 --> 05:21:58,300
comes. 
A Young Apprentice may be 14 

5897
05:21:58,300 --> 05:22:00,600
years old with the gangly 
awkwardness of someone still 

5898
05:22:00,600 --> 05:22:04,000
growing into their adult height.
Enters carrying a yoke across, 

5899
05:22:04,000 --> 05:22:07,500
his shoulders with water buckets
hanging from each end. he moves 

5900
05:22:07,508 --> 05:22:10,800
carefully trying not to slosh 
the precious liquid and you 

5901
05:22:10,800 --> 05:22:13,900
remember being that age trying 
to prove yourself capable of 

5902
05:22:13,900 --> 05:22:17,800
adult responsibilities Master 
Deluxe him to pull the water 

5903
05:22:17,800 --> 05:22:21,200
into the large, clay vessels 
kept from mixing mortar and the 

5904
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:23,500
boy does. 
So with exaggerated care, that 

5905
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:27,400
makes you hide a smile? 
the preparation continues 

5906
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:31,200
methodically materials need to 
be gathered tool selected and 

5907
05:22:31,200 --> 05:22:34,300
work assignments, confirmed, 
you'll be part of a team, 

5908
05:22:34,300 --> 05:22:37,200
working on a section about half 
a mile east of here, where 

5909
05:22:37,200 --> 05:22:39,700
Winter's free thought cycles of 
damaged, some of the mortar 

5910
05:22:39,700 --> 05:22:42,900
joints between stones, Its not 
dramatic work. 

5911
05:22:42,900 --> 05:22:46,500
No, massive reconstruction. 
Just the patient attention that 

5912
05:22:46,500 --> 05:22:48,600
keeps small problems from 
becoming large ones. 

5913
05:22:50,000 --> 05:22:52,700
Other Villages passed by the 
workshop entrance going about 

5914
05:22:52,700 --> 05:22:55,600
their own business. 
An older woman heard, a small 

5915
05:22:55,608 --> 05:22:59,200
group of ducks toward the pond 
murmuring, to the patient tone 

5916
05:22:59,200 --> 05:23:01,900
used for creatures that respond 
more to voice Rhythm than actual

5917
05:23:01,900 --> 05:23:04,500
words. 
Two men carry a large basket of 

5918
05:23:04,508 --> 05:23:07,900
vegetables between them probably
heading to the communal storage.

5919
05:23:08,700 --> 05:23:11,700
A child darts pass chasing a dog
that has apparently stolen 

5920
05:23:11,700 --> 05:23:14,200
something. 
Maybe a shoe and the resulting 

5921
05:23:14,200 --> 05:23:18,000
chaos makes everyone smile. 
This Village has perhaps 40 

5922
05:23:18,000 --> 05:23:21,700
families, their lives into woven
through marriages friendships, 

5923
05:23:21,700 --> 05:23:25,100
shared work, and the simple 
proximity of living together in 

5924
05:23:25,100 --> 05:23:28,500
a remote location. 
Most families have been here for

5925
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:31,000
Generations though. 
Occasionally someone arrives 

5926
05:23:31,000 --> 05:23:33,600
from elsewhere drawn by the 
steady work that wall made to 

5927
05:23:33,600 --> 05:23:37,200
provide the work isn't glamorous
or particularly well paid. 

5928
05:23:37,200 --> 05:23:40,800
But it's reliable in a way that 
farming dependent on whether and

5929
05:23:40,800 --> 05:23:44,800
luck can never quite be Your 
return to the wall with the 

5930
05:23:44,800 --> 05:23:48,100
morning supplies climbing the 
stone ramp that ascends at a 

5931
05:23:48,100 --> 05:23:51,500
gentle angle, making the burden 
of carrying materials manageable

5932
05:23:51,500 --> 05:23:55,500
other workers accompany you some
carrying tools others with 

5933
05:23:55,500 --> 05:23:59,000
baskets of lime or sand. 
And one man balancing a wooden 

5934
05:23:59,000 --> 05:24:01,600
pole across his shoulders with 
water containers hanging from 

5935
05:24:01,600 --> 05:24:04,400
both ends. 
Everyone has learned to Pace the

5936
05:24:04,400 --> 05:24:08,000
cells understanding that this 
work requires endurance, rather 

5937
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:11,500
than speed the wall. 
At this point, Rises about 25 

5938
05:24:11,500 --> 05:24:14,000
feet about the ground. 
On the Northern side, though, on

5939
05:24:14,008 --> 05:24:16,400
the southern side, where it 
follows The Ridges natural 

5940
05:24:16,400 --> 05:24:18,600
elevation. 
It's only about six feet tall, 

5941
05:24:19,500 --> 05:24:22,900
Walking along the top, you're 
struck again by the width easily

5942
05:24:22,900 --> 05:24:25,700
wide enough for five or six 
people to walk abreast and in 

5943
05:24:25,700 --> 05:24:29,100
some sections, even wider. 
This isn't just a wall. 

5944
05:24:29,108 --> 05:24:32,700
It's a raised Road. 
A military highway that allowed 

5945
05:24:32,700 --> 05:24:35,300
troops and supplies to move 
quickly along China's Northern 

5946
05:24:35,300 --> 05:24:38,200
Frontier. 
The Guardians you work alongside

5947
05:24:38,200 --> 05:24:40,000
are for the most part 
unremarkable. 

5948
05:24:40,000 --> 05:24:42,800
People doing remarkable work 
through sheer persistence. 

5949
05:24:43,900 --> 05:24:46,800
There's old jao who has 
maintained his section for 30 

5950
05:24:46,800 --> 05:24:50,100
years and can apparently sense. 
Structural problems before they 

5951
05:24:50,100 --> 05:24:52,800
become visible. 
There's the Widow misses Tang 

5952
05:24:52,800 --> 05:24:55,500
whose husband died in an 
accident involving falling 

5953
05:24:55,500 --> 05:24:59,000
Stones, 10 years ago, and who 
now managed his supplies with an

5954
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:00,400
efficiency that borders on 
artistic. 

5955
05:25:00,400 --> 05:25:04,000
There's young way barely into 
his 20s who approaches every 

5956
05:25:04,000 --> 05:25:06,900
task with an enthusiasm that the
older workers find 

5957
05:25:06,900 --> 05:25:10,700
simultaneously endearing and 
exhausting Your own role has 

5958
05:25:10,700 --> 05:25:13,400
evolved over the years. 
From simple labor hauling 

5959
05:25:13,400 --> 05:25:17,100
materials mixing mortar to more 
skilled work involving actual 

5960
05:25:17,100 --> 05:25:19,600
repairs. 
You've learned to read the walls

5961
05:25:19,600 --> 05:25:22,300
condition, the way of physician 
reads a patient symptoms, 

5962
05:25:22,300 --> 05:25:27,100
understanding that small signs, 
often indicate larger issues, a 

5963
05:25:27,100 --> 05:25:29,700
crack following a particular 
pattern might suggest movement 

5964
05:25:29,700 --> 05:25:31,300
in the earth beneath the 
foundation. 

5965
05:25:32,100 --> 05:25:35,400
More to the crumbles to easily 
could indicate that water is 

5966
05:25:35,400 --> 05:25:38,900
getting behind the stones 
vegetation growing in joints 

5967
05:25:38,900 --> 05:25:41,200
means that roots are working 
their way into the structure 

5968
05:25:41,200 --> 05:25:43,700
slowly but inevitably causing 
damage. 

5969
05:25:44,500 --> 05:25:47,300
The section you're working on 
today, shows, typical wear from 

5970
05:25:47,300 --> 05:25:50,100
winter. 
Weather has infiltrated joints 

5971
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:54,100
between Stones Frozen during 
cold nights and expanded with 

5972
05:25:54,100 --> 05:25:55,500
enough Force to crack the 
mortar. 

5973
05:25:55,500 --> 05:25:59,200
The damaged material has fallen 
away leaving gaps. 

5974
05:25:59,200 --> 05:26:02,600
That will only worsen if left 
unattended, your task is to 

5975
05:26:02,600 --> 05:26:05,400
remove the remaining compromised
mortar, clean, the joints 

5976
05:26:05,400 --> 05:26:08,500
thoroughly and refill them with 
fresh material mixed to the 

5977
05:26:08,508 --> 05:26:11,900
proper consistency. 
Master Liu arrives to inspect 

5978
05:26:11,900 --> 05:26:15,200
the work area running his hands 
over the stones with the gentle 

5979
05:26:15,200 --> 05:26:18,400
attention of someone greeting, 
an old friend. he points out 

5980
05:26:18,400 --> 05:26:21,700
details, you might have missed 
Stone, that has shifted slightly

5981
05:26:21,700 --> 05:26:25,300
and needs to be reset a section 
where water seems to be pooling 

5982
05:26:25,300 --> 05:26:28,400
and needs better drainage and a 
crack that requires monitoring. 

