The Gentle Tale of a Kentucky Distiller and the Birth of Bourbon | History For Sleep

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,900
Tonight my brotatoes, we settle 
into a quieter corner of History

2
00:00:03,900 --> 00:00:07,900
where time moved slowly and work
was done by hand in an early 

3
00:00:07,900 --> 00:00:10,600
Kentucky. 
Distillery routine patience. 

4
00:00:10,600 --> 00:00:13,300
And a few small decisions gave 
rise to a drink that would 

5
00:00:13,300 --> 00:00:15,300
travel far beyond its humble 
beginnings. 

6
00:00:15,300 --> 00:00:19,400
If you enjoy these slow stories 
from the past, you can like the 

7
00:00:19,408 --> 00:00:22,000
video subscribe. 
And let me know where you're 

8
00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:23,400
listening from and what time it 
is. 

9
00:00:24,200 --> 00:00:28,100
Now, dim the lights, let a fan 
or a noise of some kind fill the

10
00:00:28,100 --> 00:00:34,600
room. 
Let the night settle in You're 

11
00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:36,200
stepping back into the late 
1700s. 

12
00:00:36,200 --> 00:00:39,800
When Kentucky was still a raw 
Frontier carved from Wilderness 

13
00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:42,700
and the people who settle their 
brought with them, the knowledge

14
00:00:42,700 --> 00:00:45,500
of grain and fire passed down 
through generations. 

15
00:00:45,500 --> 00:00:48,500
This is the story of how bourbon
came to be. 

16
00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:52,000
Not through Grand invention, but
through patient. 

17
00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:56,300
Hands, copper Stills glowing in 
the darkness and the kind of 

18
00:00:56,300 --> 00:00:59,300
accidental discovery that only 
time and charred Oak could 

19
00:00:59,300 --> 00:01:03,800
reveal now picture this Your 
standing on a porch that groans 

20
00:01:03,800 --> 00:01:07,200
beneath your boots. 
Watching the sun sink behind a 

21
00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:10,300
ridge of trees so dense, they 
look like a single dark wave 

22
00:01:10,300 --> 00:01:13,900
Frozen against the Copper Sky. 
Yeah, here in Kentucky carries a

23
00:01:13,908 --> 00:01:17,300
thickness you can almost chew 
humidity that clings to your 

24
00:01:17,308 --> 00:01:20,000
shirt and makes every breath 
feel like drinking something 

25
00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:23,800
substantial. 
This is 1792 and the land around

26
00:01:23,800 --> 00:01:26,800
you is young in the way that 
only recently tamed Wilderness 

27
00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:29,400
can be. 
Still holding the memory of what

28
00:01:29,400 --> 00:01:32,600
it was before axes and plows 
arrive to reshape it. 

29
00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:35,900
The Distillery sits in a 
clearing hack from the forest 

30
00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:39,500
surrounded by stumps that will 
take another decade to rot away.

31
00:01:39,500 --> 00:01:44,300
Completely your hands smell of 
corn and would smoke a 

32
00:01:44,300 --> 00:01:45,900
combination that's become so 
familiar. 

33
00:01:45,900 --> 00:01:48,700
You barely notice it anymore. 
Except in moments like this, 

34
00:01:48,700 --> 00:01:52,600
when the work is paused and you 
have time to Simply stand and 

35
00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:56,500
notice things behind you through
the open door of the Stillhouse.

36
00:01:56,500 --> 00:01:59,200
You can hear the gentle tick and
drip of cooling metal. 

37
00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:02,900
The building settling into 
evening like an old dog finding 

38
00:02:02,900 --> 00:02:05,800
its spot by the fire. 
The nearest neighbor lives three

39
00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:08,600
miles through Woods where 
Panthers still scream at night. 

40
00:02:09,400 --> 00:02:11,800
Their cries, so human sounding 
that newcomers. 

41
00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:14,800
Sometimes, go running with 
rifles thinking, someone's being

42
00:02:14,800 --> 00:02:17,600
murdered in the dark. 
You've learned to ignore those 

43
00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:19,500
sounds. 
The way you've learned to ignore

44
00:02:19,500 --> 00:02:22,300
the walls that howl from The 
Ridges, when the moon is full, 

45
00:02:22,300 --> 00:02:26,700
what matters is the work? 
The corn, you've grown, the 

46
00:02:26,700 --> 00:02:29,500
water from the Limestone spring 
that bubbles up cold. 

47
00:02:29,500 --> 00:02:33,500
And pure 100 yards from here and
the still that Waits inside the 

48
00:02:33,500 --> 00:02:36,000
building behind you like a 
patient bronze, animal. 

49
00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:38,900
Your father taught you 
distilling back in Pennsylvania,

50
00:02:38,900 --> 00:02:42,600
where the family had a small 
operation making rye whiskey 

51
00:02:42,600 --> 00:02:46,100
that was decent enough. 
But nothing special, he'd 

52
00:02:46,100 --> 00:02:48,300
learned it from his father who 
brought the knowledge from 

53
00:02:48,300 --> 00:02:52,300
Scotland, where apparently, 
everyone knew how to turn grain 

54
00:02:52,300 --> 00:02:55,200
into something that burned going
down and warmed you from the 

55
00:02:55,200 --> 00:02:57,600
inside out. 
The process seemed almost 

56
00:02:57,600 --> 00:03:01,300
magical when you were young 
Putting in corn and water and 

57
00:03:01,300 --> 00:03:05,600
yeast applying heat and time and
getting out a clear liquid that 

58
00:03:05,600 --> 00:03:10,100
could preserve meat, clean 
wounds trade for goods and make 

59
00:03:10,100 --> 00:03:12,200
a hard day. 
Feel slightly less hard. 

60
00:03:12,200 --> 00:03:15,800
When you took a careful sip 
before bed, but Kentucky isn't 

61
00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:18,900
Sylvania. 
The corn grows differently here,

62
00:03:18,900 --> 00:03:23,000
taller and sweeter in the thick 
River, Bottom soil, the water 

63
00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:26,000
tastes different, filtered 
through Limestone that, makes it

64
00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:28,300
soft in a way. 
That's hard to describe, but 

65
00:03:28,300 --> 00:03:31,800
easy to notice once you've tried
making whiskey with it, even the

66
00:03:31,800 --> 00:03:35,100
airfields different in the 
Stillhouse heavy and full in 

67
00:03:35,100 --> 00:03:37,300
summer crisp and crackling in 
Winter. 

68
00:03:37,300 --> 00:03:41,100
You found yourself adjusting the
old recipes changing 

69
00:03:41,100 --> 00:03:44,400
proportions, almost without 
thinking about it and responding

70
00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:46,500
to what this new place seems to 
want from you. 

71
00:03:46,500 --> 00:03:49,000
The evening sounds are building 
around you now. 

72
00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:53,400
Cicadas, starting their electric
chorus, a Wood Thrush singing. 

73
00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:56,600
Its spiraling song from 
somewhere in the darkening trees

74
00:03:56,600 --> 00:03:58,900
and the distant sound of your 
neighbor's. 

75
00:03:58,900 --> 00:04:03,100
Cow, lowering to be milked, your
wife is in the cabin preparing 

76
00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:05,100
supper. 
And you can smell onions, frying

77
00:04:05,100 --> 00:04:07,100
and bear Grease. 
Smell. 

78
00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:08,800
That would have seemed strange 
two years ago. 

79
00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:11,900
But now just smells like home in
a few minutes. 

80
00:04:11,900 --> 00:04:14,000
You'll go inside. 
Eat whatever she's cooked. 

81
00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:17,600
Maybe read a few verses from the
Bible by candlelight. 

82
00:04:17,600 --> 00:04:20,899
If your eyes aren't too tired 
and then sleep, the heavy sleep 

83
00:04:20,899 --> 00:04:23,000
of someone who's been on his 
feet since Dawn. 

84
00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:25,100
But first you want to check the 
barrels. 

85
00:04:25,100 --> 00:04:27,200
It's become a habit. 
This evening, walk through the 

86
00:04:27,208 --> 00:04:29,900
Aging shed though. 
You're not entirely sure what 

87
00:04:29,900 --> 00:04:33,000
you're checking for the 
Whiskey's in their sealed up. 

88
00:04:33,008 --> 00:04:34,800
Tight in the charred. 
Oak containers. 

89
00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:37,300
You made last month when the 
Cooper from Lexington came 

90
00:04:37,300 --> 00:04:39,800
through and showed you his 
technique, he'd said the 

91
00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:42,300
charring would filter out 
impurities and make the whiskey 

92
00:04:42,300 --> 00:04:45,000
clearer and cleaner. 
You'd believed him because you 

93
00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:48,100
had no reason not to. 
And because trying new things is

94
00:04:48,100 --> 00:04:51,100
what you do out here on the 
frontier, where the old ways 

95
00:04:51,100 --> 00:04:54,600
don't always fit the new 
circumstances, the Aging shared 

96
00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:58,000
is nothing fancy, just four 
walls and a roof. 

97
00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:01,300
To keep the rain off with gaps 
between the boards wide enough 

98
00:05:01,300 --> 00:05:04,200
that you can see slivers of Sky 
through them when you're inside 

99
00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:06,500
the barrel. 
Sit on wooden racks you. 

100
00:05:06,700 --> 00:05:09,200
Built yourself. 
Each one holding about 50 

101
00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:12,700
gallons of the clear, whiskey 
distilled, two months ago right 

102
00:05:12,700 --> 00:05:15,700
after the Corn Harvest in 
Pennsylvania, you would have 

103
00:05:15,708 --> 00:05:18,500
bottled it immediately. 
Maybe letting it sit a few weeks

104
00:05:18,500 --> 00:05:20,300
at most before selling or 
drinking it. 

105
00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:23,700
Here with no immediate buyers 
and no urgent. 

106
00:05:23,700 --> 00:05:26,600
Need for the revenue. 
You decided to just let it rest 

107
00:05:26,600 --> 00:05:30,100
a while and see what happened. 
You push open the shed door and 

108
00:05:30,100 --> 00:05:32,800
step into the dimness. 
The smell hits. 

109
00:05:32,800 --> 00:05:36,800
You immediately a rich sweet? 
Woody scent. 

110
00:05:36,800 --> 00:05:38,500
That's nothing like the sharp. 
Alcohol. 

111
00:05:38,500 --> 00:05:43,100
Smell of fresh whiskey. 
You freeze inhaling deeply 

112
00:05:43,100 --> 00:05:44,900
trying to place what's 
different? 

113
00:05:44,900 --> 00:05:48,600
It's like walking into a bakery 
or a cabinet, Maker's shop, or 

114
00:05:48,600 --> 00:05:50,800
maybe a combination of both with
something else. 

115
00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:52,400
Underneath that you can't quite 
name. 

116
00:05:52,400 --> 00:05:56,300
Vanilla possibly caramel the 
child. 

117
00:05:56,300 --> 00:05:58,700
Would is doing something to the 
whiskey that you didn't expect 

118
00:05:58,700 --> 00:06:02,300
and can't quite understand. 
Moving closer to the nearest 

119
00:06:02,300 --> 00:06:04,000
Barrel. 
You tap it gently with your 

120
00:06:04,008 --> 00:06:07,400
knuckles listening to the Halo 
thunk that tells you it's still 

121
00:06:07,400 --> 00:06:09,100
full. 
Nothing's leaked. 

122
00:06:09,700 --> 00:06:13,500
The wood feels warm to your 
touch holding the days heat even

123
00:06:13,500 --> 00:06:16,300
as the evening cools around. 
It you know you shouldn't open 

124
00:06:16,300 --> 00:06:18,200
it yet. 
The whole point of Aging is to 

125
00:06:18,200 --> 00:06:21,700
let sit on Disturbed. 
The curiosity is noring at you 

126
00:06:21,700 --> 00:06:26,300
with small persistent teeth. 
What's causing that smell as the

127
00:06:26,300 --> 00:06:29,000
whiskey gone bad somehow or 
something else happened. 

128
00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:32,900
Something you didn't plan for 
and can't predict Tomorrow, you 

129
00:06:32,900 --> 00:06:36,100
decide tomorrow, you'll tap, one
of the barrels and see what's 

130
00:06:36,100 --> 00:06:39,100
actually happening inside that 
chart Oak tonight. 

131
00:06:39,100 --> 00:06:41,800
You'll just stand here a moment.
Longer breathing in this 

132
00:06:41,800 --> 00:06:45,600
unexpected sweetness feeling the
day is exhaustion settle into 

133
00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,700
your bones like sediment 
drifting to the bottom of a 

134
00:06:48,700 --> 00:06:50,900
Still Pond. 
The work will be there in the 

135
00:06:50,908 --> 00:06:53,600
morning. 
It always is you wake to 

136
00:06:53,600 --> 00:06:55,300
Darkness. 
So complete, it feels like a 

137
00:06:55,308 --> 00:06:57,500
physical presence pressing 
against your eyes. 

138
00:06:58,300 --> 00:07:00,800
The rooster hasn't cried yet, 
which means it's probably around

139
00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:04,000
four in the morning that dead 
our when even the insect seemed 

140
00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:07,000
to be sleeping, your wife is a 
warm presence beside. 

141
00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:10,500
You a breathing deep and steady 
and for a moment you can 

142
00:07:10,500 --> 00:07:13,300
consider just lying here until 
proper Dawn arrives. 

143
00:07:14,200 --> 00:07:18,100
But your bladder has other ideas
and besides, once you're awake, 

144
00:07:18,100 --> 00:07:20,900
you're awake. 
There's no point in fighting it.

145
00:07:20,900 --> 00:07:24,700
The cabin floor is cold against 
your bare feet as you fumble for

146
00:07:24,700 --> 00:07:26,600
your boots. 
Pulling them on, without 

147
00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:30,200
bothering to lace them properly.
Outside the privy weights in the

148
00:07:30,200 --> 00:07:32,200
darkness, and you navigate to 
it. 

149
00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:35,900
More by memory than sight. 
Your eyes gradually adjusting 

150
00:07:35,900 --> 00:07:38,300
until you can make out the 
shapes of trees against the 

151
00:07:38,300 --> 00:07:41,200
slightly lighter Sky. 
A whipper will calls from 

152
00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:44,500
somewhere close by it's three 
notes on clear and insistent 

153
00:07:44,500 --> 00:07:47,000
when you were a child, your 
grandmother told you that 

154
00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:50,200
hearing a whipper will meant 
someone was going to die, but 

155
00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:53,100
you've heard them all most every
night since moving to Kentucky 

156
00:07:53,100 --> 00:07:55,500
and everyone, you know, is still
alive. 

157
00:07:55,500 --> 00:07:59,800
So you've stopped believing that
particular Superstition by the 

158
00:07:59,800 --> 00:08:02,300
time you finish your business 
and return to the cabin. 

159
00:08:02,300 --> 00:08:06,200
The Eastern sky is begun. 
Its slow brightening That 

160
00:08:06,200 --> 00:08:09,400
gradual shift from black to deep
blue that happens. 

161
00:08:09,400 --> 00:08:13,400
So subtly you can never catch 
the exact moment of change. 

162
00:08:13,400 --> 00:08:17,400
You don't go back to bed instead
you light a candle from The 

163
00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:19,200
Embers still glowing in the 
fireplace. 

164
00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:23,200
Put coffee on to boil and begin 
the process of waking up 

165
00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:25,300
properly. 
Your wife will sleep another 

166
00:08:25,300 --> 00:08:27,200
hour Rising when the real light 
comes. 

167
00:08:27,200 --> 00:08:31,000
But you've always been someone 
who needs this quiet time before

168
00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:35,000
the day, begins these minutes. 
When the world belongs only to 

169
00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:38,500
you and whatever thoughts. 
You want to think the coffee is 

170
00:08:38,500 --> 00:08:40,500
bitter and strong made from 
Beans. 

171
00:08:40,500 --> 00:08:44,100
You've roasted perhaps a bit too
dark, but it does its job 

172
00:08:44,100 --> 00:08:46,700
sending warmth and alertness 
spreading through your chest. 

173
00:08:47,500 --> 00:08:49,900
You drink it standing at the 
window, watching the world 

174
00:08:49,900 --> 00:08:53,000
emerge from Darkness. 
The Distillery building takes 

175
00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:57,100
shape first, then the Aging 
shed, then the corn crib and the

176
00:08:57,100 --> 00:08:59,500
small barn where you keep the 
mule and the milk cow. 

177
00:08:59,500 --> 00:09:03,400
Everything is painted in Shades 
of Grey at first colorless and 

178
00:09:03,400 --> 00:09:07,400
flat, but gradually the 
dimension Returns, the red of 

179
00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:10,400
the Barn Door, the green of the 
grass and the brown of the 

180
00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:12,700
beaten Earth path. 
Connecting the building's, 

181
00:09:12,700 --> 00:09:16,500
you'll check that Barrel today. 
The decision feels solid and 

182
00:09:16,500 --> 00:09:19,200
write something you've actually 
been putting off too long 

183
00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:22,000
already. 
But first the morning routine, 

184
00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:26,000
feeding the animals, milking the
cow and checking the mash that's

185
00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:28,300
been fermenting in the large, 
wooden Vats behind the 

186
00:09:28,300 --> 00:09:31,500
Stillhouse. 
Distilling whiskey isn't just 

187
00:09:31,500 --> 00:09:34,700
about the dramatic moments of 
fire and copper and steam. 

188
00:09:34,700 --> 00:09:38,000
It's about these daily tasks, 
the maintenance and monitoring 

189
00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:39,700
that makes the dramatic moments 
possible. 

190
00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:43,300
The mash that your first stop 
after finishing your coffee, 

191
00:09:43,300 --> 00:09:47,300
they sit under a lean-to shelter
protected from direct sun and 

192
00:09:47,300 --> 00:09:51,500
Rain each one containing a 
mixture of ground corn water and

193
00:09:51,500 --> 00:09:53,800
yeast. 
That's been bubbling and working

194
00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:56,800
for the past three days. 
You lift the wooden lid off the 

195
00:09:56,808 --> 00:10:01,100
first fat and lean in inhaling, 
The Source yeasty smell of 

196
00:10:01,100 --> 00:10:04,000
fermentation. 
The surface is covered with 

197
00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:07,800
foam, a good sign that the yeast
is doing its job eating, the 

198
00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:10,600
sugars from the corn and 
producing alcohol as waste. 

199
00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:13,800
It's a process that seems almost
too simple to work. 

200
00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:17,500
You're essentially making a kind
of beer from corn, then 

201
00:10:17,500 --> 00:10:21,600
concentrating that beer through 
heat and distillation until what

202
00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:25,100
remains is strong enough to 
preserve and potent enough to 

203
00:10:25,100 --> 00:10:27,500
trade. 
You taste, it dipping a finger 

204
00:10:27,500 --> 00:10:29,400
into the foam and touching it to
your tongue. 

205
00:10:30,100 --> 00:10:33,400
It's sour and sweet at the same 
time with an alcohol content. 

206
00:10:33,400 --> 00:10:36,700
That's probably around eight or 
nine percent nowhere near strong

207
00:10:36,700 --> 00:10:38,800
enough, to be whiskey, but 
definitely on its way. 

208
00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:42,600
And another day maybe two and 
it'll be ready to run through 

209
00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:46,000
the still, you replace the lid 
carefully, then move to the next

210
00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:48,200
fat. 
Then the next checking each one 

211
00:10:48,200 --> 00:10:51,800
with the same careful attention 
this part of the work is boring 

212
00:10:51,800 --> 00:10:55,000
and the best possible way. 
Repetitive predictable, 

213
00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:58,900
requiring Focus but not much 
thought letting your mind 

214
00:10:58,900 --> 00:11:02,500
wander, while your hands do, 
what they know how to do the 

215
00:11:02,500 --> 00:11:04,500
still itself. 
Waits inside The Distillery 

216
00:11:04,500 --> 00:11:07,700
building, a copper construction 
that cost you more money than 

217
00:11:07,700 --> 00:11:10,300
you've ever spent on anything 
except land. 

218
00:11:11,100 --> 00:11:14,100
Beautiful in its way, all curves
and Joints salted. 

219
00:11:14,100 --> 00:11:17,700
Smooth with a long tapered neck 
that rises towards the ceiling 

220
00:11:17,700 --> 00:11:19,900
before curving away into the 
condensing coil. 

221
00:11:19,900 --> 00:11:23,200
When you first set it up, you 
spent hours just looking at it. 

222
00:11:23,200 --> 00:11:26,300
Trying to understand how 
something made by human hands. 

223
00:11:26,300 --> 00:11:30,000
Could be so elegant the copper 
gleams even in low light 

224
00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:33,300
catching and throwing back any 
available brightness. 

225
00:11:33,300 --> 00:11:38,100
And when it's working, when fire
is roaring beneath it, and steam

226
00:11:38,100 --> 00:11:41,200
is rising through its neck and 
liquid is dripping from its 

227
00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:46,100
spout, it seems almost alive. 
But today isn't a distilling 

228
00:11:46,100 --> 00:11:47,700
day. 
You've learned through 

229
00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:51,400
experience that you can't rush 
this process, you can't force it

230
00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:54,300
to happen on your schedule. 
The mash has to be ready. 

231
00:11:54,300 --> 00:11:57,300
Properly fermented, but not gone
sour. 

232
00:11:57,300 --> 00:12:00,100
You have to have enough 
firewood, split and stacked 

233
00:12:00,100 --> 00:12:03,000
enough clean containers. 
Waiting to catch the distillate.

234
00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:06,300
You have to be rested and alert 
because distilling requires 

235
00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:10,900
attention watching temperatures.
Adjusting the fire and tasting. 

236
00:12:10,900 --> 00:12:13,400
The Output to know when you're 
getting the good Middle, Run 

237
00:12:13,400 --> 00:12:16,500
versus the harsh heads or the 
weak tales. 

238
00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:19,300
That you'll either throw away or
red is still later. 

239
00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:21,300
Today is for maintenance and 
Stead. 

240
00:12:22,100 --> 00:12:25,200
You check the still for any 
signs of damage or wear running 

241
00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:28,000
your hands along the copper 
seams looking for the green 

242
00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:31,800
stains that would indicate a 
leak, everything seems solid. 

243
00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:35,300
You check the Firebox beneath 
the still scraping out old. 

244
00:12:35,300 --> 00:12:38,200
Ash making sure the draft holes 
aren't clogged. 

245
00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:42,300
You check the condensing coil 
which sits in a barrel of cold 

246
00:12:42,300 --> 00:12:43,700
water. 
That has to be refreshed 

247
00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:46,700
regularly to keep the steam 
condensing properly. 

248
00:12:46,700 --> 00:12:50,500
All of this is familiar work. 
The kind that lets your thoughts

249
00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:52,400
drift while your hands stay 
busy. 

250
00:12:53,300 --> 00:12:56,300
And your thoughts, keep drifting
back to that smell from last 

251
00:12:56,300 --> 00:12:58,300
night. 
That unexpected. 

252
00:12:58,300 --> 00:13:00,300
Sweetness is coming from the 
barrels. 

253
00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:03,700
You've been making whiskey for 
almost 20 years now, first 

254
00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:06,300
helping your father and then on 
your own and you've never 

255
00:13:06,300 --> 00:13:08,100
encountered anything quite like 
it. 

256
00:13:08,100 --> 00:13:12,100
Whiskey is supposed to be harsh,
clear and functional. 

257
00:13:12,100 --> 00:13:16,300
It's medicine and currency and 
social lubricant, not something 

258
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:19,000
you described as sweet or smooth
or Pleasant. 

259
00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:22,000
But that smell suggested 
something different. 

260
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:25,800
Something you don't have words 
for yet by mid-morning. 

261
00:13:25,800 --> 00:13:28,600
You finish the maintenance work 
and run out of excuses. 

262
00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:32,200
The barrel is waiting. 
You walked to the Aging shared 

263
00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:35,500
with a hammer and a wooden 
spigot tools for tapping a 

264
00:13:35,500 --> 00:13:38,300
barrel roll, without having to 
remove the whole bung and risk 

265
00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:40,200
exposing the entire contents to 
wear. 

266
00:13:40,200 --> 00:13:43,800
Your hands are steady of the new
expected as you position the 

267
00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:47,100
bigoted against the barrel head 
finding the right spot between 

268
00:13:47,100 --> 00:13:50,400
the staves. 
One sharp tap with the hammer 

269
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:53,600
and the spigot is in seal tight 
by the pressure of the wood 

270
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:55,900
around it. 
Nothing comes out at first. 

271
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:59,600
You have to open the small valve
on the spigot and even then 

272
00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:02,200
there's a moment of resistance 
before the whiskey begins to 

273
00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:04,500
flow. 
You've positioned a clay cup 

274
00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:07,400
beneath the spigot and you watch
as it fills with liquid. 

275
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:10,100
That's nothing like what you put
into this Barrel two months ago 

276
00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:13,700
instead of clear. 
It's the color of Honey or maybe

277
00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:16,900
Amber or maybe sunlight 
filtering through old church, 

278
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:19,600
Windows, it flows thick and 
slow. 

279
00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:21,800
And the smell that rises from 
the cup. 

280
00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:25,600
Is that same complex, sweetness 
you notice last night but 

281
00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:30,000
stronger, now more defined You 
lift the cup to your lips and 

282
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:33,300
take the smallest possible sip. 
Barely wetting your tongue. 

283
00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:38,300
Taste explodes across your 
mouth, sweet and spicy, and Oaky

284
00:14:38,300 --> 00:14:41,500
and complex in ways that make 
your eyes widen involuntarily. 

285
00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:47,100
This isn't whiskey or rather, it
is whiskey, but whiskey, that's 

286
00:14:47,100 --> 00:14:51,000
become something else. 
Something more the harshness is 

287
00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:55,000
gone by layers of flavor that 
you can't quite separate into 

288
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,800
individual components. 
Vanilla is there definitely 

289
00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:02,500
caramel too. 
Something that might be cinnamon

290
00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:05,700
or might just be the Char from 
the barrel and Underneath It All

291
00:15:05,700 --> 00:15:09,300
still present, but transformed, 
the corn sweetness that was 

292
00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:11,000
there in the original 
distillate. 

293
00:15:11,800 --> 00:15:15,600
You take another sip larger this
time, letting it roll around 

294
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,600
your mouth before. 
Swallowing the warmth, spreads 

295
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:21,600
through your chest, like the 
coffee did this morning but 

296
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:26,300
gentler smoother without any of 
the sharp edges that raw whiskey

297
00:15:26,300 --> 00:15:30,000
has You feel your shoulders, 
relax and feel some tension. 

298
00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:31,900
You didn't know, you were 
carrying drain away. 

299
00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:35,400
This is something special. 
You don't know the exact 

300
00:15:35,400 --> 00:15:38,500
mechanisms that created it. 
You don't understand the 

301
00:15:38,500 --> 00:15:41,100
chemistry of what happened in 
that child, Oak Barrel. 

302
00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:44,200
But you understand enough to 
know that you've stumbled onto 

303
00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:47,300
something valuable, you're 
sitting on a stump outside. 

304
00:15:47,300 --> 00:15:50,200
The Aging shed, the clay cups 
still in your hands. 

305
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:54,400
Trying to understand what you've
just tasted the sun has climbed 

306
00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:56,800
higher enough that you're 
sweating, despite the relative 

307
00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:59,500
cool of the September morning 
and somewhere nearby. 

308
00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:01,300
A crow is calling with that 
harsh. 

309
00:16:01,300 --> 00:16:04,300
Insistent voice that makes you 
think it's complaining about 

310
00:16:04,300 --> 00:16:08,400
something your mind is working 
in circles, trying to puzzle 

311
00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:11,500
out, cause and effect, trying to
figure out what you did 

312
00:16:11,500 --> 00:16:14,700
differently that resulted in 
this unexpected transformation. 

313
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:19,500
Charring is obviously important.
You've stored whiskey and 

314
00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:21,700
regular barrels before back in 
Pennsylvania. 

315
00:16:21,700 --> 00:16:24,900
And while it picked up some 
color and maybe a bit of wood 

316
00:16:24,900 --> 00:16:27,900
taste, it never developed this 
kind of complexity. 

317
00:16:27,900 --> 00:16:31,100
The Cooper from Lexington had 
made charring the barrel seem 

318
00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:35,000
like a simple practical matter 
burn the inside to sterilize it 

319
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,700
and help filter the whiskey. 
But clearly something more is 

320
00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:41,200
happening. 
The Char is interacting with the

321
00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:44,600
whiskey somehow pulling out 
harsh elements and adding a new 

322
00:16:44,608 --> 00:16:46,600
flavors though. 
You couldn't explain the 

323
00:16:46,600 --> 00:16:48,100
chemistry of it to save your 
life. 

324
00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:52,900
Time matters too obviously you'd
plan to age the whiskey may be a

325
00:16:52,900 --> 00:16:56,300
month, six weeks at most just 
long enough to let it settle and

326
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:59,300
clear. 
But this Barrel has been sitting

327
00:16:59,300 --> 00:17:02,900
for almost eight weeks now and 
the extra time has clearly made 

328
00:17:02,900 --> 00:17:05,200
a difference. 
You wonder how much longer you 

329
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:07,900
could? 
Let it sit three months, six 

330
00:17:07,900 --> 00:17:10,500
months a year. 
What point would it? 

331
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:12,400
Stop improving and start going 
bad. 

332
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,599
These are questions that would 
require systematic testing to 

333
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:19,099
answer and you're just one man 
with a small operation and bills

334
00:17:19,099 --> 00:17:21,400
to pay. 
The temperature might be playing

335
00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:25,099
a role as well. 
Kentucky summers are brutal, the

336
00:17:25,099 --> 00:17:28,700
kind of heat that makes work 
feel like punishment and turns 

337
00:17:28,700 --> 00:17:32,300
the Stillhouse into an oven. 
Even when the fire isn't lit, 

338
00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:35,200
the barrels have been sitting in
that shed through some of the 

339
00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:38,800
hottest whether you've ever 
experienced the wood expanding 

340
00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:42,400
and Contracting with the daily 
temperature swings, the whiskey 

341
00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:45,600
moving in and out of the charred
Oak, like breathe in 

342
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:48,300
Pennsylvania, you stored barrels
and a cool cell where the 

343
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:51,400
temperature barely changed here.
There is no seller. 

344
00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:53,800
Just this shed with its gaps 
between the boards. 

345
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:57,100
And maybe that constant Heating 
and Cooling is part of what's 

346
00:17:57,100 --> 00:18:00,200
creating these new flavors, you 
take another sip from the cup 

347
00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:03,100
trying to taste. 
It analytically now to break 

348
00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:05,800
down, what your experience in to
components, you can understand, 

349
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:09,800
and potentially replicate, 
there's definitely sweetness but

350
00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:13,000
it's not simple sugar. 
Sweetness is more complex, 

351
00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:17,600
almost burnt but not quite like 
the sugar that crystallizes on 

352
00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:20,500
the edge of a pie when it's been
baked just a little Too long 

353
00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:24,400
yolk is present but not 
overwhelming adding structure 

354
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:27,600
and depth rather than making the
whole thing taste like chewing 

355
00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:30,400
on wood and there's something 
spicy happening. 

356
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:34,100
The tingle on your tongue, that 
might be from the core or might 

357
00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:36,700
be from the barrel or might be 
from the interaction between the

358
00:18:36,700 --> 00:18:40,900
two Your wife appears at the 
cabin, door shading, her eyes 

359
00:18:40,900 --> 00:18:43,300
with one hand. 
Are you planning to do any 

360
00:18:43,300 --> 00:18:46,100
actual work today? 
Or are you just gonna sit there 

361
00:18:46,100 --> 00:18:49,400
drinking in the morning? 
You laugh standing up and 

362
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:52,100
stretching muscles that have 
gotten stiff from sitting too 

363
00:18:52,100 --> 00:18:54,200
long in one position. 
Come taste. 

364
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:55,800
This you call her holding up the
cup. 

365
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:59,900
Tell me if I'm imagining things.
She crosses the yard with that 

366
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:02,600
efficient walk. 
She has not hurrying, but not 

367
00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:05,600
wasting time either and takes 
the cup from your hands. 

368
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:10,100
You watch her face as she sips 
seeing the exact same expression

369
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:14,500
of surprise that you must have 
had eyes, widening eyebrows, 

370
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:17,900
going up and mouth opening 
slightly in an involuntary 

371
00:19:17,900 --> 00:19:21,300
response to unexpected pleasure.
What did you do to it? 

372
00:19:21,300 --> 00:19:23,500
She asks taking another sip 
before you can answer. 

373
00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:27,800
I don't know, you admit. 
I put regular whiskey in a 

374
00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:29,600
charred barrel and left it there
for two months. 

375
00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:33,300
This is what came out. 
She hands the cup back to you 

376
00:19:33,300 --> 00:19:35,100
though. 
You Can Tell She's reluctant to 

377
00:19:35,100 --> 00:19:38,400
let it go. 
Well, she says practical as 

378
00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:41,600
always, I suppose you'd better 
figure out how to do it again 

379
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:44,500
then because if you can make 
whiskey, that tastes like that 

380
00:19:44,500 --> 00:19:46,000
people will pay good money for 
it. 

381
00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:49,200
She's right. 
Of course, you've been treating 

382
00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:52,200
this as an interesting accident,
something to puzzle over and 

383
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:54,100
Marvel at. 
But there's a commercial 

384
00:19:54,100 --> 00:19:57,200
Dimension here that you haven't 
fully considered the whiskey, 

385
00:19:57,200 --> 00:19:59,000
you've been making and selling 
as adequate. 

386
00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:02,400
It does what whiskey supposed to
do which is burn, and warm and 

387
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:04,700
Preserve. 
But it's not special. 

388
00:20:04,700 --> 00:20:08,600
Nobody seeks it out. 
Specifically, they buy it 

389
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:11,800
because it's available and the 
price is fair, not because it's 

390
00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:16,400
notably better than anyone 
else's product but this This is 

391
00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:18,400
different. 
This is the kind of thing. 

392
00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:22,700
People might actually prefer 
might request by name and might 

393
00:20:22,700 --> 00:20:26,300
even travel to obtain. 
The question is, whether you can

394
00:20:26,300 --> 00:20:29,000
replicate it. 
You have a dozen other barrels 

395
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:31,400
in the shed. 
All filled at roughly the same 

396
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:35,100
time, all made by the same 
Cooper, using the same charring 

397
00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:37,300
technique. 
If the transformation you've 

398
00:20:37,300 --> 00:20:40,400
discovered is real and reliable,
those other barrels should 

399
00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:43,000
contain whiskey, that's 
undergone the same change. 

400
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:46,400
But if what happened was a 
fluke, some Quirk of this 

401
00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:50,100
particular Barrel, well, this 
particular batch of whiskey or 

402
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:53,200
some variable you have to 
identified Then the other 

403
00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:56,300
barrels, might still contain the
same harsh, clear liquid. 

404
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:58,700
You put into them. 
There's only one way to find 

405
00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:02,000
out. you take the hammer and 
another speaker and move to the 

406
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,700
second Barrel taping it with the
same careful Precision you used 

407
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:09,100
on the first the whiskey that 
flows out is the same beautiful 

408
00:21:09,100 --> 00:21:13,300
amber color and when you taste 
it, Flavors are similar enough 

409
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:17,100
to confirm your hope. 
This is replicable, whatever, 

410
00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:19,300
you've done, you've done it to 
all the barrels. 

411
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:23,000
The transformation isn't a quirk
of one container, but a 

412
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:25,100
predictable result of the 
process you've accidentally 

413
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:28,700
created by the time, you've 
sampled from all 12 barrels, 

414
00:21:28,700 --> 00:21:32,000
you're feeling pleasantly, warm 
and slightly muzzy-headed and 

415
00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,700
your wife is giving you a muse, 
looks from a cross, the yard 

416
00:21:34,700 --> 00:21:36,400
where she's hanging laundry to 
dry. 

417
00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,300
The whiskey is definitely 
affecting you but not in the 

418
00:21:39,300 --> 00:21:41,700
harsh aggressive way. 
That raw distillate does. 

419
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:46,500
This is gentler more of a glow 
than a burn and you realize that

420
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:49,900
part of what makes this aged 
whiskey special is that you 

421
00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:53,400
could actually sip it slowly and
enjoy it for the taste rather 

422
00:21:53,400 --> 00:21:55,700
than just throwing it back 
quickly to get the medicine 

423
00:21:55,700 --> 00:21:58,100
down. 
You couple the barrels care for 

424
00:21:58,100 --> 00:22:01,100
you, making sure the spigots are
sealed tight and won't leak 

425
00:22:01,100 --> 00:22:04,400
these containers represent 100 
of hours of work. 

426
00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:09,200
Growing the corn harvesting it, 
grinding it, fermenting, it 

427
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:12,200
distilling it. 
And now they represent something

428
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:16,300
more a potential future where 
You're known for Quality rather 

429
00:22:16,300 --> 00:22:19,800
than just quantity where people 
seek out your whiskey 

430
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:22,500
specifically rather than just 
buying whatever is available. 

431
00:22:22,500 --> 00:22:26,400
The rest of the day passes in a 
pleasant blur of normal farm 

432
00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:28,800
work. 
He repair a section of fence 

433
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:32,200
that the cow has been leaning 
against you split firewood for 

434
00:22:32,200 --> 00:22:33,600
next. 
Week's distilling run. 

435
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:36,800
You eat the kitchen garden and 
help your wife, carry water from

436
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:39,500
the spring. 
But your mind keeps returning to

437
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:42,500
those barrels to the question of
what to do next. 

438
00:22:42,500 --> 00:22:46,800
Do you sell this batch as it is 
age two months or do you wait 

439
00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:49,300
longer to see if more aging? 
Improves it further? 

440
00:22:50,100 --> 00:22:52,500
Do you tell people what you've 
discovered or do? 

441
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:54,600
You keep it quiet? 
And let them think you've just 

442
00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,900
gotten better at making whiskey.
Do you try to understand the 

443
00:22:57,900 --> 00:23:01,000
science of what's happening? 
What do you just accept the gift

444
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:04,300
and move forward? 
Your lying in bed that night 

445
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:07,100
listening to your wife's 
breathing, settle into the 

446
00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:10,100
rhythm of sleep. 
But your own mind won't quiet 

447
00:23:10,100 --> 00:23:12,900
down. 
The darkness is complete, except

448
00:23:12,900 --> 00:23:15,000
for the faint red. 
Glow of Embers in the fireplace,

449
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:18,500
and you can hear mice. 
Grappling in the walls, busy 

450
00:23:18,500 --> 00:23:20,100
with their own mysterious Mouse 
business. 

451
00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:26,100
Outside a fox barks, once sharp 
and sudden then Falls silent. 

452
00:23:26,100 --> 00:23:28,800
These are the usual night sounds
of Kentucky. 

453
00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:32,600
But tonight they feel different 
somehow like the world has 

454
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,300
shifted slightly and everything 
needs to be relearned. 

455
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:38,100
The question nagging at you is 
time. 

456
00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:40,600
Two months was produced 
something remarkable. 

457
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:44,200
But is it finished? 
Wine gets better with age. 

458
00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:47,600
You know that much the French 
are famous for their ancient 

459
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:50,200
sellers where bottle sit for 
years or even decades 

460
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:54,500
accumulating value and 
complexity does whiskey work the

461
00:23:54,500 --> 00:23:56,900
same way. 
Or is there a point where the 

462
00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:00,200
oak becomes too much? 
Where the barrel overwhelms, the

463
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:02,600
spirit and turns everything 
Woody and bitter? 

464
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:04,700
You make a decision in the 
darkness. 

465
00:24:04,700 --> 00:24:07,700
You'll sell half the barrels. 
Now, at two months and leave the

466
00:24:07,708 --> 00:24:11,700
other after age longer, Six 
months, total, maybe or even a 

467
00:24:11,700 --> 00:24:15,300
year, it's a compromise between 
the Practical need for income 

468
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:18,200
and the experimental desire to 
see what's possible. 

469
00:24:19,100 --> 00:24:22,500
Your wife will approve of the 
practicality and the part of 

470
00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:25,300
you, that's always curious will 
be satisfied by the ongoing 

471
00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:27,900
experiment. 
Sleep, finally, calms. 

472
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:31,000
And when you wait, is to full 
daylight and the smell of corn 

473
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:34,600
cakes cooking, your wife is 
already up and working as usual 

474
00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,900
and you feel slightly guilty for
oversleeping though. 

475
00:24:37,900 --> 00:24:41,900
The sun's position suggests its 
only just passed Dawn, The 

476
00:24:41,900 --> 00:24:44,600
coffee is hot and waiting and 
you drink it standing at the 

477
00:24:44,608 --> 00:24:46,100
door. 
Looking out at your small 

478
00:24:46,100 --> 00:24:48,600
Kingdom of Distillery and Fields
and Forest. 

479
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:52,200
The work of the day begins with 
checking the mash fats. 

480
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:55,000
Again, another day of firm 
intention has done its job. 

481
00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:58,500
Foamer subsided slightly in the 
liquid beneath. 

482
00:24:58,500 --> 00:25:01,400
Has that cloudy, yeasty look. 
That means it's ready to 

483
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,900
distill. 
You'll start tomorrow you decide

484
00:25:04,900 --> 00:25:09,000
today is for Preparation 
gathering, firewood cleaning, 

485
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:12,100
the still setting up collection 
vessels and making sure 

486
00:25:12,100 --> 00:25:13,900
everything's ready for the long.
Hot. 

487
00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:16,900
Careful work of turning 
fermented Mash into clear 

488
00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:19,600
Spirit, But first you need to 
deal with those barrels. 

489
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:23,500
The six, you've decided to sell 
me to be loaded onto your wagon,

490
00:25:23,500 --> 00:25:27,500
and to Lexington, where you have
a standing arrangement with a 

491
00:25:27,500 --> 00:25:30,100
merchant, who sells Goods to the
river, Traders heading down to 

492
00:25:30,100 --> 00:25:32,900
New Orleans. 
It's a full day's trip there and

493
00:25:32,900 --> 00:25:36,100
back but it's worth it for the 
access to a market bigger than 

494
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:39,000
the handful of neighbor's within
walking distance of your farm. 

495
00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:43,100
Loading, the barrels is harder 
than you'd like to admit each 

496
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:45,800
one weighs close to 400 pounds 
when full. 

497
00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,000
And while you have a system of 
ramps and rollers, that makes it

498
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:52,600
possible to move them alone. 
It still brutal work that leaves

499
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,600
you sweating and cursing. 
Despite the relatively cool 

500
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:58,800
morning air the muhle watches 
you with its usual expression of

501
00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:02,500
patient disdain as if wondering 
why humans, make everything so 

502
00:26:02,500 --> 00:26:05,900
complicated by the time, all six
barrels are secured in the 

503
00:26:05,908 --> 00:26:08,800
wagon, you're ready for a rest 
but there's no time. 

504
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:12,700
You need to get to Lexington and
back before fall dark and that 

505
00:26:12,700 --> 00:26:15,400
means leaving. 
Soon your wife packs, you food 

506
00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:20,400
for the journey cornbread dried 
venison the jar of pickles and a

507
00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:23,300
clay jug of water. 
She kisses you goodbye with the 

508
00:26:23,300 --> 00:26:26,900
same matter of fact, affection. 
She brings to everything and you

509
00:26:26,900 --> 00:26:30,500
climb up onto the wagon seat, 
taking the reins and clicking 

510
00:26:30,500 --> 00:26:34,100
your tongue at the mule to get 
it moving the wagon creeks and 

511
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:37,600
sways as it hits the ruts in the
road and you settle in the 

512
00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:39,700
familiar discomfort of a long 
trip. 

513
00:26:39,800 --> 00:26:43,800
On bad roads. 
The journey to Lexington takes 

514
00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:46,600
you through forest and farmland 
in roughly equal measure. 

515
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:50,400
Kentucky is filling up fast with
new settlers families, from 

516
00:26:50,408 --> 00:26:54,800
Virginia and Pennsylvania and 
the Carolinas all flooding in to

517
00:26:54,800 --> 00:26:58,200
claim land and build lives. 
In this fertile Valley, you pass

518
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:01,700
cabins that weren't there six 
months ago and See Fields that 

519
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:05,300
have been cleared from forest. 
So recently, the stumps are 

520
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:09,300
still white and raw looking 
everyone waves, as you pass that

521
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:12,700
automatic Frontier friendliness 
that assumes anyone you meet is 

522
00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:15,500
probably a decent person until 
proven. 

523
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:19,200
Otherwise lexingto is growing 
too spreading out from the 

524
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:22,500
original fort in to something 
that's starting to resemble an 

525
00:27:22,500 --> 00:27:25,900
actual town. 
There are stores now and a 

526
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:28,700
church and streets that have 
names rather than just being the

527
00:27:28,700 --> 00:27:32,000
road that goes to the spring or 
the path by Johnson's cabin. 

528
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:36,100
You guide, the mules through the
traffic, mostly other wagons. 

529
00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:40,400
But also people on Horseback and
on foot until you reach the 

530
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:43,700
Merchant's establishment. 
A sturdy log building with a 

531
00:27:43,708 --> 00:27:47,000
covered porch, where men sit and
smoke and discuss politics and 

532
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:49,600
whether and crop prices. 
The merchant himself. 

533
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:53,300
A man named Harrison who came 
from Virginia and still dresses 

534
00:27:53,300 --> 00:27:56,400
like his living in a city rather
than on the frontier. 

535
00:27:57,300 --> 00:27:58,900
Comes out to inspect your 
delivery. 

536
00:27:58,900 --> 00:28:02,700
He's bought your whiskey before 
always paying fair prices and 

537
00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:05,500
never complaining about quality 
but you've never brought him 

538
00:28:05,500 --> 00:28:07,300
anything. 
Like what's in these barrels? 

539
00:28:07,300 --> 00:28:11,300
Same as usual, he asks, making 
notes on a piece of paper with a

540
00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:13,600
pencil that he keeps tucked 
behind his ear when he's not 

541
00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:15,900
using it. 
To the unusual. 

542
00:28:15,900 --> 00:28:18,400
You say hopping down from the 
wagon here. 

543
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:21,700
Try it. 
You tap one of the barrels right

544
00:28:21,700 --> 00:28:23,900
there on the street, filling a 
cup with the Amber liquid 

545
00:28:23,900 --> 00:28:28,400
Harrison takes its skeptically. 
He's tasted hundreds of whiskeys

546
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:31,500
in his career as a merchant and 
most of them range from barely 

547
00:28:31,500 --> 00:28:33,300
drinkable to actively 
unpleasant. 

548
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:37,200
But his expression changes as 
soon as the liquid touches is 

549
00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:41,700
tongue, well, in the name of he 
Trails off taking another sip. 

550
00:28:41,700 --> 00:28:43,900
How long have you been holding 
out on me? 

551
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:47,900
You explain about the barrels, 
the charring and The Accidental 

552
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:51,700
aging Harrison's with the 
focused attention of a man who 

553
00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:54,200
recognizes an opportunity when 
he takes one. 

554
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:58,400
By the time you finish talking, 
he's made his decision, I'll 

555
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:01,100
take it all. 
He says every barrel you've got 

556
00:29:01,100 --> 00:29:02,900
and I'll pay you double the 
usual rate. 

557
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:07,700
Triple even if you can guarantee
me a regular supply of whiskey 

558
00:29:07,700 --> 00:29:10,800
of this quality. 
You negotiate for another few 

559
00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:12,700
minutes, but your heart isn't in
it. 

560
00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:15,200
Price is offering is more than 
fair. 

561
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:18,300
Probably more than you should 
accept on the first sale. 

562
00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:21,600
The Harrison isn't stupid. 
He knows that whiskey. 

563
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:24,400
This good will self even more 
when he moves it down, river to 

564
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:28,500
New Orleans where people have 
money and refined tastes and a 

565
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:31,000
taste for luxury goods, it's 
better to lock you in. 

566
00:29:31,008 --> 00:29:33,900
Now with a generous price than 
risk, you finding another buyer 

567
00:29:33,900 --> 00:29:36,600
who might appreciate the 
quality, the transaction 

568
00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:40,200
concluded, you help Harrison's 
workers, roll the barrels into 

569
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:43,300
his storage building a 
substantial structure with a 

570
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:46,400
Cellar, dug deep enough that the
temperature stays relatively 

571
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:50,100
constant year round, he pays you
in silver coins that clink 

572
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:53,500
pleasantly in The Leather Pouch.
You carry for such purposes more

573
00:29:53,500 --> 00:29:55,000
money than you've seen in one 
place. 

574
00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:57,900
Since you bought the land for 
your farm, you're on the road 

575
00:29:57,900 --> 00:30:01,600
back from Lexington, the empty 
wagon rattling along much faster

576
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:04,100
than it did. 
When loaded your pocket heavy 

577
00:30:04,100 --> 00:30:07,500
with coins and your mind heavy 
with thoughts, the sun is 

578
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:10,200
passed, its peak. 
Now slanting in from the West in

579
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:13,300
your making good time. 
You should be home well, before 

580
00:30:13,300 --> 00:30:15,600
dark, which means you can 
actually help with evening 

581
00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:17,800
chores. 
Instead of arriving exhausted 

582
00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:20,400
and useless. 
The question occupying, your 

583
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:24,100
thoughts is what to call this 
new whiskey Harrison had asked 

584
00:30:24,100 --> 00:30:26,900
quite reasonably if it had a 
name and you'd have to admit 

585
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:29,200
that you just been thinking of 
it as the whiskey, from the 

586
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:33,700
charred, barrels or the Aged 
whiskey, neither of which 

587
00:30:33,700 --> 00:30:37,400
exactly rolls off the tongue or 
sounds particularly marketable. 

588
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:40,500
He'd suggested you think about 
it and come up with something 

589
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:42,900
distinctive that people could 
ask for by name. 

590
00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:45,200
The problem is that naming 
things. 

591
00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:49,400
As never been your strength. 
Your mule is named, mule your 

592
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:53,000
cow is named cow. 
Your dog back when you have one 

593
00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:54,900
was named dog until he died of 
old age. 

594
00:30:54,900 --> 00:30:57,000
You never got around to 
replacing him. 

595
00:30:57,000 --> 00:31:00,900
Your practical about most 
things, but creativity in naming

596
00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:02,300
isn't something that comes 
naturally. 

597
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:06,400
Bourbon County whiskey, maybe 
you live in what's technically 

598
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:10,100
Bourbon County named after the 
French royal family in gratitude

599
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:13,000
for France's help. 
During the Revolution, most of 

600
00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:15,300
the whiskey being made, in 
Kentucky, comes from this 

601
00:31:15,300 --> 00:31:17,600
general area. 
So it would make sense to 

602
00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:20,700
associate it with the place but 
that feels almost too. 

603
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:23,400
Obvious. 
Two simple, surely. 

604
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:25,900
Someone else will think of that 
eventually and then where will 

605
00:31:25,900 --> 00:31:28,400
you be? 
You let your mind wander 

606
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:31,800
watching the forest, slide past 
on both sides of the road. 

607
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,000
Trees. 
Here are magnificent, massive 

608
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:38,300
Oaks and hickories and Maples. 
That must be hundreds of years 

609
00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:41,200
old, their trunks wider than you
are tall. 

610
00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:43,200
They've stood here since long 
before. 

611
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:46,500
European settlers arrived 
witnesses to everything. 

612
00:31:46,500 --> 00:31:49,400
That's happened in this Valley 
and they'll probably still be 

613
00:31:49,400 --> 00:31:51,600
standing long after your dead 
and forgotten. 

614
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:53,600
There's something humbling about
that. 

615
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:57,100
Something that puts your small 
concerns about whiskey names 

616
00:31:57,100 --> 00:32:01,700
into perspective, Creek crosses 
the road ahead running clear and

617
00:32:01,700 --> 00:32:05,600
cold over smooth Stones. 
You let the mules stop and drink

618
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:08,300
sitting in the afternoon shade 
and listening to the water 

619
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:11,600
chuckle over its Rocky bed. 
This is the kind of moment that 

620
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:15,600
makes all the hard work worth 
while These minutes of peace and

621
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:19,200
natural beauty, when you're not 
actively struggling against 

622
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:22,800
something or rushing to finish 
some tasks, you drink from your 

623
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:26,100
own water jug, eating a piece of
the cornbread, your wife packed,

624
00:32:26,100 --> 00:32:28,500
letting the quietness sink in to
you. 

625
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:31,600
The name question, follows you 
home and stays with you through 

626
00:32:31,600 --> 00:32:34,800
the evening chores and supper 
and the quiet hour before bed, 

627
00:32:34,800 --> 00:32:37,400
when you and your wife sit by 
the fire and talk about the day,

628
00:32:37,400 --> 00:32:41,300
she suggests calling it Creek 
Water whiskey after the 

629
00:32:41,300 --> 00:32:43,800
Limestone spring. 
That provides your water, but 

630
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:45,000
that doesn't feel quite right 
either. 

631
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:48,300
Too literal somehow and it 
doesn't capture. 

632
00:32:48,300 --> 00:32:52,900
What makes the whiskey special 
days pass then weeks and still 

633
00:32:52,900 --> 00:32:56,600
the name question remains 
unsolved You make another batch 

634
00:32:56,600 --> 00:33:00,000
of whiskey filling more. 
Charred barrels, committed. 

635
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:03,200
Now to the aging process, even 
though you still don't fully 

636
00:33:03,200 --> 00:33:06,800
understand, all the variables 
involved, Harrison sends word 

637
00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:09,500
that the first shipment sold out
almost immediately in New 

638
00:33:09,508 --> 00:33:12,500
Orleans and he wants more as 
soon as possible other 

639
00:33:12,500 --> 00:33:15,300
distillers in the area. 
Starting to notice what you're 

640
00:33:15,300 --> 00:33:18,500
doing and asking questions about
your Technique and you answer 

641
00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:21,400
honestly because it's not in 
your nature to hoard knowledge. 

642
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,500
Besides competition will be good
for everyone. 

643
00:33:24,500 --> 00:33:28,700
He'll push you all to improve to
experiment and to discover new 

644
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:31,000
variations on what you've 
accidentally created. 

645
00:33:32,300 --> 00:33:34,000
The barrel your aging for a full
year. 

646
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,600
Sits in the shared like a 
patient promise every week or so

647
00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:41,700
you tap it just a small taste to
see how it's developing and the 

648
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:44,700
changes are subtle. 
But real, the flavors are 

649
00:33:44,700 --> 00:33:47,500
deepening becoming more 
integrated, and the sharp edges 

650
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:50,700
are smooth and away, and what 
remains is almost impossibly 

651
00:33:50,700 --> 00:33:52,300
Smooth. 
You're not sure. 

652
00:33:52,300 --> 00:33:54,800
It's actually better than the 
two-month aged whiskey. 

653
00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:58,000
Its different certainly more 
refined in some ways, but 

654
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:01,600
perhaps less vibrant But the 
experiment is valuable, 

655
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:05,900
regardless of the outcome. 
One evening in late October, a 

656
00:34:05,900 --> 00:34:08,199
rider comes up the road, just as
you're finishing the evening 

657
00:34:08,199 --> 00:34:12,900
chores, he's a young man. 
Probably not yet. 20 dress 

658
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:16,100
clothes of someone who works for
a living rather than for show. 

659
00:34:16,100 --> 00:34:19,400
He introduces himself as a 
representative from a 

660
00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:21,300
tavern-keeper. 
In Louisville, whose heard about

661
00:34:21,308 --> 00:34:24,600
your whiskey and wants to buy it
directly rather than going 

662
00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:28,100
through Harrison's operation in 
Lexington, you invite him 

663
00:34:28,100 --> 00:34:30,400
inside, pour him. 
A cup of the two-month age, 

664
00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:33,800
whiskey and watches face light 
up with the same expression. 

665
00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:37,000
Everyone has, when they taste it
for the first time, he's 

666
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,400
prepared to make an offer on the
spot. 

667
00:34:38,408 --> 00:34:41,699
He says, and the price, he 
mentioned is even higher than 

668
00:34:41,699 --> 00:34:45,000
what Harrison is paying. 
You negotiate in a friendly way.

669
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:49,100
Neither of you trying to take 
advantage and eventually settle 

670
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:51,500
on terms that seem fair to both 
parties. 

671
00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:55,699
What do you call it? 
Young man asks as he's preparing

672
00:34:55,699 --> 00:34:59,100
to leave. 
The Tavern keeper will want to 

673
00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:02,900
know what to put on the sign. 
And suddenly without planning 

674
00:35:02,900 --> 00:35:04,700
it. 
The answer is there. 

675
00:35:05,900 --> 00:35:08,800
Bourbon, you say call it 
bourbon. 

676
00:35:09,700 --> 00:35:13,200
It's not your decision exactly. 
The name has been hovering 

677
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:15,400
around the edges of your 
Consciousness for weeks now, 

678
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:19,400
inevitable as weather. 
But saying it out loud, makes it

679
00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:25,200
real bourbon simple direct and 
tied to the place without being 

680
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:29,200
awkwardly long. 
The young man nods repeating it 

681
00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:31,900
to himself, clearly liking the 
sound of it. 

682
00:35:32,700 --> 00:35:35,900
Bourbon. 
After he leaves your wife looks 

683
00:35:35,900 --> 00:35:38,600
at you with raised eyebrows. 
Bourbon. 

684
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:42,100
That's what we're going with. 
And unless you have a better 

685
00:35:42,100 --> 00:35:45,200
idea, you say, but you can tell 
from her expression that she 

686
00:35:45,200 --> 00:35:48,200
approves or at least doesn't 
disapprove strongly enough to 

687
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:51,200
argue about it. 
And that's how it happens with 

688
00:35:51,200 --> 00:35:53,700
less ceremony than you might 
expect for something that will 

689
00:35:53,700 --> 00:35:57,100
eventually become famous. 
No, official declaration. 

690
00:35:57,100 --> 00:36:01,200
No legal registration. 
Just a practical answer to a 

691
00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:04,800
practical question. 
The whiskey you make aged in 

692
00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:07,900
charred Oak barrels, until it 
turns Amber and smooth will be 

693
00:36:07,900 --> 00:36:10,300
called bourbon. 
Other people are probably 

694
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:13,100
calling their whiskey. 
The same thing or will be soon. 

695
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:17,400
And over time, the name will 
become standardized associated 

696
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,600
with Kentucky and with a 
specific techniques that you and

697
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:24,500
others developing. 
But here, now, on this October 

698
00:36:24,500 --> 00:36:27,000
evening, with the first Frost of
the Season glittering on the 

699
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:30,400
grass outside, bourbon is just a
word you've chosen because it 

700
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:34,100
fits, you're in the Stillhouse 
on a December morning, cold 

701
00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:37,300
enough that your breath makes 
clouds in the air feeding wood 

702
00:36:37,300 --> 00:36:40,100
into the Firebox. 
Beneath the Copper Still, the 

703
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:43,800
fire is just catching Flames 
licking up around the logs and 

704
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:46,300
you can already feel the heat 
beginning to radiate outward. 

705
00:36:46,300 --> 00:36:48,500
This is good work for a winter 
day. 

706
00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:50,700
The Stillhouse will be warm 
soon. 

707
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:53,900
Almost two warm. 
And the contrast with the 

708
00:36:53,900 --> 00:36:57,200
freezing air outside makes the 
To feel like a gift rather than 

709
00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,800
a burden. 
There's been talk lately in the 

710
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:02,100
taverns and at the church 
meetings and wherever men, 

711
00:37:02,100 --> 00:37:06,000
gather to discuss business about
a Baptist preacher over in 

712
00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:09,200
Fayette County named Elijah. 
Craig who's also making whiskey 

713
00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:11,300
using the charred Barrel 
technique. 

714
00:37:11,300 --> 00:37:14,500
Some people are saying he 
invented it that he was the 

715
00:37:14,500 --> 00:37:17,100
first to discover how Aging in. 
Charred Oak. 

716
00:37:17,100 --> 00:37:20,000
Transformed the spirit. 
You've heard these stories with 

717
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:24,800
mixed feelings, partly amused 
partly, irritated and partly 

718
00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:28,300
just philosophical about the way
history gets written the truth, 

719
00:37:28,300 --> 00:37:31,700
as you understand it. 
Is that several people probably 

720
00:37:31,700 --> 00:37:33,800
discovered the technique around 
the same time. 

721
00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:37,500
All working independently, all 
responding to the same 

722
00:37:37,500 --> 00:37:40,400
circumstances. 
Craig is a preacher and 

723
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:43,100
therefore more memorable and 
more likely to be remembered and

724
00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:46,500
talked about You're just a 
farmer who happens to also make 

725
00:37:46,500 --> 00:37:48,700
whiskey not particularly 
noteworthy. 

726
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:52,300
Except for the quality of what 
you produce, if Craig wants to 

727
00:37:52,300 --> 00:37:54,800
be known as the father of 
bourbon, you're not going to 

728
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:58,600
fight him for the title, there's
enough market for everyone and 

729
00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:02,500
honestly the less attention, you
attract the better but it does 

730
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:05,800
make you think about how stories
become established how one 

731
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:08,800
version of events becomes the 
official version While others 

732
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:11,500
fade away? 
Craig is charismatic and 

733
00:38:11,500 --> 00:38:13,800
educated and good at promoting 
himself. 

734
00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:17,700
He gives sermons that people 
remember makes connections with 

735
00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:21,000
influential men and understands 
how to shape narratives. 

736
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,600
You just make whiskey in 100 
years. 

737
00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:26,200
Assuming bourbon is still being 
made, people will probably 

738
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:29,000
credit Craig with inventing it 
and that's fine. 

739
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:33,100
The invention matters more than 
the inventor really and besides,

740
00:38:33,100 --> 00:38:36,300
who's to say that Craig didn't 
come up with it, independently 

741
00:38:36,300 --> 00:38:39,900
maybe even before you did the 
still is heating. 

742
00:38:39,900 --> 00:38:43,600
Now, the temperature rising 
steadily and you check the 

743
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:48,300
thermometer, you've installed in
the side of the pot. 150 degrees

744
00:38:48,300 --> 00:38:51,500
still well below the boiling 
point of water, but getting 

745
00:38:51,508 --> 00:38:54,900
warmer you've learned through 
experience that distillation is 

746
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:57,900
all about temperature. 
Control too, cool and nothing 

747
00:38:57,900 --> 00:39:01,500
happens, too hot and you boil 
off everything including the 

748
00:39:01,500 --> 00:39:04,200
compounds. 
You don't want The Sweet Spot is

749
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:06,900
narrow. 
Requiring constant attention and

750
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:10,300
adjustment, which is why you 
can't leave the still unattended

751
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:13,600
for more than a few minutes at a
time during a run, your wife 

752
00:39:13,600 --> 00:39:17,000
brings you dinner around noon, a
bowl of bean soup and some fresh

753
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:20,600
bread and sits with you while 
you eat, she's been to church 

754
00:39:20,600 --> 00:39:22,800
recently where Craig gave a 
guest sermon. 

755
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:26,200
And she reports that he spoke 
eloquently about the virtue of 

756
00:39:26,208 --> 00:39:30,700
hard work and the importance of 
using God's gifts wiseley, he 

757
00:39:30,700 --> 00:39:33,100
mentioned whiskey making 
specifically. 

758
00:39:33,100 --> 00:39:36,900
She says as an example of taking
the raw materials of creation 

759
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:40,300
and transforming them into 
something of greater value. 

760
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:42,600
Did he mention the charred 
barrels? 

761
00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:45,900
You are curious than anything he
did. 

762
00:39:45,900 --> 00:39:49,800
She says he talked about how the
fire purifies how the Char 

763
00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:51,900
filter out impurities and 
improves the spirit. 

764
00:39:51,900 --> 00:39:54,800
He made it sound almost 
religious like the whiskey is 

765
00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:58,100
being baptized or something. 
You laugh at that because it's 

766
00:39:58,100 --> 00:39:59,900
absurd and also kind of 
brilliant. 

767
00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:03,400
Leave it to a preacher to find 
religious significance in 

768
00:40:03,408 --> 00:40:07,000
Bourbon making, but there's 
something to it, too, something 

769
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:09,200
about transformation and 
patience. 

770
00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:12,200
And the way time and specific 
conditions can turn something 

771
00:40:12,200 --> 00:40:14,400
ordinary into something 
exceptional. 

772
00:40:14,400 --> 00:40:17,800
If Craig wants to frame it in 
religious terms, that's his 

773
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:19,900
prerogative. 
And honestly, it might help 

774
00:40:19,900 --> 00:40:22,900
bourbon gain acceptance among 
people who would otherwise be 

775
00:40:22,900 --> 00:40:26,200
suspicious of alcohol. 
The afternoon passes in the 

776
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:30,200
familiar rhythm of distilling. 
Feeding the fire watching the 

777
00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:33,700
temperature, collecting the 
output and judging whether it's 

778
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:37,600
heads or hearts or tails the 
heads come first, containing the

779
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:40,300
volatile compounds that will 
make you go blind if you drink 

780
00:40:40,300 --> 00:40:43,000
them. 
These, you discard pouring them 

781
00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:45,000
into a bucket that you'll 
eventually use for cleaning 

782
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:47,600
metal or starting fires the 
hearts. 

783
00:40:47,600 --> 00:40:50,800
Come next, the good Middle Run, 
where the alcohol is clean and 

784
00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:55,000
strong and suitable for aging. 
The tails come last weaker and 

785
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:58,800
containing compounds that tastes
bad or might make you sick these

786
00:40:58,800 --> 00:41:01,100
you'll save to read distilled 
with the next batch. 

787
00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:04,900
Extracting, whatever useful 
alcohol they can contain by 

788
00:41:04,900 --> 00:41:06,600
evening. 
You've collected about 10 

789
00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:10,000
gallons of good Hearts clear, 
liquid, that smells sharp and 

790
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:12,300
clean and is ready to be 
transformed. 

791
00:41:12,300 --> 00:41:15,600
By chardin time, you'll let it 
rest overnight. 

792
00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:18,800
And then tomorrow, you'll fill 
another barrel and add it to the

793
00:41:18,808 --> 00:41:23,300
Aging shed. 
Cycle continues batch after 

794
00:41:23,300 --> 00:41:26,500
batch. 
Each one representing a week or 

795
00:41:26,508 --> 00:41:30,100
two of work and then months or 
years of waiting over the 

796
00:41:30,100 --> 00:41:33,500
following weeks, the story about
Elijah Craig inventing bourbon 

797
00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:36,600
becomes more widespread. 
You hear it at the General Store

798
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:40,600
at the Mill and at church always
told with slight variations, but

799
00:41:40,600 --> 00:41:42,600
the basic narrative is 
consistent. 

800
00:41:42,600 --> 00:41:47,000
Craig, the brilliant preacher 
discovering through divine 

801
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:50,500
inspiration, or careful. 
Experimentation, or possibly, 

802
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:52,600
just accident. 
That charred barrels. 

803
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:55,500
Improved whiskey your own role 
to the extent. 

804
00:41:55,500 --> 00:41:58,400
Its mentioned at all, is as one 
of the early adopters who 

805
00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:01,300
recognized Craig's genius and 
copied his technique. 

806
00:42:02,100 --> 00:42:04,100
This bothers you less than you 
thought it would. 

807
00:42:04,100 --> 00:42:07,200
You've never been someone who 
needs recognition or fame. 

808
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:10,800
And honestly, being associated 
with Craig's name, might help 

809
00:42:10,800 --> 00:42:14,200
your whiskey sale. 
Better people trust preachers or

810
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:16,600
at least they trust them more 
than they trust random Farmers. 

811
00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:20,400
If Craig's endorsement even an 
indirect endorsement through 

812
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:24,000
Association helps convince 
people that bourbon is a quality

813
00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:27,300
product, rather than just 
another harsh, Frontier Spirit, 

814
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:29,400
then you're happy to fade into 
the background. 

815
00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:31,900
What matters? 
More is the work itself. 

816
00:42:31,900 --> 00:42:35,300
The daily practice of making 
whisky, as well, as you know, 

817
00:42:35,300 --> 00:42:38,400
how constantly learning and 
adjusting and trying to improve.

818
00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:41,900
You've started, keeping notes in
a leather bound Journal, where 

819
00:42:41,900 --> 00:42:43,800
you record details about each 
batch. 

820
00:42:44,600 --> 00:42:48,600
Corn, variety, the fermentation 
temperature, the still 

821
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:51,900
temperature during different 
parts of the run, the barrel 

822
00:42:51,900 --> 00:42:55,900
characteristics, the Aging time 
and the weather conditions. 

823
00:42:55,900 --> 00:42:58,800
It's not systematic, scientific 
research. 

824
00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:02,200
Just one man trying to 
understand his craft better, but

825
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:05,300
it's something you're sitting on
your porch, on a warm spring 

826
00:43:05,300 --> 00:43:08,000
evening, the kind where the 
temperature is perfect. 

827
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:11,300
And the air smells like growing 
things, and you can hear frogs 

828
00:43:11,300 --> 00:43:12,900
singing from the creek down the 
hill. 

829
00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:16,700
Your nearest neighbor a man 
named Thompson, who Farms about 

830
00:43:16,700 --> 00:43:19,700
three miles to the east. 
The stopped by on his way home 

831
00:43:19,700 --> 00:43:21,900
from Lexington. 
And you've poured him a couple 

832
00:43:21,908 --> 00:43:26,000
of bourbon, not the Aged stuff, 
just regular two months whiskey,

833
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:28,900
that your comfortable shareing 
Thompson. 

834
00:43:28,900 --> 00:43:31,300
Simpson slowly making a preacher
live noises. 

835
00:43:31,300 --> 00:43:34,800
He's a taciturn man, normally 
not giving to elaborate 

836
00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:37,500
compliments but he's on his 
second cup and getting more 

837
00:43:37,500 --> 00:43:42,200
talkative This is smooth, he 
says which from Thompson is 

838
00:43:42,200 --> 00:43:44,500
High. 
Praise smoothest whiskey. 

839
00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:48,000
I've had in Kentucky and I've 
had most of them You accept the 

840
00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:50,200
compliment with the Nord, not 
making a big deal of it. 

841
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:52,300
Thompson isn't here, just to 
drink. 

842
00:43:52,300 --> 00:43:56,100
He's got something on his mind. 
You can tell from the way he 

843
00:43:56,100 --> 00:43:58,200
keeps starting to speak and then
stopping himself. 

844
00:43:58,200 --> 00:44:01,900
You wait, patient. 
Letting the evening sounds. 

845
00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:04,200
Fill the silence between you, 
finally. 

846
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,300
He comes out with it. 
I'm thinking of starting my own 

847
00:44:07,300 --> 00:44:09,700
operation. 
He says distilling I mean 

848
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:13,300
there's money in it clearly and 
I've got corn I could use in 

849
00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:15,700
stead of selling. 
I was wondering if you'd be 

850
00:44:15,700 --> 00:44:17,300
willing to share some of what 
you know. 

851
00:44:17,300 --> 00:44:21,300
This is a question you've been 
getting more often lately as 

852
00:44:21,300 --> 00:44:24,700
word spreads about Bourbon and 
more Farmers realize there's 

853
00:44:24,700 --> 00:44:28,800
value in the process, your 
instinct is to help knowledge 

854
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:31,900
shared is knowledge preserved 
and besides you don't see 

855
00:44:31,900 --> 00:44:34,800
Thompson as competition so much 
as a potential ally. 

856
00:44:35,500 --> 00:44:38,500
The more good bourbon being made
in Kentucky the better for 

857
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:40,500
everyone so you talk him through
it. 

858
00:44:40,500 --> 00:44:44,500
Starting with the basics of 
fermentation and working up 

859
00:44:44,500 --> 00:44:48,600
through distillation technique 
and Barrel aging Thompson, 

860
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:52,200
listens carefully asking, good 
questions and taking mental 

861
00:44:52,200 --> 00:44:54,500
notes. 
You can tell he serious about 

862
00:44:54,500 --> 00:44:56,400
this. 
Not just looking for a quick 

863
00:44:56,408 --> 00:45:00,300
profit but genuinely interested 
in learning the craft, by the 

864
00:45:00,300 --> 00:45:04,100
time, he leaves well after dark,
you've agreed to let him observe

865
00:45:04,100 --> 00:45:06,800
your next distilling run and to 
help him Source. 

866
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:09,000
Barrels from the same Cooper, 
who makes yours. 

867
00:45:09,700 --> 00:45:13,600
Word gets around within a month.
You've had visits from a half 

868
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:16,600
dozen other Farmers, all 
interested in Bourbon. 

869
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:20,500
Making all asking for advice, 
you help where you can sharing. 

870
00:45:20,500 --> 00:45:22,900
What you've learned though, 
you're careful not to present 

871
00:45:22,900 --> 00:45:26,100
yourself as an expert, you're 
just a few years ahead of them 

872
00:45:26,100 --> 00:45:28,300
on the learning curve. 
That's all and everything. 

873
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:31,300
You know, has come from trial 
and error, rather than formal 

874
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:33,200
education. 
Some of your visitors. 

875
00:45:33,200 --> 00:45:35,700
Bring their own whiskey to share
and you taste it critically 

876
00:45:35,700 --> 00:45:38,700
offering suggestions where you 
see room for improvement. 

877
00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:42,700
This one is too harsh, probably 
distilled too hot. 

878
00:45:42,700 --> 00:45:45,800
Try lowering the temperature and
being more selective about what 

879
00:45:45,800 --> 00:45:49,200
you collect. 
That one is too weak like clean 

880
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:52,500
diluted too much. 
Trust the strength, Let It Be 

881
00:45:52,500 --> 00:45:54,800
potent. 
The Aging will smooth it out. 

882
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:58,800
This other one has off flavors 
possibly from Dirty equipment or

883
00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:02,000
contaminated yeast. 
Clean everything more thoroughly

884
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:05,600
between batches your building a 
community Without Really meaning

885
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:09,700
to a network of bourbon makers 
who share information and help 

886
00:46:09,700 --> 00:46:13,100
each other improve. 
It's not organized or formal 

887
00:46:13,100 --> 00:46:15,800
just neighbors, helping 
neighbors in the traditional 

888
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:18,300
Frontier way. 
But it's effective. 

889
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:22,700
The average quality of Kentucky,
bourbon is improving, the market

890
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:26,800
is responding, merchants in 
Louisville, and Lexington are 

891
00:46:26,800 --> 00:46:29,100
starting to actively seek out. 
Kentucky whiskey. 

892
00:46:29,900 --> 00:46:33,200
Preferring it over Spirits from 
other states, the year Barrel 

893
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:35,000
which you've been monitoring all
this time. 

894
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:38,800
Finally reaches its first 
anniversary in the shed, you tap

895
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:41,200
it on a morning in late spring 
with your wife. 

896
00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:43,600
Standing beside you to witness 
the result of this long 

897
00:46:43,600 --> 00:46:46,100
experiment. 
The whiskey that flows out is 

898
00:46:46,100 --> 00:46:48,100
darker than the two-month age 
version. 

899
00:46:48,100 --> 00:46:52,500
Almost the color of strong tea. 
And the smell is intensely 

900
00:46:52,500 --> 00:46:56,300
complex Oak and vanilla, and 
caramel, and something else. 

901
00:46:56,300 --> 00:46:59,100
Some subtle note that you can't 
quite identify. 

902
00:46:59,100 --> 00:47:03,500
But that makes your mouth water 
in anticipation, you taste, it 

903
00:47:03,500 --> 00:47:07,300
carefully, and it's magnificent.
Smoother than anything you've 

904
00:47:07,300 --> 00:47:10,600
made before with flavors that 
seem to evolve and change as you

905
00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:13,500
hold the liquid in your mouth. 
It's almost too smooth. 

906
00:47:13,500 --> 00:47:17,400
You think there's such a thing 
as too much refinement with a 

907
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:21,200
drink loses its character. 
But it's undeniably impressive. 

908
00:47:21,200 --> 00:47:24,300
You could probably charge even 
more for this year, aged 

909
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:27,900
Bourbon, and find buyers who 
appreciate the extra complexity 

910
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:31,000
and are willing to pay for it. 
But there's a practical problem.

911
00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:35,700
The longer you aged whiskey, the
more you lose to evaporation and

912
00:47:35,700 --> 00:47:39,600
absorption into the barrel wood.
What you put into the barrel 12 

913
00:47:39,600 --> 00:47:42,300
months ago? 
As 50 gallons is probably become

914
00:47:42,300 --> 00:47:46,300
45 gallons, or less meaning, 
you're losing 10% or more of 

915
00:47:46,300 --> 00:47:49,400
your products. 
A time, at two months, the loss 

916
00:47:49,400 --> 00:47:52,400
is minimal maybe two or three 
percent at a year. 

917
00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:55,100
It becomes significant. 
The question is whether the 

918
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:59,100
improved quality justifies the 
reduced quantity, and that's a 

919
00:47:59,100 --> 00:48:03,000
calculation that involves both 
math and philosophy, you decide 

920
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:05,900
to split the difference. 
Most barrels will age for three 

921
00:48:05,900 --> 00:48:08,600
to four months. 
A sweet spot where the whiskey 

922
00:48:08,600 --> 00:48:12,100
is developed complexity but the 
evaporation losses are still 

923
00:48:12,100 --> 00:48:14,800
manageable. 
A few special barrels will aged 

924
00:48:14,800 --> 00:48:18,200
longer, maybe six months to a 
year to produce, premium 

925
00:48:18,200 --> 00:48:20,300
bourbon, for buyers willing to 
pay extra. 

926
00:48:20,300 --> 00:48:23,100
It's a compromise. 
But distilling, his taught you 

927
00:48:23,108 --> 00:48:27,400
that most of life is compromised
balancing competing priorities 

928
00:48:27,400 --> 00:48:31,500
making decisions with imperfect 
information and doing the best 

929
00:48:31,500 --> 00:48:35,800
you can with what you've got 
your 73 years old sitting in the

930
00:48:35,800 --> 00:48:39,800
same chair where you've sat for 
the past, 40 years, watching the

931
00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:41,800
sun set over the same Ridge of 
trees. 

932
00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:44,200
Your hands are twisted with 
arthritis. 

933
00:48:44,200 --> 00:48:47,500
Now, Knuckles swollen and 
fingers bent in ways. 

934
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:49,900
They weren't meant to bend but 
they still work. 

935
00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:53,400
Well enough for light tasks, the
heavy work of distilling has 

936
00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:56,800
been taken over by your son and 
Grandson who run the operation 

937
00:48:56,800 --> 00:49:00,300
with the same careful attention.
You taught them though they've 

938
00:49:00,300 --> 00:49:04,000
added in innovation of their own
better, temperature, controls 

939
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:08,600
more, systematic record, keeping
and relationships with Buyers 

940
00:49:08,600 --> 00:49:11,900
across multiple States. 
The bourbon business, has grown 

941
00:49:11,900 --> 00:49:15,200
beyond anything you Imagined 
during those early experimental 

942
00:49:15,200 --> 00:49:17,900
years. 
What you discovered by accident 

943
00:49:17,900 --> 00:49:21,900
has become an industry with 
dozens of distilleries operating

944
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:25,700
across Kentucky and even 
spreading to other states, the 

945
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:29,800
name bourbon is now standard 
Associated specifically with 

946
00:49:29,800 --> 00:49:33,500
whiskey made from corn and aged 
in charred Oak barrels though. 

947
00:49:33,500 --> 00:49:37,200
The exact requirements are still
being debated and refined some 

948
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:39,500
people insist. 
It must be made in Bourbon 

949
00:49:39,500 --> 00:49:42,900
County, specifically While 
others argue that the technique 

950
00:49:42,900 --> 00:49:45,000
is what matters, not the 
location. 

951
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:50,900
Elijah Craig died years ago and 
his story has indeed become the 

952
00:49:50,900 --> 00:49:53,300
dominant narrative about 
Bourbons invention. 

953
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:57,200
You've long since stopped caring
about credit or recognition. 

954
00:49:58,100 --> 00:50:01,400
What matters is that the 
tradition continues, that the 

955
00:50:01,400 --> 00:50:04,000
knowledge you and others 
discovered is being preserved 

956
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,700
and passed down your grandson 
knows things about fermentation 

957
00:50:07,700 --> 00:50:11,300
chemistry that you never learned
and understands the science 

958
00:50:11,300 --> 00:50:13,600
behind what you only need 
through observation and 

959
00:50:13,600 --> 00:50:16,800
experience. 
That's progress and your 

960
00:50:16,808 --> 00:50:20,600
grateful for it. 
The barrels in the Aging shed, a

961
00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:24,500
much larger shared now more like
a warehouse contain whiskey at 

962
00:50:24,500 --> 00:50:28,500
various stages of Aging. 
From fresh distiller to spirits 

963
00:50:28,500 --> 00:50:30,300
that have been resting for two 
or three years. 

964
00:50:30,300 --> 00:50:34,000
The long aging is becoming more 
popular among buyers who 

965
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,500
appreciate the extra smoothness 
and complexity though. 

966
00:50:37,500 --> 00:50:40,300
There's still a market for the 
younger burden, too, different 

967
00:50:40,300 --> 00:50:43,300
styles for different tastes, 
your son likes to say and you 

968
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:46,800
agree with the wisdom of that, 
Your wife died two years ago 

969
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:50,600
peacefully in her sleep and her 
absence is a hollow place in 

970
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:52,900
your daily routine that never 
quite fills in. 

971
00:50:52,900 --> 00:50:57,000
She lived to see the bourbon 
business become successful, but 

972
00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:59,900
enjoyed the relative Prosperity,
it brought and had even 

973
00:50:59,900 --> 00:51:02,600
developed her own opinions about
which batches were best. 

974
00:51:02,600 --> 00:51:05,300
She preferred the three-month 
age bourbon. 

975
00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:08,300
You remember saying it had 
liveliness that the older stuff 

976
00:51:08,300 --> 00:51:10,900
sometimes lacked. 
You keep a bottle of three 

977
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:13,800
months bourbon on the Shelf, in 
her memory, occasionally 

978
00:51:13,800 --> 00:51:17,000
pouring, a small glass and 
toasting her apps, and the 

979
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:18,500
Cooper taught you about 
charring. 

