Why You Wouldn’t Sleep a Single Hour in a 1800s Frontier Cabin | Boring History For Sleep

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Welcome in my tired, potatoes. 
I'm really glad you're here 

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tonight. 
Let yourself settle in and leave

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the day where it is. 
Tonight, we're stepping into why

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you wouldn't sleep, a single 
hour in a frontier cabin. 

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In the 1800s, looking at the 
sounds, the conditions and the 

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small details that made rest, 
far more difficult than we used 

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to today. 
So if this calm grounded history

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helps you unwind. 
Feel free to follow, leave a 

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like and tell me where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is for you. 
Now, let your body sink into the

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pillow, slow your breathing and 
gently drift with me into the 

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story. 
Good evening, my tired 

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dumpling's tonight. 
We travel to the American 

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frontier between 1800 and 1850 
to a single room Log Cabin, 

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where a family of six attempt. 
Something we take entirely for 

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granted. 
They try to sleep the cabin, 

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measures roughly 16 by 20 feet. 
Sits in a clearing carved from 

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dense Wilderness and contained. 
Everything a frontier household 

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owns in one rectangular space. 
You stand in the doorway as the 

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last orange light. 
Drains from the Western sky, the

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cabin behind you measures. 
Exactly 18 Steps From the door 

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to the back wall, you counted 
them this morning while sweeping

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Six steps takes you from the 
stone fireplace to the table. 

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Four more steps, reaches the 
corner, where the Rope bed frame

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sits the entire structure fits 
inside a space smaller than most

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modern living rooms. 
The logs that form these walls 

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came from the forest. 
You can still see through gaps 

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in the chinking, open. 
Hickory mostly your husband, and

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two older Sons spent six weeks 
last Autumn cutting hauling and 

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notching each trunk. 
They left the bark on some logs,

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because stripping it took time, 
nobody had the bark appeals. 

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Now, in long brown curls that 
collect on the floor, you sweep 

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them out every morning by 
evening. 

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They accumulated again, the door
you stand in, has leather 

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hinges. 
Actual metal hinges cost, seven 

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dollars at the Trading. 
Post 40 Mi East 7 dollars. 

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Represents a month of Exiles, 
your chickens produce eggs. 

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Go to the Post the post credits,
your account eventually you 

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accumulated, enough credit for 
hinges, that day has not 

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arrived. 
The leather works adequately. 

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Most of the time when it rains, 
the leather swells, the door 

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sticks, you have to shoulder it 
hard to get it opened. 

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When winter comes and the 
leather freezes, the door simply

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will not close properly, he 
stuff rags in the Gap. 

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Through the door, you watch your
husband's splitting kindling 

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near the woodpile. 
He works steadily with an 

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economy of motion that comes 
from splitting kindling every 

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day for 15 years. 
Pile of split wood grows in a 

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neat stack. 
The unsplit logs form a longer 

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row beyond that you calculated. 
Once that keeping this cabin, 

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warm through a full winter 
requires, approximately four 

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chords of hardwood. 
One chord measures 4 feet, high 

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four feet wide, and 8 feet long.
Four chords means 32 linear feet

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of stacked wood. 
All of it. 

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Cut split and hauled before the 
first real snow. 

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Your husband wipes, his 
forehead, with his sleeve, even 

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in October splitting would 
generate sweat. 

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He nods toward the Horizon where
the sun sits just above the tree

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line. 
You nod back, this exchange 

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communicates everything 
necessary. 

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He will split 10 more pieces. 
You will start preparing the 

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evening meal, the children will 
finish their outdoor tasks. 

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Everyone will come inside. 
Door, will close the night will 

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begin inside the cabin, smells 
like wood smoke and talo and the

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particular mustiness of a 
structure that never fully 

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dries. 
The smell is strongest near the 

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bed. 
In the corner that wrote bed 

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frame holds a mattress made from
a large canvas ticks stuffed 

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with cornhusks. 
Russell, when anyone moves at 

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night, the rustling sounds, 
remarkably loud in the darkness.

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You gather, those corn. 
Husks last September after the 

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Harvest, we dried them in the 
Sun for three days. 

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Then you crammed them into the 
tick through a slit in the side 

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packing them. 
As tightly as possible, the 

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mattress started out firm and 
supportive after three months of

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use the husks compressed. 
Now, the center sags, everyone's

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sleeping on that mattress rolls 
toward the middle, the two 

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daughters. 
Sit on stools near the table. 

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Mending clothes by the last 
natural light coming through the

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single window. 
The window has no glass glass 

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costs more than hinges. 
Instead, you stretch to thin 

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piece of scraped hide across the
opening and secured it with tax.

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The hide allows some light 
through during the day while 

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blocking Wind and Rain. 
Mostly during heavy storms, 

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water Finds Its way through the 
scene's. 

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You keep a rag on the sill to 
absorb the drips. 

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The girls work without talking, 
the oldest is 12. 

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She Mentor brother's shirt where
he taught it on a fence rail, 

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the stitches are need to leave. 
And even the younger daughter is

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9, she dances a sock by feel as 
much as by sight. 

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The light is already too dim for
details work. 

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She holds the sock close to her 
face squinting at the hole. 

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She's attempting to close in 
another 10 minutes. 

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She will have to stop. 
The darkness will make continued

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sowing impossible. 
You move to the fireplace and 

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kneel on the Hearthstone. 
The stone is smooth from use 

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worn down by 15 years of knees 
and hands and tools. 

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You add two split logs to the 
fire that has been burning. 

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Since this morning, the fire 
never goes completely out. 

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If you can help it. 
Starting a fire from scratch 

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with a flint and steel takes 
time and effort, keeping a fire 

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going, takes only attention and 
fuel. 

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You have learned to judge the 
exact amount of wood needed to 

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maintain useful, heat, without 
wasting fuel. 

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This skill, took three Winters 
to develop during your first 

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Frontier winter. 
You either froze or used wood 

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too quickly by the third winter.
You could look at the fire and 

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know whether it needed feeding 
the logs, you add catch quickly 

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Flames wrap around the dry bar 
can find purchase in the 

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seasoned wood beneath. heat, 
radiates outward, you feel it on

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your face and hands, the 
fireplace itself is remarkable 

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in its simplicity Your husband 
built it from Fieldstone 

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gathered. 
From the creek bed, half a mile 

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away Heald stones in a wooden 
sled pulled behind the ochs. 

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It took 43 trips. 
You remember because you counted

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each Stone had to be selected 
for size and shape flat Stones 

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worked, better for the Firebox, 
rounded Stones went into the 

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chimney structure. 
He used Mudders mortar regular 

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mud mixed with straw and water. 
The mud dried hard and held the 

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stones in place. 
Every Spring you inspect the 

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mortar and repair cracks, before
they spread, Chimney Rises 

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inside the cabin for six feet, 
then angles through the roof. 

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During construction your husband
cut a hole in the roof slightly 

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larger than the chimney 
required. 

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This Gap allows smoke to escape.
It also, allows rain to enter 

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You learn this during the first 
storm. 

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Now you keep a pot position to 
catch the drips, your pot fills 

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during long Reigns, you empty it
before it overflows. 

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This is simply one of the 
maintenance tasks that from 

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Frontier living requires. 
Your son's come through the 

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door, carrying The Milk Pail, 
and an arm full of eggs wrapped 

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in a cloth. 
The older boys, 14, he walks 

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with the beginning of a man's 
stride of his frame, is still 

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lean and his shoulders narrow, 
the younger boys. 11. 

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He tries to imitate his 
brother's walk, but the effect 

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is self-conscious. 
Both boys have hair that needs 

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cutting. 
You will cut it tomorrow. 

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Using the shears. 
You keep wrap in oil cloth the 

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shears. 
Also trim, the Sheep twice 

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yearly and cut fabric when you 
have fabric to cut. 

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They serve multiple purposes 
because owning single purpose 

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tools is a luxury Frontier 
families cannot afford. 

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Your husband enters last and 
closes the door behind him. 

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The cabin immediately becomes 
dimmer. 

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That single window in the open 
door, provided most of the 

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remaining natural light. 
With the door closed. 

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The fire becomes the primary 
light source. 

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Shadows, fill the corners and 
gather under the table. 

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The space shrinks. 
Six people. 

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Now, occupy a room that feels 
smaller than it did. 

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When you stood in it alone, you 
pour the milk into a Croc and 

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set it on the Shelf, build into 
the wall of the table, the eggs,

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go into a basket lined with 
straw. 

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Your husband hangs, his hat on a
Peg and washes, his hands in the

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basement near the door. 
The water in the basement is 

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cold. 
It came from the well this 

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morning, like evening it has 
reached room temperature which 

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means it is cold, you will heat 
water for washing before bed, 

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but that comes later, For now, 
cold water serves evening meal 

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is simple cornbread made from 
meal. 

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You ground yourself using a hand
Mill. 

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Beans cooked with a piece of 
salt pork, he beans have been 

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simmering since midday over the 
fire, their soft and filling. 

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You also have turned it from The
Root Cellar sliced and fried in 

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bacon, grease. 
The bacon grease lives in a tin 

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on the Shelf you use it for 
cooking for waterproofing Boots.

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The treating minor cuts and for 
greasing the wagon. 

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Axles, a single Pig rendered in 
November provides enough fat to 

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last. 
Until the next pig is 

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slaughtered everyone eats at the
table. 

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The table seats six. 
If everyone sits close the 

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benches have no backs your 
spine, learns to hold itself 

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upright without support during 
winter meals, the bench closest 

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to the fires, the warmest spot 
in summer. 

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That same bench is nearly 
unbearable. 

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You rotate positions through the
seasons to night with October 

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are beginning to carry a chill, 
the children, competes silently 

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for the Fireside. 
Bench, the oldest boy, wins, by 

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simply sitting down for first 
the others arrange themselves 

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without complaint The male 
proceeds in relative quiet, 

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conversation happens but it is 
practical, your husband mentions

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the fence line that needs 
repair. 

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The older boy reports, that one 
of the hens is not laying Your 

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daughter asks about fabric for a
New Dress, you tell her fabric 

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will have to wait until spring 
when the wool is sold. 

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She nods, she expected this 
answer. 

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Everyone knows the financial 
calendar income arrives in 

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large, chunks tied to harvest, 
and livestock sales. 

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Expenses must be carefully, 
distributed across the months. 

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In between, after the meal, the 
girls clear the table. 

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While you heat water in the 
large pot, hanging from the tram

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in the fireplace. 
The tramel is an iron hooks 

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suspended from a pivot Rod built
in to the chimney. 

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It allows you to raise and lower
the pot over the fire. 

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This simple mechanism makes 
cooking possible without it. 

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You would have to constantly 
lift heavy pots on and off the 

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fire. 
The Trammell cost, two dollars. 

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It was one of the first items, 
your husband purchased. 

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After building the cabin, the 
heated water goes into the 

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washing Basin everyone washes 
face and hands. 

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The boys wash their feet. 
You wash your feet, your 

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daughter's washed their feet, 
your husband washes. 

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Last The water, which started 
hot is now lukewarm, and cloudy,

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the empties out the door, into 
the yard. 

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Tomorrow morning, the chickens 
will peck of the area finding 

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bits of food particles that 
washed off. 

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Now, comes the transition to 
sleep. 

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This is not a simple. 
Matter of lying down a cabin 

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must be prepared. 
The fire must be managed. 

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Sleeping Arrangements must be. 
Negotiated, security, must be 

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considered and all of this 
happens in a space. 

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Illuminated only by firelight 
your husband adds three large 

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logs to the fire. 
These logs are oak seasoned for 

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a full year. 
They will burn slowly through 

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much of the night. 
He positions them carefully, so 

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they do not touch, but sit close
enough to share flame air 

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circulation between the logs, 
allows them to burn efficiently 

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too close together and they 
smolder too far apart and they 

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do not sustain each other. 
This is another skill that took 

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Winter's to develop. 
The older children pulled the 

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Rope bed away from the wall. 
This creates a gap of about 8 

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inches, the Gap allows air to 
circulate and prevents moisture 

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from collecting against the 
logs. 

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Moisture trapped against wood 
leads to rot leads to structural

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weakness. 
Structural weakness in a cabin, 

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wall is a serious problem. 
Prevention is simple than 

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repair, the bed itself is a 
Marvel of Frontier engineering 

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Four posts, two inches, thick 
driven into holes, all good into

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00:12:01,700 --> 00:12:05,300
the floor, cross pieces mortised
into the posts at mattress 

230
00:12:05,300 --> 00:12:08,500
height, rope woven through 
holes, drilled into the cross 

231
00:12:08,500 --> 00:12:12,500
pieces in a tight grid pattern. 
The Rope is thick hemp the same 

232
00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:15,300
rope used for towing and Hauling
woven correctly. 

233
00:12:15,300 --> 00:12:18,100
The Rope creates a suspended 
platform that gives slightly 

234
00:12:18,100 --> 00:12:21,200
underweight This give makes the 
bed more comfortable than 

235
00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:24,100
sleeping on boards. 
The Rope must be tightened to 

236
00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:26,600
periodically because it 
stretches, with use your 

237
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:29,100
husband, tightens it, every 
three weeks, using a special 

238
00:12:29,100 --> 00:12:31,900
stick that threads through the 
rope and provides Leverage. 

239
00:12:32,700 --> 00:12:35,600
The phrase sleep tight comes 
from this maintenance type. 

240
00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:38,700
Rope means better sleep. 
The mattress goes back on the 

241
00:12:38,708 --> 00:12:42,600
frame, two Woolen blankets cover
the mattress, the blankets came 

242
00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:44,200
from your own sheep sheared last
spring. 

243
00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:49,400
You spent June and July washing,
carding spinning and weaving the

244
00:12:49,400 --> 00:12:51,800
wall. 
The blankets are thick and warm 

245
00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:55,600
and Scratchy they will serve for
10 years if cared for properly. 

246
00:12:56,900 --> 00:13:00,300
Above the blankets goes, a quilt
made from fabric scraps piece 

247
00:13:00,300 --> 00:13:01,800
together. 
Over two Winter's. 

248
00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:05,100
The quilt is not beautiful in 
the decorative sense. 

249
00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:10,100
Its beauty lies in its utility. 
Every scrap in that quilt came 

250
00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:12,700
from worn out clothing, that 
could no longer be patched. 

251
00:13:12,700 --> 00:13:17,400
The quilt represents the final 
use of fabric that has already 

252
00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:20,900
served multiple purposes. 
Your daughter's, pull the 

253
00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:22,800
trundle bed from beneath the 
Rope bed. 

254
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,600
The trundle is a low frame, on 
wooden wheels that stores under 

255
00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:29,000
the main bed during the day at 
night. 

256
00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:31,400
It rolls out and provides 
sleeping space for the two 

257
00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:34,100
girls. 
The trundle has its own thinner,

258
00:13:34,100 --> 00:13:37,800
mattress also, stuffed with corn
husks, the girls share, two 

259
00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:40,700
blankets between them. 
They are accustomed to this. 

260
00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:44,700
They sleep facing opposite 
Direction's feet to head, which 

261
00:13:44,700 --> 00:13:47,900
distributes body heat more 
evenly than lying parallel. 

262
00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:52,200
The boys will sleep in the Loft.
The Loft is not really a second 

263
00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:54,600
story. 
It is a platform built into the 

264
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:58,500
rafters accessible by a ladder 
made from branches strip of bark

265
00:13:58,500 --> 00:14:02,400
and runs mortised into two 
uprights the platform measures 6

266
00:14:02,400 --> 00:14:06,100
feet by 8 feet. 
It has no railing Falling off 

267
00:14:06,100 --> 00:14:07,800
the Loft in the dark is a real 
possibility. 

268
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:10,900
The boys learned quickly to 
sleep in the center of the 

269
00:14:10,908 --> 00:14:13,100
space. 
The Loft has advantages and 

270
00:14:13,100 --> 00:14:16,400
disadvantages. 
The advantage is heat, heat 

271
00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:18,900
rises. 
The Loft is the warmest sleeping

272
00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:22,200
spot in the cabin during winter.
The disadvantage is that the 

273
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:23,900
loft is the warmest spot in the 
cabin. 

274
00:14:23,900 --> 00:14:27,100
During summer on August Nights, 
The Loft becomes an oven. 

275
00:14:27,100 --> 00:14:30,400
The boys sleepers, close to the 
edge of safety allows trying to 

276
00:14:30,408 --> 00:14:33,900
find cooler air. 
During winter, they Burrow under

277
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:35,900
blankets and sleep in relative 
Comfort. 

278
00:14:35,900 --> 00:14:39,400
While the adults shiver below 
you, and your husband will sleep

279
00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:42,200
in the Rope bed. 
This has been the arrangement 

280
00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:45,000
since the cabin was built. 
The bed is the only piece of 

281
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:47,500
furniture in the cabin that 
could be called substantial. 

282
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:50,600
It represents permanence in a 
certain degree of comfort. 

283
00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:54,200
It is also the most fought over 
resource in the household during

284
00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:57,200
extreme weather. 
The younger children climb into 

285
00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:58,700
their respective sleeping 
spaces. 

286
00:14:58,700 --> 00:15:01,800
The girls settle into the 
trundle with practice 

287
00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:06,900
deficiency, The blankets 
negotiate who gets which side to

288
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:10,900
night and lie down. 
Their breathing becomes quiet. 

289
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:14,600
Boys, assemble ladder. 
You hear the moving around 

290
00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:16,900
overhead. 
Arranging their own blanket 

291
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:19,000
kits. 
Positioning themselves for 

292
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:21,900
sleep. 
The Loft floor is made from 

293
00:15:21,900 --> 00:15:25,900
split logs, laid flat side up. 
The surface is relatively 

294
00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:30,400
smooth, but not perfectly. 
Even The boys of learned where 

295
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:33,600
the comfortable spots are. 
You and your husband make your 

296
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:36,800
own preparation. 
You remove your rate and hang it

297
00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:39,400
on a peg. 
You lose your hair from its tie 

298
00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:41,300
and brush it. 
Briefly with a brush made from 

299
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:43,100
bore bristles set in a wooden 
handle. 

300
00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,500
Your husband removes his boots 
and sets them beside the bed and

301
00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:49,700
keeps his shirt and trousers on 
everyone. 

302
00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:52,700
Sleeps in their clothes during 
cold weather, undressing 

303
00:15:52,700 --> 00:15:56,500
requires exposing skin to cold 
air dressing in the morning 

304
00:15:56,500 --> 00:16:00,500
requires the same exposure. 
Sleeping in clothes eliminates, 

305
00:16:00,500 --> 00:16:03,400
both problems you lie down on 
the mattress. 

306
00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:06,200
Corn husks crackle, under your 
weight. 

307
00:16:06,900 --> 00:16:10,500
Your range yourself on your side
facing the fire, your husband 

308
00:16:10,500 --> 00:16:13,600
lies down beside you his back to
yours. 

309
00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:16,800
The mattress sags slightly under
your combined weight. 

310
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,100
You both role in perceptibly 
toward the center. 

311
00:16:20,100 --> 00:16:23,500
Not quite touching, but close 
enough to share body heat. 

312
00:16:24,900 --> 00:16:27,000
The cabin is quiet now except 
for the fire. 

313
00:16:28,000 --> 00:16:31,100
The fire pops and hisses as 
pockets of moisture in the wood 

314
00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:35,100
heat and expand. 
The log shift as they burn 

315
00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:38,700
through each shift. 
Sends a small shower of Sparks 

316
00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:41,700
up the chimney. 
You watch the firelight play 

317
00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:44,600
across the ceiling, casting 
moving Shadows. 

318
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:48,700
That dance with the flames. 
Outside and night is not quiet 

319
00:16:48,700 --> 00:16:51,600
at all but that is another 
matter entirely. 

320
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:56,000
The mathematics of Frontier Fire
management begins with a 

321
00:16:56,000 --> 00:16:59,000
contradiction, you need the fire
to provide heat. 

322
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,700
You also need to avoid burning 
down your cabinet. 

323
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:05,300
These two requirements pull in 
opposite directions with roughly

324
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:08,400
equal force. 
Five places the only source of 

325
00:17:08,407 --> 00:17:11,900
heat in the structure during 
January when temperatures drop 

326
00:17:11,900 --> 00:17:13,700
below freezing and stay there 
for weeks. 

327
00:17:14,599 --> 00:17:17,700
Fire is the difference between 
survival and catastrophe. 

328
00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:22,500
During July, when after noon, 
temperatures reached 95 degrees 

329
00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:25,599
and the humidity Makes Your 
Clothes stick to your skin. 

330
00:17:25,599 --> 00:17:29,800
The same fire for cooking 
becomes torture, there is no 

331
00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:32,900
winning this equation, you 
simply manage it as best you 

332
00:17:32,900 --> 00:17:35,800
can. 
To night in October, the 

333
00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:37,900
temperature outside hovers 
around 50 degrees. 

334
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:42,200
Inside the cabin with the fire 
burning and six bodies 

335
00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:44,900
generating warmth. 
The temperature near the 

336
00:17:44,908 --> 00:17:47,300
fireplace. 
Probably reaches 65 degrees. 

337
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:49,900
Near the door away from the 
fire. 

338
00:17:49,900 --> 00:17:52,900
The temperature drops to 505 in 
The Loft. 

339
00:17:52,900 --> 00:17:57,000
The temperature is close to 70. 
Cabin does not heat evenly. 

340
00:17:57,000 --> 00:18:00,800
It Heats in zones learning to 
position yourself in the 

341
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:02,900
appropriate zone for comfort is 
a skill. 

342
00:18:02,900 --> 00:18:05,800
Every family, member develops. 
Fire. 

343
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:09,100
Your husband built before bed 
will burn for approximately five

344
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:12,800
hours if left on a 10-day. 
This is not long enough to last 

345
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:16,800
until morning morning arrives 
somewhere between 12 and 14 

346
00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:18,400
hours from now depending on the 
season. 

347
00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:22,700
Five hours puts you at roughly 
one in the morning at that 

348
00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:25,500
point, the fire will have burned
down to coals. 

349
00:18:26,100 --> 00:18:28,200
The coals will provide some heat
for another hour. 

350
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:30,600
Maybe two by three in the 
morning. 

351
00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:32,700
The cabin will begin to lose 
heat rapidly. 

352
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:37,200
This creates a decision point. 
Someone can wake up one to add 

353
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:42,200
would then again at 4 then again
at 6, This approach maintains 

354
00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:45,800
consistent warmth but requires 
three separate waking, 

355
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:48,900
alternatively. 
Someone can let the fire burn 

356
00:18:48,900 --> 00:18:53,300
down to tolerate the cold. 
From 3 until 6, then rebuild the

357
00:18:53,308 --> 00:18:56,400
fire at dawn. 
This approach allows 

358
00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:59,400
uninterrupted sleep, but 
guarantees discomfort during the

359
00:18:59,408 --> 00:19:03,000
coldest part of the night. 
Most Frontier families adopted a

360
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:05,800
rotational system. 
Different family members, took 

361
00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,100
different nights at fire. 
Tender the role involved waking 

362
00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:12,700
once or twice during the night 
adding wood, ensuring the fire 

363
00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:16,800
remains safe and returning to 
bed. this system distributed, 

364
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:20,100
the burden of interrupted sleep 
across multiple people, instead 

365
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:23,000
of exhausting one person 
completely You're awake. 

366
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:24,900
Now. 
Two hours after laying down. 

367
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:29,200
Your internal clock woke. 
You after 15 years of Frontier, 

368
00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:31,800
living, your body knows when the
fire needs attention. 

369
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,300
You do not feel fully alert, but
you are conscious enough to 

370
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:39,900
function Slide off the mattress 
carefully trying not to disturb 

371
00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:42,600
your husband. 
The corn husks Russell? 

372
00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:46,500
Anyway, your husband stirs but 
does not wake you stand in your 

373
00:19:46,508 --> 00:19:48,400
stocking feet on the packed 
Earth floor. 

374
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,900
The floor is cold the Earth 
beneath the cabin retains 

375
00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:55,600
coolness, even when the air 
above it warms during summer, 

376
00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:58,200
this coolness is pleasant during
winter. 

377
00:19:58,200 --> 00:20:00,800
It is miserable. 
You will eventually convince 

378
00:20:00,800 --> 00:20:03,500
your husband to install a wooden
floor over the packed Earth. 

379
00:20:03,508 --> 00:20:05,600
That Improvement will come next 
summer. 

380
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:09,700
After the planting is done and 
before Harvest begins from now, 

381
00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:11,100
the Earth floor is what you 
have. 

382
00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:14,600
You move to the fireplace. 
The three logs your husband 

383
00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:18,200
placed have burned down. 
Considerably One log is almost 

384
00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:22,100
consumed reduced to a glowing 
mass of coals with only a small 

385
00:20:22,108 --> 00:20:26,000
section of solid wood remaining.
The other two logs burn more 

386
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:29,800
slowly, they still have 
structure and shape though their

387
00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:33,300
surfaces glow, orange where the 
fire is eaten in the wood. 

388
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:37,200
You select two new logs from the
stack beside the half. 

389
00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:40,400
The logs are hickory dents and 
heavy. 

390
00:20:41,500 --> 00:20:44,600
Creed Burns hot and long. 
He position One. 

391
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:47,200
Log at Angola cross, the 
existing coals. 

392
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:51,300
The second log goes, parallel to
the first leave leaving a gap of

393
00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:55,100
about 4 inches between them. 
This Arrangement allows air to 

394
00:20:55,100 --> 00:20:58,000
feed the fire while the log 
support each other's combustion.

395
00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:00,800
The new logs catch within 
seconds. 

396
00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:04,400
The coals beneath them are still
hot enough to ignite dry would 

397
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:08,200
immediately Small Flames appear 
along the underside of the logs,

398
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:12,500
where they contact the coals, 
the Flames growing up and around

399
00:21:12,500 --> 00:21:16,700
the wood within two minutes, 
both logs are burning steadily. 

400
00:21:17,500 --> 00:21:20,300
You watch the fire for another 
minute to ensure it is stable. 

401
00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:25,100
Frontier Fire management is not 
casual a log that rolls out of 

402
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:28,300
the fireplace onto the floor, 
can ignite the entire cabin in 

403
00:21:28,300 --> 00:21:31,300
minutes. 
The gap between the half Stone 

404
00:21:31,300 --> 00:21:34,000
and the nearest wooden wall is 
exactly two feet. 

405
00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:38,600
That Gap represents a safety 
margin, but it is not foolproof.

406
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,900
You have heard stories from 
other Frontier families, about 

407
00:21:41,900 --> 00:21:46,200
fires that started in the night.
Some families, lost everything, 

408
00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:50,700
some families lost, people 
satisfied that the fire is 

409
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:54,500
securing to bed the mattress 
receives you with its familiar 

410
00:21:54,500 --> 00:21:57,500
rustling. 
Your husband has rolled toward 

411
00:21:57,500 --> 00:22:01,000
the center during your absence. 
You fit yourself against his 

412
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,500
back. 
His body heat is noticeable. 

413
00:22:03,500 --> 00:22:07,700
You draw your knee UPS like me. 
Can your own warmth? 

414
00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:10,300
Sleep returns gradually in 
layers. 

415
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:13,100
Three hours later you wake 
again. 

416
00:22:14,100 --> 00:22:17,700
Cabin is colder than before. 
You can feel it in your nose and

417
00:22:17,700 --> 00:22:21,800
fingertips, the air you breathe 
tastes cold, your eyes and 

418
00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:23,600
repeat the fire. 
Tending process. 

419
00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:26,300
Two more logs position them 
correctly. 

420
00:22:26,300 --> 00:22:30,000
Watch until they catch Return to
bed. 

421
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,300
This cycle. 
Is not restful. 

422
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:36,900
It is necessary. 
Your husband wakes at dawn to 

423
00:22:36,900 --> 00:22:38,700
tend the fire for the third 
time. 

424
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:41,700
You hear him moving in the dark.
Adding wood. 

425
00:22:41,700 --> 00:22:44,900
Adjusting the logs. 
He does not return to bed 

426
00:22:44,900 --> 00:22:48,700
instead. 
He begins his day, this is how 

427
00:22:48,700 --> 00:22:52,700
Frontier morning start. 
Someone tends the fire, which 

428
00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:55,700
provides enough like to see 
which allows work to begin. 

429
00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:59,900
Rest and wakefulness blur into 
each other without clear 

430
00:22:59,900 --> 00:23:02,500
boundaries. 
But the fire present other 

431
00:23:02,500 --> 00:23:04,300
problems. 
Beyond Simple maintenance. 

432
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:07,800
The smoke. 
For instance, the chimney draws 

433
00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:10,500
smoke upward, effectively, when 
properly maintained. 

434
00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:14,200
And when conditions are 
favorable, however, chimneys are

435
00:23:14,200 --> 00:23:17,600
not perfect systems smoke, 
sometimes, lingers in the cabin,

436
00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:20,900
despite the chimneys best 
efforts, this happens, most 

437
00:23:20,900 --> 00:23:24,400
often on days when atmospheric 
pressure is low or when Wind 

438
00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:28,100
Blows from certain directions, 
The smoke layer typically 

439
00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:31,800
collects near the ceiling, 
creating a hazy Zone that stings

440
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:33,500
your eyes and irritates your 
throat. 

441
00:23:34,600 --> 00:23:36,700
Smoke smell permeates 
everything. 

442
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:41,600
Your clothes smell like, smoke 
your hair, smells like smoke, 

443
00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:45,400
the blankets, the curtains, the 
food, the children. 

444
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:50,100
Everything carries the center of
wood smoke constantly you no 

445
00:23:50,100 --> 00:23:54,500
longer notice it yourself your 
nose adapted years ago, but 

446
00:23:54,500 --> 00:23:58,200
visitors to the cabin, smell it.
Immediately, they comment on it.

447
00:23:58,200 --> 00:24:02,400
Politely mentioning how 
distinctive the scent is how it 

448
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:04,400
reminds them of their own 
Cabins. 

449
00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:08,700
This is Frontier courtesy. 
Everyone's cabin smells like 

450
00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:11,000
smoke. 
No one admits. 

451
00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:15,100
It is unpleasant the smoke 
contains particles that settle 

452
00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:19,200
on surfaces the walls near the 
fireplace, develop a black 

453
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:22,800
coating of soot you scrub this 
coating, periodically using 

454
00:24:22,800 --> 00:24:25,400
water and sand, but it returns 
within weeks. 

455
00:24:26,100 --> 00:24:29,700
The ceiling beams are completely
black and you stopped trying to 

456
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:31,600
clean them. 
The effort is wasted. 

457
00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:34,700
The soot also affects the 
children's lungs. 

458
00:24:34,700 --> 00:24:38,100
Everyone coughs more in winter 
when the cabin is sealed tight 

459
00:24:38,100 --> 00:24:41,600
in the fire burns constantly. 
The coughing is normal. 

460
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,100
Frontier children grow up 
coughing. 

461
00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:47,700
The fire also produces heat 
extremes that make restful 

462
00:24:47,700 --> 00:24:51,200
sleep, nearly impossible. 
The side of your body facing the

463
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:53,500
fire becomes warm, sometimes 
uncomfortably. 

464
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:57,800
So the side facing away from the
fire stays cold, you rotate 

465
00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:00,400
during the night like meat on a 
spit, trying to distribute 

466
00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:03,900
warmth evenly. 
This rotation wakes, you 

467
00:25:03,900 --> 00:25:07,600
repeatedly deep sleep. 
The kind that leaves you truly 

468
00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:08,800
rested happens. 
Rarely. 

469
00:25:10,100 --> 00:25:12,600
Your daughter's in the trundle 
bed face, a different challenge.

470
00:25:13,500 --> 00:25:17,200
The trundle sits low to the 
ground, which places them in the

471
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:21,000
coldest layer of air in the 
cabin, cold air sinks. 

472
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:24,800
Floor levels Zone where the 
trundle sits might be 15 degrees

473
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:26,500
cooler than the air at standing 
height. 

474
00:25:27,300 --> 00:25:30,800
The girl's compensate by sharing
body heat and using extra 

475
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:33,000
blankets. 
But they still spend night 

476
00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:38,000
shivering come morning, they're 
stiff and cold, and reluctant to

477
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:39,700
emerge from their cocoon of 
blankets. 

478
00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:44,800
The boys in the Loft experience,
the opposite problem heat rises 

479
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:48,900
and collects Under The Roof. 
During winter nights, The Loft 

480
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:50,900
becomes the warmest sleeping 
area in the cabin. 

481
00:25:51,700 --> 00:25:53,900
During summer nights, it becomes
uninhabitable. 

482
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:56,800
The boys have been known to 
sleep on the floor during 

483
00:25:56,800 --> 00:26:00,200
August. 
Abandoning The Loft entirely in 

484
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:03,000
favor of cooler air below this 
creates crowding and 

485
00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:06,000
inconvenience but it is better 
than heat. 

486
00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:09,400
Exhaustion the fire also creates
a drying effect. 

487
00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:13,600
The air inside the cabin becomes
extremely dry during winter, 

488
00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:18,500
this dry air, cracks your lips 
and dries your nasal passages. 

489
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:22,700
You wait with your mouth feeling
like sand and your throat raw. 

490
00:26:22,700 --> 00:26:25,500
The children developed 
nosebleeds from the dry air. 

491
00:26:26,400 --> 00:26:29,300
You treat this by keeping a pot 
of water near the fire, to add 

492
00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:32,900
moisture to the air through. 
Evaporation this helps slightly 

493
00:26:32,900 --> 00:26:36,300
not enough to call it to 
solution but enough to be worth 

494
00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:40,400
doing. fire maintenance also 
requires getting up during the 

495
00:26:40,400 --> 00:26:43,400
coldest part of the night and 
functioning semi coherently, 

496
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:46,900
This is harder than it. 
Sounds your body. 

497
00:26:46,900 --> 00:26:49,500
At three in the morning wants, 
nothing more than to remain, 

498
00:26:49,500 --> 00:26:53,200
horizontal and unconscious. 
Forcing yourself, upright 

499
00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:57,300
requires will power walking 
across a cold floor in darkness 

500
00:26:57,300 --> 00:27:00,900
requires careful foot placement 
to avoid splinters or dropped 

501
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:04,000
objects. 
Adding logs to the fire requires

502
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:05,800
enough alertness to do it 
safely. 

503
00:27:06,700 --> 00:27:09,100
You've performed this routine 
thousands of times. 

504
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:12,400
It never becomes easy. 
It only becomes familiar. 

505
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,300
The wood consumption rate 
creates its own stress. 

506
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,200
Four chords of wood seems like 
Plenty. 

507
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:21,600
When you stack it in August by 
February. 

508
00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:24,300
You watch the pile shrink and 
calculate whether it will last 

509
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:27,100
until spring. 
Some Winters require strict 

510
00:27:27,100 --> 00:27:30,400
rationing you let the fire burn 
lower than his comfortable. 

511
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:35,000
You add logs less frequently, 
the cabin stays colder, but the 

512
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:38,200
wood pile lasts. 
Other Winters are mild enough 

513
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:41,600
that you have wood left over in 
March. those years feel like 

514
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:45,900
Prosperity, the relationship 
between fire and sleep becomes a

515
00:27:45,900 --> 00:27:50,100
form of ongoing negotiation You 
need fire to stay warm enough to

516
00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:52,500
sleep. 
The fire requires maintenance 

517
00:27:52,500 --> 00:27:55,900
that interrupts sleep. 
The maintenance must happen 

518
00:27:55,900 --> 00:28:00,300
whether you feel rested or not. 
The cycle continues every night 

519
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:05,100
from October, through April, by 
Spring, you are exhausted by 

520
00:28:05,100 --> 00:28:09,500
summer, you recover by Autumn 
you face the cycle again. 

521
00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:13,600
This historical record contains 
limited discussion of Frontier 

522
00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:16,900
sleep patterns because the 
people living this life did, not

523
00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:20,000
think it was remarkable. 
The Diary of Margaret, Dwight 

524
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:24,000
traveling from Connecticut to 
Ohio in 1810 mentioned, briefly 

525
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,600
that Frontier families seemed 
perpetually tired but never 

526
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:30,900
complained about it. 
She noted this as a curiosity 

527
00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:36,200
but did not investigate further.
The French traveler Alexis de 

528
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:38,600
tocqueville visiting America in 
1831. 

529
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:42,200
Observed, that Frontier women 
appeared older than their actual

530
00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:44,900
years. 
He attributed this to hard work.

531
00:28:44,900 --> 00:28:48,100
He was correct, but he missed 
the interrupted. 

532
00:28:48,100 --> 00:28:50,700
Sleep accelerated, the aging 
process significantly. 

533
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:56,000
Fire equation has no solution. 
You cannot maintain perfect 

534
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,800
warmth without perfect, 
vigilance, perfect vigilance is 

535
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:03,800
incompatible with sleep. 
So you compromise, you sleep 

536
00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:07,000
imperfectly, you wait cold or 
too warm. 

537
00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:10,700
When you tend the fire in 
darkness, you return to bed and 

538
00:29:10,700 --> 00:29:13,400
try again, this is from frontier
life. 

539
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:17,000
This is how sleep works. 
When survival depends on fire 

540
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:19,800
and tomorrow night, you will do 
it again. 

541
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:24,200
Arrangement of human bodies in a
16 by 20 foot, space follows 

542
00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:26,400
rules that are both practical 
and complex. 

543
00:29:27,300 --> 00:29:31,400
Six people occupy, this cabin 
each person requires sleeping 

544
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:33,800
space. 
The available space is limited 

545
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:36,400
the solution. 
Involves careful positioning 

546
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:41,000
negotiating boundaries and 
acceptance of conditions that no

547
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:45,200
one would choose voluntarily. 
You lie in the Rope bed, with 

548
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:49,400
your husband, the bed, measures 
5 feet, wide and six feet long. 

549
00:29:50,300 --> 00:29:52,900
This provides adequate space for
two adults. 

550
00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:55,300
If both parties remain 
relatively still during the 

551
00:29:55,300 --> 00:29:58,200
night. 
However, humans do not remain 

552
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,300
still while sleeping. 
They shift positions roll over, 

553
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:04,700
adjust their arms and legs and 
generally move in ways. 

554
00:30:04,700 --> 00:30:09,700
They are not conscious of This 
movement creates contact your 

555
00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:12,500
shoulder touches, your 
husband's, back, your knee 

556
00:30:12,500 --> 00:30:16,800
brushes against his calf. 
His elbow finds your ribs, these

557
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,600
contacts are not intimate in any
meaningful sense. 

558
00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:23,400
They are simply the inevitable 
result of two people, sharing 

559
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:26,600
insufficient space. 
Your daughter's sleep in the 

560
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:28,900
trundle bed, two feet away from 
your own bed. 

561
00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:33,300
You can hear their breathing on 
particularly quiet nights. 

562
00:30:33,300 --> 00:30:36,000
You can hear them whisper to 
each other before sleep. 

563
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:39,400
The trundle provides less space 
than the Rope bed. 

564
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:43,000
It measures four feet wide and 
five feet long. 

565
00:30:43,900 --> 00:30:45,800
Two growing girls fit in this 
space. 

566
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:47,900
Only by sleeping in close 
contact. 

567
00:30:48,900 --> 00:30:50,800
They have developed an 
arrangement where they face 

568
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,300
opposite Direction's which 
allows more efficient use of the

569
00:30:54,300 --> 00:30:58,100
available space. 
The younger girl takes the wall,

570
00:30:58,100 --> 00:31:01,800
the older girl sleeps on the 
outside closer to the main bed. 

571
00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:06,100
This Arrangement has created an 
intimacy between the sisters 

572
00:31:06,100 --> 00:31:09,300
that would not exist in more 
spacious circumstances. 

573
00:31:10,300 --> 00:31:12,100
They Know Each Other's sleep 
habits completely. 

574
00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:15,700
The older girl snores likely 
when she sleeps on her back. 

575
00:31:15,700 --> 00:31:18,000
The younger girl, grinds her 
teeth. 

576
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:22,700
Both girls wake when the other 
wakes. this shared awareness 

577
00:31:22,700 --> 00:31:26,300
creates a bond but it all so 
creates tension, neither girl 

578
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:30,700
has experienced true privacy or 
solitude They do not know what 

579
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:34,200
it feels like to sleep alone. 
In a quiet space, they have 

580
00:31:34,208 --> 00:31:37,500
nothing to compare their current
situation to accept each other. 

581
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:41,000
Above you, the boys occupied The
Loft. 

582
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:44,800
They're sleeping platform, 
measures six feet by 8 feet 

583
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:48,800
which provides more space. 
Person than the trundle, but 

584
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:51,000
comes with the hazard of 
potential falling. 

585
00:31:51,800 --> 00:31:55,100
The boys of learn to sleep in 
the center of the platform away 

586
00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:58,300
from the young guarded edges. 
He also sleep in opposite 

587
00:31:58,300 --> 00:32:00,700
orientation. 
The older boys head is near the 

588
00:32:00,708 --> 00:32:03,300
front of the Loft. 
The young boy's head is near the

589
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:05,600
back. 
This Arrangement keeps their 

590
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:07,800
faces apart which both boys 
prefer. 

591
00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:11,500
Teenage boys. 
Admit odors Sleeping 

592
00:32:11,500 --> 00:32:14,800
face-to-face. 
Amplifies these odors Sleeping 

593
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:18,800
head to foot, reduces the 
problem to tolerability the 

594
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:20,900
boys. 
Also contend with the sloped 

595
00:32:20,900 --> 00:32:24,500
ceiling The Loft platform, sits 
four feet below the peak of the 

596
00:32:24,500 --> 00:32:26,300
roof. 
This means there is 

597
00:32:26,300 --> 00:32:29,200
approximately 4 feet of Headroom
in the center of the Loft. 

598
00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:31,600
Sloping down to two, feet at the
edges. 

599
00:32:31,600 --> 00:32:34,400
The boys cannot stand upright in
this space. 

600
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:38,700
They move in a Perpetual Crouch.
Getting dressed in The Loft 

601
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:42,800
requires lying down or sitting. 
The boys have adapted to this 

602
00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:46,100
constraint, but adaptation is 
not the same as comfort. 

603
00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:49,500
Sleeping arrangement. 
In this cabin is determined by 

604
00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:51,800
age gender and temperature 
management. 

605
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:55,500
The adults, get the Rope bed 
because they purchased and build

606
00:32:55,500 --> 00:32:58,900
everything in the cabin. 
This is not discussed, it is 

607
00:32:58,900 --> 00:33:00,800
understood. 
The daughter. 

608
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:03,900
Share the trundle because girls 
are expected to share space 

609
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:07,100
without complaint. 
The boys get the Loft because he

610
00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:10,400
rises and boys are considered 
Hardy enough to tolerate 

611
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:13,700
temperature extremes. 
None of these Arrangements is 

612
00:33:13,700 --> 00:33:15,800
ideal. 
All of them are better than 

613
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:18,700
sleeping on the floor. 
Sleeping on the floor, is the 

614
00:33:18,700 --> 00:33:23,100
worst option in the cabin. 
The floor is cold, hard and 

615
00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:25,900
cannot be adequately cushioned. 
Yes, to visit. 

616
00:33:25,900 --> 00:33:28,600
Sometimes sleep on the floor 
near the fire raped in their own

617
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:31,300
blanket. 
They do this because refusing 

618
00:33:31,300 --> 00:33:35,300
Hospitality as rude and because 
a floor near a fire is better 

619
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:38,700
than sleeping outside. 
But floor sleeping is 

620
00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:41,000
universally recognized as 
unpleasant. 

621
00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:44,900
Children who misbehave are. 
Sometimes assigned floor 

622
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:48,400
sleeping as punishment? 
This threat usually achieves the

623
00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:52,600
desired corrective effect. 
The proximity of six people in 

624
00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:55,300
this space Also creates acoustic
intimacy. 

625
00:33:55,300 --> 00:34:00,100
You hear everything, everyone 
does during the night, your 

626
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:05,000
husband, snoring your daughters 
whispered conversations, your 

627
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:09,199
sons shifting position in the 
Loft coughing, throat, clearing 

628
00:34:09,199 --> 00:34:13,400
the rustle of blanket. 
The Creak of the Rope bed, the 

629
00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:15,699
scratch of someone dealing with 
an itch. 

630
00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:20,000
All of these sounds occur in 
darkness Amplified by The 

631
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:23,500
Silence of the night and the 
lack of any sound insulation. 

632
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:26,600
In the cabin walls. 
This acoustic intimacy 

633
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:30,699
eliminates privacy completely 
every bodily function is audible

634
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:34,300
to everyone else. 
People attempt discretion, But 

635
00:34:34,300 --> 00:34:38,100
discretion has limits when six 
people occupy a single room. 

636
00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:41,800
Family chamber pot, sits in the 
corner, near the door. 

637
00:34:42,500 --> 00:34:45,600
Using it during the night 
requires getting up walking 

638
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:48,800
across the cabin in darkness 
completing the necessary 

639
00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:51,900
function while other people are 
potentially awake and listening,

640
00:34:51,900 --> 00:34:55,500
then returning to bed. 
This is mortifying for 

641
00:34:55,500 --> 00:34:58,800
adolescent children. 
It is simply reality for adults.

642
00:35:00,100 --> 00:35:03,800
The chamber pot itself is a 
functional ceramic vessel with a

643
00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,700
handle and a lid. 
The lid is important because it 

644
00:35:06,700 --> 00:35:11,300
contains odors mostly the pot 
must be emptied every morning, 

645
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:15,200
which is a task assigned to 
whoever is nearest when your 

646
00:35:15,200 --> 00:35:16,900
husband decides, the pot needs 
emptying. 

647
00:35:18,100 --> 00:35:20,400
Usually this job falls to the 
older boy. 

648
00:35:21,100 --> 00:35:23,800
He carries the pot outside 
dumps, the contents in the 

649
00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:27,900
designated area, by the cabin 
rinses, the pot with water from 

650
00:35:27,900 --> 00:35:30,000
the well and returns it to its 
corner. 

651
00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:33,500
This daily tasks is 
unremarkable. 

652
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:37,400
Everyone uses the pot, everyone 
knows, it must be emptied. 

653
00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:41,400
Discussing it is unnecessary the
sleeping geography. 

654
00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:44,800
So involves bedding ownership 
and allocation your family owned

655
00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:49,300
six, blankets total to belong to
the Rope bed, two belong to the 

656
00:35:49,300 --> 00:35:54,200
trundle two belong to the loft, 
During extreme cold blankets, 

657
00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:58,300
get redistributed based on need.
The girls who sleep in the 

658
00:35:58,300 --> 00:36:01,900
coldest Zone, sometimes receive 
a third blanket borrowed from 

659
00:36:01,900 --> 00:36:04,200
the loft. 
The boys who sleep in the 

660
00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:06,300
warmest zones. 
Sometimes surrender of blanket 

661
00:36:06,300 --> 00:36:09,700
with without complaint. 
This redistribution happens 

662
00:36:09,700 --> 00:36:13,300
through unspoken agreement. 
Your husband makes the decision 

663
00:36:13,300 --> 00:36:15,600
based on observed. 
Need no one. 

664
00:36:15,608 --> 00:36:19,900
Argues the blankets themselves 
are heavy wool woven by your own

665
00:36:19,900 --> 00:36:23,000
hands on a loom that sits in the
corner during winter and gets 

666
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:26,600
moved outside during summer. 
Each blanket took approximately 

667
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:30,400
40 hours to produce from raw 
fleece to finish fabric. 

668
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:34,500
The blankets are scratchy. 
When new and softened slightly 

669
00:36:34,500 --> 00:36:37,100
with use, though, they never 
become truly soft. 

670
00:36:37,100 --> 00:36:40,100
The lanolin in the world, gives 
them a distinct smell. 

671
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:42,500
That some people find Pleasant 
and others find animals. 

672
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:45,800
Like the blankets, a warm, which
is the only quality that 

673
00:36:45,800 --> 00:36:48,500
matters. 
Under the blankets, everyone 

674
00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:51,300
sleeps in their daytime clothes 
plus additional layers, if 

675
00:36:51,300 --> 00:36:53,500
needed. 
The girls at flannel 

676
00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:56,100
underskirts. 
During winter, the boys had 

677
00:36:56,100 --> 00:36:59,200
extra shirts you and your 
husband at whatever is 

678
00:36:59,200 --> 00:37:02,700
available. nightclubs are a 
luxury item that Frontier 

679
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:05,900
families, rarely owned, changing
into specialized, sleeping 

680
00:37:05,900 --> 00:37:08,900
garments requires, owning those 
garments, and having time to 

681
00:37:08,900 --> 00:37:13,400
change, Most families owned two 
complete sets of clothing per 

682
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:16,500
person. 
One set for wearing one set for 

683
00:37:16,500 --> 00:37:20,600
washing adding a third set, 
specifically for sleeping is not

684
00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:24,400
economically feasible. 
The sleeping positions or follow

685
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:28,200
patterns that develop over time.
You sleep on your right side. 

686
00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:31,900
Facing the fire, your husband 
sleeps on his left side facing 

687
00:37:31,900 --> 00:37:34,500
away from the fire. 
This rangement emerged 

688
00:37:34,500 --> 00:37:36,800
naturally, during the first 
weeks in the cabin and has 

689
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:41,000
continued for 15 years, your 
younger daughter sleeps curled 

690
00:37:41,000 --> 00:37:43,300
in a ball. 
Your older daughter sleeps on 

691
00:37:43,300 --> 00:37:45,100
her stomach. 
With one arm under her pillow. 

692
00:37:46,300 --> 00:37:49,200
The older boy sleeps, sprawled 
in whatever position he falls 

693
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:53,800
into The younger boy sleeps 
rigidly on his back as if her 

694
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:58,700
attention. these positions are 
not chosen consciously, they're 

695
00:37:58,700 --> 00:38:01,300
simply how each person's body 
arranges itself during 

696
00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:05,900
unconsciousness, The Rope bed 
has another characteristic worth

697
00:38:05,900 --> 00:38:09,600
mentioning the ropes, stretch 
over time and begin to sag. 

698
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:14,300
When the SAG becomes pronounced,
the sleeping surface takes on a 

699
00:38:14,308 --> 00:38:18,300
hammock like quality. 
This causes both sleepers to 

700
00:38:18,300 --> 00:38:21,900
roll toward the center of the 
bed which increases body contact

701
00:38:21,900 --> 00:38:25,700
whether desired or not. 
The solution is to tighten the 

702
00:38:25,700 --> 00:38:28,900
roads, which your husband does 
by threading, a wooden rod 

703
00:38:28,900 --> 00:38:33,000
through the grid and using it as
lever to create tension this 

704
00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:36,600
tightening restores, the flat 
sleeping surface temporarily but

705
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:38,500
the ropes will stretch again 
within weeks. 

706
00:38:39,300 --> 00:38:44,200
Cycle repeats indefinitely. 
The girls trundle has no ropes 

707
00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:47,200
suspension. 
It uses a solid platform made 

708
00:38:47,200 --> 00:38:48,900
from boards laid across the 
frame. 

709
00:38:48,900 --> 00:38:51,500
This surface does not give at 
all. 

710
00:38:51,500 --> 00:38:54,900
It is firm to the point of 
hardness mattress on top 

711
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:59,900
provides minimal cushioning The 
girls wake with sore hips and 

712
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:02,900
shoulders, they never mention 
this because there is no 

713
00:39:02,900 --> 00:39:05,100
alternative and complaining 
achieves nothing. 

714
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:08,800
They simply accept that sleep 
involves discomfort. 

715
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:11,600
The Loft platform is similarly 
hard. 

716
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:15,600
The boys sleep directly on split
logs covered by a thin mattress.

717
00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:19,500
The logs have been smooth but 
they retain their fundamental 

718
00:39:19,500 --> 00:39:22,800
hardness The boys are young 
enough that their bodies 

719
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:24,500
tolerate, this better than adult
body's. 

720
00:39:24,500 --> 00:39:27,700
Would they complain occasionally
but not seriously. 

721
00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:32,100
He understand that the loft is, 
their designated space and that 

722
00:39:32,100 --> 00:39:34,600
no amount of complaining will 
change the construction of the 

723
00:39:34,600 --> 00:39:37,700
floor. 
Personal space in this cabin is 

724
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:42,000
measured in inches, not feet. 
Each person has a defined 

725
00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:45,400
sleeping area. 
That is theirs by agreement, but

726
00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:49,500
not by any physical barrier. 
You do not cross into your 

727
00:39:49,500 --> 00:39:52,500
daughter's space. 
They do not cross into yours. 

728
00:39:52,500 --> 00:39:56,100
The boys do not invade each 
other's territory in the Loft 

729
00:39:56,100 --> 00:39:57,200
beyond. 
What is necessary? 

730
00:39:58,300 --> 00:40:01,300
These boundaries are maintained 
through, mutual respect, and the

731
00:40:01,300 --> 00:40:04,300
understanding that violating 
them would create conflict in a 

732
00:40:04,300 --> 00:40:08,700
space where conflict has nowhere
to go privacy in any meaningful 

733
00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:10,400
sense. 
Does not exist. 

734
00:40:11,300 --> 00:40:14,900
The concept of personal privacy 
is incompatible with Frontier 

735
00:40:14,900 --> 00:40:18,700
single room living. 
Every person is aware of every 

736
00:40:18,700 --> 00:40:22,200
other person at all times, this 
awareness becomes background 

737
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:26,200
knowledge, like knowing the fire
is burning or that the sun will 

738
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:28,400
rise. 
You do not think about it 

739
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,500
consciously you simply live 
within the constraints it 

740
00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:35,400
create. the historical context 
for this rangement comes from 

741
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:39,800
multiple sources, the letters of
Caroline Kirkland, the frontier 

742
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:44,100
settler in Michigan, during the 
1830s describes similar sleeping

743
00:40:44,100 --> 00:40:48,100
situations in her own cabin, She
mentioned that Frontier 

744
00:40:48,100 --> 00:40:51,100
families, considered shared 
sleeping space, normal and 

745
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:54,200
necessary. 
She also notes that Frontier 

746
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:57,800
children grew up with out any 
concept of private space which 

747
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:00,500
sometimes calls problems when 
these children later move to 

748
00:41:00,500 --> 00:41:02,900
more settled areas and to learn 
privacy norms. 

749
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:07,300
The photographer Solomon 
butcher, documented Homestead 

750
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:09,300
life in Nebraska. 
During the 1880s. 

751
00:41:09,300 --> 00:41:12,900
His photograph showed cabin 
Interiors with sleeping 

752
00:41:12,900 --> 00:41:15,300
Arrangements. 
Identical to what you experience

753
00:41:15,300 --> 00:41:18,400
now. 
One photograph shows a family of

754
00:41:18,400 --> 00:41:21,500
eight in a cabin. 
This size everyone sleeps in the

755
00:41:21,500 --> 00:41:24,100
same room. 
The older children sleep on 

756
00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:26,900
platform. 
Similar to your Loft. younger 

757
00:41:26,900 --> 00:41:30,200
children sleep in beds, similar 
to your trundle, the parents 

758
00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:34,200
occupy, the only real bed in the
structure this pattern repeats 

759
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:38,200
across hundreds of documented, 
Frontier households, Sleeping 

760
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:40,400
geography of frontier. 
Life is not romantic. 

761
00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:43,800
It is not cozy in the way that 
modern people, imagine 

762
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:46,300
historical Simplicity might have
been cozy. 

763
00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:51,900
It is crowded noisy. 
Smelly cold in some places and 

764
00:41:51,900 --> 00:41:56,300
hot in others, lacking privacy 
and relentlessly intimate in 

765
00:41:56,300 --> 00:42:00,800
ways that erode personal 
boundaries completely, but it is

766
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:04,400
better than sleeping outside and
on the frontier, that makes it 

767
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:07,200
acceptable. 
The night, outside your cabin, 

768
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:10,300
performs a concert that begins 
at dusk and continues until 

769
00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:13,000
dawn. 
This concert has no 

770
00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:15,300
intermission. 
It has no conductor. 

771
00:42:15,300 --> 00:42:19,700
It has an enormous cast of 
performers who never coordinate 

772
00:42:19,700 --> 00:42:23,600
with each other and never stop 
performing you lie in your bed 

773
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:26,100
and listen to this concert 
whether you want to or not. 

774
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:31,500
Birth sounds beginners daylight 
Fades, Birds settle into their 

775
00:42:31,500 --> 00:42:34,700
roosting positions with a series
of calls and adjustments. 

776
00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:37,800
Crows core to each other. 
From the trees beyond the 

777
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,500
clearing, a Mockingbird runs 
through its repertoire one final

778
00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:43,300
time before. 
Darkness makes singing 

779
00:42:43,300 --> 00:42:47,300
pointless. 
Chirp briefly then full silent. 

780
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:51,200
Transition from day sounds to 
night. 

781
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:53,900
Sounds takes approximately 30 
minutes. 

782
00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:58,800
During this transition, you hear
both daytime species ending 

783
00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:03,100
their activities and nighttime 
species beginning theirs. owls 

784
00:43:03,100 --> 00:43:05,000
are among the first night 
performers to announce 

785
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:09,100
themselves, the great horned owl
that lives somewhere in the Oak 

786
00:43:09,100 --> 00:43:12,500
Grove, to the north calls out, 
with its distinctive deep 

787
00:43:12,500 --> 00:43:17,100
hooting Sound carries clearly 
across the half mile distance 

788
00:43:17,100 --> 00:43:18,900
between the Oak Grove and your 
cabin. 

789
00:43:19,900 --> 00:43:25,200
Five Hoops in a rhythmic pattern
then silence then five more 

790
00:43:25,200 --> 00:43:28,100
Hoots. 
The owl calls intermittently 

791
00:43:28,100 --> 00:43:31,100
throughout the night. 
Sometimes you hear a response 

792
00:43:31,100 --> 00:43:34,800
from another owl father away, 
The two birds called back and 

793
00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:37,200
forth. 
Establishing territories or 

794
00:43:37,200 --> 00:43:39,500
communicating information, you 
cannot interpret. 

795
00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:42,100
The sound is not frightening, 
exactly. 

796
00:43:42,100 --> 00:43:46,500
It is simply present large and 
resonant and constant. 

797
00:43:47,400 --> 00:43:51,200
Smaller owls at their own 
contributions screech, owls live

798
00:43:51,200 --> 00:43:54,700
closer to the cabin, probably in
the dead Tree near the creek. 

799
00:43:55,400 --> 00:43:59,300
They call is not a screech, 
despite the name, it is a 

800
00:43:59,300 --> 00:44:01,700
descending. 
Winnie almost like a horse, 

801
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:05,000
might make, if the horse were 
the size of a robin, this call 

802
00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:08,800
is Eerie in a way that the great
horned owls call is not the, 

803
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:10,800
Winnie has a quality. 
That sounds almost like 

804
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:14,100
laughter. 
Your younger daughter does not 

805
00:44:14,100 --> 00:44:16,900
like the screech owls. 
She has mentioned this several 

806
00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:18,800
times. 
You tell her the owls are 

807
00:44:18,808 --> 00:44:22,000
harmless, if this is true, but 
not particularly comforting. 

808
00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:25,700
Insects provide continuous 
background sound during warm 

809
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:29,100
months, crickets chirping, 
synchronized waves. 

810
00:44:29,100 --> 00:44:34,100
Katie did at their raspy calls 
cicadas left over from Summer 

811
00:44:34,100 --> 00:44:37,800
buzz in short bursts. 
The insect chorus creates a wall

812
00:44:37,808 --> 00:44:39,900
of sound. 
That is almost soothing because 

813
00:44:39,900 --> 00:44:43,200
of its consistency. 
You can tune it out your brain, 

814
00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:44,900
learns to categorize it as 
background. 

815
00:44:46,100 --> 00:44:48,500
The challenge comes when the 
insect sounds stopped. 

816
00:44:48,500 --> 00:44:52,700
Suddenly this sudden silence 
means something large as move 

817
00:44:52,700 --> 00:44:55,600
through the area. 
All the insects sense, the 

818
00:44:55,600 --> 00:45:00,200
presents and pause their calls. 
This absence of sound is more 

819
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:03,700
alarming than any sound. 
Could be you, lie in bed during 

820
00:45:03,700 --> 00:45:06,900
these silences, listening 
intently trying to determine 

821
00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:11,400
what caused the insects to stop.
Usually they resumed after a 

822
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:16,400
minute or two, sometimes the 
silence lasts longer coyotes 

823
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:20,100
howl, from various distances, 
the nearest Pak lives somewhere,

824
00:45:20,100 --> 00:45:22,900
beyond these field. 
You hear them clearly on cold 

825
00:45:22,900 --> 00:45:25,900
nights. 
When sound carries father, they 

826
00:45:25,900 --> 00:45:30,700
begin with wipees and Barks that
build into full howling The pack

827
00:45:30,700 --> 00:45:34,600
joins together in this howling 
creating a chorus that rises and

828
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:40,900
Falls the sound conveys wildness
in its purest form. coyotes are 

829
00:45:40,900 --> 00:45:44,200
not dangerous to adult humans 
but they will take chickens and 

830
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:48,700
small livestock, your husband 
shoots them when he can the 

831
00:45:48,700 --> 00:45:52,300
Coyote's continue howling 
regardless He seemed Unlimited 

832
00:45:52,300 --> 00:45:57,300
in number for every one killed 
two more appear. wolves are a 

833
00:45:57,300 --> 00:46:00,700
more serious concern, wolves 
live farther out in the deeper 

834
00:46:00,700 --> 00:46:03,900
Wilderness, but they sometimes 
travel closer to settled areas 

835
00:46:03,900 --> 00:46:08,400
when hunting, Wolf howls, a 
deeper and louder than coyote 

836
00:46:08,400 --> 00:46:10,700
howls. 
They carry for miles. 

837
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:15,000
When you hear wolves, you hear 
them from a distance that makes 

838
00:46:15,000 --> 00:46:19,400
immediate danger unlikely, but 
the sound still triggers an 

839
00:46:19,400 --> 00:46:23,000
ancestral response. 
Your body knows that wolves are 

840
00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:25,100
predators. 
Your body does not care. 

841
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:26,900
That the wolves are probably far
away. 

842
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:31,400
Your heart rate increases your 
breathing becomes shallow, you 

843
00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:33,400
lie. 
Very still and listen until the 

844
00:46:33,400 --> 00:46:36,700
howling stops. 
The livestock in the small, barn

845
00:46:36,700 --> 00:46:38,800
beside the cabin at their own 
sounds. 

846
00:46:39,500 --> 00:46:43,000
The cow shifts position and 
bumps against the Stalls. 

847
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:46,900
You hear this clearly through 
the cabin wall because the barn 

848
00:46:46,900 --> 00:46:50,000
shares a wall with the cabin. 
This design allows you to 

849
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:52,200
monitor the livestock without 
going outside. 

850
00:46:52,200 --> 00:46:55,400
The cows movements are random, 
throughout the night. 

851
00:46:55,400 --> 00:46:58,900
Sometimes she is restless. 
Other time. 

852
00:46:58,900 --> 00:47:02,700
She stands motionless for hours.
You cannot predict, which mood 

853
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:05,200
she will be in. 
The chickens in their Coop, 

854
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:07,500
clutch softly, when something 
disturbs them. 

855
00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:11,500
Usually the disturbance is a rat
or a weasel trying to access the

856
00:47:11,500 --> 00:47:14,700
coop. 
The chickens soft alarm clocks. 

857
00:47:14,700 --> 00:47:18,200
Tell you that the Predator is 
present but has not yet breached

858
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:22,300
the defense's Good. 
If the clucking became loud, 

859
00:47:22,300 --> 00:47:25,800
squawking, you would have to get
up and investigate soft. 

860
00:47:25,800 --> 00:47:28,100
Cluckin means the situation is 
under control. 

861
00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:32,200
Wind creates a symphony of its 
own Wind Through the Trees 

862
00:47:32,200 --> 00:47:34,600
produces different sounds 
depending on the season. 

863
00:47:34,600 --> 00:47:39,900
And the type of tree Pine trees 
hiss deciduous trees rustle and 

864
00:47:39,900 --> 00:47:42,800
clatter. 
During Autumn when leaves are 

865
00:47:42,800 --> 00:47:46,000
loose, but still attached, the 
wind shakes them in waves that 

866
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:50,200
sound like distant rain, During 
winter, when the branches are 

867
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:52,900
bare, the wind makes the trees 
Creak and groan. 

868
00:47:52,900 --> 00:47:57,200
These are old sounds trees. 
Moved by wind of sounded this 

869
00:47:57,208 --> 00:47:58,600
way. 
For, as long as trees have 

870
00:47:58,600 --> 00:48:02,300
existed, The Sounds should be 
comforting in their ancients. 

871
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:06,000
Sometimes they are. 
Sometimes they sound like 

872
00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:07,700
something. 
Moving through the forest with 

873
00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:12,000
purpose. 
Cabin itself makes sounds would 

874
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:15,900
contracts as the night, air 
cools, the contraction produces 

875
00:48:15,900 --> 00:48:19,600
pops, and cracks that are sharp 
and sudden the roof, Timbers 

876
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:25,400
snap, the wall logs, click the 
floor, beams shift, each sound 

877
00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:28,500
is distinct and identifiable. 
Once you learn the cabins 

878
00:48:28,500 --> 00:48:33,000
acoustic signature, New settlers
find the sound alarming. 

879
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:35,900
You have lived here long enough 
that you know, which sounds are 

880
00:48:35,900 --> 00:48:38,800
structural settling on which 
sounds indicate a problem. 

881
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:42,900
The sharp crack from the 
north-west corner, as normal. 

882
00:48:43,700 --> 00:48:46,200
The slower creaking from the 
roofline near the chimney 

883
00:48:46,200 --> 00:48:48,000
requires investigation in the 
morning. 

884
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:51,300
Rain On The Roof is surprisingly
loud. 

885
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:55,300
The cabin has no ceiling. 
The interior of the roof is 

886
00:48:55,300 --> 00:48:58,500
visible from inside. 
Rain hits, the wood, shingles 

887
00:48:58,500 --> 00:49:00,900
directly above your head. 
With a patterning that builds to

888
00:49:00,900 --> 00:49:04,800
a roar during heavy storms. 
Individual raindrops are 

889
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:07,700
distinguishable during light 
rain during downpours. 

890
00:49:07,700 --> 00:49:10,000
The drops merge into continuous 
sound. 

891
00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:12,600
Sleep during Heavy Rain is 
difficult. 

892
00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:16,200
Not because of fear. 
But because of volume, Sound is 

893
00:49:16,200 --> 00:49:19,100
simply too loud to allow the 
brain to fully disengage. 

894
00:49:20,100 --> 00:49:22,600
Thunder during storms is more 
than sound. 

895
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:26,800
It is concussion. 
The cabinets in a clearing with 

896
00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:29,300
limited protection from 
electrical storms. 

897
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:32,800
Lightning strikes nearby with 
some regularity. 

898
00:49:33,900 --> 00:49:35,600
Thunder. 
That follows lightning is 

899
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:38,600
physical. 
You feel it in your chest and in

900
00:49:38,600 --> 00:49:41,400
the bed frame, the Boom is so 
loud. 

901
00:49:41,400 --> 00:49:45,400
It temporarily definitely. 
The girls whimper during closed.

902
00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:50,300
Like, you do not blame them, you
are frightened to you. 

903
00:49:50,300 --> 00:49:54,100
Simply do not show it adults, 
cannot show fear in front of 

904
00:49:54,100 --> 00:49:58,800
children, this is an rule. 
So you lie still and wait for 

905
00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:01,800
the storm to pass and hope that 
no lightning hits the cabin or 

906
00:50:01,800 --> 00:50:04,600
the barn, or the Trees close 
enough to send burning branches 

907
00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:07,500
onto the roof. 
Hail sounds like someone 

908
00:50:07,500 --> 00:50:11,400
throwing gravel at the cabin. 
Small, hail creates a rattling 

909
00:50:11,400 --> 00:50:16,100
sound large. 
Hail thuds hailstorms a brief 

910
00:50:16,100 --> 00:50:19,200
but intense they damaged crops 
and kill chickens. 

911
00:50:19,200 --> 00:50:22,800
If the birds are caught in the 
open, You have learned to move 

912
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:26,300
the chickens into covered areas 
when you see the particular type

913
00:50:26,300 --> 00:50:30,600
of cloud that produces hail. 
The clouds are dark green at the

914
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:32,800
base and Tower upward into 
bright white. 

915
00:50:33,700 --> 00:50:37,000
These clouds mean trouble. 
They appear most often in late 

916
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:39,400
spring. 
Nice living in the cabin walls, 

917
00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:42,100
you hear them at night, 
scurrying through the space is 

918
00:50:42,100 --> 00:50:44,800
between the logs. 
They are searching for food and 

919
00:50:44,800 --> 00:50:48,600
warmth they chew on things. 
You hear the noring sound of 

920
00:50:48,600 --> 00:50:51,300
mouse teeth on wood or Fabric or
stored food. 

921
00:50:51,300 --> 00:50:54,100
You have accepted that 
eliminating mice. 

922
00:50:54,100 --> 00:50:57,400
Completely is impossible. 
You manage their population by 

923
00:50:57,400 --> 00:51:01,300
setting traps and keeping food 
in sealed containers, but mice 

924
00:51:01,300 --> 00:51:04,600
are intelligent persistent. 
The find ways around your 

925
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:08,000
defense's, The Sound Of Mice and
the walls is constant. 

926
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:11,600
Background noise, you tune it 
out, most nights some nights, 

927
00:51:11,600 --> 00:51:15,300
you cannot Larger animals, 
occasionally investigate the 

928
00:51:15,300 --> 00:51:18,500
cabin, raccoons check the area 
around the door. 

929
00:51:18,500 --> 00:51:21,200
West scraps sometimes fall 
during meal preparation. 

930
00:51:21,200 --> 00:51:24,600
You hear them pouring at things 
and knocking over the empty 

931
00:51:24,600 --> 00:51:27,600
bucket. 
Opossums move more quietly but 

932
00:51:27,600 --> 00:51:31,800
still makes small sounds as they
investigate dear walk, past the 

933
00:51:31,800 --> 00:51:35,100
cabin regularly. 
Their Hooves make soft thuds on 

934
00:51:35,100 --> 00:51:38,000
the packed Earth. 
You can track their Movement by 

935
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:40,900
sound alone. 
They approached from the woods 

936
00:51:40,900 --> 00:51:44,200
Circle the cabin at a distance 
then move on to the creek. 

937
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:46,700
They are looking for water and 
grazing. 

938
00:51:46,700 --> 00:51:50,600
They pose no threat. 
Their presence is actually 

939
00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:53,400
comforting. 
Deer, a prey animals. 

940
00:51:53,400 --> 00:51:56,800
They sent Predators. 
If dear a walking calmly passed 

941
00:51:56,800 --> 00:51:59,000
your cabin. 
No predators are in the 

942
00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:01,800
immediate area. 
Bears are a different matter. 

943
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:05,400
There's occasionally wander 
through during late Autumn when 

944
00:52:05,400 --> 00:52:06,600
they are preparing for 
hibernation. 

945
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:10,700
A bear investigating the area 
around a cabin, makes 

946
00:52:10,700 --> 00:52:14,000
substantial noise. 
A large and not particularly 

947
00:52:14,000 --> 00:52:17,800
careful about where they step. 
You hear branches, breaking and 

948
00:52:17,800 --> 00:52:21,500
heavy footfalls Bears will tear 
apart anything they think might 

949
00:52:21,500 --> 00:52:25,300
contain food. 
Poorly secured, chicken Coopers 

950
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:29,200
extremely attractive to a bear, 
a root cellar with the weak door

951
00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:32,100
is an invitation. 
Your husband built the root 

952
00:52:32,100 --> 00:52:35,200
cellar with heavy planks and a 
strong latch specifically to 

953
00:52:35,200 --> 00:52:39,100
resist Bears. 
The latches held so far you hear

954
00:52:39,100 --> 00:52:42,900
Bears perhaps twice a season 
each time you like completely 

955
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:45,400
still and pray they will move on
with without causing damage. 

956
00:52:45,400 --> 00:52:50,300
Usually they do One year a bear 
destroyed, the chicken coop and 

957
00:52:50,300 --> 00:52:52,800
killed half the flock that year 
was difficult. 

958
00:52:53,900 --> 00:52:57,400
Mountain lions exist, in the 
deeper Wilderness, you have 

959
00:52:57,408 --> 00:52:59,900
never seen one near the cabin. 
You have heard them. 

960
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:03,700
Sound a mountain lion makes his 
unlike any other animal. 

961
00:53:03,700 --> 00:53:08,100
It is a scream, not a raw. 
A scream that sounds 

962
00:53:08,100 --> 00:53:13,100
disturbingly human. 
First time you heard it, you 

963
00:53:13,100 --> 00:53:14,600
thought someone was being 
murdered. 

964
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:18,500
You started to rise from bed to 
investigate, your husband 

965
00:53:18,500 --> 00:53:20,900
stopped you. 
He knew what the sound was? 

966
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:23,700
He told you to stay still and 
stay quiet. 

967
00:53:25,400 --> 00:53:29,000
The mountain lion, screamed, 
three more times that night each

968
00:53:29,000 --> 00:53:32,900
time from a different location. 
The sound came from perhaps half

969
00:53:32,900 --> 00:53:35,900
a mile away. 
This distance was far enough to 

970
00:53:35,900 --> 00:53:38,200
be safe, but close enough to be 
terrifying. 

971
00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:42,600
You have heard mountain lions on
paps 5 or 6 nights over 15 

972
00:53:42,600 --> 00:53:45,600
years. 
Each time you do not sleep for 

973
00:53:45,600 --> 00:53:49,200
the rest of that night. 
Human sounds from inside. 

974
00:53:49,200 --> 00:53:50,700
The cabin are their own 
category. 

975
00:53:50,700 --> 00:53:53,400
Your husband snores in a regular
rhythm. 

976
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:57,600
The sound is deep and constant, 
you have learned to sleep 

977
00:53:57,600 --> 00:53:59,800
through it. 
Your daughter's whisper, 

978
00:53:59,800 --> 00:54:03,700
sometimes before sleep, their 
voice is a softball orderable. 

979
00:54:03,700 --> 00:54:07,500
He discussed things that 12 year
old and 9 year old girls discus.

980
00:54:08,400 --> 00:54:12,700
Friends, chores hopes, your sons
in the Loft. 

981
00:54:12,700 --> 00:54:16,700
Also talked occasionally, the 
conversations are brief and less

982
00:54:16,700 --> 00:54:19,400
frequent. 
They speak about work about the 

983
00:54:19,400 --> 00:54:21,600
livestock about plans for the 
next day. 

984
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:25,600
Both pairs of children stopped 
talking once they realize you 

985
00:54:25,600 --> 00:54:28,200
were listening, this is their 
private time. 

986
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:30,800
You respect it by pretending not
to hear. 

987
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:34,300
Someone gets up to use the 
chamber pot at least once every 

988
00:54:34,300 --> 00:54:38,800
night, usually multiple people, 
the sequences, always the same, 

989
00:54:38,800 --> 00:54:42,600
the rustle of blankets, the soft
sound of feet on the floor. 

990
00:54:42,600 --> 00:54:47,800
The quiet removal of the pot 
lid, the necessary function, the

991
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:50,500
replacement of the lid, the 
return to bed. 

992
00:54:51,300 --> 00:54:55,000
Everyone pretends to be asleep 
during these excursions this 

993
00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:57,400
pretends. 
Maintains a fiction of privacy 

994
00:54:57,400 --> 00:55:01,800
That No One Believes but 
everyone supports morning 

995
00:55:01,800 --> 00:55:06,200
begins, not with light But with 
sound the rooster crows at the 

996
00:55:06,200 --> 00:55:09,400
first hint of dawn, the rooster 
lives in the chicken coop, but 

997
00:55:09,400 --> 00:55:11,000
his voice carries clearly into 
the cabin. 

998
00:55:11,900 --> 00:55:15,500
The crow is loud and insistent, 
it is designed to wait the 

999
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:17,400
household. 
It's succeeds. 

1000
00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:21,800
The rooster continues crowing at
intervals until someone gets up 

1001
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:25,300
and Begins the day. 
This is the final sound in the 

1002
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:28,300
Night concert. 
It signals the transition back 

1003
00:55:28,300 --> 00:55:31,000
to Daylight and the end of 
listening to Darkness. 

1004
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:34,800
The naturalist John James 
Audubon traveled through 

1005
00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:38,700
Frontier regions during the 
1820s and documented bird. 

1006
00:55:38,700 --> 00:55:42,900
Sounds extensively his journals 
mentioned that Frontier families

1007
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:46,500
learned to identify dozens of 
species by call alone. 

1008
00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:49,900
This knowledge was practical, 
not academic. 

1009
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:54,500
Certain bird calls indicated the
presence of predators other 

1010
00:55:54,500 --> 00:55:56,300
calls signaled. 
Weather changes. 

1011
00:55:56,300 --> 00:56:00,000
The ability to interpret bird. 
Sounds provided useful 

1012
00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:04,000
information about the immediate 
environment The night sounds of 

1013
00:56:04,000 --> 00:56:07,400
frontier life, not peaceful. 
They are not the gentle on 

1014
00:56:07,400 --> 00:56:09,900
beyond that modern people. 
Imagine, when they think of 

1015
00:56:09,900 --> 00:56:13,300
rural living, they allowed 
constant alarming and 

1016
00:56:13,300 --> 00:56:16,700
relentless. 
They prevent deep sleep, the 

1017
00:56:16,700 --> 00:56:19,400
trigger anxiety. 
They remind you that the walls 

1018
00:56:19,400 --> 00:56:22,900
of your cabin are thin and that 
Wilderness begins just beyond 

1019
00:56:22,900 --> 00:56:26,300
those walls and that Wilderness 
contains things that can harm 

1020
00:56:26,300 --> 00:56:29,800
you. 
But the sounds are so proof that

1021
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:32,400
you are alive in a place where 
life teams in a abundance. 

1022
00:56:32,400 --> 00:56:37,200
And sometimes on very quiet 
nights when the wind is still in

1023
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:40,000
the house are distant to the 
insects of not yet, emerged for 

1024
00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:42,600
the Seas and you hear nothing at
all. 