5983
05:26:28,400 --> 05:26:32,100
But doesn't yet need repair? 
His knowledge comes from Decades

5984
05:26:32,100 --> 05:26:35,500
of observation and you absorb 
what you can knowing that this 

5985
05:26:35,500 --> 05:26:38,500
expertise can't be learned from 
books or formal instruction. 

5986
05:26:39,300 --> 05:26:42,100
The work begins with careful 
removal of old mortar. 

5987
05:26:42,100 --> 05:26:45,800
You use a chisel and Hammer 
tapping gently to avoid damaging

5988
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:49,100
the stones themselves. 
The old mortar comes away in 

5989
05:26:49,100 --> 05:26:51,900
chunks and powder, and you 
collect it in a basket, not for 

5990
05:26:51,900 --> 05:26:54,200
reuse, but because leaving 
debris on the wall. 

5991
05:26:54,200 --> 05:26:58,300
Creates problems, the material 
gets swept up by wind, and can 

5992
05:26:58,300 --> 05:27:00,700
clogged drainage systems or 
accumulating Corners where 

5993
05:27:00,700 --> 05:27:03,800
water, then pools. 
As you work, you notice the 

5994
05:27:03,800 --> 05:27:06,800
construction details that make 
the wall more sophisticated than

5995
05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:10,400
it might appear from a distance.
Stones aren't simply stacked 

5996
05:27:10,400 --> 05:27:13,300
their carefully selected, and 
placed to create a stable 

5997
05:27:13,300 --> 05:27:16,300
structure. 
Larger stones form the face of 

5998
05:27:16,300 --> 05:27:19,200
the wall, while the interior is 
filled with smaller Stones, 

5999
05:27:19,200 --> 05:27:22,700
rubble and Earth, all taped down
to create a solid Mass. 

6000
05:27:23,600 --> 05:27:26,800
The faceing stones are cut or 
selected to fit together closely

6001
05:27:26,800 --> 05:27:30,100
minimizing the amount of Morton 
needed and creating a surface 

6002
05:27:30,100 --> 05:27:33,400
that resists weathering. 
The mortar itself is a careful 

6003
05:27:33,400 --> 05:27:37,900
of lime clay and sand with 
proportions That Vary depending 

6004
05:27:37,900 --> 05:27:41,700
on the specific application for 
joints exposed to weather more 

6005
05:27:41,700 --> 05:27:45,100
lime, makes the mixture more 
water resistant for interior 

6006
05:27:45,100 --> 05:27:46,900
work. 
Less lime saves money without 

6007
05:27:46,900 --> 05:27:50,300
compromising strength Master 
Lewis taught you to test more to

6008
05:27:50,300 --> 05:27:54,800
consistency by how it holds to a
trail too wet and its slumps to 

6009
05:27:54,800 --> 05:27:58,200
dry and it crumbles just right? 
And it clings without running. 

6010
05:27:59,200 --> 05:28:02,300
Your fellow workers, maintain a 
steady Rhythm, each person 

6011
05:28:02,300 --> 05:28:04,900
focused on their task but aware 
of the others presence. 

6012
05:28:05,700 --> 05:28:08,600
occasionally, someone makes a 
comment about the weather about 

6013
05:28:08,600 --> 05:28:11,500
a tool that needs sharpening or 
about the village gossip that 

6014
05:28:11,500 --> 05:28:14,600
always circulates The 
conversation is minimal but 

6015
05:28:14,600 --> 05:28:18,100
friendly punctuated by the 
sounds of tools against Stone. 

6016
05:28:18,100 --> 05:28:21,700
The scrap of trowels and the 
soft impact of hammers against 

6017
05:28:21,700 --> 05:28:25,000
wooden Stakes. 
A light, wind picks up around 

6018
05:28:25,000 --> 05:28:28,100
midday bringing cooler air from 
the mountains to the north. 

6019
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:32,100
It carries sense that tell 
stories Pine from the distant, 

6020
05:28:32,100 --> 05:28:35,400
forests dust from the planes 
Beyond, and sometimes 

6021
05:28:35,400 --> 05:28:39,900
mysteriously the hint of the sea
that lies of miles away. 

6022
05:28:41,000 --> 05:28:44,100
You pause to drink from your 
water, flask, looking out over 

6023
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:46,500
the landscape that has become 
familiar through daily 

6024
05:28:46,500 --> 05:28:49,300
observation. 
The afternoon brings different 

6025
05:28:49,300 --> 05:28:53,400
work actual stone replacement 
rather than just 3 mortar. 

6026
05:28:54,900 --> 05:28:57,500
A section about 30 feet from 
where you were working. 

6027
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:00,500
This morning has several stones 
that have become too damaged to 

6028
05:29:00,500 --> 05:29:03,800
remain in place. 
Whether age and this simple 

6029
05:29:03,800 --> 05:29:07,000
stress of supporting weight of 
created cracks that compromised,

6030
05:29:07,000 --> 05:29:09,900
the stones integrity. 
They need to come out and be 

6031
05:29:09,900 --> 05:29:12,600
replaced. 
This work requires more people 

6032
05:29:12,600 --> 05:29:16,100
and more planning, Master loose 
supervisors, directing the 

6033
05:29:16,100 --> 05:29:18,800
placement of wooden props that 
will support the weight while 

6034
05:29:18,800 --> 05:29:22,100
damage stones are removed. 
The props themselves are 

6035
05:29:22,100 --> 05:29:25,000
fascinating piece of 
engineering, adjustable wooden 

6036
05:29:25,000 --> 05:29:27,700
beams that can be wedged into 
place and tightened to take 

6037
05:29:27,708 --> 05:29:30,700
weight gradually. 
The Wood Creek slightly under 

6038
05:29:30,700 --> 05:29:34,100
load but Master Liu listens to 
these sounds with the attention 

6039
05:29:34,100 --> 05:29:37,000
of a musician tuning, an 
instrument understanding, 

6040
05:29:37,000 --> 05:29:39,600
exactly how much stress the 
props can safely handle. 

6041
05:29:40,600 --> 05:29:43,300
Removing a stone from the middle
of the wall without causing a 

6042
05:29:43,300 --> 05:29:45,800
collapse requires, patience that
borders on meditative. 

6043
05:29:46,500 --> 05:29:49,100
First, the mortar around, the 
stone must be completely 

6044
05:29:49,100 --> 05:29:53,000
removed, not just loosened, but 
entirely cleared away until the 

6045
05:29:53,000 --> 05:29:55,500
stone is held in place only by 
the weight and friction of 

6046
05:29:55,500 --> 05:29:58,800
surrounding Stones. 
Then wooden wedges are driven 

6047
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:02,000
into the gaps, slowly increasing
the space and relieving 

6048
05:30:02,000 --> 05:30:04,900
pressure. 
Finally, with careful Levering 

6049
05:30:04,900 --> 05:30:06,900
and the coordinated effort of 
several people. 

6050
05:30:06,900 --> 05:30:09,200
The stone can be shifted and 
removed. 

6051
05:30:10,000 --> 05:30:12,100
The damaged Stone wants 
extracted reveals. 

6052
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:15,300
Interesting details, its back 
surface is rougher than the 

6053
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:18,100
front exactly as it should be. 
The rough. 

6054
05:30:18,100 --> 05:30:20,900
Surface provides better grip for
the mortar and rough film. 

6055
05:30:21,600 --> 05:30:24,900
You can see tool marks from its 
original shaping, probably made 

6056
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:27,900
by a Mason working decades or 
even centuries ago. 

6057
05:30:27,900 --> 05:30:30,600
Depending on when this 
particular section was lost 

6058
05:30:30,600 --> 05:30:34,400
rebuilt. 
The stone weighs 200 pounds and 

6059
05:30:34,400 --> 05:30:37,200
moving it requires. 
A wooden Sledge and four people.

6060
05:30:37,200 --> 05:30:40,900
Pulling carefully, coordinated 
ropes Replacement stones have 

6061
05:30:40,900 --> 05:30:43,800
been prepared in advance 
selected from the stockpile that

6062
05:30:43,800 --> 05:30:47,700
every maintenance section keeps.
Finding stones that match the 

6063
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:51,900
existing work in size and shape 
is part art and part practical 

6064
05:30:51,900 --> 05:30:54,500
geometry. 
Master Liu examined. 