980
00:51:18,500 --> 00:51:21,700
Barrels is long dead too, 
though, his son's of taking over

981
00:51:21,700 --> 00:51:25,100
the business and expanded, it 
considerably their supplying 

982
00:51:25,100 --> 00:51:28,100
barrels to Distillery all of 
Kentucky now, and they've 

983
00:51:28,100 --> 00:51:31,400
refined the charring process to 
include different levels like 

984
00:51:31,400 --> 00:51:35,600
Char medium Char, and heavy Char
each producing slightly 

985
00:51:35,600 --> 00:51:37,400
different flavors in the 
finished whiskey. 

986
00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:41,100
It's become an art form, this 
marriage of wood, and fire and 

987
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:44,700
time, and you're pleased to have
played, even a small role in its

988
00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:47,700
development. 
Thompson, your old neighbor who 

989
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:50,800
asked for advice all those years
ago, they became a successful 

990
00:51:50,800 --> 00:51:54,400
Bourbon maker in his own right. 
He died last winter at the age 

991
00:51:54,400 --> 00:51:57,600
of 81 in his funeral, Drew 
distillers, from across the 

992
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:00,200
state, all of them Gathering to 
honor a man. 

993
00:52:00,208 --> 00:52:04,100
Who'd contributed to the craft, 
you went, despite the difficulty

994
00:52:04,100 --> 00:52:06,900
of travel at your age and you 
listen to stories about 

995
00:52:06,900 --> 00:52:09,900
Thompson's Innovations and 
generosity and stubborn 

996
00:52:09,900 --> 00:52:13,500
insistence on quality. 
It felt right honoring him. 

997
00:52:13,500 --> 00:52:16,500
That way, recognizing that 
bourbon is bigger than any 

998
00:52:16,500 --> 00:52:20,000
individual and that everyone who
makes it well deserves respect. 

999
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:23,100
Taste of bourbon has become 
familiar to you to the point 

1000
00:52:23,100 --> 00:52:24,600
where you barely notice it at 
any more. 

1001
00:52:25,500 --> 00:52:29,100
Though, you still take a small 
glass, most evenings more out of

1002
00:52:29,100 --> 00:52:32,200
habit than desire. 
Your grandson teases you about 

1003
00:52:32,200 --> 00:52:36,300
this saying, your pickled and 
bourbon preserved like fruit and

1004
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:37,600
alcohol. 
And you laugh because it's 

1005
00:52:37,600 --> 00:52:40,200
probably true. 
The whiskey has been part of 

1006
00:52:40,208 --> 00:52:43,400
your life for so long that you 
can't imagine existence without 

1007
00:52:43,400 --> 00:52:45,800
it. 
The smell of fermenting, mash 

1008
00:52:45,800 --> 00:52:50,100
the heat of the Stillhouse, the 
quiet, patience of the Aging 

1009
00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:54,600
shed, all of it woven into the 
fabric of who you are on summer 

1010
00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:56,900
evenings when the weather is 
good, you sometimes have 

1011
00:52:56,900 --> 00:53:00,200
visitors younger distillers who 
want to hear stories about the 

1012
00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:04,300
early days historians interested
in documenting how bourbon 

1013
00:53:04,300 --> 00:53:07,000
developed and even the 
occasional journalist writing 

1014
00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:11,000
articles for newspapers in 
Louisville or Lexing to tell 

1015
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:13,800
them what you remember though, 
your memory isn't a sharp as it 

1016
00:53:13,808 --> 00:53:17,700
used to be and you sometimes mix
up the sequence of events or 

1017
00:53:17,700 --> 00:53:21,100
forget important details. 
They write down your words. 

1018
00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:24,300
Anyway, treating them as 
valuable even when you're not 

1019
00:53:24,300 --> 00:53:27,300
sure they are. 
The question they always ask is 

1020
00:53:27,300 --> 00:53:30,600
whether you realized back in 
those early days that you were 

1021
00:53:30,600 --> 00:53:35,100
creating something that would 
last the honest answer is no you

1022
00:53:35,100 --> 00:53:37,300
didn't. 
You are just trying to make a 

1023
00:53:37,300 --> 00:53:40,600
living trying to find some value
in the core new grew and the 

1024
00:53:40,600 --> 00:53:42,100
skills you'd inherited from your
father. 

1025
00:53:42,100 --> 00:53:45,800
The discovery of aging and 
charred, barrels was pure 

1026
00:53:45,800 --> 00:53:49,900
accident, motivated by nothing 
more profound than convenience 

1027
00:53:49,900 --> 00:53:54,100
and curiosity that it turned 
into a tradition into an 

1028
00:53:54,100 --> 00:53:57,500
industry into something that 
people associate with Kentucky 

1029
00:53:57,500 --> 00:54:00,600
and American craftsmanship. 
That was never planned. 

1030
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:03,500
Never foreseen. 
But maybe that's how all 

1031
00:54:03,500 --> 00:54:07,300
Traditions start you think not 
through Grand Design but through

1032
00:54:07,300 --> 00:54:11,000
small decisions practical 
solutions, to immediate problems

1033
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:13,800
and acts to turn out to be 
improvements. 

1034
00:54:13,800 --> 00:54:16,300
Someone tries, something 
different, it works. 

1035
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:19,000
They do it again. 
Other people notice and copy it,

1036
00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:22,100
and gradually, it becomes the 
standard way of doing things. 

1037
00:54:22,100 --> 00:54:26,700
Nobody sits down and declares I 
shall now create a tradition. 

1038
00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:30,900
Traditions emerge evolve and 
accumulate meaning through 

1039
00:54:30,900 --> 00:54:34,000
repetition and time, the sun is 
set fully. 

1040
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:38,200
Now, the sky fading from Orange 
to purple to deep blue. 

1041
00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:40,700
Your grandson calls from inside 
the house. 

1042
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:44,200
Asking, if you want supper and 
you push yourself up from the 

1043
00:54:44,200 --> 00:54:47,200
chair with the deliberate effort
that all movement requires at 

1044
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:50,500
your age, the walk to the house 
is short, but you take it slowly

1045
00:54:50,500 --> 00:54:53,800
or aware of your body's 
limitations grateful for what 

1046
00:54:53,800 --> 00:54:57,400
strength remains inside. 
The table is set and the food is

1047
00:54:57,400 --> 00:55:02,100
ready, beans and cornbread and 
bacon simple food that tastes 

1048
00:55:02,100 --> 00:55:04,000
better than elaborate meals 
ever. 

1049
00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:07,400
Did your grandson pulls? 
Your small glass of three-month 

1050
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:10,600
age bourbon from a barrel that 
you helped Phil lost spring 

1051
00:55:10,600 --> 00:55:14,100
without asking and you sip it 
while the family eats and talks 

1052
00:55:14,100 --> 00:55:17,600
about tomorrow's work, the 
whiskies warm, and smooth and 

1053
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:21,000
familiar. 
Tasting of Oak and corn and time

1054
00:55:21,000 --> 00:55:25,100
tasting like home. 
After supper, you sit by the 

1055
00:55:25,108 --> 00:55:28,800
fire a while longer watching the
Flames dance and feeling the 

1056
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:32,500
Bourbons gentle warmth spreading
through your chest in the 

1057
00:55:32,500 --> 00:55:33,900
morning, there will be work to 
do. 

1058
00:55:33,908 --> 00:55:37,800
There's always work to do but 
tonight there's just this quiet 

1059
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:42,200
contentment this satisfaction of
having lived, long enough to see

1060
00:55:42,200 --> 00:55:44,100
something, you helped create out
live. 

1061
00:55:44,100 --> 00:55:47,900
You the bourbon will continue 
after your gone made by people 

1062
00:55:47,900 --> 00:55:50,900
who never knew you, drunk by 
people who've never heard your 

1063
00:55:50,900 --> 00:55:53,400
name and that's exactly as it 
should be. 

1064
00:55:53,400 --> 00:55:57,400
You close your eyes, listening 
to your grandson, and his wife 

1065
00:55:57,400 --> 00:56:01,100
talking in low voices, in the 
Next Room, hearing the crackle 

1066
00:56:01,100 --> 00:56:04,300
of the fire and the distant 
sound of a whip or will calling 

1067
00:56:04,300 --> 00:56:07,900
from the dark woods somewhere in
the Aging shed, the barrels are 

1068
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:12,000
doing their patient work time 
and Oak transforming raw Spirit 

1069
00:56:12,000 --> 00:56:15,600
into something smoother richer 
and more complex. 

1070
00:56:16,600 --> 00:56:18,700
You don't need to be there 
watching it happened. 

1071
00:56:18,700 --> 00:56:22,900
The process continues, whether 
your present or not, reliable, 

1072
00:56:22,900 --> 00:56:26,300
as Sunrise, steady, as seasons. 
This is the thing. 

1073
00:56:26,300 --> 00:56:29,200
They don't tell you about 
Traditions, they're not Frozen 

1074
00:56:29,200 --> 00:56:31,600
in Time. 
Preserved like specimens in 

1075
00:56:31,608 --> 00:56:34,900
jars. 
They're Alive changing and 

1076
00:56:34,900 --> 00:56:37,800
adapting to new circumstances 
while maintaining their 

1077
00:56:37,800 --> 00:56:40,900
essential character. 
The bourbon, your grandson makes

1078
00:56:40,900 --> 00:56:44,600
isn't identical to what you 
made. 50 years ago, it's better 

1079
00:56:44,600 --> 00:56:48,400
in some ways different in 
others, but it's recognizably 

1080
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:52,600
the same thing connected by an 
unbroken thread of practice and 

1081
00:56:52,600 --> 00:56:55,100
knowledge and care. 
You're nearly asleep in your 

1082
00:56:55,100 --> 00:56:57,000
chair. 
When your grandson gently Shake 

1083
00:56:57,000 --> 00:57:00,100
Your Shoulder, helping you up 
and guiding you to your bedroom.

1084
00:57:00,100 --> 00:57:03,700
The bed feels good, the blankets
heavy and warm. 

1085
00:57:03,700 --> 00:57:07,400
And you sink into them with a 
sigh of relief tomorrow, you'll 

1086
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:11,000
wait in the cycle will continue 
another day of bourbon making 

1087
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:14,500
another small contribution to 
the tradition you accidentally 

1088
00:57:14,500 --> 00:57:17,500
helped start. 
But tonight, sleep comes easy 

1089
00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:21,300
and your dreams Acquired 
untroubled and peaceful as aged 

1090
00:57:21,300 --> 00:57:27,700
bourbon on a warm evening. 
Before we talk about the 

1091
00:57:27,700 --> 00:57:30,900
Explorers themselves, you need 
to understand what they were 

1092
00:57:30,900 --> 00:57:33,600
walking into. 
The Arctic isn't just cold, 

1093
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,400
that's like saying the ocean is 
just wet. 

1094
00:57:37,100 --> 00:57:40,100
It's a fundamental reimagining 
of what Earth can be. 

1095
00:57:40,900 --> 00:57:43,900
A place where the normal rules 
governing comfortable, human 

1096
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:46,300
existence, simply pack up and 
leave town. 

1097
00:57:46,300 --> 00:57:49,900
Imagine standing at the edge of 
the Arctic ice pack on a calm 

1098
00:57:49,900 --> 00:57:53,300
day in late spring. 
The silence hits you first and 

1099
00:57:53,300 --> 00:57:56,400
it's not the peaceful quiet of a
library or the gentle hush of 

1100
00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:59,400
snowfall in your backyard. 
This is a silent. 

1101
00:57:59,400 --> 00:58:01,400
So, completed has physical 
weight. 

1102
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:05,100
Your ears strain for something, 
anything to process. 

1103
00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:08,700
But there's nothing except 
perhaps the distant crack of 

1104
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:11,800
ice, or The Whisper of wind 
across snow that might have 

1105
00:58:11,800 --> 00:58:15,200
fallen a century ago, the air 
itself feels different in your 

1106
00:58:15,200 --> 00:58:17,400
lungs. 
At 40 below. 

1107
00:58:17,400 --> 00:58:21,200
Zero each breath, isn't it vent?
Requiring conscious attention. 

1108
00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:25,700
The moisture in your breath 
christel's instantly, creating 

1109
00:58:25,700 --> 00:58:28,800
what Arctic explorers called 
Frost smoke. 

1110
00:58:28,800 --> 00:58:33,200
Tiny ice crystals that hang in 
the air before your face like a 

1111
00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:36,200
personal cloud. 
You can actually hear your 

1112
00:58:36,200 --> 00:58:39,000
breath freeze. 
A sound somewhere between a 

1113
00:58:39,000 --> 00:58:41,600
whisper and a crackle. 
That becomes the background 

1114
00:58:41,600 --> 00:58:44,800
music of article. 
The light in the high arc, 

1115
00:58:44,800 --> 00:58:46,900
Arctic does things that seem 
physically impossible. 

1116
00:58:46,900 --> 00:58:51,200
If you've only experienced light
in temperate climates, During 

1117
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:55,200
summer the sun circles, the 
Horizon like a confused insect 

1118
00:58:55,200 --> 00:58:59,700
that can't find the exit never 
quite setting, casting Shadows 

1119
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:04,600
that rotate but never disappear.
this Perpetual Twilight creates 

1120
00:59:04,600 --> 00:59:08,300
a landscape where time loses 
meaning is it three in the 

1121
00:59:08,308 --> 00:59:09,700
morning or three in the 
afternoon? 

1122
00:59:10,900 --> 00:59:14,800
Your watch insists on one thing.
But the unchanging light 

1123
00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:17,400
suggests that time itself has 
frozen along with everything 

1124
00:59:17,400 --> 00:59:22,000
else, winter brings the opposite
experience darkness, that lasts 

1125
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:25,800
for months broken Only By 
Moonlight reflecting off ice and

1126
00:59:25,800 --> 00:59:29,900
snow, creating a ghostly 
landscape of Grays, and blacks 

1127
00:59:29,900 --> 00:59:33,200
and deep blues. 
The stars are so bright. 

1128
00:59:33,200 --> 00:59:36,500
They seem artificial like 
someone scattered diamonds 

1129
00:59:36,500 --> 00:59:38,900
across velvet and then turned up
the contrast setting. 

1130
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:43,800
The Aurora Borealis ripples 
across the sky in curtains of 

1131
00:59:43,800 --> 00:59:48,300
green and purple and early 
explorers watching this display 

1132
00:59:48,300 --> 00:59:51,600
from their Frozen ships. 
Sometimes wondered if they'd 

1133
00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:55,700
left Earth entirely, the Isis is
not the flat uniform surface. 

1134
00:59:55,700 --> 00:59:59,300
You might imagine pressure 
ridges form, where ice flows, 

1135
00:59:59,300 --> 01:00:03,900
Collide creating Jagged walls of
Frozen chaos that can rise 30 

1136
01:00:03,900 --> 01:00:06,900
feet high. 
These riches look like the ruins

1137
01:00:06,900 --> 01:00:11,300
of ancient glass cities. 
All sharp angles and translucent

1138
01:00:11,300 --> 01:00:13,500
blue. 
Beautiful and utterly 

1139
01:00:13,500 --> 01:00:15,900
impossible. 
Between The Ridges. 

1140
01:00:15,900 --> 01:00:18,800
The ice is sometimes. 
Smooth enough to walk on but 

1141
01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:22,100
more often, it's rough broken 
and treacherous. 

1142
01:00:23,100 --> 01:00:26,200
Every step requires attention 
because a momentary lapse can 

1143
01:00:26,208 --> 01:00:30,500
mean a twisted ankle or Worse. 
Open Water called leads by 

1144
01:00:30,500 --> 01:00:34,200
Arctic explorers appears without
warning as the ice fractures 

1145
01:00:34,200 --> 01:00:36,800
under stress. 
One moment, you're walking on 

1146
01:00:36,800 --> 01:00:39,500
solid ice. 
The next, your standing at the 

1147
01:00:39,500 --> 01:00:42,800
edge of an abyss of Dark Water. 
That's only a few degrees of 

1148
01:00:42,800 --> 01:00:45,700
freezing. 
These leads can be a few feet 

1149
01:00:45,700 --> 01:00:49,800
wide or span miles and they open
and close according to currents 

1150
01:00:49,800 --> 01:00:51,500
and pressures that are 
impossible to predict. 

1151
01:00:52,400 --> 01:00:54,400
They're like the arctic's way of
keeping you honest. 

1152
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:57,900
A reminder that the ground 
beneath your feet is temporary 

1153
01:00:57,900 --> 01:01:00,500
and conditional. 
The cold does strange things to 

1154
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:04,000
solid objects Battle becomes 
brittle and can shatter like 

1155
01:01:04,000 --> 01:01:08,900
glass wood loses its flexibility
and cracks anything containing 

1156
01:01:08,900 --> 01:01:11,200
moisture. 
And most things contain moisture

1157
01:01:11,200 --> 01:01:15,500
will freeze and expand breaking 
what ever container holds it. 

1158
01:01:16,600 --> 01:01:20,000
Early explorers, learn these 
lessons, the hard way watching 

1159
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:22,500
their carefully prepared 
equipment fail in ways. 

1160
01:01:22,500 --> 01:01:25,900
No one had anticipated because 
no one had tested anything. 

1161
01:01:25,900 --> 01:01:29,000
At these temperatures. 
The wildlife that manages to 

1162
01:01:29,000 --> 01:01:31,608
survive here has made 
adaptations that border on the 

1163
01:01:31,616 --> 01:01:34,000
supernatural. 
Polar bears. 

1164
01:01:34,000 --> 01:01:37,900
Those Lords of the ice have 
transparent fur that appears 

1165
01:01:37,900 --> 01:01:41,200
white, but actually allows 
sunlight to reach their black 

1166
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:46,000
skin, creating a biological 
solar heating system, arctic 

1167
01:01:46,000 --> 01:01:48,300
foxes can survive temperatures, 
that would kill. 

1168
01:01:48,300 --> 01:01:52,200
Most mammals in minutes. 
Seals maintain breathing holes 

1169
01:01:52,200 --> 01:01:55,600
in the ice with the dedication 
of medieval monks maintaining 

1170
01:01:55,600 --> 01:01:59,300
Monastery, Gardens knowing their
survival, depends on keeping 

1171
01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:02,900
those small openings clear. 
This was the world that Arctic 

1172
01:02:02,900 --> 01:02:07,300
explorers chose to enter, not 
chosen casually, not stumbled 

1173
01:02:07,300 --> 01:02:10,200
into by accident but 
deliberately selected as their 

1174
01:02:10,200 --> 01:02:14,100
destination after careful 
consideration of all available 

1175
01:02:14,100 --> 01:02:16,800
options. 
Which raises obvious question. 

1176
01:02:17,500 --> 01:02:20,200
What kind of person looks at 
this landscape and thinks? 

1177
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:23,500
Yes, that's where I want to 
spend the next several years of 

1178
01:02:23,500 --> 01:02:26,000
my life. 
A preparation for an Arctic 

1179
01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:28,500
Expedition in the late. 19th and
early 20th. 

1180
01:02:28,500 --> 01:02:32,400
Centuries was less like packing 
for a camping trip and more like

1181
01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:35,500
provisioning, a small Mobile 
City that would need to be 

1182
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:37,300
entirely self-sufficient for 
years. 

1183
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:41,400
There were no supply drops, no 
emergencies of evacuation and no

1184
01:02:41,400 --> 01:02:43,000
way to call for help if things 
went wrong. 

1185
01:02:43,900 --> 01:02:47,700
Once you departed you were 
committed planning began years 

1186
01:02:47,700 --> 01:02:51,300
before departure usually 
uncomfortable offices in London,

1187
01:02:51,300 --> 01:02:55,100
Oslo or New York where 
Expedition organizers would sit 

1188
01:02:55,100 --> 01:02:58,300
around polish tables and make 
decisions about matters. 

1189
01:02:58,300 --> 01:03:02,800
They'd never personally 
experienced How much food does a

1190
01:03:02,800 --> 01:03:05,200
man need per day? 
When sledging in negative, 40 

1191
01:03:05,200 --> 01:03:08,500
degree weather, How many spare 
Runners for the sledges? 

1192
01:03:08,500 --> 01:03:12,300
How much fuel for cooking and 
heat when there's no wood and no

1193
01:03:12,300 --> 01:03:15,300
alternative? 
These calculations had to be 

1194
01:03:15,308 --> 01:03:19,100
perfect because there was no 
margin for error the food 

1195
01:03:19,100 --> 01:03:21,600
provision's read like a 
quartermaster's fever dream. 

1196
01:03:22,500 --> 01:03:26,000
Ships would carry, tons of 
pemmican, a mixed of dried meat 

1197
01:03:26,000 --> 01:03:27,700
and fat. 
That was nutritionally dense, 

1198
01:03:27,700 --> 01:03:31,600
practically indestructible, and 
about as appealing as eating 

1199
01:03:31,600 --> 01:03:36,500
candle wax mixed with sawdust. 
There were tons of flour, sugar 

1200
01:03:36,500 --> 01:03:40,300
tea tobacco and canned, goods in
quantities. 

1201
01:03:40,300 --> 01:03:43,700
That required complex, 
mathematical calculations to 

1202
01:03:43,700 --> 01:03:46,900
ensure each man could be fed 
adequately for the duration of 

1203
01:03:46,908 --> 01:03:50,300
the Expedition, Victorian era, 
explorers made some 

1204
01:03:50,300 --> 01:03:53,200
spectacularly questionable 
decisions about provisions. 

1205
01:03:53,900 --> 01:03:57,000
Some Expeditions brought Fine, 
China and silver Cutlery, 

1206
01:03:57,000 --> 01:04:01,100
because gentlemen, apparently 
could not be expected to eat 

1207
01:04:01,100 --> 01:04:03,600
with their hands. 
Even when trapped in Arctic Ice,

1208
01:04:04,200 --> 01:04:08,300
They packed a libraries of books
musical instruments and in one 

1209
01:04:08,300 --> 01:04:11,900
memorable case a hand cranked 
organ that weighed several 

1210
01:04:11,900 --> 01:04:15,400
hundred pounds. 
These items seemed essential in 

1211
01:04:15,400 --> 01:04:19,000
the comfort of planning rooms 
but became increasingly absurd. 

1212
01:04:19,000 --> 01:04:21,800
When men were struggling to hold
sledges across broken ice 

1213
01:04:21,800 --> 01:04:25,100
clothing, received enormous 
attention because everyone 

1214
01:04:25,100 --> 01:04:28,000
understood that staying warm was
the difference between survival 

1215
01:04:28,000 --> 01:04:31,200
and becoming a frozen Memorial 
to poor planning. 

1216
01:04:32,900 --> 01:04:35,800
Standard outfit for Arctic 
travel was like, wearing an 

1217
01:04:35,800 --> 01:04:37,500
entire closets and maintenance 
Lee. 

1218
01:04:38,200 --> 01:04:41,900
You started with wool long 
underwear, added wool, trousers 

1219
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:45,500
and assured. 
Then a wolf sweater, then Canvas

1220
01:04:45,500 --> 01:04:49,600
OR leather outer trousers, then 
a wool jacket, then a canvas or 

1221
01:04:49,600 --> 01:04:52,900
leather outer jacket. 
On your feet went wool. 

1222
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:57,300
Socks usually several pairs that
fur boots or specialty designed 

1223
01:04:57,300 --> 01:05:00,100
leather boots with felt lining 
the Fur clothing. 

1224
01:05:00,100 --> 01:05:02,500
That indigenous. 
Arctic people said, refined over

1225
01:05:02,500 --> 01:05:05,100
1000s of years, was far superior
to anything. 

1226
01:05:05,100 --> 01:05:09,300
Europeans could design, But 
Victorian Pride, often prevented

1227
01:05:09,300 --> 01:05:13,100
explorers from adopting, what 
they saw as primitive Solutions.

1228
01:05:14,100 --> 01:05:17,800
Some Expeditions stubbornly 
stuck with wool and Canvas even 

1229
01:05:17,800 --> 01:05:20,600
after observing the Inuit 
hunters in their Caribou skin 

1230
01:05:20,600 --> 01:05:23,200
anarex. 
Could work comfortably and 

1231
01:05:23,200 --> 01:05:26,000
conditions that left Europeans 
shivering inside their multiple 

1232
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:29,200
layers, the ships themselves 
required, extensive 

1233
01:05:29,200 --> 01:05:33,300
modification, for Arctic service
hulls needed reinforcements with

1234
01:05:33,300 --> 01:05:35,300
extra Timbers to withstand ice 
pressure. 

1235
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:38,700
Heating systems had to be 
installed and tested. 

1236
01:05:39,700 --> 01:05:42,600
Storage had to be organized. 
So that everything needed for 

1237
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:45,600
survival was accessible even 
when the ship was listing 

1238
01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:47,700
heavily or partially crushed by 
Ice. 

1239
01:05:48,700 --> 01:05:52,100
Some ships have their bows, 
specially shaped to ride up onto

1240
01:05:52,100 --> 01:05:53,800
the ice rather than meeting it 
head-on. 

1241
01:05:54,700 --> 01:05:57,100
The technique that could save a 
ship or merely delay, it 

1242
01:05:57,100 --> 01:06:00,400
inevitable crushing selecting 
the crew, as perhaps the most 

1243
01:06:00,400 --> 01:06:04,100
critical decision, you needed 
Sailors who could handle a ship 

1244
01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:06,300
in the most demanding conditions
and imaginable. 

1245
01:06:07,100 --> 01:06:10,600
You needed, Carpenters 
blacksmiths and general 

1246
01:06:10,600 --> 01:06:12,400
handyman. 
Who could repair anything 

1247
01:06:12,400 --> 01:06:14,900
because there would be no 
replacement part. 

1248
01:06:15,700 --> 01:06:18,700
You needed Hunters who could 
provide fresh meat when game was

1249
01:06:18,700 --> 01:06:22,500
available you needed. 
Signet to justify the Expedition

1250
01:06:22,500 --> 01:06:24,900
and collect data. 
That would satisfy the 

1251
01:06:24,900 --> 01:06:27,200
geographic Society is funding 
The Venture. 

1252
01:06:27,200 --> 01:06:31,200
But beyond technical skills, you
needed cycle, resilience that 

1253
01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:33,300
was almost impossible to test in
advance. 

1254
01:06:34,200 --> 01:06:36,200
How does someone handle months 
of darkness? 

1255
01:06:37,100 --> 01:06:39,700
How do they cope with the 
claustrophobia of being trapped 

1256
01:06:39,700 --> 01:06:43,200
on a ship with the same 30 
people for years? 

1257
01:06:44,100 --> 01:06:47,400
How do they respond when things 
go wrong as they inevitably 

1258
01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:50,200
will? 
The Expedition leaders try to 

1259
01:06:50,208 --> 01:06:53,400
screen for these qualities, but 
it was largely guesswork. 

1260
01:06:54,400 --> 01:06:56,800
You couldn't know how someone 
would handle the Arctic until 

1261
01:06:56,800 --> 01:06:59,600
they were actually there. 
The families of crew members 

1262
01:06:59,600 --> 01:07:03,600
faced their own ordeal in an era
before radio, communication 

1263
01:07:03,600 --> 01:07:06,700
saying, goodbye meant accepting 
that you might hear nothing for 

1264
01:07:06,700 --> 01:07:09,200
years. 
Letters could be sent back with 

1265
01:07:09,200 --> 01:07:11,400
whaling, ships and countered 
early in the voyage. 

1266
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:16,300
But after that silents, wives 
raise children, who barely, 

1267
01:07:16,300 --> 01:07:20,000
remember their fathers parents 
aged without knowing if their 

1268
01:07:20,000 --> 01:07:22,500
sons were alive or frozen 
somewhere on the ice. 

1269
01:07:23,400 --> 01:07:26,600
This uncertainty was his own 
form of cold that affected 

1270
01:07:26,600 --> 01:07:28,500
people who never left 
comfortable homes. 

1271
01:07:28,500 --> 01:07:31,400
Medical preparation was 
particularly challenging because

1272
01:07:31,400 --> 01:07:33,500
Arctic conditions created health
problems. 

1273
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:37,900
That know, European doctor had 
experience treating Girly that 

1274
01:07:37,900 --> 01:07:41,700
disease caused by vitamin C. 
Deficiency was the great killer 

1275
01:07:41,700 --> 01:07:45,700
of Arctic Expeditions yet, its 
cause wasn't fully understood 

1276
01:07:45,700 --> 01:07:50,800
until the early 20th century. 
Frostbite, snow-blindness lead 

1277
01:07:50,800 --> 01:07:53,900
poisoning from canned goods 
accidents with equipment, 

1278
01:07:53,900 --> 01:07:59,200
infections with no antibiotics 
available, the Expedition Dr. To

1279
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:00,800
be prepared. 
For all of this with a medical 

1280
01:08:00,800 --> 01:08:02,700
kit that could fit in a few 
wooden boxes. 

1281
01:08:02,700 --> 01:08:06,600
The psychological preparation 
such as it was consisted mainly 

1282
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:09,500
of reading accounts from 
previous Expeditions, which 

1283
01:08:09,500 --> 01:08:11,700
range from triumphant to 
horrifying. 

1284
01:08:12,600 --> 01:08:15,300
Would be explorers could read 
about fridge off, Nance and 

1285
01:08:15,300 --> 01:08:18,600
deliberately freezing a ship 
into the ice and drifting across

1286
01:08:18,600 --> 01:08:22,000
the Arctic Ocean or they could 
read about the frankly and 

1287
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:26,800
Expedition which disappeared 
entirely with a 129 men was 

1288
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:29,700
later found to have ended in 
Starvation and Desperation. 

1289
01:08:30,600 --> 01:08:34,100
These accounts Were Meant to 
inform, but one has to wonder if

1290
01:08:34,100 --> 01:08:36,100
they didn't also function as a 
final test. 

1291
01:08:37,000 --> 01:08:39,800
If you read about men eating 
their boots and still wanted to 

1292
01:08:39,800 --> 01:08:43,100
go, well, you are either 
admirably dedicated or 

1293
01:08:43,100 --> 01:08:46,200
questionably, sane, the 
transformation of a ship from 

1294
01:08:46,200 --> 01:08:48,300
mobile vessel to Frozen 
happened. 

1295
01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:53,000
Gradually almost gently You'd be
sailing through increasingly ice

1296
01:08:53,000 --> 01:08:57,100
choked water's maneuvering 
around flows, making progress, 

1297
01:08:57,100 --> 01:08:59,500
measured in miles per day. 
Rather than ours. 

1298
01:09:00,300 --> 01:09:03,899
Then the progress would slow to 
yards, then the ice would close 

1299
01:09:03,899 --> 01:09:08,000
in like a hand slowly making a 
fist and one morning you'd wake 

1300
01:09:08,000 --> 01:09:10,100
to realize the ship wasn't going
anywhere. 

1301
01:09:10,899 --> 01:09:14,800
Not today not tomorrow not until
spring Thor. 

1302
01:09:14,800 --> 01:09:18,200
Released you. 
If it released you being trapped

1303
01:09:18,200 --> 01:09:20,899
in the ice was the plan for most
Arctic Expeditions. 

1304
01:09:20,899 --> 01:09:24,700
They deliberately winter over 
using the ship as a base for 

1305
01:09:24,700 --> 01:09:28,899
exploration and scientific work.
But there's a significant 

1306
01:09:28,899 --> 01:09:31,700
difference between 
intellectually understanding, 

1307
01:09:31,700 --> 01:09:35,800
you'll be frozen in place and 
actually experiencing it. 

1308
01:09:37,300 --> 01:09:40,100
The ship that had been your 
transportation suddenly became 

1309
01:09:40,100 --> 01:09:43,500
your entire world. 
A wooden Universe measuring 

1310
01:09:43,500 --> 01:09:46,500
perhaps 150 ft long and 30 feet 
wide. 

1311
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:49,500
The daily routine on a nice 
bunch of was carefully 

1312
01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:52,100
structured because routine was, 
the only thing standing between 

1313
01:09:52,100 --> 01:09:53,899
civilized behavior and Cabin 
Fever. 

1314
01:09:55,100 --> 01:09:58,100
Morning began at a specific 
time, regardless of whether 

1315
01:09:58,100 --> 01:10:00,000
there was Daylight or Darkness 
outside. 

1316
01:10:01,100 --> 01:10:03,300
Sailors would emerge from their 
hammocks or bunks in the 

1317
01:10:03,308 --> 01:10:07,300
forecast for dozens of men, 
slept in a space that would feel

1318
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:11,500
cramped for half that number. 
The air in the sleeping quarters

1319
01:10:11,500 --> 01:10:16,200
was thick with breath and body 
heat creating Sensational froze 

1320
01:10:16,200 --> 01:10:19,200
on the walls and sealing and 
intricate patterns of frost 

1321
01:10:19,200 --> 01:10:21,600
flowers. 
Breakfast was typically a 

1322
01:10:21,600 --> 01:10:24,600
substantial meal because men 
needed calories to stay warm 

1323
01:10:24,600 --> 01:10:28,400
porridge bacon bread, tea or 
coffee. 

1324
01:10:29,300 --> 01:10:32,900
Food that provided heat both in 
the eating and in the digesting.

1325
01:10:33,800 --> 01:10:36,800
The Galley stove became the 
social center of the ship with 

1326
01:10:36,800 --> 01:10:38,800
men clustering around it. 
Whenever they weren't 

1327
01:10:38,800 --> 01:10:40,400
specifically needed. 
Elsewhere. 

1328
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:44,300
Stove, radiated a warmth that 
never quite reached. 

1329
01:10:44,300 --> 01:10:47,600
The Far Corners of the ship 
creating distinct temperatures 

1330
01:10:47,600 --> 01:10:50,900
owns from almost comfortable to 
paint fully cold work, 

1331
01:10:50,900 --> 01:10:53,700
assignments. 
Kept everyone busy and prevented

1332
01:10:53,700 --> 01:10:56,700
the depression that could settle
over a crew, like another layer 

1333
01:10:56,700 --> 01:10:59,400
of Darkness. 
There was always something to 

1334
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:04,200
maintain repair, or prepare ice 
needed to be cleared from around

1335
01:11:04,200 --> 01:11:06,700
the ship instruments needed 
tending. 

1336
01:11:07,500 --> 01:11:10,800
Scientific observations had to 
be recorded with regularity that

1337
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:15,000
approached religious devotion. 
Temperature barometric pressure,

1338
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:19,000
wind speed and ice conditions 
were all carefully noted in log 

1339
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:20,900
books. 
That might be the Expeditions 

1340
01:11:20,900 --> 01:11:24,200
only last in contribution, the 
officers and scientists 

1341
01:11:24,200 --> 01:11:28,100
generally had individual cabins,
though cabin makes them sound 

1342
01:11:28,100 --> 01:11:29,800
larger and more private than 
they were. 

1343
01:11:30,700 --> 01:11:35,200
Your cabin might be six feet by 
8 feet, containing a bunk a 

1344
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:38,200
small desk and perhaps one shelf
for personal items. 

1345
01:11:39,300 --> 01:11:42,700
The walls were wood and despite 
layers of felt and other 

1346
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:45,700
insulation Frost formed on every
surface. 

1347
01:11:45,700 --> 01:11:50,000
You'd wait with your breath. 
Frozen to your blankets Inc 

1348
01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:53,900
would freeze in your pain while 
you were writing Books had to be

1349
01:11:53,908 --> 01:11:56,400
kept near the stove or their 
Pages would become brittle. 

1350
01:11:56,400 --> 01:12:00,200
And crack entertainment was 
crucial for maintaining morale 

1351
01:12:00,200 --> 01:12:03,500
during the long Arctic, winter, 
ships, carried, extensive, 

1352
01:12:03,500 --> 01:12:07,500
libraries, hundreds of books 
that men would read and reread 

1353
01:12:07,500 --> 01:12:09,900
until they could recite passages
from memory. 

1354
01:12:10,600 --> 01:12:14,200
Musical instruments provided 
distraction with impromptu 

1355
01:12:14,200 --> 01:12:17,600
concerts filling the ship with 
sounds that seemed absurdly 

1356
01:12:17,600 --> 01:12:20,800
cheerful given the 
circumstances. some ships 

1357
01:12:20,800 --> 01:12:24,200
produced newspapers with crew 
members, writing articles, 

1358
01:12:24,200 --> 01:12:27,200
poems, and humorous, 
observations, about life aboard,

1359
01:12:27,900 --> 01:12:30,500
These handwritten Publications, 
were elaborate jokes that 

1360
01:12:30,500 --> 01:12:34,400
everyone participated in because
the alternative was dwelling on 

1361
01:12:34,400 --> 01:12:37,100
their situation. 
The darkness of the Arctic 

1362
01:12:37,100 --> 01:12:39,700
winter did strange things to 
human psychology. 

1363
01:12:40,500 --> 01:12:44,700
For months, the Sun never Rose 
above the Horizon, leaving the 

1364
01:12:44,700 --> 01:12:48,700
world in Twilight or Darkness. 
This absence of normal, 

1365
01:12:48,700 --> 01:12:52,900
day-night Cycles disrupted sleep
patterns and created a 

1366
01:12:52,900 --> 01:12:54,500
pervasive. 
Weary nurse that was as much 

1367
01:12:54,500 --> 01:12:58,200
psychological as physical. 
Men would sleep poorly. 

1368
01:12:58,200 --> 01:13:02,000
Wake unrested and struggle 
through days that felt in 

1369
01:13:02,000 --> 01:13:05,900
terminable, despite being 
carefully structured Mills, 

1370
01:13:05,900 --> 01:13:08,700
became the tent poles around, 
which each day was organized. 

1371
01:13:09,600 --> 01:13:14,000
Lunch, dinner, and evening, tea.
Mark the passage of time in ways

1372
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:17,900
that clocks couldn't The food 
itself became monotonous. 

1373
01:13:18,700 --> 01:13:21,900
There's only so much variation 
possible with canned and dried 

1374
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:26,000
Provisions, but the ritual of 
gathering eating together and 

1375
01:13:26,000 --> 01:13:29,300
taking time away from work 
provided necessary structure. 

1376
01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:33,500
Special occasions called for 
special meals with Expedition 

1377
01:13:33,500 --> 01:13:36,500
leaders, dipping into limited 
stores of luxuries to Mark 

1378
01:13:36,500 --> 01:13:39,000
Christmas birthdays or 
anniversaries with something 

1379
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:42,300
beyond the standard. 
Fare the cold inside, the ship 

1380
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:44,200
was a constant presence that 
required. 

1381
01:13:44,200 --> 01:13:47,900
Continuous negotiation. 
The main cabin where officers 

1382
01:13:47,900 --> 01:13:52,000
and scientists gathered might be
kept at around 40 or 50 degrees 

1383
01:13:52,000 --> 01:13:55,900
Fahrenheit, which sound 
miserable, but felt almost warm 

1384
01:13:55,900 --> 01:13:59,400
compared to outside. 
Men dressed in layers, even in 

1385
01:13:59,400 --> 01:14:03,400
doors, keeping wool hats on, 
while they read or wrote writing

1386
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:06,200
anything required, determination
because your fingers would go 

1387
01:14:06,200 --> 01:14:10,000
numb within minutes of removing 
glove's hygiene became 

1388
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:12,400
challenging to the point of near
impossibility. 

1389
01:14:13,500 --> 01:14:16,500
Bathing in Sub-Zero temperatures
was not merely uncomfortable, 

1390
01:14:16,500 --> 01:14:20,800
the potentially dangerous. 
Some ships had small washing 

1391
01:14:20,800 --> 01:14:24,600
facilities but using them meant 
exposing your skin to air that 

1392
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:26,500
could cause frostbite in 
seconds. 

1393
01:14:27,500 --> 01:14:30,800
Most men settled for spot 
cleaning with minimal water and 

1394
01:14:30,800 --> 01:14:33,600
accepted that they would smell 
like a combination of unwashed 

1395
01:14:33,600 --> 01:14:36,300
wool. 
Seal oil and tobacco smoke until

1396
01:14:36,308 --> 01:14:39,100
spring thaw permitted. 
A proper wash. 

1397
01:14:39,800 --> 01:14:42,200
Sounds of the ice became the 
soundtrack of winter. 

1398
01:14:43,200 --> 01:14:46,600
Ship would Creak and groan as 
ice pressure, built up against 

1399
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:49,100
the hull. 
Sometimes the ice would crack 

1400
01:14:49,100 --> 01:14:53,000
with reports like artillery fire
sudden and sharp enough to wake 

1401
01:14:53,000 --> 01:14:57,500
sleeping men At other times, the
pressure would build slowly 

1402
01:14:57,500 --> 01:15:01,900
creating a constant groaning 
that was almost worse than the 

1403
01:15:01,900 --> 01:15:04,400
sudden cracks. 
His new, the ship was being 

1404
01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:07,700
slowly crushed, and there was 
nothing anyone could do about 

1405
01:15:07,700 --> 01:15:09,800
it. 
Fear was a constant companion, 

1406
01:15:09,800 --> 01:15:11,900
though. 
It was rarely discussed openly. 

1407
01:15:13,000 --> 01:15:15,800
The crushing of a ship by Ice 
pressure was not uncommon. 

1408
01:15:15,800 --> 01:15:20,900
The men knew the statistics New,
the ships that had been lost a 

1409
01:15:20,900 --> 01:15:23,300
new that there wouldn't hold was
the only thing standing between 

1410
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:28,000
them and the Frozen sea. 
At night lying in their bunks. 

1411
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:30,600
They could hear the ice working 
on the ship's, Timbers. 

1412
01:15:31,400 --> 01:15:34,900
And feel the structure shift and
settle under enormous precious. 

1413
01:15:35,700 --> 01:15:38,700
They trusted their ship and 
trusted the reinforcements and 

1414
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:42,200
special construction but trust 
and certainly a very different 

1415
01:15:42,200 --> 01:15:44,600
things. 
Eventually the walls of even the

1416
01:15:44,608 --> 01:15:47,400
most comfortable ship would 
start to feel oppressive and 

1417
01:15:47,400 --> 01:15:50,600
Expeditions would send out 
parties to establish camps on 

1418
01:15:50,600 --> 01:15:53,700
the Isis cell. 
This was where the real work of 

1419
01:15:53,708 --> 01:15:56,800
Arctic, exploration happened. 
The sledging journeys. 

1420
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:00,300
That would map unknown 
territories reached the pole or 

1421
01:16:00,300 --> 01:16:03,000
make scientific observations 
impossible from a stationary 

1422
01:16:03,000 --> 01:16:04,900
ship. 
Your sledging Camp would be 

1423
01:16:04,908 --> 01:16:07,100
simple because Simplicity was 
survival. 

1424
01:16:07,900 --> 01:16:11,600
The tent was your new home, 
usually made of canvas or thin 

1425
01:16:11,600 --> 01:16:14,800
fabric, that did almost nothing 
to insulate against the cold, 

1426
01:16:14,800 --> 01:16:17,200
but at least provided shelter 
from wind. 

1427
01:16:18,100 --> 01:16:20,500
Setting up camp. 
After a day of sledging was a 

1428
01:16:20,500 --> 01:16:23,300
process, refined through painful
experience. 

1429
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:27,500
First, you'd select a spot. 
Flat. 

1430
01:16:27,500 --> 01:16:31,800
If you were lucky broken, if you
weren't the sledges would be 

1431
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:35,900
arranged to block wind. 
Then the tent would go up a 

1432
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:38,800
process that required removing 
mittens and working with numb 

1433
01:16:38,800 --> 01:16:42,200
fingers to secure the structure 
inside the tent space was 

1434
01:16:42,200 --> 01:16:45,700
absolutely minimal. 
You might be sharing this space 

1435
01:16:45,700 --> 01:16:48,900
with two or three other men, and
when everyone was lying down in 

1436
01:16:48,900 --> 01:16:51,600
their sleeping bags, there was 
no room to move without 

1437
01:16:51,600 --> 01:16:55,400
disturbing someone else. 
All the equipment cooking, stove

1438
01:16:55,400 --> 01:16:58,700
fuel Food Supplies. 
Spare clothing, scientific 

1439
01:16:58,700 --> 01:17:02,600
instruments had to fit in this 
small space while leaving just 

1440
01:17:02,600 --> 01:17:04,000
enough room for the men 
themselves. 

1441
01:17:05,100 --> 01:17:08,700
Sleeping bag was your most 
intimate companion a reindeer 

1442
01:17:08,700 --> 01:17:11,700
skin or wool cocoon. 
That was simultaneously your 

1443
01:17:11,700 --> 01:17:14,900
greatest comfort and a source of
ongoing misery. 

1444
01:17:15,600 --> 01:17:19,200
Each night, you'd climb into a 
bag already damp with the 

1445
01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:21,600
previous night's moisture from 
your breath and body heat. 

1446
01:17:22,500 --> 01:17:25,100
This moisture would freeze 
during the day while you were 

1447
01:17:25,100 --> 01:17:27,900
sledging and you'd spend the 
first hour of each night 

1448
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:32,000
shivering in a frozen sleeping 
bag using body heat to slowly 

1449
01:17:32,000 --> 01:17:34,300
thaw it into something 
approaching comfort. 

1450
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:38,600
By morning the bag would be damp
again slightly heavier from 

1451
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:42,000
accumulated ice and a few 
degrees more unpleasant than the

1452
01:17:42,000 --> 01:17:45,300
night before cooking in a tent 
was performance out of the most 

1453
01:17:45,300 --> 01:17:48,300
demanding sort. 
You'd like to small stove, 

1454
01:17:48,300 --> 01:17:52,700
usually burning, seal oil, 
petroleum or later more refined 

1455
01:17:52,700 --> 01:17:56,300
fuels and tender carefully, 
because extinguishing it meant 

1456
01:17:56,300 --> 01:17:58,100
starting over and wasting 
precious fuel. 

1457
01:17:59,600 --> 01:18:03,500
Stove provided a small circle of
warmth two feet in diameter. 

1458
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:07,500
Outside that Circle the 
temperature remained, well below

1459
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:09,900
zero. 
You'd melt ice for water. 

1460
01:18:10,800 --> 01:18:14,200
Heat the water to Boiling. 
Prepare pecan, stew or cocoa, 

1461
01:18:14,200 --> 01:18:17,700
and try to eat the resulting 
meal before it froze solid, in 

1462
01:18:17,700 --> 01:18:21,400
your Tin Cup, the etiquette of 
tent, life was Unwritten but 

1463
01:18:21,400 --> 01:18:23,900
absolute. 
You didn't complain about the 

1464
01:18:23,900 --> 01:18:27,600
cold because everyone was cold. 
He didn't talk about food, you 

1465
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:29,900
wished, you had because everyone
wished they had better food. 

1466
01:18:30,900 --> 01:18:33,400
You took your turn with Camp 
chores without being asked 

1467
01:18:33,400 --> 01:18:36,300
because survival depended on 
everyone pulling their weight. 

1468
01:18:37,300 --> 01:18:40,500
Small, irritations, someone 
taking more than their share of 

1469
01:18:40,500 --> 01:18:42,400
space. 
Someone snoring. 

1470
01:18:42,400 --> 01:18:46,200
Someone's habits had to be 
ignored because allowing small 

1471
01:18:46,200 --> 01:18:49,000
tensions to escalate. 
Could destroy a party's, 

1472
01:18:49,000 --> 01:18:52,800
cohesion, personal hygiene in a 
sledging camp, was essentially 

1473
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:56,300
abandoned, You wore the same 
clothes day after day because 

1474
01:18:56,300 --> 01:18:59,300
changing required exposing skin 
to killing cold. 

1475
01:19:00,000 --> 01:19:02,800
Your face might get white with 
snow if you had energy and 

1476
01:19:02,800 --> 01:19:05,400
inclination but proper washing 
was impossible. 

1477
01:19:05,400 --> 01:19:09,500
Men would go weeks without 
removing any clothing living in 

1478
01:19:09,500 --> 01:19:13,100
progressively filthier garments 
that accumulated, sweat, smoke 

1479
01:19:13,100 --> 01:19:16,400
seal oil, and the general Grime 
of Arctic travel. 

1480
01:19:17,500 --> 01:19:19,900
The smell inside a tent off to 
several weeks of. 

1481
01:19:19,900 --> 01:19:23,500
This would have been impressive.
But cold suppresses odors and 

1482
01:19:23,508 --> 01:19:27,100
exhaustion suppresses. 
Caring the morning routine began

1483
01:19:27,100 --> 01:19:29,600
with the unpleasant task of 
leaving your sleeping bag while 

1484
01:19:29,600 --> 01:19:34,000
the tent was still cold. 
Someone usually rotating Duty 

1485
01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:37,000
had to light the stove and start
melting ice from breakfast. 

1486
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:40,700
While everyone else delayed the 
inevitable moment of emerging 

1487
01:19:40,700 --> 01:19:44,200
from their bags. 
Once the stove was going and hot

1488
01:19:44,200 --> 01:19:47,200
food was available the 
transition from sleep, to 

1489
01:19:47,200 --> 01:19:50,100
preparation for the day's March 
became manageable though. 

1490
01:19:50,100 --> 01:19:53,600
Never Pleasant breaking Camp was
the reverse of setting it up. 

1491
01:19:54,200 --> 01:19:56,900
With everything carefully packed
onto sledges in a specific 

1492
01:19:56,900 --> 01:19:58,700
order. 
Things needed. 

1493
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:02,200
Most often went on top or in 
easy to access positions. 

1494
01:20:02,200 --> 01:20:04,300
Things needed rarely went 
deeper. 

1495
01:20:05,200 --> 01:20:08,500
Every item had its place because
in a blizzard or in failing 

1496
01:20:08,500 --> 01:20:11,500
light, you couldn't afford to 
waste time searching for 

1497
01:20:11,500 --> 01:20:14,800
something buried in the wrong. 
Sledge, the sledges themselves 

1498
01:20:14,800 --> 01:20:16,800
were marvels of functional 
design. 

1499
01:20:16,800 --> 01:20:19,600
Evolved through generations of 
Arctic travel. 

1500
01:20:20,500 --> 01:20:24,300
Long and narrow usually around 
10 feet long and two feet wide. 

1501
01:20:24,300 --> 01:20:28,200
They were built to distribute 
weight across snow and ice while

1502
01:20:28,200 --> 01:20:30,700
remaining light enough to be 
hauled by men or dogs. 

1503
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:33,400
Loading. 
A sled was a skill, required 

1504
01:20:33,400 --> 01:20:37,000
experience too much weight 
forward and it would dig into 

1505
01:20:37,000 --> 01:20:41,800
snow too much weight back and it
would drag the load had to be 

1506
01:20:41,800 --> 01:20:45,500
balanced and secured firmly, but
also accessible because you 

1507
01:20:45,500 --> 01:20:49,200
might need to access supplies. 
During the day's March dog teams

1508
01:20:49,200 --> 01:20:52,000
when used created their own set 
of challenges and Rewards. 

1509
01:20:52,900 --> 01:20:56,500
The dogs were tough capable of 
pulling enormous loads in 

1510
01:20:56,500 --> 01:20:59,500
conditions that would kill most 
animals, but they required 

1511
01:20:59,500 --> 01:21:02,300
feeding management and constant 
attention. 

1512
01:21:03,100 --> 01:21:06,500
A goodly dog was worth its 
weight in pemmican capable of 

1513
01:21:06,500 --> 01:21:09,200
finding the trail in whiteout 
conditions, and keeping the rest

1514
01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:12,000
of the team moving when they 
wanted to curl up and wait out 

1515
01:21:12,000 --> 01:21:15,300
bad weather. 
Poor LED dog, could tangle the 

1516
01:21:15,308 --> 01:21:18,200
whole team. 
Create chaos and waste hours of 

1517
01:21:18,208 --> 01:21:20,800
daylight that could never be 
recovered man. 

1518
01:21:20,800 --> 01:21:23,400
Hauling pulling. 
Sledges without dogs, was the 

1519
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:27,300
purest approach favored by some 
Expeditions particularly British

1520
01:21:27,300 --> 01:21:30,100
ones. 
The theory was that men pulling 

1521
01:21:30,100 --> 01:21:31,800
their own. 
Sledges were self-sufficient, 

1522
01:21:31,800 --> 01:21:35,000
not dependent on animals. 
That required food and care. 

1523
01:21:35,900 --> 01:21:40,200
The reality was that manhole was
brutally hard work transforming,

1524
01:21:40,200 --> 01:21:43,500
grown men into draft animals, 
straining and harnesses for 

1525
01:21:43,500 --> 01:21:46,900
hours each day. 
It was Noble in a way but 

1526
01:21:46,900 --> 01:21:49,500
nobility doesn't keep you warm. 
Or make the Sledge. 

1527
01:21:49,500 --> 01:21:51,900
Any lighter. 
Let's talk about what cold 

1528
01:21:51,900 --> 01:21:55,000
actually does to your body 
because understanding this helps

1529
01:21:55,000 --> 01:21:57,800
explain why Arctic exploration 
was so difficult. 

1530
01:21:57,800 --> 01:22:02,800
And why simply dressing warmly 
wasn't complete solution at zero

1531
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:05,600
degrees Fahrenheit, cold is 
uncomfortable, but manageable 

1532
01:22:05,600 --> 01:22:08,000
with proper clothing, a 20 
below. 

1533
01:22:08,000 --> 01:22:12,200
It starts, requiring real 
respect at 40 below which was 

1534
01:22:12,200 --> 01:22:14,000
common during Arctic 
Expeditions. 

1535
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:16,400
The cold, become an active 
opponent. 

1536
01:22:16,400 --> 01:22:18,800
That's constantly looking for 
ways to kill you. 

1537
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:22,500
That's 60 below or lower 
temperatures regularly 

1538
01:22:22,500 --> 01:22:26,500
encountered by some expeditions.
The cold stops being something 

1539
01:22:26,500 --> 01:22:29,200
you deal with and become 
something you survive. 

1540
01:22:29,200 --> 01:22:32,900
Our by our, your body is a 
furnace that requires constant 

1541
01:22:32,900 --> 01:22:36,500
Fuel and in Arctic conditions 
that furnace has to work over 

1542
01:22:36,500 --> 01:22:39,500
time. 
Basal metabolism the energy. 

1543
01:22:39,500 --> 01:22:43,100
You burn just staying alive 
increases dramatically and 

1544
01:22:43,100 --> 01:22:46,900
extreme cold. 
Men on Arctic Expeditions could 

1545
01:22:46,900 --> 01:22:52,500
consume 5,000 to 6,000 calories 
per day and still lose weight 

1546
01:22:52,500 --> 01:22:55,000
because their body's were 
burning everything to maintain 

1547
01:22:55,000 --> 01:22:58,000
core temperature. 
They would eat a mounts of food 

1548
01:22:58,000 --> 01:23:01,700
that would make a competitive 
eater, pause and wake up Hungary

1549
01:23:01,700 --> 01:23:05,200
hours later, frostbite was the 
ever-present danger that turned.

1550
01:23:05,200 --> 01:23:09,700
Every moment of Exposed Skin 
into a calculated risk, your 

1551
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:13,300
nose cheeks, ears, fingers and 
toes were most vulnerable. 

1552
01:23:14,100 --> 01:23:17,400
And Frostbite damage was 
cumulative a small patch of 

1553
01:23:17,400 --> 01:23:20,300
frostbite would heal, but leave 
that area more susceptible to 

1554
01:23:20,300 --> 01:23:23,800
Future damage. 
Men would complete Expeditions 

1555
01:23:23,800 --> 01:23:28,000
with permanent damage to their 
extremities Toes or fingers lost

1556
01:23:28,000 --> 01:23:30,800
to gangrene noses, scarred and 
discarded. 

1557
01:23:30,800 --> 01:23:34,400
A permanent record of their time
in the cold, the progression of 

1558
01:23:34,408 --> 01:23:37,100
frostbite was something, every 
Arctic Explorer learned to 

1559
01:23:37,100 --> 01:23:41,200
recognize, first, your skin 
would feel cold and perhaps 

1560
01:23:41,200 --> 01:23:44,900
tingle Then it would go numb, 
which was dangerous. 

1561
01:23:44,900 --> 01:23:48,600
Because pain is your body's 
warning system without feeling. 

1562
01:23:48,600 --> 01:23:51,600
You might not realize you were 
damaging tissue until it was too

1563
01:23:51,600 --> 01:23:54,100
late. 
The affected area would turn 

1564
01:23:54,108 --> 01:23:57,200
white or grayish, becoming waxy 
and appearance. 

1565
01:23:57,800 --> 01:24:00,700
This was the moment for 
immediate action warming, the 

1566
01:24:00,700 --> 01:24:04,000
area, gradually covering it and 
hoping the damage wasn't 

1567
01:24:04,000 --> 01:24:06,200
permanent. 
Your breath was your enemy. 

1568
01:24:06,200 --> 01:24:09,400
In Sub-Zero temperatures, the 
moisture in your breath would 

1569
01:24:09,400 --> 01:24:11,300
condense on any Fabric near your
mouth. 

1570
01:24:12,000 --> 01:24:17,400
Scarves coat collars, even 
beards and freezing to ice this 

1571
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:21,100
ice, would accumulate throughout
the day, creating a frozen mass 

1572
01:24:21,100 --> 01:24:23,600
that pressed against your skin 
and blocked airflow. 

1573
01:24:24,600 --> 01:24:28,100
Men would return to Camp with 
inches, thick, ice frozen to 

1574
01:24:28,100 --> 01:24:31,300
their faces, which had to be 
carefully thawed to avoid 

1575
01:24:31,300 --> 01:24:33,700
ripping away skin. 
Along with the ice snow 

1576
01:24:33,700 --> 01:24:36,400
blindness, was another Hazard 
that turned the beautiful 

1577
01:24:36,400 --> 01:24:39,200
article landscape into a source 
of agony. 

1578
01:24:40,300 --> 01:24:44,200
Sun reflecting off, endless 
white surfaces, created glare, 

1579
01:24:44,200 --> 01:24:46,900
that could damage your eyes 
without proper protection. 

1580
01:24:48,100 --> 01:24:52,500
Early Expeditions had crude 
Solutions, dark and glasses 

1581
01:24:52,500 --> 01:24:55,800
slits, cutting wood, or leather.
But these were not always 

1582
01:24:55,800 --> 01:24:58,600
effective. 
Snow blindness felt like having 

1583
01:24:58,600 --> 01:25:03,100
sand poured in your eyes 
followed by intense pain tearing

1584
01:25:03,100 --> 01:25:06,600
and temporary vision loss. 
Men Afflicted with 

1585
01:25:06,600 --> 01:25:10,500
snow-blindness had to be led by 
their companions, adding their 

1586
01:25:10,500 --> 01:25:14,200
weight, to the burden of travel.
The Mental effects of extreme 

1587
01:25:14,200 --> 01:25:17,800
cold were less visible, but 
equally challenging, Cold, 

1588
01:25:17,800 --> 01:25:21,500
affects your ability to think, 
clearly to make good decisions 

1589
01:25:21,500 --> 01:25:24,500
and to maintain focus on complex
tasks. 

1590
01:25:25,800 --> 01:25:27,700
Men would struggle with 
calculations. 

1591
01:25:27,700 --> 01:25:31,000
They could normally do in their 
sleep, they would forget things,

1592
01:25:31,000 --> 01:25:35,600
make errors in judgment and fail
to recognize dangers that should

1593
01:25:35,600 --> 01:25:38,500
have been obvious. 
This cognitive impairment 

1594
01:25:38,500 --> 01:25:42,000
happened gradually, so you might
not realize your thinking was 

1595
01:25:42,000 --> 01:25:45,000
impaired until you'd already 
made a critical mistake. 

1596
01:25:45,000 --> 01:25:49,900
Sleep in extreme cold was never,
truly restful your body could 

1597
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:52,900
not fully relaxed when it was 
constantly working to stay warm 

1598
01:25:52,900 --> 01:25:56,000
you drift in and out of 
Consciousness, rather than 

1599
01:25:56,000 --> 01:25:59,800
sleeping deeply. 
Dreams often Vivid and strange, 

1600
01:25:59,800 --> 01:26:04,500
possibly, because your brain was
partially deprived of oxygen, as

1601
01:26:04,500 --> 01:26:07,100
you breathe the cold thin air, 
inside your tent. 

1602
01:26:08,200 --> 01:26:11,800
Men would wake after 8 hours of 
sleep feeling more tired than 

1603
01:26:11,800 --> 01:26:14,500
when they had gone to bed 
clothing, that worked perfectly.

1604
01:26:14,500 --> 01:26:18,000
Well at zero degrees, would fail
catastrophically at 40 below. 

1605
01:26:18,900 --> 01:26:22,600
Materials became brittle leather
cracked metal. 

1606
01:26:22,600 --> 01:26:26,000
Fasteners became so cold, they'd
stick to skin and tear away 

1607
01:26:26,000 --> 01:26:29,200
flesh. 
Zippers in later, Expeditions 

1608
01:26:29,200 --> 01:26:32,900
would freeze solid and refused 
open or closed. 

1609
01:26:32,900 --> 01:26:36,100
Every piece of equipment had to 
be tested at temperature 

1610
01:26:36,100 --> 01:26:39,700
extremes, and even then some 
failures could not be predicted 

1611
01:26:39,700 --> 01:26:42,000
until you were depending on that
equipment in the field. 

1612
01:26:42,000 --> 01:26:46,000
The wind transformed merely cold
temperatures in to potentially 

1613
01:26:46,000 --> 01:26:49,100
lethal ones. 
Windshield wasn't understood 

1614
01:26:49,100 --> 01:26:53,100
scientifically during the early 
days of Arctic exploration, but 

1615
01:26:53,100 --> 01:26:55,600
everyone understood 
experientially that still are at

1616
01:26:55,600 --> 01:26:57,200
40. 
Belleau was survivable. 

1617
01:26:57,200 --> 01:26:59,700
While wind at the same 
temperature could kill you. 

1618
01:26:59,700 --> 01:27:02,200
The wind found every Gap in your
clothing. 

1619
01:27:02,200 --> 01:27:06,200
Every opening in your shelter, 
it drove cold through layers of 

1620
01:27:06,200 --> 01:27:10,200
fabric as if they were there. 
On Windy days, the only option 

1621
01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:13,600
was to hunker down and wait, 
because trying to travel was 

1622
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:16,900
simply too dangerous amid. 
All the hardship danger and 

1623
01:27:16,900 --> 01:27:19,700
discomfort the ark Arctic 
offered moments of beauty. 

1624
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:23,200
So profound that they Justified 
the suffering for many 

1625
01:27:23,200 --> 01:27:26,500
explorers, It's important to 
understand this because 

1626
01:27:26,500 --> 01:27:30,100
otherwise Arctic exploration 
seems like pure masochism. 

1627
01:27:30,100 --> 01:27:33,400
And while there might have been 
elements of that, there was also

1628
01:27:33,400 --> 01:27:36,000
genuine Wonder at experiencing a
landscape. 

1629
01:27:36,000 --> 01:27:39,900
Unlike anything else on Earth. 
The ice formations created by 

1630
01:27:39,900 --> 01:27:42,300
wind and water. 
When natural sculptures that 

1631
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:43,900
would have made any artist 
envious. 

1632
01:27:44,800 --> 01:27:48,000
Azure ridges, formed, towers and
walls of ice and shades. 

1633
01:27:48,000 --> 01:27:52,400
Ranging from Pure White, to 
deepest blue, depending on how 

1634
01:27:52,400 --> 01:27:55,900
the ice had formed, and how 
compressed it was old ice 

1635
01:27:55,900 --> 01:27:58,400
compressed over years. 
Could be so blue, it looked 

1636
01:27:58,408 --> 01:28:01,800
artificial like someone had 
dumped blue food coloring into 

1637
01:28:01,800 --> 01:28:05,900
water before freezing it These 
formations caught the light in 

1638
01:28:05,900 --> 01:28:09,200
ways that seemed impossible 
glowing from within even on 

1639
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:13,700
cloudy days, the Midnight Sun of
Arctic summer, created like that

1640
01:28:13,700 --> 01:28:15,700
seemed to come from everywhere 
at once. 

1641
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:20,700
Shadows existed but they were 
soft and diffused creating a 

1642
01:28:20,700 --> 01:28:24,000
landscape where depth perception
became challenging because your 

1643
01:28:24,000 --> 01:28:26,800
brain couldn't quite process. 
The visual information, it was 

1644
01:28:26,808 --> 01:28:30,100
receiving Photographers, who 
traveled with later. 

1645
01:28:30,100 --> 01:28:33,000
Expeditions struggled to capture
this quality of light. 

1646
01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:36,700
Finding that their equipment 
simply couldn't record what 

1647
01:28:36,700 --> 01:28:39,900
their eyes were seeing. 
The Aurora Borealis was a 

1648
01:28:39,900 --> 01:28:42,900
regular evening entertainment. 
During the dark months, though, 

1649
01:28:42,900 --> 01:28:46,200
entertainment makes it sound 
more controlled than it was. 

1650
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:50,900
The lights would appear without 
warning starting as a faint glow

1651
01:28:50,900 --> 01:28:54,400
on the Northern Horizon and 
building into curtains of color 

1652
01:28:54,400 --> 01:28:56,800
that rippled across the entire 
sky. 

1653
01:28:58,200 --> 01:29:02,000
Green was most common but 
purple's Reds and whites would 

1654
01:29:02,000 --> 01:29:05,800
appear dancing and shifting in 
patterns that seemed almost 

1655
01:29:05,800 --> 01:29:09,200
alive. 
Early explorers lacking 

1656
01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:12,300
scientific understanding of the 
phenomenon sometimes founded 

1657
01:29:12,300 --> 01:29:15,800
unsettling. 
This massive display of energy 

1658
01:29:15,800 --> 01:29:19,900
happening overhead, beautiful, 
but also alien and slightly 

1659
01:29:19,900 --> 01:29:23,700
threatening ice crystals in the 
are created Optical phenomena 

1660
01:29:23,700 --> 01:29:25,400
that bordered on the 
hallucinogenic. 

1661
01:29:26,300 --> 01:29:29,100
Sundogs appeared as bright spots
on either side of the sun 

1662
01:29:29,100 --> 01:29:33,200
sometimes as bright as the sun 
itself, making it look like the 

1663
01:29:33,200 --> 01:29:37,300
sky had three sons. 
Hylos and Light Pillars appeared

1664
01:29:37,300 --> 01:29:40,700
distorting the Sun and Moon into
abstract patterns. 

1665
01:29:41,700 --> 01:29:44,600
These phenomena were predictable
given the right atmospheric 

1666
01:29:44,600 --> 01:29:48,100
conditions, but that scientific 
understanding didn't make them 

1667
01:29:48,100 --> 01:29:51,400
any less striking to witness the
wildlife that appeared, 

1668
01:29:51,400 --> 01:29:54,200
occasionally brought life and 
movement to a landscape, that 

1669
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:58,400
often seemed entirely dead. 
Seals would surface in Leeds, 

1670
01:29:58,400 --> 01:30:01,600
their dark eyes watching humans,
with what seemed like 

1671
01:30:01,608 --> 01:30:05,400
intelligent curiosity before 
disappearing beneath the ice. 

1672
01:30:06,400 --> 01:30:10,000
Polar bears were both beautiful 
and terrifying perfectly 

1673
01:30:10,000 --> 01:30:12,000
adapted. 
Predators that could appear 

1674
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:16,800
silently, despite their massive 
size arctic, foxes with their 

1675
01:30:16,800 --> 01:30:19,300
white winter. 
Coats were almost invisible 

1676
01:30:19,300 --> 01:30:21,900
against Snow revealed only by 
movement. 

1677
01:30:21,900 --> 01:30:25,200
The stars in the Arctic Sky, 
were overwhelming in their 

1678
01:30:25,200 --> 01:30:28,000
brightness. 
And number, Away, from any 

1679
01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:31,000
human-like. 
Pollution in are so cold and 

1680
01:30:31,000 --> 01:30:32,700
clear. 
It felt like you could reach out

1681
01:30:32,700 --> 01:30:36,800
and touch the celestial objects.
The sky became a dome of light. 

1682
01:30:37,800 --> 01:30:40,500
The Milky Way was a River of 
Light flowing, overhead. 

1683
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:43,900
Planets were distinct discs 
rather than points. 

1684
01:30:44,700 --> 01:30:46,900
The number of visible stars was 
so great. 

1685
01:30:46,900 --> 01:30:49,800
That familiar constellations, 
became difficult to pick out, 

1686
01:30:49,800 --> 01:30:53,500
from the background noise of 
less lights, the sound of the 

1687
01:30:53,500 --> 01:30:55,400
Ark. 
When they occurred had a 

1688
01:30:55,400 --> 01:30:57,800
Clarity, that sounds from 
temperate climates couldn't 

1689
01:30:57,800 --> 01:31:00,200
match. 
A crack of ice, could be heard 

1690
01:31:00,200 --> 01:31:02,800
from Miles Away, sharp and 
distinct. 

1691
01:31:03,700 --> 01:31:07,000
The breathing of a seal at a 
distant, lead the window, over 

1692
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:09,700
ice, created a low moan that 
sounded almost Musical. 

1693
01:31:10,600 --> 01:31:14,000
The Sounds carried in ways that 
seem to violate normal acoustic 

1694
01:31:14,000 --> 01:31:18,100
rules arriving clear and 
distinct across distances that 

1695
01:31:18,100 --> 01:31:21,000
should have muffled them into 
nothing icebergs. 

1696
01:31:21,000 --> 01:31:25,200
When encountered were floating, 
skulkers the dwarf ships and Men

1697
01:31:25,200 --> 01:31:28,400
alike Most of an iceberg's mass 
is underwater. 

1698
01:31:28,400 --> 01:31:31,800
So, what you saw above the 
surface was merely a hint of the

1699
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:34,600
full structure. 
They drift slowly, with 

1700
01:31:34,600 --> 01:31:38,500
currants, occasionally carving, 
huge chunks, that would crash 

1701
01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:40,100
into the sea with sounds like 
thunder. 

1702
01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:44,400
The colors range from brilliant 
white to that deep blue of 

1703
01:31:44,400 --> 01:31:47,800
compressed ice. 
Sometimes striped with layers, 

1704
01:31:47,800 --> 01:31:51,800
that recorded years or centuries
of snowfall, the pure isolation 

1705
01:31:51,800 --> 01:31:54,700
of the Arctic landscape. 
Had its own beauty, though. 

1706
01:31:54,700 --> 01:31:57,900
This was a beauty that could 
easily become oppressive, you 

1707
01:31:57,900 --> 01:32:01,200
could stand on the ice and look 
in every direction seeing 

1708
01:32:01,200 --> 01:32:02,800
nothing but white to the 
Horizon. 

1709
01:32:02,800 --> 01:32:07,300
No trees, no Hills, no features 
to distinguish. 

1710
01:32:07,300 --> 01:32:11,900
One direction from another this 
emptiness was simultaneously 

1711
01:32:11,900 --> 01:32:15,000
peaceful and threatening. 
peaceful because there was 

1712
01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:18,800
nothing to disturb or threaten, 
you Threatening because there 

1713
01:32:18,800 --> 01:32:22,100
was also nothing to orient you 
or provide shelter. 

1714
01:32:22,100 --> 01:32:25,800
If you needed it, the quality of
Silence in the Arctic had to be 

1715
01:32:25,800 --> 01:32:30,100
experienced to be understood in 
your daily life, your surrounded

1716
01:32:30,100 --> 01:32:35,800
by a constant background noise, 
traffic appliances other people,

1717
01:32:35,800 --> 01:32:40,600
and the general hum of 
civilization In the Arctic that 

1718
01:32:40,600 --> 01:32:42,600
background noise, simply doesn't
exist. 

1719
01:32:43,900 --> 01:32:47,000
Silence is so complete that you 
can hear your own heartbeat, 

1720
01:32:47,000 --> 01:32:49,500
your own blood, moving through 
your ears. 

1721
01:32:50,600 --> 01:32:53,900
This silence was initially 
peaceful but over time it could 

1722
01:32:53,900 --> 01:32:58,200
become unsettling making men 
crave any sound just to break 

1723
01:32:58,200 --> 01:33:00,600
the monotony after months or 
years. 

1724
01:33:00,600 --> 01:33:03,900
On the ice came the moment every
Expedition anticipated with 

1725
01:33:03,900 --> 01:33:07,600
mixed feelings. 
The return Journey You'd 

1726
01:33:07,600 --> 01:33:11,200
accomplished your goals or you 
hadn't you'd survived or you 

1727
01:33:11,200 --> 01:33:14,300
were struggling. 
To either way, it was time to 

1728
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:17,200
try to get home. 
The journey home was often more 

1729
01:33:17,200 --> 01:33:19,900
difficult than the outward 
journey and not just because of 

1730
01:33:19,900 --> 01:33:22,500
the accumulated fatigue and 
depleted supplies. 

1731
01:33:23,300 --> 01:33:26,200
Psychologically, the return 
created a strange paradox. 

1732
01:33:27,100 --> 01:33:29,900
You were getting closer to 
safety comfort and the life 

1733
01:33:29,900 --> 01:33:32,800
you'd left behind, but you were 
also using your last reserves of

1734
01:33:32,808 --> 01:33:36,100
strength to get there. 
It was like a marathon where the

1735
01:33:36,100 --> 01:33:39,000
final miles hurt the most 
because you're running on 

1736
01:33:39,000 --> 01:33:42,900
nothing but determination ships 
that have been frozen in to the 

1737
01:33:42,900 --> 01:33:45,100
ice through, winter would wait 
for the summer Thor. 

1738
01:33:45,800 --> 01:33:48,900
Hoping the ice would release 
them intact, the crew would 

1739
01:33:48,900 --> 01:33:51,400
prepare for departure by 
clearing ice from around the 

1740
01:33:51,400 --> 01:33:53,400
whole. 
Checking the rigging and sails 

1741
01:33:53,400 --> 01:33:56,200
and making repairs to damage 
sustained. 

1742
01:33:56,200 --> 01:33:59,300
During winter. 
Then came the waiting. 

1743
01:34:00,000 --> 01:34:02,200
With the ice released them, 
early enough in the season to 

1744
01:34:02,200 --> 01:34:05,700
escape before the next winter. 
Would it release them at all? 

1745
01:34:06,500 --> 01:34:10,600
Some ships, never escaped 
crushed by ice or locked in 

1746
01:34:10,600 --> 01:34:13,500
place. 
As new ice formed their Crews 

1747
01:34:13,500 --> 01:34:16,200
forced to abandon ship and 
either wait for rescue or 

1748
01:34:16,200 --> 01:34:19,400
attempt to reach safety. 
Overland, sledging parties, 

1749
01:34:19,400 --> 01:34:22,900
returning from extended Journeys
face, the challenge of retracing

1750
01:34:22,900 --> 01:34:26,300
routes across ice that might 
have shifted dramatically since 

1751
01:34:26,300 --> 01:34:29,600
they're outward Journey. 
landmarks were useless in the 

1752
01:34:29,600 --> 01:34:33,400
Arctic, everything looked the 
same and the ice itself was 

1753
01:34:33,400 --> 01:34:38,100
constantly moving Navigation. 
Relied on careful records. 

1754
01:34:38,100 --> 01:34:42,100
Compass bearing and luck getting
lost was a constant danger 

1755
01:34:42,100 --> 01:34:45,400
because running out of food or 
fuel while lost meant death 

1756
01:34:45,400 --> 01:34:50,300
simple and certain the physical 
deterioration of men on extended

1757
01:34:50,300 --> 01:34:53,100
Arctic Expeditions was 
Progressive and cumulative. 

1758
01:34:54,000 --> 01:34:58,300
Scurvy caused by lack of vitamin
C would develop slowly starting 

1759
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:00,900
with fatigue. 
And lethargy, then progressing 

1760
01:35:00,900 --> 01:35:05,200
to bleeding gums, loosening 
teeth reopening of Old Wounds 

1761
01:35:05,200 --> 01:35:07,200
and eventual death, if not 
treated. 

1762
01:35:08,100 --> 01:35:11,200
Men didn't always recognize 
scurvy symptoms until the 

1763
01:35:11,200 --> 01:35:14,700
disease was Advanced and 
treatment required fresh food 

1764
01:35:14,700 --> 01:35:16,300
that wasn't available on the 
ice. 

1765
01:35:17,000 --> 01:35:19,500
Equipment that had functioned 
adequately on the outward, 

1766
01:35:19,500 --> 01:35:21,000
Journey often failed on the 
return. 

1767
01:35:21,900 --> 01:35:26,700
Sledges broke under stress 
tense, developed riffs, stove, 

1768
01:35:26,700 --> 01:35:30,400
stopped working clothing. 
Wore through every failure had 

1769
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:33,100
to be repaired with depleted, 
resources and increasing 

1770
01:35:33,100 --> 01:35:35,500
desperation. 
Because each breakdown ate into 

1771
01:35:35,508 --> 01:35:39,200
the small margin of safety that 
separated survival from 

1772
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:41,900
catastrophe. 
The mental state of returning, 

1773
01:35:41,900 --> 01:35:45,500
explorers often showed the 
strain men became irritable, 

1774
01:35:45,500 --> 01:35:48,500
depressed, and sometimes 
irrational. 

1775
01:35:49,400 --> 01:35:52,400
Small disputes could escalate 
into major conflicts because 

1776
01:35:52,400 --> 01:35:54,900
everyone's tolerance for 
frustration was exhausted. 

1777
01:35:55,900 --> 01:35:58,100
Leadership became crucial during
these periods. 

1778
01:35:58,100 --> 01:36:01,300
A good leader could hold a group
together, through force of 

1779
01:36:01,308 --> 01:36:02,900
personality and careful 
management. 

1780
01:36:02,900 --> 01:36:06,700
While poor leadership could lead
to the disintegration of group. 

1781
01:36:06,700 --> 01:36:10,600
Cohesion Food, Supplies on the 
return Journey were calculated 

1782
01:36:10,600 --> 01:36:12,800
to the last biscuit announced of
pemmican. 

1783
01:36:13,600 --> 01:36:17,300
Running short, meant reducing 
rations, and reduced rationals, 

1784
01:36:17,300 --> 01:36:20,900
met less energy for traveling, 
which meant slower progress, 

1785
01:36:20,900 --> 01:36:23,900
which meant needing food for 
more days than planned. 

1786
01:36:24,800 --> 01:36:27,100
This vicious cycle, trapped, 
many Expeditions. 

1787
01:36:27,100 --> 01:36:30,500
Forcing them to choose between 
maintaining their travel pace 

1788
01:36:30,500 --> 01:36:35,300
and starving or reducing pace 
and hoping they could make their

1789
01:36:35,300 --> 01:36:39,000
destination on reduced rations. 
The weather during the return. 

1790
01:36:39,000 --> 01:36:41,000
Often seem personally 
antagonistic. 

1791
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:43,300
Storms would appear at the 
worst. 

1792
01:36:43,300 --> 01:36:46,900
Possible moments Leeds would 
open directly across the route 

1793
01:36:46,900 --> 01:36:50,500
home ice conditions were 
deteriorate just to supplies 

1794
01:36:50,500 --> 01:36:53,400
were running low. 
This wasn't actually the weather

1795
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:56,100
being hostile, it was just 
weathered, doing what weather 

1796
01:36:56,100 --> 01:37:01,200
does, but to exhausted hungry, 
cold men, it felt personal 

1797
01:37:01,200 --> 01:37:04,800
recognition of land was the 
first sign that safety might 

1798
01:37:04,800 --> 01:37:08,200
actually be achievable. 
After weeks or months of 

1799
01:37:08,200 --> 01:37:11,800
featureless seeing the dark 
outline of a coast on the 

1800
01:37:11,800 --> 01:37:15,900
horizon produced emotional 
reactions, that strong men found

1801
01:37:15,900 --> 01:37:19,800
difficult to control. 
Land meant potential shelter, 

1802
01:37:19,800 --> 01:37:22,500
possible, game animals, and the 
end of the ice. 

1803
01:37:23,300 --> 01:37:26,700
It meant you might actually 
survive, but reaching land in 

1804
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:30,400
safety was assured. 
The coast of Arctic islands and 

1805
01:37:30,400 --> 01:37:33,000
the northern edges of continents
were often as Barren and 

1806
01:37:33,000 --> 01:37:38,100
inhospitable as the ice itself. 
Without supplies or shelter men 

1807
01:37:38,100 --> 01:37:40,200
could die on land as easily as 
on ice. 

1808
01:37:40,900 --> 01:37:44,000
The goal wasn't just reaching 
land but reaching a specific 

1809
01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:48,100
point where help food or 
previous Supply, caches were 

1810
01:37:48,100 --> 01:37:50,900
located Supply Depots 
established on the outward 

1811
01:37:50,900 --> 01:37:54,700
Journey were lifelines on the 
return small caches of food and 

1812
01:37:54,700 --> 01:37:57,100
fuel, that could make the 
difference between completing 

1813
01:37:57,100 --> 01:38:00,400
the journey and dying miles 
short of safety. 

1814
01:38:01,400 --> 01:38:05,100
Finding these Depots was crucial
and missing one by even a few 

1815
01:38:05,108 --> 01:38:09,400
hundred yards could be fatal. 
Expeditions would Mark Depot 

1816
01:38:09,400 --> 01:38:13,200
locations with flags careers and
careful no notation in their 

1817
01:38:13,200 --> 01:38:17,100
records but Arctic conditions 
could obliterate, even the most 

1818
01:38:17,100 --> 01:38:19,600
carefully. 
Constructed markers leaving 

1819
01:38:19,600 --> 01:38:22,200
explorers searching desperately 
for supplies. 

1820
01:38:22,200 --> 01:38:25,100
They knew were nearby, but 
couldn't locate the Final 

1821
01:38:25,100 --> 01:38:27,900
Approach to the ship or to 
civilization had its own 

1822
01:38:27,900 --> 01:38:31,800
psychological challenges. 
Men who had endured months of 

1823
01:38:31,800 --> 01:38:35,000
hardship with stoic 
determination sometimes broke 

1824
01:38:35,000 --> 01:38:37,400
down emotionally. 
When safety was finally assured.

