Why Did Ancient Roads Crumble After Empires Fell? | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey friends, let's take a gentle
Journey Down the ancient 

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highways of History because 
tonight. 

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We're exploring something that 
seems simple roads, that tells 

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us everything about how 
civilizations rise Thrive and 

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eventually Fade Into memory. 
This is a story about Stone and 

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dirt about connection, and 
collapse, and about how the 

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paths, we build reveal more 
about us than we might imagine. 

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So, as we ease in take a moment 
to like the video, and let me 

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know where you're tuning in 
from, and what time it is for 

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you. 
Now, let's jump straight in so 

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you can drift off. 
To yourself on a Hillside and 

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Central Italy around 312 BCE 
watching something amazing 

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happen in the valley below. 100 
of workers are moving in a way 

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that is similar to how ants 
build something much bigger than

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themselves their building. 
What will become the Via appear,

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the first big Roman Road and 
they have no idea that they're 

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making a model that will last 
for 1000s of years, you can 

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smell the Limestone dust in the 
air along with the sweater of 

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workers. 
And the smell of freshly turned 

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soil. 
The sound is steady hammers, 

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hitting Stone bosses calling out
measurements and carts creaking 

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as they bring materials. 
It's the sound of civilization 

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literally Paving the way for the
future. 

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But let's take a step back from 
this building site and think 

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about what roads meant to 
ancient empires. 

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We usually think of them as 
basic transportation systems. 

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Like the highways you drive on 
to visit family or get to work 

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but old roads were much more 
than that. 

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They were the physical 
embodiment of political power, 

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economic systems and cultural 
identity all at the same time. 

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When an empire built a road, it 
was making a big deal out of it.

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It was saying we have complete 
control over the land, so we can

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change it. 
We have the power, the 

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resources, and the organization 
to move mountains, or at least 

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make paths through them. 
Every mile of paved Road was an 

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investment, not only in getting 
around, but also in the idea of 

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Empire itself, Think of Roads as
the heart and blood vessels of 

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ancient civilizations like your 
body needs blood vessels to get 

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oxygen and nutrients to every 
cell Empires needed roads to 

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move soldiers, Goods 
information, and ideas, to every

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part of their land. 
You don't really notice your 

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circulation when it's working, 
right? 

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Everything starts to break down 
when it doesn't work, the Roman 

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Empire probably understood this 
better than any other 

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civilization before or since 
Rome had about 250,000 miles of 

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roads at its peak, which is 
enough to go around the world 

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ten times. 
These weren't just dirt paths 

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that people had walked on a lot 
and worn down. 

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They were engineering wonders 
built with such care that some 

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are still in use today more than
2,000 years later. 

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But Rome wasn't the only Empire 
that was crazy about building 

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roads. 
The Inca Empire in South 

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America, built a road Network 
that stretched over 25,000 miles

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across, some of the hardest 
terrain on Earth. 

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They built roads through 
mountains that would make modern

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Engineers cry across deserts. 
Where water was more valuable 

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than gold and through jungles 
that seemed to determined to 

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destroy any human construction 
within weeks. 

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The Assyrian Empire built roads 
in Mesopotamia, that connected 

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their capitals to the farthest 
parts of their territory. 

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They also build a postal system,
that was so fast that it could 

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send messages faster than any 
other Communication System until

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the telegraph was invented. 
Thousands of years later, 

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imagine Royal Messengers riding 
through the night switching. 

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Horses at stations exactly one 
day's ride apart and carrying 

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sealed clay tablets with news 
that could change the fate of 

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cities. 
The Persian Royal Road was over 

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1,500 miles long and connected, 
Susa to Sardis. 

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It was so well kept that Royal 
carriers could make the trip in 

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just seven days. 
While it would take people 

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walking 90 days. 
That's about the same as the 

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difference between walking from 
New York to Los Angeles and 

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flying there. 
They did it with only horses. 

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Determination and careful 
planning. 

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These roads weren't just about 
getting their quickly or easily,

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they were about having power, an
Empire that could move its 

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armies quickly could stop 
threats from turning into 

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revolts an Empire. 
That could move Goods quickly 

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could make money. 
That could be used to grow even 

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more an Empire that could build 
paved roads to spread its 

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language and culture could bring
people together across 

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differences, you start to see 
roads in a different way when 

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you think about them. 
This way that Old Stone path you

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might see on a hiking Europe 
isn't just old pavement, it's a 

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fossil of political power, a 
physical reminder that someone 

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wants had enough power to change
the landscape to suit their 

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needs. 
Let's go back to that building 

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site in ancient Italy but this 
time let's get closer. 

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Get down on your knees next to 
one of the Roman Engineers who 

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they called men's arrays and see
how they are really building 

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this road. 
The first thing that stands out 

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to you is that they aren't 
starting with the surface. 

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They are digging down and making
a trench that could be three or 

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four feet deep. 
This doesn't make sense at 

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first. 
But once you understand how 

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Romans thought about 
engineering, you'll see that a 

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road is like an iceberg with 
most of its mass hidden beneath 

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the surface. 
You walk on the workers are now 

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putting down the first layer, 
which is made up of big stones 

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that are packed, tightly 
together. 

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This is the stratum which is the
bottom layer that will hold up 

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everything else. 
The Romans are putting the 

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stones in place with the same 
care that people used to put 

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together a three-dimensional 
puzzle. 

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Making sure that each piece fits
perfectly with the ones next to 

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it to make a stable base. 
You can hear the foreman walking

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across the foundation and 
listening for any Hollow sounds.

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That might mean it is weak in 
ancient times. 

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Your ears were just as important
as your eyes. 

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When building an experienced 
engineer, could hear structural 

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problems just like a mechanic, 
can hear problems with a cars 

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engine on top of the statue in 
their putting down a layer of 

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smaller Stones mixed with 
mortar. 

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This is called the rudus heavy. 
Wooden. 

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Mallets are being used to 
compact this layer and the 

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workers are moving in time with 
each other like they are 

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dancing. 
The sound Echoes through the 

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valley, thud each blow pushes 
the materials together, making 

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them more solid. 
The nucleus is a layer of gravel

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and sand that is sometimes mixed
with lime to make a kind of 

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ancient concrete oxen pull large
Stone cylinders over this layer 

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to smooth it out. 
And the Animals strain against 

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their harnesses. 
While they're handlers, guide 

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them with skill, the smell of 
The Oxen, which is earthy musky.

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And clearly animal-like mixes 
with the smell of crushed stone,

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which is mineral like last but 
not least, the top layer the 

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summer Dawson. 
This means that big flat paving 

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stones that fit perfectly with 
each other are needed for 

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important roads, like the Via 
Appia. 

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The Romans are so picky about 
this fit that, you couldn't even

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fit a knife blade between most 
of the stones. 

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They're making a surface, that 
will shed water last a long 

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time. 
And give both iron shod Hooves 

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and sandaled feet a safe place 
to stand. 

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But here's the really amazing 
part. 

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The Romans are not just making 
the road flat, they're making a 

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subtle Crown by raising the 
middle of the road a little 

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higher than the edges. 
This is only a few inches across

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a width of 15 or 20 feet. 
This small detail means that 

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water will run off to the side 
and stead of pooling on the 

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surface in the winter. 
The water would freeze expand 

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and break the paving Stone's 
apart there, even more 

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impressive because they're 
putting in Drainage Systems next

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to the road. 
There are stone-lined channels 

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that run next to the pavement to
move rainwater away from the 

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foundation. 
Culverts go under the road at 

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regular intervals, so the 
streams can cross without 

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damaging the road. 
These old Engineers knew more 

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about hydrology than most modern
contractors. 

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They knew that if you don't give
water a place to go, it will 

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destroy any human-made structure
over time. 

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The focus on details goes all 
the way through the building 

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process. 
The Romans are using gromer, 

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which are vertical poles with 
horizontal crossbars, that are 

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marked at exact right angles to 
look at the route, they can make

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roads that go straight from 
miles with these simple tools 

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and the rules of geometry. 
They only make small changes 

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when they have to to get around 
obstacles. 

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Engineers are very careful when 
they figure out the slopes of 

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the road when it has to go up 
hills. 

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If the slope is too steep carts,
with loads, won't be able to 

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make it up. 
If it's too gradual, the road 

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will take longer than it needs 
to. 

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Their goal is grades, that don't
go above 5% very often, which is

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about the same as what modern 
Highway standards safe amount in

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passes, the building process 
gets even more complicated. 

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When the ground is wet or marshy
workers. 

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Are driving. 
Wooden piles. 

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Deep into the soft ground to 
make fake foundations. 

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That can hold up the stone 
layers above in some places. 

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They're actually building the 
road on a raised in bankrupt 

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called an agar that lifted above
the ground around it. 

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This keeps the surface dry and 
passable, even during spring 

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floods, the inkers who built 
their roads hundreds of years 

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later, and halfway around the 
world, had even bigger 

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engineering problems to deal 
with Inca Engineers carved. 

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Steps directly into living rock 
on Mountainside. 

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So steep that modern hikers need
both hands-free to climb. 

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A suspension bridges out of 
woven grass, roads to cross. 

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Valleys these Bridges swayed. 
A lot in the wind, but they 

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could hold the weight of llama, 
Caravans, and Messengers 

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running. 
What all these old Engineers 

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knew that modern infrastructure 
planners sometimes? 

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Forget, is that roads aren't 
just for the here? 

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And now, a road that is built 
well will last for many years, 

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or even hundreds of years, the 
total cost of constant, repairs 

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is always higher than the cost 
of building things, right? 

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The first time standing on the 
hillside and watching the Via 

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Appia, take shape by Stone is a 
deep experience. 

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Most of the names of these 
workers have been lost to 

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history, but they are building 
infrastructure that will still 

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be useful long after their 
civilization has become a 

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legend. 
Some of them may know this. 

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Most likely they just want to 
finish their shift and go home 

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for dinner. 
Now picture yourself next to a 

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big Roman Road at the height of 
the Empire. 

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Let's say around 150 CE when 
Rome's power stretched from 

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Britain to Mesopotamia. 
The first Travelers of the day 

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are already on the road as Dawn 
breaks. 

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The first sound you hear the 
bells of a merchant Caravan, 

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these are small chime that tied 
to the lead animals so that 

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people can hear them coming in 
the dark Before Dawn. 

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The merchants have been on the 
road since before Dawn. 

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When it was the coolest time of 
day, you can smell their cargo 

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before you see them. 
It's spices from the East. 

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And the smell is so strong and 
complicated that it makes your 

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nose. 
Tingle the more light there is 

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the more traffic. 
There is a military Courier 

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rides by on Horseback and the 
sound of his horses hooves 

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hitting the stone pavement is 
sharp and staccato fading 

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quickly into the distance. 
He has messages sealed with the 

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governor's Mark and he will 
switch horses at the next 

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mansio, which is a mix of an 
inner post office and a 

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government building. 
That is exactly one day's travel

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away, a group of merchants on 
foot follows him their goods. 

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Loaded onto donkeys that walk 
slowly. 

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As if they have done this trip, 
many times before. 

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They are talking to each other 
in a mix of Latin and the local 

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dialect. 
They are talking about prices in

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the next town and complaining 
about taxes which is what 

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merchants have always done. 
You see a covered wagon moving 

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slowly and the people inside, a 
hidden behind leather curtains, 

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this could be a rich family 
going to their country estate or

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a provincial official being 
moved to a new job. 

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The wheels of the wagon are made
of iron and make a grinding 

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rumbling noise. 
As they roll over the stone 

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surface. 
This noise travels far in the 

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morning are a tinker, has set up
a temporary stall, near a 

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milestone, which is one of the 
stone markers that Romans put up

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00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:04,900
every 1,000 Paces to show how 
far they had traveled and remind

231
00:11:04,900 --> 00:11:07,900
people of which emperor or fix 
this part of the road. 

232
00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:11,600
He'll fix sandals sharpen knives
or sell food to Travelers who 

233
00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:12,900
forgot to bring enough food with
them. 

234
00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:17,700
Smell of cooking food like bread
and salted fish makes your 

235
00:11:17,700 --> 00:11:19,200
stomach. 
Remind you that you didn't eat 

236
00:11:19,200 --> 00:11:21,200
breakfast. 
The road is really busy by 

237
00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:23,400
mid-morning. 
Farmers are bringing their goods

238
00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:27,300
to Market, their carts are full 
of vegetables, and four of wine 

239
00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:30,500
and sacks of grain. 
They go slowly and often pull 

240
00:11:30,500 --> 00:11:33,700
over to let faster cars. 
Go by most, Roman roads were 

241
00:11:33,700 --> 00:11:37,200
wide enough for two carts to 
pass easily about 12 to 15 feet.

242
00:11:37,900 --> 00:11:40,800
He also had shoulders on either 
side where slower traffic could 

243
00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:43,500
yield, you see a group of 
students with their teacher on 

244
00:11:43,500 --> 00:11:46,200
their way to study in a bigger 
city, some of them are reading 

245
00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:49,100
from Scrolls as they walk. 
While others are arguing about 

246
00:11:49,100 --> 00:11:51,700
philosophical issues with the 
confidence of young people who 

247
00:11:51,700 --> 00:11:54,300
have just learned about them, 
you can hear them clearly in the

248
00:11:54,300 --> 00:11:56,700
open are talking about what 
virtue is and whether it can be 

249
00:11:56,700 --> 00:11:59,600
taught The afternoon brings 
different people who are 

250
00:11:59,608 --> 00:12:03,300
traveling, a religious 
procession goes by with pilgrims

251
00:12:03,300 --> 00:12:05,000
on their way to a temple or holy
site. 

252
00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:08,100
Their voices, make harmonies 
that rise and fall with the 

253
00:12:08,100 --> 00:12:10,900
gentle bumps in the road as they
sing hymns, that bounce off the 

254
00:12:10,900 --> 00:12:14,000
stone pavement. 
Some people bring gifts like 

255
00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:18,600
flowers small statues or jars of
oil that slosh around as they 

256
00:12:18,600 --> 00:12:21,200
walk the road. 
Surface itself has been used for

257
00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:23,400
hundreds of years and show signs
of wear. 

258
00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:27,000
You can see grooves warning into
the stone pavement by countless 

259
00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:29,200
iron rimmed Wheels where traffic
is heaviest. 

260
00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:32,700
Specially on Hills, where 
animals are pulling heavy loads.

261
00:12:32,700 --> 00:12:36,300
These ruts which are up to 
several inches deep, actually 

262
00:12:36,300 --> 00:12:39,200
make it easier for wagon drivers
to get around because their 

263
00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:41,400
wheels naturally, follow the 
grooves, that are already there 

264
00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:44,700
along the road, you can see 
small shrines, where Travelers 

265
00:12:44,700 --> 00:12:46,700
have left things like coins 
flowers or bread. 

266
00:12:46,700 --> 00:12:50,500
These marked places where 
someone died in accident, where 

267
00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:53,800
a soldier fell while protecting 
the road from Bandits or just 

268
00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:56,300
where the view is, so beautiful 
that it seems to deserve 

269
00:12:56,300 --> 00:13:00,000
recognition of the Divine. 
Traffic patterns change again. 

270
00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:03,300
As nightfalls people from the 
area who have been working in 

271
00:13:03,300 --> 00:13:05,300
Far Away, fields are going home 
with their tools over their 

272
00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,400
shoulders and looks of 
exhaustion on their faces from 

273
00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:11,300
working in the sun kids run 
along the side of the road 

274
00:13:11,300 --> 00:13:13,800
playing games where they try, 
not to step on the edge of the 

275
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:17,300
paving stones or jump from one 
Milestone to the next people who

276
00:13:17,300 --> 00:13:19,600
are traveling and won't get to 
their destination before 

277
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:21,800
nightfall start looking for 
places to stay. 

278
00:13:21,800 --> 00:13:24,800
Some people are lucky enough to 
have access to official matches 

279
00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:26,800
but these are only for 
government officials. 

280
00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:29,900
And people who carry the curse 
as publicus, which is the 

281
00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:33,100
Imperial seal that lets people 
use state funded for facilities.

282
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:35,400
Everyone else has to stay in 
private ends. 

283
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:38,800
These can be anything from nice 
places with hot meals and clean 

284
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:42,200
beds to places that make modern 
Budget Motels look like luxury 

285
00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:44,600
hotels. 
You can tell these ins apart by 

286
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:47,900
their signs, which are usually 
pictures painted on wood and 

287
00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:50,100
hung from a poll because many 
Travelers can't read. 

288
00:13:50,900 --> 00:13:53,800
A bed means there is a place to 
stay a cup. 

289
00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:57,200
Means that wine is for sale. 
A Sheaf of grain means that food

290
00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:00,300
is available some places show. 
All three hoping to show that 

291
00:14:00,300 --> 00:14:03,300
they can meet the needs of every
Traveler The road doesn't 

292
00:14:03,300 --> 00:14:06,500
completely clear when it gets 
dark, you might see processions 

293
00:14:06,500 --> 00:14:09,200
of people with torches. 
These could be soldiers moving 

294
00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:12,300
at night to avoid the heat of 
the day or a rich traveler with 

295
00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:15,400
enough slaves, to light his way 
and keep thieves away the 

296
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,000
Torches that flicker make 
dramatic Shadows that dance 

297
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,100
across the stone surface, making
the road that, you know, seem 

298
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:24,700
strange and a little scary. 
The daily flow of traffic, the 

299
00:14:24,700 --> 00:14:27,500
mixing of different social 
classes and jobs, and the 

300
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:30,800
constant movement of goods and 
ideas, were what roads really 

301
00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,100
meant to ancient empires. 
They weren't just projects in 

302
00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:36,300
engineering. 
They were places where all the 

303
00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:38,000
complexities of human life 
happened. 

304
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:41,800
For example, the Senators 
daughter, might pass a farmer's 

305
00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:45,000
cart or ideas from far away. 
Province's might travel with 

306
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:48,500
trade goods, the Empire's great 
diversity could be seen in the 

307
00:14:48,500 --> 00:14:52,600
Stream of faces going both ways.
Let's skip ahead to about 400 

308
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:55,100
CEO, you're still on that Roman 
Road. 

309
00:14:55,100 --> 00:14:58,700
But things have changed in ways 
that are both small and big. 

310
00:14:58,700 --> 00:15:02,500
The pavement is still there, 
Roman construction was too good.

311
00:15:02,900 --> 00:15:06,300
Appear in just a few 100 years. 
But if you look closely, you can

312
00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:09,800
see small signs of neglect. 
There is a pothole near the edge

313
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:12,400
of the road where water has 
gotten under a Paving Stone and 

314
00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:15,700
frozen over many Winters slowly,
loosening the stone. 

315
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:19,500
During the Empire's Heyday, a 
maintenance crew would have 

316
00:15:19,500 --> 00:15:21,600
fixed this. 
In a matter of weeks, it's been 

317
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:23,100
there. 
Long enough for grass to grow in

318
00:15:23,100 --> 00:15:26,200
the Gap and carts that go by 
have won a path around it into 

319
00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:28,900
the shoulder. 
The Milestone you're near also 

320
00:15:28,900 --> 00:15:31,500
shows its age. 
Someone has chipped away at the 

321
00:15:31,500 --> 00:15:34,700
inscription, this was probably 
done during one of the many 

322
00:15:34,700 --> 00:15:38,100
civil wars in the third century.
When each new emperor wanted to 

323
00:15:38,100 --> 00:15:40,800
erase any evidence that his 
predecessor had been there, 

324
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:44,300
people still use the stone to 
Mark distance, but no one 

325
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:45,800
remembers, which emperor put it 
there. 

326
00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:50,100
When the way traffic flows as 
changed, you don't see as many 

327
00:15:50,100 --> 00:15:53,400
military units or official, 
couriers the merchant Caravans 

328
00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:55,000
are smaller and have more 
guards. 

329
00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:58,300
This is because the Empire's 
ability to keep its Road safe as

330
00:15:58,300 --> 00:16:01,500
gone down, which has led to more
banditry for safety. 

331
00:16:01,500 --> 00:16:04,600
Some Travelers are going in big 
groups even if they're not all 

332
00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:07,300
going to the same place. 
What you're seeing is the start 

333
00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:10,200
of a process that will take 
hundreds of years, the slow 

334
00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:12,600
breakdown of the infrastructure 
that kept the Roman empire 

335
00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:14,900
together. 
This fall wasn't sudden or 

336
00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:18,000
dramatic, there wasn't a single 
moment when the roads stopped 

337
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:20,000
working. 
It was more like watching a 

338
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,800
coastline a road with each way 
of taking away a little more 

339
00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,000
sand until one day you realize 
the beach has completely changed

340
00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:29,000
shape as Highest fall apart. 
So do roads. 