6065
05:30:54,500 --> 05:30:57,500
Several candidates rejecting, 
some for reasons that aren't 

6066
05:30:57,500 --> 05:31:00,400
immediately obvious to you one 
has a hairline crack that might 

6067
05:31:00,400 --> 05:31:03,600
not matter now, but could cause 
problems later and another is a 

6068
05:31:03,600 --> 05:31:05,900
slightly softer stone that will 
weather faster than its 

6069
05:31:05,900 --> 05:31:08,500
neighbors. 
The Chosen replacement Stone 

6070
05:31:08,500 --> 05:31:10,100
gets fitted carefully into the 
opening. 

6071
05:31:10,800 --> 05:31:14,000
It doesn't simply drop into 
place instead it requires small 

6072
05:31:14,000 --> 05:31:17,900
adjustments, shaving a bit here,
shimming there with thin Stone 

6073
05:31:17,900 --> 05:31:20,600
Flakes and it sits precisely as 
it should. 

6074
05:31:21,500 --> 05:31:24,600
The fit needs to be tight enough
to provide structural Integrity 

6075
05:31:24,600 --> 05:31:27,100
but not so tight that it creates
stress points. 

6076
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:30,200
Master Liu checks the alignment 
using a water level. 

6077
05:31:30,200 --> 05:31:34,000
Along tube, filled with water. 
Whose ends must be at the same 

6078
05:31:34,000 --> 05:31:36,400
height regardless of the tubes 
path between them. 

6079
05:31:37,500 --> 05:31:39,700
While this skilled work proceeds
other tasks. 

6080
05:31:39,700 --> 05:31:42,500
Continue around you. 
Some one is clearing vegetation 

6081
05:31:42,500 --> 05:31:46,200
from drainage channels a job 
that seems minor until you can 

6082
05:31:46,200 --> 05:31:48,200
consider that blocked. 
Drainage causes water to 

6083
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:50,700
accumulate freeze and cracked 
Stone's. 

6084
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:53,900
Another worker is treating 
wooden elements with a mixture 

6085
05:31:53,900 --> 05:31:57,000
of oils that help preserve them 
against weather and insects. 

6086
05:31:57,900 --> 05:32:00,700
A third person is checking and 
tightening the stones that pave,

6087
05:32:00,700 --> 05:32:03,600
the walls walking surface 
ensuring that none of worked 

6088
05:32:03,600 --> 05:32:06,000
loose and might trip someone 
hurrying along in the dark. 

6089
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:09,600
The new stone, finally settles 
into place with a satisfying 

6090
05:32:09,600 --> 05:32:12,600
solidity, and mortar is 
carefully packed around it. 

6091
05:32:13,400 --> 05:32:16,700
Master Liu uses a thin stick to 
work the mortar into every Gap. 

6092
05:32:16,700 --> 05:32:21,200
Ensuring no air pockets, remain.
The excess mortar gets scraped 

6093
05:32:21,200 --> 05:32:23,500
away and smooth, creating neat 
joints. 

6094
05:32:23,500 --> 05:32:26,200
That will shed water rather than
Channel it into the wall. 

6095
05:32:26,900 --> 05:32:28,800
The work won't be fully cured 
for days. 

6096
05:32:28,800 --> 05:32:31,500
But even now you can see that it
will be virtually invisible. 

6097
05:32:31,500 --> 05:32:34,300
Once completed, just another 
Stone. 

6098
05:32:34,300 --> 05:32:37,900
In an endless line of stones, 
maintaining the walls Integrity 

6099
05:32:37,900 --> 05:32:41,500
for whoever comes after you. 
You take a moment to appreciate 

6100
05:32:41,500 --> 05:32:44,300
the continuity of this 
represents the stone. 

6101
05:32:44,300 --> 05:32:47,000
You've just replaced, might have
been placed by a Mason during 

6102
05:32:47,000 --> 05:32:50,000
the Ming Dynasty's early years 
and the stone. 

6103
05:32:50,000 --> 05:32:52,500
Now, filling its space might 
remain in place for another few 

6104
05:32:52,500 --> 05:32:55,100
centuries. 
Your hands have touched the same

6105
05:32:55,100 --> 05:32:57,100
surfaces that. 
Countless other hands touch 

6106
05:32:57,100 --> 05:33:01,600
before and countless more will 
touch after the work is humble. 

6107
05:33:02,200 --> 05:33:04,700
Connection to history feels 
tangible in a way that written 

6108
05:33:04,700 --> 05:33:08,300
records never quite capture. 
As afternoon slides toward 

6109
05:33:08,300 --> 05:33:11,200
evening, attention shifts, to 
the wooden structures along the 

6110
05:33:11,200 --> 05:33:15,300
wall, the small buildings, Gates
and shelters that provide 

6111
05:33:15,300 --> 05:33:17,700
crucial functionality beyond the
stone and Earth. 

6112
05:33:18,300 --> 05:33:20,700
These structures require their 
own form of Maintenance, 

6113
05:33:20,700 --> 05:33:24,600
following rhythms determined by 
seasons and weather rather than 

6114
05:33:24,600 --> 05:33:26,900
the slower pace of stone 
deterioration. 

6115
05:33:27,800 --> 05:33:30,900
The nearest shelter is a small 
building, perhaps 10 feet square

6116
05:33:30,900 --> 05:33:34,900
with walls of Timber and a tiled
roof designed to shed rain and 

6117
05:33:34,900 --> 05:33:38,300
snow efficiently. 
It sits against the walls in a 

6118
05:33:38,308 --> 05:33:41,300
face using the massive Stone 
structure as shelter. 

6119
05:33:41,300 --> 05:33:45,100
From northern winds, Inside the 
space is simple but functional 

6120
05:33:45,100 --> 05:33:49,700
storage for emergency supplies. 
A small raised platform for 

6121
05:33:49,700 --> 05:33:53,200
sleeping and a brassiere for 
heating during cold weather with

6122
05:33:53,200 --> 05:33:55,700
a carefully designed chimney 
that vents through the roof. 

6123
05:33:56,700 --> 05:33:59,600
Today's work involves replacing.
Some of the roof tiles that 

6124
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:03,400
cracked during winter freezes. 
You climb a ladder checking its 

6125
05:34:03,400 --> 05:34:06,200
stability first. 
His falls from even modest. 

6126
05:34:06,200 --> 05:34:08,200
Heights can be serious and 
carefully. 

6127
05:34:08,200 --> 05:34:10,800
Remove the damaged tiles each 
tile. 

6128
05:34:10,800 --> 05:34:13,300
Overlaps its neighbors in a 
pattern that creates a 

6129
05:34:13,300 --> 05:34:16,200
waterproof surface while 
allowing individual pieces to be

6130
05:34:16,200 --> 05:34:18,300
replaced without disturbing the 
entire roof. 

6131
05:34:19,300 --> 05:34:22,800
The system is elegant in its 
Simplicity proven over centuries

6132
05:34:22,800 --> 05:34:25,800
of use, the replacement tiles 
have been fired in the same 

6133
05:34:25,800 --> 05:34:28,800
Kilns that produce tiles for 
village houses, maintaining 

6134
05:34:28,800 --> 05:34:32,000
consistency and color and 
texture, they're heavier than 

6135
05:34:32,000 --> 05:34:35,100
they look and positioning them 
correctly requires attention to 

6136
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:37,500
detail. 
Each tile must sit at the proper

6137
05:34:37,500 --> 05:34:40,700
angle to channel water away and 
the overlap must be sufficient 

6138
05:34:40,700 --> 05:34:43,500
to prevent leaks even in driving
rain or melting snow. 

6139
05:34:43,500 --> 05:34:47,600
You work slowly testing each 
tiles position before moving to 

6140
05:34:47,600 --> 05:34:51,200
the next From the roof, you have
an interesting perspective on 

6141
05:34:51,200 --> 05:34:54,500
the walls construction, you can 
see how the crenellations those 

6142
05:34:54,500 --> 05:34:57,100
parapet walls on. 
Either side are actually quite 

6143
05:34:57,100 --> 05:35:00,200
complex structures. 
Not simple walls but carefully 

6144
05:35:00,200 --> 05:35:03,000
designed elements that provide 
protection while allowing 

6145
05:35:03,000 --> 05:35:06,800
observation and when necessary 
defensive action the gaps 

6146
05:35:06,800 --> 05:35:08,800
between crenellation of 
positioned to offer. 

6147
05:35:08,800 --> 05:35:11,400
Clear Sight lines while 
remaining narrow enough that 

6148
05:35:11,400 --> 05:35:13,800
someone standing behind them 
remains largely protected. 

6149
05:35:14,700 --> 05:35:16,800
Other wooden elements dot the 
walls length. 

6150
05:35:17,400 --> 05:35:20,500
There are simple Gates and some 
sections allowing access to 

6151
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:22,900
parse that Descent of villages 
or water sources. 