1825
01:38:38,500 --> 01:38:41,900
The relief of survival combined 
with exhaustion and the release 

1826
01:38:41,900 --> 01:38:46,100
of tension that had been held 
for so long produced reactions 

1827
01:38:46,100 --> 01:38:49,200
ranging from tears to 
hysterical, laughter to 

1828
01:38:49,200 --> 01:38:52,900
complete, emotional numbness, 
reunion with Shipmates, who had 

1829
01:38:52,900 --> 01:38:55,500
remained at base camp, was 
complicated by the changes. 

1830
01:38:55,500 --> 01:38:59,400
Both groups had experience the 
returning Explorer has been 

1831
01:38:59,408 --> 01:39:02,700
tested by conditions, the others
could only imagine while those 

1832
01:39:02,700 --> 01:39:04,900
who remained had dealt with 
their own challenges of 

1833
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:09,500
isolation and waiting, There was
often a disconnect a difficulty 

1834
01:39:09,500 --> 01:39:12,200
in communicating experiences, 
that seemed impossible to 

1835
01:39:12,200 --> 01:39:15,400
explain to people who hadn't 
shared them ships, departing, 

1836
01:39:15,400 --> 01:39:18,800
the Arctic had a time, their 
escape carefully too early. 

1837
01:39:18,800 --> 01:39:21,300
And the ice wouldn't have 
cleared enough to allow passage 

1838
01:39:21,300 --> 01:39:25,100
to late and the ship risk being 
trapped for another winter. 

1839
01:39:26,600 --> 01:39:29,800
The journey South through ice 
choked Waters was nerve-racking 

1840
01:39:29,800 --> 01:39:32,300
every moment. 
Bringing the possibility of ice 

1841
01:39:32,300 --> 01:39:35,800
closing in and preventing 
further progress, Only when the 

1842
01:39:35,800 --> 01:39:38,900
ship reached ice-free Waters. 
Could the crew truly relax 

1843
01:39:38,900 --> 01:39:43,100
knowing they'd actually escaped 
a return to civilization was 

1844
01:39:43,100 --> 01:39:46,400
jarring in ways that returning. 
Explorers often struggled to 

1845
01:39:46,400 --> 01:39:52,200
articulate, after months or 
years of Silence isolation, and 

1846
01:39:52,200 --> 01:39:56,400
simplicity, the noise and 
complexity of cities felt 

1847
01:39:56,400 --> 01:40:00,100
overwhelming Food. 
That once seemed like the height

1848
01:40:00,100 --> 01:40:03,100
of luxury. 
Now seemed almost too rich, two 

1849
01:40:03,100 --> 01:40:07,200
varied. 
Beds were too soft rooms to warm

1850
01:40:07,200 --> 01:40:11,200
and everything was moving too 
fast. some explorers adjusted 

1851
01:40:11,200 --> 01:40:15,000
quickly others found themselves,
permanently Changed, by the time

1852
01:40:15,000 --> 01:40:17,900
in the Arctic never quite 
comfortable in normal life 

1853
01:40:17,900 --> 01:40:20,700
again, now that we've followed 
these explorers through their 

1854
01:40:20,700 --> 01:40:24,100
entire Journey, it's worth 
considering what this experience

1855
01:40:24,100 --> 01:40:28,200
costs them and what they gained 
Because the account books of 

1856
01:40:28,200 --> 01:40:31,300
Arctic exploration, don't 
balance in any conventional 

1857
01:40:31,300 --> 01:40:34,700
sense, the physical toll was 
obvious and permanent. 

1858
01:40:35,400 --> 01:40:39,200
Frostbite damage, left men with 
scarred faces, missing fingers 

1859
01:40:39,200 --> 01:40:43,100
or toes and reduce circulation 
that made them sensitive to cold

1860
01:40:43,100 --> 01:40:46,700
for the rest of their lives. 
The extreme exertion of sledging

1861
01:40:46,700 --> 01:40:50,700
damaged hearts and joints. 
Scurvy weakened bones and teeth.

1862
01:40:51,500 --> 01:40:55,000
Men who went into the Arctic in 
their Prime returned aged beyond

1863
01:40:55,000 --> 01:40:58,300
their years, their bodies 
carrying the accumulated damage 

1864
01:40:58,300 --> 01:41:01,100
of months or years of extreme 
conditions. 

1865
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:05,300
The cycle effects were less 
visible, but equally lasting 

1866
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:09,500
modern psychology would probably
diagnose many returning 

1867
01:41:09,500 --> 01:41:13,700
explorers with what we now. 
Call PTSD, nightmare's, 

1868
01:41:13,700 --> 01:41:18,100
heightened startle responses and
difficulty adjusting to normal 

1869
01:41:18,100 --> 01:41:22,100
social interactions. 
Some men never fully readjusted 

1870
01:41:22,100 --> 01:41:25,500
to civilian life. 
Finding themselves drawn back to

1871
01:41:25,500 --> 01:41:27,900
the Arctic, despite knowing what
they'd endure. 

1872
01:41:27,900 --> 01:41:30,600
Their, it was. 
As if the experience had changed

1873
01:41:30,600 --> 01:41:32,900
something fundamental in how 
they related to the world 

1874
01:41:32,900 --> 01:41:37,400
families paid their own price 
for Arctic exploration, Children

1875
01:41:37,400 --> 01:41:40,300
grew up with absent fathers, or 
without fathers at all, when 

1876
01:41:40,300 --> 01:41:44,800
Expeditions ended in tragedy. 
Wives became widows or lived in 

1877
01:41:44,800 --> 01:41:48,700
uncertainty for years managing 
households and raising children 

1878
01:41:48,700 --> 01:41:51,400
alone, while hoping for news 
that might never come. 

1879
01:41:52,200 --> 01:41:54,600
The financial burden was also 
significant. 

1880
01:41:54,600 --> 01:41:58,800
Explorers often died, leaving 
their families in debt from 

1881
01:41:58,800 --> 01:42:02,400
Expedition preparations. 
But there are also games that 

1882
01:42:02,400 --> 01:42:06,500
the Explorers themselves, 
considered worth the cost, The 

1883
01:42:06,500 --> 01:42:09,400
geographic knowledge, they 
brought back genuinely Advanced 

1884
01:42:09,400 --> 01:42:10,900
human understanding of the 
planet. 

1885
01:42:12,000 --> 01:42:16,500
Maps were filled in currents and
weather patterns documented and 

1886
01:42:16,500 --> 01:42:19,100
scientific observations made 
that couldn't have been 

1887
01:42:19,108 --> 01:42:21,700
obtained. 
Any other way, This knowledge 

1888
01:42:21,700 --> 01:42:24,900
had practical value for 
navigation for understanding 

1889
01:42:24,900 --> 01:42:28,300
Global Climate patterns and for 
expanding the boundaries of 

1890
01:42:28,300 --> 01:42:30,900
human knowledge. 
The personal trouts formation 

1891
01:42:30,900 --> 01:42:34,200
that Arctic exploration produced
in successful Expeditions 

1892
01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:37,100
created men with capabilities 
they'd never known they 

1893
01:42:37,100 --> 01:42:39,600
possessed. 
They'd learned that they could 

1894
01:42:39,600 --> 01:42:43,000
endure conditions. 
They thought impossible solved 

1895
01:42:43,000 --> 01:42:45,500
problems with the limited 
resources and maintain 

1896
01:42:45,500 --> 01:42:48,200
discipline and purpose. 
When every Instinct said to give

1897
01:42:48,208 --> 01:42:51,100
up These weren't abstract 
lessons. 

1898
01:42:51,100 --> 01:42:54,400
They were proven capabilities 
that shaped how these men 

1899
01:42:54,400 --> 01:42:56,900
approached every subsequent 
challenge in their lives. 

1900
01:42:56,900 --> 01:42:59,700
The sense of accomplishment from
successful. 

1901
01:42:59,700 --> 01:43:02,600
Arctic exploration was profound 
and Lasting. 

1902
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:06,600
These men had set themselves 
goals that required years of 

1903
01:43:06,600 --> 01:43:10,600
preparation, and months of 
extreme effort to achieve. when 

1904
01:43:10,600 --> 01:43:14,800
they succeeded reaching the 
pole, charting unknown Coastline

1905
01:43:14,800 --> 01:43:18,300
completing, a sledging journey, 
that others thought impossible, 

1906
01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:21,900
they'd probe, and something to 
themselves, and to the world, 

1907
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:26,000
That accomplishment could not be
taken away by later difficulties

1908
01:43:26,000 --> 01:43:29,600
or failures in other areas of 
life, the camaraderie developed 

1909
01:43:29,600 --> 01:43:32,900
during Arctic Expeditions 
created bonds, that lasted life 

1910
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:35,400
times. 
Men who had depended on each 

1911
01:43:35,400 --> 01:43:38,100
other for survival in conditions
were a single mistake. 

1912
01:43:38,100 --> 01:43:42,300
Could kill everyone developed 
trust and friendship that normal

1913
01:43:42,300 --> 01:43:44,300
social interactions could not 
match. 

1914
01:43:45,100 --> 01:43:49,000
Veterans of Arctic Expeditions 
would gather decades later and 

1915
01:43:49,000 --> 01:43:51,400
the conversation would 
immediately return to Shared 

1916
01:43:51,400 --> 01:43:54,300
experience is that outside. 
As could not fully understand 

1917
01:43:54,300 --> 01:43:57,800
some explorers found in the 
Arctic, a Clarity, and 

1918
01:43:57,800 --> 01:44:01,700
simplicity that, eluded them in 
normal life, Out on the ice, the

1919
01:44:01,700 --> 01:44:05,800
goals were clear, the challenges
were obvious and success or 

1920
01:44:05,800 --> 01:44:09,200
failure was unambiguous. 
There was no politics to 

1921
01:44:09,200 --> 01:44:13,500
navigate no social ambiguity to 
interpret and no complex 

1922
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:15,700
decisions about career or 
family. 

1923
01:44:16,400 --> 01:44:21,300
You walked you survived and you 
completed your objectives or you

1924
01:44:21,300 --> 01:44:24,100
didn't. 
For men, who found the 

1925
01:44:24,100 --> 01:44:27,900
complexity of civilization 
overwhelming, the Arctic offered

1926
01:44:27,900 --> 01:44:29,700
relief through its brutal 
honesty. 

1927
01:44:29,700 --> 01:44:33,400
The Arctic landscape itself left
Impressions, that stayed with 

1928
01:44:33,408 --> 01:44:37,500
explorers for life. 
Men would describe decades 

1929
01:44:37,500 --> 01:44:41,600
later. specific moments of 
beauty or Terror with Clarity 

1930
01:44:41,600 --> 01:44:44,700
that suggested, they'd been 
thinking about those moments 

1931
01:44:44,700 --> 01:44:48,200
regularly in the intervening 
Year's particular formation of 

1932
01:44:48,200 --> 01:44:52,400
ice, the quality of light during
a certain Sunset, the sound of 

1933
01:44:52,400 --> 01:44:56,400
wind over snow during a blizzard
These memories became 

1934
01:44:56,400 --> 01:45:00,300
touchstone's reference points 
that shape how they experience, 

1935
01:45:00,300 --> 01:45:03,500
everything else. 
The fame and recognition that 

1936
01:45:03,500 --> 01:45:07,700
successful Arctic explorers 
received was considerable in an 

1937
01:45:07,700 --> 01:45:10,700
era that celebrated this 
particular form of Adventure. 

1938
01:45:11,500 --> 01:45:15,800
They gave lectures wrote books 
and received medals and honors 

1939
01:45:15,800 --> 01:45:18,100
from Geographic, societies and 
governments. 

1940
01:45:18,900 --> 01:45:22,400
This recognition provided 
Financial Security and social 

1941
01:45:22,400 --> 01:45:25,200
status that wouldn't have been 
available through normal 

1942
01:45:25,200 --> 01:45:28,000
careers. 
For men from Modest backgrounds,

1943
01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:31,600
Arctic exploration was 
potentially a path to 

1944
01:45:31,600 --> 01:45:34,300
prominence, but Fame brought its
own complications. 

1945
01:45:34,300 --> 01:45:37,900
Explorers were expected to 
present their experiences in 

1946
01:45:37,908 --> 01:45:40,400
ways that emphasized heroism and
Adventure. 

1947
01:45:40,400 --> 01:45:44,300
While downplaying the more 
mundane or unpleasant aspects, 

1948
01:45:44,900 --> 01:45:47,500
they had to maintain public 
images that might not match 

1949
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:51,300
their private Realtors. 
Pressure to organize and Lead. 

1950
01:45:51,300 --> 01:45:55,000
Subsequent Expeditions could be 
intense creating expectations 

1951
01:45:55,000 --> 01:45:58,500
that were difficult to escape. 
Even when explorers might have 

1952
01:45:58,500 --> 01:46:00,400
preferred to retire from Arctic 
work. 

1953
01:46:01,200 --> 01:46:05,100
Failures haunted, the survivors,
not every Expedition succeeded 

1954
01:46:05,100 --> 01:46:09,600
and not every Explorer returned.
The men who did return, often 

1955
01:46:09,600 --> 01:46:13,800
carried, guilt about companion, 
who hadn't making decisions that

1956
01:46:13,800 --> 01:46:16,600
might have saved their own lives
but cost others theirs. 

1957
01:46:17,300 --> 01:46:20,200
This Guild was a weight that 
couldn't be shared with people 

1958
01:46:20,200 --> 01:46:22,800
who hadn't been there and 
couldn't understand the 

1959
01:46:22,800 --> 01:46:26,800
impossible choice is that Arctic
conditions sometimes forced has 

1960
01:46:26,800 --> 01:46:29,700
your line there and your 
comfortable bed, warm and safe. 

1961
01:46:29,700 --> 01:46:33,200
Probably wondering why anyone 
would voluntarily subject 

1962
01:46:33,200 --> 01:46:36,700
themselves to the conditions. 
We've been describing Let's talk

1963
01:46:36,700 --> 01:46:41,100
about motivation. because 
understanding, why people chose 

1964
01:46:41,100 --> 01:46:44,600
art to exploration, helps 
explain something about human 

1965
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:47,800
nature that goes beyond 
Geographic, curiosity, the 

1966
01:46:47,800 --> 01:46:51,200
official justifications for 
Arctic Expeditions were 

1967
01:46:51,200 --> 01:46:54,800
scientific and Geographic There 
were coastlines to chart, 

1968
01:46:54,800 --> 01:46:59,600
magnetic phenomena to study 
meteorological observations to 

1969
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:02,600
record and biological specimens 
to collect. 

1970
01:47:03,500 --> 01:47:07,300
These were legitimate scientific
goals and the data collected 

1971
01:47:07,300 --> 01:47:10,500
during Arctic Expeditions did 
Advance human knowledge in 

1972
01:47:10,500 --> 01:47:14,200
meaningful ways. 
But if we're being honest, pure 

1973
01:47:14,200 --> 01:47:18,100
scientific curiosity doesn't 
fully explain why men risk their

1974
01:47:18,100 --> 01:47:20,800
lives in environments that could
kill them in minutes. 

1975
01:47:20,800 --> 01:47:25,700
National pride and competition. 
Drove many Expeditions the race 

1976
01:47:25,700 --> 01:47:28,600
to reach the North Pole. 
Became a matter of prestige for 

1977
01:47:28,600 --> 01:47:30,900
Nations that wanted to 
demonstrate their superiority 

1978
01:47:30,900 --> 01:47:33,800
through their explorers as 
achievements. 

1979
01:47:35,100 --> 01:47:37,900
Being first to some previously, 
unreached point on the globe, 

1980
01:47:37,900 --> 01:47:42,500
had no practical value, but it 
had enormous symbolic value in 

1981
01:47:42,500 --> 01:47:45,400
an air and National greatness 
was measured partly by such 

1982
01:47:45,400 --> 01:47:48,800
achievements. 
Countries funded Expeditions as 

1983
01:47:48,800 --> 01:47:52,100
a form of peaceful competition 
proving their worth through 

1984
01:47:52,100 --> 01:47:54,900
their citizens endurance. 
Rather, than through Warfare 

1985
01:47:54,900 --> 01:47:58,800
personal ambition was a powerful
motivator that explorers didn't 

1986
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:01,600
always acknowledged publicly, 
but was evident in their 

1987
01:48:01,600 --> 01:48:05,900
actions, Fame recognition, the 
chance to have your name 

1988
01:48:05,900 --> 01:48:08,900
permanently attached to 
geographic features or 

1989
01:48:08,900 --> 01:48:12,800
exploration Milestones. 
These were powerful incentives 

1990
01:48:12,800 --> 01:48:15,500
for men who might otherwise have
lived Anonymous lives. 

1991
01:48:16,600 --> 01:48:20,300
Arctic exploration offered a 
path to immortality through 

1992
01:48:20,300 --> 01:48:23,200
achievement that was available 
to relatively few people in 

1993
01:48:23,200 --> 01:48:26,800
other fields, the pure challenge
attracted a certain personality 

1994
01:48:26,800 --> 01:48:30,100
type that modern psychology 
might classify some sensation 

1995
01:48:30,100 --> 01:48:34,100
seeking or novelty seeking. 
These were people who found 

1996
01:48:34,100 --> 01:48:37,700
normal life, boring, who needed 
challenges that tested them to 

1997
01:48:37,700 --> 01:48:40,800
their limits and who couldn't be
satisfied with comfortable 

1998
01:48:40,800 --> 01:48:44,200
predictability. 
The Arctic offered challenges 

1999
01:48:44,200 --> 01:48:47,600
that were undeniably genuine. 
You couldn't fake your way 

2000
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:49,200
through conditions that could 
kill you. 

2001
01:48:49,200 --> 01:48:53,200
If you made mistakes escape from
civilization's complexities 

2002
01:48:53,200 --> 01:48:56,000
appeal to men who found normal 
social and professional life. 

2003
01:48:57,500 --> 01:49:01,900
The Arctic offered Simplicity 
survive travel and achieve your 

2004
01:49:01,908 --> 01:49:04,700
objectives. 
There were no office politics, 

2005
01:49:04,700 --> 01:49:08,400
no, social climbing, and no need
to maintain appearances, or 

2006
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:10,200
navigate complex, social 
situations. 

2007
01:49:11,600 --> 01:49:14,800
Everything was reduced to 
Essentials which some people 

2008
01:49:14,808 --> 01:49:17,500
found refreshing. 
Despite the physical hardships 

2009
01:49:17,500 --> 01:49:21,100
involved, the Romantic notion of
Adventure played a larger role 

2010
01:49:21,100 --> 01:49:23,500
than practical minded explorers 
like to admit. 

2011
01:49:24,400 --> 01:49:27,300
They'd grown up reading accounts
of previous Expeditions. 

2012
01:49:27,300 --> 01:49:32,000
Imagining themselves in similar 
situations dreaming of testing 

2013
01:49:32,000 --> 01:49:35,600
themselves against the same 
challenges, the Arctic existed 

2014
01:49:35,600 --> 01:49:38,700
partly in their imaginations 
before they ever experienced it 

2015
01:49:38,700 --> 01:49:40,900
physically. 
And the real Arctic had to 

2016
01:49:40,900 --> 01:49:45,300
compete with the idealized 
Arctic of their dreams Economic 

2017
01:49:45,300 --> 01:49:47,400
Opportunity. 
Motivated some participants 

2018
01:49:48,200 --> 01:49:50,600
Particularly crew members who 
were independently wealthy. 

2019
01:49:51,500 --> 01:49:55,400
Arctic Expeditions paid well by 
the standards of the time and 

2020
01:49:55,400 --> 01:49:59,500
the possibility of Book Sales 
lecture tours and other revenue 

2021
01:49:59,500 --> 01:50:02,700
from successful Expeditions 
represented potential Financial 

2022
01:50:02,700 --> 01:50:06,600
Security. for working class, 
Sailors, and Tradesmen, and 

2023
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:09,400
Arctic Expedition, could mean 
Financial advancement that 

2024
01:50:09,400 --> 01:50:12,700
normally employment wouldn't 
provide the desire to prove, 

2025
01:50:12,700 --> 01:50:16,900
something to themselves to 
critics, to society drove, 

2026
01:50:16,900 --> 01:50:20,800
explorers, who felt they had 
something to demonstrate Some 

2027
01:50:20,800 --> 01:50:22,800
came from backgrounds, where 
they'd been dismissed or 

2028
01:50:22,800 --> 01:50:26,400
underestimated, others had 
failed in previous Endeavors, 

2029
01:50:26,400 --> 01:50:30,500
and saw Arctic exploration as a 
chance for Redemption. 

2030
01:50:32,000 --> 01:50:35,000
The Arctic was an arena where 
personal capability could be 

2031
01:50:35,008 --> 01:50:38,700
proven, any argument? 
Because survival itself was 

2032
01:50:38,700 --> 01:50:43,000
proof of competence the Allure 
of the unknown, exercised, a 

2033
01:50:43,000 --> 01:50:45,500
powerful, pull on mines, that 
chafed at the feeling that the 

2034
01:50:45,500 --> 01:50:50,700
world was becoming to mapped to 
know to tame The Arctic 

2035
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:53,200
represented one of the last 
places on Earth where you could 

2036
01:50:53,200 --> 01:50:55,800
genuinely go where no human had 
been before. 

2037
01:50:55,800 --> 01:50:59,700
See things, no one had seen and 
experienced the novelty of 

2038
01:50:59,700 --> 01:51:02,600
Discovery in an era when most of
the world had already been 

2039
01:51:02,600 --> 01:51:05,400
explored. 
But is the thing about you and 

2040
01:51:05,400 --> 01:51:08,400
this isn't a criticism, just an 
observation, you probably 

2041
01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:10,900
wouldn't do it. 
Your reading this while 

2042
01:51:10,900 --> 01:51:14,400
comfortable, and warm with food,
readily available and all your 

2043
01:51:14,400 --> 01:51:18,300
fingers and toes intact. 
The thought of voluntarily 

2044
01:51:18,300 --> 01:51:21,300
putting yourself in conditions, 
where you might lose body parts 

2045
01:51:21,300 --> 01:51:23,900
to frostbite. 
Where you eat the same 

2046
01:51:23,900 --> 01:51:27,700
monotonous food for months. 
Where you'd go without bathing 

2047
01:51:27,700 --> 01:51:32,000
for weeks where every day would 
bring genuine risk of death. 

2048
01:51:32,800 --> 01:51:36,500
That probably doesn't appeal to 
you and that's entirely 

2049
01:51:36,500 --> 01:51:40,000
reasonable. 
The cost benefit analysis of 

2050
01:51:40,000 --> 01:51:42,500
Arctic exploration, doesn't make
sense for most people. 

2051
01:51:42,500 --> 01:51:48,200
The suffering was real prolonged
and guaranteed, the rewards are 

2052
01:51:48,200 --> 01:51:50,600
uncertain. 
And even when achieved, they 

2053
01:51:50,600 --> 01:51:53,700
didn't necessarily translate 
into happiness or fulfillment. 

2054
01:51:54,600 --> 01:51:57,900
Many successful explorers ended 
their lives, disappointed 

2055
01:51:57,900 --> 01:52:02,300
restless and unable to recapture
the sense of purpose, they'd 

2056
01:52:02,300 --> 01:52:05,700
felt during their expeditions. 
You have different sources of 

2057
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:07,600
meaning and achievement of 
available to you. 

2058
01:52:07,600 --> 01:52:12,000
Career accomplishments family, 
relationships, creative, 

2059
01:52:12,000 --> 01:52:15,600
Pursuits, intellectual 
achievements and Community 

2060
01:52:15,600 --> 01:52:19,000
involvement. 
These don't require risking your

2061
01:52:19,000 --> 01:52:20,900
life or enduring months of 
hardship. 

2062
01:52:22,000 --> 01:52:25,200
Their more sustainable, more 
compatible with long-term, 

2063
01:52:25,200 --> 01:52:28,400
well-being and less likely to 
result in missing toes. 

2064
01:52:28,400 --> 01:52:32,000
The personality traits that made
someone an effective Arctic 

2065
01:52:32,000 --> 01:52:36,100
Explorer, extreme risk tolerant 
ability to endure, prolonged 

2066
01:52:36,100 --> 01:52:39,000
discomfort, without complaint. 
Willingness to subordinate 

2067
01:52:39,000 --> 01:52:42,300
personal Comfort to long-term 
goals, and comfort with 

2068
01:52:42,300 --> 01:52:46,300
isolation aren't necessarily 
healthy or adaptive in modern 

2069
01:52:46,300 --> 01:52:49,200
society. 
We generally want people who 

2070
01:52:49,200 --> 01:52:52,300
have reasonable risk assessment,
you take care of their physical 

2071
01:52:52,300 --> 01:52:55,900
and mental health, and who 
maintain balanced lives. 

2072
01:52:57,300 --> 01:53:01,500
The single-minded obsessiveness,
that Arctic, exploration often 

2073
01:53:01,500 --> 01:53:04,300
required isn't something. 
We'd usually consider a positive

2074
01:53:04,300 --> 01:53:06,400
trait. 
So, when we look back at Arctic,

2075
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:10,100
explorers with a mixture of 
admiration and bafflement, we're

2076
01:53:10,100 --> 01:53:13,400
responding appropriately. 
What they did was, genuinely 

2077
01:53:13,400 --> 01:53:16,500
impressive, requiring 
capabilities that deserve 

2078
01:53:16,500 --> 01:53:20,100
recognition. but it's also okay 
to look at their choices and 

2079
01:53:20,108 --> 01:53:23,900
think I'm glad they did it so I 
can read about it but I am glad 

2080
01:53:23,900 --> 01:53:27,200
I don't have to do it myself as 
we near the end of our journey 

2081
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:31,200
through the Frozen world of 
Arctic explorers, Let's consider

2082
01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:33,600
what these stories of endurance 
and exploration. 

2083
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:38,500
Teach us about human capability,
limitation, and the strange 

2084
01:53:38,500 --> 01:53:41,000
relationship between comfort and
accomplishment. 

2085
01:53:41,000 --> 01:53:44,400
The Arctic proved that human 
beings could survive in 

2086
01:53:44,400 --> 01:53:47,200
environments that seemed 
completely incompatible with 

2087
01:53:47,200 --> 01:53:50,000
human life, where tropical 
animals, really? 

2088
01:53:50,600 --> 01:53:54,100
Hairless primates designed for 
warm climates with readily 

2089
01:53:54,100 --> 01:53:58,400
available food and water. 
Fact that humans could not just 

2090
01:53:58,400 --> 01:54:01,400
survive but function effectively
in Arctic conditions 

2091
01:54:01,400 --> 01:54:05,100
demonstrates, the power of 
intelligence preparation and 

2092
01:54:05,100 --> 01:54:08,500
determination to override our 
biological limitations. 

2093
01:54:09,400 --> 01:54:12,300
We're not the strongest or 
fastest species, but we might be

2094
01:54:12,300 --> 01:54:15,000
the most stubborn. 
The importance of preparation 

2095
01:54:15,000 --> 01:54:18,600
became evident in every Arctic 
Expeditions outcome. 

2096
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:21,200
The ones that succeeded 
generally did. 

2097
01:54:21,200 --> 01:54:24,600
So because they'd anticipated 
problems and prepared Solutions 

2098
01:54:25,300 --> 01:54:28,800
The ones that failed often did 
so because of seemingly small 

2099
01:54:28,800 --> 01:54:33,400
oversights wrong type of fuel 
insufficient food reserves in 

2100
01:54:33,400 --> 01:54:37,800
adequate clothing that cascaded 
into catastrophic problems. 

2101
01:54:38,600 --> 01:54:41,700
This lesson about thorough 
preparation applies, far beyond 

2102
01:54:41,700 --> 01:54:46,800
Arctic exploration in any 
Endeavor the work you do before 

2103
01:54:46,800 --> 01:54:49,400
the challenge begins off. 
And determines whether you 

2104
01:54:49,400 --> 01:54:53,100
succeed or fail. 
The cycle dimension of extreme 

2105
01:54:53,100 --> 01:54:55,700
challenges proved as important 
as the physical one. 

2106
01:54:56,600 --> 01:55:00,000
Men with Superior physical 
conditioning, sometimes fail in 

2107
01:55:00,000 --> 01:55:03,700
the Arctic while less physically
impressive individual succeeded,

2108
01:55:03,700 --> 01:55:08,200
because mental resilience, 
adaptability and emotional 

2109
01:55:08,200 --> 01:55:11,100
control mattered, more than raw,
strength or endurance. 

2110
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:15,700
The ability to maintain 
discipline purpose and hope when

2111
01:55:15,700 --> 01:55:18,800
everything was going wrong. 
Separated survivors from 

2112
01:55:18,800 --> 01:55:21,600
casualties. 
This reminds us that 

2113
01:55:21,600 --> 01:55:24,800
psychological preparation 
deserves as much attention as 

2114
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:27,100
physical preparation for any 
major challenge. 

2115
01:55:27,100 --> 01:55:30,500
The value of incremental 
progress, showed itself in every

2116
01:55:30,500 --> 01:55:34,200
successful, sledging Journey, No
one crossed the Arctic in a 

2117
01:55:34,200 --> 01:55:37,100
single day. 
Success came from moving 

2118
01:55:37,100 --> 01:55:42,100
forward, consistently day after 
day, even when progress seemed 

2119
01:55:42,100 --> 01:55:44,900
minimal. 
This patients with slow 

2120
01:55:44,900 --> 01:55:49,200
advancement this willingness to 
accept the big goals are 

2121
01:55:49,200 --> 01:55:53,900
achieved through small steps. 
Repeated many times, that's a 

2122
01:55:53,900 --> 01:55:57,100
lesson that translates directly 
to any long-term project or life

2123
01:55:57,100 --> 01:55:59,400
goal. 
The Arctic demonstrated, both 

2124
01:55:59,400 --> 01:56:01,500
the power and limits of human 
willpower. 

2125
01:56:02,400 --> 01:56:05,700
Explorers could push through 
incredible hardship through 

2126
01:56:05,700 --> 01:56:09,100
sheer determination. 
But willpower couldn't override 

2127
01:56:09,100 --> 01:56:12,300
physical realities and 
definitely You could will 

2128
01:56:12,300 --> 01:56:15,000
yourself to keep walking when 
your body wanted to stop. 

2129
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:18,800
But you couldn't will yourself 
to survive without food or 

2130
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:22,900
warmth Beyond certain limits. 
Understanding both the power of 

2131
01:56:22,900 --> 01:56:27,200
determination and its boundaries
his crucial for tackling any 

2132
01:56:27,200 --> 01:56:30,100
significant challenge the 
importance of accurate 

2133
01:56:30,100 --> 01:56:33,000
self-assessment became literally
life or death in the ark 

2134
01:56:33,000 --> 01:56:36,800
explorers who understood their 
own limits and capabilities, 

2135
01:56:36,800 --> 01:56:40,800
realistically were more likely 
to survive than those who either

2136
01:56:40,800 --> 01:56:44,000
underestimated the challenges or
overestimated, their own 

2137
01:56:44,000 --> 01:56:46,600
abilities. 
The Arctic punished both 

2138
01:56:46,600 --> 01:56:51,400
excessive caution, and excessive
confidence, rewarding instead a 

2139
01:56:51,400 --> 01:56:53,700
clear-eyed assessment of what 
was actually possible. 

2140
01:56:53,700 --> 01:56:57,900
Given specific circumstances. 
The relationship between 

2141
01:56:57,900 --> 01:57:00,900
suffering and accomplishment 
became clear through Arctic 

2142
01:57:00,900 --> 01:57:04,800
exploration, The Explorers 
endured tremendous hardship. 

2143
01:57:05,500 --> 01:57:08,600
But that hardship was the price 
of achieving goals that mattered

2144
01:57:08,600 --> 01:57:10,700
to them. 
This doesn't mean suffering is 

2145
01:57:10,700 --> 01:57:15,300
inherently valuable pointless 
suffering is just pointless. but

2146
01:57:15,300 --> 01:57:18,300
it does suggest that meaningful 
accomplishment often requires 

2147
01:57:18,300 --> 01:57:21,500
accepting discomfort or 
difficulty, as the necessary 

2148
01:57:21,500 --> 01:57:25,300
cost of achieving something 
worthwhile, the power of purpose

2149
01:57:25,300 --> 01:57:28,000
to sustain people through 
hardship showed itself 

2150
01:57:28,000 --> 01:57:32,700
repeatedly, Men who had clear 
meaningful goals, could endure 

2151
01:57:32,700 --> 01:57:36,500
conditions that broke others who
lacked such purposes. having a 

2152
01:57:36,508 --> 01:57:40,200
reason to keep going with a 
reaching the pole, completing 

2153
01:57:40,200 --> 01:57:44,400
scientific observations simply 
getting home to family provided 

2154
01:57:44,400 --> 01:57:47,200
mental strength, that 
complemented physical endurance,

2155
01:57:48,100 --> 01:57:51,700
This principle applies broadly, 
having a clear purpose makes 

2156
01:57:51,700 --> 01:57:56,100
difficult tasks more bearable, 
the Arctic showed how it shapes 

2157
01:57:56,100 --> 01:57:59,600
possibility and comfortable 
resource-rich environments. 

2158
01:57:59,600 --> 01:58:04,600
Human potential can develop in, 
countless directions in extreme 

2159
01:58:04,600 --> 01:58:08,400
environments that potential 
becomes focused on survival and 

2160
01:58:08,400 --> 01:58:11,800
specific objectives. 
Neither environment is 

2161
01:58:11,800 --> 01:58:15,400
inherently Superior, they simply
call forth different human 

2162
01:58:15,400 --> 01:58:18,800
capabilities. 
Sometimes constraint actually 

2163
01:58:18,800 --> 01:58:22,400
enhance achievement by focusing 
effort and eliminating 

2164
01:58:22,400 --> 01:58:26,000
distractions the complex 
relationship between competition

2165
01:58:26,000 --> 01:58:29,200
and cooperation became evident 
in Arctic exploration. 

2166
01:58:30,200 --> 01:58:33,700
National pride drove expeditions
to compete in reaching the pole.

2167
01:58:33,700 --> 01:58:37,500
First but individual survival 
often required intense, 

2168
01:58:37,500 --> 01:58:41,700
cooperation, among team members.
The most successful Expeditions 

2169
01:58:41,700 --> 01:58:45,200
balanced these tensioners 
channeling competitive drive 

2170
01:58:45,200 --> 01:58:48,000
towards achievement while 
maintaining the internal 

2171
01:58:48,000 --> 01:58:49,900
cooperation necessary for 
survival. 

2172
01:58:50,800 --> 01:58:54,200
This balance remains relevant in
modern competitive situations. 

2173
01:58:54,200 --> 01:58:57,800
As you're preparing to Drift Off
to Sleep, warm and comfortable 

2174
01:58:57,800 --> 01:59:00,200
in your modern home with its 
Reliable Heating and 

2175
01:59:00,200 --> 01:59:03,700
well-stocked kitchen. 
Take a moment to appreciate what

2176
01:59:03,700 --> 01:59:06,300
you've learned tonight. 
About the Frozen Edge Of Human 

2177
01:59:06,300 --> 01:59:10,400
Experience, the Arctic explorers
with spent this time with a 

2178
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:13,300
remarkable people. 
But they were still people 

2179
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:18,800
subject to cold hunger, fear and
doubt just like anyone else. 

2180
01:59:20,000 --> 01:59:23,100
What distinguished them wasn't 
superhuman imperviousness to 

2181
01:59:23,100 --> 01:59:26,300
hardship, but rather their 
willingness to endure discomfort

2182
01:59:26,300 --> 01:59:29,100
in service of goals, they 
considered worthwhile. 

2183
01:59:30,000 --> 01:59:32,700
They were ordinary humans 
choosing to do extraordinary 

2184
01:59:32,700 --> 01:59:34,900
things. 
And that choice is what made 

2185
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:37,500
their achievements mean for 
their stories. 

2186
01:59:37,500 --> 01:59:40,200
Remind us that the boundaries of
human capability. 

2187
01:59:40,200 --> 01:59:44,100
A wider than we usually imagine 
were capable of enduring more 

2188
01:59:44,100 --> 01:59:48,100
achieving more and adapting to 
more than our comfortable daily 

2189
01:59:48,100 --> 01:59:50,800
lives. 
Require us to demonstrate that 

2190
01:59:50,800 --> 01:59:55,400
capability remains within us 
dormant, perhaps but available 

2191
01:59:55,400 --> 02:00:00,000
if circumstances or choices ever
require it, You probably won't 

2192
02:00:00,000 --> 02:00:03,000
ever need to survive Arctic 
conditions, but knowing that 

2193
02:00:03,000 --> 02:00:05,400
humans can do. 
So expand your sense of what's 

2194
02:00:05,400 --> 02:00:08,000
possible. 
The Arctic itself remains 

2195
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:10,800
essentially unchanged by the 
explorers who crossed it. 

2196
02:00:11,500 --> 02:00:14,900
The Ice Still forms and breaks 
your Aurora still dance as a 

2197
02:00:14,908 --> 02:00:17,300
cross. 
Winter Skies, the polar bears 

2198
02:00:17,300 --> 02:00:20,500
still hunts seals and the 
silence still weighs heavy on 

2199
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:24,200
anyone who Ventures there. 
The Arctic doesn't care about 

2200
02:00:24,200 --> 02:00:27,700
human Ambitions or achievements.
It simply exists. 

2201
02:00:27,700 --> 02:00:31,700
Beautiful and terrible. 
Offering challenges to anyone. 

2202
02:00:31,700 --> 02:00:33,900
Foolish or brave enough to 
accept them. 

2203
02:00:33,900 --> 02:00:37,600
Modern technology has made the 
Arctic more accessible but it 

2204
02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:41,600
hasn't made it comfortable or 
safe. even with heated shelters,

2205
02:00:41,600 --> 02:00:44,900
satellite Communications and 
emergency evacuation 

2206
02:00:44,900 --> 02:00:48,300
capabilities, people, still die 
in the Arctic when they make 

2207
02:00:48,300 --> 02:00:52,800
mistakes or when luck runs 
against them, Cold still freezes

2208
02:00:52,800 --> 02:00:54,600
expose skin. 
The Ice. 

2209
02:00:54,600 --> 02:00:57,700
Still shifts without warning and
the weather still kills. 

2210
02:00:59,100 --> 02:01:02,700
We've added capabilities. 
But we have not removed dangers,

2211
02:01:02,700 --> 02:01:06,200
the exploration spirit that 
drove, those early Expeditions 

2212
02:01:06,200 --> 02:01:08,900
still exists. 
Though it finds different 

2213
02:01:08,900 --> 02:01:12,100
outlets now. 
Instead of unknown Arctic, 

2214
02:01:12,100 --> 02:01:15,000
coastlines, modern explorers 
tackle. 

2215
02:01:15,000 --> 02:01:20,100
Other Frontiers deep ocean 
space, the microscopic world and

2216
02:01:20,100 --> 02:01:22,800
the boundaries of human 
knowledge in abstract fields. 

2217
02:01:23,500 --> 02:01:27,600
The same mixture of curiosity 
and ambition, competitiveness 

2218
02:01:27,600 --> 02:01:31,100
and desire for achievement that 
sent men onto the ice now. 

2219
02:01:31,100 --> 02:01:33,100
Sends people into other 
challenging environments, 

2220
02:01:34,100 --> 02:01:36,700
Perhaps the most important thing
to take from these stories is 

2221
02:01:36,700 --> 02:01:40,500
simply the reminder that Human 
Experience is vast and varied. 

2222
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:44,700
While you're going to sleep in 
Comfort somewhere on Earth right

2223
02:01:44,700 --> 02:01:47,800
now, people are enduring 
conditions as harsh as anything.

2224
02:01:47,800 --> 02:01:52,800
The Arctic explorers faced Some 
by choice, some by circumstance.

2225
02:01:53,600 --> 02:01:55,600
You're comfortable. 
Life is a blessing that not 

2226
02:01:55,600 --> 02:01:58,100
everyone shares. 
And that Comfort is made 

2227
02:01:58,100 --> 02:02:02,000
possible by countless people 
whose work and sacrifices. 

2228
02:02:02,000 --> 02:02:05,100
You'll never know about the 
Arctic explorers had the 

2229
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:07,800
advantage of choosing their 
hardship, which made it more 

2230
02:02:07,800 --> 02:02:10,400
bearable than hardship, imposed 
by circumstance. 

2231
02:02:11,400 --> 02:02:14,000
They could take pride in their 
achievements because they 

2232
02:02:14,000 --> 02:02:17,000
voluntarily accepted challenges 
that tested their limits. 

2233
02:02:17,900 --> 02:02:21,200
That element of choice 
transformed suffering from Mere 

2234
02:02:21,200 --> 02:02:25,100
into meaningful experience. 
As you drift towards sleep, you 

2235
02:02:25,100 --> 02:02:29,400
might imagine yourself standing 
on Arctic Ice, feeling cold that

2236
02:02:29,400 --> 02:02:32,700
takes your breath away, and 
seeing a landscape that extends 

2237
02:02:32,700 --> 02:02:36,700
endlessly in every direction. 
But you don't have to stay 

2238
02:02:36,700 --> 02:02:39,200
there. 
You can return in your 

2239
02:02:39,200 --> 02:02:43,600
imagination to your warm bed, 
your comfortable life, and your 

2240
02:02:43,600 --> 02:02:46,300
world where the most challenging
decision. 

2241
02:02:46,300 --> 02:02:48,400
Tomorrow, might be what to have 
for breakfast. 

2242
02:02:50,000 --> 02:02:53,000
That ability to imagine 
difficult experiences while 

2243
02:02:53,000 --> 02:02:56,600
remaining safe is one of 
Humanity's great gifts. 

2244
02:02:57,300 --> 02:03:00,000
We can learn from others 
challenges without necessarily 

2245
02:03:00,000 --> 02:03:02,300
experiencing them ourselves 
sleep. 

2246
02:03:02,300 --> 02:03:05,500
Well, tonight, in your 
comfortable bed, in your warm 

2247
02:03:05,500 --> 02:03:10,000
room, dream of ice and snow. 
If you like of the Aurora's 

2248
02:03:10,000 --> 02:03:13,800
dance and the crack of Shifting,
glaciers dream of explorers 

2249
02:03:13,800 --> 02:03:18,700
pushing forward, through storms 
of ships, frozen in ice of tents

2250
02:03:18,700 --> 02:03:22,100
pitched on Frozen Seas. 
But know that when you wake 

2251
02:03:22,100 --> 02:03:24,200
tomorrow, you'll still have all 
your fingers and toes. 

2252
02:03:24,200 --> 02:03:27,700
You won't need to melt ice for 
drinking water and breakfast, 

2253
02:03:27,700 --> 02:03:30,500
will be more appetizing than 
Pembroke and the Arctic 

2254
02:03:30,500 --> 02:03:32,900
explorers of the past. 
Wouldn't want you to suffer as 

2255
02:03:32,900 --> 02:03:35,000
they did. 
They did it so that we could 

2256
02:03:35,000 --> 02:03:38,800
know what's possible so that 
Maps can be completed and so 

2257
02:03:38,800 --> 02:03:40,600
that human knowledge could 
expand. 

2258
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:44,600
They endured the cold so that we
can understand it without 

2259
02:03:44,600 --> 02:03:46,800
experience in it. 
That's the gift. 

2260
02:03:46,800 --> 02:03:51,200
They gave us knowledge purchased
with frostbite and hunger with 

2261
02:03:51,200 --> 02:03:55,100
loneliness and fear with 
suffering that we can read about

2262
02:03:55,100 --> 02:03:59,300
but don't have to repeat. 
Thank them in your thoughts for 

2263
02:03:59,300 --> 02:04:03,400
their service to human curiosity
and knowledge admire their 

2264
02:04:03,400 --> 02:04:05,300
accomplishments while being 
grateful. 

2265
02:04:05,300 --> 02:04:08,700
You don't have to duplicate them
and rest easy. 

2266
02:04:08,700 --> 02:04:12,500
Knowing that what ever 
challenges tomorrow brings they 

2267
02:04:12,500 --> 02:04:16,500
almost certainly won't involve 
temperatures of 40 below ice 

2268
02:04:16,500 --> 02:04:20,300
that shifts beneath your feet. 
For the need to reach your 

2269
02:04:20,300 --> 02:04:23,200
leather boots for survival. 
The Arctic is still there. 

2270
02:04:23,200 --> 02:04:26,200
Still cold still dangerous, 
still beautiful. 

2271
02:04:26,200 --> 02:04:29,800
It will be there, long, after 
all of us are gone, But you 

2272
02:04:29,800 --> 02:04:33,000
don't need to go there to 
appreciate it or to learn from 

2273
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:36,300
those who did. 
Sometimes the best Adventures 

2274
02:04:36,300 --> 02:04:39,000
are the ones we can experience 
through stories while remaining 

2275
02:04:39,000 --> 02:04:42,300
safe at home. 
Sweet dreams of ice and snow. 

2276
02:04:42,300 --> 02:04:47,000
Have explorers and endurance of 
human capability tested to its 

2277
02:04:47,000 --> 02:04:49,100
limits. 
And may you wake tomorrow 

2278
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:52,900
refreshed warm and grateful for 
every comfort that those frozen 

2279
02:04:52,900 --> 02:05:01,200
explorers lacked. 
Transformation from a Bourgeois 

2280
02:05:01,200 --> 02:05:03,000
academic to a revolutionary 
thinker. 

2281
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:05,600
Wasn't the predetermined path. 
Many assume. 

2282
02:05:06,300 --> 02:05:09,500
Born in 1818 to a comfortable, 
middle-class family in Korea 

2283
02:05:09,500 --> 02:05:14,100
Prussia now, Germany young Marx 
initially showed little interest

2284
02:05:14,100 --> 02:05:18,200
in radical politics. 
His father, Heinrich a 

2285
02:05:18,200 --> 02:05:20,900
successful lawyer who had 
converted from Judaism to 

2286
02:05:20,900 --> 02:05:24,000
Lutheranism to maintain his 
legal career Under Pressure law,

2287
02:05:24,000 --> 02:05:26,600
hoped His Brilliant son would 
follow in his professional 

2288
02:05:26,600 --> 02:05:29,400
footsteps. 
The teenage Marx wrote poetry 

2289
02:05:29,400 --> 02:05:32,600
and romantic literature dreaming
of becoming a playwright or 

2290
02:05:32,600 --> 02:05:34,700
critic. 
Rather than an economist or 

2291
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:37,800
political philosopher. 
His early writing's reveal a 

2292
02:05:37,800 --> 02:05:41,100
romantic, idealist influenced by
Greek classic and German 

2293
02:05:41,100 --> 02:05:44,100
literature. 
One of his student poems, the 

2294
02:05:44,100 --> 02:05:46,200
Fiddler portrays a wild 
musician. 

2295
02:05:46,200 --> 02:05:50,100
Who cast magical spells with his
violin hardly foreshadowing. 

2296
02:05:50,100 --> 02:05:51,700
His later materialist 
philosophy. 

2297
02:05:52,400 --> 02:05:55,100
Marx's father arranged. 
His education at the prestigious

2298
02:05:55,100 --> 02:05:58,100
University of Bonn where the 
young man quickly became 

2299
02:05:58,100 --> 02:06:01,900
involved in a drinking Society. 
A crude debts and ended up in 

2300
02:06:01,900 --> 02:06:05,100
jail for disrupting, the peace 
concerned about his son's 

2301
02:06:05,100 --> 02:06:08,000
Direction, Heinrich transferred 
him to the more serious 

2302
02:06:08,000 --> 02:06:11,400
University of Berlin, their 
marks encountered, the 

2303
02:06:11,400 --> 02:06:15,100
philosophy of gwf, Hegel. 
Whose dialectical method would 

2304
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:16,700
later form? 
The backbone of Mark's 

2305
02:06:16,700 --> 02:06:19,700
analytical approach though. 
Marx, would ultimately reject 

2306
02:06:19,700 --> 02:06:23,100
hagel's idealism. 
What's rarely discussed is, how 

2307
02:06:23,100 --> 02:06:25,400
reluctant Marx was to abandon 
his comfortable. 

2308
02:06:25,400 --> 02:06:29,100
Bourgeois aspirational, his 
correspondents reveals a man who

2309
02:06:29,100 --> 02:06:32,200
longed for stability and 
Security even as his intellect, 

2310
02:06:32,200 --> 02:06:35,800
pushed him toward revolutionary 
conclusions, his engagement to 

2311
02:06:35,800 --> 02:06:38,800
Jenny Vaughn, vest, farlan. 
And Aristocrat four years, his 

2312
02:06:38,800 --> 02:06:42,000
senior and the daughter of Baron
Ludwig von vestra and 

2313
02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:45,500
demonstrated his social 
Ambitions, the baron had 

2314
02:06:45,500 --> 02:06:48,300
introduced the young Marx to 
romantic literature and social 

2315
02:06:48,300 --> 02:06:52,300
criticism, but Mark's likely 
never anticipated how far these 

2316
02:06:52,300 --> 02:06:55,500
intellectual Pursuits would take
him from conventional success. 

2317
02:06:56,500 --> 02:06:58,900
The pivotal moment occurred, 
when Mark's finished his 

2318
02:06:58,900 --> 02:07:01,600
doctoral dissertation. 
On Ancient Greek philosophy in 

2319
02:07:01,600 --> 02:07:06,000
1841, his hopes for an academic 
career at the University of Bonn

2320
02:07:06,000 --> 02:07:08,000
collapsed, when his mentor 
Bruno. 

2321
02:07:08,000 --> 02:07:11,600
Bauer lost his teaching position
due to atheistic views, without 

2322
02:07:11,600 --> 02:07:15,200
academic, prospects marks, 
turned to journalism becoming 

2323
02:07:15,200 --> 02:07:19,700
editor of the liberal newspaper.
High initial here reporting on 

2324
02:07:19,700 --> 02:07:22,000
the suffering of Mozelle 
Vineyard workers and Timber 

2325
02:07:22,000 --> 02:07:26,000
theft laws opened his eyes to 
economic exploitation marks 

2326
02:07:26,000 --> 02:07:29,000
faced a critical decision. 
When Prussian authorities shut 

2327
02:07:29,000 --> 02:07:33,400
down his newspaper in, 1843, he 
was already married to Jenny who

2328
02:07:33,400 --> 02:07:36,400
had sacrificed her aristocratic 
Comforts for a life with him. 

2329
02:07:37,100 --> 02:07:40,700
Financial pressures mounted yet,
rather than compromising his 

2330
02:07:40,700 --> 02:07:44,400
increasingly, radical views for 
security marks chose Exile, 

2331
02:07:44,400 --> 02:07:48,800
nearby or silver. 
First to Paris, then Brussels 

2332
02:07:48,800 --> 02:07:52,200
and eventually London this 
decision wasn't taken lightly. 

2333
02:07:53,100 --> 02:07:56,300
Let us to angles reveal marks as
frequent anxiety about money in 

2334
02:07:56,300 --> 02:07:59,100
his family's welfare. 
He considered various career 

2335
02:07:59,100 --> 02:08:02,400
Alternatives including 
immigrating to America, to start

2336
02:08:02,400 --> 02:08:05,500
a German language newspaper or 
accepting a railway clock 

2337
02:08:05,500 --> 02:08:09,100
position of These details 
contradict the image of marks as

2338
02:08:09,100 --> 02:08:11,400
an unwavering revolutionary from
youth. 

2339
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:14,500
What drove this transformation 
was marked. 

2340
02:08:14,500 --> 02:08:18,200
His intellectual honesty, once 
he began analyzing capitalism's 

2341
02:08:18,200 --> 02:08:20,800
mechanisms, he couldn't unsee 
its contradictions. 

2342
02:08:20,800 --> 02:08:24,400
His evolving critique wasn't the
product of inherent radicalism 

2343
02:08:24,400 --> 02:08:28,100
but of rigorous intellectual 
investigation that led him to 

2344
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:30,400
uncomfortable. 
Conclusions about the society 

2345
02:08:30,400 --> 02:08:33,700
that had nurtured him. 
This personal Journey explains 

2346
02:08:33,700 --> 02:08:35,800
why Marxism analysis cut so 
deeply. 

2347
02:08:35,800 --> 02:08:39,900
He understood Bourgeois Society 
intimately because he was formed

2348
02:08:39,900 --> 02:08:42,100
by it and initially embraced its
values. 

2349
02:08:42,100 --> 02:08:46,000
His critique Came From Within 
rather than without from someone

2350
02:08:46,000 --> 02:08:47,900
who might have become a 
university Professor, or 

2351
02:08:47,900 --> 02:08:50,000
comfortable professional at 
circumstances has been 

2352
02:08:50,008 --> 02:08:52,600
different. 
The passionate intensity of his 

2353
02:08:52,600 --> 02:08:54,900
Works stems partly from the 
personal cost of these 

2354
02:08:54,900 --> 02:08:57,900
realizations as he watched his 
prospects for conventional. 

2355
02:08:57,900 --> 02:09:01,900
Success evaporate. 
With each radical conclusion, he

2356
02:09:01,900 --> 02:09:05,700
reached while Marx is remembered
primarily for capital in The 

2357
02:09:05,708 --> 02:09:08,200
Communist. 
Manifesto few realized that most

2358
02:09:08,200 --> 02:09:11,500
of his adult life was spent as a
working journalist rather than a

2359
02:09:11,500 --> 02:09:16,000
political theorist. 
From 1848 to 1862 Marx, wrote 

2360
02:09:16,000 --> 02:09:19,600
over 500 articles for the New 
York, Daily Tribune, making him 

2361
02:09:19,600 --> 02:09:22,900
one of the papers most prolific 
European correspondents during a

2362
02:09:22,900 --> 02:09:24,700
transformative period in world 
history. 

2363
02:09:25,600 --> 02:09:28,700
This aspect of Marx's career 
reveals a pragmatic professional

2364
02:09:28,700 --> 02:09:31,800
writer rather than the Ivory 
Tower philosopher. 

2365
02:09:31,800 --> 02:09:36,200
Many imagine as the Tribune's 
European correspondent marks 

2366
02:09:36,200 --> 02:09:38,800
covered everything from 
diplomatic crises and Wars to 

2367
02:09:38,800 --> 02:09:40,900
financial panics and Colonial 
rebellions. 

2368
02:09:40,900 --> 02:09:44,500
He earned approximately 5 pounds
per article equivalent to 

2369
02:09:44,500 --> 02:09:48,000
several hundred dollars today. 
Providing crucial income for his

2370
02:09:48,000 --> 02:09:49,300
chronically cash-strapped 
family. 

2371
02:09:50,100 --> 02:09:53,000
Marx's journalism demonstrates. 
A remarkably, prescient 

2372
02:09:53,000 --> 02:09:56,200
understanding of how capitalism 
was globalizing in the mid-19th 

2373
02:09:56,200 --> 02:09:59,400
century. 
While covering the 1857 sepoy 

2374
02:09:59,400 --> 02:10:02,700
rebellion in India for American 
readers, he connected, British 

2375
02:10:02,700 --> 02:10:05,300
Imperial policy to domestic 
economic interests. 

2376
02:10:06,200 --> 02:10:09,200
His analysis of the American 
Civil War identified economic 

2377
02:10:09,200 --> 02:10:11,600
contradictions between 
industrial capitalism and 

2378
02:10:11,600 --> 02:10:14,900
Plantation slavery that many 
contemporary observers missed. 

2379
02:10:15,700 --> 02:10:17,900
What's particularly notable 
about Mark's journalism? 

2380
02:10:17,900 --> 02:10:20,000
Is how it contradicts 
stereotypes about his 

2381
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:23,900
ideological thinking. 
His articles show a nuanced, 

2382
02:10:23,900 --> 02:10:26,500
geopolitical analyst, who could 
recognize the progressive 

2383
02:10:26,500 --> 02:10:29,400
aspects of capitalism despite 
its exploited of nature. 

2384
02:10:30,400 --> 02:10:34,700
For example, he supported He 
supported the Union in the 

2385
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:38,600
American Civil War, not only 
because he opposed slavery, but 

2386
02:10:38,600 --> 02:10:41,400
also because he saw Northern 
Industrial capitalism as 

2387
02:10:41,400 --> 02:10:44,000
historically, Progressive 
compared to Southern feudal like

2388
02:10:44,000 --> 02:10:47,600
plantation society. 
Charles Dana managing editor of 

2389
02:10:47,608 --> 02:10:51,200
the Tribune valued marks as a 
correspondent, precisely because

2390
02:10:51,200 --> 02:10:54,000
his analysis went deeper than 
most journalists of the era. 

2391
02:10:54,000 --> 02:10:57,200
Marx brought his dialectical 
approach to news reporting 

2392
02:10:57,200 --> 02:11:00,100
connecting events, across 
Nations and seeing patterns, 

2393
02:11:00,100 --> 02:11:02,100
where others saw only isolated 
incidents. 

2394
02:11:02,800 --> 02:11:06,500
His analysis of the Crimean War.
For instance, linked, diplomatic

2395
02:11:06,500 --> 02:11:09,000
maneuvering to financial 
interests and class politics. 

2396
02:11:10,000 --> 02:11:13,200
The journalism Years also reveal
marks surprising admiration for 

2397
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:16,300
Abraham Lincoln. 
While Marx criticized Lincoln's 

2398
02:11:16,300 --> 02:11:19,600
initial reluctance to make the 
Civil War explicitly about 

2399
02:11:19,600 --> 02:11:22,100
abolition. 
He later praised, Lincoln's, 

2400
02:11:22,100 --> 02:11:24,700
Evolution and recognized the 
pragmatic challenges of leading 

2401
02:11:24,700 --> 02:11:27,300
during crisis. 
After Lincoln's assassination 

2402
02:11:27,300 --> 02:11:31,500
marks, drafted a letter of 
condolence to the American 

2403
02:11:31,500 --> 02:11:33,900
people on behalf of the 
International workingmen's 

2404
02:11:33,900 --> 02:11:38,000
Association calling Lincoln, the
single-minded son of the working

2405
02:11:38,000 --> 02:11:41,500
class who had led his country 
through the Epic of its people's

2406
02:11:41,500 --> 02:11:44,700
rebirth. 
These journalistic writing was 

2407
02:11:44,700 --> 02:11:47,800
exposed, the limitations of 
viewing smarts solely as an 

2408
02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:50,900
abstract theorist. 
He was deeply engaged with the 

2409
02:11:50,900 --> 02:11:53,700
concrete political and economic 
development of his time. 

2410
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:57,200
Forming his theories through 
active, observation of global 

2411
02:11:57,200 --> 02:11:59,700
events, rather than mere 
philosophical speculation. 

2412
02:12:00,600 --> 02:12:03,300
Financial documents from this 
period reveal how Marx, 

2413
02:12:03,300 --> 02:12:06,100
prioritized this journalism over
his theoretical, work out of 

2414
02:12:06,100 --> 02:12:09,800
necessity with four surviving 
children to support four. 

2415
02:12:09,800 --> 02:12:12,000
Others died in childhood due to 
poor living conditions. 

2416
02:12:12,000 --> 02:12:15,500
Mark, sometimes complained, that
his newspaper duties prevented 

2417
02:12:15,500 --> 02:12:19,100
progress on Capital, yet these 
journalistic responsibilities, 

2418
02:12:19,100 --> 02:12:22,000
kept him connected, to current 
events in ways that enriched his

2419
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:25,900
theoretical perspective. 
Perhaps most surprising about 

2420
02:12:25,900 --> 02:12:29,200
Mark's journalism is Howard, 
anticipated, modern Global 

2421
02:12:29,200 --> 02:12:31,700
reporting. 
He traced Supply chains. 

2422
02:12:31,700 --> 02:12:34,600
Connecting Manchester cotton 
Mills to American plantations in

2423
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:38,000
Indian colonies showing how 
labor exploitation and Prophet 

2424
02:12:38,000 --> 02:12:40,400
extraction operated across 
continents. 

2425
02:12:41,300 --> 02:12:44,300
This Global Perspective, emerged
decades before globalization 

2426
02:12:44,300 --> 02:12:47,300
entered, our vocabulary 
demonstrating marks his 

2427
02:12:47,300 --> 02:12:50,700
foresight in understanding 
capitalism as an inherently 

2428
02:12:50,700 --> 02:12:54,700
transnational system, The 
journalism Years also reveal 

2429
02:12:54,700 --> 02:12:58,100
marks writing versatility. 
While his theoretical Works, can

2430
02:12:58,100 --> 02:12:59,900
be dense and complex is 
newspaper. 

2431
02:12:59,900 --> 02:13:01,300
Articles were accessible and 
engaging. 

2432
02:13:01,300 --> 02:13:04,400
Displaying a sardonic wit and 
literary Flair absent from his 

2433
02:13:04,400 --> 02:13:07,600
morphine, famous works. marks 
could be remarkably entertaining

2434
02:13:07,600 --> 02:13:10,800
when writing for a general 
audience, using metaphors and 

2435
02:13:10,800 --> 02:13:13,700
historical references that made 
complex economic developments 

2436
02:13:13,700 --> 02:13:16,700
comprehensible to average 
readers behind the forbidding 

2437
02:13:16,700 --> 02:13:18,400
beard and revolutionary 
rhetoric. 

2438
02:13:18,400 --> 02:13:21,400
Existed a devoted family man, 
whose personal life was marked 

2439
02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:25,500
by extraordinary tragedy. 
Marks his domestic life, reveals

2440
02:13:25,500 --> 02:13:28,600
dimensions of his character that
rarely appear in political or 

2441
02:13:28,600 --> 02:13:29,900
economic discussions of his 
work. 

2442
02:13:30,800 --> 02:13:34,200
His marriage to Jenny, Vaughn 
vessel and lasted 38 years until

2443
02:13:34,200 --> 02:13:38,000
her death in 1881. their 
correspondence reveals a 

2444
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:40,200
passionate intellectual 
partnership rather than the 

2445
02:13:40,200 --> 02:13:43,700
patriarchal Victoria and 
marriage one might expect Jenny 

2446
02:13:43,700 --> 02:13:47,000
was Mark's first reader and 
critic copying his manuscripts 

2447
02:13:47,000 --> 02:13:48,800
and contributing editorial 
insights. 

2448
02:13:48,800 --> 02:13:52,400
She maintained her own political
convictions, sometimes 

2449
02:13:52,400 --> 02:13:54,800
disagreeing with her husband 
while supporting his work. 

2450
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:58,600
Their letters during periods of 
Separation, showed genuine 

2451
02:13:58,600 --> 02:14:02,200
romantic affection persisting 
through Decades of hardship. 

2452
02:14:02,900 --> 02:14:05,900
The marks households Financial 
precarity as well documented, 

2453
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:09,200
but less known as that Jenny had
grown up with servants and 

2454
02:14:09,200 --> 02:14:11,600
comfort. 
As a Baron's daughter, her 

2455
02:14:11,600 --> 02:14:14,400
adjustment to Poverty 
represented, a profound personal

2456
02:14:14,400 --> 02:14:18,500
sacrifice, When the family lived
in two rooms, in London, Soho 

2457
02:14:18,500 --> 02:14:22,100
District, Jenny wrote to a 
friend, the memories of the 

2458
02:14:22,100 --> 02:14:24,000
days. 
When I wore silk cannot 

2459
02:14:24,000 --> 02:14:27,300
compensate for the reality of 
having, no coal for the fire. 

2460
02:14:28,300 --> 02:14:32,400
Of their seven children, only 
three daughters Jenny, Laura, 

2461
02:14:32,400 --> 02:14:34,100
and Eleanor survive to 
adulthood. 

2462
02:14:35,500 --> 02:14:38,900
Their son, Edgar died of 
tuberculosis at age. 8 In 1855, 

2463
02:14:38,900 --> 02:14:43,600
a loss that devastated marks. 
He wrote to angles, I have 

2464
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:46,100
already had my share of bad luck
but only now, do I know what 

2465
02:14:46,100 --> 02:14:49,500
real unhappiness is? 
Jenny suffered a nervous 

2466
02:14:49,500 --> 02:14:53,000
breakdown after this loss, their
infant daughter Francisca died. 

2467
02:14:53,000 --> 02:14:57,100
The following year and another 
son, Guido died before his first

2468
02:14:57,100 --> 02:15:00,200
birthday in 1850. 
Their first born also named, 

2469
02:15:00,200 --> 02:15:04,200
Jenny died in 1844. 
These deaths were abstract 

2470
02:15:04,200 --> 02:15:06,600
statistics, but direct 
consequences of their poverty. 

2471
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:10,000
The family, couldn't afford 
proper medical care or adequate 

2472
02:15:10,000 --> 02:15:12,700
nutrition. 
Marx was acutely aware that his 

2473
02:15:12,700 --> 02:15:14,800
political commitments had 
concrete cost for those. 

2474
02:15:14,800 --> 02:15:17,400
He loved most. 
This awareness likely 

2475
02:15:17,400 --> 02:15:19,600
contributors to be to his 
lifelong health problems, 

2476
02:15:19,600 --> 02:15:23,000
including carbuncles, liver 
disease and insomnia. 

2477
02:15:24,300 --> 02:15:27,200
Perhaps most revealing of Mark's
character was his relationship 

2478
02:15:27,200 --> 02:15:29,800
with Helen demuth, the family's 
longtime housekeeper. 

2479
02:15:30,900 --> 02:15:32,600
Evidence strongly suggests 
marks. 

2480
02:15:32,600 --> 02:15:34,700
Father had her son. 
Freddie in 1851. 

2481
02:15:35,600 --> 02:15:38,500
While Marx, never ignored 
paternity Ingalls 

2482
02:15:38,500 --> 02:15:41,900
responsibility, though. 
Historians now generally believe

2483
02:15:41,900 --> 02:15:44,300
this was a fiction to protect 
the marks family reputation. 

2484
02:15:45,400 --> 02:15:48,000
Marxist treatment of this 
situation, reflects the gap 

2485
02:15:48,000 --> 02:15:50,300
between his Progressive 
theories, and personal actions, 

2486
02:15:50,300 --> 02:15:54,500
regarding gender and class. his 
illegitimate son was never 

2487
02:15:54,500 --> 02:15:57,200
welcomed into the family home 
and worked as a skilled 

2488
02:15:57,200 --> 02:16:00,700
toolmaker ironically becoming 
part of the proletariat Marx 

2489
02:16:00,700 --> 02:16:04,200
theorized about The marks 
household wasn't defined solely 

2490
02:16:04,200 --> 02:16:08,000
by tragedy visitors described. 
Evenings filled with music 

2491
02:16:08,000 --> 02:16:11,900
literature and animated 
discussion, all three surviving 

2492
02:16:11,900 --> 02:16:14,900
daughters were educated far 
beyond, Victorian standards for 

2493
02:16:14,900 --> 02:16:17,900
women learning multiple 
languages and studying 

2494
02:16:17,900 --> 02:16:22,500
literature history and politics.
They became accomplished women, 

2495
02:16:22,500 --> 02:16:26,300
Jenny a journalist, Laura, a 
translator and Eleanor labor, 

2496
02:16:26,300 --> 02:16:29,500
organizer and feminist. 
Marx was an affectionate father 

2497
02:16:29,500 --> 02:16:32,799
who spent hours telling his 
children, elaborate stories on 

2498
02:16:32,799 --> 02:16:34,600
Sundays. 
He would take them on long walks

2499
02:16:34,600 --> 02:16:38,000
across London, describing plants
and animals with scientific 

2500
02:16:38,000 --> 02:16:40,900
Precision before stopping at a 
tea shop for treats. 

2501
02:16:40,900 --> 02:16:44,600
They could barely afford these 
glimpses humanize a figure often

2502
02:16:44,600 --> 02:16:48,500
reduced to abstract Theory. the 
family's poverty, sometimes led 

2503
02:16:48,500 --> 02:16:52,299
to situations that were absurdly
comedic When visitors were 

2504
02:16:52,299 --> 02:16:55,600
expected marks would sometimes 
Pawn their few valuable 

2505
02:16:55,600 --> 02:16:57,900
possessions to create an 
impression of middle-class 

2506
02:16:57,900 --> 02:17:00,400
respectability, only to redeem 
them later. 

2507
02:17:01,500 --> 02:17:03,200
The family called these 
Financial Maneuvers. 

2508
02:17:03,200 --> 02:17:07,900
Their circular movements of 
Commodities Marx's relationship 

2509
02:17:07,900 --> 02:17:11,500
with money was complex, despite 
writing the 19th century, is 

2510
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:13,299
most important critique of 
capitalism. 

2511
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:17,100
He was hopeless with personal 
finances and periodically 

2512
02:17:17,100 --> 02:17:20,000
speculated on the London. 
Stock Exchange, usually 

2513
02:17:20,000 --> 02:17:23,100
unsuccessful. 
These contradictions reveal a 

2514
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:25,700
man, whose theories emerged from
lived experience rather than 

2515
02:17:25,700 --> 02:17:29,200
abstract reasoning. his 
understanding of capitalism's 

2516
02:17:29,200 --> 02:17:32,100
pressures came partly from 
experiencing them personally, 

2517
02:17:33,100 --> 02:17:36,600
Marks, 40 Years of Exile, from 
his German Homeland, placed him 

2518
02:17:36,600 --> 02:17:39,299
to the center of a remarkable 
International network of 

2519
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:42,000
political refugees 
revolutionaries and 

2520
02:17:42,000 --> 02:17:44,600
intellectuals that formed a 
shadow Community across Europe. 

2521
02:17:45,500 --> 02:17:48,500
This overlooked aspect of his 
life provides crucial context 

2522
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:51,100
for understanding how his ideas 
developed and sprayed. 

2523
02:17:51,799 --> 02:17:55,799
After the fail revolution of 
1848, political Exiles from 

2524
02:17:55,799 --> 02:17:59,700
across Europe, congregated in 
London, creating what historian,

2525
02:17:59,700 --> 02:18:02,100
Bernard Porter called a refugee 
Republic. 

2526
02:18:03,100 --> 02:18:06,400
Marks is Soho neighborhood, 
became home to Italians French 

2527
02:18:06,400 --> 02:18:10,900
polls, hungarians, and Russians 
fleeing persecution. 

2528
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:15,100
This community, transformed 
marks from a German philosopher 

2529
02:18:15,100 --> 02:18:18,200
into a truly International 
thinker. 

2530
02:18:19,000 --> 02:18:21,600
The British museum reading room 
served as an unofficial 

2531
02:18:21,600 --> 02:18:24,200
headquarters for this Exile 
Intelligentsia. 

2532
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:27,700
Mark, spent better sounds of 
hours here, research and capital

2533
02:18:27,700 --> 02:18:29,400
surrounded by fellow 
revolutionary. 

2534
02:18:29,400 --> 02:18:33,600
Thinkers his famous work habits 
arriving when the library opened

2535
02:18:33,600 --> 02:18:36,400
and leaving when it closed, was 
shared by other political 

2536
02:18:36,400 --> 02:18:39,400
refugees, who found the heated, 
reading room, a refuge from cold

2537
02:18:39,400 --> 02:18:41,000
lodgings, they couldn't afford 
to heat. 

2538
02:18:42,000 --> 02:18:44,900
Marks his relationships with 
fellow Exiles were complex and 

2539
02:18:44,900 --> 02:18:48,299
often contentious he engaged in 
bitter disputes with other 

2540
02:18:48,299 --> 02:18:51,700
revolutionary leaders like 
Giuseppe maccini Alexandre 

2541
02:18:51,700 --> 02:18:56,200
Hernan. 
These weren't merely theoretical

2542
02:18:56,200 --> 02:18:59,500
disagreements but battles for 
leadership within exile, 

2543
02:18:59,500 --> 02:19:02,299
community's. 
Marks could be ruthless in these

2544
02:19:02,299 --> 02:19:06,400
conflicts using his intellectual
prowess to marginalized Rivals 

2545
02:19:06,400 --> 02:19:10,900
through Savage criticism and 
sometimes personal attacks. the 

2546
02:19:10,907 --> 02:19:13,799
German Workers educational 
Society in London's, East End 

2547
02:19:13,799 --> 02:19:17,400
became marks primary Community 
organization, This working class

2548
02:19:17,400 --> 02:19:19,600
Cultural Center. 
Offered classes lectures. 

2549
02:19:19,600 --> 02:19:22,100
Musical performance is and 
debates. 

2550
02:19:22,900 --> 02:19:26,100
Mark's lectured here regularly, 
testing ideas that would later 

2551
02:19:26,100 --> 02:19:30,000
appear in capital on audiences 
of tailors shoemakers and 

2552
02:19:30,000 --> 02:19:33,799
watchmakers the feedback from 
these workers who combined 

2553
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:36,299
practical experience with 
intellectual curiosity. 

2554
02:19:36,299 --> 02:19:39,900
Shaped marks, understanding of 
Labor, exploitation, Beyond 

2555
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:43,700
abstract Theory. 
Less appreciated is, how Marx's 

2556
02:19:43,700 --> 02:19:46,299
Exile experience made him, 
multilingual and Multicultural? 

2557
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:51,400
He already knew German. 
Greek latin and French before, 

2558
02:19:51,400 --> 02:19:54,900
arriving in London. 
During Exile, he learned 

2559
02:19:54,900 --> 02:19:56,000
English. 
Well enough to write 

2560
02:19:56,000 --> 02:19:58,900
professionally and studied 
Russian to understand that 

2561
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:02,800
country's economic development. 
His home became multilingual as 

2562
02:20:02,800 --> 02:20:05,100
well. 
His daughter's speaking, German 

2563
02:20:05,100 --> 02:20:08,400
English and French switching 
languages. 

2564
02:20:08,400 --> 02:20:10,600
Mid-conversation depending on 
the topic. 

2565
02:20:11,400 --> 02:20:13,800
The Exile Community lived under 
constant surveillance. 

2566
02:20:14,700 --> 02:20:18,000
British police monitored marks 
his activities and spies from 

2567
02:20:18,000 --> 02:20:20,000
various European governments in 
filtrated. 

2568
02:20:20,000 --> 02:20:23,700
Exile, organization's, Prussian 
police agent Wilhelm, Steve 

2569
02:20:23,700 --> 02:20:26,300
spent years Gathering 
Intelligence on marks and his 

2570
02:20:26,300 --> 02:20:29,200
associates. 
These experiences contributed to

2571
02:20:29,200 --> 02:20:32,900
Mark's Perpetual paranoia and 
health problems, but also kept 

2572
02:20:32,900 --> 02:20:35,100
him connected to the concrete 
realities of political 

2573
02:20:35,100 --> 02:20:37,100
resistance rather than abstract 
Theory. 

2574
02:20:38,400 --> 02:20:41,100
Marx's personal financial 
survival depended on this 

2575
02:20:41,100 --> 02:20:44,700
International Network while 
Engels provided crucial support.

2576
02:20:44,700 --> 02:20:49,000
Many others contributed. 
The American, Joseph wydermyer, 

2577
02:20:49,000 --> 02:20:52,300
commissioned articles German 
emigrate Louis kugelman. 

2578
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:54,400
Sent medical advice and 
occasional funds. 

2579
02:20:54,400 --> 02:21:24,900
Wilhelm liebnitzky. 
Mark's experience, navigating, 

2580
02:21:24,900 --> 02:21:28,400
the complex politics of Exile 
prepared him to write the entire

2581
02:21:28,400 --> 02:21:31,800
founding documents in ways that 
could unite these diverse 

2582
02:21:31,800 --> 02:21:34,700
tendencies. 
Perhaps most significant about 

2583
02:21:34,700 --> 02:21:36,800
Mark's Exile. 
Network was how it transformed 

2584
02:21:36,800 --> 02:21:38,800
his understanding of 
revolutionary change. 

2585
02:21:39,500 --> 02:21:43,300
The failed revolution of 1848 
had shattered romantic notion of

2586
02:21:43,300 --> 02:21:47,300
spontaneous uprising. through 
Decades of discussion with 

2587
02:21:47,300 --> 02:21:51,300
fellow Exiles who had 
experienced similar defeats Marx

2588
02:21:51,300 --> 02:21:53,600
developed a more sophisticated 
understanding of historical 

2589
02:21:53,600 --> 02:21:56,900
change, that acknowledge the 
durability of capitalist social 

2590
02:21:56,900 --> 02:22:00,100
relations and the need for 
patient organizational work. 

2591
02:22:01,300 --> 02:22:04,600
This Exile perspective explains 
why Marx despite his 

2592
02:22:04,600 --> 02:22:07,900
revolutionary reputation. 
Often counseled patience to 

2593
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:11,500
younger radicals, having seen 
premature revolutionary attempts

2594
02:22:11,500 --> 02:22:15,000
crushed, he developed a longer 
historical view that recognized 

2595
02:22:15,000 --> 02:22:18,100
how economic conditions had to 
mature before successful 

2596
02:22:18,100 --> 02:22:20,800
revolutionary change could occur
contrary to popular. 

2597
02:22:20,800 --> 02:22:24,600
Portrayal marks wasn't primarily
a political agitator, but an 

2598
02:22:24,600 --> 02:22:27,600
empirical researcher with 
scientific Ambitions, his 

2599
02:22:27,600 --> 02:22:30,300
methodological approach more 
closely resembled modern social 

2600
02:22:30,300 --> 02:22:32,000
science than ideological 
polemics. 

2601
02:22:32,000 --> 02:22:35,200
Though, this dimension of his 
work remains under appreciated, 

2602
02:22:36,200 --> 02:22:38,500
Capital represents one of the 
19th, centuries. 

2603
02:22:38,500 --> 02:22:40,500
Most ambitious research 
projects. 

2604
02:22:41,300 --> 02:22:44,600
During its creation marks 
compiled 200 notebooks of 

2605
02:22:44,600 --> 02:22:47,800
economic data. 
Statistical analysis and 

2606
02:22:47,800 --> 02:22:51,600
historical documentation. 
He meticulously studied Factor 

2607
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:55,100
inspection reports, public 
health, statistics, Criminal 

2608
02:22:55,100 --> 02:22:58,600
Justice Records, and Technical 
manuals on Industrial machinery.

2609
02:22:59,600 --> 02:23:02,400
Both critiques and celebrations 
of his work, often overlooked, 

2610
02:23:02,400 --> 02:23:04,300
these empirical foundations for 
his theories. 

2611
02:23:05,100 --> 02:23:07,500
Marxist, scientific aspirations 
are evident in his 

2612
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:10,800
correspondence with angles about
Charles Darwin's Origin of 

2613
02:23:10,800 --> 02:23:13,600
Species published while Marx was
working on Capitol. 

2614
02:23:14,500 --> 02:23:16,900
Mark's recognized a 
methodological kinship with 

2615
02:23:16,900 --> 02:23:21,500
Darwin writing Darwin's work is 
most important and Suits my 

2616
02:23:21,500 --> 02:23:24,200
purpose in that it provides a 
basis in natural science for the

2617
02:23:24,200 --> 02:23:27,600
historical class struggle. 
Both men were attempting to 

2618
02:23:27,600 --> 02:23:30,300
discover underlying patterns and
developmental laws in their 

2619
02:23:30,308 --> 02:23:34,000
respective fields. this 
scientific orientation LED marks

2620
02:23:34,000 --> 02:23:37,500
to revises theories, when new 
evidence emerged, During his 

2621
02:23:37,500 --> 02:23:41,700
study of Russian rural communes 
in the 1870s marks, specifically

2622
02:23:41,700 --> 02:23:44,400
learned Russian to read original
economic and ethnographic 

2623
02:23:44,400 --> 02:23:47,900
studies. his notes, reveal a 
willingness to reconsider his 

2624
02:23:47,900 --> 02:23:50,400
early views on historical 
development based on this 

2625
02:23:50,400 --> 02:23:53,900
Empirical research, Late in 
life, he acknowledged that 

2626
02:23:53,900 --> 02:23:56,500
different countries might follow
different paths to social 

2627
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:59,200
transformation rather than the 
linear progression. 

2628
02:23:59,200 --> 02:24:02,100
He had earlier postulated. 
Marks his mathematical 

2629
02:24:02,100 --> 02:24:05,800
manuscripts, larger until 
recently shows attempts to 

2630
02:24:05,808 --> 02:24:08,600
develop mathematically rigorous 
models of economic processes. 

2631
02:24:08,600 --> 02:24:11,900
He filled notebooks with 
Calculus problems and algebraic 

2632
02:24:11,900 --> 02:24:15,200
formulations trying to express 
value for nation and capital 

2633
02:24:15,200 --> 02:24:18,500
accumulation in mathematical 
terms while these efforts were 

2634
02:24:18,500 --> 02:24:19,900
primitive by contemporary 
standards. 

2635
02:24:19,900 --> 02:24:23,700
They demonstrate his commitment 
to analytical Precision rather 

2636
02:24:23,700 --> 02:24:27,600
than mere rhetoric. 
The British museum reading room 

2637
02:24:27,600 --> 02:24:31,300
where Mark's conducted much of 
his research was the equivalent 

2638
02:24:31,300 --> 02:24:33,000
of the modern research 
University. 

2639
02:24:33,800 --> 02:24:36,800
Mark's Library requests, show. 
Him Consulting Works in multiple

2640
02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:40,700
languages across disciplines 
including economics, history, 

2641
02:24:40,700 --> 02:24:44,600
anthropology, chemistry, geology
and agriculture, modern 

2642
02:24:44,600 --> 02:24:47,500
researchers might recognize his 
work as an early form of 

2643
02:24:47,500 --> 02:24:50,700
interdisciplinary, social 
science rather than political 

2644
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:53,500
philosophy. 
Marks his empirical approach 

2645
02:24:53,500 --> 02:24:56,300
involved, both quantitative and 
qualitative methods. 

2646
02:24:56,300 --> 02:25:00,700
He collected statistical data on
wages prices and productivity. 