341
00:16:29,000 --> 00:16:32,300
This is because roads need 
something that Empires can't 

342
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:36,100
give regular organized 
maintenance paid for by stable 

343
00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:39,800
tax revenues and done by skilled
administrators who expect to 

344
00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:41,200
still be in their jobs next 
year. 

345
00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:44,400
Consider what it really takes to
keep the roads in good shape 

346
00:16:44,400 --> 00:16:46,900
Engineers. 
Need to check the infrastructure

347
00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:48,900
and find problems before they 
get out of hand. 

348
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:51,600
You need quarries to make new 
Stones. 

349
00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:54,200
You need workers. 
Who know how to build things on 

350
00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:56,600
a good at it. 
You need animals and carts to 

351
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:58,800
move things. 
You need money to pay for 

352
00:16:58,800 --> 00:17:02,000
everything and you need a way to
organize these things over. 

353
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,099
Thousands of miles of land. 
As the Western, Roman Empire 

354
00:17:05,099 --> 00:17:07,500
started to fall apart in the 
third and fourth centuries. 

355
00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:11,200
It got harder to meet all of 
these needs as the economy. 

356
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:13,500
Slowed down and province's broke
away. 

357
00:17:13,500 --> 00:17:16,800
Tax revenue went down the 
current currency loss, so much 

358
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:18,400
value. 
That skilled workers has asked 

359
00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:22,800
to be paid in Goods or food in 
stead of worthless coins. people

360
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,500
try to avoid administrative 
jobs, that used to be seen as 

361
00:17:25,500 --> 00:17:28,800
prestigious the Empire needed, 
the roads more than ever as they

362
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:32,800
got worse, which is ironic With 
more Barbarian invasions and 

363
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:36,200
usurpers trying to take over the
empire, being able to move his 

364
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:38,400
quickly, was literally a matter 
of life and death. 

365
00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:41,100
But the same problems that made 
roads necessary. 

366
00:17:41,100 --> 00:17:43,300
Also made it impossible to keep 
them in good shape. 

367
00:17:44,200 --> 00:17:47,500
You can see this in the records 
of archeology Road, repairs 

368
00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:49,900
become less and less skilled in 
layers that date, back to the 

369
00:17:49,908 --> 00:17:52,900
fourth and fifth centuries 
instead of properly, lifting the

370
00:17:52,900 --> 00:17:55,700
paving stones and rebuilding the
layers of the foundation below 

371
00:17:55,700 --> 00:17:57,900
workers. 
Just dumped gravel into the 

372
00:17:57,908 --> 00:18:01,300
holes, they didn't replace 
broken stones with perfectly cut

373
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:04,000
new ones. 
Instead they filled in the gaps 

374
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,200
with whatever they could find 
like broken pottery pieces of 

375
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,300
building Rubble or even just 
dirt that had been compacted. 

376
00:18:10,300 --> 00:18:13,900
These quick fixes worked for a 
while but didn't last so they 

377
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:15,600
had to be done over and over 
again. 

378
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:18,400
Putting a bandage on a wound 
that really needs. 

379
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:20,900
Stitches is like putting a 
bandage on a wound that really 

380
00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:23,500
needs stitches. 
It might stop the bleeding for a

381
00:18:23,500 --> 00:18:25,000
while but it won't fix the 
problem. 

382
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:27,900
People who lived through this 
time must have been deeply 

383
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:30,800
affected by the cycle of effects
of watching infrastructure. 

384
00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:33,200
Fall apart. 
Imagine seeing roads that your 

385
00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:35,500
great grandparents, remembered 
being built to last forever, 

386
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:39,000
slowly fall apart, even though 
everyone is doing their best to 

387
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,800
keep them in, good shape, it 
would feel like the very 

388
00:18:41,800 --> 00:18:45,500
Foundation of reality were 
shaking in some areas local 

389
00:18:45,500 --> 00:18:47,300
community. 
Try to keep the roads in good 

390
00:18:47,300 --> 00:18:49,200
shape when the central 
government could not anymore. 

391
00:18:49,900 --> 00:18:54,100
They charge Travelers tolls, set
up volunteer, work parties were 

392
00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:56,000
made, local, landowners, 
responsible for keeping the 

393
00:18:56,008 --> 00:18:57,900
roads in good shape as a civic 
duty. 

394
00:18:57,900 --> 00:19:01,900
These efforts sometimes worked 
for decades, making islands of 

395
00:19:01,900 --> 00:19:03,500
working infrastructure and a 
landscape. 

396
00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:05,200
That was becoming more and more 
broken up. 

397
00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:08,500
People who are in charge of 
local maintenance have their own

398
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,000
problems. 
The road might be in good shape 

399
00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,200
in one Community, but if the 
next Community couldn't or 

400
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:18,200
didn't want to do the same, the 
whole Road became unsafe, it's 

401
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:21,100
like having a chain with some 
strong links and some that are 

402
00:19:21,100 --> 00:19:23,600
rusting through the weakest 
parts of the chain, are what? 

403
00:19:23,608 --> 00:19:27,000
Keep it from being too strong. 
The end of long-distance trade 

404
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:29,800
made roads worse faster in a 
vicious cycle. 

405
00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:33,000
Merchant stopped traveling long 
distances because the roads 

406
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:36,000
weren't as reliable. 
This meant less traffic, which 

407
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,600
meant less economic reason to 
keep the roads in good shape 

408
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:41,700
which made them worse, which 
made people less likely to 

409
00:19:41,700 --> 00:19:44,700
travel in a few Generations 
roads that used to connect 

410
00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:47,400
different parts of the Empire 
might only see traffic between 

411
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:50,500
nearby Villages. 
A lot of Roman roads were hard 

412
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:52,100
to tell apart by the sixth 
Century. 

413
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:56,000
The paving stones could still be
there but they might be buried 

414
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,100
under dirt and plants that have 
grown over time. 

415
00:19:58,100 --> 00:20:01,400
The drainage systems were 
blocked which caused flooding 

416
00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:04,700
that we can, the foundation's 
bridges fell down and worked 

417
00:20:04,700 --> 00:20:07,500
fixed in places. 
With a lot of trees, the roots 

418
00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:10,000
of the trees pushed apart, the 
carefully fitted pavement that 

419
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:13,000
Roman Engineers have put 
together, but the roads never 

420
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:15,900
completely went away. 
Even after the pavement broke up

421
00:20:15,900 --> 00:20:19,000
the roots themselves, the paths 
they made across the land was 

422
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,600
still useful. 
It was still known by Traders 

423
00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:25,200
armies and people in the area 
who used them to get to nearby 

424
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:27,500
towns. 
The physical infrastructure made

425
00:20:27,500 --> 00:20:30,600
deteriorate yet the awareness of
connectivity in jewels and 

426
00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:34,000
cultural memory. 
Let's go to that same road 

427
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:38,200
around 800 CE, which historian 
sometimes called the Dark Ages, 

428
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,100
people who live through them 
would have been confused by that

429
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:43,200
name, because their days seemed 
bright enough to them. 

430
00:20:43,200 --> 00:20:46,700
The changes amazing. 
There are still some parts of 

431
00:20:46,700 --> 00:20:50,000
the Roman pavement but now it is
only the middle of a much wider 

432
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:53,100
less formal path. 
There are tracks worn into the 

433
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:55,900
ground by people and animals on 
either side of the Old Stone 

434
00:20:55,900 --> 00:20:58,700
surface. 
When it's dry, the side paths 

435
00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:01,800
are probably easier to walk on 
than the old Roman Stones, which

436
00:21:01,800 --> 00:21:04,300
have become uneven over the 
years as the block settled or 

437
00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:06,400
Tilted. 
You see that people have been 

438
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:08,100
looking for building materials 
on the road. 

439
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:11,000
Someone has taken the paving 
stones that have come loose. 

440
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:14,600
Probably during the Spring thaw.
When frosted pushed them up and 

441
00:21:14,600 --> 00:21:18,500
use them to build a barn, line, 
a well, or make a half these 

442
00:21:18,500 --> 00:21:22,100
Stones, which were cut with 
great care by Roman Engineers, a

443
00:21:22,100 --> 00:21:24,400
two valuable to just sit around 
on an old road. 

444
00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:26,600
When they could be used to build
things that are useful right 

445
00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:28,900
away. 
You can see that someone built a

446
00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:31,400
small wooden Church near where a
roadside Temple used to be. 

447
00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,600
They used some stones from the 
old Roman building to do this. 

448
00:21:35,500 --> 00:21:38,408
A Christian cross on top of the 
church stands were a statue of a

449
00:21:38,416 --> 00:21:40,600
pagan. 
God used to be both of these 

450
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:42,300
things. 
Made this a special place where 

451
00:21:42,300 --> 00:21:44,900
Travelers would naturally stop 
and think about something other 

452
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:48,000
than their Journey. 
The old mansio, which was a 

453
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,200
Roman weigh station, has been 
turned into a small fortified 

454
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:53,700
Manor House. 
The original Roman walls are 

455
00:21:53,700 --> 00:21:56,600
still there but wooden buildings
have been added on top of them, 

456
00:21:56,600 --> 00:21:59,200
along with the defensive 
Palisade that wasn't needed. 

457
00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:01,900
When the empire was at its 
height, the new Lord of this 

458
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:04,400
manner says, he has power. 
Because he controls this part of

459
00:22:04,408 --> 00:22:07,600
the road, this is not in the old
Roman sense of keeping it up for

460
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:09,700
the public good. 
But in the more direct medieval 

461
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:12,300
sense of being able to charge 
tolls to anyone who passes 

462
00:22:12,300 --> 00:22:15,800
through and people still go 
through the road, may not look 

463
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:18,400
like what Roman Engineers would 
have built, but it's still a 

464
00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:20,100
road. 
You see a merchant with a small 

465
00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:23,700
cart, his goods are covered in 
oil, leather to keep them dry in

466
00:22:23,708 --> 00:22:27,000
the rain, a group of pilgrims 
walks by on their way to a 

467
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:29,600
distant Shrine. 
Their Journey will probably take

468
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,400
weeks longer than it would have 
in Roman times but they are 

469
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:35,400
going to the same place. 
The social contract around the 

470
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:38,800
road is what makes it different.
The government in maintain the 

471
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,400
roads in Roman times and anyone 
could use them for free. 

472
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:44,300
Now, the law is less clear about
roads. 

473
00:22:44,300 --> 00:22:47,100
This local Lord says he is Large
of this area. 

474
00:22:47,100 --> 00:22:49,800
The next Village might think 
that the road that goes through 

475
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:53,500
their land belongs to everyone. 
A monastery, 20 miles down the 

476
00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:56,800
road might keep their section as
a way to help others hoping for 

477
00:22:56,800 --> 00:23:00,300
prayers and of tolls in return 
because there are so many 

478
00:23:00,308 --> 00:23:03,400
different jurisdictions each 
with its own rules and 

479
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:06,400
expectations traveling. 
Any significant distances 

480
00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:09,700
difficult, it's like trying to 
drive through a modern country 

481
00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:13,900
where each county has its own 
set of traffic laws this 

482
00:23:13,900 --> 00:23:15,700
possible. 
But you have to pay attention 

483
00:23:15,700 --> 00:23:19,600
and change your plans all the 
time in some places, close to 

484
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:21,700
cities that have kept some Roman
administrative. 

485
00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:25,400
Practices roads are actually 
being fixed and kept up but not 

486
00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:27,600
in a way that would make a Roman
engineer cry. 

487
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:31,000
Instead of properly rebuilding, 
the foundation layers workers 

488
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:33,400
are just filling in the holes 
with whatever they can find. 

489
00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:36,700
The surface is Bumpy and uneven 
and needs to be taking care of 

490
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:40,500
all the time, but it keeps the 
worst holes filled and works to 

491
00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:43,100
some extent. 
Some parts of the road have been

492
00:23:43,108 --> 00:23:46,400
changed on purpose to serve new 
purposes in places where a 

493
00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:48,100
straight Roman Road crosses 
land. 

494
00:23:48,100 --> 00:23:49,700
That is now disputed by two 
Lords. 

495
00:23:49,700 --> 00:23:52,900
Local people have sometimes Per 
personally, destroyed parts of 

496
00:23:52,908 --> 00:23:55,400
the road to make it harder for 
troops to move around. 

497
00:23:55,400 --> 00:23:59,800
They've dug trenches across the 
road, taking down Bridges or put

498
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:01,800
up barriers that make it 
impossible to get around 

499
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:04,400
quickly. 
On the other hand, some 

500
00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:06,400
communities have made their 
roads better than what the 

501
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:09,300
Romans required. 
If a villagers economy, depends 

502
00:24:09,300 --> 00:24:12,300
on being able to get to a nearby
Market, the people who live 

503
00:24:12,300 --> 00:24:14,700
there might have used local 
materials and methods to make 

504
00:24:14,700 --> 00:24:18,200
the road wider had passing 
places or build new Bridges. 

505
00:24:18,200 --> 00:24:20,800
These improvements don't look 
Roman. 

506
00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:23,900
They usually made of wood 
instead of stone and a more 

507
00:24:23,908 --> 00:24:27,000
practical than Grande. 
But they often fit better with 

508
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,100
what we need now. 
Bridges are the most interesting

509
00:24:30,100 --> 00:24:32,700
adaptations. 
Roman Bridges were amazing, 

510
00:24:32,700 --> 00:24:35,300
feats of engineering. 
They were arched structures. 

511
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:37,800
That could hold a lot of weight 
and span long distance is 

512
00:24:38,700 --> 00:24:40,400
Keeping a stone bridge in good 
shape. 

513
00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:44,000
Takes a lot of money and special
skills when a Roman bridge fell 

514
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:46,600
down either because it was not 
taking care of because of 

515
00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:50,700
flooding or on purpose, medieval
community's often built simpler 

516
00:24:50,700 --> 00:24:53,000
bridges in its place. 
You might see a wooden beam 

517
00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:55,600
bridge held up by Stone pilings 
that were taken from the 

518
00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:59,000
original Roman building, or a 
Ford where people can just Wade 

519
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,800
across the stream with the ruins
of the old bridge, just 

520
00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:04,500
Upstream, a reminder of what 
used to be possible. 

521
00:25:04,500 --> 00:25:08,600
In some cases Enterprise in 
locals run, fairies, and charge 

522
00:25:08,600 --> 00:25:11,200
travelers to cross places where 
they could have walked freely 

523
00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:14,400
across Roman engineering. 
Because the old Drainage Systems

524
00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:17,400
don't work anymore, a lot of 
Roads flood during the rainy 

525
00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:20,400
season people in the area have 
learned which parts to stay away

526
00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:23,000
from when it rains and made 
seasonal routes that go around 

527
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:25,900
trouble spots. 
This local knowledge which has 

528
00:25:25,900 --> 00:25:29,100
been passed down through the 
years and shared by Travelers is

529
00:25:29,100 --> 00:25:30,900
now just as important as the 
road itself. 

530
00:25:30,900 --> 00:25:33,900
What's amazing, is that the 
roads are still doing their main

531
00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:36,400
job of connecting places and 
letting people move around. 

532
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:39,900
Even with all these changes, 
they're not as good at what they

533
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:42,500
do, as they used to be, when the
Romans were in charge, and 

534
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:44,800
travel is definitely slower and 
less reliable. 

535
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:48,000
But the basic structure, The 
Roots themselves which were 

536
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:51,000
carved into the land and are 
still in people's minds remains 

537
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:52,900
this time. 
Period teaches us something 

538
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:56,100
important about infrastructure 
without central maintenance. 

539
00:25:56,100 --> 00:25:58,900
People will find ways to fix 
things based on what they need 

540
00:25:58,900 --> 00:26:01,500
right now. 
And what they have these fixes 

541
00:26:01,500 --> 00:26:04,100
may not be pretty or 
long-lasting, but they do keep 

542
00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:06,700
things working. 
It turns out that human 

543
00:26:06,700 --> 00:26:10,400
creativity can make up for a lot
but not forever and not without 

544
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:13,900
cost. 
Let's go ahead to about 1200 CE 

545
00:26:13,900 --> 00:26:17,100
again, you'll still on that 
road, but the experience is very

546
00:26:17,100 --> 00:26:19,700
different. 
Now, the original Roman pavement

547
00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:21,800
is mostly hidden under dirt or 
ganache matter. 

548
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,800
And the fact that Landscapes 
tend to take back what people 

549
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:28,100
build, might see a Paving Stone 
sticking out of the ground in 

550
00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:31,600
some places like a tooth. 
That hasn't fully erupted, this 

551
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:35,200
is a sign of What Lies Beneath 
It's interesting how the road is

552
00:26:35,208 --> 00:26:37,900
still changing the landscape, 
even though it's broken. 

553
00:26:37,900 --> 00:26:40,600
Even though most Travelers, 
don't know why this root stays 

554
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,600
drier than the land around it or
why some parts are easier to 

555
00:26:43,608 --> 00:26:45,800
walk. 
On the Roman Engineers built 

556
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:47,800
their road base on a slightly 
higher path. 

557
00:26:47,800 --> 00:26:49,600
That is still the best place to 
walk. 

558
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:53,000
There are trees along the road 
in some places, but if you look 

559
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,600
closely, you'll see that they're
not growing in a random way. 

560
00:26:56,500 --> 00:26:59,700
Many people walk along the old 
Roman drainage ditches, which 

561
00:26:59,700 --> 00:27:01,500
used to carry water away from 
the road. 

562
00:27:01,500 --> 00:27:04,500
Some of these trees are 100s of 
years old and they are 

563
00:27:04,500 --> 00:27:06,900
unintentionally marking the 
limits of Roman engineering. 

564
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:10,100
Making a visible outline of 
infrastructure that the people 

565
00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:13,100
who planted the trees. 
Never saw, the Roman Road has 

566
00:27:13,100 --> 00:27:16,200
become a property line in some 
places farmers in the Middle 

567
00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:18,700
Ages used the old road as a 
natural marker when they split 

568
00:27:18,700 --> 00:27:21,800
up their land, you might now see
a fence running along the length

569
00:27:21,800 --> 00:27:24,600
of the road with fields on 
either side that follow patterns

570
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:28,400
set by Roman surveyors, more 
than 1,000 years ago, the fence 

571
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:31,200
itself might have Roman miles to
fence posts. 

572
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,600
The inscription on the stones 
have been worn Smooth by wind 

573
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:36,708
and rain. 
These ruins have a lot of 

574
00:27:36,716 --> 00:27:39,700
meaning that goes beyond their 
use people in the Middle Ages 

575
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:42,400
saw Roman roads as proof of a 
civilization that could do 

576
00:27:42,408 --> 00:27:45,300
things that we can't do now, 
they thought of it as a lost 

577
00:27:45,300 --> 00:27:47,700
golden age when roads ran 
straight and true across whole 

578
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:50,800
continents, when Empires could 
move armies from Britain to 

579
00:27:50,808 --> 00:27:52,800
Persia. 
And when the world was more 

580
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:56,300
connected and maybe even easier 
to understand, you can see this 

581
00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:59,800
Kind of symbolism in medieval 
art and literature stories about

582
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:02,200
ancient roads. 
Often show them as ways to find 

583
00:28:02,200 --> 00:28:06,200
Adventure links to a more 
glorious past or reminders of 

584
00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:08,800
the Imperial power that existed 
before the current political 

585
00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:12,500
landscape fell apart. 
In romances Knights, often go on

586
00:28:12,500 --> 00:28:15,600
quests along Old Roman roads. 
As if the roads still have some 

587
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:18,100
magic left over from the 
civilization that built them, 

588
00:28:18,100 --> 00:28:21,200
churches and monasteries are 
often built close to Old Roman 

589
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,400
roads on purpose. 
Both for practical reasons, and 

590
00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:27,500
for symbolic Reasons, by 
building near these remnants of 

591
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:30,500
Roman Glory medieval 
institutions show that they are 

592
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:32,200
The Heirs of classical 
civilization. 

593
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:35,300
This suggests that there is a 
connection between the ancient 

594
00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:38,700
past and the Christian present, 
the ruins are all so quarries, 

595
00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:40,400
but not just for physical 
things. 