1025
00:56:42,608 --> 00:56:47,400
Those nights of the ones that 
disturb you most Silence on the 

1026
00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:50,100
frontier. 
Usually means something is very 

1027
00:56:50,100 --> 00:56:53,100
wrong. 
The division of nighttime labor 

1028
00:56:53,100 --> 00:56:57,200
in Frontier households, follows 
patterns that maximize survival 

1029
00:56:57,200 --> 00:57:01,500
while Distributing exhaustion as
equitably as possible. 

1030
00:57:01,500 --> 00:57:05,700
No one sleeps through the night 
uninterrupted except during 

1031
00:57:05,708 --> 00:57:09,200
illness or injury. 
Everyone contributes to the 

1032
00:57:09,200 --> 00:57:11,700
nighttime maintenance that keeps
the household safe and 

1033
00:57:11,700 --> 00:57:14,500
functional. 
Your primary responsibility is 

1034
00:57:14,500 --> 00:57:17,200
fire management. 
You wake up predictable 

1035
00:57:17,200 --> 00:57:21,000
intervals, assess the fire 
status and add wood as needed. 

1036
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:25,100
This task Falls to you because 
you are the lightest sleeper in 

1037
00:57:25,100 --> 00:57:28,000
the family and because you have 
developed the most reliable 

1038
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:32,200
internal clock, Your husband 
could do this work but is 

1039
00:57:32,200 --> 00:57:33,900
daytime. 
Labor is more physically 

1040
00:57:33,900 --> 00:57:37,300
demanding than yours allowing 
him longer periods of 

1041
00:57:37,308 --> 00:57:40,200
uninterrupted. 
Sleep means he can work more 

1042
00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:41,800
effectively during daylight 
hours. 

1043
00:57:41,800 --> 00:57:46,300
This is not gender ideology, 
this is practical resource 

1044
00:57:46,300 --> 00:57:50,100
allocation Your husband's 
nighttime responsibility is 

1045
00:57:50,100 --> 00:57:53,000
security. 
He sleeps with his rifle within 

1046
00:57:53,000 --> 00:57:53,600
our Arms. 
Reach. 

1047
00:57:54,600 --> 00:57:58,300
The rifle leans against the wall
beside the bed loaded, but not 

1048
00:57:58,300 --> 00:58:00,900
cocked. 
If something threatens the cabin

1049
00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:03,600
during the night responding is 
his role. 

1050
00:58:03,600 --> 00:58:06,500
This has happened three times in
15 years. 

1051
00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:10,100
Once when bears attacked the 
chicken coop, once, when 

1052
00:58:10,100 --> 00:58:13,100
strangers approach the cabin 
after dark and refused to 

1053
00:58:13,108 --> 00:58:16,100
identify themselves. 
When challenged, once when a 

1054
00:58:16,100 --> 00:58:18,500
pack of dogs gone, feral tried 
to break into the barn. 

1055
00:58:18,500 --> 00:58:21,800
Each time, your husband was 
awakened within seconds. 

1056
00:58:21,800 --> 00:58:25,400
The rifles presence is 
reassuring even when no threat 

1057
00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:29,200
materializes, The older boys 
responsibility is monitoring the

1058
00:58:29,208 --> 00:58:32,700
livestock, he wakes once during 
the night and goes to the barn, 

1059
00:58:32,700 --> 00:58:35,500
to check the cow as water, and 
the chickens are secure. 

1060
00:58:36,500 --> 00:58:39,400
This task teaches in Vigilantes 
and responsibility. 

1061
00:58:40,400 --> 00:58:42,500
It also ensures. 
That livestock problems are 

1062
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:45,900
caught early before they become 
serious, a cow that has gone 

1063
00:58:45,900 --> 00:58:49,100
down in her stall need to help 
or she may not be able to stand 

1064
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:52,500
again chickens panicking in 
their coops signal of Predator. 

1065
00:58:52,500 --> 00:58:56,100
The boy learns to read these 
signs and respond appropriately.

1066
00:58:56,900 --> 00:58:59,700
The older girls responsibility 
is managing her younger sister. 

1067
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:04,000
If the younger girl Waits 
frightened or sick the older 

1068
00:59:04,000 --> 00:59:06,600
girl handles it with without 
waking you unless the situation 

1069
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:09,200
is serious. 
This Arrangement allows you to 

1070
00:59:09,200 --> 00:59:12,000
maintain your role as primary 
fire tender without being 

1071
00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:14,400
interrupted for minor childhood 
disturbances. 

1072
00:59:15,300 --> 00:59:18,400
It also teaches the older girl, 
caretaking skills that she will 

1073
00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:19,800
need when she has her own 
household. 

1074
00:59:20,800 --> 00:59:22,800
The younger children have no 
formal nighttime 

1075
00:59:22,800 --> 00:59:25,000
responsibilities yet. 
They sleep. 

1076
00:59:25,000 --> 00:59:28,000
As soundly as children. 
The age can sleep which means 

1077
00:59:28,000 --> 00:59:31,000
they wake periodically. 
But go back to sleep without 

1078
00:59:31,000 --> 00:59:33,400
intervention. 
In a few years. 

1079
00:59:33,400 --> 00:59:36,400
The younger boy, will begin. 
Taking turns monitoring 

1080
00:59:36,400 --> 00:59:38,800
livestock. 
The younger girl will learn to 

1081
00:59:38,800 --> 00:59:42,000
tend to fire for now. 
They are allowed to be children.

1082
00:59:43,000 --> 00:59:46,000
These responsibilities create a 
household where someone is 

1083
00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:49,600
always partially conscious. 
Full unconsciousness is 

1084
00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:52,000
dangerous. 
Fire can escaped containment 

1085
00:59:52,000 --> 00:59:55,900
Predators. 
Can attack livestock weather can

1086
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:58,300
change. 
Suddenly illness can strike with

1087
00:59:58,300 --> 01:00:01,200
without warning. 
Someone must always be ready to 

1088
01:00:01,208 --> 01:00:05,500
respond this distributed. 
Vigilance means that true rest 

1089
01:00:05,500 --> 01:00:10,800
is rare, you sleep but lightly 
you dream but remain aware of 

1090
01:00:10,800 --> 01:00:14,200
the cabin around you. 
Your mind never fully releases 

1091
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:17,900
its grip on Consciousness. 
The night work extends Beyond 

1092
01:00:17,900 --> 01:00:20,600
maintenance to include actual 
labor, when necessary. 

1093
01:00:21,500 --> 01:00:24,300
Calving happens at night with 
frustrating frequency. 

1094
01:00:25,300 --> 01:00:29,000
Cow going into labor, make 
specific sounds, your husband 

1095
01:00:29,000 --> 01:00:31,100
recognizes the sounds 
immediately. 

1096
01:00:31,100 --> 01:00:36,000
He wakes dresses lights to 
Lantern and goes to the barn. 

1097
01:00:36,800 --> 01:00:40,400
You usually follow to provide 
assistance, Calvin can be quick 

1098
01:00:40,400 --> 01:00:43,400
and uneventful. 
They can also be complicated and

1099
01:00:43,400 --> 01:00:47,700
life-threatening Calf presenting
wrong needs to be repositioned 

1100
01:00:47,700 --> 01:00:50,800
manually a cow. 
Unable to deliver after 

1101
01:00:50,800 --> 01:00:53,300
prolonged labor, may need the 
calf pulled with ropes. 

1102
01:00:54,100 --> 01:00:58,100
These interventions require two 
people, they also require a 

1103
01:00:58,100 --> 01:01:00,800
staying awake for however many 
hours the process takes. 

1104
01:01:01,800 --> 01:01:05,100
You have assisted with 14 
carving during your time in this

1105
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:08,100
cabin. 
Three cars, died, despite 

1106
01:01:08,100 --> 01:01:12,700
intervention, two cows died. 
These losses are economically. 

1107
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:16,600
Significant a cow represents 
months of Feed in years of 

1108
01:01:16,600 --> 01:01:19,800
breeding investment. 
A calf represents future milk 

1109
01:01:19,800 --> 01:01:23,600
production or sale value losing.
Either means the family's 

1110
01:01:23,600 --> 01:01:26,800
resources are reduced. 
You do not mourn, these lost his

1111
01:01:26,800 --> 01:01:30,900
sentimentally, you mourn, them 
practically Dead lives, stop 

1112
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:34,000
means less food, and less income
illness in the household. 

1113
01:01:34,000 --> 01:01:37,400
Also triggers nighttime, 
responsibilities that supersede 

1114
01:01:37,400 --> 01:01:40,800
normal schedules. 
The child with a high fever 

1115
01:01:40,800 --> 01:01:43,700
requires constant. 
Monitoring, the fever must be 

1116
01:01:43,708 --> 01:01:47,300
brought down using cool water, 
compresses, the child must be 

1117
01:01:47,300 --> 01:01:50,300
encouraged to drink water to 
prevent dangerous dehydration. 

1118
01:01:51,200 --> 01:01:54,400
Child must be watched to ensure.
The fever does not cause 

1119
01:01:54,400 --> 01:01:57,800
seizures this monitoring 
continues through the night 

1120
01:01:57,800 --> 01:02:01,200
until the fever breaks or until 
you determine the child needs. 

1121
01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:04,500
The doctor The nearest doctor is
14 miles away. 

1122
01:02:04,500 --> 01:02:06,600
Deciding whether an illness 
warrants. 

1123
01:02:06,600 --> 01:02:10,100
A 40 mile trip is a calculation.
You make based on incomplete 

1124
01:02:10,100 --> 01:02:13,400
information and experience that 
comes from watching children. 

1125
01:02:13,400 --> 01:02:17,400
Be sick many times, your younger
daughter wants had scarlet 

1126
01:02:17,400 --> 01:02:19,900
fever. 
The fever Rose to a level that 

1127
01:02:19,900 --> 01:02:23,700
caused delirium she hallucinated
and thrashed in her sleep. 

1128
01:02:23,700 --> 01:02:27,100
You sat beside the trundle bed 
for three full nights. 

1129
01:02:27,100 --> 01:02:31,600
Keeping her cool, forcing water 
between her lips and praying, 

1130
01:02:31,600 --> 01:02:35,500
she would survive, she did 
survive but the experience 

1131
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:38,300
taught you that Frontier 
childhood is precarious. 

1132
01:02:39,300 --> 01:02:42,600
Children die from illnesses that
modern medicine treats easily. 

1133
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:47,300
you know, this intellectually, 
you experience it emotionally 

1134
01:02:47,300 --> 01:02:51,100
during those three nights 
whether events or create 

1135
01:02:51,100 --> 01:02:54,800
nighttime work, Sudden wind 
storm that tears, shingles from 

1136
01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:56,700
the roof requires immediate 
repair. 

1137
01:02:57,400 --> 01:03:00,500
You cannot wait until morning 
because rain following wind 

1138
01:03:00,500 --> 01:03:03,600
would pour into the cabin. 
You and your husband climb onto 

1139
01:03:03,600 --> 01:03:07,000
the roof in darkness. 
Using lanterns for light and 

1140
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:09,600
nail temporary patches over the 
damaged areas. 

1141
01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:14,300
This work is dangerous. 
Falling from a roof at night. 

1142
01:03:14,300 --> 01:03:18,400
Could result in serious injury. 
Not repairing the roof could 

1143
01:03:18,400 --> 01:03:22,600
result in more serious damage, 
you choose the Lesser risk. 

1144
01:03:23,700 --> 01:03:27,300
Flash flood from Upstream sends 
water rushing, past the cabin, 

1145
01:03:27,300 --> 01:03:31,900
once every few years, the water 
comes fast and high threatening 

1146
01:03:31,900 --> 01:03:35,908
to undermine the foundation. 
And flood the seller, You in the

1147
01:03:35,916 --> 01:03:37,600
older, children work through the
night. 

1148
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:40,400
Dick in drainage channels and 
building temporary Burns. 

1149
01:03:40,400 --> 01:03:45,200
To redirect the water, your wet,
cold, exhausted, and Ankle, deep

1150
01:03:45,200 --> 01:03:48,300
in mud, by morning, the 
dangerous passed. 

1151
01:03:49,000 --> 01:03:52,200
You sleep for a few hours, then 
begin your regular days work. 

1152
01:03:53,000 --> 01:03:55,800
The night work also includes 
planning and decision-making. 

1153
01:03:55,800 --> 01:04:00,400
You and your husband sometimes 
use the quiet night hours to 

1154
01:04:00,400 --> 01:04:02,400
discuss. 
How old matters that require 

1155
01:04:02,400 --> 01:04:06,700
privacy. 
Financial decisions discipline 

1156
01:04:06,700 --> 01:04:09,200
for the children, plans, for the
coming season. 

1157
01:04:10,400 --> 01:04:13,300
These conversations happen in 
Whispers, after the children are

1158
01:04:13,300 --> 01:04:16,200
asleep, they are serious 
conversations about serious 

1159
01:04:16,200 --> 01:04:19,100
matters. 
The darkness makes them easier 

1160
01:04:19,100 --> 01:04:22,000
somehow. 
Problems discussed in darkness, 

1161
01:04:22,000 --> 01:04:25,000
seemed slightly more manageable 
than problems discussed in 

1162
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:27,700
daylight. 
You do not understand why this 

1163
01:04:27,700 --> 01:04:31,000
is true. 
You only know that it is the 

1164
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:34,300
mental load of nighttime 
responsibilities is as 

1165
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:36,200
exhausting as the physical 
labor. 

1166
01:04:37,000 --> 01:04:40,900
You lie in bed and track 
multiple systems simultaneously 

1167
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:45,900
is the fire burning safely are 
the children breathing normally,

1168
01:04:45,900 --> 01:04:49,200
is that sound outside, normal or
threatening? 

1169
01:04:50,100 --> 01:04:52,400
Should you wait your husband or 
handle it yourself? 

1170
01:04:54,100 --> 01:04:56,600
This constant assessment 
prevents deep sleep. 

1171
01:04:56,600 --> 01:04:59,900
Your brain remains in a state of
heightened alertness. 

1172
01:04:59,900 --> 01:05:03,800
Even when your body is 
horizontal and still This 

1173
01:05:03,800 --> 01:05:07,600
historical record contains a new
details, documentation of 

1174
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:11,900
nighttime Frontier work. 
The Diary of Martha Ballard, a 

1175
01:05:11,900 --> 01:05:16,000
main Midwife who kept Daily 
records from 1785 to 1812 

1176
01:05:16,000 --> 01:05:19,600
mentioned nighttime 
responsibilities in nearly every

1177
01:05:19,600 --> 01:05:22,600
entry. 
Scribes being called out at 

1178
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:24,600
night for births dozens of 
times. 

1179
01:05:25,300 --> 01:05:27,900
She mentions, tending sick, 
family members through the 

1180
01:05:27,900 --> 01:05:30,500
night. 
She notes fire maintenance, 

1181
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,000
livestock care and weather 
emergencies. 

1182
01:05:33,900 --> 01:05:36,700
Her diary makes clear that 
Frontier Knights were working 

1183
01:05:36,700 --> 01:05:40,600
hours, not resting hours. 
The letters of Narcissa. 

1184
01:05:40,600 --> 01:05:43,000
Whitman, the missionary and 
Oregon Territory during the 

1185
01:05:43,000 --> 01:05:46,000
1830s described similar 
patterns. 

1186
01:05:46,800 --> 01:05:50,000
She writes about being awakened 
multiple times each night for 

1187
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:53,900
various responsibilities. she 
mentions the cumulative, 

1188
01:05:53,900 --> 01:05:57,800
exhaustion this creates, She 
also mentioned the frontier 

1189
01:05:57,800 --> 01:06:01,100
families, considered this normal
and did not complain about it 

1190
01:06:01,100 --> 01:06:02,900
because everyone experienced the
same thing. 

1191
01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:07,300
The nighttime responsibility 
system works because everyone 

1192
01:06:07,300 --> 01:06:09,900
participates. 
And because refusing to 

1193
01:06:09,900 --> 01:06:14,000
participate is not an option. 
The consequences of neglected 

1194
01:06:14,000 --> 01:06:18,400
responsibilities are immediate 
and severe An untended fire goes

1195
01:06:18,400 --> 01:06:22,000
out, which means a cold cabin 
and cold family, unchecked 

1196
01:06:22,000 --> 01:06:25,800
livestock fall ill or get 
attacked ignored weather. 

1197
01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:29,400
Damages, the structure, the 
system, enforces itself through 

1198
01:06:29,400 --> 01:06:33,100
natural consequences but the 
system also grinds people down 

1199
01:06:33,100 --> 01:06:37,700
over time The cumulative effect 
of interrupted sleep year, after

1200
01:06:37,700 --> 01:06:41,300
year takes a physical toll. 
Your 38 years old. 

1201
01:06:41,300 --> 01:06:44,600
You look 50. 
Your husband is 42. 

1202
01:06:44,600 --> 01:06:47,200
He moves like a man 20 years 
older. 

1203
01:06:48,200 --> 01:06:50,500
The children of perpetually 
tired, though. 

1204
01:06:50,500 --> 01:06:53,300
Their youth allows them to 
function despite exhaustion 

1205
01:06:53,300 --> 01:06:57,000
everyone in Frontier households.
Operates at a deficit. 

1206
01:06:57,000 --> 01:07:02,000
This deficit is normal, no one 
expects to feel fully rested. 

1207
01:07:02,000 --> 01:07:05,400
That is simply not how frontier 
life works. 

1208
01:07:06,200 --> 01:07:09,100
The midnight responsibilities of
the price of survival. 

1209
01:07:09,900 --> 01:07:11,600
You cannot survive from frontier
life. 

1210
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:15,700
Without constant vigilance. 
Vigilance requires wakefulness, 

1211
01:07:15,700 --> 01:07:18,400
wakefulness requires sacrificing
sleep. 

1212
01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:22,100
You make this sacrifice every 
night because the alternative is

1213
01:07:22,100 --> 01:07:26,100
death or destruction. 
Obvious, when stated plainly. 

1214
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:31,000
But living the trade night after
night year after year is harder 

1215
01:07:31,000 --> 01:07:34,900
than any external description 
can capture and tomorrow night. 

1216
01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:39,300
When darkness comes a game, you 
will wake at the appointed times

1217
01:07:39,300 --> 01:07:42,900
and perform the appointed tasks 
and returned to your bed and 

1218
01:07:42,900 --> 01:07:44,600
wait for the next appointed 
time. 

1219
01:07:45,500 --> 01:07:47,500
This is the rhythm of frontier 
life. 

1220
01:07:47,500 --> 01:07:50,400
This is why you would not sleep 
a single hour. 

1221
01:07:50,400 --> 01:07:53,500
In this cabin, the period 
between four in the morning and 

1222
01:07:53,500 --> 01:07:57,300
full Sunrise, occupies a 
territory that is neither night 

1223
01:07:57,300 --> 01:08:00,400
nor day. 
This transitional time contains 

1224
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:04,300
its own unique miseries that 
Mark, the end of whatever rest 

1225
01:08:04,300 --> 01:08:07,400
you manage to capture. 
The rooster begins his 

1226
01:08:07,400 --> 01:08:09,500
announcements at the first hint 
of dawn. 

1227
01:08:10,400 --> 01:08:13,800
First hint of dawn arrives, 
approximately 90 minutes before 

1228
01:08:13,800 --> 01:08:17,399
actual Sunrise. 
The rooster does not wait for 

1229
01:08:17,399 --> 01:08:20,200
convenient lighting. 
He announces Dawn, when he 

1230
01:08:20,207 --> 01:08:23,700
detects it, which is well, 
before any human considers, the 

1231
01:08:23,700 --> 01:08:26,700
night to be over. 
His crowing is loud and 

1232
01:08:26,700 --> 01:08:29,800
persistent. 
Each Crow is a declaration, that

1233
01:08:29,800 --> 01:08:33,300
is day has begun and therefore, 
everyone's day should begin. 

1234
01:08:33,300 --> 01:08:35,200
You cannot reason with a 
rooster. 

1235
01:08:35,200 --> 01:08:39,500
You can only endure him. 
The cabinet for in the morning 

1236
01:08:39,500 --> 01:08:42,200
is cold. 
What ever warmth the fire 

1237
01:08:42,200 --> 01:08:45,899
maintained during the middle of 
the night, has dissipated the 

1238
01:08:45,899 --> 01:08:49,000
logs in the fireplace of burned.
Down to Khols, that glow, red, 

1239
01:08:49,000 --> 01:08:52,700
but produce minimal Heat. 
The air temperature inside, the 

1240
01:08:52,700 --> 01:08:56,100
cabin has dropped five degrees 
of the outdoor temperature. 

1241
01:08:56,100 --> 01:09:00,500
This is cold enough to make your
breath visible cold enough to 

1242
01:09:00,500 --> 01:09:02,600
make getting out of bed, feel 
like a punishment. 

1243
01:09:03,800 --> 01:09:08,000
Your husband Rises first. 
This is his pattern and has been

1244
01:09:08,000 --> 01:09:11,700
for 15 years. 
He sits up in the bed, the 

1245
01:09:11,700 --> 01:09:13,800
blankets falling away from his 
torso. 

1246
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:16,399
The cold air hits his body 
immediately. 

1247
01:09:17,500 --> 01:09:21,200
He pauses for a moment Gathering
himself for the transition from 

1248
01:09:21,200 --> 01:09:25,399
horizontal to Vertical, then he 
swings his legs, off the bed and

1249
01:09:25,399 --> 01:09:27,700
stands. 
He walks directly to the 

1250
01:09:27,700 --> 01:09:29,600
fireplace without bothering with
boots. 

1251
01:09:30,300 --> 01:09:31,899
His feet on the packed Earth 
floor. 

1252
01:09:31,899 --> 01:09:36,800
Makes soft sounds heels at the 
half and begins rebuilding the 

1253
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:40,000
fire. 
The fiery building processor at 

1254
01:09:40,000 --> 01:09:41,399
dawn, is different from night 
time. 

1255
01:09:41,399 --> 01:09:45,000
Fire maintenance Dawn, fires, 
need to burn hot and fast. 

1256
01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:48,000
They need to heat the cabin 
quickly and provide enough heat 

1257
01:09:48,000 --> 01:09:50,899
for cooking. 
Your husband adds kindling to 

1258
01:09:50,899 --> 01:09:55,100
the Kohl's first the kindling 
caches within seconds, producing

1259
01:09:55,100 --> 01:09:59,700
small Flames, then he adds split
would then he adds larger logs 

1260
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:03,000
within five minutes. 
The fire is burning steadily and

1261
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:05,100
heat begins radiating into the 
cabin. 

1262
01:10:05,100 --> 01:10:09,300
You remain in bed during this 
process, you're awake but your 

1263
01:10:09,300 --> 01:10:13,400
conserving body heat under the 
blanket rising to early means 

1264
01:10:13,400 --> 01:10:16,800
being cold for longer. 
Staying in bed, a few extra 

1265
01:10:16,800 --> 01:10:19,600
minutes means using your 
husband's fire building, time to

1266
01:10:19,600 --> 01:10:23,000
remain warm. 
This is efficient when the fire 

1267
01:10:23,000 --> 01:10:25,700
is burning. 
Well you get up the transition 

1268
01:10:25,700 --> 01:10:29,700
from under blankets to standing 
is still unpleasant, but less 

1269
01:10:29,700 --> 01:10:33,000
unpleasant than it would have 
been 10 minutes early you dress,

1270
01:10:33,000 --> 01:10:36,300
in the same clothes you slept in
because you never undressed, you

1271
01:10:36,300 --> 01:10:39,200
had an extra shawl, the shawl is
wool and heavy. 

1272
01:10:39,200 --> 01:10:43,300
It helps You walk to the 
fireplace and stand close to the

1273
01:10:43,300 --> 01:10:46,400
Flames absorbing heat. 
Your hands are cold. 

1274
01:10:46,400 --> 01:10:49,400
You hold them near the fire 
until they stop aching. 

1275
01:10:50,900 --> 01:10:54,300
This takes several minutes. 
The children begins stirring. 

1276
01:10:55,100 --> 01:10:57,700
The girls in the trundle wake 
when they hear movement in the 

1277
01:10:57,708 --> 01:11:00,900
cabin, they remain in the 
trundle with the blankets pulled

1278
01:11:00,900 --> 01:11:03,700
up to their chins. 
They know that getting up means 

1279
01:11:03,700 --> 01:11:06,300
being cold, they delay as long 
as possible. 

1280
01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:10,400
The boys in the Loftus are slow 
to wait, heat Rises and The Loft

1281
01:11:10,400 --> 01:11:12,400
retains warmth longer than the 
lower level. 

1282
01:11:13,500 --> 01:11:17,100
The boys often sleep through the
initial morning activity, waking

1283
01:11:17,100 --> 01:11:21,300
only when explicitly called You 
begin preparing breakfast, while

1284
01:11:21,300 --> 01:11:24,300
the cabin continues to wake 
around you breakfast is 

1285
01:11:24,300 --> 01:11:27,000
substantial because everyone 
will be working Outdoors within 

1286
01:11:27,000 --> 01:11:29,000
the hour and outdoor work 
requires fuel. 

1287
01:11:29,900 --> 01:11:32,400
You make cornmeal mush in a pot 
hung over the fire. 

1288
01:11:32,400 --> 01:11:36,500
The cornmeal simmers in water 
with a pinch of salt, you stir 

1289
01:11:36,500 --> 01:11:38,300
it. 
Occasionally to prevent sticking

1290
01:11:38,300 --> 01:11:42,700
the mush thickens, as it Cooks 
after 20 minutes, it is ready. 

1291
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:47,800
You also fry salt pork in a 
skillet pork renders fat that 

1292
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:51,000
you use to fry eggs. 
Four eggs, six. 

1293
01:11:51,000 --> 01:11:56,000
People means careful division. 
Children get smaller portions. 

1294
01:11:56,800 --> 01:12:01,000
You and your husband get 
slightly larger portions because

1295
01:12:01,000 --> 01:12:03,200
you will be doing the hardest 
physical work. 

1296
01:12:04,200 --> 01:12:06,500
The girls emerge from the 
trundle reluctantly. 

1297
01:12:06,500 --> 01:12:10,100
They wrap blanket around their 
shoulders and shuttle to the 

1298
01:12:10,100 --> 01:12:14,300
fire. 
Stand beside you absorbing Heat.

1299
01:12:15,400 --> 01:12:18,400
Their faces are puffy with sleep
and creased from pillow 

1300
01:12:18,400 --> 01:12:21,700
wrinkles, they do not speak. 
Mourning. 

1301
01:12:21,700 --> 01:12:25,300
Conversation is minimal. 
Everyone is too tired and too 

1302
01:12:25,300 --> 01:12:29,200
cold for Unnecessary words. 
The boys climbed down from the 

1303
01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:32,100
loft of Venturi, her husband 
calls up to their, when 

1304
01:12:32,100 --> 01:12:34,900
breakfast is nearly ready. 
They descend the ladder 

1305
01:12:34,900 --> 01:12:37,800
carefully moving slowly because 
they are not fully awake. 

1306
01:12:37,800 --> 01:12:41,300
The older boys hair sticks up in
multiple directions. 

1307
01:12:41,300 --> 01:12:44,900
The younger boy has sleep 
crossed in the corners of his 

1308
01:12:44,900 --> 01:12:47,600
eyes. 
They joined the cluster at the 

1309
01:12:47,600 --> 01:12:51,600
fireplace, you serve breakfast 
at the table, everyone sits in 

1310
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:53,400
the same spot they occupied 
during dinner. 

1311
01:12:54,200 --> 01:12:57,800
Food is hot and filling people 
eat steadily without much 

1312
01:12:57,800 --> 01:13:01,100
conversation. 
The cornmeal mush is Bland, but 

1313
01:13:01,100 --> 01:13:05,500
warm, the salt pork is salty and
fatty the eggs are rich and 

1314
01:13:05,508 --> 01:13:08,600
satisfying. 
Combined, the meal provides 

1315
01:13:08,600 --> 01:13:12,600
enough energy to Begin work. 
After breakfast, the division of

1316
01:13:12,600 --> 01:13:16,100
mourning, labor begins your 
husband and the older boy go 

1317
01:13:16,100 --> 01:13:20,200
outside to 10 the livestock. 
The cow must be milked The 

1318
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:21,700
chickens must be fed and 
watered. 

1319
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:25,300
The eggs must be collected. 
The barn must be checked for any

1320
01:13:25,300 --> 01:13:26,800
problems that developed 
overnight. 

1321
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:29,400
This work takes approximately an
hour. 

1322
01:13:29,400 --> 01:13:33,100
They do it every morning, 
regardless of whether you and 

1323
01:13:33,100 --> 01:13:35,500
the girls clean the breakfast 
dishes, and begin preparing, the

1324
01:13:35,500 --> 01:13:39,000
cabin for the day. 
The beds must be made the floor.

1325
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:42,000
Must be swept. 
The chamber pot must be emptied,

1326
01:13:42,000 --> 01:13:46,400
the water bucket must be filled.
The fire must be maintained as a

1327
01:13:46,408 --> 01:13:50,300
level appropriate for daytime. 
The girls perform these tasks 

1328
01:13:50,300 --> 01:13:53,600
with practiced efficiently, they
have been doing this work for 

1329
01:13:53,600 --> 01:13:55,500
years. 
They know the routine. 

1330
01:13:55,500 --> 01:13:58,500
The younger boy has morning 
chores that keep him near the 

1331
01:13:58,508 --> 01:14:01,000
cabin. 
He split kindling for the days 

1332
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:03,200
fire. 
He brings in firewood from the 

1333
01:14:03,200 --> 01:14:05,500
woodpile. 
The checks the chicken coop for 

1334
01:14:05,500 --> 01:14:07,500
any damage or signs of Predator 
attempts. 

1335
01:14:07,500 --> 01:14:11,000
These tasks are age appropriate.
They teach him responsibility 

1336
01:14:11,000 --> 01:14:13,500
without exposing him to 
dangerous work. 

1337
01:14:14,300 --> 01:14:17,400
The morning work happens in dim 
light that gradually brightens 

1338
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:21,100
as the sun rises the transition.
From Darkness to Dawn is 

1339
01:14:21,108 --> 01:14:25,800
gradual, the sky shifts from 
black to dark blue to pale blue.

1340
01:14:26,400 --> 01:14:30,600
To Pink to Orange to Yellow. 
The colors are beautiful when 

1341
01:14:30,600 --> 01:14:33,700
you have time to notice them. 
Usually you do not have time, 

1342
01:14:33,700 --> 01:14:36,200
you're too busy working to watch
the sunrise. 

1343
01:14:37,500 --> 01:14:40,900
By the time, the sun is actually
above the Horizon and providing 

1344
01:14:40,900 --> 01:14:43,300
real light. 
You have been awakened working 

1345
01:14:43,300 --> 01:14:46,900
for two hours. 
This is standard Frontier 

1346
01:14:46,900 --> 01:14:50,600
mornings begin in darkness and 
continue through Dawn without 

1347
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:53,900
pores. 
The idea of sleeping until full 

1348
01:14:53,900 --> 01:14:59,300
daylight is foreign work, begins
before light and continues as 

1349
01:14:59,300 --> 01:15:04,100
long as light lasts. 
Cumulative effect of these early

1350
01:15:04,100 --> 01:15:08,000
starts compounds over time. 
You went to bed around 8 in the 

1351
01:15:08,000 --> 01:15:10,000
evening. 
You work multiple times during 

1352
01:15:10,000 --> 01:15:13,400
the night to 10 the fire, you 
Rose, finally at 4 in the 

1353
01:15:13,408 --> 01:15:15,000
morning. 
This means you obtained. 

1354
01:15:15,000 --> 01:15:17,500
Perhaps, six hours of 
interrupted, sleep. 

1355
01:15:17,500 --> 01:15:21,800
Six hours is not enough. 
You need eight or nine hours to 

1356
01:15:21,800 --> 01:15:24,400
feel fully rested. 
You never get eight or nine 

1357
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:28,200
hours you operate on a permanent
sleep deficit that never fully 

1358
01:15:28,200 --> 01:15:31,700
resolves, your husband shows the
effects of this deficit 

1359
01:15:31,700 --> 01:15:34,600
physically, his movements are 
slower than they would be 

1360
01:15:34,600 --> 01:15:37,600
without adequate rest. 
His patience is shorter. 

1361
01:15:37,600 --> 01:15:42,600
His face carries permanent dark 
circles, under his eyes, his 42,

1362
01:15:42,600 --> 01:15:46,700
but looks sick 60, the work ages
him, the lack of sleep 

1363
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:50,400
accelerates, the Aging, The 
children showed different 

1364
01:15:50,400 --> 01:15:52,900
effects. 
They are tired, but they are 

1365
01:15:52,900 --> 01:15:55,400
young enough that their body's 
tolerate exhaustion, better, 

1366
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:58,100
they complain less than adults 
would. 

1367
01:15:58,900 --> 01:16:01,300
Simply accept that life involves
being tired. 

1368
01:16:02,300 --> 01:16:05,500
They have no comparison. 
They do not know what it feels 

1369
01:16:05,500 --> 01:16:08,200
like to wake naturally. 
After a full night of rest 

1370
01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:12,700
exhaustion is their Baseline. 
You see the effects in your self

1371
01:16:12,700 --> 01:16:15,200
when you look in the small 
mirror of the washing base, and 

1372
01:16:15,200 --> 01:16:17,800
your face has lines that were 
not there. 

1373
01:16:17,800 --> 01:16:20,300
Five years ago. 
Your eyes look Hollow. 

1374
01:16:20,300 --> 01:16:23,500
Your skin has a greatness that 
comes from Perpetual. 

1375
01:16:23,500 --> 01:16:30,100
Exhaustion your 30th. 
You look older much older False 

1376
01:16:30,100 --> 01:16:33,100
Dawn, period is perhaps the 
cruelest time in the frontier 

1377
01:16:33,100 --> 01:16:35,800
daily cycle, you have survived 
the night. 

1378
01:16:35,800 --> 01:16:39,400
You have maintained the fire 
monitored, the household and 

1379
01:16:39,400 --> 01:16:41,700
kept everyone safe. 
Your reward for. 

1380
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:45,800
This vigilance is not rest. 
Your reward is immediate return 

1381
01:16:45,800 --> 01:16:48,500
to labor. 
There is no recovery period. 

1382
01:16:48,500 --> 01:16:52,500
There is no gentle transition. 
You go from interrupted. 

1383
01:16:52,500 --> 01:16:54,900
Sleep to full work without 
pause. 

1384
01:16:55,700 --> 01:16:58,700
The historical accounts of 
frontier life, rarely mentioned 

1385
01:16:58,700 --> 01:17:02,000
this aspect of daily routine 
because it was so Universal as 

1386
01:17:02,000 --> 01:17:05,500
to be unremarkable. 
Everyone experienced it. 

1387
01:17:05,500 --> 01:17:07,800
No one thought it was worth 
documenting. 

1388
01:17:09,200 --> 01:17:13,200
The Anthropologist Margaret Mead
study traditional societies and 

1389
01:17:13,200 --> 01:17:16,400
noted that pre-industrial 
cultures typically operated on 

1390
01:17:16,400 --> 01:17:19,200
what she called interrupted 
sleep patterns. 

1391
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:22,900
People slept in segments with 
periods of wakefulness in 

1392
01:17:22,900 --> 01:17:26,400
between. 
Full uninterrupted, sleep is a 

1393
01:17:26,400 --> 01:17:29,500
modern luxury enabled by 
Electric Light, and secure 

1394
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:32,000
housing. 
Frontier families, lived in the 

1395
01:17:32,008 --> 01:17:34,700
older pattern. 
They slept when they could and 

1396
01:17:34,700 --> 01:17:38,600
woke when necessary, medical 
consequences of chronic sleep, 

1397
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:41,300
deprivation include impaired 
judgment. 

1398
01:17:41,300 --> 01:17:45,000
Reduced immune function, 
increased injury risk, and 

1399
01:17:45,000 --> 01:17:48,100
shortened lifespan Frontier, 
families experience. 

1400
01:17:48,100 --> 01:17:51,700
All of these consequences they 
made poor decisions from 

1401
01:17:51,700 --> 01:17:54,800
exhaustion, it became ill more 
frequently. 

1402
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:58,100
The injured themselves. 
Doing routine tasks because 

1403
01:17:58,100 --> 01:18:01,600
their reflexes were slowed. 
They died younger than their 

1404
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,600
Urban counterparts. 
But there was no alternative, 

1405
01:18:04,600 --> 01:18:07,300
the work had to be done the 
work. 

1406
01:18:07,300 --> 01:18:11,300
Required waking early, waking 
early required, sacrificing 

1407
01:18:11,300 --> 01:18:14,800
sleep, the system locked, 
everyone into Perpetual 

1408
01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:17,600
exhaustion complaining about it 
changed. 

1409
01:18:17,600 --> 01:18:20,000
Nothing. 
You simply did the work and 

1410
01:18:20,000 --> 01:18:23,200
accepted the cost. 
The false Dawn passes of 

1411
01:18:23,200 --> 01:18:27,000
Venturi, the sun rises fully the
day. 

1412
01:18:27,000 --> 01:18:29,900
Officially begins. 
You have been working for three 

1413
01:18:29,900 --> 01:18:32,500
hours. 
ID, you will work for 12 more 

1414
01:18:32,500 --> 01:18:35,800
hours than Darkness will come, 
you will eat dinner. 

1415
01:18:35,800 --> 01:18:38,900
You will lie down in your bed. 
You will tend the fire through 

1416
01:18:38,900 --> 01:18:41,100
the night. 
The cycle will repeat. 

1417
01:18:41,100 --> 01:18:44,700
This is frontier life. 
This is why you would not sleep 

1418
01:18:44,700 --> 01:18:47,600
a single hour. 
In this cabin adaptation to 

1419
01:18:47,600 --> 01:18:49,600
Impossible. 
Circumstances is a human 

1420
01:18:49,600 --> 01:18:52,500
specialty. 
Frontier families did not Thrive

1421
01:18:52,500 --> 01:18:55,200
because they found comfortable 
solutions to The Sleep problem 

1422
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:58,400
they survived because they 
developed tolerance for 

1423
01:18:58,400 --> 01:19:01,800
Perpetual, discomfort and 
created routines that made 

1424
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:04,400
exhaustion manageable rather 
than fatal. 

1425
01:19:05,600 --> 01:19:08,600
Your family's adaptation 
strategy centers on Lowered 

1426
01:19:08,600 --> 01:19:12,000
Expectations. 
You do not expect to feel 

1427
01:19:12,000 --> 01:19:14,800
rested. 
You do not expect to sleep 

1428
01:19:14,800 --> 01:19:18,200
through the night. 
You do not expect personal space

1429
01:19:18,200 --> 01:19:22,500
or privacy or quiet. 
These expectations were create 

1430
01:19:22,500 --> 01:19:27,100
disappointment. instead you 
expect exactly what you get, 

1431
01:19:27,100 --> 01:19:31,500
which is interrupted, sleeping 
crowded conditions with constant

1432
01:19:31,500 --> 01:19:35,500
responsibilities, when your 
actual experience matches your 

1433
01:19:35,500 --> 01:19:40,300
expectations, you do not 
experience disappointment, you 

1434
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:44,500
experience and normalcy The 
children's adaptation is more 

1435
01:19:44,500 --> 01:19:47,400
profound because they have never
known anything different. 

1436
01:19:48,400 --> 01:19:52,300
Your daughters do not dream of 
private bedrooms they cannot 

1437
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:55,800
imagine what a private bedroom 
would feel like the reference 

1438
01:19:55,800 --> 01:19:59,500
point is the trundle bed, they 
share similarly, your son's 

1439
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:01,700
except the Loft as their 
sleeping space without 

1440
01:20:01,700 --> 01:20:03,700
questioning whether better 
options exist. 

1441
01:20:04,600 --> 01:20:07,400
This lack of comparison protects
them from dissatisfaction. 

1442
01:20:07,400 --> 01:20:10,800
They do not long for what they 
have never experienced. 

1443
01:20:11,600 --> 01:20:14,100
Your husband adapted through a 
form of mental, 

1444
01:20:14,100 --> 01:20:18,300
compartmentalization. 
He separates sleep from rest. 

1445
01:20:19,300 --> 01:20:22,800
Sleep for him is a brief 
unconscious state that happens 

1446
01:20:22,800 --> 01:20:24,800
in intervals between work 
periods. 

1447
01:20:25,500 --> 01:20:29,600
Rest is something different rest
is sitting in the evening after 

1448
01:20:29,600 --> 01:20:33,700
work is done. 
Rest is Sunday, afternoons, when

1449
01:20:33,700 --> 01:20:35,900
no urgent tasks, demanded 
attention. 

1450
01:20:36,800 --> 01:20:38,900
He does not expect sleep to 
provide rest. 

1451
01:20:39,800 --> 01:20:43,500
He obtains rest through other 
means, this mental distinction, 

1452
01:20:43,500 --> 01:20:46,600
allows him to function 
effectively despite horse sleep.

1453
01:20:47,400 --> 01:20:50,100
Your adapted through developing 
an ability to fall asleep, 

1454
01:20:50,100 --> 01:20:53,500
quickly, on weight quickly. 
You can transition from Full 

1455
01:20:53,500 --> 01:20:55,800
Consciousness to lightly in 
under two minutes. 

1456
01:20:56,700 --> 01:21:00,800
You can wake from sleep to full 
alertness and seconds these 

1457
01:21:00,800 --> 01:21:02,900
skills developed through 
necessity. 

1458
01:21:02,900 --> 01:21:06,800
When you have only brief windows
for sleep, you cannot afford to 

1459
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:10,200
spend 30 minutes, falling 
asleep, when danger requires 

1460
01:21:10,200 --> 01:21:13,500
instant response, you cannot 
afford to wait slowly. 

1461
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:16,900
Your nervous system learn to 
switch States rapidly. 

1462
01:21:16,900 --> 01:21:21,700
This is efficient, but it is 
also exhausting your body. 

1463
01:21:21,700 --> 01:21:24,900
Never fully relaxes. 
You're always partially alert. 

1464
01:21:26,300 --> 01:21:29,100
Family has also developed 
strategies for managing the 

1465
01:21:29,100 --> 01:21:32,800
worst effects of sleep 
deprivation. when someone is 

1466
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:36,400
particularly exhausted, the 
others compensate by taking on 

1467
01:21:36,400 --> 01:21:41,000
additional work, This happens 
without formal discussion, your 

1468
01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:44,200
husband sees that you are 
unusually tired and takes over 

1469
01:21:44,200 --> 01:21:48,000
fire maintenance for a night. 
You see that the older boy is 

1470
01:21:48,000 --> 01:21:50,800
struggling and assign his chores
to the younger boy for a day. 

1471
01:21:50,808 --> 01:21:53,600
The older girl covers for her 
youngest sister. 

1472
01:21:53,600 --> 01:21:57,300
When the young girl is sick 
these informal support systems, 

1473
01:21:57,300 --> 01:22:00,700
prevent any one person from 
becoming completely debilitated,

1474
01:22:00,700 --> 01:22:04,100
the seasonal variation in Sleep,
Quality creates a rhythm. 

1475
01:22:04,100 --> 01:22:05,900
That makes the worst periods, 
more tolerable. 

1476
01:22:06,700 --> 01:22:10,000
Winter sleep is terrible because
of the cold and fire maintenance

1477
01:22:10,000 --> 01:22:13,100
and darkness. 
Summer sleep is terrible because

1478
01:22:13,100 --> 01:22:16,700
of heat and insect and long 
working hours, but spring and 

1479
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:18,400
fall off a slightly better 
conditions. 

1480
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:22,000
The temperatures are moderate, 
the daylight hours are balanced.

1481
01:22:22,000 --> 01:22:25,000
The workload is heavy, but not 
overwhelming. 

1482
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:28,800
The seasonal improvements 
provide brief recovery periods. 

1483
01:22:28,800 --> 01:22:31,000
That allow the family to rebuild
strength. 

1484
01:22:31,600 --> 01:22:33,600
Before the next difficult season
arrives. 

1485
01:22:34,700 --> 01:22:37,200
The community supports system 
also plays a role. 

1486
01:22:38,000 --> 01:22:41,200
Frontier families, help each 
other during crises in ways that

1487
01:22:41,200 --> 01:22:45,500
include allowing people to rest.
When your family had scarlet. 

1488
01:22:45,500 --> 01:22:48,500
Fever, 2 years ago, your 
neighbor came and took the 

1489
01:22:48,500 --> 01:22:50,500
younger children to her cabin 
for a week. 

1490
01:22:51,500 --> 01:22:54,500
This allowed you and your 
husband to focus on nursing the 

1491
01:22:54,500 --> 01:22:58,100
sick daughter without also 
managing the healthy children. 

1492
01:22:59,300 --> 01:23:02,400
Sick daughter, recovered, the 
healthy children returned. 

1493
01:23:02,400 --> 01:23:07,100
No payment exchange hands. 
This is how Frontier communities

1494
01:23:07,100 --> 01:23:10,100
function. 
Today you receive help to 

1495
01:23:10,100 --> 01:23:12,000
tomorrow you provide help to 
someone else. 

1496
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:16,000
The acceptance of child 
mortality creates a dark 

1497
01:23:16,000 --> 01:23:19,000
adaptation Frontier. 
Families, know that some 

1498
01:23:19,000 --> 01:23:20,900
children will not survive to 
adult hood. 

1499
01:23:21,600 --> 01:23:24,000
Disease, accident, and 
deprivation. 

1500
01:23:24,000 --> 01:23:27,800
Claimed lives with regularity. 
You have birthed six children, 

1501
01:23:27,800 --> 01:23:31,900
five, survive. 
The one who died, was your third

1502
01:23:31,900 --> 01:23:35,600
child, a son, who lived only 
four months before succumbing to

1503
01:23:35,600 --> 01:23:37,700
what the doctor called failure 
to thrive. 

1504
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:42,000
You mourn, this loss. 
But you also accepted it as part

1505
01:23:42,008 --> 01:23:45,700
of frontier life. 
This acceptance is not callous. 

1506
01:23:46,600 --> 01:23:49,100
Its protective. 
If you allowed yourself to 

1507
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:52,900
believe that every child should 
survive the reality of frontier 

1508
01:23:52,900 --> 01:23:54,400
life, would destroy you 
emotionally. 

1509
01:23:54,400 --> 01:23:58,800
Instead, you appreciate the 
children who live and carry the 

1510
01:23:58,800 --> 01:24:01,800
grief of the child, who died. 
Without letting that grief. 

1511
01:24:01,800 --> 01:24:05,700
Prevent you from functioning The
physical adaptation are all so 

1512
01:24:05,700 --> 01:24:07,700
significant. 
Your body is learned to 

1513
01:24:07,700 --> 01:24:10,000
function, on inadequate, sleep 
through mechanisms. 

1514
01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:14,100
You do not understand but can 
observe You can work a full day 

1515
01:24:14,100 --> 01:24:17,300
off after only four hours of 
broken sleep, your husband can 

1516
01:24:17,300 --> 01:24:20,100
split wood and plow Fields, 
running on similar rest. 

1517
01:24:21,000 --> 01:24:23,500
The children can learn and play 
and complete chores. 

1518
01:24:23,500 --> 01:24:27,000
Despite being Crown only 
exhausted, these abilities are 

1519
01:24:27,000 --> 01:24:29,900
not Supernatural. 
They are simply the result of 

1520
01:24:29,900 --> 01:24:32,000
body's adapting to sustained 
stress. 

1521
01:24:32,800 --> 01:24:36,600
The adaptation has costs. 
Those costs are crew, as 

1522
01:24:36,600 --> 01:24:38,700
shortened lifespan and increased
illness. 

1523
01:24:39,500 --> 01:24:42,600
But the adaptation allows 
survival in the present, which 

1524
01:24:42,600 --> 01:24:45,000
takes precedence over concerns 
about the future. 

1525
01:24:45,000 --> 01:24:48,400
The mental adaptations of the 
most important. 

1526
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:51,800
You have learned to find 
satisfaction in survival, 

1527
01:24:51,800 --> 01:24:54,900
rather, than comfort. 
You do not measure a good day 

1528
01:24:54,900 --> 01:24:58,800
by, whether you felt rested or 
happy, You measure a good day by

1529
01:24:58,800 --> 01:25:01,500
whether everyone in the family 
is alive and uninjured at the 

1530
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:04,400
end of it. 
This recalibrated definition of 

1531
01:25:04,400 --> 01:25:06,700
success makes most days. 
Good days. 

1532
01:25:06,700 --> 01:25:09,500
You survive today? 
That is sufficient. 

1533
01:25:10,100 --> 01:25:13,400
Your husband finds satisfaction 
in completed work rather than in

1534
01:25:13,400 --> 01:25:16,300
rest. 
He judges his day by how much he

1535
01:25:16,300 --> 01:25:18,300
accomplished, not by how he 
feels. 

1536
01:25:18,300 --> 01:25:21,700
This framework allows him to 
feel successful, even when 

1537
01:25:21,700 --> 01:25:25,600
exhausted, the fence got 
repaired, the field got plowed, 

1538
01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:29,500
the roof got patched. 
These are Victory, is the fact 

1539
01:25:29,500 --> 01:25:33,700
that he is tired is irrelevant. 
Children find satisfaction in 

1540
01:25:33,700 --> 01:25:37,500
small Pleasures, that modern 
children would not notice a 

1541
01:25:37,500 --> 01:25:40,200
piece of maple sugar. 
Candy, shared four ways as a 

1542
01:25:40,200 --> 01:25:43,600
celebration, an afternoon spent 
playing near the creek as a 

1543
01:25:43,608 --> 01:25:46,300
luxury. 
A story told by firelighters 

1544
01:25:46,300 --> 01:25:49,800
entertainment. 
The small Pleasures, provide 

1545
01:25:49,800 --> 01:25:52,400
enough positive experience to 
balance the hardship. 

1546
01:25:53,100 --> 01:25:55,900
The family has also developed 
rituals that create meaning 

1547
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:58,700
Beyond Survival. 
Sunday is a rest day. 

1548
01:25:58,700 --> 01:26:02,800
Observed, even when work is 
pressing You attend the small 

1549
01:26:02,800 --> 01:26:05,300
Church three miles away when 
weather permits. 

1550
01:26:06,100 --> 01:26:09,500
The church service provides 
Community contact and spiritual 

1551
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:12,500
reinforcement. 
The walk to church and back is 

1552
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:14,500
long but it creates a sense of 
rhythm. 

1553
01:26:15,200 --> 01:26:16,700
Sunday is different from other 
days. 

1554
01:26:16,700 --> 01:26:19,100
This difference matters 
psychologically. 

1555
01:26:19,900 --> 01:26:21,700
Evening meals are another 
ritual. 

1556
01:26:22,700 --> 01:26:26,400
Despite exhaustion the family 
sits together, every evening and

1557
01:26:26,400 --> 01:26:29,800
eats as a unit. 
This meal is more than 

1558
01:26:29,800 --> 01:26:31,800
nutrition. 
It is connection. 

1559
01:26:31,800 --> 01:26:35,500
It is a daily confirmation that 
the family is intact and 

1560
01:26:35,500 --> 01:26:37,900
functioning, the ritual of 
gathering. 

1561
01:26:37,900 --> 01:26:40,500
And eating together, creates 
stability in a life that is 

1562
01:26:40,500 --> 01:26:44,000
otherwise dominated by 
unpredictability and hardship. 

1563
01:26:44,800 --> 01:26:46,700
Bed time itself has become 
ritualized. 

1564
01:26:47,800 --> 01:26:51,600
Fire is billed up, the beds are 
arranged everyone. 

1565
01:26:51,600 --> 01:26:55,100
Washes, everyone lies down at 
approximately the same time. 

1566
01:26:55,100 --> 01:26:59,100
This routine creates 
predictability, predictability 

1567
01:26:59,100 --> 01:27:03,300
creates a sense of control 
control, even if it is mostly 

1568
01:27:03,300 --> 01:27:06,000
illusory makes the hardship more
tolerable. 

1569
01:27:06,800 --> 01:27:09,600
The long-term sustainability of 
this life pattern is 

1570
01:27:09,600 --> 01:27:13,200
questionable Frontier families, 
typically live this way for 10 

1571
01:27:13,200 --> 01:27:16,700
to 20 years before either. 
Moving to more settled areas or 

1572
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:19,300
achieving enough prosperity to 
improve their conditions. 

1573
01:27:19,300 --> 01:27:22,700
Your family is 15 years into 
this pattern. 

1574
01:27:23,500 --> 01:27:27,000
The cabin has improved somewhat,
the livestock have increased, 

1575
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:30,700
the cleared land has expanded 
each small Improvement makes 

1576
01:27:30,700 --> 01:27:34,500
life slightly less difficult. 
Eventually these incremental 

1577
01:27:34,500 --> 01:27:37,600
improvements might accumulate 
into something that could be 

1578
01:27:37,600 --> 01:27:40,800
called comfortable. 
That day has not arrived yet. 

1579
01:27:41,700 --> 01:27:45,400
But the trajectory is positive. 
The historical record provides 

1580
01:27:45,400 --> 01:27:47,300
context for this adaptation 
process. 

1581
01:27:48,300 --> 01:27:50,200
The survival rate for Frontier 
families. 

1582
01:27:50,200 --> 01:27:53,400
Was surprisingly High, 
considering the hardships they 

1583
01:27:53,400 --> 01:27:56,100
face. 
Most families did not fail. 

1584
01:27:56,100 --> 01:28:00,000
They did not give up. 
They didn't perish from exposure

1585
01:28:00,000 --> 01:28:03,300
or starvation. 
They survived through exactly 

1586
01:28:03,300 --> 01:28:05,400
the kind of adaptation, you have
developed. 

1587
01:28:05,400 --> 01:28:10,000
They lowered their expectations.
Created support systems found 

1588
01:28:10,000 --> 01:28:13,400
meaning in small victories and 
simply continued functioning 

1589
01:28:13,400 --> 01:28:18,200
despite exhaustion. 
The psychologist Abraham Maslow 

1590
01:28:18,200 --> 01:28:21,500
developed a hierarchy of needs 
that places physiological, 

1591
01:28:21,500 --> 01:28:23,700
requirements, like sleep at the 
foundation. 

1592
01:28:24,600 --> 01:28:27,500
According to his theory, higher 
needs, like belonging and 

1593
01:28:27,508 --> 01:28:31,200
self-actualization cannot be 
pursued until basic needs are 

1594
01:28:31,200 --> 01:28:33,700
met. 
Frontier families disprove. 

1595
01:28:33,700 --> 01:28:37,600
This hierarchy, they pursued 
belonging meaning and even 

1596
01:28:37,600 --> 01:28:41,600
self-actualization while their 
basic sleep needs to remain 

1597
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:45,400
chronically unmet. 
They did this by redefining what

1598
01:28:45,400 --> 01:28:49,800
constituted adequate sleep. 
If adequate sleep is defined as 

1599
01:28:49,800 --> 01:28:53,500
enough to function, then six 
hours of interrupted rest is 

1600
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:56,100
adequate. 
The body of eventually accepts 

1601
01:28:56,100 --> 01:28:59,800
this definition The ultimate 
adaptation is accepting that 

1602
01:28:59,800 --> 01:29:03,100
life will always be hard. 
And that this hardness is not a 

1603
01:29:03,100 --> 01:29:05,900
temporary condition to be 
endured until things get better.

1604
01:29:05,900 --> 01:29:09,700
This is how things are, this is 
how things will continue to be. 

1605
01:29:09,700 --> 01:29:13,500
Once you accept this fully, the 
hardship becomes less 

1606
01:29:13,500 --> 01:29:16,300
overwhelming. 
You stop waiting for conditions 

1607
01:29:16,300 --> 01:29:19,300
to improve you. 
Stop comparing your current 

1608
01:29:19,300 --> 01:29:22,600
situation to an imagined 
comfortable alternative. 

1609
01:29:22,600 --> 01:29:26,100
You simply live in the reality 
that exists. 

1610
01:29:27,000 --> 01:29:31,400
This acceptance is not defeat. 
It is Liberation from false 

1611
01:29:31,400 --> 01:29:33,200
hope. 
False hope creates 

1612
01:29:33,200 --> 01:29:39,200
disappointment, disappointments 
saps energy is too valuable to 

1613
01:29:39,200 --> 01:29:42,300
waste on to disappointment. 
So you release the hope for 

1614
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:46,000
easy, sleep and comfortable, 
nights and uninterrupted rest. 

1615
01:29:46,800 --> 01:29:51,000
You accept that from tier life 
means Perpetual exhaustion and 

1616
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:54,200
paradoxically this acceptance 
makes the exhaustion more 

1617
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:56,600
bearable. 
Tonight, you will lie down in 

1618
01:29:56,600 --> 01:29:59,500
your rope bed, beside your 
husband, your daughter's will 

1619
01:29:59,500 --> 01:30:03,100
settle into the trundle, your 
sons will climb to the loft. 

1620
01:30:03,100 --> 01:30:06,900
The fire will burn the 
Wilderness, will perform its 

1621
01:30:06,900 --> 01:30:10,000
nightly concert. 
You will wake to tend the fire. 

1622
01:30:10,900 --> 01:30:14,600
You wake again, you'll rise 
Before Dawn and begin work. 

1623
01:30:15,200 --> 01:30:16,800
And tomorrow night, you'll do it
all. 

1624
01:30:16,800 --> 01:30:21,600
Again, this is frontier life, 
this is adaptation, this is 

1625
01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:24,200
endurance. 
This is why you would not sleep 

1626
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:28,200
a single hour in this cabin, but
also paradoxically, this is how 

1627
01:30:28,200 --> 01:30:32,500
Frontier families did sleep 
night after night year after 

1628
01:30:32,500 --> 01:30:35,200
year until the frontier became 
settled. 

1629
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:39,200
And the hardship gradually 
diminished. they survived not 

1630
01:30:39,200 --> 01:30:42,100
because the sleep was adequate, 
but because they learned to 

1631
01:30:42,100 --> 01:30:45,900
survive without adequate sleep, 
injured not because the 

1632
01:30:45,900 --> 01:30:49,300
conditions were tolerable, but 
they developed tolerance for 

1633
01:30:49,300 --> 01:30:52,900
intolerable conditions, they 
succeeded, not because frontier 

1634
01:30:52,900 --> 01:30:56,300
life was manageable, but because
they became people capable of 

1635
01:30:56,300 --> 01:31:00,600
managing the unmanageable And 
every night in cabins across the

1636
01:31:00,608 --> 01:31:03,900
frontier families. 
Just like yours laid down in 

1637
01:31:03,900 --> 01:31:09,700
circumstances, just as difficult
and somehow, impossibly survived

1638
01:31:09,700 --> 01:31:12,400
until morning. 
Well, my tired potatoes. 

1639
01:31:12,400 --> 01:31:15,900
We have spent this hour inside, 
a frontier cabin, where sleep 

1640
01:31:15,900 --> 01:31:19,700
was a battle fought every single
night against cold noise, 

1641
01:31:19,700 --> 01:31:23,200
crowding responsibility. 
And the simple fact that 

1642
01:31:23,200 --> 01:31:27,000
survival required constant 
vigilance If you found yourself 

1643
01:31:27,000 --> 01:31:30,100
lying in that rope bed tonight 
you would understand very 

1644
01:31:30,100 --> 01:31:32,600
quickly. 
Why Frontier families age fast 

1645
01:31:32,600 --> 01:31:35,900
faster, worked harder and 
carried exhaustion as their 

1646
01:31:35,900 --> 01:31:39,700
permanent companion If you 
enjoyed this journey into some 

1647
01:31:39,700 --> 01:31:42,900
boring history, the algorithm 
would genuinely appreciate. 

1648
01:31:42,900 --> 01:31:46,800
Spreading it More stories 
waiting in the archive covering 

1649
01:31:46,800 --> 01:31:50,100
equally peculiar corners of the 
past where daily life looked 

1650
01:31:50,100 --> 01:31:52,100
nothing like the simplified 
version. 

1651
01:31:52,100 --> 01:31:56,900
We imagined Rest well, tonight 
in your temperature control room

1652
01:31:56,900 --> 01:31:59,800
with your actual mattress and 
your blessed lack of coyote 

1653
01:31:59,800 --> 01:32:03,100
howls. 
Until next time, sleep warm, 

1654
01:32:07,100 --> 01:32:10,200
With clothing, you owned Hilda 
belief, that the human body was 

1655
01:32:10,200 --> 01:32:13,300
merely a suggestion. 
Welcome to Victorian fashion 

1656
01:32:13,300 --> 01:32:16,400
where Comfort became Obsolete. 
And Common Sense, took a long 

1657
01:32:16,408 --> 01:32:20,700
high as picture. 
This it's 1850 and you're a 

1658
01:32:20,700 --> 01:32:22,200
well-to-do lady preparing for 
your day. 

1659
01:32:23,400 --> 01:32:26,500
First, you need to put on 
approximately 17 different 

1660
01:32:26,500 --> 01:32:28,900
garments. 
Each one more bewildering than 

1661
01:32:28,900 --> 01:32:31,200
the last. 
Your morning routine, doesn't 

1662
01:32:31,200 --> 01:32:33,800
start with coffee. 
It starts with an engineering 

1663
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:35,500
degree in the patience of a 
saint. 

1664
01:32:36,500 --> 01:32:39,400
The victorians had this peculiar
relationship with the human 

1665
01:32:39,400 --> 01:32:42,000
form. 
They believed that nature had 

1666
01:32:42,000 --> 01:32:44,900
created significant design 
floors, and they were determined

1667
01:32:44,900 --> 01:32:48,100
to rectify these floors using 
materials such as whale bone. 

1668
01:32:48,700 --> 01:32:50,500
Steel, and unwavering 
determination. 

1669
01:32:52,100 --> 01:32:54,700
It was like, they looked at the 
human body and said, you know 

1670
01:32:54,708 --> 01:32:58,300
what, this individual needs or 
geometric shape and less ability

1671
01:32:58,300 --> 01:33:00,800
to breathe. 
But here's the thing that makes 

1672
01:33:00,800 --> 01:33:03,500
Victorian fashion so 
fascinatingly absurd. 

1673
01:33:03,500 --> 01:33:05,700
None of these changes happen 
overnight. 

1674
01:33:05,700 --> 01:33:09,400
It wasn't like someone woke up 
one morning in 1837 and declared

1675
01:33:09,400 --> 01:33:12,600
from now on women's waist shall 
be the circumference of a coffee

1676
01:33:12,600 --> 01:33:15,200
mug. 
Know the outcome was a gradual 

1677
01:33:15,200 --> 01:33:18,800
slide into sartorial Madness 
that took decades to perfect. 

1678
01:33:18,800 --> 01:33:22,600
The truly surprised aspect is 
that people at the time believed

1679
01:33:22,600 --> 01:33:24,300
they were acting completely 
rational. 

1680
01:33:25,200 --> 01:33:27,300
They had elaborate 
justifications for every 

1681
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:31,700
ridiculous element. 
To corset needless to say, they 

1682
01:33:31,700 --> 01:33:34,900
were beneficial for posture of 
the skirts so wide that they 

1683
01:33:34,900 --> 01:33:38,500
can't fit through doorways. 
Undoubtedly, they are essential 

1684
01:33:38,500 --> 01:33:41,700
for maintaining modesty to 
sleeves need their own unique. 

1685
01:33:41,700 --> 01:33:44,100
Zip code, simply fashionable, 
darling. 

1686
01:33:44,100 --> 01:33:46,200
You have to admire the 
dedication really. 

1687
01:33:47,000 --> 01:33:49,100
These weren't people who have 
committed to anything. 

1688
01:33:49,100 --> 01:33:52,700
When victorians decided to 
complicate fashion, they went 

1689
01:33:52,700 --> 01:33:56,000
all in like they were trying to 
win an Olympic medal in most 

1690
01:33:56,000 --> 01:33:59,600
impractical clothing design. 
They approached fashion the way 

1691
01:33:59,600 --> 01:34:03,000
modern people approach extreme 
sports with enthusiasm that 

1692
01:34:03,000 --> 01:34:06,300
bordered on the Reckless. 
Men were not exempt from this 

1693
01:34:06,300 --> 01:34:08,800
madness though. 
Their version was more subtle 

1694
01:34:08,800 --> 01:34:10,800
ridiculous. 
While women were being 

1695
01:34:10,800 --> 01:34:14,000
transformed into human, 
geometric shapes men were busy 

1696
01:34:14,000 --> 01:34:16,700
perfecting the art of looking 
like very serious Penguins. 

1697
01:34:16,700 --> 01:34:20,200
They were top hats, that 
accentuated their height coats 

1698
01:34:20,200 --> 01:34:23,200
with useless tales and enough 
starch in their collars to 

1699
01:34:23,208 --> 01:34:27,000
construct a miniature boat. 
Slating thing is how this all 

1700
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:30,900
started with genuine intentions.
The early victorians were trying

1701
01:34:30,900 --> 01:34:34,200
to create a fashion nightmare, 
they were responding to real 

1702
01:34:34,200 --> 01:34:38,000
social and economic changes. 
The industrial revolution had 

1703
01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:41,800
created New Wealth, new social 
classes, new anxieties about 

1704
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:45,400
respectability fashion. 
Became a language a way to 

1705
01:34:45,400 --> 01:34:47,700
communicate your place in this 
rapidly changing world. 

1706
01:34:48,800 --> 01:34:51,600
Somewhere along the way that 
language became increasingly 

1707
01:34:51,600 --> 01:34:55,600
complex, like a secret code that
only the initiated could 

1708
01:34:55,600 --> 01:34:59,800
understand what started as dress
nicely to show your respectable 

1709
01:34:59,800 --> 01:35:04,100
evolved into transform yourself 
into a walking architectural, 

1710
01:35:04,100 --> 01:35:05,900
Marvel or risk social 
Extinction. 

1711
01:35:05,900 --> 01:35:10,800
The irony is delicious when you 
contemplate it Here was an ERA 

1712
01:35:10,800 --> 01:35:13,300
obsessed with moral virtue, and 
proper behavior. 

1713
01:35:13,300 --> 01:35:16,800
Yet they created clothing that 
made simple human activities 

1714
01:35:16,800 --> 01:35:19,800
like sitting walking or 
breathing into minor athletic 

1715
01:35:19,800 --> 01:35:22,500
achievements. 
It was as, if they believed that

1716
01:35:22,500 --> 01:35:25,900
suffering for beauty was not 
just acceptable, but actually 

1717
01:35:25,900 --> 01:35:30,200
virtuous, As we drift into this 
story together, imagine the 

1718
01:35:30,200 --> 01:35:33,900
rustling of silk, the creaking 
of whale bone and the gentle 

1719
01:35:33,900 --> 01:35:36,900
chaos of an era when getting 
dressed was an adventure and 

1720
01:35:36,900 --> 01:35:39,400
staying dressed was an endurance
test. 

1721
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:43,800
The victorians may have been 
many things, but boring wasn't 

1722
01:35:43,800 --> 01:35:46,400
one of them as talk about the 
corsage, shall we? 

1723
01:35:46,400 --> 01:35:49,500
If Victorian fashion were a 
movie, The corset would be the 

1724
01:35:49,500 --> 01:35:51,000
villain. 
Everyone loves to hate. 

1725
01:35:51,800 --> 01:35:55,500
Simultaneously fascinating and 
horrifying like a beautifully 

1726
01:35:55,500 --> 01:35:58,500
crafted instrument of torture 
that someone decided to wear to 

1727
01:35:58,500 --> 01:36:00,600
offer new tea. 
You've probably heard the 

1728
01:36:00,600 --> 01:36:03,400
stories about women fainting 
left and right their organs 

1729
01:36:03,400 --> 01:36:05,600
rearranged like Furniture in a 
studio apartment. 

1730
01:36:05,600 --> 01:36:09,700
However, the truth about corset 
wearing was not as dramatic as 

1731
01:36:09,700 --> 01:36:12,100
the legend. 
Portray this like that friend 

1732
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:14,900
who tells fish stories, the 
basic facts are there. 

1733
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:19,500
They've grown considerably in 
the telling Let's first, tackle 

1734
01:36:19,500 --> 01:36:21,700
the issue of the 18 inch waist 
in The Parlor. 

1735
01:36:21,700 --> 01:36:25,300
Do you notice the remarkably 
small waists and fashion plates 

1736
01:36:25,300 --> 01:36:28,200
and photos? 
Many of them were about as real,

1737
01:36:28,200 --> 01:36:31,600
as a unicorn wearing a tutu. 
Victorian photographers, and 

1738
01:36:31,600 --> 01:36:34,500
illustrators were just as fond 
of creative editing, as modern 

1739
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:38,200
Instagram, users, they pinch in 
wastes, enhance curves and 

1740
01:36:38,208 --> 01:36:41,700
generally present an idealized 
version that was, as achievable 

1741
01:36:41,700 --> 01:36:43,300
as becoming a professional 
mermaid. 

1742
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:46,600
But that doesn't mean corsets 
were just gentle supportive 

1743
01:36:46,600 --> 01:36:49,300
garments either. 
These were indeed serious 

1744
01:36:49,300 --> 01:36:51,400
business. 
Well-made Victorian. 

1745
01:36:51,400 --> 01:36:54,000
Corset was like wearing an 
architectural support system 

1746
01:36:54,000 --> 01:36:57,000
designed by someone. 
Who never actually met a human 

1747
01:36:57,000 --> 01:37:00,700
spine, they were marvels of 
engineering really dozens of 

1748
01:37:00,700 --> 01:37:04,200
pieces of whale bone or steel 
carefully shaped and sown into 

1749
01:37:04,200 --> 01:37:05,800
what was essentially a wearable 
cage. 

1750
01:37:05,800 --> 01:37:09,400
The thing is, most women didn't 
tightly to the extreme degrees. 

1751
01:37:09,400 --> 01:37:13,000
You might imagine your average, 
Victorian lady, Lester corsets 

1752
01:37:13,000 --> 01:37:15,200
snugly, indeed. 
But, not to the extent that she 

1753
01:37:15,200 --> 01:37:18,000
required smelling salts each 
time she sent her to stay case. 

1754
01:37:19,000 --> 01:37:21,600
The fainting epidemic was more 
about the combination of tight 

1755
01:37:21,600 --> 01:37:24,600
lacing, heavy clothing, 
overheated rooms. 

1756
01:37:24,600 --> 01:37:28,000
And the Victorian ladies 
delicate Constitution which was 

1757
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:30,900
often more performed, in 
January, think of it this way. 

1758
01:37:30,900 --> 01:37:33,900
If women were really fainting on
Mass from their undergarments, 

1759
01:37:33,900 --> 01:37:37,100
the Victorian era would have 
been remarkably unproductive. 

1760
01:37:38,100 --> 01:37:41,600
Yet somehow the same corseted 
women managed to run households 

1761
01:37:41,600 --> 01:37:46,200
raised children engage in social
causes and even work in 

1762
01:37:46,200 --> 01:37:48,400
factories. 
They weren't delicate flowers. 

1763
01:37:48,400 --> 01:37:51,700
They were surprisingly Hardy 
individuals who happen to dress 

1764
01:37:51,700 --> 01:37:53,600
like they were preparing for 
battle with their bodies. 

1765
01:37:53,600 --> 01:37:57,000
The corset also served purposes 
beyond the aesthetic. 

1766
01:37:57,000 --> 01:37:59,100
In an era before brass were 
invented. 

1767
01:37:59,100 --> 01:38:02,100
It provided necessary support 
for women's busts. 

1768
01:38:02,100 --> 01:38:05,300
It also helped distribute the 
weight of those massive skirts. 

1769
01:38:05,300 --> 01:38:08,400
We'll talk about shortly. 
Imagine carrying a small tent 

1770
01:38:08,400 --> 01:38:11,000
around your waist all day. 
You'd want some structural 

1771
01:38:11,000 --> 01:38:13,900
support too. 
But here's where the corsets 

1772
01:38:13,900 --> 01:38:17,400
story gets really interesting. 
It became a symbol of women's 

1773
01:38:17,400 --> 01:38:20,200
oppression and Liberation 
simultaneously. 

1774
01:38:21,500 --> 01:38:24,600
Critics argued that tight lacing
represented societies. 

1775
01:38:24,600 --> 01:38:27,800
Control over women's bodies. 
Forcing them into unnatural 

1776
01:38:27,800 --> 01:38:29,800
shapes to please. 
Male ideals of beauty. 

1777
01:38:30,700 --> 01:38:33,600
supporters countered that the 
corset gave women an hourglass, 

1778
01:38:33,600 --> 01:38:36,700
figure that emphasized, their 
femininity and Power, The 

1779
01:38:36,700 --> 01:38:39,700
medical establishment never want
to miss an opportunity to have 

1780
01:38:39,700 --> 01:38:41,900
opinions. 
About women's bodies weighed in 

1781
01:38:41,900 --> 01:38:44,700
with dial warnings about the 
dangers of tight lacing. 

1782
01:38:45,500 --> 01:38:49,300
Doctors wrote lengthy treaters 
is about corset liver and Corset

1783
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:51,600
lung conditions. 
That sound like they were 

1784
01:38:51,600 --> 01:38:54,600
invented by someone who'd never 
actually examined a corseted 

1785
01:38:54,600 --> 01:38:57,000
woman but had profound feelings 
about fashion. 

1786
01:38:57,000 --> 01:39:00,100
Meanwhile the women actually 
wearing these garments had more 

1787
01:39:00,100 --> 01:39:03,000
nuanced views, many found their 
corsets comfortable and 

1788
01:39:03,000 --> 01:39:06,800
supportive when properly fitted 
others endured silent suffering 

1789
01:39:06,800 --> 01:39:09,800
for the sake of fashion. 
Some rebelled entirely and 

1790
01:39:09,800 --> 01:39:12,600
joined the dress Reform 
movement, which sounds much more

1791
01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:15,800
exciting than it. 
Actually was imagine a group of 

1792
01:39:15,800 --> 01:39:18,700
very Earnest women campaigning 
for the right to wear clothing, 

1793
01:39:18,700 --> 01:39:22,600
that didn't require an 
engineering degree to put on The

1794
01:39:22,600 --> 01:39:25,500
corset industry itself. 
Was fascinating a complex 

1795
01:39:25,500 --> 01:39:28,700
network of Manufacturers from 
high-end Corsa tears, who 

1796
01:39:28,700 --> 01:39:32,500
created custom pieces, that fit 
like a second skin to mass 

1797
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:34,000
Market. 
Producers who turned out 

1798
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:36,200
ready-made versions for the 
growing middle class. 

1799
01:39:36,200 --> 01:39:39,400
Getting a course at properly 
fitted was like visiting a very 

1800
01:39:39,408 --> 01:39:42,200
specialized architect, who 
worked exclusively in human 

1801
01:39:42,200 --> 01:39:45,100
modification. 
As you settle deeper into your 

1802
01:39:45,100 --> 01:39:47,200
comfortable, uncles, it did 
evening. 

1803
01:39:47,200 --> 01:39:50,700
Remember that for Victorian 
women, this daily ritual of 

1804
01:39:50,700 --> 01:39:53,000
lacing and lacing was simply 
part of life. 

1805
01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:56,100
They adapted to their 
constraints with remarkable 

1806
01:39:56,100 --> 01:40:00,500
Ingenuity developing techniques 
for movement, breathing, and 

1807
01:40:00,500 --> 01:40:02,900
even dance dancing while 
wearing, what was essentially a 

1808
01:40:02,900 --> 01:40:05,700
fabric covered cage? 
The human capacity for 

1809
01:40:05,700 --> 01:40:09,400
adaptation is truly remarkable. 
Even when adapting to something,

1810
01:40:09,400 --> 01:40:12,500
utterly ridiculous, let's pause 
here while you adjust your 

1811
01:40:12,508 --> 01:40:15,400
position on the couch something.
Victorian women couldn't do 

1812
01:40:15,400 --> 01:40:19,200
quite so easily. 
If corsets were Foundation of 

1813
01:40:19,200 --> 01:40:22,700
Victorian fashion Madness, then 
skirts with a magnificent 

1814
01:40:22,700 --> 01:40:25,000
impractical superstructure built
on top. 

1815
01:40:25,700 --> 01:40:27,600
We're talking about garments 
that required their own 

1816
01:40:27,600 --> 01:40:30,700
transportation planning, and had
a carbon footprint larger than 

1817
01:40:30,700 --> 01:40:33,200
some small countries. 
Picture yourself. 

1818
01:40:33,200 --> 01:40:37,200
Getting ready for a simple trip 
to the market in 1860 first, 

1819
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:39,500
you'd need to consider your 
skirts diameter. 

1820
01:40:39,500 --> 01:40:43,800
Typically, anywhere from six to 
12 feet across that's not a 

1821
01:40:43,800 --> 01:40:45,800
typo. 
We're talking about wearing a 

1822
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:47,700
fabric tent that could house a 
small family. 

1823
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:49,500
You couldn't just walk out the 
door. 

1824
01:40:49,500 --> 01:40:52,700
You had to strategize your exit,
like you were launching a space 

1825
01:40:52,700 --> 01:40:55,800
mission. 
The evolution of the Victorian 

1826
01:40:55,800 --> 01:40:58,800
skirt can be compared to a 
person gradually, losing their 

1827
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:03,600
sense of reality, albeit in a 
methodical manner, It started 

1828
01:41:03,600 --> 01:41:06,600
reasonably enough in the 1840s 
full skirts. 

1829
01:41:06,600 --> 01:41:08,200
Yes. 
But nothing that required 

1830
01:41:08,200 --> 01:41:11,100
architectural consultation. 
Then something happened. 

1831
01:41:12,100 --> 01:41:15,100
Maybe it was competition. 
Maybe it was boredom or maybe 

1832
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:17,700
someone made a bet about how 
wide they could make women 

1833
01:41:17,700 --> 01:41:20,900
Silhouettes before physics 
intervened by the 1850s. 

1834
01:41:20,900 --> 01:41:23,500
The crinoline had become 
ubiquitous and irreversible. 