2647
02:25:00,700 --> 02:25:03,200
While also Gathering 
ethnographic accounts of working

2648
02:25:03,200 --> 02:25:06,000
conditions. 
His description of Manchester 

2649
02:25:06,000 --> 02:25:10,300
factories and capital combines 
numerical analysis with detailed

2650
02:25:10,300 --> 02:25:12,600
observation of production 
processes, and worker 

2651
02:25:12,600 --> 02:25:16,500
experiences methodology, that 
resembles modern mixed methods 

2652
02:25:16,500 --> 02:25:20,100
research, his correspondents 
reveals frustration with 

2653
02:25:20,100 --> 02:25:22,500
revolutionaries. 
Who prioritize, political 

2654
02:25:22,500 --> 02:25:27,200
agitation, over careful analysis
in an 1864 letter marks 

2655
02:25:27,200 --> 02:25:30,500
complained about German 
socialists who had not made a 

2656
02:25:30,500 --> 02:25:34,300
single theoretical contribution 
and merely recycled slogans with

2657
02:25:34,300 --> 02:25:37,600
without empirical investigation.
This scientific commitment 

2658
02:25:37,600 --> 02:25:40,200
sometimes put him at odds with 
those who wanted simple 

2659
02:25:40,200 --> 02:25:44,600
revolutionary formulas rather 
than complex analysis Mark's 

2660
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:46,800
research methods were 
constrained by 19th century 

2661
02:25:46,808 --> 02:25:49,700
limitations. 
He lacked computing, power 

2662
02:25:49,700 --> 02:25:54,300
sophisticated statistical 
techniques, an organized data 

2663
02:25:54,300 --> 02:25:56,700
sets that modern social 
scientists take for granted. 

2664
02:25:57,500 --> 02:26:00,300
Nevertheless, he pioneered 
systematic approaches to 

2665
02:26:00,300 --> 02:26:04,100
studying economic systems which 
anticipated later developments 

2666
02:26:04,100 --> 02:26:08,000
in economics and sociology. 
What separates marks from many 

2667
02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:10,800
contemporaries was his 
integration of historical and 

2668
02:26:10,800 --> 02:26:13,900
economic analysis. while 
classical economists, treated 

2669
02:26:13,900 --> 02:26:17,700
economic laws as universal and 
Timeless marks insisted on 

2670
02:26:17,700 --> 02:26:21,400
historicizing economic 
relationships, his comparative 

2671
02:26:21,400 --> 02:26:24,600
studies of different economic 
systems from ancient Rome to 

2672
02:26:24,600 --> 02:26:28,500
Medieval Europe to 19th century,
capitalism represented, an early

2673
02:26:28,500 --> 02:26:32,100
form of comparative, historical 
analysis now, common in social 

2674
02:26:32,100 --> 02:26:36,400
science, Even marks his errors 
demonstrate his scientific 

2675
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:39,100
orientation. 
His labor theory of value has 

2676
02:26:39,100 --> 02:26:42,100
been critiqued by the modern 
economists, but it represented 

2677
02:26:42,100 --> 02:26:44,500
in an attempt to develop a 
quantifiable. 

2678
02:26:44,500 --> 02:26:48,400
Measure of economic value based 
on available data and Concepts. 

2679
02:26:49,500 --> 02:26:51,500
His predictions about 
capitalism's development 

2680
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:54,100
contained, both remarkable 
insights and significant 

2681
02:26:54,100 --> 02:26:57,600
misconceptions but they were 
grounded in systematic analysis 

2682
02:26:57,600 --> 02:27:00,000
of empirical patterns rather 
than wishful thinking. 

2683
02:27:01,100 --> 02:27:05,100
While Marx's economic analysis, 
dominates his reputation, his 

2684
02:27:05,100 --> 02:27:09,200
writings on literature art, and 
culture, revealed dimensions of 

2685
02:27:09,200 --> 02:27:11,600
his thought that challenge 
conventional understanding. 

2686
02:27:12,700 --> 02:27:15,800
Marks wasn't merely concerned 
with material production that 

2687
02:27:15,800 --> 02:27:18,500
had sophisticated views on 
Aesthetics that continued to 

2688
02:27:18,508 --> 02:27:22,000
influence cultural Theory. 
Marx began his intellectual 

2689
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:23,500
Life. 
As a literary figure rather than

2690
02:27:23,500 --> 02:27:27,600
an economist His early notebooks
contain, poetry, a satirical 

2691
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:31,800
novel, and an unfinished play. 
He considered literature Central

2692
02:27:31,800 --> 02:27:35,200
to human development, not a mere
superstructure reflection of 

2693
02:27:35,200 --> 02:27:38,200
economic relations as Volga. 
Marxism would later suggest. 

2694
02:27:39,000 --> 02:27:42,100
Throughout his life marks 
returned to literature for both 

2695
02:27:42,100 --> 02:27:45,300
pleasure and insight. 
Even while writing Capital, he 

2696
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:48,800
regularly re-read Shakespeare's 
of antes and Greek, dramatists 

2697
02:27:48,800 --> 02:27:51,600
his aesthetic. 
Judgments often contradicted, 

2698
02:27:51,600 --> 02:27:53,500
his economic theories and 
revealing ways. 

2699
02:27:54,500 --> 02:27:56,900
Marks admired, the conservative 
writer Honore. 

2700
02:27:56,900 --> 02:28:00,800
De Balzac considering his novels
more profound social analysis 

2701
02:28:00,800 --> 02:28:02,500
than many Progressive writers 
work. 

2702
02:28:03,300 --> 02:28:06,000
Marx wrote to Engels that. 
He had learned more about French

2703
02:28:06,000 --> 02:28:09,600
society from Balzac than from 
all the professional historians,

2704
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:12,800
economists and statisticians of 
the period together. 

2705
02:28:13,600 --> 02:28:17,400
This appreciation for aesthetic 
quality, regardless of political

2706
02:28:17,400 --> 02:28:21,500
alignment challenges, simplistic
views of Marx as reducing art to

2707
02:28:21,500 --> 02:28:23,800
propaganda. 
Mark is literary. 

2708
02:28:23,800 --> 02:28:26,200
Tastes were surprisingly Cannon 
forming rather than 

2709
02:28:26,200 --> 02:28:28,900
revolutionary. 
He revered classical, Greek 

2710
02:28:28,900 --> 02:28:32,900
literature, Shakespeare Gutter 
and Dante all standard 

2711
02:28:32,900 --> 02:28:34,800
components of Bourgeois 
education. 

2712
02:28:35,600 --> 02:28:38,100
During family evenings his 
daughter's remembered him 

2713
02:28:38,100 --> 02:28:40,400
reciting. 
Lengthy Shakespearean, passages 

2714
02:28:40,400 --> 02:28:42,900
from memory. 
This cultural conservatism 

2715
02:28:42,900 --> 02:28:45,400
existed alongside his 
revolutionary politics 

2716
02:28:45,400 --> 02:28:48,300
suggesting a more complex 
relationship between cultural 

2717
02:28:48,300 --> 02:28:50,700
and political values than often 
attributed to him. 

2718
02:28:51,400 --> 02:28:54,100
The marks household, cultivated 
literary and Theatrical 

2719
02:28:54,100 --> 02:28:56,800
activities. 
Family, letters describe home, 

2720
02:28:56,800 --> 02:28:59,600
performance of Shakespeare plays
with marks, taking multiple 

2721
02:28:59,600 --> 02:29:03,500
roles his daughter's received 
rigorous literary education with

2722
02:29:03,500 --> 02:29:06,000
Mark's personally guiding their 
reading in multiple languages, 

2723
02:29:06,000 --> 02:29:09,100
Eleanor Marx became a 
significant literary figure 

2724
02:29:09,100 --> 02:29:12,600
herself translating Ibsen and 
flow while writing literary 

2725
02:29:12,600 --> 02:29:15,000
criticism. 
Perhaps, most surprising. 

2726
02:29:15,000 --> 02:29:18,100
As marks, his nuanced view of 
how economic conditions 

2727
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:21,900
influence artistic production in
his introduction to the critique

2728
02:29:21,900 --> 02:29:24,400
of political economy, Mark's 
puzzled over. 

2729
02:29:24,400 --> 02:29:27,000
Why Greek art remained 
aesthetically powerful despite 

2730
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:29,400
emerging from a less-developed 
economic system. 

2731
02:29:29,400 --> 02:29:34,600
The 19th century industrial 
society, This Greek problem in 

2732
02:29:34,600 --> 02:29:37,800
Marxist Aesthetics acknowledges,
that artistic achievement 

2733
02:29:37,800 --> 02:29:40,200
doesn't simply Advanced 
alongside Economic Development, 

2734
02:29:40,200 --> 02:29:43,600
contrary to Mechanical 
interpretations of his theories.

2735
02:29:44,600 --> 02:29:47,500
Media marks is writings on 
literature contain insights that

2736
02:29:47,500 --> 02:29:49,500
anticipated later. 
Literary Theory. 

2737
02:29:50,200 --> 02:29:53,100
His discussion of how Victor 
Hugo's novel Le miserable 

2738
02:29:53,100 --> 02:29:56,800
transforms social contradictions
into aesthetic form, resembles 

2739
02:29:56,800 --> 02:29:59,900
aspects of structuralist, 
literary, analysis developed, a 

2740
02:29:59,900 --> 02:30:02,700
century later. 
His critique of Eugene Seuss, 

2741
02:30:02,700 --> 02:30:05,400
mysteries of Paris, analyzes how
popular literature can 

2742
02:30:05,400 --> 02:30:09,400
simultaneously Expose and 
mystify social problems, and 

2743
02:30:09,400 --> 02:30:11,800
anticipating cultural studies 
approaches to Media. 

2744
02:30:11,800 --> 02:30:14,700
Unlike many Victorian 
intellectuals, who dismissed 

2745
02:30:14,700 --> 02:30:18,100
popular culture marks paid 
serious attention to diverse 

2746
02:30:18,100 --> 02:30:21,000
cultural forms He analyzed 
newspaper crime. 

2747
02:30:21,000 --> 02:30:24,400
Reporting popular novels and 
theater alongside canonical 

2748
02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:26,700
literature. 
While teaching his daughter's 

2749
02:30:26,700 --> 02:30:29,500
literature, he included. 
Popular works as well as 

2750
02:30:29,500 --> 02:30:31,800
Classics. 
Recognizing that Cultural 

2751
02:30:31,800 --> 02:30:35,300
Literacy required understanding,
both high and popular forms. 

2752
02:30:36,100 --> 02:30:38,800
Marks is aesthetic Theory, 
includes a robust concept of 

2753
02:30:38,800 --> 02:30:43,600
human creativity that extends 
Beyond utilitarian production in

2754
02:30:43,600 --> 02:30:47,300
his early economic, and 
philosophic manuscripts, Marx 

2755
02:30:47,300 --> 02:30:50,600
describes as a form of non 
alienated labor that allows 

2756
02:30:50,600 --> 02:30:52,900
human creative capacity to 
develop freely. 

2757
02:30:53,800 --> 02:30:57,000
This perspective, suggests that 
aesthetic activity isn't merely 

2758
02:30:57,000 --> 02:31:00,500
decorative, But Central to human
flourishing, a view that aligns 

2759
02:31:00,500 --> 02:31:03,300
marks with humanistic Traditions
despite his materialist 

2760
02:31:03,300 --> 02:31:06,600
reputation. 
The emancipatory potential of 

2761
02:31:06,600 --> 02:31:08,600
art remained important to Marks 
throughout his life. 

2762
02:31:08,600 --> 02:31:11,900
He saw aesthetic experience as 
potentially liberating 

2763
02:31:11,900 --> 02:31:15,300
Consciousness from everyday 
constraints, allowing people to 

2764
02:31:15,300 --> 02:31:18,000
imagine alternatives to existing
social Arrangements. 

2765
02:31:18,900 --> 02:31:21,800
This perspective explains why 
cultural questions remained 

2766
02:31:21,800 --> 02:31:23,700
important to him alongside 
economic analysis. 

2767
02:31:24,700 --> 02:31:27,800
In Marx's view revolutionary 
change required, not just 

2768
02:31:27,800 --> 02:31:31,000
material transformation, the new
forms of Consciousness that 

2769
02:31:31,000 --> 02:31:34,200
could help. 
Marks as cultural interests 

2770
02:31:34,200 --> 02:31:37,500
extended Beyond literature to 
music visual art and 

2771
02:31:37,500 --> 02:31:40,600
architecture. 
He attended Opera performance is

2772
02:31:40,600 --> 02:31:43,600
when Finance is permitted and 
closely followed the career of 

2773
02:31:43,600 --> 02:31:45,500
composer. 
Richard Wagner though. 

2774
02:31:45,500 --> 02:31:48,000
Expressing ambivalence about 
Wagner's nationalist. 

2775
02:31:48,000 --> 02:31:51,000
Tendencies. 
These cultural Dimensions reveal

2776
02:31:51,000 --> 02:31:53,800
a marks, far more complex than 
the economic determinist, often 

2777
02:31:53,800 --> 02:31:57,700
presented in textbooks. 
Perhaps the most revealing 

2778
02:31:57,700 --> 02:32:00,000
aspect of marks is intellectual 
life, is what he left, 

2779
02:32:00,000 --> 02:32:02,600
unfinished. 
His Grand project remained in 

2780
02:32:02,600 --> 02:32:05,300
complete, not just in the 
conventional sense of the 

2781
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:08,600
unfinished, volume of capital, 
but in deeper ways that 

2782
02:32:08,600 --> 02:32:10,800
explaining during debates about 
his legacy. 

2783
02:32:11,700 --> 02:32:16,200
When Marx died in 1883, only the
first volume of capital had been

2784
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:19,400
published. 
Volumes 2 and 3 were assembled 

2785
02:32:19,400 --> 02:32:22,900
by the angles from Marx's notes,
creating endless, scholarly 

2786
02:32:22,900 --> 02:32:25,200
debate about whether these 
posthumous Publications 

2787
02:32:25,200 --> 02:32:27,300
accurately represent Mark's 
intentions. 

2788
02:32:28,000 --> 02:32:30,800
What's less discussed is that 
marks deliberately delayed 

2789
02:32:30,800 --> 02:32:34,100
publication continuously. 
Revising his work as new 

2790
02:32:34,100 --> 02:32:37,900
economic data emerged and is 
thinking of evolved Marks his 

2791
02:32:37,900 --> 02:32:41,300
final years, show a thinker 
moving in unexpected to create 

2792
02:32:41,300 --> 02:32:44,400
to Direction's rather than 
solidifying a dogmatic system. 

2793
02:32:45,400 --> 02:32:49,000
His notebooks from the 1870s and
early 1880s reveal intensive 

2794
02:32:49,000 --> 02:32:51,800
study of anthropology. 
Particularly Lewis Henry 

2795
02:32:51,800 --> 02:32:53,700
Morgan's work on Ancient 
societies. 

2796
02:32:53,700 --> 02:32:57,700
These investigations LED marks 
to question uni, linear theories

2797
02:32:57,700 --> 02:33:00,400
of historical development 
including some of his own early 

2798
02:33:00,400 --> 02:33:04,000
formulations as he recognized 
alternative, social formations, 

2799
02:33:04,000 --> 02:33:07,500
beyond the European pathan, the 
late Marx, showed increasing 

2800
02:33:07,500 --> 02:33:09,300
interest in non-western 
societies. 

2801
02:33:09,300 --> 02:33:12,200
His notes on Russian. 
Rural communes, suggest he saw 

2802
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:15,000
potentially revolutionary 
possibilities in these 

2803
02:33:15,000 --> 02:33:17,800
traditional structures. 
Rather than insisting, they 

2804
02:33:17,800 --> 02:33:20,100
follow Western European 
developmental patterns through 

2805
02:33:20,100 --> 02:33:24,300
capitalism. 
In an 1881 letter to Vera 

2806
02:33:24,300 --> 02:33:28,000
zasulich marks, explicitly 
rejected interpreting his work, 

2807
02:33:28,000 --> 02:33:30,800
as a historical philosophical 
theory of General development in

2808
02:33:30,800 --> 02:33:34,600
posed by Fate on all people's. 
This Evolution challenges 

2809
02:33:34,600 --> 02:33:38,300
mechanical interpretations of 
historical materialism Marx's 

2810
02:33:38,300 --> 02:33:40,900
planned, but Unwritten Works 
reveal how much of his project 

2811
02:33:40,900 --> 02:33:43,700
remained incomplete. 
He intended to write books on 

2812
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:47,300
the state international trade 
and the World Market that would 

2813
02:33:47,300 --> 02:33:49,900
have clarified aspects of his 
theory that remain. 

2814
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:52,900
Most contested. 
His outline for Capital 

2815
02:33:52,900 --> 02:33:55,100
originally included, six 
volumes. 

2816
02:33:55,100 --> 02:33:57,800
With the three, we have 
representing only half his 

2817
02:33:57,800 --> 02:34:00,900
envisioned project. 
Particularly significant was 

2818
02:34:00,900 --> 02:34:03,800
marked as Unwritten book on wage
labor which would have 

2819
02:34:03,808 --> 02:34:06,900
complemented his analysis of 
capital without this 

2820
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:10,200
counterpart, his theory appears 
more deterministic than he 

2821
02:34:10,200 --> 02:34:12,600
likely intended. 
Evidence suggests. 

2822
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:14,900
This volume would have explored 
worker resistance and 

2823
02:34:14,900 --> 02:34:17,500
organizational. 
Themes that appear only briefly 

2824
02:34:17,500 --> 02:34:20,300
in the published volume but were
Central to Mark's political 

2825
02:34:20,300 --> 02:34:22,900
work. 
Health problems, increasingly 

2826
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:26,700
limited marks his productivity 
in his final Year's chronic in 

2827
02:34:26,700 --> 02:34:28,300
sobna liver disease and 
respiratory. 

2828
02:34:28,300 --> 02:34:30,900
Ailments made sustained 
intellectual work difficult. 

2829
02:34:31,700 --> 02:34:34,500
Letters from this period show a 
man aware that time was running 

2830
02:34:34,500 --> 02:34:38,100
out to complete his project. 
This physical declined partly 

2831
02:34:38,100 --> 02:34:41,600
explains why so much remained 
unfinished but also reflects his

2832
02:34:41,600 --> 02:34:45,700
unwillingness to prematurely a 
perfectionism that contributed 

2833
02:34:45,700 --> 02:34:49,400
to his Works in completeness. 
Marx was perpetually distracted 

2834
02:34:49,400 --> 02:34:52,500
by political obligations that 
diverted energy from theoretical

2835
02:34:52,500 --> 02:34:55,000
work. 
His leadership role in the first

2836
02:34:55,000 --> 02:34:58,600
International involved writing, 
countless reports resolutions 

2837
02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:01,600
and addresses while mediating 
disputes between factions. 

2838
02:35:01,600 --> 02:35:05,100
He complained to angles that 
these responsibilities prevented

2839
02:35:05,100 --> 02:35:08,700
progress on Capital but felt 
obligated to the working-class 

2840
02:35:08,700 --> 02:35:12,500
movement, despite these 
intellectual costs, The 

2841
02:35:12,508 --> 02:35:15,100
financial pressures that plagued
marks throughout his life, 

2842
02:35:15,100 --> 02:35:18,300
worsened these delays. 
Journalism and other paid 

2843
02:35:18,300 --> 02:35:20,300
writing took precedence over 
theoretical. 

2844
02:35:20,300 --> 02:35:22,200
Work that offered no immediate 
income. 

2845
02:35:22,900 --> 02:35:26,200
Financial crises repeatedly 
interrupted Marx famous working 

2846
02:35:26,200 --> 02:35:28,900
Habit in the British museum, 
requiring him to write 

2847
02:35:28,900 --> 02:35:31,000
desperately letters to friends 
for loan's. 

2848
02:35:31,000 --> 02:35:34,000
These material conditions of 
intellectual production aren't 

2849
02:35:34,000 --> 02:35:37,300
merely biographical details, but
shaped the development and 

2850
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:41,200
incompleteness of his thought 
Perhaps most significant about 

2851
02:35:41,200 --> 02:35:44,400
Mark's unfinished. 
Work is how it created space for

2852
02:35:44,400 --> 02:35:48,000
diverse interpretations. 
The gaps and ambiguity in his 

2853
02:35:48,000 --> 02:35:50,700
theory. 
Allowed later marks from Lennon 

2854
02:35:50,700 --> 02:35:54,100
to Luxembourg to gramshi to 
creatively develop aspects of 

2855
02:35:54,100 --> 02:35:55,400
his thought in different 
directions. 

2856
02:35:55,400 --> 02:35:59,100
Had Mark's completed a more 
systematic presentation of his 

2857
02:35:59,100 --> 02:36:02,100
mature views. 
This theoretical fertility might

2858
02:36:02,100 --> 02:36:05,800
have been reduced Marx's final 
notebook, entries, show a 

2859
02:36:05,800 --> 02:36:08,100
thinker still evolving rather 
than reaching definitive 

2860
02:36:08,100 --> 02:36:11,700
conclusions, unlike philosophers
who develop systematic theories,

2861
02:36:11,700 --> 02:36:15,800
they then defend unchanged Marx,
continuously revised his 

2862
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:18,400
thinking based on new evidence 
and historical developments. 

2863
02:36:18,400 --> 02:36:21,700
His final notes contain 
questions rather than answers 

2864
02:36:21,700 --> 02:36:25,200
suggesting an open intellectual 
project rather than a closed 

2865
02:36:25,200 --> 02:36:28,700
theoretical system. 
This unfinished quality explains

2866
02:36:28,700 --> 02:36:31,500
why Marx remains relevant 
despite the collapse of regimes 

2867
02:36:31,500 --> 02:36:34,500
that claimed his legacy. 
The open-ended nature of his 

2868
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:37,700
work, allows reconsideration of 
his insights separate from 

2869
02:36:37,700 --> 02:36:41,600
dogmatic applications. 
The Unfinished marks offers 

2870
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:43,900
analytical tools, rather than 
Richard Doctrine. 

2871
02:36:44,800 --> 02:36:47,000
Explaining why his thought 
continues generating new 

2872
02:36:47,000 --> 02:36:49,300
interpretations for 
understanding contemporary, 

2873
02:36:49,300 --> 02:36:51,300
capitalism's, contradictions and
possibility. 

2874
02:36:56,900 --> 02:37:00,800
Consider organizing a 2000, mile
six-month camping trip where you

2875
02:37:00,800 --> 02:37:03,200
would need to pack everything 
you would need to start over at 

2876
02:37:03,200 --> 02:37:06,200
the end. 
Now, picture doing this in 1843 

2877
02:37:06,200 --> 02:37:08,700
when the only content of 
available on the internet was 

2878
02:37:08,700 --> 02:37:10,900
what your neighbor might have 
heard from someone whose cousin 

2879
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:13,500
traveled West the previous year.
Families. 

2880
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:15,700
Preparing to hike. 
The Oregon Trail had to deal 

2881
02:37:15,700 --> 02:37:18,700
with this reality and their 
planning process involved. 

2882
02:37:18,700 --> 02:37:22,600
A combination of science 
speculation and Blind Faith. 

2883
02:37:23,400 --> 02:37:26,000
The average Pioneer Family spent
months preparing for their 

2884
02:37:26,000 --> 02:37:29,200
Westward Journey, which included
the logistical challenges of 

2885
02:37:29,200 --> 02:37:32,400
cross-country relocation along 
with the stress of wedding 

2886
02:37:32,400 --> 02:37:35,600
planning. 
Fathers would write lists and do

2887
02:37:35,608 --> 02:37:39,000
calculations by candlelight on 
winter, evenings, with the same 

2888
02:37:39,000 --> 02:37:41,600
intense Focus as someone 
planning, the longest camping 

2889
02:37:41,600 --> 02:37:44,300
trip in history. 
Knowing that they might not find

2890
02:37:44,300 --> 02:37:46,400
what they had forgotten until 
they arrived in Oregon. 

2891
02:37:46,400 --> 02:37:48,500
Mothers would make a list of 
everything. 

2892
02:37:48,500 --> 02:37:52,400
They owned including extra 
buttons, cooking pots and fabric

2893
02:37:53,400 --> 02:37:56,300
Choosing a wagon was the first 
big decision that would affect 

2894
02:37:56,300 --> 02:37:58,700
how comfortable you were for the
next six months of your life. 

2895
02:37:59,600 --> 02:38:02,500
The majority of families chose 
what was known as a Prairie. 

2896
02:38:02,500 --> 02:38:06,400
Schooner basically a big wooden 
box that was four feet wide and 

2897
02:38:06,400 --> 02:38:09,700
10 feet long on Wheels and 
covered in canvas. 

2898
02:38:10,600 --> 02:38:13,800
Imagine it like a mobile closet 
where you would also sleep cook 

2899
02:38:13,800 --> 02:38:17,300
and call home for six months. 
Tightly stretched over wooden 

2900
02:38:17,300 --> 02:38:19,500
Hoops. 
The canvas top formed a 

2901
02:38:19,500 --> 02:38:21,200
comfortable tunnel. 
That would resemble your 

2902
02:38:21,200 --> 02:38:23,600
childhood bedroom. 
It was like solving the most 

2903
02:38:23,600 --> 02:38:25,600
significant three-dimensional 
puzzle in the world. 

2904
02:38:25,600 --> 02:38:29,600
When loading the wagon families 
created packing techniques, that

2905
02:38:29,600 --> 02:38:32,600
would impress contemporary 
efficiency experts because every

2906
02:38:32,600 --> 02:38:36,500
square inch counted bags of 
flour, barrels of salt pork and 

2907
02:38:36,500 --> 02:38:39,000
spare wagon parts were placed on
the bottom because they were 

2908
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:42,600
heavier Spaces between and along
the sides were occupied by 

2909
02:38:42,608 --> 02:38:46,800
bedding clothing and Priceless 
family belongings. creating a 

2910
02:38:46,800 --> 02:38:49,200
rolling household that could 
continue to run, even if you 

2911
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:52,400
were unable to unpack every 
night was the AIM, The 

2912
02:38:52,400 --> 02:38:55,000
quartermaster's mathematical 
prowess and the foresight of 

2913
02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:57,500
someone who knew that buffalo 
meat wasn't always going to be 

2914
02:38:57,500 --> 02:38:59,700
available at the Neighborhood. 
Grocery Store were needed for 

2915
02:38:59,700 --> 02:39:03,100
food planning. 
Along with bacon, beans coffee 

2916
02:39:03,100 --> 02:39:07,500
sugar and salt families, usually
packed 200 pounds of flour per 

2917
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:09,400
person. 
These were not Gourmet 

2918
02:39:09,400 --> 02:39:12,400
ingredients that they were foods
that could be cooked over an 

2919
02:39:12,400 --> 02:39:15,300
open fire with little cooking 
equipment and would not go bad 

2920
02:39:15,300 --> 02:39:18,600
during months of travel. 
Women had a particularly 

2921
02:39:18,600 --> 02:39:21,700
difficult time, choosing what to
wear, because they had to strike

2922
02:39:21,700 --> 02:39:26,000
a balance between 1840s social 
norms and practicality people in

2923
02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:28,500
Oregon, would judge you before, 
you'd even found a place to 

2924
02:39:28,500 --> 02:39:31,800
live, so you could not exactly 
show up there in, rip and filthy

2925
02:39:31,800 --> 02:39:34,300
clothes. 
Women, therefore, plan to wear 

2926
02:39:34,300 --> 02:39:37,300
their most expensive clothing on
the actual Journey, while 

2927
02:39:37,300 --> 02:39:39,700
packing their best dresses at 
the bottom of trunks. 

2928
02:39:40,500 --> 02:39:43,300
Many developed the ability to 
wear skirts over functional 

2929
02:39:43,300 --> 02:39:46,400
Bloomers, to create respectable 
looking on sambals that 

2930
02:39:46,400 --> 02:39:48,700
accommodated the physical 
demands of Trail life. 

2931
02:39:49,600 --> 02:39:52,500
Parents had to think of 
themselves as both providers and

2932
02:39:52,500 --> 02:39:54,400
entertainers for a six-month 
Journey. 

2933
02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:58,100
Without playgrounds rest stops, 
or toy stores. 

2934
02:39:58,100 --> 02:40:00,800
And their children needed 
special attention. 

2935
02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:05,000
Books were heavy but necessary 
for both evening entertainment 

2936
02:40:05,000 --> 02:40:07,700
and education, making them 
valuable cargo. 

2937
02:40:08,300 --> 02:40:11,100
On tough days. 
Simple toys like cloth dolls or 

2938
02:40:11,100 --> 02:40:14,300
carved wooden figures offered 
Solace during months of travel 

2939
02:40:14,300 --> 02:40:17,400
and Outdoor Living parents 
frequently packed extra fabric. 

2940
02:40:17,400 --> 02:40:20,400
Not only for repairs, but also 
because they knew that by the 

2941
02:40:20,400 --> 02:40:22,900
end of the journey, their 
children would need new clothes 

2942
02:40:22,900 --> 02:40:24,900
because they had outgrown their 
starting sizes. 

2943
02:40:25,700 --> 02:40:29,000
Another important factor was 
medical supplies and families, 

2944
02:40:29,000 --> 02:40:31,900
put together what amounted to a 
traveling Pharmacy, using 

2945
02:40:31,900 --> 02:40:34,700
whatever medical knowledge they 
could find and focus wisdom. 

2946
02:40:35,500 --> 02:40:38,200
Knowing that everyone would be 
impacted by the change in water 

2947
02:40:38,200 --> 02:40:40,700
and diet. 
They packed herbs for Digestive 

2948
02:40:40,700 --> 02:40:44,200
issues on a path 100s of miles 
from the closest physician 

2949
02:40:44,200 --> 02:40:48,300
bandages, Lord and for pain 
relief and various tonic's 

2950
02:40:48,300 --> 02:40:51,100
occupied valuable. 
Trunks space signifying, the 

2951
02:40:51,100 --> 02:40:53,700
difference between minor 
setbacks and possible disasters.

2952
02:40:54,800 --> 02:40:57,400
The most difficult aspect of 
preparation was probably the 

2953
02:40:57,400 --> 02:41:00,500
emotional preparation. 
Families were leaving behind 

2954
02:41:00,500 --> 02:41:04,300
Hull networks of connections, 
support systems and a custom 

2955
02:41:04,300 --> 02:41:06,000
lifestyles. 
In addition to specific 

2956
02:41:06,000 --> 02:41:09,500
locations, they would bring 
family, Bible's that functioned 

2957
02:41:09,500 --> 02:41:12,500
as both spiritual consolation 
and family history, books 

2958
02:41:12,500 --> 02:41:16,000
letters from loved ones and 
small momentos from home 

2959
02:41:16,000 --> 02:41:18,800
churches. 
Although these objects were 

2960
02:41:18,800 --> 02:41:20,300
heavy and took up valuable 
space. 

2961
02:41:20,300 --> 02:41:23,200
They gave people who were going 
into an unknown future 

2962
02:41:23,200 --> 02:41:26,400
psychological stability. 
families would get together for 

2963
02:41:26,400 --> 02:41:30,200
church services, farewell visits
and last communal meals as 

2964
02:41:30,200 --> 02:41:34,000
departure, time Drew near These 
gatherings had the Bittersweet 

2965
02:41:34,000 --> 02:41:37,500
feel of occasions that everyone 
knew might be final farewells. 

2966
02:41:38,600 --> 02:41:41,000
In addition to offering last 
minute, tips and forgotten 

2967
02:41:41,000 --> 02:41:44,100
supplies, neighbors would also 
pledged to write letters that 

2968
02:41:44,100 --> 02:41:48,300
they all hoped would somehow 
make it to Oregon Territory. as 

2969
02:41:48,300 --> 02:41:51,700
families left friends and family
wondered if they would ever 

2970
02:41:51,700 --> 02:41:55,600
cross paths again, causing 
entire Community, social fabric 

2971
02:41:55,600 --> 02:41:59,400
to be revived and Most families 
had what we might now identify 

2972
02:41:59,400 --> 02:42:02,900
as a mix of pre examining 
anxiety and Christmas Eve 

2973
02:42:02,900 --> 02:42:06,000
excitement the night before 
departure for the final time 

2974
02:42:06,000 --> 02:42:08,500
children would lie in their 
comfortable beds while their 

2975
02:42:08,500 --> 02:42:11,000
parents made last minute, 
preparations down stairs. 

2976
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:13,900
While attempting to commit 
details of homes. 

2977
02:42:13,900 --> 02:42:15,400
They might never see again to 
memory. 

2978
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:18,100
Adults would stroll through 
empty rooms. 

2979
02:42:18,100 --> 02:42:22,200
Making sure nothing important 
had been overlooked any sleeping

2980
02:42:22,200 --> 02:42:24,900
Arrangements, they could make in
and around their wagon, would 

2981
02:42:24,900 --> 02:42:26,900
take the place of their actual 
beds tomorrow. 

2982
02:42:27,700 --> 02:42:30,700
There are Custom Kitchens would 
be converted into dutch ovens 

2983
02:42:30,700 --> 02:42:33,900
and campfires any group of 
families that happen to be on 

2984
02:42:33,900 --> 02:42:35,600
their Wagon, Train would become 
their neighborhood. 

2985
02:42:35,600 --> 02:42:39,100
Everything that was familiar and
comfortable was about to change 

2986
02:42:39,100 --> 02:42:41,900
into an adventure that would put
all of their preparations to the

2987
02:42:41,900 --> 02:42:44,900
test. 
Imagine being gently roused by 

2988
02:42:44,900 --> 02:42:48,800
the sounds of someone rekindling
a campfire and the soft rustle 

2989
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:52,700
of canvas as your neighbors, 
start their day, rather than an 

2990
02:42:52,700 --> 02:42:54,700
alarm clock on an Oregon Trail 
morning. 

2991
02:42:54,700 --> 02:42:57,900
Your kitchen was any level. 
You could clear around a fire 

2992
02:42:57,900 --> 02:42:59,700
pit. 
Your bathroom was wherever you 

2993
02:42:59,700 --> 02:43:02,200
could find privacy and your 
bedroom was a wagon. 

2994
02:43:03,300 --> 02:43:06,700
At 4:38 a.m. when the air was 
cool and The Oxen were resting 

2995
02:43:06,700 --> 02:43:08,100
from their night of grazing, 
nearby. 

2996
02:43:08,100 --> 02:43:10,700
The usual Trail day started 
Before Sunrise. 

2997
02:43:11,600 --> 02:43:13,900
Families had discovered the 
importance of starting early. 

2998
02:43:13,900 --> 02:43:17,400
Not only to get as much distance
as possible before the midday 

2999
02:43:17,400 --> 02:43:20,700
heat, but also because people 
and animals had the most energy 

3000
02:43:20,700 --> 02:43:22,500
in the morning for the 
challengers of the day. 

3001
02:43:23,400 --> 02:43:25,500
The first thing you would notice
when you woke up would be the 

3002
02:43:25,500 --> 02:43:28,200
strange rigidity that results 
from sleeping on the ground, 

3003
02:43:28,200 --> 02:43:30,800
which never felt like a proper 
mattress. 

3004
02:43:30,800 --> 02:43:33,300
No matter how hard you tried 
family soon. 

3005
02:43:33,300 --> 02:43:36,000
Discovered how to distinguish 
the subtle differences between 

3006
02:43:36,000 --> 02:43:39,300
different types of prayer. 
Requests such as witch places, 

3007
02:43:39,300 --> 02:43:42,300
offered the best balance of 
support and softness, which 

3008
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:45,200
areas drained. 
Well, after rain and which areas

3009
02:43:45,200 --> 02:43:47,900
provided wind protection without
retaining more moisture. 

3010
02:43:47,900 --> 02:43:51,300
The rhythm of the morning ritual
would grow as ingrained as 

3011
02:43:51,300 --> 02:43:53,700
breathing. 
The other parent would check on 

3012
02:43:53,700 --> 02:43:56,100
the animals. 
Making sure the horses mules, or

3013
02:43:56,100 --> 02:43:59,000
oxen had not wandered far during
their night of grazing. 

3014
02:43:59,000 --> 02:44:01,700
While the other parent 
rekindled, the cooking fire from

3015
02:44:01,700 --> 02:44:05,000
carefully preserved coals When 
they were old enough to assist 

3016
02:44:05,000 --> 02:44:07,700
children would be given jobs 
like collecting Buffalo chips 

3017
02:44:07,700 --> 02:44:10,900
for fuel, which may seem like a 
bad job until you realize that 

3018
02:44:10,900 --> 02:44:13,700
these dried droppings burn 
cleanly and were frequently. 

3019
02:44:13,700 --> 02:44:16,000
The only fuel available on 
planes without trees. 

3020
02:44:17,600 --> 02:44:20,100
The meal was typically 
straightforward but comforting 

3021
02:44:20,100 --> 02:44:22,900
and breakfast preparation 
started, while the stars were 

3022
02:44:22,900 --> 02:44:25,300
still visible. 
In addition to its caffeine 

3023
02:44:25,300 --> 02:44:27,900
content coffee was necessary 
because the morning ritual 

3024
02:44:27,900 --> 02:44:31,900
offered psychological Solace and
a sense of normalcy in another 

3025
02:44:31,900 --> 02:44:35,500
wise, utterly bizarre way of 
life, In battered tin pots. 

3026
02:44:35,500 --> 02:44:38,400
The coffee was brewed over fires
that seemed to have their own 

3027
02:44:38,400 --> 02:44:41,500
personalities, and moods and was
frequently strong enough to 

3028
02:44:41,500 --> 02:44:44,700
dissolve horseshoes. 
Since they could be made quickly

3029
02:44:44,700 --> 02:44:48,400
with basic ingredients and 
cooked on flat stones or iron 

3030
02:44:48,400 --> 02:44:52,000
griddles heated over the fire. 
Pancakes were a popular 

3031
02:44:52,000 --> 02:44:54,600
breakfast option. 
The batter could consist of 

3032
02:44:54,600 --> 02:44:58,600
whatever was on hand sometimes 
just flour and water, sometimes 

3033
02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:01,000
enhanced with eggs, if the 
family's chickens were still 

3034
02:45:01,000 --> 02:45:04,300
laying and sometimes sweetened 
with molasses or precious sugar 

3035
02:45:04,300 --> 02:45:07,100
for special occasions or when 
Spirits needed to be raised. 

3036
02:45:07,900 --> 02:45:10,300
Families would start the 
difficult process of breaking 

3037
02:45:10,300 --> 02:45:11,600
Camp. 
While breakfast was being 

3038
02:45:11,600 --> 02:45:15,300
prepared and this daily ritual. 
Evolved into a meticulously 

3039
02:45:15,300 --> 02:45:18,600
planned, dance of efficiency to 
keep the bedding dry and usable 

3040
02:45:18,600 --> 02:45:21,100
for the following night. 
It had to be folded aired and 

3041
02:45:21,100 --> 02:45:23,500
packed. 
Since soap was too valuable to 

3042
02:45:23,500 --> 02:45:25,800
be wasted on. 
Daily dishwashing cooking 

3043
02:45:25,800 --> 02:45:28,500
utensils needed to be cleaned 
frequently with sand and hot 

3044
02:45:28,500 --> 02:45:30,800
water. 
More thorough bathing was a 

3045
02:45:30,800 --> 02:45:33,500
luxury save for Sunday. 
Rest days or river Crossings due

3046
02:45:33,500 --> 02:45:34,800
to privacy and water 
availability. 

3047
02:45:34,800 --> 02:45:38,600
So, personal washing occurred 
quickly and usually involved 

3048
02:45:38,600 --> 02:45:41,300
only washing hands and faces at 
the latest. 

3049
02:45:41,300 --> 02:45:45,000
The Wagon Train would start to 
move by 7, mm, and the speed of 

3050
02:45:45,000 --> 02:45:47,100
the journey established its own 
daily Cadence. 

3051
02:45:48,000 --> 02:45:50,800
People frequently chose to walk 
beside their wagons rather than 

3052
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:54,100
riding inside them because oxen 
could travel up to two miles per

3053
02:45:54,100 --> 02:45:57,900
hour on good days, in reality, 
walking was better for a number 

3054
02:45:57,908 --> 02:46:00,300
of reasons. 
It, spared the animals from the 

3055
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:03,300
startling, bone-shaking 
experience of riding in a wagon 

3056
02:46:03,308 --> 02:46:07,800
without suspension It allowed 
them to get food and fueled, it 

3057
02:46:07,800 --> 02:46:10,400
was just a chance to stretch 
legs that had been crammed into 

3058
02:46:10,400 --> 02:46:12,300
makeshift sleeping quarters 
during the night. 

3059
02:46:13,500 --> 02:46:15,400
By developing games. 
That could be played while 

3060
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:18,600
keeping the steady Pace required
to cover 15 to 20 miles. 

3061
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:21,900
Each day, children discovered 
ways to make the daily walk in 

3062
02:46:21,908 --> 02:46:24,500
to entertainment. 
They could compete to find 

3063
02:46:24,500 --> 02:46:28,000
Wildlife gather unique rocks or 
practice skills. 

3064
02:46:28,000 --> 02:46:30,900
Their mothers taught them like 
identifying edible plants. 

3065
02:46:31,800 --> 02:46:34,400
As they traveled, the miles 
required to get to Oregon 

3066
02:46:34,400 --> 02:46:36,700
before. 
Winter parents, use the daily 

3067
02:46:36,700 --> 02:46:39,400
walk as an unofficial School 
period to teach their kids 

3068
02:46:39,400 --> 02:46:43,400
geography, natural history and 
practical skills known as 

3069
02:46:43,400 --> 02:46:45,400
newning. 
The midday halt, gave both 

3070
02:46:45,400 --> 02:46:48,200
humans and animals the much 
needed respite, they needed 

3071
02:46:48,200 --> 02:46:49,400
during the hottest part of the 
day. 

3072
02:46:49,400 --> 02:46:52,900
In order to give animals the 
opportunity to graze and rest in

3073
02:46:52,900 --> 02:46:55,800
any available shade families 
would unhitch. 

3074
02:46:55,800 --> 02:46:59,300
Their teams this two to 
three-hour break developed into 

3075
02:46:59,300 --> 02:47:02,600
a crucial social moment during 
which families could exchange 

3076
02:47:02,600 --> 02:47:06,600
supplies discussed news or just 
have pleasant chats with people 

3077
02:47:06,600 --> 02:47:08,000
outside of their immediate 
family. 

3078
02:47:09,200 --> 02:47:11,800
Women frequently used newning to
complete tasks. 

3079
02:47:11,800 --> 02:47:14,700
That were challenging to 
complete while traveling such as

3080
02:47:14,700 --> 02:47:18,300
mending clothing journaling or 
cooking, which required more 

3081
02:47:18,300 --> 02:47:19,800
Focus than walking could 
provide. 

3082
02:47:20,800 --> 02:47:23,700
While the Wagon Train was in 
motion, kids might play games 

3083
02:47:23,700 --> 02:47:26,400
that were not useful or take 
naps in whatever shade was 

3084
02:47:26,408 --> 02:47:29,200
available. 
Usually men used this time to 

3085
02:47:29,200 --> 02:47:32,400
inspect Machinery. 
Fix problems or talk with the 

3086
02:47:32,400 --> 02:47:34,300
Wagon Train Captain about the 
next course. 

3087
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:37,600
The afternoon, commute was 
frequently more difficult than 

3088
02:47:37,600 --> 02:47:39,600
the morning. 
One, everybody was starting to 

3089
02:47:39,600 --> 02:47:42,100
feel the cumulative weariness of
weeks on the trail. 

3090
02:47:42,100 --> 02:47:45,400
The heat made walking more 
challenging and the dust kicked 

3091
02:47:45,400 --> 02:47:48,200
up by dozens of wagons, created 
its own weather system. 

3092
02:47:49,100 --> 02:47:51,600
Because decision-making was more
difficult when everyone was 

3093
02:47:51,600 --> 02:47:53,700
exhausted hot and possibly 
irritable. 

3094
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:57,300
This was the time when families 
truly valued the structure and 

3095
02:47:57,300 --> 02:48:00,500
routines, they had established 
the complicated process of 

3096
02:48:00,500 --> 02:48:03,600
setting up camp, came in the 
evening and families device 

3097
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:06,200
systems that struck a balance 
between comfort and efficiency. 

3098
02:48:07,200 --> 02:48:10,600
The best campsites provided 
natural windbreaks drainage to 

3099
02:48:10,600 --> 02:48:13,600
avoid issues in the event of 
nighttime rain and access to 

3100
02:48:13,600 --> 02:48:18,000
water, fire Fuel and animals in 
With months of practice, 

3101
02:48:18,000 --> 02:48:19,400
seasoned Travelers. 
Could quickly. 

3102
02:48:19,400 --> 02:48:23,200
Assess water quality, where the 
security and neighbor proximity 

3103
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:26,300
while of evaluating possible 
campsite with the help of 

3104
02:48:26,300 --> 02:48:29,100
professional Scouts, the 
atmosphere of the Wagon Train 

3105
02:48:29,100 --> 02:48:32,600
would change as the sun sank 
from the concentrated efficiency

3106
02:48:32,600 --> 02:48:35,400
of travel to the more laid back 
rhythms of Camp life in the 

3107
02:48:35,400 --> 02:48:37,900
evening. 
Fires would start to appear all 

3108
02:48:37,900 --> 02:48:41,300
over the camp, cooking smoked 
would produce its own fragrant 

3109
02:48:41,300 --> 02:48:44,300
atmosphere, and the sounds of 
plodding, oxen, and creaking 

3110
02:48:44,300 --> 02:48:46,500
Wagon Wheels. 
Would give way to conversations 

3111
02:48:46,500 --> 02:48:50,100
children playing and the evening
chores that got families ready 

3112
02:48:50,100 --> 02:48:51,500
for another night Under the 
Stars. 

3113
02:48:52,500 --> 02:48:55,100
This daily routine which was 
repeated for months, 

3114
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:58,600
strengthened Family Ties, and 
produced skills that turned 

3115
02:48:58,600 --> 02:49:02,000
common people into masters of 
animal husbandry outdoor living 

3116
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:05,000
and Building Homes, wherever 
their wagons halted for the 

3117
02:49:05,008 --> 02:49:08,200
night. 
Imagine attempting to manage a 

3118
02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:11,100
restaurant with a fire pit in 
the kitchen whatever fits in a 

3119
02:49:11,100 --> 02:49:13,800
wooden box for the pantry and 
wherever you can find level 

3120
02:49:13,800 --> 02:49:16,700
ground that isn't too muddy or 
Dusty for the dining area 

3121
02:49:16,700 --> 02:49:19,200
feeding families. 
On the Oregon Trail was a daily 

3122
02:49:19,200 --> 02:49:23,100
reality where mothers developed 
into skilled outdoor cooks and 

3123
02:49:23,100 --> 02:49:26,100
everyone discovered that using 
limited ingredients creatively 

3124
02:49:26,100 --> 02:49:28,600
made the difference between 
meals that lifted people's 

3125
02:49:28,600 --> 02:49:31,000
spirits and meals that served a 
functional purpose. 

3126
02:49:31,900 --> 02:49:34,600
Modern backpacking enthusiasts 
would be impressed by the camp 

3127
02:49:34,600 --> 02:49:37,600
kitchen, which was a Masterwork 
of portability and efficiency, 

3128
02:49:37,600 --> 02:49:40,600
everything had to be 
multi-functional and compact. 

3129
02:49:41,700 --> 02:49:43,900
Cast iron. 
Dutch oven was used as a general

3130
02:49:43,900 --> 02:49:46,000
cooking pot roasting pan and 
bread Baker. 

3131
02:49:46,700 --> 02:49:49,300
Tin plate, served a serving 
platters and cutting boards. 

3132
02:49:49,300 --> 02:49:52,400
In addition to making coffee and
tea coffee pots were 

3133
02:49:52,400 --> 02:49:54,000
occasionally used to cook 
vegetables. 

3134
02:49:54,000 --> 02:49:56,800
While other pots were in use, 
when cooking called, for 

3135
02:49:56,800 --> 02:49:59,500
additional containers, even the 
wooden water buckets were 

3136
02:49:59,500 --> 02:50:03,200
converted into mixing bowls. 
Family spent weeks honing their 

3137
02:50:03,200 --> 02:50:05,200
craft of setting up the evening 
cooking area. 

3138
02:50:05,200 --> 02:50:08,100
No one wanted this sleeping 
space to smell like a barbecue 

3139
02:50:08,100 --> 02:50:10,700
pit all night. 
So the fire had to be oriented 

3140
02:50:10,700 --> 02:50:13,900
to benefit from the prevailing 
winds for both heat distribution

3141
02:50:13,900 --> 02:50:18,000
and smoke directions. 
Flat Stones were used as serving

3142
02:50:18,000 --> 02:50:21,600
areas and countertops and rocks 
were arranged to form pot 

3143
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:24,700
supports and windscreens. 
As a result, an outdoor kitchen 

3144
02:50:24,700 --> 02:50:28,200
was created, that could use the 
most basic ingredients to create

3145
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:32,600
surprisingly complex meals. 
Modern Bakers would find the 

3146
02:50:32,600 --> 02:50:35,400
skills needed to make bread on 
the trail, both familiar and 

3147
02:50:35,400 --> 02:50:37,800
difficult. 
Like Priceless heirlooms 

3148
02:50:37,800 --> 02:50:40,700
sourdough starters were 
maintained with care and passed 

3149
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:44,300
down through the generations 
because a healthy starter meant 

3150
02:50:44,300 --> 02:50:46,700
fresh bread. 
All the way, while a dead 

3151
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:50,300
starter meant months of hardship
and disappointment, the starter 

3152
02:50:50,300 --> 02:50:53,600
lived in jars or crops that 
traveled in wagons with the same

3153
02:50:53,600 --> 02:50:56,200
attention to detail. 
Typically reserved for fragile, 

3154
02:50:56,200 --> 02:51:00,200
China, timing, temperature, and 
technique had to be precisely 

3155
02:51:00,200 --> 02:51:03,200
synchronized when baking bread 
in a dutch oven, which was 

3156
02:51:03,200 --> 02:51:05,000
similar to conducting, a small 
Orchestra. 

3157
02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:08,800
The heavy iron pot was covered 
with coals, which created 

3158
02:51:08,800 --> 02:51:12,000
another effect that could result
in surprisingly light crusty 

3159
02:51:12,000 --> 02:51:15,400
loaves in order to develop an 
intuitive sense of temperature 

3160
02:51:15,400 --> 02:51:18,100
that would be useful in kitchens
they would construct in Oregon 

3161
02:51:18,900 --> 02:51:21,700
Season Trail Bakers would hold 
their hands, close to the coals 

3162
02:51:21,700 --> 02:51:24,400
and count slowly. 
Along the trail. 

3163
02:51:24,400 --> 02:51:27,200
There were special opportunities
and challenges related to meet 

3164
02:51:27,200 --> 02:51:30,500
preparation and preservation. 
Families had to swiftly, 

3165
02:51:30,500 --> 02:51:34,100
transform, vast quantities of 
fresh meat into forms, that 

3166
02:51:34,100 --> 02:51:36,800
would keep without 
Refrigeration, after hunting was

3167
02:51:36,800 --> 02:51:39,000
successful. 
When they were available 

3168
02:51:39,000 --> 02:51:42,800
Buffalo, provided roasts stakes,
and jerky, raw materials that 

3169
02:51:42,800 --> 02:51:45,300
can be used for weeks to augment
stored supplies. 

3170
02:51:45,300 --> 02:51:48,800
The Wagon Train spontaneously 
celebrated the sharing of fresh 

3171
02:51:48,800 --> 02:51:52,100
meat, because butchering large 
animals was a communal activity.

3172
02:51:53,000 --> 02:51:55,900
The daily ritual of preparing, 
beans demanded patients and 

3173
02:51:55,900 --> 02:51:58,600
forethought, which contemporary 
Cooks may find hard to 

3174
02:51:58,600 --> 02:52:01,200
understand. 
Pots that traveled with the 

3175
02:52:01,200 --> 02:52:04,400
wagons were used to soak the 
dried beans overnight and then 

3176
02:52:04,400 --> 02:52:06,100
cook them slowly throughout the 
day. 

3177
02:52:07,100 --> 02:52:10,800
The beans would be flavorful and
soft by the afternoon ready to 

3178
02:52:10,800 --> 02:52:15,100
be mixed with wild onions, salt 
pork or whatever vegetables 

3179
02:52:15,100 --> 02:52:18,600
could be picked from the trail. 
A successful pot of beans could 

3180
02:52:18,600 --> 02:52:22,000
provide a family with food for 
days and give them the comfort 

3181
02:52:22,000 --> 02:52:24,700
and protein they needed to get 
through challenging parts of the

3182
02:52:24,700 --> 02:52:27,600
journey. 
Collecting wild food turned into

3183
02:52:27,600 --> 02:52:30,000
a daily routine that 
complemented Provisions that 

3184
02:52:30,000 --> 02:52:33,500
were kept in storage and added 
much needed diversity to diets. 

3185
02:52:33,500 --> 02:52:36,000
That could get boring after 
weeks of the same Staples 

3186
02:52:36,000 --> 02:52:39,600
youngsters, were able to 
recognize wild onions, which 

3187
02:52:39,600 --> 02:52:42,600
gave flavor to bland food and 
contained, vital nutrients that 

3188
02:52:42,600 --> 02:52:46,200
helped ward off scurvy. 
When wild berries were 

3189
02:52:46,200 --> 02:52:49,500
discovered, they were treated 
like Priceless jewels and either

3190
02:52:49,500 --> 02:52:52,500
preserved for special occasions 
or consumed freshers treats. 

3191
02:52:53,200 --> 02:52:55,500
Even plants that are now 
regarded as weeds. 

3192
02:52:55,500 --> 02:52:58,500
Like dandelion greens were 
welcomed additions to meals, 

3193
02:52:58,500 --> 02:53:02,900
that mostly consisted of bread 
bacon and beans in part because 

3194
02:53:02,900 --> 02:53:06,300
good coffee was vital to morale.
And in part because the ritual 

3195
02:53:06,300 --> 02:53:08,500
of making coffee offered a 
reassuring routine. 

3196
02:53:09,700 --> 02:53:13,300
In otherwise unpredictable days 
coffee preparation was elevated 

3197
02:53:13,300 --> 02:53:16,400
to an art form on the trail 
families came to favor, various 

3198
02:53:16,400 --> 02:53:18,500
Brewing, grinding and roasting 
methods. 

3199
02:53:18,500 --> 02:53:22,000
While some learned to stretch 
limited resources by combining 

3200
02:53:22,000 --> 02:53:23,800
coffee with chicory or other 
flavoring. 

3201
02:53:23,800 --> 02:53:27,100
Additives that added flavor 
without using up their supplies 

3202
02:53:27,100 --> 02:53:29,000
others. 
Preferred coffee that was strong

3203
02:53:29,000 --> 02:53:32,400
enough to float horseshoes, the 
Social Hub of Camp life was the 

3204
02:53:32,400 --> 02:53:35,500
evening meal when families could
unwind after a long day of 

3205
02:53:35,500 --> 02:53:38,300
travel and concentrate on 
savoring food and conversing, 

3206
02:53:39,000 --> 02:53:42,300
Tables could be made out of 
anything flat such as blanket 

3207
02:53:42,300 --> 02:53:46,100
spread out on the ground boards 
balanced on rocks or wagon 

3208
02:53:46,100 --> 02:53:49,200
tailgates. 
Families upheld meal customs and

3209
02:53:49,200 --> 02:53:50,800
table manners. 
Despite the Primitive 

3210
02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:54,000
surrounding, which helped to 
maintain a sense of normalcy and

3211
02:53:54,000 --> 02:53:56,400
civilization in an otherwise 
chaotic setting. 

3212
02:53:57,400 --> 02:54:00,000
The trails food experience is 
for kids were instructive and 

3213
02:54:00,000 --> 02:54:02,800
constricting. 
They developed taste for wild 

3214
02:54:02,800 --> 02:54:04,500
foods. 
That most modern children never 

3215
02:54:04,500 --> 02:54:07,900
experienced, learn to appreciate
simple Foods, prepared. 

3216
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:11,900
Well, and realized how much 
effort goes into each meal, not 

3217
02:54:11,900 --> 02:54:13,700
because Trail food was 
especially tasty. 

3218
02:54:13,700 --> 02:54:17,200
But rather, because it was 
connected to Adventure, family, 

3219
02:54:17,200 --> 02:54:20,700
time around campfires and the 
satisfaction of meals that were 

3220
02:54:20,700 --> 02:54:22,600
genuinely earned through the 
days work. 

3221
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:25,700
Many kids later, recalled it 
with surprisingly positive 

3222
02:54:25,700 --> 02:54:29,400
feelings, wagon, food storage, 
required ongoing care to avoid 

3223
02:54:29,400 --> 02:54:33,300
pest damage, deterioration and 
contamination from moisture and 

3224
02:54:33,308 --> 02:54:36,400
dust. 
Barrels of flour were sealed and

3225
02:54:36,400 --> 02:54:38,900
periodically inspected for 
moisture damage or Weaver 

3226
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:41,700
activity. 
The brine used to store salt 

3227
02:54:41,700 --> 02:54:43,700
pork needed to be periodically 
refilled. 

3228
02:54:43,700 --> 02:54:46,300
Containers used for the storage 
of dried. 

3229
02:54:46,300 --> 02:54:49,000
Goods were designed to keep 
their contents dry and usable 

3230
02:54:49,000 --> 02:54:51,500
for everyday use while 
withstanding, the frequent 

3231
02:54:51,500 --> 02:54:55,600
jarring of wagon travel After 
dinner, there was a community 

3232
02:54:55,600 --> 02:54:58,200
clean up that bonded families, 
and got everyone ready for the 

3233
02:54:58,200 --> 02:55:01,700
challenges of the following day.
When soap was too, valuable to 

3234
02:55:01,700 --> 02:55:05,100
spare sand was used as an 
abrasive in hot water heated, 

3235
02:55:05,100 --> 02:55:06,600
over the campfire to wash 
dishes. 

3236
02:55:07,400 --> 02:55:10,300
Cooking tools were washed dried 
and packed to prevent damage 

3237
02:55:10,300 --> 02:55:13,300
during the night and to ensure 
they were available for meal 

3238
02:55:13,300 --> 02:55:16,200
preparation in the morning. 
The cozy sounds and sense of 

3239
02:55:16,200 --> 02:55:19,000
dozens of small communities, 
celebrating the Tranquil, 

3240
02:55:19,000 --> 02:55:22,300
conclusion of another day on the
trail would permeate the camp as

3241
02:55:22,300 --> 02:55:25,200
families, gathered around their 
fires following evening meals. 

3242
02:55:26,300 --> 02:55:28,600
Despite the challenges and 
uncertainty of the journey. 

3243
02:55:28,600 --> 02:55:32,200
The atmosphere created by the 
smell of coffee would smoke and 

3244
02:55:32,200 --> 02:55:34,400
cooking food offered moments of 
true. 

3245
02:55:34,400 --> 02:55:37,900
Contentment and family closeness
that many people later recalled 

3246
02:55:37,900 --> 02:55:39,700
as some of the happiest times of
their lives. 

3247
02:55:39,700 --> 02:55:43,500
Imagine yourself flying on your 
back and gazing up at more stars

3248
02:55:43,500 --> 02:55:45,000
than you have ever seen in your 
life. 

3249
02:55:45,000 --> 02:55:47,400
There are no streetlights or 
City Lights. 

3250
02:55:47,400 --> 02:55:51,400
Just a huge Dome of sparkling 
points of light, that makes you 

3251
02:55:51,400 --> 02:55:54,600
feel both incredibly small and 
Incredibly connected to 

3252
02:55:54,600 --> 02:55:58,900
something vast and eternal. 
On the Oregon Trail families, 

3253
02:55:58,900 --> 02:56:00,400
learned to find rest and 
comfort. 

3254
02:56:00,400 --> 02:56:03,400
During this time of night in 
circumstances, that would be 

3255
02:56:03,408 --> 02:56:05,300
difficult for even seasoned 
campers. 

3256
02:56:05,300 --> 02:56:08,000
Today, one of the biggest 
changes that families had to 

3257
02:56:08,000 --> 02:56:10,700
make was the gradual shift from 
house sleeping to Wagon 

3258
02:56:10,700 --> 02:56:13,800
sleeping, which occurred as they
established routines, and 

3259
02:56:13,800 --> 02:56:16,800
systems, that made their mobile 
homes into possibly comfortable 

3260
02:56:16,800 --> 02:56:20,100
places to sleep. 
The interior of a covered wagon 

3261
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:22,900
was about the size of a 
contemporary walk-in closet, but

3262
02:56:22,900 --> 02:56:26,600
it had to provide a family with 
a bedroom storage and shelter 

3263
02:56:26,600 --> 02:56:29,300
during months of travel. 
And in all types of weather, 

3264
02:56:29,300 --> 02:56:32,400
most people didn't realize they 
had the engineering skills 

3265
02:56:32,400 --> 02:56:34,300
necessary to create sleeping 
Arrangements. 

3266
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:37,700
If there were mattresses at all,
they were typically made of 

3267
02:56:37,700 --> 02:56:40,600
feather ticks or straw, which 
could be replaced with new 

3268
02:56:40,600 --> 02:56:43,700
materials as needed. 
More often families made 

3269
02:56:43,700 --> 02:56:46,900
Sleeping surfaces out of 
blankets, quilts and whatever 

3270
02:56:46,900 --> 02:56:49,500
padding they could arrange out 
of soft items like clothing. 

3271
02:56:50,400 --> 02:56:52,900
The objective was to use 
materials that could be readily 

3272
02:56:52,900 --> 02:56:56,300
packed and rearranged every day 
to provide enough cushioning to 

3273
02:56:56,300 --> 02:56:58,000
make sleeping on hard white and 
Floors. 

3274
02:56:58,000 --> 02:57:01,400
Bearable children, sleeping a 
rangements frequently required 

3275
02:57:01,400 --> 02:57:04,800
the most Ingenuity because their
developing bodies required more 

3276
02:57:04,800 --> 02:57:07,600
rest than adults. 
But small spaces could not 

3277
02:57:07,600 --> 02:57:09,600
accommodate, everyone lying flat
at once. 

3278
02:57:09,600 --> 02:57:13,500
Family established Arrangements,
in which in favorable weather 

3279
02:57:13,500 --> 02:57:17,400
children, slept in hammocks hung
from the wagon bells, or in 

3280
02:57:17,400 --> 02:57:20,100
which younger children slept 
crosswise at the wagons foot. 

3281
02:57:20,100 --> 02:57:24,200
While parents, slept lengthwise 
To make the most of the vertical

3282
02:57:24,200 --> 02:57:27,200
space within the whacking. 
Cover some families constructed,

3283
02:57:27,200 --> 02:57:30,500
sleeping shells, families. 
Nightly sleeping Arrangements 

3284
02:57:30,500 --> 02:57:32,200
were greatly influenced by the 
weather. 

3285
02:57:32,900 --> 02:57:35,600
Many people prefer to sleep 
outside under the stars, when 

3286
02:57:35,600 --> 02:57:38,800
the weather was nice taking 
advantage of the space and fresh

3287
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:41,200
air that came with sleeping 
outside while also using the 

3288
02:57:41,200 --> 02:57:44,400
wagon for storage and weather 
protection around the dying. 

3289
02:57:44,400 --> 02:57:47,000
Campfire, families would set up 
their bedrolls so that they were

3290
02:57:47,000 --> 02:57:50,300
close enough to enjoy the last 
of the warmth, but far enough 

3291
02:57:50,300 --> 02:57:52,000
away to keep smoke and Sparks 
out. 

3292
02:57:53,000 --> 02:57:55,700
Along the trail, the Bedtime 
ritual developed into a 

3293
02:57:55,700 --> 02:57:58,900
treasured family, custom that 
offered security and solace in a

3294
02:57:58,900 --> 02:58:01,500
setting that was otherwise 
undergoing constant change. 

3295
02:58:02,200 --> 02:58:04,100
They would gather the children 
from their evening play. 

3296
02:58:04,100 --> 02:58:08,100
Wash their hands and faces with 
precious water and say prayers, 

3297
02:58:08,100 --> 02:58:11,100
which frequently included asking
for protection for the night 

3298
02:58:11,100 --> 02:58:14,300
ahead and expressing gratitude 
for the day's safe travel. 

3299
02:58:15,300 --> 02:58:17,500
While adjusting to the 
particulars of Trail life. 

3300
02:58:17,500 --> 02:58:20,500
These routines helped families. 
Stay connected to their home. 

3301
02:58:20,500 --> 02:58:23,700
Traditions families used 
Innovative combinations of 

3302
02:58:23,700 --> 02:58:26,700
canvas screens. 
Well, placed wagons, an 

3303
02:58:26,700 --> 02:58:29,100
Unwritten agreements about 
respecting one another's needs 

3304
02:58:29,100 --> 02:58:32,400
for personal space to deal with 
the ongoing problem of privacy 

3305
02:58:32,400 --> 02:58:36,400
bathing changing clothes and 
other personal tasks required 

3306
02:58:36,400 --> 02:58:39,400
preparation and collaboration, 
which strained everyone's 

3307
02:58:39,400 --> 02:58:42,900
patience and flexibility while 
strengthening Family Ties. 

3308
02:58:43,700 --> 02:58:46,300
It was a certain atmosphere 
created by the sounds of a 

3309
02:58:46,300 --> 02:58:47,600
wagon. 
Train going to sleep. 

3310
02:58:47,600 --> 02:58:51,000
The night would be filled with 
the sounds of settling animals 

3311
02:58:51,000 --> 02:58:55,400
distant, coyote calls, and the 
soft creaking of wagon covers in

3312
02:58:55,400 --> 02:58:58,700
evening, breezes as fire 
subsided and conversations 

3313
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:02,700
cooled, These sounds which at 
first frightened, those used to 

3314
02:59:02,700 --> 02:59:06,200
sleeping indoors, eventually 
grew reassuring and recognizable

3315
02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:09,300
a nighttime Symphony. 
That symbolized security, 

3316
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:12,600
cameras artery and the prospect 
of another days advancement 

3317
02:59:12,600 --> 02:59:16,100
toward origin, In order to 
regulate the temperature in the 

3318
02:59:16,100 --> 02:59:19,200
sleeping quarters of white and 
layering techniques that would 

3319
02:59:19,200 --> 02:59:21,900
appeal to contemporary outdoor, 
enthusiasts were necessary, 

3320
02:59:21,900 --> 02:59:24,800
families discovered how to 
modify their sleeping plans. 

3321
02:59:24,800 --> 02:59:27,300
According to the weather, 
putting on, or taking off, 

3322
02:59:27,300 --> 02:59:30,200
layers of clothing, and blankets
to stay warm during nights that 

3323
02:59:30,200 --> 02:59:34,000
could start out warm and end in 
Frost or start out warm and 

3324
02:59:34,000 --> 02:59:36,800
turned into storms, that put the
waterproofing of wagon covers to

3325
02:59:36,800 --> 02:59:39,900
the test. 
For wagon sleepers, rain posed 

3326
02:59:39,900 --> 02:59:42,800
unique difficulties. 
Because all the canvas covers 

3327
02:59:42,800 --> 02:59:45,100
were reasonably waterproof. 
When they were first installed 

3328
02:59:45,100 --> 02:59:48,900
weeks of exposure to the sun, 
wind and weather caused leaks 

3329
02:59:48,900 --> 02:59:51,800
and weeks, spots to form 
families, discovered, how to 

3330
02:59:51,808 --> 02:59:54,600
determine which parts of their 
wagon covers were most prone to 

3331
02:59:54,600 --> 02:59:57,900
leak, arranging sleeping 
quarters to prevent drips, while

3332
02:59:57,900 --> 03:00:01,200
maintaining the dryness of 
necessary items in order to 

3333
03:00:01,200 --> 03:00:04,400
divert water away from sleeping 
areas during storms, some 

3334
03:00:04,400 --> 03:00:07,900
families created complex systems
of internal tarps and channels. 

3335
03:00:08,800 --> 03:00:12,100
Trail sleeping, psychological 
components were just as crucial 

3336
03:00:12,100 --> 03:00:15,400
as its logistical components, 
those who had always slept in 

3337
03:00:15,400 --> 03:00:17,800
permanent buildings had to get 
used to the constant movement, 

3338
03:00:17,800 --> 03:00:21,500
the strange noises and the 
realization that they were only 

3339
03:00:21,500 --> 03:00:23,500
a thin canvas away from the 
wild. 

3340
03:00:24,900 --> 03:00:27,500
While adults, occasionally found
it difficult to cope with the 

3341
03:00:27,500 --> 03:00:30,300
vulnerability and exposure. 
That came with sleeping outside,

3342
03:00:30,300 --> 03:00:33,500
children frequently found this 
to be exciting rather than 

3343
03:00:33,500 --> 03:00:38,300
frightening. 
Around 4:30 a.m. the camp began 

3344
03:00:38,300 --> 03:00:41,300
to come alive, and the trail 
gradually began to wake up. 

3345
03:00:41,308 --> 03:00:45,100
Usually the first sounds with a 
soft movements of early risers 

3346
03:00:45,100 --> 03:00:48,100
checking on livestock and 
someone rekindling cooking fires

3347
03:00:48,100 --> 03:00:51,500
because the days journey would 
soon begin and everyone needed 

3348
03:00:51,500 --> 03:00:54,100
to be prepared to break camp and
depart with the Wagon Train 

3349
03:00:54,100 --> 03:00:56,500
families. 
Learn to wake up quietly and 

3350
03:00:56,500 --> 03:00:59,500
effectively every morning, 
regardless of the weather or 

3351
03:00:59,500 --> 03:01:01,700
time constraints bedding had to 
be aired. 

3352
03:01:01,700 --> 03:01:05,400
Dried and repacked this daily 
practice became as important as 

3353
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:08,200
feeding the animals or making 
breakfast because damp bedding 

3354
03:01:08,200 --> 03:01:10,700
could result in mold sickness 
and sleepless nights. 

3355
03:01:11,600 --> 03:01:14,100
Families, devised effective 
bedding, handling procedures 

3356
03:01:14,100 --> 03:01:17,500
that saved time and guaranteed 
that everything would be cozy 

3357
03:01:17,500 --> 03:01:19,100
and dry for the following night 
sleep. 

3358
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,000
Water availability and privacy. 
Concerns. 

3359
03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:24,000
Limited personal hygiene before 
bed. 

3360
03:01:24,000 --> 03:01:27,800
But families stuck to whatever 
routines they could washing 

3361
03:01:27,800 --> 03:01:30,400
one's face in hands, was 
commonplace, when water was 

3362
03:01:30,400 --> 03:01:33,600
available and families. 
Frequently saved a little heated

3363
03:01:33,600 --> 03:01:36,200
water from cooking in the 
evening for washing before bed, 

3364
03:01:36,200 --> 03:01:39,400
which was both hygienic and 
psychologically soothing. 

3365
03:01:40,100 --> 03:01:42,800
Nighttime security, measures 
mirrored, the realities of 

3366
03:01:42,800 --> 03:01:45,200
traversing areas where there 
could be threats from both 

3367
03:01:45,200 --> 03:01:48,800
people and animals when 
necessary Wagon Train Set up 

3368
03:01:48,808 --> 03:01:51,500
defensive circles with guards 
stationed. 

3369
03:01:51,500 --> 03:01:53,300
To keep an eye out for issues 
and livestock. 

3370
03:01:53,300 --> 03:01:56,200
Kept inside families were able 
to share the Comforts and 

3371
03:01:56,208 --> 03:01:58,900
difficulties of Trail life in 
small intimate camping 

3372
03:01:58,900 --> 03:02:02,000
communities while, still having 
physical security, thanks to 

3373
03:02:02,008 --> 03:02:05,300
these Arrangements. families 
were engaging in one of 

3374
03:02:05,300 --> 03:02:08,700
Humanity's oldest practices 
creating shelter and finding 

3375
03:02:08,700 --> 03:02:12,000
rest in makeshift locations 
during lengthy travels as they 

3376
03:02:12,000 --> 03:02:15,100
formed their sleeping 
Arrangements, each night The 

3377
03:02:15,100 --> 03:02:17,600
knowledge and memories they 
acquired during these late hours

3378
03:02:17,600 --> 03:02:20,800
were incorporated into family. 
Tales that would be passed down 

3379
03:02:20,800 --> 03:02:23,500
through the generations, 
introducing children, and 

3380
03:02:23,500 --> 03:02:26,800
grandchildren to the spirit of 
Adventure and tenacity, that 

3381
03:02:26,800 --> 03:02:30,500
drove their forefathers across 
the continent in pursuit of New 

3382
03:02:30,500 --> 03:02:33,800
Opportunities and homes. 
This part of our story will make

3383
03:02:33,800 --> 03:02:36,300
you appreciate modern 
conveniences, like hospitals, 

3384
03:02:36,300 --> 03:02:39,700
weather forecasts, and the 
ability to call for help when 

3385
03:02:39,700 --> 03:02:42,400
things go wrong. 
So settle down a little more in 

3386
03:02:42,400 --> 03:02:45,400
your cozy bed, families were put
to the test in ways they could 

3387
03:02:45,400 --> 03:02:47,900
never have predicted back in 
their cozy, homes along the 

3388
03:02:47,900 --> 03:02:51,100
Oregon Trail, which was more 
than just a picturesque route 

3389
03:02:51,100 --> 03:02:52,600
through breathtaking 
Countryside. 

3390
03:02:53,600 --> 03:02:56,600
The most dramatic and perilous 
obstacles that families had to 

3391
03:02:56,600 --> 03:02:58,300
deal with. 
Were probably River Crossings 

3392
03:02:58,300 --> 03:03:01,600
which turn tranquil streams into
barriers that could quickly 

3393
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:04,200
endanger lives or destroy 
everything, a family owned 

3394
03:03:04,900 --> 03:03:07,300
Unlike the Meandering Rivers. 
You might paddle on a weekend 

3395
03:03:07,300 --> 03:03:10,200
camping trip, the rivers, that 
crossed the Oregon Trail were 

3396
03:03:10,200 --> 03:03:14,000
frequently, Swift deep, and 
erratic capable of rising 

3397
03:03:14,000 --> 03:03:17,100
overnight as a result of distant
storms or seasonal, snowmelt. 

3398
03:03:17,800 --> 03:03:21,000
The entire Community would stop 
when a wagon train arrived at a 

3399
03:03:21,000 --> 03:03:23,900
significant River Crossing 
allowing seasoned travelers to 

3400
03:03:23,900 --> 03:03:26,900
evaluate the situation and 
determine the best course of 

3401
03:03:26,900 --> 03:03:30,100
action wagons could be used to 
cross some of the crossings. 

3402
03:03:30,100 --> 03:03:33,800
So careful, reconnaissance was 
needed to identify the safest 

3403
03:03:33,800 --> 03:03:36,200
shallowest paths, across Rocky, 
or Sandy Bottoms. 

3404
03:03:37,200 --> 03:03:40,400
Even successful Crossings 
frequently resulted in wagons, 

3405
03:03:40,400 --> 03:03:43,700
becoming stuck tipping or 
absorbing water, that could 

3406
03:03:43,700 --> 03:03:45,500
destroy months worth of 
supplies. 

3407
03:03:45,500 --> 03:03:48,700
So, families would take 
everything valuable out of their

3408
03:03:48,700 --> 03:03:50,500
wagons and carry it across 
separately. 

3409
03:03:51,300 --> 03:03:55,000
Other rivers required ferrying a
process that combined the cost 

3410
03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:57,800
of paying Ferry operators with 
the stress of entrusting, your 

3411
03:03:57,800 --> 03:04:01,600
whole household to a boat or 
raft run by strangers, whose 

3412
03:04:01,600 --> 03:04:04,700
main qualification was that they
owned watercraft, rather than 

3413
03:04:04,700 --> 03:04:06,900
necessarily knowing how to use 
it safely. 

3414
03:04:07,500 --> 03:04:10,500
In the hopes that everyone would
be safely reunited on the other 

3415
03:04:10,500 --> 03:04:12,800
side. 
Families would watch as their 

3416
03:04:12,800 --> 03:04:15,900
valuable wagons animals and 
belongings vanished across 

3417
03:04:15,900 --> 03:04:18,900
perilous water. 
Even seasoned Travelers were 

3418
03:04:18,900 --> 03:04:21,300
taken aback by how quickly the 
weather on the plane could 

3419
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:22,800
change from Pleasant to 
dangerous. 

3420
03:04:22,800 --> 03:04:25,500
In the open Prairie, 
thunderstorms were not like 

3421
03:04:25,500 --> 03:04:28,000
those most families had 
encountered in their settled or 

3422
03:04:28,000 --> 03:04:30,900
wooded home areas. 
Prairie storms, which could 

3423
03:04:30,900 --> 03:04:34,800
scatter livestock flood, 
campsite, and turn, wagon covers

3424
03:04:34,800 --> 03:04:37,500
into ineffective, umbrellas that
offered little protection from 

3425
03:04:37,500 --> 03:04:41,900
horizontal, rain appeared, like 
freight trains of rain hail and 

3426
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:44,400
lightning because there were no 
trees or structures to break the

3427
03:04:44,400 --> 03:04:46,300
wind. 
Because they could quickly 

3428
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:49,200
destroy months worth of 
carefully stored, Food Supplies 

3429
03:04:49,200 --> 03:04:50,800
and pose a risk of injury to 
humans. 

3430
03:04:50,800 --> 03:04:54,200
And animals with ice chunks, the
size of chicken eggs, hail 

3431
03:04:54,200 --> 03:04:55,800
storms were specially 
destructive. 

3432
03:04:55,800 --> 03:04:59,400
Even seasoned Travelers could be
caught off guard by storms that 

3433
03:04:59,400 --> 03:05:01,700
formed more quickly than they 
could be evacuated. 

3434
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:05,000
Even though families learn to 
identify the warning signs of 

3435
03:05:05,000 --> 03:05:08,300
severe weather and created, 
emergency, protocols to protect 

3436
03:05:08,300 --> 03:05:11,700
themselves and their belongings 
as Waters dried up and 

3437
03:05:11,700 --> 03:05:14,000
temperatures Rose above what 
most families had ever 

3438
03:05:14,000 --> 03:05:16,900
experienced. 
Heat waves and droughts 

3439
03:05:16,900 --> 03:05:19,500
presented distinct. 
But equally severe difficulties 

3440
03:05:19,500 --> 03:05:21,800
making travel into a battle for 
survival. 

3441
03:05:22,600 --> 03:05:26,100
Extreme heat caused terrible 
suffering for oxen and other 

3442
03:05:26,100 --> 03:05:27,800
draft animals, and their 
suffering. 

3443
03:05:27,800 --> 03:05:29,800
Put families ability to travel 
at risk. 

3444
03:05:30,500 --> 03:05:32,900
When it was feasible, people 
learned to travel at night when 

3445
03:05:32,900 --> 03:05:36,400
it was cooler but this led to 
new navigational challenges and 

3446
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:38,300
a higher chance of accidents in 
the dark. 

3447
03:05:39,900 --> 03:05:42,400
Since medical assistants was 
frequently, hundreds of miles 

3448
03:05:42,400 --> 03:05:45,800
away and folk remedies had to be
used in place of Professional 

3449
03:05:45,800 --> 03:05:49,600
Medical Care illness on the 
trail was every family's worst. 

3450
03:05:49,600 --> 03:05:53,400
Nightmare the most dreaded 
disease was cholera which killed

3451
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:56,500
healthy adults, within days of 
the onset of symptoms and spread

3452
03:05:56,500 --> 03:05:59,800
quickly, through wagon, trains 
in communities with doctors and 

3453
03:05:59,800 --> 03:06:01,200
adequate. 
Medical supplies. 

3454
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:04,200
Families would witness friends 
and neighbors pass away from 

3455
03:06:04,200 --> 03:06:05,700
illnesses. 
That could have been prevented 

3456
03:06:05,700 --> 03:06:10,500
from injuries from Falls Animal 
kicks or mishaps with cooking 

3457
03:06:10,500 --> 03:06:13,800
fires and tools to digestive 
issues brought on by changes in 

3458
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:15,900
diet. 
And water children are 

3459
03:06:15,900 --> 03:06:19,400
especially susceptible to the 
health hazards of Trail Life, as

3460
03:06:19,400 --> 03:06:23,400
a result of necessity parents 
learned, how to treat wounds set

3461
03:06:23,400 --> 03:06:26,700
broken bones and distinguish 
between symptoms that needed to 

3462
03:06:26,700 --> 03:06:29,400
be treated right away and those 
that can be handled with rest 

3463
03:06:29,400 --> 03:06:32,800
and simple cures. 
When replacement parts weren't 

3464
03:06:32,800 --> 03:06:35,200
available and the closest 
blacksmith was weeks away, 

3465
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:38,500
equipment failures could turn a 
small annoyance into a serious 

3466
03:06:38,500 --> 03:06:41,200
emergency. 
Common issues, included, broken 

3467
03:06:41,200 --> 03:06:44,800
Wagon Wheels, deteriorated axles
and harness failures, all of 

3468
03:06:44,800 --> 03:06:46,500
which needed inventive fixes 
made. 

3469
03:06:46,500 --> 03:06:49,600
With whatever resources were on 
hand families, learned how to 

3470
03:06:49,600 --> 03:06:53,200
fix nearly anything using rope 
wire would scraps and desperate 

3471
03:06:53,200 --> 03:06:55,900
Ingenuity becoming Adept at 
makeshift repairs. 

3472
03:06:57,100 --> 03:07:00,200
Because animals were both a 
major Financial investment and a

3473
03:07:00,200 --> 03:07:03,000
means of transportation that 
many families couldn't afford to

3474
03:07:03,000 --> 03:07:06,300
replace the loss of livestock 
was a specially devastating 

3475
03:07:06,300 --> 03:07:11,100
overworked illness, poisonous 
plants or wounds that could have

3476
03:07:11,100 --> 03:07:13,500
been healed with the right 
Veterinary Care where the causes

3477
03:07:13,500 --> 03:07:16,500
of oxen's deaths. 
Families were forced to make the

3478
03:07:16,500 --> 03:07:19,100
difficult decisions of trying to
buy replacement animals from 

3479
03:07:19,100 --> 03:07:22,400
other Travelers at exorbitant 
prices or leaving behind 

3480
03:07:22,400 --> 03:07:24,600
belonging to continue with 
smaller teams. 