596
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:43,700
Engineers from the Middle Ages, 
look at how the Romans built 

597
00:28:43,700 --> 00:28:47,000
roads to learn how to make 
things that last some of this 

598
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:48,600
knowledge is being used in new 
buildings. 

599
00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:52,400
The best medieval roads of 
Roman, engineering ideas that 

600
00:28:52,400 --> 00:28:55,200
have been changed to fit, the 
materials and needs of the time 

601
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:59,200
that these ruins also have a sad
quality to them when you stand 

602
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:01,800
on a crumbling Roman Road and 
look at paving stones that have 

603
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,900
moved and tilted bridges that 
have turned into foundation 

604
00:29:04,900 --> 00:29:08,700
stone and miles stones with 
unreadable inscriptions, you are

605
00:29:08,708 --> 00:29:11,900
facing the fact that human 
achievement is not permanent, 

606
00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:15,200
the Roman's built things that 
would last forever, but forever,

607
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:18,600
as longer than even the best 
engineering can handle, This 

608
00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:21,800
sadness isn't just about love, 
it had real-world effects on 

609
00:29:21,800 --> 00:29:24,800
society. 
In the Middle Ages, if Rome the 

610
00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:27,400
largest Empire in history with 
more resources and better 

611
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,800
organization than we have now 
couldn't keep it infrastructure 

612
00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:34,400
going forever. 
What hope does smaller poorer 

613
00:29:34,400 --> 00:29:37,400
kingdoms have of building? 
Anything that lasts this 

614
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,900
acknowledgment leads to a new 
way of building Roman Builders 

615
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:43,700
built monuments that would last 
for centuries, thinking that 

616
00:29:43,700 --> 00:29:46,400
they would always be 
well-maintained, medieval 

617
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:48,700
builders on the other hand, 
often built things with the idea

618
00:29:48,700 --> 00:29:51,900
that maintenance might not be 
possible, they build things that

619
00:29:51,900 --> 00:29:55,200
can gracefully fall apart that 
only need to last a generation 

620
00:29:55,200 --> 00:29:58,100
or two instead of hundreds of 
years and that can be fixed 

621
00:29:58,100 --> 00:30:00,500
easily with local materials and 
basic skills. 

622
00:30:00,500 --> 00:30:03,600
But strangely, some medieval 
buildings last longer than 

623
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:05,800
expected because they were built
with low expectations. 

624
00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:09,300
A wooden bridge that is meant to
last 20 years. 

625
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:13,200
Might last 50 with little care a
road made of local Stone could 

626
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:16,600
last for many generations. 
Without the Romans desire to 

627
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:19,500
build monuments that would last 
forever medieval Engineers 

628
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:22,000
sometimes built things that 
worked because they were humble 

629
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:24,900
instead of grand living. 
Among these ruins has a 

630
00:30:24,900 --> 00:30:27,500
psychological effect on people, 
that is hard to fully understand

631
00:30:27,500 --> 00:30:31,000
from our modern point of view, 
you grow up with proof that the 

632
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:32,700
people who came before you could
do things. 

633
00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:35,100
You can't. 
You walk on roads, they built 

634
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:38,100
see buildings, they build, and 
use tools that are based on 

635
00:30:38,108 --> 00:30:41,000
their designs. 
You can also see these wonders 

636
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:43,700
falling apart, even though 
everyone is trying their best to

637
00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:45,600
keep them in. 
Good shape, this creates a 

638
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:48,700
certain way of seeing the world 
one that values keeping 

639
00:30:48,700 --> 00:30:51,600
Knowledge from the past that 
looks back as much as it looks 

640
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:54,800
forward and that compares the 
present to a lost golden age. 

641
00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:57,800
It's a way of thinking that's 
very different from how we think

642
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:00,900
today where each generation 
expects to do better than the 

643
00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:04,300
last in 1200 CE. 
When you stand on this road, 

644
00:31:04,300 --> 00:31:07,108
very few people alive. 
Will remember seeing it When it 

645
00:31:07,116 --> 00:31:10,400
was at its best, as a Roman 
Road, the smooth, Paving the 

646
00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:13,100
good drainage and the regular 
upkeeper all just stories that 

647
00:31:13,100 --> 00:31:16,200
educated monks and Scholars. 
Tell each other the road is now 

648
00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:18,500
partly. 
Legendary, it is a physical 

649
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:20,900
object, whose true nature is 
better understood through 

650
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:22,800
tradition than direct 
experience. 

651
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:25,000
As we near the end of our 
journey. 

652
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,300
Let's take one last walk down 
this old road, but this time in 

653
00:31:29,300 --> 00:31:32,700
our own time the experience is 
like looking at a palimpsest 

654
00:31:32,700 --> 00:31:35,100
where different texts have been 
on the same. 

655
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:38,700
Parchment each one partially 
erases but never completely 

656
00:31:38,700 --> 00:31:41,100
hides. 
What came before the road may 

657
00:31:41,100 --> 00:31:43,500
now be paved with asphalt and 
serve as a rural Highway 

658
00:31:43,500 --> 00:31:45,300
connecting. 
Small towns that were villages 

659
00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:48,700
in Roman times and may not have 
even existed when the road was 

660
00:31:48,700 --> 00:31:51,700
first built. 
But the root hasn't changed much

661
00:31:51,700 --> 00:31:55,000
modern Engineers looked at the 
land and chose the same path. 

662
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:58,300
That Roman surveyors did 2000 
years ago because the way that 

663
00:31:58,300 --> 00:32:01,800
landed is always the same. 
You might find Roman paving 

664
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:05,100
stones that farmers of dug up 
over the years and piled along 

665
00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:07,200
the property line. 
If you pull over and walk into 

666
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:10,800
the field, next door the stones.
Each cut and fitted with such 

667
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:12,900
care. 
Now, make a rustic, fence or a 

668
00:32:12,900 --> 00:32:15,300
wall that holds things in place,
kids play on them. 

669
00:32:15,300 --> 00:32:17,900
Without realizing that Roman 
Engineers wants measured and 

670
00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:20,200
placed each stone with the same 
care that people use. 

671
00:32:20,200 --> 00:32:24,000
When building for eternity, You 
might see Roman milestones in 

672
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:26,700
town as historical. 
Artifacts, their worn-out 

673
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:29,800
surfaces are protected by glass 
or built into modern monuments. 

674
00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:33,000
Archaeologists are now studying 
the inscriptions which used to 

675
00:32:33,008 --> 00:32:36,200
be clear statements of Imperial 
power to try to piece together 

676
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:40,100
ancient political histories from
bits of carved Latin some parts 

677
00:32:40,100 --> 00:32:42,600
of Roman roads have been left 
alone on purpose so that they 

678
00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:44,400
can be studied by 
archaeologists. 

679
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:48,000
You can walk on the original 
pavement, see how it was built 

680
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,500
in cross section displays and 
read signs that explain how the 

681
00:32:51,508 --> 00:32:54,300
engineering works. 
These preserve parts are like 

682
00:32:54,308 --> 00:32:56,900
outdoor museums that teach 
people about a way of building 

683
00:32:56,900 --> 00:33:00,400
things that is better than ours 
in some ways modern highways. 

684
00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:03,700
Often Run next to Roman roads 
but they are separated by a few 

685
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:06,200
hundred yards. 
You can still see the old road 

686
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:09,000
from the new one, but they are 
far enough apart that each 

687
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:11,800
serves its own purpose. 
The Old Road might be used by 

688
00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:14,100
people who live nearby cyclists 
and hikers. 

689
00:33:14,100 --> 00:33:17,300
While the new highway is used by
people who are just passing 

690
00:33:17,300 --> 00:33:19,800
through quickly. 
Both exist to meet different 

691
00:33:19,800 --> 00:33:22,300
needs and each has reflection of
the way people. 

692
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:26,100
Connected places in its time, 
the legacy of Roman roads goes 

693
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:29,300
beyond, just the physical 
remains when building roads, 

694
00:33:29,300 --> 00:33:32,000
that will last for decades, 
instead of needing to be rebuilt

695
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:34,400
every few years. 
Modern, civil engineers. 

696
00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,200
Still use Roman methods. 
Layered construction. 

697
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:41,400
Good drainage and crowned 
surfaces are all Roman ideas 

698
00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:44,600
that are still used today. 
Roman roads had a big impact on 

699
00:33:44,600 --> 00:33:46,800
the geography of Europe that can
still be seen today. 

700
00:33:46,800 --> 00:33:50,000
A lot of modern cities are where
they are because they were on 

701
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:52,700
Roman roads. 
Roman Engineers often built 

702
00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:55,600
roads that became political 
boundaries, trade routes, 

703
00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:58,100
cultural exchanges, and 
migration routes still follow 

704
00:33:58,100 --> 00:34:00,900
the same paths that were first 
set up, when Rome ruled the 

705
00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:04,300
Mediterranean The way we talk 
about roads is influenced by 

706
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:08,900
Latin in Latin, Mi comes from 
Mila Passos, which means a 1000 

707
00:34:08,900 --> 00:34:11,199
Paces. 
The word Street comes from the 

708
00:34:11,199 --> 00:34:14,699
Latin word via strata which 
means, paved Road, Romans 

709
00:34:14,699 --> 00:34:17,600
improved and standardized the 
way they built roads, which is 

710
00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:20,699
how we got the ideas of 
infrastructure maintenance and 

711
00:34:20,699 --> 00:34:23,699
civic duty but maybe the most 
important Legacy is 

712
00:34:23,699 --> 00:34:26,900
psychological not physical. 
Roman roads represented, a 

713
00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:28,600
specific conception of 
civilization. 

714
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:32,500
The belief that human creativity
can transform the natural world.

715
00:34:32,500 --> 00:34:35,699
That meticulous planning and 
Engineering can address 

716
00:34:35,699 --> 00:34:38,600
seemingly insurmountable 
challenges and that the 

717
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:41,500
integration of diverse 
individuals and locale's 

718
00:34:41,500 --> 00:34:43,300
generate greater value than 
Solitude. 

719
00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:46,500
This vision is still alive in 
every modern Highway project, 

720
00:34:46,500 --> 00:34:50,199
every infrastructure project. 
And every effort to link small 

721
00:34:50,199 --> 00:34:53,800
towns to bigger networks, when 
we talk about how much to spend 

722
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:57,200
on infrastructure how to keep 
current systems running or 

723
00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,500
whether to build new 
connections, we're dealing with 

724
00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:02,000
the same problems that Romans 
did 2000 years. 

725
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:05,700
Ago, the story of why ancient 
roads fell apart teaches us an 

726
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:08,300
important lesson. 
Infrastructure needs more than 

727
00:35:08,300 --> 00:35:12,200
just being built, it needs to be
maintained the decline of Roman 

728
00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:13,800
roads. 
Wasn't mostly due to bad in 

729
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:15,800
engineering. 
Many of those roads were built 

730
00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,100
well enough that they still look
like they did back then. 

731
00:35:18,100 --> 00:35:21,400
It was about institutions 
failing, which meant that the 

732
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:24,300
administrative and economic 
systems needed to keep complex 

733
00:35:24,300 --> 00:35:26,200
infrastructure running over time
fell apart. 

734
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:29,700
Modern societies have to deal 
with the same problems. 

735
00:35:29,700 --> 00:35:32,600
We need to keep spending money 
on repairs and maintenance. 

736
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,200
For our roads Bridges and 
utilities. 

737
00:35:35,200 --> 00:35:38,500
The case starts when economic or
political problems. 

738
00:35:38,500 --> 00:35:40,500
Take resources away from this 
unglamorous. 

739
00:35:40,500 --> 00:35:42,600
Work might not be clear right 
away. 

740
00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:46,700
Infrastructure gets worse over 
time with the small failure. 

741
00:35:46,700 --> 00:35:49,700
Adding to the last one. 
Until one day, you look around 

742
00:35:49,700 --> 00:35:52,600
and see that systems you used to
trust, aren't working anymore. 

743
00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:55,700
The Romans would get what we're 
talking about when we argue 

744
00:35:55,700 --> 00:35:58,800
about infrastructure, they had 
to deal with the same problems 

745
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:01,500
of balancing short-term savings 
with long-term Investments 

746
00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:04,700
political expedience you with 
engineering assess, tea and 

747
00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:06,600
local needs with system wide 
needs. 

748
00:36:06,600 --> 00:36:09,400
Their roads fell apart, not 
because they didn't know how to 

749
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:10,000
build them. 
Right. 

750
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:12,800
But because keeping them up, 
took more resources and 

751
00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:15,900
dedication than their society. 
Could give, let's take a break 

752
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:18,700
for a moment on a particularly 
beautiful stretch of preserved, 

753
00:36:18,700 --> 00:36:21,700
Roman Road, it might be in the 
English Countryside, where the 

754
00:36:21,700 --> 00:36:24,700
old Stone's run straight across 
a green hillsides, and the 

755
00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:27,100
landscape on either side. 
Looks like a painting of past. 

756
00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:31,300
The stones under your feet are 
still strong after almost 2000 

757
00:36:31,300 --> 00:36:33,600
years. 
Some have faint marks on them, 

758
00:36:33,600 --> 00:36:36,100
from Iron rimmed wheels, that 
went over them, when Emperor's 

759
00:36:36,100 --> 00:36:39,100
ruled you might have learned 
their names in school, but can't

760
00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:41,900
quite remember them. 
Others show how the weather has 

761
00:36:41,900 --> 00:36:45,200
changed over many seasons with 
smooth slightly rounded surfaces

762
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,800
from rain wind and millions of 
footsteps. 

763
00:36:47,800 --> 00:36:51,000
You can see how well these 
Stones fit together in the low 

764
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:53,800
light of the afternoon. 
Even after hundreds of years of 

765
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,000
frost heaving root growth and 
Nature's General chaos, trying 

766
00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,400
to take apart human buildings, 
most stones still touch each 

767
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:03,200
other with only a fingers width 
of space between them. 

768
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,100
It's the kind of craftsmanship 
that makes you feel bad about 

769
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,200
the Shelf you put up last 
weekend that wobbles If you 

770
00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:12,500
close your eyes and really 
listen, The Sounds around, you 

771
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:14,900
aren't that different from what 
people traveling, in Rome would 

772
00:37:14,900 --> 00:37:17,600
have heard birds are singing in 
the hedgerows that Mark, the 

773
00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:21,700
edge of the modern field wind 
blowing through the grass, the 

774
00:37:21,700 --> 00:37:24,900
sound of sheep bleeding in the 
distance, the sheep of the 

775
00:37:24,908 --> 00:37:27,500
descendants of flocks, that may 
have walked along this road when

776
00:37:27,500 --> 00:37:29,800
it was new. 
The English Countryside, stays 

777
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:33,300
the same, even as things change.
But if you look more closely, 

778
00:37:33,300 --> 00:37:35,800
you'll see that the landscape 
tells a story of its own. 

779
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:39,400
The road is in a slight dip, but
not because the Romans build it 

780
00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:41,800
that way. 
Instead the land around it has 

781
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:45,300
been slowly built up by years of
farming, with each Year's leaves

782
00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:48,000
and organic matter, adding 
microscopic thickness to the 

783
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:50,500
soil. 
The world has risen around the 

784
00:37:50,500 --> 00:37:52,700
road. 
Not the other way around, you 

785
00:37:52,700 --> 00:37:55,500
can see that some of the stones 
have wildflowers growing between

786
00:37:55,500 --> 00:37:58,400
them, these aren't invasive, 
weeds, that are ruining old 

787
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:00,400
buildings. 
They're part of a unique 

788
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:03,000
ecosystem that can only be found
in places like this. 

789
00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:05,808
Some of these plants are very 
rare and only live in the 

790
00:38:05,816 --> 00:38:09,600
specific conditions that Roman 
engineering made botanists. 

791
00:38:09,600 --> 00:38:11,700
Sometimes look at old Roman 
roads, because they keep 

792
00:38:11,700 --> 00:38:15,200
ecological conditions that have 
disappeared in other places, a 

793
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:17,900
modern hiker walks by on a trail
that includes this part of the 

794
00:38:17,900 --> 00:38:21,000
Roman Road. 
She is using GPS to find her way

795
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,300
following a route. 
She downloaded to her 

796
00:38:23,300 --> 00:38:26,700
smartphone, but she's walking on
roads that were built 2000 years

797
00:38:26,700 --> 00:38:29,900
before electricity. 
Mix of old and new isn't jarring

798
00:38:29,900 --> 00:38:33,300
feels natural as if the road is 
taking in the technology of each

799
00:38:33,300 --> 00:38:35,000
time period. 
Without losing its basic 

800
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,500
character, you come across a 
part of the road that 

801
00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:40,300
archaeologists have partially 
dug up further down the path. 

802
00:38:40,900 --> 00:38:43,900
They've carefully dug out, dirt 
from one side, showing the cross

803
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:47,300
section of Roman construction. 
Like a slice through a layer 

804
00:38:47,300 --> 00:38:50,000
cake. 
You can see each layer the big 

805
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:53,300
stones that make up the base, 
the mixed gravel and mortar 

806
00:38:53,300 --> 00:38:55,800
above the sand that levels the 
surface. 

807
00:38:55,800 --> 00:38:59,200
And finally, the paving stones 
on top there is an interpretive 

808
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:01,800
sign that tells you what you're 
looking at, but the building 

809
00:39:01,800 --> 00:39:04,200
itself is so clear that it 
doesn't need words. 

810
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:08,100
This is how to make something 
that will last, this is how you 

811
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:10,300
build infrastructure that will 
last for 100s of years. 

812
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:13,700
And of just decades. 
This is how you show future 

813
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:16,700
Generations that you had faith 
in the future and did what you 

814
00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,600
could to make it happen. 
But this exposed cross-section 

815
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:23,200
is also very sad, if it feels 
like seeing the bones of the 

816
00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:26,600
Earth itself, the skeleton that 
lies under the skin of the land,

817
00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:30,600
it was never met for people to 
see the road like this, its 

818
00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:33,100
strength was supposed to come 
from everything working together

819
00:39:33,100 --> 00:39:35,800
as one. 
Taking apart its internal 

820
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:39,000
structure shows us how it works.
But it also makes it less 

821
00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:41,900
useful, turning a useful piece 
of infrastructure into an 

822
00:39:41,900 --> 00:39:44,700
anatomical specimen. 
You might find things in the 

823
00:39:44,708 --> 00:39:47,800
nearby museum that were found 
along this road like coins. 

824
00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:51,600
That Travelers dropped pieces of
pottery that used to hold oil or

825
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:55,500
wine and a bronze figurine that 
someone lost 2000 years ago and 

826
00:39:55,500 --> 00:39:58,500
never found each thing as a 
small tragedy and a small 

827
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:01,500
connection. 
Someone's lost his Arcane and we

828
00:40:01,500 --> 00:40:03,200
can think about the moment that 
was lost. 

829
00:40:04,100 --> 00:40:06,000
The simplest things are often 
the most moving. 

830
00:40:06,700 --> 00:40:10,600
The toy cart for a child, a 
hairpin for a woman or a worn 

831
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:13,600
sandal sole these common things.
Make the road, feel more like a 

832
00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:15,700
person than military or 
architectural history. 

833
00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:19,300
Can they remind us that this 
road was used by more than just 

834
00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,200
armies and trade goods. 
It was also used by families 

835
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:26,000
visiting relatives craftspeople 
going to Market children seeing 

836
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:29,200
the world for the first time. 
An old people making one last 

837
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:31,000
trip to places. 
They loved when they were young.

838
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:34,000
Roman roads were built for 
useful things like moving troops

839
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,800
making trade easier and keeping 
the government in check, but 

840
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:41,000
they ended up serving a more 
basic need The need to connect 

841
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:44,300
with others to move and to see 
what's over the next Hill. 

842
00:40:44,300 --> 00:40:47,100
And the one after that. 
This is why roads are important 

843
00:40:47,100 --> 00:40:50,400
for more than just their 
engineering specifications or 

844
00:40:50,400 --> 00:40:54,400
they usefulness to the economy. 
They meet a basic need in all of

845
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:56,300
us. 
Our constant need to be 

846
00:40:56,308 --> 00:40:58,900
somewhere else. 
And see more than one place can 

847
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:01,800
offer, archaeologists and 
geographers have found something

848
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:04,700
amazing. 
Even when the physical roads 

849
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:07,200
were gone, the paths they made 
across the land. 