6152
05:35:23,800 --> 05:35:26,700
These Gates need regular 
attention, hinges. 

6153
05:35:26,700 --> 05:35:29,700
Must be oil. 
Wood must be treated against rot

6154
05:35:29,700 --> 05:35:31,800
and the fit must be checked to 
ensure. 

6155
05:35:31,800 --> 05:35:35,700
They can still close properly. 
There are also wooden platforms 

6156
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:38,900
at various points, providing 
elevated positions for 

6157
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:42,300
observation or simply offering 
level surfaces where the wall 

6158
05:35:42,300 --> 05:35:45,500
itself slopes steeply. 
The seasonal nature of this? 

6159
05:35:45,500 --> 05:35:47,500
Maintenance becomes apparent as 
you work. 

6160
05:35:48,100 --> 05:35:51,300
In Spring attention, focuses on 
repairing, winter damage, 

6161
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:55,100
cracked tiles warped. 
Boards and fasteners loosened by

6162
05:35:55,100 --> 05:35:58,700
freeze thaw Cycles in summer, 
the concern, shifts to 

6163
05:35:58,700 --> 05:36:01,300
protection against son and 
insects with applications of 

6164
05:36:01,308 --> 05:36:03,700
preservative oils and inspection
for pest damage. 

6165
05:36:04,900 --> 05:36:06,700
Autumn brings preparation for 
winter. 

6166
05:36:06,700 --> 05:36:09,800
Checking that roofs. 
A sound that shutters closed 

6167
05:36:09,800 --> 05:36:11,700
properly and that supplies are 
adequate. 

6168
05:36:12,600 --> 05:36:15,700
Winter itself, sees less 
maintenance activity with work, 

6169
05:36:15,700 --> 05:36:18,700
limited to Urgent, repairs and 
daily clearing of snow from 

6170
05:36:18,700 --> 05:36:21,700
critical areas. 
Youngway joined you on the roof 

6171
05:36:21,700 --> 05:36:24,500
bringing additional tiles and 
showing the easy confidence of 

6172
05:36:24,500 --> 05:36:27,700
someone who has never fallen 
from a height and thus hasn't 

6173
05:36:27,700 --> 05:36:31,500
yet learned appropriate caution.
You subtly position yourself to 

6174
05:36:31,500 --> 05:36:34,300
block his access to the roof's 
Edge, and he doesn't notice or 

6175
05:36:34,300 --> 05:36:36,400
comment. 
He Chatters while working 

6176
05:36:36,400 --> 05:36:38,900
talking about his plans to 
perhaps marry next year. 

6177
05:36:38,900 --> 05:36:42,400
Maybe start a family and his 
work on the wall, like his 

6178
05:36:42,400 --> 05:36:44,100
father and grandfather before 
him. 

6179
05:36:44,100 --> 05:36:47,800
His enthusiasm is genuine and 
you find yourself slightly 

6180
05:36:47,800 --> 05:36:49,900
envious of his certainly about 
the future. 

6181
05:36:50,800 --> 05:36:54,200
The sun has moved significantly.
Across the sky, by the time the 

6182
05:36:54,200 --> 05:36:57,000
roof work is complete. 
And you climb down carefully, 

6183
05:36:57,000 --> 05:36:59,700
feeling the days labor, in your 
shoulders and back. 

6184
05:37:00,500 --> 05:37:02,200
The ladder goes back into 
storage. 

6185
05:37:02,200 --> 05:37:05,400
A good ladder is valuable and 
needs protection from weather 

6186
05:37:05,400 --> 05:37:08,000
and you gather the broken tiles 
for disposal. 

6187
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:11,500
They can't be reused but they'll
be buried near the wall 

6188
05:37:11,500 --> 05:37:15,000
eventually becoming part of the 
landscape like everything else. 

6189
05:37:15,000 --> 05:37:18,700
That is served its purpose here.
Evening finds you in the supply 

6190
05:37:18,700 --> 05:37:21,300
storage area, helping to 
organize materials for 

6191
05:37:21,300 --> 05:37:24,100
tomorrow's work. 
This might seem like mundane 

6192
05:37:24,100 --> 05:37:27,700
bookkeeping but maintaining the 
wall depend absolutely on having

6193
05:37:27,700 --> 05:37:30,100
the right materials in the right
places at the right time. 

6194
05:37:31,100 --> 05:37:33,300
The logistics of Supply 
management have their own 

6195
05:37:33,300 --> 05:37:37,100
complexity, their own 
satisfaction, the storage area 

6196
05:37:37,100 --> 05:37:40,400
is actually a series of spaces 
built in to an against the wall 

6197
05:37:40,400 --> 05:37:42,300
itself. 
Taking advantage of the 

6198
05:37:42,308 --> 05:37:46,000
structures mass and protection 
Some storage is in vaulted. 

6199
05:37:46,000 --> 05:37:49,100
Chambers within the walls, 
thickness spaces originally 

6200
05:37:49,100 --> 05:37:52,200
designed for military purposes 
but now repurposed for peaceful 

6201
05:37:52,200 --> 05:37:55,200
maintenance work. 
Other supplies live in the 

6202
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:57,200
wooden structures. 
Built against the walls in a 

6203
05:37:57,208 --> 05:38:02,000
face protected from weather, but
accessible when needed Materials

6204
05:38:02,000 --> 05:38:04,800
arrive from various sources 
following Supply chains that 

6205
05:38:04,808 --> 05:38:08,300
connect this remote section of 
wall to production centers that 

6206
05:38:08,300 --> 05:38:12,100
might be days or weeks away. 
Lime comes from Kilns in The 

6207
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:14,700
Valleys where limestone is 
burned and carefully. 

6208
05:38:14,700 --> 05:38:17,500
Tended fires. 
Sand is collected from specific 

6209
05:38:17,500 --> 05:38:20,600
riverbeds, chosen for grain size
and mineral content. 

6210
05:38:21,400 --> 05:38:23,800
Clay comes from deposits 
identified and worked over 

6211
05:38:23,800 --> 05:38:26,500
Generations. 
Would arrives from managed 

6212
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:29,300
forests where trees are 
selectively harvested to make 

6213
05:38:29,300 --> 05:38:32,900
the resource for future needs. 
The accounting system is 

6214
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:36,300
surprisingly sophisticated 
maintained by a Clark who visits

6215
05:38:36,300 --> 05:38:38,700
every few weeks to update 
records and arranged for new 

6216
05:38:38,700 --> 05:38:41,800
supplies. 
He uses a combination of written

6217
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:44,800
records and Counting rods. 
The traditional Chinese 

6218
05:38:44,800 --> 05:38:48,000
calculation tool that allows 
complex arithmetic through Rod 

6219
05:38:48,000 --> 05:38:50,300
position and manipulation 
watching. 

6220
05:38:50,300 --> 05:38:53,900
Him work is fascinating, his 
fingers move with practice 

6221
05:38:53,900 --> 05:38:57,800
speed, calculating quantity is 
and costs with an accuracy that 

6222
05:38:57,800 --> 05:39:02,100
matches any written arithmetic. 
You help count and stack tiles 

6223
05:39:02,100 --> 05:39:04,200
organizing them by size and 
condition. 

6224
05:39:05,200 --> 05:39:07,400
Damage tiles. 
Get separated for potential 

6225
05:39:07,400 --> 05:39:10,900
reuse, even broken tiles, have 
value as Rubble fill, or 

6226
05:39:10,900 --> 05:39:14,400
drainage material. 
Good tiles are stacked carefully

6227
05:39:14,400 --> 05:39:17,100
with straw between layers to 
prevent chipping during storage.

6228
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:22,300
The counting becomes almost 
meditative one, two, three, 

6229
05:39:22,300 --> 05:39:24,900
four. 
Continuing in Rhythm, while your

6230
05:39:24,900 --> 05:39:28,800
mind, wanders to other thoughts,
other supplies receive similar 

6231
05:39:28,800 --> 05:39:31,100
attention. 
Wooden planks are sorted by 

6232
05:39:31,100 --> 05:39:34,800
length and thickness, tools are 
inventory and those needing 

6233
05:39:34,800 --> 05:39:37,600
repair are set aside for The 
Village, Blacksmith attention. 

6234
05:39:38,600 --> 05:39:41,800
Rope gets inspected for wear 
with any showing significant 

6235
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:44,700
fraying marked for replacement 
before it fails during use. 

6236
05:39:45,400 --> 05:39:49,200
Iron, fittings hinges, brackets 
Nails, accounted and their 

6237
05:39:49,200 --> 05:39:52,500
condition noted, even the 
seemingly infinite supply of 

6238
05:39:52,500 --> 05:39:55,800
basic materials like sand and 
gravel gets monitored with 

6239
05:39:55,800 --> 05:39:56,500
orders. 
Placed. 