1835
01:41:23,500 --> 01:41:27,000
The criminal was essentially a 
cage, you wore under your skirt 

1836
01:41:27,000 --> 01:41:30,300
Hoops of steel or whalebone that
created a bell-shaped 

1837
01:41:30,300 --> 01:41:32,700
Foundation. 
It was like wearing a personal 

1838
01:41:32,700 --> 01:41:36,100
tent frame, except the tent was 
made of silk and you were 

1839
01:41:36,100 --> 01:41:39,500
expected to walk in it. 
The logistics of crinoline life 

1840
01:41:39,500 --> 01:41:43,400
was staggering doorways, became 
navigation, challenges sitting 

1841
01:41:43,400 --> 01:41:46,400
required, careful calculation 
and preferably a chair without 

1842
01:41:46,400 --> 01:41:48,900
arms. 
Getting into a carriage was like

1843
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:51,700
solving a three-dimensional 
puzzle while wearing a small 

1844
01:41:51,700 --> 01:41:55,500
building Victorian women of 
skills that would have made NASA

1845
01:41:55,500 --> 01:41:58,700
Engineers weep with admiration 
and yet they made it look. 

1846
01:41:58,700 --> 01:42:02,400
Effortless photos from the era 
show women gliding around in 

1847
01:42:02,400 --> 01:42:04,900
these massive skirts as if they 
were Perfectly Natural. 

1848
01:42:04,900 --> 01:42:08,500
However a complex science 
underlay, the management of 

1849
01:42:08,500 --> 01:42:11,800
criminals women learned to 
compress their skirts, by 

1850
01:42:11,800 --> 01:42:15,000
pressing down on the Hoops to 
navigate stairs, by lifting the 

1851
01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:17,700
front of their skirts. 
Just so and to sit by 

1852
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:21,200
effortlessly collapsing, their 
criminals The really magnificent

1853
01:42:21,200 --> 01:42:24,100
part was how the fashion 
industry supported this madness.

1854
01:42:24,800 --> 01:42:28,600
Crinoline manufacturers competed
on engineering principles, some 

1855
01:42:28,600 --> 01:42:30,500
crinolines. 
Had collapsible sections for 

1856
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:33,600
sitting others featured 
graduated Hoops, that created 

1857
01:42:33,600 --> 01:42:36,600
the perfect Bell shape, the 
advertisements read like, 

1858
01:42:36,600 --> 01:42:39,300
technical manuals for personal 
Transportation devices. 

1859
01:42:40,200 --> 01:42:43,300
But crinolines had their dangers
and not just the obvious ones 

1860
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:46,300
like getting stuck in doorways 
or accidentally sweeping objects

1861
01:42:46,300 --> 01:42:49,000
off tables, fire was a genuine 
Hazard. 

1862
01:42:49,000 --> 01:42:53,400
All that fabric often treated 
with flammable starches and dies

1863
01:42:53,400 --> 01:42:56,400
combined with open Flames for 
lighting and Heating. 

1864
01:42:57,400 --> 01:43:00,200
Victorian newspapers are full of
tragic stories of women, who 

1865
01:43:00,200 --> 01:43:03,600
skirts caught fire and the width
of their crinolines made it 

1866
01:43:03,600 --> 01:43:05,600
difficult to extinguish the 
Flames quickly. 

1867
01:43:06,500 --> 01:43:09,700
Then there were the weather 
related challenges, winter, 

1868
01:43:09,700 --> 01:43:12,800
turned a criminal in to a sale 
which sounds poetic Until you 

1869
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:14,800
realize it meant. 
Women could be literally blown 

1870
01:43:14,800 --> 01:43:16,000
off. 
Course, during their daily 

1871
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:18,600
walks. 
Rain was particularly 

1872
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:21,800
problematic, imagine trying to 
dry attempt that you've been 

1873
01:43:21,808 --> 01:43:25,000
wearing all day, the social 
implications were equally 

1874
01:43:25,000 --> 01:43:29,200
complex, a wide criminal in was 
a status symbol proof that you 

1875
01:43:29,200 --> 01:43:30,700
could afford, not just the 
Garment itself. 

1876
01:43:30,700 --> 01:43:34,000
But the lifestyle that 
accommodated it If you could 

1877
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:37,300
wear a six foot wide skirt, you 
didn't need to work cook clean 

1878
01:43:37,300 --> 01:43:39,300
or engage in any practical 
activity. 

1879
01:43:39,300 --> 01:43:42,900
It was conspicuous consumption 
in its most literal form. 

1880
01:43:42,900 --> 01:43:45,400
You were conspicuously consuming
space. 

1881
01:43:46,500 --> 01:43:48,200
But here's what makes the 
crinoline error. 

1882
01:43:48,200 --> 01:43:51,300
So endearing in retrospect 
Victorian, women took these 

1883
01:43:51,300 --> 01:43:53,700
absurd constraints and somehow 
made them work. 

1884
01:43:54,300 --> 01:43:57,000
They developed elaborate 
etiquettes for criminal in 

1885
01:43:57,000 --> 01:44:00,400
navigation techniques for 
managing their skirts in various

1886
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,600
social situations and even 
Sports modified for women 

1887
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:07,100
wearing personal tents. 
Croquet became popular partly 

1888
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:10,100
because it was one of the few 
activities where a crinoline 

1889
01:44:10,100 --> 01:44:13,600
wasn't a complete impediment. 
Dancing required choreography 

1890
01:44:13,600 --> 01:44:15,700
that accounted for each 
partner's. 

1891
01:44:15,700 --> 01:44:18,500
Circumference even something. 
As simple as walking with a 

1892
01:44:18,500 --> 01:44:22,700
friend became an exercise in 
spatial coordination, The 

1893
01:44:22,700 --> 01:44:27,000
crinoline reached its peak 
absurdity in the 1860s when 

1894
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:29,400
skirts achieved their maximum 
circumference. 

1895
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:33,000
It was as if Victorian fashion 
had been steadily expanding, 

1896
01:44:33,000 --> 01:44:36,100
like a balloon and everyone was 
waiting to see, who would be 

1897
01:44:36,100 --> 01:44:40,200
brave enough to suggest that 
maybe, just, maybe this was 

1898
01:44:40,200 --> 01:44:44,100
getting a bit ridiculous. 
Little did they know the next 

1899
01:44:44,100 --> 01:44:46,900
chapter would involve buses 
because apparently making 

1900
01:44:46,900 --> 01:44:48,900
skirts. 
Impossibly wide wasn't quite 

1901
01:44:48,900 --> 01:44:51,300
enough. 
Victorians were just getting 

1902
01:44:51,300 --> 01:44:53,200
warmed up. 
Just when you think the 

1903
01:44:53,200 --> 01:44:55,800
victorians could not possibly 
make clothing, more complicated 

1904
01:44:55,800 --> 01:44:59,400
Along Came the bus Lair to prove
that human Ingenuity in the 

1905
01:44:59,408 --> 01:45:01,700
service of impracticality knows 
no bounds. 

1906
01:45:02,600 --> 01:45:05,300
If the crinoline was like 
wearing a bell, the bustle was 

1907
01:45:05,308 --> 01:45:08,000
like strapping a small shelf to 
your posterior and pretending 

1908
01:45:08,000 --> 01:45:09,500
your posture was perfectly 
normal. 

1909
01:45:10,600 --> 01:45:14,000
The transition from crinoline to
bustle in the 1870s wasn't 

1910
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:16,200
gradual. 
It was like watching a balloon 

1911
01:45:16,200 --> 01:45:19,200
deflate and then re-inflate in a
completely different shape. 

1912
01:45:19,200 --> 01:45:22,600
One day, women were navigating 
doorways sideways because of 

1913
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:25,600
their width and the next they 
were backing into rooms because 

1914
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:27,900
their skirts projected three 
feet behind them. 

1915
01:45:27,900 --> 01:45:31,200
It was as if Victorian fashion 
designers had gotten bored with 

1916
01:45:31,208 --> 01:45:34,000
horizontal challenges and 
decided to explore vertical 

1917
01:45:34,000 --> 01:45:37,500
possibilities. 
The bustle itself was a Marvel 

1918
01:45:37,500 --> 01:45:39,900
of engineering that would have 
made Bridge Builders jealous. 

1919
01:45:39,900 --> 01:45:43,400
Early bustles were essentially 
wire cages designed to create 

1920
01:45:43,400 --> 01:45:45,500
shelf like projection at the 
back of the skirt. 

1921
01:45:46,400 --> 01:45:49,400
Later versions became 
increasingly elaborate some had 

1922
01:45:49,400 --> 01:45:51,600
Springs. 
Others featured a just 

1923
01:45:51,600 --> 01:45:54,600
adjustable Frameworks in the 
most advanced models included 

1924
01:45:54,600 --> 01:45:58,500
collapsible sections for City. 
The imagined attempting to sit 

1925
01:45:58,500 --> 01:46:01,500
down while wearing a bustle. 
It wasn't just a matter of 

1926
01:46:01,500 --> 01:46:04,000
bending at the waist. 
The required, a carefully 

1927
01:46:04,000 --> 01:46:07,500
choreographed sequence of 
movements Due to the chair from 

1928
01:46:07,500 --> 01:46:09,900
the side, collapsed, your bustle
by pressing down on it. 

1929
01:46:09,900 --> 01:46:13,500
Lower yourself carefully while 
managing several layers of skirt

1930
01:46:13,500 --> 01:46:15,700
and then somehow arrange all 
that fabric. 

1931
01:46:15,700 --> 01:46:17,800
So you didn't look like you were
being swallowed by your 

1932
01:46:17,800 --> 01:46:20,500
clothing. 
The logistics of bustle. 

1933
01:46:20,500 --> 01:46:22,900
Life were even more complex than
criminal and management. 

1934
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:26,900
At least with the crinoline. 
You needed extra space in all 

1935
01:46:26,900 --> 01:46:29,000
directions. 
You never know what's going on 

1936
01:46:29,000 --> 01:46:30,400
behind you, and there's a 
bustle. 

1937
01:46:30,400 --> 01:46:33,500
Victorian women developed a kind
of spatial awareness, that 

1938
01:46:33,500 --> 01:46:36,800
modern people can't imagine. 
They could sense exactly how 

1939
01:46:36,800 --> 01:46:39,800
much room their rear projection 
required and navigate 

1940
01:46:39,800 --> 01:46:43,300
accordingly. 
Doorways remain challenging, but

1941
01:46:43,300 --> 01:46:47,300
in new ways instead of squeezing
through sideways bustled women 

1942
01:46:47,300 --> 01:46:50,800
had to judge, angles carefully. 
If your approach was too steep, 

1943
01:46:50,800 --> 01:46:53,000
your skirt, might snag on the 
door frame. 

1944
01:46:53,700 --> 01:46:56,400
If the approach was too shallow,
you wouldn't be able to pass. 

1945
01:46:56,400 --> 01:46:59,900
It was like parking a car, 
except the car was attached to 

1946
01:46:59,900 --> 01:47:04,100
your body, and made of silk, The
bustle created intriguing, 

1947
01:47:04,100 --> 01:47:08,200
social dynamics conversations 
became exercises and geometry. 

1948
01:47:08,200 --> 01:47:10,800
How close could you stand to 
someone when you were both 

1949
01:47:10,800 --> 01:47:14,400
wearing rear projections? 
on some required new techniques 

1950
01:47:14,400 --> 01:47:16,900
and something as simple as 
walking arm and arm with a 

1951
01:47:16,908 --> 01:47:19,600
friend, became a coordination 
challenge, worthy of 

1952
01:47:19,600 --> 01:47:22,600
synchronized swimmers, but 
perhaps, the most remarkable 

1953
01:47:22,600 --> 01:47:25,700
thing about the bustle area was 
how it demonstrated, Victorian 

1954
01:47:25,700 --> 01:47:28,500
societies ability to adapt to 
absolutely anything. 

1955
01:47:29,300 --> 01:47:31,300
Furniture makers, began 
designing chairs. 

1956
01:47:31,300 --> 01:47:34,800
That accommodated bustles 
architecture started accounting 

1957
01:47:34,800 --> 01:47:36,400
for the extra space women 
required. 

1958
01:47:37,100 --> 01:47:38,800
Social Customs evolved to 
handle. 

1959
01:47:38,800 --> 01:47:41,000
The new spatial requirements of 
female fashion. 

1960
01:47:41,000 --> 01:47:44,000
The fashion plates of the era 
show, women looking perfectly 

1961
01:47:44,000 --> 01:47:47,500
composed in their bustled gowns,
But the reality behind the 

1962
01:47:47,500 --> 01:47:50,300
scenes was a constant comedy of 
spatial miscalculations. 

1963
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:53,600
Victorian literature is full of 
subtle references to the 

1964
01:47:53,600 --> 01:47:56,700
challenges of bustled life. 
Women getting stuck in 

1965
01:47:56,700 --> 01:47:59,900
carriages, skirts, caught 
indoors, and the general chaos 

1966
01:47:59,900 --> 01:48:02,600
of trying to live normally while
wearing architectural elements 

1967
01:48:02,600 --> 01:48:05,200
yet. 
Somehow Victorian women made it 

1968
01:48:05,200 --> 01:48:08,100
work they developed techniques 
for bustle maintenance 

1969
01:48:08,100 --> 01:48:12,300
strategies for navigation and 
even created new forms of social

1970
01:48:12,300 --> 01:48:15,200
interaction that accommodated 
their enhanced silhouettes. 

1971
01:48:16,300 --> 01:48:19,200
Human ability to normalize. 
The Absurd is truly impressive. 

1972
01:48:19,200 --> 01:48:22,600
The bustle went through several 
iterations during his Reign. 

1973
01:48:22,600 --> 01:48:26,200
The first bustle area featured, 
relatively modest projections, 

1974
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:28,700
consider it to be training 
wheels for posterior 

1975
01:48:28,700 --> 01:48:32,000
architecture. 
The early 1880s brought a brief 

1976
01:48:32,008 --> 01:48:34,100
respite, when skirts became more
streamlined. 

1977
01:48:34,100 --> 01:48:38,200
Likely bringing a sense of 
relief to everyone, but the 

1978
01:48:38,200 --> 01:48:41,800
Victorian fashion wasn't done 
yet the Second bustle era 

1979
01:48:41,800 --> 01:48:45,600
beginning in the mid-1880s 
brought projections that defied.

1980
01:48:45,600 --> 01:48:47,400
Not just Comfort, but basic 
physics. 

1981
01:48:48,200 --> 01:48:51,200
These weren't just bustles. 
They were engineering Marvels, 

1982
01:48:51,200 --> 01:48:53,600
that critic Silhouettes. 
So extreme, they look like 

1983
01:48:53,600 --> 01:48:56,100
costume designs for a play about
furniture. 

1984
01:48:57,100 --> 01:48:59,900
Final bustle designs were so 
elaborate, they came with their 

1985
01:48:59,900 --> 01:49:03,700
instruction manuals, some 
featured, multiple tiers, others

1986
01:49:03,700 --> 01:49:07,000
had adjustable angles, and the 
most advanced models included 

1987
01:49:07,000 --> 01:49:09,400
patented mechanisms for collapse
and expansion. 

1988
01:49:10,300 --> 01:49:13,400
It was as if Victorian women 
were wearing Transformer robots.

1989
01:49:13,400 --> 01:49:17,900
Except instead of turning into 
cars, they turned into chairs As

1990
01:49:17,900 --> 01:49:21,100
we move through the fashion 
timeline, remember that each of 

1991
01:49:21,100 --> 01:49:25,200
these Trends lasted for years? 
This wasn't a brief moment of 

1992
01:49:25,200 --> 01:49:28,500
collective Madness, entire 
generations of women lived. 

1993
01:49:28,500 --> 01:49:31,200
Their daily lives. 
In these Contraptions adapting 

1994
01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:33,600
with remarkable Grace to 
constraints that seemed 

1995
01:49:33,600 --> 01:49:35,100
impossible from our modern 
perspective. 

1996
01:49:36,200 --> 01:49:37,600
If he thought, Victorian fashion
was done. 

1997
01:49:37,600 --> 01:49:40,500
So surprising us after corsets 
crinolines and bustles. 

1998
01:49:40,500 --> 01:49:43,900
You clearly underestimated their
commitment to making every part 

1999
01:49:43,900 --> 01:49:45,700
of the human body and 
engineering challenge. 

2000
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:50,400
Enter the 1890 sleeve or known 
as the leg of mutton sleeve 

2001
01:49:50,400 --> 01:49:52,500
though, that name doesn't quite 
capture. 

2002
01:49:52,500 --> 01:49:55,500
The full absurdity of wearing, 
what amounted to small, hot air,

2003
01:49:55,500 --> 01:49:57,000
balloons attached to your 
shoulders. 

2004
01:49:58,100 --> 01:50:00,000
Early. 
Victorian sleeves were snug 

2005
01:50:00,000 --> 01:50:02,400
practical Affairs. 
That allowed for actual arm 

2006
01:50:02,400 --> 01:50:04,900
movement. 
However, as the century 

2007
01:50:04,900 --> 01:50:08,700
progressed sleeves began to 
expand as if they were competing

2008
01:50:08,700 --> 01:50:11,900
with skirts for the title of 
most impractical garment 

2009
01:50:11,900 --> 01:50:15,800
component. 
By the 1890s sleeves had 

2010
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:17,600
achieved such Monumental 
proportions. 

2011
01:50:17,600 --> 01:50:20,000
That women needed to turn 
sideways to fit through 

2012
01:50:20,000 --> 01:50:23,400
doorways, not because of their 
skirts this time but because 

2013
01:50:23,400 --> 01:50:25,900
their shoulders are effectively 
doubled in width. 

2014
01:50:26,600 --> 01:50:28,500
These garments were not, merely 
sleeves. 

2015
01:50:28,500 --> 01:50:31,500
They resembled fabric 
architecture with arms, hidden 

2016
01:50:31,500 --> 01:50:34,900
inside them, the construction of
a proper leg of mutton. 

2017
01:50:34,900 --> 01:50:37,900
Sleeve was an engineering 
Marvel, that required more 

2018
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:39,900
planning than most modern home 
renovations. 

2019
01:50:41,000 --> 01:50:44,300
Sleeve had to be supported from 
within using various Frameworks 

2020
01:50:44,300 --> 01:50:47,900
wire, whalebone or even cotton 
padding arranged in precise 

2021
01:50:47,900 --> 01:50:51,000
configurations to maintain the 
proper shape, getting dressed 

2022
01:50:51,000 --> 01:50:52,600
involved. 
Not just putting on clothing, 

2023
01:50:52,600 --> 01:50:55,000
but assembling a complex 
structural system. 

2024
01:50:56,700 --> 01:50:58,900
Imagine trying to eat dinner 
while wearing sleeves that 

2025
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:00,700
extended. 
Well beyond your actual arms 

2026
01:51:00,700 --> 01:51:02,900
band. 
Victorian women developed, 

2027
01:51:02,900 --> 01:51:06,900
eating techniques that would 
have impressed and a Poach their

2028
01:51:06,900 --> 01:51:10,800
plate at specific angles to cut 
food using carefully, calculated

2029
01:51:10,800 --> 01:51:13,900
arm movements, and to drink tea 
without completely obscuring, 

2030
01:51:13,900 --> 01:51:15,700
their faces behind walls of 
fabric. 

2031
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:18,400
The Practical challenges were 
endless. 

2032
01:51:18,400 --> 01:51:22,300
Embracing someone required 
strategic planning, getting into

2033
01:51:22,300 --> 01:51:24,200
a carriage. 
Meant compressing your sleeves 

2034
01:51:24,200 --> 01:51:27,800
like accordion even something as
simple as reaching for an object

2035
01:51:27,800 --> 01:51:31,100
on a shelf, became an exercise 
and spatial mathematics. 

2036
01:51:32,700 --> 01:51:34,500
Victorian. 
Women lived in a world where 

2037
01:51:34,500 --> 01:51:36,700
their clothing had a larger 
footprint than their actual 

2038
01:51:36,700 --> 01:51:39,500
bodies. 
But the sleeves were just large,

2039
01:51:39,500 --> 01:51:44,200
they were elaborately decorated,
puffed, pleated, gathered. 

2040
01:51:44,200 --> 01:51:47,600
And trimmed with every 
conceivable ornament they were 

2041
01:51:47,608 --> 01:51:50,200
like, wearing two small 
ballrooms complete with their 

2042
01:51:50,200 --> 01:51:54,000
interior design schemes. 
Some sleeves featured, multiple 

2043
01:51:54,000 --> 01:51:57,500
tears of fabric, creating 
layered architectural effects, 

2044
01:51:57,500 --> 01:51:58,900
that would have made wedding 
cake. 

2045
01:51:58,900 --> 01:52:02,300
Decorators weep With Envy. 
The maintenance requirements was

2046
01:52:02,300 --> 01:52:05,500
staggering these sleeves needed 
to be pressed into shape 

2047
01:52:05,500 --> 01:52:08,300
regularly, their internal 
structures are just dusted and 

2048
01:52:08,300 --> 01:52:11,200
repairs and their elaborate 
decorations kept pristine. 

2049
01:52:12,400 --> 01:52:15,500
Victorian women employed armies 
of servants or spent hours 

2050
01:52:15,500 --> 01:52:17,600
themselves maintaining their 
sleeve architecture. 

2051
01:52:17,600 --> 01:52:21,000
It was like, owning a very high 
maintenance, pet that you water 

2052
01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:23,600
social events. 
Then there were the seasonal 

2053
01:52:23,600 --> 01:52:25,900
challenges Summers leaves in 
heavy. 

2054
01:52:25,900 --> 01:52:28,700
Fabrics created portable saunas.
Around women's Arms. 

2055
01:52:28,700 --> 01:52:32,000
Winter meant adding even more 
layers to already Monumental 

2056
01:52:32,000 --> 01:52:35,200
constructions. 
Rain pose a significant 

2057
01:52:35,200 --> 01:52:38,800
challenge, imagine attempting to
drive two fabric Pavilions, 

2058
01:52:38,800 --> 01:52:42,400
fastened to your shoulders, the 
social implications of extreme 

2059
01:52:42,400 --> 01:52:45,500
sleeves were fascinating. 
They were clear indicators of 

2060
01:52:45,500 --> 01:52:48,300
Leisure Class status. 
If you could wear sleeves that 

2061
01:52:48,300 --> 01:52:51,400
made practical work impossible, 
you obviously didn't need to 

2062
01:52:51,400 --> 01:52:54,700
engage in any, they were an 
extreme form of conspicuous 

2063
01:52:54,700 --> 01:52:57,600
consumption demonstrating that 
one could afford to be 

2064
01:52:57,600 --> 01:53:01,200
completely impractical. 
But Victorian fashion wasn't 

2065
01:53:01,200 --> 01:53:04,800
finished with extremities yet 
hats during this era became 

2066
01:53:04,800 --> 01:53:08,100
increasingly elaborate often 
featuring entire Gardens of 

2067
01:53:08,100 --> 01:53:11,700
artificial flowers, preserved, 
birds, and decorative elements. 

2068
01:53:11,700 --> 01:53:13,600
That would have been impressive 
on a parade float. 

2069
01:53:14,400 --> 01:53:17,400
These worked hats. 
They were portable ecosystems 

2070
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:19,200
that happened to sit on people's
heads. 

2071
01:53:20,600 --> 01:53:23,400
The millenary Arts reached new 
heights of complexity during the

2072
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:26,100
Victorian era. 
Hat construction involved. 

2073
01:53:26,100 --> 01:53:29,300
Multiple Specialists one person.
Might create the basic 

2074
01:53:29,300 --> 01:53:31,100
structure. 
Another would handle the 

2075
01:53:31,100 --> 01:53:33,900
flowers, and a third would add 
the birds and ornamental 

2076
01:53:33,900 --> 01:53:36,300
elements. 
Some Victorian hats required 

2077
01:53:36,300 --> 01:53:38,700
their own Structural Engineering
consultations. 

2078
01:53:38,700 --> 01:53:43,400
Gloves too became exercises in 
extremity enhancement, Victoria 

2079
01:53:43,400 --> 01:53:46,300
and gloves were often so long 
they disappeared entirely under 

2080
01:53:46,300 --> 01:53:48,700
those enormous sleeves. 
Creating the impression that 

2081
01:53:48,700 --> 01:53:51,400
women's arms simply ended in 
Fabrics somewhere around the 

2082
01:53:51,400 --> 01:53:54,200
elbow. 
The longest gloves extended past

2083
01:53:54,200 --> 01:53:57,600
the elbow requiring complex 
systems of buttons and hooks for

2084
01:53:57,600 --> 01:54:01,000
removal even shoes. 
Join the extremity enhancement 

2085
01:54:01,000 --> 01:54:05,000
project Victorian boots, often 
featured dozens of tiny buttons 

2086
01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:08,500
or an elaborate lacing system 
that required special tools to 

2087
01:54:08,500 --> 01:54:12,900
fasten getting dressed from head
to toe could take hours and 

2088
01:54:12,900 --> 01:54:15,700
often required assistance from 
servants or family members. 

2089
01:54:15,700 --> 01:54:19,900
The cumulative effect of all 
these extremity enhancements was

2090
01:54:19,900 --> 01:54:22,700
that Victorian, women became 
walking demonstrations of their 

2091
01:54:22,700 --> 01:54:26,400
societies relationship with 
practicality, which was to say, 

2092
01:54:26,408 --> 01:54:29,900
they broken up entirely. 
And on speaking terms now, 

2093
01:54:29,900 --> 01:54:32,300
settle in, for this part of our 
story, because we're about to 

2094
01:54:32,300 --> 01:54:35,700
explore how Victorian fashion 
became more complex than quantum

2095
01:54:35,700 --> 01:54:38,800
physics, but with more rules 
about appropriate neckline. 

2096
01:54:40,000 --> 01:54:42,500
Behind all this sartorial 
Madness was a scientific 

2097
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:45,300
approach to respectability that 
would have impressed laboratory 

2098
01:54:45,300 --> 01:54:47,600
researchers. 
The victorians didn't just 

2099
01:54:47,600 --> 01:54:50,900
randomly decide to make clothing
complicated, they developed 

2100
01:54:50,900 --> 01:54:54,200
elaborate systems of social 
communication through fabric, 

2101
01:54:54,200 --> 01:54:57,500
creating a language. 
So complex, that anthropologists

2102
01:54:57,500 --> 01:55:01,000
are still trying to decode it. 
The Victorian dress code wasn't 

2103
01:55:01,000 --> 01:55:04,000
just about looking nice. 
It was about broadcasting your 

2104
01:55:04,000 --> 01:55:08,900
moral character, social status 
economic situation marital 

2105
01:55:08,900 --> 01:55:11,600
availability and probably your 
opinion on the weather. 

2106
01:55:11,600 --> 01:55:14,500
All through carefully, 
calculated costume choices. 

2107
01:55:14,500 --> 01:55:18,800
It was like wearing a social 
media profile except in posting 

2108
01:55:18,800 --> 01:55:21,400
updates. 
You changed your outfit morning.

2109
01:55:21,400 --> 01:55:25,300
Dress after noon dress, evening 
dress, calling dress, walking 

2110
01:55:25,300 --> 01:55:27,700
dress, traveling dress, 
Victorian. 

2111
01:55:27,700 --> 01:55:30,200
Women needed different costumes 
for different hours of the day 

2112
01:55:30,208 --> 01:55:33,800
and different social activities.
It was as if they were actors in

2113
01:55:33,800 --> 01:55:37,100
an incredibly elaborate play, 
where the costumes changed every

2114
01:55:37,100 --> 01:55:40,300
few hours and forgetting your 
lines meant social death. 

2115
01:55:41,400 --> 01:55:43,900
The specificity of the rules was
astounding. 

2116
01:55:43,900 --> 01:55:47,100
There were appropriate colors 
for widows at different stages 

2117
01:55:47,100 --> 01:55:50,400
of mourning, precise neckline 
depths for various social 

2118
01:55:50,400 --> 01:55:54,000
occasions and exactly links that
communicated whether you were 

2119
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:58,200
available for courtship or 
properly chaperone Getting it 

2120
01:55:58,200 --> 01:56:00,400
wrong, wasn't just a fashion 
floppa. 

2121
01:56:00,400 --> 01:56:03,400
It was a social catastrophe that
could affect your family's 

2122
01:56:03,400 --> 01:56:06,500
reputation for Generations. 
Take more mourning dress for 

2123
01:56:06,500 --> 01:56:09,200
example. 
Victorian society had developed 

2124
01:56:09,200 --> 01:56:12,200
morning into a complex ritual 
that lasted for years and 

2125
01:56:12,200 --> 01:56:14,700
involved costume changes more 
elaborate than a Broadway 

2126
01:56:14,708 --> 01:56:18,000
production Full morning, 
required, completely black 

2127
01:56:18,000 --> 01:56:20,200
clothing, with no ornamentation 
for the first year. 

2128
01:56:21,000 --> 01:56:23,900
Then came half morning, which 
allowed for touches of white, 

2129
01:56:23,900 --> 01:56:27,600
gray or purple. 
The gradations were so specific 

2130
01:56:27,600 --> 01:56:30,700
that there were etiquette books 
devoted entirely to appropriate 

2131
01:56:30,700 --> 01:56:33,900
mourning attire, The fabric 
choices alone were a science. 

2132
01:56:33,900 --> 01:56:36,900
Certain materials were 
appropriate for certain Seasons 

2133
01:56:36,900 --> 01:56:40,600
social classes and life stages. 
Silk was appropriate for formal 

2134
01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:45,200
occasions cotton for everyday 
wear wool for winter and linen 

2135
01:56:45,200 --> 01:56:47,800
for summer. 
But not just any type of silk, 

2136
01:56:47,800 --> 01:56:52,500
cotton, wool or linen. 
There were dozens of varieties 

2137
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:55,000
of each. 
Choosing the wrong type could 

2138
01:56:55,000 --> 01:56:57,800
broadcast ignorance of social 
codes, more effectively than 

2139
01:56:57,800 --> 01:56:59,800
wearing a sign. 
Color. 

2140
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:02,800
Symbolism reached levels of 
complexity that would have 

2141
01:57:02,808 --> 01:57:06,600
challenged medieval Scholars. 
White symbolizes, Purity and 

2142
01:57:06,600 --> 01:57:09,000
youth. 
But this symbolism is limited to

2143
01:57:09,000 --> 01:57:12,500
unmarried, women specific 
fabrics and Specific Seas 

2144
01:57:12,500 --> 01:57:15,800
Seasons, black signifies, 
respectability and Authority. 

2145
01:57:15,800 --> 01:57:20,300
Yet it significant fairies based
on factors such as age marital 

2146
01:57:20,300 --> 01:57:25,000
status and the particular shade 
of black Purple was mourning but

2147
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:29,000
also royalty but also dangerous.
If worn by the wrong person at 

2148
01:57:29,000 --> 01:57:32,200
the wrong time, the trimming and
decoration systems were equally.

2149
01:57:32,200 --> 01:57:36,100
Elaborate ribbons lace 
embroidery Buttons and Bows 

2150
01:57:36,100 --> 01:57:37,600
weren't just decorative 
elements. 

2151
01:57:37,600 --> 01:57:40,400
They were parts of a complex 
Communication System. 

2152
01:57:40,400 --> 01:57:43,900
The amount of ornamentation 
appropriate for your age social 

2153
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:46,800
status and the occasion, 
required calculations more 

2154
01:57:46,800 --> 01:57:50,700
complex than filing tax returns.
Even undergarments were part of 

2155
01:57:50,700 --> 01:57:52,200
this social communication 
system. 

2156
01:57:52,200 --> 01:57:56,100
The right corset, shamise 
drawers and petticoats weren't 

2157
01:57:56,100 --> 01:57:57,500
just about creating the proper 
silhouette. 

2158
01:57:57,500 --> 01:58:00,300
They were about demonstrating 
that you understood and could 

2159
01:58:00,300 --> 01:58:03,100
afford to participate in the 
full complexity of Victorian 

2160
01:58:03,100 --> 01:58:06,300
culture. 
The economic implications were 

2161
01:58:06,300 --> 01:58:08,900
staggering. 
A proper, Victorian ladies 

2162
01:58:08,900 --> 01:58:11,600
wardrobe, required a fortune, 
not just to acquire, but to 

2163
01:58:11,600 --> 01:58:15,800
maintain the cleaning pressing 
mending and updating needed to 

2164
01:58:15,800 --> 01:58:19,500
keep Pace with fashion changes. 
Meant that clothing consumed a 

2165
01:58:19,500 --> 01:58:22,400
significant portion of middle 
and upper class household 

2166
01:58:22,400 --> 01:58:26,300
budgets dressmakers became 
crucial figures in Victorian 

2167
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:29,900
society, not just as crafts 
people, but as cultural 

2168
01:58:29,900 --> 01:58:34,500
interpreters, A competent 
dressmaker didn't just so she 

2169
01:58:34,500 --> 01:58:37,600
guided her clients through the 
complex social codes in bedded, 

2170
01:58:37,600 --> 01:58:40,900
in fashion choices. 
She was part counselor part 

2171
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:45,100
artist part, social strategist 
and part structural engineer. 

2172
01:58:46,000 --> 01:58:48,700
The seasonal transitions were 
particularly complex. 

2173
01:58:48,700 --> 01:58:51,300
Sprinkling wasn't just about 
houses. 

2174
01:58:51,300 --> 01:58:54,000
It was about wardrobes summer 
and winter. 

2175
01:58:54,000 --> 01:58:57,300
Wardrobes were stored separately
with elaborate systems for 

2176
01:58:57,300 --> 01:59:01,000
preservation moth prevention and
maintaining the shape of complex

2177
01:59:01,000 --> 01:59:04,400
garments during storage. 
Fashion magazines became 

2178
01:59:04,400 --> 01:59:07,400
essential reading, not for 
inspiration, but for survival. 

2179
01:59:08,200 --> 01:59:11,200
They provided the constantly 
updated information necessary to

2180
01:59:11,200 --> 01:59:13,600
navigate the changing rules of 
appropriate dress. 

2181
01:59:15,000 --> 01:59:18,400
Reading Jody's book or Peter's 
magazine wasn't Leisure. 

2182
01:59:18,400 --> 01:59:21,300
It was continuing education in 
the science of social 

2183
01:59:21,300 --> 01:59:24,400
acceptability. the really 
remarkable thing is, how 

2184
01:59:24,400 --> 01:59:27,100
Victorian women managed to 
internalize all these rules 

2185
01:59:27,100 --> 01:59:29,900
while making their complex, 
fashion choices, appear, 

2186
01:59:29,900 --> 01:59:32,900
effortless and natural, Behind 
every graceful. 

2187
01:59:32,900 --> 01:59:35,500
Victorian lady gliding through a
social Gathering. 

2188
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:38,000
Was someone who had mastered a 
system of cultural 

2189
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:41,200
communication, more complex than
most modern professional 

2190
01:59:41,200 --> 01:59:44,300
training programs. 
By the 1890s, something crazy 

2191
01:59:44,300 --> 01:59:46,300
was happening in the world of 
Victorian fashion. 

2192
01:59:46,300 --> 01:59:49,300
People were beginning to realize
that clothing should allow for 

2193
01:59:49,300 --> 01:59:52,700
basic human functions like 
breathing sitting and moving 

2194
01:59:52,700 --> 01:59:54,800
ones are arms. 
Below. 

2195
01:59:54,800 --> 01:59:57,500
It took several decades for this
revolutionary concept to gain 

2196
01:59:57,500 --> 02:00:01,300
traction, women's freedom, to 
move was a significant Catalyst 

2197
02:00:01,300 --> 02:00:04,300
for change. 
The dress Reform movement had 

2198
02:00:04,300 --> 02:00:07,900
been percolating throughout the 
Victorian era, led by brave, 

2199
02:00:07,900 --> 02:00:10,600
souls who dared to suggest that 
perhaps women's clothing 

2200
02:00:10,600 --> 02:00:14,200
shouldn't require engineering 
degrees to operate these fashion

2201
02:00:14,200 --> 02:00:17,600
Rebels, proposed radical ideas, 
like, skirts that didn't require

2202
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:20,800
their own ZIP codes and sleeves 
that acknowledge the existence 

2203
02:00:20,800 --> 02:00:24,700
of human arms. 
To Gustav Yeager introduced the 

2204
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:27,800
world to Woolen undergarments 
that prioritized health over 

2205
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:31,000
silhouette manipulation. 
The rational dress movement 

2206
02:00:31,000 --> 02:00:33,800
promoted clothing that allowed 
for actual physical activity. 

2207
02:00:34,900 --> 02:00:37,400
Casual clothing, that value 
Comfort over structural 

2208
02:00:37,400 --> 02:00:40,000
soundness, tie gowns gained 
popularity. 

2209
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:42,800
It was like watching 
civilization slowly. 

2210
02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:45,800
Remember that humans had bodies 
underneath all that 

2211
02:00:45,800 --> 02:00:50,300
architectural clothing? 
The bicycle craze of the 1890s 

2212
02:00:50,300 --> 02:00:52,800
delivered, a particularly 
effective blow to impractical 

2213
02:00:52,800 --> 02:00:55,700
fashion. 
Cannot ride a bicycle while 

2214
02:00:55,700 --> 02:00:58,700
wearing a bustle and Victorian. 
Women were not about to give up 

2215
02:00:58,700 --> 02:01:01,300
this exciting new form of 
transportation just to maintain 

2216
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:05,400
their rear projections. 
Cycling costumes, featured a 

2217
02:01:05,400 --> 02:01:08,600
revolutionary concept, divided 
skirts, that allowed women to 

2218
02:01:08,600 --> 02:01:10,100
actually move their legs 
independently. 

2219
02:01:11,300 --> 02:01:14,500
Sports in general began to 
influence fashion in ways that 

2220
02:01:14,500 --> 02:01:18,300
prioritized function over form. 
Tennis required clothing that 

2221
02:01:18,300 --> 02:01:21,500
allowed arm movement, golf 
needed skirts, that didn't 

2222
02:01:21,500 --> 02:01:25,500
interfere with swing mechanics 
even croquet that most Victorian

2223
02:01:25,500 --> 02:01:28,200
of games work better when 
players could actually see their

2224
02:01:28,200 --> 02:01:30,900
feet and move without strategic 
planning. 

2225
02:01:31,600 --> 02:01:34,600
The influence of artistic 
movements cannot be understated.

2226
02:01:35,400 --> 02:01:39,800
the aesthetic movement promoted 
artistic dress, that prioritized

2227
02:01:39,800 --> 02:01:43,900
Beauty and comfort over rigid 
social signaling Pre-raphaelite 

2228
02:01:43,900 --> 02:01:46,100
artists painted women in flowing
gowns. 

2229
02:01:46,100 --> 02:01:49,100
That actually followed the lines
of the human body rather than 

2230
02:01:49,100 --> 02:01:52,900
imposing geometric shape upon 
it. was as if artists were 

2231
02:01:52,900 --> 02:01:55,700
reminding Society, what people 
actually looked like under, all 

2232
02:01:55,700 --> 02:01:59,200
that Structural Engineering, 
World War one would ultimately 

2233
02:01:59,200 --> 02:02:03,500
bring an end to the excesses of 
Victorian fashion but by 1900 

2234
02:02:03,500 --> 02:02:06,000
the seeds of change had already 
begun to emerge. 

2235
02:02:06,800 --> 02:02:09,200
Women were entering the 
workforce, increasing numbers. 

2236
02:02:09,200 --> 02:02:13,300
The suing higher education and 
engaging in social causes that 

2237
02:02:13,300 --> 02:02:16,600
required practical clothing. 
You can't affectively advocate 

2238
02:02:16,600 --> 02:02:18,500
for social change while wearing 
a garment. 

2239
02:02:18,500 --> 02:02:20,800
That requires two people and a 
manual to put on. 

2240
02:02:21,600 --> 02:02:25,000
The corset began its long, slow 
Retreat from Maximum tightness. 

2241
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:28,800
The s-curve silhouette of the 
early 1900s while still 

2242
02:02:28,800 --> 02:02:30,800
involving. 
Serious Foundation garments 

2243
02:02:30,800 --> 02:02:33,300
allowed for a somewhat more 
natural waste placement. 

2244
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:37,100
Skirts began to narrow sleeves 
returned to more reasonable 

2245
02:02:37,100 --> 02:02:40,200
proportions and hat stopped. 
Requiring their own postal 

2246
02:02:40,200 --> 02:02:42,400
codes. 
Fashion magazines, began 

2247
02:02:42,400 --> 02:02:45,800
featuring articles about 
healthful dress and rational 

2248
02:02:45,800 --> 02:02:49,300
clothing choices. 
Doctors who had warned for 

2249
02:02:49,300 --> 02:02:51,100
decades about the dangers of 
tight lacing. 

2250
02:02:51,100 --> 02:02:54,400
Were finally, receiving 
attention social pressure for 

2251
02:02:54,400 --> 02:02:56,700
impossible Silhouettes was 
beginning to give away to the 

2252
02:02:56,700 --> 02:02:59,300
medical establishments concerns 
about corset liver and 

2253
02:02:59,300 --> 02:03:02,400
compressed organisms. 
Perhaps most importantly, women 

2254
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:05,300
themselves were beginning to 
question, why their clothing 

2255
02:03:05,300 --> 02:03:07,400
should be more complex than 
their education. 

2256
02:03:09,100 --> 02:03:12,600
The new woman of the 1890s and 
early 1900s wanted clothing, 

2257
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:14,900
that matched her expanded role 
in society. 

2258
02:03:14,900 --> 02:03:18,600
Practical enough for work 
comfortable enough for an active

2259
02:03:18,600 --> 02:03:21,500
lifestyle and sensible enough to
allow for the full range of 

2260
02:03:21,500 --> 02:03:25,100
human activities. 
The transition wasn't immediate 

2261
02:03:25,100 --> 02:03:27,900
or complete. 
Many Victorian fashion elements 

2262
02:03:27,900 --> 02:03:31,500
persisted well into the 20th 
century and some never entirely 

2263
02:03:31,500 --> 02:03:35,600
disappeared. 
But by 1910, the era of truly 

2264
02:03:35,600 --> 02:03:37,900
extreme fashion, construction 
was winding down. 

2265
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:41,800
Women were beginning to dress 
like human beings rather than 

2266
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:43,800
walking demonstrations of their 
families. 

2267
02:03:43,800 --> 02:03:46,100
Economic status and their 
tolerance for physical 

2268
02:03:46,100 --> 02:03:49,400
discomfort looking back at 
Victorian fashion from our 

2269
02:03:49,400 --> 02:03:51,900
comfortable. 
Modern perspective, it's easy to

2270
02:03:51,900 --> 02:03:54,800
laugh at the absurdity of it 
all, but there's something 

2271
02:03:54,800 --> 02:03:57,400
admirable about the sheer human 
adaptability. 

2272
02:03:57,400 --> 02:04:01,000
It represented Victorian, women 
took clothing, that seems 

2273
02:04:01,000 --> 02:04:03,800
impossible to live in and 
somehow build entire lives 

2274
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:06,800
around it. 
They developed skills techniques

2275
02:04:06,800 --> 02:04:10,000
and social systems that allowed 
them to function despite wearing

2276
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:13,300
architectural elements. 
The Victorian fashion area 

2277
02:04:13,300 --> 02:04:15,600
teaches a something important 
about human nature. 

2278
02:04:15,600 --> 02:04:19,500
We can adapt to almost anything 
but that doesn't mean we should 

2279
02:04:19,500 --> 02:04:23,700
have to Admitting that something
widely accepted is actually 

2280
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:25,600
ridiculous. 
And needs change. 

2281
02:04:25,600 --> 02:04:28,300
Can often be the most 
revolutionary Act. 

2282
02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:31,500
As you settle in, for a 
comfortable night's sleep in 

2283
02:04:31,500 --> 02:04:33,100
your practical breathable 
pajamas. 

2284
02:04:33,100 --> 02:04:36,200
Spare, a thought for those 
Victorian women who managed to 

2285
02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:39,800
build Rich complex lives while 
wearing clothing that defied 

2286
02:04:39,800 --> 02:04:42,800
both physics and Common Sense. 
They may not have been 

2287
02:04:42,800 --> 02:04:45,300
comfortable but they were 
certainly never boring. 

2288
02:04:45,300 --> 02:04:47,900
And with that we can conclude 
one of history's. 

2289
02:04:47,900 --> 02:04:51,100
Most intricate attempts to 
overly complicate daily life 

2290
02:04:51,100 --> 02:04:54,800
through fashion. 
Dreams and be grateful for 

2291
02:04:54,800 --> 02:05:02,800
elastic, waistbands. 
You are now seeing the birth of 

2292
02:05:02,800 --> 02:05:05,300
an industry that now makes 
hundreds of billions of dollars 

2293
02:05:05,300 --> 02:05:07,400
every year. 
As you picture, these old scenes

2294
02:05:08,000 --> 02:05:10,400
But more than that, you're 
seeing a behavior that is 

2295
02:05:10,400 --> 02:05:14,900
uniquely human and goes beyond 
culture, geography and time. 

2296
02:05:15,600 --> 02:05:19,000
The desire to change how we look
to show who we are through color

2297
02:05:19,000 --> 02:05:21,300
and pattern. 
And to take part in the ancient 

2298
02:05:21,300 --> 02:05:24,500
ritual of enhancement, these 
urges can connect you directly 

2299
02:05:24,500 --> 02:05:28,200
to the cave dwellers, who mixed 
Oka by firelight, when you next 

2300
02:05:28,200 --> 02:05:29,900
open a lipstick or eyeshadow 
palette. 

2301
02:05:29,900 --> 02:05:32,300
You're doing something that 
people have been doing since the

2302
02:05:32,300 --> 02:05:35,100
beginning of time. 
The tools are better, the colors

2303
02:05:35,100 --> 02:05:37,500
are more varied, and the 
techniques are more advanced, 

2304
02:05:37,500 --> 02:05:39,700
but the basic Drive is still the
same. 

2305
02:05:39,708 --> 02:05:43,200
Your changing yourself for a 
short time just like people have

2306
02:05:43,200 --> 02:05:46,400
done since we first looked at 
our reflection in Stillwater and

2307
02:05:46,400 --> 02:05:48,200
thought about how we might look 
different. 

2308
02:05:48,200 --> 02:05:51,100
As you get more comfortable in 
your blanket, let your mind 

2309
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:54,700
drift down the Nile River to 
ancient Egypt where the art of 

2310
02:05:54,700 --> 02:05:57,400
Cosmetics reached Heights. 
That would not be reached for 

2311
02:05:57,400 --> 02:06:01,100
thousands of years. 
Imagine yourself walking through

2312
02:06:01,100 --> 02:06:04,700
the busy streets of Thieves on a
warm morning in 1350 BCE. 

2313
02:06:04,700 --> 02:06:08,900
When the famous boy, King 
Tutankhamun was in charge, the 

2314
02:06:08,900 --> 02:06:12,100
sun is already Rising toward its
harsh noon position, but the 

2315
02:06:12,108 --> 02:06:14,900
city is still busy. 
The first thing you notice about

2316
02:06:14,900 --> 02:06:16,600
the Egyptians you meet is their 
eyes. 

2317
02:06:16,600 --> 02:06:20,200
Everyone from men to women to 
children, to Nobles, to 

2318
02:06:20,200 --> 02:06:23,000
servants, whereas dramatic eye 
makeup that makes their eyes 

2319
02:06:23,000 --> 02:06:26,100
look bigger, more intense and 
almost Supernatural. 

2320
02:06:26,100 --> 02:06:28,400
In some way, the effect is 
amazing. 

2321
02:06:28,400 --> 02:06:30,700
As if you're in a room. 
Full of people who have borrowed

2322
02:06:30,700 --> 02:06:32,900
the eyes of gods, this wasn't an
accident. 

2323
02:06:32,900 --> 02:06:36,000
The Egyptians thought that the 
eyes were not only the windows 

2324
02:06:36,000 --> 02:06:40,300
to the soul battleships. 
All so, to the Divine world, the

2325
02:06:40,300 --> 02:06:42,700
intricate eye makeup, had 
practical spiritual and 

2326
02:06:42,700 --> 02:06:45,400
aesthetic uses. 
That was so close closely linked

2327
02:06:45,400 --> 02:06:46,900
to. 
The ancient Egyptian would have 

2328
02:06:46,900 --> 02:06:48,800
thought it was strange to try to
separate them. 

2329
02:06:48,800 --> 02:06:51,600
Cole was the most famous part of
Egyptian eye makeup. 

2330
02:06:51,600 --> 02:06:55,100
It was a dark substance that was
put around the eyes in dramatic 

2331
02:06:55,100 --> 02:06:57,500
lines that went beyond the 
natural shape of the eyes. 

2332
02:06:58,300 --> 02:07:01,400
Nicole wasn't just one thing. 
It was made from a mix of 

2333
02:07:01,400 --> 02:07:03,600
things. 
Each with its own uses and 

2334
02:07:03,600 --> 02:07:06,900
properties. 
Galena, a lead sulfide mineral 

2335
02:07:06,900 --> 02:07:09,300
that made a deep shiny. 
Black was the most common, 

2336
02:07:09,300 --> 02:07:13,000
Egyptians ground, this mineral 
into a fine powder and then 

2337
02:07:13,000 --> 02:07:15,800
mixed it with animal fat, 
vegetable oil, or even honey, to

2338
02:07:15,800 --> 02:07:18,500
make a smooth Pace. 
Making coal was almost like a 

2339
02:07:18,500 --> 02:07:21,200
religious ceremony. 
Families would have special 

2340
02:07:21,200 --> 02:07:24,800
grinding palettes that were 
often made of slate and shaped 

2341
02:07:24,800 --> 02:07:27,800
like fish birds or other 
important symbols. 

2342
02:07:28,800 --> 02:07:31,300
People took good care of the 
grinding, stones and passed them

2343
02:07:31,300 --> 02:07:33,700
down through the years. 
Like valuable heirlooms. 

2344
02:07:34,400 --> 02:07:37,400
The sound of stone scraping 
against Stone to make coal would

2345
02:07:37,400 --> 02:07:40,400
have been as common in Egyptian 
homes as the sound of coffee 

2346
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:43,800
brewing is in ours, but 
Egyptians didn't only use black.

2347
02:07:43,800 --> 02:07:47,300
They made a whole range of eye 
makeup colors each with its own 

2348
02:07:47,300 --> 02:07:48,700
meaning and way of getting 
ready. 

2349
02:07:49,800 --> 02:07:53,300
Malachite, the green copper 
carbonate mineral was grounded 

2350
02:07:53,300 --> 02:07:56,100
into a fine powder to make 
bright green eyeshadow. 

2351
02:07:57,000 --> 02:08:00,200
Green wasn't just pretty. 
It was a symbol of rebirth and 

2352
02:08:00,200 --> 02:08:03,800
fertility which made it very 
popular with women who wanted to

2353
02:08:03,800 --> 02:08:06,600
have children or who aging the 
death of a loved one. 

2354
02:08:06,600 --> 02:08:09,700
Putting on Egyptian, eye makeup 
was an art that needed skill, 

2355
02:08:09,700 --> 02:08:13,400
patients and steady hands. 
Most wealthy families, had, 

2356
02:08:13,400 --> 02:08:16,600
special, makeup applicators made
of wood Ivory or metal. 

2357
02:08:16,600 --> 02:08:19,500
These tools were often 
beautifully carved and decorated

2358
02:08:19,500 --> 02:08:21,600
making putting on makeup every 
day. 

2359
02:08:21,600 --> 02:08:25,100
Feel like a special event. 
The richest Egyptians might have

2360
02:08:25,100 --> 02:08:27,800
their own makeup artists, who 
were skilled servants. 

2361
02:08:27,800 --> 02:08:30,800
Who could make the complicated 
designs that showed someone was 

2362
02:08:30,800 --> 02:08:33,600
from the upper class? 
Imagine a rich Egyptian woman 

2363
02:08:33,600 --> 02:08:35,200
starting her daily makeup 
routine. 

2364
02:08:35,200 --> 02:08:38,500
She sits on a low stool in front
of a polished metal mirror 

2365
02:08:38,500 --> 02:08:41,000
around. 
Her are a lot of cosmetic 

2366
02:08:41,000 --> 02:08:45,600
containers made of alabaster 
would precious metals. her 

2367
02:08:45,600 --> 02:08:47,900
makeup artist starts by washing 
her face with a mixture of 

2368
02:08:47,900 --> 02:08:51,100
animal fats and nature a 
naturally occurring salt, that 

2369
02:08:51,100 --> 02:08:54,600
acted as soap The cleaning 
process is gentle but thorough 

2370
02:08:54,600 --> 02:08:56,900
getting the skin ready for the 
day's makeup. 

2371
02:08:56,900 --> 02:09:00,000
The eye makeup is the most 
complicated and important part. 

2372
02:09:00,000 --> 02:09:03,300
So it goes first. 
The artist uses a thin read or 

2373
02:09:03,300 --> 02:09:06,100
bronze applicator to draw 
precise lines of coal around, 

2374
02:09:06,100 --> 02:09:09,500
the woman's eyes, the lines, go 
past the outer Corners to make 

2375
02:09:09,500 --> 02:09:11,400
an arm and shape. 
That makes her features look 

2376
02:09:11,400 --> 02:09:14,200
even more beautiful. 
If the lines aren't perfectly 

2377
02:09:14,200 --> 02:09:16,400
straight, it will be clear right
away. 

2378
02:09:16,400 --> 02:09:20,700
That the work is bad. 
Next, the eye shadow The artist 

2379
02:09:20,700 --> 02:09:23,600
carefully puts green malachite 
powder on the woman's eyelids 

2380
02:09:23,600 --> 02:09:26,600
with a different applicator 
blending its smoothly from the 

2381
02:09:26,600 --> 02:09:29,800
Lash line to the brow bone. 
The green color catches the 

2382
02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:31,900
light. 
When she blinks giving her eyes,

2383
02:09:31,900 --> 02:09:33,600
a soft glow. 
That makes them look like 

2384
02:09:33,600 --> 02:09:37,000
they're on fire, but Egyptian 
makeup wasn't just for the eyes,

2385
02:09:37,000 --> 02:09:40,200
both men and women used a lot of
other beauty products that 

2386
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:42,100
anyone who is in debuted today 
would know about. 

2387
02:09:42,100 --> 02:09:46,400
They put red ocher and fought 
together to make Rouge which 

2388
02:09:46,400 --> 02:09:47,800
they put on their lips and 
cheeks. 

2389
02:09:47,800 --> 02:09:51,500
They used henna to color their 
hair nails, and sometimes even 

2390
02:09:51,500 --> 02:09:54,600
their palms and feet. 
Patterns, they made show their 

2391
02:09:54,600 --> 02:09:57,900
social status and personal taste
people all over the ancient 

2392
02:09:57,900 --> 02:09:59,900
world knew about Egyptian 
perfumes. 

2393
02:09:59,900 --> 02:10:03,900
They made complicated sentence 
by soaking, flowers, herbs, and 

2394
02:10:03,900 --> 02:10:07,300
spices, and oils, and fats. 
Some of the most valuable 

2395
02:10:07,300 --> 02:10:10,700
ingredients were Rose, Jasmine, 
frankincense and myrrh. 

2396
02:10:11,300 --> 02:10:13,800
People who are rich would put 
these expensive oils on their 

2397
02:10:13,800 --> 02:10:16,400
bodies every day and the smells 
would stay with them. 

2398
02:10:16,400 --> 02:10:20,000
Like invisible auras of luxury. 
The boxes that Egyptian 

2399
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:22,500
Cosmetics came in were often 
works of art on their own. 

2400
02:10:23,300 --> 02:10:26,700
Richard Egyptians kept their 
makeup in fancy boxes and jars 

2401
02:10:26,700 --> 02:10:29,900
made of valuable materials and 
decorated with religious 

2402
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:32,300
symbols. 
These containers weren't just 

2403
02:10:32,308 --> 02:10:34,400
useful. 
They were also a sign of the 

2404
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:37,600
owners wealth and taste. 
Some cosmetic containers that 

2405
02:10:37,600 --> 02:10:40,400
were found in tombs are so 
beautiful that they are now on 

2406
02:10:40,400 --> 02:10:43,700
display in museums as examples 
of ancient craftsmanship. 

2407
02:10:43,700 --> 02:10:47,300
Egyptian Cosmetics, have a lot 
of religious meaning different 

2408
02:10:47,300 --> 02:10:49,900
gods and goddesses were linked 
to certain colors and patterns, 

2409
02:10:49,900 --> 02:10:53,300
the green eyeshadow was a 
tribute to hathor, the goddess 

2410
02:10:53,300 --> 02:10:56,400
of beauty and love people 
thought that black coal could 

2411
02:10:56,400 --> 02:10:59,300
protect them from the evil eye 
and call on Raw the sun god. 

2412
02:11:00,000 --> 02:11:02,600
Putting on makeup was even seen 
as a way to worship the gods 

2413
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:04,600
every day by making oneself. 
Beautiful. 

2414
02:11:04,600 --> 02:11:08,100
Modern science has shown that 
Egyptian Cosmetics also had 

2415
02:11:08,100 --> 02:11:11,400
useful effects. 
Coal contains lead, which is 

2416
02:11:11,400 --> 02:11:14,500
poisonous in large amounts but 
actually killed bacteria and 

2417
02:11:14,500 --> 02:11:17,100
stopped eye. 
Infections, the oils and fats 

2418
02:11:17,100 --> 02:11:20,600
and cosmetics, protected skin 
from the harsh sun and wind in 

2419
02:11:20,600 --> 02:11:23,300
the desert. 
Many of the ingredients had 

2420
02:11:23,300 --> 02:11:26,200
antimicrobial properties. 
That helps keep both the 

2421
02:11:26,200 --> 02:11:29,500
cosmetics and the skin of the 
people who use them safe back. 

2422
02:11:29,500 --> 02:11:32,300
Then it was amazing. 
How Beauty became available to 

2423
02:11:32,300 --> 02:11:35,700
everyone in ancient Egypt. 
Rich people could buy more 

2424
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:39,000
expensive makeup and higher 
professionals to put it on but 

2425
02:11:39,000 --> 02:11:41,400
even servants and workers wore 
basic eye makeup. 

2426
02:11:42,200 --> 02:11:44,900
People didn't think of this as 
vanity, they thought it was 

2427
02:11:44,900 --> 02:11:47,800
necessary for health spiritual 
protection and being accepted by

2428
02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:49,900
others. 
Some of them make up techniques 

2429
02:11:49,900 --> 02:11:52,300
used in ancient Egypt. 
Went found again until modern 

2430
02:11:52,300 --> 02:11:54,400
times, they knew how to make 
makeup. 

2431
02:11:54,400 --> 02:11:58,000
That wouldn't wash off pigments,
that would last a long time and 

2432
02:11:58,000 --> 02:12:00,500
even early versions of what we 
might call foundation and 

2433
02:12:00,500 --> 02:12:03,100
concealer. 
Their knowledge of color, theory

2434
02:12:03,100 --> 02:12:05,100
preservation and application 
techniques. 

2435
02:12:05,100 --> 02:12:08,100
Formed the basis for cosmetic 
practices that are still used 

2436
02:12:08,100 --> 02:12:10,000
today. 
As you think about these old 

2437
02:12:10,000 --> 02:12:13,000
beauty, rituals you're seeing a 
civilization that knew a lot 

2438
02:12:13,008 --> 02:12:15,000
about how looks and identity are
connected. 

2439
02:12:15,900 --> 02:12:18,300
Makeup was more than just 
decoration for Egyptians. 

2440
02:12:18,300 --> 02:12:21,700
It was a way to change their 
appearance, protect themselves 

2441
02:12:21,700 --> 02:12:24,300
and show their devotional all at
once. 

2442
02:12:24,300 --> 02:12:27,300
We can see the beginning of 
Cosmetics as both art and 

2443
02:12:27,300 --> 02:12:29,600
business in their painted eyes 
and colored lips. 

2444
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:32,800
These products set standards for
beauty that would last for 

2445
02:12:32,800 --> 02:12:35,800
thousands of years as you travel
through the ancient world. 

2446
02:12:35,800 --> 02:12:38,400
Let your mind take you from the 
Nile River to the sun, drenched 

2447
02:12:38,400 --> 02:12:43,500
Hills of Greece around 450 BC E 
when Athens was at its best. 

2448
02:12:43,500 --> 02:12:47,200
The Aegean sees, salty Breeze, 
and Olive blossoms, make the air

2449
02:12:47,200 --> 02:12:49,700
smell good. 
In this land, that gave us 

2450
02:12:49,700 --> 02:12:52,400
democracy and philosophy. 
You'll find a very different 

2451
02:12:52,400 --> 02:12:54,600
idea of beauty. 
One that values. 

2452
02:12:54,600 --> 02:12:57,700
Natural Perfection, over 
dramatic change on a nice 

2453
02:12:57,708 --> 02:12:59,800
morning. 
If you walk through the Agora of

2454
02:12:59,800 --> 02:13:02,500
Athens, you'll notice something 
about the people around. 

2455
02:13:02,500 --> 02:13:05,800
You, that stands out the Greeks.
Look almost plain next to the 

2456
02:13:05,808 --> 02:13:09,200
Egyptians, who painted their 
bodies in very dramatic ways. 

2457
02:13:10,100 --> 02:13:13,300
But if you look closer, you'll 
see that this simple look hides.

2458
02:13:13,300 --> 02:13:17,000
A complex and carefully crafted 
Style still affect standards of 

2459
02:13:17,000 --> 02:13:19,500
beauty today. 
The Greek ideas of beauty were 

2460
02:13:19,500 --> 02:13:22,200
very philosophical. 
They believed in the idea of 

2461
02:13:22,208 --> 02:13:26,500
Kalos, which meant both physical
Beauty and moral goodness, a 

2462
02:13:26,500 --> 02:13:29,300
person had to find a balance 
between their looks and their 

2463
02:13:29,300 --> 02:13:31,100
inner goodness to be truly 
beautiful. 

2464
02:13:32,200 --> 02:13:34,800
This meant that cosmetic were 
just about looking good. 

2465
02:13:34,800 --> 02:13:38,500
They were all so about becoming 
good making the outside look 

2466
02:13:38,500 --> 02:13:42,300
perfect to show how valuable you
are on the inside the Greeks 

2467
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:46,700
like what they called marble 
skin which was pale smooth and 

2468
02:13:46,700 --> 02:13:49,900
perfect like the stone there, 
sculptors used to make their 

2469
02:13:49,900 --> 02:13:52,900
works of art. 
It took a lot of work and some 

2470
02:13:52,900 --> 02:13:56,600
not so good methods to get this.
Look, Rich Greek women would use

2471
02:13:56,600 --> 02:13:59,600
mixtures of white LED and chalk 
on this skin to make it lighter.

2472
02:13:59,600 --> 02:14:03,200
They knew that having pale skin 
meant you could relax and not 

2473
02:14:03,200 --> 02:14:07,000
have to work since the sun's 
Rays dark and the skin of work 

2474
02:14:07,000 --> 02:14:10,500
as and slaves, but making marble
skin was more complicated than 

2475
02:14:10,500 --> 02:14:14,500
just putting on white makeup. 
Greek women had long complicated

2476
02:14:14,500 --> 02:14:17,200
Beauty, routines that started 
long before they touched their 

2477
02:14:17,200 --> 02:14:20,100
faces. 
They would bathe in milk, honey,

2478
02:14:20,100 --> 02:14:23,800
and olive oil, which were all 
good for the skin and made it 

2479
02:14:23,808 --> 02:14:27,400
look slightly glowing. 
The milks natural acids, gently 

2480
02:14:27,400 --> 02:14:30,600
exfoliated the skin, the honey, 
moisturized it and killed 

2481
02:14:30,600 --> 02:14:34,000
bacteria and the olive oil 
formed a protective barrier that

2482
02:14:34,000 --> 02:14:35,700
made the skin, feel soft and 
smooth. 

2483
02:14:35,700 --> 02:14:38,800
Imagine a richer thaniyen woman 
named Aphasia. 

2484
02:14:38,800 --> 02:14:42,000
Starting her beauty routine in 
the morning, she Begins by 

2485
02:14:42,000 --> 02:14:45,000
taking a bath, that smells like 
rose petals and centered oils. 

2486
02:14:45,000 --> 02:14:47,400
Her slaves, of set. 
The water to the right 

2487
02:14:47,400 --> 02:14:50,600
temperature and added herbs that
known to make skin softener. 

2488
02:14:51,300 --> 02:14:54,300
She takes her time soaking 
letting the oils soaking her 

2489
02:14:54,300 --> 02:14:56,000
skin. 
While the warm water opened her 

2490
02:14:56,000 --> 02:14:58,700
paws. 
After her bath, a spacer goes to

2491
02:14:58,700 --> 02:15:00,100
her. 
Private room to get her makeup. 

2492
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:04,300
Greek, makeup tools was simple, 
but elegant, they included 

2493
02:15:04,300 --> 02:15:06,000
bronze mirrors. 
That were polished to a 

2494
02:15:06,000 --> 02:15:08,800
mirror-like shine. 
Small spoons for measuring 

2495
02:15:08,800 --> 02:15:11,600
powder and fine brushes, made 
from animal hair. 

2496
02:15:12,500 --> 02:15:15,300
The Cosmetics were kept in. 
Beautiful pottery jars that were

2497
02:15:15,300 --> 02:15:18,100
often painted with scenes from 
mythology or Every Day Life. 

2498
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:20,900
The base of Greek makeup was 
literally Foundation. 

2499
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:23,700
It was a white base made from 
lead Carpenter. 

2500
02:15:23,700 --> 02:15:25,400
That gave the skin the pale look
they wanted. 

2501
02:15:26,500 --> 02:15:29,800
Space uses a damp cloth to 
carefully, apply this to the 

2502
02:15:29,800 --> 02:15:34,200
skin until it looks smooth and 
Porcelain like it takes skill to

2503
02:15:34,200 --> 02:15:36,700
do this, right? 
If you use too much makeup, it 

2504
02:15:36,700 --> 02:15:39,600
looks obvious and fake. 
And if you use too little, it 

2505
02:15:39,600 --> 02:15:42,000
doesn't work. 
Greek women didn't just want 

2506
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:44,200
pale skin. 
They wanted their skin to look 

2507
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:46,000
healthy and glowing under the 
white base. 

2508
02:15:46,000 --> 02:15:49,100
They did this by putting a light
red color on their cheeks with 

2509
02:15:49,100 --> 02:15:52,300
red okra or crushed mulberries. 
The goal wasn't the bright 

2510
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:55,700
color, that would become popular
later instead, it was a soft 

2511
02:15:55,700 --> 02:15:58,000
flush that made people look 
healthy and full of life. 

2512
02:15:58,000 --> 02:16:00,900
The eyes were given careful but 
not too much attention. 

2513
02:16:01,900 --> 02:16:04,300
Greek women learned how to use 
coal from their Egyptian, 

2514
02:16:04,300 --> 02:16:07,000
neighbors, that they did it in a
much more subtle way. 

2515
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:10,800
Greek, I make up didn't use the 
dramatic extensions that were 

2516
02:16:10,800 --> 02:16:14,700
popular in each Egypt, instead 
it followed the natural shape of

2517
02:16:14,708 --> 02:16:18,000
the eyes darkening, the lashes 
and defining the eyes without 

2518
02:16:18,000 --> 02:16:19,300
making the face. 
Look too busy. 

2519
02:16:20,100 --> 02:16:21,900
They might put a little color on
the eyelids. 

2520
02:16:21,900 --> 02:16:25,600
Usually a soft gray or brown, 
but the goal is always to make 

2521
02:16:25,600 --> 02:16:28,600
them look better. 
Not different, Greek lip makeup 

2522
02:16:28,600 --> 02:16:31,100
was very interesting. 
They liked what they called. 

2523
02:16:31,100 --> 02:16:34,900
Wine dark lips, which was 
inspired by a famous phrase, 

2524
02:16:34,900 --> 02:16:39,000
from Homer about the sea. 
Dark purple, red color came from

2525
02:16:39,000 --> 02:16:42,799
mixing, red, ocher crushed 
berries and sometimes even 

2526
02:16:42,799 --> 02:16:44,900
grounded insects that made red 
dye. 

2527
02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:47,299
The application was very 
careful. 

2528
02:16:47,299 --> 02:16:51,000
Greek women used small brushes 
to paint their lips into perfect

2529
02:16:51,000 --> 02:16:54,500
shapes usually smaller than 
their natural lip line to get 

2530
02:16:54,508 --> 02:16:57,000
the look. 
They wanted of delicate refined 

2531
02:16:57,000 --> 02:16:59,200
features but there was a strange
contradiction. 

2532
02:16:59,200 --> 02:17:02,700
In Greek Beauty culture, women 
were supposed to look naturally 

2533
02:17:02,700 --> 02:17:05,000
beautiful. 
But getting this natural look, 

2534
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:08,400
took a lot of work with fake 
makeup, the pale skin that made 

2535
02:17:08,400 --> 02:17:12,000
them look, naturally refined was
actually from toxic lead makeup,

2536
02:17:12,000 --> 02:17:14,500
the rosie glow. 
That showed good health was 

2537
02:17:14,500 --> 02:17:17,600
painted on the lips, were 
carefully shaped with brushes 

2538
02:17:17,600 --> 02:17:19,600
and pigments to make them look, 
perfect. 

2539
02:17:19,600 --> 02:17:23,500
Interestingly, Greek men were 
not completely free from using 

2540
02:17:23,500 --> 02:17:26,299
Cosmetics. 
Athletes would oil their bodies 

2541
02:17:26,299 --> 02:17:29,299
before a competition for both 
practical and aesthetic reasons.

2542
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:33,200
Some men use Cosmetics that were
too obvious to cover up scars or

2543
02:17:33,200 --> 02:17:35,700
blemishes. 
It was also thought that any man

2544
02:17:35,700 --> 02:17:38,500
who moved in high-class, Social 
Circles needed to wear perfume. 

2545
02:17:38,500 --> 02:17:41,400
There were big changes in the 
way people use Cosmetics. 

2546
02:17:41,400 --> 02:17:44,500
When they move from Greece, to 
Rome, as you keep going on your 

2547
02:17:44,500 --> 02:17:48,299
mental Journey, picture yourself
in Rome around the year. 50 CE, 

2548
02:17:48,299 --> 02:17:52,000
when Emperor Claudius was in 
charge, People from all over the

2549
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:55,500
Empire, come to the city to do 
business Egyptian, Merchants 

2550
02:17:55,500 --> 02:17:59,200
sell exotic pigments, Germanic 
slaves, with pale skin, that 

2551
02:17:59,200 --> 02:18:02,400
Roman women, like and Spanish 
Traders, sell precious metals 

2552
02:18:02,400 --> 02:18:04,799
for cosmetic containers. 
In a lot of ways. 

2553
02:18:04,799 --> 02:18:08,600
Roman Beauty culture was Greek 
Beauty culture on steroids, the 

2554
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:11,600
Greeks like things to be subtle 
and not too much while the 

2555
02:18:11,600 --> 02:18:13,799
Romans like things to be over 
the top and dramatic. 

2556
02:18:14,600 --> 02:18:18,100
The Greeks wanted to look 
naturally perfect, but the Roman

2557
02:18:18,100 --> 02:18:20,200
openly praised fake 
improvements. 

2558
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:23,600
The Romans were very open about 
how fake their Cosmetics were 

2559
02:18:23,600 --> 02:18:25,600
and they weren't afraid to try 
new things. 

2560
02:18:25,600 --> 02:18:29,200
Roman women took the Greek love 
of pale skin to the next level 

2561
02:18:29,200 --> 02:18:31,500
to get skin. 
That was almost see through. 

2562
02:18:31,500 --> 02:18:34,900
They used even more dangerous 
mixtures with white LED Mercury 

2563
02:18:34,900 --> 02:18:37,799
and arsenic. 
A health effects were, terrible,

2564
02:18:37,799 --> 02:18:41,000
many wealthy Roman women 
suffered from what we now know, 

2565
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:43,500
as heavy metal poisoning, which 
caused hair loss. 

2566
02:18:43,500 --> 02:18:47,400
Skin damage neurological 
problems at the style. 

2567
02:18:47,400 --> 02:18:50,200
Was so strong that they kept 
using these harmful products 

2568
02:18:50,200 --> 02:18:53,700
even though they were bad for 
their health, the Roman version 

2569
02:18:53,700 --> 02:18:56,600
was very different from the 
Greek version, which was much 

2570
02:18:56,600 --> 02:18:59,000
more subtle. 
Roman women didn't just put 

2571
02:18:59,000 --> 02:19:02,100
bright red on their cheeks. 
They sometimes put it all over 

2572
02:19:02,100 --> 02:19:04,799
their faces. 
They made bright red pigments. 

2573
02:19:04,799 --> 02:19:07,200
That caught the light and let 
people know they were there from

2574
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:09,900
across the room by using 
Cinnabar Mercury sulfide. 

2575
02:19:10,799 --> 02:19:14,799
The goal wasn't to look healthy.
It was to look rich powerful and

2576
02:19:14,799 --> 02:19:18,200
stylish the Romans also had very
dramatic eye makeup. 

2577
02:19:18,200 --> 02:19:21,600
They used coal even more than 
the Egyptians did, which made 

2578
02:19:21,600 --> 02:19:25,000
their eyes look dark and Smoky 
as if they were smoldering with 

2579
02:19:25,000 --> 02:19:28,299
intensity. 
Roman women also started using 

2580
02:19:28,299 --> 02:19:31,200
colored eyeshadows in colors 
that would have shocked, their 

2581
02:19:31,200 --> 02:19:34,500
Greek predecessors. 
They used bright Blues made from

2582
02:19:34,500 --> 02:19:38,100
ground, lapis lazuli. 
Vivid greens made from Malachite

2583
02:19:38,100 --> 02:19:40,299
and even Gold Leaf for special 
occasions. 

2584
02:19:40,299 --> 02:19:43,000
The color of Roman lips was just
as bright. 

2585
02:19:43,000 --> 02:19:46,900
They like to Bright Reds, made 
from crushed insects red Oaker 

2586
02:19:46,900 --> 02:19:50,700
and Cinnabar some Roman women, 
even used a red die made from a 

2587
02:19:50,700 --> 02:19:53,300
certain kind of seaweed that 
made a color that looked almost 

2588
02:19:53,300 --> 02:19:55,400
fluorescent and glowed in the 
light of a lamp. 

2589
02:19:56,100 --> 02:19:58,300
The application was very precise
and dramatic. 

2590
02:19:58,300 --> 02:20:01,600
The lips were painted into 
exaggerated shape, that made the

2591
02:20:01,600 --> 02:20:05,500
look fake Roman's became famous 
all over the ancient world. 

2592
02:20:05,500 --> 02:20:08,700
They brought in strange things 
from all over their empire, 

2593
02:20:08,700 --> 02:20:13,300
like, frankincense from Arabia 
spices, from India, and flowers 

2594
02:20:13,300 --> 02:20:16,100
from Egypt. 
Roman perfumers came up with 

2595
02:20:16,100 --> 02:20:19,700
complicated ways to make sense 
that made perfumes with many 

2596
02:20:19,700 --> 02:20:22,000
layers of scent that changed 
over the course of the day. 

2597
02:20:23,100 --> 02:20:25,900
Rich Romans might change their 
perfume several times a day 

2598
02:20:25,908 --> 02:20:29,000
using different sense for 
different activities and social 

2599
02:20:29,000 --> 02:20:31,500
situations. 
The tools and containers that 

2600
02:20:31,500 --> 02:20:34,400
Romans used for Cosmetics became
more and more fancy and 

2601
02:20:34,400 --> 02:20:37,000
expensive. 
Rich, Roman women had makeup 

2602
02:20:37,000 --> 02:20:40,700
collections that included dozens
of specialized tools made of 

2603
02:20:40,700 --> 02:20:44,500
precious metals and decorated 
with jewels, their makeup boxes 

2604
02:20:44,500 --> 02:20:48,300
were often works of art with 
detailed carvings inlaid gems 

2605
02:20:48,300 --> 02:20:49,900
and mechanical parts. 
That would have impressed 

2606
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:53,400
Engineers today on a Treasures, 
were Roman beauty salons where 

2607
02:20:53,400 --> 02:20:55,300
skilled slaves worked to put on 
makeup. 

2608
02:20:55,300 --> 02:20:58,400
These experts came up with 
methods, that wouldn't be used 

2609
02:20:58,400 --> 02:21:01,700
again for hundreds of years. 
They knew how to make Cosmetics 

2610
02:21:01,700 --> 02:21:03,000
that wouldn't smudge in the 
heat. 

2611
02:21:03,000 --> 02:21:06,400
How to mix colors for different 
skin tones, and how to use 

2612
02:21:06,400 --> 02:21:09,500
makeup to make different facial 
features, look different, as you

2613
02:21:09,500 --> 02:21:11,600
picture, these Romans Beauty 
rituals, you're seeing the 

2614
02:21:11,600 --> 02:21:14,800
beginning of Cosmetics, as a way
to show off your wealth for 

2615
02:21:14,800 --> 02:21:17,900
Romans wearing a lot of makeup 
wasn't just about looking good. 

2616
02:21:17,900 --> 02:21:21,000
It was about showing off their 
wealth status and 

2617
02:21:21,000 --> 02:21:23,900
sophistication. 
You looked more successful, the 

2618
02:21:23,900 --> 02:21:26,800
more fake and expensive. 
You looked this way of thinking 

2619
02:21:26,800 --> 02:21:29,400
about makeup as a status symbol 
the change. 

2620
02:21:29,400 --> 02:21:32,600
The way people think about 
beauty for hundreds of years as 

2621
02:21:32,600 --> 02:21:34,600
you relax and learn about the 
history of beauty. 

2622
02:21:35,400 --> 02:21:38,900
Your mind travel along the Silk 
Road, the famous network of 

2623
02:21:38,900 --> 02:21:41,000
trade routes, that connected, 
the East and the West. 

2624
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:44,700
Picture yourself as a merchant 
friend in the Tang Dynasty, 

2625
02:21:44,700 --> 02:21:48,300
around 700 CE. 
As you make your way to the 

2626
02:21:48,300 --> 02:21:50,800
beautiful city of chang'an, 
which is now Shihan. 