3481
03:07:24,600 --> 03:07:28,500
When drafted animals were lost, 
His hunting grew less successful

3482
03:07:28,500 --> 03:07:31,900
and stored supplies around low 
food, shortages, progressively 

3483
03:07:31,900 --> 03:07:35,000
emerged forcing families, to 
make more challenging choices, 

3484
03:07:35,000 --> 03:07:36,900
regarding resource allocation 
and rationing. 

3485
03:07:37,900 --> 03:07:40,300
In order for adults to have the 
strength to handle, the wagons 

3486
03:07:40,300 --> 03:07:43,700
and animals children may go with
without food families would 

3487
03:07:43,700 --> 03:07:46,700
exchange valuables for food from
other Travelers or tried 

3488
03:07:46,700 --> 03:07:49,500
desperately to collect wild 
foods that could offer vital 

3489
03:07:49,500 --> 03:07:52,200
nourishment. 
On a path where Landmark 

3490
03:07:52,200 --> 03:07:55,400
recognition was the main means 
of navigation and weather could 

3491
03:07:55,400 --> 03:07:58,000
block out familiar features for 
days at a time. 

3492
03:07:58,008 --> 03:08:00,400
Getting lost was a constant 
worry. 

3493
03:08:01,300 --> 03:08:02,900
Wagon. 
Trains, that made incorrect 

3494
03:08:02,900 --> 03:08:06,100
turns, could end up in places 
without water, enough grass for 

3495
03:08:06,100 --> 03:08:09,800
animals or practical paths for 
wagons carrying a lot of cargo. 

3496
03:08:10,600 --> 03:08:13,400
Within Wagon, Train communities,
Family Ties, and Leadership 

3497
03:08:13,400 --> 03:08:16,400
structures were put to the test 
by the psychological strain of 

3498
03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:19,600
getting lost and the Practical 
difficulties of figuring out the

3499
03:08:19,600 --> 03:08:22,200
right path. 
Wagon Train disputes led to 

3500
03:08:22,208 --> 03:08:24,800
emotional and social suffering 
that was frequently more 

3501
03:08:24,800 --> 03:08:26,800
difficult to handle Than 
Physical difficulties. 

3502
03:08:27,900 --> 03:08:30,700
Under the pressure of daily 
travel and group decision making

3503
03:08:30,700 --> 03:08:33,700
personalities that appeared to 
get along well, during the 

3504
03:08:33,700 --> 03:08:35,700
journeys planning stages made 
drastically. 

3505
03:08:35,700 --> 03:08:39,400
Diverge wagon trains may be 
divided into rival groups that 

3506
03:08:39,400 --> 03:08:42,300
offered less security and 
support to one another due to 

3507
03:08:42,300 --> 03:08:44,600
disagreements. 
Over leadership, resource 

3508
03:08:44,600 --> 03:08:47,200
sharing travel speed and Route 
choice. 

3509
03:08:48,000 --> 03:08:51,700
Most families manage to adjust, 
get past and keep going in the 

3510
03:08:51,708 --> 03:08:56,400
direction of origin in spite of 
all these obstacles. when they 

3511
03:08:56,400 --> 03:08:58,800
finally arrived at their 
destination and face, the 

3512
03:08:58,800 --> 03:09:02,100
difficulty of starting over in 
Uncharted Territory, the 

3513
03:09:02,100 --> 03:09:04,900
survival skills and Family Ties,
they developed during their 

3514
03:09:04,900 --> 03:09:08,300
shared struggles, were 
invaluable, Families ability to 

3515
03:09:08,300 --> 03:09:11,200
bounce back from adversity on 
the trail became a part of their

3516
03:09:11,200 --> 03:09:15,500
Pioneer Heritage and family, 
identity, resulting entails of 

3517
03:09:15,508 --> 03:09:18,600
tenacity and resourcefulness. 
That would be passed down 

3518
03:09:18,600 --> 03:09:20,900
through generations of 
descendants, who might never 

3519
03:09:20,900 --> 03:09:24,000
fully comprehend, how their 
ancestors overcame such 

3520
03:09:24,000 --> 03:09:27,300
incredible obstacles. 
With such limited resources. 

3521
03:09:27,300 --> 03:09:30,100
Think about the neighborhoods, 
you might encounter on your 

3522
03:09:30,100 --> 03:09:33,400
daily commute from amiable 
store, owners to traveling 

3523
03:09:33,400 --> 03:09:36,900
entertainers, to people whose 
entire lifestyle was entirely 

3524
03:09:36,900 --> 03:09:40,500
different from your own, This 
was the social reality of the 

3525
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:43,700
Oregon Trail, where families 
came across a remarkable array 

3526
03:09:43,700 --> 03:09:47,000
of individuals, cultures and 
circumstances that expanded 

3527
03:09:47,000 --> 03:09:49,100
their worldview beyond, what 
could have been discovered 

3528
03:09:49,100 --> 03:09:52,600
through, reading or conversation
at home because the reality was 

3529
03:09:52,600 --> 03:09:55,700
much more complicated and 
generally more tranquil than the

3530
03:09:55,708 --> 03:09:59,000
dramatic tales that later gained
popularity in books and films, 

3531
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:02,200
Native, American encounters were
among the most important and 

3532
03:10:02,200 --> 03:10:04,100
misinterpreted aspects of Trail 
life. 

3533
03:10:04,900 --> 03:10:07,800
Wagon trains and Native 
Americans, interactive primarily

3534
03:10:07,800 --> 03:10:11,300
on a commercial basis with both 
parties benefiting from Trading 

3535
03:10:11,300 --> 03:10:13,000
Goods. 
That each group had in excess 

3536
03:10:13,000 --> 03:10:16,400
from assesories, informally 
acting as guides, Native 

3537
03:10:16,400 --> 03:10:19,000
Americans frequently. 
Provided information about water

3538
03:10:19,000 --> 03:10:21,500
sources. 
Safe River, Crossings and the 

3539
03:10:21,500 --> 03:10:25,000
terrain ahead, which could help 
wagon, trains avoid hazardous 

3540
03:10:25,000 --> 03:10:27,400
areas, or save days of arduous 
travel. 

3541
03:10:28,400 --> 03:10:31,300
Usually native people's would 
trade this information for food 

3542
03:10:31,300 --> 03:10:34,500
manufactured goods or other 
Commodities that they valued. 

3543
03:10:35,300 --> 03:10:37,100
Families. 
Learned about Advanced cultures 

3544
03:10:37,100 --> 03:10:39,900
that had been successfully 
occupying and governing the 

3545
03:10:39,900 --> 03:10:42,600
western territories for many 
generations as a result of these

3546
03:10:42,600 --> 03:10:44,900
encounters. 
The resulting trading 

3547
03:10:44,900 --> 03:10:47,700
Partnerships were frequently 
cordial and advantageous to both

3548
03:10:47,708 --> 03:10:50,700
parties. 
In return for coffee, sugar, or 

3549
03:10:50,700 --> 03:10:53,400
manufactured goods. 
Like Fabric or metal tools. 

3550
03:10:53,400 --> 03:10:57,200
Native Americans may offer fresh
meat vegetables or other foods. 

3551
03:10:57,200 --> 03:11:00,200
During these interactions 
children from both cultures 

3552
03:11:00,200 --> 03:11:02,900
would occasionally play 
together, sharing games and 

3553
03:11:02,900 --> 03:11:04,400
showing interest in one 
another's. 

3554
03:11:04,400 --> 03:11:07,600
Cultures despite communication 
difficulty is caused by language

3555
03:11:07,600 --> 03:11:10,200
barriers wagon. 
Trains were given the chance to 

3556
03:11:10,200 --> 03:11:14,100
rest resupply and learn about 
the conditions that lay ahead 

3557
03:11:14,100 --> 03:11:17,600
during 14 counters which also 
offered them, a fleeting return 

3558
03:11:17,600 --> 03:11:21,800
to a more civilized society. 
The trail was interspersed with 

3559
03:11:21,800 --> 03:11:24,500
military Forts and trading 
posts, which made them 

3560
03:11:24,500 --> 03:11:27,300
invaluable always sees where 
families could buy supplies. 

3561
03:11:27,300 --> 03:11:30,800
They had run out of right to 
family in the United States and 

3562
03:11:30,800 --> 03:11:34,200
receive news from both sides. 
Families might come across, 

3563
03:11:34,200 --> 03:11:37,900
Mexican Traders, French fur, 
Trappers military personnel, 

3564
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:40,700
from different ethnic 
backgrounds and other Travelers 

3565
03:11:40,700 --> 03:11:42,400
traveling. 
In both directions across the 

3566
03:11:42,400 --> 03:11:45,200
continent at these forts, which 
were cultural and National 

3567
03:11:45,200 --> 03:11:48,100
melting pots. 
Families. 

3568
03:11:48,100 --> 03:11:51,000
Found education about the wider 
world at the stops to be both 

3569
03:11:51,000 --> 03:11:53,400
fascinating, and occasionally 
overwhelming. 

3570
03:11:53,400 --> 03:11:56,600
As the diversity of people, 
there was frequently greater 

3571
03:11:56,600 --> 03:11:58,400
than anything. 
They had encountered back home 

3572
03:11:58,400 --> 03:12:01,600
families, who came across 
mountain men, fur Trappers 

3573
03:12:01,600 --> 03:12:04,500
along, the trail were captivated
and occasionally taken aback by 

3574
03:12:04,500 --> 03:12:06,100
the entirely different way of 
life. 

3575
03:12:06,100 --> 03:12:09,400
They represented these men 
appeared belong more to Nature 

3576
03:12:09,400 --> 03:12:12,500
than to civilized society 
because they had adapted to 

3577
03:12:12,500 --> 03:12:16,800
Wilderness life so thoroughly. 
Although they were encyclopedic 

3578
03:12:16,800 --> 03:12:20,100
in their knowledge of wilderness
resources, navigation and 

3579
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:22,900
survival. 
Tactics years of isolation had 

3580
03:12:22,900 --> 03:12:24,700
frequently eroded their social 
skills. 

3581
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:27,500
In exchange for supplies or 
cash. 

3582
03:12:27,500 --> 03:12:30,700
Some mounted men worked as 
whacking trained guides offering

3583
03:12:30,700 --> 03:12:33,900
their invaluable knowledge of 
river crossing route selection 

3584
03:12:33,900 --> 03:12:37,700
and Hazard of intense. 
The tales of Explorations 

3585
03:12:37,700 --> 03:12:41,100
discoveries and near misses 
entertained campfires in the 

3586
03:12:41,108 --> 03:12:44,700
evening's and their real world 
expertise, assisted families and

3587
03:12:44,700 --> 03:12:46,700
avoiding hazards and locating 
resources. 

3588
03:12:46,700 --> 03:12:49,800
They might have otherwise 
overlooked the daily routine of 

3589
03:12:49,800 --> 03:12:52,500
traveling with their own wagon. 
Train companions was broken up 

3590
03:12:52,500 --> 03:12:56,500
by the opportunities for social 
interaction Supply trading, a 

3591
03:12:56,500 --> 03:12:59,400
Music Exchange created by other 
immigrant families traveling, in

3592
03:12:59,400 --> 03:13:02,600
different directions. 
Families traveling back East 

3593
03:13:02,600 --> 03:13:05,700
either because they had made the
decision to stop or because they

3594
03:13:05,700 --> 03:13:08,000
had finished their journey and 
were going back to see family 

3595
03:13:08,000 --> 03:13:11,100
offered important information 
about the travel conditions and 

3596
03:13:11,100 --> 03:13:13,100
what to anticipate when they 
arrived in Oregon. 

3597
03:13:13,800 --> 03:13:15,900
These interactions with 
returning tourists were, 

3598
03:13:15,908 --> 03:13:19,200
especially crucial for families 
who are starting to second guess

3599
03:13:19,200 --> 03:13:20,500
their choice to leave the 
country. 

3600
03:13:21,400 --> 03:13:24,800
During challenging parts of the 
trip, hearing first-hand reports

3601
03:13:24,800 --> 03:13:28,600
of Oregon's opportunities land, 
availability and successful 

3602
03:13:28,600 --> 03:13:30,300
settlement helped. 
Keep Spirits high. 

3603
03:13:30,300 --> 03:13:34,000
On the other hand learning about
mistakes, setbacks or 

3604
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:37,300
unforeseen, difficulties helped 
families psychologically, get 

3605
03:13:37,300 --> 03:13:40,800
ready for potential realities as
diverse and Unforgettable as The

3606
03:13:40,800 --> 03:13:43,600
Human Experience. 
As were the animal encounters on

3607
03:13:43,608 --> 03:13:46,600
the Oregon Trail Range from 
dangerous circumstances that put

3608
03:13:46,600 --> 03:13:50,100
family's capacity to defend 
themselves and their livestock 

3609
03:13:50,100 --> 03:13:53,000
to the test to breathtaking 
Wildlife viewing opportunities. 

3610
03:13:54,200 --> 03:13:56,500
Buffalo herds were one of the 
most amazing sights that 

3611
03:13:56,500 --> 03:14:00,100
families would ever see hundreds
of animals, stretching to the 

3612
03:14:00,100 --> 03:14:04,000
Horizon producing their own 
sound effects that the rumble of

3613
03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:07,200
thousands of hooves and their 
own weather systems with the 

3614
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:10,300
dust they raised. 
Well, though, hunting Buffalo 

3615
03:14:10,300 --> 03:14:13,400
produced enough meat to sustain 
a wagon train for several days? 

3616
03:14:13,400 --> 03:14:16,900
It also required skills that 
most immigrants had to pick up 

3617
03:14:16,900 --> 03:14:19,500
from more seasoned Hunters while
they were on the trail. 

3618
03:14:20,200 --> 03:14:23,900
In addition, to uniting, Wagon, 
Train members the communal task 

3619
03:14:23,900 --> 03:14:26,600
of butchering. 
Such massive animals taught 

3620
03:14:26,600 --> 03:14:30,100
important lessons, about 
cooperation resource sharing and

3621
03:14:30,100 --> 03:14:33,000
food preservation that would 
benefit families once they 

3622
03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:36,100
arrived at their destinations, 
although they were less frequent

3623
03:14:36,100 --> 03:14:38,300
than the media. 
Made them seem Predator. 

3624
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:41,700
Encounters did happen and forced
families to come up with ways to

3625
03:14:41,700 --> 03:14:45,200
keep both themselves, and their 
livestocks safe, the center of 

3626
03:14:45,208 --> 03:14:48,100
food and the presence of 
domesticated animals, Drew 

3627
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,000
wolves, mountain lions and bears
to wagon trains. 

3628
03:14:51,800 --> 03:14:54,600
Families learned to keep weapons
on hand in case of emergencies 

3629
03:14:54,600 --> 03:14:58,500
maintain sufficient Fires, for 
protection and deterrence and 

3630
03:14:58,500 --> 03:15:02,000
set up their camps defensively. 
Although they occasionally made 

3631
03:15:02,000 --> 03:15:06,000
wagons and livestock dangerous, 
prairie, dogs, ground squirrels 

3632
03:15:06,000 --> 03:15:08,000
and other small animals 
entertained children. 

3633
03:15:09,100 --> 03:15:12,000
Miles Long Prairie, Dog towns 
could result in places where 

3634
03:15:12,000 --> 03:15:14,900
wagon wheels or animal hooves 
could enter borrows and cause 

3635
03:15:14,900 --> 03:15:17,500
harm, or damage to equipment. 
Families. 

3636
03:15:17,500 --> 03:15:19,600
Learn to read terrain more 
carefully and to foresee 

3637
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:20,800
dangers. 
That weren't immediately 

3638
03:15:20,800 --> 03:15:22,900
apparent. 
As a result of these experiences

3639
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:25,900
families from the Eastern 
regions were hunting and habitat

3640
03:15:25,900 --> 03:15:27,400
loss. 
Had already reduced Wildlife, 

3641
03:15:27,400 --> 03:15:31,200
populations were often astounded
by the species and abundance of 

3642
03:15:31,200 --> 03:15:34,600
birds along the trail. 
The daily entertainment and 

3643
03:15:34,600 --> 03:15:38,400
sporadic hunting opportunities 
offered by migratory waterfowl. 

3644
03:15:38,400 --> 03:15:42,000
Birds of Prey and songbirds 
complimented, Food Supplies, and

3645
03:15:42,008 --> 03:15:44,900
connected families to the 
continents and the Seasons 

3646
03:15:44,900 --> 03:15:49,300
natural rhythms. 
Every night as wagons circled 

3647
03:15:49,300 --> 03:15:52,800
for safety, and Company domestic
animals from other wagon, trains

3648
03:15:52,800 --> 03:15:56,500
develop their own social 
dynamics, as dogs, cats 

3649
03:15:56,500 --> 03:15:59,700
chickens, and other pets 
interacted across the makeshift 

3650
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:02,600
communities. 
Dogs would form their own social

3651
03:16:02,600 --> 03:16:05,900
groups and hierarchies which 
occasionally reflected the bonds

3652
03:16:05,900 --> 03:16:07,700
that were growing within their 
human families. 

3653
03:16:08,300 --> 03:16:11,000
Once they made it through the 
trip cats were useful in keeping

3654
03:16:11,000 --> 03:16:13,600
rodents out of the way of food 
supplies that were being stored 

3655
03:16:13,600 --> 03:16:16,900
people who had chosen unusual 
life paths and were on the trail

3656
03:16:16,900 --> 03:16:20,500
for reasons that didn't fit, the
usual emigration patterns were 

3657
03:16:20,500 --> 03:16:21,800
frequently. 
The subjects of the most 

3658
03:16:21,800 --> 03:16:26,100
unexpected encounters. 
The trail Community was enriched

3659
03:16:26,100 --> 03:16:29,700
with diversity and stimulating 
discussion from missionaries, 

3660
03:16:29,700 --> 03:16:32,000
who are going to start churches 
among Native American 

3661
03:16:32,000 --> 03:16:34,400
communities. 
Scientists who are gathering 

3662
03:16:34,400 --> 03:16:37,500
specimens for institutions, in 
the East artists, who were 

3663
03:16:37,500 --> 03:16:40,400
recording the Western landscape 
and adventurers, who were 

3664
03:16:40,400 --> 03:16:42,500
looking for experiences rather 
than settlement. 

3665
03:16:43,400 --> 03:16:45,900
These Oddball explorers 
frequently had abilities 

3666
03:16:45,900 --> 03:16:50,800
insights or knowledge, that 
helped entire wagon trains a 

3667
03:16:50,800 --> 03:16:52,900
missionaries Proficiency in a 
language could help them 

3668
03:16:52,900 --> 03:16:54,600
communicate with Native 
Americans. 

3669
03:16:55,400 --> 03:16:58,700
In times of medical, emergency a
scientist, medical knowledge 

3670
03:16:58,700 --> 03:17:02,500
could be extremely helpful. 
It's possible that an artist's 

3671
03:17:02,500 --> 03:17:05,800
ability to observe things help 
them recognize landmarks or 

3672
03:17:05,800 --> 03:17:08,400
predict weather patterns, more 
precisely than the average 

3673
03:17:08,400 --> 03:17:11,700
immigrant through dramatic, 
encounters with male carriers 

3674
03:17:11,700 --> 03:17:14,200
and express. 
Riders Trail families, were able

3675
03:17:14,200 --> 03:17:16,800
to re-establish a connection 
with the wider world that they 

3676
03:17:16,800 --> 03:17:20,400
had temporarily abandoned. 
Between distant communities and 

3677
03:17:20,400 --> 03:17:23,000
government outposts. 
These professional Travelers, 

3678
03:17:23,000 --> 03:17:27,200
transported letters newspapers 
and official Communications at a

3679
03:17:27,200 --> 03:17:29,300
far faster Pace than wagon 
trains. 

3680
03:17:30,400 --> 03:17:33,100
When they reached Wagon Train 
campsite, there was a lot of 

3681
03:17:33,108 --> 03:17:35,800
excitement and a chance to 
communicate with anxious family 

3682
03:17:35,800 --> 03:17:37,300
members back in the United 
States. 

3683
03:17:38,300 --> 03:17:40,800
As families, grew closer, to one
another under the harsh 

3684
03:17:40,800 --> 03:17:44,600
circumstances of shared travel, 
and mutual Reliance the social 

3685
03:17:44,600 --> 03:17:47,400
dynamics within individual 
wagon, trains changed 

3686
03:17:47,400 --> 03:17:50,400
continuously. 
It is possible for people who 

3687
03:17:50,400 --> 03:17:52,800
appear to get along during the 
planning stages to have 

3688
03:17:52,800 --> 03:17:55,700
personality conflicts that only 
surfaced under pressure. 

3689
03:17:55,700 --> 03:17:59,300
On the other hand families that 
had previously appeared to have 

3690
03:17:59,300 --> 03:18:02,300
little in common, may become 
friends for many generations. 

3691
03:18:02,300 --> 03:18:05,300
Wagon, Train leadership 
structures were continuously 

3692
03:18:05,300 --> 03:18:08,600
evaluated and improved because 
various circumstances required 

3693
03:18:08,600 --> 03:18:10,400
various kinds of knowledge and 
judgment. 

3694
03:18:11,400 --> 03:18:14,200
The elected Captain may have 
great route planning skills, but

3695
03:18:14,200 --> 03:18:16,600
struggle with interpersonal 
conflict resolution. 

3696
03:18:17,500 --> 03:18:20,900
During certain difficulties such
as crossing rivers, experiencing

3697
03:18:20,900 --> 03:18:24,400
medical crises or coming across 
potentially hostile groups. 

3698
03:18:24,400 --> 03:18:27,400
Other Travelers may show 
themselves to be natural leaders

3699
03:18:27,400 --> 03:18:30,700
children learned things from the
diverse range of people, they 

3700
03:18:30,700 --> 03:18:33,500
met on the trail that they could
not have learned in a homeschool

3701
03:18:34,200 --> 03:18:36,600
They developed social skills 
that would be useful in the 

3702
03:18:36,600 --> 03:18:39,100
diverse communities. 
They would assist in creating an

3703
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:41,900
Oregon Territory learned, how to
communicate across language. 

3704
03:18:41,900 --> 03:18:45,400
Barriers and appreciated various
cultural approaches to common 

3705
03:18:45,400 --> 03:18:48,500
problems. 
Generations of descendants were 

3706
03:18:48,500 --> 03:18:51,300
introduced to the adventure and 
variety of the trail experience 

3707
03:18:51,300 --> 03:18:54,100
through the cherished. 
Family stories that grew out of 

3708
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:56,600
these encounters. 
Grandchildren would hear about 

3709
03:18:56,600 --> 03:18:59,200
the Native American Chief who 
helped their grandfathers Wagon,

3710
03:18:59,200 --> 03:19:00,900
Train find water during a 
drought. 

3711
03:19:01,900 --> 03:19:04,200
A French Trapper who taught 
their grandmother to identify 

3712
03:19:04,200 --> 03:19:07,000
edible plants. 
All the returning, Emigrant who 

3713
03:19:07,000 --> 03:19:09,700
alerted them, to a hazardous 
River Crossing in time to save 

3714
03:19:09,700 --> 03:19:12,700
lives and property. 
Imagine the moment you see the 

3715
03:19:12,700 --> 03:19:16,200
end of your Journey coming, Not 
Just Another River to Cross or 

3716
03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:19,000
another range of Hills to 
Traverse, but the real 

3717
03:19:19,000 --> 03:19:21,600
destination that has kept your 
hopes alive through every 

3718
03:19:21,600 --> 03:19:25,000
hardship and challenge of the 
trail after months of waking up 

3719
03:19:25,000 --> 03:19:28,100
to the sound of creaking wheels 
and the routine of setting Camp 

3720
03:19:28,100 --> 03:19:30,400
Before Dawn. 
Families. 

3721
03:19:30,400 --> 03:19:32,800
Who had spent months 
concentrating on the day-to-day 

3722
03:19:32,800 --> 03:19:35,700
difficulties of travel without 
fully understanding how 

3723
03:19:35,700 --> 03:19:38,500
different their new home would 
be from everything they'd known 

3724
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:40,800
before. 
Found the approach to Oregon 

3725
03:19:40,800 --> 03:19:43,500
territory. 
To be both, exhilarating and 

3726
03:19:43,500 --> 03:19:46,500
daunting gradually. 
The terrain started to shift 

3727
03:19:46,500 --> 03:19:49,200
from the Arid Splendor of the 
high plains and desert to the 

3728
03:19:49,200 --> 03:19:51,800
woods and mountains, that would 
eventually become their new 

3729
03:19:51,800 --> 03:19:55,000
home. 
The initial view of the Columbia

3730
03:19:55,000 --> 03:19:58,300
River was a poignant moment for 
many families signaling, the 

3731
03:19:58,300 --> 03:20:00,500
actual start of the end of their
Trail experience. 

3732
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:04,100
The highway that would take them
to the Willamette Valley and the

3733
03:20:04,108 --> 03:20:06,700
Farmland they had fantasized 
about during the challenging 

3734
03:20:06,700 --> 03:20:10,200
months of travel was this 
enormous Waterway which also 

3735
03:20:10,200 --> 03:20:14,100
served as the last significant 
challenge to be overcome After 

3736
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:17,200
the dry conditions of a large 
portion of the trail, it was 

3737
03:20:17,200 --> 03:20:19,100
nearly overwhelming to see that 
much water. 

3738
03:20:19,900 --> 03:20:22,000
There were particular 
opportunities and challenges 

3739
03:20:22,000 --> 03:20:24,400
associated with the last river 
trip, down the Columbia. 

3740
03:20:25,200 --> 03:20:27,700
Families had to choose between 
attempting, the challenging 

3741
03:20:27,700 --> 03:20:31,200
Barlow Road over the Cascade 
Mountains or taking a chance on 

3742
03:20:31,200 --> 03:20:33,500
the perilous River, Passage 
through the Columbia Gorge, 

3743
03:20:33,500 --> 03:20:36,600
neither Choice was simple and 
both needed energy and 

3744
03:20:36,600 --> 03:20:38,400
resources. 
That families may have believed.

3745
03:20:38,400 --> 03:20:40,400
They had already used up on the 
Overland trip. 

3746
03:20:41,400 --> 03:20:44,500
Those who took the river route 
were forced to hire boatmen or 

3747
03:20:44,500 --> 03:20:46,900
load their wagons onto 
improvised rafts in order to 

3748
03:20:46,900 --> 03:20:49,700
move their belongings through 
Rapids, that had destroyed a 

3749
03:20:49,700 --> 03:20:51,700
great deal of property and taken
many lives. 

3750
03:20:52,400 --> 03:20:55,400
For families who had preserved 
their possessions over 2000 

3751
03:20:55,400 --> 03:20:58,200
miles of Overland travel. 
The irony of possibly losing 

3752
03:20:58,200 --> 03:21:01,000
everything within sight of their
destination was not lost. 

3753
03:21:02,000 --> 03:21:05,200
Families that opted for the 
mountain rooted distinct 

3754
03:21:05,200 --> 03:21:08,300
difficulties as they learned 
that the Cascade Mountains 

3755
03:21:08,300 --> 03:21:10,300
offered a landscape. 
That was different from what 

3756
03:21:10,300 --> 03:21:13,000
they had experienced during the 
Prairie sections of their trip. 

3757
03:21:13,700 --> 03:21:18,100
Steep grades dense forests and 
undeveloped roads presented new 

3758
03:21:18,100 --> 03:21:21,300
challenges for their animals and
Equipment while also offering 

3759
03:21:21,300 --> 03:21:24,300
breathtaking views that served 
as a reminder of the original 

3760
03:21:24,300 --> 03:21:27,600
reason for their Journey after 
months of waiting and adversity.

3761
03:21:27,600 --> 03:21:30,400
The actual arrival in the 
Willamette Valley was frequently

3762
03:21:30,400 --> 03:21:33,000
unimpressive. 
Many families found themselves 

3763
03:21:33,000 --> 03:21:36,600
in an area that all beautiful 
and fertile needed the same 

3764
03:21:36,600 --> 03:21:39,300
pioneering skills, they 
developed on the trail to build 

3765
03:21:39,300 --> 03:21:42,200
the homes and communities. 
They'd imagined without a 

3766
03:21:42,200 --> 03:21:44,000
welcoming committee or 
established Community 

3767
03:21:44,000 --> 03:21:47,000
infrastructure for families, who
were suddenly faced with 

3768
03:21:47,000 --> 03:21:49,100
decisions that would impact 
generations of their 

3769
03:21:49,100 --> 03:21:52,300
Descendants, the land selection 
process was both thrilling and 

3770
03:21:52,300 --> 03:21:55,300
daunting. 
Large tracts of land remained 

3771
03:21:55,300 --> 03:21:57,800
available for families prepared 
to put in the effort to clear 

3772
03:21:57,800 --> 03:22:01,300
forests start farms and 
construct the infrastructure 

3773
03:22:01,300 --> 03:22:02,900
required for long-term 
settlement. 

3774
03:22:02,900 --> 03:22:05,900
Even though the best land was 
frequently already claimed by 

3775
03:22:05,908 --> 03:22:09,100
previous emigrants. 
Together families who had 

3776
03:22:09,100 --> 03:22:12,500
experienced the trail together, 
a newcomers who had arrived at 

3777
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:15,100
different times, or by different
routes came together, to build 

3778
03:22:15,100 --> 03:22:18,400
the first shelter families, use 
the skills they had learned from

3779
03:22:18,400 --> 03:22:21,500
months of camping and improvised
living to build temporary 

3780
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:24,600
shelter, that would keep them 
safe during their first Oregon 

3781
03:22:24,600 --> 03:22:27,400
winter, while they worked on 
more permanent buildings. 

3782
03:22:28,200 --> 03:22:31,200
Many families found the shift 
from Trail life to settled life,

3783
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:33,000
to be more challenging than they
had expected. 

3784
03:22:33,000 --> 03:22:36,500
The routine of clearing land 
planting crops and building 

3785
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:39,600
permanent homes could feel 
restrictive and monotonous after

3786
03:22:39,600 --> 03:22:42,300
months, of continuous, movement,
and daily change. 

3787
03:22:43,100 --> 03:22:45,800
Some family members suffered 
from a sort of homesickness for 

3788
03:22:45,800 --> 03:22:49,600
the nomadic lifestyle, they had 
left behind, especially the kids

3789
03:22:49,600 --> 03:22:51,200
who had enjoyed the trail 
Adventure. 

3790
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:54,200
Families from diverse 
backgrounds, with varying, 

3791
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:57,700
opinions about the best way to 
organize communities and varying

3792
03:22:57,700 --> 03:23:01,200
methods of problem solving from 
their Trail experiences had to 

3793
03:23:01,200 --> 03:23:04,000
work together and compromise in 
order to establish communities 

3794
03:23:04,000 --> 03:23:07,000
in Oregon Territory for the 
establishment of the government 

3795
03:23:07,000 --> 03:23:10,200
agencies churches and schools, 
that would transform Oregon 

3796
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:11,900
territory into a livable 
community. 

3797
03:23:12,700 --> 03:23:15,500
The social skills acquired 
during months of wagon, train, 

3798
03:23:15,500 --> 03:23:18,900
travel proved crucial. 
Families that had saved money 

3799
03:23:18,900 --> 03:23:21,900
for trail supplies and equipment
found it difficult to adjust to 

3800
03:23:21,900 --> 03:23:24,200
the economic realities of 
starting over in a new 

3801
03:23:24,200 --> 03:23:26,300
territory. 
They now had to create revenue 

3802
03:23:26,300 --> 03:23:28,300
streams, while pursuing their 
land claims. 

3803
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:32,300
Many families were forced to 
combine farming with other jobs 

3804
03:23:32,300 --> 03:23:34,700
using new skills. 
They learned on the trail or 

3805
03:23:34,700 --> 03:23:38,200
skills they had honed back home.
Because the demands of frontier 

3806
03:23:38,200 --> 03:23:41,700
life, demanded adaptability and 
resourcefulness that went beyond

3807
03:23:41,700 --> 03:23:44,700
conventional gender boundaries 
women's roles in Oregon 

3808
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:48,100
Territory frequently expanded 
beyond what had been feasible in

3809
03:23:48,100 --> 03:23:50,800
their prior homes. 
These skills were crucial for 

3810
03:23:50,800 --> 03:23:53,700
Frontier homemaking for women 
who had gained experience in 

3811
03:23:53,700 --> 03:23:56,400
managing outdoor cooking 
handling, livestock and 

3812
03:23:56,400 --> 03:23:58,300
repairing equipment during the 
trail experience. 

3813
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:02,800
Children's education became a 
community priority, requirements

3814
03:24:02,800 --> 03:24:05,700
to work together to build 
schools, and hire teachers. 

3815
03:24:05,700 --> 03:24:07,500
In places, without such 
facilities. 

3816
03:24:08,600 --> 03:24:11,200
Children who are educated by 
walking beside wagons, and 

3817
03:24:11,200 --> 03:24:14,200
learning useful skills around 
campfires frequently, 

3818
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:16,600
demonstrated greater 
adaptability to the learning 

3819
03:24:16,600 --> 03:24:19,100
conditions of the frontier than 
adults had anticipated. 

3820
03:24:20,500 --> 03:24:23,200
Within a few years of the large 
immigration's, the success 

3821
03:24:23,200 --> 03:24:25,600
stories from Oregon. 
Territory started to reach, 

3822
03:24:25,600 --> 03:24:29,300
friends and family, back in the 
United States, inspiring more 

3823
03:24:29,300 --> 03:24:32,100
families, to follow suit, and 
generating a feedback loop that 

3824
03:24:32,100 --> 03:24:34,100
kept the Westward Movement, 
going for decades. 

3825
03:24:35,100 --> 03:24:38,000
More waves of emigration were 
spurred by letters that describe

3826
03:24:38,000 --> 03:24:41,400
the country's rich soil 
temperate climate and prospects 

3827
03:24:41,400 --> 03:24:45,100
for growth, but not all Oregon 
Tales were triumphs families. 

3828
03:24:45,100 --> 03:24:48,600
Also described the hardships of 
frontier life, the distance from

3829
03:24:48,600 --> 03:24:51,600
loved ones and familiar 
surroundings and the arduous 

3830
03:24:51,600 --> 03:24:54,600
physical work needed to start 
successful farms in densely 

3831
03:24:54,600 --> 03:24:57,900
forested areas. 
Later emigrants were better 

3832
03:24:57,900 --> 03:24:59,300
equipped to handle the 
difficulties. 

3833
03:24:59,300 --> 03:25:01,900
They would encounter after 
finishing, the trail Journey, 

3834
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:03,800
thanks to these more realistic 
accounts. 

3835
03:25:04,500 --> 03:25:06,900
Families that had walked the 
trail together continued to have

3836
03:25:06,908 --> 03:25:10,100
close ties and support networks.
That helped everyone adjust to 

3837
03:25:10,100 --> 03:25:13,100
their new surroundings forming 
Community networks, that were 

3838
03:25:13,100 --> 03:25:15,900
frequently based on the shared 
experience of the trail in 

3839
03:25:15,900 --> 03:25:19,400
Oregon Territory. 
The ties Ford during these 

3840
03:25:19,400 --> 03:25:22,500
months of mutual Reliance and 
adversity, turned out to be 

3841
03:25:22,500 --> 03:25:24,400
enduring underpinning for the 
communities. 

3842
03:25:24,400 --> 03:25:27,400
That would come to characterize 
Oregon's early growth through 

3843
03:25:27,400 --> 03:25:30,300
letters that shared updates from
both sides, and occasionally 

3844
03:25:30,300 --> 03:25:34,300
urged more family members to 
travel, West Trail families in 

3845
03:25:34,300 --> 03:25:36,700
touch with friends and family, 
who had stayed in the United 

3846
03:25:36,700 --> 03:25:39,500
States. 
These correspondents networks, 

3847
03:25:39,500 --> 03:25:42,300
offered emotional support to 
people adjusting to drastically 

3848
03:25:42,300 --> 03:25:45,700
different lives and assisted in 
maintaining Family Ties over 

3849
03:25:45,700 --> 03:25:50,100
great distances more than 150 
years after the last major 

3850
03:25:50,100 --> 03:25:52,600
wagon, trains finished their 
Journeys to Oregon Territory. 

3851
03:25:52,600 --> 03:25:55,500
Think about how the adventures 
we've been following together 

3852
03:25:55,500 --> 03:25:59,400
still shape American culture and
family tales as you sink deeper 

3853
03:25:59,400 --> 03:26:03,300
into your cozy bed and pull your
blanket a little closer along 

3854
03:26:03,300 --> 03:26:05,800
with their belongings. 
The families, who travel the 

3855
03:26:05,800 --> 03:26:09,400
Oregon Trail carried with them 
stories skills and values that 

3856
03:26:09,400 --> 03:26:11,700
would impact the character of 
communities across the region 

3857
03:26:11,700 --> 03:26:15,600
and help shape the future of the
American West, the trail itself 

3858
03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:18,100
turned into a life-changing 
event, that altered people's 

3859
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:21,800
perspectives on difficulties 
teamwork, and the potential for 

3860
03:26:21,800 --> 03:26:25,000
establishing new types of 
communities in addition to where

3861
03:26:25,000 --> 03:26:27,500
they lived. 
Children who grew up in 

3862
03:26:27,500 --> 03:26:29,800
astonished agricultural 
communities had a different 

3863
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:32,200
relationship with nature than 
children, who had spent their 

3864
03:26:32,200 --> 03:26:35,400
early years, walking beside 
wagons learning to identify 

3865
03:26:35,400 --> 03:26:38,500
edible plants and assisting with
livestock management. 

3866
03:26:40,000 --> 03:26:42,600
With the perspectives and 
abilities that proved crucial 

3867
03:26:42,600 --> 03:26:44,400
for success in front of 
conditions. 

3868
03:26:45,100 --> 03:26:48,500
These Trail educated, kids 
frequently Rose to prominence as

3869
03:26:48,500 --> 03:26:50,900
leaders and innovators in their 
Oregon communities. 

3870
03:26:50,900 --> 03:26:54,300
Families ability to solve 
problems such as repairing 

3871
03:26:54,300 --> 03:26:56,500
equipment using, whatever 
materials were available. 

3872
03:26:56,500 --> 03:26:59,600
Coming up with inventive ways. 
To deal with food and water, 

3873
03:26:59,600 --> 03:27:03,100
shortages, and modifying daily 
routines to accommodate shifting

3874
03:27:03,100 --> 03:27:05,300
weather. 
And terrain conditions was 

3875
03:27:05,300 --> 03:27:08,300
shaped by months of Trail travel
and lived on in Western 

3876
03:27:08,300 --> 03:27:12,100
communities for Generations. 
In Frontier societies where 

3877
03:27:12,100 --> 03:27:15,100
survival occasionally hinged on 
everyone's ability to carry out 

3878
03:27:15,100 --> 03:27:18,400
whatever tasks were required 
regardless of traditional gender

3879
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:22,100
expectations, women who had 
managed outdoor cooking handled 

3880
03:27:22,100 --> 03:27:25,000
livestock and made crucial 
decisions during Trail. 

3881
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:27,400
Emergencies frequently 
discovered that these 

3882
03:27:27,400 --> 03:27:29,900
experiences had prepared them 
for expanded roles. 

3883
03:27:31,000 --> 03:27:34,000
An extensive oral history that 
links generations of Western 

3884
03:27:34,000 --> 03:27:37,300
families to their Emigrant 
ancestors was produced by the 

3885
03:27:37,300 --> 03:27:40,300
storytelling of Customs that 
grew out of Trail experience's 

3886
03:27:40,300 --> 03:27:44,000
grandchildren who had never seen
a covered wagon would be raised 

3887
03:27:44,000 --> 03:27:46,000
on elaborate Tales of Buffalo 
hunts. 

3888
03:27:46,000 --> 03:27:49,200
River crossing the hardships of 
spending months sleeping 

3889
03:27:49,200 --> 03:27:53,100
outside, the themes of tenacity 
resourcefulness and cooperation 

3890
03:27:53,100 --> 03:27:56,400
that became fundamental values 
in Western societies were 

3891
03:27:56,400 --> 03:27:59,700
frequently highlighted in these 
family, Tales Through 

3892
03:27:59,700 --> 03:28:01,900
preparation cooperation and 
perseverance. 

3893
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:04,900
The trail experience showed that
regular people could overcome 

3894
03:28:04,900 --> 03:28:07,900
extraordinary obstacles lessons 
that were applicable. 

3895
03:28:07,900 --> 03:28:10,200
Well beyond the initial 
immigration context. 

3896
03:28:11,300 --> 03:28:15,000
Distinctive American mythology 
that emphasized both individual 

3897
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:18,600
success and teamwork was also 
produced by the trail. 

3898
03:28:19,600 --> 03:28:22,700
Families had to be independent 
and resourceful to successfully 

3899
03:28:22,700 --> 03:28:24,200
complete. 
The Oregon Trail Journey. 

3900
03:28:24,900 --> 03:28:27,900
They also had to rely on their 
Wagon Train fellows for support 

3901
03:28:27,900 --> 03:28:30,900
and assistance in times of need 
the experiential. 

3902
03:28:30,900 --> 03:28:34,600
Practical learning that had 
defined Trail education had an 

3903
03:28:34,600 --> 03:28:36,700
impact on educational 
establishments in Oregon 

3904
03:28:36,700 --> 03:28:39,100
Territory and later Oregon 
State. 

3905
03:28:39,900 --> 03:28:42,700
The recognition that frontier 
life required individuals who 

3906
03:28:42,700 --> 03:28:46,100
could combine intellectual 
capacity with practical problem.

3907
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:49,500
Solving abilities was reflected 
in schools that placed an 

3908
03:28:49,500 --> 03:28:52,300
emphasis on practical skills. 
In addition to traditional 

3909
03:28:52,300 --> 03:28:56,100
academic subjects Early 
conservation attitudes in 

3910
03:28:56,100 --> 03:28:58,800
Western communities were shaped 
by the environmental 

3911
03:28:58,800 --> 03:29:01,600
Consciousness, that families, 
gained from months of intimate 

3912
03:29:01,600 --> 03:29:05,800
observation of weather patterns,
seasonal, variation and the 

3913
03:29:05,800 --> 03:29:07,300
availability of Natural 
Resources. 

3914
03:29:09,100 --> 03:29:11,300
In individuals who had 
personally witnessed the effects

3915
03:29:11,300 --> 03:29:14,800
of resource, depletion, water, 
pollution and overgrazing were 

3916
03:29:14,800 --> 03:29:17,300
frequently more in favor of 
sustainable land management 

3917
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:20,100
techniques. 
The experience of the trail 

3918
03:29:20,100 --> 03:29:22,300
itself, altered and adapted, the
religious, and cultural 

3919
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,500
Traditions that made their way 
west in covered wagons during 

3920
03:29:25,500 --> 03:29:28,600
months, when worship sessions 
were conducted Outdoors around 

3921
03:29:28,600 --> 03:29:32,200
campfires, rather than in 
conventional buildings churches 

3922
03:29:32,200 --> 03:29:34,800
in Oregon Territory frequently 
reflected, a more pragmatic 

3923
03:29:34,800 --> 03:29:37,400
informal approach to religious 
practice. 

3924
03:29:38,200 --> 03:29:40,800
Wagon trains had employed, 
Democratic decision-making 

3925
03:29:40,800 --> 03:29:44,600
procedures to settle conflicts, 
choose routes and oversee local 

3926
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:48,000
resources which had an impact on
the political institutions that 

3927
03:29:48,000 --> 03:29:52,100
arose in Oregon Territory. 
On the trail Town, meetings and 

3928
03:29:52,100 --> 03:29:55,800
Community collaboration had been
crucial survival tactics and 

3929
03:29:55,800 --> 03:29:58,500
these methods of governance, 
permeated early, Oregon 

3930
03:29:58,500 --> 03:30:02,700
community's political systems. 
The folk medicine and practical.

3931
03:30:02,700 --> 03:30:05,300
First Aid skills, that families 
had acquired through Trail 

3932
03:30:05,300 --> 03:30:06,900
travel. 
Had an impact on medical 

3933
03:30:06,900 --> 03:30:08,700
practices in Frontier 
communities. 

3934
03:30:09,500 --> 03:30:12,400
Community healers frequently 
combined traditional remedies 

3935
03:30:12,400 --> 03:30:16,000
with techniques, learned through
trial experience, Having learned

3936
03:30:16,000 --> 03:30:18,500
how to treat illnesses and 
injuries with little money and 

3937
03:30:18,500 --> 03:30:21,200
no professional medical 
assistance lessons, learned 

3938
03:30:21,200 --> 03:30:23,100
about soil. 
Conservation crop 

3939
03:30:23,100 --> 03:30:25,900
diversification and sustainable 
farming practices. 

3940
03:30:25,900 --> 03:30:28,800
During the trail Journey were 
reflected in the agricultural 

3941
03:30:28,800 --> 03:30:30,800
practices that emerged in Oregon
Territory. 

3942
03:30:31,800 --> 03:30:34,400
During their westward, migration
families frequently. 

3943
03:30:34,400 --> 03:30:36,900
Applied the lessons they had 
learned about the negative 

3944
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:39,500
environmental effects of poor 
Land Management to their own 

3945
03:30:39,500 --> 03:30:43,000
farming operations. 
relationships and Trust built 

3946
03:30:43,000 --> 03:30:46,000
during shared Trail experiences 
frequently, served as the 

3947
03:30:46,000 --> 03:30:49,100
foundation for the business and 
economic networks, that emerged 

3948
03:30:49,100 --> 03:30:52,800
in early, Oregon communities, As
they founded companies and 

3949
03:30:52,800 --> 03:30:56,100
economic alliances in their new 
communities, people who had 

3950
03:30:56,100 --> 03:30:59,600
shared resources, exchanged 
goods and worked together in 

3951
03:30:59,600 --> 03:31:02,700
times of need maintain these 
connections, the Practical 

3952
03:31:02,700 --> 03:31:05,600
functional approach to 
problem-solving that families 

3953
03:31:05,600 --> 03:31:07,100
had developed over months of 
building. 

3954
03:31:07,100 --> 03:31:10,500
Temporary shelters and setting 
up effective campsites under 

3955
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:14,000
difficult circumstances was 
reflected in the architectural 

3956
03:31:14,000 --> 03:31:17,400
style and Community planning 
techniques that defined early 

3957
03:31:17,400 --> 03:31:20,400
Oregon settlements. 
In Oregon and other Western 

3958
03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:23,400
States contemporary family, 
reunions and Heritage 

3959
03:31:23,400 --> 03:31:26,100
celebrations. 
Frequently, focus on honoring 

3960
03:31:26,100 --> 03:31:27,900
the bravery and tenacity of 
trailer. 

3961
03:31:27,900 --> 03:31:31,300
Ancestors, giving descendant 
families, a chance to reconnect 

3962
03:31:31,300 --> 03:31:34,300
with their pioneering Heritage 
and come to understand the 

3963
03:31:34,300 --> 03:31:37,300
struggles. 
Their ancestors faced A unique 

3964
03:31:37,300 --> 03:31:40,600
American optimism regarding the 
potential for self-reinvention 

3965
03:31:40,600 --> 03:31:44,300
starting over and generating 
better opportunities through 

3966
03:31:44,300 --> 03:31:46,800
perseverance and hard. 
Work was also influenced by the 

3967
03:31:46,800 --> 03:31:50,900
Oregon Trail experience. 
This Fresh Start mindset became 

3968
03:31:50,900 --> 03:31:54,100
a Hallmark of American culture 
and still shapes people's 

3969
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:55,800
perspectives on individual and 
Collective. 

3970
03:31:55,800 --> 03:31:59,500
Growth interpretation programs 
help modern people comprehend 

3971
03:31:59,500 --> 03:32:02,600
the enormity of the challenge 
that 19th century families faced

3972
03:32:02,600 --> 03:32:05,200
when they packed their 
belongings into covered wagons 

3973
03:32:05,200 --> 03:32:07,400
and set out. 
West toward uncertain, Futures 

3974
03:32:07,400 --> 03:32:09,800
while. 
Historical preservation efforts 

3975
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:12,200
along the Oregon, Trail route 
have given modern families. 

3976
03:32:12,200 --> 03:32:15,200
The chance to experience 
something of what trail travel 

3977
03:32:15,200 --> 03:32:18,300
was like. 
The trail experience also had an

3978
03:32:18,300 --> 03:32:22,400
impact on American literature 
art and popular culture in ways 

3979
03:32:22,400 --> 03:32:25,100
that still shape American 
societies perceptions of the 

3980
03:32:25,100 --> 03:32:28,600
Westwood, migration frontier 
life and the interplay between 

3981
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:31,100
individual success and group 
collaboration. 

3982
03:32:31,100 --> 03:32:35,600
As our time on the Oregon Trail 
draws to a close picture 

3983
03:32:35,600 --> 03:32:38,600
yourself, sleeping in your own 
bed, for the night, not a 

3984
03:32:38,600 --> 03:32:41,300
bedroll by a smoldering camp 
fire or a small room inside a 

3985
03:32:41,308 --> 03:32:44,900
canvas covered wagon, but your 
own cozy bed with cozy pillows, 

3986
03:32:44,900 --> 03:32:48,600
Dependable warmth and the safety
of sturdy walls surrounding you 

3987
03:32:48,600 --> 03:32:52,100
as they change from travelers to
settlers from Emigrant to 

3988
03:32:52,100 --> 03:32:54,300
oregonians. 
And from people heading toward 

3989
03:32:54,300 --> 03:32:57,600
an uncertain future to those 
creating permanent communities. 

3990
03:32:57,600 --> 03:32:58,800
That would endure for 
Generations. 

3991
03:32:58,800 --> 03:33:02,000
The families whose stories we 
have been following tonight, 

3992
03:33:02,000 --> 03:33:04,800
ultimately found their own forms
of this comfort. 

3993
03:33:05,800 --> 03:33:08,500
Eventually, the children who had
learned to sleep to the sounds 

3994
03:33:08,500 --> 03:33:11,700
of wagon covers flapping in 
Prairie, winds and coyotes 

3995
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:15,800
calling, grew up in homes with 
glass windows, wooden, floors 

3996
03:33:15,800 --> 03:33:18,200
and enough room for everyone to 
have a bed. 

3997
03:33:18,800 --> 03:33:21,800
However, a number of them 
subsequently stated that they 

3998
03:33:21,800 --> 03:33:25,400
never fully lost their love of 
sleeping outside or their 

3999
03:33:25,400 --> 03:33:28,100
capacity to find solace in basic
sleeping Arrangements when 

4000
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:31,100
necessary. 
Eventually the parents who had 

4001
03:33:31,100 --> 03:33:33,400
been anxious every night about 
their family's safety in the 

4002
03:33:33,408 --> 03:33:37,500
wilderness found themselves in 
towns with churches, schools and

4003
03:33:37,500 --> 03:33:39,800
neighbors. 
Who they could rely on in times 

4004
03:33:39,800 --> 03:33:42,200
of need, although they had found
the security. 

4005
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:45,300
They had sought by moving West, 
the independence and 

4006
03:33:45,300 --> 03:33:47,100
resourcefulness they'd gained 
along the way. 

4007
03:33:47,100 --> 03:33:50,000
Remained traits, They Carried 
with them for the rest of their 

4008
03:33:50,000 --> 03:33:52,600
lives. 
The Farms businesses and 

4009
03:33:52,600 --> 03:33:54,400
communities. 
They established in Oregon 

4010
03:33:54,400 --> 03:33:56,200
Territory were built on the 
skills. 

4011
03:33:56,200 --> 03:33:59,000
They had acquired over months of
cooking, over campfires, 

4012
03:33:59,000 --> 03:34:01,900
repairing equipment, and 
managing resources. 

4013
03:34:03,200 --> 03:34:05,900
There are poached to Community 
Development and problem solving 

4014
03:34:05,900 --> 03:34:08,400
remained characterized by the 
collaboration, and support that 

4015
03:34:08,400 --> 03:34:10,000
had been crucial for trail 
survival. 

4016
03:34:10,800 --> 03:34:13,600
The tales of their experiences 
on the trail became cherished, 

4017
03:34:13,600 --> 03:34:15,600
family heirlooms that were 
handed down through the 

4018
03:34:15,600 --> 03:34:17,900
generations. 
Bridging the Gap between 

4019
03:34:17,900 --> 03:34:20,200
ancestors who had risked, 
everything on the hope of 

4020
03:34:20,208 --> 03:34:23,700
establishing better lives in 
Uncharted Territory and children

4021
03:34:23,700 --> 03:34:25,500
who had never seen a covered 
wagon. 

4022
03:34:25,500 --> 03:34:28,900
These Tales frequently focused 
on the Practical aspects of 

4023
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:31,600
everyday life. 
The value of planning and 

4024
03:34:31,600 --> 03:34:34,000
teamwork and the Fulfillment 
that came from. 

4025
03:34:34,000 --> 03:34:36,800
Conquering obstacles with 
perseverance and support from 

4026
03:34:36,800 --> 03:34:40,000
one another rather than the 
romantic adventure that would 

4027
03:34:40,000 --> 03:34:41,800
later be celebrated in popular 
culture. 

4028
03:34:43,000 --> 03:34:45,600
When modern family's traced 
their roots to Oregon Trail 

4029
03:34:45,600 --> 03:34:48,800
Emigrant, they frequently 
discover that the attitudes and 

4030
03:34:48,800 --> 03:34:50,400
viewpoints that kept their 
ancestors. 

4031
03:34:50,400 --> 03:34:53,000
Going during the westward, 
migration still have an impact 

4032
03:34:53,000 --> 03:34:56,600
on family culture, generation's 
later, these include attitudes 

4033
03:34:56,600 --> 03:34:59,500
toward problem, solving, methods
for getting involved in the 

4034
03:34:59,508 --> 03:35:02,700
community and an appreciation of
both Independence and 

4035
03:35:02,700 --> 03:35:05,100
interdependence the Oregon Trail
story. 

4036
03:35:05,100 --> 03:35:08,500
Showed that regular people could
achieve extraordinary Feats like

4037
03:35:08,500 --> 03:35:11,300
combining practical skills with 
the belief that their efforts 

4038
03:35:11,300 --> 03:35:14,400
would have, eventually result in
better opportunities for their 

4039
03:35:14,400 --> 03:35:18,900
families, individual willpower 
with Community collaboration and

4040
03:35:18,900 --> 03:35:23,600
meticulous preparation with 
adaptability Tonight, as you get

4041
03:35:23,600 --> 03:35:27,400
comfortable in your own bed, you
may consider how the safety and 

4042
03:35:27,400 --> 03:35:29,800
convenience you take for. 
Granted, are the result of 

4043
03:35:29,800 --> 03:35:33,500
people overcoming obstacles and 
creating communities by leaving 

4044
03:35:33,500 --> 03:35:37,000
behind comfortable surroundings 
in pursuit of better futures for

4045
03:35:37,000 --> 03:35:40,300
their kids and grandkids the 
soft sounds of your contemporary

4046
03:35:40,300 --> 03:35:43,800
evening, possibly the distant 
hum of your heating systems, the

4047
03:35:43,800 --> 03:35:46,500
distant sound of traffic, or the
familiar Creeks of your house. 

4048
03:35:46,500 --> 03:35:49,600
Settling the same as the 
reassuring campfire. 

4049
03:35:49,600 --> 03:35:52,400
Sounds that eventually made it 
easier for trail families to go 

4050
03:35:52,400 --> 03:35:54,900
to sleep each night knowing that
they were surrounded by people 

4051
03:35:54,900 --> 03:35:57,900
who shared their objectives and 
would support them through, any 

4052
03:35:57,900 --> 03:35:59,800
difficulties that might arise 
the next day. 

4053
03:36:01,100 --> 03:36:03,700
The trail families eventually 
found what they were looking for

4054
03:36:03,700 --> 03:36:07,600
not just Richland or lucrative 
prospects that the Fulfillment 

4055
03:36:07,600 --> 03:36:10,200
that comes from showing 
themselves and their kids that 

4056
03:36:10,200 --> 03:36:13,700
willpower teamwork and Ingenuity
could overcome seemingly 

4057
03:36:13,700 --> 03:36:16,200
insurmountable challenges and 
open up new possibilities. 

4058
03:36:16,200 --> 03:36:19,600
When none had previously 
existed, their legacy endures, 

4059
03:36:19,600 --> 03:36:21,700
not only in the neighborhoods, 
they established and the 

4060
03:36:21,700 --> 03:36:24,400
families they reared. 
But also in the enduring 

4061
03:36:24,400 --> 03:36:27,300
American conviction, that 
individuals can better their lot

4062
03:36:27,300 --> 03:36:30,600
in life by working hard 
supporting one another and 

4063
03:36:30,600 --> 03:36:33,200
having the guts to go where 
others have gone in pursuit of 

4064
03:36:33,208 --> 03:36:36,900
better opportunities. 
As you fall asleep to night your

4065
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:40,500
engaging in the same fundamental
human activity that those Trail 

4066
03:36:40,500 --> 03:36:44,300
families engaged in at the end 
of each day finding Solace and 

4067
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:47,700
rest after the hardships of the 
day, regaining strength for the 

4068
03:36:47,708 --> 03:36:50,500
opportunities of tomorrow and 
retaining the belief that 

4069
03:36:50,500 --> 03:36:53,700
perseverance and teamwork can 
overcome any challenges that may

4070
03:36:53,700 --> 03:36:55,800
arise. 
Rest easy. 

4071
03:36:55,800 --> 03:36:59,100
Knowing that you are part of a 
long line of people who, despite

4072
03:36:59,100 --> 03:37:02,500
the most trying circumstances, 
managed to provide Comfort 

4073
03:37:02,500 --> 03:37:04,500
security, and a sense of 
community. 

4074
03:37:05,300 --> 03:37:08,400
They also left behind enduring 
values and useful skills. 

4075
03:37:08,400 --> 03:37:11,500
That continue to shape how 
families handle opportunities 

4076
03:37:11,500 --> 03:37:13,800
and challenges. 
Even though the Oregon Trail was

4077
03:37:13,800 --> 03:37:17,200
abandoned, and more than 150 
years ago, the spirit of 

4078
03:37:17,200 --> 03:37:20,800
Adventure tenacity and 
camaraderie that Define the 

4079
03:37:20,800 --> 03:37:24,400
trail experience still serves as
motivation for those, who embark

4080
03:37:24,400 --> 03:37:27,800
on their own difficult and 
unknown Journeys in search of 

4081
03:37:27,800 --> 03:37:31,000
better futures. 
Sweet visions of campfire, 

4082
03:37:31,000 --> 03:37:34,400
dinners covered wagons and the 
Fulfillment that comes from 

4083
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:38,000
realizing that regular people 
can achieve genuinely remarkable

4084
03:37:38,000 --> 03:37:40,900
Feats and they band together and
help one another. 

4085
03:37:44,800 --> 03:37:49,000
Picture this. setting in with 
your evening tea maybe wondering

4086
03:37:49,000 --> 03:37:51,700
what life was really like for 
women in one of history's, most 

4087
03:37:51,700 --> 03:37:56,400
mysterious Empires Well, grab 
that blanket a little tighter 

4088
03:37:56,400 --> 03:38:00,100
because the truth about ottoman 
women is far more fascinating 

4089
03:38:00,100 --> 03:38:03,200
than any Hollywood movie ever 
suggested. 

4090
03:38:03,900 --> 03:38:05,700
Let's start by throwing out 
everything. 

4091
03:38:05,700 --> 03:38:09,500
You think you know about harems?
Could you imagine those gauze 

4092
03:38:09,500 --> 03:38:12,200
perfume? 
Chambers filled with languishing

4093
03:38:12,200 --> 03:38:14,600
Beauties. 
This is Pure Fantasy. 

4094
03:38:14,600 --> 03:38:17,000
My friend. 
The reality was more like a 

4095
03:38:17,000 --> 03:38:19,700
cross between a boarding school,
a finishing Academy. 

4096
03:38:19,700 --> 03:38:23,900
And if we're being honest, very 
exclusive sorority house with 

4097
03:38:23,900 --> 03:38:27,700
serious political clout. 
You see the ottoman Imperial 

4098
03:38:27,700 --> 03:38:30,100
hair and wasn't just where the 
sultan kept his wives. 

4099
03:38:30,900 --> 03:38:33,300
It was the nerve center of 
female power in an Empire that 

4100
03:38:33,300 --> 03:38:36,700
stretched from Hungary to Yemen.
Think of it as the Ultimate 

4101
03:38:36,700 --> 03:38:39,300
Women's networking event that 
lasted for centuries. 

4102
03:38:40,000 --> 03:38:42,400
The women there weren't just 
sitting around eating Turkish 

4103
03:38:42,400 --> 03:38:45,000
delight and Fanning themselves. 
They were running businesses, 

4104
03:38:45,000 --> 03:38:48,600
influencing politics and quite 
literally shaping the future of 

4105
03:38:48,600 --> 03:38:52,200
three continents, take her in 
Sultan, for instance, you might 

4106
03:38:52,200 --> 03:38:54,600
know her as rock Solana if 
you've watched any Turkish 

4107
03:38:54,600 --> 03:38:57,400
dramas lately. 
This Ukrainian woman didn't just

4108
03:38:57,400 --> 03:38:59,200
catch the eye of Suleiman the 
Magnificent. 

4109
03:38:59,200 --> 03:39:02,600
She completely revolutionized, 
how Imperial marriages worked. 

4110
03:39:03,300 --> 03:39:07,000
Before her, Sultans didn't marry
their concubines after her. 

4111
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:09,800
Well, let's just say she rewrote
the rules while having 

4112
03:39:09,800 --> 03:39:12,200
breakfast. 
But here's what really tickles 

4113
03:39:12,200 --> 03:39:14,800
me about ottoman. 
Women's history while European 

4114
03:39:14,800 --> 03:39:16,900
ladies were still asking 
permission to read books. 

4115
03:39:16,900 --> 03:39:20,400
Ottoman women were founding 
libraries commissioning mosque's

4116
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:22,500
and running into International 
Trade Networks. 

4117
03:39:23,200 --> 03:39:26,800
The valid assaulted, the mother 
of the reigning wielded more 

4118
03:39:26,800 --> 03:39:30,300
real political power than most 
Kings in Europe, she controlled 

4119
03:39:30,300 --> 03:39:33,400
her, own Court, budget, and 
intelligence Network surpassing 

4120
03:39:33,400 --> 03:39:35,500
the capabilities of any modern 
diplomat. 

4121
03:39:36,600 --> 03:39:39,200
The morning routine in the Harem
would put your yoga class to 

4122
03:39:39,200 --> 03:39:40,400
shame. 
These. 

4123
03:39:40,400 --> 03:39:42,900
Women started their days in 
communal baths that were 

4124
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:46,400
architectural Marvels. 
Imagine soaking in warm marble 

4125
03:39:46,400 --> 03:39:48,900
pools, while discussing the 
latest political developments 

4126
03:39:48,900 --> 03:39:53,500
and planning, which Public Works
projects to fund next The Hammam

4127
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:56,500
wasn't just about getting clean.
It was where deals were made 

4128
03:39:56,500 --> 03:40:00,100
alliances formed and the 
Empire's future quietly decided 

4129
03:40:00,100 --> 03:40:03,400
over rose scented Steam. 
And speaking of morning 

4130
03:40:03,400 --> 03:40:05,400
routines, let's talk about 
coffee. 

4131
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:09,400
Yes, coffee. 
Ottoman women were among the 

4132
03:40:09,400 --> 03:40:11,000
first to embrace this 
revolutionary. 

4133
03:40:11,000 --> 03:40:14,700
Beverage turning coffee houses 
into informal centers of female 

4134
03:40:14,700 --> 03:40:17,200
Social Power. 
While the men were off, 

4135
03:40:17,208 --> 03:40:20,100
conquering territories, the 
women were conquering hearts and

4136
03:40:20,100 --> 03:40:22,300
Minds over perfectly brewed, 
Turkish coffee. 

4137
03:40:23,000 --> 03:40:25,400
They even developed a labyrinth 
coffee, fortune telling 

4138
03:40:25,400 --> 03:40:27,100
Traditions that still exists 
today. 

4139
03:40:28,000 --> 03:40:31,100
Because apparently reading the 
future in coffee grounds as both

4140
03:40:31,100 --> 03:40:34,900
practical and entertaining. 
The clothing, these women wore 

4141
03:40:34,900 --> 03:40:37,500
would make modern fashion 
designers, weep With Envy, 

4142
03:40:37,500 --> 03:40:40,900
forget those flimsy hair and 
pants from costume shops. 

4143
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:44,900
Real ottoman women dressed in 
layers of silk and velvet that 

4144
03:40:44,900 --> 03:40:49,000
cost more than small kingdoms. 
Their caftans were walking, art,

4145
03:40:49,000 --> 03:40:52,300
galleries, embroidered with 
Golden Threads that told stories

4146
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:55,200
of Their Own. 
Single sleeve might feature, 

4147
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:58,600
motifs representing their 
Hometown, their achievements, 

4148
03:40:58,600 --> 03:41:02,200
and their hopes for the future. 
But perhaps, the most remarkable

4149
03:41:02,200 --> 03:41:04,500
thing about these women was 
their education. 

4150
03:41:05,200 --> 03:41:07,500
For European women were 
considered well-educated. 

4151
03:41:07,500 --> 03:41:10,700
If they could embroider nicely 
ottoman, women were studying 

4152
03:41:10,700 --> 03:41:14,200
mathematics, astronomy 
literature and theology. 

4153
03:41:15,100 --> 03:41:17,600
They wrote poetry that 
influenced entire literary 

4154
03:41:17,600 --> 03:41:21,200
movements composed music that 
echoed through Palace halls and 

4155
03:41:21,200 --> 03:41:23,700
engaged in philosophical 
debates, that were challenged 

4156
03:41:23,700 --> 03:41:26,800
any modern academic. 
The evening entertainment in the

4157
03:41:26,808 --> 03:41:28,500
Harem wasn't what you'd expect 
either. 

4158
03:41:29,200 --> 03:41:31,700
Instead of belly dancing, which 
by the way, wasn't even 

4159
03:41:31,700 --> 03:41:34,800
particularly ottoman, these 
women organized sophisticated 

4160
03:41:34,800 --> 03:41:37,600
salons, where they discussed 
everything from architecture to 

4161
03:41:37,600 --> 03:41:40,500
military strategy. 
They were patron of the Arts who

4162
03:41:40,500 --> 03:41:43,300
discovered and supported some of
the Empire's greatest talents. 

4163
03:41:43,300 --> 03:41:47,300
So as you drift off tonight, 
remember this, the next time? 

4164
03:41:47,300 --> 03:41:50,200
Someone mentioned ottoman women.
You'll know, they were just 

4165
03:41:50,200 --> 03:41:52,300
beautiful ornaments in a 
Sultan's collection. 

4166
03:41:53,200 --> 03:41:54,600
They were they backbone of an 
Empire. 

4167
03:41:54,600 --> 03:41:58,200
The power behind the throne and 
quite possibly having more fun 

4168
03:41:58,200 --> 03:42:01,000
than anyone gives them credit. 
For now that you're comfortable,

4169
03:42:01,000 --> 03:42:03,800
let's slip into the silk 
slippers of the most powerful 

4170
03:42:03,800 --> 03:42:08,300
woman in the Ottoman Empire. 
The validity salted Imagine 

4171
03:42:08,300 --> 03:42:10,700
waking up each morning knowing 
that your decisions could 

4172
03:42:10,700 --> 03:42:13,100
literally reshape the map of the
world before lunch. 

4173
03:42:13,100 --> 03:42:17,900
There's no pressure, right? 
The validate Sultans day started

4174
03:42:17,900 --> 03:42:20,600
Before Sunrise. 
Not due to her preference for 

4175
03:42:20,600 --> 03:42:23,700
early mornings, but due to the 
unpredictable nature of running 

4176
03:42:23,700 --> 03:42:27,300
a transcontinental Empire her 
morning briefing would make any 

4177
03:42:27,300 --> 03:42:30,600
modern CEOs head spin. 
Reports from provincial 

4178
03:42:30,600 --> 03:42:34,400
Governors updates on Military 
campaigns intelligence from the 

4179
03:42:34,408 --> 03:42:37,700
Venetian Ambassador. 
And oh, yes, making sure her 

4180
03:42:37,700 --> 03:42:39,900
son. 
The sultan remembered to eat 

4181
03:42:39,900 --> 03:42:41,900
something besides dates, and 
honey for breakfast. 

4182
03:42:43,000 --> 03:42:45,300
These women were just 
figureheads with fancy titles. 

4183
03:42:45,300 --> 03:42:49,200
They controlled enormous 
budgets, managed vast real 

4184
03:42:49,200 --> 03:42:52,400
estate portfolios and maintain 
diplomatic correspondence with 

4185
03:42:52,400 --> 03:42:54,100
Queen's and empresses across 
Europe. 

4186
03:42:54,900 --> 03:42:58,600
Sophia Sultan mother of mehmed. 
The third once casually decided 

4187
03:42:58,600 --> 03:43:01,300
to fund the construction of a 
massive mosque complex in 

4188
03:43:01,300 --> 03:43:04,200
Istanbul. 
In response to the treasurer's 

4189
03:43:04,200 --> 03:43:08,200
concerns about the cost. 
She said, well building anyway, 

4190
03:43:08,200 --> 03:43:12,000
the Empire can afford it and if 
it can't, we'll just conquer 

4191
03:43:12,000 --> 03:43:15,500
somewhere wealthy. 
Talk about confidence in your 

4192
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:18,400
family business, the 
bureaucracy, these women had to 

4193
03:43:18,400 --> 03:43:21,700
navigate on a daily basis would 
cause modern politicians, 

4194
03:43:21,700 --> 03:43:25,000
immense anxiety. 
Every morning brought a parade 

4195
03:43:25,000 --> 03:43:28,000
of officials each with their 
agenda, their problems and their

4196
03:43:28,000 --> 03:43:30,500
own, very creative 
interpretations of the truth. 

4197
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:35,000
The Valle de Sultan had to be 
part, Diplomat, part, detective 

4198
03:43:35,000 --> 03:43:38,100
and part mother. 
Hen often all before her morning

4199
03:43:38,100 --> 03:43:39,500
coffee had a chance to cool 
down. 

4200
03:43:40,400 --> 03:43:43,400
Interestingly, these women 
established their own informal. 

4201
03:43:43,400 --> 03:43:46,500
Communication, networks 
surpassing the capabilities of 

4202
03:43:46,508 --> 03:43:50,200
any modern social media platform
through a system of loyal 

4203
03:43:50,200 --> 03:43:52,400
servants, strategic marriages 
and carefully. 

4204
03:43:52,400 --> 03:43:55,500
Placed allies, a valide sultan 
could have information from the 

4205
03:43:55,500 --> 03:43:59,000
father's corners of the Empire 
on her desk faster than official

4206
03:43:59,000 --> 03:44:01,400
government reports. 
They practically invented 

4207
03:44:01,400 --> 03:44:04,900
crowdsourcing except instead of 
entertaining cat videos, they 

4208
03:44:04,900 --> 03:44:07,300
were sharing intelligence about 
trade routes and Military 

4209
03:44:07,300 --> 03:44:10,100
movements. 
The midday meal in the valley to

4210
03:44:10,100 --> 03:44:11,600
Sultans. 
Quarters wasn't just lunch. 

4211
03:44:11,600 --> 03:44:15,200
It was a diplomatic Summit 
discussed as a social Gathering 

4212
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:18,300
picture. 
This You're trying to enjoy your

4213
03:44:18,300 --> 03:44:21,200
stuffed grape leaves while 
simultaneously mediating, a 

4214
03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:24,000
dispute between two provincial 
governments planning, your 

4215
03:44:24,000 --> 03:44:26,800
daughter's wedding to strengthen
an alliance with crime in 

4216
03:44:26,800 --> 03:44:30,100
nobility and deciding whether to
support your son's latest 

4217
03:44:30,100 --> 03:44:34,000
military Adventure. 
It was just another Tuesday in 

4218
03:44:34,000 --> 03:44:36,300
the life of the most powerful 
woman in the Empire. 

4219
03:44:37,300 --> 03:44:40,100
The real magic unfolded during 
afternoon, audience's 

4220
03:44:40,100 --> 03:44:43,300
petitioners, would line up. 
Merchants seeking trade, 

4221
03:44:43,300 --> 03:44:45,400
privileges Scholars. 
Requesting patronage. 

4222
03:44:45,400 --> 03:44:48,200
And mothers are asking for their
sons released from military 

4223
03:44:48,200 --> 03:44:51,000
service. 
The vileda sultan had to be 

4224
03:44:51,000 --> 03:44:54,800
Solomon and Mother Teresa rolled
into one dispensing, Justice, 

4225
03:44:54,800 --> 03:44:58,100
and mercy, and equal measure. 
And she had to do it all while 

4226
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:01,400
wearing about 15 pounds of 
ceremonial robes and a headdress

4227
03:45:01,400 --> 03:45:04,100
that required its own 
architectural support system. 

4228
03:45:05,200 --> 03:45:07,800
The paperwork alone would 
terrify, modern administrator. 

4229
03:45:07,800 --> 03:45:11,100
Every decision had to be 
documented every favor, 

4230
03:45:11,100 --> 03:45:14,600
carefully recorded and every 
Alliance meticulously tracked. 

4231
03:45:15,300 --> 03:45:18,000
These women were managing 
complex political relationships 

4232
03:45:18,000 --> 03:45:19,800
across dozens of cultures and 
languages. 

4233
03:45:19,800 --> 03:45:23,000
All while maintaining the 
delicate balance between Islamic

4234
03:45:23,000 --> 03:45:26,400
law, Imperial tradition, and 
practical necessity. 

4235
03:45:27,400 --> 03:45:30,600
But perhaps the most exhausting 
part of a lead Sultan's day was 

4236
03:45:30,600 --> 03:45:34,200
managing the family Dynamics. 
Imagine trying to keep peace 

4237
03:45:34,200 --> 03:45:35,700
between multiple daughters in 
law. 

4238
03:45:35,700 --> 03:45:39,500
Who each think their son should 
be the next Salt of making sure 

4239
03:45:39,500 --> 03:45:42,500
your own son doesn't make any 
catastrophically bad decisions. 

4240
03:45:43,300 --> 03:45:45,700
It was like running family 
therapy session for people who 

4241
03:45:45,700 --> 03:45:48,600
had armies at their disposal. 
The evening hours, brought a 

4242
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:51,400
different kind of work, the 
meticulous, cultivation of 

4243
03:45:51,400 --> 03:45:54,300
culture and learning that 
elevated, the ottoman Court to a

4244
03:45:54,300 --> 03:45:57,300
position of European Envy. 
These women were patron of 

4245
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,000
poets, Architects, musicians, 
and Scholars. 

4246
03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:03,600
They commissioned breathtaking. 
Works of art funded. 

4247
03:46:03,600 --> 03:46:06,700
Scientific Expeditions that 
enriched human knowledge and 

4248
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:09,100
supported literary salons that 
produce some of the world's 

4249
03:46:09,100 --> 03:46:12,500
greatest poetry. 
And through it all, they 

4250
03:46:12,500 --> 03:46:15,700
maintain their Grace, their 
dignity, and their sense of 

4251
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:17,900
humor. 
Managing an Empire. 

4252
03:46:17,900 --> 03:46:21,300
Spanning three continents 
requires one to either embrace 

4253
03:46:21,300 --> 03:46:24,700
the absurdity of the situation 
or succumb to complete Insanity.

4254
03:46:25,600 --> 03:46:28,800
Thankfully, the majority of them
opted for laughter which likely 

4255
03:46:28,800 --> 03:46:30,800
explains why their legacy 
endures today. 

4256
03:46:30,800 --> 03:46:34,500
Despite the collapse of many 
other, powerful dynasties, pull 

4257
03:46:34,500 --> 03:46:37,300
that blanket up a little higher 
because we're about to dive into

4258
03:46:37,300 --> 03:46:39,400
the most misunderstood aspect of
Ottoman. 

4259
03:46:39,400 --> 03:46:44,800
Women's lives Love and Marriage.
And trust me, it's nothing like 

4260
03:46:44,800 --> 03:46:47,700
what you've seen in those 
dramatic television series where

4261
03:46:47,700 --> 03:46:50,100
everyone seems to spend their 
entire day gazing, longingly 

4262
03:46:50,100 --> 03:46:53,900
through lattice windows. 
Firstly, let's tackle the most 

4263
03:46:53,900 --> 03:46:58,100
significant issue the Sultan in 
the hair of Ottoman. 

4264
03:46:58,100 --> 03:47:00,500
Marriage politics was so 
complex, they'd make modern 

4265
03:47:00,500 --> 03:47:03,500
dating apps look simple. 
These were not merely romantic 

4266
03:47:03,500 --> 03:47:05,900
Arrangements. 
They were International treaties

4267
03:47:05,900 --> 03:47:09,400
accompanied by a wedding cake. 
Entire regions are weighted the 

4268
03:47:09,400 --> 03:47:12,200
marriage of an ottoman. 
Princess as the alliance had the

4269
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:15,200
potential to shift the balance 
of power from the Adriatic to 

4270
03:47:15,200 --> 03:47:17,900
the Black Sea. 
Take princess Miramar daughter 

4271
03:47:17,900 --> 03:47:22,100
of sleiman the Magnificent. 
Princess marriage to grand 

4272
03:47:22,100 --> 03:47:26,300
vizier rustam Pasha was not 
merely a romantic Union despite 

4273
03:47:26,300 --> 03:47:29,200
their Mutual fondness but a 
strategic maneuver that 

4274
03:47:29,200 --> 03:47:33,300
solidified power ensured loyalty
and extended her influence 

4275
03:47:33,300 --> 03:47:34,900
beyond the traditional realm of 
a wife. 

4276
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:38,700
She basically became the 
Empire's unofficial foreign 

4277
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:42,300
minister except with better 
jewelry and significantly more 

4278
03:47:42,300 --> 03:47:45,300
dramatic family dinners. 
But here's what's truly 

4279
03:47:45,300 --> 03:47:48,900
fascinating, ottoman, women had 
far more say in their marriages 

4280
03:47:48,900 --> 03:47:50,300
than their European 
counterparts. 

4281
03:47:51,300 --> 03:47:54,400
While English and French ladies 
were being traded like poker 

4282
03:47:54,400 --> 03:47:57,600
chips, ottoman, women, 
especially those of higher rank.

4283
03:47:57,600 --> 03:48:01,000
Could negotiate their marriage 
contracts, specify their rights 

4284
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:03,000
and even include divorce 
clauses. 

4285
03:48:04,100 --> 03:48:07,300
Before prenuptial agreements, 
gained popularity, ottoman. 

4286
03:48:07,300 --> 03:48:09,600
Women were crafting prenuptial 
agreements that would leave 

4287
03:48:09,600 --> 03:48:12,800
modern lawyers, envious The 
whole concubine system. 

4288
03:48:12,800 --> 03:48:16,200
While obviously problematic by. 
Today's standards was actually 

4289
03:48:16,200 --> 03:48:18,000
more nuanced than most people 
realize. 

4290
03:48:18,900 --> 03:48:22,500
Many of these women wielded 
enormous influence accumulated, 

4291
03:48:22,500 --> 03:48:25,700
vast personal wealth and 
maintained their households 

4292
03:48:25,700 --> 03:48:27,500
after their formal relationships
ended. 

4293
03:48:28,300 --> 03:48:29,800
Some became powerful 
businesswoman. 

4294
03:48:29,800 --> 03:48:33,700
Others devoted themselves to 
charitable works and quite a few

4295
03:48:33,708 --> 03:48:36,000
became the power behind various 
political movements. 

4296
03:48:37,000 --> 03:48:38,600
Rather than being passive 
victims. 

4297
03:48:38,600 --> 03:48:41,400
These women actively 
participated in the process 

4298
03:48:41,400 --> 03:48:44,100
often outperforming their male 
counterparts. 

4299
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:47,300
The marriage ceremony is in the 
ottoman Court surpass, the 

4300
03:48:47,300 --> 03:48:49,100
Grandeur of modern Royal 
wedding's. 

4301
03:48:49,700 --> 03:48:51,600
We're talking week-long 
celebrations. 

4302
03:48:51,600 --> 03:48:55,200
That involve the entire city, 
with processions, fireworks and 

4303
03:48:55,200 --> 03:48:56,800
enough food to feed a small 
army. 

4304
03:48:57,700 --> 03:48:59,900
The bride's true. 
So alone could fund a military 

4305
03:48:59,900 --> 03:49:02,400
campaign. 
Featuring textiles from across 

4306
03:49:02,400 --> 03:49:04,800
the Empire. 
Jewelry that required its 

4307
03:49:04,800 --> 03:49:08,400
security detail and household 
items crafted by the finest 

4308
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:12,000
artisans in the known world. 
But the real drama happened 

4309
03:49:12,000 --> 03:49:14,300
after the wedding, when these 
women had to navigate the 

4310
03:49:14,300 --> 03:49:16,700
intricate social hierarchies of 
their new homes. 

4311
03:49:17,600 --> 03:49:19,900
An ottoman bride wasn't just 
marrying a man. 

4312
03:49:20,600 --> 03:49:23,200
She was entering a complex web 
of relationships with other 

4313
03:49:23,200 --> 03:49:27,300
wives conquer binds children and
extended family members. 

4314
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:31,100
Success, necessitated The 
Diplomatic abilities of an 

4315
03:49:31,100 --> 03:49:35,000
ambassador, the forbearance of a
saint and the Strategic Acumen 

4316
03:49:35,000 --> 03:49:38,100
of a chess Grandmaster, the love
letter that survive from this 

4317
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:42,800
period are absolutely delicious.
These women wrote with passion 

4318
03:49:42,800 --> 03:49:46,600
wit and sometimes a delightful 
cutting sense of humor. 