6240
05:39:56,500 --> 05:40:00,300
When reserves dropped below 
certain levels, Mrs. Tang the 

6241
05:40:00,300 --> 05:40:03,400
supply manager moves through the
storage areas with complete 

6242
05:40:03,400 --> 05:40:06,700
confidence in the dark spaces. 
She knows where everything is 

6243
05:40:06,700 --> 05:40:10,200
kept how much of everything 
remains and what will be needed 

6244
05:40:10,200 --> 05:40:13,500
for the coming weeks work. 
Her memory seems perfect. 

6245
05:40:13,500 --> 05:40:17,300
But you notice, she keeps small 
notation on wooden tablets 

6246
05:40:17,300 --> 05:40:20,700
character marks that serve as 
memory aids and double checks 

6247
05:40:20,700 --> 05:40:24,200
against oversight. 
She explains to you as she has 

6248
05:40:24,200 --> 05:40:27,200
explained before that Supply 
management operates on multiple 

6249
05:40:27,200 --> 05:40:30,800
time frames simultaneously. 
There are immediate needs 

6250
05:40:30,800 --> 05:40:34,300
tomorrow's mortar requires lime 
that must be available today. 

6251
05:40:34,300 --> 05:40:37,300
There are seasonal needs tiles 
for winter. 

6252
05:40:37,300 --> 05:40:40,300
Repairs must be ordered in 
summer when Kilns are operating 

6253
05:40:40,300 --> 05:40:43,200
and roads are passable. 
And there are long-term 

6254
05:40:43,200 --> 05:40:47,500
strategic reserves materials 
kept against unexpected problems

6255
05:40:47,500 --> 05:40:51,500
sudden damage from storms or 
earthquakes or interruptions in 

6256
05:40:51,500 --> 05:40:54,700
the normal supply chain. 
The system has evolved over 

6257
05:40:54,700 --> 05:40:57,900
centuries of trial and error, 
incorporating hard, one lessons 

6258
05:40:57,900 --> 05:41:01,500
about what works and what 
doesn't Storing lime in sealed, 

6259
05:41:01,500 --> 05:41:03,100
containers keeps it dry and 
active. 

6260
05:41:03,100 --> 05:41:05,700
Keeping multiple tool types 
means work. 

6261
05:41:05,700 --> 05:41:08,200
Doesn't stop. 
When one breaks Maintaining 

6262
05:41:08,200 --> 05:41:11,300
relationships with reliable 
suppliers quality and 

6263
05:41:11,300 --> 05:41:14,000
availability. 
These aren't written rules so 

6264
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:16,700
much as practical knowledge 
passed down through generations 

6265
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:19,700
of workers. 
As Darkness, settles fully over 

6266
05:41:19,700 --> 05:41:22,600
the wall, you finish the 
Infantry work and help secure 

6267
05:41:22,600 --> 05:41:26,700
the storage areas. 
A closed and latched not locked.

6268
05:41:26,700 --> 05:41:29,900
There's little theft here. 
Where everyone knows everyone 

6269
05:41:29,900 --> 05:41:33,300
and Community disapproval is 
powerful enforcement but secure 

6270
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:34,700
secured against wind and 
animals. 

6271
05:41:35,600 --> 05:41:38,700
The satisfaction of good 
organization is real tomorrow's 

6272
05:41:38,700 --> 05:41:41,600
work will proceed smoothly 
because tonight's preparation 

6273
05:41:41,600 --> 05:41:44,600
was Thoreau. 
The next morning, brings 

6274
05:41:44,600 --> 05:41:48,100
different work, attention to the
earthwork that forms much of the

6275
05:41:48,100 --> 05:41:52,100
walls mass and provides its 
fundamental stability from a 

6276
05:41:52,100 --> 05:41:53,700
distance. 
The wall appears to be primarily

6277
05:41:53,700 --> 05:41:57,700
Stone but this visible surface 
is actually just the facing on a

6278
05:41:57,700 --> 05:42:01,100
much larger structure of Earth, 
rubble and careful engineering. 

6279
05:42:02,500 --> 05:42:05,000
You're working on a section 
where water drainage has become 

6280
05:42:05,000 --> 05:42:07,500
problematic. 
The walls Foundation here. 

6281
05:42:07,500 --> 05:42:10,500
Sits on a relatively 
impermeable, clay layer and 

6282
05:42:10,500 --> 05:42:13,000
winter runoff has pulled rather 
than draining away. 

6283
05:42:13,000 --> 05:42:16,000
Creating conditions that could 
undermine the structures 

6284
05:42:16,000 --> 05:42:19,100
stability. 
The work required involves both 

6285
05:42:19,100 --> 05:42:23,000
diagnosis and repair, 
understanding the waters path 

6286
05:42:23,000 --> 05:42:25,800
and redirecting, it away from 
vulnerable areas. 

6287
05:42:26,600 --> 05:42:29,700
Master Liu has brought several 
workers for this project under 

6288
05:42:29,700 --> 05:42:33,100
standing that earthwork requires
different skills than masonry or

6289
05:42:33,100 --> 05:42:36,200
carpentry. 
One older man, his name is ghoul

6290
05:42:36,200 --> 05:42:39,600
and he's worked on irrigation 
channels for most of his life as

6291
05:42:39,600 --> 05:42:41,900
his knowledge needed to 
understand how water moves 

6292
05:42:41,900 --> 05:42:43,500
through soil and around 
obstacles. 

6293
05:42:43,500 --> 05:42:46,600
He walks the area slowly 
observing. 

6294
05:42:46,600 --> 05:42:48,900
Subtle changes in vegetation and
soil color. 

6295
05:42:48,900 --> 05:42:52,500
That indicate moisture patterns.
The diagnostic process is 

6296
05:42:52,500 --> 05:42:55,900
fascinating to watch Grow 
examines where water appears 

6297
05:42:55,900 --> 05:42:59,800
after reigning stains on Stone 
and patterns of moss growth. 

6298
05:43:00,300 --> 05:43:03,300
He digs small test holes in 
several locations describing, 

6299
05:43:03,300 --> 05:43:06,900
what he finds in each, the soil,
composition the depth to 

6300
05:43:06,900 --> 05:43:09,700
different layers. 
And the presence of roots or 

6301
05:43:09,700 --> 05:43:12,100
rocks that might Channel or 
block water flow. 

6302
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:15,600
He seems to be building a mental
map of the subsurface conditions

6303
05:43:15,600 --> 05:43:18,700
and eventually he nods to 
himself and points to where work

6304
05:43:18,700 --> 05:43:21,600
should focus. 
The repair involves creating a 

6305
05:43:21,600 --> 05:43:24,100
drainage channel, that will 
intercept water before it 

6306
05:43:24,100 --> 05:43:27,300
reaches the walls foundation, 
and redirect it to a point where

6307
05:43:27,300 --> 05:43:31,100
it can safely Flow Away. 
This requires digging. 

6308
05:43:31,100 --> 05:43:34,900
Not the dramatic excavation, you
might imagine, but careful 

6309
05:43:34,900 --> 05:43:38,400
methodical removal of Earth. 
Always watching for signs of 

6310
05:43:38,400 --> 05:43:40,300
instability. 
That might indicate the wall 

6311
05:43:40,300 --> 05:43:42,200
itself is being affected by the 
work. 

6312
05:43:43,200 --> 05:43:46,700
The Earth here is a mixed of 
clay silt and small stones 

6313
05:43:46,700 --> 05:43:49,100
packed hard by centuries of 
compression. 

6314
05:43:50,000 --> 05:43:53,300
Removing it requires picks to 
break up the material, followed 

6315
05:43:53,300 --> 05:43:56,900
by shovels to clear it away. 
The work is physically demanding

6316
05:43:56,900 --> 05:44:00,800
in a way that is different from 
stone or woodwork less Precision

6317
05:44:00,800 --> 05:44:02,900
required, but more sustained 
physical effort. 

6318
05:44:02,900 --> 05:44:06,800
You take turns with the digging 
switching places every 15 or 20 

6319
05:44:06,800 --> 05:44:10,900
minutes to prevent exhaustion as
you dig you encounter layers 

6320
05:44:10,900 --> 05:44:12,200
that. 
Tell stories about the walls 

6321
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:14,900
history. 
A layer of charcoal indicates a 

6322
05:44:14,900 --> 05:44:17,400
fire. 
Probably from a brassiere or 

6323
05:44:17,400 --> 05:44:21,000
cooking fire along a go. 
Fragments of pottery show where 

6324
05:44:21,000 --> 05:44:23,900
someone broke a vessel and the 
pieces ended up in film 

6325
05:44:23,900 --> 05:44:26,300
material. 
Bones from meals, eaten by 

6326
05:44:26,300 --> 05:44:28,100
previous generations of workers 
appear. 