2627
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:53,400
You've been traveling through 
deserts, and mountains, for 

2628
02:21:53,400 --> 02:21:55,500
months. 
The first thing that stands out 

2629
02:21:55,500 --> 02:21:58,700
about Chinese Beauty culture, is
how refined and subtle, it is 

2630
02:21:58,700 --> 02:22:03,300
the Romans liked bold drama and 
the Egyptians like spiritual 

2631
02:22:03,300 --> 02:22:05,500
symbols. 
Chinese on the other hand 

2632
02:22:05,500 --> 02:22:08,500
developed an aesthetic 
philosophy, based on Harmony 

2633
02:22:08,500 --> 02:22:12,000
balance and making natural 
beauty even more beautiful. 

2634
02:22:12,900 --> 02:22:15,000
Their ideas about makeup were 
heavily influenced by 

2635
02:22:15,000 --> 02:22:19,000
traditional Chinese medicine 
philosophy and the idea of key 

2636
02:22:19,000 --> 02:22:21,900
which is the life force that 
flows through all things. 

2637
02:22:21,900 --> 02:22:25,600
Imagine yourself in the morning 
fog of a Tang Dynasty, Palace 

2638
02:22:25,600 --> 02:22:28,700
Garden where the ladies of the 
Court are starting to get ready 

2639
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:32,500
for their beauty, the ritual 
begins Before Dawn, not with 

2640
02:22:32,500 --> 02:22:35,400
putting on makeup, but with 
paying close attention to health

2641
02:22:35,400 --> 02:22:39,800
and in a balanced, According to 
Chinese cosmetic philosophy. 

2642
02:22:39,800 --> 02:22:44,000
True beauty Came From Within 
healthy, organs, balanced energy

2643
02:22:44,000 --> 02:22:47,300
and spiritual Harmony naturally 
made people look beautiful on 

2644
02:22:47,300 --> 02:22:50,700
the outside and cosmetics, could
only make that beauty better. 

2645
02:22:50,700 --> 02:22:53,800
The Chinese were great chemists 
who came up with cosmetic 

2646
02:22:53,800 --> 02:22:56,600
ingredients and methods that 
were hundreds of years ahead of 

2647
02:22:56,600 --> 02:23:00,000
those used in the West, If they 
learned how to make pigments 

2648
02:23:00,000 --> 02:23:03,100
that lasts a long time from 
minerals, came up with ways to 

2649
02:23:03,100 --> 02:23:06,500
keep Cosmetics, fresh for months
and figured out how nutrition 

2650
02:23:06,500 --> 02:23:08,900
affects skin Health in ways, 
that wouldn't be scientifically 

2651
02:23:08,900 --> 02:23:12,700
proven until modern times. 
Then a type of Chinese face 

2652
02:23:12,700 --> 02:23:14,800
powder was made from rice flour,
ground pearls. 

2653
02:23:14,800 --> 02:23:18,100
And sometimes LED carbonate 
depending on the time and social

2654
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:20,900
class. 
The rice flour, gave the skin, a

2655
02:23:20,900 --> 02:23:23,400
soft cover while letting it 
breathe and the ground pearls 

2656
02:23:23,400 --> 02:23:25,700
added a subtle shine. 
That made the skin look like 

2657
02:23:25,700 --> 02:23:29,000
porcelain people thought that 
putting on Fenn was an art that 

2658
02:23:29,000 --> 02:23:31,400
took years of practice to get 
good at a court. 

2659
02:23:31,408 --> 02:23:34,000
Lady puts on her makeup every 
day with the same care as a 

2660
02:23:34,000 --> 02:23:37,600
master, calligrapher, She starts
by washing her face with rice 

2661
02:23:37,600 --> 02:23:41,000
water, which is a method that 
modern Beauty fans have recently

2662
02:23:41,000 --> 02:23:43,300
rediscovered for its anti-aging 
effects. 

2663
02:23:44,100 --> 02:23:47,100
The rice water cleanses the skin
and gently exfoliates and 

2664
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:49,300
moisturizers it next is the 
base. 

2665
02:23:49,300 --> 02:23:53,400
She uses a silk cloth that has 
been dampened with rosewater to 

2666
02:23:53,400 --> 02:23:56,500
apply the rice powder foundation
in thin even layers. 

2667
02:23:56,500 --> 02:24:00,300
She builds up coverage slowly 
until her skin is a smooth as a 

2668
02:24:00,300 --> 02:24:02,400
pearl. 
It takes time and careful 

2669
02:24:02,400 --> 02:24:04,200
attention to detail to do the 
process. 

2670
02:24:04,900 --> 02:24:07,600
The goal isn't to hide her 
natural beauty, is to make it 

2671
02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:09,800
perfect so that the ark can come
to life on it. 

2672
02:24:09,800 --> 02:24:12,600
Chinese eyebrow fashion was very
Advanced. 

2673
02:24:12,600 --> 02:24:16,200
Eyebrow shapes changed a lot. 
Over the years they went from 

2674
02:24:16,200 --> 02:24:20,100
thin crescents to bold, straight
lines to delicate curves that 

2675
02:24:20,100 --> 02:24:22,000
followed complicated geometric 
rules. 

2676
02:24:23,000 --> 02:24:25,900
Women would completely pluck 
their natural eyebrows and then 

2677
02:24:25,900 --> 02:24:30,000
use special brushes and pigments
made from charcoal plant dies or

2678
02:24:30,000 --> 02:24:31,900
even crushed. 
Butterfly wings to draw them 

2679
02:24:31,900 --> 02:24:33,900
back. 
On the red lips were probably 

2680
02:24:33,900 --> 02:24:37,200
the most famous part of Chinese 
makeup, but putting them on, was

2681
02:24:37,200 --> 02:24:39,300
much more complicated than just 
painting them. 

2682
02:24:39,300 --> 02:24:44,200
Red, Chinese women used a method
called Diane Chun, which meant 

2683
02:24:44,200 --> 02:24:47,400
putting red pigment only in the 
middle of their lips and leaving

2684
02:24:47,400 --> 02:24:51,300
the edges, their natural color. 
This made a small bow shaped 

2685
02:24:51,300 --> 02:24:54,600
mouth that was thought to be the
most feminine and elegant people

2686
02:24:54,600 --> 02:24:58,300
use safflower petals Cinnabar or
a red paste made from crushed 

2687
02:24:58,300 --> 02:25:00,300
rose petals and honey to color 
their lips. 

2688
02:25:01,400 --> 02:25:04,100
But the most sought after lip 
color came from a very clever 

2689
02:25:04,100 --> 02:25:06,600
Source. 
Women would press special paper 

2690
02:25:06,600 --> 02:25:09,300
that had been treated with red 
pigment against their lips to 

2691
02:25:09,300 --> 02:25:12,300
transfer the color. 
This early type of lipstick 

2692
02:25:12,300 --> 02:25:16,500
paper was easy to carry lasted a
long time made the color just 

2693
02:25:16,500 --> 02:25:18,700
right. 
They also came up with nail art 

2694
02:25:18,700 --> 02:25:21,400
techniques that wouldn't be seen
in Western culture, 100 of 

2695
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:24,100
years. 
They made complicated designs on

2696
02:25:24,108 --> 02:25:27,700
their nails, with henna ground, 
flowers and mineral pigments. 

2697
02:25:28,500 --> 02:25:31,200
Colors and patterns showed 
things like social status, 

2698
02:25:31,200 --> 02:25:35,400
marital status and even 
political beliefs, the links and

2699
02:25:35,400 --> 02:25:38,200
decoration of fingernails turned
into a complicated visual 

2700
02:25:38,200 --> 02:25:40,500
language that people who knew 
how to read it. 

2701
02:25:40,508 --> 02:25:43,900
Could understand in Chinese 
culture, perfume served more 

2702
02:25:43,900 --> 02:25:47,100
purposes than just smelling good
people thought that different 

2703
02:25:47,100 --> 02:25:50,500
scents could heal change their 
mood and even bring them good 

2704
02:25:50,500 --> 02:25:53,000
luck. 
Chinese, perfumers, made sense 

2705
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:56,300
from incense that were worn in 
special pendants or sachets, and

2706
02:25:56,300 --> 02:25:57,900
of being put directly on the 
skin. 

2707
02:25:58,700 --> 02:26:01,100
These portable perfumes. 
Let the wearer change their 

2708
02:26:01,100 --> 02:26:03,500
scent during the day based on 
what they were doing and who 

2709
02:26:03,500 --> 02:26:05,600
they were with. 
As you can continue your mental 

2710
02:26:05,600 --> 02:26:08,900
Journey East, you find yourself 
in Japan, during the heian 

2711
02:26:08,900 --> 02:26:15,100
period, 794 to 1185 CE, where 
you see one of the most unique 

2712
02:26:15,100 --> 02:26:17,000
and complex Beauty cultures in 
history. 

2713
02:26:17,900 --> 02:26:21,500
During this time, Japanese Court
life came up with aesthetic 

2714
02:26:21,500 --> 02:26:25,100
practices that were so intricate
and advanced that they changed 

2715
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:28,200
Japanese beauty standards. 
For more than a thousand years, 

2716
02:26:28,200 --> 02:26:31,400
the makeup of hayeon Japan was 
known for its sharp. 

2717
02:26:31,400 --> 02:26:34,300
Dramatic contrasts and precise 
geometric patterns. 

2718
02:26:35,100 --> 02:26:38,000
The most noticeable thing was 
the pure white face powder made 

2719
02:26:38,000 --> 02:26:40,400
from rice flour, which made the 
skin look. 

2720
02:26:40,400 --> 02:26:43,200
Almost like a mask and made the 
makeup look even more fake. 

2721
02:26:43,200 --> 02:26:45,200
This wasn't meant to look 
natural. 

2722
02:26:45,200 --> 02:26:48,000
It was meant to look 
otherworldly turning. 

2723
02:26:48,000 --> 02:26:50,400
The person wearing it into 
something that looked like a 

2724
02:26:50,400 --> 02:26:52,600
work of art. 
Imagine a high-end Court. 

2725
02:26:52,600 --> 02:26:54,900
Lady getting ready for a night 
at the Imperial Palace. 

2726
02:26:54,900 --> 02:26:57,900
She starts putting on her makeup
in the middle of the afternoon 

2727
02:26:57,900 --> 02:27:00,900
and she needs help from skilled 
servants who have been trained 

2728
02:27:00,900 --> 02:27:02,900
for years in the exact methods 
needed. 

2729
02:27:03,700 --> 02:27:06,600
The first step is to put on 
oshiroi which is the white face 

2730
02:27:06,600 --> 02:27:09,800
powder that will be the base for
everything else to make a smooth

2731
02:27:09,800 --> 02:27:13,300
paste, mix the white powder with
water and then use special 

2732
02:27:13,300 --> 02:27:15,100
brushes to apply it in thin 
layers. 

2733
02:27:15,900 --> 02:27:18,800
The coverage has to be 
completely even and go beyond 

2734
02:27:18,800 --> 02:27:23,100
the natural hairline to make a 
smooth white oval that hides the

2735
02:27:23,100 --> 02:27:26,500
natural shape of the face. 
The effect is striking and a 

2736
02:27:26,500 --> 02:27:29,000
little strange. 
The woman's face becomes a blank

2737
02:27:29,000 --> 02:27:32,800
canvas for art. 
Next are the eyebrows in the 

2738
02:27:32,800 --> 02:27:35,000
hand style. 
They were completely removed and

2739
02:27:35,000 --> 02:27:37,800
redrawn as small oval shapes 
high on the forehead. 

2740
02:27:37,800 --> 02:27:41,900
People use charcoal or ink to 
paint these fake eyebrows called

2741
02:27:41,900 --> 02:27:45,000
hiki, Mario in places that had 
nothing to do with where 

2742
02:27:45,000 --> 02:27:48,400
eyebrows naturally grow these 
painted eyebrows had to be 

2743
02:27:48,400 --> 02:27:50,600
placed and shaped. 
According to strict fashion 

2744
02:27:50,600 --> 02:27:54,500
rules that changed slightly over
time by today's standards, the 

2745
02:27:54,500 --> 02:27:56,000
eyes themselves. 
Don't get much attention. 

2746
02:27:56,900 --> 02:27:58,800
Hean. 
Women didn't use Dramatic Makeup

2747
02:27:58,800 --> 02:28:02,500
to draw attention to their eyes.
Instead they often painted Thin 

2748
02:28:02,500 --> 02:28:05,400
Red Lines along the inner 
corners of their eyes to make a 

2749
02:28:05,408 --> 02:28:09,300
subtle, but noticeable accent. 
The goal was to make a soft 

2750
02:28:09,300 --> 02:28:11,400
slightly sad face. 
That was thought to be the most 

2751
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:14,300
beautiful thing about women. 
But the most unique thing about 

2752
02:28:14,300 --> 02:28:17,100
hey and makeup was all Hero, 
which is the practice of 

2753
02:28:17,100 --> 02:28:19,200
blackening. 
The teeth, They did this by 

2754
02:28:19,200 --> 02:28:22,500
mixing iron filings and vinegar 
which made the teeth, a deep 

2755
02:28:22,500 --> 02:28:25,400
black color far from being 
considered unattractive 

2756
02:28:25,400 --> 02:28:29,200
blackened teeth, were a mark of 
beauty maturity and high social 

2757
02:28:29,200 --> 02:28:33,800
status blackened teeth were a 
sign of refined femininity, and 

2758
02:28:33,800 --> 02:28:36,100
only married, women, and 
courtesies of a certain age 

2759
02:28:36,100 --> 02:28:38,500
would do it. 
The lips in high-end makeup were

2760
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:41,300
painted with red pigment made 
from safflower Petals in the 

2761
02:28:41,300 --> 02:28:44,200
shape of a small bow. 
But these weren't painted over 

2762
02:28:44,200 --> 02:28:47,800
the natural lip line instead. 
White powder was put on the 

2763
02:28:47,808 --> 02:28:52,300
Natural Soul, but Soul lips but 
sold but a small red shape was 

2764
02:28:52,300 --> 02:28:53,500
painted in the middle of the 
mouth. 

2765
02:28:54,200 --> 02:28:57,200
The end result was a tiny 
perfect read acts incident, that

2766
02:28:57,200 --> 02:28:59,200
looked more like a flower petal 
than a mouth. 

2767
02:28:59,200 --> 02:29:02,300
During this time, Japanese 
incense culture was very 

2768
02:29:02,300 --> 02:29:06,200
Advanced caught ladies would use
special boxes to burn different 

2769
02:29:06,200 --> 02:29:08,400
types of incidents to make their
clothes, smell good. 

2770
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:12,500
The scents, would stay on silk, 
robes for days, for different 

2771
02:29:12,500 --> 02:29:15,000
combinations, of incense were 
linked to different seasons 

2772
02:29:15,000 --> 02:29:19,100
feelings and even themes in 
literature, a woman sent became 

2773
02:29:19,100 --> 02:29:21,400
a part of who she was and how 
she expressed herself 

2774
02:29:21,400 --> 02:29:23,900
artistically. 
The tools that Japanese women 

2775
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:26,600
used to do their makeup or works
of art in their own right. 

2776
02:29:27,600 --> 02:29:30,600
The best animal hairs were used 
to make brushes and the handles 

2777
02:29:30,600 --> 02:29:33,200
were made of bamboo and had 
beautiful designs on them. 

2778
02:29:33,900 --> 02:29:36,900
People made mirrors out of 
polished bronze and the backs of

2779
02:29:36,908 --> 02:29:39,000
many of them had beautiful art 
scenes on them. 

2780
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:42,300
The containers for Cosmetics 
were made from expensive 

2781
02:29:42,300 --> 02:29:45,400
materials and were meant to be 
as pretty as the Cosmetics 

2782
02:29:45,400 --> 02:29:47,500
inside. 
When you move South to India, 

2783
02:29:47,500 --> 02:29:51,300
you come across another unique 
cosmetic traditional soul but 

2784
02:29:51,300 --> 02:29:54,600
had combined lips. 
Spiritual meaning with beautiful

2785
02:29:54,600 --> 02:29:58,000
looks Indian, beauty practices 
have been around for more than 

2786
02:29:58,000 --> 02:30:02,400
5,000 years and a closely linked
to ayurvedic medicine, religion 

2787
02:30:02,400 --> 02:30:05,800
and social Customs. 
Indian cosmetics, were known for

2788
02:30:05,800 --> 02:30:07,600
their bright colors and natural 
ingredients. 

2789
02:30:07,600 --> 02:30:09,500
That could be used for more than
one thing. 

2790
02:30:09,500 --> 02:30:13,600
Turmeric, for instance, was used
as a golden face powder, that 

2791
02:30:13,600 --> 02:30:16,400
made the skin look beautiful and
had antiseptic and 

2792
02:30:16,408 --> 02:30:20,000
anti-inflammatory properties. 
Sandalwood paste made a cool 

2793
02:30:20,000 --> 02:30:22,700
fragrant bass for makeup and 
kept the skin safe from the 

2794
02:30:22,700 --> 02:30:24,800
harsh. 
Indian son Cole was the most 

2795
02:30:24,800 --> 02:30:27,500
famous part of Indian maker but 
Indian cold was different. 

2796
02:30:27,500 --> 02:30:29,800
From Egyptian coal. 
Goodbye. 

2797
02:30:29,800 --> 02:30:35,300
Combines kajal, convinced kajal 
utor, Summa known as Indian. 

2798
02:30:35,300 --> 02:30:40,100
Coal was made from such from 
lamps ghee, clarified butter and

2799
02:30:40,100 --> 02:30:42,500
a mix of medicinal herbs. 
Families. 

2800
02:30:42,500 --> 02:30:44,900
Often made the dish at home 
using recipes that had been 

2801
02:30:44,900 --> 02:30:48,500
passed down through the years. 
Interestingly Greek men were not

2802
02:30:48,500 --> 02:30:50,500
completely free from using 
Cosmetics. 

2803
02:30:50,500 --> 02:30:53,900
Athletes would oil their bodies 
before a competition for both 

2804
02:30:53,900 --> 02:30:57,500
practical and aesthetic. 
Reasons some men use Cosmetics 

2805
02:30:57,500 --> 02:30:58,900
that weren't too obvious to 
cover up. 

2806
02:30:58,900 --> 02:31:02,300
Scars or blemishes henna was a 
big part of Indian beauty 

2807
02:31:02,300 --> 02:31:04,200
culture. 
It was used to make beautiful 

2808
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:06,900
designs on hands and feet for 
special occasions. 

2809
02:31:06,900 --> 02:31:10,200
Putting on henna was a social 
event where women got together 

2810
02:31:10,200 --> 02:31:12,900
to help each other. 
Make intricate designs while 

2811
02:31:12,900 --> 02:31:16,100
telling stories and getting to 
know each other, better henna 

2812
02:31:16,100 --> 02:31:19,200
art was a great way to celebrate
certain events and Times of year

2813
02:31:19,200 --> 02:31:21,300
because it only lasts for a 
short time. 

2814
02:31:21,300 --> 02:31:24,100
Beetle leaves. 
Made Indian lip color by making 

2815
02:31:24,100 --> 02:31:27,800
a natural red stain when chewed 
This practice had many benefits,

2816
02:31:27,800 --> 02:31:32,100
it freshened breath helped with 
digestion and made lips the 

2817
02:31:32,100 --> 02:31:34,900
right shade of red. 
The colors brightener showed how

2818
02:31:34,900 --> 02:31:38,000
recently, the battle had been 
chewed making a natural timeline

2819
02:31:38,000 --> 02:31:39,700
of beauty that changed 
throughout the day. 

2820
02:31:39,700 --> 02:31:42,200
As you think about these 
different Asian, beauty 

2821
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:44,800
Traditions, you're seeing 
cultures that understood 

2822
02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:47,600
something deep about how inner 
and outer beauty are connected 

2823
02:31:47,600 --> 02:31:50,900
as well as how personal 
expression and cultural identity

2824
02:31:50,900 --> 02:31:53,600
are connected. 
Each tradition came up with 

2825
02:31:53,600 --> 02:31:56,600
Advanced methods and ideas about
beauty that affected, not only 

2826
02:31:56,600 --> 02:32:00,500
looks, but good, but looks but 
also, Health, spirituality and 

2827
02:32:00,500 --> 02:32:03,100
social relationships, these old 
Asian beauty. 

2828
02:32:03,100 --> 02:32:06,200
Rituals were the start of modern
Beauty Traditions, that still 

2829
02:32:06,200 --> 02:32:08,500
shape the way people around the 
world use cosmetics. 

2830
02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:13,600
A focus on natural ingredients. 
Exact application methods and 

2831
02:32:13,600 --> 02:32:17,400
the connection between Beauty 
health and spirituality gives us

2832
02:32:17,400 --> 02:32:19,500
Timeless advice. 
That is still useful today. 

2833
02:32:19,500 --> 02:32:22,400
As you get more comfortable 
under your blanket, think about 

2834
02:32:22,400 --> 02:32:25,300
the interesting social divisions
that have always been a part of 

2835
02:32:25,300 --> 02:32:29,000
the world of beauty and 
cosmetics Makeup has been both a

2836
02:32:29,000 --> 02:32:31,400
bridge and a wall between social
classes throughout history. 

2837
02:32:31,400 --> 02:32:34,600
It has made invisible lines, 
that separate the rich from the 

2838
02:32:34,600 --> 02:32:38,100
poor, the noble from the common 
and the sophisticated, from the 

2839
02:32:38,100 --> 02:32:41,200
simple, imagine being an 
observer who can magically move 

2840
02:32:41,200 --> 02:32:44,400
between social classes and see 
how the same basic human desire 

2841
02:32:44,400 --> 02:32:47,600
for beauty shows itself in very 
different ways, depending on 

2842
02:32:47,600 --> 02:32:51,400
where you are in the social 
hierarchy This story about two 

2843
02:32:51,400 --> 02:32:55,600
worlds, one of luxury and one of
every day needs tells us as much

2844
02:32:55,600 --> 02:32:58,200
about people and how Society 
works as it does about 

2845
02:32:58,200 --> 02:33:00,800
Cosmetics. 
Imagine what a normal morning 

2846
02:33:00,800 --> 02:33:04,200
was like in Florence in the 15th
century when the Renaissance was

2847
02:33:04,200 --> 02:33:06,900
at its height. 
The daughter of a wealthy 

2848
02:33:06,900 --> 02:33:09,300
Merchant family starts her long 
Beauty routine. 

2849
02:33:09,300 --> 02:33:12,500
In a beautiful Palazzo that 
looks out over the Arno River. 

2850
02:33:12,500 --> 02:33:16,700
Her room is full of strange and 
beautiful things like mirrors. 

2851
02:33:16,700 --> 02:33:20,100
Framed in silver cosmetic 
containers made from carved 

2852
02:33:20,100 --> 02:33:23,000
Ivory and pigments that come 
from all over the world. 

2853
02:33:23,000 --> 02:33:26,700
She starts her morning routine 
Before Dawn not because she has 

2854
02:33:26,700 --> 02:33:29,900
to get up early for work, but 
because it takes hours of 

2855
02:33:29,900 --> 02:33:31,600
careful planning to look 
perfect. 

2856
02:33:31,600 --> 02:33:35,200
She begins with a bath in water 
that smells like roses. 

2857
02:33:35,200 --> 02:33:38,100
And is heated to the perfect 
temperature, by servants, who 

2858
02:33:38,100 --> 02:33:40,400
have been awake since midnight, 
getting ready for this moment. 

2859
02:33:41,500 --> 02:33:45,600
The bath itself is a luxury, a 
big wooden tub line with linen 

2860
02:33:45,600 --> 02:33:48,000
and placed so that the morning 
light comes through the silk 

2861
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:51,100
curtains after she bathed she 
starts the long process of 

2862
02:33:51,100 --> 02:33:54,000
getting her trendy pale skin, 
the white makeup. 

2863
02:33:54,000 --> 02:33:57,800
She uses has serious in it which
is a LED based cosmetic that 

2864
02:33:57,800 --> 02:33:59,700
cost more than most families 
making a month. 

2865
02:34:00,500 --> 02:34:03,200
You need skill and expensive 
tools to do the application. 

2866
02:34:04,300 --> 02:34:06,600
These tools include brushes made
from rare animal. 

2867
02:34:06,600 --> 02:34:10,500
Hairs mixing palettes made from 
precious materials and a lot of 

2868
02:34:10,500 --> 02:34:13,600
other specialized tools that 
cost a lot of money to buy a 

2869
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:15,700
modern Beauty lover. 
Would have been Amazed by the 

2870
02:34:15,700 --> 02:34:18,500
number of cosmetic. 
She had She has a lot of 

2871
02:34:18,508 --> 02:34:21,300
different pigments and each one 
is kept in its own special 

2872
02:34:21,300 --> 02:34:23,700
container. 
She got them through trade 

2873
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:25,400
networks, that go all over the 
world. 

2874
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:29,000
Her makeup collection is like a 
museum of the world's wealth 

2875
02:34:29,000 --> 02:34:31,300
with ultramarine blue from 
Afghanistan. 

2876
02:34:31,300 --> 02:34:34,800
Cinnabar, red from Spain, and 
gold leaf from Africa. 

2877
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:38,000
But the most expensive part of 
her beauty routine isn't the 

2878
02:34:38,000 --> 02:34:39,600
makeup. 
It's the time. 

2879
02:34:39,600 --> 02:34:42,200
It takes. 
She can spend three hours every 

2880
02:34:42,200 --> 02:34:44,300
morning getting ready because 
she doesn't have to work. 

2881
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:46,100
Take care of kids cook or clean 
the house. 

2882
02:34:46,100 --> 02:34:49,400
Her beauty routine is a luxury 
that shows off her social 

2883
02:34:49,400 --> 02:34:52,000
status, just as well as any 
title or crowd. 

2884
02:34:52,000 --> 02:34:54,700
Now, let's look at a different 
neighborhood in the same city 

2885
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,700
where the wife of a wall workers
starts her own morning routine. 

2886
02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:00,100
She gets up before the sun 
rises. 

2887
02:35:00,100 --> 02:35:04,000
Not to look good, but to stay 
alive, she has to feed the kids 

2888
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:06,700
finish her work and take care of
the house with the resources 

2889
02:35:06,700 --> 02:35:09,800
that have to last a long time. 
If you can call it a beauty 

2890
02:35:09,800 --> 02:35:12,700
routine, it happens in the 
minutes between more important 

2891
02:35:12,700 --> 02:35:15,300
things. 
She might Splash cold water on 

2892
02:35:15,300 --> 02:35:17,700
her face from a shared. 
Well, run her fingers through 

2893
02:35:17,700 --> 02:35:20,800
her hair to make it look nice. 
And maybe put on some homemade 

2894
02:35:20,800 --> 02:35:23,800
Rouge made from crushed berries 
or red clay that she found near 

2895
02:35:23,800 --> 02:35:26,100
the city walls. 
There is a big difference 

2896
02:35:26,100 --> 02:35:30,100
between the Cosmetic materials. 
The merchants daughter uses lead

2897
02:35:30,100 --> 02:35:33,300
powder from another country 
while the workers wife might use

2898
02:35:33,300 --> 02:35:36,800
chalk dust or flour mixed with 
animal fat to make her face. 

2899
02:35:36,800 --> 02:35:39,800
Look whiter. 
The rich woman puts valuable 

2900
02:35:39,800 --> 02:35:42,800
Cinnabar on her lips. 
While the working woman uses the

2901
02:35:42,800 --> 02:35:46,000
juice from red berries or the 
color that comes from biting her

2902
02:35:46,000 --> 02:35:49,300
lips over and over again. 
But this is where the story gets

2903
02:35:49,300 --> 02:35:51,800
interesting. 
Both women are doing the same 

2904
02:35:51,808 --> 02:35:55,400
basic thing that all people do. 
Both are using the resources. 

2905
02:35:55,400 --> 02:35:59,000
They have to look better show, 
who they are and fit in with the

2906
02:35:59,008 --> 02:36:00,800
beauty standards of their 
community. 

2907
02:36:01,600 --> 02:36:04,300
The difference is not in the 
desire itself but in the ways to

2908
02:36:04,308 --> 02:36:07,300
make it happen, the Cosmetics 
that working women use may not 

2909
02:36:07,308 --> 02:36:10,000
be as fancy but they are often 
more useful and sometimes 

2910
02:36:10,000 --> 02:36:14,500
healthier than the more 
expensive ones her very best in 

2911
02:36:14,500 --> 02:36:16,200
like Cosmetics that contain 
lead. 

2912
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,900
Her face powder made of flour 
and fat is less refined, but it 

2913
02:36:20,900 --> 02:36:24,000
lets us skin breathe. 
A simple preparations are made 

2914
02:36:24,000 --> 02:36:27,200
fresh and used right away, so 
they don't have the problems 

2915
02:36:27,200 --> 02:36:30,100
that expensive Cosmetics do when
they are stored for a long time,

2916
02:36:30,100 --> 02:36:33,100
the social dynamics of cosmetic 
use of created. 

2917
02:36:33,100 --> 02:36:36,300
Some really interesting 
contradictions over the years in

2918
02:36:36,300 --> 02:36:39,300
many cultures, only rich people 
are allowed to wear the most 

2919
02:36:39,300 --> 02:36:42,800
dramatic and fake makeup. 
Working people were expected to 

2920
02:36:42,808 --> 02:36:46,600
look more natural. 
Getting that natural look often 

2921
02:36:46,600 --> 02:36:49,600
took just as much skill and work
as making fake Beauty look good.

2922
02:36:49,600 --> 02:36:53,000
Think about ancient Rome where a
Senators wife might spend the 

2923
02:36:53,000 --> 02:36:55,600
whole morning putting on layers 
of white LED makeup red, 

2924
02:36:55,600 --> 02:36:59,600
Cinnabar Rouge and fancy. 
I paints at the same time, she 

2925
02:36:59,600 --> 02:37:02,200
would criticize working women 
for using simple Rouge or 

2926
02:37:02,208 --> 02:37:05,900
darkening their lashes with soot
People thought that the wealthy 

2927
02:37:05,900 --> 02:37:07,800
woman's fake look was elegant 
and proper. 

2928
02:37:08,500 --> 02:37:10,100
But looks, but then a lower 
class woman. 

2929
02:37:10,100 --> 02:37:11,400
Tried to make herself look 
better. 

2930
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:15,200
It was often seen as vain or 
pretentious this double standard

2931
02:37:15,200 --> 02:37:18,300
existed in part because makeup 
was a way for people to show off

2932
02:37:18,300 --> 02:37:21,400
their social status. 
The expensive makeup and 

2933
02:37:21,400 --> 02:37:24,700
complicated application methods,
showed that the person wearing 

2934
02:37:24,700 --> 02:37:28,300
it, had the money to buy luxury 
items and the time to use them, 

2935
02:37:28,300 --> 02:37:31,700
write a woman who showed up at 
dawn with perfectly applied, 

2936
02:37:31,700 --> 02:37:34,100
makeup was saying that she had 
servants to wake her up. 

2937
02:37:34,100 --> 02:37:37,600
Get her makeup ready and help 
her with the complicated process

2938
02:37:37,600 --> 02:37:40,200
of putting it on. 
Beauty Tools also showed how 

2939
02:37:40,200 --> 02:37:42,200
wealthy someone was. 
Rich. 

2940
02:37:42,200 --> 02:37:44,900
Women had mirrors made of 
polished silver or bronze that 

2941
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:47,700
were often decorated with 
details, and graving and put in 

2942
02:37:47,700 --> 02:37:50,500
expensive frames. 
They made their makeup brushes 

2943
02:37:50,500 --> 02:37:52,700
out of animal. 
Hairs from far away, places and 

2944
02:37:52,700 --> 02:37:56,000
gave them handles. 
Made of ivory gold or rare 

2945
02:37:56,000 --> 02:37:57,400
Woods. 
They're makeup. 

2946
02:37:57,400 --> 02:38:00,400
Containers were works of art in 
their own right meant to show 

2947
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:04,100
off their wealth and taste women
who worked used much simpler 

2948
02:38:04,100 --> 02:38:07,600
tools, their mirrors could be 
pieces of polished metal or even

2949
02:38:07,600 --> 02:38:10,700
a bowl of Clearwater. 
They often made their brushes 

2950
02:38:10,700 --> 02:38:13,200
out of things. 
They had on hand like frayed 

2951
02:38:13,200 --> 02:38:16,500
Twigs scraps of cloth or even 
their own fingers. 

2952
02:38:16,500 --> 02:38:19,600
Their makeup containers were 
useful because they could hold 

2953
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:22,400
both makeup and food or other 
things when they weren't needed 

2954
02:38:22,400 --> 02:38:24,700
archaeological. 
Evidence indicates that 

2955
02:38:24,700 --> 02:38:28,300
notwithstanding these material 
disparities working women, 

2956
02:38:28,300 --> 02:38:30,400
frequently. 
Exhibited greater innovation in 

2957
02:38:30,400 --> 02:38:33,300
their cosmetic techniques 
compared to their affluent 

2958
02:38:33,300 --> 02:38:36,600
counterparts. 
Because they had to they had to 

2959
02:38:36,600 --> 02:38:39,200
try out different materials 
which led to discoveries about 

2960
02:38:39,200 --> 02:38:41,900
natural Cosmetics, that rich 
people who could afford 

2961
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:44,300
expensive. 
Imported ingredients, might 

2962
02:38:44,300 --> 02:38:46,600
never have made in medieval 
Europe. 

2963
02:38:46,600 --> 02:38:49,600
The Cosmetic divide became even 
bigger when religious leaders 

2964
02:38:49,600 --> 02:38:53,200
linked makeup to moral decay. 
The church taught that God made 

2965
02:38:53,200 --> 02:38:56,000
people perfectly and trying to 
make God's creation. 

2966
02:38:56,000 --> 02:38:59,200
Better could be a sin. 
This religious view, made things

2967
02:38:59,200 --> 02:39:02,300
complicated for society because 
rich women kept using fancy. 

2968
02:39:02,300 --> 02:39:05,500
Makeup in private while 
pretending and public that their

2969
02:39:05,500 --> 02:39:09,100
beauty was completely natural. 
This religious restriction had 

2970
02:39:09,100 --> 02:39:12,500
an interesting effect on how 
Cosmetics were made women 

2971
02:39:12,500 --> 02:39:15,200
learned how to make makeup that 
look natural, but made them look

2972
02:39:15,200 --> 02:39:17,900
much better. 
They learned how to subtly 

2973
02:39:17,900 --> 02:39:20,300
lighten. 
Their skin, make their lips look

2974
02:39:20,300 --> 02:39:24,100
naturally, red and dark, and 
their Lashes in ways that looked

2975
02:39:24,100 --> 02:39:26,600
like natural gifts rather than 
fake improvements. 

2976
02:39:26,600 --> 02:39:29,700
The growth of trade guilds in 
medieval cities, gave working 

2977
02:39:29,700 --> 02:39:32,300
class women more chances to get 
involved in the world of 

2978
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:35,000
cosmetics. 
As part of their professional 

2979
02:39:35,000 --> 02:39:39,000
training, women who worked as 
perfumers ointment makers or 

2980
02:39:39,000 --> 02:39:41,600
cosmetic preparers, could get 
better ingredients and learn 

2981
02:39:41,600 --> 02:39:44,900
more advanced methods. 
These women often acted as links

2982
02:39:44,900 --> 02:39:48,300
between high-end and low-end, 
Beauty practices by finding ways

2983
02:39:48,300 --> 02:39:51,900
to use expensive methods with 
cheap materials, Royal courts 

2984
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:54,600
have always been places where 
new Cosmetics were tested out. 

2985
02:39:55,300 --> 02:39:58,600
With unlimited resources, and a 
lot of competition, people were 

2986
02:39:58,600 --> 02:40:02,000
always trying new things Court 
ladies would compete to look the

2987
02:40:02,000 --> 02:40:05,100
best and most fashionable, which
caused makeup techniques and 

2988
02:40:05,100 --> 02:40:06,700
beauty standards to change 
quickly. 

2989
02:40:07,900 --> 02:40:10,600
The beauty routine that started 
in Royal courts would eventually

2990
02:40:10,600 --> 02:40:14,200
spread throughout Society, but 
they would often be simpler and 

2991
02:40:14,200 --> 02:40:17,300
more useful the French Quarter 
of versaille during the reign of

2992
02:40:17,300 --> 02:40:20,500
Louis, the 14th is a great 
example of how Elite cosmetic 

2993
02:40:20,500 --> 02:40:22,100
culture. 
Could get very complicated. 

2994
02:40:23,200 --> 02:40:26,500
Court ladies would spend hours 
each day putting on layers of 

2995
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:29,700
white paint Rouge and fancy 
decorations. 

2996
02:40:29,700 --> 02:40:33,400
For example, they would cut 
small patches from silk or 

2997
02:40:33,400 --> 02:40:36,400
velvet and put them on their 
faces and patterns that showed 

2998
02:40:36,400 --> 02:40:39,600
how they felt what political 
party, they belong to, or 

2999
02:40:39,600 --> 02:40:42,500
whether they were available for 
romance, these caught Fashions 

3000
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:45,800
were so fancy and costly. 
That they kept, anyone who 

3001
02:40:45,800 --> 02:40:47,500
wasn't very rich from fully 
participating. 

3002
02:40:47,500 --> 02:40:51,500
One pot of the best white face 
paint could cost as much as a 

3003
02:40:51,500 --> 02:40:55,300
servants yearly pay. 
Because it took so long to do 

3004
02:40:55,300 --> 02:40:57,200
it, right. 
Only women with a lot of 

3005
02:40:57,200 --> 02:41:00,200
servants, could get the full 
effect, but even the Servants of

3006
02:41:00,208 --> 02:41:03,700
versaille made their own beauty 
products making simpler versions

3007
02:41:03,700 --> 02:41:06,800
of the latest fashions using 
things they could afford or get 

3008
02:41:06,800 --> 02:41:08,700
through their jobs. 
Kitchen. 

3009
02:41:08,700 --> 02:41:11,600
Maids used lard and flour to 
make their faces look like the 

3010
02:41:11,600 --> 02:41:15,000
white paint used by the rich 
laundresses made, colorful 

3011
02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:17,500
makeup out of the leftover dies.
From washing clothes, 

3012
02:41:17,500 --> 02:41:20,700
seamstresses made their own 
Beauty patches out of scraps of 

3013
02:41:20,708 --> 02:41:24,100
fabric during times of social 
unrest the difference between 

3014
02:41:24,100 --> 02:41:26,900
high-end and everyday Cosmetics 
became even more clear. 

3015
02:41:27,600 --> 02:41:31,000
For instance, during the French 
Revolution, the elaborate makeup

3016
02:41:31,000 --> 02:41:33,600
styles that were popular with 
the upper class became not only 

3017
02:41:33,600 --> 02:41:35,700
unfashionable but also 
dangerous. 

3018
02:41:37,000 --> 02:41:39,400
Women who went out in public 
with the white face paint and 

3019
02:41:39,400 --> 02:41:42,500
Rouge of the old regime could 
have been seen as enemies of the

3020
02:41:42,500 --> 02:41:45,100
Revolution. 
This made Beauty practices more 

3021
02:41:45,100 --> 02:41:48,100
democratic because former 
Aristocrats had to learn how to 

3022
02:41:48,100 --> 02:41:52,800
make simple natural looking 
makeup at the same time, working

3023
02:41:52,800 --> 02:41:55,600
women had more freedom to try 
out makeup techniques that were 

3024
02:41:55,600 --> 02:41:57,200
only available to the upper 
classes. 

3025
02:41:57,200 --> 02:42:00,800
The revolution literally changed
the way French women looked 

3026
02:42:00,800 --> 02:42:03,800
setting new standards that 
valued natural beauty, and 

3027
02:42:03,800 --> 02:42:06,300
simplicity the Imperial Court in
ancient. 

3028
02:42:06,300 --> 02:42:08,900
China came up with very 
complicated Beauty practices 

3029
02:42:08,900 --> 02:42:11,900
that took years of training to 
learn how to do, right? 

3030
02:42:12,800 --> 02:42:16,400
Court ladies would try to make 
their skin look, perfect, their 

3031
02:42:16,400 --> 02:42:19,200
eyebrows look, perfect. 
And their lips look, beautiful. 

3032
02:42:20,100 --> 02:42:23,100
The Imperial Palace came up with
these methods, which were kept 

3033
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:26,000
secret by Palace servants for 
generations and never shared 

3034
02:42:26,000 --> 02:42:29,400
with anyone outside the palace. 
But Chinese Beauty culture also 

3035
02:42:29,400 --> 02:42:32,100
had a long history of everyday 
Beauty practices that were open 

3036
02:42:32,100 --> 02:42:35,500
to everyone women in the village
came up with their own ways to 

3037
02:42:35,500 --> 02:42:39,500
use local materials, like, rice 
water for cleaning flower petals

3038
02:42:39,500 --> 02:42:42,200
for color and different plant 
extracts for skin care. 

3039
02:42:43,000 --> 02:42:45,900
These folk practices were often 
more useful and sometimes worked

3040
02:42:45,900 --> 02:42:47,700
better than the fancy ones used 
in court. 

3041
02:42:47,700 --> 02:42:50,900
It wasn't just about money that 
Elite in every day Cosmetics 

3042
02:42:50,900 --> 02:42:53,200
were different. 
It was a about risk. 

3043
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:55,400
Wealthy, women could try 
dangerous. 

3044
02:42:55,400 --> 02:42:58,500
Things, like Mercury LED and 
asked Nick because they could 

3045
02:42:58,500 --> 02:43:00,300
get medical help. 
When these things made them 

3046
02:43:00,300 --> 02:43:03,600
sick, working with women who 
couldn't afford such Medical 

3047
02:43:03,600 --> 02:43:05,800
Care. 
Had to find safer ways to use 

3048
02:43:05,800 --> 02:43:08,800
Cosmetics that used natural 
ingredients and had fewer 

3049
02:43:08,800 --> 02:43:12,000
harmful side effects. 
This safety Gap had long-term 

3050
02:43:12,000 --> 02:43:13,900
effects on the development of 
Cosmetics. 

3051
02:43:13,900 --> 02:43:16,300
Working women who couldn't 
afford dangerous. 

3052
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:19,100
Alternatives were the first to 
find an improved, many of the 

3053
02:43:19,100 --> 02:43:21,300
best and safest cosmetic 
ingredients. 

3054
02:43:22,200 --> 02:43:24,900
The useful new ideas eventually 
changed the way rich. 

3055
02:43:24,900 --> 02:43:28,000
Women use Cosmetics as they 
began to see the benefits of 

3056
02:43:28,000 --> 02:43:30,300
safer more, natural ways to look
good. 

3057
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:33,600
The tools and methods used to 
put on makeup will showed social

3058
02:43:33,600 --> 02:43:37,200
divisions in interesting ways, 
rich women could buy special 

3059
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:39,100
tools for every part of putting 
on makeup. 

3060
02:43:39,100 --> 02:43:42,400
For example, they had different 
brushes for different types of 

3061
02:43:42,408 --> 02:43:45,400
paint precise tools for making 
perfect shapes. 

3062
02:43:45,400 --> 02:43:48,300
And complicated storage systems 
for keeping their makeup 

3063
02:43:48,300 --> 02:43:50,600
collections. 
In order, women who worked came 

3064
02:43:50,600 --> 02:43:53,100
up with tools and methods, that 
worked best for many different 

3065
02:43:53,100 --> 02:43:55,600
tasks. 
You could use one brush to put 

3066
02:43:55,600 --> 02:43:58,900
on both lip color and blush, you
could use a small mirror for 

3067
02:43:58,900 --> 02:44:02,000
both personal grooming and work 
that requires a lot of detail 

3068
02:44:02,000 --> 02:44:06,100
like needlework These useful new
tools were often better than 

3069
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:09,500
more specialized Elite tools. 
So people from all walks of life

3070
02:44:09,500 --> 02:44:11,600
started using them. 
As you think about these 

3071
02:44:11,600 --> 02:44:14,400
historical differences between 
Elite and every day Beauty 

3072
02:44:14,400 --> 02:44:17,500
practices, you see more than 
just different's in how people 

3073
02:44:17,500 --> 02:44:20,400
use Cosmetics. 
You see how human creativity 

3074
02:44:20,400 --> 02:44:24,200
adapts to new situations. 
How necessity leads to new ideas

3075
02:44:24,200 --> 02:44:26,900
and how the basic desire for 
beauty crosses? 

3076
02:44:26,900 --> 02:44:29,600
Social boundaries, even when the
ways to get, it are very 

3077
02:44:29,600 --> 02:44:31,300
different. 
As you can continue your 

3078
02:44:31,300 --> 02:44:32,600
peaceful journey through the 
night. 

3079
02:44:32,600 --> 02:44:35,600
Let your mind wander to one of 
the most interesting parts of 

3080
02:44:35,600 --> 02:44:38,500
cosmetic history. 
Secret meanings. 

3081
02:44:38,500 --> 02:44:43,000
Spiritual significance and 
Hidden messages that make up as 

3082
02:44:43,000 --> 02:44:44,100
carried throughout human 
history. 

3083
02:44:44,100 --> 02:44:46,800
Cosmetics have been more than 
just decoration. 

3084
02:44:46,800 --> 02:44:49,600
They have been a complex 
language that could say anything

3085
02:44:49,600 --> 02:44:52,800
from religious Devotion, to 
political allegiance from being 

3086
02:44:52,800 --> 02:44:55,900
married to being protected by 
Magic, picture yourself, as a 

3087
02:44:55,908 --> 02:44:58,900
skilled Anthropologist, who can 
read these pictures as you walk 

3088
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:04,900
through a busy Market in ancient
Babylon around 600 BCE Is 

3089
02:45:04,900 --> 02:45:07,900
around, you tell stories that go
far beyond just making you look 

3090
02:45:07,908 --> 02:45:10,300
better. 
People who know what they're 

3091
02:45:10,300 --> 02:45:11,500
looking at. 
Can read the meaning of each 

3092
02:45:11,500 --> 02:45:13,600
painted. 
I Rouge cheek and carefully, 

3093
02:45:13,600 --> 02:45:16,200
applied lip color, like, pages 
from an illuminated manuscript. 

3094
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:19,900
The woman with the blue green 
eyeshadow isn't just following 

3095
02:45:19,900 --> 02:45:24,200
fashion She showing her love for
Ishtar, the goddess of love and 

3096
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:27,900
fertility. 
The exact shade of blue which is

3097
02:45:27,900 --> 02:45:31,000
made by mixing ground, lapis, 
lazuli with the right amount of 

3098
02:45:31,000 --> 02:45:34,100
malachite shows. 
Not only her religion, but also,

3099
02:45:34,100 --> 02:45:35,700
her hope for successful 
pregnancy. 

3100
02:45:36,800 --> 02:45:39,800
The way she applied the color, 
like, wings that go a little 

3101
02:45:39,808 --> 02:45:42,900
past the outer corners of her 
eyes shows that she recently 

3102
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:44,700
made a big offering at dish, 
tiles Temple. 

3103
02:45:44,700 --> 02:45:48,000
The old man as coal, rimmed eyes
and a well-groomed beard that 

3104
02:45:48,000 --> 02:45:50,900
has been died with Heather. 
He's advertising his job as a 

3105
02:45:50,908 --> 02:45:52,900
scribe, and his status as a 
learned man. 

3106
02:45:54,000 --> 02:45:56,700
The way he does, his eye makeup 
with thin lines that go up to 

3107
02:45:56,700 --> 02:46:00,000
his temples shows that he knows 
how to read and write in sacred 

3108
02:46:00,000 --> 02:46:02,800
writing systems. 
He specializes in religious 

3109
02:46:02,800 --> 02:46:05,800
texts, rather than business 
letters, as shown by the reddish

3110
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:08,700
tint in his beard, which he got 
by carefully. 

3111
02:46:08,700 --> 02:46:11,000
Applying henna mixed with 
certain scented oils. 

3112
02:46:11,000 --> 02:46:13,800
Even the kids in the market, 
have messages about beauty. 

3113
02:46:14,600 --> 02:46:17,200
The little girl with red Oaker 
spots on her cheeks isn't 

3114
02:46:17,200 --> 02:46:20,600
wearing makeup to look pretty. 
Those spots show that she comes 

3115
02:46:20,600 --> 02:46:23,900
from a family of metal workers, 
which is a hereditary profession

3116
02:46:23,900 --> 02:46:25,900
shown by this specific facial 
marking. 

3117
02:46:26,600 --> 02:46:28,400
Is Mother. 
Put a line of coal around his 

3118
02:46:28,400 --> 02:46:30,200
eyes to protect him from the 
evil eye. 

3119
02:46:30,200 --> 02:46:32,500
As part of her daily prayers for
his safety. 

3120
02:46:32,500 --> 02:46:36,000
This complicated system of 
cosmetic communication was used 

3121
02:46:36,000 --> 02:46:39,800
by almost all ancient cultures, 
but the meaning of the Cosmetics

3122
02:46:39,800 --> 02:46:43,700
were very different from one 
culture to another The one thing

3123
02:46:43,700 --> 02:46:46,500
that stayed the same was that 
people could use their faces as 

3124
02:46:46,500 --> 02:46:49,600
a canvas to share complicated 
information about who they are, 

3125
02:46:49,600 --> 02:46:52,400
what, they believe their status 
and their plans. 

3126
02:46:52,400 --> 02:46:55,100
In ancient Egypt. 
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 

3127
02:46:55,100 --> 02:46:57,500
religious ideas about the 
afterlife, and the journey of 

3128
02:46:57,500 --> 02:47:00,900
the soul, the unique eye makeup 
that both men and women wore 

3129
02:47:00,900 --> 02:47:03,500
wasn't just for looks. 
It was also a way to protect 

3130
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:07,300
their spirits The black coal 
stood for the rich soil of the 

3131
02:47:07,308 --> 02:47:10,500
Nile Delta which stood for new 
life and rebirth. 

3132
02:47:11,300 --> 02:47:14,200
The green eyeshadow made from 
malachite linked, the person who

3133
02:47:14,200 --> 02:47:17,400
wore it to the god, Horus, and 
the promise of being reborn, 

3134
02:47:17,400 --> 02:47:20,600
imagine an Egyptian Priestess 
getting ready for a religious 

3135
02:47:20,600 --> 02:47:22,000
ceremony at the temple of 
hathor. 

3136
02:47:22,800 --> 02:47:25,600
Her makeup routine is as planned
out as the ritual itself. 

3137
02:47:25,600 --> 02:47:29,000
She starts by putting down a 
base of white chalk mixed with 

3138
02:47:29,000 --> 02:47:31,700
nature. 
This makes a clean canvas that 

3139
02:47:31,700 --> 02:47:35,200
stands for Spiritual cleansing, 
she then carefully Paints the 

3140
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:37,000
religious symbols that represent
her role. 

3141
02:47:37,000 --> 02:47:40,300
Such as golden highlights. 
That Stanford for the sun, god 

3142
02:47:40,300 --> 02:47:44,700
raw blue accents, the connector 
to the night sky and the goddess

3143
02:47:44,700 --> 02:47:48,100
nut and red elements that stand 
for life, force and divine 

3144
02:47:48,100 --> 02:47:50,100
power. 
Every stroke of the brush has 

3145
02:47:50,100 --> 02:47:53,200
meaning the way she draws her 
eye makeup in Wing, like shape 

3146
02:47:53,200 --> 02:47:55,700
is like the protective wings of 
the Goddess Isis. 

3147
02:47:56,500 --> 02:47:59,000
The exact geometric shape she 
makes on her forehead and 

3148
02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:01,000
cheeks. 
And not just for decoration, 

3149
02:48:01,000 --> 02:48:04,200
they are sacred symbols that 
show her rank in the temple, 

3150
02:48:04,200 --> 02:48:06,400
higher key and her specific 
ritual duties. 

3151
02:48:06,400 --> 02:48:10,300
The perfume, she wears are just 
as important, the frankincense 

3152
02:48:10,300 --> 02:48:12,700
oil, she puts on her wrists 
connects her to Divine 

3153
02:48:12,700 --> 02:48:15,700
communication, because it's 
smoked Carry's prayers to the 

3154
02:48:15,700 --> 02:48:17,800
gods. 
The merch, she puts on her 

3155
02:48:17,800 --> 02:48:20,900
throat is a sign of protection 
against evil and the 

3156
02:48:20,900 --> 02:48:23,700
preservation of Holy Spirit. 
The Jasmine oil. 

3157
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:27,200
She uses in her hair stands for 
feminine divine power, and the 

3158
02:48:27,208 --> 02:48:31,000
drawing in of good spiritual 
forces in Ancient India, the 

3159
02:48:31,000 --> 02:48:34,000
language of Cosmetics was just 
as complicated and important. 

3160
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:38,300
The tilaka which are colored 
marks on the forehead were a 

3161
02:48:38,300 --> 02:48:41,500
complex way to identify someone.
A knowledgeable person could 

3162
02:48:41,500 --> 02:48:44,600
tell their religious sect, where
they came from, their social 

3163
02:48:44,608 --> 02:48:46,800
caste, and even their current 
spiritual State. 

3164
02:48:46,800 --> 02:48:49,800
Picture meeting a merchant from 
Southern India in a market in 

3165
02:48:49,800 --> 02:48:53,100
the North. the red and white 
vertical lines on his forehead 

3166
02:48:53,100 --> 02:48:56,400
show that he is a follower of 
Vishnu and the specific pattern 

3167
02:48:56,400 --> 02:49:01,000
shows that he is from a certain 
area and is a merchant A small 

3168
02:49:01,008 --> 02:49:03,600
dot of Sandalwood paste on. 
His forehead means that he's 

3169
02:49:03,600 --> 02:49:05,700
going through a period of 
ritual, purification. 

3170
02:49:05,700 --> 02:49:08,700
Probably to get ready for an 
important business deal or 

3171
02:49:08,700 --> 02:49:11,100
religious Festival. 
The women in his family would 

3172
02:49:11,100 --> 02:49:14,400
send even more complicated 
Beauty messages when a married 

3173
02:49:14,400 --> 02:49:16,600
woman puts red sindoor powder in
her hair. 

3174
02:49:16,600 --> 02:49:20,300
It tells everyone she meets that
she is married the color and 

3175
02:49:20,300 --> 02:49:22,200
width of the application may 
also show. 

3176
02:49:22,200 --> 02:49:25,100
If she is newly married has kids
or is pregnant. 

3177
02:49:26,000 --> 02:49:28,400
The henna on her hands could 
tell the story of her wedding, 

3178
02:49:28,400 --> 02:49:31,300
her family, history, and her 
hopes for the future. 

3179
02:49:31,300 --> 02:49:34,300
In ancient China, the use of 
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 

3180
02:49:34,308 --> 02:49:37,600
Taoist philosophy and the idea 
of balance between a posing 

3181
02:49:37,600 --> 02:49:41,800
forces. the pale white face 
powder, stood for Yin which is 

3182
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:44,500
the feminine accepting and 
peoples. 

3183
02:49:45,400 --> 02:49:48,000
The red lip and cheek color 
stood for Yang which is the 

3184
02:49:48,000 --> 02:49:50,200
masculine active and dynamic 
principle. 

3185
02:49:50,900 --> 02:49:53,600
People thought that achieving 
perfect cosmetic balance meant 

3186
02:49:53,600 --> 02:49:56,200
bringing these forces into 
harmony, which would improve, 

3187
02:49:56,200 --> 02:49:58,800
not only Beauty, but also 
spiritual and physical health. 

3188
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:01,200
Some of them make up used in 
Chinese courts. 

3189
02:50:01,200 --> 02:50:03,700
During the Tang Dynasty was 
meant to make political 

3190
02:50:03,700 --> 02:50:06,900
statements, the way someone 
paints their eyebrows could 

3191
02:50:06,900 --> 02:50:10,700
show, which court factions, they
are loyal to the placement and 

3192
02:50:10,700 --> 02:50:14,000
color of decorative elements on 
the face May indicate support 

3193
02:50:14,000 --> 02:50:16,400
for particular policies or 
political ideologies. 

3194
02:50:17,300 --> 02:50:20,300
The choice of perfume could even
be political since different 

3195
02:50:20,300 --> 02:50:22,700
scents were linked to different 
parts of the Empire and their 

3196
02:50:22,700 --> 02:50:25,800
cultural values European 
medieval Cosmetics, have their 

3197
02:50:25,800 --> 02:50:28,800
own complicated symbolic. 
Meaning that these were often 

3198
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:32,300
hidden by religious rules about 
how to use them when the church 

3199
02:50:32,300 --> 02:50:35,300
told women not to wear makeup 
because it was vain, they came 

3200
02:50:35,300 --> 02:50:38,000
up with subtle cosmetic codes 
that let him share important 

3201
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:40,600
information while still looking 
like, they were naturally, 

3202
02:50:40,600 --> 02:50:44,200
beautiful a pale complexion, 
which could be achieved by using

3203
02:50:44,200 --> 02:50:47,400
white powders carefully, and 
staying out of the sun showed 

3204
02:50:47,400 --> 02:50:50,100
that someone was of noble birth 
and had a lot of free time. 

3205
02:50:50,900 --> 02:50:53,900
Slightly Rosy Cheeks, which 
could be made by pinching or 

3206
02:50:53,900 --> 02:50:56,600
lightly applying Rouge. 
Made people look young and 

3207
02:50:56,600 --> 02:50:59,400
healthy people who are rich 
could afford to eat well and 

3208
02:50:59,400 --> 02:51:01,900
keep their teeth clean. 
Which showed good nutrition, and

3209
02:51:01,900 --> 02:51:04,600
careful. 
Hygiene, but medieval Cosmetics 

3210
02:51:04,600 --> 02:51:06,100
also sent more specific 
messages. 

3211
02:51:07,100 --> 02:51:09,000
Some perfumes. 
Could mean that a person is 

3212
02:51:09,000 --> 02:51:11,400
ready to get married or is 
already in a relationship? 

3213
02:51:12,600 --> 02:51:15,600
The way, the hair is styled 
often with oils and subtle 

3214
02:51:15,600 --> 02:51:18,300
coloring could show where the 
person is from, or who their 

3215
02:51:18,300 --> 02:51:21,300
family is the cleanliness and 
care of fingernails. 

3216
02:51:21,300 --> 02:51:24,400
Even had social meaning showing 
whether someone worked with 

3217
02:51:24,400 --> 02:51:27,300
their hands or lived, a life of 
leisure as Court culture, 

3218
02:51:27,300 --> 02:51:30,300
created complex systems of 
visual communication during the 

3219
02:51:30,300 --> 02:51:33,600
Renaissance meaning of Cosmetics
became more complex. 

3220
02:51:34,500 --> 02:51:37,600
Famous white LED makeup that 
rich women wore didn't just show

3221
02:51:37,600 --> 02:51:40,100
that they were fashionable. 
It also showed that they could 

3222
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:43,400
afford expensive and dangerous 
Cosmetics that they have the 

3223
02:51:43,400 --> 02:51:46,900
time to spend hours putting it 
on and that they were willing to

3224
02:51:46,900 --> 02:51:49,700
put their health at risk for 
beauty, the use of beauty 

3225
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:52,600
patches, which are small pieces 
of silk or velvet put on the 

3226
02:51:52,600 --> 02:51:55,100
face. 
Turned into a complicated way to

3227
02:51:55,100 --> 02:51:58,700
talk to each other. from the 
cheek could mean that the person

3228
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:01,600
is political, while a patch on 
the corner of the mouth, could 

3229
02:52:01,600 --> 02:52:05,000
mean that the person is flirting
Patch on the forehead might mean

3230
02:52:05,000 --> 02:52:08,100
that someone is smart or has 
learned something while a patch 

3231
02:52:08,108 --> 02:52:09,400
near. 
The I might mean that something 

3232
02:52:09,400 --> 02:52:12,500
is mysterious or interesting 
Beauty patches in different 

3233
02:52:12,500 --> 02:52:14,800
colors. 
Have different meanings black. 

3234
02:52:14,800 --> 02:52:18,700
Patches were common and not very
strong but colored patches could

3235
02:52:18,700 --> 02:52:23,400
send a clear message red patches
could mean anger or passion blue

3236
02:52:23,400 --> 02:52:26,300
could mean sadness or deep 
feelings and white could mean 

3237
02:52:26,300 --> 02:52:30,000
innocence or Mourning the Sensei
used during this time or had 

3238
02:52:30,000 --> 02:52:33,100
deep symbolic meanings. 
Different smells were linked to 

3239
02:52:33,100 --> 02:52:35,300
different. 
Good qualities, feelings, and 

3240
02:52:35,300 --> 02:52:38,600
social messages. 
A woman, might wear floral sense

3241
02:52:38,600 --> 02:52:40,400
to show that she is feminine and
gentle. 

3242
02:52:41,100 --> 02:52:44,700
Spicy scents to show that she is
passionate and sophisticated or 

3243
02:52:44,700 --> 02:52:47,200
herbal sense to show that she 
knows how to heal and do 

3244
02:52:47,200 --> 02:52:50,300
household chores, in many 
African cultures using 

3245
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:53,900
Cosmetics, had deep spiritual 
and social meaning that linked 

3246
02:52:53,900 --> 02:52:57,300
people to their ancestors, their
community and the world around 

3247
02:52:57,300 --> 02:52:59,700
them. 
Certain patterns of face 

3248
02:52:59,700 --> 02:53:01,300
painting. 
Could show what Clan someone 

3249
02:53:01,300 --> 02:53:05,200
belongs to how old they are, 
whether they are married and 

3250
02:53:05,200 --> 02:53:07,400
what their spiritual role is in 
the community. 

3251
02:53:07,400 --> 02:53:10,300
Putting on traditional African 
makeup was often a group 

3252
02:53:10,308 --> 02:53:13,300
activity that brought people 
closer together and passed down 

3253
02:53:13,300 --> 02:53:16,400
cultural knowledge. 
Older women would teach younger 

3254
02:53:16,400 --> 02:53:19,500
women, not only how to apply 
makeup but also what different 

3255
02:53:19,500 --> 02:53:22,700
colors and patterns meant, there
were stories songs and 

3256
02:53:22,700 --> 02:53:25,400
traditional wisdom, that linked 
Beauty practices to bigger, 

3257
02:53:25,400 --> 02:53:27,600
cultural values and beliefs in 
this education. 

3258
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:30,200
Different colors of pigments, 
had different spiritual 

3259
02:53:30,200 --> 02:53:33,800
meanings, like clay could stand 
for spirits of ancestors and 

3260
02:53:33,800 --> 02:53:37,200
linked to the Divine red. 
Oaker might stand for Life, 

3261
02:53:37,200 --> 02:53:39,400
Force fertility, and a link to 
the Earth. 

3262
02:53:40,200 --> 02:53:43,100
Black charcoal could stand for 
mystery power and protection 

3263
02:53:43,100 --> 02:53:46,100
from bad things. 
The geometric patterns made with

3264
02:53:46,100 --> 02:53:48,600
these pigments weren't just 
random designs. 

3265
02:53:48,600 --> 02:53:51,800
They were meaningful symbols 
that told stories about who the 

3266
02:53:51,800 --> 02:53:55,100
wearer was, what they had been 
through and where they fit into 

3267
02:53:55,100 --> 02:53:58,300
the community. 
A young woman's coming of age. 

3268
02:53:58,300 --> 02:54:01,100
Ceremony might include putting 
on certain patterns that showed 

3269
02:54:01,100 --> 02:54:03,500
she was no longer a child. 
New mother. 

3270
02:54:03,500 --> 02:54:05,800
On the other hand might wear 
different patterns to show that 

3271
02:54:05,800 --> 02:54:08,700
she will make up videos. 
Now a mother in ancient Persia 

3272
02:54:08,700 --> 02:54:10,600
Cosmetics. 
Were closely linked to 

3273
02:54:10,600 --> 02:54:13,800
zoroastrian religious beliefs, 
about the fight between light 

3274
02:54:13,800 --> 02:54:16,900
and dark in the universe. 
People thought that putting on 

3275
02:54:16,900 --> 02:54:19,900
makeup was a way to join the 
fight against darkness and 

3276
02:54:19,900 --> 02:54:23,700
ugliness, by joining the forces 
of light and Beauty Persian men 

3277
02:54:23,700 --> 02:54:26,100
and women, both were heavy eye 
makeup that was thought to help 

3278
02:54:26,100 --> 02:54:27,600
them. 
See truth and Beauty in the 

3279
02:54:27,608 --> 02:54:30,800
world better, the specific 
patterns and colors used in this

3280
02:54:30,800 --> 02:54:32,300
eye. 
Makeup could show how 

3281
02:54:32,300 --> 02:54:35,500
spiritually Advanced the person 
is what role they play in 

3282
02:54:35,500 --> 02:54:38,000
religious ceremonies and how 
committed they are to 

3283
02:54:38,000 --> 02:54:41,500
zoroastrian principles people in
Persian culture thought that the

3284
02:54:41,500 --> 02:54:43,200
perfumes. 
They used could bring in good 

3285
02:54:43,200 --> 02:54:45,500
spiritual forces and keep out 
bad ones. 

3286
02:54:45,500 --> 02:54:48,400
People were told to use 
different scents for different 

3287
02:54:48,400 --> 02:54:51,400
spiritual purposes, like 
meditation and prayer 

3288
02:54:51,400 --> 02:54:55,000
protection, while traveling, and
bringing love and harmony into 

3289
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:57,300
relationships. 
As you think about these deep 

3290
02:54:57,300 --> 02:55:01,200
traditions of cosmetic symbolism
and meaning you See how amazing 

3291
02:55:01,200 --> 02:55:04,400
it is that people can turn the 
simple act of putting color on 

3292
02:55:04,400 --> 02:55:09,100
their face into a complex way to
communicate identify themselves 

3293
02:55:09,100 --> 02:55:13,500
and express their spirituality. 
These old traditions show us 

3294
02:55:13,500 --> 02:55:16,000
that make up is always been 
about more than just how you 

3295
02:55:16,000 --> 02:55:18,400
look. 
It's also been a way to be a 

3296
02:55:18,400 --> 02:55:21,300
part of the most important parts
of human culture and Community. 

3297
02:55:21,300 --> 02:55:24,000
As you relax, more deeply into 
your comfortable position. 

3298
02:55:24,000 --> 02:55:27,700
Let your mind, gently explore, 
how these old beauty practices, 

3299
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:31,100
still affect and shape our 
modern world in ways that are 

3300
02:55:31,100 --> 02:55:34,300
both obvious and surprising make
up. 

3301
02:55:34,300 --> 02:55:37,400
Story doesn't end with the fall 
of Empires or the rise of new 

3302
02:55:37,400 --> 02:55:40,100
ones instead. 
It flows like an underground 

3303
02:55:40,100 --> 02:55:43,700
river, sometimes visible and 
sometimes hit him, but always 

3304
02:55:43,700 --> 02:55:47,500
there bringing the knowledge and
new ideas of our ancestors in to

3305
02:55:47,500 --> 02:55:49,600
our lives today. 
Think about your own morning 

3306
02:55:49,600 --> 02:55:52,200
routine for a moment. 
When you wash your face with a 

3307
02:55:52,200 --> 02:55:55,300
gentle cleanser, you're taking 
part in a ritual that goes back 

3308
02:55:55,300 --> 02:55:59,000
to ancient Egyptian priests they
use nature on and oils to clean 

3309
02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:00,900
themselves before. 
Going to See their gods? 

3310
02:56:01,500 --> 02:56:04,000
When you put on Foundation to 
make your skin tone, even, 

3311
02:56:04,000 --> 02:56:07,000
you're following a method that 
Chinese Court ladies used to get

3312
02:56:07,000 --> 02:56:10,600
porcelain Perfect Skin by mixing
rice powder with precious oils. 

3313
02:56:10,600 --> 02:56:13,800
When you look in the mirror, 
while putting on makeup, you are

3314
02:56:13,800 --> 02:56:15,900
doing something that people have
been doing for hundreds of 

3315
02:56:15,908 --> 02:56:19,600
years, even though your mirror 
is made of silver glass and of 

3316
02:56:19,600 --> 02:56:22,900
polished bronze or obsidian. 
And your makeup comes from Labs 

3317
02:56:22,900 --> 02:56:25,800
instead of being ground by hand 
from minerals and plants. 

3318
02:56:25,800 --> 02:56:28,200
The basic experience is still 
the same. 

3319
02:56:28,200 --> 02:56:31,300
You're changing who you are and 
getting ready to face the world.

3320
02:56:31,300 --> 02:56:34,600
You're taking part in the 
ancient dance between identity 

3321
02:56:34,600 --> 02:56:37,100
and appearance. 
Even though modern cosmetic 

3322
02:56:37,100 --> 02:56:40,300
science is very Advanced, it 
keeps finding the wisdom that 

3323
02:56:40,300 --> 02:56:44,000
was already there in ancient 
Beauty practices people first 

3324
02:56:44,000 --> 02:56:46,800
noticed that retinoids could 
help with aging and oils from 

3325
02:56:46,800 --> 02:56:50,900
fish liver that were high in 
vitamin A Egyptian, women use, 

3326
02:56:50,900 --> 02:56:53,200
sour milk and fruit acids to 
smooth their skin. 

3327
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:56,300
So they knew that Alpha hydroxy 
acids could do the same. 

3328
02:56:57,300 --> 02:57:00,100
Ancient cultures used honey and 
plant mucilages to keep their 

3329
02:57:00,100 --> 02:57:03,300
skin soft and supple which is 
similar to how highly ironic 

3330
02:57:03,300 --> 02:57:05,700
acid Works. 
Think about how the colors 

3331
02:57:05,700 --> 02:57:08,400
people like in the past, still 
affect the style of makeup 

3332
02:57:08,400 --> 02:57:12,000
today, the red lips that were 
popular in ancient Roman, China 

3333
02:57:12,000 --> 02:57:15,400
are still a classic look that 
never really goes out of style. 

3334
02:57:16,200 --> 02:57:19,600
The dramatic eye makeup that 
ancient Egyptians invented comes

3335
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:23,400
back into style all the time 
from the mod, looks of the 1960s

3336
02:57:23,400 --> 02:57:26,100
to the Bold graphic. 
Styles of modern makeup artists,

3337
02:57:26,100 --> 02:57:29,300
the idea that makeup can change.
A person's appearance has been 

3338
02:57:29,308 --> 02:57:32,100
around for a long time and is 
still driving new cosmetic 

3339
02:57:32,100 --> 02:57:35,000
products today. 
Like shamans in the past used 

3340
02:57:35,000 --> 02:57:38,000
face paint to talk to spirits 
makeup artist today. 

3341
02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:40,400
Help people explore different 
parts of who they are. 

3342
02:57:40,400 --> 02:57:43,700
The traditions of face painting,
that started as religious 

3343
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:47,100
rituals have had an impact on 
everything from Halloween makeup

3344
02:57:47,100 --> 02:57:49,800
to special effects in movies and
TV shows. 

3345
02:57:49,800 --> 02:57:53,600
Ancient color symbolism is still
present in small ways and modern

3346
02:57:53,600 --> 02:57:56,600
culture, red has been linked to 
power and passion. 

3347
02:57:56,600 --> 02:58:00,700
Since prehistoric times when it 
was used in Oka paintings, this 

3348
02:58:00,700 --> 02:58:04,200
still affect how we see red 
lipstick and clothing the link 

3349
02:58:04,200 --> 02:58:06,800
between white and Purity, which 
was developed by ancient 

3350
02:58:06,800 --> 02:58:09,800
cultures from Egypt. 
To China is still important in 

3351
02:58:09,800 --> 02:58:13,200
bridal, makeup and formal, 
Aesthetics the social dynamics 

3352
02:58:13,200 --> 02:58:15,500
of ancient cosmetic culture are 
very similar to. 

3353
02:58:15,500 --> 02:58:18,500
Those of modern Beauty 
practices, the difference 

3354
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:21,300
between high-end and every day 
Cosmetics, that existed in 

3355
02:58:21,300 --> 02:58:24,500
ancient civilizations, is the 
same as the difference between 

3356
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:26,700
high-end and Drugstore Beauty 
Brands today. 

3357
02:58:27,600 --> 02:58:30,000
Same psychological drives that 
made ancient Court. 

3358
02:58:30,000 --> 02:58:33,000
Ladies compete with each other 
by wearing, elaborate makeup 

3359
02:58:33,000 --> 02:58:35,800
still drive, modern Beauty 
influencers and their fans, 

3360
02:58:35,800 --> 02:58:38,700
modern cosmetic. 
Scientists to figure out how to 

3361
02:58:38,700 --> 02:58:41,300
use old makeup techniques that 
took hundreds of years to 

3362
02:58:41,300 --> 02:58:44,800
develop and perfect using modern
chemistry and Manufacturing 

3363
02:58:44,800 --> 02:58:47,000
methods. 
We are recreating the 

3364
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:49,600
long-lasting formulas that 
ancient cultures came up with 

3365
02:58:49,600 --> 02:58:53,600
through trial and error water 
resistant eye makeup which was 

3366
02:58:53,600 --> 02:58:56,000
first used by ancient cultures 
for both practical. 

3367
02:58:56,000 --> 02:58:59,600
And spiritual reasons is now a 
common part of modern Cosmetics.

3368
02:58:59,600 --> 02:59:02,800
The idea that Cosmetics were 
medicine in ancient times. 

3369
02:59:02,800 --> 02:59:05,000
Still affects how beauty 
products are made today. 

3370
02:59:06,100 --> 02:59:09,400
The practice of using makeup to 
protect and heal skin, which 

3371
02:59:09,400 --> 02:59:13,200
goes back to ancient, Egypt and 
traditional Asia is what drives 

3372
02:59:13,200 --> 02:59:16,400
modern Research into Cosmo 
suitables, which are products 

3373
02:59:16,400 --> 02:59:20,000
that mix cosmetics and Medicine.
This old wisdom is still true 

3374
02:59:20,000 --> 02:59:24,300
today, sunscreen and Foundation 
anti-aging ingredients, and 

3375
02:59:24,300 --> 02:59:28,000
concealer, and lip products that
he'll many modern sustainable 

3376
02:59:28,000 --> 02:59:31,500
Beauty movements look to the 
Past for ideas, bringing back 

3377
02:59:31,500 --> 02:59:34,800
old and greedy and methods that 
were lost when Cosmetics became 

3378
02:59:34,800 --> 02:59:38,000
industrialized. 
Grams that focus on natural 

3379
02:59:38,000 --> 02:59:41,600
ingredients traditional methods 
of making things and having as 

3380
02:59:41,600 --> 02:59:44,800
little of an impact on the 
environment as possible are 

3381
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:47,000
basically going back to the 
ideas that guided the 

3382
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:49,700
development of Cosmetics, for 
thousands of years before the 

3383
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:53,100
modern chemical industry, the 
ritualistic elements of ancient 

3384
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:55,800
makeup applications, still have 
psychological benefits that 

3385
02:59:55,800 --> 02:59:57,600
modern users instinctively 
grasp. 

3386
02:59:58,500 --> 03:00:01,100
The meditative quality of 
carefully, putting on makeup, 

3387
03:00:01,100 --> 03:00:04,400
the feeling of changing and 
getting ready and the connection

3388
03:00:04,400 --> 03:00:06,200
to cultural. 
Traditions are all still 

3389
03:00:06,200 --> 03:00:08,500
important parts of the Cosmetic 
experience today. 

3390
03:00:08,500 --> 03:00:12,300
Just like they were for ancient 
practitioners old packaging and 

3391
03:00:12,300 --> 03:00:14,800
tools for applying makeup. 
Still have an effect on how 

3392
03:00:14,800 --> 03:00:17,800
cosmetic are made today. 
The beautiful containers that 

3393
03:00:17,800 --> 03:00:21,100
ancient cultures made to hold 
valuable Cosmetics, Inspire 

3394
03:00:21,100 --> 03:00:24,100
modern packaging, that focuses 
on luxury and craftsmanship. 

3395
03:00:24,900 --> 03:00:28,800
Brushes sponges and precise. 
Applicators are still used in 

3396
03:00:28,800 --> 03:00:30,900
the same way. 
They were thousands of years ago

3397
03:00:30,900 --> 03:00:34,600
this shows that some new ideas 
are so good that they lost 

3398
03:00:34,600 --> 03:00:37,100
through time. 
The age-old practice of passing 

3399
03:00:37,100 --> 03:00:39,400
down because Medicare recipes 
from one generation to. 

3400
03:00:39,400 --> 03:00:41,100
The next is still going strong 
today. 

3401
03:00:41,100 --> 03:00:45,000
Even though people today don't 
grind their own pigments or mix 

3402
03:00:45,000 --> 03:00:47,400
their own formulas. 
They still share Beauty 

3403
03:00:47,400 --> 03:00:50,500
knowledge, through social media,
beauty community and family 

3404
03:00:50,500 --> 03:00:52,900
traditions. 
This is how knowledge is always 

3405
03:00:52,900 --> 03:00:55,300
been passed out. 
There are strong Echoes of 

3406
03:00:55,300 --> 03:00:58,900
ancient perfume, traditions, in 
modern times, modern perfume 

3407
03:00:58,900 --> 03:01:01,500
makers are still influenced by 
the layering technique that 

3408
03:01:01,500 --> 03:01:05,100
ancient Persian and Arab 
perfumers came up with Using 

3409
03:01:05,100 --> 03:01:07,900
incense and aromatherapy to 
improve mood, and spiritual 

3410
03:01:07,900 --> 03:01:10,400
practice as a direct link to 
ancient Customs. 

3411
03:01:10,400 --> 03:01:14,300
Even modern perfume ads often 
use old ideas about how smell 

3412
03:01:14,300 --> 03:01:16,900
affects feelings, memories and 
identity. 