850
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:10,200
Often stayed in people's minds 
and practices for hundreds of 

851
00:41:10,208 --> 00:41:13,300
years picture, a part of a Roman
road where all signs of 

852
00:41:13,308 --> 00:41:16,200
construction of disappeared. 
The stones that were quarried 

853
00:41:16,200 --> 00:41:18,700
for medieval buildings. 
The foundation layers that were 

854
00:41:18,700 --> 00:41:21,800
spread out by centuries of 
farming and even the road itself

855
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:24,700
of all been plowed under and 
grown over there doesn't seem to

856
00:41:24,700 --> 00:41:27,900
be anything left at the Casual 
Observer, but if you map out the

857
00:41:27,908 --> 00:41:30,900
trade routes from the Middle 
Ages, the pars that Villages 

858
00:41:30,900 --> 00:41:34,000
used to get from one settlement 
to another or the property lines

859
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:36,400
that farmer set up. 
You'll often find that they 

860
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:39,700
follow the same line as the 
Roman Road that is no longer 

861
00:41:39,700 --> 00:41:42,100
there. 
His persistent occurs because 

862
00:41:42,100 --> 00:41:45,600
pathways through the landscape 
are not random, Roman Engineers 

863
00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:48,400
chose their paths, for good 
reasons, these were the easiest 

864
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,800
Hills to cross the most direct 
routes between Portland points. 

865
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:55,100
The best place is to build 
bridges over rivers and the best

866
00:41:55,100 --> 00:41:57,000
place to cross. 
Valleys where travel was 

867
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:59,200
possible when the Roman Road 
went away. 

868
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:01,300
People found the same best 
routes on their own. 

869
00:42:01,300 --> 00:42:04,000
They weren't following the road 
because As they could see it, 

870
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:07,000
they were retracing it because 
geography still gave them the 

871
00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:10,000
same answers to the same 
problems even when people have 

872
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:11,700
built things on the land it 
still remembers. 

873
00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:15,000
This is still true in modern 
Britain, where many of today's 

874
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:18,600
highways follow the same paths 
as Roman roads, which often 

875
00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:21,000
followed the same paths as 
Celtic trackways that came 

876
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,400
before them. 
The Roman Watling Street runs 

877
00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:27,300
along, most of the A5 highway 
from London to Wales the A1, 

878
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:30,700
which is the longest numbered 
road in the UK follows, a path 

879
00:42:30,708 --> 00:42:33,500
that has been used since 
prehistoric times and was made 

880
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:36,300
official by the Romans. 
The modern highway system in 

881
00:42:36,308 --> 00:42:39,300
France, still uses Roman roads 
for both routes and names. 

882
00:42:39,300 --> 00:42:43,000
French Engineers built their 
modern Road Network in the 18th 

883
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:45,500
and 19th centuries. 
And when they could, they 

884
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:48,100
followed Roman roots, they 
thought of themselves as 

885
00:42:48,100 --> 00:42:50,700
restoring old infrastructure 
rather than replacing it. 

886
00:42:51,500 --> 00:42:53,500
The Inca wrote system. 
In South America, is another 

887
00:42:53,500 --> 00:42:57,100
example of something that lasts 
the Inca empire fell apart in 

888
00:42:57,100 --> 00:43:00,100
the 16th century and their roads
fell into disrepair. 

889
00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:04,300
However, many modern Peruvian 
highways following routes. 

890
00:43:05,100 --> 00:43:08,200
Modern roads wind along the same
paths as the Incas carved steps 

891
00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:10,900
into Mountainside. 
This is because the geography 

892
00:43:10,900 --> 00:43:13,700
hasn't changed. 
These are still the best ways to

893
00:43:13,700 --> 00:43:15,600
get through some of the most 
difficult terrain on Earth. 

894
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:19,500
This persistence teaches us, 
something deep about how 

895
00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:23,000
human-made things and natural 
landscapes work together, we 

896
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:25,400
like to think of our roads and 
buildings as things that get in 

897
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:28,700
the way of nature as things that
people change the world to fit 

898
00:43:28,700 --> 00:43:31,900
their needs. 
But in reality infrastructure, 

899
00:43:31,900 --> 00:43:34,800
works best when it works with 
the landscape instead of against

900
00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:37,300
it. 
The roads that last whether in 

901
00:43:37,300 --> 00:43:40,300
the physical world or in the 
minds of people are the ones 

902
00:43:40,300 --> 00:43:42,800
that find the easiest way 
through the land and don't fight

903
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:45,100
it. 
There is a more profound lesson 

904
00:43:45,100 --> 00:43:47,500
here, regarding the essence of 
civilization itself. 

905
00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:51,000
We often think of civilization 
as completely new things that 

906
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:54,200
come after what came before. 
For example, the Romans took 

907
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:57,100
over what was their before? 
Medieval kingdoms took over 

908
00:43:57,100 --> 00:43:59,200
Rome. 
And modern Nations took over 

909
00:43:59,200 --> 00:44:02,700
medieval structures that Human 
Geography shows that things have

910
00:44:02,700 --> 00:44:05,000
stayed the same more than these 
political stories. 

911
00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:08,300
Say People keep living in the 
same place as because they have 

912
00:44:08,300 --> 00:44:10,400
good water. 
Good places to defend 

913
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:14,000
themselves, good soil and easy, 
access to trade routes. 

914
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:16,700
They keep going the same way 
because the mountains have not 

915
00:44:16,700 --> 00:44:18,700
moved and the river still flow 
the same way. 

916
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:22,800
Political systems come and go, 
but the basic link between human

917
00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:25,400
settlements and the landscape 
changes much more slowly. 

918
00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:28,700
This is why archaeologists can 
sometimes guess where they will 

919
00:44:28,700 --> 00:44:32,100
find old roads or settlements 
just by looking at the land and 

920
00:44:32,100 --> 00:44:35,200
geography, there are only a few 
passes that don't require 

921
00:44:35,200 --> 00:44:37,300
mountaineering gear. 
If you need to cross a mountain 

922
00:44:37,300 --> 00:44:40,200
range, there are only a few 
places where the banks and 

923
00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:43,500
current make it possible to 
cross a river, ancient engineers

924
00:44:43,500 --> 00:44:46,800
knew this and they pick the same
places that modern Engineers 

925
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:48,700
would pick if they were starting
from scratch. 

926
00:44:48,700 --> 00:44:51,800
The fact that Roots stay the 
same over time is another reason

927
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:54,700
why some City stay important for
thousands of years While others 

928
00:44:54,700 --> 00:44:57,600
fade away. 
Rome is located at a key 

929
00:44:57,600 --> 00:45:00,400
Crossing on the Tiber River, 
which controls north south 

930
00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:03,200
travel, through Italy. 
The ancient Latins who first 

931
00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:05,100
settled there. 
The Romans who built their 

932
00:45:05,100 --> 00:45:08,100
empire from it, the Medieval 
popes, who kept it as a 

933
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:11,100
political Center and modern 
Italy, which made it their 

934
00:45:11,100 --> 00:45:15,000
Capital all cared about this 
Geographic Advantage attempts 

935
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:17,200
Narrows in London, which is why 
the city is. 

936
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:19,400
There it is. 
The best place to cross the 

937
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:21,800
river. 
Paris grew on an island in the 

938
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:25,100
sand that was easy to defend 
Istanbul, which used to be 

939
00:45:25,100 --> 00:45:27,800
called Byzantium. 
And then Constantinople, is that

940
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:30,900
the most important point where 
Europe and Asia meet, These 

941
00:45:30,900 --> 00:45:33,800
aren't random choices or 
accidents, their places, where 

942
00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:37,100
the landscape almost requires 
people to live and build the 

943
00:45:37,100 --> 00:45:40,000
story of Roman roads is just one
part of a much longer Story. 

944
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:43,500
Once you understand this, those 
roads were just one part of a 

945
00:45:43,500 --> 00:45:46,400
long history of people trying to
get around quickly connect the 

946
00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:49,400
places we've chosen to live and 
get around the problems that 

947
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:52,700
geography puts in our way. 
The Romans did a great job of 

948
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:55,300
telling the story on a large 
scale but they were not the 

949
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:57,300
first or last to work on this 
old project. 

950
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:01,600
As we near the end of our trip 
down these old roads, let's 

951
00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:04,400
think about what we've learned 
and how it affects us. 

952
00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:07,600
Now, you're back in your 
comfortable spot and your team 

953
00:46:07,608 --> 00:46:10,000
may have cooled down, but 
hopefully your mind is still 

954
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:13,700
busy thinking about roads, ruins
and the long history of human 

955
00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:16,100
effort. 
The story of Old Road shows us, 

956
00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:18,600
that infrastructure is always 
made up of both people and 

957
00:46:18,600 --> 00:46:22,300
things the stone and mortar are 
important but they only work in 

958
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:25,400
a network of Institutions 
economic systems and cultural 

959
00:46:25,400 --> 00:46:28,300
practices that give them meaning
and keep them useful. 

960
00:46:28,300 --> 00:46:31,100
Even the best-built physical 
infrastructure will fail. 

961
00:46:31,100 --> 00:46:34,400
Eventually if the supporting 
structure falls apart, this is 

962
00:46:34,400 --> 00:46:36,500
very important. 
For today's society is 

963
00:46:36,500 --> 00:46:39,900
infrastructure like rose 
Bridges, Water Systems 

964
00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:42,900
electrical grids and 
Telecommunications networks is 

965
00:46:42,900 --> 00:46:45,400
all around us and we mostly take
it for granted. 

966
00:46:45,400 --> 00:46:47,000
Granted until something goes 
wrong. 

967
00:46:47,000 --> 00:46:50,000
We think that someone is taking 
care of these systems and that 

968
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:52,100
there are other right 
institutions in place to make 

969
00:46:52,100 --> 00:46:54,900
sure they keep working. 
We also think that future 

970
00:46:54,900 --> 00:46:57,500
Generations will have the same 
working infrastructure that we 

971
00:46:57,500 --> 00:47:00,900
do but The Roman experience 
shows that these ideas can be 

972
00:47:00,900 --> 00:47:03,900
very dangerous. 
Infrastructure needs constant 

973
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:07,900
care enough money, Technical 
know-how and a commitment from 

974
00:47:07,900 --> 00:47:10,900
the community. 
Decay starts when one of these 

975
00:47:10,900 --> 00:47:15,500
parts gets weaker at first. 
It happens slowly, but it speeds

976
00:47:15,500 --> 00:47:17,800
up as small problems turn into 
bigger ones. 

977
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:22,100
The Romans built roads that 
could last for 2000 years but 

978
00:47:22,100 --> 00:47:24,400
they weren't able to build 
institutions that could keep 

979
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:25,900
those roads in good shape 
forever. 

980
00:47:25,900 --> 00:47:28,600
The main problem is that 
physical infrastructure can last

981
00:47:28,600 --> 00:47:31,600
a long time but the social 
infrastructure needed to keep it

982
00:47:31,600 --> 00:47:34,400
up is weak and depends on 
stable, government enough 

983
00:47:34,400 --> 00:47:36,400
resources and cultural 
continuity. 

984
00:47:36,400 --> 00:47:39,400
It wasn't engineering failure, 
that caused Roman roads to fall 

985
00:47:39,400 --> 00:47:41,100
apart. 
It was the collapse of the 

986
00:47:41,108 --> 00:47:44,300
government, the Empire couldn't 
keep up with the tax money, it 

987
00:47:44,300 --> 00:47:47,700
needed to pay for repairs. 
Administrative systems stopped, 

988
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:51,100
working making it impossible for
the organization to coordinate 

989
00:47:51,100 --> 00:47:54,800
repairs over large areas. 
When skilled workers died 

990
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:57,800
without properly training their 
successes they lost technical 

991
00:47:57,800 --> 00:48:00,100
knowledge. 
People's cultural priorities 

992
00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:03,200
change from keeping old 
infrastructure up to date to 

993
00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:04,700
just get in through immediate 
crisis. 

994
00:48:04,700 --> 00:48:08,300
All of these things are still 
true today countries have a hard

995
00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:10,900
time paying for infrastructure 
upkeep because it's easier for 

996
00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:12,800
politicians to cut funding for 
repairs. 

997
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:15,700
That aren't very glamorous than 
for new projects that are very 

998
00:48:15,700 --> 00:48:17,600
visible. 
When people look down on 

999
00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:20,000
government jobs and of 
respecting them, the 

1000
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:21,500
government's ability to do, its 
job. 

1001
00:48:21,500 --> 00:48:24,100
Suffers, when societies, don't 
value. 

1002
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:26,300
Skilled trades, they lose 
technical. 

1003
00:48:26,300 --> 00:48:29,200
Know-how cultural attention is 
on short-term issues. 

1004
00:48:29,200 --> 00:48:32,800
And stead of long-term 
sustainability, But the story of

1005
00:48:32,800 --> 00:48:36,400
old roads also gives us hope 
people kept roads working. 

1006
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:39,600
Even after Empires fell apart 
and formal maintenance stopped. 

1007
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:42,900
They did this through local 
initiative, creative adaptation 

1008
00:48:42,900 --> 00:48:46,500
and practical improvisation. 
The roads may not have been as 

1009
00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:49,400
good as they used to be, but 
they still did their main job of

1010
00:48:49,400 --> 00:48:52,400
connecting people and places. 
This strength shows that 

1011
00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:56,000
infrastructure once built adds 
value that lasts, even during 

1012
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:59,600
tough times, the road matters. 
Even when the pavement breaks up

1013
00:48:59,600 --> 00:49:02,700
even when the journey gets 
harder, the connection is still 

1014
00:49:02,700 --> 00:49:05,900
important. 
The concept of a road ingrained 

1015
00:49:05,900 --> 00:49:09,600
in landscape and cultural memory
endures Beyond any tangible 

1016
00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:13,000
structure. this means that 
infrastructure investment is 

1017
00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:16,300
important for more than Justice 
immediate use in today's society

1018
00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:19,600
infrastructure that works well 
creates connections that affect 

1019
00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:22,900
geography, the economy and 
culture for many years The 

1020
00:49:22,900 --> 00:49:26,900
initial cost may seem high but 
the long-term benefits, some of 

1021
00:49:26,900 --> 00:49:29,700
which are hard to measure or 
predict make the investment 

1022
00:49:29,700 --> 00:49:31,800
worth it. 
It also says that we should 

1023
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:34,500
build infrastructure with the 
idea of graceful degradation in 

1024
00:49:34,500 --> 00:49:38,000
mind, Roman roads worked well, 
when they were well maintained, 

1025
00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:40,800
but they also worked partially 
for hundreds of years. 

1026
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:43,600
After maintenance stopped modern
infrastructure. 

1027
00:49:43,600 --> 00:49:46,400
Is often more fragile because it
is made to work perfectly only 

1028
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:49,600
under certain conditions. 
If those conditions aren't met 

1029
00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:52,400
it can break down completely, 
what would it mean to build 

1030
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:55,700
roads Bridges and utilities that
could handle less maintenance 

1031
00:49:55,700 --> 00:49:58,700
without any problems that could 
keep providing important 

1032
00:49:58,700 --> 00:50:00,600
Services? 
Even if money or knowledge 

1033
00:50:00,600 --> 00:50:02,900
became hard to find. 
That could be fixed with 

1034
00:50:02,900 --> 00:50:05,600
materials and skills that are 
available in the area rather 

1035
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:08,700
than needing special ones. 
These aren't just hypothetical 

1036
00:50:08,700 --> 00:50:11,300
questions. 
The real issues for any society 

1037
00:50:11,300 --> 00:50:13,800
that wants its infrastructure to
last through short-term 

1038
00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:16,200
problems, the story of Roman 
roads. 

1039
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:19,000
Also reminds us to think about 
infrastructure in both practical

1040
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,800
and symbolic ways. 
Roads are a symbol of 

1041
00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,800
civilization connection and 
possibility. 

1042
00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:27,900
People think their society works
and that the people in charge 

1043
00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:30,900
are smart when the roads are 
well kept, Seems like 

1044
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:33,600
Civilization is falling apart 
when roads get worse. 

1045
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:36,700
This symbolic aspect is 
important because infrastructure

1046
00:50:36,700 --> 00:50:39,300
affects how people see their 
relationships with each other 

1047
00:50:39,300 --> 00:50:42,700
and with the government. 
Good infrastructure is a sign of

1048
00:50:42,700 --> 00:50:45,700
good government and social Unity
infrastructure. 

1049
00:50:45,700 --> 00:50:48,100
That doesn't work shows that 
people aren't competent and 

1050
00:50:48,100 --> 00:50:51,800
things are broken up these 
Perceptions in turn affect how 

1051
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:54,600
much political support there is 
for the institutions that keep 

1052
00:50:54,600 --> 00:50:58,000
infrastructure running which can
lead to good or bad Cycles. 

1053
00:50:58,900 --> 00:51:01,900
Romans understood this symbolic 
part of things on an instinctive

1054
00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:04,300
level. 
They built their roads to be big

1055
00:51:04,300 --> 00:51:07,200
and impressive not just to get 
people where they needed to go. 

1056
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:11,200
Milestones told people which 
emperor had built or fixed each 

1057
00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:14,700
part turning roadwork into 
propaganda the Via. 

1058
00:51:14,700 --> 00:51:17,000
Appia wasn't just a road that 
connected Rome to Southern 

1059
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:19,300
Italy. 
It was also a sign of Roman 

1060
00:51:19,300 --> 00:51:22,600
strength and stability people in
modern societies. 

1061
00:51:22,600 --> 00:51:25,700
Sometimes, forget this lesson 
and treat infrastructure as just

1062
00:51:25,700 --> 00:51:27,800
a tool. 
They wonder why people don't 

1063
00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:30,700
appreciate the complicated 
systems that make Modern Life 

1064
00:51:30,700 --> 00:51:33,200
possible. 
But infrastructure is never just

1065
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:36,200
about how it works. 
It's about who you are, your 

1066
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:40,100
pride, and how social values 
show up in the real world as we 

1067
00:51:40,100 --> 00:51:41,900
reach the end of our Journey 
Through Time. 

1068
00:51:41,900 --> 00:51:45,100
And over ancient stone, think 
about what it means to literally

1069
00:51:45,100 --> 00:51:47,800
walk in the footsteps of. 
So many people who came before 

1070
00:51:47,800 --> 00:51:51,000
us every Old Road, that is 
still, there has this quality of

1071
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:54,800
deep time this feeling of being 
connected to a huge human story 

1072
00:51:54,800 --> 00:51:57,900
that goes far beyond your own 
life when you walk on Roman 

1073
00:51:57,900 --> 00:52:00,700
paving stones, your walking 
where Roman soldiers marched. 

1074
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:04,400
Their Merchants drove, their 
cars were Messengers, ran with 

1075
00:52:04,400 --> 00:52:07,300
important news, a family's move 
to New Homes. 

1076
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:11,400
Where pilgrims looked for God's 
favor and where Exiles left 

1077
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:13,000
their homes and maybe never came
back. 

1078
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:16,900
Each of those people was just as
real as you are with hopes and 

1079
00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:19,900
fears and small daily problems 
that took up their time just 

1080
00:52:19,900 --> 00:52:22,200
like yours do now. 
They will worry about their 

1081
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:24,300
health, their families, their 
money. 

1082
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:26,700
And whether they had made the 
right choice in life. 

1083
00:52:27,500 --> 00:52:31,200
The roads saw it all. 
Countless human dramas playing 

1084
00:52:31,200 --> 00:52:34,800
out on its unchanging surface. 
This is why parts of old roads 

1085
00:52:34,800 --> 00:52:37,800
that have been preserved. 
Often feel almost sacred, even 

1086
00:52:37,800 --> 00:52:40,500
to people who aren't very 
religious, you're standing in a 

1087
00:52:40,508 --> 00:52:44,100
place where the line between the
past and the present is thin and

1088
00:52:44,100 --> 00:52:47,100
you can almost feel the presence
of all the lives that no longer 

1089
00:52:47,100 --> 00:52:49,300
there. 
The stones are proof, that those

1090
00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:52,200
people lived that their 
civilization was real. 

1091
00:52:52,200 --> 00:52:55,900
And that they did things that 
still matter The ruins of old 

1092
00:52:55,900 --> 00:52:57,700
roads. 
Also remind us that things don't

1093
00:52:57,700 --> 00:53:00,800
last forever, which is somehow 
comforting instead of sad. 

1094
00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:04,100
Yes, even the strongest Empires 
will fall apart. 

1095
00:53:04,100 --> 00:53:06,200
Yes. 
Even the best building 

1096
00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:08,400
infrastructure. 
Will eventually need more upkeep

1097
00:53:08,400 --> 00:53:10,300
than anyone can give. 
Yes. 