4319
03:49:47,500 --> 03:49:49,900
One princess wrote to her 
husband during a military 

4320
03:49:49,900 --> 03:49:52,500
campaign. 
The roses in our garden of 

4321
03:49:52,500 --> 03:49:55,500
blooming beautifully. 
Much like my affection for you 

4322
03:49:55,500 --> 03:49:58,800
though, the roses require less 
maintenance and complained far 

4323
03:49:58,800 --> 03:50:02,000
less about the weather. 
Apparently, even Royal romance 

4324
03:50:02,000 --> 03:50:03,600
came with a side of gentle 
teasing. 

4325
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:07,400
Divorce while not common was 
possible and sometimes, 

4326
03:50:07,400 --> 03:50:10,600
surprisingly, amicable ottoman, 
women could retain their 

4327
03:50:10,600 --> 03:50:13,600
property their titles and often 
their influence. 

4328
03:50:13,600 --> 03:50:17,200
Some divorced Imperial wives 
went on to become major, patrons

4329
03:50:17,200 --> 03:50:20,900
of the Arts funding mosques 
schools and charitable 

4330
03:50:20,900 --> 03:50:23,500
foundations. 
They basically invented the 

4331
03:50:23,500 --> 03:50:26,000
concept of independent wealth 
and social influence after 

4332
03:50:26,000 --> 03:50:29,100
marriage, which wasn't exactly 
trending in 16th century. 

4333
03:50:29,100 --> 03:50:32,700
Europe, the children from these 
marriages often became Bridges 

4334
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:34,400
between different cultures, and 
traditions. 

4335
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:38,500
Ottoman princesses, who married 
into noble families across the 

4336
03:50:38,500 --> 03:50:41,100
Empire didn't just bring 
political alliances. 

4337
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:46,000
They brought languages Customs 
artistic traditions in culinary 

4338
03:50:46,000 --> 03:50:48,200
preferences that enrich the 
already diverse. 

4339
03:50:48,200 --> 03:50:51,200
Ottoman cultural landscape. 
They were walking cultural 

4340
03:50:51,200 --> 03:50:54,800
exchange programs, minus the 
awkward Icebreaker activities. 

4341
03:50:55,700 --> 03:50:58,700
And let's not forget the 
grandmothers, the former wives 

4342
03:50:58,700 --> 03:51:01,900
and mothers who had successfully
navigated Decades of Imperial 

4343
03:51:01,900 --> 03:51:04,300
politics. 
These women became the 

4344
03:51:04,300 --> 03:51:07,100
unofficial advisors. 
The keepers of institutional 

4345
03:51:07,100 --> 03:51:09,900
memory and the ones who could 
gently or not. 

4346
03:51:09,900 --> 03:51:13,100
So gently remind everyone how 
things were supposed to work. 

4347
03:51:13,100 --> 03:51:16,700
They were living library of 
political wisdom relationship 

4348
03:51:16,700 --> 03:51:20,100
advice and probably some truly 
spectacular gossip. 

4349
03:51:21,600 --> 03:51:25,100
So tonight, as you're drifting 
off to sleep, remember that 

4350
03:51:25,100 --> 03:51:28,100
ottoman love stories weren't 
just about passion and romance 

4351
03:51:28,100 --> 03:51:30,100
though. 
There was certainly plenty of 

4352
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:32,500
both. 
They were about women, who knew 

4353
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:36,000
that, love and politics could 
co-exist that the heart and mind

4354
03:51:36,000 --> 03:51:38,700
could work together, and that 
writing your own rules about 

4355
03:51:38,700 --> 03:51:40,200
relationships, could be 
revolutionary. 

4356
03:51:40,900 --> 03:51:43,300
That's wander away from the 
palace now and into the bustling

4357
03:51:43,300 --> 03:51:46,100
heart of Ottoman Commerce where 
women were quietly. 

4358
03:51:46,100 --> 03:51:48,700
Revolutionizing business 
practices while everyone else 

4359
03:51:48,700 --> 03:51:52,200
was arguing about trade routes 
Grab your imaginary Market 

4360
03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:54,800
Basket because we're about to 
discover that ottoman women 

4361
03:51:54,800 --> 03:51:57,500
basically invented on 
entrepreneurship centuries 

4362
03:51:57,500 --> 03:51:59,100
before anyone thought to call it
that. 

4363
03:51:59,900 --> 03:52:02,200
The Grand Bazaar of Istanbul 
wasn't just a shopping 

4364
03:52:02,200 --> 03:52:04,300
destination. 
It was the New York Stock 

4365
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:06,300
Exchange, Silicon Valley and 
Wall Street. 

4366
03:52:06,300 --> 03:52:10,700
All rolled into one magnificent,
aromatic Maze, and surprise. 

4367
03:52:10,700 --> 03:52:12,800
Women weren't just shopping 
there. 

4368
03:52:12,800 --> 03:52:15,700
They were running the show from 
behind the scenes, pulling 

4369
03:52:15,700 --> 03:52:18,700
strings like Master puppeteers, 
who happen to have excellent 

4370
03:52:18,700 --> 03:52:22,100
taste in textiles, meet the 
two-car honeymoon, the merchant 

4371
03:52:22,100 --> 03:52:24,900
women, who operated trading 
networks, that span from Cairo 

4372
03:52:24,900 --> 03:52:28,200
to Crimea, These Works 
small-time shopkeepers selling 

4373
03:52:28,200 --> 03:52:31,600
trinkets to tourists were 
talking about women who financed

4374
03:52:31,600 --> 03:52:35,300
entire Caravans maintained 
warehouse's multiple continents 

4375
03:52:35,300 --> 03:52:38,900
and could crash local economies 
simply by deciding not to buy 

4376
03:52:38,900 --> 03:52:41,500
silk That season. 
They were the original 

4377
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:44,300
PowerShot, except they were 
shopping wholesale. 

4378
03:52:44,300 --> 03:52:47,500
And their purchasing decisions 
affected international trade, 

4379
03:52:48,200 --> 03:52:51,100
The textile business was 
particularly dominated by women 

4380
03:52:51,100 --> 03:52:54,400
which makes perfect sense. 
When you think about it, Who 

4381
03:52:54,400 --> 03:52:57,200
better to judge the quality of 
silk than someone who's been 

4382
03:52:57,200 --> 03:53:00,700
wearing it since childhood? 
These women developed quality 

4383
03:53:00,700 --> 03:53:04,100
control standards that European 
guilds couldn't match, they 

4384
03:53:04,100 --> 03:53:06,900
could determine the origin of a 
piece of fabric by touch alone 

4385
03:53:06,900 --> 03:53:09,500
spot. 
Inferior dies from across a 

4386
03:53:09,500 --> 03:53:12,400
crowded bizarre and negotiate 
prices that would make modern 

4387
03:53:12,400 --> 03:53:16,000
corporate lawyers proud But 
here's where it gets intriguing.

4388
03:53:16,000 --> 03:53:19,100
Many of these business, women 
were also major creditors. 

4389
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:22,200
They loaned money to everyone 
from Village Merchants to 

4390
03:53:22,200 --> 03:53:25,300
provincial Governors and their 
record, keeping systems were so 

4391
03:53:25,308 --> 03:53:28,400
sophisticated that European 
banking houses, eventually 

4392
03:53:28,400 --> 03:53:31,700
adopted similar practices. 
They basically invented 

4393
03:53:31,700 --> 03:53:34,800
Commercial Banking, except with 
better customer service and 

4394
03:53:34,800 --> 03:53:37,900
considerably more Style. 
The spice trade was another 

4395
03:53:37,900 --> 03:53:41,200
female dominated Arena, which 
honestly makes perfect sense. 

4396
03:53:41,200 --> 03:53:44,600
These women were knowledgeable 
about the freshness of cardamom 

4397
03:53:44,600 --> 03:53:48,400
pods, the value of saffron. 
And the Art of blending spices 

4398
03:53:48,400 --> 03:53:51,100
to elevate ordinary meals into 
coloring masterpieces. 

4399
03:53:51,100 --> 03:53:55,100
They created preservation 
techniques shipping methods and 

4400
03:53:55,100 --> 03:53:57,400
quality grading systems that 
remain in use today. 

4401
03:53:58,600 --> 03:54:01,600
An ottoman spice Merchants could
track a products from a village 

4402
03:54:01,600 --> 03:54:05,000
in India to a kitchen, in Prague
surpassing the capabilities of 

4403
03:54:05,000 --> 03:54:08,600
modern Supply Chain management. 
The jewelry business was 

4404
03:54:08,600 --> 03:54:12,800
practically a female Monopoly 
and for good reason, Ottoman. 

4405
03:54:12,800 --> 03:54:15,700
Women understood gems, not just 
as decorative objects, but as 

4406
03:54:15,700 --> 03:54:19,100
portable wealth, investment 
vehicles and insurance policies 

4407
03:54:19,100 --> 03:54:21,000
all rolled into one sparkly 
package. 

4408
03:54:21,800 --> 03:54:24,500
They could appraise a ruby 
faster than modern gemologists 

4409
03:54:24,500 --> 03:54:27,700
create demand for specific 
Stones through strategic wearing

4410
03:54:27,700 --> 03:54:30,900
at social events and time their 
sales to Market fluctuations 

4411
03:54:30,900 --> 03:54:33,200
with an accuracy that would 
impress. 

4412
03:54:33,200 --> 03:54:36,600
Any modern day trader. 
What's truly remarkable is how 

4413
03:54:36,600 --> 03:54:38,700
these women balance their 
business Empires with their 

4414
03:54:38,700 --> 03:54:42,400
family responsibilities. 
Imagine managing import export 

4415
03:54:42,400 --> 03:54:45,300
operations across three 
continents, ensuring your 

4416
03:54:45,300 --> 03:54:48,300
daughter's wedding is adorned, 
with the finest Linens, your 

4417
03:54:48,300 --> 03:54:51,500
son's education incorporates, 
the latest mathematical Concepts

4418
03:54:51,500 --> 03:54:54,400
and your household functions 
smoothly enough to host 

4419
03:54:54,400 --> 03:54:56,200
diplomatic dinners on short 
notice. 

4420
03:54:57,000 --> 03:55:00,000
These women were the original 
multitaskers juggling 

4421
03:55:00,000 --> 03:55:02,400
responsibilities that would 
overwhelm most modern 

4422
03:55:02,400 --> 03:55:04,600
Executives. 
These business women's 

4423
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:07,500
networking capabilities surpass.
Those of modern professional 

4424
03:55:07,500 --> 03:55:10,800
organizations, they maintained 
correspondence with female 

4425
03:55:10,800 --> 03:55:13,900
Merchants from Morocco to 
Malaysia sharing Market 

4426
03:55:13,900 --> 03:55:16,500
intelligence warning. 
Each other about dishonest 

4427
03:55:16,500 --> 03:55:19,800
dealers and coordinating prices 
to maintain profitable margins. 

4428
03:55:20,700 --> 03:55:23,200
They had created an informal 
International Chamber of 

4429
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:25,300
Commerce centuries. 
Before anyone thought to 

4430
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:28,800
formalize such organizations. 
Many of these women also became 

4431
03:55:28,800 --> 03:55:32,300
incredible philanthropists using
their wealth to fund Public 

4432
03:55:32,300 --> 03:55:35,300
Works projects that benefited 
entire communities. 

4433
03:55:35,300 --> 03:55:38,800
They built fountains that 
provided free water to Travelers

4434
03:55:38,800 --> 03:55:41,600
established karavan, Sarai that 
offered safe lodging for 

4435
03:55:41,600 --> 03:55:44,600
merchants and funded schools 
that educated children, 

4436
03:55:44,600 --> 03:55:48,000
regardless of their families 
ability to pay They understood 

4437
03:55:48,000 --> 03:55:51,200
that successful business, 
required Healthy Communities, a 

4438
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:53,400
concept that modern Corporate 
social responsibility. 

4439
03:55:53,400 --> 03:55:55,400
Programs are just beginning to 
ReDiscover. 

4440
03:55:56,100 --> 03:55:58,700
The ottoman system of private 
property rights for women was 

4441
03:55:58,700 --> 03:56:01,900
revolutionary for its time, 
women could own businesses 

4442
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:05,200
outright inherit commercial 
properties, and pass their 

4443
03:56:05,200 --> 03:56:09,700
Enterprise's to their daughter's
without male interference. this 

4444
03:56:09,700 --> 03:56:12,700
created dynasties of female 
entrepreneurs that spanned 

4445
03:56:12,700 --> 03:56:15,800
generations with business 
knowledge and Trade Secrets 

4446
03:56:15,800 --> 03:56:19,400
passed down through maternal 
lines like family recipes and 

4447
03:56:19,400 --> 03:56:22,300
perhaps, most importantly, these
women proved that Commerce and 

4448
03:56:22,300 --> 03:56:26,000
culture were not separates fears
They were patron of the Arts, 

4449
03:56:26,000 --> 03:56:28,200
who commissioned, beautiful 
objects that were also 

4450
03:56:28,200 --> 03:56:31,300
functional trade goods. 
They understood that beauty and 

4451
03:56:31,300 --> 03:56:34,900
practicality could co-exist the 
successful business, could 

4452
03:56:34,900 --> 03:56:38,200
support cultural advancement and
that profit and principal were 

4453
03:56:38,200 --> 03:56:42,000
mutually exclusive. so as you're
settling in for the night, take 

4454
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:44,400
a moment to appreciate these 
forgotten, pioneers of 

4455
03:56:44,400 --> 03:56:47,700
international Commerce, They 
were building Global businesses 

4456
03:56:47,700 --> 03:56:51,000
while wearing fabulous clothes, 
maintaining loving families, and

4457
03:56:51,000 --> 03:56:53,400
contributing to their 
communities, all without a 

4458
03:56:53,400 --> 03:56:56,100
single PowerPoint presentation 
or quarterly earnings call. 

4459
03:56:57,000 --> 03:56:59,000
Now that's what I call work-life
balance. 

4460
03:56:59,000 --> 03:57:02,400
Let's dim the light a little and
settle into the literary salons 

4461
03:57:02,400 --> 03:57:05,600
and artistic workshops where 
ottoman women were quietly. 

4462
03:57:05,600 --> 03:57:08,400
Creating some of the most 
beautiful and influential Works 

4463
03:57:08,400 --> 03:57:11,700
in Islamic civilization, pour 
yourself another cup of tea 

4464
03:57:11,700 --> 03:57:14,700
because we're about to meet some
women who wielded brushes and 

4465
03:57:14,700 --> 03:57:16,700
pens like other people wielded 
swords. 

4466
03:57:17,700 --> 03:57:21,100
Imagine walking into a room 
where poetry flows like wine 

4467
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:24,300
where mathematical equations are
discussed with the same passion 

4468
03:57:24,300 --> 03:57:27,700
as love Sonic's and where the 
latest architectural plans are 

4469
03:57:27,700 --> 03:57:29,700
debated alongside philosophical 
Treasures. 

4470
03:57:30,600 --> 03:57:32,800
This wasn't some fantasy 
literary Society. 

4471
03:57:32,800 --> 03:57:36,600
This was just Tuesday evening in
the household of any educated. 

4472
03:57:36,600 --> 03:57:38,300
Ottoman woman worth her 
embroidered. 

4473
03:57:38,300 --> 03:57:42,200
Silk take Miriam a 15th century 
poet, who wrote verses, so 

4474
03:57:42,200 --> 03:57:45,000
beautiful that they're still 
quoted in Turkish literature 

4475
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:47,900
classes today. 
However, it's important to note 

4476
03:57:47,900 --> 03:57:50,300
that she wasn't limited to 
writing about flowers and 

4477
03:57:50,300 --> 03:57:52,600
unrequited love. 
Unlike a European 

4478
03:57:52,600 --> 03:57:55,900
contemporaries. 
She wrote sharp witty, social 

4479
03:57:55,900 --> 03:57:58,700
commentary that could slice 
through pretension like a 

4480
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:02,500
well-sharpened, scimitar. 
Her poetry was so influential 

4481
03:58:02,500 --> 03:58:05,400
that it shaped literary 
movements across the ottoman 

4482
03:58:05,400 --> 03:58:08,600
territories and her love poems, 
were so steamy they probably 

4483
03:58:08,600 --> 03:58:11,800
made the sensors blush. 
But poetry was just the 

4484
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:14,500
beginning. 
Ottoman women were accomplished 

4485
03:58:14,500 --> 03:58:17,400
calligraphers at a time when 
beautiful handwriting was 

4486
03:58:17,400 --> 03:58:19,400
considered. 
One of the highest art forms. 

4487
03:58:19,400 --> 03:58:23,000
They didn't just copy texts. 
They transformed them into 

4488
03:58:23,000 --> 03:58:25,600
visual masterpieces, where the 
words themselves became 

4489
03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:28,600
decorative elements. 
A single page of their work 

4490
03:58:28,600 --> 03:58:31,100
could take months to complete 
with each letter. 

4491
03:58:31,100 --> 03:58:34,000
Carefully crafted to create 
patterns that were both readable

4492
03:58:34,000 --> 03:58:37,800
and breathtakingly beautiful. 
The manuscripts, these women 

4493
03:58:37,800 --> 03:58:39,500
illuminated weren't just lovely 
books. 

4494
03:58:39,500 --> 03:58:42,100
They were the Medieval 
equivalent of multimedia 

4495
03:58:42,100 --> 03:58:45,500
presentations. 
They combined text illustration,

4496
03:58:45,500 --> 03:58:48,600
decorative elements, and 
sometimes even mathematical, 

4497
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:50,700
diagrams into cohesive works of 
art. 

4498
03:58:51,600 --> 03:58:54,300
These women were essentially 
graphic designers working with 

4499
03:58:54,300 --> 03:58:58,400
gold leaf and crushed gemstones 
instead of Photoshop and their 

4500
03:58:58,400 --> 03:59:00,000
Creations have survived 
centuries. 

4501
03:59:00,000 --> 03:59:03,600
While most digital art from 20 
years ago, is already obsolete. 

4502
03:59:03,600 --> 03:59:07,500
Music was another realm where 
ottoman excelled though? 

4503
03:59:07,500 --> 03:59:10,100
They face the Intriguing 
challenge of performing in a 

4504
03:59:10,108 --> 03:59:12,700
culture that valued privacy. 
So what did they do? 

4505
03:59:12,700 --> 03:59:16,100
They created intimate musical 
Traditions that flourished in 

4506
03:59:16,100 --> 03:59:19,800
private spaces, the composed 
pieces, specifically for small, 

4507
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:23,100
Gatherings developed, new 
instrumental techniques suited 

4508
03:59:23,100 --> 03:59:26,100
to domestic settings and passed 
down musical, knowledge through 

4509
03:59:26,100 --> 03:59:28,800
female-only networks. 
That preserve traditions for 

4510
03:59:28,800 --> 03:59:31,900
centuries. 
The mathematical achievements of

4511
03:59:31,900 --> 03:59:34,800
Ottoman women are particularly 
impressive, mainly because 

4512
03:59:34,800 --> 03:59:37,200
nobody expected them to be 
interested in numbers. 

4513
03:59:37,200 --> 03:59:40,300
These women, studied astronomy, 
not just for intellectual 

4514
03:59:40,300 --> 03:59:42,600
curiosity. 
But, because understanding 

4515
03:59:42,600 --> 03:59:46,300
Celestial movements was crucial 
for everything from agricultural

4516
03:59:46,300 --> 03:59:49,800
planning to navigation, Some 
became skilled enough to 

4517
03:59:49,800 --> 03:59:53,200
calculate prayer times for their
entire Region's create accurate 

4518
03:59:53,200 --> 03:59:56,300
calendars and even predicted 
Clips as with remarkable 

4519
03:59:56,300 --> 03:59:59,600
Precision, despite the apparent 
male dominance in the field of 

4520
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:02,200
architecture, ottoman, women 
were responsible for 

4521
04:00:02,200 --> 04:00:04,600
commissioning and designing 
buildings that continue to 

4522
04:00:04,600 --> 04:00:07,700
astonish today. 
They didn't just hire Architects

4523
04:00:07,700 --> 04:00:11,300
and say, make it pretty. 
They were intimately involved in

4524
04:00:11,300 --> 04:00:14,500
every detail from the 
mathematical proportions that 

4525
04:00:14,500 --> 04:00:17,100
created perfect. 
Acoustics to the decorative 

4526
04:00:17,100 --> 04:00:19,400
programs that told complex 
symbolic stories. 

4527
04:00:20,300 --> 04:00:23,500
The Miramar, Sultan mosque in 
Istanbul, for example, was 

4528
04:00:23,500 --> 04:00:26,200
designed to align with the Sun. 
So that on the anniversary of 

4529
04:00:26,200 --> 04:00:29,300
the Sultan's birth, daylight 
would illuminate the interior in

4530
04:00:29,300 --> 04:00:32,500
a specific pattern. 
That's not just architecture. 

4531
04:00:32,500 --> 04:00:35,600
That's poetry written in stone 
and sunlight. 

4532
04:00:36,400 --> 04:00:39,600
The textile Arts reached levels 
of sophistication under ottoman 

4533
04:00:39,600 --> 04:00:42,300
women, that modern factories 
still struggle to match. 

4534
04:00:43,000 --> 04:00:45,800
They developed weaving 
techniques that created Fabrics.

4535
04:00:45,800 --> 04:00:48,700
So fine, they seem to float 
dying methods. 

4536
04:00:48,700 --> 04:00:51,400
That produced colors of 
impossible, vibrancy and 

4537
04:00:51,400 --> 04:00:54,600
embroidery patterns so complex. 
They required mathematical 

4538
04:00:54,600 --> 04:00:56,400
understanding to execute 
properly. 

4539
04:00:57,300 --> 04:01:00,900
A single ottoman Court kaftan, 
might contain more artistic and 

4540
04:01:00,900 --> 04:01:04,000
Technical Innovation than most 
Contemporary Art installations. 

4541
04:01:04,000 --> 04:01:08,100
But perhaps most remarkably, 
these women understood that art 

4542
04:01:08,100 --> 04:01:10,100
and learning weren't separate 
from daily life. 

4543
04:01:10,100 --> 04:01:13,600
They were integral to it. 
They taught their children to 

4544
04:01:13,600 --> 04:01:16,700
appreciate Beauty alongside 
practical skills. 

4545
04:01:16,700 --> 04:01:20,500
Integrated artistic elements 
into everyday objects and 

4546
04:01:20,500 --> 04:01:23,300
created environments where 
creativity, and intellectual 

4547
04:01:23,300 --> 04:01:27,000
curiosity, was simply part of 
the family culture, the 

4548
04:01:27,000 --> 04:01:28,900
library's, these women 
established weren't just 

4549
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:31,900
collections of books, they were 
community centers where 

4550
04:01:31,900 --> 04:01:33,800
knowledge was shared across 
social boundaries. 

4551
04:01:33,800 --> 04:01:37,400
They funded copying projects 
that preserved, ancient texts 

4552
04:01:37,400 --> 04:01:41,400
sponsored translations that made
foreign knowledge accessible and

4553
04:01:41,400 --> 04:01:43,900
when maintained correspondence 
with Scholars across the known 

4554
04:01:43,900 --> 04:01:46,500
world. 
They were essentially running 

4555
04:01:46,500 --> 04:01:50,000
early versions of research 
universities, except with better

4556
04:01:50,000 --> 04:01:52,200
food, and more comfortable 
seating. 

4557
04:01:53,100 --> 04:01:55,500
Many of these women also became 
accomplished Physicians, 

4558
04:01:55,500 --> 04:01:58,800
combining traditional knowledge 
with new medical discoveries. 

4559
04:01:58,800 --> 04:02:02,300
They maintain detailed records 
of their treatments developed 

4560
04:02:02,300 --> 04:02:05,300
new remedies and trained other 
women in Medical Arts. 

4561
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:09,000
Some specialized in women's 
health, others in Pediatrics. 

4562
04:02:09,000 --> 04:02:11,600
And a few became renowned for 
their surgical skills. 

4563
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:16,400
They understood that healing was
both an art and a science, not 

4564
04:02:16,400 --> 04:02:19,600
just technical knowledge, but 
also intuitive understanding of 

4565
04:02:19,600 --> 04:02:22,600
human nature. 
What strikes me most about these

4566
04:02:22,600 --> 04:02:25,100
ottoman women artists and 
Scholars is their confidence. 

4567
04:02:25,900 --> 04:02:28,300
They didn't apologize for their 
intelligence or hide their 

4568
04:02:28,308 --> 04:02:31,800
accomplishments. 
They signed their Works engaged 

4569
04:02:31,800 --> 04:02:34,800
in public debates and claimed 
their place in the intellectual 

4570
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:37,600
Traditions with the kind of bold
assurance that modern women are 

4571
04:02:37,600 --> 04:02:41,300
still fighting to achieve. 
So tonight as your drifting 

4572
04:02:41,300 --> 04:02:44,400
towards sleep, remember these 
women who understood that beauty

4573
04:02:44,400 --> 04:02:48,200
and knowledge were not luxuries 
but necessities That creativity 

4574
04:02:48,200 --> 04:02:49,800
and intellect could flourish 
together. 

4575
04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:53,100
And that the most lasting 
revolution's are often fought 

4576
04:02:53,100 --> 04:02:56,900
with brushes pens and the 
radical Act of refusing to be 

4577
04:02:56,900 --> 04:03:00,400
anything less than brilliant. 
Now, recline comfortably as we 

4578
04:03:00,400 --> 04:03:03,300
delve into the ways, ottoman 
women transform their religious 

4579
04:03:03,300 --> 04:03:06,800
devotion into a potent Force for
social transformation of 

4580
04:03:06,800 --> 04:03:09,600
fostering Community is and 
providing support to the 

4581
04:03:09,608 --> 04:03:12,300
vulnerable with a refinement. 
That would impress any 

4582
04:03:12,300 --> 04:03:14,100
contemporary non-profit 
organization. 

4583
04:03:15,000 --> 04:03:17,700
These women, understood that 
faith without action was like 

4584
04:03:17,700 --> 04:03:21,700
tea without warmth. 
Technically still tea but 

4585
04:03:21,700 --> 04:03:25,900
missing the whole point. the 
concept of charitable giving in 

4586
04:03:25,900 --> 04:03:29,000
Islamic tradition, provided 
ottoman, women, with a unique 

4587
04:03:29,000 --> 04:03:32,200
opportunity to exercise public 
influence while maintaining 

4588
04:03:32,200 --> 04:03:35,200
their religious and social 
standing They took this 

4589
04:03:35,200 --> 04:03:38,100
opportunity and ran with it. 
Like marathon runners who 

4590
04:03:38,100 --> 04:03:40,600
happened to be carrying purses 
full of gold coins. 

4591
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:43,700
The scale of their charitable 
Works was staggering. 

4592
04:03:43,700 --> 04:03:46,600
We're talking about social 
programs that supported entire 

4593
04:03:46,600 --> 04:03:51,400
communities for Generations. 
Consider gulshan, who in the 

4594
04:03:51,400 --> 04:03:54,100
early 18th century established. 
One of the most comprehensive 

4595
04:03:54,100 --> 04:03:56,400
charitable foundations in 
ottoman history. 

4596
04:03:57,300 --> 04:04:01,800
Hercules, a charitable complex 
included, a mosque, a school, a 

4597
04:04:01,800 --> 04:04:05,500
hospital, a caravan Sarah for 
travelers kitchens for the poor 

4598
04:04:05,500 --> 04:04:09,200
and workshops for artists. 
It was basically a One-Stop 

4599
04:04:09,200 --> 04:04:12,200
Social Services Center that 
provided everything from 

4600
04:04:12,200 --> 04:04:15,800
emergency medical care to job. 
Training all funded and managed 

4601
04:04:15,800 --> 04:04:18,200
by one. 
Remarkably organized woman who 

4602
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:19,900
apparently never met a social 
problem. 

4603
04:04:19,900 --> 04:04:22,400
She couldn't solve with careful 
planning and generous funding. 

4604
04:04:23,300 --> 04:04:26,200
The hospital system, these women
developed was revolutionary for 

4605
04:04:26,200 --> 04:04:29,500
its time, these women were not 
merely constructing a place for 

4606
04:04:29,500 --> 04:04:31,300
the sick to lie down and hope 
for Recovery. 

4607
04:04:31,300 --> 04:04:35,000
Instead, they were establishing 
medical institutions equipped 

4608
04:04:35,000 --> 04:04:38,600
with specialized departments 
skilled staff and Cutting Edge 

4609
04:04:38,600 --> 04:04:41,400
treatment methods. 
Some of these hospitals had 

4610
04:04:41,400 --> 04:04:44,300
separate wings for different, 
ailments libraries for medical 

4611
04:04:44,300 --> 04:04:46,900
research, and even music therapy
programs. 

4612
04:04:46,900 --> 04:04:49,500
Because these women understood 
that healing involved more than 

4613
04:04:49,500 --> 04:04:52,100
just physical treatment. 
But here's what's really 

4614
04:04:52,100 --> 04:04:55,400
impressive, the financial 
management systems they created 

4615
04:04:55,400 --> 04:04:57,300
to sustain these charitable 
works. 

4616
04:04:58,100 --> 04:04:59,800
These weren't just one time 
donations. 

4617
04:04:59,800 --> 04:05:03,500
They were endowments designed to
generate income in perpetuity 

4618
04:05:04,100 --> 04:05:06,900
these women were essentially 
creating sustainable funding 

4619
04:05:06,900 --> 04:05:10,100
models for social programs. 
Complete with Diversified 

4620
04:05:10,100 --> 04:05:12,600
investment portfolios, 
Professional Management 

4621
04:05:12,600 --> 04:05:15,700
structures and accountability. 
Measures that ensure their 

4622
04:05:15,700 --> 04:05:18,800
charitable intentions will be 
carried out long after they were

4623
04:05:18,800 --> 04:05:21,900
gone the educational institution
as they founded were 

4624
04:05:21,900 --> 04:05:25,000
particularly groundbreaking 
while Europe was still debating.

4625
04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:27,800
Whether women should learn to 
read ottoman women were 

4626
04:05:27,800 --> 04:05:30,800
establishing schools that taught
everything from basic literacy, 

4627
04:05:30,800 --> 04:05:34,400
to advanced mathematics, often 
to students regardless of their 

4628
04:05:34,400 --> 04:05:37,700
ability to pay. 
They understood that educational

4629
04:05:37,700 --> 04:05:40,600
was the most effective form of 
Charity because it gave people 

4630
04:05:40,600 --> 04:05:43,400
tools to improve their 
circumstances rather than just 

4631
04:05:43,400 --> 04:05:46,200
temporary relief. 
Many of these charitable 

4632
04:05:46,200 --> 04:05:48,800
foundations, specifically 
focused on supporting other 

4633
04:05:48,800 --> 04:05:51,600
women and children. 
They provided dowries, for 

4634
04:05:51,600 --> 04:05:55,600
orphaned girls job, training for
widows childcare for working, 

4635
04:05:55,600 --> 04:05:58,400
mothers and safe. 
Shelter for women, fleeing 

4636
04:05:58,400 --> 04:06:01,600
difficult situations, they 
created support networks, that 

4637
04:06:01,600 --> 04:06:05,300
function like early versions of 
social safety nets, except these

4638
04:06:05,300 --> 04:06:08,000
were funded by voluntary 
contributions and managed by 

4639
04:06:08,000 --> 04:06:10,400
people who actually understood 
the needs of their communities. 

4640
04:06:10,400 --> 04:06:13,900
The soup kitchens called 
Emirates that these women 

4641
04:06:13,900 --> 04:06:16,800
established weren't just places 
where hungry people could get a 

4642
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:19,100
meal. 
They were community centers that

4643
04:06:19,100 --> 04:06:22,400
served hot food to anyone who 
showed up regardless of their 

4644
04:06:22,400 --> 04:06:24,800
religion, ethnicity or social 
status. 

4645
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:29,400
Some served thousands of meals 
daily with menus that varied 

4646
04:06:29,400 --> 04:06:32,400
according to season and 
availability these women 

4647
04:06:32,400 --> 04:06:35,000
understood that dignity was, as 
important as nutrition. 

4648
04:06:35,000 --> 04:06:38,600
So they created spaces that 
treated every visitor with 

4649
04:06:38,600 --> 04:06:42,000
respect and care. 
The Public Works projects funded

4650
04:06:42,000 --> 04:06:45,300
by ottoman, women's charitable 
foundations transformed entire 

4651
04:06:45,300 --> 04:06:47,400
cities. 
They built fountains that 

4652
04:06:47,400 --> 04:06:50,100
provided clean water to 
neighborhoods, bridges, that 

4653
04:06:50,100 --> 04:06:53,900
connected communities roads, 
that facilitated trade and 

4654
04:06:53,900 --> 04:06:56,300
public baths that promoted 
health and hygiene. 

4655
04:06:56,300 --> 04:06:59,900
They understood that individual 
charity was important, but 

4656
04:06:59,900 --> 04:07:02,300
systemic improvements could 
benefit everyone for 

4657
04:07:02,300 --> 04:07:05,800
Generations. 
It's particularly remarkable is 

4658
04:07:05,800 --> 04:07:08,300
how these women balance their 
charitable works with their 

4659
04:07:08,300 --> 04:07:11,300
family responsibilities and 
social obligations. 

4660
04:07:11,300 --> 04:07:14,600
They weren't choosing between 
personal happiness and public 

4661
04:07:14,600 --> 04:07:17,200
service. 
They were integrating both into 

4662
04:07:17,200 --> 04:07:19,400
lives that were remarkably full 
and purposeful. 

4663
04:07:20,000 --> 04:07:21,900
They managed charitable 
foundations. 

4664
04:07:21,900 --> 04:07:25,200
While raising children 
maintained social relationships 

4665
04:07:25,200 --> 04:07:28,700
while overseeing construction 
projects and fulfilled religious

4666
04:07:28,700 --> 04:07:31,100
obligations while 
revolutionizing Community 

4667
04:07:31,100 --> 04:07:34,200
Support Systems. 
The pilgrimage facilities, these

4668
04:07:34,200 --> 04:07:37,300
women established deserve, 
special mention, they built 

4669
04:07:37,300 --> 04:07:39,900
Caravan stories, along 
pilgrimage routes that provided 

4670
04:07:39,900 --> 04:07:42,900
free lodging meals and medical 
care to Travelers making the 

4671
04:07:42,900 --> 04:07:45,600
Hajj to Mecca. 
These weren't just hostels. 

4672
04:07:45,600 --> 04:07:48,600
They were full-service Travel 
Centers with Veterinary, Care 

4673
04:07:48,600 --> 04:07:52,200
for Animals, Securities for 
valuable goods and guide for 

4674
04:07:52,200 --> 04:07:55,100
Malia with local conditions. 
They understood that 

4675
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:58,000
facilitating religious 
obligations was itself, a form 

4676
04:07:58,000 --> 04:08:00,700
of worship. 
Many of these women also became 

4677
04:08:00,700 --> 04:08:03,100
renowned for their personal 
accessibility to people in. 

4678
04:08:03,100 --> 04:08:06,700
Need they maintained regular 
audience's where anyone could 

4679
04:08:06,700 --> 04:08:10,800
petition for help advice or 
intervention, They listen to 

4680
04:08:10,808 --> 04:08:14,400
family, dispute mediated 
business, conflicts and provided

4681
04:08:14,400 --> 04:08:17,100
Counsel on everything from 
marriage problems to Career 

4682
04:08:17,100 --> 04:08:19,900
decisions. 
They were essentially serving as

4683
04:08:19,900 --> 04:08:23,900
informal social workers 
therapists and career counselors

4684
04:08:23,900 --> 04:08:27,700
for their entire communities. 
The Interfaith cooperation 

4685
04:08:27,700 --> 04:08:29,900
fostered. 
By these charitable Works was 

4686
04:08:29,900 --> 04:08:32,400
remarkable for any era. 
Ottoman. 

4687
04:08:32,400 --> 04:08:35,300
Women's Foundation served people
of all religious, backgrounds 

4688
04:08:35,300 --> 04:08:39,300
employed staff from diverse 
communities and created spaces, 

4689
04:08:39,300 --> 04:08:41,700
where different Traditions could
coexist peacefully. 

4690
04:08:42,800 --> 04:08:46,100
They understood that effective, 
charity required setting aside 

4691
04:08:46,100 --> 04:08:48,800
theological differences in favor
of shared Humanity. 

4692
04:08:49,700 --> 04:08:53,000
Perhaps most importantly, these 
women created models of 

4693
04:08:53,000 --> 04:08:55,500
leadership that emphasize 
service rather than power 

4694
04:08:55,500 --> 04:08:59,000
collaboration, rather than 
competition and long-term 

4695
04:08:59,000 --> 04:09:02,100
Community benefit rather than 
short-term personal gain. 

4696
04:09:03,000 --> 04:09:05,600
They proved that religious 
devotion and social action could

4697
04:09:05,600 --> 04:09:07,800
work together to create positive
change. 

4698
04:09:07,800 --> 04:09:10,400
That wealth came with 
responsibilities, as well as 

4699
04:09:10,400 --> 04:09:12,500
Privileges. 
And that the most lasting 

4700
04:09:12,500 --> 04:09:15,500
monuments are often the ones 
that improve daily life for 

4701
04:09:15,500 --> 04:09:17,900
ordinary people. 
So as you're preparing for sleep

4702
04:09:17,900 --> 04:09:21,300
tonight, take comfort in knowing
that centuries ago, women were 

4703
04:09:21,300 --> 04:09:24,600
working tirelessly to create 
communities where everyone had 

4704
04:09:24,600 --> 04:09:28,300
access to food, shelter, 
education and medical care. 

4705
04:09:28,300 --> 04:09:32,100
They understood that Faith, 
required action that privileged 

4706
04:09:32,100 --> 04:09:35,000
demanded service. 
And that the best way to honor 

4707
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:37,900
Divine blessings was to share 
them generously with others as 

4708
04:09:37,900 --> 04:09:40,500
we reach the end of our journey 
through the remarkable world of 

4709
04:09:40,500 --> 04:09:42,800
Ottoman women. 
Let's pull back the curtains on 

4710
04:09:42,808 --> 04:09:46,400
history is grandest stage and 
see how these extraordinary 

4711
04:09:46,400 --> 04:09:49,400
women influence. 
Not just their own time but ours

4712
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:52,400
as well. 
Paul yourself one last cup of 

4713
04:09:52,400 --> 04:09:55,900
that evening tea because their 
legacy is far more present in 

4714
04:09:55,900 --> 04:10:00,500
our modern world, the United The
Diplomatic networks, these women

4715
04:10:00,500 --> 04:10:03,100
created didn't disappear when 
the Ottoman Empire ended. 

4716
04:10:03,100 --> 04:10:06,800
They evolved in to the informal.
Cultural exchanges that still 

4717
04:10:06,800 --> 04:10:09,600
connect Community across former 
ottoman territories today. 

4718
04:10:10,700 --> 04:10:13,100
When you taste authentic, 
Turkish coffee in a Bosnian 

4719
04:10:13,100 --> 04:10:17,800
Cafe, admire geometric patterns 
in Moroccan tile work or here. 

4720
04:10:17,800 --> 04:10:21,100
Certain melodic structures in 
Greek folk music your 

4721
04:10:21,100 --> 04:10:22,900
experiencing the lasting 
influence of women, who 

4722
04:10:22,900 --> 04:10:26,000
understood that culture travels 
along relationship networks more

4723
04:10:26,000 --> 04:10:28,600
effectively than through. 
Any official channels. 

4724
04:10:28,600 --> 04:10:31,900
The business practices pioneered
by ottoman Merchants. 

4725
04:10:31,900 --> 04:10:34,600
Women became foundational 
elements of international 

4726
04:10:34,600 --> 04:10:38,600
Commerce, their understanding of
quality control customer service

4727
04:10:38,600 --> 04:10:42,400
and Market diversification 
influence trading practices 

4728
04:10:42,400 --> 04:10:45,700
across the Mediterranean and 
Beyond some of the commercial 

4729
04:10:45,700 --> 04:10:48,000
families, they established 
continued operating for 

4730
04:10:48,000 --> 04:10:52,100
centuries adapting to changing 
political circumstances while 

4731
04:10:52,100 --> 04:10:55,600
maintaining the core principles 
of ethical dealing and Community

4732
04:10:55,600 --> 04:10:57,100
investment. 
That, these women had 

4733
04:10:57,100 --> 04:11:01,300
established Modern feminism was 
more to these ottoman than most 

4734
04:11:01,300 --> 04:11:04,000
people realize, though. 
The connections aren't always 

4735
04:11:04,000 --> 04:11:06,300
obvious. 
There are assumption that women 

4736
04:11:06,300 --> 04:11:09,200
could own property management 
businesses in Florence politics 

4737
04:11:09,200 --> 04:11:12,400
and contribute to intellectual 
life, created precedence that 

4738
04:11:12,400 --> 04:11:15,200
later reformers could point to 
and arguing for women's rights. 

4739
04:11:16,000 --> 04:11:18,800
They proved that female 
intelligence and capability. 

4740
04:11:18,800 --> 04:11:22,400
Work radical new Concepts, they 
were historical realities that 

4741
04:11:22,400 --> 04:11:25,600
had been temporarily forgotten 
rather than recently discovered.

4742
04:11:27,000 --> 04:11:30,200
The educational institutions, 
they founded evolved into some 

4743
04:11:30,200 --> 04:11:33,100
of the most prestigious schools 
and universities in the modern 

4744
04:11:33,100 --> 04:11:36,100
Middle Eastern, Balkans, the 
libraries, they established 

4745
04:11:36,100 --> 04:11:38,900
safeguarded, manuscripts and 
knowledge that the political 

4746
04:11:38,900 --> 04:11:42,300
upheavals of the 19th and 20th, 
centuries might have otherwise 

4747
04:11:42,300 --> 04:11:45,800
erased their understanding that 
education should be accessible, 

4748
04:11:45,800 --> 04:11:49,300
regardless of family background 
influenced later educational 

4749
04:11:49,300 --> 04:11:53,400
reforms across the region. 
Perhaps, most importantly, these

4750
04:11:53,400 --> 04:11:56,600
women demonstrated that power 
could be exercised with grace. 

4751
04:11:56,600 --> 04:12:00,000
That wealth could be managed 
with generosity and that 

4752
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:02,700
influence could be used for 
Community benefit rather than 

4753
04:12:02,700 --> 04:12:06,100
personal aggrandizement. 
In an era when political 

4754
04:12:06,100 --> 04:12:09,600
leadership, often seems divorced
from moral consideration, their 

4755
04:12:09,600 --> 04:12:12,200
example of combining Authority 
with the responsibility. 

4756
04:12:12,200 --> 04:12:15,500
Feels remarkably relevant, the 
architectural Legacy is 

4757
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:18,100
impossible to ignore. 
Building's commissioned by 

4758
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:21,300
ottoman, still dominate skylines
from Istanbul to Damascus. 

4759
04:12:21,300 --> 04:12:24,700
The elegant dome's and graceful,
minarets serving as daily 

4760
04:12:24,700 --> 04:12:27,700
reminders, that beauty and 
function can co-exist perfectly.

4761
04:12:28,900 --> 04:12:31,800
Modern Architects, still study 
their use of light space and 

4762
04:12:31,800 --> 04:12:34,300
proportion. 
Finding inspiration in design 

4763
04:12:34,300 --> 04:12:37,100
principles developed by women. 
Who understood that building 

4764
04:12:37,100 --> 04:12:39,900
should nurture the human Spirit 
as well as serve practical 

4765
04:12:39,900 --> 04:12:42,300
needs. 
The charitable foundations, they

4766
04:12:42,300 --> 04:12:45,300
established created models that 
influenced later development of 

4767
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:48,100
Social Services throughout the 
former ottoman territories. 

4768
04:12:48,100 --> 04:12:51,300
Their understanding that 
effective charity, required 

4769
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:54,400
sustainable funding professional
management and Community input 

4770
04:12:54,400 --> 04:12:58,700
helped shape modern approaches 
to non-profit organizations Some

4771
04:12:58,700 --> 04:13:01,100
of their original foundations 
are still operating today. 

4772
04:13:01,100 --> 04:13:05,000
Nearly half a millennium after 
their establishment, a testament

4773
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:06,500
to the foresight of their 
founders. 

4774
04:13:07,200 --> 04:13:10,500
What most profoundly impresses 
me about these women is their 

4775
04:13:10,500 --> 04:13:13,100
ability to be both contemporary 
and innovative. 

4776
04:13:13,900 --> 04:13:16,200
They worked within the 
constraints and opportunities of

4777
04:13:16,200 --> 04:13:19,200
their historical moment while 
consistently pushing boundaries 

4778
04:13:19,200 --> 04:13:22,700
and expanding possibilities. 
They understood that change, 

4779
04:13:22,700 --> 04:13:25,600
often happens, gradually through
the accumulation of small 

4780
04:13:25,600 --> 04:13:28,400
Innovations, and incremental, 
expansions of what's considered,

4781
04:13:28,400 --> 04:13:31,700
normal or acceptable. 
There are problem, solving 

4782
04:13:31,700 --> 04:13:35,000
remains remarkably relevant. 
They combined practical 

4783
04:13:35,000 --> 04:13:37,700
intelligence with creative 
thinking used available 

4784
04:13:37,700 --> 04:13:40,800
resources efficiently while 
maintaining high standards and 

4785
04:13:40,800 --> 04:13:42,500
understood that lasting 
Solutions. 

4786
04:13:42,500 --> 04:13:45,400
Usually required building 
consensus rather than imposing 

4787
04:13:45,400 --> 04:13:48,300
change through fourth. 
They were natural systems 

4788
04:13:48,300 --> 04:13:50,600
thinkers, who could seek 
connections and long-term 

4789
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:54,000
consequences that others missed 
The cultural synthesis. 

4790
04:13:54,000 --> 04:13:56,800
They fostered blending 
influences from across the 

4791
04:13:56,800 --> 04:13:58,500
Empire while maintaining 
distinctive. 

4792
04:13:58,500 --> 04:14:01,300
Local characteristics. 
Offers lessons for our 

4793
04:14:01,308 --> 04:14:04,000
increasingly connected, but 
culturally anxious world. 

4794
04:14:04,600 --> 04:14:07,000
They proved that diversity, 
could be a source of strength 

4795
04:14:07,000 --> 04:14:09,300
rather than division that 
different Traditions. 

4796
04:14:09,300 --> 04:14:11,500
Could enrich each other without 
losing their essential 

4797
04:14:11,500 --> 04:14:14,700
characteristics and that 
Cosmopolitan sophistication 

4798
04:14:14,700 --> 04:14:16,800
could co-exist with deep local 
roots. 

4799
04:14:17,600 --> 04:14:20,900
Perhaps most encouragingly these
women remind us that individual 

4800
04:14:20,900 --> 04:14:23,500
action can have far-reaching 
historical consequences. 

4801
04:14:24,500 --> 04:14:27,300
They didn't wait for permission 
to build hospitals established 

4802
04:14:27,300 --> 04:14:31,800
schools or create businesses. 
They identified needs developed 

4803
04:14:31,800 --> 04:14:35,100
Solutions and implemented 
changes using whatever resources

4804
04:14:35,100 --> 04:14:36,400
and Authority. 
They could access. 

4805
04:14:37,700 --> 04:14:40,600
They understood that history is 
made by people who decide to act

4806
04:14:40,600 --> 04:14:42,600
rather than wait for ideal 
circumstances. 

4807
04:14:43,600 --> 04:14:45,000
Their lives. 
Also demonstrate, that 

4808
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:47,200
fulfillment comes from using 
whatever talents and 

4809
04:14:47,200 --> 04:14:49,600
opportunities. 
You have to contribute something

4810
04:14:49,600 --> 04:14:51,200
meaningful to the world around 
you. 

4811
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:54,900
Whether they were writing, 
poetry managing, trade networks 

4812
04:14:54,900 --> 04:14:56,900
designing buildings or caring 
for the sick. 

4813
04:14:56,900 --> 04:15:01,200
They approach their work with 
dedication intelligence and a 

4814
04:15:01,200 --> 04:15:03,300
deep set of purpose that made 
their activities feel 

4815
04:15:03,300 --> 04:15:05,000
significant rather than merely 
busy. 

4816
04:15:05,700 --> 04:15:08,700
So as you're drifting off to 
sleep tonight, carry with you, 

4817
04:15:08,700 --> 04:15:11,800
the knowledge that centuries 
ago, women were living fully 

4818
04:15:11,800 --> 04:15:16,100
realized lives, building 
businesses, creating art shaping

4819
04:15:16,100 --> 04:15:19,300
politics and caring for their 
communities with a confidence 

4820
04:15:19,300 --> 04:15:22,600
and competence that still 
inspires they face different 

4821
04:15:22,600 --> 04:15:25,600
challenges than we do. 
But their fundamental approach 

4822
04:15:25,600 --> 04:15:29,200
to life, combining ambition, 
with compassion intelligence, 

4823
04:15:29,200 --> 04:15:31,900
with wisdom and personal 
fulfillment with social 

4824
04:15:31,900 --> 04:15:34,600
contribution remains as relevant
today. 

4825
04:15:34,600 --> 04:15:38,700
As it was 500 years ago, their 
legacy Whispers that you too can

4826
04:15:38,700 --> 04:15:42,600
live boldly think creatively and
leave the world a little better 

4827
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:46,800
than you found it. and really, 
What better thought, could there

4828
04:15:46,800 --> 04:15:50,000
be to carry into your dreams and
that Timeless reminder that 

4829
04:15:50,000 --> 04:15:52,800
extraordinary lives of built 
from ordinary days, lived, with 

4830
04:15:52,800 --> 04:15:56,900
purpose Grace, and just enough 
or dasy to believe that changes 

4831
04:15:56,900 --> 04:16:06,200
always possible. 
Theodore Roosevelt was not an 

4832
04:16:06,200 --> 04:16:10,500
ordinary child born in 1858, in 
a brownstone in New York City, 

4833
04:16:10,500 --> 04:16:14,800
young Theo called Teddy by his 
close friends, entered a world 

4834
04:16:14,808 --> 04:16:18,500
riddled with disparity, horse 
drawn, carriages paraded on 

4835
04:16:18,500 --> 04:16:21,000
cobbled streets. 
While the country found itself 

4836
04:16:21,000 --> 04:16:25,300
on the cusp of Rapid industrial 
change yet from the very 

4837
04:16:25,300 --> 04:16:28,000
beginning. 
What made Theodore Roosevelt's 

4838
04:16:28,000 --> 04:16:30,000
early life? 
Different was not only his 

4839
04:16:30,000 --> 04:16:33,200
family's comfortable position. 
His father was a philanthropist 

4840
04:16:33,200 --> 04:16:36,000
who ran a successful import 
business and the Roosevelt's 

4841
04:16:36,000 --> 04:16:38,900
prided themselves on their 
social standing but also his 

4842
04:16:38,900 --> 04:16:41,400
shaky Constitution. 
The future. 

4843
04:16:41,400 --> 04:16:43,300
Roughrider was ironically 
enough. 

4844
04:16:44,000 --> 04:16:46,700
Frail boy, who struggled with 
asthma and stomach trouble 

4845
04:16:46,700 --> 04:16:49,600
relying on the help of his 
nurturing family to guide him 

4846
04:16:49,600 --> 04:16:52,600
toward Better Health. 
Most accounts recall, the 

4847
04:16:52,608 --> 04:16:55,600
well-worn story of how he 
overcame, debilitating asthma 

4848
04:16:55,600 --> 04:16:59,500
lion racing in the outdoors, but
that's often where the 

4849
04:16:59,500 --> 04:17:02,700
Intriguing details stop. 
Far less common, the accounts of

4850
04:17:02,700 --> 04:17:05,400
how Roseville to imagination 
flourished, because he spent so 

4851
04:17:05,400 --> 04:17:08,700
many hours in doors, recovering,
he devoured books, on natural 

4852
04:17:08,700 --> 04:17:11,900
science building an early 
fascination with zoology in 

4853
04:17:11,900 --> 04:17:14,300
terminology and every lesson 
known ology. 

4854
04:17:14,300 --> 04:17:17,600
He could get his hands on, he 
collected insects in jars around

4855
04:17:17,600 --> 04:17:19,900
his room. 
He sketched birds from memory, 

4856
04:17:19,900 --> 04:17:23,900
he had a serious obsession with 
taxonomy relishing, the act of 

4857
04:17:23,908 --> 04:17:27,300
labeling, identifying, and 
categorizing, few mention that 

4858
04:17:27,300 --> 04:17:30,300
he even attempted to write 
little treatises Guided by sheer

4859
04:17:30,300 --> 04:17:33,400
curiosity about creatures. 
He observed in his small world, 

4860
04:17:33,400 --> 04:17:36,400
he would write paragraphs about 
house flies in a notebook 

4861
04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:38,100
detailing, their anatomy and 
behavior. 

4862
04:17:38,100 --> 04:17:42,900
As if he were a mini Darwin in 
the making, This Pursuit was not

4863
04:17:42,900 --> 04:17:45,300
a trifling hobby. 
It was the anchor that connected

4864
04:17:45,300 --> 04:17:47,500
him to the broader world. 
When his lungs wouldn't allow 

4865
04:17:47,500 --> 04:17:51,900
him to catch his breath outside.
His father, Theodore senior took

4866
04:17:51,900 --> 04:17:55,800
these Explorations seriously. 
He would encourage young Theo to

4867
04:17:55,800 --> 04:17:57,700
keep learning and to the extent 
possible. 

4868
04:17:58,500 --> 04:18:01,400
He also pushed him quite 
literally to strengthen his 

4869
04:18:01,400 --> 04:18:04,000
body. 
The Elder Roosevelt recognized 

4870
04:18:04,000 --> 04:18:06,400
that building physical stamina 
might become the key to 

4871
04:18:06,400 --> 04:18:10,200
unlocking his son's potential. 
So in addition to fueling his 

4872
04:18:10,200 --> 04:18:14,000
mind, Theodore senior nudged 
him, to exercise, even setting 

4873
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:15,900
up a small gym within the 
family's home. 

4874
04:18:15,900 --> 04:18:19,000
They used pulley weights, 
dumbbells, and even A Primitive 

4875
04:18:19,000 --> 04:18:22,200
exercise bike. 
Initially, the boy often doubled

4876
04:18:22,200 --> 04:18:25,800
over in breathless fits, but he 
persevered always hearing his 

4877
04:18:25,800 --> 04:18:28,800
father's voice. 
You have the mind but you must 

4878
04:18:28,800 --> 04:18:32,500
make your body. 
This paternal challenge will to 

4879
04:18:32,500 --> 04:18:35,800
shake Theodore's entire life. 
He refused to let his ailments 

4880
04:18:35,800 --> 04:18:38,900
to find him. as Theodore 
progressed from the timid 

4881
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:43,600
asthmatic boy to a more robust 
version of himself with He also 

4882
04:18:43,600 --> 04:18:46,000
developed in nuanced, 
understanding of compassion and 

4883
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:48,300
fairness. 
Many of recounted that his 

4884
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:51,900
father, one of the founders of 
the Children's Aid Society made 

4885
04:18:51,900 --> 04:18:55,400
it a point to teach Theodore 
about social inequities during 

4886
04:18:55,400 --> 04:18:57,000
carriage rides. 
They visited. 

4887
04:18:57,000 --> 04:19:00,200
The more impoverished areas of 
Manhattan so that Theo would see

4888
04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:03,800
beyond his privileged bubble. 
Historians often remarked that 

4889
04:19:03,808 --> 04:19:06,900
these experiences, along with 
the lessons instilled by his 

4890
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:09,900
father formed, the basis of 
Theodore's empathy for 

4891
04:19:09,900 --> 04:19:12,000
working-class Americans. 
Yet. 

4892
04:19:12,000 --> 04:19:15,000
It's rarely noted how those 
moments also fueled his sense of

4893
04:19:15,000 --> 04:19:18,100
outrage at Injustice and 
emotion, that could flare up 

4894
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:19,600
dramatically in the years to 
come. 

4895
04:19:19,600 --> 04:19:23,400
These experiences were not 
academic exercises for young 

4896
04:19:23,400 --> 04:19:26,100
Roosevelt. 
They resonated deeply with him. 

4897
04:19:26,100 --> 04:19:29,100
Bridging the gulf between his 
comfortable, existence, and the 

4898
04:19:29,100 --> 04:19:33,200
hardships faced by others. 
By adolescents, Theo had not yet

4899
04:19:33,200 --> 04:19:36,500
grown into the outspoken figure.
We often imagine, but he had an 

4900
04:19:36,500 --> 04:19:40,200
unusually intense curiosity. 
That often manifested in sudden 

4901
04:19:40,200 --> 04:19:43,700
bursts of Interest, a new 
species of bird, a type of 

4902
04:19:43,708 --> 04:19:46,400
archaic firearm, the political 
history of the Netherlands. 

4903
04:19:46,400 --> 04:19:50,600
He could not resist diving in 
Family and friends recall that 

4904
04:19:50,600 --> 04:19:53,400
he would often go quiet for 
hours pouring over a book or 

4905
04:19:53,400 --> 04:19:56,000
tinkering with a collection, 
then erupt with a stream of 

4906
04:19:56,000 --> 04:19:59,200
observation. 
He was already practicing a 

4907
04:19:59,200 --> 04:20:01,200
methodical approach to 
everything from Sports to 

4908
04:20:01,200 --> 04:20:04,800
reading this intense, discipline
would soon Define his every 

4909
04:20:04,800 --> 04:20:08,000
move. 
One lesser known for his teenage

4910
04:20:08,000 --> 04:20:10,300
years was his growing 
fascination with the Wilderness.

4911
04:20:10,300 --> 04:20:13,600
Conveying in the family's summer
home or on trips to the 

4912
04:20:13,600 --> 04:20:16,400
countryside. 
Theodore began forging, a quiet 

4913
04:20:16,408 --> 04:20:20,300
bond with Untamed spaces. 
He was awestruck by Grand 

4914
04:20:20,300 --> 04:20:24,900
forests Wildlife calls, at dusk 
and the possibility of testing 

4915
04:20:24,900 --> 04:20:28,300
himself against the elements. 
This connection was not just a 

4916
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:31,100
passing fancy. 
It was a seed that would Bloom 

4917
04:20:31,100 --> 04:20:34,200
into his legendary forays, into 
the West, and his eventual 

4918
04:20:34,200 --> 04:20:35,900
influence on the nation's 
conservation. 

4919
04:20:35,900 --> 04:20:39,700
Efforts in a sense, the 
vulnerability that shaped his 

4920
04:20:39,700 --> 04:20:42,900
early years also planted an 
ember of longing for personal 

4921
04:20:42,900 --> 04:20:44,900
Independence, physical 
challenge. 

4922
04:20:44,900 --> 04:20:46,800
And a deep communion with 
nature. 

4923
04:20:47,900 --> 04:20:50,900
Even as a boy, Theodore 
Roosevelt was forging an 

4924
04:20:50,900 --> 04:20:54,200
identity that mixed bookish 
introspection with athletic 

4925
04:20:54,200 --> 04:20:56,600
resolved. 
He was the child who combated 

4926
04:20:56,600 --> 04:20:59,800
his asthma by turning his 
bedroom into a miniature Museum 

4927
04:20:59,800 --> 04:21:03,300
and who absorbed lessons on 
social injustice from his father

4928
04:21:03,300 --> 04:21:04,900
in the carriage rides across 
town. 

4929
04:21:04,900 --> 04:21:08,700
He was tender curious and 
brimming with Restless energy. 

4930
04:21:09,500 --> 04:21:12,400
If you look closely at his 
formative years you realize the 

4931
04:21:12,400 --> 04:21:15,600
seeds of Theodore Roosevelt's 
future, his passion for a 

4932
04:21:15,600 --> 04:21:19,500
reformed, his boisterous Vigor. 
His reverence for nature were 

4933
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:22,800
germinating in the walls of at 
Brownstone and in the country 

4934
04:21:22,800 --> 04:21:24,800
Fields where he works to catch 
his breath. 

4935
04:21:25,700 --> 04:21:29,300
This Duality for agility matched
by unwavering perseverance, 

4936
04:21:29,300 --> 04:21:31,600
would characterize him for the 
rest of his life. 

4937
04:21:31,600 --> 04:21:34,500
Making him quite unlike any of 
his contemporaries. 

4938
04:21:35,400 --> 04:21:38,300
Transitioning into his college 
Years at Harvard, brought out 

4939
04:21:38,300 --> 04:21:40,000
another side of Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

4940
04:21:40,700 --> 04:21:43,700
Aside that proved how we would 
never quite fit into any single 

4941
04:21:43,708 --> 04:21:46,100
mold. 
Most stories highlight his 

4942
04:21:46,100 --> 04:21:48,900
academic tenacity and his 
famously rambunctious 

4943
04:21:48,900 --> 04:21:52,100
personality, that they rarely 
dwell on how he continuously 

4944
04:21:52,100 --> 04:21:55,500
navigated Social Circles that 
didn't know quite what to make 

4945
04:21:55,500 --> 04:21:57,800
of him. 
He was too worldly to be the 

4946
04:21:57,800 --> 04:22:00,900
purely bookish type, but still 
too studious to be the campus 

4947
04:22:00,900 --> 04:22:03,600
gadabout. 
He moved through the Halls. 

4948
04:22:03,600 --> 04:22:06,700
Wearing bright, clothing styles,
his suits, cut a bit sharper, 

4949
04:22:06,700 --> 04:22:09,700
his shirts, a bit more 
flamboyant and walked briskly. 

4950
04:22:09,700 --> 04:22:13,500
A sign of a mind, preoccupied 
with tusks at hand, people 

4951
04:22:13,500 --> 04:22:16,500
noticed him, not just for his 
dynamism, but for his slightly 

4952
04:22:16,500 --> 04:22:20,300
eccentric Edge, During these 
years Theodore continued to 

4953
04:22:20,300 --> 04:22:22,900
combat lingering health 
problems, though he really spoke

4954
04:22:22,900 --> 04:22:24,600
of them always determined to 
prove. 

4955
04:22:24,600 --> 04:22:28,300
He was as hearty as anyone else.
The boxing club at Harvard 

4956
04:22:28,300 --> 04:22:30,100
offered an outlet for his 
pent-up energy. 

4957
04:22:30,100 --> 04:22:33,100
Ironically, it wasn't in the 
ring that he faced his most 

4958
04:22:33,100 --> 04:22:35,900
stinging defeats, it was in 
building friendships with the 

4959
04:22:35,900 --> 04:22:38,900
typical College set, many of 
whom would drawn to a more 

4960
04:22:38,900 --> 04:22:42,000
conventional path of leisure and
superficial Amusements. 

4961
04:22:43,000 --> 04:22:46,000
He had a small circle of close 
companions but was often teased 

4962
04:22:46,000 --> 04:22:48,700
for his intensity. 
Some found him downright 

4963
04:22:48,700 --> 04:22:52,200
exhausting to be around 
describing him as a steam engine

4964
04:22:52,200 --> 04:22:54,700
in trials. 
Yeah, that social friction 

4965
04:22:54,700 --> 04:22:57,300
reinforced the self-assuredness 
that was forming in him. 

4966
04:22:58,000 --> 04:23:00,900
It was during this period that 
he wrote copiously in his 

4967
04:23:00,900 --> 04:23:03,500
diaries about moral. 
Fortitude, about striving to 

4968
04:23:03,500 --> 04:23:06,200
maintain a sense of Honor. 
Amid, a sea of peer pressure, 

4969
04:23:07,000 --> 04:23:09,100
Oddly enough. 
He sometimes felt lonely at 

4970
04:23:09,108 --> 04:23:11,808
Harvard, trapped between 
admiration for some of the 

4971
04:23:11,816 --> 04:23:15,000
Traditions there and ignoring 
sense that he was different 

4972
04:23:15,000 --> 04:23:19,600
alongside his studies Theodore 
engaged in an array of Pursuits 

4973
04:23:19,600 --> 04:23:22,200
that hardly seemed to fit neatly
under any single rubric of 

4974
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:24,800
student life. 
He wrote editorials for the 

4975
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:28,000
student paper typically 
championing, high-minded ideals 

4976
04:23:28,000 --> 04:23:29,600
of honesty and personal 
discipline. 

4977
04:23:30,500 --> 04:23:33,700
He poured over the works of all 
the bun, Darwin and personal 

4978
04:23:33,700 --> 04:23:36,700
Heroes such as Naval historian, 
Alfred Thayer Mahan. 

4979
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:40,100
He even found time to gallop off
on weekend trips to collect 

4980
04:23:40,100 --> 04:23:43,200
specimens and practice. 
Birdwatching returning to campus

4981
04:23:43,200 --> 04:23:45,500
dust Laden and always bursting 
with stories. 

4982
04:23:45,500 --> 04:23:49,100
It's a testament to his capacity
for juggling interests and goals

4983
04:23:49,100 --> 04:23:51,100
that he was able to maintain 
decent grades. 

4984
04:23:51,100 --> 04:23:55,300
While also soaking up everything
in sight Natural History, public

4985
04:23:55,300 --> 04:23:59,800
speaking rhetorical studies and 
even genealogical research, the 

4986
04:23:59,800 --> 04:24:02,900
man loved to learn in a 
wholehearted way, as though, 

4987
04:24:02,900 --> 04:24:05,900
every subject could be an 
adventure, if only one looked 

4988
04:24:05,900 --> 04:24:09,100
closely enough, In the midst of 
his academic further. 

4989
04:24:09,100 --> 04:24:12,900
Something else was happening. 
Roosevelt was quietly falling in

4990
04:24:12,900 --> 04:24:16,500
love, not just with any young 
socialite but with Alice 

4991
04:24:16,500 --> 04:24:20,800
Hathaway Lee a woman who 
embodied Grayson warmth. she was

4992
04:24:20,808 --> 04:24:25,200
a cousin of a classmate, and the
attraction was immediate Their 

4993
04:24:25,200 --> 04:24:28,500
courtship provided a surprising 
sense of balance for him, proof 

4994
04:24:28,500 --> 04:24:30,300
that he could be both intense 
and tender. 

4995
04:24:30,900 --> 04:24:35,100
Formidable yet, affectionate. 
Has their relationship deepened.

4996
04:24:35,900 --> 04:24:37,800
He began to think more 
concretely about his future. 

4997
04:24:37,800 --> 04:24:41,600
He was deeply into love but also
determined to shape his life in 

4998
04:24:41,600 --> 04:24:45,200
a way that would impact Society.
If the two could be reconciled 

4999
04:24:45,200 --> 04:24:48,900
his political Ambitions and his 
Devotion to Alice, he believed 

5000
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:52,600
he might find his true calling. 
It was a joyful hopeful season 

5001
04:24:52,600 --> 04:24:56,600
of his life tinged with the 
earnest optimism of Youth at 

5002
04:24:56,600 --> 04:25:00,200
Harvard Rosevelt also hone his 
talent for debate though. 

5003
04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:02,200
Interestingly, it was not always
well-received. 

5004
04:25:02,200 --> 04:25:06,000
He clashed over issues ranging 
from foreign policy to civic 

5005
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:10,300
responsibility with classmates, 
who, in his eyes did not embody 

5006
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:13,200
the moral Vigor. 
He valued his style was direct, 

5007
04:25:13,200 --> 04:25:16,100
and sometimes his passionate 
erupted into high, decibel 

5008
04:25:16,100 --> 04:25:19,600
insistence people questioned, 
whether he was grandstanding, or

5009
04:25:19,600 --> 04:25:25,000
genuinely further and Truth, he 
was both He felt ideas with his 

5010
04:25:25,000 --> 04:25:26,600
entire. 
Being unable to separate 

5011
04:25:26,600 --> 04:25:31,000
academic discourse from moral 
imperative, While some admired 

5012
04:25:31,000 --> 04:25:34,400
his Zeal, others wrote him off 
as a Brash up star who needed to

5013
04:25:34,400 --> 04:25:37,300
tone it down. 
But Theodore wasn't interested 

5014
04:25:37,300 --> 04:25:40,100
in toning anything down. 
He believed that if something 

5015
04:25:40,100 --> 04:25:42,800
was worth doing, it was worth 
doing vigorously. 

5016
04:25:42,800 --> 04:25:46,000
What's really acknowledged is 
that this unrelenting passion, 

5017
04:25:46,000 --> 04:25:49,500
nearly derailed him in terms of 
his mental health, long nights 

5018
04:25:49,500 --> 04:25:53,500
of study intense physical 
exertion and I kind of constant 

5019
04:25:53,500 --> 04:25:55,900
internal thrum of ambition could
wear him out. 

5020
04:25:55,900 --> 04:25:58,700
He would suffer bouts of 
insomnia, something he 

5021
04:25:58,700 --> 04:26:01,100
stubbornly tried to hide from. 
Even his closest friends 

5022
04:26:01,100 --> 04:26:04,900
journals from the time suggests.
He wrestled with dark moods 

5023
04:26:04,900 --> 04:26:08,300
worried that if he let himself 
slip even for a moment, he might

5024
04:26:08,300 --> 04:26:12,300
not regain traction. 
But he had set a personal Credo 

5025
04:26:12,300 --> 04:26:15,300
better to burn brightly than 
fade quietly. 

5026
04:26:16,100 --> 04:26:19,400
He would follow this Creed with 
a positive or negative for the 

5027
04:26:19,400 --> 04:26:24,000
remainder of his life. 
Upon graduation Theodore left 

5028
04:26:24,000 --> 04:26:26,100
Harvard with more than just a 
diploma. 

5029
04:26:26,700 --> 04:26:30,700
He carried away a fierce of cell
shaped by intellectual Endeavors

5030
04:26:30,700 --> 04:26:34,100
personal romance, and the 
ceaseless quest to push against 

5031
04:26:34,100 --> 04:26:37,300
his limits shortly. 
After leaving Harvard Theodore 

5032
04:26:37,300 --> 04:26:40,000
Roosevelt took his first bold 
step into the realm of Public 

5033
04:26:40,000 --> 04:26:42,100
Service. 
Winning a seat in the New York 

5034
04:26:42,100 --> 04:26:44,700
State Assembly. 
Some might call it a natural 

5035
04:26:44,700 --> 04:26:47,500
progression for a young, man of 
his social background, but in 

5036
04:26:47,500 --> 04:26:50,700
truth, the gritty nature of 
local politics was something of 

5037
04:26:50,700 --> 04:26:54,900
a baptism by fire The assembly 
Halls were Rife within fighting 

5038
04:26:54,900 --> 04:26:57,400
patronage and under the table 
deals. 

5039
04:26:57,400 --> 04:27:01,000
As a new member, Roosevelt was 
expected to keep his head down 

5040
04:27:01,000 --> 04:27:03,300
and align with party bosses 
instead. 

5041
04:27:03,300 --> 04:27:07,300
He stormed onto the scene, like 
a tropical Gail delivering, 

5042
04:27:07,300 --> 04:27:10,800
fiery speeches that lambasted 
corruption and championed 

5043
04:27:10,800 --> 04:27:13,600
reforms the other lawmakers 
found him peculiar. 

5044
04:27:13,600 --> 04:27:17,300
He was well to do, youngster 
fresh from the ivy league with a

5045
04:27:17,300 --> 04:27:19,400
screechy voice that seemed to 
come alive. 

5046
04:27:19,400 --> 04:27:23,100
The moment he smelled in Justice
and in justice, as he saw it 

5047
04:27:23,100 --> 04:27:25,500
permeated every level of 
governance. 

5048
04:27:25,500 --> 04:27:28,900
The political Old Guard was a 
fortress of self-interest. 

5049
04:27:28,900 --> 04:27:32,600
So they chuckled his Zeal to 
dismissing him as a nuisance who

5050
04:27:32,600 --> 04:27:34,400
would soon learn to play by 
their rules. 

5051
04:27:34,400 --> 04:27:38,000
What they didn't grasp was that 
Rosa, felt's moral conviction 

5052
04:27:38,000 --> 04:27:41,300
shaped by his father's influence
and hammered into form by his 

5053
04:27:41,300 --> 04:27:43,900
own sense of fairness would not 
yield Under Pressure. 

5054
04:27:43,900 --> 04:27:46,900
He was that rare combination 
affluent. 

5055
04:27:46,900 --> 04:27:50,400
Yet empathetic idealistic yet 
committed to practical change. 

5056
04:27:51,200 --> 04:27:53,400
Where many of his fellow 
legislators saw the chance for 

5057
04:27:53,400 --> 04:27:57,200
personal gain, he saw the chance
to cleanse a stagnant system. 

5058
04:27:58,000 --> 04:28:00,900
In one particularly heated, 
confrontation Theodore 

5059
04:28:00,900 --> 04:28:03,600
challenge, a powerful politician
who had a reputation for 

5060
04:28:03,600 --> 04:28:07,300
backroom deals, rather than 
placate this man or resort to 

5061
04:28:07,300 --> 04:28:10,800
polite circumlocution Roosevelt.
Essentially read him, the riot 

5062
04:28:10,800 --> 04:28:14,000
act on the assembly floor 
enumerating the ways in which 

5063
04:28:14,000 --> 04:28:17,000
the politician had short, 
changed his constituents, the 

5064
04:28:17,000 --> 04:28:19,200
Outburst was so electrifying 
that it made headlines. 

5065
04:28:20,300 --> 04:28:23,800
Overnight Roosevelt, transformed
from an unknown freshman, 

5066
04:28:23,800 --> 04:28:26,000
assemblyman into a political 
figure to watch. 

5067
04:28:26,700 --> 04:28:30,200
Of course, this also made him 
enemies, which was no small risk

5068
04:28:30,200 --> 04:28:32,700
in the treacherous environment 
of late, 19th century politics, 

5069
04:28:32,700 --> 04:28:35,400
his colleagues predicted. 
He would trip over his own 

5070
04:28:35,400 --> 04:28:36,900
eagerness and Fade Into 
Obscurity. 

5071
04:28:38,000 --> 04:28:41,100
But Theodore thrived on 
adversity, he doubled down 

5072
04:28:41,100 --> 04:28:44,200
rallying support for reforms 
that while modest by later. 

5073
04:28:44,200 --> 04:28:47,900
Standards broke new ground in 
the fight against Tammany Halls,

5074
04:28:47,900 --> 04:28:51,300
entrenched power. 
During this period tragedy 

5075
04:28:51,300 --> 04:28:53,900
struck in a way that might have 
derailed a lesser spirit. 

5076
04:28:54,900 --> 04:28:58,600
On February 14th. 1884. 
Valentine's Day both his wife, 

5077
04:28:58,600 --> 04:29:02,000
Alice and his mother died hours 
apart in the same house. 

5078
04:29:02,000 --> 04:29:06,600
The blow was incomprehensible 
only two days prior Theodore had

5079
04:29:06,600 --> 04:29:09,400
been a vibrant new father, 
welcoming adult daughter also 

5080
04:29:09,400 --> 04:29:11,300
named Alice in to the world to 
lose. 

5081
04:29:11,300 --> 04:29:13,600
His beloved wife and his mother 
on the same day left in 

5082
04:29:13,600 --> 04:29:16,800
emotionally paralyzed. 
He ported his feelings into a 

5083
04:29:16,800 --> 04:29:19,400
single diary entry marked with 
an X rating. 

5084
04:29:19,400 --> 04:29:21,400
The light has gone out of my 
life. 

5085
04:29:22,800 --> 04:29:25,700
This searing sorrow might have 
undone him if not for the fact 

5086
04:29:25,700 --> 04:29:28,200
that Roosevelt believed in 
action as a tonic for despair. 

5087
04:29:29,000 --> 04:29:32,100
In the aftermath he made a 
startling move distancing 

5088
04:29:32,100 --> 04:29:34,300
himself from politics and 
heading west to the Dakota 

5089
04:29:34,300 --> 04:29:37,100
territory. 
A lesson known aspect of this 

5090
04:29:37,100 --> 04:29:39,600
chapter is that he was not 
merely seeking Solitude. 

5091
04:29:39,600 --> 04:29:43,100
He was also chasing a grand 
American Myth of renewal. 

5092
04:29:43,900 --> 04:29:46,500
Frontier life was an antidote to
the Heartbreak and political 

5093
04:29:46,500 --> 04:29:50,300
cynicism that had seized him. 
He purchased two ranches, The 

5094
04:29:50,300 --> 04:29:53,100
Maltese cross, and the Elkhorn 
immersing himself in The Daily 

5095
04:29:53,100 --> 04:29:55,900
Grind of cattle, ranching gone 
with a starched collars and 

5096
04:29:55,908 --> 04:29:59,200
legislative debates in their 
place came round UPS, branding, 

5097
04:29:59,200 --> 04:30:01,900
irons and days. 
Spent in the saddle, the local 

5098
04:30:01,900 --> 04:30:04,900
cowhands initially regarded him 
with skepticism pegging him as 

5099
04:30:04,908 --> 04:30:07,600
just another Eastern Dandy. 
But Roosevelt. 

5100
04:30:07,600 --> 04:30:10,400
Quickly earned their respect 
refusing, any special treatment 

5101
04:30:10,400 --> 04:30:13,800
sleeping in rough, bunk houses 
and embracing a life that 

5102
04:30:13,800 --> 04:30:16,700
demanded, not just physical 
Vigor but a willingness to 

5103
04:30:16,700 --> 04:30:20,500
confront the unpredictable 
cruelty of nature, many accounts

5104
04:30:20,500 --> 04:30:23,100
of Roosevelt's time in the 
Dakota's touch on how he chased 

5105
04:30:23,100 --> 04:30:27,100
thieves tracked by bison and 
battled near blinding blizzards 

5106
04:30:27,100 --> 04:30:29,300
yet. 
Fewer people highlight the 

5107
04:30:29,300 --> 04:30:32,800
contemplative moments he spent 
on the Open Range Penning 

5108
04:30:32,800 --> 04:30:36,000
letters home with references to 
Greek philosophy or reading 

5109
04:30:36,000 --> 04:30:39,100
thick books by Lanta light. 
The wind howling outside. 

5110
04:30:39,100 --> 04:30:41,900
Used the planes as a 
confessional booth. 

5111
04:30:42,500 --> 04:30:45,600
Sorting through his anger and 
grief forging, a new tempered 

5112
04:30:45,600 --> 04:30:49,100
sense of purpose. 
Indeed, it was on those planes 

5113
04:30:49,100 --> 04:30:51,400
where he truly embraced the 
notion that adversity could 

5114
04:30:51,400 --> 04:30:54,600
shape moral character hardship, 
didn't break him. 

5115
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:57,700
It refined him when he did 
return to New York after a 

5116
04:30:57,700 --> 04:31:00,000
couple of years. 
He was no longer that Brash 

5117
04:31:00,000 --> 04:31:03,000
Young assemblyman overshadowed 
by PSAL tragedy. 

5118
04:31:03,000 --> 04:31:05,900
He was now a hardened Rancher 
with a Sharper Edge. 

5119
04:31:07,100 --> 04:31:10,300
Upon returning to public life 
Theodore Roosevelt set his 

5120
04:31:10,300 --> 04:31:13,000
sights on a job, that many 
dismissed, as either the two 

5121
04:31:13,000 --> 04:31:16,100
menial or two compromised by 
corruption Police, Commissioner 

5122
04:31:16,100 --> 04:31:19,500
of New York City at a glance. 
This might have seemed like a 

5123
04:31:19,500 --> 04:31:22,600
step down from his earlier 
roles, but he perceived it as a 

5124
04:31:22,600 --> 04:31:24,000
Battleground, for genuine 
reform. 

5125
04:31:24,600 --> 04:31:27,800
He saw a chance to enforce 
fairness at a ground level, the 

5126
04:31:27,800 --> 04:31:30,700
policy met reality in the daily 
lives of ordinary citizens. 

5127
04:31:31,600 --> 04:31:33,900
The police force at the time, 
was a quagmire of bribes 

5128
04:31:33,900 --> 04:31:37,900
extortion and political 
favoritism officers would accept

5129
04:31:37,900 --> 04:31:41,100
money to look the other way or 
harass political opponents at 

5130
04:31:41,100 --> 04:31:44,400
the behest of party bosses. 
Roosevelt decided that if he 

5131
04:31:44,400 --> 04:31:47,800
could change the culture of the 
NYPD, he'd be making one of the 

5132
04:31:47,800 --> 04:31:50,000
most significant Civic 
contributions possible. 

5133
04:31:50,800 --> 04:31:53,500
One of his first acts was to 
inform the Sunday closing laws, 

5134
04:31:53,500 --> 04:31:57,300
for taverns a move that sparked 
both outrage and admiration. 

5135
04:31:58,100 --> 04:32:00,600
Contrary to some popular 
retellings, he wasn't simply 

5136
04:32:00,600 --> 04:32:02,600
trying to morally police the 
populace. 

5137
04:32:02,600 --> 04:32:05,600
He was signaling that the law 
was the law and no one 

5138
04:32:05,600 --> 04:32:08,400
regardless of how large a bribe 
might be, was above it. 

5139
04:32:09,400 --> 04:32:14,000
This Gambit well unpopular among
weekend, drinkers, demonstrated 

5140
04:32:14,000 --> 04:32:18,100
his commitment to consistency in
his view laws, should not be 

5141
04:32:18,100 --> 04:32:21,300
left to personal whim or the 
thickness of a wallet at night. 

5142
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:24,800
He'd even honored to skies and 
walked the streets slipping into

5143
04:32:24,800 --> 04:32:26,500
bars to see if the laws being 
followed. 

5144
04:32:27,400 --> 04:32:29,000
Newspapers. 
Eagerly reported. 

5145
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:32,200
These midnight Rambles painting 
him as an almost comical figure.

5146
04:32:32,900 --> 04:32:36,300
But beneath the spectacle layer 
serious intent to root out 

5147
04:32:36,308 --> 04:32:40,000
corruption at its source. 
His tenure as commissioner also 

5148
04:32:40,000 --> 04:32:42,400
saw him butt heads with the 
entrenched Tammany Hall 

5149
04:32:42,400 --> 04:32:44,600
apparatus. 
They had thrived under the 

5150
04:32:44,608 --> 04:32:47,900
assumption that police could be 
bought or coerced, Rosevelt, 

5151
04:32:47,900 --> 04:32:51,200
disabused them of that notion, 
he promoted officers based on 

5152
04:32:51,208 --> 04:32:55,100
Merit introduced examinations to
gauge competency, and 

5153
04:32:55,100 --> 04:32:58,400
disciplined or fired. 
Those courting corrupt Acts this

5154
04:32:58,400 --> 04:33:01,100
naturally turned many in the 
force against him, but the 

5155
04:33:01,100 --> 04:33:04,599
public weary of crooked police 
in began to appreciate that. 