3413
03:01:16,900 --> 03:01:20,000
The gender fluid approach to 
Cosmetics, that was common in 

3414
03:01:20,000 --> 03:01:22,800
many ancient cultures is making 
a comeback in modern Beauty 

3415
03:01:22,800 --> 03:01:25,400
culture. 
The old idea that make up could 

3416
03:01:25,400 --> 03:01:28,400
make anyone look better. 
No matter what gender they were 

3417
03:01:28,400 --> 03:01:31,700
fits with modern movements 
toward beauty standards that 

3418
03:01:31,700 --> 03:01:34,700
include everyone and non-binary 
ways to express yourself with 

3419
03:01:34,700 --> 03:01:37,400
Cosmetics. 
The use of makeup for ceremonies

3420
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:39,800
and special events has not 
changed much since ancient 

3421
03:01:39,800 --> 03:01:42,500
times. 
Many of the makeup traditions 

3422
03:01:42,500 --> 03:01:45,300
for weddings come from old 
beauty practices for bride's 

3423
03:01:45,300 --> 03:01:48,400
makeup for theater and 
performance is still very much 

3424
03:01:48,400 --> 03:01:51,700
like the face painting that was 
done in ancient rituals, even 

3425
03:01:51,700 --> 03:01:54,000
the makeup, we wear every day 
for special occasions. 

3426
03:01:54,000 --> 03:01:57,400
Follows patterns, set by ancient
cultures for marking important 

3427
03:01:57,400 --> 03:02:00,800
events and changes using makeup 
to show social and professional 

3428
03:02:00,800 --> 03:02:03,700
roles as an old practice that 
has changed, but is still used 

3429
03:02:03,700 --> 03:02:06,200
today. 
Professional makeup standards in

3430
03:02:06,208 --> 03:02:08,600
many fields from business to 
entertainment. 

3431
03:02:08,600 --> 03:02:11,800
Carry on the old practice of 
using looks to show competence 

3432
03:02:11,800 --> 03:02:13,800
and status. 
Power. 

3433
03:02:13,800 --> 03:02:16,400
Look in today's business, world 
comes directly from the old 

3434
03:02:16,400 --> 03:02:19,600
practice of using makeup to show
that you are in charge and 

3435
03:02:19,600 --> 03:02:23,000
capable beauty standards from 
the past still affect modern 

3436
03:02:23,000 --> 03:02:25,800
makeup goals. 
But in different ways, The 

3437
03:02:25,800 --> 03:02:28,400
desire for Perfect Skin that 
people have had for a long time 

3438
03:02:28,400 --> 03:02:31,600
is what drives the development 
of modern foundations and 

3439
03:02:31,600 --> 03:02:34,400
concealers. 
The ancient focus on a bright 

3440
03:02:34,400 --> 03:02:37,500
healthy, looking skin tone 
inspires, today's highlighter 

3441
03:02:37,500 --> 03:02:39,500
and skincare makeup hybrid 
products. 

3442
03:02:40,300 --> 03:02:43,300
Ancient ways of making lips. 
Look better, have an effect on 

3443
03:02:43,300 --> 03:02:45,500
everything from lip. 
Plumping crisis, Plumping 

3444
03:02:45,500 --> 03:02:47,200
products to cosmetic. 
Surgery. 

3445
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:50,300
People still think of makeup as 
a way to express their culture, 

3446
03:02:50,300 --> 03:02:52,400
just like they did in ancient 
times. 

3447
03:02:53,700 --> 03:02:56,700
Traditional cosmetic practices 
from different cultures, still 

3448
03:02:56,700 --> 03:03:00,200
work well, with modern ones, 
making beautiful landscapes that

3449
03:03:00,200 --> 03:03:03,600
honor both the past and the 
future header art traditional 

3450
03:03:03,600 --> 03:03:06,700
face, painting and cultural 
ceremonial makeup still 

3451
03:03:06,700 --> 03:03:09,500
important and have an impact on 
mainstream Beauty Trendz. 

3452
03:03:09,500 --> 03:03:12,100
Old ways of thinking about 
beauty that were based on 

3453
03:03:12,108 --> 03:03:14,600
seasons and Cycles. 
Still have an effect on how 

3454
03:03:14,600 --> 03:03:18,100
people use Cosmetics today, the 
old custom of changing your 

3455
03:03:18,100 --> 03:03:21,200
makeup and Skin Care routines. 
Based on the seasons, the moon 

3456
03:03:21,200 --> 03:03:24,400
and different stages of life is 
similar to Modern trends that 

3457
03:03:24,400 --> 03:03:27,100
emphasized more natural and 
responsive Beauty practices, 

3458
03:03:27,100 --> 03:03:30,900
seasonal color palettes which 
are often based on Old ideas 

3459
03:03:30,900 --> 03:03:33,400
about how light and the 
environment affect how people 

3460
03:03:33,400 --> 03:03:36,500
look, he still very important in
modern makeup marketing and 

3461
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:38,800
choice. 
The old idea that beauty is 

3462
03:03:38,800 --> 03:03:41,100
something that people do 
together is still around today, 

3463
03:03:41,100 --> 03:03:45,400
Beauty parties friends, putting 
on makeup together and groups. 

3464
03:03:45,400 --> 03:03:48,200
Getting ready for special events
are all ways that the social 

3465
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:51,400
side of beauty culture has 
stayed alive for thousands of 

3466
03:03:51,400 --> 03:03:53,900
years. 
Beauty communities on Social 

3467
03:03:53,900 --> 03:03:57,100
media, take this old practice 
into the digital world, making 

3468
03:03:57,100 --> 03:04:00,200
new versions of the old ways of 
sharing knowledge, and helping 

3469
03:04:00,200 --> 03:04:03,200
each other that were common in 
ancient Beauty culture as you 

3470
03:04:03,200 --> 03:04:05,400
fall asleep. 
Think about how your makeup 

3471
03:04:05,400 --> 03:04:07,000
routine in the morning will 
connect you. 

3472
03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:08,900
To the vast River of Human 
Experience. 

3473
03:04:08,900 --> 03:04:12,100
When you put that first color on
your face, you'll be doing 

3474
03:04:12,100 --> 03:04:14,400
something that connects you to 
Cave painters. 

3475
03:04:14,400 --> 03:04:19,300
Egyptian, priests Chinese caught
ladies, Roman matrons and many 

3476
03:04:19,300 --> 03:04:22,000
more who knew that the phases. 
The first canvas for art 

3477
03:04:22,000 --> 03:04:25,900
identity and change, even though
your makeup may be made in 

3478
03:04:25,900 --> 03:04:29,100
modern factories, instead of 
being ground by hand from sacred

3479
03:04:29,100 --> 03:04:32,600
minerals, the impulses still the
same to show the world, your 

3480
03:04:32,600 --> 03:04:36,500
best self to take part in your 
cultures, Beauty traditions and 

3481
03:04:36,500 --> 03:04:39,500
to enjoy the little daily magic 
of transformation that make up 

3482
03:04:39,500 --> 03:04:42,400
brings in this way. 
You take part in one of the 

3483
03:04:42,400 --> 03:04:44,900
oldest and most enduring art 
forms every morning. 

3484
03:04:45,800 --> 03:04:48,700
You become part of a story that 
started in caves long before. 

3485
03:04:48,700 --> 03:04:51,700
People lived in them and will go
on as long as people care about 

3486
03:04:51,700 --> 03:04:55,000
beauty identity. 
And the never-ending interesting

3487
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:57,500
link between who we are? 
And how we choose to look to 

3488
03:04:57,500 --> 03:05:00,400
Plumping at the world. 
The ancient history of Cosmetics

3489
03:05:00,400 --> 03:05:04,200
isn't really history at all, 
it's the present lived out every

3490
03:05:04,200 --> 03:05:07,600
day in millions of mirrors 
around the world as Timeless and

3491
03:05:07,600 --> 03:05:09,900
real. 
As the human face itself, while 

3492
03:05:09,900 --> 03:05:12,900
you relax even more in the 
evening, let your mind drift to 

3493
03:05:12,900 --> 03:05:16,000
the workshops and Labs where 
ancient cosmetic makers worked 

3494
03:05:16,000 --> 03:05:18,800
their magic. 
These long-forgotten Alchemists,

3495
03:05:18,800 --> 03:05:21,100
worked hundreds of years before 
Modern Chemistry. 

3496
03:05:21,100 --> 03:05:24,600
They came up with formulation 
methods that are so Advanced 

3497
03:05:24,600 --> 03:05:27,200
that modern cosmetic scientists 
are still trying to figure out 

3498
03:05:27,200 --> 03:05:29,100
how they got such amazing 
results. 

3499
03:05:29,100 --> 03:05:32,500
Imagine yourself in the workshop
of a cosmetic maker from ancient

3500
03:05:32,500 --> 03:05:38,000
Egypt, maybe in the busy City of
Memphis around 1200 BCE the room

3501
03:05:38,000 --> 03:05:41,200
smells like frankincense and the
earthy smell of minerals being 

3502
03:05:41,200 --> 03:05:44,200
ground. 
Clay pots sit on wooden shelves.

3503
03:05:44,200 --> 03:05:47,000
Each one holding carefully. 
Chosen ingredients that took 

3504
03:05:47,000 --> 03:05:51,200
months or even years to prepare 
the master cosmetic maker starts

3505
03:05:51,200 --> 03:05:54,700
her Day Before Dawn, not because
she was in a hurry but because 

3506
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:57,800
the cool morning air is best for
some of the preparations before,

3507
03:05:57,800 --> 03:06:01,200
the desert heat affects the 
delicate chemical processes. 

3508
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:05,000
She's in charge of She treats 
her work with the respect of a 

3509
03:06:05,000 --> 03:06:06,900
priest and the accuracy of a 
mathematician. 

3510
03:06:06,900 --> 03:06:10,100
She knows that the difference 
between a cosmetic that makes 

3511
03:06:10,100 --> 03:06:11,800
you look better and one that 
hurts. 

3512
03:06:11,800 --> 03:06:15,400
Your skin can be as small as a 
grain of Sam and what she makes 

3513
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:17,800
cold, using a method that has 
been passed down through her 

3514
03:06:17,800 --> 03:06:21,900
family for Generations. 
She starts with Galena, a lead 

3515
03:06:21,908 --> 03:06:25,900
sulfide mineral that gives coal,
its unique deep black color, but

3516
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:29,100
she doesn't just grind them in 
mix it with oil instead. 

3517
03:06:29,100 --> 03:06:32,000
She follows a complicated 
process that scientists today. 

3518
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:34,000
Are just starting to figure out 
first. 

3519
03:06:34,000 --> 03:06:37,700
She eats the Galena in a special
furnace and she knows how to 

3520
03:06:37,700 --> 03:06:39,800
control the temperature with a 
level of knowledge about 

3521
03:06:39,800 --> 03:06:42,000
Metallurgy. 
That wouldn't be out of place in

3522
03:06:42,000 --> 03:06:44,600
a modern lab. 
The heat changes, the minerals 

3523
03:06:44,600 --> 03:06:47,700
crystal structure, which makes 
it safer to use around the eyes 

3524
03:06:47,700 --> 03:06:50,500
and improves its color. 
She adds small amounts of other 

3525
03:06:50,500 --> 03:06:53,500
minerals while heating the 
metal, like, a pinch of antimony

3526
03:06:53,500 --> 03:06:56,800
here and a trace of silver. 
There, This makes an alloy that 

3527
03:06:56,800 --> 03:06:58,400
is stronger than the sum of its 
parts. 

3528
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:01,900
After that the grinding process 
takes hours of careful work. 

3529
03:07:02,500 --> 03:07:05,000
She makes a powder from the 
treated mineral, that is so 

3530
03:07:05,000 --> 03:07:06,700
fine. 
It feels like Silk between her 

3531
03:07:06,700 --> 03:07:09,000
fingers by using a palette made 
of carefully. 

3532
03:07:09,000 --> 03:07:13,600
Chosen Stone the consistency, 
has to be just right if it's too

3533
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:16,300
coarse, the coal will scratch 
the delicate skin around the 

3534
03:07:16,300 --> 03:07:19,200
eyes and if it's too fine it 
won't stay on or cover. 

3535
03:07:19,200 --> 03:07:22,300
Well, the mixing of the final 
formula is where science and art

3536
03:07:22,300 --> 03:07:25,300
really come together. 
She mixes the powdered mineral 

3537
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:28,200
with a carefully balanced. 
Blend of animal fats, plant 

3538
03:07:28,200 --> 03:07:32,600
oils, and fragrant resins. 
To help the pigments stick to 

3539
03:07:32,600 --> 03:07:35,700
the skin and make it easier to 
apply the oils. 

3540
03:07:35,700 --> 03:07:38,800
Keep the mixture from drying out
too quickly and the resins act 

3541
03:07:38,800 --> 03:07:42,700
as natural preservative. 
But the right amounts of very 

3542
03:07:42,700 --> 03:07:46,300
important and they change with 
the season, the use of the moon 

3543
03:07:46,300 --> 03:07:49,900
phase, some of versions have 
more oils to keep the cold from 

3544
03:07:49,900 --> 03:07:52,900
drying out in the Heat and 
winter version, have more facts 

3545
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:56,800
to protect it from cold winds. 
Coal made for everyday use is 

3546
03:07:56,800 --> 03:07:59,000
different from coal made for 
religious ceremonies or special 

3547
03:07:59,000 --> 03:08:01,300
events. 
The ancient Egyptians knew 

3548
03:08:01,300 --> 03:08:03,700
something that modern cosmetic 
science has rediscovered. 

3549
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:07,200
How ingredients are put together
is often more important than the

3550
03:08:07,200 --> 03:08:10,200
ingredients themselves. 
They came up with ways to make 

3551
03:08:10,200 --> 03:08:14,300
stable, emulsions control 
particle size and get consistent

3552
03:08:14,300 --> 03:08:15,600
color. 
That are just as good as what 

3553
03:08:15,600 --> 03:08:17,300
modern manufacturing methods can
do. 

3554
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:20,700
They knew a lot more than just 
coal Egyptian make up. 

3555
03:08:20,708 --> 03:08:23,000
Artists made lip colors. 
That brought out the natural 

3556
03:08:23,000 --> 03:08:26,500
tones of different skin types 
and of hiding them as well as I 

3557
03:08:26,500 --> 03:08:28,300
Shadows. 
That wouldn't smudge even when 

3558
03:08:28,300 --> 03:08:31,100
you sweat, and Rouge that stayed
bright for hours in the desert 

3559
03:08:31,100 --> 03:08:33,100
heat. 
They were able to get these 

3560
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:35,600
results without using any of 
today's preservatives 

3561
03:08:35,600 --> 03:08:39,500
stabilizers or color faster, 
colorfast telefast Technologies.

3562
03:08:39,500 --> 03:08:43,500
Ancient Chinese Cosmetics were 
just as advanced but they were 

3563
03:08:43,500 --> 03:08:46,500
based on different ideas from 
traditional Chinese medicine and

3564
03:08:46,500 --> 03:08:50,000
towers for philosophy. 
Chinese cosmetic makers thought 

3565
03:08:50,000 --> 03:08:53,300
of their work as a way to heal 
people, they made products that 

3566
03:08:53,300 --> 03:08:55,800
not only made people look 
better, but also made them 

3567
03:08:55,800 --> 03:08:58,400
healthier and happier, think 
about going to a Chinese 

3568
03:08:58,400 --> 03:09:02,600
cosmetic Workshop in the city 
around 750 CE. 

3569
03:09:03,800 --> 03:09:06,700
The master Craftsman starts his 
work by meditating and doing 

3570
03:09:06,700 --> 03:09:10,100
purification rituals. 
He knows that how he feels will 

3571
03:09:10,100 --> 03:09:11,400
affect the quality of what he 
makes. 

3572
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,000
He thinks that Cosmetics made 
with good intentions and Care 

3573
03:09:15,000 --> 03:09:17,400
will pass those qualities onto 
the people who use them. 

3574
03:09:17,400 --> 03:09:20,500
Modern cosmetic scientists are 
still trying to figure out how 

3575
03:09:20,500 --> 03:09:24,100
to make Chinese face powder. 
The Craftsman starts with rice 

3576
03:09:24,100 --> 03:09:27,400
that has been carefully, chosen 
for its type how it grows. 

3577
03:09:27,400 --> 03:09:30,700
And when it is harvested 
different, kinds of rice, make 

3578
03:09:30,700 --> 03:09:32,200
powders with different 
qualities. 

3579
03:09:32,200 --> 03:09:35,500
Some give better coverage, 
others make the Surface smoother

3580
03:09:35,500 --> 03:09:37,800
and still others. 
Give the most natural looking 

3581
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:40,000
Finish. 
First, the rice is washed in 

3582
03:09:40,000 --> 03:09:42,200
spring water that Temple Priests
of blessed. 

3583
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:46,000
Then it is dried in a certain 
way that keeps the humidity in 

3584
03:09:46,000 --> 03:09:49,100
temperature just right. 
Stone Mills that have been used 

3585
03:09:49,100 --> 03:09:51,200
for Generations, are used to 
grind the grains. 

3586
03:09:51,200 --> 03:09:54,800
Their surfaces are smooth from 
all the batches of powder and a 

3587
03:09:54,800 --> 03:09:57,200
flavored with the oils and 
Essences of past preparations. 

3588
03:09:57,200 --> 03:10:00,300
But the real sophistication is 
in the additives that change 

3589
03:10:00,300 --> 03:10:02,300
plain rice flour into makeup 
powder. 

3590
03:10:03,200 --> 03:10:05,800
The Craftsman carefully adds the
right amount of ground pearls 

3591
03:10:05,800 --> 03:10:08,200
which give the power of the 
shine that made Chinese 

3592
03:10:08,200 --> 03:10:10,900
complexion powder famous all 
over Asia. 

3593
03:10:11,600 --> 03:10:14,000
To make the pearls into the 
finest powder possible, they 

3594
03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:16,200
must be prepared. 
Using secret methods that keep 

3595
03:10:16,200 --> 03:10:17,700
their light reflecting, 
properties. 

3596
03:10:17,700 --> 03:10:21,000
Other ingredients are powered 
Jade, which is thought to have 

3597
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:24,000
healing properties ground, sea 
shells, which are thought to 

3598
03:10:24,000 --> 03:10:27,600
have minerals in the, and small 
amounts of precious metals which

3599
03:10:27,600 --> 03:10:31,300
give the color a subtle effect. 
Each addition is made using 

3600
03:10:31,300 --> 03:10:33,800
complicated formulas, that take 
into account, how the 

3601
03:10:33,800 --> 03:10:37,400
ingredients will work together. 
The user's desired skin, tone 

3602
03:10:37,400 --> 03:10:41,100
and even astrological factors 
that determine the best times to

3603
03:10:41,100 --> 03:10:43,800
mix Cosmetics. 
Ancient Indian cosmetic 

3604
03:10:43,800 --> 03:10:46,700
preparation combined, ayurvedic 
medicine, with Advanced 

3605
03:10:46,700 --> 03:10:50,000
chemistry to make products that 
were good for both health and 

3606
03:10:50,000 --> 03:10:53,100
beauty. 
Indian cosmetic companies were 

3607
03:10:53,100 --> 03:10:55,700
some of the first to realize 
that healthy skin is the key to 

3608
03:10:55,700 --> 03:10:58,200
true beauty. 
They made products that improve 

3609
03:10:58,200 --> 03:11:00,800
the look of the skin while. 
Also treating underlying skin 

3610
03:11:00,800 --> 03:11:02,900
problems modern eye doctors 
agree. 

3611
03:11:02,900 --> 03:11:05,200
That the methods used to make 
kajal the unique. 

3612
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:07,700
Indian eye makeup were very 
Advanced for their time. 

3613
03:11:07,700 --> 03:11:10,900
Indian cosmetic companies knew 
that things used around the 

3614
03:11:10,908 --> 03:11:13,600
eyes, had to be both pretty and 
good for your health. 

3615
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:16,700
They had to be able to make your
eyes healthy and stead of just 

3616
03:11:16,700 --> 03:11:20,300
looking good to make kajal the 
old-fashioned way you first have

3617
03:11:20,300 --> 03:11:22,500
to choose the right oils and 
Wicks very carefully. 

3618
03:11:22,500 --> 03:11:26,000
People choose castor oil sesame,
oil and ghee. 

3619
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:28,800
Not only because they burn well 
but flow well but also because 

3620
03:11:28,800 --> 03:11:31,500
they are good for you. 
The Wicks are made from cotton 

3621
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:34,700
that was grown without chemical 
fertilizers and processed in a 

3622
03:11:34,708 --> 03:11:36,900
way that keeps the fibers 
natural properties. 

3623
03:11:36,900 --> 03:11:40,000
The burning happens in special 
lamps that control the 

3624
03:11:40,000 --> 03:11:43,600
temperature and heavy and heavy 
and airflow to make the cleanest

3625
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:46,400
suit possible. 
Craftsman, watches over the 

3626
03:11:46,400 --> 03:11:49,300
Flames, all night. 
Making sure the Wicks are in the

3627
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:51,700
right place, and that the soot 
is of good quality. 

3628
03:11:52,800 --> 03:11:55,100
Different stages of the burning 
process makes such with 

3629
03:11:55,100 --> 03:11:58,200
different properties. 
Early, soot is finer and better 

3630
03:11:58,200 --> 03:11:59,900
for everyday. 
Use while later. 

3631
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:03,100
Soot has more dramatic color and
last longer at the same time, 

3632
03:12:03,100 --> 03:12:06,300
she would criticize working 
women for using simple Rouge or 

3633
03:12:06,308 --> 03:12:09,600
darkening their lashes with soot
cosmetic makers in ancient 

3634
03:12:09,600 --> 03:12:13,400
Persia made complex, perfumes. 
That stayed stable for years and

3635
03:12:13,400 --> 03:12:17,000
could be layered to make new 
more complex sentence, their 

3636
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:20,000
knowledge of how to extract 
preserve and mix essential oils 

3637
03:12:20,000 --> 03:12:23,800
had an impact on perfume, making
all over the Islamic world, and 

3638
03:12:23,800 --> 03:12:26,200
it eventually made its way to 
Europe through trade and 

3639
03:12:26,200 --> 03:12:28,900
Conquest. 
The Persians made perfume by 

3640
03:12:28,900 --> 03:12:32,500
finding a balance between sweet 
and bitter lightning, heavy and 

3641
03:12:32,500 --> 03:12:36,000
warming and Cooling. 
Perfume was thought that a 

3642
03:12:36,000 --> 03:12:37,500
fragrance that was perfectly 
balanced. 

3643
03:12:37,500 --> 03:12:41,400
Could change the whereas mood 
health and spiritual state. 

3644
03:12:41,400 --> 03:12:44,000
So making perfume was a form of 
therapeutic. 

3645
03:12:44,000 --> 03:12:47,300
Art ancient Roman Cosmetics were
made on a scale that wouldn't be

3646
03:12:47,300 --> 03:12:50,500
seen again, and until the modern
era Roman workshops make 

3647
03:12:50,500 --> 03:12:52,500
Cosmetics for use all over the 
empire. 

3648
03:12:53,300 --> 03:12:56,100
We came up with standard recipes
and ways of making them that 

3649
03:12:56,100 --> 03:12:58,600
made sure the quality was the 
same no matter where you were 

3650
03:12:58,600 --> 03:13:01,800
Roman cosmetic makers, were some
of the first to realize how 

3651
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:04,900
important it was to check the 
quality of their products and 

3652
03:13:04,900 --> 03:13:06,700
make sure that each batch was 
the same. 

3653
03:13:07,600 --> 03:13:10,400
They came up with ways to test 
that Rouge would keep its color 

3654
03:13:10,400 --> 03:13:14,000
that face powder would cover 
evenly and that perfumes would 

3655
03:13:14,000 --> 03:13:15,900
smell the same. 
No matter where they were made 

3656
03:13:15,900 --> 03:13:19,600
whether in Rome or far off 
provinces, the Romans had a very

3657
03:13:19,600 --> 03:13:23,000
Advanced way of keeping 
Cosmetics, fresh, they knew that

3658
03:13:23,008 --> 03:13:26,000
Cosmetics had to stay stable 
during long sea trips to far 

3659
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:28,700
away markets, even when the 
temperature and humidity 

3660
03:13:28,700 --> 03:13:31,900
changed, and the physical 
stresses of travel occurred. 

3661
03:13:31,900 --> 03:13:35,900
Travel occurred occurred. 
They learned how to use natural 

3662
03:13:35,900 --> 03:13:38,800
antimicrobials and airtight 
packaging to keep their products

3663
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:41,800
fresh for months, or even years.
As you picture these old 

3664
03:13:41,800 --> 03:13:44,900
cosmetic workshops, you can see 
the beginning of an industry 

3665
03:13:44,900 --> 03:13:48,300
that combined Arts science and 
business in ways that are still 

3666
03:13:48,308 --> 03:13:50,200
used by modern cosmetic 
companies. 

3667
03:13:50,800 --> 03:13:53,700
These ancient formulators set 
the stage for figuring out how 

3668
03:13:53,700 --> 03:13:57,000
ingredients work together, how 
to get the same results every 

3669
03:13:57,000 --> 03:13:58,900
time. 
And how to make products that 

3670
03:13:58,900 --> 03:14:01,500
make people look better while 
also keeping them safe and 

3671
03:14:01,500 --> 03:14:05,000
healthy their methods, which 
have been improved over 100s of 

3672
03:14:05,008 --> 03:14:07,300
years of trial and error and 
passed down through. 

3673
03:14:07,300 --> 03:14:10,900
Generations of skilled Craftsmen
are a treasure Trove of 

3674
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:14,100
information that modern cosmetic
science is still discovering and

3675
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:17,700
rediscovering. 
In a lot of cases, these old 

3676
03:14:17,700 --> 03:14:20,200
formulators got results. 
That modern companies have a 

3677
03:14:20,200 --> 03:14:22,900
hard time getting with modern 
technology and synthetic 

3678
03:14:22,900 --> 03:14:25,300
ingredients. 
Their makeup containers were 

3679
03:14:25,300 --> 03:14:27,700
useful because they could hold 
both makeup and food or other 

3680
03:14:27,700 --> 03:14:30,600
things when they weren't needed.
Imagine yourself in the private 

3681
03:14:30,600 --> 03:14:34,100
rooms of a rich Roman woman 
named Olivia, Where the first 

3682
03:14:34,100 --> 03:14:37,800
light of dawn comes through silk
curtains, as her personal 

3683
03:14:37,800 --> 03:14:40,500
slaves, get ready for the days 
transformational ritual. 

3684
03:14:40,500 --> 03:14:43,500
The room is already buzzing with
quiet activity. 

3685
03:14:44,100 --> 03:14:45,700
This isn't just putting on 
makeup. 

3686
03:14:45,700 --> 03:14:48,700
It's a carefully planned 
ceremony that will take several 

3687
03:14:48,700 --> 03:14:51,700
hours and involve a lot of 
people, each of whom is an 

3688
03:14:51,700 --> 03:14:54,500
expert in a different part of 
the process of making someone 

3689
03:14:54,500 --> 03:14:57,100
look better. 
So, fire a Greek woman, who is 

3690
03:14:57,108 --> 03:15:01,000
chosen for her artistic skills 
is Olivia's main cosmetic slave 

3691
03:15:01,800 --> 03:15:04,400
She starts by looking at her 
Mistresses skin in the Morning 

3692
03:15:04,400 --> 03:15:07,000
Light people. 
In ancient Rome knew that make 

3693
03:15:07,000 --> 03:15:09,300
up had to be. 
Put on in a way that worked with

3694
03:15:09,308 --> 03:15:12,900
each person's unique features, 
skin tone and the needs of the 

3695
03:15:12,900 --> 03:15:16,400
day. 
Sophia runs her experience. 

3696
03:15:16,400 --> 03:15:19,900
Fingers, gently over Olivia's 
face, looking for changes in the

3697
03:15:19,900 --> 03:15:22,700
texture of her skin new 
blemishes that need to be 

3698
03:15:22,700 --> 03:15:25,000
covered or areas that need extra
care. 

3699
03:15:25,000 --> 03:15:27,600
The first step in getting ready 
is to wash. 

3700
03:15:28,400 --> 03:15:31,000
But not with a quick splash of 
water like people do now. 

3701
03:15:31,800 --> 03:15:35,400
A warm mixture of milk, honey. 
And ground almonds is used to 

3702
03:15:35,408 --> 03:15:39,200
gently clean Livia's face. 
The milk has mild acids that get

3703
03:15:39,200 --> 03:15:42,100
rid of dead skin cells. 
The honey is a natural 

3704
03:15:42,100 --> 03:15:45,500
antiseptic and moisturizer and 
the almonds gently rub the skin 

3705
03:15:45,500 --> 03:15:48,600
to make it smoother. 
So, fair uses her hands to apply

3706
03:15:48,600 --> 03:15:51,500
this mixture in circles, which 
she has learned how to do 

3707
03:15:51,500 --> 03:15:54,300
perfectly over the years. 
The massage part of the 

3708
03:15:54,300 --> 03:15:57,000
cleansing is almost as important
as the cleansing itself. 

3709
03:15:57,000 --> 03:16:01,300
The gentle pressure gets blood 
flowing to the skin, giving it a

3710
03:16:01,300 --> 03:16:04,100
Natural Glow, that will be the 
base for the days makeup after 

3711
03:16:04,100 --> 03:16:07,200
cleaning, its time to put on the
base and this is where ancient 

3712
03:16:07,200 --> 03:16:09,300
Roman techniques show how 
advanced they were. 

3713
03:16:10,400 --> 03:16:12,700
The white-led mixture that will 
give Olivia a trendy. 

3714
03:16:12,700 --> 03:16:15,500
Pale complexion isn't just 
painted on her skin. 

3715
03:16:15,500 --> 03:16:19,800
It's built up in thin almost 
clear layers, that give her skin

3716
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:22,200
depth and shine while still 
looking natural. 

3717
03:16:22,200 --> 03:16:25,400
Sapphire starts with the 
lightest possible application 

3718
03:16:25,400 --> 03:16:29,400
using a wet sea sponge to apply 
the mixture in soft overlapping 

3719
03:16:29,400 --> 03:16:31,700
Strokes. 
She starts in the middle of the 

3720
03:16:31,700 --> 03:16:35,100
face and works her way out. 
Making sure to blend each part 

3721
03:16:35,100 --> 03:16:38,400
before moving on to the next. 
The process needs perfect 

3722
03:16:38,400 --> 03:16:40,800
timing. 
Each layer needs to set for a 

3723
03:16:40,800 --> 03:16:42,100
little while before the next one
goes on. 

3724
03:16:42,100 --> 03:16:44,400
But not so long that it becomes 
hard to blend. 

3725
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:46,300
It takes a lot of skill to do 
this. 

3726
03:16:46,300 --> 03:16:50,700
So fire has to decide how opaque
each layer is how the mixture 

3727
03:16:50,700 --> 03:16:53,800
will look on Olivia's skin tone 
and how the final result will 

3728
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:55,600
look in different types of light
during the day. 

3729
03:16:56,500 --> 03:16:59,000
If you put on too much makeup it
will look like a mask and not 

3730
03:16:59,008 --> 03:17:01,000
real. 
If you don't use enough, it 

3731
03:17:01,000 --> 03:17:03,500
won't look like the porcelain 
that Roman fashion calls for 

3732
03:17:03,500 --> 03:17:06,100
while the base is being built 
another slave. 

3733
03:17:06,100 --> 03:17:08,800
Gets the Rouge ready to put 
color back into Libya's cheeks 

3734
03:17:08,800 --> 03:17:12,200
which have become pale. 
It's not as easy as just opening

3735
03:17:12,200 --> 03:17:14,800
a container. 
And putting on color, the Rouge 

3736
03:17:14,800 --> 03:17:17,800
needs to be mixed fresh every 
day to get the best color and 

3737
03:17:17,800 --> 03:17:21,500
consistency. 
Slave users oils and waxes to 

3738
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:23,200
grind, Cinnabar on a small 
palette. 

3739
03:17:23,200 --> 03:17:26,400
Adding tiny amounts of other 
colors to make the exact color 

3740
03:17:26,400 --> 03:17:28,700
that Livia skin needs for the 
days activities. 

3741
03:17:28,700 --> 03:17:31,400
Putting on Rouge requires a 
different set of skills. 

3742
03:17:31,400 --> 03:17:35,100
So, fire uses a brush made of 
fine animal hair to apply the 

3743
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:38,400
color in exact patterns that 
make Olivia's natural bone 

3744
03:17:38,400 --> 03:17:41,300
structure. 
Look better ancient Roman makeup

3745
03:17:41,300 --> 03:17:44,000
artists knew how to use color 
and shading to make it look like

3746
03:17:44,000 --> 03:17:47,100
you had higher cheekbones and 
more refined nose and a more 

3747
03:17:47,108 --> 03:17:50,300
perfect oval face shape. 
These are technique that modern 

3748
03:17:50,300 --> 03:17:53,100
make up artist would recognize 
putting on eye. 

3749
03:17:53,100 --> 03:17:55,300
Makeup is probably the hardest 
part of the whole ritual. 

3750
03:17:55,300 --> 03:17:58,708
Roman women like to dramatic eye
effects that needed a lot of 

3751
03:17:58,716 --> 03:18:00,800
different products and very 
careful application. 

3752
03:18:01,800 --> 03:18:04,700
So fire starts by darkening 
Olivia's lashes with a mix of 

3753
03:18:04,700 --> 03:18:08,300
oils and soot using a small 
brush to cover each lash. 

3754
03:18:09,200 --> 03:18:11,800
The method is similar to how 
people put on mascara today. 

3755
03:18:11,800 --> 03:18:14,900
But it takes a lot more skill 
because the product doesn't have

3756
03:18:14,900 --> 03:18:18,200
the synthetic polymers, that 
make modern mascara easier to 

3757
03:18:18,200 --> 03:18:21,600
put on next, the eyeshadow is 
put on in layers to give it 

3758
03:18:21,608 --> 03:18:24,900
depth and dimension. 
Sophia Sophia, Sophia uses 

3759
03:18:24,900 --> 03:18:27,100
different colors on different 
parts of the eyelid. 

3760
03:18:27,100 --> 03:18:30,600
For example, she uses a lighter 
shade near the inner corner, to 

3761
03:18:30,600 --> 03:18:33,800
make the eyes look bigger and 
brighter, a medium shade across 

3762
03:18:33,800 --> 03:18:36,900
the main lid area and a darker 
shade in the crease to make the 

3763
03:18:36,900 --> 03:18:39,900
eyes look deeper set. 
The last step in putting on eye 

3764
03:18:39,900 --> 03:18:41,700
makeup is to put coal around the
eye itself. 

3765
03:18:41,700 --> 03:18:45,300
You need the steadiest hand and 
the most accurate technique for 

3766
03:18:45,300 --> 03:18:48,900
this because any mistakes will 
be obvious right away and hard 

3767
03:18:48,900 --> 03:18:52,900
to fix. 
So fire uses a thin bronze Rod 

3768
03:18:52,900 --> 03:18:56,400
to apply the coal in smooth. 
Even lines, that follow the 

3769
03:18:56,400 --> 03:18:59,800
natural shape of Libya's eyes 
and go a little past the outer 

3770
03:18:59,800 --> 03:19:02,800
Corners, to make the dramatic 
look that Roman fashion likes. 

3771
03:19:02,800 --> 03:19:06,100
Olivia stays almost still the 
whole time which is something 

3772
03:19:06,100 --> 03:19:08,000
that rich Roman women learned as
kids. 

3773
03:19:08,800 --> 03:19:11,400
People thought that being able 
to sit still for hours while 

3774
03:19:11,400 --> 03:19:14,800
makeup was put on was a sign of 
refinement in self-control. 

3775
03:19:15,600 --> 03:19:19,200
But this isn't just free time. 
Livia uses these hours to think,

3776
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:22,800
plan her day and sometimes even 
dictate letters to scribes while

3777
03:19:22,800 --> 03:19:24,900
she changes. 
The last part of putting on 

3778
03:19:24,900 --> 03:19:27,400
makeup, is painting the lips 
with a red pigment made from 

3779
03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:31,500
crushed insects and plant dies. 
Sophia uses a small brush to 

3780
03:19:31,500 --> 03:19:33,000
make the perfect shape for her 
lips. 

3781
03:19:33,000 --> 03:19:36,900
She often paints outside or 
inside the natural lip line to 

3782
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:39,300
get the proportions that Roman 
beauty standards call for. 

3783
03:19:39,300 --> 03:19:42,000
But the ritual doesn't end when 
the makeup is done. 

3784
03:19:42,900 --> 03:19:45,700
People put the finishing touches
on Libya's hair with scented 

3785
03:19:45,700 --> 03:19:47,100
oils while they painted her 
face. 

3786
03:19:48,000 --> 03:19:50,400
She is carefully arranged her 
clothes to go with her finished.

3787
03:19:50,400 --> 03:19:53,400
Look, she even picks out her 
jewelry to go with the colors 

3788
03:19:53,400 --> 03:19:56,300
and style of her makeup. 
Now, imagine yourself in ancient

3789
03:19:56,300 --> 03:19:59,400
Japan where the ritual for 
putting on makeup is even more 

3790
03:19:59,400 --> 03:20:03,300
complicated and full of meaning.
The four midnight and until 

3791
03:20:03,300 --> 03:20:04,900
dawn. 
Hey and Court. 

3792
03:20:04,900 --> 03:20:06,800
Ladys, private quarters are 
transformed. 

3793
03:20:06,800 --> 03:20:09,800
In one of history is most 
elaborate Beauty, rituals the 

3794
03:20:09,800 --> 03:20:12,400
Japanese way of putting on 
makeup was based on the idea of 

3795
03:20:12,400 --> 03:20:15,300
layers, not just layers of 
makeup but also layers of 

3796
03:20:15,300 --> 03:20:17,500
meaning symbolism and artistic 
expression. 

3797
03:20:17,500 --> 03:20:20,800
Each part of the look was 
carefully chosen to go with the 

3798
03:20:20,800 --> 03:20:24,900
clothes accessories, perfume, 
and even the weather and season 

3799
03:20:24,900 --> 03:20:28,300
of The Day, He attendance of the
Court lady start the process by 

3800
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:31,000
cleaning and conditioning her 
skin with a series of treatments

3801
03:20:31,000 --> 03:20:32,900
that takes several hours to 
finish. 

3802
03:20:33,900 --> 03:20:36,800
They gently scrub her skin with 
rice, bran mixed with different 

3803
03:20:36,800 --> 03:20:39,600
flower Waters. 
And then they put camellia oil 

3804
03:20:39,600 --> 03:20:41,500
on her skin to keep it moist and
safe. 

3805
03:20:41,500 --> 03:20:44,700
It takes years of practice to 
master the art of putting on the

3806
03:20:44,700 --> 03:20:47,400
white face powder. 
That is a big part of hay and 

3807
03:20:47,408 --> 03:20:49,500
makeup. 
You should be able to see no 

3808
03:20:49,500 --> 03:20:51,900
brush marks or uneven areas when
you apply the powder. 

3809
03:20:52,900 --> 03:20:54,700
The coverage must be full and 
opaque. 

3810
03:20:54,700 --> 03:20:57,400
Changing the woman's natural 
color into a surface. 

3811
03:20:57,400 --> 03:21:00,300
That looks like porcelain and 
serves as a canvas for the 

3812
03:21:00,300 --> 03:21:03,000
artistic elements that will 
follow to paint the fake 

3813
03:21:03,000 --> 03:21:05,200
eyebrows which are small ovals 
on the forehead. 

3814
03:21:05,200 --> 03:21:08,600
You need the skill of a master. 
Calligrapher, the paint must be 

3815
03:21:08,608 --> 03:21:11,100
applied with smooth confidence 
Strokes that show. 

3816
03:21:11,100 --> 03:21:13,300
No hesitation or correction 
each. 

3817
03:21:13,300 --> 03:21:16,200
Eyebrow must be the same size 
shape and position. 

3818
03:21:16,200 --> 03:21:19,200
The tiny red lips painted in the
middle of the mouth. 

3819
03:21:19,200 --> 03:21:21,100
The most unique part of hay, and
makeup. 

3820
03:21:21,100 --> 03:21:24,800
And maybe the hardest to do the 
shape must be perfectly 

3821
03:21:24,800 --> 03:21:28,700
symmetrical and fit perfectly in
the middle of the mouth, the 

3822
03:21:28,700 --> 03:21:31,900
color has to be even and bright,
and it has to be made with 

3823
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:34,400
precious red pigments that are 
mixed fresh for each use, 

3824
03:21:34,400 --> 03:21:37,300
applying makeup in. 
Ancient Chinese courts was just 

3825
03:21:37,300 --> 03:21:40,900
as complicated, but it was based
on Confucian ideas of Harmony 

3826
03:21:40,900 --> 03:21:43,800
and balance. 
The process started with 

3827
03:21:43,800 --> 03:21:46,900
meditation and purification 
rituals that got both the person

3828
03:21:46,900 --> 03:21:49,200
applying. 
And the person receiving ready 

3829
03:21:49,200 --> 03:21:50,800
for the change. 
That was about to happen. 

3830
03:21:50,800 --> 03:21:54,000
Chinese makeup application 
focused on enhancing natural 

3831
03:21:54,000 --> 03:21:57,400
beauty rather than changing it. 
The goal was to make the look 

3832
03:21:57,400 --> 03:22:00,800
seem almost natural, but it 
actually took hours of skilled 

3833
03:22:00,800 --> 03:22:04,400
work to get there. 
This Paradox, making something 

3834
03:22:04,400 --> 03:22:07,000
look natural with. 
Artificial means took a lot of 

3835
03:22:07,000 --> 03:22:09,200
skill and knowledge of how 
different colors and techniques 

3836
03:22:09,200 --> 03:22:11,900
would work. 
With each person's features in 

3837
03:22:11,900 --> 03:22:13,500
Ancient. 
India putting on makeup was 

3838
03:22:13,500 --> 03:22:16,100
often a group activity that made
people feel close to each other 

3839
03:22:16,108 --> 03:22:19,700
and made things look better. 
Women would get together to help

3840
03:22:19,700 --> 03:22:22,000
each other get ready for 
festivals weddings and other 

3841
03:22:22,000 --> 03:22:24,900
special events. 
They would share tips stories 

3842
03:22:24,900 --> 03:22:27,300
and knowledge while making 
elaborate henna and makeup 

3843
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:29,700
designs. 
When people use traditional 

3844
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:32,500
Indian makeup, they put it on 
their whole body, not just their

3845
03:22:32,500 --> 03:22:35,400
face. 
Henna designs on hands and feet 

3846
03:22:35,400 --> 03:22:37,900
could take a long time to finish
and needed. 

3847
03:22:37,900 --> 03:22:39,700
The Steady Hand of a skilled 
artist. 

3848
03:22:40,800 --> 03:22:43,700
A complicated geometric and 
floral patterns weren't just for

3849
03:22:43,700 --> 03:22:45,700
show. 
They told stories about the 

3850
03:22:45,700 --> 03:22:49,500
person's family hopes and 
important events in their life, 

3851
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:52,500
aromatherapy was offered a part 
of ancient Middle Eastern 

3852
03:22:52,500 --> 03:22:55,200
makeup. 
Rituals for example, certain 

3853
03:22:55,200 --> 03:22:57,900
perfumes, and incense as were 
burned while putting on makeup 

3854
03:22:57,900 --> 03:23:00,800
to improve mood and create the 
desired mental state. 

3855
03:23:01,600 --> 03:23:04,200
People thought that the smells 
could change not only how the 

3856
03:23:04,200 --> 03:23:07,100
person looked but also their 
personality and Aura as you 

3857
03:23:07,100 --> 03:23:08,800
picture these complicated 
application. 

3858
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:10,900
Rituals. 
You see that, people know that 

3859
03:23:10,900 --> 03:23:13,300
real beauty is more than just 
putting color on the face. 

3860
03:23:13,300 --> 03:23:17,000
These old ways of doing things 
knew that the process of change 

3861
03:23:17,000 --> 03:23:18,900
was just as important as the end
result. 

3862
03:23:19,800 --> 03:23:22,700
The time spent getting ready, 
the skill of The Artisans who 

3863
03:23:22,700 --> 03:23:25,200
worked on it and the purpose 
behind the change. 

3864
03:23:25,200 --> 03:23:26,900
All played a role in the final 
effect. 

3865
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:30,900
These rituals made places for 
meditation socializing art and 

3866
03:23:30,900 --> 03:23:34,200
personal growth that are 
fast-paced modern world often, 

3867
03:23:34,200 --> 03:23:38,000
misses when it comes to Beauty, 
These old ways of doing things 

3868
03:23:38,000 --> 03:23:40,400
remind us that beauty isn't just
about how we look. 

3869
03:23:40,400 --> 03:23:44,100
It's also about taking the time 
to honor ourselves and our place

3870
03:23:44,100 --> 03:23:46,200
in the larger human Community 
picture. 

3871
03:23:46,200 --> 03:23:49,200
One last seen before you go to 
sleep, you're looking into a 

3872
03:23:49,200 --> 03:23:51,400
mirror that can show you. 
Not only your own reflection, 

3873
03:23:51,400 --> 03:23:54,600
but also the voices of everyone 
who has ever looked into a 

3874
03:23:54,608 --> 03:23:57,600
mirror to get ready for the day.
You can see the cave painter, 

3875
03:23:57,600 --> 03:24:00,100
looking at their okra painted 
cheeks and a pool of Still Water

3876
03:24:00,100 --> 03:24:03,000
on that silver surface. 
You can see the Egyptian 

3877
03:24:03,000 --> 03:24:06,500
Priestess looking at her coal 
lined eyes and shiny bronze. 

3878
03:24:06,500 --> 03:24:09,700
The Chinese Court lady is, 
perfecting her porcelain skin. 

3879
03:24:09,700 --> 03:24:13,600
The Roman matron is fixing her 
Rouge and the Indian bride is 

3880
03:24:13,600 --> 03:24:15,400
admiring her henna decorated 
hands. 

3881
03:24:15,400 --> 03:24:18,500
All of these people who lived 
thousands of years apart and in 

3882
03:24:18,500 --> 03:24:22,600
very different places, share the
same basic human desire to show 

3883
03:24:22,600 --> 03:24:26,200
the world their best self to 
take part of their cultures idea

3884
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:30,000
of beauty and to enjoy the small
daily Miracle of change that 

3885
03:24:30,000 --> 03:24:32,800
make up, bring brings your own 
reflection is part of this 

3886
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:35,700
never-ending parade, which 
connects you to everyone who has

3887
03:24:35,700 --> 03:24:38,900
ever mixed pigment. 
Oil ground minerals into powder 

3888
03:24:38,900 --> 03:24:41,800
or carefully applied color to 
make their natural features look

3889
03:24:41,800 --> 03:24:44,700
better. 
The carry on their wisdom, their

3890
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:47,800
new ideas, and their belief, 
that beauty is one of the most 

3891
03:24:47,800 --> 03:24:50,400
lasting and important ways that 
people Express themselves. 

3892
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:54,300
Modern eyeliner is made from 
ancient Egyptian coal that you 

3893
03:24:54,300 --> 03:24:56,100
can still find in your bathroom 
cabinet. 

3894
03:24:56,100 --> 03:24:59,000
Roman Rouge is still used in 
modern blush. 

3895
03:24:59,000 --> 03:25:02,100
Modern Foundation is based on 
Chinese face powder. 

3896
03:25:02,100 --> 03:25:05,300
Today's temporary tattoo art is 
based on Indian henna. 

3897
03:25:06,100 --> 03:25:08,600
The tools and ingredients may be
different but the basic Art 

3898
03:25:08,600 --> 03:25:10,900
stays the same. 
When you look in the mirror 

3899
03:25:10,900 --> 03:25:13,400
tomorrow morning and start your 
own Beauty routine, you'll be 

3900
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:16,400
taking part in one of the oldest
traditions in human history. 

3901
03:25:16,400 --> 03:25:19,700
You will be adding your own 
chapter to a story that began in

3902
03:25:19,708 --> 03:25:23,400
caves long ago and will go on as
long as people care about beauty

3903
03:25:23,400 --> 03:25:25,700
identity and the Magical change 
that happens. 

3904
03:25:25,700 --> 03:25:29,000
When color meets skin, your part
of this old beautiful 

3905
03:25:29,000 --> 03:25:30,900
Neverending Story. 
So sleep. 

3906
03:25:30,900 --> 03:25:34,800
Well Think about Egyptian 
palettes and Chinese brushes, 

3907
03:25:34,800 --> 03:25:38,600
Roman Rouge and Indian henna and
all the people who have used 

3908
03:25:38,600 --> 03:25:41,800
makeup tools and all the faces 
that have been changed by the 

3909
03:25:41,800 --> 03:25:45,300
soft magic of light and pigment.
The history of makeup goes back 

3910
03:25:45,300 --> 03:25:48,600
thousands of years and every 
time you put it on choose a 

3911
03:25:48,600 --> 03:25:51,400
color or change, your look, you 
are continuing that history. 

3912
03:25:51,400 --> 03:25:54,900
You are the newest artist in the
longest running art form in 

3913
03:25:54,900 --> 03:25:57,200
history. 
So tomorrow, you'll paint your 

3914
03:25:57,200 --> 03:25:59,600
Masterpiece again. 
Have a good night's sleep, 

3915
03:25:59,600 --> 03:26:02,300
lovely dreamer. 
May your rest be as peaceful as 

3916
03:26:02,300 --> 03:26:06,000
the satisfaction of ancient 
cosmetic makers who are after 

3917
03:26:06,000 --> 03:26:08,800
hours of careful work. 
Finally set down their brushes 

3918
03:26:08,800 --> 03:26:11,900
and admired their finished work 
in the soft glow of oil lamps 

3919
03:26:11,900 --> 03:26:15,000
and candles knowing they had 
helped someone become the best 

3920
03:26:15,000 --> 03:26:17,300
version of themselves. 
As you think about these 

3921
03:26:17,300 --> 03:26:20,100
historical differences between 
Elite and every day Beauty 

3922
03:26:20,100 --> 03:26:23,300
practices, you see more than 
just differences in how people 

3923
03:26:23,300 --> 03:26:26,000
use Cosmetics. 
You see how human creativity 

3924
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:30,500
adapts to new situation on the 
city leads to new ideas, and how

3925
03:26:30,500 --> 03:26:32,400
the basic desire for beauty 
crosses? 

3926
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:35,400
Social boundaries, even when the
ways to get it, a very 

3927
03:26:35,400 --> 03:26:37,500
different. 
As you continue your peaceful 

3928
03:26:37,500 --> 03:26:40,300
journey through the night. 
Let your mind wander to one of 

3929
03:26:40,308 --> 03:26:42,900
the most interesting parts of 
cosmetic history. 

3930
03:26:44,100 --> 03:26:47,000
Secret meanings. 
Spiritual significance and 

3931
03:26:47,200 --> 03:26:49,700
Hidden messages that make up as 
carried throughout human 

3932
03:26:49,700 --> 03:26:51,800
history. 
Cosmetics have been more than 

3933
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:53,900
just decoration. 
They have been a complex 

3934
03:26:53,908 --> 03:26:57,100
language that could say anything
from religious Devotion, to 

3935
03:26:57,100 --> 03:27:00,100
political allegiance from being 
married to being protected by 

3936
03:27:00,100 --> 03:27:03,400
Magic, picture yourself, as a 
skilled Anthropologist, who can 

3937
03:27:03,408 --> 03:27:06,100
read these pictures as you walk 
through a busy Market in ancient

3938
03:27:06,100 --> 03:27:10,400
Babylon around 600 BCE The faces
around. 

3939
03:27:10,400 --> 03:27:13,100
You tell stories that go far 
beyond just making you look 

3940
03:27:13,100 --> 03:27:15,900
better, people who know what 
they're looking at, can read the

3941
03:27:15,900 --> 03:27:18,800
meaning of each painted. 
I Rouge cheek and carefully, 

3942
03:27:18,800 --> 03:27:21,600
applied lip color, like, pages 
from an illuminated manuscript. 

3943
03:27:21,600 --> 03:27:24,900
The woman with the blue green 
eyeshadow isn't just following 

3944
03:27:24,900 --> 03:27:28,800
fashioned She showing her love 
for Ishtar, the goddess of love 

3945
03:27:28,800 --> 03:27:31,300
and fertility. 
The exact shade of blue, which 

3946
03:27:31,300 --> 03:27:34,200
is made by mixing ground, lapis,
lazuli with the right amount of 

3947
03:27:34,200 --> 03:27:38,200
malachite shows, not only her 
religion, and her, hope for a 

3948
03:27:38,200 --> 03:27:41,200
successful pregnancy, the way 
she applied the color, like 

3949
03:27:41,200 --> 03:27:44,200
wings that go a little past the 
outer corners of her eyes shows 

3950
03:27:44,200 --> 03:27:46,700
that she recently made a big 
offering at is Temple. 

3951
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:50,600
The old man has Cole rimmed eyes
and a well-groomed beard that 

3952
03:27:50,600 --> 03:27:53,400
has been died with henna. 
He is advertising, his job, as a

3953
03:27:53,408 --> 03:27:55,600
scribe, and his status as a 
learned, man. 

3954
03:27:56,300 --> 03:27:58,900
The way he does, his eye makeup 
with thin lines that go up to 

3955
03:27:58,900 --> 03:28:02,400
his temples shows that he knows 
how to read and write in sacred 

3956
03:28:02,400 --> 03:28:05,000
writing systems. 
He specializes in religious 

3957
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:08,100
texts, rather than business 
letters, as shown by the reddish

3958
03:28:08,100 --> 03:28:10,600
tint in his beard, which he got 
by carefully. 

3959
03:28:10,600 --> 03:28:12,800
Applying henna mixed with 
certain scented oils. 

3960
03:28:13,500 --> 03:28:16,700
Even the kids in the market, 
have messages about beauty, the 

3961
03:28:16,700 --> 03:28:19,200
little girl with red Oaker spots
on her cheeks isn't wearing 

3962
03:28:19,200 --> 03:28:22,600
makeup to look pretty those 
spots show that she comes from a

3963
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:26,100
family of metal workers, which 
is a hereditary profession shown

3964
03:28:26,100 --> 03:28:29,100
by this specific. 
Facial marking his mother, put a

3965
03:28:29,100 --> 03:28:31,800
line of coal around his eyes to 
protect him from the evil eye. 

3966
03:28:31,800 --> 03:28:33,800
As part of her daily prayers for
his safety. 

3967
03:28:33,800 --> 03:28:37,200
This complicated system of 
cosmetic communication was used 

3968
03:28:37,200 --> 03:28:40,300
by almost all ancient cultures 
that the meaning of the 

3969
03:28:40,300 --> 03:28:42,900
Cosmetics were very different 
from one culture to another. 

3970
03:28:42,900 --> 03:28:45,900
The one thing that stayed the 
same was that people could use 

3971
03:28:45,900 --> 03:28:49,700
their faces as a canvas to share
complicated information about 

3972
03:28:49,700 --> 03:28:53,800
who they are what they believe 
their status and their planes. 

3973
03:28:53,800 --> 03:28:57,300
In ancient Egypt Cosmetics, had 
a lot to do with religious ideas

3974
03:28:57,300 --> 03:28:59,200
about the afterlife and the 
journey of the Soul. 

3975
03:29:00,000 --> 03:29:03,000
The unique eye makeup that both 
men and women wore wasn't just 

3976
03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:06,700
for looks, there was also a way 
to protect their Spirits, the 

3977
03:29:06,700 --> 03:29:10,200
black holes, stood for the rich 
soil of the Nile Delta which 

3978
03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:14,200
stood for new life and rebirth. 
The green eyeshadow made from 

3979
03:29:14,200 --> 03:29:16,300
malachite links. 
The person who wore it to the 

3980
03:29:16,300 --> 03:29:19,200
god, Horus, and the promise of 
being reborn. 

3981
03:29:19,200 --> 03:29:22,300
Imagine an Egyptian Priestess 
getting ready for a religious 

3982
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:23,700
ceremony at the Temple of 
hathor. 

3983
03:29:23,700 --> 03:29:27,200
Her makeup routine is as planned
out as the ritual itself. 

3984
03:29:28,200 --> 03:29:30,900
He starts by putting down a base
of white chalk mixed with 

3985
03:29:30,900 --> 03:29:33,100
nature. 
This makes a clean canvas that 

3986
03:29:33,100 --> 03:29:36,300
stands for Spiritual cleansing, 
she then carefully Paints the 

3987
03:29:36,300 --> 03:29:39,500
religious symbols that represent
her role such as golden 

3988
03:29:39,500 --> 03:29:42,300
highlights. 
That stand for the sun, god Rae 

3989
03:29:42,300 --> 03:29:44,900
blue accents that connector to 
the night sky and the goddess 

3990
03:29:44,900 --> 03:29:48,600
nut and red elements that stand 
for life, force and divine 

3991
03:29:48,600 --> 03:29:50,700
power. 
Every stroke of the brush has 

3992
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:54,400
meaning the way she draws her 
eye makeup in wing-like shape as

3993
03:29:54,400 --> 03:29:57,400
like, the protective wings of 
the Goddess, Isis, the exact 

3994
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,300
geometric shapes she makes on 
her forehead and cheeks, and not

3995
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:03,100
just for decoration. 
They are sacred symbols, that 

3996
03:30:03,100 --> 03:30:06,100
show her rank in the temple, 
high Rocky, and her specific 

3997
03:30:06,100 --> 03:30:08,500
ritual duties. 
Perfume. 

3998
03:30:08,500 --> 03:30:12,100
She wears are just as important,
the frankincense oil, she puts 

3999
03:30:12,100 --> 03:30:14,900
on her wrist, connects her to 
Divine communication because 

4000
03:30:14,900 --> 03:30:16,800
it's smoked carries prayers to 
the Gods. 

4001
03:30:17,600 --> 03:30:20,600
The mercy puts on her throat is 
a sign of protection against 

4002
03:30:20,600 --> 03:30:23,100
evil and the preservation of 
holy speech. 

4003
03:30:23,100 --> 03:30:26,900
The Jasmine oil, she uses in her
hair stands for feminine divine 

4004
03:30:26,900 --> 03:30:31,000
power, and the drawing in of 
good spiritual forces in Ancient

4005
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:34,500
India, the language of Cosmetics
was just as complicated and 

4006
03:30:34,500 --> 03:30:37,000
important. 
The tiller, which are colored 

4007
03:30:37,000 --> 03:30:40,400
marks on the forehead were a 
complex way to identify someone.

4008
03:30:40,400 --> 03:30:43,700
The knowledgeable person could 
tell their religious sect where 

4009
03:30:43,700 --> 03:30:46,900
they came from, their social 
caste, and even their current 

4010
03:30:46,900 --> 03:30:49,400
spiritual State. 
Picture meeting a merchant from 

4011
03:30:49,400 --> 03:30:51,100
Southern India in a market in 
the North. 

4012
03:30:51,800 --> 03:30:54,500
The red and white vertical lines
on his forehead show that he is 

4013
03:30:54,500 --> 03:30:57,900
a follower of Vishnu and the 
specific pattern shows that he 

4014
03:30:57,900 --> 03:31:00,300
is from a certain area and is a 
merchant. 

4015
03:31:00,300 --> 03:31:02,700
The small dot of Sandalwood 
paste on. 

4016
03:31:02,700 --> 03:31:05,500
His forehead means that he is 
going through a period of 

4017
03:31:05,500 --> 03:31:08,600
ritual, purification. 
Probably to get ready for an 

4018
03:31:08,600 --> 03:31:10,600
important business deal or 
religious Festival. 

4019
03:31:10,600 --> 03:31:13,600
The women in his family would 
send even more complicated 

4020
03:31:13,600 --> 03:31:17,500
Beauty messages when a married 
woman puts red Cinder in her 

4021
03:31:17,500 --> 03:31:19,800
hair. 
It tells everyone she meets that

4022
03:31:19,800 --> 03:31:22,600
she is married the color and 
width of the application may 

4023
03:31:22,600 --> 03:31:24,800
also show. 
If she is newly married as kids 

4024
03:31:24,800 --> 03:31:28,400
or is pregnant. 
The henna on her hands could 

4025
03:31:28,400 --> 03:31:31,500
tell the story of her wedding, 
her family, history, and her 

4026
03:31:31,500 --> 03:31:34,300
hopes for the future. 
In ancient China, the use of 

4027
03:31:34,308 --> 03:31:37,800
Cosmetics had a lot to do with 
Taurus philosophy, and the idea 

4028
03:31:37,800 --> 03:31:39,600
of balance between a posing 
forces. 

4029
03:31:40,500 --> 03:31:43,400
The pale white face powder, 
stood for Yin which is the 

4030
03:31:43,400 --> 03:31:47,100
feminine accepting and peaceful 
principal, the red lip and cheek

4031
03:31:47,100 --> 03:31:50,500
color stood for Yang, which is 
the masculine active and dynamic

4032
03:31:50,500 --> 03:31:52,800
principle. 
People thought that achieving 

4033
03:31:52,800 --> 03:31:54,600
perfect. 
Cosmetic balance meant bringing 

4034
03:31:54,600 --> 03:31:58,200
these forces into harmony, which
would improve, not only Beauty, 

4035
03:31:58,200 --> 03:32:00,000
but also spiritual and physical 
health. 

4036
03:32:00,000 --> 03:32:02,500
Some of the makeup used in 
Chinese courts. 

4037
03:32:02,500 --> 03:32:04,700
During the Tang Dynasty was 
meant to make political 

4038
03:32:04,700 --> 03:32:07,800
statements The way someone 
paints their eyebrows could 

4039
03:32:07,800 --> 03:32:11,100
show, which court factions, they
are loyal to the placement and 

4040
03:32:11,100 --> 03:32:13,900
color of decorative elements on 
the face May indicate support 

4041
03:32:13,900 --> 03:32:16,400
for particular policies or 
political ideologies. 

4042
03:32:16,400 --> 03:32:19,400
The choice of perfume. 
Could even be political since 

4043
03:32:19,400 --> 03:32:21,600
different sense were linked to 
different parts of the Empire 

4044
03:32:21,600 --> 03:32:25,000
and their cultural values 
European medieval Cosmetics, 

4045
03:32:25,000 --> 03:32:28,000
have their own complicated 
meaningless that these were 

4046
03:32:28,000 --> 03:32:31,200
often hidden by religious rules 
about how to use them when the 

4047
03:32:31,200 --> 03:32:33,900
church told women not to wear 
makeup because it was vain. 

4048
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:36,800
They came up with subtle 
cosmetic codes that let them 

4049
03:32:36,800 --> 03:32:39,600
share important information 
while still looking like they 

4050
03:32:39,600 --> 03:32:42,900
were naturally, beautiful a pale
complexion, which could be 

4051
03:32:42,900 --> 03:32:45,800
achieved by using white powders 
carefully, and staying out of 

4052
03:32:45,800 --> 03:32:49,400
the sun showed that someone was 
of noble birth and had a lot of 

4053
03:32:49,408 --> 03:32:53,000
free time, slightly Rosy Cheeks,
which could be made by pinching 

4054
03:32:53,000 --> 03:32:55,800
or lightly applying Rouge. 
Made people look, young and 

4055
03:32:55,800 --> 03:32:58,200
healthy. 
People who are rich could afford

4056
03:32:58,200 --> 03:33:00,700
to eat well and keep their teeth
clean which showed good 

4057
03:33:00,700 --> 03:33:04,100
nutrition, and careful. 
Hygiene, but medieval Cosmetics 

4058
03:33:04,100 --> 03:33:05,700
also sent more specific 
messages. 

4059
03:33:05,700 --> 03:33:09,200
Some perfumes could mean that a 
person is ready to get married 

4060
03:33:09,200 --> 03:33:10,400
or was already in a 
relationship. 

4061
03:33:10,400 --> 03:33:13,900
The way, the hair is styled 
often with oils and subtle 

4062
03:33:13,900 --> 03:33:16,700
coloring could show where the 
person is from, or who their 

4063
03:33:16,700 --> 03:33:19,700
family is the cleanliness and 
care of fingernails. 

4064
03:33:19,700 --> 03:33:22,700
Even had social meaning showing 
whether someone worked with 

4065
03:33:22,708 --> 03:33:25,800
their hands or lived, a life of 
leisure as Court culture, 

4066
03:33:25,800 --> 03:33:28,700
created complex systems of 
visual communication during the 

4067
03:33:28,700 --> 03:33:31,200
Renaissance. 
The meaning of Cosmetics became 

4068
03:33:31,200 --> 03:33:34,100
more complex, the famous white, 
LED makeup that rich. 

4069
03:33:34,100 --> 03:33:36,200
Women wore didn't just show that
they were fashionable. 

4070
03:33:36,200 --> 03:33:39,600
It also showed that they could 
afford expensive and dangerous 

4071
03:33:39,600 --> 03:33:43,600
Cosmetics that they had the time
to spend hours putting it on and

4072
03:33:43,600 --> 03:33:47,300
that they willing to put their 
health at risk, for beauty, the 

4073
03:33:47,300 --> 03:33:50,400
use of beauty patches which are 
small pieces of silk or velvet 

4074
03:33:50,400 --> 03:33:54,000
put on the face, turned into a 
complicated way to talk to each 

4075
03:33:54,000 --> 03:33:56,700
other a patch on the cheek. 
Could mean that the person is 

4076
03:33:57,600 --> 03:33:59,900
Well, a patch on the corner of 
the mouth could mean that the 

4077
03:33:59,900 --> 03:34:02,900
person is flirting a patch on 
the forehead might mean that 

4078
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:06,000
someone is smart or has learned 
something while a patch near. 

4079
03:34:06,000 --> 03:34:08,600
The I might mean that something 
is mysterious or interesting 

4080
03:34:08,600 --> 03:34:12,000
Beauty patches in different 
colors, had different meanings 

4081
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:14,400
black. 
Patches were common and not very

4082
03:34:14,400 --> 03:34:18,600
strong but colored patches could
send a clear message red patches

4083
03:34:18,600 --> 03:34:22,100
could mean anger or passion blue
could mean sadness or deep 

4084
03:34:22,100 --> 03:34:26,200
feelings and white could mean 
innocent or Mourning the Sensei 

4085
03:34:26,200 --> 03:34:29,800
used during this time will had 
deep symbolic meanings different

4086
03:34:29,800 --> 03:34:32,500
smells were linked to different.
Good qualities, feelings and 

4087
03:34:32,500 --> 03:34:35,700
social messages. 
A woman might wear floral scents

4088
03:34:35,700 --> 03:34:37,500
to show that she is feminine and
gentle. 

4089
03:34:37,500 --> 03:34:41,800
Spices sense to show that she is
passionate and sophisticated or 

4090
03:34:41,800 --> 03:34:44,300
herbal sense to show that she 
knows how to heal and do 

4091
03:34:44,300 --> 03:34:47,500
household chores, in many 
African cultures using 

4092
03:34:47,500 --> 03:34:50,500
Cosmetics, had deep spiritual 
and social, meaning that linked 

4093
03:34:50,500 --> 03:34:54,200
people to their ancestors, their
community, and the world around 

4094
03:34:54,200 --> 03:34:57,600
them certain patterns of face 
painting could show what Planet.

4095
03:34:57,608 --> 03:35:01,600
Someone belongs to how old they 
are married and what their 

4096
03:35:01,600 --> 03:35:03,200
spiritual role is in the 
community. 

4097
03:35:03,200 --> 03:35:06,200
Putting on traditional African. 
Makeup was often a group 

4098
03:35:06,208 --> 03:35:08,900
activity that brought people 
closer together and passed down.

4099
03:35:08,900 --> 03:35:12,100
Cultural knowledge, older women 
would teach younger women, not 

4100
03:35:12,100 --> 03:35:15,000
only how to apply makeup at all.
So what different colors and 

4101
03:35:15,000 --> 03:35:18,400
patterns meant, there were 
stories songs, and traditional 

4102
03:35:18,400 --> 03:35:21,200
wisdom, that link Beauty 
practices to bigger cultural 

4103
03:35:21,200 --> 03:35:24,700
values and beliefs in this 
educational, Different colors of

4104
03:35:24,700 --> 03:35:27,900
pigments, had different 
spiritual meanings white clay 

4105
03:35:27,900 --> 03:35:30,200
could stand for spirits of 
ancestors, and the link to the 

4106
03:35:30,208 --> 03:35:32,700
Divine red. 
Oaker might stand for Life, 

4107
03:35:32,700 --> 03:35:35,300
Force fertility, and a link to 
the Earth. 

4108
03:35:35,900 --> 03:35:39,200
Black charcoal could stand for 
mystery power and protection 

4109
03:35:39,200 --> 03:35:42,300
from bad things. 
The geometric patterns made with

4110
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:44,700
these pigments weren't just 
random designs. 

4111
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:47,800
They were meaningful symbols 
that told stories about who the 

4112
03:35:47,808 --> 03:35:51,100
wearer was, what they had been 
through and where they fit into 

4113
03:35:51,100 --> 03:35:54,200
the community, a young woman's 
coming of age, ceremony might 

4114
03:35:54,200 --> 03:35:56,600
include putting on certain 
patterns that showed she was no 

4115
03:35:56,600 --> 03:35:58,600
longer a child. 
A new mother. 

4116
03:35:58,608 --> 03:36:01,100
On the other hand might wear 
different patterns to show that 

4117
03:36:01,100 --> 03:36:03,600
she make up. 
But now her mother in ancient 

4118
03:36:03,600 --> 03:36:07,100
Persia Cosmetics, were closely 
linked to zoroastrian religious 

4119
03:36:07,100 --> 03:36:09,200
beliefs, about the fight between
light and dark. 

4120
03:36:09,200 --> 03:36:11,600
In the universe. 
People thought that putting on 

4121
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:14,300
makeup was a way to join the 
fight against darkness and 

4122
03:36:14,300 --> 03:36:18,000
ugliness, by joining the forces 
of light and Beauty Persian, men

4123
03:36:18,000 --> 03:36:20,400
and women both wore heavy eye 
makeup that was thought to help 

4124
03:36:20,400 --> 03:36:21,700
them. 
See truth and Beauty in the 

4125
03:36:21,708 --> 03:36:24,900
world better, the specific 
patterns and colors used in this

4126
03:36:24,900 --> 03:36:26,100
eye. 
Makeup could show how 

4127
03:36:26,100 --> 03:36:29,300
spiritually Advanced the person 
is what role they play in 

4128
03:36:29,300 --> 03:36:31,900
religious ceremony is and how 
committed they are to 

4129
03:36:31,900 --> 03:36:35,300
zoroastrian principles people in
Persian culture thought that the

4130
03:36:35,300 --> 03:36:37,000
perfumes. 
They used could bring in good 

4131
03:36:37,000 --> 03:36:39,100
spiritual forces and keep out 
bad ones. 

4132
03:36:39,100 --> 03:36:41,600
People were told to use 
different sense for different 

4133
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:44,300
spiritual purposes, like 
meditation and prayer 

4134
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:47,600
protection, while traveling, and
bringing love and harmony into 

4135
03:36:47,600 --> 03:36:50,200
relationships. 
As you think about these deep 

4136
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:53,800
traditions of cosmetic symbolism
and meaning, you can see how 

4137
03:36:53,800 --> 03:36:56,900
amazing it is that people can 
turn the simple act of putting 

4138
03:36:56,900 --> 03:37:00,100
color on their face into a 
complex way to communicate 

4139
03:37:00,100 --> 03:37:04,600
identify themselves and express 
their spirituality. 

4140
03:37:04,600 --> 03:37:07,700
These old traditions show us 
that make up has always been 

4141
03:37:07,700 --> 03:37:09,400
about more than just how you 
look. 

4142
03:37:09,400 --> 03:37:12,800
It's also been a way to be a 
part of the most important parts

4143
03:37:12,800 --> 03:37:16,100
of human culture and Community. 
As you relax, more deeply into 

4144
03:37:16,100 --> 03:37:19,200
your comfortable position. 
Let your mind, gently explore, 

4145
03:37:19,200 --> 03:37:22,600
how these old beauty practices, 
still affect and shape our 

4146
03:37:22,600 --> 03:37:25,900
modern world in ways that are 
both obvious and surprising 

4147
03:37:25,900 --> 03:37:29,200
makeup story doesn't end with 
the fall of Empires or the rise 

4148
03:37:29,200 --> 03:37:32,000
of new ones. 
Instead, it flows like an 

4149
03:37:32,000 --> 03:37:35,300
underground river, sometimes 
visible, and sometimes hidden. 

4150
03:37:36,000 --> 03:37:39,200
But always there bringing the 
knowledge and new ideas of our 

4151
03:37:39,200 --> 03:37:43,700
ancestors into our lives today. 
Think about your own morning 

4152
03:37:43,700 --> 03:37:46,200
routine for a moment. 
When you wash your face with a 

4153
03:37:46,208 --> 03:37:49,400
gentle cleanser, you're taking 
part in a ritual that goes back 

4154
03:37:49,400 --> 03:37:53,100
to ancient Egyptian priests who 
used nature on an oils to clean 

4155
03:37:53,100 --> 03:37:55,000
themselves before, going to see 
their gods. 

4156
03:37:55,000 --> 03:37:57,800
When you put on Foundation to 
make your skin tone, even, 

4157
03:37:57,800 --> 03:38:00,800
you're following a method that 
Chinese Court ladies used to get

4158
03:38:00,800 --> 03:38:04,800
porcelain Perfect Skin by mixing
rice powder with precious oils. 

4159
03:38:04,800 --> 03:38:07,800
When you look in the mirror 
while putting on makeup, you're 

4160
03:38:07,800 --> 03:38:09,900
doing something that people have
been doing for hundreds of 

4161
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:11,900
years. 
Even though your mirror is made 

4162
03:38:11,900 --> 03:38:14,700
of silvered glass and of 
polished, bronze or obsidian. 

4163
03:38:14,700 --> 03:38:18,300
And your makeup comes from labs 
and of being ground by hand from

4164
03:38:18,300 --> 03:38:21,200
minerals and plants. 
The basic experience is still 

4165
03:38:21,200 --> 03:38:23,600
the same. 
You are changing who you are and

4166
03:38:23,600 --> 03:38:26,600
getting ready to face the world.
You're taking part in the 

4167
03:38:26,608 --> 03:38:29,000
ancient dance between identity 
and appearance. 

4168
03:38:29,000 --> 03:38:32,500
Even though modern cosmetic 
science is very Advanced, it 

4169
03:38:32,500 --> 03:38:35,000
keeps finding the wisdom that 
was already there in ancient 

4170
03:38:35,000 --> 03:38:38,800
Beauty practices People first 
noticed that retinoids could 

4171
03:38:38,800 --> 03:38:41,600
help with aging and oils from 
fish liver that were high in 

4172
03:38:41,600 --> 03:38:44,500
vitamin A Egyptian. 
Women use, sour milk and fruit 

4173
03:38:44,500 --> 03:38:48,100
acids to smooth their skin. 
So they knew the alpha hydroxy 

4174
03:38:48,100 --> 03:38:51,400
acids could do the same ancient 
cultures used honey and plant 

4175
03:38:51,400 --> 03:38:54,800
Mueller's to keep their skin 
soft and supple which is similar

4176
03:38:54,800 --> 03:38:56,500
to how high or ironic acid 
Works. 

4177
03:38:57,300 --> 03:39:00,000
Think about how the colors 
people liked in the past, still 

4178
03:39:00,000 --> 03:39:02,700
affect the style of makeup 
today, the red lips that were 

4179
03:39:02,700 --> 03:39:05,300
popular in ancient Roman, China 
are still a classic look that 

4180
03:39:05,300 --> 03:39:08,600
never really goes out of style, 
the dramatic eye makeup that 

4181
03:39:08,600 --> 03:39:11,400
ancient Egyptians invented comes
back into style all the time 

4182
03:39:11,408 --> 03:39:14,800
from the mod, looks of the 1960s
to the Bold graphic. 

4183
03:39:14,800 --> 03:39:18,500
Styles of modern makeup artists,
the idea that make up can 

4184
03:39:18,500 --> 03:39:19,800
change. 
A person's appearance, has been 

4185
03:39:19,800 --> 03:39:23,100
around for a long time and is 
still driving new cosmetic 

4186
03:39:23,100 --> 03:39:26,700
products today, like shamans in 
the past used face paint to talk

4187
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:28,800
to spirits make up our artists 
today. 

4188
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:31,000
Help people explore different 
parts of who they are. 

4189
03:39:31,000 --> 03:39:34,200
The traditions of face painting,
that started as religious. 

4190
03:39:34,200 --> 03:39:37,300
Rituals have had an impact on 
everything from Halloween makeup

4191
03:39:37,300 --> 03:39:39,600
to special effects in movies and
TV shows. 

4192
03:39:39,600 --> 03:39:43,000
Ancient color symbolism is still
present in small ways. 

4193
03:39:43,000 --> 03:39:46,200
In modern culture, red has been 
linked to power and passion 

4194
03:39:46,200 --> 03:39:49,300
since prehistoric times when it 
was used in Oka. 

4195
03:39:49,300 --> 03:39:52,500
Painting's, this still affect 
how we see red lipstick and 

4196
03:39:52,500 --> 03:39:55,900
clothing the link between white 
and Purity, which was developed 

4197
03:39:55,900 --> 03:39:59,800
by ancient cultures from China 
is still important in bridal, 

4198
03:39:59,800 --> 03:40:03,400
makeup and formal Aesthetics the
social dynamics of ancient 

4199
03:40:03,400 --> 03:40:05,100
cosmetic culture are very 
similar to. 

4200
03:40:05,100 --> 03:40:07,600
Those of modern Beauty 
practices, the difference 

4201
03:40:07,600 --> 03:40:09,800
between high-end and everyday 
Cosmetics. 

4202
03:40:09,800 --> 03:40:12,500
That existed in ancient 
civilizations, is the same as 

4203
03:40:12,500 --> 03:40:15,100
the difference between high-end 
and Drugstore Beauty Brands 

4204
03:40:15,100 --> 03:40:17,400
today. 
The same psychological drives 

4205
03:40:17,400 --> 03:40:19,400
that made ancient Court. 
Ladies compete with each other 

4206
03:40:19,400 --> 03:40:22,600
by wearing, elaborate makeup 
still drive, modern Beauty 

4207
03:40:22,600 --> 03:40:25,500
influencers and their fans, 
modern cosmetic. 