1098
00:53:10,300 --> 00:53:13,300
Everything that people do is 
only temporary when compared to 

1099
00:53:13,300 --> 00:53:16,700
geological time scales, but that
doesn't mean that what people do

1100
00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:19,100
doesn't matter. 
The roads were important to the 

1101
00:53:19,100 --> 00:53:22,200
people who built them and the 
people who use them, they had a 

1102
00:53:22,208 --> 00:53:24,900
big impact on the growth of 
civilization's, the success of 

1103
00:53:24,908 --> 00:53:28,300
cities, the movement of armies 
and the flow of trade goods, 

1104
00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:32,000
their legacy lives on in the 
geography of today in the places

1105
00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:35,400
where cities are in the paths of
Highways and in the shape of the

1106
00:53:35,400 --> 00:53:38,600
world we live in now, the Roman 
engineer who carefully placed 

1107
00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:41,500
paving stones on the Via. 
Appia, probably never thought 

1108
00:53:41,500 --> 00:53:45,600
that those stones would still be
there 2000 years later, he never

1109
00:53:45,600 --> 00:53:47,100
thought that people with 
technology. 

1110
00:53:47,100 --> 00:53:49,800
We can't even imagine would 
study and preserve his work. 

1111
00:53:49,800 --> 00:53:53,000
Well, that children who weren't 
even born yet would someday run 

1112
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:54,500
their hands over the surface he 
made. 

1113
00:53:55,100 --> 00:53:57,300
Here we are in the stones are 
still there. 

1114
00:53:57,300 --> 00:54:00,700
This makes me think that we 
should see ourselves as links in

1115
00:54:00,700 --> 00:54:03,900
a long chain. 
The infrastructure we build keep

1116
00:54:03,900 --> 00:54:06,900
up or let fall apart will affect
the world that future 

1117
00:54:06,900 --> 00:54:09,600
Generations. 
Get the decisions we make about 

1118
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:12,900
how to use our resources. 
How to keep things running and 

1119
00:54:12,900 --> 00:54:15,800
how to teach the next generation
of Engineers and Crafts People 

1120
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:18,400
all have effects that lasts long
after. 

1121
00:54:18,400 --> 00:54:20,400
We're gone. 
We don't know how the next 

1122
00:54:20,400 --> 00:54:22,000
Generations will see our 
decisions. 

1123
00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:25,000
We can't say, for sure, which of
our buildings will still be 

1124
00:54:25,000 --> 00:54:28,000
standing in 2000 years, which 
ones will have disappeared 

1125
00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:30,900
Without a Trace. 
But we can try to build with the

1126
00:54:30,900 --> 00:54:34,500
same care and ambition, that 
drove the best Roman Engineers 

1127
00:54:34,500 --> 00:54:38,100
making things that will last 
using materials that are better 

1128
00:54:38,100 --> 00:54:41,100
than what we need right now. 
And spending money on things 

1129
00:54:41,100 --> 00:54:43,800
that will be useful in the 
future, even if it seems like a 

1130
00:54:43,808 --> 00:54:45,700
lot. 
The funny thing is that the 

1131
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:48,400
Romans who are so sure that 
their empire would last forever 

1132
00:54:48,400 --> 00:54:51,700
would be shocked to learn that 
their roads lasted longer than 

1133
00:54:51,700 --> 00:54:54,300
their civilization? 
They probably would have liked 

1134
00:54:54,300 --> 00:54:57,100
it better if their empire state 
the same in stead of Justice 

1135
00:54:57,100 --> 00:54:59,800
infrastructure. 
But from where we stand, the 

1136
00:54:59,800 --> 00:55:03,300
fact that Roman roads are still 
there makes Rome Feel more not 

1137
00:55:03,300 --> 00:55:07,000
less Eternal as you finish your 
warm drink and get ready for 

1138
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:10,200
bed, think about how this story 
could help you as you go about 

1139
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:13,000
your day. 
When you drive on a highway or 

1140
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:16,600
walk down a street, think about 
the history that Lies Beneath 

1141
00:55:16,600 --> 00:55:19,100
the surface. 
I wonder who walked this path 

1142
00:55:19,100 --> 00:55:22,200
before it was paved, what 
natural features made this route

1143
00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:25,000
and what stories could be told 
about all the trips that have 

1144
00:55:25,000 --> 00:55:27,400
happened here. 
Think about the people who keep 

1145
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:30,400
our modern infrastructure 
running, they do unglamorous 

1146
00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:33,300
work like filling in potholes, 
clearing drains, and fixing 

1147
00:55:33,300 --> 00:55:35,700
bridges. 
In terms of work, they are the 

1148
00:55:35,700 --> 00:55:38,500
direct descendants of the Roman 
engineers and maintenance Crews.

1149
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:41,800
They are using better technology
to solve the same basic problem 

1150
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:45,900
but it's the same basic problem.
Keeping paths open, so that 

1151
00:55:45,900 --> 00:55:49,600
people and things can move. 
Don't just see ruins like old 

1152
00:55:49,600 --> 00:55:52,700
Roman roads or empty. 
Modern highways, as failures. 

1153
00:55:52,700 --> 00:55:56,300
Also, see them as proof that 
people keep trying building and 

1154
00:55:56,300 --> 00:55:58,500
connecting. 
Think of them as proof that 

1155
00:55:58,508 --> 00:56:01,300
we're all part of a long story 
that started before we were born

1156
00:56:01,300 --> 00:56:02,500
and will go on after. 
We're gone. 

1157
00:56:02,508 --> 00:56:05,600
The last Light in your room is 
fading and you're probably 

1158
00:56:05,608 --> 00:56:08,500
getting sleepy, which is exactly
what should happen. 

1159
00:56:08,500 --> 00:56:11,600
When you read a bedtime story, 
you've been with me on trips to 

1160
00:56:11,608 --> 00:56:15,300
ancient building sites, medieval
manor houses, busy Imperial, 

1161
00:56:15,300 --> 00:56:18,800
highways and overgrown, ruins 
that the forest is slowly taking

1162
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:20,800
back. 
You walked on pavement that 

1163
00:56:20,800 --> 00:56:24,100
people have been walking on for 
2000 years and you thought about

1164
00:56:24,100 --> 00:56:25,800
what it means that their work is
still there. 

1165
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:28,900
Even though their civilization 
is gone, you've thought about 

1166
00:56:28,900 --> 00:56:32,800
why roads are important how they
are made, how they work and what

1167
00:56:32,800 --> 00:56:35,800
happens when the systems that 
keep them up fail, but most 

1168
00:56:35,800 --> 00:56:38,300
importantly you've tapped into 
something basic about being 

1169
00:56:38,300 --> 00:56:40,800
human. 
I'll need to move can connect 

1170
00:56:40,800 --> 00:56:43,300
and get past the things that 
keep us from getting to the 

1171
00:56:43,300 --> 00:56:46,000
people in places. 
We want to go roads are one of 

1172
00:56:46,000 --> 00:56:48,100
the most basic technologies that
people have Made. 

1173
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:51,000
They make paths permanent and 
Roots, reliable. 

1174
00:56:51,700 --> 00:56:53,200
Because they meet this basic 
need. 

1175
00:56:53,200 --> 00:56:56,000
Every culture in history has 
made them in some way. 

1176
00:56:56,000 --> 00:56:59,500
The old roads that fell apart 
when Empires fell, show us that 

1177
00:56:59,500 --> 00:57:02,800
being strong isn't enough 
infrastructure, needs constant 

1178
00:57:02,800 --> 00:57:06,500
care, enough money, Technical 
know-how and a commitment to the

1179
00:57:06,500 --> 00:57:09,700
community, even the best made 
roads will eventually break down

1180
00:57:09,700 --> 00:57:13,700
due to water plants Frost, and 
the slow work of nature to 

1181
00:57:13,700 --> 00:57:16,100
reclaim them. 
But those same old roads. 

1182
00:57:16,100 --> 00:57:18,500
Also, show us how to be strong 
root. 

1183
00:57:18,500 --> 00:57:20,500
Stay the same. 
Even when the pavement goes 

1184
00:57:20,500 --> 00:57:23,500
away, local communities, find 
ways to stay connected. 

1185
00:57:23,500 --> 00:57:27,300
Even when the central government
fails and the memory that roads 

1186
00:57:27,300 --> 00:57:30,300
used to run straight and true 
across whole continents, gives 

1187
00:57:30,300 --> 00:57:33,400
people hope that they can do the
same things in the future as you

1188
00:57:33,408 --> 00:57:36,200
drift off to sleep. 
You might dream of old roads 

1189
00:57:36,200 --> 00:57:38,800
that run through your dreams 
like perfectly straight. 

1190
00:57:38,800 --> 00:57:42,900
Roman highways Mountain paths 
made by Inca engineers and 

1191
00:57:42,900 --> 00:57:45,400
Persian postal routes where 
Messengers ride through the 

1192
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:48,000
night in dreams. 
These roads, might All Connect 

1193
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:51,000
making a network that goes 
through time and space and 

1194
00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:54,200
connects the past, with the 
present Rome with now and what 

1195
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:56,500
has been done with. 
What could be done tomorrow, 

1196
00:57:56,500 --> 00:57:59,200
when you get up and start your 
day, you'll be on the road. 

1197
00:58:00,000 --> 00:58:02,400
You could be driving walking or 
even just looking out your 

1198
00:58:02,408 --> 00:58:05,300
window at the street. 
Those roads are part of the 

1199
00:58:05,300 --> 00:58:07,100
same, long story. 
We've been talking about 

1200
00:58:07,100 --> 00:58:10,500
tonight, their modern chapters 
in a story that started when the

1201
00:58:10,508 --> 00:58:13,200
first people decided, that one 
paths could be made better. 

1202
00:58:13,200 --> 00:58:16,800
That Roots could be kept up and 
the connection was worth the 

1203
00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:19,200
money. 
The old roads have fallen apart 

1204
00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:21,100
but new ones have been built 
some of. 

1205
00:58:21,108 --> 00:58:23,100
The roads were used today will 
last longer than our 

1206
00:58:23,100 --> 00:58:27,300
civilization, just like Roman 
roads did Some will be gone in a

1207
00:58:27,308 --> 00:58:31,100
few decades, the materials 
reused, and their paths lost. 

1208
00:58:31,100 --> 00:58:34,500
We can't tell, which is which 
just like Roman Engineers 

1209
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:36,700
couldn't tell, which of their 
roads, would still be there. 

1210
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:40,300
2000 years later, but we can 
build carefully, keep it up. 

1211
00:58:40,300 --> 00:58:42,800
And remember that infrastructure
is always a gift. 

1212
00:58:42,808 --> 00:58:46,200
We leave for people will never 
meet It's a gift that future 

1213
00:58:46,200 --> 00:58:49,500
Generations May value or take 
for granted, but it will always 

1214
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:52,200
shape their world. 
You're a part of this long human

1215
00:58:52,200 --> 00:58:55,700
story of roads and ruins 
connection and Decay building 

1216
00:58:55,700 --> 00:58:59,200
and rebuilding sleep. 
Well, the Journey of Tomorrow is

1217
00:58:59,200 --> 00:59:01,800
waiting for you on roads, that 
link your present to all the 

1218
00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:04,600
past and Futures that have come 
before and will come off after. 

1219
00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:08,300
The road keeps going even though
some of the roads are falling 

1220
00:59:08,300 --> 00:59:13,000
apart, the journey goes on even 
when people stopped to rest, the

1221
00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:14,500
link between the past and the 
future. 

1222
00:59:14,500 --> 00:59:18,700
Stay strong, though, in stone 
memory and the human desire to 

1223
00:59:18,700 --> 00:59:28,800
see what's over the next Hill. 
sure, this You're standing on a 

1224
00:59:28,800 --> 00:59:32,000
wooden dock somewhere along the 
Norwegian Coast around 950 ad 

1225
00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:35,100
watching 30 AUD. 
Bearded men load supplies onto. 

1226
00:59:35,100 --> 00:59:37,500
What looks like an oversized 
canoe with delusions of 

1227
00:59:37,500 --> 00:59:40,100
grandeur. 
This ship is your ride for the 

1228
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:42,700
next several months. 
A viking longship. 

1229
00:59:42,700 --> 00:59:45,300
That's about as comfortable as 
sleeping on a park bench during 

1230
00:59:45,300 --> 00:59:47,700
a thunderstorm. 
You'd probably expect something 

1231
00:59:47,700 --> 00:59:50,700
impressive, right? 
Perhaps you were expecting a 

1232
00:59:50,700 --> 00:59:53,400
Majestic vessel with towering 
masks and spacious quarters. 

1233
00:59:53,400 --> 00:59:57,600
Well, surprise your new home 
measures roughly 75 feet long 

1234
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:01,900
and maybe 15 feet wide at its 
broadest point that smaller than

1235
01:00:01,900 --> 01:00:04,700
most modern two bedroom 
apartments your sharing it with 

1236
01:00:04,708 --> 01:00:07,100
30 other people who have not 
discovered deodorant yet. 

1237
01:00:08,100 --> 01:00:10,400
The whole thing sit, so low in 
the water that you could 

1238
01:00:10,400 --> 01:00:12,600
practically drag your fingers in
the sea while. 

1239
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:16,200
Sitting on the side, the ship 
itself is actually a Marvel of 

1240
01:00:16,200 --> 01:00:18,700
engineering, though, your back 
won't appreciate that. 

1241
01:00:18,700 --> 01:00:21,000
Fact. 
After the first week built from 

1242
01:00:21,000 --> 01:00:24,300
overlapping Oak planks held 
together with Iron rivets his 

1243
01:00:24,300 --> 01:00:26,800
design to flex with the wave's 
rather than fight them. 

1244
01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:30,100
Think of it as the medieval 
equivalent of a yoga instructor 

1245
01:00:30,100 --> 01:00:33,600
incredibly flexible. 
But that doesn't mean you want 

1246
01:00:33,600 --> 01:00:35,500
to spend months pressed up 
against one. 

1247
01:00:35,500 --> 01:00:39,000
Your sleeping Arrangements would
make a college dorm room looks 

1248
01:00:39,000 --> 01:00:41,800
luxurious. 
There are no beds, no hammocks. 

1249
01:00:41,800 --> 01:00:45,200
Just a thin layer of animal hide
between you and the wooden deck.

1250
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:49,500
Everyone sleeps, wherever they 
can obtain space, which usually 

1251
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:51,900
means curled up next to the guy 
who's been eating nothing. 

1252
01:00:51,900 --> 01:00:53,900
But salted, fish and onions for 
three weeks. 

1253
01:00:54,800 --> 01:00:57,800
The ship rocks constantly even 
in calm weather. 

1254
01:00:57,800 --> 01:00:59,900
Creating a gentle swaying 
motion. 

1255
01:00:59,900 --> 01:01:03,700
That sounds romantic Until you 
realize it never ever stops. 

1256
01:01:04,500 --> 01:01:07,900
These long ships are both very 
strong and very fragile, which 

1257
01:01:07,900 --> 01:01:09,200
is their most interesting 
feature. 

1258
01:01:09,200 --> 01:01:12,700
They are capable of maneuvering 
through enormous waves and 

1259
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:15,400
rough. 
Seas effortlessly gliding across

1260
01:01:15,400 --> 01:01:18,300
the water. 
However, a misstep on a loose 

1261
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:21,300
plank can quickly lead to an 
unexpected immersion in the 

1262
01:01:21,300 --> 01:01:24,400
North Atlantic. 
The Viking's these ships to be 

1263
01:01:24,400 --> 01:01:27,400
fast and maneuverable not 
comfortable, which becomes 

1264
01:01:27,400 --> 01:01:29,500
painfully obvious. 
The moment you try to find a 

1265
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:32,200
spot to sit that doesn't involve
someone's elbow in your ribs 

1266
01:01:32,200 --> 01:01:36,100
storage space is at such a 
premium that every inch matters,

1267
01:01:36,100 --> 01:01:39,708
your personal belongings. 
Assuming you have any be on the 

1268
01:01:39,716 --> 01:01:42,900
clothes on your back, get 
stuffed into whatever, tiny Gap,

1269
01:01:42,900 --> 01:01:46,400
you can discover, Most of your 
fellow passengers of brought 

1270
01:01:46,400 --> 01:01:49,600
along, weapons tools and trading
Goods all of which take pressed 

1271
01:01:49,600 --> 01:01:53,400
over luxury items like extra 
clothing or anything resembling 

1272
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:56,400
Comfort. 
The ship's side with shields, 

1273
01:01:56,400 --> 01:01:58,900
when you're not rowing, which 
serves the dual purpose of 

1274
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:01,800
protection and decoration. 
It looks impressive from a 

1275
01:02:01,800 --> 01:02:04,100
distance like a floating rainbow
of War gear. 

1276
01:02:04,700 --> 01:02:06,600
Up close. 
However, you realize these 

1277
01:02:06,600 --> 01:02:10,000
shields also double as dinner 
tables, cutting boards and 

1278
01:02:10,000 --> 01:02:13,600
makeshift pillows medieval 
multitasking at its finest. 

1279
01:02:14,700 --> 01:02:18,000
What strikes you most about life
aboard is how exposed Everything

1280
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:21,200
feels. 
There's no privacy No Escape 

1281
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:24,700
From the elements and absolutely
nowhere to hide when that person

1282
01:02:24,700 --> 01:02:27,400
who brought the fermented shark,
starts opening his lunch. 

1283
01:02:28,300 --> 01:02:32,300
The ocean stretches endlessly in
every direction and your tiny 

1284
01:02:32,300 --> 01:02:34,400
wooden World. 
Feels both insignificant and 

1285
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:38,900
miraculous floating on all that.
Vastness, the crew moves around 

1286
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:42,200
the ship with practiced ease 
stepping over sleeping bodies 

1287
01:02:42,200 --> 01:02:45,000
and ducking under ropes with the
grace of dance, dancers who have

1288
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:47,100
perfected their routine through 
sheer necessity. 

1289
01:02:48,100 --> 01:02:51,500
You mean why spend most of your 
time trying not to trip over the

1290
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:56,100
various bits of rope sale and 
Humanity scattered across every 

1291
01:02:56,100 --> 01:02:59,700
available surface as you settle 
in for your first night aboard, 

1292
01:02:59,700 --> 01:03:03,300
listening to The Creeks of wood 
and the slap of waves against 

1293
01:03:03,300 --> 01:03:05,600
the hull. 
You begin to understand that 

1294
01:03:05,600 --> 01:03:08,700
this journey will test every 
assumption you've ever had about

1295
01:03:08,700 --> 01:03:11,400
Comfort privacy and personal 
space. 

1296
01:03:11,400 --> 01:03:15,600
Welcome to Viking travel, where 
the journey truly is the 

1297
01:03:15,600 --> 01:03:18,700
destination mainly because 
you'll spend so much time 

1298
01:03:18,700 --> 01:03:21,800
getting their morning aboard of 
Viking longship arrives where 

1299
01:03:21,800 --> 01:03:24,400
the already or not. 
Usually announced by someone 

1300
01:03:24,400 --> 01:03:26,800
stepping on your leg while 
heading to the side of the boat 

1301
01:03:26,800 --> 01:03:30,500
for their morning 
constitutional. privacy, as you 

1302
01:03:30,500 --> 01:03:34,500
quickly, discover is a concept 
as foreign to Vikings as indoor 

1303
01:03:34,500 --> 01:03:38,900
plumbing, which is to say, 
completely non-existent Your 

1304
01:03:38,900 --> 01:03:41,800
daily routine begins with the 
delightful realization, that 

1305
01:03:41,800 --> 01:03:45,400
everything you own is damp. 
The North Sea has a way of 

1306
01:03:45,408 --> 01:03:48,000
making itself known through 
every Gap in the ship's 

1307
01:03:48,000 --> 01:03:51,000
construction and moisture 
becomes your constant companion.

1308
01:03:51,900 --> 01:03:53,900
Your clothes feel perpetually 
clammy. 

1309
01:03:53,900 --> 01:03:57,800
Your bedding squelch is when you
move and even your thoughts seem

1310
01:03:57,800 --> 01:03:59,700
to develop a thin layer of 
condensation. 

1311
01:04:00,700 --> 01:04:02,300
Breakfast. 
If you can call it, that 

1312
01:04:02,300 --> 01:04:06,000
consists of whatever dried 
salted or pickled, Provisions. 