5156
04:33:04,599 --> 04:33:08,300
Someone in a position of 
authority was at last taking 

5157
04:33:08,300 --> 04:33:10,900
their side. 
His energy was relentless 

5158
04:33:10,900 --> 04:33:13,900
staffers joke, that he slept 
less than four hours a night 

5159
04:33:13,908 --> 04:33:16,700
spending the rest of his time. 
Either in the office or pounding

5160
04:33:16,700 --> 04:33:19,700
the pavement. 
Less well known as the personal 

5161
04:33:19,700 --> 04:33:22,000
toll. 
This job took on him Rosevelt 

5162
04:33:22,000 --> 04:33:23,800
poured so much intensity in to 
curbing. 

5163
04:33:23,800 --> 04:33:27,400
Vice Grafton malfeasance. 
The often neglected simpler 

5164
04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:30,000
pleasures in life. 
He show up at home in the wee 

5165
04:33:30,000 --> 04:33:32,700
hours, paperwork still in hand 
only to get up at dawn for yet. 

5166
04:33:32,700 --> 04:33:35,500
Another inspection. 
While he was never want to shy 

5167
04:33:35,500 --> 04:33:38,700
away from work, the pressure 
cooker, environment of big city 

5168
04:33:38,700 --> 04:33:42,099
politics was exacting. 
He found himself increasingly at

5169
04:33:42,099 --> 04:33:44,800
odds with other Commissioners 
who were less enthusiastic about

5170
04:33:44,800 --> 04:33:48,099
eradicating corruption or more 
mindful of not offending 

5171
04:33:48,099 --> 04:33:50,700
powerful. 
Interests on more than one 

5172
04:33:50,700 --> 04:33:53,500
occasion, he was threatened and 
ridiculed critics. 

5173
04:33:53,500 --> 04:33:57,099
Called him a moralistic meddler,
an upstart who lacked the 

5174
04:33:57,108 --> 04:34:00,500
political Savvy to navigate a 
city that thrived on compromise.

5175
04:34:01,200 --> 04:34:05,099
And yet, by the time he moved on
from the police department, he 

5176
04:34:05,099 --> 04:34:08,400
had planted the seeds for a more
accountable and professionally 

5177
04:34:08,400 --> 04:34:11,599
run Force. 
Officers who were promoted under

5178
04:34:11,599 --> 04:34:15,599
his marriage at base system, 
carried for the ethos of Public 

5179
04:34:15,599 --> 04:34:18,700
Service. 
A public for the first time in a

5180
04:34:18,700 --> 04:34:21,400
long while felt glimpses of 
trust in their police. 

5181
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:24,900
Rosevelt had not eradicated 
corruption for it. 

5182
04:34:24,900 --> 04:34:28,200
Ran to deep, but he had made 
strides, and just as crucial 

5183
04:34:28,200 --> 04:34:31,400
made a name for himself, as a 
man of principal Who Was Not 

5184
04:34:31,400 --> 04:34:35,200
Afraid of unpopularity. 
His high-profile reforms laid, a

5185
04:34:35,200 --> 04:34:38,400
foundation for his next leap. 
An appointment as assistant 

5186
04:34:38,400 --> 04:34:42,200
Secretary of the Navy under 
President, William McKinley some

5187
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:45,599
saw this as a curious transition
by place a boisterous reform, 

5188
04:34:45,599 --> 04:34:47,400
minded ex-commissioner in the 
Navy Department. 

5189
04:34:48,400 --> 04:34:52,099
Others recognized a pattern 
Rosevelt was drawn to challenges

5190
04:34:52,099 --> 04:34:54,700
that demanded. 
Both discipline and daring in 

5191
04:34:54,700 --> 04:34:57,200
his new role at the Navy 
Roosevelt wasted no time in 

5192
04:34:57,207 --> 04:35:00,400
championing, the modernization 
of the fleet, he had long, been 

5193
04:35:00,400 --> 04:35:05,099
an admirer of Naval strategist. 
Alfred Thayer Mahan Who argued 

5194
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:08,400
that National Power? 
Hinged on Naval Supremacy, far 

5195
04:35:08,400 --> 04:35:10,900
from being a bureaucrat 
satisfied, with pushing papers, 

5196
04:35:10,900 --> 04:35:14,300
Theodore Dove, deep into budget,
allocations pushing for new 

5197
04:35:14,300 --> 04:35:15,800
warship, designs and better 
training. 

5198
04:35:16,500 --> 04:35:19,700
He recognized that the world was
shrinking, that America's role 

5199
04:35:19,700 --> 04:35:22,599
on the global stage was 
expanding and that the Navy 

5200
04:35:22,599 --> 04:35:25,400
would be essential to projecting
and protecting American 

5201
04:35:25,400 --> 04:35:28,300
interests. 
Then came the Spanish-American 

5202
04:35:28,300 --> 04:35:30,700
War. 
A brief conflict that seemed 

5203
04:35:30,700 --> 04:35:33,099
tailor made for someone of 
Theodore Roosevelt's temperament

5204
04:35:33,099 --> 04:35:38,400
when the USS Maine exploded in 
Havana Harbor in. 1898 public 

5205
04:35:38,400 --> 04:35:41,099
sentiment towards Spain had 
already been riled by 

5206
04:35:41,099 --> 04:35:44,200
Sensational. 
Journalism Roosevelt saw this as

5207
04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:47,300
both a chance to liberate Cuba 
from Colonial, oppression and a 

5208
04:35:47,300 --> 04:35:52,000
test of American resolve But 
beyond ideology it was personal 

5209
04:35:52,000 --> 04:35:54,400
for him. 
He'd grown Restless in 

5210
04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:57,800
Washington convinced, that 
action was often sacrificed on 

5211
04:35:57,800 --> 04:36:01,000
the altar of caution. 
So he resigned from his post as 

5212
04:36:01,000 --> 04:36:04,200
assistant Secretary of the Navy 
and famously organized. 

5213
04:36:04,200 --> 04:36:07,400
The first US volunteer Cavalry 
better known as the Rough 

5214
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:10,200
Riders. 
The myth of the Rough Riders has

5215
04:36:10,200 --> 04:36:12,000
been recounted in the 1000 
different ways. 

5216
04:36:12,000 --> 04:36:16,200
Usually focusing on the charge 
up, San Juan Hill here what many

5217
04:36:16,207 --> 04:36:19,500
people don't realize is that the
unit was an oddball mix of Ivy 

5218
04:36:19,500 --> 04:36:23,500
League athletes Frontier 
Cowboys, Native Americans and 

5219
04:36:23,500 --> 04:36:27,008
everyone in between Part of 
Roosevelt's genius, lay in his 

5220
04:36:27,016 --> 04:36:30,000
ability to unite, disparate 
individuals around a shared 

5221
04:36:30,000 --> 04:36:33,200
sense of adventure and Duty. 
He wasn't naive. 

5222
04:36:33,200 --> 04:36:36,500
He knew that forging discipline 
from such a melange of 

5223
04:36:36,500 --> 04:36:38,000
backgrounds would be 
challenging. 

5224
04:36:38,700 --> 04:36:41,099
But he saw in these men, the 
spirit of America itself, 

5225
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:45,300
resilient varied and headstrong 
training. 

5226
04:36:45,300 --> 04:36:48,200
For the Rough Riders was 
rigorous but the logistical 

5227
04:36:48,200 --> 04:36:49,800
challenges of shipping them to 
Cuba. 

5228
04:36:49,800 --> 04:36:53,599
Were even more daunting, horses 
got left behind supplies, went 

5229
04:36:53,599 --> 04:36:55,599
missing. 
Some men ended up on the 

5230
04:36:55,608 --> 04:36:57,300
battlefield without enough 
provisions. 

5231
04:36:58,000 --> 04:37:00,500
When the unit finally arrived in
Cuba, they found themselves 

5232
04:37:00,500 --> 04:37:04,500
grappling with heat. 
As ease and disorganized command

5233
04:37:04,500 --> 04:37:07,400
structures. 
Rosevelt, who had Pine for 

5234
04:37:07,400 --> 04:37:10,700
Action found that the reality of
warfare was a chaotic Maze of 

5235
04:37:10,707 --> 04:37:14,300
conflicting, orders, muddy 
roads, and the constant wine of 

5236
04:37:14,300 --> 04:37:17,800
enemy gunfire. 
And yet to see him in the middle

5237
04:37:17,800 --> 04:37:21,800
of it, all was to witness, a man
who felt completely alive for 

5238
04:37:21,800 --> 04:37:25,000
better or worse. 
He led from the front riding. 

5239
04:37:25,000 --> 04:37:29,800
His horse Little Texas as close 
to Enemy Lines as he dared his 

5240
04:37:29,800 --> 04:37:32,099
spectacles, fogging in the 
tropical humidity. 

5241
04:37:33,099 --> 04:37:35,599
The famed Battle of San. 
Juan Heights was the defining 

5242
04:37:35,599 --> 04:37:38,300
moment while Roosevelt and his 
men did indeed. 

5243
04:37:38,300 --> 04:37:41,300
Take part in the boulder salt 
the charge up. 

5244
04:37:41,300 --> 04:37:44,400
San Juan Hill has often been 
painted in more glorified tones 

5245
04:37:44,400 --> 04:37:47,599
than the day itself, likely 
warranted War correspondents. 

5246
04:37:47,599 --> 04:37:51,300
Eager for a heroic narrative 
latched onto Roosevelt's 

5247
04:37:51,300 --> 04:37:53,800
vigorous leadership. 
The truth remains that it was a 

5248
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:56,500
brutal affair with heavy, 
casualties on both sides. 

5249
04:37:56,500 --> 04:37:59,800
Many of the Rough Riders had 
never experienced anything like 

5250
04:37:59,800 --> 04:38:02,900
it. 
Roosevelt himself noted later 

5251
04:38:02,900 --> 04:38:05,200
how the fear of death gripped 
him yet. 

5252
04:38:05,200 --> 04:38:08,900
Also spurred him forward. 
He believed that courage did not

5253
04:38:08,900 --> 04:38:13,099
mean the absence of fear but the
result to act in spite of it in 

5254
04:38:13,099 --> 04:38:16,000
that sense the charging 
capsulated much of what he 

5255
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:19,700
believed about life. 
Better to face Peril head on to 

5256
04:38:19,700 --> 04:38:23,500
cower behind caution. 
Once the battle concluded, the 

5257
04:38:23,500 --> 04:38:27,000
Spanish forces surrendered, and 
the Rough Riders triumphantly 

5258
04:38:27,000 --> 04:38:30,000
returned home as national heroes
newspapers. 

5259
04:38:30,000 --> 04:38:33,599
Breathlessly lorded Roosevelt as
a war hero who had personified 

5260
04:38:33,599 --> 04:38:35,900
American Valor He played the 
part. 

5261
04:38:35,900 --> 04:38:38,599
Well there privately, he 
mourned, the friend he'd lost 

5262
04:38:38,608 --> 04:38:41,200
and grappled with the weight of 
having seen many killed at close

5263
04:38:41,200 --> 04:38:43,599
range. 
It left him even more convinced 

5264
04:38:43,599 --> 04:38:46,700
that reforms were needed, not 
just in the military, but in how

5265
04:38:46,700 --> 04:38:50,300
America approached its growing 
International role, he argued 

5266
04:38:50,300 --> 04:38:52,800
that the country should maintain
a strong defense, but always, 

5267
04:38:52,800 --> 04:38:56,900
keep a moral component in its 
actions for Roosevelt war was 

5268
04:38:56,900 --> 04:38:58,700
never to be glorified for its 
own sake. 

5269
04:38:58,700 --> 04:39:01,900
It was a crucible in which 
national character was tested. 

5270
04:39:02,700 --> 04:39:05,400
Upon his return Roosevelt's 
popularity soared. 

5271
04:39:06,099 --> 04:39:08,200
Seizing. 
The moment, political allies 

5272
04:39:08,200 --> 04:39:09,900
urged him to run for governor of
New York. 

5273
04:39:09,900 --> 04:39:14,099
He obliged and the public 
Enchanted by his War record and 

5274
04:39:14,099 --> 04:39:17,500
Leadership elected him. 
In the governor's mansion he 

5275
04:39:17,500 --> 04:39:19,900
managed to marry Progressive 
ideals with pragmatic 

5276
04:39:19,900 --> 04:39:22,300
governance. 
He championed everything from 

5277
04:39:22,300 --> 04:39:24,800
civil service reform to 
corporate regulation. 

5278
04:39:25,500 --> 04:39:27,200
Challenging. 
The massive trusts that 

5279
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:30,200
dominated industries of the 
expense of smaller competitors. 

5280
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:33,800
The path that led Theodore 
Roosevelt to the presidency was 

5281
04:39:33,800 --> 04:39:38,100
rather unorthodox in 1900. 
Republicans weary of his 

5282
04:39:38,100 --> 04:39:41,700
reformist Zeal as Governor 
sought to sideline him by 

5283
04:39:41,700 --> 04:39:43,800
offering him. 
The vice presidential spot under

5284
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:46,500
President William McKinley. 
They believed it was a 

5285
04:39:46,500 --> 04:39:49,300
ceremonial role where 
roseville's boisterous energy 

5286
04:39:49,300 --> 04:39:52,800
would be contained his capacity 
to shake up the status quo 

5287
04:39:52,800 --> 04:39:56,300
effectively nullified, they 
forgot that fate often has other

5288
04:39:56,300 --> 04:40:01,100
plans, following McKinley's 
assassination in 1921 Rosevelt 

5289
04:40:01,100 --> 04:40:04,500
at the age of 42 unexpectedly 
emerged as the youngest 

5290
04:40:04,500 --> 04:40:07,900
president in American history. 
Stepping into the Oval Office 

5291
04:40:07,908 --> 04:40:11,900
Rosevelt, brought with him, an 
array of passions conservation, 

5292
04:40:11,900 --> 04:40:15,300
trust busting and a growing 
desire to project American 

5293
04:40:15,300 --> 04:40:18,700
influence abroad but the real 
Hallmark of his administration 

5294
04:40:18,700 --> 04:40:21,100
was a philosophy. 
He called the Square Deal. 

5295
04:40:21,100 --> 04:40:25,000
Designed to ensure that ordinary
citizens received fair treatment

5296
04:40:25,000 --> 04:40:28,700
from government and big business
alike His attitude toward the 

5297
04:40:28,708 --> 04:40:31,800
enormous corporate trusts was 
not hostile purely for its own 

5298
04:40:31,800 --> 04:40:33,800
sake. 
Rather he believed that 

5299
04:40:33,800 --> 04:40:38,500
monopolies stifled competition 
and exploited consumers thus he 

5300
04:40:38,500 --> 04:40:42,400
championed antitrust litigation 
famously taking on the Northern 

5301
04:40:42,400 --> 04:40:45,100
Securities company. 
Some critics called him an 

5302
04:40:45,100 --> 04:40:48,000
economic radical. 
But in truth, he wasn't against 

5303
04:40:48,000 --> 04:40:51,700
wealth or industry, he simply 
demanded that they adhere to 

5304
04:40:51,700 --> 04:40:55,500
establish regulations. 
Meanwhile, Roosevelt's passion 

5305
04:40:55,500 --> 04:40:57,700
for the environment. 
Resulted in one of the most 

5306
04:40:57,700 --> 04:40:59,900
significant conservation 
legacies in history. 

5307
04:41:00,700 --> 04:41:04,200
He established Wildlife, 
refuges, national parks and 

5308
04:41:04,200 --> 04:41:07,300
millions of Acres of protected 
Forest lands by drawing on his 

5309
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:10,800
lover of nature, which began in 
his Youth and was refined on the

5310
04:41:10,808 --> 04:41:13,900
Dakota Plains. 
He placed Gifford Pinchot a 

5311
04:41:13,900 --> 04:41:17,100
fellow conservationist in charge
of the forest service setting, 

5312
04:41:17,100 --> 04:41:19,500
the tone for responsible 
stewardship of America's 

5313
04:41:19,500 --> 04:41:22,000
resources. 
He recognized that nature was 

5314
04:41:22,000 --> 04:41:24,900
not an infinite bounty to be 
pillaged, but a National 

5315
04:41:24,900 --> 04:41:26,700
Treasure to be preserved for 
posterity. 

5316
04:41:27,800 --> 04:41:30,700
This conviction might seem 
commonplace today, but in the 

5317
04:41:30,700 --> 04:41:35,100
early 1900s, it was visionary. 
Despite Fierce opposition from 

5318
04:41:35,100 --> 04:41:38,900
logging Mining and oil interests
Roosevelt's, political 

5319
04:41:38,900 --> 04:41:42,600
determination prevailed. 
He considered his duty to ensure

5320
04:41:42,600 --> 04:41:46,100
future Generations would inherit
Landscapes unmarred by a short, 

5321
04:41:46,108 --> 04:41:48,700
sighted greed. 
On foreign policy. 

5322
04:41:48,700 --> 04:41:53,800
He embraced an activist stance 
Guided by the maxim speak softly

5323
04:41:53,800 --> 04:41:57,600
and carry a big stick. 
You will go far This approach 

5324
04:41:57,600 --> 04:42:00,000
was evident in his role in the 
construction of the Panama 

5325
04:42:00,000 --> 04:42:02,600
Canal. 
When Columbia bought at the 

5326
04:42:02,600 --> 04:42:06,600
terms proposed for a Canal Zone,
Roosevelt covertly supported 

5327
04:42:06,600 --> 04:42:10,300
Panamanian Rebels, seeking 
independence from Colombia, Once

5328
04:42:10,300 --> 04:42:13,700
Panama seceded, the new 
government swiftly granted the 

5329
04:42:13,700 --> 04:42:15,500
United States rights to build 
the canal. 

5330
04:42:16,200 --> 04:42:18,900
Controversial then, and still 
debated by historians. 

5331
04:42:18,900 --> 04:42:22,300
Now, this move, showcased 
Roosevelt's willingness to wield

5332
04:42:22,300 --> 04:42:24,700
American might to achieve 
strategic goals. 

5333
04:42:25,800 --> 04:42:28,700
He had no illusions that power 
should remain dormant for him. 

5334
04:42:28,700 --> 04:42:32,900
National strength was a tool to 
shape Global events, ideally in 

5335
04:42:32,900 --> 04:42:35,100
a man, he saws ultimately 
beneficial for America. 

5336
04:42:35,100 --> 04:42:38,600
And in his mind, the world, 
Throughout his presidency, 

5337
04:42:38,600 --> 04:42:41,900
Rosevelt was a figure of 
constant motion inviting 

5338
04:42:41,900 --> 04:42:46,300
athletes writers explorers and 
all manner of individuals to the

5339
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:49,800
White House. 
He famously welcomed Booker T, 

5340
04:42:49,800 --> 04:42:53,400
Washington to die in a move that
shocked the segregated Norms of 

5341
04:42:53,400 --> 04:42:56,300
the time. 
He championed Progressive ideals

5342
04:42:56,300 --> 04:42:59,700
that while still limited by the 
social Outlook of the era nudge,

5343
04:42:59,700 --> 04:43:03,000
the country, forward labor 
disputes, particularly the coal 

5344
04:43:03,000 --> 04:43:06,700
strike of 1902, Soros of Elton, 
intervene on behalf of workers, 

5345
04:43:06,700 --> 04:43:09,700
in ways that no president 
before, had done effectively 

5346
04:43:09,700 --> 04:43:13,000
using the government as a media 
tour to secure better wages and 

5347
04:43:13,000 --> 04:43:15,800
hours, or be it without 
granting, the full measure of 

5348
04:43:15,800 --> 04:43:19,300
Union recognition. 
Numerous minor narratives often 

5349
04:43:19,300 --> 04:43:23,000
overshadow these major stories. 
For example, he placed a premium

5350
04:43:23,000 --> 04:43:26,300
on physical culture within the 
White House, encouraging AIDS 

5351
04:43:26,300 --> 04:43:29,000
and visiting dignitaries to join
him for hikes and boxing 

5352
04:43:29,000 --> 04:43:31,800
matches. 
The more traditional set finding

5353
04:43:31,800 --> 04:43:34,800
it unworthy for a president to 
engage in physical altercations,

5354
04:43:34,800 --> 04:43:39,100
expressed their disapproval but 
it was pure Roosevelt energetic.

5355
04:43:39,100 --> 04:43:42,400
Fearless and convinced of the 
importance of maintaining a 

5356
04:43:42,400 --> 04:43:44,400
robust body to match a robust 
mind. 

5357
04:43:45,100 --> 04:43:47,700
Roosevelt enjoyed immense 
popularity by the time. 

5358
04:43:47,700 --> 04:43:50,000
He ran for election in 1904 in 
his own. 

5359
04:43:50,000 --> 04:43:52,500
Right? 
He won in a landslide curing, 

5360
04:43:52,500 --> 04:43:55,000
his place as a fully validated 
president rather than an 

5361
04:43:55,000 --> 04:43:58,100
accidental career. 
That Victory allowed him to 

5362
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:01,600
double down on his gender. 
After leaving the White House 

5363
04:44:01,600 --> 04:44:04,800
Theodore Roosevelt in barked on 
what seemed at first, like a 

5364
04:44:04,808 --> 04:44:09,000
grand Victory lap, a 10-month 
African safari that captured. 

5365
04:44:09,000 --> 04:44:12,400
The world's imagination. 
He was accompanied by a team of 

5366
04:44:12,400 --> 04:44:16,100
naturalists and Hunters these 
traveled deep into territories 

5367
04:44:16,100 --> 04:44:19,300
teeming with wildlife. 
Sponsored in part by the 

5368
04:44:19,300 --> 04:44:22,600
Smithsonian institution. 
The Expedition aim to collect 

5369
04:44:22,600 --> 04:44:25,000
specimens for scientific study 
though. 

5370
04:44:25,000 --> 04:44:27,800
It was inevitably steeped in the
colonial attitudes of the time. 

5371
04:44:27,800 --> 04:44:31,000
Millions of people back home. 
Followed the journey through 

5372
04:44:31,000 --> 04:44:34,600
newspaper dispatchers, 
enthralled by Tales of lion, 

5373
04:44:34,600 --> 04:44:38,500
hunts and elephant tracking 
Roosevelt for his part, relished

5374
04:44:38,500 --> 04:44:41,500
the thrill, but also the sense 
that he was contributing to a 

5375
04:44:41,500 --> 04:44:44,200
greater scientific understanding
of the continents Foreigner. 

5376
04:44:44,800 --> 04:44:48,000
The painstakingly documented 
everything from the habits of 

5377
04:44:48,000 --> 04:44:51,600
rhinoceroses to the migratory 
patterns of birds, his childhood

5378
04:44:51,600 --> 04:44:55,000
love for cataloging the natural 
world rekindled on a grand 

5379
04:44:55,000 --> 04:44:57,300
scale. 
Yet those who imagined him 

5380
04:44:57,300 --> 04:45:00,800
content to rest on his Laurels, 
grossly, misread his character. 

5381
04:45:01,900 --> 04:45:05,500
Upon returning from Africa, he 
found himself dissatisfied with 

5382
04:45:05,500 --> 04:45:08,000
the direction of the Republican 
Party under his hand-picked 

5383
04:45:08,000 --> 04:45:12,300
successor, William Howard Taft, 
who in Roosevelt's estimation 

5384
04:45:12,300 --> 04:45:15,200
had betrayed the progressive 
ideals, they once shared 

5385
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:19,400
incense, Rosevelt, made the 
controversial decision to run 

5386
04:45:19,400 --> 04:45:22,400
for president again, but this 
time under the banner of a new 

5387
04:45:22,400 --> 04:45:25,800
political organization. 
The Progressive Party often 

5388
04:45:25,800 --> 04:45:29,200
called The Bull Moose Party 
nickname Spark by roseville's 

5389
04:45:29,200 --> 04:45:32,100
own. 
Boast that he felt the fit as a 

5390
04:45:32,100 --> 04:45:35,200
bull moose. 
He stormed the convention Halls 

5391
04:45:35,200 --> 04:45:38,800
during speeches, that invoke to 
his familiar call for a square 

5392
04:45:38,800 --> 04:45:42,700
deal for all Americans. 
His platforming included, women 

5393
04:45:42,700 --> 04:45:46,500
suffrage, labor, reforms and 
stricter controls on corporate 

5394
04:45:46,500 --> 04:45:48,500
power elements that were ahead 
of their time. 

5395
04:45:49,400 --> 04:45:52,500
The election of 1912 became a 
three-way race among Roosevelt 

5396
04:45:52,500 --> 04:45:55,000
Taft and Democrat would grow 
Wilson. 

5397
04:45:56,500 --> 04:45:59,100
On the campaign Trail Roosevelt,
survived an assassination 

5398
04:45:59,108 --> 04:46:02,800
attempt, when a deranged gunman 
shot him in the chest, in 

5399
04:46:02,800 --> 04:46:05,400
quintessential, Roosevelt 
fashion, he insisted on 

5400
04:46:05,400 --> 04:46:09,000
delivering his scheduled speech.
Anyway, blood seeping through 

5401
04:46:09,008 --> 04:46:12,800
his shirt before he started 
speaking, he pulled out his 

5402
04:46:12,800 --> 04:46:16,200
50-page manuscript which had 
slowed, the bullet and declared 

5403
04:46:16,200 --> 04:46:19,100
it takes more than that to kill 
a bull moose. 

5404
04:46:19,800 --> 04:46:22,900
His audience horrified yet. 
ORD, watched him. 

5405
04:46:22,908 --> 04:46:25,000
Talk for nearly an hour though, 
wounded. 

5406
04:46:25,000 --> 04:46:28,800
He remained Unstoppable forging 
ahead with his message of 

5407
04:46:28,800 --> 04:46:32,400
progressive change. 
Despite his determination, the 

5408
04:46:32,400 --> 04:46:35,000
split in the Republican vote 
handed the president to Wilson. 

5409
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:38,800
For Roosevelt. 
It was a stinging defeat but he 

5410
04:46:38,800 --> 04:46:41,100
refused to slip quietly Into 
Obscurity. 

5411
04:46:41,100 --> 04:46:45,100
He embarked on yet. 
Another daring, Expedition this,

5412
04:46:45,100 --> 04:46:48,600
time to South America where he 
charted the river of doubt in 

5413
04:46:48,600 --> 04:46:52,300
the Amazonian rainforest later. 
Renamed, Rio Roosevelt in his 

5414
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:54,600
honor. 
The journey was perilous 

5415
04:46:54,600 --> 04:46:59,600
disease, hostile wildlife, and 
near starvation took a toll on 

5416
04:46:59,600 --> 04:47:03,200
the entire group. 
Roosevelt himself, contracted a 

5417
04:47:03,200 --> 04:47:07,700
severe infection in his leg. 
And at one point, he was so ill.

5418
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:10,500
He reportedly begged his 
companions to leave him behind. 

5419
04:47:10,500 --> 04:47:15,200
They refused the expedition of 
eventually completed its Mission

5420
04:47:15,200 --> 04:47:19,100
but Roosevelt returned. 
Gonten weakened forever changed 

5421
04:47:19,100 --> 04:47:21,400
by the ordeal. 
Back home. 

5422
04:47:21,400 --> 04:47:25,000
The country was on the brink of 
World War One Roosevelt ever. 

5423
04:47:25,000 --> 04:47:27,900
The hawk criticized President 
Wilson's, initial neutrality. 

5424
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:31,700
Urging a more assertive stance, 
he believed that failing to 

5425
04:47:31,700 --> 04:47:34,500
confront Germany's aggression 
would endanger both American 

5426
04:47:34,500 --> 04:47:38,600
ideals and global stability. 
When the United States finally 

5427
04:47:38,600 --> 04:47:41,900
entered the war Roosevelt even 
offered to lead a volunteer 

5428
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:45,000
division, much as he had done in
the Spanish-American War. 

5429
04:47:45,000 --> 04:47:48,900
President Wilson declined, much 
to Roosevelt's frustration. 

5430
04:47:49,700 --> 04:47:53,100
Still he rallied support for the
war effort, seeing it as a moral

5431
04:47:53,100 --> 04:47:55,200
imperative to resist autocratic 
Powers. 

5432
04:47:55,200 --> 04:47:58,300
By the time, the war ended. 
Roosevelt was older. 

5433
04:47:58,300 --> 04:48:02,400
His body battered by nirs of 
strenuous living and the, after 

5434
04:48:02,400 --> 04:48:05,700
effects of tropical diseases, 
yet his mind was as restless. 

5435
04:48:05,700 --> 04:48:08,600
And vigorous as ever, he kept 
writing history, books 

5436
04:48:08,600 --> 04:48:11,000
editorials. 
Open letters to politicians 

5437
04:48:11,000 --> 04:48:12,900
trying to shape public 
discourse. 

5438
04:48:12,900 --> 04:48:16,400
He remain convinced that 
American needed to balance power

5439
04:48:16,400 --> 04:48:19,400
with righteousness. 
The corporation should serve the

5440
04:48:19,400 --> 04:48:22,000
public good and that the 
nation's Wilderness areas 

5441
04:48:22,000 --> 04:48:26,100
required Vigilant protection. 
In a sense, he never stopped 

5442
04:48:26,100 --> 04:48:29,000
campaigning for his version of 
progress, even if he no longer 

5443
04:48:29,008 --> 04:48:32,900
occupied any political office. 
The Final Chapter came quietly 

5444
04:48:32,900 --> 04:48:37,500
in January 1919, he passed away 
in his sleep at Sagamore Hill. 

5445
04:48:37,500 --> 04:48:46,900
His beloved home on Long Island.
You know how it feels to feel. 

5446
04:48:46,900 --> 04:48:49,300
So tiny, while you're lying on 
your back in the grass and 

5447
04:48:49,300 --> 04:48:52,700
gazing up at the stars. 
Congratulations, your 

5448
04:48:52,700 --> 04:48:55,700
experiencing exactly the same 
thing that most likely some 

5449
04:48:55,700 --> 04:48:58,700
40,000 years ago. 
Ignited, human astronomy. 

5450
04:48:58,700 --> 04:49:02,200
Imagine that as an early human, 
your main worries are avoiding 

5451
04:49:02,200 --> 04:49:05,100
being eaten by an animal with 
larger teeth than you and 

5452
04:49:05,100 --> 04:49:07,000
determining where you will get 
your next meal. 

5453
04:49:07,000 --> 04:49:12,100
However, as night falls, there 
it is, this breathtaking light 

5454
04:49:12,100 --> 04:49:15,500
display of your head, totally 
free of cost and without the 

5455
04:49:15,500 --> 04:49:18,800
need for a subscription service,
you might initially assume that 

5456
04:49:18,800 --> 04:49:22,100
these prehistoric people were 
too preoccupied with survival to

5457
04:49:22,100 --> 04:49:23,800
be interested in Celestial 
mechanics. 

5458
04:49:24,900 --> 04:49:27,500
The interesting part though is 
that they were compelled to 

5459
04:49:27,500 --> 04:49:29,200
become the first astronomers in 
history. 

5460
04:49:30,000 --> 04:49:33,200
You see the sky becomes your 
ultimate scheduling tool when 

5461
04:49:33,200 --> 04:49:35,400
you don't have a calendar to 
remind you when it's time to 

5462
04:49:35,400 --> 04:49:38,400
plant crops or a smartphone to 
alert you, when spring as 

5463
04:49:38,400 --> 04:49:41,700
approaching the stars, were not 
hazardously strewn up there like

5464
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:44,600
glitter on a black tablecloth. 
As those early stargazers, 

5465
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:48,300
notice like, a cosmic clock that
never needed to be wowed. 

5466
04:49:48,300 --> 04:49:52,100
They moved in predictable 
patterns Eventually the same 

5467
04:49:52,100 --> 04:49:55,000
stars that had emerged over the 
Eastern Horizon, would march 

5468
04:49:55,000 --> 04:49:58,300
across the sky and vanish in the
west only to reappear the 

5469
04:49:58,300 --> 04:50:01,900
following night with a slight 
shift, then came the sun which 

5470
04:50:01,900 --> 04:50:05,200
was as Dependable as a Swiss 
watch rising in the East and 

5471
04:50:05,200 --> 04:50:07,200
setting in the west each and 
every day. 

5472
04:50:07,200 --> 04:50:11,900
Aside from hold on a second. 
It appeared to travel a much 

5473
04:50:11,908 --> 04:50:15,600
slower lower route to the sky in
the winter hardly bothering to 

5474
04:50:15,600 --> 04:50:18,000
reach very high before deciding 
to call it a day. 

5475
04:50:18,000 --> 04:50:21,300
It jumped High overhead and 
stayed out until what felt like 

5476
04:50:21,300 --> 04:50:24,200
bedtime in the summer 
practically bouncing out of bed.

5477
04:50:24,200 --> 04:50:28,100
This was survival information, 
not just idle curiosity. 

5478
04:50:29,100 --> 04:50:31,700
He knew it was time to start 
searching for certain plants 

5479
04:50:31,700 --> 04:50:34,800
that would soon be ripening when
that specific cluster of stars 

5480
04:50:34,800 --> 04:50:37,800
appeared shortly before Dawn, 
you could tell winter was 

5481
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:39,800
easing. 
When the sun began to shine for 

5482
04:50:39,800 --> 04:50:43,100
longer periods of time each day 
even more fascinating, was the 

5483
04:50:43,100 --> 04:50:45,000
moon. 
The moon appeared to have a 

5484
04:50:45,008 --> 04:50:48,500
personality disorder in contrast
to the sun, which essentially 

5485
04:50:48,500 --> 04:50:51,200
followed a predictable routine 
at times. 

5486
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:54,700
It was a perfect circle that was
visible to Hunters at a time. 

5487
04:50:54,708 --> 04:50:59,300
It resembled a cosmic smile a 
thin Crescent at times. 

5488
04:50:59,300 --> 04:51:03,300
It vanished completely leaving 
the night as dark as a caves 

5489
04:51:03,300 --> 04:51:05,900
interior the moon. 
However, had a rhythm despite 

5490
04:51:05,900 --> 04:51:09,600
its seeming moodiness. 
Humanity's first calendar system

5491
04:51:09,600 --> 04:51:13,200
was based on the Dependable 
pattern of roughly, 29 and a 

5492
04:51:13,200 --> 04:51:16,700
half days between full moons. 
When you could simply look up 

5493
04:51:16,700 --> 04:51:19,400
and see what phase the moon was 
in, you didn't need to count 

5494
04:51:19,400 --> 04:51:22,700
days these earlier astronomers, 
let's call them that because 

5495
04:51:22,700 --> 04:51:25,100
even without fancy degrees or 
telescopes, they were 

5496
04:51:25,100 --> 04:51:28,300
unquestionably, astronomers 
started to notice something else

5497
04:51:28,300 --> 04:51:32,300
night after night. 
Year after year, the majority of

5498
04:51:32,300 --> 04:51:35,600
stars remained in the same 
relative positions that group 

5499
04:51:35,600 --> 04:51:37,700
continued to appear, like a big 
dipper. 

5500
04:51:37,700 --> 04:51:41,300
It appears that ancient people 
had very active imaginations 

5501
04:51:41,300 --> 04:51:44,500
when it came to connecting dots 
because that row of stars that 

5502
04:51:44,500 --> 04:51:46,700
someone thought looked like a 
belt remained a belt. 

5503
04:51:46,700 --> 04:51:49,300
The troublemakers. 
However were a few luminous 

5504
04:51:49,300 --> 04:51:51,900
objects that Rove the sky as if 
they were unsure of their 

5505
04:51:51,900 --> 04:51:54,900
destination. 
Later, the Greeks would refer to

5506
04:51:54,900 --> 04:51:57,300
them as planets, which means, 
Wanderers. 

5507
04:51:57,300 --> 04:51:59,300
And that is what we still call 
them today. 

5508
04:52:00,300 --> 04:52:04,200
Five of these roving Stars 
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and

5509
04:52:04,200 --> 04:52:07,600
Saturn were visible to ancient 
observers, even in the absence 

5510
04:52:07,600 --> 04:52:10,600
of telescope's. 
Venus was specially perplexing 

5511
04:52:10,600 --> 04:52:13,900
because it seemed to be too 
distinct Stars one that emerged 

5512
04:52:13,900 --> 04:52:16,600
shortly before sunrise and 
another shortly after sunset. 

5513
04:52:17,400 --> 04:52:20,000
It took a long time for someone 
to realize that it was the son 

5514
04:52:20,000 --> 04:52:21,700
playing peekaboo with the same 
object. 

5515
04:52:21,700 --> 04:52:25,100
These observations were merely 
remembered as fascinating 

5516
04:52:25,100 --> 04:52:28,700
anecdotes, as the generations 
went by, they were assimilated 

5517
04:52:28,700 --> 04:52:31,500
into everyday life and became 
fundamental knowledge. 

5518
04:52:32,400 --> 04:52:35,600
Seasons were approaching when 
certain Stars, Rose a particular

5519
04:52:35,600 --> 04:52:38,400
times, the amount of light 
available for nighttime. 

5520
04:52:38,400 --> 04:52:41,700
Activities was determined by the
moon's position where the 

5521
04:52:41,700 --> 04:52:43,600
patterns were predicted by the 
path of the sun. 

5522
04:52:43,600 --> 04:52:47,100
Priests or shamans, who were the
communities official timekeepers

5523
04:52:47,100 --> 04:52:50,000
and weather forecasters were 
frequently entrusted with this 

5524
04:52:50,000 --> 04:52:53,100
knowledge because it was so 
valuable that it became sacred, 

5525
04:52:53,100 --> 04:52:57,100
Not only was it helpful, but it 
was almost magical to be able to

5526
04:52:57,100 --> 04:52:59,700
predict with Precision when 
spring all the rains would 

5527
04:52:59,700 --> 04:53:02,200
arrive. 
It is understandable why early 

5528
04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:05,500
astronomers frequently occupied 
highly esteemed and influential 

5529
04:53:05,500 --> 04:53:09,400
roles in their communities. 
What's truly amazing though is 

5530
04:53:09,400 --> 04:53:12,100
that all of this highly Advanced
pattern recognition and 

5531
04:53:12,100 --> 04:53:15,700
observation was taking place, 
thousands of years before anyone

5532
04:53:15,700 --> 04:53:18,000
even had a magnifying glass to 
improve their vision. 

5533
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:21,200
All that these ancient 
astronomers had to work with 

5534
04:53:21,200 --> 04:53:24,700
with their unaided eyes, their 
intellects and an almost 

5535
04:53:24,700 --> 04:53:28,000
unnatural patients for observing
the sky year after year and 

5536
04:53:28,000 --> 04:53:31,100
night after night, they were 
unable to see the craters on our

5537
04:53:31,100 --> 04:53:34,900
own Moon, the moon's of Jupiter,
or the rings of Saturn, they 

5538
04:53:34,900 --> 04:53:37,600
didn't know that those five 
stray stars were worlds in and 

5539
04:53:37,600 --> 04:53:40,100
of themselves. 
Well, that the Milky Way, was 

5540
04:53:40,100 --> 04:53:42,200
composed of billions of 
individual Stars. 

5541
04:53:42,200 --> 04:53:45,800
However, they could tell you the
precise time of the next full 

5542
04:53:45,800 --> 04:53:49,500
moon, the sun's Zenith or which 
stars would be visible on any 

5543
04:53:49,500 --> 04:53:52,300
given night of the year compared
to many of us today. 

5544
04:53:52,300 --> 04:53:55,300
These early observers had a 
deeper understanding of the sky.

5545
04:53:56,100 --> 04:53:58,800
How recently have you observed, 
the Big Dipper's gradual 

5546
04:53:58,800 --> 04:54:00,900
nighttime, rotation around the 
North Star? 

5547
04:54:01,600 --> 04:54:05,200
or that if you know, exactly 
where to look Venus can 

5548
04:54:05,200 --> 04:54:08,900
occasionally be seen during the 
day The sky was a constant 

5549
04:54:08,900 --> 04:54:11,600
companion to these ancient 
astronomers who read it. 

5550
04:54:11,600 --> 04:54:14,400
As we do the news, the 
longest-running scientific 

5551
04:54:14,400 --> 04:54:18,100
Endeavor in human history had 
suddenly started for tens of 

5552
04:54:18,108 --> 04:54:21,700
thousands of years it would go 
on uninterrupted, evolving from 

5553
04:54:21,700 --> 04:54:24,600
one generation to the next and 
becoming more accurate and 

5554
04:54:24,600 --> 04:54:29,000
sophisticated with every Century
that went by all because someone

5555
04:54:29,000 --> 04:54:31,600
somewhere thought that perhaps 
the lovely lights in the sky 

5556
04:54:31,600 --> 04:54:33,400
were trying to convey something 
significant. 

5557
04:54:33,400 --> 04:54:36,900
We must now briefly discuss the 
ancient Egyptians if we were to 

5558
04:54:36,900 --> 04:54:40,000
discuss people who took 
astronomy, seriously These 

5559
04:54:40,000 --> 04:54:43,200
people centered their entire 
civilization on the Stars, not 

5560
04:54:43,200 --> 04:54:46,300
just observing them. 
And by built, I mean, literally,

5561
04:54:46,300 --> 04:54:49,000
as they positioned their 
monuments, with the accuracy of 

5562
04:54:49,008 --> 04:54:53,100
a fine watchmaker in relation to
celestial objects, most likely 

5563
04:54:53,100 --> 04:54:56,100
you've heard of the Great 
Pyramid of Giza that enormous 

5564
04:54:56,100 --> 04:54:59,200
Stone construction that still 
baffles Engineers today and 

5565
04:54:59,200 --> 04:55:01,200
leaves them wondering how in the
world it was built. 

5566
04:55:02,100 --> 04:55:04,700
What you might not know though, 
is that it is oriented. 

5567
04:55:04,700 --> 04:55:07,900
So close closely to True, North 
that the difference is less than

5568
04:55:07,900 --> 04:55:11,400
one 15th of a degree. 
That's more accurate than a lot 

5569
04:55:11,408 --> 04:55:15,100
of contemporary buildings to put
that in perspective, without GPS

5570
04:55:15,100 --> 04:55:17,100
laser levels or any of the other
tools. 

5571
04:55:17,100 --> 04:55:20,000
We now consider necessary. 
How did they accomplish this? 

5572
04:55:20,800 --> 04:55:24,400
Naturally they made use of the 
Stars they specifically employed

5573
04:55:24,400 --> 04:55:27,700
a method based on the North Pole
circumference which stars follow

5574
04:55:27,700 --> 04:55:31,000
they were able to determine True
North with remarkable accuracy 

5575
04:55:31,000 --> 04:55:34,600
by observing a star at its 
eastern and western extremes 

5576
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:37,400
during the night and then 
calculating the midpoint between

5577
04:55:37,400 --> 04:55:40,500
those positions. 
However, the Egyptians weren't 

5578
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:43,300
merely showcasing their powers 
in building pyramids, they were 

5579
04:55:43,300 --> 04:55:46,800
obsessed with astronomy for 
pragmatic reasons, the Nile 

5580
04:55:46,800 --> 04:55:50,000
Rivers yearly flooding, which 
spread Rich fertile silt over. 

5581
04:55:50,008 --> 04:55:53,300
The Farmland was essential to 
Egypt's entire agricultural 

5582
04:55:53,300 --> 04:55:55,700
system. 
You risk starvation. 

5583
04:55:55,700 --> 04:55:58,700
If you missed the timing of this
flood, if you do it correctly, 

5584
04:55:58,700 --> 04:56:02,400
you will have a lot of crops. 
The issue was that unlike many 

5585
04:56:02,400 --> 04:56:05,800
other cultures, the flooding of 
the Nile did not occur according

5586
04:56:05,800 --> 04:56:09,600
to the lunar calendar, rather it
tracked, what is now known as 

5587
04:56:09,600 --> 04:56:12,100
the sole year which is the 
amount of time. 

5588
04:56:12,100 --> 04:56:15,800
It takes for Earth to complete 
one orbit around the Sun as a 

5589
04:56:15,800 --> 04:56:18,500
result, the Egyptians had to 
monitor the sun's position far 

5590
04:56:18,500 --> 04:56:20,800
more precisely than their 
neighbor's every year. 

5591
04:56:20,800 --> 04:56:24,000
They observe that a specific 
star would emerge on the Eastern

5592
04:56:24,000 --> 04:56:26,700
Horizon. 
Just Before Dawn, right before 

5593
04:56:26,700 --> 04:56:30,400
the Nile started to flood, their
Cosmic alarm clock, was this 

5594
04:56:30,400 --> 04:56:33,900
star, which we call serious, and
they called sopped it. 

5595
04:56:34,900 --> 04:56:38,700
After being invisible for weeks,
serious appeared in the pre-dawn

5596
04:56:38,700 --> 04:56:41,400
sky signaling that the flood 
would arrive in a few days. 

5597
04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:45,000
They created one of the most 
precise calendars in Antiquity 

5598
04:56:45,000 --> 04:56:49,200
based on this observation, 
creating a 365-day year that was

5599
04:56:49,208 --> 04:56:51,000
only off by roughly a quarter of
a day. 

5600
04:56:51,700 --> 04:56:54,400
Not bad for those with boundless
patients and stone tools. 

5601
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:57,700
We also have some of the oldest 
written records of astronomical 

5602
04:56:57,700 --> 04:57:00,500
observations, from the 
Egyptians, they made maps of the

5603
04:57:00,500 --> 04:57:03,800
Stars, monitored the motion of 
planets, and device complex 

5604
04:57:03,800 --> 04:57:06,200
techniques for determining the 
time at night. 

5605
04:57:07,600 --> 04:57:10,700
As each Deacon Rose above the 
Horizon during the night, it 

5606
04:57:10,700 --> 04:57:13,500
marked the passage of time like 
a Celestial clock. 

5607
04:57:14,500 --> 04:57:17,100
They separated the night sky 
into 36 sections. 

5608
04:57:17,100 --> 04:57:20,200
Each of which was linked to a 
group of stars known as a 

5609
04:57:20,200 --> 04:57:23,300
deacon, as the official 
astronomers their priests 

5610
04:57:23,300 --> 04:57:25,900
developed extraordinary skills 
in four casting Heavenly 

5611
04:57:25,900 --> 04:57:28,400
occurrences. 
They could predict precisely 

5612
04:57:28,400 --> 04:57:31,300
when the Sun would rise to 
particular positions in the sky 

5613
04:57:31,300 --> 04:57:35,200
when the next new moon would 
occur and when specific Stars 

5614
04:57:35,200 --> 04:57:39,400
would rise, the Pharos vinyl 
Authority, agricultural planning

5615
04:57:39,400 --> 04:57:42,500
and religious ceremonies all 
depended on this knowledge which

5616
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:46,200
was not merely academic Speaking
of pharaohs, the Egyptians 

5617
04:57:46,200 --> 04:57:49,700
considered their rulers, to be 
actual Gods with direct ties to 

5618
04:57:49,700 --> 04:57:52,100
the heavens. 
Their entire approach to 

5619
04:57:52,100 --> 04:57:54,000
astronomy was influenced by this
belief. 

5620
04:57:54,800 --> 04:57:57,200
The Sun. 
God Ra was frequently equated 

5621
04:57:57,200 --> 04:58:00,700
with the pharaoh's divine nature
and in order to preserve Cosmic 

5622
04:58:00,700 --> 04:58:04,100
order significant rituals had to
be timed to coincide with 

5623
04:58:04,100 --> 04:58:07,500
astronomical occurrences. 
The idea that the solar year 

5624
04:58:07,500 --> 04:58:10,300
differs from the lunar year, 
which is employed by many other 

5625
04:58:10,300 --> 04:58:15,200
cultures was also created by the
Egyptians A solar year which is 

5626
04:58:15,200 --> 04:58:17,100
determined by the sun's apparent
position. 

5627
04:58:17,100 --> 04:58:21,800
In relation to the background 
Stars has roughly 365 and a 

5628
04:58:21,800 --> 04:58:24,900
quarter days, whereas a lunar 
year, which is determined by the

5629
04:58:24,900 --> 04:58:28,000
moon's phases has roughly 354 
days. 

5630
04:58:29,100 --> 04:58:32,400
Even though this might not seem 
like much, it adds up over time.

5631
04:58:33,300 --> 04:58:36,000
Seasons in a society with a 
lunar calendar alone would 

5632
04:58:36,000 --> 04:58:39,200
progressively become out of sync
with the calendar, the Egyptians

5633
04:58:39,200 --> 04:58:42,000
resolved, this issue by 
concentrating solely on the sun 

5634
04:58:42,000 --> 04:58:44,600
and stars and essentially 
disregarding the moon for 

5635
04:58:44,600 --> 04:58:48,000
calendar purposes. 
This was a groundbreaking method

5636
04:58:48,000 --> 04:58:51,200
that would eventually inform our
current calendar system and have

5637
04:58:51,200 --> 04:58:53,100
an impact on Greek and Roman 
calendars. 

5638
04:58:53,100 --> 04:58:56,900
However, Egyptian astronomers 
record-keeping was arguably. 

5639
04:58:56,900 --> 04:59:00,600
Its most remarkable feature, 
they tracked long-term Celestial

5640
04:59:00,600 --> 04:59:03,500
Cycles by keeping meticulous 
records of their observations, 

5641
04:59:03,500 --> 04:59:06,700
over centuries. 
They discovered that serious is 

5642
04:59:06,700 --> 04:59:09,600
rising, gradually changed in 
relation to their calendar. 

5643
04:59:10,200 --> 04:59:16,000
Completing a full cycle, every 
1,460 years, rather than simply 

5644
04:59:16,000 --> 04:59:17,500
rising at the same time every 
year. 

5645
04:59:18,700 --> 04:59:20,900
They came up with the idea of 
the suffix cycle. 

5646
04:59:21,600 --> 04:59:25,200
Which was named after Sophos 
another name for serious, as a 

5647
04:59:25,200 --> 04:59:28,300
result of this observation. 
It's almost unbelievable how 

5648
04:59:28,300 --> 04:59:31,900
accurate their observations are 
year after year, the heliacal 

5649
04:59:31,900 --> 04:59:34,900
rising of Sirius. 
The planets first appearance 

5650
04:59:34,900 --> 04:59:38,400
Before, Dawn after a period of 
invisibility, could be predicted

5651
04:59:38,400 --> 04:59:40,700
by Egyptian astronomers to 
within a day or two. 

5652
04:59:41,500 --> 04:59:44,400
They were able to observe that 
Venus has both Morning Star and 

5653
04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:47,800
evening star faces, and that 
Mars has a longer cycle than the

5654
04:59:47,800 --> 04:59:51,000
other planets that are visible. 
They even created tools to Aid 

5655
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:53,300
in their observations. 
They were able to align 

5656
04:59:53,300 --> 04:59:56,300
structures with astronomical 
accuracy, thanks to the market, 

5657
04:59:56,300 --> 04:59:59,500
which was basically a sighting 
tool made from a family, for 

5658
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:01,500
him. 
It served as an Antiquated, 

5659
05:00:01,500 --> 05:00:04,400
surveying tool that could 
accurately determine angles and 

5660
05:00:04,400 --> 05:00:07,000
directions when used in 
conjunction with a Plumb line 

5661
05:00:07,000 --> 05:00:09,200
appear. 
That explain the Motions of 

5662
05:00:09,200 --> 05:00:12,500
celestial bodies and their 
relevance to Earthly events are 

5663
05:00:12,500 --> 05:00:15,200
among the earliest known, 
astronomical writings produced 

5664
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:18,700
by the Egyptians. 
These records demonstrate a 

5665
05:00:18,700 --> 05:00:21,800
highly developed knowledge of 
astronomical cycles and how they

5666
05:00:21,800 --> 05:00:24,800
relate to pragmatic issues like 
farming and religious holidays. 

5667
05:00:24,800 --> 05:00:27,700
The way they combine their 
understanding of astronomy with 

5668
05:00:27,700 --> 05:00:29,000
their religious and 
philosophical. 

5669
05:00:29,000 --> 05:00:33,400
Beliefs is a intriguing The sky 
was more than just a group of 

5670
05:00:33,400 --> 05:00:36,700
far-off Lights to the Egyptians.
It was a blueprint for 

5671
05:00:36,700 --> 05:00:38,700
preserving Harmony Between 
Heaven and Earth. 

5672
05:00:38,700 --> 05:00:42,400
A map of the afterlife, and a 
roadmap for the pharaoh's 

5673
05:00:42,400 --> 05:00:45,400
journey to join the gods. 
A mythological framework for 

5674
05:00:45,400 --> 05:00:49,100
comprehending the daily cycle of
sunrise and sunset was provided 

5675
05:00:49,100 --> 05:00:52,500
by their goddess nut, who was 
set to swallow the Sun, every 

5676
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:54,300
evening and give birth to it 
every morning. 

5677
05:00:55,200 --> 05:00:59,100
Serious was connected to Isis, 
his Divine, consort and of Cyrus

5678
05:00:59,100 --> 05:01:01,800
the god of the afterlife to the 
constellation. 

5679
05:01:01,800 --> 05:01:06,000
We Now call Orion. these were 
not merely Tales, they were 

5680
05:01:06,000 --> 05:01:09,000
sophisticated attempts to use 
the conceptual tools at their 

5681
05:01:09,000 --> 05:01:12,700
disposal to make sense of the 
universe for Millennia to come 

5682
05:01:12,700 --> 05:01:15,300
civilizations would be 
influenced by the Egyptian 

5683
05:01:15,300 --> 05:01:18,400
approached to astronomy They 
established a model that other 

5684
05:01:18,400 --> 05:01:21,300
cultures would follow and expand
upon through their strategies 

5685
05:01:21,300 --> 05:01:23,100
for monitoring astronomical 
Cycles. 

5686
05:01:23,100 --> 05:01:26,600
Their methods for exact 
alignment and their Fusion of 

5687
05:01:26,600 --> 05:01:29,100
astronomical knowledge with 
real-world applications. 

5688
05:01:29,800 --> 05:01:32,100
That's not bad for a 
civilization that thrived more 

5689
05:01:32,100 --> 05:01:35,600
than 4,000 years ago, with only 
their eyes, their minds. 

5690
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:38,900
And the unwavering conviction 
that the secrets of the sky were

5691
05:01:38,900 --> 05:01:40,900
the keys to knowing everything 
that mattered. 

5692
05:01:40,900 --> 05:01:44,800
The Babylonians were the masters
of mathematics, if the Egyptians

5693
05:01:44,800 --> 05:01:47,000
were, the painstaking record 
keepers of the ancient 

5694
05:01:47,000 --> 05:01:50,100
astronomical world, you know 
what this needs? 

5695
05:01:51,000 --> 05:01:53,100
Numbers, lots and lots of 
numbers. 

5696
05:01:53,100 --> 05:01:56,400
These people thought after 
taking a quick, look at all 

5697
05:01:56,400 --> 05:02:00,000
those Celestial observations the
Babylonians who inhabited, what 

5698
05:02:00,000 --> 05:02:04,000
is now Iraq in Mesopotamia faced
a difficult dilemma, The 

5699
05:02:04,000 --> 05:02:07,200
Babylonians had to contend with 
the much less Dependable Tigris 

5700
05:02:07,200 --> 05:02:10,500
and Euphrates rivers, then the 
Egyptians who could count on the

5701
05:02:10,508 --> 05:02:13,900
Niles consistent. 
Flooding, Their ability to 

5702
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:17,200
comprehend, intricate patterns 
of rainfall River levels and 

5703
05:02:17,200 --> 05:02:20,200
seasonal variations, which 
varied considerably more 

5704
05:02:20,200 --> 05:02:23,100
drastically from year to year 
was essential to their 

5705
05:02:23,100 --> 05:02:26,200
agricultural success. 
They developed an obsession with

5706
05:02:26,200 --> 05:02:29,100
looking for patterns in 
everything, particularly the sky

5707
05:02:29,100 --> 05:02:33,000
as a result of this uncertainty.
Perhaps they could make more 

5708
05:02:33,000 --> 05:02:34,900
accurate predictions about 
events on Earth. 

5709
05:02:34,900 --> 05:02:37,900
If they could only figure out 
the laws governing Celestial 

5710
05:02:37,900 --> 05:02:40,800
movements, as a result. 
They created, what is now 

5711
05:02:40,800 --> 05:02:45,000
regarded as the first authentic,
mathematical astronomy, the 300 

5712
05:02:45,000 --> 05:02:48,200
degree circle, which is so 
essential to mathematics. 

5713
05:02:48,200 --> 05:02:51,700
And navigation that we still use
it today was invented by the 

5714
05:02:51,700 --> 05:02:55,700
Babylonians. 
Because 360 is divisible by so 

5715
05:02:55,700 --> 05:03:10,400
many numbers, 2 3 4, 5, 6, 8 9 
10, 12, 15, 18, 20 24, 30 36, 40

5716
05:03:10,400 --> 05:03:18,800
45, 60 72, 90, 120 and 180. 
They decided to use it in a 

5717
05:03:18,800 --> 05:03:20,200
world without computers or 
computers. 

5718
05:03:20,200 --> 05:03:22,600
This greatly simplified 
calculations. 

5719
05:03:22,600 --> 05:03:26,800
In addition, they created the 
sex adjustable base 60 system 

5720
05:03:26,800 --> 05:03:30,200
for measuring time and angles 
which divides an hour into 60 

5721
05:03:30,200 --> 05:03:32,200
minutes and a minute into 60 
seconds. 

5722
05:03:33,000 --> 05:03:35,900
Why 60? 
It is extremely helpful for 

5723
05:03:35,900 --> 05:03:38,900
breaking things down into 
smaller more manageable Parts 

5724
05:03:38,900 --> 05:03:42,900
because, like, 360 it has many 
factors here is where the 

5725
05:03:42,900 --> 05:03:46,200
Babylonians truly excelled. 
However, as they discovered that

5726
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:49,400
the planets are sensibly chaotic
movements, actually, followed 

5727
05:03:49,400 --> 05:03:52,500
mathematical patterns. 
They found that mathematical 

5728
05:03:52,500 --> 05:03:55,100
formulas, could be used to 
describe the motion of a planet 

5729
05:03:55,100 --> 05:03:58,400
if its position was closely 
monitored over a period of 

5730
05:03:58,408 --> 05:04:01,000
years. 
The notion that the heavens 

5731
05:04:01,000 --> 05:04:03,800
functioned in accordance with 
mathematical laws that people 

5732
05:04:03,800 --> 05:04:06,000
could learn and comprehend was 
revolutionary. 

5733
05:04:06,000 --> 05:04:09,900
Consider Mars for centuries. 
Astronomers have been baffled. 

5734
05:04:09,900 --> 05:04:13,300
By this planet seemingly 
unpredictable Behavior, like the

5735
05:04:13,300 --> 05:04:16,400
Sun and Moon, Mars would 
typically, travel steadily from 

5736
05:04:16,400 --> 05:04:20,600
west to east against the 
background Stars, however, it 

5737
05:04:20,600 --> 05:04:23,600
would occasionally slow down. 
Pause, go in the opposite 

5738
05:04:23,600 --> 05:04:26,900
direction for a few weeks, pause
once more, and then start moving

5739
05:04:26,900 --> 05:04:29,200
East. 
This was referred to by the 

5740
05:04:29,200 --> 05:04:33,300
Greeks as retrograde motion and 
it appeared to defy, any logical

5741
05:04:33,300 --> 05:04:36,200
notion of how celestial bodies 
ought to function like the 

5742
05:04:36,200 --> 05:04:38,700
mathematical detectives. 
They were the Babylonians 

5743
05:04:38,700 --> 05:04:42,100
tackled this problem. 
They accumulated massive tables 

5744
05:04:42,100 --> 05:04:45,700
of data by meticulously 
monitoring Mars position night 

5745
05:04:45,700 --> 05:04:48,900
after night, month after month 
and year after year. 

5746
05:04:49,900 --> 05:04:52,400
They have eventually found that 
the retrograde loops on Mars had

5747
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:57,100
a regular pattern repeating 
every 687 days, which is now 

5748
05:04:57,100 --> 05:04:58,800
known to be the orbital period 
of the planet. 

5749
05:04:58,800 --> 05:05:02,100
In order to forcast precisely 
when Mars would start, its 

5750
05:05:02,100 --> 05:05:05,500
retrograde motion, how long it 
would last and where the planet 

5751
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:08,900
would be at any given point in 
the future, they created complex

5752
05:05:08,900 --> 05:05:12,500
mathematical models, they only 
concentrated on identifying 

5753
05:05:12,500 --> 05:05:15,400
mathematical patterns, that 
worked not realizing that. 

5754
05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:17,900
Mars apparent motion was 
actually caused by Earth, 

5755
05:05:17,900 --> 05:05:21,200
passing Mars, in its orbit 
around the Sun, the Babylonians 

5756
05:05:21,200 --> 05:05:23,800
treated, every planet that was 
visible in the same way. 

5757
05:05:24,700 --> 05:05:27,700
For Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter 
and Saturn. 

5758
05:05:27,700 --> 05:05:30,600
They developed intricate 
mathematical models that were 

5759
05:05:30,600 --> 05:05:32,000
tailored to take into 
consideration. 

5760
05:05:32,000 --> 05:05:34,700
The unique characteristics and 
trends of each planet. 

5761
05:05:35,500 --> 05:05:38,100
Surprisingly accurate, these 
models frequently predicted 

5762
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:40,300
planetary positions to within a 
degree or two. 

5763
05:05:40,300 --> 05:05:43,600
They also significantly improved
our knowledge of lunar cycles. 

5764
05:05:43,600 --> 05:05:47,000
The Babylonians were able to 
predict eclipses with remarkable

5765
05:05:47,000 --> 05:05:50,500
accuracy, after they learned, 
that they follow an 18 year, 11 

5766
05:05:50,500 --> 05:05:54,200
day cycle known as the Saros. 
This was not merely academic 

5767
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:57,600
knowledge because eclipses were 
frequently interpreted as Divine

5768
05:05:57,600 --> 05:06:00,500
Omens that baloney and Priests 
who were able to predict them 

5769
05:06:00,500 --> 05:06:03,800
enjoyed great power and Prestige
give them that they operated 

5770
05:06:03,800 --> 05:06:06,800
without telescopes without 
access to contemporary 

5771
05:06:06,800 --> 05:06:09,600
mathematical notation. 
And without any knowledge of the

5772
05:06:09,600 --> 05:06:12,900
actual solar system structure, 
it is nearly impossible to 

5773
05:06:12,900 --> 05:06:15,900
comprehend the mathematical 
sophistication of Babylonian 

5774
05:06:15,900 --> 05:06:18,200
astronomy. 
They employed iterative 

5775
05:06:18,200 --> 05:06:21,100
algorithms produced mathematical
models that would not be out of 

5776
05:06:21,100 --> 05:06:24,200
place in a contemporary calculus
textbook and developed 

5777
05:06:24,200 --> 05:06:27,400
polynomial functions. 
Thousands of cuneiform scripted 

5778
05:06:27,400 --> 05:06:30,700
clay tablets that contain their 
astronomical records of survived

5779
05:06:30,700 --> 05:06:33,200
to this day. 
Perusing them is akin to 

5780
05:06:33,208 --> 05:06:35,600
appearing into the ancient 
mathematical astronomers 

5781
05:06:35,600 --> 05:06:37,900
Workshop. 
You can observe them solving 

5782
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:41,300
issues experimenting with 
various strategies and 

5783
05:06:41,300 --> 05:06:43,600
progressively improving their 
models to attain higher 

5784
05:06:43,600 --> 05:06:46,400
accuracy. 
Babylonian astronomers long-term

5785
05:06:46,400 --> 05:06:49,700
Outlook was among its most 
remarkable features because they

5786
05:06:49,700 --> 05:06:51,800
kept meticulous records for 
centuries. 

5787
05:06:51,800 --> 05:06:55,300
They were able to identify 
cycles and patterns that observe

5788
05:06:55,300 --> 05:06:59,000
as working over shorter time 
periods would miss They observed

5789
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:01,600
that some Celestial patterns 
required over decades and even 

5790
05:07:01,600 --> 05:07:04,100
centuries. 
In addition to years, they 

5791
05:07:04,100 --> 05:07:07,800
discovered, what a now known as 
great conjunctions rare, 

5792
05:07:07,800 --> 05:07:10,800
alignments of multiple planets 
that only happen once every few 

5793
05:07:10,800 --> 05:07:14,400
decades, as a result of their 
long-term approach, they were 

5794
05:07:14,400 --> 05:07:16,900
highly regarded as the most 
accomplished astronomers and 

5795
05:07:16,900 --> 05:07:19,500
mathematicians of antiquity 
because they were able to 

5796
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:21,300
forecast. 
These events centuries in 

5797
05:07:21,300 --> 05:07:23,900
advance. 
The Zodiac was also created by 

5798
05:07:23,900 --> 05:07:28,000
the Babylonians who divided the 
sky into 1230 degrees segments, 

5799
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:31,700
Each of which was connected to a
constellation along the sun's 

5800
05:07:31,700 --> 05:07:35,300
apparent annual path. 
This was mainly according at 

5801
05:07:35,300 --> 05:07:37,900
system that enabled them to 
precisely and mathematically 

5802
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:39,900
describe the positions of 
celestial objects. 

5803
05:07:39,900 --> 05:07:43,300
Not just for astrological 
purposes though. 

5804
05:07:43,300 --> 05:07:44,700
They did use it for that as 
well. 

5805
05:07:44,700 --> 05:07:48,400
It is difficult to overestimate 
their impact on later astronomy.

5806
05:07:49,100 --> 05:07:51,700
Greek astronomers, Drew 
extensively on Babylonian 

5807
05:07:51,700 --> 05:07:54,700
observations, and mathematical 
methods, and they started 

5808
05:07:54,700 --> 05:07:59,000
formulating their own theories. 
Babylonian mathematicians were 

5809
05:07:59,000 --> 05:08:01,500
the original creators of many of
the mathematical instruments 

5810
05:08:01,500 --> 05:08:04,000
that astronomers used during the
Middle Ages and into the 

5811
05:08:04,008 --> 05:08:06,300
Renaissance. 
It's especially amazing, how 

5812
05:08:06,300 --> 05:08:08,800
they were able to create such 
complex, mathematical models 

5813
05:08:08,800 --> 05:08:11,800
while operating under a totally 
false understanding of the 

5814
05:08:11,800 --> 05:08:15,800
structure of the solar system. 
They believed that the sun moon 

5815
05:08:15,800 --> 05:08:19,600
and planets all orbited the 
Earth, which they believed to be

5816
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:23,300
at the center of the universe. 
Their mathematical models, were 

5817
05:08:23,300 --> 05:08:26,200
precise enough to make amazing 
predictions about celestial 

5818
05:08:26,200 --> 05:08:28,300
events. 
In spite of this basic 

5819
05:08:28,300 --> 05:08:31,300
misunderstanding, the 
Babylonians demonstrated that it

5820
05:08:31,300 --> 05:08:33,700
is not always necessary to 
comprehend, the fundamental 

5821
05:08:33,700 --> 05:08:36,700
physics of a system in order to 
mathematically, explain Its 

5822
05:08:36,700 --> 05:08:39,000
Behavior. 
Even when your theoretical 

5823
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:42,300
framework is entirely incorrect,
there are situations when 

5824
05:08:42,300 --> 05:08:45,000
careful observation and 
mathematical analysis can yield 

5825
05:08:45,000 --> 05:08:48,400
valuable results. 
It began with some very patient 

5826
05:08:48,400 --> 05:08:51,800
astronomers in ancient 
Mesopotamia staring at the sky 

5827
05:08:51,800 --> 05:08:53,700
and writing numbers on clay 
tablets. 

5828
05:08:53,700 --> 05:08:56,700
This lesson would prove useful 
throughout the history of 

5829
05:08:56,700 --> 05:08:59,000
science. 
The Greeks on the other hand, 

5830
05:08:59,000 --> 05:09:01,700
had views on everything 
including the sky. 

5831
05:09:01,700 --> 05:09:05,300
If the Egyptians were the 
Practical astronomers and the 

5832
05:09:05,300 --> 05:09:07,700
Babylonians were the 
mathematical record Keepers. 

5833
05:09:07,700 --> 05:09:10,400
Then the Greeks were the ones 
who gazed up at the night sky 

5834
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:13,100
and asked themselves. 
This is all very nice, but what 

5835
05:09:13,100 --> 05:09:15,200
does it mean the Greeks wanted 
to know? 

5836
05:09:15,200 --> 05:09:17,100
Why celestial objects move the 
way. 

5837
05:09:17,100 --> 05:09:19,100
They did not just where they 
would be. 

5838
05:09:20,500 --> 05:09:23,400
Despite the fact that many of 
their conclusions were wildly 

5839
05:09:23,400 --> 05:09:27,900
incorrect, this move from what. 
And when to why signal, the 

5840
05:09:27,900 --> 05:09:30,500
start of what we might. 
Identify as modern scientific 

5841
05:09:30,500 --> 05:09:32,300
thinking. 
One of the first Greek 

5842
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:35,700
philosophers to take astronomy 
seriously, was thales of Meletis

5843
05:09:35,700 --> 05:09:40,200
who lived Circa 600 BCE, A 
battle between the lydians and 

5844
05:09:40,200 --> 05:09:43,200
Meads is said to have been ended
by thales famously prophesied. 

5845
05:09:43,200 --> 05:09:48,700
Solar eclipse and 585 BCE when 
both armies were so frightened 

5846
05:09:48,700 --> 05:09:51,600
by the unexpected darkness. 
That they promptly declared 

5847
05:09:51,600 --> 05:09:54,700
peace. 
Regardless of its veracity, this

5848
05:09:54,700 --> 05:09:57,200
tail demonstrates, the kind of 
authority that ancient 

5849
05:09:57,200 --> 05:10:00,100
astronomy. 
Could bestow however thales was 

5850
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:02,900
only the start. 
It was the Greeks who dared to 

5851
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:05,800
pose, more ambitious questions 
that truly revolutionized 

5852
05:10:05,800 --> 05:10:09,000
astronomy. 
Similar to an axe Amanda who 

5853
05:10:09,000 --> 05:10:11,800
postulated that the Earth was 
free to float in space without 

5854
05:10:11,800 --> 05:10:15,300
any assistance, a radical notion
that contradicted, the 

5855
05:10:15,300 --> 05:10:17,700
conventional wisdom that the 
Earth must be supported by 

5856
05:10:17,700 --> 05:10:20,700
something. 
He had a gigantic elephant, a 

5857
05:10:20,700 --> 05:10:24,200
giant turtle or some other 
Cosmic Foundation, then came 

5858
05:10:24,200 --> 05:10:27,800
Pythagoras man behind the 
well-known theorem made an even 

5859
05:10:27,808 --> 05:10:29,700
more significant contribution to
astronomy. 

5860
05:10:30,500 --> 05:10:33,100
The notion that the Universe 
functioned in accordance with 

5861
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:35,900
mathematical principles. 
Pythagoras. 

5862
05:10:35,900 --> 05:10:38,500
And his adherence held that the 
fundamental building blocks of 

5863
05:10:38,500 --> 05:10:41,900
reality were numbers and the 
profound truths about the nature

5864
05:10:41,900 --> 05:10:44,800
of existence could be discovered
by comprehending, the 

5865
05:10:44,800 --> 05:10:47,800
mathematical relationships, 
governing, Celestial movements, 

5866
05:10:47,800 --> 05:10:51,300
Pythagoras and his followers saw
that musical Harmony was based 

5867
05:10:51,300 --> 05:10:55,100
on basic mathematical ratios and
they theorized that the planets 

5868
05:10:55,100 --> 05:10:57,100
moving through their Celestial 
paths. 

5869
05:10:57,100 --> 05:11:00,200
Must create a kind of cosmic 
music, based on similar 

5870
05:11:00,200 --> 05:11:03,500
mathematical principles. 
This mathematical approach led 

5871
05:11:03,500 --> 05:11:05,600
to one of the most beautiful 
errors in the history of 

5872
05:11:05,600 --> 05:11:07,900
astronomy. 
The idea of the music of the 

5873
05:11:07,900 --> 05:11:10,200
sphere's. 
They thought that because we had

5874
05:11:10,200 --> 05:11:13,200
been exposed to this Celestial 
music since birth, we were 

5875
05:11:13,208 --> 05:11:15,800
unable to hear it, even though 
it was playing all around us 

5876
05:11:15,800 --> 05:11:18,600
there, it's a beautiful notional
and holy and correct. 

5877
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:21,200
It highlights a significant 
aspect of Greek. 

5878
05:11:21,200 --> 05:11:24,300
Thought they sought to 
understand and give meaning, to 

5879
05:11:24,300 --> 05:11:27,300
Celestial phenomena rather than 
merely describe them. 

5880
05:11:27,300 --> 05:11:32,000
Plato, who wrote his well known 
dialogue, Tamiya around 380 BC 

5881
05:11:32,000 --> 05:11:34,700
and offered a thorough Theory 
regarding the universe's 

5882
05:11:34,700 --> 05:11:36,600
creation. 
Marked the Pinnacle of this 

5883
05:11:36,600 --> 05:11:39,800
Quest For Greater meaning. 
Plato, claimed that a Divine 

5884
05:11:39,800 --> 05:11:43,200
Craftsman known as the demiurge,
created the universe by 

5885
05:11:43,200 --> 05:11:46,000
arranging chaos, into a logical 
harmonious hole using 

5886
05:11:46,000 --> 05:11:48,200
mathematical principles 
Aristotle. 

5887
05:11:48,200 --> 05:11:51,500
A pupil of Plato took these 
Concepts and ran with them, 

5888
05:11:51,500 --> 05:11:54,800
developing the universe model 
that would dominate thought for 

5889
05:11:54,800 --> 05:11:58,200
almost two millennia. 
According to Aristotle, the 

5890
05:11:58,200 --> 05:12:01,700
universe was made up of a number
of nested, crystalline spheres. 

5891
05:12:01,700 --> 05:12:05,000
Each of which carried a 
celestial object in its orbit 

5892
05:12:05,000 --> 05:12:07,300
around the Earth, which was 
stationary at the center of the 

5893
05:12:07,300 --> 05:12:09,700
universe. 
Many of the observations made by

5894
05:12:09,700 --> 05:12:12,000
ancient astronomers were 
explained by this model. 

5895
05:12:12,800 --> 05:12:15,400
Because all of the stars were 
embedded in the outermost sphere

5896
05:12:15,400 --> 05:12:19,200
which rotated once a day, they 
stayed fixed in relation to one 

5897
05:12:19,200 --> 05:12:22,800
another. 
Because each planet Moon and Sun

5898
05:12:22,800 --> 05:12:25,800
had its own sphere. 
They traveled across the sky at 

5899
05:12:25,800 --> 05:12:28,400
different speeds and took 
different routes Aristotle. 

5900
05:12:28,400 --> 05:12:31,100
However, attempted to explain 
why the universe had to be this 

5901
05:12:31,100 --> 05:12:33,900
way rather than merely 
explaining the mechanics of 

5902
05:12:33,900 --> 05:12:37,500
celestial motion. 
Since the Earth was clearly the 

5903
05:12:37,500 --> 05:12:40,800
heaviest object in the area and 
heavy objects gravitate toward 

5904
05:12:40,800 --> 05:12:43,400
the center. 
He contended that the Earth must

5905
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:46,200
be at the center. 
Since circles were the most 

5906
05:12:46,200 --> 05:12:50,000
ideal geometric shape and the 
heavens had to be Flawless. 

5907
05:12:50,000 --> 05:12:53,600
He insisted that. 
All celestial objects must move 

5908
05:12:53,600 --> 05:12:57,400
in perfect circles, this Union 
of philosophy mathematics and 

5909
05:12:57,400 --> 05:12:59,200
observation was distinctly, 
Greek. 

5910
05:13:00,000 --> 05:13:02,400
They sought to comprehend. 
The fundamental ideas, that 

5911
05:13:02,400 --> 05:13:05,300
underpin the necessity and 
inevitability of the celestial 

5912
05:13:05,300 --> 05:13:07,400
movements. 
Not merely to monitor them. 

5913
05:13:07,400 --> 05:13:10,800
Hit Parker's one of the most 
remarkable Greek astronomers 

5914
05:13:10,800 --> 05:13:15,200
lived in the second century BC 
and produced observations that 

5915
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:17,200
were so accurate. 
They were unrivaled for more 

5916
05:13:17,200 --> 05:13:20,200
than a millennium. 
By charting the locations and 

5917
05:13:20,200 --> 05:13:23,400
relative brightnesses of more 
than 800 Stars hipparcos 

5918
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:25,300
produced, the first thorough 
star catalog. 

5919
05:13:26,100 --> 05:13:28,800
Additionally, he discovered the 
precession of the equinoxes, 

5920
05:13:28,800 --> 05:13:32,200
which is the gradual oscillation
in Earth's rotation, that 

5921
05:13:32,200 --> 05:13:34,100
results in a shift in the north 
Celestial. 

5922
05:13:34,100 --> 05:13:39,100
Poles position over a roughly 
26,000 years cycle, a park has 

5923
05:13:39,100 --> 05:13:42,000
made this discovery after 
noticing minor but consistent 

5924
05:13:42,000 --> 05:13:44,900
variations and star positions 
while comparing his own 

5925
05:13:44,900 --> 05:13:49,000
observations with those of 
previous astronomers Saw these 

5926
05:13:49,000 --> 05:13:52,200
discrepancies as proof of a 
gradual long-term shift in Earth

5927
05:13:52,200 --> 05:13:55,400
orientation, with respect to the
Stars, which are less attentive 

5928
05:13:55,400 --> 05:13:58,200
Observer might have mistakenly 
ascribed to errors in the older 

5929
05:13:58,200 --> 05:14:00,400
records. 
It takes extraordinary, 

5930
05:14:00,400 --> 05:14:04,000
Precision to detect procession 
even over the course of a human 

5931
05:14:04,000 --> 05:14:05,600
lifetime. 
The shift we're discussing 

5932
05:14:05,600 --> 05:14:09,400
roughly one degree. 
Every 72 years is hardly notice 

5933
05:14:09,400 --> 05:14:13,500
of however was cautious enough 
in his own measurements and had 

5934
05:14:13,500 --> 05:14:15,600
access to Babylonian records 
dating back. 

5935
05:14:15,600 --> 05:14:18,800
Several centuries to pick up on 
this remarkably subtle effect. 

5936
05:14:18,800 --> 05:14:22,500
Hit Parker's significantly 
Advanced our knowledge of the 

5937
05:14:22,500 --> 05:14:25,400
Moon and Sun. 
He estimated the length of the 

5938
05:14:25,400 --> 05:14:28,400
lunar month to be less than one 
second accurate, and he 

5939
05:14:28,400 --> 05:14:31,100
calculated the length of the 
year to be within roughly six 

5940
05:14:31,100 --> 05:14:34,400
minutes of the right value. 
He even tried using a solar 

5941
05:14:34,400 --> 05:14:37,300
eclipse to calculate the 
distance to the Moon but his 

5942
05:14:37,300 --> 05:14:41,700
result was only approximately 
accurate aristarchus of Samos a 

5943
05:14:41,700 --> 05:14:44,900
Greek astronomer who lived in 
the third Century BCE was 

5944
05:14:44,900 --> 05:14:48,700
arguably the most ambitious he 
made a complet Neatly novel 

5945
05:14:48,700 --> 05:14:52,600
suggestion that the Sun not the 
Earth was the center of the 

5946
05:14:52,600 --> 05:14:55,400
universe. 
In order to explain the apparent

5947
05:14:55,400 --> 05:14:57,900
motion of celestial objects 
without requiring the entire 

5948
05:14:57,900 --> 05:14:59,600
universe to revolve around the 
earth. 

5949
05:14:59,600 --> 05:15:03,000
Aristarchus proposed that the 
Earth rotated on its axis. 

5950
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:05,800
Once daily and orbited the sun 
once annually. 

5951
05:15:05,800 --> 05:15:08,200
Other Greek astronomers, largely
disregarded. 

5952
05:15:08,200 --> 05:15:11,000
This extremely audacious notion,
why? 

5953
05:15:11,000 --> 05:15:13,400
Because it appeared to go 
against both care. 

5954
05:15:13,400 --> 05:15:17,500
Lo observation and Common Sense,
Would we not sense the earth 

5955
05:15:17,500 --> 05:15:20,000
rotation wouldn't? 
The Stars seem to change 

5956
05:15:20,000 --> 05:15:21,900
position? 
As we looked at them from 

5957
05:15:21,900 --> 05:15:24,100
various points in our orbit. 
If the Earth were traveling 

5958
05:15:24,100 --> 05:15:27,300
through space considering the 
observational instruments at the

5959
05:15:27,308 --> 05:15:30,200
Greeks, disposal. 
These objections were entirely 

5960
05:15:30,200 --> 05:15:32,500
valid. 
Since they had no reference 

5961
05:15:32,500 --> 05:15:35,900
point out, the rotating system, 
they were unable to perceive the

5962
05:15:35,900 --> 05:15:38,900
effects of Earth's rotation and 
were unable to detect the 

5963
05:15:38,900 --> 05:15:41,800
extremely subtle Parallax 
shifts, that would result from 

5964
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:44,500
Stella motion. 
Therefore, the majority of Greek

5965
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:46,900
astronomers continued to use 
using increasingly intricate 

5966
05:15:46,900 --> 05:15:50,400
version of the earth-centered 
universe rather than adopting 

5967
05:15:50,400 --> 05:15:55,000
aristarchus heliocentric model. 
Claudius Ptolemy created the 

5968
05:15:55,000 --> 05:15:57,400
most advanced of these in the 
second century CE. 