4208
03:40:25,500 --> 03:40:28,200
Scientists to figure out how to 
use old makeup techniques that 

4209
03:40:28,200 --> 03:40:31,500
took hundreds of years to 
develop and perfect using modern

4210
03:40:31,500 --> 03:40:33,100
chemistry and Manufacturing 
methods. 

4211
03:40:33,100 --> 03:40:36,100
We are recreating the 
long-lasting formulas that 

4212
03:40:36,100 --> 03:40:39,400
ancient cultures came up with 
through trial and error water 

4213
03:40:39,400 --> 03:40:42,300
resistant eye makeup, which was 
first used by ancient cultures 

4214
03:40:42,300 --> 03:40:45,500
for both practical. 
And spiritual reasons is now a 

4215
03:40:45,500 --> 03:40:48,600
common part of modern Cosmetics.
The idea that Cosmetics were 

4216
03:40:48,600 --> 03:40:51,500
medicine in ancient times, still
affect how beauty products are 

4217
03:40:51,500 --> 03:40:54,700
made today, the practice of 
using makeup to protect and heal

4218
03:40:54,700 --> 03:40:57,400
skin, which goes back to ancient
Egypt and traditional. 

4219
03:40:57,500 --> 03:41:01,100
Asia is what drives modern 
Research into Cosmos cuticles, 

4220
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:04,100
which are products that mix 
cosmetics and medicine. 

4221
03:41:04,100 --> 03:41:05,900
This old wisdom is still true 
today. 

4222
03:41:05,900 --> 03:41:09,200
Sunscreen and Foundation 
anti-aging ingredients, and 

4223
03:41:09,200 --> 03:41:12,500
concealer, and lip products that
heal, many modern sustainable 

4224
03:41:12,500 --> 03:41:15,800
Beauty movements look to the 
Past for ideas, bringing back 

4225
03:41:15,800 --> 03:41:19,200
old ingredients and methods that
were lost when Cosmetics became 

4226
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,500
industrialized brands that focus
on natural ingredients, 

4227
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:26,000
traditional methods of making 
things and having as little of 

4228
03:41:26,000 --> 03:41:29,500
an impact on the environment as 
possible, a basically going back

4229
03:41:29,500 --> 03:41:32,300
to the ideas that guided the 
development of Cosmetics, with 

4230
03:41:32,300 --> 03:41:36,100
thousands of years, before the 
modern chemical industry, the 

4231
03:41:36,100 --> 03:41:38,700
ritualistic elements of ancient 
makeup applications, still have 

4232
03:41:38,700 --> 03:41:41,800
psychological benefits that 
modern users instantly grass. 

4233
03:41:41,800 --> 03:41:45,400
The meditative quality of 
carefully, putting on makeup the

4234
03:41:45,400 --> 03:41:48,400
feeling of changing and getting 
ready and the connection to 

4235
03:41:48,400 --> 03:41:50,000
cultural. 
Traditions are all still 

4236
03:41:50,000 --> 03:41:52,400
important parts of the Cosmetic 
experience today. 

4237
03:41:52,400 --> 03:41:56,400
Just like they were for ancient 
practitioners old packaging, and

4238
03:41:56,400 --> 03:41:58,900
tools for applying Cup. 
Still have an effect on how 

4239
03:41:58,900 --> 03:42:02,200
Cosmetics are made today, the 
beautiful containers that 

4240
03:42:02,200 --> 03:42:05,800
ancient cultures made to hold 
valuable Cosmetics, Inspire 

4241
03:42:05,800 --> 03:42:09,000
modern packaging, that focuses 
on luxury and craftsmanship. 

4242
03:42:09,000 --> 03:42:12,400
Brushes sponges and precise 
applicators are still used in 

4243
03:42:12,400 --> 03:42:14,100
the same way. 
They were thousands of years ago

4244
03:42:14,100 --> 03:42:17,500
this shows that some new ideas 
are so good that they lost 

4245
03:42:17,500 --> 03:42:20,100
through time. 
The age-old practice of passing 

4246
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:22,500
down cosmetic recipes from one 
generation to. 

4247
03:42:22,500 --> 03:42:24,300
The next is still going strong 
today. 

4248
03:42:24,300 --> 03:42:27,600
Even though people today don't 
grind their own pigments or mix 

4249
03:42:27,600 --> 03:42:30,100
their own formulas. 
They still share Beauty 

4250
03:42:30,100 --> 03:42:34,000
knowledge, through social media 
beauty communities, and family 

4251
03:42:34,000 --> 03:42:37,600
traditions, This is how 
knowledge has always been passed

4252
03:42:37,600 --> 03:42:39,500
down. 
There are strong Echoes of 

4253
03:42:39,500 --> 03:42:43,300
ancient perfume, traditions, in 
modern times, modern perfume 

4254
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:45,800
makers are still influenced by 
the layering techniques that 

4255
03:42:45,800 --> 03:42:49,800
ancient Persian and Arab perfume
was came up with using incense 

4256
03:42:49,800 --> 03:42:52,700
and aromatherapy to improve 
mood, and spiritual practice as 

4257
03:42:52,700 --> 03:42:54,600
a direct link to ancient 
Customs. 

4258
03:42:54,600 --> 03:42:58,600
Even modern perfume ads often 
use old ideas about how smell 

4259
03:42:58,600 --> 03:43:02,900
affect feelings memories and 
identity, the gender fluid 

4260
03:43:02,900 --> 03:43:05,300
approached Cosmetics. 
That was common in many ancient 

4261
03:43:05,300 --> 03:43:08,300
cultures is making a comeback. 
In modern Beauty culture. 

4262
03:43:08,300 --> 03:43:11,800
The old idea that make up could 
make anyone look better, no 

4263
03:43:11,800 --> 03:43:14,500
matter what gender they were 
fits with modern movements 

4264
03:43:14,500 --> 03:43:17,400
toward beauty standards that 
include everyone and non-binary 

4265
03:43:17,400 --> 03:43:19,600
ways to express yourself with 
Cosmetics. 

4266
03:43:19,600 --> 03:43:22,900
The use of makeup for ceremonies
and special events has not 

4267
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:24,500
changed much since ancient 
times. 

4268
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:27,800
Many of the makeup traditions 
for weddings come from old 

4269
03:43:27,800 --> 03:43:30,800
beauty, practices for brides, 
make up for theater and 

4270
03:43:30,800 --> 03:43:33,400
performance is still very much 
like the face painting that was 

4271
03:43:33,400 --> 03:43:36,300
done in ancient rituals. 
Even The makeup we wear every 

4272
03:43:36,300 --> 03:43:39,100
day for special occasions. 
Follows patterns, set by ancient

4273
03:43:39,100 --> 03:43:43,400
cultures, for marking of events 
and changes using makeup to show

4274
03:43:43,400 --> 03:43:45,300
social. 
And professional roles is an old

4275
03:43:45,308 --> 03:43:47,500
practice that has changed, but 
is still used today, 

4276
03:43:47,500 --> 03:43:51,000
professional makeup standards in
many fields from business to 

4277
03:43:51,000 --> 03:43:53,700
entertainment. 
On the old practice of using, 

4278
03:43:53,700 --> 03:43:57,200
looks to show competence and 
Status the power look in today's

4279
03:43:57,200 --> 03:43:59,800
business, world comes directly 
from the old practice of using 

4280
03:43:59,800 --> 03:44:02,700
makeup to show that you are in 
charge and capable. 

4281
03:44:04,100 --> 03:44:07,000
Beauty standards from the past 
still affect modern makeup 

4282
03:44:07,000 --> 03:44:09,200
goals. 
But in different ways, the 

4283
03:44:09,200 --> 03:44:11,900
desire for Perfect Skin that 
people have had for a long time 

4284
03:44:11,900 --> 03:44:14,600
is what drives the development 
of modern foundations and 

4285
03:44:14,600 --> 03:44:17,100
concealers. 
The ancient focus on a bright 

4286
03:44:17,100 --> 03:44:19,800
healthy, looking skin tone 
inspires, today's highlighter 

4287
03:44:19,800 --> 03:44:23,900
and skincare makeup hybrid 
products, ancient ways of making

4288
03:44:23,900 --> 03:44:27,000
lips look better, have an effect
on everything from lip Plumping.

4289
03:44:27,000 --> 03:44:30,300
Isis, Plumping, products to 
cosmetic surgery. 

4290
03:44:31,200 --> 03:44:33,900
People still think of makeup as 
a way to express their culture, 

4291
03:44:33,900 --> 03:44:37,100
just like they did. 
In ancient times traditional 

4292
03:44:37,100 --> 03:44:39,700
cosmetic practices from 
different cultures, still work 

4293
03:44:39,700 --> 03:44:43,300
well with modern ones, making 
beautiful landscapes that honor 

4294
03:44:43,300 --> 03:44:46,300
both the past and the future 
henna art, traditional face, 

4295
03:44:46,300 --> 03:44:47,800
painting and cultural 
ceremonial. 

4296
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:50,900
Makeup are still important and 
have an impact on mainstream 

4297
03:44:50,900 --> 03:44:53,100
Beauty Trendz. 
Old ways of thinking about 

4298
03:44:53,100 --> 03:44:55,400
beauty that were based on 
seasons and Cycles. 

4299
03:44:55,400 --> 03:44:58,800
Still have an effect on how 
people use Cosmetics today, the 

4300
03:44:58,800 --> 03:45:01,100
old custom of changing your 
makeup and skin care routine 

4301
03:45:01,100 --> 03:45:04,500
space on the seasons, the moon, 
and different stages of life. 

4302
03:45:05,200 --> 03:45:07,900
Similar to Modern trends that 
emphasized more natural and 

4303
03:45:07,900 --> 03:45:11,200
responsive Beauty practices, 
seasonal, color palettes which 

4304
03:45:11,200 --> 03:45:13,500
are often based on Old ideas 
about how lighten the 

4305
03:45:13,500 --> 03:45:16,600
environment affect, how people 
look are still very important in

4306
03:45:16,600 --> 03:45:18,200
modern, makeup marketing and 
choice. 

4307
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:20,700
The old idea that beauty is 
something that people do 

4308
03:45:20,700 --> 03:45:24,500
together is still around today, 
Beauty parties friends, putting 

4309
03:45:24,500 --> 03:45:27,700
on makeup together and groups. 
Getting ready for special events

4310
03:45:27,700 --> 03:45:30,900
are always that the social side 
of beauty culture, stayed alive 

4311
03:45:30,908 --> 03:45:34,300
for thousands of years, Beauty 
communities on social media. 

4312
03:45:34,300 --> 03:45:37,800
Take this old practice into the 
digital world, making new 

4313
03:45:37,800 --> 03:45:40,600
versions of the old ways of 
sharing knowledge, and helping 

4314
03:45:40,600 --> 03:45:43,600
each other that were common in 
ancient Beauty culture as you 

4315
03:45:43,608 --> 03:45:45,300
fall asleep. 
Think about how your makeup 

4316
03:45:45,300 --> 03:45:46,800
routine in the morning will 
connect you. 

4317
03:45:46,800 --> 03:45:48,700
To the vast River of Human 
Experience. 

4318
03:45:48,700 --> 03:45:51,500
When you put that first color on
your face, you'll be doing 

4319
03:45:51,500 --> 03:45:53,400
something that connects you to 
Cave painters. 

4320
03:45:53,400 --> 03:45:58,300
Egyptian priests Chinese Court, 
ladies, Roman matrons and many 

4321
03:45:58,300 --> 03:46:01,000
more who knew that the face is 
the first canvas for art 

4322
03:46:01,000 --> 03:46:05,100
identity and change even though 
your makeup may be made in. 

4323
03:46:05,200 --> 03:46:08,000
Modern factories instead of 
being ground by hand from sacred

4324
03:46:08,000 --> 03:46:11,300
minerals, the impulses still the
same to show the world. 

4325
03:46:11,300 --> 03:46:14,800
Your best self to take part in 
your culture's beauty traditions

4326
03:46:14,800 --> 03:46:18,200
and to enjoy the little daily 
magic of transformation that 

4327
03:46:18,200 --> 03:46:21,300
make up brings in this way. 
You take part in one of the 

4328
03:46:21,300 --> 03:46:23,600
oldest and most enduring art 
forms every morning. 

4329
03:46:23,600 --> 03:46:27,100
You become part of a story that 
started in caves long before. 

4330
03:46:27,100 --> 03:46:30,000
People lived in them and will go
on as long as people care about 

4331
03:46:30,000 --> 03:46:33,500
beauty identity, and the never 
ending interesting link between 

4332
03:46:33,500 --> 03:46:36,100
who we are. 
And how we choose to look to 

4333
03:46:36,100 --> 03:46:39,800
Plumping at the world. 
The ancient history of Cosmetics

4334
03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:43,700
isn't really history at all, 
it's the present lived out every

4335
03:46:43,700 --> 03:46:47,100
day in millions of mirrors 
around the world as Timeless and

4336
03:46:47,100 --> 03:46:50,600
real, as the human faces itself,
while you relax even more in the

4337
03:46:50,600 --> 03:46:53,800
evening, let your mind drift to 
the workshops and Labs where 

4338
03:46:53,800 --> 03:46:56,100
ancient cosmetic makers work 
their magic. 

4339
03:46:57,100 --> 03:47:00,100
These long forgotten Alchemists 
worked hundreds of years before 

4340
03:47:00,100 --> 03:47:02,700
Modern Chemistry. 
They came up with formulation 

4341
03:47:02,700 --> 03:47:05,700
methods that are so Advanced 
that modern cosmetic scientists 

4342
03:47:05,700 --> 03:47:07,900
are still trying to figure out 
how they got such amazing 

4343
03:47:07,900 --> 03:47:10,400
results. 
Imagine yourself in the workshop

4344
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:12,300
of a cosmetic maker from ancient
Egypt. 

4345
03:47:12,300 --> 03:47:17,600
May be in the busy City of 
Memphis around 1200 BCE The room

4346
03:47:17,600 --> 03:47:20,600
smells like frankincense in the 
earthy smell of minerals, being 

4347
03:47:20,600 --> 03:47:23,300
ground clay pots. 
Sit on wooden shelves. 

4348
03:47:23,300 --> 03:47:26,200
Each one holding carefully. 
Chosen ingredients that took 

4349
03:47:26,200 --> 03:47:30,200
months or even years to prepare 
the master cosmetic maker starts

4350
03:47:30,200 --> 03:47:33,600
her Day Before Dawn, not because
she's in a hurry but because the

4351
03:47:33,600 --> 03:47:36,400
cool morning air is best for 
some of the preparations before,

4352
03:47:36,400 --> 03:47:39,100
the desert heat affects the 
delicate chemical processes. 

4353
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:42,100
She's in charge of she treats 
her work with the respect of a 

4354
03:47:42,100 --> 03:47:44,100
priest and the accuracy of a 
mathematician. 

4355
03:47:44,100 --> 03:47:47,300
She knows that the difference 
between a cosmetic that makes 

4356
03:47:47,300 --> 03:47:50,600
you look better and one that 
hurts, your skin can be as small

4357
03:47:50,608 --> 03:47:53,900
as a grain of sand watches. 
She makes coal using a method 

4358
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:55,700
that has been passed down 
through her family for 

4359
03:47:55,700 --> 03:47:59,300
Generations. 
She starts with Galena, a lead 

4360
03:47:59,308 --> 03:48:03,800
sulfide mineral that gives coal,
its unique deep black color, but

4361
03:48:03,800 --> 03:48:06,100
she doesn't just grind the 
mineral and mix it with oil 

4362
03:48:06,100 --> 03:48:08,700
instead. 
She follows a complicated 

4363
03:48:08,700 --> 03:48:11,400
process that scientists today. 
Are just starting to figure out 

4364
03:48:11,400 --> 03:48:14,700
first sheets The Galena in a 
special furnace. 

4365
03:48:15,400 --> 03:48:17,400
And she knows how to control the
temperature with a level of 

4366
03:48:17,408 --> 03:48:19,700
knowledge about Metallurgy, that
wouldn't be out of place in a 

4367
03:48:19,708 --> 03:48:22,100
modern lab. 
The heat changes, the minerals 

4368
03:48:22,100 --> 03:48:25,400
crystal structure, which makes 
it safer to use around the eyes 

4369
03:48:25,400 --> 03:48:28,400
and improve its color. 
She had small amounts of other 

4370
03:48:28,400 --> 03:48:31,500
minerals while heating the metal
like a pinch of antimony here 

4371
03:48:31,500 --> 03:48:34,500
and a trace of silver. 
There, this makes an alloy that 

4372
03:48:34,500 --> 03:48:36,200
is stronger than the sum of its 
parts. 

4373
03:48:36,200 --> 03:48:39,900
After that the grinding process 
takes hours of careful work. 

4374
03:48:39,900 --> 03:48:43,200
She makes a powder from the 
treated mineral that so fine, it

4375
03:48:43,200 --> 03:48:46,100
feels like Silk between her 
fingers by using a palette made 

4376
03:48:46,100 --> 03:48:48,900
of carefully. 
Chosen Stone the consistency, 

4377
03:48:48,900 --> 03:48:52,700
has to be just right if it's too
coarse, the coal will scratch 

4378
03:48:52,700 --> 03:48:55,700
the delicate skin around the 
eyes and if it's too fine it 

4379
03:48:55,700 --> 03:48:59,000
won't stay on or cover. 
Well, The mixing of the final 

4380
03:48:59,000 --> 03:49:01,600
formula is where science and art
really come together. 

4381
03:49:01,600 --> 03:49:04,500
She mixes the powdered mineral 
with a carefully balanced. 

4382
03:49:04,500 --> 03:49:08,400
Blend of animal fats, plant 
oils, and fragrant resins, the 

4383
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:11,500
fats, help the pigments stick to
the skin and make it easier to 

4384
03:49:11,500 --> 03:49:14,300
apply the oils. 
Keep the mixture from drying out

4385
03:49:14,300 --> 03:49:17,900
too quickly and the resins act, 
as natural preservatives and add

4386
03:49:17,900 --> 03:49:20,300
a light scent. 
But the ride amounts of very 

4387
03:49:20,300 --> 03:49:23,400
important and they change with 
the season, the use and even the

4388
03:49:23,400 --> 03:49:26,600
moon phase, some of versions 
have more oils to keep the cold 

4389
03:49:26,600 --> 03:49:30,300
from drying out in the Heat and 
winter version have more fats to

4390
03:49:30,300 --> 03:49:34,100
protect it from cold winds. 
Cold made for everyday use is 

4391
03:49:34,100 --> 03:49:36,600
different from coal made for 
religious ceremonies or special 

4392
03:49:36,600 --> 03:49:38,700
events. 
The ancient Egyptians knew 

4393
03:49:38,700 --> 03:49:41,200
something that modern cosmetic 
science has rediscovered. 

4394
03:49:42,000 --> 03:49:45,000
How ingredients are put together
is often more important than the

4395
03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:47,900
ingredients themselves. 
They came up with ways to make 

4396
03:49:47,900 --> 03:49:51,200
stable, emulsions control 
particle size and get consistent

4397
03:49:51,200 --> 03:49:53,000
color. 
That are just as good as what 

4398
03:49:53,000 --> 03:49:54,600
modern manufacturing methods can
do. 

4399
03:49:55,500 --> 03:49:58,700
They know a lot more than just 
coal Egyptian, makeup artists 

4400
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:01,400
made lip colors that brought out
the natural tones of different 

4401
03:50:01,400 --> 03:50:04,900
skin types and of hiding them as
well as eyeshadows, that 

4402
03:50:04,900 --> 03:50:07,600
wouldn't smudge even when you 
sweat and Rouge that stayed 

4403
03:50:07,600 --> 03:50:09,900
bright for hours. 
In the desert heat, they were 

4404
03:50:09,908 --> 03:50:12,300
able to get these results 
without using any of today's 

4405
03:50:12,300 --> 03:50:16,300
preservatives stabilizers or 
color faster, colorfast Statler 

4406
03:50:16,300 --> 03:50:19,300
fast Technologies, ancient 
Chinese Cosmetics were just as 

4407
03:50:19,300 --> 03:50:22,600
advanced but they were based on 
different ideas from traditional

4408
03:50:22,600 --> 03:50:25,200
Chinese medicine and Taoist 
philosophy. 

4409
03:50:26,500 --> 03:50:29,400
Chinese cosmetic makers thought 
of their work as a way to heal 

4410
03:50:29,400 --> 03:50:31,600
people. 
They made products that not only

4411
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:34,600
made people look better, but 
also made them healthier and 

4412
03:50:34,600 --> 03:50:37,400
happier. 
Think about going to a Chinese 

4413
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:41,700
cosmetic Workshop in the Tang 
Dynasty around 750 CE. 

4414
03:50:41,700 --> 03:50:45,000
The master Craftsman starts his 
work by meditating and doing 

4415
03:50:45,000 --> 03:50:48,400
purification rituals. 
He knows that how he feels will 

4416
03:50:48,400 --> 03:50:49,900
affect the quality of what he 
makes. 

4417
03:50:49,900 --> 03:50:53,400
He thinks that Cosmetics made 
with good intentions and Care 

4418
03:50:53,400 --> 03:50:55,800
will pass those qualities onto 
the people who use them. 

4419
03:50:55,800 --> 03:50:59,200
Modern cosmetic scientists are 
still trying to figure out how 

4420
03:50:59,200 --> 03:51:02,500
to make Chinese face powder. 
The Craftsman starts with rice 

4421
03:51:02,500 --> 03:51:05,700
that has been carefully, chosen 
for its type how it grows. 

4422
03:51:05,700 --> 03:51:09,000
And when it's harvested 
different, kinds of rice, make 

4423
03:51:09,000 --> 03:51:10,500
powders with different 
qualities. 

4424
03:51:10,500 --> 03:51:13,600
Some give better coverage, 
others make the Surface smooth 

4425
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:16,200
smoother and still others. 
Give the most natural looking 

4426
03:51:16,200 --> 03:51:19,200
finish. 
First the rice is washed and 

4427
03:51:19,200 --> 03:51:21,400
spring water that Temple Priests
of blessed. 

4428
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:25,000
Then it is dried in a certain 
way that keeps the humidity and 

4429
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:28,200
temperature, just right. 
Stone Mills that have been used 

4430
03:51:28,200 --> 03:51:30,400
for Generations, are used to 
grind the grains. 

4431
03:51:30,400 --> 03:51:33,800
Their surfaces are smooth from 
all the batches of powder and a 

4432
03:51:33,800 --> 03:51:36,300
flavored with the oils and 
Essences of past preparations. 

4433
03:51:36,300 --> 03:51:39,800
But the real sophistication is 
in the additives that change 

4434
03:51:39,800 --> 03:51:41,600
plain rice flour into makeup 
powder. 

4435
03:51:41,600 --> 03:51:44,800
The Craftsman carefully adds the
right amount of ground pearls 

4436
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:48,000
which give the powder, the shine
that made Chinese complexion 

4437
03:51:48,000 --> 03:51:51,500
powder famous all over Asia. 
To make the pearls into the 

4438
03:51:51,508 --> 03:51:54,000
finest powder possible, they 
must be prepared. 

4439
03:51:54,000 --> 03:51:56,500
Using secret methods that keep 
their light reflecting, 

4440
03:51:56,500 --> 03:51:58,900
properties. 
Other ingredients are powdered 

4441
03:51:58,900 --> 03:52:01,600
Jade, which is thought to have 
healing properties ground 

4442
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:04,700
seashells which are thought to 
have minerals in them and small 

4443
03:52:04,700 --> 03:52:07,900
amounts of precious metals which
give the color a subtle effect. 

4444
03:52:07,900 --> 03:52:11,400
Each addition is made using 
complicated formulas, that take 

4445
03:52:11,400 --> 03:52:13,500
into account, how the 
ingredients will work together. 

4446
03:52:13,500 --> 03:52:17,300
The users designed skin tone, 
and even astrological factors 

4447
03:52:17,300 --> 03:52:19,600
that determine the best time to 
mix Cosmetics. 

4448
03:52:19,600 --> 03:52:22,900
Ancient Indian cosmetic 
preparation combined, ayurvedic 

4449
03:52:22,900 --> 03:52:25,600
medicine with Advanced chemistry
to make products that were good 

4450
03:52:25,608 --> 03:52:28,700
for both health and beauty. 
Indian cosmetic companies were 

4451
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:31,400
some of the first to realize 
that healthy skin is the key to 

4452
03:52:31,400 --> 03:52:34,000
true beauty. 
They made products that improve 

4453
03:52:34,000 --> 03:52:36,700
the look of the skin while. 
Also treating underlying skin 

4454
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:38,900
problems modern eye doctors 
agree. 

4455
03:52:38,900 --> 03:52:41,800
That the methods used to make 
kajal the unique Indian eye 

4456
03:52:41,800 --> 03:52:44,000
makeup for very Advanced for 
their time. 

4457
03:52:44,000 --> 03:52:47,300
Indian cosmetic companies knew 
that things used around the 

4458
03:52:47,300 --> 03:52:49,900
eyes, had to be both pretty and 
good for your health. 

4459
03:52:49,900 --> 03:52:52,900
They had to be able to make your
eyes healthier instead of just 

4460
03:52:52,900 --> 03:52:55,500
looking good. 
To make kajal the old-fashioned 

4461
03:52:55,500 --> 03:52:58,300
way you first, have to choose 
the right oils and Wix very 

4462
03:52:58,300 --> 03:53:01,200
carefully. 
People choose castor oil sesame,

4463
03:53:01,200 --> 03:53:03,400
oil and ghee. 
Not only because they burn well,

4464
03:53:03,400 --> 03:53:05,200
but a flow. 
Well, but also because they are 

4465
03:53:05,208 --> 03:53:07,600
good for you. 
The Wicks are made from cotton 

4466
03:53:07,600 --> 03:53:10,800
that was grown without chemical 
fertilizers and processed in a 

4467
03:53:10,800 --> 03:53:12,900
way that keeps the fibers 
natural properties. 

4468
03:53:12,900 --> 03:53:15,800
The burning happens in special 
lamps that control the 

4469
03:53:15,800 --> 03:53:18,900
temperature and heavy and heavy 
and air flow to make the 

4470
03:53:18,900 --> 03:53:21,800
cleanest suit possible. 
The Craftsman watches over the 

4471
03:53:21,800 --> 03:53:24,900
Flame's all night, making sure 
the Wix are in the right place 

4472
03:53:24,900 --> 03:53:28,800
and that the suit is of good 
quality different stages of the 

4473
03:53:28,800 --> 03:53:31,200
burning process make suit with 
different properties. 

4474
03:53:31,200 --> 03:53:35,000
Early suit is finer and better 
for everyday use while later 

4475
03:53:35,000 --> 03:53:38,900
such as more dramatic color and 
last longer The soot is put on 

4476
03:53:38,908 --> 03:53:41,500
clean plates, and then, ground 
up with other medicinal, 

4477
03:53:41,500 --> 03:53:43,900
ingredients. 
Almonds, have oils that are good

4478
03:53:43,908 --> 03:53:47,300
for the sensitive skin around 
the eyes, rose petals smell good

4479
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:50,200
and have a mild astringent 
effect, different herbs, have 

4480
03:53:50,200 --> 03:53:52,400
antimicrobial and 
anti-inflammatory properties 

4481
03:53:52,400 --> 03:53:53,700
that help. 
Keep your eyes from getting 

4482
03:53:53,700 --> 03:53:56,800
infections and irritated 
cosmetic makers in ancient 

4483
03:53:56,800 --> 03:54:00,400
Persia made complex, perfumes. 
That stayed stable for years and

4484
03:54:00,400 --> 03:54:04,000
could be layered to make new 
more complex sense, their 

4485
03:54:04,000 --> 03:54:07,000
knowledge of how to extract 
preserve and mix essential oils 

4486
03:54:07,000 --> 03:54:11,000
had an impact on perfume, making
all over the Islamic world and 

4487
03:54:11,000 --> 03:54:13,400
it eventually made its way to 
Europe through trade and 

4488
03:54:13,400 --> 03:54:15,800
Conquest. 
The Persians made perfume by 

4489
03:54:15,800 --> 03:54:19,500
finding a balance between sweet 
and bitter lightened, heavy and 

4490
03:54:19,500 --> 03:54:22,000
warming and cooling. 
Persian perfume, was thought 

4491
03:54:22,000 --> 03:54:23,900
that a fragrance. 
That was perfectly balanced. 

4492
03:54:23,900 --> 03:54:27,300
Could change the way as mood 
health and spiritual state. 

4493
03:54:27,300 --> 03:54:29,900
So, making perfume was a form of
therapeutic. 

4494
03:54:29,900 --> 03:54:33,400
Art ancient Roman Cosmetics were
made on a scale, that wouldn't 

4495
03:54:33,400 --> 03:54:37,100
be seen again until the modern 
era, Roman workshops made 

4496
03:54:37,100 --> 03:54:39,000
cosmetics. 
To use all over the Empire. 

4497
03:54:39,000 --> 03:54:42,200
They came up with standard 
recipes and ways of making them 

4498
03:54:42,200 --> 03:54:44,500
that made sure the quality was 
the same no matter where you 

4499
03:54:44,500 --> 03:54:47,900
were Roman cosmetic makers, were
some of the first to realize how

4500
03:54:47,900 --> 03:54:50,900
important it was to check the 
quality of their products and 

4501
03:54:50,900 --> 03:54:52,700
make sure that each batch was 
the same. 

4502
03:54:52,700 --> 03:54:55,900
They came up with ways to test 
that Rouge would keep its color 

4503
03:54:55,900 --> 03:54:59,400
that face powder would cover 
evenly and that perfumes would 

4504
03:54:59,400 --> 03:55:01,500
smell the same. 
No matter where they were made 

4505
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:05,300
whether in Rome or far off 
provinces, the Romans had a very

4506
03:55:05,300 --> 03:55:08,300
Advanced way of keeping 
Cosmetics, fresh, they knew that

4507
03:55:08,300 --> 03:55:11,200
Cosmetics had to stay stable 
during long sea trips to far 

4508
03:55:11,200 --> 03:55:13,900
away markets, even when the 
temperature and humidity 

4509
03:55:13,900 --> 03:55:17,100
changed, and the physical 
stresses of travel occurred. 

4510
03:55:17,100 --> 03:55:21,000
Travel occurred occurred. 
They learned how to use natural 

4511
03:55:21,000 --> 03:55:23,900
antimicrobials and airtight 
packaging to keep their products

4512
03:55:23,900 --> 03:55:26,900
fresh for months, or even years.
As you picture these old 

4513
03:55:26,900 --> 03:55:29,900
cosmetic workshops, you can see 
the beginning of an industry 

4514
03:55:29,900 --> 03:55:34,300
that combined art science and 
business in ways that are still 

4515
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:36,200
used by modern cosmetic 
companies. 

4516
03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:39,200
These ancient formul. 
Set the stage for figuring out 

4517
03:55:39,200 --> 03:55:42,300
how ingredients work together, 
how to get the same results 

4518
03:55:42,300 --> 03:55:44,400
every time. 
And how to make products that 

4519
03:55:44,400 --> 03:55:47,200
make people look better while 
also keeping them safe and 

4520
03:55:47,200 --> 03:55:50,300
healthy their methods, which 
have been improved over, 

4521
03:55:50,300 --> 03:55:52,700
hundreds of years of trial and 
error and passed down through 

4522
03:55:52,700 --> 03:55:56,300
generations of skilled Craftsmen
are a treasure Trove of 

4523
03:55:56,300 --> 03:55:59,700
information that modern cosmetic
science is still discovering and

4524
03:55:59,700 --> 03:56:03,000
rediscovering in a lot of cases.
These old formulators got 

4525
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:04,700
results. 
That modern companies have a 

4526
03:56:04,700 --> 03:56:07,100
hard time getting with modern 
technology and synthetic 

4527
03:56:07,100 --> 03:56:10,200
ingredients, as you drift deeper
into the peaceful Embrace of the

4528
03:56:10,208 --> 03:56:12,300
evening. 
Let your mind take you to the 

4529
03:56:12,300 --> 03:56:15,800
most personal parts of ancient 
Beauty culture, the daily 

4530
03:56:15,800 --> 03:56:18,800
routine of putting on makeup 
that made ordinary people look 

4531
03:56:18,800 --> 03:56:22,100
like their ideal sells. 
These worked routines that had 

4532
03:56:22,100 --> 03:56:25,600
to fit into busy modern lives. 
It was sacred ceremonies that 

4533
03:56:25,600 --> 03:56:28,300
honored the link between inner 
beauty and outer expression. 

4534
03:56:28,300 --> 03:56:31,700
Imagine yourself in the private 
rooms of a rich Roman woman 

4535
03:56:31,700 --> 03:56:35,100
named Olivia, with the first 
light of dawn comes through silk

4536
03:56:35,100 --> 03:56:37,700
curtains. 
As her personal slaves, get 

4537
03:56:37,700 --> 03:56:40,400
ready for the days. 
Transformational the room is 

4538
03:56:40,400 --> 03:56:42,200
already buzzing with quiet 
activity. 

4539
03:56:42,200 --> 03:56:44,300
This isn't just putting on 
makeup. 

4540
03:56:44,300 --> 03:56:47,500
It's a carefully planned 
ceremony that will take several 

4541
03:56:47,500 --> 03:56:50,500
hours and involve a lot of 
people, each of whom is an 

4542
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:53,200
expert in a different part of 
the process of making someone 

4543
03:56:53,200 --> 03:56:55,800
look better. 
So, fire, the Greek woman who 

4544
03:56:55,800 --> 03:56:58,800
was chosen for her artistic 
skills is Olivia's main cosmetic

4545
03:56:58,800 --> 03:57:02,100
slave She starts by looking at 
her mistress's skin in the 

4546
03:57:02,100 --> 03:57:04,800
Morning Light people. 
In ancient Rome knew that make 

4547
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:07,800
up had to be put on in a way 
that worked with each person's 

4548
03:57:07,800 --> 03:57:11,200
unique features, skin tone and 
the needs of the day. 

4549
03:57:11,200 --> 03:57:14,700
So fire runs her experience 
fingers, gently over Olivia's 

4550
03:57:14,700 --> 03:57:18,300
face looking for changes in the 
texture of her skin new 

4551
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:21,000
blemishes that need to be 
covered or areas that need extra

4552
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:23,100
care. 
The first step in getting ready 

4553
03:57:23,100 --> 03:57:26,600
is to wash but not with a quick 
splash of water like people do 

4554
03:57:26,600 --> 03:57:29,400
now. 
A warm mixture of milk, honey. 

4555
03:57:29,400 --> 03:57:32,700
And ground almonds is used to 
gently clean, Livia's face. 

4556
03:57:32,700 --> 03:57:35,900
The milk has mild acids that get
rid of dead skin cells. 

4557
03:57:35,900 --> 03:57:39,500
The honey is a natural 
antiseptic and moisturizer and 

4558
03:57:39,500 --> 03:57:41,800
the almonds gently rub the skin 
to make it smoother. 

4559
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:45,900
So, Faye uses her hands to apply
this mixture in circles, which 

4560
03:57:45,900 --> 03:57:47,900
she has learned how to do 
perfectly over the years. 

4561
03:57:47,900 --> 03:57:51,100
The massage part of the 
cleansing is almost as important

4562
03:57:51,100 --> 03:57:54,400
as the cleansing itself. 
The gentle pressure gets blood 

4563
03:57:54,400 --> 03:57:57,800
flowing to the skin, giving it a
Natural Glow that will be the 

4564
03:57:57,800 --> 03:58:01,600
base for the day's makeup. 
After cleaning, it's time to put

4565
03:58:01,600 --> 03:58:04,000
on the base. 
And this is where ancient Roman 

4566
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:07,100
technique show how advanced they
were the white-led mixture. 

4567
03:58:07,100 --> 03:58:10,400
That will give you a trendy pale
complexion isn't just painted on

4568
03:58:10,400 --> 03:58:13,100
her skin. 
It's built up in thin almost 

4569
03:58:13,100 --> 03:58:16,100
clear layers, that give her skin
depth and shine while still 

4570
03:58:16,100 --> 03:58:18,800
looking natural soya. 
Starts with the lightest 

4571
03:58:18,800 --> 03:58:22,100
possible application, using a 
wet sea sponge to apply the 

4572
03:58:22,100 --> 03:58:24,500
mixture in soft overlapping 
Strokes. 

4573
03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:27,800
She starts in the middle of the 
face and works her way out. 

4574
03:58:27,800 --> 03:58:31,500
Making sure to blend each part 
before moving on to the next. 

4575
03:58:32,200 --> 03:58:33,700
The process needs perfect 
timing. 

4576
03:58:33,700 --> 03:58:36,700
Each layer needs to set for a 
little while before the next one

4577
03:58:36,700 --> 03:58:38,800
goes on. 
But not so long that it becomes 

4578
03:58:38,800 --> 03:58:41,400
hard to blend. 
It takes a lot of skill to do 

4579
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:44,100
this. 
So fair has to decide how opaque

4580
03:58:44,100 --> 03:58:47,000
each layer is how the mixture 
will look on Livia's skin tone 

4581
03:58:47,000 --> 03:58:49,800
and how the final result will 
look in different types of light

4582
03:58:49,800 --> 03:58:53,000
during the day. 
If you put on too much makeup it

4583
03:58:53,000 --> 03:58:54,500
will look like a mask and not 
real. 

4584
03:58:54,500 --> 03:58:57,300
If you don't use enough, it 
won't look like the porcelain 

4585
03:58:57,300 --> 03:59:00,500
that Roman fashion calls for 
while the base is being built 

4586
03:59:00,500 --> 03:59:03,600
and another slave gets the 
Rouge, ready to put color back 

4587
03:59:03,600 --> 03:59:05,800
into Livia's cheeks which have 
become pale. 

4588
03:59:05,800 --> 03:59:08,400
It's not as easy as just opening
a container. 

4589
03:59:08,400 --> 03:59:11,800
And putting on color, the Rouge 
needs to be mixed fresh every 

4590
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:15,300
day to get the best color and 
consistency, the slave users 

4591
03:59:15,300 --> 03:59:18,700
oils and waxes to grinds, in a 
bar on a small palette, adding 

4592
03:59:18,700 --> 03:59:21,200
tiny mounts of other colors to 
make the exact color that 

4593
03:59:21,200 --> 03:59:22,900
Livia's skin needs for the day's
activities. 

4594
03:59:24,100 --> 03:59:26,500
Putting on Rouge requires a 
different set of skills. 

4595
03:59:26,500 --> 03:59:30,200
Sophia uses a brush made a fine 
animal hair to apply the color 

4596
03:59:30,200 --> 03:59:33,600
in exact patterns that make 
Livia's natural bone structure. 

4597
03:59:33,600 --> 03:59:37,300
Look better ancient Roman makeup
artist new how to use color and 

4598
03:59:37,300 --> 03:59:40,300
shading to make it look like you
had higher cheekbones and more 

4599
03:59:40,300 --> 03:59:43,500
refined nose and a more perfect 
oval face shape. 

4600
03:59:43,500 --> 03:59:46,800
These are techniques that modern
makeup artists would recognize 

4601
03:59:46,800 --> 03:59:49,100
putting on eye. 
Makeup is probably the hardest 

4602
03:59:49,100 --> 03:59:52,500
part of the whole ritual. 
Roman women like dramatic eye 

4603
03:59:52,500 --> 03:59:54,900
effects that needed a lot of 
different products and very 

4604
03:59:54,900 --> 03:59:57,900
careful application. 
Sapphire starts by darkening 

4605
03:59:57,900 --> 04:00:01,300
Libya's lashes, with a mix of 
oils and soot using a small 

4606
04:00:01,300 --> 04:00:04,400
brush to cover each lash. 
The method is similar to help 

4607
04:00:04,400 --> 04:00:07,400
people put on mascara today, but
it takes a lot more skill 

4608
04:00:07,400 --> 04:00:10,400
because the product doesn't have
this synthetic polymers that 

4609
04:00:10,400 --> 04:00:14,100
make modern mascar easier to put
on next, the eye shadows put on 

4610
04:00:14,108 --> 04:00:15,900
in layers to give it depth and 
dimension. 

4611
04:00:15,900 --> 04:00:19,100
So Fierce, Sophia, Sophia uses 
different colors, on different 

4612
04:00:19,100 --> 04:00:22,000
parts of the island. 
For example, she uses a lighter 

4613
04:00:22,000 --> 04:00:23,800
shade near the inner corner, to 
make the eyes look. 

4614
04:00:24,000 --> 04:00:27,100
Eager and brighter, a medium 
shade across the main lid area 

4615
04:00:27,100 --> 04:00:30,000
and a darker shade in the crease
to make the eyes look deeper 

4616
04:00:30,000 --> 04:00:32,500
set. 
The last step in putting on eye 

4617
04:00:32,500 --> 04:00:34,200
makeup is to put coal around the
eye itself. 

4618
04:00:34,200 --> 04:00:37,800
You need the steadiest hand and 
the most accurate technique for 

4619
04:00:37,800 --> 04:00:40,900
this because any mistakes will 
be obvious right away and hard 

4620
04:00:40,900 --> 04:00:43,700
to fix. 
So, fayer uses a thin bronze Rod

4621
04:00:43,700 --> 04:00:47,000
to apply the coal in smooth. 
Even lines that follow the 

4622
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:50,000
natural shape of Libya's eyes 
and go a little past the outer 

4623
04:00:50,000 --> 04:00:52,800
Corners to make the dramatic 
look that Roman fashion likes 

4624
04:00:52,800 --> 04:00:54,700
Lydia. 
Stays almost still the whole 

4625
04:00:54,700 --> 04:00:57,600
time which is something that 
rich Roman women learned as 

4626
04:00:57,600 --> 04:00:59,700
kids. 
People thought that being able 

4627
04:00:59,700 --> 04:01:02,900
to sit still for hours while 
makeup was put on was a sign of 

4628
04:01:02,900 --> 04:01:06,200
refinement and self-control, but
this isn't just free time. 

4629
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:10,700
Livia uses these hours to think 
plan her day and sometimes even 

4630
04:01:10,700 --> 04:01:13,100
dictate letters to scribes while
she changes. 

4631
04:01:13,100 --> 04:01:16,100
The last part of putting on 
makeup is painting the lips with

4632
04:01:16,100 --> 04:01:19,000
a red pigment made from crushed 
insects and plant dies. 

4633
04:01:19,000 --> 04:01:22,600
Sophia uses a small brush to 
make the perfect shape for her 

4634
04:01:22,600 --> 04:01:24,700
lips. 
She often paints outside or 

4635
04:01:24,700 --> 04:01:27,500
inside the natural lip line to 
get the proportions that Roman 

4636
04:01:27,500 --> 04:01:30,900
beauty standards call for The 
ritual doesn't end when the 

4637
04:01:30,908 --> 04:01:33,500
makeup is done. 
People put the finishing touches

4638
04:01:33,500 --> 04:01:35,200
on Libya's hair with scented 
oils. 

4639
04:01:35,200 --> 04:01:38,100
While they painted her face, she
has carefully arranged her 

4640
04:01:38,108 --> 04:01:41,200
clothes to go with her finished.
Look, she even picks out her 

4641
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:43,300
jewelry to go with the colors 
and style of her makeup. 

4642
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:46,600
Now, imagine yourself in ancient
Japan where the ritual for 

4643
04:01:46,600 --> 04:01:49,600
putting on makeup is even more 
complicated and full of meaning 

4644
04:01:49,600 --> 04:01:52,700
before midnight. 
And until dawn, a hand caught 

4645
04:01:52,700 --> 04:01:55,400
ladies private quarters are 
transformed in one of history's.

4646
04:01:55,400 --> 04:01:58,800
Most elaborate Beauty, rituals 
the Japanese way of putting on 

4647
04:01:58,800 --> 04:02:02,100
makeup was based on the idea of 
layers, not just layers of 

4648
04:02:02,100 --> 04:02:05,500
makeup but also layers of 
meaning symbolism and artistic 

4649
04:02:05,500 --> 04:02:07,600
expression. 
Each part of the look was 

4650
04:02:07,600 --> 04:02:10,500
carefully chosen to go with the 
clothes accessories, perfume, 

4651
04:02:10,500 --> 04:02:13,800
and even the weather, and season
of the day, the attendance of 

4652
04:02:13,800 --> 04:02:16,900
the Court lady start the process
by cleaning and conditioning her

4653
04:02:16,900 --> 04:02:19,600
skin with a series of treatment 
that takes several hours to 

4654
04:02:19,600 --> 04:02:22,900
finish they gently scrub her 
skin with rice, bran mixed with 

4655
04:02:22,900 --> 04:02:26,100
different flower Waters and then
they put camellia oil on her 

4656
04:02:26,100 --> 04:02:29,700
skin to keep it moist and safe. 
It takes years of practice to 

4657
04:02:29,700 --> 04:02:31,900
master the art of putting on the
Whiteface powder. 

4658
04:02:31,900 --> 04:02:33,900
That is a big part of hay and 
makeup. 

4659
04:02:33,900 --> 04:02:37,500
You should be able to see no 
brush marks or uneven areas. 

4660
04:02:37,500 --> 04:02:40,500
When you apply the powder, the 
coverage must be full and 

4661
04:02:40,500 --> 04:02:42,700
opaque. 
Changing the woman's natural 

4662
04:02:42,700 --> 04:02:45,400
color into a surface. 
That looks like porcelain and 

4663
04:02:45,400 --> 04:02:48,000
serves as a canvas for the 
artistic elements that will 

4664
04:02:48,000 --> 04:02:50,900
follow to paint the fake 
eyebrows which are small 

4665
04:02:50,900 --> 04:02:53,600
overalls on the forehead. 
You need the skill of a master 

4666
04:02:53,600 --> 04:02:56,300
calligrapher. 
The paint must be applied with 

4667
04:02:56,300 --> 04:02:58,200
smooth confidence Strokes that 
show. 

4668
04:02:58,200 --> 04:03:00,200
No hesitation or correction 
each. 

4669
04:03:00,200 --> 04:03:02,600
Eyebrow must be the same size 
shape and position. 

4670
04:03:02,600 --> 04:03:06,400
The tiny red lips painted in the
middle of the mouth are the most

4671
04:03:06,408 --> 04:03:09,400
unique part of hay, and makeup, 
and maybe the hardest to do. 

4672
04:03:09,400 --> 04:03:13,300
The shape must be perfectly 
symmetrical and fit perfectly in

4673
04:03:13,300 --> 04:03:16,300
the middle of the mouth. 
Color has to be even and bright,

4674
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:19,200
and it has to be made with 
precious red pigments that are 

4675
04:03:19,200 --> 04:03:21,900
mixed fresh for each use, 
applying makeup in. 

4676
04:03:21,900 --> 04:03:25,600
Ancient Chinese courts was just 
as complicated, but it was based

4677
04:03:25,600 --> 04:03:27,600
on Confucian ideas of Harmony 
and balance. 

4678
04:03:27,600 --> 04:03:30,700
The process started with 
meditation and purification 

4679
04:03:30,700 --> 04:03:33,800
rituals that got both the person
applying and the personal 

4680
04:03:33,800 --> 04:03:36,000
receiving ready for the change. 
That was about to happen. 

4681
04:03:36,000 --> 04:03:39,400
Chinese makeup application 
focused on enhancing natural 

4682
04:03:39,400 --> 04:03:42,900
beauty rather than changing it. 
The goal was to make the look 

4683
04:03:42,900 --> 04:03:46,200
seem almost natural but it 
actually took hours of skilled 

4684
04:03:46,200 --> 04:03:49,000
work to get there. 
This Paradox, making something 

4685
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:52,200
look natural with artificial 
means took a lot of skill and 

4686
04:03:52,200 --> 04:03:54,500
knowledge of how different 
colors and techniques would 

4687
04:03:54,500 --> 04:03:56,500
work. 
With each person's features in 

4688
04:03:56,500 --> 04:03:58,400
Ancient. 
India putting on makeup was 

4689
04:03:58,400 --> 04:04:01,200
often a group activity that made
people feel closer to each other

4690
04:04:01,200 --> 04:04:04,600
and made things look better. 
Women would get together to help

4691
04:04:04,600 --> 04:04:06,900
each other get ready for 
festivals wedding, and other 

4692
04:04:06,900 --> 04:04:09,800
special events. 
They would share tips, stories 

4693
04:04:09,800 --> 04:04:12,100
and knowledge while making 
elaborate header and makeup 

4694
04:04:12,100 --> 04:04:14,700
designs. 
When people use traditional 

4695
04:04:14,700 --> 04:04:17,800
Indian makeup, they put it on 
their whole body, not just their

4696
04:04:17,800 --> 04:04:21,100
face, henna designs on hands and
feet could take a long time to 

4697
04:04:21,100 --> 04:04:23,600
finish and needed. 
The Steady Hand of a skilled 

4698
04:04:23,600 --> 04:04:26,600
artist, the complicated 
geometric and floral patterns 

4699
04:04:26,600 --> 04:04:29,300
weren't just for show. 
They told stories about the 

4700
04:04:29,300 --> 04:04:33,300
person's family hopes and 
important events in their life, 

4701
04:04:34,000 --> 04:04:37,400
Aromatherapy was often a part of
ancient Middle Eastern makeup. 

4702
04:04:37,400 --> 04:04:40,700
Rituals, for example, certain 
perfumes and incenses were 

4703
04:04:40,700 --> 04:04:43,800
burned while putting on makeup 
to improve mood and create the 

4704
04:04:43,800 --> 04:04:47,100
desired mental state. 
People thought that the smells 

4705
04:04:47,100 --> 04:04:50,300
could change not only how the 
person looked but also their 

4706
04:04:50,300 --> 04:04:53,200
personality and Aura as you 
picture these complicated 

4707
04:04:53,200 --> 04:04:54,300
application. 
Rituals. 

4708
04:04:54,300 --> 04:04:57,100
You see that, people know that 
real beauty is more than just 

4709
04:04:57,100 --> 04:05:00,200
putting color on the face. 
These old ways of doing things 

4710
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:03,700
knew that the process of change 
was just as important as the end

4711
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:07,000
result, the time spent getting 
ready, the skill of the artists 

4712
04:05:07,000 --> 04:05:09,700
who worked on it and the purpose
behind the change. 

4713
04:05:09,700 --> 04:05:11,300
All played a role in the final 
effect. 

4714
04:05:11,300 --> 04:05:15,300
These rituals made places for 
meditation socializing art and 

4715
04:05:15,300 --> 04:05:18,200
personal growth that our 
fast-paced modern world often. 

4716
04:05:18,200 --> 04:05:21,300
Misses when it comes to Beauty 
these old ways of doing things. 

4717
04:05:21,300 --> 04:05:23,500
Remind us that beauty isn't just
about how we look. 

4718
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:27,000
It's also about taking the time 
to honor ourselves and our place

4719
04:05:27,000 --> 04:05:30,300
in the larger Humanity Picture 
one. 

4720
04:05:30,300 --> 04:05:33,100
Last seen, before you go to 
sleep, you're looking into a 

4721
04:05:33,100 --> 04:05:35,200
mirror that can show you. 
Not only your own reflection, 

4722
04:05:35,200 --> 04:05:39,000
but also the voices of everyone 
who has ever looked into a 

4723
04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:41,700
mirror to get ready for the day.
You can see the cave painter, 

4724
04:05:41,700 --> 04:05:44,400
looking at their occur painted 
cheeks, in a pool of Still Water

4725
04:05:44,400 --> 04:05:47,700
on that silver surface. 
And see the Egyptian Priestess 

4726
04:05:47,700 --> 04:05:50,300
looking at her coal lined eyes 
and shiny bronze. 

4727
04:05:50,300 --> 04:05:53,500
The Chinese Court lady is 
perfecting her porcelain skin. 

4728
04:05:53,500 --> 04:05:57,200
The Roman matron is fixing her 
Rouge and the Indian bride is 

4729
04:05:57,200 --> 04:05:59,000
admiring her henna decorated 
hands. 

4730
04:05:59,000 --> 04:06:02,300
All of these people who lived 
thousands of years apart and in 

4731
04:06:02,300 --> 04:06:06,600
very different places, share the
same basic human desire to show 

4732
04:06:06,600 --> 04:06:10,000
the world their best self to 
take part in their cultures idea

4733
04:06:10,000 --> 04:06:14,200
of beauty and to enjoy the small
daily Miracle of change that 

4734
04:06:14,200 --> 04:06:16,200
make up brings your own 
reflection. 

4735
04:06:16,200 --> 04:06:19,200
Is part of this never-ending 
parade, which connects you to 

4736
04:06:19,200 --> 04:06:22,500
everyone who has ever mixed 
pigment with oil ground minerals

4737
04:06:22,500 --> 04:06:25,700
into power or carefully applied 
color to make their natural 

4738
04:06:25,700 --> 04:06:26,700
features. 
Look better. 

4739
04:06:26,700 --> 04:06:30,500
You carry on their wisdom, their
new ideas and their belief that 

4740
04:06:30,500 --> 04:06:33,000
beauty is one of the most 
lasting, an important ways that 

4741
04:06:33,000 --> 04:06:36,000
people Express themselves. 
Modern Highline is made from 

4742
04:06:36,000 --> 04:06:38,900
ancient Egyptian cold that you 
can still find in your bathroom 

4743
04:06:38,900 --> 04:06:41,600
cabinet. 
Roman Rouge is still used in 

4744
04:06:41,608 --> 04:06:44,600
modern blush. 
Modern Foundation is based on 

4745
04:06:44,600 --> 04:06:47,900
Chinese face powder. 
Today's temporary tattoo art is 

4746
04:06:47,900 --> 04:06:50,300
based on Indian. 
Henna the tools and ingredients 

4747
04:06:50,300 --> 04:06:53,300
may be different but the basic 
Art stays the same. 

4748
04:06:54,400 --> 04:06:56,500
When you look in the mirror 
tomorrow morning and start your 

4749
04:06:56,500 --> 04:06:59,600
own Beauty routine, you'll be 
taking part in one of the oldest

4750
04:06:59,600 --> 04:07:02,400
traditions in human history. 
You will be adding your own 

4751
04:07:02,400 --> 04:07:06,100
chapter to a story that began in
caves long ago and will go on as

4752
04:07:06,100 --> 04:07:10,400
long as people care about beauty
identity, and the Magical change

4753
04:07:10,400 --> 04:07:12,100
that happens when color meets 
skin. 

4754
04:07:12,100 --> 04:07:15,500
You are part of this old 
beautiful never-ending story, so

4755
04:07:15,500 --> 04:07:17,800
sleep. 
Well, think about Egyptian 

4756
04:07:17,800 --> 04:07:22,100
palettes and Chinese brushes, 
Roman Rouge and Indian henna and

4757
04:07:22,100 --> 04:07:24,800
all the people who have used 
makeup tools and all the faces 

4758
04:07:24,800 --> 04:07:27,800
that have been changed by the 
soft magic of light in pigment. 

4759
04:07:27,800 --> 04:07:31,200
The history of makeup goes back,
thousands of years and every 

4760
04:07:31,200 --> 04:07:34,200
time you put it on choose a 
color or change, your look you 

4761
04:07:34,200 --> 04:07:37,600
are continuing that history. 
You're the newest artist in the 

4762
04:07:37,600 --> 04:07:39,200
longest running art form in 
history. 

4763
04:07:39,200 --> 04:07:43,300
Tomorrow your Masterpiece again.
Have a good night's sleep. 

4764
04:07:43,300 --> 04:07:46,200
Lovely dreamer. 
May your rest be as peaceful as 

4765
04:07:46,200 --> 04:07:48,600
the satisfaction of ancient 
cosmetic makers. 

4766
04:07:48,600 --> 04:07:52,900
Who after hours of careful work 
finally set down their brushes 

4767
04:07:52,900 --> 04:07:56,500
and admire their To work in the 
soft glow of oil lamps and 

4768
04:07:56,500 --> 04:08:00,200
candles, knowing they had helped
someone become the best version 

4769
04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:05,800
of themselves. 
Hello my tired dumplings. 

4770
04:08:05,800 --> 04:08:09,900
Welcome back. 
In December 1968, three humans 

4771
04:08:09,900 --> 04:08:12,600
left Earth's gravitational 
Embrace for the first time in 

4772
04:08:12,600 --> 04:08:15,900
history and pointed themselves 
at the Moon with nothing, but 

4773
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:19,600
faith in some calculations and a
spacecraft built by the lowest 

4774
04:08:19,600 --> 04:08:21,800
bidder. 
You're about to discover why 

4775
04:08:21,800 --> 04:08:25,200
that audacious Journey matters 
more than you might think this 

4776
04:08:25,200 --> 04:08:26,700
specially? 
Now that we are planning to do 

4777
04:08:26,700 --> 04:08:30,900
it all over again with Artemis. 
The Forgotten story of Apollo 8 

4778
04:08:30,900 --> 04:08:34,000
is not just about getting 
somewhere first, but about the 

4779
04:08:34,000 --> 04:08:37,000
moment, when Humanity looked 
back at itself from the darkness

4780
04:08:37,000 --> 04:08:39,600
and saw something it had never 
seen before. 

4781
04:08:39,600 --> 04:08:42,900
You need to understand something
about 1968. 

4782
04:08:42,900 --> 04:08:45,100
Before we talk about rockets and
moon orbits. 

4783
04:08:45,800 --> 04:08:48,200
This was not a good year for 
anyone who hoped the world might

4784
04:08:48,200 --> 04:08:50,400
hold together. 
This was the year when the 

4785
04:08:50,408 --> 04:08:53,400
fabric of American society 
seemed to be tearing apart at 

4786
04:08:53,400 --> 04:08:56,100
the scene's. 
When optimism felt naive and 

4787
04:08:56,100 --> 04:08:59,300
despair felt reasonable. 
The Vietnam War had turned into 

4788
04:08:59,300 --> 04:09:02,100
a grinding nightmare that played
out on television every night. 

4789
04:09:03,000 --> 04:09:05,800
Family sat down to dinner and 
watched young men die in rice 

4790
04:09:05,800 --> 04:09:07,200
paddies Halfway Around the 
World. 

4791
04:09:08,000 --> 04:09:11,000
The Tet Offensive in January, 
had shattered, any illusions 

4792
04:09:11,000 --> 04:09:14,700
that the war was being won. 
Body count, scrawled across the 

4793
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:18,400
screen like stock market 
numbers, the draft notices kept 

4794
04:09:18,400 --> 04:09:21,700
arriving in mailboxes, across 
Suburban America college 

4795
04:09:21,700 --> 04:09:24,400
students burned, their draft 
cards and marched in the 

4796
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:28,000
streets, the war divided 
families, split communities, and

4797
04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:31,200
made everyone question what 
America stood for Martin Luther 

4798
04:09:31,200 --> 04:09:34,000
King Junior had been 
assassinated in April, on a 

4799
04:09:34,000 --> 04:09:36,400
motel balcony in Memphis. 
The man who preached 

4800
04:09:36,400 --> 04:09:40,200
non-violence had been cut down 
by a bullet and cities erupted 

4801
04:09:40,200 --> 04:09:42,800
in Flames. 
Robert Kennedy had been shot in 

4802
04:09:42,800 --> 04:09:46,100
June just after winning the 
California, primary murdered in 

4803
04:09:46,100 --> 04:09:49,700
a hotel kitchen by another lone 
gunman, with a cheap pistol, two

4804
04:09:49,700 --> 04:09:52,000
leaders who represented Hope for
Change were gone. 

4805
04:09:52,000 --> 04:09:54,800
And what replaced them was anger
and confusion. 

4806
04:09:54,800 --> 04:09:58,600
And a sense that maybe peaceful 
change was impossible after all 

4807
04:09:59,600 --> 04:10:03,600
Cities were burning riots tour 
through Newark and Detroit and 

4808
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:07,000
Los Angeles and Washington. 
Students were occupying 

4809
04:10:07,000 --> 04:10:10,600
buildings and clashing with 
police in Paris they pulled up 

4810
04:10:10,600 --> 04:10:15,400
cobblestones and through them at
riots in Prague they face down 

4811
04:10:15,400 --> 04:10:18,100
Soviet tanks with nothing but 
words and Hope. 

4812
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:21,700
In Mexico City. 
The government massacred 

4813
04:10:21,700 --> 04:10:25,900
students just days before the 
Olympics, the whole world seemed

4814
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:28,100
to be convulsing with rage and 
fear. 

4815
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:32,400
The Soviet Union had just rolled
tanks into to check a Slovakia 

4816
04:10:32,400 --> 04:10:35,100
to crush something. 
They called the Prague spring, 

4817
04:10:36,000 --> 04:10:38,700
For a few months, it had looked 
like communism, might reform 

4818
04:10:38,700 --> 04:10:41,500
itself might allow a little 
freedom and democracy. 

4819
04:10:42,400 --> 04:10:45,800
Then the tanks came and the 
dream died under their treads. 

4820
04:10:46,500 --> 04:10:48,400
The Cold War was still frozen 
solid. 

4821
04:10:48,400 --> 04:10:51,500
The threat of nuclear 
Annihilation still hung over 

4822
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:55,000
everything like a sword 
suspended by a fraying thread. 

4823
04:10:56,000 --> 04:10:58,700
Every evening Walter Cronkite 
delivered, the news with the 

4824
04:10:58,708 --> 04:11:01,300
expression of a man watching a 
train wreck in slow motion. 

4825
04:11:02,400 --> 04:11:05,500
He was the most trusted voice in
America and even he looked 

4826
04:11:05,500 --> 04:11:08,500
tired, the optimism of the early
1960s. 

4827
04:11:08,500 --> 04:11:11,900
The New Frontier Spirit, the 
belief that America could do 

4828
04:11:11,900 --> 04:11:14,500
anything. 
All of it seemed to have drained

4829
04:11:14,500 --> 04:11:17,400
away. 
What was left, was exhaustion 

4830
04:11:17,400 --> 04:11:21,000
and Division, and a nagging 
sense that the country was 

4831
04:11:21,000 --> 04:11:23,600
coming apart. 
NASA was supposed to be 

4832
04:11:23,600 --> 04:11:27,200
America's Redemption story. 
The agency was supposed to prove

4833
04:11:27,200 --> 04:11:29,500
that technology and 
determination could accomplish 

4834
04:11:29,500 --> 04:11:32,700
anything. 
President Kennedy had promised 

4835
04:11:32,700 --> 04:11:36,100
to land a man on the moon 
before, 1970 and NASA was 

4836
04:11:36,100 --> 04:11:37,500
supposed to deliver on that 
promise. 

4837
04:11:38,200 --> 04:11:41,200
Space was supposed to be the 
arena where America won where 

4838
04:11:41,200 --> 04:11:44,700
Ingenuity triumphed over Soviet 
power, where the future looked 

4839
04:11:44,700 --> 04:11:48,300
bright instead of dark. 
Instead, NASA was behind 

4840
04:11:48,300 --> 04:11:51,200
schedule and struggling. 
The Apollo program had already 

4841
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:53,800
killed three astronauts in a 
Launchpad fire the previous 

4842
04:11:53,800 --> 04:11:56,700
year. 
Gus Grissom Ed White and Roger 

4843
04:11:56,700 --> 04:12:00,000
Chaffee had burned to death 
inside their capsule during a 

4844
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:03,200
routine test because someone had
designed a hatch that opened in 

4845
04:12:03,200 --> 04:12:05,000
would and could not be opened 
quickly. 

4846
04:12:05,900 --> 04:12:08,700
They died screaming for help 
while technicians fumbled with 

4847
04:12:08,700 --> 04:12:11,400
the door. 
He investigation revealed sloppy

4848
04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:15,300
work when ship design floors and
a culture of cutting Corners to 

4849
04:12:15,300 --> 04:12:18,200
meet deadlines. 
Fire had been a wake up call, 

4850
04:12:18,200 --> 04:12:21,300
but it also showed how dangerous
this whole Enterprise really 

4851
04:12:21,300 --> 04:12:24,500
was. 
The Saturn 5 rocket was barely 

4852
04:12:24,500 --> 04:12:27,300
proven. 
It had flown twice, both times 

4853
04:12:27,300 --> 04:12:30,800
unmanned and both times it had 
worked but not perfectly. 

4854
04:12:32,000 --> 04:12:35,400
The thing was 30 stories, tall 
and contained enough, explosive 

4855
04:12:35,400 --> 04:12:39,100
power to level a small City. 
It had to work, flawlessly to 

4856
04:12:39,100 --> 04:12:42,900
send humans to the Moon one 
engine failure, one fuel leak, 

4857
04:12:42,900 --> 04:12:46,400
one stuck valve and the rocket 
would either explode on the pad 

4858
04:12:46,400 --> 04:12:49,600
or break apart in Flight, the 
engineers were confident but 

4859
04:12:49,600 --> 04:12:53,100
confidence is not the same as 
certainly, the lunar module was 

4860
04:12:53,100 --> 04:12:55,600
not ready. 
This was the spacecraft that 

4861
04:12:55,600 --> 04:12:58,300
would actually land on the moon 
and it was still being built. 

4862
04:12:58,300 --> 04:13:02,600
The design kept changing, the 
weight kept growing, the systems

4863
04:13:02,600 --> 04:13:05,900
kept failing tests, there was no
way it would be ready in time 

4864
04:13:05,908 --> 04:13:09,400
for a moon landing in 1969, the 
whole schedule was falling 

4865
04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:12,300
apart. 
Then someone at Nasa had an 

4866
04:13:12,300 --> 04:13:13,800
idea. 
So risky it made the engineers, 

4867
04:13:13,800 --> 04:13:17,400
go pale, George Lowe, the 
manager of the Apollo spacecraft

4868
04:13:17,400 --> 04:13:20,700
program office suggested, they 
skip ahead and send a crew to 

4869
04:13:20,700 --> 04:13:24,300
orbit the moon in December. 
Never mind that nobody had ever 

4870
04:13:24,300 --> 04:13:27,300
left Earth orbit before. 
Never mind that the navigation 

4871
04:13:27,300 --> 04:13:30,000
would require calculations done 
with slide rules and paper. 

4872
04:13:31,000 --> 04:13:34,300
Never mind that if anything went
wrong, the astronauts would die 

4873
04:13:34,300 --> 04:13:37,000
in the cold vacuum of space with
no hope of rescue. 

4874
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:42,400
It was a beautiful terrible 
idea, and after days of intense 

4875
04:13:42,400 --> 04:13:45,900
debate, NASA decide to do it. 
Anyway, it, the reasoning was 

4876
04:13:45,900 --> 04:13:49,400
partly, strategic intelligence 
suggested, the Soviets were 

4877
04:13:49,400 --> 04:13:51,200
planning their own Circle in a 
flight. 

4878
04:13:51,200 --> 04:13:55,600
Maybe as early as late 1968. 
If they succeeded, they would 

4879
04:13:55,600 --> 04:13:59,400
score a major propaganda victory
in the Space Race American 

4880
04:13:59,400 --> 04:14:02,100
needed to get their first. 
But there was more to it than 

4881
04:14:02,100 --> 04:14:05,400
just beating the Russians. 
NASA needed to test the command 

4882
04:14:05,400 --> 04:14:07,600
and service. 
Module, in deep space before, 

4883
04:14:07,600 --> 04:14:10,900
attempting a landing, they 
needed to practice lunar orbit, 

4884
04:14:10,900 --> 04:14:12,700
operations. 
They needed to scout. 

4885
04:14:12,700 --> 04:14:16,000
Landing site from close up, 
sending Apollo 8 to the Moon, 

4886
04:14:16,000 --> 04:14:17,800
would accomplish all of these 
goals at once. 

4887
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:21,500
The plan would use the Apollo 8 
spacecraft which was supposed to

4888
04:14:21,500 --> 04:14:24,400
stay safely in Earth orbit for 
testing instead. 

4889
04:14:24,400 --> 04:14:26,800
They would load it with three 
astronauts and fire them at the 

4890
04:14:26,808 --> 04:14:29,400
Moon on a trajectory that 
demanded Split. 

4891
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:32,600
Second precision. 
One wrong calculation, one 

4892
04:14:32,600 --> 04:14:35,400
failed, engine burn, and the 
crew would either miss the moon 

4893
04:14:35,400 --> 04:14:38,100
entirely, or slam into its 
surface at thousands of miles 

4894
04:14:38,100 --> 04:14:40,600
per hour. 
There was no margin for error 

4895
04:14:40,600 --> 04:14:44,200
and no backup plan. 
If the main engine failed, they 

4896
04:14:44,200 --> 04:14:46,700
would Coast pass the moon and 
into deep space until their 

4897
04:14:46,700 --> 04:14:50,000
oxygen ran out. 
If the navigation was off by 

4898
04:14:50,000 --> 04:14:53,200
even a fraction of a degree, 
they would come in too, Steep 

4899
04:14:53,200 --> 04:14:57,300
and burn up during reentry or 
two shallow and Skip off the 

4900
04:14:57,300 --> 04:15:01,000
atmosphere like a stone on water
heading out into space forever. 

4901
04:15:02,400 --> 04:15:04,700
You have probably never heard of
Frank Borman. 

4902
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:06,900
Jim, Lovell, and Bill, Anders 
and less. 

4903
04:15:06,900 --> 04:15:08,700
You are a space history 
enthusiast. 

4904
04:15:09,400 --> 04:15:11,800
These three men were not the 
flashy test pilots. 

4905
04:15:11,800 --> 04:15:15,300
Who usually grabbed headlines 
they were serious professionals.

4906
04:15:15,300 --> 04:15:17,900
Who had coached spaceflight like
Engineers solving a problem. 

4907
04:15:18,700 --> 04:15:21,800
Bormann was a serious 
no-nonsense Air Force officer 

4908
04:15:21,800 --> 04:15:25,200
who treated every Mission like a
military operation. 

4909
04:15:25,200 --> 04:15:30,300
He had flown on Gemini 7 with 
love spending two weeks in a 

4910
04:15:30,300 --> 04:15:32,300
capsule size of a phone booth to
prove. 

4911
04:15:32,300 --> 04:15:34,700
Humans could survive long 
duration, space flight. 

4912
04:15:35,600 --> 04:15:40,000
He was tough disciplined and 
completely focused on Mission 

4913
04:15:40,000 --> 04:15:42,400
success. 
Lovell was calm and methodical. 

4914
04:15:42,400 --> 04:15:46,000
The kind of person you want next
to you in a crisis, he had a 

4915
04:15:46,008 --> 04:15:49,300
gift for navigation and a steady
temperament that never seemed to

4916
04:15:49,308 --> 04:15:52,500
crack Under Pressure. 
He would later fly on Apollo 13 

4917
04:15:52,500 --> 04:15:55,300
and helped save that crew when 
everything went wrong. 

4918
04:15:55,900 --> 04:15:59,100
For now he was the Navigator, 
the one who would guide them to 

4919
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:01,500
the moon and back using star 
sightings and math. 

4920
04:16:01,500 --> 04:16:05,200
And as was the rookie, a 
brilliant engineer who had never

4921
04:16:05,200 --> 04:16:08,100
flown in space before but who 
would take one of the most 

4922
04:16:08,100 --> 04:16:11,400
important photographs and human 
history, he was younger than the

4923
04:16:11,400 --> 04:16:15,400
others less experience. 
But incredibly competent, his 

4924
04:16:15,400 --> 04:16:18,200
job was to photograph potential,
Landing sites and operate the 

4925
04:16:18,200 --> 04:16:20,700
cameras. 
He studied lunar, geology and 

4926
04:16:20,700 --> 04:16:23,200
practice with the Hasselblad and
until he could change film 

4927
04:16:23,200 --> 04:16:26,500
magazines in the dark. 
He knew this mission was his one

4928
04:16:26,500 --> 04:16:29,300
chance to see the moon and he 
wanted to make it count. 

4929
04:16:29,300 --> 04:16:32,500
They trained for the mission in 
about four months, which was 

4930
04:16:32,500 --> 04:16:34,600
nowhere near enough time to 
prepare for something this 

4931
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:37,400
complex. 
The normal training cycle for an

4932
04:16:37,400 --> 04:16:40,300
Apollo mission was over a year. 
They had a fraction of that 

4933
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:44,200
every day was simulators and 
classrooms and briefings they 

4934
04:16:44,200 --> 04:16:46,700
learned the spacecraft systems 
until they could operate them 

4935
04:16:46,700 --> 04:16:49,500
with their eyes closed. 
They practiced emergency 

4936
04:16:49,500 --> 04:16:51,900
procedures until the responses 
became automatic. 

4937
04:16:52,800 --> 04:16:55,900
Studied Luna Maps until they 
could recognize craters by their

4938
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:57,700
shapes. 
They had to learn how to 

4939
04:16:57,700 --> 04:17:01,100
navigate by the stars, using a 
Sextant, like, Sailors from the 

4940
04:17:01,100 --> 04:17:04,300
Age of Exploration. 
The Apollo spacecraft had a 

4941
04:17:04,300 --> 04:17:08,200
computer but it was primitive 
and could fail if it did, the 

4942
04:17:08,200 --> 04:17:10,700
crew needed, to be able to find 
their way home using nothing, 

4943
04:17:10,700 --> 04:17:13,900
but a telescope, the star chart,
and Mathematics. 

4944
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:17,900
Level spent hours in the 
planetarium practicing star, 

4945
04:17:17,900 --> 04:17:21,000
sightings learning to recognize 
constellations from angles. 

4946
04:17:21,000 --> 04:17:23,400
He had never seen them before 
from space. 

4947
04:17:23,400 --> 04:17:27,000
The stars do not twinkle. 
They are hard points of light 

4948
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:30,600
against absolute black and the 
patterns shift as you move away 

4949
04:17:30,600 --> 04:17:33,200
from Earth. 
They memorized hundreds of 

4950
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:35,400
switch positions and emergency 
procedures. 

4951
04:17:36,500 --> 04:17:40,100
The spacecraft had over 600 
switches and circuit breakers in

4952
04:17:40,100 --> 04:17:42,500
the cockpit. 
Every one of them can control 

4953
04:17:42,500 --> 04:17:45,700
something critical, flip the 
wrong, switch at the wrong time,

4954
04:17:45,700 --> 04:17:48,500
you could kill yourself and your
crewmates. 

4955
04:17:49,300 --> 04:17:52,200
They practice what to do. 
If the computer fail, if the 

4956
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:56,100
engine fails, if the 
communication system, fail, if 

4957
04:17:56,100 --> 04:17:59,400
everything fails at once. 
They ran through a bought 

4958
04:17:59,400 --> 04:18:02,700
scenarios where they had to get 
home using only backup systems. 

4959
04:18:02,700 --> 04:18:06,300
They learned to think far and 
stay calm when alarms were going

4960
04:18:06,300 --> 04:18:09,700
off and things were breaking. 
The families knew the risks 

4961
04:18:09,700 --> 04:18:12,600
borman's wife. 
Susan later said she spent 

4962
04:18:12,600 --> 04:18:16,500
months expecting the worst. 
Every launch could end in a 

4963
04:18:16,500 --> 04:18:19,100
fireball. 
Every Mission could bring back a

4964
04:18:19,100 --> 04:18:21,900
flag draped coffin. 
Instead of a smiling astronaut, 

4965
04:18:21,900 --> 04:18:24,900
the wives formed a support 
network, helping each other 

4966
04:18:24,900 --> 04:18:27,900
through the anxiety and the 
waiting and the forced Smiles 

4967
04:18:27,900 --> 04:18:30,600
for the cameras, they were part 
of the program too. 

4968
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:33,800
Whether they wanted to be or not
the spacecraft. 

4969
04:18:33,800 --> 04:18:37,700
They would fly was a Marvel of 
1960s engineering, which means 

4970
04:18:37,700 --> 04:18:39,300
it was primitive by modern 
standards. 

4971
04:18:39,300 --> 04:18:43,500
But impossibly, sophisticated 
for its time The Command Module 

4972
04:18:43,500 --> 04:18:46,300
was a cone-shaped capsule. 
Barely large enough for three 

4973
04:18:46,300 --> 04:18:50,200
men to sit shoulder to shoulder.
It had walls thinner than a soda

4974
04:18:50,200 --> 04:18:53,000
can to save weight. 
Every pounded when you were 

4975
04:18:53,000 --> 04:18:56,200
trying to escape Earth's 
gravity, the engineers had 

4976
04:18:56,200 --> 04:18:59,300
shaved weight wherever they 
could using titanium, instead of

4977
04:18:59,308 --> 04:19:03,200
Steel aluminum, instead of 
titanium and in some places 

4978
04:19:03,200 --> 04:19:06,200
material so exotic, they had 
never been used in Aerospace 

4979
04:19:06,200 --> 04:19:08,400
before. 
The heat shield on the bottom 

4980
04:19:08,400 --> 04:19:10,800
was the only thing that would 
keep them from burning up during

4981
04:19:10,800 --> 04:19:13,100
re-entry. 
It was made of a material called

4982
04:19:13,100 --> 04:19:16,800
avocado, a resin mixed with 
glass fibers and formed into a 

4983
04:19:16,800 --> 04:19:19,200
honeycomb structure during 
re-entry. 

4984
04:19:19,200 --> 04:19:22,700
It would ablate away carrying 
heat with it as it vaporized. 

4985
04:19:22,700 --> 04:19:26,100
The Shield had to survive 
temperatures of 5,000 degrees 

4986
04:19:26,100 --> 04:19:29,500
Fahrenheit. 
One crack one manufacturing 

4987
04:19:29,500 --> 04:19:33,200
defect one spot where the 
bonding was weak and the wheat 

4988
04:19:33,200 --> 04:19:34,900
would burn through into the 
cabin. 

4989
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:37,500
The astronauts would die before 
the new. 

4990
04:19:37,500 --> 04:19:41,000
What was happening, the service 
module attached to the back held

4991
04:19:41,000 --> 04:19:44,800
the big engine, the fuel tanks, 
the oxygen tanks, and all the 

4992
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:46,800
systems that kept the Command 
Module alive. 

4993
04:19:47,600 --> 04:19:50,100
You could not access the 
service, module during flight, 

4994
04:19:50,100 --> 04:19:53,500
it was a sealed cylinder bolted 
to the back of the capsule. 