1313
01:04:06,000 --> 01:04:09,800
Haven't gone stale overnight. 
the Vikings were masters of food

1314
01:04:09,800 --> 01:04:13,300
preservation, mainly because 
they had to be For fresh food, 

1315
01:04:13,300 --> 01:04:15,900
deteriorates, rapidly in an 
environment dominated by 

1316
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:18,900
saltwater and there are no 
convenient options for dining 

1317
01:04:18,900 --> 01:04:21,300
such as a medieval fast food 
establishment. 

1318
01:04:22,100 --> 01:04:25,300
You'll become intimately 
acquainted with hardtack a 

1319
01:04:25,300 --> 01:04:27,800
biscuit, so tough. 
It could probably stop an arrow 

1320
01:04:27,800 --> 01:04:31,100
in battle and frequently serves 
double duty as both food and 

1321
01:04:31,100 --> 01:04:33,600
construction material for, 
emergency ship, repairs. 

1322
01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:37,200
The ship's freshwater Supply 
lives in wooden barrels, that 

1323
01:04:37,200 --> 01:04:40,300
take up precious space but 
represent the difference between

1324
01:04:40,300 --> 01:04:42,200
life and a very uncomfortable 
death. 

1325
01:04:43,000 --> 01:04:46,300
Water is rationed carefully and 
you learn to appreciate every 

1326
01:04:46,300 --> 01:04:49,000
slightly stale wooden flavored 
sip. 

1327
01:04:49,800 --> 01:04:52,700
Beer also, makes an appearance 
in these barrels not because the

1328
01:04:52,700 --> 01:04:55,800
Vikings were party animals, but 
because for fermented beverages 

1329
01:04:55,800 --> 01:04:57,900
stayed safe to drink longer than
plain water. 

1330
01:04:57,900 --> 01:05:01,500
Alcohols miraculous ability to 
ensure food safety. 

1331
01:05:01,500 --> 01:05:03,900
During the Medieval era is truly
remarkable. 

1332
01:05:05,100 --> 01:05:07,700
Personal hygiene becomes an 
exercise in creativity and 

1333
01:05:07,700 --> 01:05:10,400
compromise. 
You might get to wash your face 

1334
01:05:10,400 --> 01:05:13,100
and hands with sea water. 
Which leaves your skin feeling? 

1335
01:05:13,100 --> 01:05:16,100
Like you've been rubbing it with
sandpaper, but at least removes 

1336
01:05:16,100 --> 01:05:19,300
some of the accumulating Grime. 
Hair washing happens when it 

1337
01:05:19,300 --> 01:05:20,700
rains. 
Assuming you can position 

1338
01:05:20,700 --> 01:05:24,000
yourself to catch the runoff, 
the remainder of the time, one 

1339
01:05:24,000 --> 01:05:26,500
can only hope that others share 
a similar level of odor as one 

1340
01:05:26,500 --> 01:05:29,300
self. 
The toilet situation. 

1341
01:05:29,300 --> 01:05:33,000
Deserves special mention if only
because it's so memorably awful.

1342
01:05:33,000 --> 01:05:36,800
The head consists of a bucket or
a hole cut in a plank that hangs

1343
01:05:36,800 --> 01:05:40,100
over the side of the ship. 
Using it requires timing, the 

1344
01:05:40,100 --> 01:05:43,500
waves correctly, maintaining 
your balance and praying that 

1345
01:05:43,500 --> 01:05:46,600
the wind doesn't shift Direction
at an opportune moment. 

1346
01:05:47,600 --> 01:05:50,200
Privacy means hoping everyone 
else has politely looking the 

1347
01:05:50,200 --> 01:05:53,200
other way, which they usually 
are have been through this 

1348
01:05:53,200 --> 01:05:56,500
awkward dance themselves. 
Clothing serves multiple 

1349
01:05:56,500 --> 01:06:00,400
purposes Beyond, basic modesty, 
your cloak doubles as a blanket.

1350
01:06:00,400 --> 01:06:04,000
Your boots work as pillows and 
your belt holds everything from 

1351
01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:06,000
eating utensils to emergency 
rope. 

1352
01:06:06,600 --> 01:06:09,800
Vikings dressed in layers, wool 
and linen primarily. 

1353
01:06:09,800 --> 01:06:12,700
Which sounds practical Until you
realize that wet wool. 

1354
01:06:12,700 --> 01:06:14,400
Smells like a combination of 
wet, dog. 

1355
01:06:14,400 --> 01:06:17,800
And regret and takes forever to 
dry in the perpetually, humid 

1356
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:20,400
ship environment. 
Medical Care. 

1357
01:06:20,400 --> 01:06:23,000
Consists mainly of hoping 
nothing goes seriously wrong 

1358
01:06:23,000 --> 01:06:25,700
because your options are limited
to whatever Herbal Remedies 

1359
01:06:25,700 --> 01:06:28,900
someone thought to bring along 
plus the time on a tradition of 

1360
01:06:28,900 --> 01:06:32,200
walking it off. 
Minor cuts are treated with 

1361
01:06:32,200 --> 01:06:33,800
whatever clean-ish cloth is 
available. 

1362
01:06:33,800 --> 01:06:37,300
While more serious injuries, 
require creative problem solving

1363
01:06:37,300 --> 01:06:41,900
and a lot of optimism The ships 
Rhythm dictate everything when 

1364
01:06:41,900 --> 01:06:45,500
the wind picks up, everyone not 
actively sailing tries to stay 

1365
01:06:45,500 --> 01:06:48,500
out of the way of the crew 
managing the sale and steering 

1366
01:06:48,500 --> 01:06:51,100
when it dies down. 
You might discover yourself 

1367
01:06:51,100 --> 01:06:53,800
grabbing an ore and contributing
to the collective effort of 

1368
01:06:53,808 --> 01:06:56,200
making the boat move forward 
through sheer muscle power. 

1369
01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:59,200
There's no such thing as a 
passenger on a viking. 

1370
01:06:59,200 --> 01:07:01,100
Longship. 
Everyone can contribute 

1371
01:07:01,100 --> 01:07:03,600
something. 
Even if it's just staying quiet 

1372
01:07:03,600 --> 01:07:07,100
while other people work, whether
become your constant Obsession, 

1373
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:10,800
you learn to read clouds. 
Like ancient scriptures watching

1374
01:07:10,800 --> 01:07:12,700
for signs of storms. 
That could turn your already 

1375
01:07:12,700 --> 01:07:15,100
uncomfortable journey into a 
genuinely life threatening 

1376
01:07:15,100 --> 01:07:18,800
situation. 
The ship handles rough Seas 

1377
01:07:18,800 --> 01:07:22,900
remarkably well but remarkably. 
Well still means getting thrown 

1378
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:25,300
around like laundry in a washing
machine, while trying to keep 

1379
01:07:25,300 --> 01:07:28,400
your meager possessions from 
disappearing overboard, living, 

1380
01:07:28,400 --> 01:07:31,300
in close quarters with 30, other
people, for months, at a time 

1381
01:07:31,308 --> 01:07:34,400
requires a delicate social 
balance, that would challenge 

1382
01:07:34,400 --> 01:07:36,500
even the most experienced 
Diplomat. 

1383
01:07:36,500 --> 01:07:40,500
Imagine your least favorite 
family reunion, except it, never

1384
01:07:40,500 --> 01:07:44,300
ends everyone's armed and 
there's nowhere to escape for a 

1385
01:07:44,300 --> 01:07:46,500
breather. 
The ship operates under a 

1386
01:07:46,500 --> 01:07:49,100
strict, but unspoken hierarchy 
that keeps things from 

1387
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:54,400
descending into complete chaos. 
Tin usually the ship's owner and

1388
01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:57,400
the one who organized this 
particular Adventure sits at the

1389
01:07:57,400 --> 01:08:00,600
top of the food chain. 
His word is law mainly because 

1390
01:08:00,600 --> 01:08:03,400
he's the one who knows how to 
navigate and everyone else would

1391
01:08:03,400 --> 01:08:06,200
prefer not to die. 
Horribly at sea below him, 

1392
01:08:06,200 --> 01:08:08,000
experienced Sailors and 
warriors. 

1393
01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:10,100
Command respect through 
competence. 

1394
01:08:10,100 --> 01:08:13,000
And the occasional display of 
superior arm wrestling ability. 

1395
01:08:14,300 --> 01:08:17,399
Your social standing aboard ship
depends on a complex, mix of 

1396
01:08:17,399 --> 01:08:21,500
factors, your fighting ability, 
your usefulness and sailing the 

1397
01:08:21,500 --> 01:08:23,899
ship how much you can 
contributed to funding the 

1398
01:08:23,899 --> 01:08:25,899
Expedition. 
And whether you've managed to 

1399
01:08:25,899 --> 01:08:29,899
annoy everyone within the first 
week, Respect gets earned 

1400
01:08:29,899 --> 01:08:33,100
through actions, not birth. 
though being related to someone 

1401
01:08:33,100 --> 01:08:36,700
important, certainly doesn't 
hurt your cause Conflict 

1402
01:08:36,700 --> 01:08:39,200
resolution happens through a 
combination of peer pressure, 

1403
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:42,399
practical necessity and the 
ever-present threat of being 

1404
01:08:42,399 --> 01:08:44,800
thrown overboard. 
Minor disputes. 

1405
01:08:44,800 --> 01:08:48,300
Get settled through negotiation,
major ones through combat and 

1406
01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:50,200
really serious problems through 
the captain's. 

1407
01:08:50,200 --> 01:08:54,300
Absolute Authority. 
Democracy has its place but not 

1408
01:08:54,300 --> 01:08:56,600
when you're trying to outrun a 
storm or navigate through 

1409
01:08:56,600 --> 01:09:00,200
unfamiliar Waters the ship 
develops its own culture within 

1410
01:09:00,200 --> 01:09:03,700
days of departure. 
Inside jokes emerge from shared 

1411
01:09:03,700 --> 01:09:06,200
misery. 
Nicknamed get assigned based on 

1412
01:09:06,200 --> 01:09:09,500
embarrassing incidents or 
distinctive habits and informal 

1413
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:11,399
rules. 
Develop about everything from 

1414
01:09:11,399 --> 01:09:14,899
who gets to sleep where to how 
long someone can spend at the 

1415
01:09:14,899 --> 01:09:16,399
ship's limited washing 
facilities. 

1416
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:20,300
These Unwritten laws become as 
important as any formal code of 

1417
01:09:20,300 --> 01:09:22,899
conduct. 
Storytelling serves as both 

1418
01:09:22,899 --> 01:09:26,700
entertainment and social glue 
during the long boring stretches

1419
01:09:26,700 --> 01:09:28,500
between exciting moments of 
Terror. 

1420
01:09:29,200 --> 01:09:31,100
The Vikings were Master 
storytellers. 

1421
01:09:31,100 --> 01:09:34,700
An evening's often featured 
elaborate Tales of heroic Deeds 

1422
01:09:34,700 --> 01:09:38,000
mythical creatures and 
Adventures both real and 

1423
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:40,800
imagined. 
These stories serve multiple 

1424
01:09:40,800 --> 01:09:44,500
purposes, they pass time, 
preserve cultural knowledge and 

1425
01:09:44,500 --> 01:09:47,300
provide a socially acceptable 
way for people to brag about 

1426
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:50,300
their accomplishments without 
seeming to obnoxious about it. 

1427
01:09:51,500 --> 01:09:54,900
Gambling provides another outlet
for social interaction and 

1428
01:09:54,900 --> 01:09:58,200
tension, release. 
Dice games, contests of 

1429
01:09:58,208 --> 01:10:00,900
strength, and betting on 
everything from weather patterns

1430
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:03,700
to Wildlife, sightings help. 
Break up the monotony. 

1431
01:10:04,600 --> 01:10:07,800
Vikings would bet on practically
anything, partly for 

1432
01:10:07,800 --> 01:10:11,000
entertainment and partly because
small Stakes competition helps, 

1433
01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:14,000
establish social dynamics 
without resorting to actual 

1434
01:10:14,000 --> 01:10:16,900
violence. 
Personal space becomes an 

1435
01:10:16,900 --> 01:10:20,400
negotiated commodity. 
Your designated sleeping spot is

1436
01:10:20,400 --> 01:10:23,400
sacred territory but everything 
else is open for communal. 

1437
01:10:23,400 --> 01:10:27,000
Use learning to respect others. 
Few possessions while protecting

1438
01:10:27,000 --> 01:10:29,800
your own requires diplomatic 
skills, that would impress 

1439
01:10:29,800 --> 01:10:32,400
modern United Nations, 
peacekeepers. 

1440
01:10:32,400 --> 01:10:35,300
The golden rule of board. 
Ship is simple. 

1441
01:10:35,300 --> 01:10:38,700
Don't mess with other people's 
stuff and they probably won't 

1442
01:10:38,700 --> 01:10:41,600
mess with yours food. 
Sharing follows, strict 

1443
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:45,900
protocols based on contribution.
Status, and practical necessity,

1444
01:10:45,900 --> 01:10:48,700
everyone eats from common stores
butt. 

1445
01:10:48,700 --> 01:10:51,300
Portion, sizes, and food 
quality, reflect your position 

1446
01:10:51,300 --> 01:10:54,500
in the ship's hierarchy. 
Captain eats better than the 

1447
01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:57,700
newest crew member, but everyone
gets fed, because a hungry crew.

1448
01:10:57,700 --> 01:10:59,200
Member is a dangerous crew 
member. 

1449
01:11:00,600 --> 01:11:03,900
Despite the cramped conditions, 
romance, occasionally blossoms 

1450
01:11:03,900 --> 01:11:06,900
will be it with considerable 
creativity and absolute 

1451
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:10,100
discretion. 
Most ships are all male Affairs 

1452
01:11:10,100 --> 01:11:14,200
but mixed Expeditions do happen.
Especially for trading voyages 

1453
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:17,500
or family, migrations, any 
romantic entanglements. 

1454
01:11:17,500 --> 01:11:20,500
Need to stay extremely low key 
to avoid disrupting ship 

1455
01:11:20,500 --> 01:11:23,700
Dynamics because jealousy and 
Close Quarters can turn deadly 

1456
01:11:23,700 --> 01:11:26,500
fast. 
The constant proximity means 

1457
01:11:26,500 --> 01:11:29,200
that everyone learned. 
Everyone else is habits both 

1458
01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:32,900
good and deeply annoying. 
You discover who snores, who 

1459
01:11:32,900 --> 01:11:36,500
talks in their sleep, who has 
digestive issues and who insists

1460
01:11:36,500 --> 01:11:39,200
on sharpening their weapons at 
dawn every single day. 

1461
01:11:40,200 --> 01:11:42,200
Tolerance, becomes a crucial 
survival skill. 

1462
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:45,600
Just as important as mastering 
not tying or reading the wind 

1463
01:11:45,600 --> 01:11:49,900
arguments, when they happen to 
escalate quickly in the confined

1464
01:11:49,900 --> 01:11:53,100
space, but they also resolved 
faster because there's literally

1465
01:11:53,100 --> 01:11:56,800
no where to go to nurse grudges,
you learn to apologize, quickly,

1466
01:11:56,800 --> 01:12:00,600
forgive readily and pick your 
battles cautiously because the 

1467
01:12:00,600 --> 01:12:03,500
person you're fighting with 
today, might be the one halling 

1468
01:12:03,500 --> 01:12:06,400
you back aboard tomorrow. 
When you fall overboard, finding

1469
01:12:06,400 --> 01:12:09,600
your way across thousands of 
miles of open ocean without GPS.

1470
01:12:09,600 --> 01:12:13,500
Compass or even accurate Maps 
requires skills that border on 

1471
01:12:13,500 --> 01:12:17,300
the supernatural. 
Viking Navigators called sea 

1472
01:12:17,300 --> 01:12:19,700
wise, for good reason. 
Relied on a combination of 

1473
01:12:19,700 --> 01:12:23,400
experience, observation and what
modern people might generously 

1474
01:12:23,400 --> 01:12:27,400
call educated guessing your 
Navigator watches everything. 

1475
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:31,700
The color and behavior of waves,
the direction of wind patterns, 

1476
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:35,900
the flight Paths of seabirds and
the position of stars when 

1477
01:12:35,900 --> 01:12:38,900
they're visible through the 
Perpetual cloud cover his 

1478
01:12:38,900 --> 01:12:41,000
memorized. 
The location of every Landmark 

1479
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:44,500
along familiar coasts and can 
estimate distance traveled by 

1480
01:12:44,500 --> 01:12:46,500
the feel of the ship's motion 
through the water. 

1481
01:12:47,300 --> 01:12:49,300
It's like being Guided by 
someone who's turned 

1482
01:12:49,300 --> 01:12:51,300
environmental awareness into a 
superpower. 

1483
01:12:52,100 --> 01:12:55,500
The sun Compass when you can see
the sun provides basic 

1484
01:12:55,500 --> 01:13:00,100
directional guidance. a Cloudy 
Skies which describe about 80% 

1485
01:13:00,100 --> 01:13:02,900
of your sailing time require 
more creative, navigation 

1486
01:13:02,900 --> 01:13:07,300
techniques, Your Navigator might
use a Sunstone a piece of ice 

1487
01:13:07,300 --> 01:13:10,100
slam Spa that can locate the 
sun's position even through 

1488
01:13:10,100 --> 01:13:12,500
heavy clouds by analyzing 
polarized light. 

1489
01:13:12,500 --> 01:13:17,000
That sounds like magic, an 
honestly, it is Predicting, the 

1490
01:13:17,000 --> 01:13:19,300
weather becomes crucial not just
for comfort. 

1491
01:13:20,400 --> 01:13:22,600
Storm clouds. 
Building on the horizon might 

1492
01:13:22,600 --> 01:13:25,100
give you a few hours warning to 
find shelter or prepare. 

1493
01:13:25,100 --> 01:13:27,600
For rough. 
Seas, your Navigator reads, 

1494
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:29,700
cloud, formations like other. 
People read newspapers, 

1495
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:34,600
interpreting subtle changes in 
color shape and movement to 

1496
01:13:34,600 --> 01:13:37,100
predict what's coming next. 
He's right. 

1497
01:13:37,100 --> 01:13:39,000
More often than modern 
meteorologists. 

1498
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:41,700
Mainly because his life depends 
on accuracy. 

1499
01:13:42,600 --> 01:13:46,200
Coastal navigation, relies 
heavily, on pilotage the art of 

1500
01:13:46,200 --> 01:13:50,100
recognizing specific landmarks 
watercolors and geographical 

1501
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:53,800
features, your Navigator has 
spent years memorizing, the 

1502
01:13:53,800 --> 01:13:56,700
appearance of coastlines, from 
specific distances and angles 

1503
01:13:56,700 --> 01:14:00,400
that distinctive Headland. 
The particular shade of green 

1504
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:03,700
water near a river, mouth all 
the way mountains line up in the

1505
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:06,400
distance, all serve as 
navigational signposts on the 

1506
01:14:06,400 --> 01:14:10,700
medieval Maritime Highway Open 
ocean navigation, challenges 

1507
01:14:10,700 --> 01:14:12,500
these skills to the upmost 
extent. 

1508
01:14:13,300 --> 01:14:16,000
Without land references, your 
Navigator estimates position 

1509
01:14:16,000 --> 01:14:18,800
through dead. 
Reckoning calculating distance 

1510
01:14:18,800 --> 01:14:21,100
and Direction, traveled from a 
known starting point. 

1511
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:25,500
It requires constant attention 
to speed, wind direction, and 

1512
01:14:25,500 --> 01:14:27,800
the subtle clues that indicate 
current and drift. 

1513
01:14:28,800 --> 01:14:32,200
One smaller in calculation 
compounded over days or weeks 

1514
01:14:32,200 --> 01:14:34,900
can leave you hundreds of miles 
from where you think, you are 

1515
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:38,900
the ships shallow draft, while 
uncomfortable for passengers 

1516
01:14:38,900 --> 01:14:41,500
provides crucial navigational 
advantages. 

1517
01:14:41,500 --> 01:14:44,200
You can sail in waters to 
shallow for. 