6327
05:44:28,100 --> 05:44:31,600
Occasionally usually chicken or 
Pig disposed of in the most 

6328
05:44:31,600 --> 05:44:34,900
convenient way of available. 
The drainage Channel takes shape

6329
05:44:34,900 --> 05:44:37,200
gradually. 
A shallow ditch lined with 

6330
05:44:37,208 --> 05:44:40,800
stones to prevent erosion. 
Graded to ensure water flows in 

6331
05:44:40,808 --> 05:44:43,700
the intended Direction and 
designed to handle, not just 

6332
05:44:43,700 --> 05:44:46,700
typical runoff, but also the 
larger volumes that come with 

6333
05:44:46,700 --> 05:44:48,600
spring snowmelt or summer 
storms. 

6334
05:44:49,400 --> 05:44:52,500
Master Liu, checks the grade 
using the same water level tool 

6335
05:44:52,500 --> 05:44:55,600
employed for stonework ensuring 
that the channel will function 

6336
05:44:55,600 --> 05:44:58,900
as intended rather than simply 
moving the problem to a 

6337
05:44:58,900 --> 05:45:01,800
different location. 
Once the channel is excavated 

6338
05:45:01,800 --> 05:45:05,100
and aligned attention, turns to 
protecting it against damage, 

6339
05:45:05,100 --> 05:45:08,600
the channel gets covered with 
flat Stones laid Loosely enough,

6340
05:45:08,600 --> 05:45:11,700
that water can still enter But 
animals or cartwheels won't 

6341
05:45:11,700 --> 05:45:14,200
collapse. 
The structure vegetation will be

6342
05:45:14,200 --> 05:45:17,100
encouraged to grow along its 
edges with roots, helping to 

6343
05:45:17,100 --> 05:45:19,300
stabilize the soil. 
While the plants themselves 

6344
05:45:19,300 --> 05:45:21,400
indicate the drainage is working
properly. 

6345
05:45:22,400 --> 05:45:25,700
The work extends into the 
afternoons with breaks for water

6346
05:45:25,700 --> 05:45:28,900
and simple food. 
More rice cakes, some dried 

6347
05:45:28,900 --> 05:45:32,400
fruit and tea that somehow stays
warm in Mrs. Tang's Pottery 

6348
05:45:32,400 --> 05:45:34,800
container, despite the cool air 
temperature. 

6349
05:45:35,600 --> 05:45:38,100
The group works with the easy, 
coordination of people who have 

6350
05:45:38,100 --> 05:45:41,100
collaborated frequently 
understanding without much 

6351
05:45:41,100 --> 05:45:46,100
discussion, who should do what? 
And when by late afternoon, the 

6352
05:45:46,100 --> 05:45:48,900
drainage work is complete and 
you spend time restoring the 

6353
05:45:48,900 --> 05:45:51,500
area around the work site to 
something approximating its 

6354
05:45:51,500 --> 05:45:55,100
previous appearance. 
Excess Earth gets spread rather 

6355
05:45:55,100 --> 05:45:57,700
than left in piles. 
Stones are returned to 

6356
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:00,800
approximately where they came 
from and the trampled vegetation

6357
05:46:00,800 --> 05:46:02,500
is encouraged to stand up right 
again. 

6358
05:46:03,200 --> 05:46:06,300
The goal is to make the repair 
as invisible as possible while 

6359
05:46:06,300 --> 05:46:07,800
ensuring it functions 
effectively. 

6360
05:46:09,100 --> 05:46:11,200
As evening approaches and work 
wines down. 

6361
05:46:11,200 --> 05:46:14,300
You find yourself sitting on the
wall with several other workers,

6362
05:46:14,300 --> 05:46:17,600
eating dinner, and sharing the 
comfortable silence that comes 

6363
05:46:17,600 --> 05:46:22,300
after a day of shared labor, But
conversation, eventually starts 

6364
05:46:22,300 --> 05:46:24,100
and stories. 
Begin to emerge. 

6365
05:46:24,100 --> 05:46:27,200
The Human Experience, is that. 
Give meaning to the physical 

6366
05:46:27,200 --> 05:46:29,800
work old. 
Jao the most senior work of 

6367
05:46:29,800 --> 05:46:31,300
President talks about his 
grandfather. 

6368
05:46:31,300 --> 05:46:34,300
Who worked this, same section of
the wall during the previous 

6369
05:46:34,300 --> 05:46:37,900
century, The story is a matter 
of fact rather than dramatic 

6370
05:46:37,900 --> 05:46:41,500
small incidents and daily 
routines, rather than heroic 

6371
05:46:41,500 --> 05:46:44,400
events, his grandfather 
apparently had a talent for 

6372
05:46:44,400 --> 05:46:46,400
predicting. 
Whether by observing clouds and 

6373
05:46:46,400 --> 05:46:49,500
wind patterns, the skill that 
helped the work Crews plan their

6374
05:46:49,500 --> 05:46:51,900
activities and take shelter 
before storms arrived. 

6375
05:46:52,800 --> 05:46:55,600
The conversation meanders 
through family histories and you

6376
05:46:55,600 --> 05:46:57,800
realize that many of the workers
are connected through 

6377
05:46:57,800 --> 05:47:01,000
complicated, webs of 
relationships Waze mother was 

6378
05:47:01,000 --> 05:47:04,500
jao's cousin, Mrs. Tang's late 
husband was the brother of the 

6379
05:47:04,500 --> 05:47:07,000
village headman Your own 
connection to. 

6380
05:47:07,000 --> 05:47:10,100
This place came through an uncle
who worked here and suggested 

6381
05:47:10,100 --> 05:47:12,300
you apply when you needed 
employment years ago. 

6382
05:47:13,100 --> 05:47:16,500
These relationships create a 
sense of continuity and mutual 

6383
05:47:16,500 --> 05:47:18,700
obligation that goes beyond mere
employment. 

6384
05:47:19,400 --> 05:47:22,400
Someone mentions a storm from 
several years back, you remember

6385
05:47:22,400 --> 05:47:24,500
it? 
Vaguely a late summer Tempest 

6386
05:47:24,500 --> 05:47:27,500
that brought winds, strong 
enough to strip tiles from roofs

6387
05:47:27,500 --> 05:47:30,500
and flood the drainage channels 
that normally handled water 

6388
05:47:30,500 --> 05:47:33,100
easily. 
The wall itself suffered minor 

6389
05:47:33,100 --> 05:47:35,000
damage for the wooden 
structures. 

6390
05:47:35,000 --> 05:47:37,200
Took heavy losses and the 
recovery work. 

6391
05:47:37,200 --> 05:47:40,600
Dominated several months. 
The memory is shared among those

6392
05:47:40,600 --> 05:47:43,900
who were present with the person
adding details that others had 

6393
05:47:43,900 --> 05:47:46,900
forgotten or experienced 
differently, the stories aren't 

6394
05:47:46,900 --> 05:47:49,600
all serious. 
There's the time that young way 

6395
05:47:49,600 --> 05:47:53,400
in his first month of work, 
accidentally knocked a bucket of

6396
05:47:53,400 --> 05:47:57,100
fresh mortar off the wall and it
landed with remarkable Precision

6397
05:47:57,100 --> 05:48:01,000
directly on Master lose head. 
As he walked below the incident 

6398
05:48:01,000 --> 05:48:04,000
was apparently spectacular with 
mortar splattered widely enough 

6399
05:48:04,000 --> 05:48:06,600
that ever since remained visible
for weeks to despite cleaning 

6400
05:48:06,600 --> 05:48:10,300
efforts Wade, takes the teasing 
good naturedly, though. 

6401
05:48:10,300 --> 05:48:12,400
He still looks slightly 
mortified years later. 

6402
05:48:12,400 --> 05:48:16,100
There are older stories passed 
down through generations of 

6403
05:48:16,100 --> 05:48:20,100
workers a tale about a guardian 
who supposedly saw a dragon in 

6404
05:48:20,100 --> 05:48:21,900
the Mist. 
One morning though everyone 

6405
05:48:21,900 --> 05:48:23,600
agrees. 
It was probably just an 

6406
05:48:23,600 --> 05:48:25,000
unusually shaped cloud 
formation. 

6407
05:48:25,000 --> 05:48:29,500
They enjoy the story anyway. 
A legend about a stretch of wall

6408
05:48:29,500 --> 05:48:31,900
that was completed in record 
time because the workers 

6409
05:48:31,900 --> 05:48:34,400
discovered a natural spring that
saved days of water. 