4995
04:19:53,500 --> 04:19:55,800
And once you were in space, it 
stayed sealed. 

4996
04:19:56,600 --> 04:19:59,500
If something broke back there, 
you just had to hope it was not 

4997
04:19:59,500 --> 04:20:01,900
critical. 
The service module had the main 

4998
04:20:01,900 --> 04:20:04,700
engine that would slow them into
lunar orbit and speed them up 

4999
04:20:04,700 --> 04:20:08,500
for the trip home that engine 
had to fire perfectly twice or 

5000
04:20:08,500 --> 04:20:10,700
the crew was dead. 
There was no backup. 

5001
04:20:11,700 --> 04:20:14,200
The whole assembly sat on top of
a satin, five rocket. 

5002
04:20:14,200 --> 04:20:16,600
That was taller than a football 
field standing on end. 

5003
04:20:17,600 --> 04:20:21,100
The rocket was a masterpiece of 
controlled violence, it weighed 

5004
04:20:21,100 --> 04:20:25,100
six million pounds fully fueled.
Most of that weight was fueled. 

5005
04:20:25,100 --> 04:20:30,000
The first stage alone held 
203,000 gallons of kerosene and 

5006
04:20:30,000 --> 04:20:34,900
318,000, gal of liquid oxygen. 
When those propellant mixed in 

5007
04:20:34,900 --> 04:20:38,500
the combustion, chambers of five
F1 engines, they produced a 

5008
04:20:38,500 --> 04:20:41,300
total of 7.5 million pounds of 
thrust. 

5009
04:20:42,100 --> 04:20:44,500
That was enough to lift the 
entire mass of the rocket and 

5010
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:47,800
accelerate it toward orbital 
velocity in less than three 

5011
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:50,400
minutes. 
The rocket burned a mixture of 

5012
04:20:50,400 --> 04:20:52,600
kerosene and liquid oxygen in 
the first stage. 

5013
04:20:52,600 --> 04:20:55,500
Then switched to liquid hydrogen
for the upper stages. 

5014
04:20:56,700 --> 04:20:59,700
Liquid hydrogen is colder than 
anything you have ever touched. 

5015
04:20:59,700 --> 04:21:04,600
Stored at -423 degrees. 
Fahrenheit it boils at room 

5016
04:21:04,600 --> 04:21:08,300
temperature, keeping it liquid 
requires constant refrigeration 

5017
04:21:08,300 --> 04:21:12,300
and thick insulation. 
It is also explosive which makes

5018
04:21:12,300 --> 04:21:16,200
it terrifying and perfect for 
Rocket Fuel when it burns with 

5019
04:21:16,200 --> 04:21:19,300
liquid oxygen. 
It produces more energy per 

5020
04:21:19,300 --> 04:21:21,900
pound than almost any other 
chemical combination. 

5021
04:21:22,700 --> 04:21:25,600
The second and third stage is 
used this fuel to push the 

5022
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:27,900
spacecraft, the rest of the way 
to escape velocity. 

5023
04:21:28,800 --> 04:21:33,000
When the Saturn 5 lit up, It 
produced more thrust than 500 

5024
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:34,700
jet. 
Fighters going Full Throttle at 

5025
04:21:34,700 --> 04:21:36,900
once. 
The noise was beyond 

5026
04:21:36,900 --> 04:21:39,400
description, it was not just 
loud. 

5027
04:21:39,400 --> 04:21:43,600
It was a physical force that hit
you in the chest and vibrated 

5028
04:21:43,600 --> 04:21:46,600
your bones. 
People watching from three miles

5029
04:21:46,600 --> 04:21:49,100
away, reported feeling the sound
as a pressure wave. 

5030
04:21:50,100 --> 04:21:52,300
Closer to the pad, the noise 
would kill you. 

5031
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:56,300
The acoustic energy alone could 
rupture lungs and stop hearts. 

5032
04:21:56,300 --> 04:22:00,100
That is why the pad had water 
systems that dumped thousands of

5033
04:22:00,100 --> 04:22:02,400
gallons onto the flame trench 
during ignition. 

5034
04:22:02,400 --> 04:22:05,900
Not to put out the fire but to 
absorb some of the sound energy 

5035
04:22:05,900 --> 04:22:09,000
and keep the rocket from 
destroying itself with its own 

5036
04:22:09,000 --> 04:22:12,800
noise. 
Launch day was December 21st, 

5037
04:22:12,800 --> 04:22:16,800
1968? 
The sun rose over Cape Kennedy 

5038
04:22:16,800 --> 04:22:20,500
to find a White Tower, standing 
on the pad with Vapor streaming 

5039
04:22:20,500 --> 04:22:22,700
off its sides like a nervous 
racehorse. 

5040
04:22:23,700 --> 04:22:27,300
The liquid oxygen was boiling 
off into clouds of white Mist 

5041
04:22:27,300 --> 04:22:31,500
that drifted across the beach. 
The rocket creaked and groaned 

5042
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:36,000
as the metal contracted in the 
cold. ice formed on the sides, 

5043
04:22:36,000 --> 04:22:40,000
where the super cold fuel met 
the humid Florida are The whole 

5044
04:22:40,000 --> 04:22:43,500
structure was alive with the 
sound of pumps and valves, and 

5045
04:22:43,500 --> 04:22:46,300
cryogenic fluids surging through
pipes. 

5046
04:22:47,300 --> 04:22:50,400
Borman, Loveland. 
Anders rode the elevator up, 30 

5047
04:22:50,400 --> 04:22:53,700
stories to the white room where 
technicians help them squeezed 

5048
04:22:53,700 --> 04:22:57,000
into the capsule. 
The suits were bulky and stiff 

5049
04:22:57,000 --> 04:22:59,400
designed to keep them alive. 
If the cabin lost pressure 

5050
04:22:59,400 --> 04:23:02,400
getting into the capsule, meant 
wriggling through a hatch, 

5051
04:23:02,400 --> 04:23:06,700
barely wide enough for a suited 
man to fit They had to lie on 

5052
04:23:06,700 --> 04:23:10,200
their backs and contoured 
couches, then technicians strap 

5053
04:23:10,200 --> 04:23:12,700
them in with a harness that went
over the shoulders and around 

5054
04:23:12,700 --> 04:23:16,000
the waist and between the legs. 
Once you were strapped in, you 

5055
04:23:16,000 --> 04:23:20,300
could not move, you could only 
wait the hatch closed behind 

5056
04:23:20,300 --> 04:23:22,600
them with a heavy thunk that 
meant there was no turning back.

5057
04:23:22,600 --> 04:23:27,800
Now, the sound of the hatch 
ceiling was final, Outside 

5058
04:23:27,800 --> 04:23:31,500
technicians tested, the seal, 
check the pressure and then 

5059
04:23:31,500 --> 04:23:34,100
left. 
The white room swung away from 

5060
04:23:34,100 --> 04:23:37,200
the spacecraft on its arm, the 
astronauts were alone. 

5061
04:23:37,200 --> 04:23:42,500
Now lying on their backs on top 
of 960,000 gallons of explosive 

5062
04:23:42,500 --> 04:23:45,500
fuel. 
You can imagine lying there in a

5063
04:23:45,500 --> 04:23:48,600
seat that feels like a hammock. 
Staring at a panel covered in 

5064
04:23:48,608 --> 04:23:52,400
switches and dials, and warning 
lights, knowing that in a few 

5065
04:23:52,408 --> 04:23:55,000
minutes, you're either going to 
ride a controlled explosion into

5066
04:23:55,000 --> 04:23:58,100
space or die. 
In a fireball visible from three

5067
04:23:58,100 --> 04:24:02,000
states away, the rocket groaned 
and creaked as liquid oxygen, 

5068
04:24:02,000 --> 04:24:05,600
boiled off into the Florida 
morning Fueling process had been

5069
04:24:05,608 --> 04:24:09,200
going on for hours pumps. 
Forced the super cold fluids 

5070
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:12,700
into the tanks. 
Pressure built, valves opened 

5071
04:24:12,700 --> 04:24:14,800
and closed. 
The whole stack was under 

5072
04:24:14,800 --> 04:24:17,200
tension straining against 
itself. 

5073
04:24:18,300 --> 04:24:21,300
The countdown proceeded with the
steady inevitability of a drum 

5074
04:24:21,300 --> 04:24:24,400
beat. 
Engineers monitored hundreds of 

5075
04:24:24,408 --> 04:24:28,200
systems any one of them could 
trigger a hold or a scrub. 

5076
04:24:28,200 --> 04:24:31,400
The weather had to be 
acceptable, the tracking 

5077
04:24:31,400 --> 04:24:35,300
stations have to be ready the 
ships in the recovery Fleet had 

5078
04:24:35,300 --> 04:24:38,600
to be in position. 
Every piece had to be perfect 

5079
04:24:38,600 --> 04:24:43,300
because there were no Second 
Chances once the engines lit. a 

5080
04:24:43,300 --> 04:24:47,300
T, minus 9 seconds, the 
automatic sequence, started, the

5081
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:52,300
first engine ignited, then the 
second, then the third fourth 

5082
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:57,500
fifth, All five F1 engines 
roared to life in a staggered 

5083
04:24:57,500 --> 04:24:59,100
sequence that took less than a 
second. 

5084
04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:04,100
Flame trench under the pad. 
Filled with fire, the hold down 

5085
04:25:04,100 --> 04:25:06,100
arms, kept the rocket pin to the
pad. 

5086
04:25:06,100 --> 04:25:07,900
While the engines up to full 
thrust. 

5087
04:25:08,800 --> 04:25:11,400
Sensors checked that all five 
were firing correctly. 

5088
04:25:12,300 --> 04:25:15,200
If even one engine showed a 
problem, the computers would 

5089
04:25:15,200 --> 04:25:17,300
shut everything down and drain 
the fuel. 

5090
04:25:17,300 --> 04:25:21,700
All five engines showed green 
the hold down arms released 

5091
04:25:22,600 --> 04:25:26,700
3,000 tons of rocket and 
spacecraft began to rise slowly.

5092
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:31,400
At first, then fasted 
Acceleration was gentle. 

5093
04:25:31,400 --> 04:25:35,400
Compared to what was coming? 
Inside the capsule Borman, 

5094
04:25:35,400 --> 04:25:38,800
called out the role program, the
maneuver that turned the rocket 

5095
04:25:38,800 --> 04:25:42,400
toward its proper heading. 
The guidance system was in 

5096
04:25:42,400 --> 04:25:44,800
control. 
Now, astronauts were passengers 

5097
04:25:44,800 --> 04:25:48,500
at zero. 
The engine ignited five. 

5098
04:25:48,500 --> 04:25:52,100
Massive rocket engines lit up 
with a roar That Shook the 

5099
04:25:52,100 --> 04:25:55,700
ground for miles. 
The hold down, clamps released 

5100
04:25:55,700 --> 04:26:01,000
and the Saturn 5 began to rise 
inside the capsule Borman, 

5101
04:26:01,000 --> 04:26:04,300
reported that the ride was 
smoother than expected, which 

5102
04:26:04,300 --> 04:26:06,700
was good, because the 
alternative was being shaken to 

5103
04:26:06,700 --> 04:26:09,400
death. 
The rocket accelerated upward 

5104
04:26:09,400 --> 04:26:12,800
punching through the atmosphere 
with the subtlety of a freight 

5105
04:26:12,800 --> 04:26:16,000
train. 
The noise inside was tremendous 

5106
04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:19,600
despite the layers of 
insulation, the structure, 

5107
04:26:19,600 --> 04:26:24,700
vibrated, every bolt, every 
rivet every weld was stressed to

5108
04:26:24,700 --> 04:26:28,900
its design limit. 
The aerodynamic forces increased

5109
04:26:28,900 --> 04:26:33,700
as the rocket picked up speed at
maximum Dynamic pressure about 

5110
04:26:33,700 --> 04:26:37,500
80 Seconds into the flight, the 
forces on the vehicle peaked, 

5111
04:26:37,500 --> 04:26:41,300
this was Max Q. 
The moment when the rocket was 

5112
04:26:41,300 --> 04:26:44,600
most likely to break apart from 
the stress of plowing, through 

5113
04:26:44,600 --> 04:26:47,600
the thick lower atmosphere at 
supersonic speed. 

5114
04:26:48,500 --> 04:26:51,400
The engines throttled back 
slightly to reduce the strain. 

5115
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:56,000
When Once through Max Q, they 
throttled back up to full power.

5116
04:26:57,100 --> 04:26:58,800
Two and a half minutes after 
launched. 

5117
04:26:58,800 --> 04:27:00,800
The first stage, burned, out, 
and fell away. 

5118
04:27:02,100 --> 04:27:04,900
Separation was explosive 
literally. 

5119
04:27:05,700 --> 04:27:09,200
Small charges fired to push. 
The spent stage away from the 

5120
04:27:09,200 --> 04:27:13,300
still burning second stage. 
The 5j engines of the second 

5121
04:27:13,300 --> 04:27:16,500
stage had already lit, the 
thrust building while the first 

5122
04:27:16,500 --> 04:27:20,400
stage engines were still firing.
The transition was seamless. 

5123
04:27:20,400 --> 04:27:23,100
One second, you were on five 
engines. 

5124
04:27:23,100 --> 04:27:27,200
The next second, you are on five
different engines smaller but 

5125
04:27:27,200 --> 04:27:30,700
more efficient burning hydrogen.
Instead of kerosene. 

5126
04:27:31,400 --> 04:27:35,400
This second stage continue the 
push toward orbit, the g-forces 

5127
04:27:35,400 --> 04:27:37,500
press the astronauts back into 
their seats. 

5128
04:27:37,500 --> 04:27:41,900
There was not painful, just 
insistent like having someone 

5129
04:27:41,900 --> 04:27:45,400
sit on your chest. 
Breathing took effort, moving 

5130
04:27:45,400 --> 04:27:48,800
your arms took effort. 
Everything was heavier the 

5131
04:27:48,800 --> 04:27:51,200
rocket kept accelerating kept 
climbing. 

5132
04:27:51,200 --> 04:27:55,300
Kept burning through thousands 
of pounds of fuel every second. 

5133
04:27:56,200 --> 04:28:00,600
At 8 minutes, the second stage 
shut down and separated the 

5134
04:28:00,600 --> 04:28:03,000
third stage fire, just long 
enough to put them into a 

5135
04:28:03,000 --> 04:28:07,100
parking orbit around Earth. 
They had made it to space which 

5136
04:28:07,100 --> 04:28:10,300
was the easy part. 
The hard part was still to come.

5137
04:28:10,300 --> 04:28:14,500
They spent the next two orbits 
checking systems running through

5138
04:28:14,500 --> 04:28:16,900
checklists, making sure 
everything was working 

5139
04:28:16,900 --> 04:28:20,000
correctly. 
Mission Control, analyze 

5140
04:28:20,000 --> 04:28:22,600
Telemetry and confirm, the 
spacecraft was healthy. 

5141
04:28:23,400 --> 04:28:26,300
The ghost slash no-go decision 
came from Houston. 

5142
04:28:26,300 --> 04:28:28,900
They were for translucent 
injection. 

5143
04:28:28,900 --> 04:28:32,900
Now came the hard part, they 
needed to restart that third 

5144
04:28:32,900 --> 04:28:35,700
stage engine to break free from 
Earth, orbit and head for the 

5145
04:28:35,708 --> 04:28:38,200
moon. 
This was called the translunar 

5146
04:28:38,200 --> 04:28:41,700
injection burn and it had never 
been done with humans aboard. 

5147
04:28:42,400 --> 04:28:44,900
The engine would have to fire 
for exactly the right. 

5148
04:28:44,900 --> 04:28:47,200
Amount of time to put them on a 
precise trajectory. 

5149
04:28:48,400 --> 04:28:51,100
Two little thrust and they would
fall back to Earth. 

5150
04:28:51,800 --> 04:28:56,200
Too much and they would miss the
moon and drifted into deep space

5151
04:28:56,200 --> 04:28:59,500
forever. 
The engine had been sitting in 

5152
04:28:59,500 --> 04:29:01,300
the vacuum of space for over two
hours. 

5153
04:29:02,600 --> 04:29:05,800
Fuel had to be resettled in the 
tanks using small thrusters 

5154
04:29:05,800 --> 04:29:08,600
because they was no gravity to 
hold it in place. 

5155
04:29:09,300 --> 04:29:12,100
The pressures had to be correct.
The temperatures had to be in 

5156
04:29:12,108 --> 04:29:14,700
range. 
Everything had to work perfectly

5157
04:29:14,700 --> 04:29:17,500
on the first try because there 
would not be a second chance. 

5158
04:29:18,600 --> 04:29:21,800
The burn happened over the 
Pacific Ocean out of contact 

5159
04:29:21,800 --> 04:29:25,600
with mission control. 
The crew was on their own They 

5160
04:29:25,600 --> 04:29:27,800
pressed the button. 
The engine lit. 

5161
04:29:28,800 --> 04:29:31,200
For six minutes, they 
accelerated pushing their 

5162
04:29:31,200 --> 04:29:38,000
velocity from 17,500 miles per 
hour to 24,500 miles per hour. 

5163
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:42,300
That extra 7,000 miles per hour 
was enough to escape Earth's 

5164
04:29:42,300 --> 04:29:45,800
gravity. 
Well, when the burn ended, they 

5165
04:29:45,800 --> 04:29:48,400
were on a trajectory that would 
take them to the Moon, whether 

5166
04:29:48,400 --> 04:29:53,200
they wanted to go or not. for 
six anxious minutes, Houston 

5167
04:29:53,200 --> 04:29:56,300
waited to hear if the astronauts
were still alive and on course, 

5168
04:29:57,300 --> 04:30:00,300
The tracking station at Caravan 
Australia, picked up the signal 

5169
04:30:00,300 --> 04:30:03,200
first. 
When Lovells voice came through 

5170
04:30:03,200 --> 04:30:06,700
Carmen professional reporting 
that the burn was good, and they

5171
04:30:06,700 --> 04:30:09,700
were on their way. 
Tension in Mission Control, 

5172
04:30:09,700 --> 04:30:13,900
broke like a fever. 
People exhaled, some cheered, 

5173
04:30:13,900 --> 04:30:17,700
quietly, others, just smiled, 
The Impossible was happening, 

5174
04:30:17,700 --> 04:30:20,100
the Earth began to shrink behind
them. 

5175
04:30:20,100 --> 04:30:24,600
At first, it was a huge Blue 
Marble filling the window then 

5176
04:30:24,600 --> 04:30:26,200
it was the size of a basket 
ball. 

5177
04:30:26,200 --> 04:30:28,900
Then a baseboard, then a golf 
ball. 

5178
04:30:30,300 --> 04:30:33,900
Spacecraft rotated slowly to 
spread the sun's heat evenly 

5179
04:30:33,900 --> 04:30:36,900
across its surface. 
In a maneuver called passive 

5180
04:30:36,900 --> 04:30:40,700
thermal control, which the 
astronauts called the barbecue 

5181
04:30:40,700 --> 04:30:43,400
role because it made them feel 
like a rotisserie chicken. 

5182
04:30:44,700 --> 04:30:48,800
The cabin was cold and cramped 
and smelled like a mixture of 

5183
04:30:48,800 --> 04:30:53,200
metal and human bodies and the 
faint ozone Center of 

5184
04:30:53,200 --> 04:30:56,000
electronics. 
There was no room to stand up or

5185
04:30:56,000 --> 04:30:58,900
stretch out. 
You could float a little in zero

5186
04:30:58,900 --> 04:31:01,500
gravity, but mostly you just 
tried to stay out of each 

5187
04:31:01,500 --> 04:31:04,300
other's way. 
Sleep was nearly impossible. 

5188
04:31:05,400 --> 04:31:08,900
The cabin was loud with fans and
pumps and the endless, clicking 

5189
04:31:08,900 --> 04:31:11,500
of relays. 
Every sound made. 

5190
04:31:11,500 --> 04:31:14,200
You wonder if something was 
breaking, they spent Christmas 

5191
04:31:14,200 --> 04:31:17,600
Eve Crossing the empty void 
between Earth and Moon watching 

5192
04:31:17,600 --> 04:31:20,300
their home planet. 
Dwindled to a tiny blue dot in 

5193
04:31:20,300 --> 04:31:22,400
the vast. 
Darkness, knowing that, if 

5194
04:31:22,400 --> 04:31:25,400
anything went wrong out here, 
nobody could help them. 

5195
04:31:26,800 --> 04:31:29,600
Mission Control could offer 
advice, but rescue was 

5196
04:31:29,600 --> 04:31:32,300
impossible. 
They were alone in a way that no

5197
04:31:32,300 --> 04:31:34,200
human beings had ever been 
alone. 

5198
04:31:34,200 --> 04:31:38,800
Before, the flight to the Moon 
took three days, which sounds 

5199
04:31:38,800 --> 04:31:41,900
romantic Until you realize, what
three days in a Space Capsule 

5200
04:31:41,900 --> 04:31:45,100
will actually meets. 
Your living in a volume of about

5201
04:31:45,100 --> 04:31:48,100
the size of a large closet with 
two other people who have not 

5202
04:31:48,100 --> 04:31:51,500
showered. 
Every smell lingers every sound 

5203
04:31:51,500 --> 04:31:57,000
Echoes privacy does not exist. 
The toilet is a plastic bag with

5204
04:31:57,000 --> 04:31:59,800
a sticky Rim that you try not to
think about too much. 

5205
04:32:00,900 --> 04:32:03,700
The navigation system was a 
computer that had less 

5206
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:06,200
processing power than a modern 
digital watch. 

5207
04:32:07,000 --> 04:32:10,300
It could do basic calculations 
and help the astronauts figure 

5208
04:32:10,300 --> 04:32:13,600
out where they were but it could
not do the complex orbital. 

5209
04:32:13,600 --> 04:32:15,200
Mechanics needed for the 
mission. 

5210
04:32:15,200 --> 04:32:18,700
Those calculations have been 
done by human computers back on 

5211
04:32:18,700 --> 04:32:22,000
earth, mostly women with 
mathematics degrees who worked 

5212
04:32:22,000 --> 04:32:24,400
in rooms full of adding machines
and slide rules. 

5213
04:32:25,300 --> 04:32:28,100
The trajectory had been plotted 
and double checked and triple 

5214
04:32:28,100 --> 04:32:32,000
checked, but it all depended on 
firing the engine at exactly. 

5215
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:34,300
The right moment for exactly the
right duration. 

5216
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:39,100
You need to pick your what it 
means to aim for the Moon, the 

5217
04:32:39,100 --> 04:32:41,200
Moon is moving. 
The Earth is moving. 

5218
04:32:41,200 --> 04:32:44,900
The spacecraft is moving 
everything is moving through. 

5219
04:32:44,900 --> 04:32:48,100
Three-dimensional space at 
thousands of miles per hour. 

5220
04:32:48,900 --> 04:32:51,600
You cannot just point at where 
the Moon is now and fire. 

5221
04:32:51,600 --> 04:32:55,800
You have to point it where the 
moon will be in three days a 

5222
04:32:55,800 --> 04:33:00,100
counting for Gravity from Earth 
and the moon and even the Sun 

5223
04:33:00,900 --> 04:33:02,900
One. 
Small era in velocity. 

5224
04:33:02,900 --> 04:33:07,599
One tiny mistake in angle and 
you miss by thousands of miles. 

5225
04:33:08,700 --> 04:33:11,700
The astronauts check their 
position by taking sightings on 

5226
04:33:11,707 --> 04:33:14,800
Starz through a small telescope 
built into the spacecraft. 

5227
04:33:14,800 --> 04:33:18,800
They would find a particular 
star line it up with a landmark 

5228
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:21,800
on Earth or the moon and punched
the data into the computer. 

5229
04:33:22,900 --> 04:33:25,900
The computer would compare the 
sighting to its internal star 

5230
04:33:25,900 --> 04:33:28,000
catalog and calculate their 
position. 

5231
04:33:29,200 --> 04:33:32,800
It was the same basic principle 
used by sailing ships Crossing 

5232
04:33:32,800 --> 04:33:35,200
oceans. 
Except these Sailors were 

5233
04:33:35,207 --> 04:33:39,500
crossing a much bigger ocean at 
30 times the speed of sound. 

5234
04:33:40,900 --> 04:33:42,800
Borman. 
Spent most of the flight feeling

5235
04:33:42,800 --> 04:33:45,599
sick. 
It's basic sickness is not like 

5236
04:33:45,599 --> 04:33:49,200
carsickness or sea sickness. 
It is your inner ear going 

5237
04:33:49,200 --> 04:33:51,900
haywire because there is no up 
or down anymore. 

5238
04:33:52,700 --> 04:33:55,000
Your stomach does not know which
way, is which? 

5239
04:33:55,800 --> 04:34:00,000
The fluid in your sinuses shifts
around and makes you feel like 

5240
04:34:00,000 --> 04:34:03,700
you have the worst head cold of 
your life or month throughout 

5241
04:34:03,700 --> 04:34:07,000
several times, which is a messy 
business in zero gravity. 

5242
04:34:08,200 --> 04:34:10,400
Crew did not report this to 
Mission Control because they 

5243
04:34:10,400 --> 04:34:13,400
worried NASA might have bought 
the mission and bring them home.

5244
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:17,200
They just cleaned up as best 
they could and kept going the 

5245
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:19,200
spacecraft. 
Had a guidance and navigation 

5246
04:34:19,200 --> 04:34:21,800
system. 
That was Cutting Edge from 1968,

5247
04:34:21,800 --> 04:34:24,700
but terrifyingly primitive by 
modern standards. 

5248
04:34:25,700 --> 04:34:29,700
The computer had 64 kilobytes of
memory, which is less than the 

5249
04:34:29,700 --> 04:34:34,900
average email uses today. 
It ran on a clock speed of 0.043

5250
04:34:34,900 --> 04:34:38,599
megahertz, which means a 
smartphone is literally millions

5251
04:34:38,599 --> 04:34:41,700
of times faster. 
The entire Apollo guidance 

5252
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:43,800
computer could not run a modern 
video game. 

5253
04:34:43,800 --> 04:34:46,900
It could barely run a digital 
clock yet. 

5254
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:49,599
This was the machine that would 
guide them around the Moon and 

5255
04:34:49,599 --> 04:34:52,500
back. 
The software was written by a 

5256
04:34:52,500 --> 04:34:54,599
team, led by a woman named 
Margaret Hamilton. 

5257
04:34:55,599 --> 04:34:59,300
Who coined the term software 
engineering because people kept 

5258
04:34:59,300 --> 04:35:02,200
treating programming, like it 
was not real engineering. 

5259
04:35:03,000 --> 04:35:06,700
She insisted on rigorous testing
and backup systems because she 

5260
04:35:06,700 --> 04:35:10,700
knew that bugs in the code could
kill the astronauts every line 

5261
04:35:10,700 --> 04:35:13,200
of code was reviewed and tested 
and reviewed. 

5262
04:35:13,200 --> 04:35:16,900
Again, the programs were 
literally woven into rope memory

5263
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:20,400
by hand threading. 
Wires through magnetic cores in 

5264
04:35:20,400 --> 04:35:23,200
patterns that represented ones 
and zeros. 

5265
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:27,099
If you made a mistake, you had 
to unwe the whole thing and 

5266
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:30,400
start over. 
As they approached the moon, the

5267
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:33,200
radio signals took longer and 
longer to travel back to Earth. 

5268
04:35:34,000 --> 04:35:36,500
Like to move moves fast, but 
space is vast. 

5269
04:35:37,400 --> 04:35:40,300
By the time they were near the 
moon, there was a three-second 

5270
04:35:40,300 --> 04:35:42,300
delay between transmission and 
reception. 

5271
04:35:43,300 --> 04:35:47,599
That might not sound like much, 
but in an emergency, three 

5272
04:35:47,599 --> 04:35:51,700
seconds is an eternity. 
If something went wrong, the 

5273
04:35:51,700 --> 04:35:54,099
astronauts would have to handle 
it themselves for at least three

5274
04:35:54,099 --> 04:35:57,200
seconds before Mission Control. 
Even though there was a problem,

5275
04:35:58,300 --> 04:36:00,000
the moon grew larger in the 
windows. 

5276
04:36:00,700 --> 04:36:03,800
At first, it was just a bright 
disk, no, different from what 

5277
04:36:03,800 --> 04:36:08,200
you see in the night sky. 
Then it became a world creators 

5278
04:36:08,200 --> 04:36:11,900
appeared mountains, cast, Long 
Shadows, across planes of dust. 

5279
04:36:13,000 --> 04:36:16,900
Colors were subtle shades of 
grey and brown and charcoal, but

5280
04:36:16,900 --> 04:36:20,099
the details were sharp. 
There was no atmosphere to blur 

5281
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:23,099
the view every Rock. 
Every Bolder, every ancient 

5282
04:36:23,099 --> 04:36:26,900
impact scars, stood out with 
Crystal in Clarity on, December 

5283
04:36:26,900 --> 04:36:30,500
24th, the spacecraft. 
Swung Around The Far Side of the

5284
04:36:30,500 --> 04:36:32,400
Moon and lost contact with 
Earth. 

5285
04:36:32,400 --> 04:36:36,599
The moon itself, blocked all 
radio, signals for the next 45 

5286
04:36:36,599 --> 04:36:39,700
minutes, bourbon Lovell, and 
Anders would be completely 

5287
04:36:39,700 --> 04:36:42,200
alone. 
Cut off from every other human 

5288
04:36:42,200 --> 04:36:45,200
being father from help than any 
people in history. 

5289
04:36:46,500 --> 04:36:49,200
If the engine did not fire 
correctly during the next burn, 

5290
04:36:49,200 --> 04:36:52,900
they would never make it home. 
The lunar orbit insertion burn 

5291
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:55,200
was the most dangerous moment of
the entire Mission. 

5292
04:36:55,200 --> 04:36:58,599
The engine had to fire for 
exactly four minutes and seven 

5293
04:36:58,599 --> 04:37:01,599
seconds to slow the spacecraft 
down enough to be captured by 

5294
04:37:01,599 --> 04:37:03,599
the moon's gravity. 
Too short. 

5295
04:37:03,599 --> 04:37:06,099
And they would slingshot back 
toward Earth on a trajectory 

5296
04:37:06,099 --> 04:37:07,599
that might miss the planet 
entirely. 

5297
04:37:08,900 --> 04:37:11,599
Too long and they would crash 
into the lunar surface. 

5298
04:37:12,400 --> 04:37:15,099
The engine had to work 
perfectly, there was no backup. 

5299
04:37:15,099 --> 04:37:18,400
If it failed, they would loop 
around the moon and head back to

5300
04:37:18,400 --> 04:37:21,900
Earth, which sounds fine until 
you realized a return trajectory

5301
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:24,500
would be wrong. 
And they would probably burn up 

5302
04:37:24,500 --> 04:37:28,000
during re-entry and his later 
described the moment when the 

5303
04:37:28,008 --> 04:37:31,099
engine was supposed to light as 
the longest ten seconds of his 

5304
04:37:31,099 --> 04:37:34,400
life, he pressed the button. 
For a heartbeat. 

5305
04:37:34,400 --> 04:37:37,200
Nothing happened. 
Then the whole spacecraft 

5306
04:37:37,200 --> 04:37:41,000
shuddered as the engine roared 
to life, pressing them back into

5307
04:37:41,000 --> 04:37:44,900
the seats with a force that felt
almost comforting after days of 

5308
04:37:44,900 --> 04:37:48,000
weightlessness. 
The burn had to be precise. 

5309
04:37:48,000 --> 04:37:51,800
They watched the clock 
countdown, four minutes, three 

5310
04:37:51,800 --> 04:37:54,500
minutes, two minutes, the engine
kept fireing. 

5311
04:37:54,500 --> 04:37:58,700
One minute. 30 seconds. 10 
seconds, shut down. 

5312
04:37:59,700 --> 04:38:01,700
Silence that followed was 
profound. 

5313
04:38:02,400 --> 04:38:05,099
They had no way to know if the 
Bernard worked until they came 

5314
04:38:05,099 --> 04:38:08,400
back around the front of the 
Moon and re-established contact 

5315
04:38:08,400 --> 04:38:11,200
with Earth. 
For all they knew they were on a

5316
04:38:11,207 --> 04:38:13,700
collision course, with the 
surface or drifting off into 

5317
04:38:13,700 --> 04:38:16,599
deep space. 
The next 45 minutes would 

5318
04:38:16,599 --> 04:38:18,500
determine whether they lived or 
died. 

5319
04:38:19,300 --> 04:38:22,500
The spacecraft, swung around the
moon's, Far Side Crossing 

5320
04:38:22,500 --> 04:38:24,400
terrain, that no human eyes had 
ever seen. 

5321
04:38:25,300 --> 04:38:28,800
The Far Side is not dark, 
despite what people call it, the

5322
04:38:28,800 --> 04:38:31,700
sun shines, there, just as it 
shines on the near side. 

5323
04:38:32,599 --> 04:38:35,300
It is just hidden from Earth by 
the bulk of the Moon itself. 

5324
04:38:35,300 --> 04:38:39,000
What they saw was a landscape of
ancient violence. 

5325
04:38:39,000 --> 04:38:43,800
Crater upon crater upon crater 
impact layered over impact, 

5326
04:38:43,800 --> 04:38:48,099
going back, billions of years. 
No wind had ever Disturbed this 

5327
04:38:48,099 --> 04:38:50,800
dust no water had ever flowed 
here. 

5328
04:38:50,800 --> 04:38:55,800
It was geology Frozen in Time a 
museum of cosmic collisions, 

5329
04:38:55,800 --> 04:38:59,300
then they came around the front 
and their radio crackled back to

5330
04:38:59,300 --> 04:39:01,599
life. 
Mission control called out to 

5331
04:39:01,599 --> 04:39:05,400
them Lovell responded with the 
most beautiful words, anyone at 

5332
04:39:05,400 --> 04:39:08,400
Nasa had ever heard They were in
lunar orbit. 

5333
04:39:09,300 --> 04:39:11,300
Burn had worked. 
They were alive. 

5334
04:39:12,200 --> 04:39:14,800
Being an orbit around. 
The Moon is not like all 

5335
04:39:14,800 --> 04:39:17,900
particular, Earth orbit, feels 
safe because you can look down 

5336
04:39:17,900 --> 04:39:21,900
and see cities and continents 
and clouds all the familiar 

5337
04:39:21,900 --> 04:39:24,800
markers of home. 
You can see the curve of the 

5338
04:39:24,800 --> 04:39:27,500
Horizon glowing blue with 
scattered sunlight. 

5339
04:39:27,500 --> 04:39:30,900
You can watch weather systems 
swirl across oceans. 

5340
04:39:30,900 --> 04:39:34,099
You can pick out coastlines and 
rivers and mountain, ranges 

5341
04:39:34,099 --> 04:39:37,900
Earth from orbit is beautiful 
and alive and reassuring. 

5342
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:41,800
The moon has none of that. 
The Moon is dead. 

5343
04:39:41,800 --> 04:39:44,300
It has been dead for billions of
years. 

5344
04:39:44,300 --> 04:39:48,800
When you orbit the Moon you were
circling a graveyard, the 

5345
04:39:48,800 --> 04:39:52,500
landscape below is Frozen in 
Time, a record of violence, 

5346
04:39:52,500 --> 04:39:55,500
going back to when the solar 
system was young and chaotic, 

5347
04:39:55,500 --> 04:39:59,000
nothing moves down there, 
nothing changes. 

5348
04:39:59,000 --> 04:40:02,200
Except the slow March of shadows
as the sun tracks. 

5349
04:40:02,200 --> 04:40:07,000
Cross the sky, the Stillness is 
profound and deeply unsettling, 

5350
04:40:07,000 --> 04:40:10,300
the spacecraft. 
Completed one orbit every two 

5351
04:40:10,300 --> 04:40:15,300
hours that meant Born and Lovell
and Anders got to see the entire

5352
04:40:15,300 --> 04:40:20,400
Moon from just 60 miles up 
closer than any human's had ever

5353
04:40:20,400 --> 04:40:22,600
been. 
They floated in front of the 

5354
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:25,400
windows and stared down at a 
world that looked like, it had 

5355
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:27,700
been bombed by Asteroids for 
four billion years. 

5356
04:40:28,700 --> 04:40:31,800
Every feature had a story 
written in impact, its and lava 

5357
04:40:31,800 --> 04:40:34,600
flows and slower erosion from 
temperature extremes that would 

5358
04:40:34,600 --> 04:40:37,600
crack Steel. 
The moon was a textbook of 

5359
04:40:37,608 --> 04:40:40,400
planetary. 
Geology every page written in 

5360
04:40:40,400 --> 04:40:43,500
rock and dust. 
The craters were everywhere, 

5361
04:40:43,500 --> 04:40:47,900
small ones inside big ones, 
inside bigger ones, overlapping 

5362
04:40:47,900 --> 04:40:50,500
and patterns that showed which 
impacts came first. 

5363
04:40:52,300 --> 04:40:55,200
The physics was simple. 
Something traveling at Cosmic 

5364
04:40:55,200 --> 04:40:59,200
velocity hits, something else. 
A kinetic energy converts to 

5365
04:40:59,200 --> 04:41:03,800
heat and shock in an instant. 
The surface explodes outward, 

5366
04:41:03,800 --> 04:41:07,000
throwing material up and out, in
a symmetrical pattern. 

5367
04:41:07,900 --> 04:41:09,600
What? 
Settles back down, forms. 

5368
04:41:09,600 --> 04:41:12,700
A circular crater with a raise 
rear rim and sometimes a central

5369
04:41:12,700 --> 04:41:13,800
Peak. 
Where the crust? 

5370
04:41:13,800 --> 04:41:17,300
Rebounded from the impact. 
Some craters were so fresh that 

5371
04:41:17,300 --> 04:41:19,900
you can see the Rays of debris. 
Flashed out from the impact. 

5372
04:41:19,900 --> 04:41:22,500
Right? 
Strikes of pulverized Rock, 

5373
04:41:22,500 --> 04:41:26,800
extending for hundreds of miles 
across the dark Plains, the Rays

5374
04:41:26,800 --> 04:41:29,400
were brighter because the 
impacted of excavated fresh 

5375
04:41:29,400 --> 04:41:32,900
material from below the surface 
material that had not been 

5376
04:41:32,900 --> 04:41:36,500
darkened by billions of years of
exposure, to the solar wind and 

5377
04:41:36,500 --> 04:41:40,500
micrometeorite bombardment. 
These young craters stood out 

5378
04:41:40,500 --> 04:41:44,500
like scars on Old skin. 
Other craters were so old. 

5379
04:41:44,500 --> 04:41:48,000
They had been worn Smooth by 
eons of thermal cycling and 

5380
04:41:48,000 --> 04:41:51,900
micrometeorite impacts. 
The sharp rims are degraded. 

5381
04:41:52,800 --> 04:41:55,700
Floors had filled in with debris
from later impacts. 

5382
04:41:56,300 --> 04:41:59,000
Some were barely visible ghost 
creators, that you could only 

5383
04:41:59,000 --> 04:42:02,700
see when the lighting angle was 
just right and shadows revealed 

5384
04:42:02,700 --> 04:42:05,100
faint circular depressions in 
the surface. 

5385
04:42:06,300 --> 04:42:10,500
The oldest parts of the Moon 
dated back, 4.5 billion years to

5386
04:42:10,500 --> 04:42:13,300
win the solar system was still 
settling down after its violent 

5387
04:42:13,300 --> 04:42:15,300
birth. 
You have to imagine what it 

5388
04:42:15,300 --> 04:42:18,600
feels like to look down at a 
landscape completely Untouched 

5389
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:23,100
by life. 
No trees, no grass, no bacteria,

5390
04:42:23,100 --> 04:42:26,800
no fossils. 
Nothing has ever grown here. 

5391
04:42:26,800 --> 04:42:29,800
Nothing has ever called a cross 
this dust. 

5392
04:42:29,800 --> 04:42:33,500
The rocks of never been worn, 
Smooth by floating water. 

5393
04:42:33,500 --> 04:42:37,400
The mountains of never been 
shaped by wind and rain and Ice 

5394
04:42:37,400 --> 04:42:41,100
everything you see is the result
of impacts and volcanic 

5395
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:45,200
eruptions and the slow grinding 
forces of gravity and temp. 

5396
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:50,500
Wind rossling Lee's water 
dripping, your own heartbeat the

5397
04:42:50,500 --> 04:42:54,000
moon has none of that. 
If you stood on the surface you 

5398
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:56,800
would hear nothing but your own 
breathing inside your helmet and

5399
04:42:56,800 --> 04:42:58,800
the quiet hum of your life 
support system. 

5400
04:42:59,700 --> 04:43:04,500
No sound travels through vacuum.
Silence would be so complete. 

5401
04:43:04,500 --> 04:43:07,800
It would feel like pressure on 
your eardrums It is beautiful 

5402
04:43:07,800 --> 04:43:10,400
and terrible at the same time. 
Beautiful. 

5403
04:43:10,400 --> 04:43:14,700
Because the landscape has a 
stark Elegance a purity of form 

5404
04:43:14,700 --> 04:43:17,700
that comes from being shaped by 
simple physical laws without 

5405
04:43:17,700 --> 04:43:21,800
interference terrible, because 
it is so fundamentally hostile 

5406
04:43:21,800 --> 04:43:26,000
to everything living One moment 
of exposure to vacuum would kill

5407
04:43:26,000 --> 04:43:28,500
you. 
One puncture in your suit would 

5408
04:43:28,500 --> 04:43:31,000
be fatal. 
The environment does not care 

5409
04:43:31,000 --> 04:43:34,400
whether you live or die. 
It is indifferent in a way that 

5410
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:38,000
Earth's environment never is the
mountains on the moon are 

5411
04:43:38,000 --> 04:43:41,100
different from Earth mountains. 
It will not pushed up by plate 

5412
04:43:41,100 --> 04:43:45,000
tectonics or shaped by erosion. 
They were formed by Massive 

5413
04:43:45,000 --> 04:43:48,000
impact that through Rock into 
the air and let it splash down 

5414
04:43:48,000 --> 04:43:51,600
in frozen ways. 
The mountain range is around the

5415
04:43:51,600 --> 04:43:55,700
Maria, the dark Plains other 
rims of ancient impact basins. 

5416
04:43:56,700 --> 04:44:00,400
When something the size of a 
small planet hit the moon, the 

5417
04:44:00,400 --> 04:44:04,800
excavated a hole 100s of miles 
across the rim of, that whole 

5418
04:44:04,800 --> 04:44:09,000
became a mountain range. 
Some of the Peaks rise 20,000 

5419
04:44:09,000 --> 04:44:12,200
feet about the plane's higher 
than anything in the Rockies, 

5420
04:44:12,200 --> 04:44:14,900
but they look wrong because they
have no foot heels. 

5421
04:44:14,900 --> 04:44:17,900
No gradual slopes leading up to 
the Summits. 

5422
04:44:17,900 --> 04:44:21,500
They just shut up out of the 
flat surface like broken teeth. 

5423
04:44:22,400 --> 04:44:25,900
The angles are too steep. 
The transitions are too abrupt. 

5424
04:44:26,600 --> 04:44:29,500
These mountains were not built 
slowly over millions of years. 

5425
04:44:29,500 --> 04:44:33,300
They were created in seconds, 
during catastrophic impacts. 

5426
04:44:33,900 --> 04:44:37,100
The Maria, the dark planes that 
make up the man in the moon. 

5427
04:44:37,100 --> 04:44:40,200
When you look up from Earth, 
turned out to be ancient lava 

5428
04:44:40,200 --> 04:44:43,500
flows billions of years ago, 
massive asteroids, punched 

5429
04:44:43,500 --> 04:44:47,200
through the moon's crust and let
molten rock flood up from below.

5430
04:44:47,200 --> 04:44:50,800
The impacts were so violent. 
They fractured the crust down to

5431
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:54,400
the mantle magma welled up and 
spread across the impact, 

5432
04:44:54,400 --> 04:44:56,700
basins, filling them with 
Basalt. 

5433
04:44:56,700 --> 04:45:00,500
The cooled into smooth Plains, 
the lava flows are old now, 

5434
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:04,400
three to four billion years old,
but they look relatively smooth 

5435
04:45:04,400 --> 04:45:07,800
compared to the highlands. 
They have fewer craters because 

5436
04:45:07,800 --> 04:45:10,300
they formed after the main 
bombardment period, when the 

5437
04:45:10,300 --> 04:45:12,200
solar system was still full of 
debris. 

5438
04:45:13,000 --> 04:45:15,800
The Rock is dark because it is 
rich in iron and titanium. 

5439
04:45:15,800 --> 04:45:20,500
These are the Seas of the Moon 
given poetic names, like, mayor,

5440
04:45:20,500 --> 04:45:25,300
tranquila Tartus and mayor in 
and OCR nurse protar of the Sea 

5441
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:27,600
of Tranquility, the Sea of 
rains. 

5442
04:45:27,600 --> 04:45:31,700
The ocean of storms, beautiful 
names for planes of Cold Stone. 

5443
04:45:31,700 --> 04:45:35,300
Love, took navigation, sightings
and updated the computer. 

5444
04:45:35,300 --> 04:45:39,800
The sex didn't was in to the 
spacecraft's optical system, he 

5445
04:45:39,800 --> 04:45:43,200
would find a known star. 
Align it with a landmark, on the

5446
04:45:43,200 --> 04:45:46,200
moon surface and measure the 
angle between them. 

5447
04:45:47,400 --> 04:45:50,800
The computer would compare this 
to its internal star catalog and

5448
04:45:50,800 --> 04:45:55,000
calculate their position. 
This was Celestial navigation, 

5449
04:45:55,000 --> 04:45:59,900
the same technique used by 
Sailors for centuries adapted 

5450
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:03,400
for the Space Age. 
If the computer failed they 

5451
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:06,600
could navigate home using 
nothing but a slide rule and a 

5452
04:46:06,600 --> 04:46:10,500
star chart, it would be slower 
and less accurate, but it would 

5453
04:46:10,500 --> 04:46:14,200
work. 
And as took photographs with a 

5454
04:46:14,200 --> 04:46:18,100
hassle blood camera loaded with 
film shooting frame, after frame

5455
04:46:18,100 --> 04:46:21,400
of the surface to help NASA 
Scout Landing site for future 

5456
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:25,200
missions Foreman, kept track of 
their systems and communicated 

5457
04:46:25,200 --> 04:46:28,000
with mission control. 
All three of them, tried to 

5458
04:46:28,000 --> 04:46:29,300
comprehend. 
What they were seeing? 

5459
04:46:29,300 --> 04:46:33,300
This was the moon. 
They were actually here after 

5460
04:46:33,300 --> 04:46:36,700
all the years of dreaming and 
Planning and Building human had 

5461
04:46:36,700 --> 04:46:39,600
finally left Earth and traveled 
to another world. 

5462
04:46:40,600 --> 04:46:43,700
The temperature extremes was 
staggering on the sunlit side of

5463
04:46:43,708 --> 04:46:47,100
the moon, the surface 
temperature reached 250 degrees 

5464
04:46:47,100 --> 04:46:49,600
fahrenheit, hot enough to boil 
water. 

5465
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:53,900
In the shadows. 
It dropped to minus 250 degrees 

5466
04:46:53,900 --> 04:46:57,200
cold enough to freeze carbon 
dioxide solid. 

5467
04:46:57,200 --> 04:47:00,300
There was no atmosphere to 
moderate these extremes. 

5468
04:47:00,300 --> 04:47:03,800
The transition from light to 
dark was a sharp line where 

5469
04:47:03,800 --> 04:47:07,800
physics changed in an instant. 
The spacecraft had to rotate 

5470
04:47:07,800 --> 04:47:10,800
constantly to keep from cooking 
on one side and freezing on the 

5471
04:47:10,800 --> 04:47:15,400
other Every orbit, took them 
over the far side again into 

5472
04:47:15,400 --> 04:47:17,900
radio silence cut off from 
Earth. 

5473
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:22,000
This happened 10 times during 
their 20 hours in lunar orbit. 

5474
04:47:22,700 --> 04:47:26,100
10 times, they disappeared 
behind the moon and went dark 

5475
04:47:26,100 --> 04:47:30,300
ten times Mission Control, 
waited, nervously for them to 

5476
04:47:30,300 --> 04:47:33,000
come back around. 10 times they 
did. 

5477
04:47:33,000 --> 04:47:36,600
The Far Side was even more 
crated than the near side. 

5478
04:47:36,600 --> 04:47:40,000
More battered and scarred. 
Scientists still do not fully 

5479
04:47:40,000 --> 04:47:44,100
understand why something about 
the moon structure its history. 

5480
04:47:44,100 --> 04:47:47,300
The way it has been locked in 
Tidal, resonance with Earth for 

5481
04:47:47,300 --> 04:47:50,800
billions of years has made one 
face more vulnerable than the 

5482
04:47:50,800 --> 04:47:53,500
other. 
Anders latest said that the 

5483
04:47:53,500 --> 04:47:55,500
overwhelming impression was of 
hostility. 

5484
04:47:56,400 --> 04:47:58,300
The Moon looked like a place 
that wanted to kill you. 

5485
04:47:58,300 --> 04:48:01,500
There was no air to breathe. 
No water to drink. 

5486
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:05,000
No shelter from radiation or 
temperate dreams or might 

5487
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:07,900
Crematory rights. 
Landing here, would require 

5488
04:48:07,900 --> 04:48:09,700
technology and planning and 
luck. 

5489
04:48:10,500 --> 04:48:15,600
One punctured suit, one fails, 
seal, One cracked helmet, and 

5490
04:48:15,600 --> 04:48:19,300
you were dead in seconds. 
The moon was beautiful, but it 

5491
04:48:19,308 --> 04:48:22,100
was not welcoming. 
They had brought a meal for 

5492
04:48:22,100 --> 04:48:25,300
Christmas Eve. 
Special packages of turkey and 

5493
04:48:25,300 --> 04:48:27,500
gravy that were supposed to make
them feel festive. 

5494
04:48:27,500 --> 04:48:30,800
Instead, they ate quickly and 
went back to the windows. 

5495
04:48:30,800 --> 04:48:33,400
This was not a time for 
celebration. 

5496
04:48:33,400 --> 04:48:38,000
This was a time for wonder and 
maybe a little fear, they were 

5497
04:48:38,000 --> 04:48:40,000
guests in a place that had never
invited. 

5498
04:48:40,000 --> 04:48:43,100
Visitors orbiting a world that 
had watched Earth from the 

5499
04:48:43,100 --> 04:48:45,100
darkness. 
Since before humans existed 

5500
04:48:45,100 --> 04:48:48,700
Mission Control had planned, a 
television broadcast for 

5501
04:48:48,700 --> 04:48:51,600
Christmas Eve. 
The idea was to show the people 

5502
04:48:51,600 --> 04:48:54,400
back home, what the Moon looked 
like and maybe say something 

5503
04:48:54,400 --> 04:48:55,900
meaningful about the 
achievement. 

5504
04:48:57,300 --> 04:48:59,500
NASA wanted. 
Good press. 

5505
04:49:00,400 --> 04:49:03,500
They wanted the American public 
to see what their tax dollars 

5506
04:49:03,500 --> 04:49:06,100
had bought. 
They wanted a moment that would 

5507
04:49:06,100 --> 04:49:09,900
be remembered what they got, 
was, something more profound 

5508
04:49:09,900 --> 04:49:14,400
than they expected. the camera 
came on the signal travel to 

5509
04:49:14,400 --> 04:49:20,000
240,000 miles of empty space to 
receivers on Earth, millions of 

5510
04:49:20,000 --> 04:49:23,700
people tuned in to watch three 
grainy figures floating in a 

5511
04:49:23,700 --> 04:49:27,000
spacecraft, pointing a camera 
out, the window at landscape 

5512
04:49:27,000 --> 04:49:31,200
that looked alien and ancient. 
Bourbon spoke first. 

5513
04:49:31,200 --> 04:49:35,100
Describing, what they were 
seeing then love took over 

5514
04:49:35,100 --> 04:49:38,300
talking about the craters and 
the shadows and the scents of 

5515
04:49:38,308 --> 04:49:41,800
being somewhere. 
No human had ever been there and

5516
04:49:41,800 --> 04:49:45,700
as began to read, He had brought
a small book with him, a Bible, 

5517
04:49:45,700 --> 04:49:49,200
he opened it to the first page 
of Genesis and began to read. 

5518
04:49:50,000 --> 04:49:52,400
In the beginning, God created 
the Heaven and the Earth. 

5519
04:49:53,200 --> 04:49:56,400
It was a strange Choice, reading
ancient religious texts while 

5520
04:49:56,400 --> 04:49:59,300
orbiting the moon but it somehow
felt right? 

5521
04:50:00,200 --> 04:50:03,900
These were words about creation 
about Beginnings about the 

5522
04:50:03,900 --> 04:50:07,400
origins of everything. 
They were words that connected. 

5523
04:50:07,400 --> 04:50:10,500
This moment to thousands of 
years of human wonder about the 

5524
04:50:10,500 --> 04:50:16,000
sky and what might be out there.
Love took the next verses born 

5525
04:50:16,000 --> 04:50:19,400
and finish. 
The reading ended with good 

5526
04:50:19,400 --> 04:50:23,400
night, good luck. 
God bless all of you on The Good

5527
04:50:23,400 --> 04:50:25,600
Earth. 
The camera turned off. 

5528
04:50:26,400 --> 04:50:29,300
Transmission ended. 
Back on Earth. 

5529
04:50:30,000 --> 04:50:34,000
People sat in stunned, silence. 
Some were moved to tears. 

5530
04:50:35,000 --> 04:50:37,400
Some felt a connection to 
something larger than 

5531
04:50:37,400 --> 04:50:40,200
themselves. 
Some just felt grateful that 

5532
04:50:40,200 --> 04:50:42,600
humans could accomplish 
something beautiful in a year 

5533
04:50:42,608 --> 04:50:45,800
that had been so ugly. 
What nobody knew yet was that 

5534
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:49,200
during that broadcast as Pan, 
the camera across the lunar 

5535
04:50:49,200 --> 04:50:52,700
surface, he had turned its 
slightly upward and caught 

5536
04:50:52,700 --> 04:50:54,700
something in the frame, that 
would change everything. 

5537
04:50:56,200 --> 04:50:59,500
On the fourth orbit as the 
spacecraft came around from 

5538
04:50:59,500 --> 04:51:02,500
behind the moon and has happened
to look out the window at just 

5539
04:51:02,508 --> 04:51:05,400
the right moment. 
The Earth was Rising above the 

5540
04:51:05,400 --> 04:51:08,900
lunar Horizon. 
He saw it and grabbed the 

5541
04:51:08,900 --> 04:51:11,600
camera. 
You need to understand what this

5542
04:51:11,600 --> 04:51:14,100
looked like. 
The moon in the foreground was 

5543
04:51:14,100 --> 04:51:17,400
gray and dead and created a 
monochrome Wasteland that went 

5544
04:51:17,400 --> 04:51:20,800
on forever. 
Above it Rising like a duel was 

5545
04:51:20,800 --> 04:51:24,300
Earth. 
Brilliant Blue, oceans, white 

5546
04:51:24,300 --> 04:51:28,200
swirls of clouds. 
Brown continents, barely visible

5547
04:51:28,200 --> 04:51:31,900
through the atmosphere. 
Everything that had ever lived. 

5548
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:35,400
Everything that had ever 
mattered to any human being. 

5549
04:51:36,200 --> 04:51:40,200
Was on that small blue sphere 
hanging in the void and his 

5550
04:51:40,200 --> 04:51:43,500
yelled for color film. 
Lovell, scrambled to find it. 

5551
04:51:44,200 --> 04:51:46,700
The black and white film would 
not do this Justice. 

5552
04:51:46,700 --> 04:51:50,000
They needed color and as loaded 
the magazine and started 

5553
04:51:50,000 --> 04:51:54,000
shooting He bracketed the 
exposure, taking multiple shots 

5554
04:51:54,000 --> 04:51:57,000
at different settings to make 
sure at least one would turn 

5555
04:51:57,000 --> 04:52:01,600
out, right? 
The camera clicked and word the 

5556
04:52:01,600 --> 04:52:05,600
Earth Rose higher. the moment 
lasted maybe 30 seconds before 

5557
04:52:05,600 --> 04:52:08,500
the spacecraft's rotation, 
carried the window, passed the 

5558
04:52:08,500 --> 04:52:12,200
view, The photograph would be 
called earthrise. 

5559
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:15,500
It became one of the most 
important images in human 

5560
04:52:15,500 --> 04:52:18,500
history. 
It showed Earth as a fragile 

5561
04:52:18,500 --> 04:52:23,700
Oasis in the cosmic dark, a tiny
blue bubble of Life surrounded 

5562
04:52:23,700 --> 04:52:27,500
by endless, nothing. 
The moon was just dead Rock in 

5563
04:52:27,508 --> 04:52:30,500
the foreground. 
A reminder of what planets look 

5564
04:52:30,500 --> 04:52:31,900
like. 
When they have no atmosphere. 

5565
04:52:31,900 --> 04:52:34,900
No water, no protection from 
space. 

5566
04:52:35,800 --> 04:52:40,000
Earth looked impossibly precious
by comparison the environmental 

5567
04:52:40,000 --> 04:52:42,900
movement traces part of its 
Origins to this photograph. 

5568
04:52:44,000 --> 04:52:47,000
Seeing Earth from space, made 
people realize how small and 

5569
04:52:47,000 --> 04:52:49,400
vulnerable. 
Our planet really is all the 

5570
04:52:49,400 --> 04:52:52,100
wars and politics and hatred 
seemed ridiculous. 

5571
04:52:52,100 --> 04:52:56,300
When you could see the whole 
world in one frame, no borders 

5572
04:52:56,300 --> 04:53:00,600
visible, no countries marked 
out, just one interconnected 

5573
04:53:00,600 --> 04:53:03,200
system of air and water and 
life. 

5574
04:53:04,300 --> 04:53:06,500
The photograph appeared on the 
cover of magazines and 

5575
04:53:06,508 --> 04:53:09,700
newspapers around the world. 
It was called a gift to the 

5576
04:53:09,700 --> 04:53:14,700
World on Christmas Eve, but at 
the time in the moment and as in

5577
04:53:14,700 --> 04:53:18,900
love and did not know they had 
captured something historic, It 

5578
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:22,900
just knew it was beautiful. 
Floated there in lunar orbit and

5579
04:53:22,900 --> 04:53:27,200
looked at their home from 
240,000 miles away and felt 

5580
04:53:27,200 --> 04:53:31,200
something shift inside them. 
This was what they had come for 

5581
04:53:31,200 --> 04:53:35,300
not just to orbit the Moon but 
to see Earth from a place where 

5582
04:53:35,300 --> 04:53:38,600
Earth was not the center of 
everything to get perspective. 

5583
04:53:38,600 --> 04:53:42,600
The rest of the orbits blurred 
together, more, photographs, 

5584
04:53:42,600 --> 04:53:47,000
more navigation, checks more 
systems, monitoring the 

5585
04:53:47,000 --> 04:53:50,600
spacecraft held together, the 
computer kept working the engine

5586
04:53:50,600 --> 04:53:52,700
remained, ready for the burn. 
That would take them home. 

5587
04:53:52,700 --> 04:53:56,000
They tried to sleep in shifts 
but sleep was difficult. 

5588
04:53:56,000 --> 04:54:00,500
Every sound made them wonder if 
something was breaking every 

5589
04:54:00,500 --> 04:54:02,500
alarm. 
Even the false ones made their 

5590
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:05,200
hearts race. 
They were alone out here. 

5591
04:54:06,100 --> 04:54:08,400
If something went wrong, they 
would die out here. 

5592
04:54:08,400 --> 04:54:12,900
Mission Control kept talking to 
the reassuring voice is from 

5593
04:54:12,900 --> 04:54:14,800
Houston. 
Reminding them that people were 

5594
04:54:14,800 --> 04:54:18,100
watching the numbers, checking 
the Telemetry making sure 

5595
04:54:18,100 --> 04:54:19,400
everything was working 
correctly. 

5596
04:54:21,100 --> 04:54:22,500
The flight controllers were 
exhausted. 

5597
04:54:22,500 --> 04:54:26,200
They had been on duty for days 
with minimal, sleep chain, 

5598
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:27,900
smoking cigarettes, and drinking
coffee. 

5599
04:54:28,700 --> 04:54:32,600
Staring at screens full of data 
looking for problems before the 

5600
04:54:32,608 --> 04:54:35,900
problems became fatal. 
These were the people who would 

5601
04:54:35,900 --> 04:54:40,400
bring the astronauts home if 
anyone could After 20 hours in 

5602
04:54:40,400 --> 04:54:42,200
lunar orbit, it was time to 
leave. 

5603
04:54:42,200 --> 04:54:45,800
The transurfing burn would fire 
the engine again. 

5604
04:54:45,800 --> 04:54:49,100
This time to speed them up and 
break free from the moon's 

5605
04:54:49,100 --> 04:54:52,500
gravity. 
Like the insertion burn, this 

5606
04:54:52,500 --> 04:54:56,400
one had to be perfect too short 
and they would stay in orbit 

5607
04:54:56,400 --> 04:54:59,800
until their oxygen ran out too 
long and they would come into 

5608
04:54:59,800 --> 04:55:04,000
fast and burn up during 
re-entry. the margin for error 

5609
04:55:04,000 --> 04:55:07,600
was measured in seconds, the 
burn happened behind the moon 

5610
04:55:07,600 --> 04:55:12,700
out of contact with Earth again,
Mission Control, waited Again, 

5611
04:55:12,700 --> 04:55:15,800
the astronauts watched the clock
and hoped the engine would fire 

5612
04:55:15,800 --> 04:55:19,800
and keep firing and stop firing 
at exactly the right moment. 

5613
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:23,400
It did. 
When they came around the front 

5614
04:55:23,400 --> 04:55:25,900
of the Moon, they reported they 
were on their way home. 

5615
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:30,000
Houston erupted in cheers, the 
astronauts allowed themselves to

5616
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:33,200
relax slightly. 
They were not safe yet but they 

5617
04:55:33,200 --> 04:55:34,300
were heading in the right 
direction. 

5618
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:38,600
The Moon fell away behind them 
Earth grew larger ahead. 

5619
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:43,200
The Barb que rol started again. 
Slowly rotating the spacecraft 

5620
04:55:43,200 --> 04:55:46,600
to even out the sun's heat. 
They were going home. 

5621
04:55:48,400 --> 04:55:51,800
They had gone to the moon and 
orbited it, and seen sights. 

5622
04:55:51,800 --> 04:55:54,600
No human had ever seen and now, 
they were coming back. 

5623
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:58,000
The return trip was quieter than
the outbound leg. 

5624
04:55:58,900 --> 04:56:02,800
The excitement had worn off 
replaced by exhaustion and the 

5625
04:56:02,800 --> 04:56:06,300
grinding monotony of systems 
checks, and Navigation updates. 

5626
04:56:07,100 --> 04:56:10,100
The cabin smelled worse. 
The air was stale. 

5627
04:56:10,100 --> 04:56:14,000
They wanted showers and real 
food, and gravity, and privacy. 

5628
04:56:14,000 --> 04:56:16,300
They wanted to get out of this 
tin. 

5629
04:56:16,300 --> 04:56:20,700
Can and stand on Solid Ground. 
Reentry was the final hurdle. 

5630
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:24,400
They would hit Earth's 
atmosphere at 25,000 miles per 

5631
04:56:24,400 --> 04:56:27,700
hour, faster than any human had 
ever traveled. 

5632
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:30,500
The heat shield on the bottom of
the Command Module, would bear 

5633
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:33,900
the brunt of atmospheric 
friction eating 2000s of 

5634
04:56:33,900 --> 04:56:35,800
degrees. 
While the astronauts set just 

5635
04:56:35,800 --> 04:56:39,500
inches away behind a thin 
barrier, if the shield had been 

5636
04:56:39,508 --> 04:56:43,700
damaged somehow, if a micrometer
punched through it, if the 

5637
04:56:43,700 --> 04:56:47,100
manufacturing had been flawed 
they would burn up and die in 

5638
04:56:47,100 --> 04:56:51,200
sight of home. 
Service module separated, they 

5639
04:56:51,200 --> 04:56:53,600
were down to just the 
cone-shaped Command Module. 

5640
04:56:53,600 --> 04:56:57,100
Now, the smallest piece, the 
only part designed to survive 

5641
04:56:57,100 --> 04:57:00,600
re-entry, they check the 
parachutes, they reviewed the 

5642
04:57:00,600 --> 04:57:04,700
procedures, they strapped in 
tight Earth's atmosphere, rushed

5643
04:57:04,700 --> 04:57:08,600
up to meet them, the spacecraft 
started to shake, the 

5644
04:57:08,600 --> 04:57:10,900
deceleration pressed them into 
their seats. 

5645
04:57:10,900 --> 04:57:15,200
With four times, the force of 
gravity, the windows glowed 

5646
04:57:15,200 --> 04:57:19,200
orange with superheated plasma 
they were inside a meteor. 

5647
04:57:19,200 --> 04:57:21,900
Now, screaming through the sky 
over the Pacific Ocean. 

5648
04:57:23,400 --> 04:57:25,800
The radio went dead as the 
plasma blocked. 

5649
04:57:25,800 --> 04:57:28,700
All signals, Mission Control 
weighted. 

5650
04:57:28,700 --> 04:57:32,000
Navy ships, waited, the world 
waited. 

5651
04:57:32,700 --> 04:57:36,400
Then the drogue chutes deployed 
small parachutes that slow them 

5652
04:57:36,400 --> 04:57:39,800
down enough for the main chutes 
to open the main chutes 

5653
04:57:39,800 --> 04:57:43,700
blossomed, above them three, 
huge, orange, and white canopies

5654
04:57:43,700 --> 04:57:47,600
that looked like the most 
beautiful flowers ever grown. 

5655
04:57:48,700 --> 04:57:51,800
The Command Module, swung 
beneath them descending toward 

5656
04:57:51,800 --> 04:57:55,500
the ocean. 
The Splashdown was hard, a 

5657
04:57:55,500 --> 04:57:58,300
jarring impact that rang through
the capsule like a bell. 

5658
04:57:59,200 --> 04:58:02,800
They popped in the water upside 
down at first, then righted, by 

5659
04:58:02,808 --> 04:58:07,500
flotation bags, they were home, 
the hatch opened, fresh airpod 

5660
04:58:07,500 --> 04:58:10,100
in, carrying the smell of salt 
water and freedom. 

5661
04:58:10,700 --> 04:58:13,500
Navy divers, helped them out a 
helicopter. 

5662
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:15,400
Lifted them to the recovery 
carrier. 

5663
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:19,300
He stood on the deck in their 
flight suits exhausted, and 

5664
04:58:19,300 --> 04:58:22,300
dirty and smiling. 
While Sailors, cheered, and 

5665
04:58:22,308 --> 04:58:25,500
cameras flashed. 
They had left Earth on December 

5666
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:28,500
21st. 
He returned on December 27th. 

5667
04:58:28,500 --> 04:58:32,800
Six days. 
That changed everything Apollo. 

5668
04:58:32,800 --> 04:58:35,700
8 mission is often forgotten in 
the shadow of Apollo 11. 

5669
04:58:36,600 --> 04:58:39,000
The moon landing that came seven
months later. 

5670
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:43,500
Everyone remembers Neil 
Armstrong taking one small step.

5671
04:58:44,200 --> 04:58:47,300
Fewer people, remember, Borman, 
Lovell, and Anders being the 

5672
04:58:47,308 --> 04:58:51,400
first to leave Earth's orbit. 
first to see The Far Side of the

5673
04:58:51,400 --> 04:58:55,900
Moon, the first to witness 
earthrise, but Apollo 8 made 

5674
04:58:55,900 --> 04:59:00,600
Apollo 11 possible. without the 
successful test of lunar orbit 

5675
04:59:00,600 --> 04:59:04,000
operations, NASA would never 
have proved a landing attempt 

5676
04:59:04,900 --> 04:59:07,500
The data from Apollo 8, 
transformed lunar science. 

5677
04:59:08,400 --> 04:59:11,000
The photographs and just took 
became the basis for selecting 

5678
04:59:11,000 --> 04:59:14,100
Landing sites. 
The navigation techniques level 

5679
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:16,200
refined became standard 
procedures. 

5680
04:59:17,000 --> 04:59:20,500
The lessons learned about 
spacecraft systems about human 

5681
04:59:20,500 --> 04:59:24,400
factors about the risks and 
challenges of deep space flight.

5682
04:59:24,400 --> 04:59:29,300
All fed in to the mission's that
followed Apollo 8, was the 

5683
04:59:29,300 --> 04:59:32,600
reconnaissance mission that 
scouted the territory for The 

5684
04:59:32,600 --> 04:59:34,700
Invasion to come. 
For the three. 

5685
04:59:34,700 --> 04:59:37,800
Astronauts, the experience was 
transformative in ways. 

5686
04:59:37,800 --> 04:59:41,600
They did not expect Borman 
became an advocate for 

5687
04:59:41,600 --> 04:59:43,400
international cooperation in 
space. 

5688
04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:48,000
Lovell flew again on Apollo 13, 
the mission that almost killed 

5689
04:59:48,000 --> 04:59:50,100
him. 
But also proved that NASA could 

5690
04:59:50,100 --> 04:59:53,200
improvise Brilliant Solutions 
under impossible pressure. 

5691
04:59:54,300 --> 04:59:56,600
And is left NASA and went into 
government work. 

5692
04:59:57,300 --> 04:59:59,800
But he never stopped talking 
about the earthrise, photograph 

5693
04:59:59,800 --> 05:00:02,900
and what it meant. 
All three of them, spent the 

5694
05:00:02,900 --> 05:00:05,700
rest of their lives, trying to 
explain what it felt like to see

5695
05:00:05,700 --> 05:00:09,600
Earth from the Moon and none of 
them ever quite found words, 

5696
05:00:09,600 --> 05:00:13,800
adequate to the experience. 
The cultural impact was subtle 

5697
05:00:13,800 --> 05:00:18,400
but profound the 1960s had been 
about division and conflict and 

5698
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:22,200
fear, the moon missions became 
about unity and achievement and 

5699
05:00:22,200 --> 05:00:24,800
Hope. 
They showed that humans could 

5700
05:00:24,800 --> 05:00:27,700
cooperate on projects too big 
for any single nation. 

5701
05:00:27,700 --> 05:00:32,200
They demonstrated that peaceful 
exploration was possible even in

5702
05:00:32,200 --> 05:00:35,200
the middle of the Cold War. 
They gave people Something to 

5703
05:00:35,200 --> 05:00:38,000
Believe In during a decade when 
belief was in short supply. 

5704
05:00:39,000 --> 05:00:41,600
The technology developed for 
Apollo Ripple through the 

5705
05:00:41,600 --> 05:00:46,100
economy for decades. 
Microelectronics computer 

5706
05:00:46,100 --> 05:00:51,100
software Materials, Science 
telecommunications, all these 

5707
05:00:51,100 --> 05:00:53,500
fields Advance because NASA 
needed them to work. 

5708
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:57,700
The Apollo guidance computer led
directly to Modern Computing, 

5709
05:00:57,700 --> 05:01:01,000
the space suits, led to better 
medical devices. 

5710
05:01:01,000 --> 05:01:04,700
The life support systems led to 
advances in air and water. 

5711
05:01:04,700 --> 05:01:09,000
Filtration, the benefits went 
far beyond space exploration. 

5712
05:01:09,700 --> 05:01:12,500
But the most important Legacy 
was the shift in perspective 

5713
05:01:12,500 --> 05:01:16,600
before Apollo 8 Earth was where 
you stood and looked up at the 

5714
05:01:16,600 --> 05:01:20,300
sky after Apollo 8 Earth was 
something you could look down on

5715
05:01:20,300 --> 05:01:24,000
from above something finite and 
beautiful, and fragile. 

5716
05:01:24,800 --> 05:01:28,400
That shift changed 
environmentalism politics art 

5717
05:01:28,400 --> 05:01:33,400
philosophy, even religion. 
We started seeing ourselves as 

5718
05:01:33,400 --> 05:01:37,100
citizens of a planet rather than
members of competing tribes. 

5719
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:40,500
That realization is still 
working its way through human 

5720
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:43,100
culture. 
Now, we jump forward more than 

5721
05:01:43,108 --> 05:01:46,300
50 years. 
The Apollo program ended in 

5722
05:01:46,300 --> 05:01:49,400
1972. 
The last human's to visit the 

5723
05:01:49,400 --> 05:01:52,800
moon were Eugene, cernan and 
Harrison Schmitt on Apollo 17. 

5724
05:01:52,800 --> 05:01:55,500
They climbed back into their 
lunar module. 

5725
05:01:55,500 --> 05:01:58,700
Lifted off from the Taurus 
littrow Valley and left, the 

5726
05:01:58,700 --> 05:02:02,700
moon to silent. 
A half a century, No human went 

5727
05:02:02,700 --> 05:02:05,900
back. 
The space shuttles kept flying. 

5728
05:02:07,000 --> 05:02:09,000
The International Space Station 
was built. 

5729
05:02:09,700 --> 05:02:12,900
Robots explored, Mars, and 
Saturn and the outer solar 

5730
05:02:12,900 --> 05:02:15,700
system. 
Telescope's peer deeper into 

5731
05:02:15,700 --> 05:02:17,600
space than anyone thought 
possible. 

5732
05:02:18,700 --> 05:02:23,600
But nobody went to the Moon, it 
was too expensive, too risky to 

5733
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:28,000
politically difficult, the Cold 
War was over the impetus was 

5734
05:02:28,000 --> 05:02:30,500
gone. 
NASA turned its attention to 

5735
05:02:30,500 --> 05:02:34,600
other things, then something 
shifted again, China landed 

5736
05:02:34,600 --> 05:02:38,200
robots on the moon and announced
plans for a crewed mission. 

5737
05:02:38,800 --> 05:02:41,600
Private companies started 
building, Rockets the 

5738
05:02:41,600 --> 05:02:45,100
technology, got better, and 
cheaper interested in returning 

5739
05:02:45,100 --> 05:02:48,000
to the Moon began to build this 
time. 

5740
05:02:48,000 --> 05:02:50,500
The goal was not just a plant 
flags and take samples. 

5741
05:02:50,500 --> 05:02:55,200
The goal was to stay to build a 
base to use the moon as a 

5742
05:02:55,208 --> 05:02:57,000
stepping stone to Mars and 
Beyond. 

5743
05:02:58,300 --> 05:03:02,100
NASA named the new program, 
Artemis after the Greek goddess 

5744
05:03:02,100 --> 05:03:06,700
of the moon and the twin sister 
of Apollo Parallels to Apollo 8,

5745
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:11,600
became striking Artemis 1. 
The first mission launched in 

5746
05:03:11,600 --> 05:03:15,900
November 2022, with no crew, 
aboard just like the early 

5747
05:03:15,900 --> 05:03:21,100
Apollo test flights, it flew to 
the moon orbited and came home. 

5748
05:03:21,100 --> 05:03:24,600
Testing the new, Orion 
spacecraft and the space launch 

5749
05:03:24,600 --> 05:03:28,500
system rocket. 
Artemis 2 launched on April, 1st

5750
05:03:28,500 --> 05:03:32,700
2026 carrying astronauts around 
the Moon without Landing 

5751
05:03:32,700 --> 05:03:35,500
following the exact same flight 
plan. 

5752
05:03:35,500 --> 05:03:39,900
As Apollo 8, Artemis 3, aims to 
land on the lunar surface just 

5753
05:03:39,900 --> 05:03:44,000
as Apollo 11 did The Orion 
spacecraft looks different from 

5754
05:03:44,000 --> 05:03:47,300
the Apollo Command Module 
bigger, and more capable with 

5755
05:03:47,300 --> 05:03:49,100
modern computers and life 
support. 

5756
05:03:49,900 --> 05:03:54,000
But the basic architecture is 
surprisingly similar a capsule 

5757
05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:58,200
for the crew, a service module 
for propulsion and power a heat 

5758
05:03:58,200 --> 05:04:02,500
shield for reentry. 
The physics of not changed, you 

5759
05:04:02,500 --> 05:04:05,500
still need to accelerate to 
escape velocity Coast through 

5760
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:10,200
the void, slow down to enter all
bit, speed up to leave orbit and

5761
05:04:10,200 --> 05:04:14,900
survive the furnace of re-entry.
The engineering has improved, 

5762
05:04:14,900 --> 05:04:17,200
but the fundamental challenges 
remain. 

5763
05:04:18,700 --> 05:04:22,500
The Artemis 2 crew saw, what 
Borman Loveland and saw. 

5764
05:04:23,300 --> 05:04:27,100
Commander Reid, Wiseman pilot, 
Victor Glover and Mission 

5765
05:04:27,100 --> 05:04:29,300
Specialists. 
Christina cocaine, Jeremy 

5766
05:04:29,300 --> 05:04:31,900
Hansen, watched Earth shrink to 
a Blue Marble. 

5767
05:04:31,900 --> 05:04:35,100
They crossed the empty Darkness 
Between Worlds. 

5768
05:04:35,100 --> 05:04:39,000
They swung Around The Far Side 
of the Moon and lost contact 

5769
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:41,900
with Mission Control. 
They looked down at the same 

5770
05:04:41,900 --> 05:04:45,900
craters and mountains and lava 
Plains, from just over 4,000, 

5771
05:04:45,900 --> 05:04:49,600
miles of the surface, they 
experience the same sense of 

5772
05:04:49,608 --> 05:04:53,400
isolation and wonder history, 
echoed through the spacecraft. 

5773
05:04:53,400 --> 05:04:56,400
They named Integrity on April 
6th. 

5774
05:04:56,400 --> 05:04:59,100
They reached their closest 
approach to the Moon. 