5969
05:15:58,300 --> 05:16:00,500
In order to account for the 
intricate movements of the 

5970
05:16:00,508 --> 05:16:02,800
planets, while maintaining the 
Earth at the center of 

5971
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:05,000
everything. 
Ptolemy's model employed, 

5972
05:16:05,000 --> 05:16:08,000
intricate combinations of 
circles, moving on other circles

5973
05:16:08,000 --> 05:16:11,500
referred to as epicycles for 
more than a millennium. 

5974
05:16:11,500 --> 05:16:14,900
Ptolemy system was the accepted 
astronomical model because it 

5975
05:16:14,900 --> 05:16:17,600
was mathematically complex and 
reasonably accurate in 

5976
05:16:17,608 --> 05:16:19,300
predicting the positions of 
planets. 

5977
05:16:20,200 --> 05:16:23,500
It also required dozens of 
meticulously adjusted circles to

5978
05:16:23,508 --> 05:16:25,900
match observations, making it 
extremely complex. 

5979
05:16:26,900 --> 05:16:29,100
To keep the model functioning 
and increasing. 

5980
05:16:29,100 --> 05:16:31,800
Number of epicycles had to be 
added as astronomical 

5981
05:16:31,800 --> 05:16:33,700
observations improved over the 
centuries. 

5982
05:16:33,700 --> 05:16:36,600
Significant progress was also 
made by the Greeks and 

5983
05:16:36,600 --> 05:16:39,200
determining the Earth's size and
the separations between 

5984
05:16:39,200 --> 05:16:42,600
celestial bodies. 
Eratosthenes determined the 

5985
05:16:42,600 --> 05:16:44,800
circumference of the Earth in 
240. 

5986
05:16:44,800 --> 05:16:48,700
BC ee like comparing the angles 
of Shadows in two cities on the 

5987
05:16:48,700 --> 05:16:51,200
same day. 
And at the same time to within a

5988
05:16:51,200 --> 05:16:53,500
few percent of the right value, 
his result was accurate 

5989
05:16:53,500 --> 05:16:56,600
eratosthenes approach was 
elegantly straightforward. 

5990
05:16:56,600 --> 05:16:58,900
He was aware that at noon on the
summer. 

5991
05:16:58,900 --> 05:17:02,300
Solstice, the sun was directly 
overhead in the city of scene, 

5992
05:17:02,300 --> 05:17:06,400
present day, S1 Egypt, and Sean 
straight down a deep. 

5993
05:17:06,400 --> 05:17:10,300
Well, he used the shadow cast by
a vertical pole, to determine 

5994
05:17:10,300 --> 05:17:14,500
the sun's angle in Alexandria, 
some 500 miles to the north on 

5995
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:17,600
the same day. 
And at the same time, He was 

5996
05:17:17,608 --> 05:17:19,800
able to determine the 
circumference of the earth by 

5997
05:17:19,800 --> 05:17:23,100
using the geometry of circles, 
and the known distance between 

5998
05:17:23,100 --> 05:17:26,100
the two cities, this 
accomplishment is especially 

5999
05:17:26,100 --> 05:17:28,900
noteworthy because it called for
both mathematical proficiency 

6000
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:32,800
and the organizational ability 
to coordinate observations over 

6001
05:17:32,800 --> 05:17:36,000
a great distance. 
It illustrates the advanced 

6002
05:17:36,000 --> 05:17:39,000
degree of scientific cooperation
that Greek researchers were able

6003
05:17:39,000 --> 05:17:42,100
to accomplish the Greeks 
contribution to astronomy was 

6004
05:17:42,100 --> 05:17:44,900
their method of comprehending. 
The universe, not just their 

6005
05:17:44,900 --> 05:17:48,000
particular discoveries, they 
were the first Society to 

6006
05:17:48,000 --> 05:17:51,500
approach astronomical phenomenon
methodically using philosophical

6007
05:17:51,500 --> 05:17:53,700
analysis and mathematical 
reasoning. 

6008
05:17:54,500 --> 05:17:57,200
They created many of the logical
and mathematical instruments, 

6009
05:17:57,200 --> 05:17:59,700
that would be crucial for later 
developments in astronomy. 

6010
05:18:00,300 --> 05:18:03,000
And they established the idea 
that the Universe functions in 

6011
05:18:03,000 --> 05:18:06,500
accordance with logical 
discoverable laws, even though 

6012
05:18:06,500 --> 05:18:08,700
they were Incorrect. 
And they were incorrect about a 

6013
05:18:08,700 --> 05:18:11,000
lot of things. 
Their errors were constructive 

6014
05:18:11,000 --> 05:18:13,500
ones, that produced better 
inquiries, and more advanced 

6015
05:18:13,500 --> 05:18:15,200
methods of comprehending the 
cosmos. 

6016
05:18:16,000 --> 05:18:18,700
In astronomy, the Greeks left 
behind a whole system of 

6017
05:18:18,700 --> 05:18:21,800
scientific investigation. 
Not just the particular facts. 

6018
05:18:21,800 --> 05:18:24,200
They found. 
For a group of people who 

6019
05:18:24,200 --> 05:18:26,500
believed that the Earth was 
motionless at the center of the 

6020
05:18:26,500 --> 05:18:28,100
universe. 
It's not bad. 

6021
05:18:28,100 --> 05:18:30,700
You might assume that 
astronomical knowledge would 

6022
05:18:30,700 --> 05:18:33,100
have vanished into the European 
Dark Ages, following the 

6023
05:18:33,100 --> 05:18:34,600
collapse of the Western Roman 
Empire. 

6024
05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:38,800
However, it's one of those 
historical oversimplifications 

6025
05:18:38,800 --> 05:18:43,000
that create great story but a 
bad history, the Islamic world 

6026
05:18:43,000 --> 05:18:46,000
was going through, what is now 
known as the Islamic golden age.

6027
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:49,600
And astronomy was one of its 
crown jewels even though Europe 

6028
05:18:49,600 --> 05:18:53,000
was going through some difficult
times, Islamic scholars began to

6029
05:18:53,000 --> 05:18:56,900
improve expand and in many cases
completely transformed, the 

6030
05:18:56,908 --> 05:19:00,300
astronomical knowledge of the 
Greeks Babylonians and Indians 

6031
05:19:00,300 --> 05:19:03,500
in the 8th Century CE. 
They made some of the most 

6032
05:19:03,500 --> 05:19:07,500
important contributions to 
pretel astronomy by combining 

6033
05:19:07,500 --> 05:19:09,500
their religious convictions. 
Pragmatic. 

6034
05:19:09,500 --> 05:19:12,600
Need, and intellectual 
curiosity, the religious 

6035
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:15,700
motivational was a specialty. 
Significant Muslims were 

6036
05:19:15,700 --> 05:19:17,600
required by Islamic law to face 
Mecca. 

6037
05:19:17,600 --> 05:19:20,300
And pray five times a day. 
So wherever you were in the 

6038
05:19:20,300 --> 05:19:22,400
world, you had to find the right
direction. 

6039
05:19:22,400 --> 05:19:25,600
Additionally, you had to be 
aware of the exact time for 

6040
05:19:25,600 --> 05:19:27,700
prayers, which changed 
throughout the day. 

6041
05:19:27,700 --> 05:19:30,700
And year, based on the sun's 
position, you can see why 

6042
05:19:30,700 --> 05:19:33,500
Islamic culture plays such a 
high value on astronomical 

6043
05:19:33,500 --> 05:19:35,800
accuracy. 
When you combine this with the 

6044
05:19:35,800 --> 05:19:38,200
requirement to determine the 
start of lunar months for 

6045
05:19:38,200 --> 05:19:40,800
religious. 
Observance is however, the 

6046
05:19:40,800 --> 05:19:43,400
Islamic astronomers did much 
more than merely resolve 

6047
05:19:43,400 --> 05:19:46,700
pragmatic religious issues. 
They created observatories 

6048
05:19:46,700 --> 05:19:51,200
studied and translated ancient 
texts, created new mathematical 

6049
05:19:51,200 --> 05:19:53,600
methods and made observations, 
with never. 

6050
05:19:53,600 --> 05:19:57,800
Before seen accuracy in many 
respects, they were the first 

6051
05:19:57,800 --> 05:20:01,100
astronomers to pursue a career 
devoted to studying the heavens 

6052
05:20:01,100 --> 05:20:04,000
during the late night. 
An early 10th centuries. 

6053
05:20:04,000 --> 05:20:07,200
Alberti was one of the most 
remarkable early Islamic 

6054
05:20:07,200 --> 05:20:10,800
astronomers. after applying 
rigorous mathematical analysis 

6055
05:20:10,800 --> 05:20:14,300
to ptolemy's Old observations 
albertan found that many of his 

6056
05:20:14,300 --> 05:20:17,500
measurements required 
substantial, Corrections, He 

6057
05:20:17,500 --> 05:20:20,200
calculated the solar years 
length to within two minutes and

6058
05:20:20,200 --> 05:20:23,900
22 seconds of the right answer. 
Achieving an accuracy that would

6059
05:20:23,900 --> 05:20:26,000
not be surpassed for several 
centuries. 

6060
05:20:26,000 --> 05:20:28,900
Albertan also observed, the 
sun's apparent movement year 

6061
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:32,400
round and found that the sun's 
perihelion or closest approach 

6062
05:20:32,400 --> 05:20:34,400
to Earth was progressively 
changing. 

6063
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:37,900
This observation demonstrated 
that Earth's, elliptical orbit, 

6064
05:20:37,900 --> 05:20:41,400
rotates slowly a phenomenon, 
that would not be completely 

6065
05:20:41,400 --> 05:20:44,500
understood until centuries. 
Later, when Newton developed his

6066
05:20:44,500 --> 05:20:47,700
theory of gravitation. 
However, the institutional 

6067
05:20:47,700 --> 05:20:50,200
approach that Islamic 
astronomers developed was 

6068
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:53,100
perhaps even more impressive 
than individual discoveries. 

6069
05:20:53,900 --> 05:20:56,200
They set up important 
observatories in places like 

6070
05:20:56,200 --> 05:20:59,900
Baghdad Damascus and later 
summer Khan and Istanbul. 

6071
05:21:01,000 --> 05:21:03,200
They were research institutes. 
Where groups of astronomers? 

6072
05:21:03,200 --> 05:21:06,300
Collaborated on long-term 
projects, keeping meticulous 

6073
05:21:06,300 --> 05:21:08,900
records and transferring 
Knowledge from one generation to

6074
05:21:08,900 --> 05:21:10,900
the next. 
These were more than just 

6075
05:21:10,900 --> 05:21:13,700
building with instruments 
founded in the early 19th 

6076
05:21:13,700 --> 05:21:15,700
century. 
The Observatory at Baghdad was a

6077
05:21:15,700 --> 05:21:19,100
specially noteworthy. 
Here astronomers worked on, 

6078
05:21:19,100 --> 05:21:21,300
improving star catalogs 
improving. 

6079
05:21:21,300 --> 05:21:24,200
Planetary position, prediction 
techniques and carrying out, 

6080
05:21:24,208 --> 05:21:26,800
systematic observations of 
celestial phenomena. 

6081
05:21:26,800 --> 05:21:29,700
They were able to combine 
Knowledge from all over the 

6082
05:21:29,700 --> 05:21:31,700
world because they had access to
libraries. 

6083
05:21:31,700 --> 05:21:36,600
That held astronomical texts 
from Persian Indian Chinese and 

6084
05:21:36,600 --> 05:21:39,300
Greek sources. 
The development of the Zedge 

6085
05:21:39,300 --> 05:21:41,600
comprehensive. 
Astronomical tables, that could 

6086
05:21:41,600 --> 05:21:44,900
be used to forecast, the 
positions of the sun, moon, and 

6087
05:21:44,900 --> 05:21:48,300
planets, at any given time was 
one of the most ambitious 

6088
05:21:48,300 --> 05:21:50,600
Endeavors carried out by Islamic
astronomers. 

6089
05:21:51,300 --> 05:21:54,700
These tables which frequently 
reflected Decades of Labor, by 

6090
05:21:54,700 --> 05:21:58,100
teams of astronomers required, a
great deal of meticulous, 

6091
05:21:58,100 --> 05:22:02,000
observation and mathematical 
computation the Ziggy sultani 

6092
05:22:02,000 --> 05:22:05,000
which beg and his group produced
at the summer camp, observatory 

6093
05:22:05,000 --> 05:22:07,700
in the 15th century is the most 
well-known of these. 

6094
05:22:08,500 --> 05:22:12,000
This work was so accurate that 
well, into the telescopic age, 

6095
05:22:12,000 --> 05:22:15,100
it continued to be the standard 
reference for astronomical 

6096
05:22:15,100 --> 05:22:17,100
calculations in many parts of 
the world. 

6097
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:20,700
Significant progress was also 
made by Islamic astronomers in 

6098
05:22:20,700 --> 05:22:22,900
the mathematical methods 
necessary for astronomy. 

6099
05:22:24,000 --> 05:22:27,800
By developing the sine cosine 
and tangent functions which 

6100
05:22:27,800 --> 05:22:29,600
remain essential to mathematics 
today. 

6101
05:22:29,600 --> 05:22:33,300
They elevated trigonometry to a 
highly Advanced mathematical 

6102
05:22:33,300 --> 05:22:35,500
tool. 
Additionally, they made 

6103
05:22:35,500 --> 05:22:38,700
significant contributions to 
algebra by creating techniques 

6104
05:22:38,700 --> 05:22:41,400
for resolving challenging 
equations that were necessary 

6105
05:22:41,400 --> 05:22:45,200
for computations in astronomy, 
theoretical astronomy or the 

6106
05:22:45,208 --> 05:22:47,800
creation of alternative models 
to explain Celestial. 

6107
05:22:47,800 --> 05:22:51,300
Motions was the focus of some of
the most inventive Islamic 

6108
05:22:51,300 --> 05:22:54,000
astronomers. 
From a philosophical point of 

6109
05:22:54,000 --> 05:22:56,600
view, the ptolemaic system had 
always been a little 

6110
05:22:56,608 --> 05:22:59,500
disappointing due to its 
intricate epicycle Arrangements.

6111
05:23:00,500 --> 05:23:03,300
Alternative methods were 
developed by Islamic astronomers

6112
05:23:03,300 --> 05:23:06,300
such as alberuni. 
And I hate them known as 

6113
05:23:06,300 --> 05:23:09,200
al-hasan in the West in an 
effort to provide more 

6114
05:23:09,200 --> 05:23:11,500
physically plausible 
explanations for planetary 

6115
05:23:11,500 --> 05:23:13,900
motions. 
The scientific methodology of 

6116
05:23:13,900 --> 05:23:16,900
al-bari who lived in the 11th 
century was a specialty 

6117
05:23:16,900 --> 05:23:19,700
noteworthy. 
He rejected explanations that 

6118
05:23:19,700 --> 05:23:23,300
could not be empirically tested 
and insisted that conclusions. 

6119
05:23:23,300 --> 05:23:26,800
Be drawn solely from meticulous 
observations and mathematical 

6120
05:23:26,800 --> 05:23:30,000
analysis. 
Additionally, he demonstrated a 

6121
05:23:30,000 --> 05:23:32,800
level of intellectual Integrity.
That was uncommon for his era, 

6122
05:23:32,800 --> 05:23:36,200
by candidly acknowledging, the 
shortcomings of his techniques 

6123
05:23:36,200 --> 05:23:39,600
and the unpredictability of his 
measurements using a different 

6124
05:23:39,600 --> 05:23:43,000
approach than eratosthenes 
Albury carefully, measured the 

6125
05:23:43,000 --> 05:23:46,300
circumference of the earth and 
his results were accurate within

6126
05:23:46,300 --> 05:23:50,500
1% of the right value. 
In addition, he studied lunar 

6127
05:23:50,500 --> 05:23:52,500
craters in. 
Great detail and came to the 

6128
05:23:52,508 --> 05:23:55,400
accurate conclusion. 
That impacts not volcanic 

6129
05:23:55,400 --> 05:23:57,800
activity, were responsible for 
their formation. 

6130
05:23:58,600 --> 05:24:01,700
This conclusion would not be 
accepted by European astronomers

6131
05:24:01,700 --> 05:24:04,900
for several more centuries. 
The creation of more precise 

6132
05:24:04,900 --> 05:24:07,400
tools for observing. 
The Stars was one of Islamic 

6133
05:24:07,400 --> 05:24:09,400
astronomers most important 
contributions. 

6134
05:24:10,200 --> 05:24:13,300
They developed better models of 
the astrolabe, an advanced 

6135
05:24:13,300 --> 05:24:15,700
instrument, that could be used 
to measure the positions of 

6136
05:24:15,708 --> 05:24:19,800
planets, and stars, calculate, 
local, time and resolve a number

6137
05:24:19,800 --> 05:24:22,900
of astronomical issues. 
In addition, Islamic instrument 

6138
05:24:22,900 --> 05:24:26,400
makers, created The Talk. 
The quadrant and several types 

6139
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:29,500
of sundials, all of, which were 
intended to more, precisely 

6140
05:24:29,500 --> 05:24:32,600
address particular, astronomical
issues than early devices. 

6141
05:24:33,500 --> 05:24:36,200
These tools were frequently, 
both scientific and artistic 

6142
05:24:36,200 --> 05:24:39,100
Creations embellished with 
calligraphy and elaborate 

6143
05:24:39,100 --> 05:24:42,200
geometric designs in the hands 
of Islamic artists. 

6144
05:24:42,200 --> 05:24:45,700
The astrolabe in particular 
became so sophisticated that it 

6145
05:24:45,708 --> 05:24:49,100
transformed into a portable 
analog computer that could solve

6146
05:24:49,100 --> 05:24:51,600
a variety of navigational and 
astronomical issues. 

6147
05:24:52,400 --> 05:24:54,500
With a single device. 
Small enough to carry in one 

6148
05:24:54,500 --> 05:24:56,500
hand. 
A competent user could predict 

6149
05:24:56,500 --> 05:25:00,200
the rising and setting times of 
stars determine the time of day 

6150
05:25:00,200 --> 05:25:03,000
or night, find the direction of 
Mecca from any location. 

6151
05:25:03,000 --> 05:25:06,800
And even cast, horoscopes 
important observations were also

6152
05:25:06,800 --> 05:25:10,300
made by Islamic astronomers, 
they created star catalogs that 

6153
05:25:10,300 --> 05:25:12,700
were more thorough and accurate 
than any previously, published 

6154
05:25:12,700 --> 05:25:16,800
ones The observed comets 
supernovae and other ephemeral, 

6155
05:25:16,800 --> 05:25:18,700
Celestial phenomena in great 
detail. 

6156
05:25:18,700 --> 05:25:21,900
They improved predictive models 
by tracking Planet movements 

6157
05:25:21,900 --> 05:25:23,600
with previously, unheard of 
accuracy. 

6158
05:25:23,600 --> 05:25:27,200
In the 10th Century, Abdul 
Rahman Sufi made one 

6159
05:25:27,200 --> 05:25:29,200
particularly significant 
discovery. 

6160
05:25:30,300 --> 05:25:33,800
Discovered a fuzzy star-like 
object that hadn't been in any 

6161
05:25:33,800 --> 05:25:37,200
of the early catalogs while he 
was assembling his star catalog.

6162
05:25:38,000 --> 05:25:40,400
He referred to this object as a 
nebulous star. 

6163
05:25:40,400 --> 05:25:44,200
But in reality, it was the 
Andromeda galaxy, the first 

6164
05:25:44,200 --> 05:25:47,100
galaxies, other than the Milky 
Way that astronomers had ever 

6165
05:25:47,100 --> 05:25:49,600
observed. 
It would take another thousand 

6166
05:25:49,600 --> 05:25:52,700
years for also to realize that 
he was staring at a galaxy with 

6167
05:25:52,700 --> 05:25:56,600
100s of billions of stars. 
Islamic astronomy had many uses 

6168
05:25:56,600 --> 05:26:00,100
outside of religious 
observances, Islamic Traders and

6169
05:26:00,100 --> 05:26:03,800
adventurers required precise, 
navigational techniques because 

6170
05:26:03,800 --> 05:26:06,700
they were traversing great 
distances by land and sea. 

6171
05:26:07,600 --> 05:26:10,000
The Islamic astronomers 
established, the mathematical 

6172
05:26:10,000 --> 05:26:13,500
underpinnings for the ensuing, 
great Age of Exploration by 

6173
05:26:13,500 --> 05:26:16,300
developing Advanced methods for 
calculating latitude and 

6174
05:26:16,300 --> 05:26:19,700
longitude, they made important 
contributions to timekeeping as 

6175
05:26:19,700 --> 05:26:21,900
well. 
Islamic astronomers created 

6176
05:26:21,900 --> 05:26:25,400
increasingly precise, sundials 
water clocks and other 

6177
05:26:25,400 --> 05:26:28,900
timepieces For both practical 
and religious reasons. 

6178
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:31,700
They produced comprehensive 
tables that displayed the 

6179
05:26:31,700 --> 05:26:34,900
sunrise and sunset times for 
various latitudes throughout the

6180
05:26:34,900 --> 05:26:38,600
year, most significantly Islamic
astronomers preserved in 

6181
05:26:38,608 --> 05:26:40,100
advance. 
The knowledge base, they had 

6182
05:26:40,100 --> 05:26:43,800
acquired from past societies. 
They did more than simply 

6183
05:26:43,800 --> 05:26:47,800
replicate old books, they filled
in the blanks fixed mistakes, 

6184
05:26:47,800 --> 05:26:50,500
and expanded our understanding 
of the universe. 

6185
05:26:51,400 --> 05:26:53,600
Many of the Mysteries that had 
baffled, the Ancients had 

6186
05:26:53,600 --> 05:26:56,700
already been resolved by Islamic
astronomers when European 

6187
05:26:56,700 --> 05:26:59,300
scholars started to ReDiscover 
astronomy during the 

6188
05:26:59,300 --> 05:27:01,700
Renaissance. 
It is impossible to overestimate

6189
05:27:01,700 --> 05:27:04,700
the impact of Islamic astronomy 
on subsequent developments in 

6190
05:27:04,700 --> 05:27:07,600
Europe. 
Copernicus made extensive use of

6191
05:27:07,608 --> 05:27:11,000
Islamic astronomers observations
and mathematical methods in the 

6192
05:27:11,008 --> 05:27:13,000
development of his heliocentric 
model. 

6193
05:27:13,700 --> 05:27:16,100
The Islamic Golden Age, produced
many of the mathematical 

6194
05:27:16,100 --> 05:27:19,200
instruments that were crucial to
the Scientific Revolution in 

6195
05:27:19,200 --> 05:27:21,000
addition to Scientific 
advancements. 

6196
05:27:21,000 --> 05:27:24,200
Islamic astronomy, has left. 
Its mark on the terminology, we 

6197
05:27:24,200 --> 05:27:27,800
used to describe the universe. 
The Arabic origins of many of 

6198
05:27:27,800 --> 05:27:30,800
the modern star names, 
Elder-Beerman Altair, 

6199
05:27:30,800 --> 05:27:35,100
Beetlejuice and rigel, reflect 
the crucial role that Islamic 

6200
05:27:35,100 --> 05:27:38,100
astronomers played in cataloging
and researching the night sky. 

6201
05:27:38,100 --> 05:27:40,900
Chinese, astronomers were 
approaching the study of the 

6202
05:27:40,900 --> 05:27:44,100
universe in a totally different 
way than Islamic and European 

6203
05:27:44,100 --> 05:27:46,500
astronomers who were occupied 
with debating. 

6204
05:27:46,500 --> 05:27:49,400
Whether the Sun or the Earth was
at the center of the universe 

6205
05:27:49,400 --> 05:27:52,600
developing Grand. 
Theoretical models to explain 

6206
05:27:52,600 --> 05:27:55,400
the motion of celestial objects,
was not a major concern of 

6207
05:27:55,408 --> 05:27:59,600
theirs rather they concentrated 
on what now appears to be almost

6208
05:27:59,600 --> 05:28:03,600
more scientific meticulously 
documenting precisely what they 

6209
05:28:03,600 --> 05:28:07,800
saw when they saw it and how it 
connected to Earthly events, 

6210
05:28:07,800 --> 05:28:10,600
this method developed from a 
distinctively Chinese 

6211
05:28:10,600 --> 05:28:13,700
philosophical tradition. 
That believed that, although in 

6212
05:28:13,700 --> 05:28:16,800
a very particular sense, human 
Affairs, and the heavens were 

6213
05:28:16,800 --> 05:28:21,000
closely related, The emperor 
according to Chinese astronomers

6214
05:28:21,000 --> 05:28:24,900
had the Mandate of Heaven, 
Divine consent, that validated 

6215
05:28:24,900 --> 05:28:27,000
his reign. 
Unusual. 

6216
05:28:27,000 --> 05:28:29,900
Astronomical occurrences might 
indicate that this man date was 

6217
05:28:29,900 --> 05:28:32,900
being revoked, which would 
support Rebellion or a change of

6218
05:28:32,900 --> 05:28:35,900
government has a result Chinese 
Court hired official 

6219
05:28:35,900 --> 05:28:38,300
astronomers, whose 
responsibility was to 

6220
05:28:38,300 --> 05:28:43,700
continuously monitor the sky for
comet's supernovae eclipses and 

6221
05:28:43,700 --> 05:28:46,100
other anomalies that might have 
political ramifications. 

6222
05:28:47,500 --> 05:28:51,100
The timing duration and apparent
connection to current political 

6223
05:28:51,100 --> 05:28:54,500
events were all carefully 
documented by these quarter 

6224
05:28:54,500 --> 05:28:56,100
astronomers. 
In addition, to the phenomena 

6225
05:28:56,100 --> 05:28:59,100
themselves as a result in 
astronomical record, keeping 

6226
05:28:59,100 --> 05:29:01,200
system was created. 
That was unparalleled in the 

6227
05:29:01,200 --> 05:29:05,000
world in terms of longevity and 
consistency. in one form or 

6228
05:29:05,000 --> 05:29:07,700
another Chinese, astronomical 
records date back more than 

6229
05:29:07,700 --> 05:29:11,400
3,000 years and they have 
remained, remarkably consistent 

6230
05:29:11,400 --> 05:29:15,800
throughout political upheavals 
invasions and dynasties For 

6231
05:29:15,800 --> 05:29:18,300
contemporary astronomers 
researching long-term Celestial 

6232
05:29:18,300 --> 05:29:20,600
phenomena. 
These records have proven to be 

6233
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:23,100
extremely helpful. 
Chinese astronomers, for 

6234
05:29:23,100 --> 05:29:26,900
instance documented, the 
emergence of guest stars stars 

6235
05:29:26,900 --> 05:29:29,200
that appeared out of nowhere. 
Where none had previously been 

6236
05:29:29,200 --> 05:29:32,800
seen glowed brilliantly for 
weeks or months and then 

6237
05:29:32,800 --> 05:29:37,100
vanished We now know that these 
were Novae and supernovae, which

6238
05:29:37,100 --> 05:29:40,500
are Stellar explosions capable 
of momentarily outshining entire

6239
05:29:40,500 --> 05:29:43,100
galaxies. 
Modern astronomers have been 

6240
05:29:43,100 --> 05:29:45,600
able to study the remnants of 
these ancient Cosmic 

6241
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:48,800
catastrophes, thanks to the 
Chinese records of these events 

6242
05:29:48,800 --> 05:29:51,100
which are frequently. 
The only historical 

6243
05:29:51,100 --> 05:29:53,900
documentation, we have of 
particular Stellar explosions, 

6244
05:29:53,900 --> 05:29:57,700
the most, well, known example is
most likely the Supernova of 

6245
05:29:57,700 --> 05:30:00,900
1,054 CE, which Chinese are 
astronomers. 

6246
05:30:00,900 --> 05:30:03,700
Noted was visible to the naked 
eye at night for almost two 

6247
05:30:03,700 --> 05:30:06,400
years and during 23 days during 
the day. 

6248
05:30:07,600 --> 05:30:10,400
One of the most actively 
researched objects in the sky, 

6249
05:30:10,400 --> 05:30:13,100
is the Crab Nebula. 
The Stellar remnant of this 

6250
05:30:13,100 --> 05:30:17,000
explosion comets, which they 
dubbed broom Stars, due to their

6251
05:30:17,000 --> 05:30:20,600
sweeping Tales were also the 
subject of in-depth observations

6252
05:30:20,600 --> 05:30:24,200
by Chinese astronomers. 
They kept records that enabled 

6253
05:30:24,200 --> 05:30:27,500
them to identify when specific 
comets returned on regular 

6254
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:30,300
schedules. 
Observed Comet orbits and 

6255
05:30:30,300 --> 05:30:33,300
recorded the correlation between
a comet's position in relation 

6256
05:30:33,300 --> 05:30:36,600
to the sun and its tail. 
They are the oldest continuous 

6257
05:30:36,600 --> 05:30:38,800
records of this. 
Well-known, Celestial visitor, 

6258
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:44,000
dating back at least 20040 BCE 
to what we now refer to as 

6259
05:30:44,000 --> 05:30:47,700
Halley's Comet. 
Centuries later when European 

6260
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:50,000
astronomers were attempting to 
demonstrate the Comets. 

6261
05:30:50,000 --> 05:30:52,500
Do not appear at random, but 
rather followed predictable 

6262
05:30:52,500 --> 05:30:55,200
orbital paths. 
These records were essential. 

6263
05:30:55,200 --> 05:30:58,300
However, Chinese astronomy 
involved, more than merely, 

6264
05:30:58,300 --> 05:31:02,000
keeping an eye out for otter 
currentzis, Along with, creating

6265
05:31:02,000 --> 05:31:04,900
their own complex, calendrical 
systems and Eclipse prediction 

6266
05:31:04,900 --> 05:31:08,300
techniques, Chinese astronomers.
Also conducted systematic 

6267
05:31:08,300 --> 05:31:11,100
observations of the regular 
motions of celestial objects 

6268
05:31:11,100 --> 05:31:14,800
they created constellations 
based on Chinese mythological 

6269
05:31:14,800 --> 05:31:17,900
and cultural Traditions dividing
the sky into different. 

6270
05:31:17,900 --> 05:31:20,700
Star groups than Western 
astronomers did Chinese 

6271
05:31:20,700 --> 05:31:25,200
astronomers developed a system 
based on 28 lunar Mansions star 

6272
05:31:25,200 --> 05:31:28,200
groups that corresponded to the 
moon's position on each day of 

6273
05:31:28,200 --> 05:31:31,300
its monthly cycle. 
Instead of the 12 zodiac 

6274
05:31:31,300 --> 05:31:34,300
constellations that Western 
astronomy used to divide the sky

6275
05:31:34,300 --> 05:31:36,900
along the ecliptic or the sun's 
apparent path. 

6276
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:40,100
This system was specially 
helpful for keeping track of 

6277
05:31:40,100 --> 05:31:42,900
time and arranging activities, 
according to the phases of the 

6278
05:31:42,900 --> 05:31:44,600
moon. 
Additionally, Chinese 

6279
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:47,400
astronomers created their own 
tools, for observing the Stars. 

6280
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:51,300
Chinese instrument makers, 
developed the Armory sphere, a 

6281
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:54,000
three-dimensional representation
of the celestial sphere 

6282
05:31:54,000 --> 05:31:57,400
constructed from intersecting 
metal rings to a remarkable 

6283
05:31:57,400 --> 05:32:00,500
degree of accuracy. 
These tools could be used to 

6284
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:03,400
show astronomical relationships 
and track the movements of 

6285
05:32:03,400 --> 05:32:07,600
celestial objects Susan's water.
Powered Clock Tower constructed 

6286
05:32:07,600 --> 05:32:12,200
in 1092 CE was one of the most 
impressive Chinese astronomical 

6287
05:32:12,200 --> 05:32:15,400
instruments. 
This enormous machine which 

6288
05:32:15,400 --> 05:32:18,400
stood more than 30 feet tall was
essentially the first 

6289
05:32:18,400 --> 05:32:21,800
astronomical computer in 
history, it was made up of a 

6290
05:32:21,800 --> 05:32:24,800
Celestial globe and armillary 
sphere and a mechanical clock. 

6291
05:32:25,800 --> 05:32:28,300
In addition to having a 
sophisticated system of bells 

6292
05:32:28,300 --> 05:32:30,700
and gongs, that announced the 
time and other astronomical 

6293
05:32:30,700 --> 05:32:34,300
events, the clock tower was able
to automatically track the 

6294
05:32:34,300 --> 05:32:36,400
positions of the sun, moon, and 
planets. 

6295
05:32:36,400 --> 05:32:39,600
A number of the discoveries made
by Chinese astronomers would 

6296
05:32:39,600 --> 05:32:41,500
take centuries to replicate in 
the West. 

6297
05:32:42,300 --> 05:32:46,000
They kept meticulous records of 
sunspot activity and were the 

6298
05:32:46,000 --> 05:32:48,800
first to identify that. 
The sun had dark patches on its 

6299
05:32:48,800 --> 05:32:51,500
surface, which we now refer to 
as sunspots. 

6300
05:32:52,500 --> 05:32:55,000
Additionally, they observed a 
regularity is along the border 

6301
05:32:55,000 --> 05:32:58,000
between the illuminated and dark
portions during lunar phases 

6302
05:32:58,000 --> 05:33:01,500
indicating that the moon's. 
Surface was not entirely smooth.

6303
05:33:01,500 --> 05:33:04,900
The 11th century work of the 
astronomer shenko is one 

6304
05:33:04,900 --> 05:33:06,600
especially noteworthy 
accomplishment. 

6305
05:33:07,400 --> 05:33:11,100
After closely examining the 
magnetic compass shenko found 

6306
05:33:11,100 --> 05:33:14,300
that magnetic north and True. 
North are not exactly the same. 

6307
05:33:14,300 --> 05:33:17,600
It would take another Century 
for Europe to independently. 

6308
05:33:17,600 --> 05:33:21,500
Discover magnetic declination, 
which was essential for precise 

6309
05:33:21,500 --> 05:33:24,400
navigation, based on his 
observations of the shapes and 

6310
05:33:24,408 --> 05:33:28,300
shadows of these features shenko
also postulated that impacts 

6311
05:33:28,300 --> 05:33:31,900
with the cause of lunar craters,
he even proposed that the Milky 

6312
05:33:31,900 --> 05:33:33,600
Way was made up of far-off 
stars. 

6313
05:33:33,600 --> 05:33:37,000
A theory that would not be 
accepted by European astronomers

6314
05:33:37,000 --> 05:33:40,500
until the telescopic era. 
Chinese astronomers created 

6315
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:44,600
complex mathematical methods for
astronomical computations such 

6316
05:33:44,600 --> 05:33:47,200
as Eclipse prediction techniques
that were frequently more 

6317
05:33:47,200 --> 05:33:48,900
accurate than modern Western 
methods. 

6318
05:33:49,700 --> 05:33:52,800
They produced intricate star 
maps, and Celestial globes, that

6319
05:33:52,800 --> 05:33:55,400
accurately depicted, the 
positions, and motions of stars 

6320
05:33:55,400 --> 05:33:58,800
practical applications were 
another noteworthy aspect of the

6321
05:33:58,800 --> 05:34:02,600
Chinese approach to astronomy. 
For long-distance Land and Sea. 

6322
05:34:02,600 --> 05:34:05,500
Travel Chinese. 
Navigators employed astronomical

6323
05:34:05,500 --> 05:34:08,100
methods. 
Centuries before the magnetic 

6324
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:11,100
compass was invented in Europe. 
The Chinese used it, as 

6325
05:34:11,100 --> 05:34:14,300
navigational aide. 
By combining Compass readings 

6326
05:34:14,300 --> 05:34:17,300
with astronomical observations, 
they were able to determine 

6327
05:34:17,300 --> 05:34:19,700
position and Direction with 
remarkable accuracy, 

6328
05:34:19,700 --> 05:34:21,900
astronomical, observations were 
all. 

6329
05:34:21,900 --> 05:34:25,100
So incorporated into Chinese 
medical Theory because it was 

6330
05:34:25,100 --> 05:34:28,100
thought that human health was 
influenced by Celestial forces. 

6331
05:34:29,100 --> 05:34:31,400
From a modern standpoint, this 
may appear to be purely 

6332
05:34:31,400 --> 05:34:34,600
superstitious, but it prompted 
Chinese doctors to keep 

6333
05:34:34,600 --> 05:34:38,100
meticulous records that linked 
astronomical events seasonal, 

6334
05:34:38,100 --> 05:34:41,800
variations and disease patterns,
observations that occasionally 

6335
05:34:41,800 --> 05:34:44,400
showed real links between 
environmental influences and 

6336
05:34:44,400 --> 05:34:46,500
health. 
The most remarkable thing about 

6337
05:34:46,500 --> 05:34:49,800
Chinese astronomy is how it was 
able to preserve scientific 

6338
05:34:49,800 --> 05:34:52,400
Integrity. 
Despite using a theoretical 

6339
05:34:52,400 --> 05:34:55,000
framework that was entirely 
different from that of Western 

6340
05:34:55,000 --> 05:34:58,200
astronomy. 
Chinese astronomers were not 

6341
05:34:58,200 --> 05:35:00,900
attempting to demonstrate. 
That Celestial motions, could be

6342
05:35:00,900 --> 05:35:04,200
explained by physical laws or 
that the Universe was on 

6343
05:35:04,200 --> 05:35:07,600
geometric principles. 
Rather their goal was to 

6344
05:35:07,600 --> 05:35:11,100
comprehend how Earthly events 
and Celestial patterns relate to

6345
05:35:11,100 --> 05:35:13,500
one another. 
Because of this method, they 

6346
05:35:13,500 --> 05:35:16,300
were able to concentrate on 
astronomical topics that Western

6347
05:35:16,300 --> 05:35:19,000
astronomers occasionally 
overlooked They were more 

6348
05:35:19,000 --> 05:35:22,300
methodical in keeping long-term 
records more interested in 

6349
05:35:22,300 --> 05:35:25,500
fleeting phenomena and more 
perceptive of minut changes. 

6350
05:35:25,500 --> 05:35:28,600
In familiar objects. 
Although their method may not 

6351
05:35:28,600 --> 05:35:31,700
have resulted in significant 
theoretical advances it did 

6352
05:35:31,700 --> 05:35:35,100
build a Priceless database of 
observational data that has been

6353
05:35:35,100 --> 05:35:37,600
crucial to comprehending. 
Long-term astronomical 

6354
05:35:37,600 --> 05:35:40,000
phenomena. 
Another significant aspect of 

6355
05:35:40,000 --> 05:35:42,400
scientific inquiry is 
illustrated by the Chinese 

6356
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:45,700
astronomical tradition. 
There are multiple scientific 

6357
05:35:45,700 --> 05:35:47,400
approaches to studying the 
cosmos. 

6358
05:35:48,200 --> 05:35:50,900
Chinese method, which 
prioritized, meticulous 

6359
05:35:50,900 --> 05:35:53,800
observation and documentation 
over the development of 

6360
05:35:53,800 --> 05:35:57,300
theoretical models, was equally 
legitimate as a scientific 

6361
05:35:57,300 --> 05:36:00,400
inquiry method as the more 
Theory based methods, that 

6362
05:36:00,400 --> 05:36:03,700
emerged in other cultures, 
Compared to Modern Western 

6363
05:36:03,700 --> 05:36:06,300
astronomy. 
It was less speculative and more

6364
05:36:06,300 --> 05:36:09,900
empirical in many respects. 
Now we must discuss the 

6365
05:36:09,900 --> 05:36:12,800
astronomical accomplishments of 
the pre-columbian Americas. 

6366
05:36:12,800 --> 05:36:15,400
If you truly want to be 
astounded by what people can 

6367
05:36:15,400 --> 05:36:19,600
achieve when they pull their 
collective intelligence, Working

6368
05:36:19,600 --> 05:36:22,500
with stone tools and lacking 
some of the basic technologies 

6369
05:36:22,500 --> 05:36:25,700
that other cultures took for 
granted such as the wheel iron 

6370
05:36:25,700 --> 05:36:28,200
tools or written language 
mathematical notation. 

6371
05:36:28,200 --> 05:36:31,700
As we know it today, These 
civilizations created amazing 

6372
05:36:31,700 --> 05:36:35,200
monuments that matched celestial
events and advanced 

6373
05:36:35,200 --> 05:36:36,900
sophisticated, astronomical 
knowledge. 

6374
05:36:36,900 --> 05:36:40,800
Let's begin with the Maya whose 
achievements in astronomy are 

6375
05:36:40,800 --> 05:36:43,000
simply astounding the Maya 
created. 

6376
05:36:43,000 --> 05:36:46,100
What was likely the most precise
calendar system in Antiquity. 

6377
05:36:46,100 --> 05:36:49,800
In fact, it was more precise 
than the Julian calendar that 

6378
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:52,600
was in use in Europe at the 
time, their estimates of the 

6379
05:36:52,600 --> 05:36:56,000
sole years duration will within 
17 seconds of the right answer, 

6380
05:36:56,000 --> 05:36:58,700
which is incredibly accurate for
any time period. 

6381
05:36:58,700 --> 05:37:02,400
But, particularly astounding for
those without telescopes or 

6382
05:37:02,400 --> 05:37:04,100
contemporary, mathematical 
instruments. 

6383
05:37:04,100 --> 05:37:07,400
However, the Maya had multiple 
calendars that operated 

6384
05:37:07,400 --> 05:37:10,900
concurrently and intricately 
interconnected there were longer

6385
05:37:10,900 --> 05:37:12,800
cycles that covered far larger 
time. 

6386
05:37:12,800 --> 05:37:18,500
Span's the 30065, day solar 
calendar and the 260 days sacred

6387
05:37:18,500 --> 05:37:21,100
calendar. 
The Maya calendar system 

6388
05:37:21,100 --> 05:37:23,800
tracked, several overlapping 
cycles that would eventually 

6389
05:37:23,800 --> 05:37:26,500
return to their initial 
positions after incredibly long 

6390
05:37:26,500 --> 05:37:30,300
periods of time reflecting their
belief that time was cyclical 

6391
05:37:30,300 --> 05:37:33,700
rather than linear The Long 
Count which measured time from a

6392
05:37:33,700 --> 05:37:37,300
fictitious creation date that 
corresponds to August 11th, 3000

6393
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,600
and 1400. 
BC in our calendar was the most 

6394
05:37:40,600 --> 05:37:44,200
well-known of these longer 
cycles for more than 5,000 

6395
05:37:44,200 --> 05:37:46,200
years. 
This system continuously counted

6396
05:37:46,200 --> 05:37:49,300
days which is longer than most 
other cultures recorded history.

6397
05:37:50,200 --> 05:37:55,800
Like the odometer on your car 
rolling over from 99,999 to 0000

6398
05:37:55,800 --> 05:38:00,400
the alleged end of the Maya 
calendar in 2012, that generated

6399
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:02,900
so much excitement wasn't really
an end at all. 

6400
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:06,900
But rather the conclusion of one
of these lengthy Cycles Maya 

6401
05:38:06,900 --> 05:38:09,600
astronomers had to make 
extremely accurate, observations

6402
05:38:09,600 --> 05:38:13,100
of celestial, motions, in order 
to maintain such an accurate 

6403
05:38:13,100 --> 05:38:16,100
calendar system. 
Until well into the Renaissance,

6404
05:38:16,100 --> 05:38:19,200
they were able to track the 
Motions of the sun, moon, and 

6405
05:38:19,200 --> 05:38:22,400
visible planets, with a level of
accuracy that was unmatched in 

6406
05:38:22,400 --> 05:38:25,000
Europe. 
Venus, which was essential to 

6407
05:38:25,000 --> 05:38:28,300
Miami in military strategy. 
Piqued their interest in 

6408
05:38:28,300 --> 05:38:30,600
particular, according to Maya 
records. 

6409
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:32,900
They were able to forcast 
Venus's morning and evening 

6410
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:34,800
star, appearances years in 
advance. 

6411
05:38:35,600 --> 05:38:38,900
The duration of Venus's period 
while the interval between 

6412
05:38:38,900 --> 05:38:42,400
consecutive morning or evening. 
Star appearances, was precisely 

6413
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:45,100
known to them and they were able
to predict when Venus would 

6414
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:46,900
become invisible as it changed 
phases. 

6415
05:38:46,900 --> 05:38:50,000
These astronomical predictions 
were put to use by the Maya 

6416
05:38:50,000 --> 05:38:52,300
rulers for more than just 
academic purposes. 

6417
05:38:52,300 --> 05:38:55,700
They believed that Venus's 
various phases, affected the 

6418
05:38:55,700 --> 05:38:58,300
chance of winning battles. 
So they plan to military 

6419
05:38:58,300 --> 05:39:01,400
campaigns to align with Venus's 
advantageous positions. 

6420
05:39:01,400 --> 05:39:04,600
Consider yourself a Maya 
astronomer tasked with informing

6421
05:39:04,600 --> 05:39:06,900
the king, when War should be 
declared based on astronomy. 

6422
05:39:06,900 --> 05:39:10,600
Amazing architectural monuments 
that doubled as enormous. 

6423
05:39:10,600 --> 05:39:15,200
Astronomical instruments were 
also constructed by the Maya El 

6424
05:39:15,200 --> 05:39:18,500
Castillo the pyramid at Chichen.
Itza is arguably the most 

6425
05:39:18,500 --> 05:39:21,600
well-known example. 
The sun's angle during the 

6426
05:39:21,600 --> 05:39:25,000
Spring and fall equinoxes cast 
Shadows on the pyramid steps 

6427
05:39:25,000 --> 05:39:27,600
that seem to depict a serpent 
descending, the structure. 

6428
05:39:28,200 --> 05:39:31,200
Symbolizing The Feathered. 
Serpent God, kukulkan return. 

6429
05:39:31,200 --> 05:39:34,500
However, this is only one 
instance of the astronomy of 

6430
05:39:34,500 --> 05:39:38,200
Maya architecture, the Maya 
built structures all over their 

6431
05:39:38,200 --> 05:39:42,100
land, that matched the sun, 
moon, and planets rising, and 

6432
05:39:42,100 --> 05:39:45,800
setting times on significant 
dates, in their calendar, These 

6433
05:39:45,800 --> 05:39:48,300
alignments served a practical 
purpose as well as being 

6434
05:39:48,300 --> 05:39:51,600
symbolic enabling Maya 
astronomers to maintain their 

6435
05:39:51,600 --> 05:39:54,800
intricate calendar systems and 
make accurate observations. 

6436
05:39:54,800 --> 05:39:59,100
The Maya also observed a Clips 
is in great detail and created 

6437
05:39:59,100 --> 05:40:01,800
mathematical techniques to 
forcast when they would happen. 

6438
05:40:02,900 --> 05:40:05,400
Despite having a totally 
different theoretical and 

6439
05:40:05,400 --> 05:40:08,000
mathematical Foundation. 
There are Clips prediction 

6440
05:40:08,000 --> 05:40:10,900
tables were occasionally more 
accurate than those utilized in 

6441
05:40:10,900 --> 05:40:13,800
medieval Europe. 
Further north other Mesoamerican

6442
05:40:13,800 --> 05:40:17,000
cultures had equally remarkable 
astronomical accomplishments. 

6443
05:40:17,600 --> 05:40:20,000
Much of the astronomical 
knowledge of the Aztecs was 

6444
05:40:20,000 --> 05:40:23,300
passed down from earlier, 
cultures such as the Maya and 

6445
05:40:23,300 --> 05:40:27,900
the enigmatic teotihuacan. 
Builders constructed, Circa 200 

6446
05:40:27,900 --> 05:40:31,000
CE the Great Pyramid of 
teotihuacan is so closely 

6447
05:40:31,000 --> 05:40:32,900
synchronized. 
With astronomical occurrences 

6448
05:40:32,900 --> 05:40:36,000
that contemporary researchers 
are still finding new Celestial 

6449
05:40:36,000 --> 05:40:38,200
connections incorporated into 
its design. 

6450
05:40:38,200 --> 05:40:41,100
The connection between 
astronomical cycles and their 

6451
05:40:41,100 --> 05:40:45,600
complex religious calendar. 
Peaked the Aztecs interest They 

6452
05:40:45,600 --> 05:40:48,100
held that the Universe had 
undergone several cycles of 

6453
05:40:48,108 --> 05:40:51,700
creation and destruction Each of
which corresponded to a distinct

6454
05:40:51,700 --> 05:40:55,200
astronomical period. 
Since their world was the 5th 

6455
05:40:55,200 --> 05:40:58,600
Sun, they felt that knowledge of
astronomical Cycles was crucial 

6456
05:40:58,600 --> 05:41:02,000
to preserve in Cosmic 
equilibrium and averting the 

6457
05:41:02,000 --> 05:41:05,000
fall of their society. 
The astronomical knowledge of 

6458
05:41:05,000 --> 05:41:07,700
many indigenous cultures in 
North America was surprisingly 

6459
05:41:07,700 --> 05:41:12,200
Advanced even further north. 
Numerous tribes, use Celestial 

6460
05:41:12,200 --> 05:41:14,900
observations for Agricultural 
and ceremonial purposes. 

6461
05:41:14,900 --> 05:41:19,000
Constructed earthwork monuments 
in accordance with celestial 

6462
05:41:19,000 --> 05:41:22,300
events and preserved oral 
Traditions that monitored 

6463
05:41:22,300 --> 05:41:26,100
astronomical, phenomena Cahokia,
a large settlement close to 

6464
05:41:26,108 --> 05:41:31,400
Modern Day Saint Louis that 
thrived between 1,000 and 1,200 

6465
05:41:31,400 --> 05:41:34,400
CE is arguably the most 
well-known of these. 

6466
05:41:35,400 --> 05:41:38,900
At Cahokia Earthen, Mounds were 
placed around the Central Plaza 

6467
05:41:38,900 --> 05:41:42,100
to commemorate important solar 
and lunar occurrences. 

6468
05:41:42,800 --> 05:41:45,200
These alignments enabled, the 
inhabitants to track the 

6469
05:41:45,200 --> 05:41:48,600
changing seasons with remarkable
accuracy as archaeo. 

6470
05:41:48,600 --> 05:41:51,600
Astronomers have found, however,
the Bighorn medicine wheel in 

6471
05:41:51,608 --> 05:41:55,200
Wyoming is arguably the most 
fascinating astronomical site in

6472
05:41:55,200 --> 05:41:58,400
North America. 
Built by unidentified Native 

6473
05:41:58,400 --> 05:42:01,800
American cultures. 
This ancient stone structure is 

6474
05:42:01,800 --> 05:42:04,300
made up of a circular 
arrangement of stones with 

6475
05:42:04,300 --> 05:42:08,900
spokes extending outward towards
smaller Stone, Cairns According 

6476
05:42:08,900 --> 05:42:12,200
to contemporary analysis, the 
structures, various components 

6477
05:42:12,200 --> 05:42:15,500
correspond to the positions of 
bright stars as they rise and 

6478
05:42:15,500 --> 05:42:18,100
set throughout the year. 
These alignments accuracy 

6479
05:42:18,100 --> 05:42:21,500
indicates that the builders were
well versed in procession the 

6480
05:42:21,500 --> 05:42:24,400
slow wobble in Earth rotation 
that causes star positions to 

6481
05:42:24,400 --> 05:42:27,500
gradually change over, centuries
and Stella motions. 

6482
05:42:28,200 --> 05:42:31,200
In addition, to knowing the 
current star positions, it would

6483
05:42:31,200 --> 05:42:33,600
have been necessary to 
comprehend how those positions 

6484
05:42:33,600 --> 05:42:37,200
were evolving over time in order
to create such alignments 

6485
05:42:37,200 --> 05:42:39,000
despite lacking a written 
language. 

6486
05:42:39,000 --> 05:42:42,400
As we know it today, the Incas 
in South America created their 

6487
05:42:42,400 --> 05:42:45,400
own complex, astronomical 
Traditions, they recorded 

6488
05:42:45,400 --> 05:42:48,900
numerical data, including 
astronomical data using a 

6489
05:42:48,900 --> 05:42:53,200
sophisticated kipu system of 
knotted strings to keep their 

6490
05:42:53,200 --> 05:42:55,400
Agricultural and religious 
calendars up to date. 

6491
05:42:55,400 --> 05:42:59,300
Incur astronomers monitored the 
Motions of the sun, moon, and 

6492
05:42:59,300 --> 05:43:03,000
stars, astronomical principles, 
guided, the layout of the Inca 

6493
05:43:03,000 --> 05:43:06,400
Capital at Cusco with key 
structures and ceremonial areas 

6494
05:43:06,400 --> 05:43:10,300
lining up with important 
astronomical occurrences Among 

6495
05:43:10,300 --> 05:43:12,700
the many buildings at the 
well-known Inca site of Machu 

6496
05:43:12,700 --> 05:43:14,600
Picchu. 
That serves as astronomical 

6497
05:43:14,600 --> 05:43:17,700
observation points is the 
Interlocken Stone, which creates

6498
05:43:17,700 --> 05:43:21,300
Shadows that follow the path of 
the sun's year-round, the use of

6499
05:43:21,308 --> 05:43:24,700
dark constellations which are 
patterns created by dark patches

6500
05:43:24,700 --> 05:43:28,000
in the Milky Way rather than 
Bright Stars was one of the most

6501
05:43:28,000 --> 05:43:31,800
amazing features of Indian 
astronomy and astronomers paid 

6502
05:43:31,800 --> 05:43:34,800
equal attention to the dark 
regions between Bright Stars, 

6503
05:43:34,800 --> 05:43:38,100
recognizing the forms of animals
and other important figures 

6504
05:43:38,100 --> 05:43:39,600
there. 
Whereas, other cultures, 

6505
05:43:39,600 --> 05:43:43,400
concentrated mainly on bright 
star patterns this focus on dark

6506
05:43:43,400 --> 05:43:46,300
constellations shows a deep 
comprehension of the structure 

6507
05:43:46,300 --> 05:43:48,800
of the Milky. 
Way these dark patches were 

6508
05:43:48,800 --> 05:43:51,600
identified by Andy and 
astronomers as regions. 

6509
05:43:51,600 --> 05:43:54,400
Where something was obstructing 
the light of farther off Stars, 

6510
05:43:54,400 --> 05:43:58,100
not as empty space. 
In actuality, they were 

6511
05:43:58,108 --> 05:44:00,900
observing Galactic structure in 
ways that European astronomy 

6512
05:44:00,900 --> 05:44:03,300
would not formally comprehend 
until the 20th century. 

6513
05:44:03,300 --> 05:44:06,400
The fact that astronomical 
accomplishments in the Americas 

6514
05:44:06,400 --> 05:44:09,200
were made by societies with 
little exposure, to Old World, 

6515
05:44:09,200 --> 05:44:11,900
astronomical Traditions makes 
them a specialty remarkable. 

6516
05:44:12,600 --> 05:44:15,600
These societies produce their 
own theoretical Frameworks, 

6517
05:44:15,600 --> 05:44:19,300
mathematical methods, and 
techniques for making accurate 

6518
05:44:19,300 --> 05:44:22,900
observations. 
Frequently, their findings were 

6519
05:44:22,900 --> 05:44:25,200
more accurate than those of 
recent research in Asia or 

6520
05:44:25,200 --> 05:44:27,600
Europe. 
The variety of methods employed 

6521
05:44:27,600 --> 05:44:30,900
by various American cultures. 
Also shows a significant aspect 

6522
05:44:30,900 --> 05:44:33,200
of human Ingenuity. 
In scientific research. 

6523
05:44:34,100 --> 05:44:37,000
With an emphasis on cyclical, 
computations and numerical 

6524
05:44:37,000 --> 05:44:39,900
patterns, Maya astronomy was 
highly mathematical. 

6525
05:44:41,100 --> 05:44:44,600
More architectural in nature, 
astronomy Incorporated, 

6526
05:44:44,600 --> 05:44:48,000
astronomical knowledge into the 
actual design of cities and 

6527
05:44:48,000 --> 05:44:51,500
ceremonial locations. 
The integration of astronomical 

6528
05:44:51,500 --> 05:44:54,400
knowledge with seasonal 
activities and oral Traditions 

6529
05:44:54,400 --> 05:44:57,900
was frequently emphasized in 
North American approaches, all 

6530
05:44:57,900 --> 05:45:01,400
of these methods, however, were 
remarkably accurate in tracking 

6531
05:45:01,400 --> 05:45:04,900
Celestial phenomena, and four 
casting astronomical events. 

6532
05:45:05,600 --> 05:45:07,800
They demonstrate that. 
There are numerous scientific 

6533
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:10,800
approaches to studying the 
cosmos and that advanced 

6534
05:45:10,800 --> 05:45:13,800
astronomical knowledge can arise
autonomously in various cultures

6535
05:45:13,800 --> 05:45:17,200
using various instruments and 
theoretical Frameworks in the 

6536
05:45:17,208 --> 05:45:19,400
Medieval Era. 
European astronomy started to 

6537
05:45:19,400 --> 05:45:21,800
come back to life after 
centuries of what historians 

6538
05:45:21,800 --> 05:45:24,200
used to refer to as the Dark 
Ages though. 

6539
05:45:24,200 --> 05:45:26,100
They weren't quite as gloomy as 
once thought. 

6540
05:45:26,900 --> 05:45:29,900
It was more like someone slowly 
waking up from an extended nap 

6541
05:45:29,900 --> 05:45:32,200
stretching, yawning and 
gradually. 

6542
05:45:32,200 --> 05:45:34,600
Remembering that there was this 
interesting thing called the 

6543
05:45:34,600 --> 05:45:37,700
sky, that might be worth 
observing due in large part to 

6544
05:45:37,700 --> 05:45:40,200
contact with Islamic 
civilization through Spain and 

6545
05:45:40,200 --> 05:45:43,700
the Crusades, the real Awakening
started in the 12th century. 

6546
05:45:44,500 --> 05:45:47,000
Suddenly European scholars 
realized that Islamic 

6547
05:45:47,000 --> 05:45:50,100
astronomers had been making 
incredible strides in their 

6548
05:45:50,100 --> 05:45:52,600
understanding of the cosmos 
while they'd been preoccupied 

6549
05:45:52,600 --> 05:45:56,400
with more mundane issues such as
surviving invasions plagues. 

6550
05:45:56,400 --> 05:46:00,200
And the occasional apocalyptic 
Panic by translating Islamic. 

6551
05:46:00,200 --> 05:46:03,500
Astronomical texts into Latin 
the first European response was 

6552
05:46:03,500 --> 05:46:07,100
essentially a catch-up move. 
By translating the writings of 

6553
05:46:07,100 --> 05:46:09,800
Islamic astronomers 
mathematicians and philosophers 

6554
05:46:09,800 --> 05:46:13,300
Scholars, such as Gerrard of 
cremona devoted their entire 

6555
05:46:13,300 --> 05:46:16,200
careers to reintroducing Europe 
to the astronomical knowledge 

6556
05:46:16,200 --> 05:46:18,200
that had been evolving in other 
parts of the world. 

6557
05:46:18,200 --> 05:46:21,600
However, medieval European 
astronomers started to 

6558
05:46:21,600 --> 05:46:24,600
contribute and create their own 
methods for solving astronomical

6559
05:46:24,600 --> 05:46:27,800
problems rather than merely 
passively absorbing Islamic 

6560
05:46:27,800 --> 05:46:30,700
knowledge. 
Albertus Magnus a German 

6561
05:46:30,700 --> 05:46:33,400
philosopher and scientist who 
lived in the 13th century and 

6562
05:46:33,400 --> 05:46:35,200
wrote, a great deal about 
astronomy. 

6563
05:46:35,200 --> 05:46:38,800
In addition to making his own 
observations of the heavens was 

6564
05:46:38,800 --> 05:46:41,800
one of the most important. 
Early figures, the question of 

6565
05:46:41,800 --> 05:46:45,300
whether Aristotle's Antiquated 
theories about the universe were

6566
05:46:45,300 --> 05:46:49,000
genuinely supported by rigorous 
observational peaked, albertus 

6567
05:46:49,000 --> 05:46:52,400
Magnus intrest. 
He conducted in-depth research 

6568
05:46:52,400 --> 05:46:56,300
on comets and discovered that in
contrast to Aristotelian 

6569
05:46:56,300 --> 05:46:58,900
theories regarding comets as 
atmospheric phenomena. 

6570
05:46:59,600 --> 05:47:03,300
Their Tales consistently pointed
away from the Sun, although he 

6571
05:47:03,300 --> 05:47:05,600
lacked the telescopic ability to
confirm it. 

6572
05:47:05,600 --> 05:47:08,700
He also noted that the Milky Way
seemed to be made up of 

6573
05:47:08,700 --> 05:47:12,300
extremely faint Stars. 
The Practical requirements of 

6574
05:47:12,300 --> 05:47:15,000
the Catholic Church also 
influenced, medieval European 

6575
05:47:15,000 --> 05:47:17,600
astronomy. 
Because Easter depended on 

6576
05:47:17,600 --> 05:47:20,500
intricate relationships between 
solar and lunar cycles. 

6577
05:47:20,500 --> 05:47:23,900
Christian Scholars needed 
precise methods for determining 

6578
05:47:23,900 --> 05:47:25,900
the date. 
Because it was their primary 

6579
05:47:25,900 --> 05:47:29,500
source of income, even serious, 
medieval astronomers frequently 

6580
05:47:29,500 --> 05:47:32,200
worked as astrologers. 
So they also needed to 

6581
05:47:32,200 --> 05:47:35,000
comprehend Celestial motions for
astrological purposes, 

6582
05:47:35,000 --> 05:47:38,700
significant progress in 
computational, astronomy, was 

6583
05:47:38,700 --> 05:47:40,700
made as a result of this 
pragmatic approach. 

6584
05:47:41,500 --> 05:47:44,600
Improved mathematical methods 
for determining Eclipse dates 

6585
05:47:44,600 --> 05:47:47,400
and predicting planetary 
positions were created by 

6586
05:47:47,400 --> 05:47:50,200
medieval Scholars. 
They improved techniques for 

6587
05:47:50,200 --> 05:47:53,000
converting between calendar 
systems and produced calendars 

6588
05:47:53,000 --> 05:47:55,500
that were more accurate. 
The creation of mechanical 

6589
05:47:55,500 --> 05:47:57,900
astronomical instruments, was 
one of the most significant 

6590
05:47:57,900 --> 05:47:59,800
contributions made during the 
Middle Ages. 

6591
05:48:00,600 --> 05:48:03,500
European artists produced ever 
more advanced quadrants 

6592
05:48:03,500 --> 05:48:06,600
astrolabes and other tools for 
observing the Stars. 

6593
05:48:06,600 --> 05:48:09,600
They all started creating 
mechanical, clocks, that could 

6594
05:48:09,600 --> 05:48:12,300
record the sun moon and Planet 
positions. 

6595
05:48:12,300 --> 05:48:15,300
In addition to the time, the 
astronomical clock, which was 

6596
05:48:15,300 --> 05:48:18,700
constructed in Prague, Circa, 
1410 and is still in use. 

6597
05:48:18,700 --> 05:48:21,600
Today was arguably the most 
remarkable of these. 

6598
05:48:22,600 --> 05:48:25,800
This amazing device, which is 
automatically updated by a 

6599
05:48:25,800 --> 05:48:29,700
complex Clockwork mechanism, 
displays the moon's phases, the 

6600
05:48:29,700 --> 05:48:32,500
Sun and Moon's positions in the 
Zodiac and other astronomical 

6601
05:48:32,500 --> 05:48:36,000
information, the development of 
universities in medieval Europe 

6602
05:48:36,000 --> 05:48:39,000
or so helped astronomy by 
establishing institutional 

6603
05:48:39,000 --> 05:48:41,900
Frameworks for the advancement 
and preservation of astronomical

6604
05:48:41,900 --> 05:48:45,900
knowledge. 
Universities in Paris, Oxford 

6605
05:48:45,900 --> 05:48:49,200
bologna, and other locations 
developed into hubs for 

6606
05:48:49,208 --> 05:48:53,000
astronomy Education and Research
along with mathematics geometry 

6607
05:48:53,000 --> 05:48:55,500
and music. 
Astronomy was regarded as one of

6608
05:48:55,508 --> 05:48:57,700
the core liberal arts at these 
universities. 

6609
05:48:58,400 --> 05:49:02,000
As a result educated Europeans 
were supposed to understand the 

6610
05:49:02,000 --> 05:49:04,900
fundamentals of astronomy. 
Scholarly discussion of 

6611
05:49:04,908 --> 05:49:07,700
astronomical, theories was also 
fostered by the university 

6612
05:49:07,700 --> 05:49:10,200
setting. 
Instead of Simply accepting the 

6613
05:49:10,200 --> 05:49:13,600
wisdom of the Ancients medieval 
astronomers debated, the merits 

6614
05:49:13,600 --> 05:49:17,600
of various models, suggested 
changes and enhancements and 

6615
05:49:17,600 --> 05:49:20,200
sometimes created completely 
original solutions to 

6616
05:49:20,200 --> 05:49:23,000
astronomical issues. 
The growing sophistication of 

6617
05:49:23,000 --> 05:49:25,600
observational methods was one 
significant medieval 

6618
05:49:25,600 --> 05:49:28,500
development. 
Prominent academics such as John

6619
05:49:28,500 --> 05:49:32,200
of holywood, sakra Bosco 
authored in Portland textbooks 

6620
05:49:32,200 --> 05:49:35,400
that described how to use basic 
instruments to make precise 

6621
05:49:35,400 --> 05:49:38,900
astronomical measurements, they 
created standardized techniques 

6622
05:49:38,900 --> 05:49:41,300
for timing. 
Astronomical events, measuring 

6623
05:49:41,300 --> 05:49:43,400
Celestial angles and locating 
Stars. 

6624
05:49:43,400 --> 05:49:46,700
Significant progress was also 
made by medieval astronomers in 

6625
05:49:46,700 --> 05:49:49,500
comprehending, the connection 
between astronomical phenomena 

6626
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:52,800
and Mathematics. 
The improved geometric models 

6627
05:49:52,800 --> 05:49:56,000
for planetary motions developed,
trigonometric methods for 

6628
05:49:56,000 --> 05:49:59,000
calculating angles, and 
distances, and started applying 

6629
05:49:59,000 --> 05:50:01,400
algebraic methods to solve 
challenging astronomical 

6630
05:50:01,400 --> 05:50:04,400
problems Johannes. 
De murres who proposed calendar 

6631
05:50:04,400 --> 05:50:06,800
reforms in the 14th century that
were centuries. 

6632
05:50:06,800 --> 05:50:09,500
Ahead of their time was likely 
the most mathematically, 

6633
05:50:09,500 --> 05:50:13,200
Advanced medieval astronomer 
Demarest determined precisely. 

6634
05:50:13,200 --> 05:50:15,500
How much correction would be 
required to correct. 

6635
05:50:15,500 --> 05:50:18,700
The Julian calendar, which was 
then in use, as it was, 

6636
05:50:18,700 --> 05:50:20,700
gradually becoming out of sync 
with the seasons. 

6637
05:50:20,700 --> 05:50:24,000
All the most of his suggestions 
were disregarded. 

6638
05:50:24,000 --> 05:50:27,100
At the time, they foreshadowed, 
many of the modifications, that 

6639
05:50:27,100 --> 05:50:29,700
would be made to produce our 
current Gregorian calendar. 

6640
05:50:29,700 --> 05:50:33,300
Important observations, were all
made by European astronomers in 

6641
05:50:33,300 --> 05:50:35,700
the Middle Ages. 
They made meticulous 

6642
05:50:35,700 --> 05:50:38,200
observations of planetary 
positions tracked, Comet 

6643
05:50:38,200 --> 05:50:40,700
movements and created new star 
catalogs. 

6644
05:50:41,500 --> 05:50:43,600
They were a specially in by what
they dubbed. 

6645
05:50:43,600 --> 05:50:47,500
Conjunctions rare closer 
approaches between planets that 

6646
05:50:47,500 --> 05:50:49,900
were believed to have 
astrological meaning more 

6647
05:50:49,900 --> 05:50:53,100
complex, theoretical solutions, 
to astronomical issues also 

6648
05:50:53,100 --> 05:50:56,400
emerged during the Middle Ages. 
The fundamental tenets of 

6649
05:50:56,400 --> 05:50:59,200
ancient astronomy. 
Especially the requirement, that

6650
05:50:59,200 --> 05:51:02,600
all Celestial, motions be 
perfectly, round started to be 

6651
05:51:02,608 --> 05:51:05,600
questioned by academics. 
They started creating 

6652
05:51:05,600 --> 05:51:08,100
mathematical methods. 
That would be crucial for more 

6653
05:51:08,100 --> 05:51:11,900
precise explanation of planetary
motion and experimented with 

6654
05:51:11,900 --> 05:51:15,200
different geometric models. 
Most significantly, medieval 

6655
05:51:15,200 --> 05:51:18,200
European astronomy started to 
formulate, what is now known as 

6656
05:51:18,200 --> 05:51:20,000
a more scientific theory of the 
universe. 

6657
05:51:20,900 --> 05:51:24,100
The significance of meticulous. 
Observation mathematical 

6658
05:51:24,100 --> 05:51:27,600
analysis and logical reasoning 
in astronomical investigations 

6659
05:51:27,600 --> 05:51:29,800
was increasingly stressed by 
medieval Scholars. 

6660
05:51:30,600 --> 05:51:32,700
They were more interested in 
comparing theoretical. 

6661
05:51:32,700 --> 05:51:35,900
Predictions to empirical data 
than they were in blindly 

6662
05:51:35,900 --> 05:51:39,100
accepting ancient authorities. 
The more significant changes 

6663
05:51:39,100 --> 05:51:41,300
that would occur during the 
Renaissance were made possible 

6664
05:51:41,300 --> 05:51:44,900
by this change in strategy. 
By the end of the Middle Ages 

6665
05:51:44,900 --> 05:51:47,700
European astronomy. 
Had transformed from a mainly 

6666
05:51:47,700 --> 05:51:50,800
passive effort to preserve 
ancient knowledge into a dynamic

6667
05:51:50,800 --> 05:51:53,200
Innovative field prepared to 
address some of the most 

6668
05:51:53,200 --> 05:51:56,500
important issues regarding the 
composition and functioning of 

6669
05:51:56,500 --> 05:51:59,000
the cosmos. 
Scientific knowledge requires 

6670
05:51:59,000 --> 05:52:02,200
institutions communities of 
Scholars, and cultural 

6671
05:52:02,200 --> 05:52:05,100
Frameworks that support and 
encourage intellectual inquiry 

6672
05:52:05,100 --> 05:52:07,100
as the Medieval Era 
demonstrated. 

6673
05:52:08,200 --> 05:52:10,700
These circumstances were 
established in medieval Europe, 

6674
05:52:10,700 --> 05:52:13,600
setting the stage for the 
astronomical revolution's that 

6675
05:52:13,600 --> 05:52:16,300
would follow spend some time 
reflecting on the amazing 

6676
05:52:16,300 --> 05:52:17,900
journey. 
We've just taken together as you

6677
05:52:17,900 --> 05:52:21,600
curl up deeper in your blankets.
10s of thousands of years of 

6678
05:52:21,600 --> 05:52:25,100
human curiosity inventiveness 
and perseverance have proceeded 

6679
05:52:25,100 --> 05:52:27,800
Galileo's groundbreaking 
discovery of the sky in the 

6680
05:52:27,800 --> 05:52:31,700
early 1600s which altered the 
course of history, consider what

6681
05:52:31,700 --> 05:52:34,500
Humanity achieved in those 
Millennia before the rings of 

6682
05:52:34,500 --> 05:52:36,500
Saturn and the moon of Jupiter 
were ever seen. 

6683
05:52:37,800 --> 05:52:41,700
Ancient astronomers used only 
their eyes, their brains, and an

6684
05:52:41,700 --> 05:52:43,800
almost Supernatural amount of 
patience to track. 

6685
05:52:43,800 --> 05:52:47,200
The intricate movements of 
planets, predict eclipses and 

6686
05:52:47,200 --> 05:52:50,400
make calendars precise enough to
govern entire civilizations. 

6687
05:52:50,400 --> 05:52:54,000
They calculated the size of the 
Earth and found it to be round. 

6688
05:52:54,700 --> 05:52:58,200
The charted the positions of 
stars and measured the distances

6689
05:52:58,200 --> 05:53:02,000
to celestial objects, they 
created mathematical models that

6690
05:53:02,000 --> 05:53:05,200
were Advanced enough to forecast
the locations of planets years 

6691
05:53:05,200 --> 05:53:07,800
in advance. 
And identified patterns in 

6692
05:53:07,800 --> 05:53:10,400
astronomical motions that 
recurred over decades and 

6693
05:53:10,400 --> 05:53:12,700
centuries. 
Most astonishingly, they 

6694
05:53:12,700 --> 05:53:14,900
accomplished all of this while 
harboring basic 

6695
05:53:14,900 --> 05:53:17,100
misunderstanding, about the 
nature of the universe. 

6696
05:53:17,100 --> 05:53:23,500
Most pre-emerge, which that 
still at the center of the 

6697
05:53:23,500 --> 05:53:25,900
universe. 
They didn't know that the Milky 

6698
05:53:25,900 --> 05:53:29,100
Way was home to billions of 
stars, but planets were worlds 

6699
05:53:29,100 --> 05:53:32,800
under the cells or that stars 
were far off sons, they were 

6700
05:53:32,808 --> 05:53:35,500
remarkably successful in 
describing and four casting 

6701
05:53:35,500 --> 05:53:38,400
Celestial phenomena in spite of 
these flawed theoretical 

6702
05:53:38,400 --> 05:53:41,500
Frameworks. 
This illustrates a fundamental 

6703
05:53:41,500 --> 05:53:44,700
aspect of human intelligence, 
even when our underlying 

6704
05:53:44,700 --> 05:53:47,500
knowledge is lacking or 
completely incorrect, we can 

6705
05:53:47,500 --> 05:53:50,400
frequently identify helpful 
patterns and make precise 

6706
05:53:50,400 --> 05:53:53,000
predictions the history of 
Copic. 

6707
05:53:53,000 --> 05:53:56,300
Astronomy also demonstrates, the
value of cross-cultural 

6708
05:53:56,300 --> 05:53:58,700
interaction, and cultural 
continuity. 

6709
05:53:59,500 --> 05:54:02,500
From the Babylonians to the 
Greeks from the Greeks to the 

6710
05:54:02,508 --> 05:54:06,400
Islamic world and from Islamic 
scholars to Medieval Europeans 

6711
05:54:06,400 --> 05:54:09,400
knowledge was transmitted every 
culture. 

6712
05:54:09,400 --> 05:54:12,400
Contributed, its unique 
perspectives fixed past 

6713
05:54:12,400 --> 05:54:15,300
mistakes, and expanded. 
The realm of knowledge for 

6714
05:54:15,300 --> 05:54:18,200
thousands of years, Chinese 
astronomers kept records. 

6715
05:54:18,200 --> 05:54:21,400
Building a Priceless collection 
of observations that is still 

6716
05:54:21,408 --> 05:54:23,000
used by contemporary 
researchers. 

6717
05:54:24,100 --> 05:54:27,700
Calendar systems created by Maya
mathematicians were more precise

6718
05:54:27,700 --> 05:54:29,400
than those utilized in medieval 
Europe. 

6719
05:54:30,200 --> 05:54:33,500
During the darkest centuries of 
European civilization Islamic 

6720
05:54:33,500 --> 05:54:36,700
scholars preserved and enhanced 
Greek knowledge science. 

6721
05:54:36,700 --> 05:54:39,600
At its best is a truly human 
endeavor that transcends 

6722
05:54:39,600 --> 05:54:43,600
individual cultures languages 
and historical periods as 

6723
05:54:43,600 --> 05:54:46,400
demonstrated by This Global 
intergenerational collaboration 

6724
05:54:47,900 --> 05:54:49,700
The same questions that 
motivated. 

6725
05:54:49,700 --> 05:54:51,900
Ancient astronomers still 
motivated us to today. 

6726
05:54:51,900 --> 05:54:54,900
Where are we from, what role do 
we play in the universe? 

6727
05:54:54,900 --> 05:54:57,100
What is the mechanism of the 
universe? 

6728
05:54:57,100 --> 05:55:00,200
Many of the basic techniques 
that science still employees to 

6729
05:55:00,200 --> 05:55:03,100
today were also developed by 
pretel astronomers. 

6730
05:55:03,900 --> 05:55:07,400
Ancient astronomers using 
instruments but highly developed

6731
05:55:07,400 --> 05:55:10,900
Minds invented rigorous 
observation, mathematical 

6732
05:55:10,900 --> 05:55:14,000
modeling, hypothesis testing and
peer review. 

6733
05:55:14,000 --> 05:55:16,300
All fundamental scientific 
procedures. 

6734
05:55:16,300 --> 05:55:19,400
They developed the ability to 
discriminate between what they 

6735
05:55:19,400 --> 05:55:22,400
could see with their own eyes 
and what they had to deduce from

6736
05:55:22,400 --> 05:55:24,900
them. 
They created methods for 

6737
05:55:24,900 --> 05:55:28,100
tracking changes over time, 
scales longer than human 

6738
05:55:28,100 --> 05:55:32,000
lifetimes, measuring, seemingly 
incalculable, things, and 

6739
05:55:32,000 --> 05:55:34,900
bringing order to seemingly 
chaotic phenomena, most 

6740
05:55:34,900 --> 05:55:37,300
significantly. 
They learn to maintain faith in 

6741
05:55:37,308 --> 05:55:39,900
the capacity of human reasoning.
While being humble about the 

6742
05:55:39,900 --> 05:55:47,500
limits of human knowledge, the 
most accomplished pre-television

6743
05:55:47,500 --> 05:55:50,800
and their known facts. 
They were aware that hypotheses 

6744
05:55:50,800 --> 05:55:53,600
needed to be verified by 
observations and they were 

6745
05:55:53,600 --> 05:55:55,900
prepared to give up on Concepts 
that didn't work. 

6746
05:55:55,900 --> 05:55:59,700
Even if they made sense, 
intuitively the particular facts

6747
05:55:59,700 --> 05:56:04,000
that ancient astronomers found. 
Pretel, astronomy left behind a 

6748
05:56:04,000 --> 05:56:06,400
rich Legacy. 
They created the entire 

6749
05:56:06,400 --> 05:56:09,600
Foundation of scientific 
investigation, the notion that 

6750
05:56:09,600 --> 05:56:11,200
the Universe functions in 
accordance. 

6751
05:56:11,200 --> 05:56:14,400
With discoverable laws. 
That these laws can be expressed

6752
05:56:14,400 --> 05:56:16,800
mathematically. 
And that humans are able to 

6753
05:56:16,800 --> 05:56:19,900
understand the working of the 
cosmos by means of rigorous 

6754
05:56:19,900 --> 05:56:23,500
observation. 
And reasoned analysis, Galileo 

6755
05:56:23,500 --> 05:56:25,800
was expanding on tens of 
thousands of years of 

6756
05:56:25,800 --> 05:56:28,100
accumulated, knowledge and 
perfected technique. 

6757
05:56:28,100 --> 05:56:31,900
When he eventually pointed his 
telescope Skyward in 1609 

6758
05:56:31,900 --> 05:56:35,000
ancient astronomers had 
formulated the question. 

6759
05:56:35,000 --> 05:56:38,300
He was trying to answer. 
The mathematical instruments. 

6760
05:56:38,300 --> 05:56:41,900
He employed had been created 
over Centuries by academics from

6761
05:56:41,900 --> 05:56:43,900
a wide range of cultural 
backgrounds. 

6762
05:56:44,600 --> 05:56:47,200
His observations were even more 
precise because earlier 

6763
05:56:47,200 --> 05:56:50,200
Generations had mastered, the 
use of much simpler instruments 

6764
05:56:50,200 --> 05:57:04,200
to make precise measurements 
pre-television observational 

6765
05:57:04,200 --> 05:57:06,900
strategies created prior to the 
telescopic era. 

6766
05:57:06,900 --> 05:57:09,500
Therefore, keep in mind that 
you're a part of this 

6767
05:57:09,500 --> 05:57:12,400
long-standing tradition of 
cosmic curiosity, as you go to 

6768
05:57:12,400 --> 05:57:15,300
sleep tonight, you're taking 
part in the oldest. 

6769
05:57:15,300 --> 05:57:16,800
Scientific Endeavor in human 
history. 

6770
05:57:16,800 --> 05:57:20,600
Each time you gaze up at the 
night sky and wonder what you 

6771
05:57:20,600 --> 05:57:23,800
are seeing You're reaching out 
to generation's of astronomers, 

6772
05:57:23,800 --> 05:57:27,000
who were as awestruck by the 
cosmos, as you are the same 

6773
05:57:27,000 --> 05:57:30,100
stars that ancient astronomers 
observed continue to exist 

6774
05:57:30,100 --> 05:57:32,000
today. 
Traveling along the same 

6775
05:57:32,000 --> 05:57:34,600
Dependable routes that they have
for thousands of years. 

6776
05:57:35,500 --> 05:57:38,200
The Maya astronomers used the 
moon's phases to time their 

6777
05:57:38,200 --> 05:57:41,200
ceremonies and we can still see 
the same face of the moon today 

6778
05:57:41,200 --> 05:57:44,800
when Babylonian mathematicians 
first deduce, the planets. 

6779
05:57:44,800 --> 05:57:47,700
Intricate orbital patterns, they
still roam among the 

6780
05:57:47,700 --> 05:57:49,800
constellation's and out there 
tonight. 

6781
05:57:49,800 --> 05:57:52,500
Contemporary astronomers 
continue to do what Their 

6782
05:57:52,500 --> 05:57:55,800
ancient forebears did. 
Observe the sky with patients 

6783
05:57:55,800 --> 05:57:59,400
meticulously document their 
findings and progressively 

6784
05:57:59,400 --> 05:58:01,300
deeper in our understanding of 
the universe. 

6785
05:58:02,200 --> 05:58:04,700
The basic human desire to 
comprehend our place in the 

6786
05:58:04,700 --> 05:58:08,000
universe is not changed. 
Despite the fact that the tools 

6787
05:58:08,000 --> 05:58:09,500
have become much more advanced