6410
05:48:34,400 --> 05:48:38,000
Hauling Stories about visitors, 
who came to inspect the wall 

6411
05:48:38,000 --> 05:48:41,400
minor officials, mostly who 
asked obvious questions and then

6412
05:48:41,400 --> 05:48:43,300
left without contributing 
anything useful. 

6413
05:48:44,900 --> 05:48:47,900
The conversation drifts to 
families and children, the 

6414
05:48:47,900 --> 05:48:51,100
universal concerns that connect 
workers across time and place. 

6415
05:48:52,200 --> 05:48:55,000
Jao's granddaughter is learning 
to read which he finds 

6416
05:48:55,000 --> 05:48:58,400
simultaneously impressive and 
slightly mysterious having never

6417
05:48:58,400 --> 05:49:01,700
learned himself. 
Wait talks again about his 

6418
05:49:01,700 --> 05:49:04,300
marriage plans. 
Earning gentle, teasing about 

6419
05:49:04,300 --> 05:49:07,700
his romantic optimism. 
Someone mentioned a new baby 

6420
05:49:07,700 --> 05:49:11,200
born in the village marveling at
house, small Human start, and 

6421
05:49:11,200 --> 05:49:14,300
how quickly they grow. 
The Stars beginner appearing, in

6422
05:49:14,300 --> 05:49:17,500
the darkening, Sky, the 
conversation, grows quieter, and

6423
05:49:17,500 --> 05:49:20,700
more reflective. 
Someone mentions that this work 

6424
05:49:20,700 --> 05:49:24,200
maintaining the wall is a 
strange sort of immortality. 

6425
05:49:25,000 --> 05:49:28,300
The individual workers come and 
go living their brief lives, but

6426
05:49:28,300 --> 05:49:30,800
the wall continues. 
And the work continues 

6427
05:49:30,800 --> 05:49:33,800
connecting Generations. 
Through shared purpose. 

6428
05:49:34,500 --> 05:49:37,700
Your own hands repair work done 
by hands that turn to dust 

6429
05:49:37,700 --> 05:49:40,000
centuries ago and hands. 
Not yet. 

6430
05:49:40,000 --> 05:49:42,000
Born will repair your work in 
turn. 

6431
05:49:42,800 --> 05:49:45,600
The final day of this particular
work cycle brings a different 

6432
05:49:45,600 --> 05:49:48,200
perspective. 
The chance to step back from 

6433
05:49:48,200 --> 05:49:51,200
immediate tasks and consider the
larger picture of what this work

6434
05:49:51,200 --> 05:49:54,100
means and white continues. 
Despite the fact that the walls 

6435
05:49:54,100 --> 05:49:57,800
military purpose has large 
leafed, you're walking along a 

6436
05:49:57,800 --> 05:49:59,800
section of the wall. 
The new usual, the company 

6437
05:49:59,800 --> 05:50:02,600
Master Liu on an inspection tour
that covers several miles. 

6438
05:50:02,600 --> 05:50:06,500
The walk itself is peaceful with
Morning Mist, still filling The 

6439
05:50:06,500 --> 05:50:09,200
Valleys below and the sun, just 
beginning to warm the stone 

6440
05:50:09,200 --> 05:50:12,500
beneath your feet. 
Master Liu points out various 

6441
05:50:12,500 --> 05:50:14,600
features. 
As you go sharing knowledge 

6442
05:50:14,600 --> 05:50:18,100
accumulated over Decades of 
careful observation, he shows 

6443
05:50:18,100 --> 05:50:20,800
you how to identify sections 
built during different periods 

6444
05:50:20,800 --> 05:50:23,000
by subtle differences in 
construction. 

6445
05:50:23,000 --> 05:50:27,000
Technique earlier sections, tend
to use larger stones with less 

6446
05:50:27,000 --> 05:50:29,600
regular shapes. 
While later construction shows 

6447
05:50:29,600 --> 05:50:32,900
more standardization, more 
precise, cutting, and more 

6448
05:50:32,900 --> 05:50:36,200
sophisticated mortar. 
He points out repairs made by 

6449
05:50:36,200 --> 05:50:39,500
previous generations of 
Maintenance workers explaining 

6450
05:50:39,500 --> 05:50:42,500
how you can often identify 
individual Masons by their 

6451
05:50:42,500 --> 05:50:45,800
characteristic patterns. 
One person always pointed their 

6452
05:50:45,800 --> 05:50:49,100
joints in a particular way. 
Another favored slightly, 

6453
05:50:49,100 --> 05:50:52,900
recessed mortar and a third had 
a distinctive signature in how 

6454
05:50:52,900 --> 05:50:57,100
they shaped cornerstones. the 
wall itself, tells a story of 

6455
05:50:57,100 --> 05:51:01,000
technological, Evolution and 
accumulated knowledge, Drainage 

6456
05:51:01,000 --> 05:51:03,200
Systems become more 
sophisticated in later sections.

6457
05:51:03,200 --> 05:51:06,100
Incorporating Lessons Learned 
From early failures. 

6458
05:51:06,900 --> 05:51:09,300
Foundation work shows increasing
understanding of soil, 

6459
05:51:09,300 --> 05:51:12,500
mechanics, and Water Management.
Even the simple details. 

6460
05:51:12,500 --> 05:51:15,600
How steps are shaped. 
How parapets are capped how 

6461
05:51:15,600 --> 05:51:19,000
doors are hung show incremental 
improvements based on practical 

6462
05:51:19,000 --> 05:51:22,100
experience Master, you talks 
about his own role in this 

6463
05:51:22,100 --> 05:51:24,000
continuity. 
How he learned from his 

6464
05:51:24,000 --> 05:51:26,600
predecessor and is now teaching 
the Next Generation. 

6465
05:51:28,200 --> 05:51:31,400
The knowledge isn't recorded in 
books or formal documents, there

6466
05:51:31,400 --> 05:51:34,600
are no written manuals for wall 
maintenance, but rather passes 

6467
05:51:34,600 --> 05:51:37,300
directly from experienced 
workers to apprentices through 

6468
05:51:37,300 --> 05:51:42,100
demonstration, correction and 
patient explanation. he worries,

6469
05:51:42,100 --> 05:51:45,300
sometimes he admits The crucial 
knowledge, might be lost, if the

6470
05:51:45,300 --> 05:51:48,400
chain of transmission breaks, if
the work is interrupted long 

6471
05:51:48,400 --> 05:51:51,900
enough that living memory fades,
But he's also optimistic 

6472
05:51:51,900 --> 05:51:54,200
pointing out that the 
fundamental principles of good 

6473
05:51:54,200 --> 05:51:57,000
construction and maintenance are
actually quite simple. 

6474
05:51:57,000 --> 05:52:01,200
Use quality materials, pay 
attention to drainage address, 

6475
05:52:01,200 --> 05:52:04,000
small problems before they 
become large and maintain 

6476
05:52:04,000 --> 05:52:05,800
respect for the structure you're
working on. 

6477
05:52:06,600 --> 05:52:09,600
These principles remain valid 
regardless of changing political

6478
05:52:09,600 --> 05:52:12,600
circumstances or social 
conditions, ensuring that 

6479
05:52:12,608 --> 05:52:15,400
whoever works on the wall in the
future, will be able to figure 

6480
05:52:15,400 --> 05:52:18,500
out what needs doing. 
The walk brings you to a section

6481
05:52:18,500 --> 05:52:22,000
where the wall ends or at least 
where this particular section 

6482
05:52:22,000 --> 05:52:24,800
transitions to a different 
construction style managed by 

6483
05:52:24,800 --> 05:52:27,800
different work Crews. 
The boundary is marked by a 

6484
05:52:27,800 --> 05:52:30,800
watchtower slightly larger than 
usual serving as an 

6485
05:52:30,800 --> 05:52:33,700
administrative division Point, 
as well as a structural element 

6486
05:52:33,700 --> 05:52:36,500
you. 
Rest here, eating a simple lunch

6487
05:52:36,500 --> 05:52:39,800
and looking back along the walls
length seeing it curved away 

6488
05:52:39,800 --> 05:52:43,100
into the distance until it 
disappears over a ridge. from 

6489
05:52:43,100 --> 05:52:45,400
this vantage point, the wall 
seems less like a single 

6490
05:52:45,400 --> 05:52:49,100
structure and more like a 
geographical feature something 

6491
05:52:49,100 --> 05:52:53,100
that has always been part of the
landscape and always will be the

6492
05:52:53,100 --> 05:52:55,600
distinction between natural and 
artificial blurs. 