1518
01:14:44,200 --> 01:14:47,300
Most other vessels follow 
coastlines closely and pull up 

1519
01:14:47,300 --> 01:14:51,200
on beaches for overnight stops. 
This ability to hug the shore 

1520
01:14:51,200 --> 01:14:54,000
whenever possible. 
Reduces the need for Pure open 

1521
01:14:54,000 --> 01:14:57,500
ocean navigation, and provides 
regular opportunities to correct

1522
01:14:57,500 --> 01:15:01,800
course using familiar landmarks.
Sea conditions, tell experienced

1523
01:15:01,800 --> 01:15:05,400
Sailors, volumes about location,
and weather patterns the size 

1524
01:15:05,400 --> 01:15:09,200
spacing and direction of waves 
indicate proximity to land depth

1525
01:15:09,200 --> 01:15:11,500
of water and approaching weather
systems. 

1526
01:15:11,500 --> 01:15:15,000
Your Navigator can estimate 
distance from Shore by observing

1527
01:15:15,000 --> 01:15:19,200
how waves behave, larger swells 
suggest deep water and distance 

1528
01:15:19,200 --> 01:15:21,700
from Land. 
While shorter choppier waves 

1529
01:15:21,700 --> 01:15:25,500
often indicate shallow areas or 
nearby coastlines, Wildlife 

1530
01:15:25,500 --> 01:15:27,200
serves as another navigational 
tool. 

1531
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:31,300
Certain seabirds range only 
specific distances from Shore. 

1532
01:15:31,300 --> 01:15:34,800
So, spotting particular, species
tells you roughly how far you 

1533
01:15:34,800 --> 01:15:37,700
are from land. 
The direction birds fly in the 

1534
01:15:37,708 --> 01:15:40,400
evening often points toward 
their nesting areas on Shore, 

1535
01:15:40,400 --> 01:15:43,300
even floating debris provides 
Clues. 

1536
01:15:43,300 --> 01:15:47,100
Freshly broken branches suggest 
proximity to rivers or storm 

1537
01:15:47,100 --> 01:15:50,400
damaged coastlines, time 
measurement, relies on natural 

1538
01:15:50,400 --> 01:15:53,100
rhythms. 
Rather than clocks the Navigator

1539
01:15:53,100 --> 01:15:56,900
tracks Days by sunset and 
sunrise estimates hours by the 

1540
01:15:56,900 --> 01:16:00,400
sun's position, when visible and
gauges travel time by familiar, 

1541
01:16:00,400 --> 01:16:03,600
reference points when following 
known routes, it's imprecise by 

1542
01:16:03,600 --> 01:16:06,600
modern standards, but adequate 
for navigation, that focuses 

1543
01:16:06,600 --> 01:16:10,300
more on reaching general areas 
than specific coordinates, when 

1544
01:16:10,300 --> 01:16:13,000
everything goes wrong. 
Storms, blow you off course, 

1545
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:16,400
clouds obscure Celestial 
navigation AIDS and you lose 

1546
01:16:16,400 --> 01:16:19,000
track of your position. 
Survival depends on The 

1547
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:21,200
Navigators ability to make 
educated guesses. 

1548
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:23,700
Congratulations work, back 
toward known Waters. 

1549
01:16:23,700 --> 01:16:26,900
Your tasks might involve 
following bird flight patterns 

1550
01:16:26,900 --> 01:16:29,900
toward Land watching for changes
in watercolor. 

1551
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:33,100
That indicate shallow areas or 
simply maintaining consistent 

1552
01:16:33,100 --> 01:16:36,100
Direction until you encounter 
recognize multiple coastline. 

1553
01:16:36,700 --> 01:16:39,400
The psychological pressure on 
Navigators is enormous, 

1554
01:16:39,400 --> 01:16:43,300
everyone's life depends on their
expertise, and there's no backup

1555
01:16:43,300 --> 01:16:45,200
system if they make serious 
errors. 

1556
01:16:46,300 --> 01:16:49,300
Most Navigators train for 
decades before attempting major 

1557
01:16:49,300 --> 01:16:52,200
voyages, learning their craft 
through apprenticeship with 

1558
01:16:52,200 --> 01:16:55,200
experienced c-wise captains, who
passed down knowledge 

1559
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:58,000
accumulated over generations of 
Maritime exploration. 

1560
01:16:58,000 --> 01:17:02,100
The common perception of Vikings
as mindless barbarians, ravaging

1561
01:17:02,100 --> 01:17:04,500
Europe overlooks. 
The fact that they were among 

1562
01:17:04,500 --> 01:17:07,400
the most sophisticated Traders, 
and entrepreneurs of their era, 

1563
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:11,100
your longship serves as both 
transportation and a mobile 

1564
01:17:11,100 --> 01:17:14,500
Warehouse carrying goods. 
That will be traded sold or 

1565
01:17:14,500 --> 01:17:18,100
occasionally acquired through 
less diplomatic means across a 

1566
01:17:18,100 --> 01:17:20,800
commercial network spanning from
Greenland to Constantinople. 

1567
01:17:22,000 --> 01:17:24,900
Trade goods packed into every 
available inch of ship space 

1568
01:17:24,900 --> 01:17:27,000
represent months of planning and
investment. 

1569
01:17:28,000 --> 01:17:31,500
Amber from the Baltic Coast. 
Walrus ivory from the Arctic 

1570
01:17:31,500 --> 01:17:36,500
Silver from Arabic coins iron 
weapons and tools fur from 

1571
01:17:36,500 --> 01:17:40,300
northern animals and slaves, 
captured in raid, all Joel for 

1572
01:17:40,300 --> 01:17:43,300
storage space, with your 
personal belongings, the ship 

1573
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:46,200
resembles, a floating department
store, specializing in luxury 

1574
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:49,500
goods and human misery. 
Your trading Expeditions follow 

1575
01:17:49,500 --> 01:17:52,800
established routes connecting, 
Scandinavia with the rest of the

1576
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:55,400
Medieval World. 
The Eastern route takes you 

1577
01:17:55,400 --> 01:17:58,500
down, Russian rivers to 
Constantinople and the Byzantine

1578
01:17:58,500 --> 01:18:02,300
empire were Nordic Amber and 
furs are exchanged for silk 

1579
01:18:02,300 --> 01:18:06,900
spices and Byzantine goal. 
The Western route leads to 

1580
01:18:06,900 --> 01:18:10,700
Britain, Ireland and France. 
Where Viking Goods meet Roman 

1581
01:18:10,700 --> 01:18:14,400
influenced markets hungry for 
Northern Specialties, each route

1582
01:18:14,400 --> 01:18:18,000
requires different Navigation, 
skills, trade, languages and 

1583
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:22,600
diplomatic approaches. raiding, 
despite its dramatic reputation 

1584
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:25,600
often serves as just another 
form of aggressive business, 

1585
01:18:25,600 --> 01:18:30,500
negotiation, Many raids actually
begin as trading Expeditions 

1586
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:33,500
that turn violent, when 
negotiations break down, or when

1587
01:18:33,508 --> 01:18:36,700
the Vikings realized, they can 
take what they want, more easily

1588
01:18:36,700 --> 01:18:39,600
than they can buy it. 
The line between Trader and 

1589
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:43,300
Raider shifts depending on 
circumstances opportunity and 

1590
01:18:43,300 --> 01:18:45,400
the relative strength of 
potential trading partners. 

1591
01:18:46,400 --> 01:18:48,300
The economics of Viking 
Expeditions. 

1592
01:18:48,300 --> 01:18:52,800
Require careful calculation of 
risks and rewards ship's crew, 

1593
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:56,100
provisions and trade, goods. 
Represent significant up front 

1594
01:18:56,100 --> 01:18:59,400
investment, often requires 
multiple investors pooling 

1595
01:18:59,400 --> 01:19:03,200
resources for major expeditions.
Profits get divided, according 

1596
01:19:03,200 --> 01:19:06,500
to complex formulas, based on 
investment participation and 

1597
01:19:06,500 --> 01:19:09,200
predetermined agreements that 
would impress and modern Venture

1598
01:19:09,200 --> 01:19:12,900
capitalists your crew includes 
specialists in various forms of 

1599
01:19:12,900 --> 01:19:15,400
Commerce. 
Beyond Simple muscle, powered 

1600
01:19:15,400 --> 01:19:18,000
intimidation. 
Some members speak, multiple 

1601
01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:19,900
languages and understand foreign
Customs. 

1602
01:19:19,900 --> 01:19:23,400
Others have expertise in 
evaluating precious metals and 

1603
01:19:23,400 --> 01:19:27,100
trade goods and a few possessed.
The Diplomatic skills necessary 

1604
01:19:27,100 --> 01:19:29,800
for negotiating with foreign 
merchants and local rulers. 

1605
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:33,900
Successful Viking Expeditions 
require as much business Acumen 

1606
01:19:33,900 --> 01:19:37,000
as martial prowess. 
Markets and foreign ports 

1607
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:39,600
operate, according to local 
Customs, that your crew has 

1608
01:19:39,600 --> 01:19:42,400
learned through experience and 
cultural Exchange. 

1609
01:19:43,100 --> 01:19:46,800
Understanding religious taboos 
social hierarchies and seasonal 

1610
01:19:46,800 --> 01:19:49,100
trading patterns makes the 
difference between profitable 

1611
01:19:49,100 --> 01:19:51,200
Commerce and diplomatic 
disasters. 

1612
01:19:51,200 --> 01:19:55,700
Viking's develop remarkable 
cultural adaptability adjusting 

1613
01:19:55,700 --> 01:19:57,900
their approach based on whether 
they are dealing with Christian 

1614
01:19:57,900 --> 01:20:01,400
monasteries Islamic merchants or
Pagan tribal leaders. 

1615
01:20:02,200 --> 01:20:04,900
Currency varies dramatically 
across your trading Network 

1616
01:20:04,900 --> 01:20:08,400
Arabic, silver coins, circulate,
widely, and provide, a 

1617
01:20:08,400 --> 01:20:10,100
relatively stable, medium of 
Exchange. 

1618
01:20:11,000 --> 01:20:14,400
But many transactions rely on 
barter systems where goods are 

1619
01:20:14,400 --> 01:20:15,900
exchanged directly for other 
Goods. 

1620
01:20:16,800 --> 01:20:20,600
Your Navigator might trade Amber
for silk in Constantinople then 

1621
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:24,100
exchange that Silk facility in 
Kiev then convert silver into 

1622
01:20:24,100 --> 01:20:27,600
iron tools in Norway. 
Its medieval international 

1623
01:20:27,600 --> 01:20:31,500
finance at its most complex. 
Slave trading, unfortunately 

1624
01:20:31,500 --> 01:20:33,800
represents a major component of 
Viking. 

1625
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:37,200
Commerce captives taken in 
raids, become valuable trade 

1626
01:20:37,200 --> 01:20:40,400
goods, especially in markets, 
where labor shortages, create 

1627
01:20:40,400 --> 01:20:43,800
demand for workers. 
The Vikings Geographic position 

1628
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:45,900
between slave producing regions 
and labor. 

1629
01:20:45,900 --> 01:20:48,800
Hungry markets makes them 
natural middle men in this 

1630
01:20:48,800 --> 01:20:52,700
horrific but economically 
important trade, quality control

1631
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:55,100
becomes crucial when your 
reputation affects future 

1632
01:20:55,100 --> 01:20:59,700
trading opportunities, diluted 
silver, inferior, weapons or 

1633
01:20:59,700 --> 01:21:02,400
slaves, who die in transport 
damaged relationships with 

1634
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:05,300
trading partners, and reduced 
profitability of future 

1635
01:21:05,300 --> 01:21:08,500
expeditions. 
Successful Viking, Merchants 

1636
01:21:08,500 --> 01:21:12,000
maintain quality standards, not 
because of altruism but because 

1637
01:21:12,000 --> 01:21:14,200
repeat business requires 
satisfied customers. 

1638
01:21:15,300 --> 01:21:18,400
Competition comes from other 
Viking Crews local, merchants 

1639
01:21:18,400 --> 01:21:21,400
and established trading. 
Networks that predate Viking 

1640
01:21:21,400 --> 01:21:24,500
involvement. 
Success requires finding Market,

1641
01:21:24,500 --> 01:21:28,000
niches, developing reliable, 
Supply, chains and building 

1642
01:21:28,000 --> 01:21:30,000
relationships with key trading 
partners. 

1643
01:21:30,900 --> 01:21:33,600
Some Viking specialize in 
particular routes or Goods 

1644
01:21:33,600 --> 01:21:37,000
becoming known for specific 
expertise, that commands premium

1645
01:21:37,000 --> 01:21:39,900
prices. 
Whether a navigation delays, can

1646
01:21:39,900 --> 01:21:43,000
destroy profit margins by 
missing seasonal markets or 

1647
01:21:43,000 --> 01:21:45,300
arriving after competitors of 
saturated demand. 

1648
01:21:46,200 --> 01:21:48,600
Your trading Expedition operates
on tight schedules. 

1649
01:21:48,600 --> 01:21:52,100
Dictated by sailing Seasons 
Market cycles and religious 

1650
01:21:52,100 --> 01:21:54,100
festivals that affect local 
Commerce. 

1651
01:21:54,900 --> 01:21:57,600
Timing becomes as important as 
the quality of goods, being 

1652
01:21:57,600 --> 01:22:01,100
traded investment 
diversification, spreads risk, 

1653
01:22:01,100 --> 01:22:04,700
across multiple Expeditions, and
trade goods, wealthy Vikings. 

1654
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:07,300
Rarely put all their resources 
into single Ventures. 

1655
01:22:07,300 --> 01:22:10,400
Instead participating in 
multiple Expeditions with 

1656
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:12,300
different destinations and 
objectives. 

1657
01:22:13,100 --> 01:22:15,900
Its medieval portfolio 
management designed to maximize 

1658
01:22:15,900 --> 01:22:19,000
returns while minimizing the 
chance of total Financial ruin 

1659
01:22:19,000 --> 01:22:22,700
life aboard a viking longship. 
Reduces existence to its most 

1660
01:22:22,700 --> 01:22:26,900
basic elements, staying warm, 
staying fed, staying dry, and 

1661
01:22:26,900 --> 01:22:29,600
staying alive. 
The small victories that 

1662
01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:32,700
punctuate your journey. 
A successful fishing Expedition 

1663
01:22:32,700 --> 01:22:36,100
a day of favorable, wind or 
simply waking up without 

1664
01:22:36,100 --> 01:22:39,400
someone's foot in your face. 
Become Monumental celebrations 

1665
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:41,500
in the context of your floating 
hardship. 

1666
01:22:42,300 --> 01:22:45,200
Fishing provides both food and 
entertainment during the long 

1667
01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:49,100
stretches of Ocean Travel lines,
trail behind the ship constantly

1668
01:22:49,100 --> 01:22:52,000
tended by whoever isn't actively
sailing or rowing. 

1669
01:22:52,800 --> 01:22:54,900
Catching. 
Fish means, fresh protein to 

1670
01:22:54,900 --> 01:22:57,000
supplement. 
The monotonous diet of preserved

1671
01:22:57,000 --> 01:22:58,800
Foods. 
Plus the excitement of 

1672
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:02,500
successfully outwitting secrets 
with medieval technology the 

1673
01:23:02,500 --> 01:23:05,100
entire crew. 
Celebrates from someone lands, a

1674
01:23:05,100 --> 01:23:08,100
particularly large specimen, not
just because it means better 

1675
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:11,600
eating, but because it breaks 
the TDM of another identical day

1676
01:23:11,600 --> 01:23:15,300
at sea, Cooking happens over a 
small fire contained. 

1677
01:23:15,300 --> 01:23:19,100
In a sand-filled metal box, the 
ship's kitchen, dining room, and

1678
01:23:19,100 --> 01:23:22,100
social Center. 
All rolled into one cramped, 

1679
01:23:22,100 --> 01:23:26,300
Smoky space. 
The fire provides warmth light 

1680
01:23:26,300 --> 01:23:30,500
and the ability to prepare hot 
food, making it arguably the 

1681
01:23:30,500 --> 01:23:33,000
most important feature of the 
ship, besides the hull itself. 

1682
01:23:33,900 --> 01:23:36,600
Keeping the fire going in. 
Rough weather requires constant 

1683
01:23:36,600 --> 01:23:40,900
attention and no small amount of
skill, since a stray wave or 

1684
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:43,700
sudden gust of wind can 
extinguish your only source of 

1685
01:23:43,700 --> 01:23:47,100
cooked food and warmth. 
Water collection becomes an 

1686
01:23:47,100 --> 01:23:49,300
obsession. 
During rainy weather, every 

1687
01:23:49,300 --> 01:23:52,300
available container gets pressed
into service to catch precious, 

1688
01:23:52,300 --> 01:23:55,500
freshwater from cooking pots to 
empty helmets. 

1689
01:23:55,500 --> 01:23:58,500
You learned to position 
containers strategically to 

1690
01:23:58,500 --> 01:24:01,500
catch runoff from the sale and 
everyone develops an almost 

1691
01:24:01,500 --> 01:24:04,800
Supernatural ability to wake up 
when rain starts falling, no 

1692
01:24:04,800 --> 01:24:08,400
matter how exhausted they are. 
Fresh water tastes like the most

1693
01:24:08,400 --> 01:24:11,900
luxurious ever created. 
When you've been rationing stale

1694
01:24:11,900 --> 01:24:15,200
barrel water for weeks, 
entertainment, relies heavily on

1695
01:24:15,200 --> 01:24:19,500
human creativity and social 
interaction riddles, word games,

1696
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:23,000
and contests of memory help pass
time during calm weather. 

1697
01:24:23,700 --> 01:24:27,600
Physical competitions, arm 
wrestling balancing contests or 

1698
01:24:27,600 --> 01:24:31,100
games of skill with weapons, 
provide excitement and help 

1699
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:35,100
maintain fighting Fitness. 
Music when someone has brought 

1700
01:24:35,100 --> 01:24:38,200
along an instrument transforms 
evening, Gatherings into 

1701
01:24:38,200 --> 01:24:40,000
something approaching 
civilization. 

1702
01:24:40,700 --> 01:24:43,600
Maintenance tasks occupy much of
the cruise attention during 

1703
01:24:43,600 --> 01:24:46,800
daylight hours. 
The ship requires constant care 

1704
01:24:46,800 --> 01:24:51,000
bailing water that seeps through
the hull adjusting rigging and 

1705
01:24:51,000 --> 01:24:53,900
repairing equipment, damaged by 
salt, spray and constant use 

1706
01:24:53,900 --> 01:24:58,200
these tasks provide structure to
otherwise formless days and give

1707
01:24:58,200 --> 01:24:59,700
everyone something productive to
do. 

1708
01:25:00,600 --> 01:25:03,400
The ship becomes like a needy 
pet, that requires constant 

1709
01:25:03,400 --> 01:25:06,700
attention to keep it healthy and
functional personal rituals and 

1710
01:25:06,700 --> 01:25:09,600
superstitions developed to cope 
with the psychological stress of

1711
01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:13,100
prolonged, Ocean Travel. some 
crew members develop a labor at 

1712
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:16,700
morning routines, others, create
personal ceremonies around meals

1713
01:25:16,700 --> 01:25:20,200
or navigation checks these 
behaviors while sometimes 

1714
01:25:20,200 --> 01:25:23,100
appearing irrational, provide 
cycle of anchors in an 

1715
01:25:23,100 --> 01:25:26,300
environment where every day 
Blends into the next sleep 

1716
01:25:26,300 --> 01:25:27,900
becomes both escape and 
challenge. 

1717
01:25:28,600 --> 01:25:31,800
Despite cramped conditions and 
constant motion exhaustion, 

1718
01:25:31,800 --> 01:25:34,500
enables sleep, but regular 
interruptions from whether 

1719
01:25:34,500 --> 01:25:37,900
changes navigation emergencies 
or natural calls interrupt rest.

1720
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:41,000
You learn to fall asleep, 
quickly, when opportunity 

1721
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:44,400
presents itself and to function 
effectively on fragmented, sleep

1722
01:25:44,400 --> 01:25:46,400
patterns, that would leave 
modern people completely 

1723
01:25:46,400 --> 01:25:49,900
dysfunctional. 
Whether protection requires 

1724
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:53,600
constant adaptation and 
creativity. your clothing layers

1725
01:25:53,600 --> 01:25:56,800
are adjusted throughout the day 
as conditions, change adding 

1726
01:25:56,800 --> 01:25:59,900
garments, when wind picks up, 
removing them when physical 

1727
01:25:59,900 --> 01:26:03,400
work, generates heat and 
rearranging everything when rain

1728
01:26:03,400 --> 01:26:06,800
starts falling Staying 
reasonably dry and warm becomes 

1729
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:09,900
a full-time occupation that 
requires as much attention as 

1730
01:26:09,900 --> 01:26:13,700
any other survival skill. 
Small luxuries take on enormous 

1731
01:26:13,700 --> 01:26:17,100
psychological importance, a 
piece of preserved fruit, the 

1732
01:26:17,100 --> 01:26:20,100
drink of wine or even a few 
minutes of privacy become 

1733
01:26:20,100 --> 01:26:22,500
treasured experience. 
Is that provide disproportionate

1734
01:26:22,500 --> 01:26:25,900
happiness, you learn to save a 
tiny Pleasures because they 

1735
01:26:25,900 --> 01:26:27,700
represent the only breaks from 
otherwise. 