5775
05:05:00,000 --> 05:05:03,200
At a new distance record 
traveling farther from Earth 

5776
05:05:03,200 --> 05:05:07,200
than any humans in history. 
They surpass the Apollo 13 

5777
05:05:07,200 --> 05:05:11,900
record by about 4,000 miles 
reaching a maximum distance of 

5778
05:05:11,900 --> 05:05:18,400
252,760 miles from home. 
They looked back and saw Earth 

5779
05:05:18,400 --> 05:05:22,500
as a tiny blue, dot smaller than
Borman, and his crew had seen it

5780
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:26,900
because they had traveled even 
farther into the void. 10 days 

5781
05:05:26,900 --> 05:05:31,600
after launch on April 10th. 
They came home the capsule. 

5782
05:05:31,600 --> 05:05:35,200
Plunged through the atmosphere 
at over 24,000 miles per hour. 

5783
05:05:35,200 --> 05:05:37,600
The heat shield glowed white 
hot. 

5784
05:05:38,500 --> 05:05:41,700
Parachutes deployed they 
splashed down in the Pacific. 

5785
05:05:41,700 --> 05:05:44,100
Ocean off the coast of San Diego
recovery. 

5786
05:05:44,100 --> 05:05:45,700
Teams pulled them from the 
water. 

5787
05:05:45,700 --> 05:05:48,900
They had done it, the first 
humans to leave lower Earth 

5788
05:05:48,900 --> 05:05:51,300
orbit and over 50 years had 
returned safely. 

5789
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:54,700
But Artemis has goals that 
Apollo never attempted. 

5790
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:59,200
Plan is to build a space station
in lunar orbit called Gateway. 

5791
05:05:59,200 --> 05:06:03,800
A permanent Outpost where Cruise
can live and work. plan is to 

5792
05:06:03,800 --> 05:06:07,300
land near the moon's South Pole,
where permanently shadowed 

5793
05:06:07,300 --> 05:06:11,800
craters might hold Water Ice 
Plan is to establish a base camp

5794
05:06:11,800 --> 05:06:15,100
on the surface somewhere 
astronauts can return to again 

5795
05:06:15,100 --> 05:06:17,900
and again. 
Plan is to learn how to live 

5796
05:06:17,900 --> 05:06:21,700
away from Earth. 
Trying to reach, Mars water. 

5797
05:06:21,700 --> 05:06:24,100
Ice is the key. 
If the moon has accessible 

5798
05:06:24,100 --> 05:06:27,900
water, it can be split into 
hydrogen oxygen for Rocket Fuel 

5799
05:06:27,900 --> 05:06:31,100
using electrolysis. 
You pass an electric, current 

5800
05:06:31,100 --> 05:06:34,300
through water, and it separates 
into its component elements. 

5801
05:06:35,200 --> 05:06:38,300
The hydrogen and oxygen can be 
liquefied and stored. 

5802
05:06:39,100 --> 05:06:41,700
When you burn them together in a
rocket engine, they produce 

5803
05:06:41,700 --> 05:06:45,400
tremendous thrust and the only 
byproduct is water vapor. 

5804
05:06:45,400 --> 05:06:48,300
This means spacecraft could 
refuel at the Moon. 

5805
05:06:48,300 --> 05:06:51,500
Instead of carrying all their 
fuel from Earth, It makes the 

5806
05:06:51,500 --> 05:06:53,800
Moon a gas station on the way to
everywhere else. 

5807
05:06:53,800 --> 05:06:57,900
It changes the economics of 
space exploration, completely 

5808
05:06:57,900 --> 05:07:00,800
right now. 
Getting to Mars requires 

5809
05:07:00,800 --> 05:07:03,900
carrying enough fuel for the 
entire trip, which means your 

5810
05:07:03,900 --> 05:07:07,200
rocket has to be enormous. 
If you could refuel at the Moon,

5811
05:07:07,200 --> 05:07:10,900
you could launch from Earth with
less fuel refuel in lunar, 

5812
05:07:10,900 --> 05:07:13,500
orbit, and then head to Mars 
with full tanks. 

5813
05:07:14,800 --> 05:07:18,400
The weight savings are enormous,
the cost savings are even 

5814
05:07:18,400 --> 05:07:21,400
bigger. 
This is why Artemis is targeting

5815
05:07:21,400 --> 05:07:25,900
the polls places, Apollo, never 
visited places, where the sun 

5816
05:07:25,900 --> 05:07:29,200
barely reaches, and Ice might 
survive in permanently shadowed 

5817
05:07:29,200 --> 05:07:32,900
craters. 
The Apollo missions all went to 

5818
05:07:32,900 --> 05:07:36,400
equatorial sites where the sun 
was high and the lighting was 

5819
05:07:36,400 --> 05:07:39,700
predictable. 
The poles are harder, the train 

5820
05:07:39,700 --> 05:07:41,900
is rougher. 
The lighting is strange. 

5821
05:07:43,200 --> 05:07:46,000
But the potential rewards 
justify the difficulty. 

5822
05:07:46,000 --> 05:07:49,300
The technology for living on the
moon is being developed right 

5823
05:07:49,300 --> 05:07:51,400
now. 
Engineers are designing, 

5824
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:54,700
habitats, that can withstand 
temperature swings of 500 

5825
05:07:54,700 --> 05:07:56,900
Degrees between sunlight and 
Shadow. 

5826
05:07:57,800 --> 05:08:01,200
Structures, need thick, 
insulation, and active thermal 

5827
05:08:01,200 --> 05:08:03,400
control. 
They need to be airtight because

5828
05:08:03,400 --> 05:08:06,700
there is no atmosphere, they 
need radiation shielding, 

5829
05:08:06,700 --> 05:08:08,900
because the moon has no magnetic
field. 

5830
05:08:08,900 --> 05:08:13,000
All of this has to work reliably
for months without maintenance 

5831
05:08:13,000 --> 05:08:15,700
from Earth. 
Space suits are being redesigned

5832
05:08:15,700 --> 05:08:18,200
to let astronauts work rate 
hours, without getting 

5833
05:08:18,200 --> 05:08:21,400
exhausted. 
The Apollo suits were good for a

5834
05:08:21,400 --> 05:08:24,200
few hours, but were stiff and 
tiring, the new suits need 

5835
05:08:24,200 --> 05:08:26,000
better, mobility, and 
Temperature Control. 

5836
05:08:27,100 --> 05:08:30,300
An astronaut working at a lunar 
base, might put on a suit every 

5837
05:08:30,300 --> 05:08:33,000
day for weeks. 
It needs to be as comfortable 

5838
05:08:33,000 --> 05:08:36,500
and functional as possible. 
Rovers are being built that can 

5839
05:08:36,500 --> 05:08:38,800
drive hundreds of miles without 
breaking down. 

5840
05:08:39,800 --> 05:08:42,200
The Apollo Rovers had a range of
about 50 miles. 

5841
05:08:42,200 --> 05:08:45,900
The new Rovers will use nuclear 
power or Advanced batteries 

5842
05:08:45,900 --> 05:08:49,200
recharged with solar panels. 
They will carry scientific 

5843
05:08:49,200 --> 05:08:51,500
instruments and Sample 
collection equipment. 

5844
05:08:51,500 --> 05:08:54,700
They will operate autonomously 
when no humans are around. 

5845
05:08:55,600 --> 05:08:57,900
Nuclear reactors small enough to
transport. 

5846
05:08:57,900 --> 05:09:01,000
But powerful enough to run a 
base camp through the two-week. 

5847
05:09:01,000 --> 05:09:04,600
Lunar night are being tested 
solar power works during the 

5848
05:09:04,608 --> 05:09:09,400
lunar day, but when the sun sets
it stays dark for 14 Earth days,

5849
05:09:09,400 --> 05:09:13,100
the small nuclear reactor could 
provide continuous power. 

5850
05:09:13,100 --> 05:09:16,900
Regardless of the sun's position
mining equipment is being 

5851
05:09:16,900 --> 05:09:19,600
designed to extract resources 
from the regularly. 

5852
05:09:20,100 --> 05:09:23,000
The regolith contained. 
Oxygen bound up in minerals. 

5853
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:26,900
It contains metals like iron, 
aluminum and titanium. 

5854
05:09:26,900 --> 05:09:32,000
It contains hydrogen to positive
by the solar wind with the right

5855
05:09:32,000 --> 05:09:34,400
equipment. 
All of these resources can be 

5856
05:09:34,400 --> 05:09:38,100
extracted and used. 
Oxygen for breathing can be 

5857
05:09:38,108 --> 05:09:40,200
liberated from regolith by 
heating it. 

5858
05:09:40,200 --> 05:09:44,400
And chemically separating the 
oxygen metals can be extracted 

5859
05:09:44,400 --> 05:09:48,300
through similar processes. 
The moon has plenty of iron and 

5860
05:09:48,300 --> 05:09:52,500
aluminum with a smelter and the 
right chemical processes. 

5861
05:09:52,500 --> 05:09:56,700
You could produce Structural 
Materials on the moon, in the 

5862
05:09:56,700 --> 05:10:00,500
Earth. 3 dimensional printers 
are being developed that can 

5863
05:10:00,500 --> 05:10:02,200
build structures using Moon 
dust. 

5864
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:07,000
The dust when melted and fused 
forms a hard ceramic material to

5865
05:10:07,000 --> 05:10:09,600
concrete. 
A robotic printer. 

5866
05:10:09,600 --> 05:10:13,300
Could construct walls and Floors
by melting regolith, layer by 

5867
05:10:13,300 --> 05:10:15,700
layer. 
Building Up structures without 

5868
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:18,300
any materials from Earth, except
the printer itself. 

5869
05:10:19,100 --> 05:10:21,600
This is called in situ resource 
utilization. 

5870
05:10:21,600 --> 05:10:26,200
It is the key to sustainable 
presence on the moon, every 

5871
05:10:26,200 --> 05:10:28,700
kilogram you do not have to 
launch from Earth saves 

5872
05:10:28,700 --> 05:10:32,300
thousands of dollars. 
If you can produce 90% of what 

5873
05:10:32,300 --> 05:10:35,500
you need locally, the economics 
of a lunar base, start to make 

5874
05:10:35,500 --> 05:10:38,100
sense. 
None of this existed during 

5875
05:10:38,100 --> 05:10:42,000
Apollo the Apollo missions were 
flags and Footprints Expeditions

5876
05:10:42,000 --> 05:10:44,700
land. 
Explorer collect samples come 

5877
05:10:44,700 --> 05:10:46,600
home. 
It was no infrastructure. 

5878
05:10:46,600 --> 05:10:50,700
No long-term planning. 
Each Mission started from 

5879
05:10:50,700 --> 05:10:53,500
scratch. 
It was spectacular, but 

5880
05:10:53,500 --> 05:10:56,100
unsustainable. 
Artemis is different. 

5881
05:10:56,100 --> 05:10:59,200
Artemis is about building 
something that lasts. 

5882
05:10:59,900 --> 05:11:03,400
About establishing a permanent, 
foothold about making the moon, 

5883
05:11:03,400 --> 05:11:05,500
a destination in stead of a 
brief visit. 

5884
05:11:05,500 --> 05:11:08,800
The goal is not to visit the 
moon ten times and stop. 

5885
05:11:08,800 --> 05:11:13,200
The goal is to stay The 
astronauts who flew, Artemis, 2 

5886
05:11:13,200 --> 05:11:16,000
study the Apollo 8 mission 
carefully during their training.

5887
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:18,800
They read the transcripts, 
watched the footage. 

5888
05:11:20,100 --> 05:11:23,100
Engineers who worked on the 
original program, they wanted to

5889
05:11:23,100 --> 05:11:26,700
understand what Borman love and 
Anders experience. 

5890
05:11:26,700 --> 05:11:29,300
What surprised them what scared 
them? 

5891
05:11:29,300 --> 05:11:32,500
What inspired them? 
They knew they were following in

5892
05:11:32,500 --> 05:11:35,200
those footsteps. 
Literally retracing the same 

5893
05:11:35,208 --> 05:11:38,700
path through space. one major 
difference was the crew 

5894
05:11:38,700 --> 05:11:42,900
composition Artemis, 2 included 
a woman and a person of color 

5895
05:11:42,900 --> 05:11:47,300
groups that were excluded from 
Apollo Christina cock became the

5896
05:11:47,300 --> 05:11:49,000
first woman to fly around the 
Moon. 

5897
05:11:49,000 --> 05:11:52,400
Victor Glover became the first 
person of color to leave low 

5898
05:11:52,400 --> 05:11:55,400
earth orbit. 
Jeremy Hansen became the first 

5899
05:11:55,400 --> 05:11:57,200
Canadian to travel beyond Earth 
orbit. 

5900
05:11:57,200 --> 05:12:02,400
This was progress long overdue 
and it represented a change in 

5901
05:12:02,400 --> 05:12:05,800
who gets to be an Explorer. 
The Moon is for everyone, this 

5902
05:12:05,800 --> 05:12:10,200
time not just to select few. 
You might wonder why any of this

5903
05:12:10,200 --> 05:12:12,800
matters. 
We went to the moon, 50 years 

5904
05:12:12,800 --> 05:12:16,200
ago, took some photographs 
called back, some rocks. 

5905
05:12:16,200 --> 05:12:20,900
We came home like go back. 
Why spend billions of dollars 

5906
05:12:20,900 --> 05:12:25,100
and risk lives to visit a dead 
world with no air and no water 

5907
05:12:25,100 --> 05:12:28,400
and nothing to see except dust 
and craters. 

5908
05:12:29,600 --> 05:12:33,100
Practical answers, involve 
resource extraction and 

5909
05:12:33,100 --> 05:12:35,800
scientific research and 
Technology development. 

5910
05:12:37,100 --> 05:12:41,900
The moon has helium-3 a rare 
isotope that might someday fuel.

5911
05:12:41,900 --> 05:12:46,500
Fusion reactors, the moon has 
minerals, and metals the moon 

5912
05:12:46,500 --> 05:12:49,000
offers a low gravity environment
for manufacturing. 

5913
05:12:49,800 --> 05:12:52,300
The Moon is a platform for 
telescopes that would work 

5914
05:12:52,300 --> 05:12:54,300
better without Earth's 
atmosphere in the way. 

5915
05:12:54,300 --> 05:12:57,700
The Moon is a test bed for 
systems, we will need on Mars. 

5916
05:12:57,700 --> 05:13:02,000
These are all valid reasons 
economically and scientifically 

5917
05:13:02,000 --> 05:13:04,900
sound. 
But the real answer is deeper, 

5918
05:13:04,900 --> 05:13:09,500
we return to the Moon because 
humans are explorers we go 

5919
05:13:09,500 --> 05:13:13,600
places because they are there. 
Because we can because the act 

5920
05:13:13,600 --> 05:13:16,200
of going teachers, us things 
about ourselves that we cannot 

5921
05:13:16,200 --> 05:13:20,600
learn any other way. 
Apollo 8 did not just show us 

5922
05:13:20,600 --> 05:13:24,800
the Moon, it showed us Earth. 
It gave us perspective. 

5923
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:29,100
It reminded us that we live on a
fragile Island in a very large 

5924
05:13:29,100 --> 05:13:32,600
ocean and we need to take care 
of that Island because it is the

5925
05:13:32,600 --> 05:13:35,700
only one we have. 
Artemis will do something 

5926
05:13:35,700 --> 05:13:38,200
similar. 
It will remind a new generation 

5927
05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:41,100
that humans are capable of 
extraordinary things when we 

5928
05:13:41,108 --> 05:13:44,300
worked together. 
It will inspire kids who watch 

5929
05:13:44,300 --> 05:13:46,600
the launches and dream about 
being astronauts. 

5930
05:13:47,600 --> 05:13:50,600
It will push technology forward 
in ways that benefit, everyone, 

5931
05:13:50,600 --> 05:13:55,100
not just space programs, it will
demonstrate that space is not 

5932
05:13:55,100 --> 05:13:57,600
just for superpowers, but for 
international cooperation, 

5933
05:13:57,600 --> 05:14:01,100
Gateway will be built by 
multiple countries working 

5934
05:14:01,100 --> 05:14:03,800
together just like the 
International Space Station. 

5935
05:14:05,300 --> 05:14:08,300
There is something profound 
about standing on another world 

5936
05:14:08,300 --> 05:14:11,800
and looking back at Earth. 
The astronauts who did it during

5937
05:14:11,800 --> 05:14:15,400
Apollo came back changed. 
They talked about seeing Earth 

5938
05:14:15,400 --> 05:14:19,100
as one system. 
One interconnected hole without 

5939
05:14:19,100 --> 05:14:21,900
the political divisions that 
seem so important from the 

5940
05:14:21,900 --> 05:14:26,400
ground, they talked about the 
unity of life, the improbable 

5941
05:14:26,400 --> 05:14:29,600
beauty of a planet that can 
support forests and oceans and 

5942
05:14:29,600 --> 05:14:32,400
cities. 
They talked about feeling a 

5943
05:14:32,400 --> 05:14:34,200
responsibility to protect that 
beauty. 

5944
05:14:34,200 --> 05:14:37,400
Artemis is giving more people 
that experience. 

5945
05:14:37,400 --> 05:14:41,300
Not everyone will go to the moon
but everyone can see what the 

5946
05:14:41,300 --> 05:14:43,400
astronauts. 
See, through cameras and virtual

5947
05:14:43,400 --> 05:14:47,600
reality and live broadcasts. 
The earthrise photograph changed

5948
05:14:47,600 --> 05:14:52,000
minds and 1968, the real-time 
video from Artemis. 2's lunar 

5949
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:55,200
flyby in 2026. 
Did something similar, millions 

5950
05:14:55,200 --> 05:14:59,100
of people watched Earth rise of 
the Moon to rise in seeing for 

5951
05:14:59,100 --> 05:15:01,700
themselves what, men and love, 
Anders saw. 

5952
05:15:02,500 --> 05:15:04,800
That might be worth the cost all
by itself. 

5953
05:15:05,700 --> 05:15:08,500
The echo between Apollo and 
Artemis is not just about 

5954
05:15:08,500 --> 05:15:11,900
repeating history, it is about 
building on what came before 

5955
05:15:11,900 --> 05:15:14,900
learning from those first 
missions and pushing further. 

5956
05:15:15,900 --> 05:15:19,500
Pollo was a Sprint erased to get
their first and prove it could 

5957
05:15:19,500 --> 05:15:22,700
be done. 
Artemis is a marathon, a 

5958
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:27,100
commitment to stay and build and
explore systematically Apollo is

5959
05:15:27,108 --> 05:15:30,000
about Footprints. 
Artemis is about foundations, 

5960
05:15:30,000 --> 05:15:33,200
your living through this, second
great age of lunar exploration. 

5961
05:15:33,200 --> 05:15:37,100
Right now, as you listen to, 
this Engineers are building 

5962
05:15:37,100 --> 05:15:39,300
rockets and spacecraft and 
habitats. 

5963
05:15:40,400 --> 05:15:42,600
Astronauts are training in 
simulators and underwater, 

5964
05:15:42,600 --> 05:15:44,500
tanks, and reduced gravity. 
Aircraft. 

5965
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:51,000
Significant Landing site and 
analyzing data from robotic 

5966
05:15:51,000 --> 05:15:55,400
Scouts and from the Artemis 2 
flyby mission control as a 

5967
05:15:55,400 --> 05:15:57,800
writing procedures and 
practicing failures and 

5968
05:15:57,800 --> 05:16:01,300
preparing for launches. 
All of this is happening because

5969
05:16:01,300 --> 05:16:05,200
we decided to go back. 
The Artemis 2 crew flew around 

5970
05:16:05,200 --> 05:16:07,900
the moon and came home just like
Apollo 8. 

5971
05:16:07,900 --> 05:16:12,200
They saw the same stunning 
Vistas experience, the same 

5972
05:16:12,200 --> 05:16:15,900
isolation, felt the same mix of 
fear and wonder. 

5973
05:16:17,000 --> 05:16:19,800
He also carried forward, the 
mission, that Borman Lovell and 

5974
05:16:19,800 --> 05:16:22,700
Anders began. 
They are the next Link in a 

5975
05:16:22,700 --> 05:16:25,800
chain that stretches from the 
first humans who looked up at 

5976
05:16:25,800 --> 05:16:29,600
the moon and wondered to the 
future humans, who will be born 

5977
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:32,900
there and call it home. 
When you look up at the Moon 

5978
05:16:32,900 --> 05:16:35,500
tonight, remember that people 
have been there. 

5979
05:16:35,500 --> 05:16:38,700
Remember that people went back 
just days ago. 

5980
05:16:39,500 --> 05:16:43,400
Remember that the Moon is not 
just a light in the sky, but a 

5981
05:16:43,400 --> 05:16:47,400
destination, a frontier, a place
where human courage and 

5982
05:16:47,400 --> 05:16:50,200
Ingenuity of already left marks 
and will leave more. 

5983
05:16:51,300 --> 05:16:55,200
The Forgotten mission of Apollo 
8 was echoed by Artemis 2, and 

5984
05:16:55,200 --> 05:16:56,700
that Echo is still growing loud 
louder. 

5985
05:16:57,600 --> 05:17:02,000
Story is not over the journey, 
continues and you are here to 

5986
05:17:02,000 --> 05:17:03,700
witness it. 
Sleep. 

5987
05:17:03,700 --> 05:17:07,400
Well, my tired dumpling's, the 
Moon is waiting and so is the 

5988
05:17:07,400 --> 05:17:10,200
future. 
May your dreams, take you to 

5989
05:17:10,200 --> 05:17:13,300
places where Earth Rises visible
and beautiful where the 

5990
05:17:13,300 --> 05:17:16,600
impossible becomes routine and 
we're looking back at home, 

5991
05:17:16,600 --> 05:17:20,300
remind you why exploration 
matters, safe travels through 

5992
05:17:20,300 --> 05:17:22,400
the night I will see you next 
time. 

5993
05:17:26,900 --> 05:17:29,800
Imagine yourself relaxing in 
your preferred chair on a Cool 

5994
05:17:29,808 --> 05:17:33,000
October evening. 
Passed with a toasty beverage in

5995
05:17:33,000 --> 05:17:36,700
hand tonight, we will revisit a 
period in which America believed

5996
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:39,800
it had successfully mastered the
legal printing of money when 

5997
05:17:39,800 --> 05:17:42,400
your neighbor's Barber was 
providing stock recommendations.

5998
05:17:42,400 --> 05:17:45,100
And when the question, what 
could go wrong was on the brink 

5999
05:17:45,100 --> 05:17:47,200
of receiving the most costly 
response in history. 

6000
05:17:48,300 --> 05:17:51,600
The time period is the 1920s and
you are currently experiencing 

6001
05:17:51,600 --> 05:17:54,100
the Roaring Twenties. 
As it is also known. 

6002
05:17:55,100 --> 05:17:57,700
In the background Calvin 
Coolidge Is So Silent as 

6003
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:01,300
president that people just about
having to check his pulse while 

6004
05:18:01,300 --> 05:18:03,900
Flappers are dancing. 
The Charleston and jazz music is

6005
05:18:03,900 --> 05:18:07,400
spilling out of speaking. 
He's however, the genuine 

6006
05:18:07,400 --> 05:18:09,600
excitement is not located in the
illicit. 

6007
05:18:09,600 --> 05:18:11,000
Ginger joints or the dance 
halls. 

6008
05:18:11,000 --> 05:18:14,500
It is on Wall Street or an 
entire nation has persuaded 

6009
05:18:14,500 --> 05:18:19,000
itself that purchasing stocks as
Dependable as the sunrise, After

6010
05:18:19,000 --> 05:18:22,300
the end of World War 1, the 
United States found itself in a 

6011
05:18:22,300 --> 05:18:25,700
unique situation, and America's 
factories were operating at full

6012
05:18:25,700 --> 05:18:28,300
capacity. 
Manufacturing, a wide range of 

6013
05:18:28,300 --> 05:18:32,200
products including refrigerators
radio's and Automobiles. 

6014
05:18:32,200 --> 05:18:35,500
While Europe was still in the 
process of assembling the parts 

6015
05:18:35,500 --> 05:18:38,700
and calculating the cost. 
Henry, Ford had discovered a 

6016
05:18:38,708 --> 05:18:41,100
method to make cars affordable 
for the general public. 

6017
05:18:41,100 --> 05:18:44,700
And as a result everyone became 
interested in purchasing one. 

6018
05:18:44,700 --> 05:18:47,900
Please note, that the car in 
question is not a single 

6019
05:18:47,900 --> 05:18:50,900
vehicle. 
Rather, it is a modern more 

6020
05:18:50,900 --> 05:18:54,600
gleaming model, that is replaced
every few years, the stock 

6021
05:18:54,600 --> 05:18:57,200
market, which was previously, 
the domain of affluent 

6022
05:18:57,200 --> 05:18:59,500
industrialists and their 
well-connected acquaintances 

6023
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:04,000
appeared to be accessible to all
Between deliveries newspaper 

6024
05:19:04,000 --> 05:19:07,200
boys were exchanging, stock 
recommendations your 

6025
05:19:07,200 --> 05:19:09,500
neighborhood grows on a casually
mention that he earned more 

6026
05:19:09,500 --> 05:19:11,000
money last week by playing the 
market. 

6027
05:19:11,000 --> 05:19:13,500
Then he did selling vegetables 
throughout the month. 

6028
05:19:14,200 --> 05:19:16,700
It was as if Wall Street had 
discovered a mystical money 

6029
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:18,200
tree. 
And all you had to do was move 

6030
05:19:18,200 --> 05:19:21,800
its branches in retrospect the 
amusement of this episode was 

6031
05:19:21,800 --> 05:19:24,400
primarily due to the fact that 
everyone believed it was a 

6032
05:19:24,400 --> 05:19:27,500
straightforward matter, you were
not required to comprehend the 

6033
05:19:27,500 --> 05:19:31,000
actual operations of a company. 
Its profitability or its 

6034
05:19:31,000 --> 05:19:32,900
existence in any meaningful 
sense. 

6035
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:36,000
It was enough to tell you that 
its stock price Rose yesterday 

6036
05:19:36,000 --> 05:19:38,000
and will likely rise again 
tomorrow. 

6037
05:19:38,000 --> 05:19:41,900
The logic was unwavering stocks 
consistently increase. 

6038
05:19:41,900 --> 05:19:45,700
Everyone was becoming wealthy 
and anyone who advocated for a 

6039
05:19:45,700 --> 05:19:48,400
different outcome was evidently 
two traditional to comprehend 

6040
05:19:48,400 --> 05:19:52,000
contemporary economics. 
Investment clubs emerged in 

6041
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:53,400
communities similar to book 
clubs. 

6042
05:19:53,400 --> 05:19:56,600
However, rather than engaging in
discussions about the most 

6043
05:19:56,600 --> 05:19:59,700
recent novel members would 
convene to compare the amount of

6044
05:19:59,700 --> 05:20:01,100
money. 
They had earned that week. 

6045
05:20:01,800 --> 05:20:04,700
Women who had never visited a 
bank, were pooling their grocery

6046
05:20:04,700 --> 05:20:07,300
money to purchase shares and 
companies they were unfamiliar 

6047
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:09,800
with. 
College students were ditching 

6048
05:20:09,800 --> 05:20:12,500
classes to observe the ticker 
tape at brokerage offices. 

6049
05:20:12,500 --> 05:20:15,500
Treating it as the most 
thrilling entertainment in town 

6050
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:18,300
the newspapers. 
Contributed to this Hysteria by 

6051
05:20:18,300 --> 05:20:21,000
publishing breathless accounts 
of ordinary individuals who 

6052
05:20:21,000 --> 05:20:25,500
achieved financial success. 
The taxi driver retired at 35. 

6053
05:20:25,500 --> 05:20:29,100
The secretary purchased a small 
apartment building with a stock 

6054
05:20:29,100 --> 05:20:32,200
profits and the Homemaker funded
her daughter's wedding with a 

6055
05:20:32,200 --> 05:20:36,000
single well-timed purchase of 
radio Corporation stock. 

6056
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:39,900
These narrative swiftly much 
like gossip at a church 

6057
05:20:39,900 --> 05:20:43,300
Gathering, inspiring everyone to
Aspire to become the next 

6058
05:20:43,300 --> 05:20:46,400
successful individual. 
Banks began Landing money to 

6059
05:20:46,400 --> 05:20:49,600
individuals who desire to put 
his Equity to capitalize on the 

6060
05:20:49,600 --> 05:20:52,200
current prosperity. 
The reasoning appeared to be 

6061
05:20:52,200 --> 05:20:56,300
sound if stocks consistently 
increased lending money to 

6062
05:20:56,300 --> 05:20:59,000
individuals to purchase equities
would be virtually risk-free. 

6063
05:20:59,000 --> 05:21:03,600
They called it buying on margin 
a fancier term than borrowing 

6064
05:21:03,600 --> 05:21:05,600
money to gamble, but that's what
it was. 

6065
05:21:05,600 --> 05:21:09,908
You could acquire 1,000 worth of
Securities with only 1, 0 0. 0 0

6066
05:21:09,916 --> 05:21:52,000
5, 
They would have looked at you as

6067
05:21:52,000 --> 05:21:54,700
if you had announced that the 
sun was planning to stop Rising.

6068
05:21:55,800 --> 05:21:58,200
The foundation of all this 
confidence was not wholly, 

6069
05:21:58,200 --> 05:22:00,600
unreasonable, which is why it 
was so perilous. 

6070
05:22:00,600 --> 05:22:03,600
The American industry was 
performing exceptionally. 

6071
05:22:03,600 --> 05:22:06,200
Well. 
General Electric and General 

6072
05:22:06,200 --> 05:22:08,500
Motors were not merely 
manufacturing products. 

6073
05:22:08,500 --> 05:22:11,400
They were also developing 
products that were significantly

6074
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:14,500
altering the way people lived. 
The world was brought into 

6075
05:22:14,500 --> 05:22:17,500
people's living people's living 
rooms for the first time 

6076
05:22:17,500 --> 05:22:21,000
replaced, gas, lamps, 
automobiles replaced horses. 

6077
05:22:21,000 --> 05:22:24,800
And radios were introduced. 
However, this is the point at 

6078
05:22:24,800 --> 05:22:27,800
which the situation becomes 
intriguing much like the moment,

6079
05:22:27,800 --> 05:22:29,600
a kettle of water reaches 
boiling point. 

6080
05:22:30,400 --> 05:22:32,700
The stock prices of these 
companies were not merely 

6081
05:22:32,700 --> 05:22:35,600
reflecting this success. 
They were also reflecting the 

6082
05:22:35,600 --> 05:22:39,300
success of the companies wildest
dreams of everyone about their 

6083
05:22:39,300 --> 05:22:43,500
future success, the generous 
helping of pure speculation and 

6084
05:22:43,500 --> 05:22:45,900
whatever the barbershop employee
heard from his cousin, who 

6085
05:22:45,900 --> 05:22:50,200
worked on Wall Street, Consider 
radio Corporation of America or 

6086
05:22:50,200 --> 05:22:53,800
RCA as it was commonly known. 
The corporation was at the 

6087
05:22:53,800 --> 05:22:55,200
epicenter of the radio. 
Boom. 

6088
05:22:55,200 --> 05:22:57,600
And the radio's were truly 
revolutionary. 

6089
05:22:59,300 --> 05:23:02,000
For the first time in human 
history, it was possible to 

6090
05:23:02,000 --> 05:23:04,600
listen to a concert in New York 
from the comfort of your living 

6091
05:23:04,600 --> 05:23:07,900
room in Kansas. 
It was akin to Alchemy but it 

6092
05:23:07,908 --> 05:23:12,100
was both profitable and genuine.
This enthusiasm was evident in 

6093
05:23:12,100 --> 05:23:16,400
the stock price of RCA's. 
Stock price increased from 85 

6094
05:23:16,400 --> 05:23:20,000
dollars per share to 420 dollars
per share in 1928. 

6095
05:23:20,000 --> 05:23:23,900
It is not a typo it nearly 
quadrupled in a single year. 

6096
05:23:25,100 --> 05:23:28,000
It is reasonable to assume that 
the five fold increase in a 

6097
05:23:28,000 --> 05:23:29,500
company stock price over the 
course of a year. 

6098
05:23:29,508 --> 05:23:33,000
Would induce some degree of 
anxiety among investors, you 

6099
05:23:33,000 --> 05:23:36,700
would be mistaken in contrast. 
It heightened individuals, 

6100
05:23:36,700 --> 05:23:39,200
enthusiasm. 
The reasoning was elegantly. 

6101
05:23:39,200 --> 05:23:42,700
Circular RCA stock was 
increasing due to its 

6102
05:23:42,700 --> 05:23:45,900
exceptional performance, which 
was evident in the company stock

6103
05:23:45,900 --> 05:23:47,900
price. 
It was evident that the 

6104
05:23:47,900 --> 05:23:51,500
individual who suggested that a 
stock price increase of 400%, in

6105
05:23:51,500 --> 05:23:54,400
a single year, might be 
premature was unaware of the 

6106
05:23:54,400 --> 05:23:56,600
fundamental principles of 
contemporary investing. 

6107
05:23:57,500 --> 05:24:00,200
Truly cunning aspect. 
And this is the point at which 

6108
05:24:00,200 --> 05:24:03,400
the creativity is almost 
admirable, was the manner in 

6109
05:24:03,400 --> 05:24:06,300
which individuals convinced 
themselves that this time was 

6110
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:10,000
different. 
Speculation and foolishness with

6111
05:24:10,000 --> 05:24:13,100
the causes of previous stock 
market bubbles, which ultimately

6112
05:24:13,100 --> 05:24:16,200
exploded. 
However, the foundation of this 

6113
05:24:16,200 --> 05:24:19,100
Prosperity was the robust 
productivity and innovation of 

6114
05:24:19,100 --> 05:24:23,700
the United States, radio's 
automobiles, electricity Powers,

6115
05:24:23,700 --> 05:24:27,200
electricity Powers these 
appliances c-explorer, 

6116
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:30,700
corporations or tulip bulbs. 
They were genuine businesses 

6117
05:24:30,700 --> 05:24:33,500
that manufactured genuine 
products for genuine customers. 

6118
05:24:34,400 --> 05:24:36,800
What individuals fail to 
comprehend was that it is 

6119
05:24:36,808 --> 05:24:40,100
possible to have a legitimate 
organization that produces 

6120
05:24:40,100 --> 05:24:43,400
genuine goods and yet, pay an 
exorbitant amount for its 

6121
05:24:43,400 --> 05:24:46,100
inventory. 
It is comparable to paying 50 

6122
05:24:46,100 --> 05:24:50,000
dollars for an exceptionally 
high-quality fruit. 50 dollars 

6123
05:24:50,000 --> 05:24:53,200
is not a reasonable price. 
Although, the apple is, although

6124
05:24:53,200 --> 05:24:57,200
and everything you wished for In
the interim, the institutions 

6125
05:24:57,200 --> 05:24:59,800
were experiencing their own 
variation of this logic problem.

6126
05:24:59,800 --> 05:25:02,800
They observed that all 
individuals who had borrowed 

6127
05:25:02,808 --> 05:25:06,400
money to purchase equities and 
made a profit consequently. 

6128
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:09,400
It was a secure decision to lend
money to purchase equities. 

6129
05:25:10,200 --> 05:25:12,600
The fact that everyone had made 
money precisely because they 

6130
05:25:12,600 --> 05:25:15,800
were lending money to buy 
stocks, creating the very demand

6131
05:25:15,800 --> 05:25:18,000
that drove prices up somehow 
alluded. 

6132
05:25:18,000 --> 05:25:22,100
Notice It was akin to a dog 
pursuing its tail except that 

6133
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:24,200
the dog was sits that it was 
making progress. 

6134
05:25:25,800 --> 05:25:30,300
Beginning in 1929 the financial 
system, beginning in 1929, the 

6135
05:25:30,300 --> 05:25:33,300
financial system was borrowing 
approximately 8.5 billion 

6136
05:25:33,300 --> 05:25:36,300
dollars. 
To provide context this was 

6137
05:25:36,300 --> 05:25:38,600
approximately equivalent to the 
entire federal budget. 

6138
05:25:38,600 --> 05:25:42,000
At the time it was as though the
entire Financial system had 

6139
05:25:42,000 --> 05:25:45,600
decided to place all of its be 
decided and was exceedingly 

6140
05:25:45,600 --> 05:25:49,000
confident in its decision. 
Your beginning to comprehend the

6141
05:25:49,000 --> 05:25:51,100
issue. 
Are you not People were not 

6142
05:25:51,100 --> 05:25:53,800
being irrational, rather they 
were reacting. 

6143
05:25:53,800 --> 05:25:55,800
Logically to the stimuli they 
observed. 

6144
05:25:56,700 --> 05:26:00,100
The economy appeared robust. 
Stocks were increasing an 

6145
05:26:00,100 --> 05:26:03,100
individuals were earning money. 
However, they were all reacting 

6146
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:05,900
to the same information in the 
same manner, resulting in a 

6147
05:26:05,900 --> 05:26:07,900
situation in, which everyone was
correct. 

6148
05:26:07,900 --> 05:26:11,200
And until all of a sudden, 
everyone was proved incorrect. 

6149
05:26:12,400 --> 05:26:15,100
Consider The Confident investors
of 1929. 

6150
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:18,000
As you prepare for bed, they 
were completely unaware. 

6151
05:26:18,000 --> 05:26:20,100
That they were living through 
the economic equivalent of a 

6152
05:26:20,108 --> 05:26:23,500
cartoon character who runs off a
cliff but doesn't fall until he 

6153
05:26:23,500 --> 05:26:25,600
looks down. 
They would examine their 

6154
05:26:25,600 --> 05:26:28,500
portfolios each morning and 
examiner at their paper profits.

6155
05:26:29,100 --> 05:26:32,500
the red flags were up everywhere
by the summer of 1929 if you 

6156
05:26:32,500 --> 05:26:36,300
were to look But when there are 
warning signs at a party, no one

6157
05:26:36,300 --> 05:26:37,700
wants to be the one to bring 
them up. 

6158
05:26:37,700 --> 05:26:40,500
As if you were the designated 
driver, who keeps telling 

6159
05:26:40,500 --> 05:26:42,900
everyone to slow down, while 
your friends are having the time

6160
05:26:42,900 --> 05:26:46,300
of their lives, a few jerks 
tried to crash the party. 

6161
05:26:47,100 --> 05:26:50,400
A famous and respectable Banker 
named Paul Warburg warned that 

6162
05:26:50,408 --> 05:26:52,500
the stock market had become too 
risky for investors. 

6163
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:56,500
The reaction was about what 
you'd expect the next day. 

6164
05:26:56,500 --> 05:26:59,400
The stock price of his bank 
dropped and newspapers called 

6165
05:26:59,400 --> 05:27:02,500
him negative for no reason. 
It was a typical case of 

6166
05:27:02,500 --> 05:27:05,500
shooting the messenger but this 
time the messenger was trying to

6167
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:09,000
keep people from crossing the 
street, a famous economist named

6168
05:27:09,000 --> 05:27:12,900
Roger Babson said in September 
that sooner or later a crashes 

6169
05:27:12,900 --> 05:27:15,400
coming. 
Batson was known for being right

6170
05:27:15,400 --> 05:27:19,000
about financial trends that day.
The market fell sharply. 

6171
05:27:19,000 --> 05:27:22,700
Some people, even called it the 
Babson break, but it quickly 

6172
05:27:22,700 --> 05:27:25,600
rose again, people thought 
Babson was an old-fashioned 

6173
05:27:25,600 --> 05:27:28,300
cynic, who didn't know how the 
new economy worked and wrote him

6174
05:27:28,300 --> 05:27:30,200
off. 
Everyone was happy that the 

6175
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:31,600
ruler seemed to have a lot of 
money. 

6176
05:27:31,600 --> 05:27:34,200
So no one wanted to hear that. 
He didn't have any clothes. 

6177
05:27:34,200 --> 05:27:36,400
At the same time, the smart 
money. 

6178
05:27:36,400 --> 05:27:39,700
That is the people who knew what
was going on was quietly leaving

6179
05:27:39,700 --> 05:27:42,100
the market. 
John F Kennedy's. 

6180
05:27:42,100 --> 05:27:44,800
Father Joseph. 
Reportedly said that he knew. 

6181
05:27:44,800 --> 05:27:46,600
It was time to get out of the 
stock market. 

6182
05:27:46,600 --> 05:27:49,100
When his shoe shine, boy started
giving him stock tips. 

6183
05:27:49,700 --> 05:27:52,900
It made perfect sense. 
If everyone thinks stocks are a 

6184
05:27:52,900 --> 05:27:55,500
good way to make money. 
Then stocks probably aren't so 

6185
05:27:55,500 --> 05:27:57,700
good. 
After all. however, for every 

6186
05:27:57,700 --> 05:28:00,700
Joseph, Kennedy who quietly sold
his interests, there were 

6187
05:28:00,708 --> 05:28:04,400
thousands of regular Americans 
who doubled down it made sense. 

6188
05:28:04,400 --> 05:28:07,500
If stocks were a solid 
investment last year, they were 

6189
05:28:07,500 --> 05:28:09,500
probably an even better 
investment this year. 

6190
05:28:09,500 --> 05:28:12,300
You might have thought you could
drive even faster. 

6191
05:28:12,300 --> 05:28:14,100
Since you hadn't gotten a 
speeding ticket yet. 

6192
05:28:14,800 --> 05:28:17,600
All the excitement on Wall 
Street, Mars and really bad. 

6193
05:28:17,600 --> 05:28:19,900
He economic news in the summer 
of 1929. 

6194
05:28:20,900 --> 05:28:23,500
The production of goods in 
factories was beginning to slow 

6195
05:28:23,500 --> 05:28:27,400
down Car Sales were going down, 
less building was being done, 

6196
05:28:27,400 --> 05:28:30,200
but who cared about dolphins 
like industrial production. 

6197
05:28:30,200 --> 05:28:33,300
When RCA was still going up and 
everyone used someone who had 

6198
05:28:33,300 --> 05:28:34,500
made a lot of money in the 
market. 

6199
05:28:36,100 --> 05:28:39,400
This part of the story is almost
like a dream, the real economy 

6200
05:28:39,400 --> 05:28:42,700
which includes factories farms 
and other businesses that do 

6201
05:28:42,700 --> 05:28:47,700
real work was getting tired. 
However, the stock market a 

6202
05:28:47,700 --> 05:28:49,100
symbol of the real economies 
performance. 

6203
05:28:49,100 --> 05:28:51,300
Consistently reached 
unprecedented Heights. 

6204
05:28:52,300 --> 05:28:55,300
It felt like a movie where the 
music is happy and upbeat, but 

6205
05:28:55,300 --> 05:28:59,000
the ship is slowly sinking on 
the screen despite its role as 

6206
05:28:59,008 --> 05:29:00,800
the responsible adult in these 
scenarios. 

6207
05:29:00,800 --> 05:29:03,900
The Federal Reserve found itself
in a challenging situation, 

6208
05:29:04,900 --> 05:29:07,300
Every time the Federal Reserve 
attempted to curb, the 

6209
05:29:07,300 --> 05:29:10,300
out-of-control stock trading, 
they faced accusations of 

6210
05:29:10,300 --> 05:29:13,800
harming, the US economy, it is 
challenging to be the authority.

6211
05:29:13,800 --> 05:29:15,200
That must bring an end to a 
gathering. 

6212
05:29:15,200 --> 05:29:18,000
When all participants are 
enjoying themselves, this is 

6213
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:20,200
especially true. 
If ending the party means 

6214
05:29:20,200 --> 05:29:23,600
disrupting the fun. 
The Federal Reserve did raise 

6215
05:29:23,600 --> 05:29:27,500
interest rates in August 1929 
thinking, that the action would 

6216
05:29:27,500 --> 05:29:30,900
stop some people from borrowing 
money on speculation after 

6217
05:29:30,900 --> 05:29:33,900
stumbling for a few days. 
The market just off and kept 

6218
05:29:33,900 --> 05:29:35,900
going up. 
Taped someone on the shoulder 

6219
05:29:35,900 --> 05:29:38,100
but they just turned and danced 
fast faster. 

6220
05:29:38,900 --> 05:29:41,900
By September, it was clear that 
the prices of the most famous 

6221
05:29:41,900 --> 05:29:45,600
stocks did not make sense by any
standard measure people. 

6222
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:49,000
Put a lot of value on companies 
as if they would keep growing at

6223
05:29:49,000 --> 05:29:52,200
impossible rights forever. 
Someone must have known that you

6224
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:55,900
would be 15 feet tall by age 30 
since you had grown six inches 

6225
05:29:55,900 --> 05:29:57,900
taller between the ages of 12 
and 14. 

6226
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:01,700
What was really sad was how many
regular people had put their 

6227
05:30:01,700 --> 05:30:05,600
life savings into this Market? 
Individuals who are diligently 

6228
05:30:05,600 --> 05:30:09,400
saved money, LED Frugal 
Lifestyles and meticulously 

6229
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:12,300
planned for their retirement, 
for decades, suddenly began to 

6230
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:14,400
question the wisdom of their 
cautious approach. 

6231
05:30:14,400 --> 05:30:18,900
They sold their bonds took out 
mortgages on their homes and put

6232
05:30:18,900 --> 05:30:21,300
all of their money on the 
further rise in stock prices. 

6233
05:30:22,200 --> 05:30:25,600
Imagine that people in the 
United States in September 1929 

6234
05:30:25,600 --> 05:30:28,500
were pleased with their 
Investments and planning to 

6235
05:30:28,500 --> 05:30:31,300
retire early. 
As they went to sleep, that 

6236
05:30:31,300 --> 05:30:34,200
night, they had no idea that 
they were about to learn one of 

6237
05:30:34,200 --> 05:30:36,700
the most expensive lessons in 
the history of the economy. 

6238
05:30:38,400 --> 05:30:41,600
The first few days of October 
1929 with the same as any other 

6239
05:30:41,600 --> 05:30:45,000
month during the boom, people 
got up looked at their stock 

6240
05:30:45,000 --> 05:30:48,900
prices smiled at their games on 
paper and went about their days 

6241
05:30:48,900 --> 05:30:50,400
feeling, like they were great at
money. 

6242
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:53,900
But, if you looked really 
closely and not many people, did

6243
05:30:53,900 --> 05:30:56,700
you might have seen that the 
base was beginning to crack. 

6244
05:30:57,600 --> 05:31:00,600
On October 3rd, the market had 
what Traders called a technical 

6245
05:31:00,600 --> 05:31:03,300
correction. 
This was the first real sign of 

6246
05:31:03,300 --> 05:31:05,600
trouble. 
In Wall Street talk, that means 

6247
05:31:05,600 --> 05:31:08,800
don't worry about it, prices 
dropped for no reason. 

6248
05:31:08,800 --> 05:31:12,000
It may not seem like a big deal,
but the Dow Jones Industrial 

6249
05:31:12,000 --> 05:31:13,700
Average went down by about six 
points. 

6250
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:16,500
This is because people were used
to it going up every day. 

6251
05:31:17,400 --> 05:31:19,400
But everyone knew that markets 
have bad days. 

6252
05:31:19,400 --> 05:31:22,200
Every so often it was important 
not to freak out. 

6253
05:31:22,900 --> 05:31:26,000
Fear was for people who didn't 
know that America had entered a 

6254
05:31:26,000 --> 05:31:29,000
new age of permanent wealth. 
The deal was a chance for the 

6255
05:31:29,008 --> 05:31:32,100
smart money or at least the 
money that thought it was smart 

6256
05:31:32,100 --> 05:31:35,100
to buy. 
Stocks for sale, how could you 

6257
05:31:35,100 --> 05:31:38,400
say no to that? 
The market, exhibited, the 

6258
05:31:38,400 --> 05:31:41,400
typical behavior of fluctuating 
unpredictably when it is 

6259
05:31:41,400 --> 05:31:44,000
uncertain about its direction. 
For the next two weeks. 

6260
05:31:44,900 --> 05:31:49,100
The market fluctuates daily yet.
It largely remains steady the 

6261
05:31:49,100 --> 05:31:51,600
kin to an inebriated individual 
attempting to maintain a 

6262
05:31:51,600 --> 05:31:54,100
straight path. 
Not many people were worried. 

6263
05:31:54,100 --> 05:31:57,200
The market was just taking a 
break before The Next Step Up. 

6264
05:31:58,100 --> 05:32:01,200
On October 18th, however, the 
music began to slow down. 

6265
05:32:01,200 --> 05:32:03,900
This date would become famous 
over time. 

6266
05:32:03,900 --> 05:32:07,900
The market dropped considerably,
but this time it felt different.

6267
05:32:07,900 --> 05:32:10,700
It wasn't the slow decline in 
early October. 

6268
05:32:11,500 --> 05:32:13,500
Instead, it seemed like the 
market remembered something 

6269
05:32:13,500 --> 05:32:16,800
important, but didn't like it. 
As of this point, many people 

6270
05:32:16,800 --> 05:32:19,800
had borrowed money to buy 
stocks, leaving them open to 

6271
05:32:19,800 --> 05:32:22,500
something called a margin. 
Call to explain. 

6272
05:32:22,500 --> 05:32:25,300
Let's say you borrowed. 900 
dollars to buy stock worth 

6273
05:32:25,300 --> 05:32:27,800
1,000. 
It's possible that you'd owe 

6274
05:32:27,800 --> 05:32:29,100
more money than the stock was 
worth. 

6275
05:32:29,100 --> 05:32:32,300
If it dropped to 800 dollars, 
the bank would call and ask you 

6276
05:32:32,300 --> 05:32:35,700
to either add cash or sell stock
to repay the loan, many people 

6277
05:32:35,700 --> 05:32:39,000
got those calls on October 18th.
You aren't concerned about 

6278
05:32:39,000 --> 05:32:41,200
getting a good price. 
When you have to sell stock to 

6279
05:32:41,200 --> 05:32:43,800
pay back alone, you just need to
get rid of it quickly. 

6280
05:32:44,900 --> 05:32:47,500
Prices drop even faster. 
When many people need to sell 

6281
05:32:47,500 --> 05:32:49,600
quickly. 
At the same time, this leads to 

6282
05:32:49,600 --> 05:32:52,900
more margin calls which caused 
even more, people to sell like a

6283
05:32:52,900 --> 05:32:55,000
Cascade of money for each rock 
that falls. 

6284
05:32:55,000 --> 05:32:58,700
Sets off more rocks. 
The weekend of October 19th and 

6285
05:32:58,700 --> 05:33:01,100
20th, lightly marked. 
The last time, most Americans 

6286
05:33:01,100 --> 05:33:03,700
believed, they were living in. 
An era of never-ending Wells 

6287
05:33:03,700 --> 05:33:07,300
newspapers, always willing to 
help wrote stories. 

6288
05:33:07,300 --> 05:33:10,000
That made people feel better by 
saying that this was only a 

6289
05:33:10,000 --> 05:33:13,000
short-term setback. 
Smart buyers took advantage of 

6290
05:33:13,008 --> 05:33:17,100
this chance to identify deals. 
By Monday, everything would be 

6291
05:33:17,100 --> 05:33:21,000
fine on Tuesday. 
October 21st, everything was 

6292
05:33:21,000 --> 05:33:23,800
fine. 
The market opened trade went on 

6293
05:33:23,800 --> 05:33:27,500
and the world didn't end. 
However, the situation remained 

6294
05:33:27,500 --> 05:33:29,500
largely unchanged throughout the
day. 

6295
05:33:29,500 --> 05:33:32,400
Prices steadily declined, akin 
to water. 

6296
05:33:32,400 --> 05:33:34,100
Gradually draining from a 
bathtub. 

6297
05:33:34,700 --> 05:33:37,200
Tuesday was worse. 
When's day was even worse 

6298
05:33:37,200 --> 05:33:40,900
Friday. 
October 24th which would become 

6299
05:33:40,900 --> 05:33:42,600
famously known as black 
Thursday. 

6300
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:45,300
Something very important to 
change. 

6301
05:33:45,300 --> 05:33:49,600
It wasn't a fix and update or 
any other plight business term 

6302
05:33:49,600 --> 05:33:52,100
for the same thing. 
It was just pure fear. 

6303
05:33:53,100 --> 05:33:56,400
Imagine waking up on October 
24th, to find that your nest egg

6304
05:33:56,400 --> 05:33:59,800
is shrunk not just a little but 
by a large enough amount that 

6305
05:33:59,800 --> 05:34:01,700
you feel like you need to do 
some math in your head. 

6306
05:34:02,800 --> 05:34:05,300
When you attempt to contact your
dealer, the phone lines 

6307
05:34:05,300 --> 05:34:08,700
experience, congestion. 
Nobody appears to understand the

6308
05:34:08,700 --> 05:34:11,600
status of their Investments, 
despite everyone's efforts, to 

6309
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:15,500
learn an all-time high of over 
12 million shares were traded at

6310
05:34:15,500 --> 05:34:17,400
that day, which is about three 
times. 

6311
05:34:17,400 --> 05:34:20,700
The normal amount Stock price 
prices were meant to be shown on

6312
05:34:20,700 --> 05:34:24,400
ticket machines all day, but 
they couldn't keep up, they were

6313
05:34:24,400 --> 05:34:26,000
hours behind schedule by the 
afternoon. 

6314
05:34:26,000 --> 05:34:27,900
So no one knew what anything was
worth. 

6315
05:34:28,500 --> 05:34:31,200
People bought and sold stocks 
without knowing what the prices 

6316
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:33,900
were and sellers didn't know 
what they were getting charged. 

6317
05:34:33,900 --> 05:34:37,000
As you go to sleep tonight, 
picture what Wall Street looked 

6318
05:34:37,000 --> 05:34:40,100
like that Thursday night. 
Many people gathered around the 

6319
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:43,200
Stock Exchange, ticker tape was 
strewn across the streets like 

6320
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:46,800
confetti after a parade that no 
one wanted to go to and the 

6321
05:34:46,800 --> 05:34:49,300
sound of a party ending for the 
evening could be heard somewhere

6322
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:52,800
in the Darkness. 
A party finished on October 

6323
05:34:52,800 --> 05:34:57,100
24th, on October 29th, also 
known as Black Tuesday. 

6324
05:34:57,900 --> 05:35:00,400
The police were called all the 
lights were turned on and 

6325
05:35:00,400 --> 05:35:03,200
everyone saw the mess. 
They had made, it's already very

6326
05:35:03,200 --> 05:35:05,500
different from the world, you 
went to sleep in when you wake 

6327
05:35:05,500 --> 05:35:07,900
up that Tuesday morning Over the
weekend. 

6328
05:35:07,900 --> 05:35:10,800
It became clear that this wasn't
just a short-term setback. 

6329
05:35:10,800 --> 05:35:13,700
Even though Banks and well, 
known financiers were working 

6330
05:35:13,700 --> 05:35:16,500
hard to restore Trust. 
It really happened. 

6331
05:35:16,500 --> 05:35:18,600
There was a full-on banking 
Panic. 

6332
05:35:18,600 --> 05:35:21,400
It was challenging for the 
morning newspapers to stay 

6333
05:35:21,400 --> 05:35:24,200
positive, but you could read the
fear in the words. 

6334
05:35:25,100 --> 05:35:28,100
The headlines talked about 
temporary Market adjustments and

6335
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:30,200
buying opportunities for smart 
investors. 

6336
05:35:31,000 --> 05:35:33,500
But the numbers indicated that 
things were not what they seem 

6337
05:35:33,500 --> 05:35:35,900
to be. 
Stocks were going down quickly 

6338
05:35:35,900 --> 05:35:39,100
after slowly going up for 
months, when the stock market 

6339
05:35:39,100 --> 05:35:42,400
opened at 10 a.m. millions of 
shares were already available 

6340
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:45,600
for sale prices, don't just drop
during a panic. 

6341
05:35:45,600 --> 05:35:49,000
They crash because everyone 
wants to sell but no one wants 

6342
05:35:49,000 --> 05:35:51,100
to buy. 
It's like musical chairs. 

6343
05:35:51,100 --> 05:35:53,900
But someone took away all the 
chairs at once and everyone saw 

6344
05:35:53,900 --> 05:35:57,700
it at the same time, over 16 
million shares were traded that 

6345
05:35:57,700 --> 05:36:00,100
day, which was a record. 
That wouldn't be broken for. 

6346
05:36:00,100 --> 05:36:03,600
Almost, 40 years, black Thursday
was already too busy for the 

6347
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:06,000
ticker tape machines to keep up 
by noon. 

6348
05:36:06,000 --> 05:36:09,400
They were reporting prices from 
10 a.m. they were hours behind 

6349
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:12,700
by the afternoon people made 
financial decisions based on 

6350
05:36:12,700 --> 05:36:14,700
data, that was almost 
immediately outdated. 

6351
05:36:15,700 --> 05:36:18,900
Imagine the scene inside The 
Brokerage offices phones were 

6352
05:36:18,908 --> 05:36:21,200
ringing. 
Nonstop workers were rushing to 

6353
05:36:21,200 --> 05:36:23,800
handle sell orders. 
And customers were squeezing 

6354
05:36:23,800 --> 05:36:26,300
together to find out what was 
going on with their Investments.

6355
05:36:26,300 --> 05:36:29,300
Everyone was talking at the same
time and trying to shout over 

6356
05:36:29,300 --> 05:36:31,400
the others. 
The ticker tape machine's 

6357
05:36:31,400 --> 05:36:34,200
clattered and people began to 
realize something terrible was 

6358
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:37,100
happening. 
The most distressing aspect was 

6359
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:39,700
witnessing ordinary individuals.
Discover they had lost their 

6360
05:36:39,700 --> 05:36:43,200
entire life savings. 
The secretary had used the money

6361
05:36:43,200 --> 05:36:46,000
she earned from selling stocks 
to purchase that apartment 

6362
05:36:46,000 --> 05:36:48,700
building. 
The value of her stocks are 

6363
05:36:48,700 --> 05:36:51,600
dropped since she bought them. 
The car driver who quit when he 

6364
05:36:51,600 --> 05:36:54,900
was 35 his search for work. 
Had begun again. 

6365
05:36:54,900 --> 05:36:57,700
Who was the mother who paid for 
her daughter's wedding? 

6366
05:36:58,400 --> 05:37:00,800
There was no way for her to tell
her family that the money was 

6367
05:37:00,800 --> 05:37:04,100
still there, but it wasn't just 
small buyers, who lost all their

6368
05:37:04,100 --> 05:37:05,800
money. 
The banks that gave all that 

6369
05:37:05,800 --> 05:37:07,300
money to buy stocks were also 
in. 

6370
05:37:07,300 --> 05:37:10,000
A lot of trouble, people 
couldn't pay back their margin 

6371
05:37:10,000 --> 05:37:12,700
loans, because the value of 
their stocks dropped below what 

6372
05:37:12,700 --> 05:37:15,500
they borrowed, these 
circumstances meant that the 

6373
05:37:15,500 --> 05:37:17,200
banks were left with useless 
paper. 

6374
05:37:17,200 --> 05:37:20,800
There was a chance that some 
banks, this specialty smaller 

6375
05:37:20,800 --> 05:37:23,000
ones that had done a lot of 
dealing in the stock market 

6376
05:37:23,000 --> 05:37:25,400
would fail. 
What a strange irony? 

6377
05:37:26,100 --> 05:37:28,400
The system that had made all 
those paper richest was now 

6378
05:37:28,400 --> 05:37:32,400
destroying them just as quickly 
calls on margin which at first 

6379
05:37:32,400 --> 05:37:35,700
seemed like a smart way to boost
gains were now making losses 

6380
05:37:35,700 --> 05:37:39,000
worse, people who bought stocks 
in several different companies, 

6381
05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:42,000
thought they were lowering their
risk that they soon learned that

6382
05:37:42,000 --> 05:37:44,900
when there is a panic, all 
stocks go down at the same time,

6383
05:37:44,900 --> 05:37:48,000
they were stories, going around 
all day, that would become part 

6384
05:37:48,000 --> 05:37:51,200
of Wall Street, folklore. 
There was the story that 

6385
05:37:51,200 --> 05:37:54,300
stockbrokers jumped out of 
office Windows, which was mostly

6386
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:57,200
made up, but a few people did 
kill themselves in the weeks 

6387
05:37:57,200 --> 05:38:00,300
that followed the stories of 
millionaires who went from being

6388
05:38:00,300 --> 05:38:03,200
rich to being middle class. 
And one day, a middle-class 

6389
05:38:03,200 --> 05:38:06,200
family who went from being rich 
to being poor were more true. 

6390
05:38:06,900 --> 05:38:09,600
The Dow Jones Industrial Average
had declined by 12%. 

6391
05:38:09,600 --> 05:38:13,800
By the time, the market closed 
at 3 p.m. at that point, it was 

6392
05:38:13,808 --> 05:38:16,900
the second worst single day 
percentage drop in its history. 

6393
05:38:18,000 --> 05:38:20,900
But the percentage doesn't show 
how sad it was for the millions 

6394
05:38:20,900 --> 05:38:23,900
of Americans who went to bed 
that night knowing that their 

6395
05:38:23,900 --> 05:38:27,300
financial plans, their hopes of 
retiring, early or sending their

6396
05:38:27,300 --> 05:38:30,800
kids to college had been turned 
into useless paper, certificates

6397
05:38:30,800 --> 05:38:33,900
evening newspaper headlines, 
which attempted to maintain a 

6398
05:38:33,900 --> 05:38:37,900
positive outlook proclaimed 
phrases, like Market hits bottom

6399
05:38:37,900 --> 05:38:41,900
and worst is over, they were 
mistaken, the stock market 

6400
05:38:41,900 --> 05:38:43,500
crashed didn't end on Black 
Tuesday. 

6401
05:38:43,500 --> 05:38:46,700
It was just the worst day of 
what would be a much longer and 

6402
05:38:46,700 --> 05:38:49,500
worse slide. 
There was a huge financial 

6403
05:38:49,500 --> 05:38:52,500
hangover in the United States in
the days after Black Tuesday. 

6404
05:38:52,500 --> 05:38:55,900
You know how it feels to stay 
up, too late at a party and then

6405
05:38:55,900 --> 05:38:58,300
question every choice you made 
the night before. 

6406
05:38:58,300 --> 05:39:02,300
That's how you feel in the 
morning in November 1929. 

6407
05:39:02,300 --> 05:39:05,100
That was the whole country. 
The first thing that happened 

6408
05:39:05,100 --> 05:39:08,000
was denial, which is probably 
the most normal thing that can 

6409
05:39:08,000 --> 05:39:10,300
happen. 
This had to be temporary, right?

6410
05:39:10,300 --> 05:39:13,800
Once prices dropped enough, 
smart money, would come back 

6411
05:39:13,800 --> 05:39:17,100
into the market, someone like 
the government, or the banks 

6412
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:20,800
would figure out how to fix this
the newspapers thought so too. 

6413
05:39:20,800 --> 05:39:23,100
Because they kept writing up 
Beats stories about bargain 

6414
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:26,000
hunters and buying opportunities
all the way through November. 

6415
05:39:26,000 --> 05:39:29,100
As it turned out, president 
Herbert Hoover was in office 

6416
05:39:29,100 --> 05:39:32,000
when The Music stopped. 
He initially made an effort to 

6417
05:39:32,000 --> 05:39:34,500
project confidence. 
He made reassuring statements 

6418
05:39:34,500 --> 05:39:37,800
about the basic strength of the 
American economy, which were 

6419
05:39:37,800 --> 05:39:41,200
accurate, but not very helpful. 
It is akin to informing someone 

6420
05:39:41,200 --> 05:39:44,400
that their house is structurally
sound while it is engulfed in 

6421
05:39:44,408 --> 05:39:47,700
flames all around them. 
It was true that the economy was

6422
05:39:47,700 --> 05:39:49,300
strong. 
But that didn't help the 

6423
05:39:49,300 --> 05:39:51,700
millions of people who had just 
seen their funds disappear. 

6424
05:39:53,100 --> 05:39:55,700
The weeks, following the crash 
revealed, the interconnectedness

6425
05:39:55,700 --> 05:39:58,400
of everything. 
The stock market was no longer 

6426
05:39:58,400 --> 05:40:00,500
just a place for Rich investors 
to have fun. 

6427
05:40:00,500 --> 05:40:03,000
It was an important part of 
American Business. 

6428
05:40:03,900 --> 05:40:07,100
Banks had given out loans based 
on stock prices that were too 

6429
05:40:07,100 --> 05:40:09,300
high. 
A lot of businesses plan to grow

6430
05:40:09,300 --> 05:40:12,500
because they thought the good 
times would last Regular 

6431
05:40:12,500 --> 05:40:16,200
families had made big Financial 
choices based on games that were

6432
05:40:16,200 --> 05:40:19,800
only on paper and were now gone.
It was almost as bad for 

6433
05:40:19,800 --> 05:40:22,200
people's mental health, as it 
was for their finances. 

6434
05:40:23,000 --> 05:40:25,200
For nearly a decade. 
Americans were told that wealth 

6435
05:40:25,200 --> 05:40:27,300
was normal. 
And that anyone could get rich 

6436
05:40:27,300 --> 05:40:30,200
by trading in the market 
individuals, who believe they 

6437
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:32,700
were financially Savvy had to 
quickly confront the possibility

6438
05:40:32,700 --> 05:40:35,600
that they had been part of a 
widespread illusion. 

6439
05:40:35,600 --> 05:40:38,600
Most terrible thing about the 
crash was that it showed the 

6440
05:40:38,600 --> 05:40:41,500
lies that had kept the boom 
Going Could you please share 

6441
05:40:41,500 --> 05:40:43,900
those stories again about 
secretaries and cab drivers 

6442
05:40:43,900 --> 05:40:47,600
achieving financial success? 
Those people were now broke and 

6443
05:40:47,600 --> 05:40:51,500
their stories were meant to warn
instead of inspire investment 

6444
05:40:51,500 --> 05:40:53,600
clubs that had sprung up in 
neighborhoods across the 

6445
05:40:53,600 --> 05:40:55,800
country. 
Quietly broke up because their 

6446
05:40:55,800 --> 05:40:58,000
members were too ashamed to talk
about their losses. 

6447
05:40:58,000 --> 05:41:01,800
It was clear by December 1929 
that the result wasn't going to 

6448
05:41:01,800 --> 05:41:05,300
be a quick comeback stock. 
Price is kept going down but not

6449
05:41:05,300 --> 05:41:07,500
in big drops all at once 
instead. 

6450
05:41:07,500 --> 05:41:10,800
They went down slowly and 
steadily in a way that was 

6451
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:12,300
almost worse than the initial 
fear. 

6452
05:41:13,200 --> 05:41:16,900
Panic is at least interesting. 
Slow decline is just sad. 

6453
05:41:16,900 --> 05:41:20,600
It's like every day seeing 
someone, you care about get sick

6454
05:41:20,600 --> 05:41:23,900
and not being able to do 
anything about it. banks that 

6455
05:41:23,900 --> 05:41:26,400
were eager to give money to buy 
stocks when now desperately 

6456
05:41:26,400 --> 05:41:29,800
trying to get those loans paid 
back But a stone doesn't have 

6457
05:41:29,800 --> 05:41:31,700
blood and people can't give you 
money. 

6458
05:41:31,700 --> 05:41:35,400
They don't have the first Banks 
to fail were the smaller ones 

6459
05:41:35,400 --> 05:41:37,000
that have been most involved in 
stock market. 

6460
05:41:37,000 --> 05:41:40,200
Speculation as the crash is 
spread, they moved up to the 

6461
05:41:40,200 --> 05:41:43,100
bigger Banks. 
Not many people knew the truth 

6462
05:41:43,100 --> 05:41:46,400
yet, but the stock market crash 
was only the beginning. 

6463
05:41:47,800 --> 05:41:50,400
Those who thought the crash 
wouldn't affect the real economy

6464
05:41:50,400 --> 05:41:55,300
factories farms and shops were 
about to be proven wrong, losing

6465
05:41:55,300 --> 05:41:56,900
their life savings to 
discourages. 

6466
05:41:56,900 --> 05:42:00,200
People from making purchases, 
when people don't buy things, 

6467
05:42:00,200 --> 05:42:03,500
businesses stopped, making them 
people lose their jobs. 

6468
05:42:03,500 --> 05:42:06,500
When companies stop making 
things, people tend to stop 

6469
05:42:06,500 --> 05:42:08,100
buying things when they lose 
their jobs. 

6470
05:42:08,100 --> 05:42:11,700
Once it starts is very difficult
to break out of this, Vicious 

6471
05:42:11,700 --> 05:42:15,500
Circle unemployment began to 
rise at the end of 1929. 

6472
05:42:15,500 --> 05:42:18,700
But people didn't fully 
understand how dire things were 

6473
05:42:18,700 --> 05:42:20,000
going to get for a few more 
months. 

6474
05:42:20,800 --> 05:42:24,400
Not only did the stock market 
crash wipe out wealth, but it 

6475
05:42:24,400 --> 05:42:27,900
also destroyed Trust. 
Turns out that confidence is one

6476
05:42:27,900 --> 05:42:30,200
of the most important parts of a
healthy economy. 

6477
05:42:30,900 --> 05:42:32,700
The sad. 
Irony was that the things that 

6478
05:42:32,700 --> 05:42:36,200
made the boom? 
So amazing hope willingness to 

6479
05:42:36,200 --> 05:42:38,600
take risks. 
And the belief that anything was

6480
05:42:38,600 --> 05:42:43,000
possible were now backfiring. 
At first, everyone thought 

6481
05:42:43,000 --> 05:42:45,700
stocks could only go up now 
everyone. 

6482
05:42:45,700 --> 05:42:49,500
Thought they could only go down 
prices were going down too low 

6483
05:42:49,500 --> 05:42:51,900
because of the same herd 
attitude that had pushed them up

6484
05:42:51,900 --> 05:42:55,100
too high. 
Now that the story is over you 

6485
05:42:55,100 --> 05:42:57,300
may be thinking about what 
happened next and more 

6486
05:42:57,300 --> 05:43:00,500
importantly, what we learned 
from this costly lesson in being

6487
05:43:00,500 --> 05:43:03,800
humble with money. 
The first question is about the 

6488
05:43:03,800 --> 05:43:07,000
Great Depression, which happened
for 10 years and had a giant 

6489
05:43:07,000 --> 05:43:10,800
impact on American society. 
The second question has a more 

6490
05:43:10,800 --> 05:43:13,400
difficult answer because the 
lessons people learn from the 

6491
05:43:13,400 --> 05:43:17,300
crash of 1929 weren't always the
ones that history was meant to 

6492
05:43:17,300 --> 05:43:20,500
teach them at the time. 
It looked like the most 

6493
05:43:20,500 --> 05:43:23,300
important lesson was that 
trading in the stock market was 

6494
05:43:23,300 --> 05:43:26,100
risky and not something regular 
people should do. 

6495
05:43:27,200 --> 05:43:30,500
For a generation of Americans 
investing in stocks lost all 

6496
05:43:30,500 --> 05:43:32,600
charm. 
It felt akin to dealing with 

6497
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:34,900
explosive. 
This may have been an 

6498
05:43:34,900 --> 05:43:38,000
overreaction but it was to be 
expected from people who just 

6499
05:43:38,000 --> 05:43:39,300
saw their neighbor's lose 
everything. 

6500
05:43:40,200 --> 05:43:42,400
It took a while, but the 
government also learned some 

6501
05:43:42,400 --> 05:43:44,900
things, a lot of the worst 
things that happened in the 

6502
05:43:44,900 --> 05:43:48,600
1920s were stopped by new rules,
to keep an eye on the stock 

6503
05:43:48,600 --> 05:43:50,800
Marv, they established the 
Securities and Exchange 

6504
05:43:50,800 --> 05:43:52,500
Commission to monitor the stock 
market. 

6505
05:43:53,400 --> 05:43:55,000
Customers money to bet on 
stocks. 

6506
05:43:55,800 --> 05:43:58,200
Deposit Insurance was made so 
that people wouldn't lose their 

6507
05:43:58,200 --> 05:43:59,800
savings. 
If their bank went out of 

6508
05:43:59,800 --> 05:44:03,700
business, while these changes 
were wise, they arrived too late

6509
05:44:03,708 --> 05:44:05,500
to assist those who had already 
lost their lives. 

6510
05:44:06,500 --> 05:44:09,500
But here's the thing about 
people, the very Adept at 

6511
05:44:09,500 --> 05:44:12,100
forgetting the exact lessons we 
learned from the last disaster 

6512
05:44:12,100 --> 05:44:14,400
while still being open to the 
next one. 

6513
05:44:15,100 --> 05:44:18,800
People who lived through 1929 
were very wary of speculating in

6514
05:44:18,800 --> 05:44:22,500
the stock market, their children
and grandkids who didn't live 

6515
05:44:22,500 --> 05:44:24,400
through the crash were not as 
careful. 

6516
05:44:25,900 --> 05:44:29,700
America experienced another 
speculative frenzy in the 1990s 

6517
05:44:29,700 --> 05:44:32,800
this time. 
The speculation frenzy focused 

6518
05:44:32,800 --> 05:44:36,900
on internet stocks which often 
lost money and sometimes made no

6519
05:44:36,900 --> 05:44:39,300
profit at all. 
People quit their jobs to become

6520
05:44:39,300 --> 05:44:41,900
day Traders. 
New technology seemed to change 

6521
05:44:41,900 --> 05:44:45,100
everything and stock prices that
had nothing to do with how 

6522
05:44:45,100 --> 05:44:48,500
businesses actually worked made 
the.com bubble of the late 

6523
05:44:48,500 --> 05:44:52,800
1990s. 
Eerily resemble 1929 experts 

6524
05:44:52,800 --> 05:44:55,000
were quick to point out why this
time is different. 

6525
05:44:55,000 --> 05:44:58,200
People were shocked when that 
boom burst in 2000. 

6526
05:44:58,200 --> 05:45:01,800
Even though anyone who knew what
happened in 1929 could have seen

6527
05:45:01,800 --> 05:45:05,700
it coming the 2000 housing 
bubble had easy credit gambling 

6528
05:45:05,700 --> 05:45:09,300
and the belief that prices could
only rise people were once again

6529
05:45:09,300 --> 05:45:14,100
shocked when that boom burst in 
2008 causing another financial 

6530
05:45:14,100 --> 05:45:16,800
crisis. 
Every generation must acquire 

6531
05:45:16,800 --> 05:45:19,400
these lessons in dependently 
often through painful 

6532
05:45:19,400 --> 05:45:22,400
experience, is its challenging. 
To remember, the most important 

6533
05:45:22,400 --> 05:45:26,500
lesson from 1929, when the 
market is booming, markets are 

6534
05:45:26,500 --> 05:45:29,300
driven by feelings as much as 
they are by economic facts. 

6535
05:45:29,900 --> 05:45:32,700
When everyone is, happy prices 
go up way past. 

6536
05:45:32,700 --> 05:45:34,900
What makes sense prices drop 
below? 

6537
05:45:34,900 --> 05:45:36,600
What makes sense when everyone 
is negative. 

6538
05:45:36,600 --> 05:45:39,900
It makes sense to be careful 
when everyone else is happy and 

6539
05:45:39,900 --> 05:45:43,200
brave when everyone else is sad.
But that means going against 

6540
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:45,400
your feelings in the crowd, 
which is never easy. 

6541
05:45:45,400 --> 05:45:48,900
Another thing I learned is that 
adding more complexity, doesn't 

6542
05:45:48,900 --> 05:45:51,600
always get rid of the risk. 
It just hides it. 

6543
05:45:52,500 --> 05:45:56,400
In the 1920s, the system of 
margin loans seemed like a smart

6544
05:45:56,400 --> 05:45:59,700
way to let more people 
participate in the growth of the

6545
05:45:59,700 --> 05:46:02,500
market. 
In fact, it made the crash worse

6546
05:46:02,500 --> 05:46:06,400
by amplifying, gains and losses.
It seems like every time there 

6547
05:46:06,400 --> 05:46:09,600
is a financial crisis, something
new comes out that is meant to 

6548
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:12,400
make investing safer, but ends 
up making it riskier. 

6549
05:46:12,400 --> 05:46:17,300
The 1929 crash may have taught 
us more than anything else, that

6550
05:46:17,300 --> 05:46:19,200
there is no such thing as cheap 
money. 

6551
05:46:20,500 --> 05:46:23,800
The people who got rich in the 
1920 stock market, once smarter 

6552
05:46:23,800 --> 05:46:26,000
than everyone else. 
They were just lucky enough to 

6553
05:46:26,000 --> 05:46:28,100
own stocks when everyone else 
wanted to buy them. 

6554
05:46:29,600 --> 05:46:33,000
When that changed their paper 
games went away, just as quickly

6555
05:46:33,000 --> 05:46:36,300
as they came, as you drift off 
to sleep contemplate, those 

6556
05:46:36,300 --> 05:46:38,800
lessons and how strong the 
people who lived through that 

6557
05:46:38,800 --> 05:46:42,900
time were they rebounded 
absorbed their mistakes and 

6558
05:46:42,900 --> 05:46:46,500
bolstered and stabilized the 
economy, despite the devastating

6559
05:46:46,500 --> 05:46:50,300
impact of the 1929 crash. 
It was not a catastrophic event,

6560
05:46:50,300 --> 05:46:54,200
not just what can go wrong. 
But also how people fix things 

6561
05:46:54,200 --> 05:46:57,300
is sometimes the most important 
thing to learn from the past. 

6562
05:46:58,400 --> 05:47:02,100
The stock market did perform 
better in the end but it took 25

6563
05:47:02,100 --> 05:47:04,900
years for it to hit its high 
points again in 1929. 

6564
05:47:05,800 --> 05:47:08,600
People became more careful and 
less trusting of plans to get 

6565
05:47:08,600 --> 05:47:11,100
rich quickly. 
They also learned to Value 

6566
05:47:11,100 --> 05:47:13,900
steady long-term growth more 
than big games. 

6567
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:17,400
They also learned that people 
are creative and strong even in 

6568
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:21,100
uncertain markets, good night. 
And remember that, the oldest 

6569
05:47:21,100 --> 05:47:23,400
piece of investment advice is 
probably still the best. 

6570
05:47:24,400 --> 05:47:26,900
It sounds too good to be true. 
It probably is.