6493
05:52:55,600 --> 05:52:59,200
The wall follows the terrain so 
Faithfully that it seems to grow

6494
05:52:59,200 --> 05:53:01,500
from the mountains rather than 
being imposed upon them. 

6495
05:53:01,500 --> 05:53:05,700
This integration lasted suggests
his part of what makes the 

6496
05:53:05,700 --> 05:53:09,000
structure endure it works with 
the landscape rather than 

6497
05:53:09,000 --> 05:53:12,600
against it accepting the lands 
movement and adjustment rather 

6498
05:53:12,600 --> 05:53:16,700
than rigidly resisting change. 
The afternoon brings reflection 

6499
05:53:16,700 --> 05:53:18,800
on what this work means in 
personal terms. 

6500
05:53:19,500 --> 05:53:23,200
For you it's been employment 
certainly and purpose the 

6501
05:53:23,200 --> 05:53:25,800
satisfaction of doing something.
Well of maintaining something 

6502
05:53:25,800 --> 05:53:28,500
important. 
But it's also been Community 

6503
05:53:28,500 --> 05:53:31,800
Connection to other people and 
to history and a kind of 

6504
05:53:31,800 --> 05:53:34,000
meditation on impermanence and 
continuity. 

6505
05:53:34,900 --> 05:53:38,500
Every stone, you've replaced 
every joint you've reported and 

6506
05:53:38,500 --> 05:53:40,900
every drainage Channel. 
You've cleared represents a 

6507
05:53:40,900 --> 05:53:44,200
small victory against entropy 
against the constant tendency of

6508
05:53:44,200 --> 05:53:46,000
organized things to become 
disorganized. 

6509
05:53:46,900 --> 05:53:49,500
That you think about the people 
who will walk this wall in the 

6510
05:53:49,500 --> 05:53:52,500
future, but centuries from now 
perhaps longer. 

6511
05:53:53,200 --> 05:53:55,900
They'll see these Stones you've 
touched walk this path you've 

6512
05:53:55,900 --> 05:53:58,800
maintained and benefit from 
drainage channels, you've dug 

6513
05:53:58,800 --> 05:54:00,900
and repairs. 
You've made they won't know your

6514
05:54:00,900 --> 05:54:02,500
name. 
Don't think about you 

6515
05:54:02,500 --> 05:54:05,300
specifically, but your work will
continue serving its purpose 

6516
05:54:05,300 --> 05:54:09,200
long after your forgotten This 
anonymity strangely feels 

6517
05:54:09,200 --> 05:54:13,100
appropriate rather than sad. 
As the sun begins, its descent 

6518
05:54:13,100 --> 05:54:15,900
toward the Western mountains. 
You start the walk back toward 

6519
05:54:15,900 --> 05:54:18,800
your home section of moving at 
an easy Pace that allows 

6520
05:54:18,800 --> 05:54:22,400
attention to surroundings. the 
evening light transforms the 

6521
05:54:22,400 --> 05:54:26,000
walls Stone, bringing out, warm 
colors that the harsh midday Sun

6522
05:54:26,000 --> 05:54:29,700
washes out Shadows from 
crenellations create regular 

6523
05:54:29,700 --> 05:54:31,800
patterns that March along the 
walls length. 

6524
05:54:32,500 --> 05:54:35,200
A slight breeze carries the cool
breath of approaching night. 

6525
05:54:36,000 --> 05:54:39,000
You pass other workers heading 
home, exchanging nods and brief 

6526
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:41,400
words. 
Everyone looks tired in the good

6527
05:54:41,400 --> 05:54:43,800
way that comes from physical. 
Work completed satisfactorily 

6528
05:54:43,800 --> 05:54:46,500
and there's quiet. 
Contentment in the shared 

6529
05:54:46,500 --> 05:54:49,100
exhaustion. 
Tomorrow will bring more work, 

6530
05:54:49,100 --> 05:54:52,400
different specific tasks, but 
the same essential purpose, 

6531
05:54:52,400 --> 05:54:56,100
keeping the wall standing 
functional and ready for 

6532
05:54:56,100 --> 05:54:59,300
whatever future. 
You might serve The Village 

6533
05:54:59,300 --> 05:55:02,600
comes into view as you descend, 
it's evening, cooking, fires, 

6534
05:55:02,600 --> 05:55:05,300
beginning to release smoke, that
rises straight in the still air 

6535
05:55:05,300 --> 05:55:08,100
before dispersing. 
Children are playing some game 

6536
05:55:08,100 --> 05:55:10,900
involving much running and 
shouting their energy seemingly 

6537
05:55:10,900 --> 05:55:12,700
inexhaustible despite the Days 
end. 

6538
05:55:13,500 --> 05:55:16,200
Someone is singing. 
You Can't Make Out The Words. 

6539
05:55:16,200 --> 05:55:19,300
The melody carries a gentle 
Melancholy that suits the 

6540
05:55:19,300 --> 05:55:21,900
evening mood. 
You reach your own home as 

6541
05:55:21,900 --> 05:55:24,800
Darkness. 
Settles fully Small structure 

6542
05:55:24,800 --> 05:55:27,900
against the walls. 
Southern face sharing one wall 

6543
05:55:27,900 --> 05:55:30,600
with a massive structure that 
has defined so much of your 

6544
05:55:30,600 --> 05:55:34,200
life. 
Inside you later lamp, it's soft

6545
05:55:34,200 --> 05:55:36,000
glow. 
Pushing back the dark enough to 

6546
05:55:36,000 --> 05:55:39,400
prepare a simple meal. 
The physical tiredness feels 

6547
05:55:39,400 --> 05:55:43,200
good earned through useful work,
rather than wasted on pointless 

6548
05:55:43,200 --> 05:55:45,900
activity. 
Before sleeping, you step 

6549
05:55:45,900 --> 05:55:49,000
outside, one more time. 
Looking up at the wall, Rising 

6550
05:55:49,000 --> 05:55:52,800
behind your home. 
Stars scatter across the sky and

6551
05:55:52,800 --> 05:55:56,600
the wall silhouette stands solid
against their light exactly as 

6552
05:55:56,600 --> 05:55:58,700
it stood last night and will 
stand tomorrow night. 

6553
05:55:59,600 --> 05:56:02,700
The constancy is comforting a 
reminder that some things 

6554
05:56:02,708 --> 05:56:06,200
persist through human effort and
Care maintained by countless 

6555
05:56:06,200 --> 05:56:08,700
individuals working quietly 
across Generations. 

6556
05:56:09,500 --> 05:56:12,000
You think about the work waiting
to Tomorrow, there's always more

6557
05:56:12,000 --> 05:56:14,000
work. 
Always, another section needing 

6558
05:56:14,000 --> 05:56:17,300
attention, always small problems
to address before they become 

6559
05:56:17,300 --> 05:56:19,900
large problems. 
But tonight, the work is done 

6560
05:56:19,900 --> 05:56:22,600
and you can rest with the 
satisfaction of knowing you've 

6561
05:56:22,600 --> 05:56:25,500
contributed to something larger 
than yourself, something that 

6562
05:56:25,500 --> 05:56:27,200
will Outlast you. 
And everyone, you know, 

6563
05:56:28,000 --> 05:56:30,700
maintained by the quiet 
dedication of ordinary people 

6564
05:56:30,700 --> 05:56:33,800
doing extraordinary work through
simple persistence. 

6565
05:56:33,800 --> 05:56:37,600
The wall will stand through your
lifetime and Beyond not through 

6566
05:56:37,600 --> 05:56:40,500
any single heroic effort. 
But through the accumulated 

6567
05:56:40,500 --> 05:56:43,000
patient attention of workers, 
who understand? 

6568
05:56:43,000 --> 05:56:46,300
That maintenance, not drama 
keeps important. 

6569
05:56:46,300 --> 05:56:49,900
Things functioning And in this 
understanding lies, a deeper 

6570
05:56:49,900 --> 05:56:53,000
truth, that the truly important 
work of the world happens. 

6571
05:56:53,000 --> 05:56:56,900
Quietly without Fanfare 
performed by people whose names 

6572
05:56:56,900 --> 05:57:00,200
Fade Into Obscurity. 
But whose efforts Echo forward 

6573
05:57:00,200 --> 05:57:03,000
through time touching lives. 
They'll never know in ways. 

6574
05:57:03,000 --> 05:57:06,100
They can't imagine. 
Sleep comes easily and the wall 

6575
05:57:06,100 --> 05:57:08,100
stands. 
Watch through the night solid 

6576
05:57:08,100 --> 05:57:10,200
and patient waiting for 
tomorrow's. 

6577
05:57:10,200 --> 05:57:14,100
Attention ready for another day 
of careful maintenance by hands 

6578
05:57:14,100 --> 05:57:15,300
that understand their purpose.