1736
01:26:27,700 --> 01:26:31,600
Relentlessly Austrian existence,
social bonds strengthened 

1737
01:26:31,600 --> 01:26:34,000
through shared hardship and 
mutual dependence. 

1738
01:26:34,700 --> 01:26:36,900
The people you might have 
ignored or disliked on land 

1739
01:26:36,900 --> 01:26:39,600
become crucial allies in the 
struggle for daily survival. 

1740
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:43,200
Helping someone prepare their 
gear share sharing food during 

1741
01:26:43,200 --> 01:26:46,100
shortages or simply providing 
companionship during 

1742
01:26:46,100 --> 01:26:48,100
particularly difficult. 
Whether creates relationships 

1743
01:26:48,100 --> 01:26:52,900
that last long, after the voyage
ends negotiation, traditional 

1744
01:26:52,900 --> 01:26:57,100
Force resolve, territorial 
disputes over sleeping, Space 

1745
01:26:57,100 --> 01:26:59,900
storage areas and access to the 
fire. 

1746
01:27:00,700 --> 01:27:03,700
Your personal space shrinks to 
whatever you can physically 

1747
01:27:03,700 --> 01:27:07,400
defend but everyone understands 
the necessity of respecting 

1748
01:27:07,400 --> 01:27:09,200
others. 
Minimal claims to shipboard, 

1749
01:27:09,200 --> 01:27:13,100
real estate violating, these 
unspoken agreements threatens. 

1750
01:27:13,100 --> 01:27:16,300
The social fabric that keeps the
entire Enterprise functional. 

1751
01:27:16,300 --> 01:27:20,200
The site of familiar Coastline 
after months at Sea triggers, 

1752
01:27:20,200 --> 01:27:23,500
emotions, that land, lubbers 
struggled to understand your 

1753
01:27:23,500 --> 01:27:25,400
home Shores. 
Previously, taken for granted 

1754
01:27:25,400 --> 01:27:28,900
now appear as the most beautiful
landscape ever created. 

1755
01:27:29,600 --> 01:27:32,700
The simple Prospect of sleeping 
on Solid Ground eating fresh 

1756
01:27:32,700 --> 01:27:36,300
food and enjoying privacy 
becomes almost over in its 

1757
01:27:36,300 --> 01:27:38,900
appeal. 
Landfall requires careful 

1758
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:41,600
planning and execution your 
shallow draft. 

1759
01:27:41,600 --> 01:27:45,000
Longship can be almost anywhere 
but choosing the right spot. 

1760
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:48,600
Involves considering Tides. 
Whether local politics and the 

1761
01:27:48,608 --> 01:27:50,100
condition of your crew and 
cargo. 

1762
01:27:51,000 --> 01:27:54,200
A successful Landing represents 
the culmination of months of 

1763
01:27:54,200 --> 01:27:58,100
navigation, survival and 
teamwork but it's all. 

1764
01:27:58,100 --> 01:28:01,300
So when many Expeditions face, 
their greatest risks from local 

1765
01:28:01,300 --> 01:28:05,700
authorities or competing Viking 
groups, Unloading transforms the

1766
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:09,600
ship from a cramped living space
back in to a cargo vessel trade 

1767
01:28:09,600 --> 01:28:10,600
goods. 
That have been carefully 

1768
01:28:10,600 --> 01:28:12,100
protected throughout the 
journey. 

1769
01:28:12,100 --> 01:28:15,500
Now get evaluated sorted and 
prepared for local markets. 

1770
01:28:15,500 --> 01:28:19,000
The Amber that seemed so 
precious during storms now faces

1771
01:28:19,000 --> 01:28:22,200
the harsh reality of market 
prices and trading negotiations.

1772
01:28:22,200 --> 01:28:26,100
Some Goods may have deteriorated
during the voyage turning 

1773
01:28:26,100 --> 01:28:29,900
expected profits into 
disappointing losses. your crew 

1774
01:28:29,900 --> 01:28:32,000
disperses according to 
predetermined agreements and 

1775
01:28:32,000 --> 01:28:35,700
personal relationships developed
during the voyage, Some members 

1776
01:28:35,700 --> 01:28:38,600
came aboard as Hired Hands and 
departed with their wages. 

1777
01:28:38,600 --> 01:28:41,900
Others invested in the 
Expedition and await their share

1778
01:28:41,900 --> 01:28:44,900
of profits and a few have become
close companions who will 

1779
01:28:44,900 --> 01:28:47,400
maintain relationships long 
after the ship returns to 

1780
01:28:47,408 --> 01:28:50,000
Harbor. 
The social bonds forged in 

1781
01:28:50,008 --> 01:28:52,800
hardship, often proved more 
valuable than the material, 

1782
01:28:52,800 --> 01:28:57,200
gains from trade reintegration 
into land-based society requires

1783
01:28:57,200 --> 01:29:00,300
psychological adjustment. 
Almost a significant as the 

1784
01:29:00,300 --> 01:29:04,100
original departure months of 
communal, living shared 

1785
01:29:04,100 --> 01:29:07,700
hardship, and constant motion. 
Leave you changed in ways that 

1786
01:29:07,700 --> 01:29:09,800
become apparent. 
Only when you try to resume 

1787
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:13,400
normal life, your tolerance for 
petty complaints and minoring. 

1788
01:29:13,400 --> 01:29:17,000
Convenience's as increased 
dramatically while your patience

1789
01:29:17,000 --> 01:29:19,100
for people who haven't 
experienced real hardship may 

1790
01:29:19,100 --> 01:29:22,500
have decreased proportionally. 
Stories from your Voyage become 

1791
01:29:22,500 --> 01:29:24,700
valuable social currency in your
home Community. 

1792
01:29:24,700 --> 01:29:28,300
Tales of storms, you survived 
strange lands. 

1793
01:29:28,300 --> 01:29:31,000
You've visited and dangers. 
You overcame entertain 

1794
01:29:31,000 --> 01:29:33,800
audience's and establish your 
reputation as someone who is 

1795
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:35,200
seen the world beyond the 
familiar. 

1796
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,900
Repetition refines these 
stories, gradually transforming 

1797
01:29:39,900 --> 01:29:42,900
them from raw experience and to 
polishing narrative, that may 

1798
01:29:42,900 --> 01:29:45,200
bear only a passing resemblance 
to actual events. 

1799
01:29:46,100 --> 01:29:50,000
Practical skills learned aboard 
ship, navigation seamanship, 

1800
01:29:50,000 --> 01:29:53,600
trading, combat and survival. 
Make you more valuable to your 

1801
01:29:53,608 --> 01:29:56,400
community and more attractive 
for future Expeditions. 

1802
01:29:56,400 --> 01:30:00,100
Knowledge of foreign languages 
customs and market conditions 

1803
01:30:00,100 --> 01:30:03,400
required during your travels 
opens opportunities for 

1804
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:06,300
employment with other 
Expeditions or local Merchants 

1805
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:10,300
engaged in Long Distance trade. 
Physical changes from months of 

1806
01:30:10,300 --> 01:30:12,700
difficult, living become visible
to friends and family. 

1807
01:30:13,400 --> 01:30:16,800
Your hands are more calloused, 
your face more weathered in your

1808
01:30:16,808 --> 01:30:19,600
body adapted to the physical 
demands of Life at sea. 

1809
01:30:20,500 --> 01:30:23,600
These changes serve as permanent
reminders of your journey and 

1810
01:30:23,600 --> 01:30:26,300
Mark, you as someone who is 
endured what many people cannot 

1811
01:30:26,300 --> 01:30:28,600
imagine attempting find 
Financial outcomes. 

1812
01:30:28,600 --> 01:30:32,000
Vary dramatically depending on 
the expedition's, success, your 

1813
01:30:32,000 --> 01:30:35,100
initial investment and market 
conditions at Journey's End. 

1814
01:30:35,900 --> 01:30:39,000
Some crew members return wealthy
enough to buy Farms or ships of 

1815
01:30:39,000 --> 01:30:42,100
their own others. 
Barely cover their expenses and 

1816
01:30:42,100 --> 01:30:44,400
a few face Financial ruin. 
If the voyage encounters, 

1817
01:30:44,400 --> 01:30:47,300
serious problems, the Viking 
economy rewards. 

1818
01:30:47,300 --> 01:30:49,900
Success handsomely, but punishes
failure harshly. 

1819
01:30:50,600 --> 01:30:53,500
Planning for future Expeditions 
often begins before the current 

1820
01:30:53,500 --> 01:30:57,000
Voyage is completely finished 
successful trips generate demand

1821
01:30:57,000 --> 01:30:59,600
for repeat Journeys. 
While Lessons Learned suggest 

1822
01:30:59,600 --> 01:31:02,800
improvements for next time. 
The ship requires maintenance 

1823
01:31:02,800 --> 01:31:06,100
and modifications crew members 
need replacement or Recruitment 

1824
01:31:06,100 --> 01:31:08,500
and trade goods. 
Must be selected based on 

1825
01:31:08,500 --> 01:31:12,300
experience with foreign markets,
your transformed perspective on 

1826
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:16,000
risk, comfort and Human 
Relationships, affects decisions

1827
01:31:16,000 --> 01:31:19,100
about future Life Choices. 
Some people observe that 

1828
01:31:19,100 --> 01:31:22,100
land-based existence feels 
limiting After experiencing the 

1829
01:31:22,100 --> 01:31:25,500
freedom and intensity of Ocean 
Travel While others discover 

1830
01:31:25,500 --> 01:31:27,800
that one. 
Major Expedition, satisfies 

1831
01:31:27,800 --> 01:31:29,600
their desire for adventure 
permanently. 

1832
01:31:30,800 --> 01:31:34,200
The Voyage changes, everyone but
not always in predictable 

1833
01:31:34,200 --> 01:31:37,600
Direction. 
The cycle of departure journey 

1834
01:31:37,600 --> 01:31:41,100
and return that defines Viking, 
Expeditions reflects larger 

1835
01:31:41,100 --> 01:31:45,100
patterns in medieval life where 
travel was dangerous expensive 

1836
01:31:45,100 --> 01:31:48,600
and transformative. 
Your months aboard, the longship

1837
01:31:48,600 --> 01:31:51,900
represent, not just a business 
venture or Adventure, but a rite

1838
01:31:51,900 --> 01:31:54,900
of passage that separates those 
who dream about distant places 

1839
01:31:54,900 --> 01:31:58,800
from those who have actually 
seen them years later when the 

1840
01:31:58,800 --> 01:32:00,500
pain is gone. 
And the prophets are spent. 

1841
01:32:00,500 --> 01:32:03,000
All that remains, is the 
knowledge that you succeeded in.

1842
01:32:03,000 --> 01:32:06,300
One of the hardest Endeavors of 
your time, you crossed vast 

1843
01:32:06,300 --> 01:32:09,500
Ocean's in a wooden ship 
survived storms, that could have

1844
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:13,200
killed you traded with foreign 
people's in distant lands and 

1845
01:32:13,200 --> 01:32:17,200
returned home to tell the tale. 
in a time when the majority of 

1846
01:32:17,200 --> 01:32:19,600
people rarely Venture more than 
a few miles from their 

1847
01:32:19,600 --> 01:32:23,300
birthplace, this accomplishment 
alone distinguishes you as a 

1848
01:32:23,300 --> 01:32:26,700
unique individual, someone who 
chose the extraordinary over the

1849
01:32:26,708 --> 01:32:35,200
ordinary and persevere tissue, 
You know, that neighbor who 

1850
01:32:35,200 --> 01:32:36,600
always seems to have everything 
together. 

1851
01:32:37,500 --> 01:32:41,000
Despite having a Perfect Lawn, a
shiny car and kids who seem to 

1852
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:43,500
never fight. 
They still managed to find time 

1853
01:32:43,500 --> 01:32:45,200
to bake cookies for the entire 
neighborhood. 

1854
01:32:46,100 --> 01:32:49,600
Then one day as you drive, by 
you notice a for sale. 

1855
01:32:49,608 --> 01:32:52,800
Sign on the lawn weeds emerging 
through the cracks in the 

1856
01:32:52,800 --> 01:32:58,600
driveway, you find yourself 
thinking what transpired Ancient

1857
01:32:58,600 --> 01:33:01,700
empires were a lot like that 
neighbor from the outside. 

1858
01:33:01,700 --> 01:33:05,100
Everything looked magnificent, 
sprawling cities, impressive, 

1859
01:33:05,100 --> 01:33:07,900
armies and trade routes 
stretching across continents. 

1860
01:33:08,600 --> 01:33:11,700
But underneath all that marble 
and Military might the same 

1861
01:33:11,700 --> 01:33:14,300
kinds of problems were quietly 
eating away at the foundation 

1862
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:16,800
that eventually brings down any 
household. 

1863
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:19,900
Just on a scale that would make 
your mortgage broker weep. 

1864
01:33:20,600 --> 01:33:24,000
The thing about empire collapse 
is that its never really sudden.

1865
01:33:24,800 --> 01:33:26,400
Despite what the history books 
might tell you. 

1866
01:33:26,400 --> 01:33:29,600
It's more like watching your 
favorite sweater slowly unravel.

1867
01:33:29,600 --> 01:33:33,500
One observes a loose thread 
here, a small hole there, yet 

1868
01:33:33,500 --> 01:33:37,100
one continues to wear it because
after all it remains largely 

1869
01:33:37,100 --> 01:33:41,600
functional as a sweater until 
one day you donate and your arm 

1870
01:33:41,600 --> 01:33:45,600
passes through what was once a 
sleeve One day, you put it on 

1871
01:33:45,600 --> 01:33:48,500
and your arm pierces through 
what was once a sleeve? 

1872
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:52,300
Take the Western Roman Empire. 
For instance, everyone talks 

1873
01:33:52,300 --> 01:33:55,400
about how it fell informed 76 
CE. 

1874
01:33:55,400 --> 01:33:57,700
But that's like saying your 
marriage ended the day, you 

1875
01:33:57,708 --> 01:34:01,500
signed the divorce papers The 
real breakdown had been 

1876
01:34:01,500 --> 01:34:05,200
happening for decades centuries,
even the Romans had been dealing

1877
01:34:05,200 --> 01:34:07,300
with inflation. 
That would make today's grocery 

1878
01:34:07,300 --> 01:34:11,200
prices look reasonable Barbarian
groups moving in like relatives 

1879
01:34:11,200 --> 01:34:14,300
who come for a weekend visit and
never leave and an army that was

1880
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:16,100
increasingly made up of the very
people. 

1881
01:34:16,100 --> 01:34:18,800
They were supposed to be 
fighting against, but here's 

1882
01:34:18,800 --> 01:34:21,400
what's fascinating. 
None of these problems were 

1883
01:34:21,400 --> 01:34:23,800
secret. 
Roman writers were complaining 

1884
01:34:23,800 --> 01:34:25,900
about the same issues your local
newspaper. 

1885
01:34:25,900 --> 01:34:28,100
Editorial section gripes about 
today. 

1886
01:34:28,800 --> 01:34:32,500
Corrupt politicians, economic 
inequality infrastructure, 

1887
01:34:32,500 --> 01:34:34,700
falling apart. 
And young people who didn't 

1888
01:34:34,700 --> 01:34:37,400
respect Traditional Values sound
familiar. 

1889
01:34:38,200 --> 01:34:40,000
The Romans had their own version
of kids. 

1890
01:34:40,000 --> 01:34:41,800
These days don't know how good 
they have it. 

1891
01:34:42,500 --> 01:34:45,500
The real mystery isn't why 
Empires collapsed, but why they 

1892
01:34:45,500 --> 01:34:46,800
held together as long as they 
did. 

1893
01:34:47,600 --> 01:34:49,400
Think about it. 
You're trying to manage 

1894
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:52,600
territories that span thousands 
of miles dozens of different 

1895
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:55,700
cultures languages. 
You can't pronounce and local 

1896
01:34:55,700 --> 01:34:58,600
Customs that range from 
perfectly reasonable to wait 

1897
01:34:58,600 --> 01:35:01,100
they sacrifice. 
What to which God? 

1898
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:04,800
All of this occurred with 
communication technology that 

1899
01:35:04,800 --> 01:35:06,500
made smoke signals appear 
advance. 

1900
01:35:07,400 --> 01:35:10,000
Imagine trying to run a modern 
Corporation where messages 

1901
01:35:10,000 --> 01:35:13,500
between the CEO and branch 
managers took months to deliver 

1902
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:17,100
where half your employees spoke 
different languages and where 

1903
01:35:17,100 --> 01:35:19,300
your biggest competitors were 
nomadic groups. 

1904
01:35:19,300 --> 01:35:22,700
Who could pack up their entire 
civilization and disappear into 

1905
01:35:22,700 --> 01:35:26,200
the step faster than you could 
say, quarterly earnings report. 

1906
01:35:27,100 --> 01:35:29,500
Yet somehow these ancient 
empires managed to keep the 

1907
01:35:29,500 --> 01:35:31,500
lights on metaphorically 
speaking. 

1908
01:35:31,500 --> 01:35:35,200
They hadn't quite figured out 
electricity yet for centuries. 

1909
01:35:36,200 --> 01:35:37,900
You can consider both halves of 
the Empire. 

1910
01:35:37,900 --> 01:35:41,000
The Roman's alone managed to 
sustain their operations for 

1911
01:35:41,000 --> 01:35:43,900
over a millennium that's longer 
than most Fortune. 500 

1912
01:35:43,900 --> 01:35:46,800
companies, stay in business and 
they don't have to worry about 

1913
01:35:46,800 --> 01:35:49,700
Visigoths raids or volcanic 
eruptions that block out the Sun

1914
01:35:49,700 --> 01:35:52,200
for months. 
The secret wasn't that ancient 

1915
01:35:52,200 --> 01:35:55,000
people's Were Somehow more 
competent than us, though, they 

1916
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:57,400
definitely knew how to build 
things that lasted longer than 

1917
01:35:57,400 --> 01:36:00,200
your average smartphone. 
The secret was that they 

1918
01:36:00,200 --> 01:36:04,100
understood something, we 
sometimes forget, Empires aren't

1919
01:36:04,100 --> 01:36:06,900
just political entities. 
They're basically giant 

1920
01:36:06,900 --> 01:36:10,800
ecosystems with all the 
complexity that implies just 

1921
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:13,900
like in nature when one part of 
the system starts failing, it 

1922
01:36:13,900 --> 01:36:17,300
affects everything else. 
The drought in Egypt meant less 

1923
01:36:17,300 --> 01:36:20,400
grain for Rome, which meant 
higher bread prices, which meant

1924
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:23,900
angry citizens, which meant 
nervous, politicians which meant

1925
01:36:23,900 --> 01:36:26,800
higher taxes to pay for more 
soldiers, which meant even 

1926
01:36:26,800 --> 01:36:30,300
angriest citizens. 
It's the ancient equivalent of a

1927
01:36:30,300 --> 01:36:33,500
supply chain crisis except 
instead of waiting longer for 

1928
01:36:33,500 --> 01:36:36,900
your Amazon package, people 
starved, perhaps, you've never 

1929
01:36:36,900 --> 01:36:39,300
considered the extent to which 
the weather influences your 

1930
01:36:39,300 --> 01:36:43,000
mood, but ancient empires were 
essentially subject to the whims

1931
01:36:43,000 --> 01:36:47,100
of every passing cloud. 
Bad weather wasn't just about 

1932
01:36:47,100 --> 01:36:49,800
canceling picnics. 
It could literally topple 

1933
01:36:49,800 --> 01:36:53,300
civilizations, the Maya, for 
instance, built one of the most 

1934
01:36:53,300 --> 01:36:56,900
sophisticated civilizations in 
the Americas, the talking about 

1935
01:36:56,900 --> 01:36:59,300
people who calculated the 
movement of Venus, more 

1936
01:36:59,300 --> 01:37:02,200
accurately, the Europeans would 
manage for another Thousand 

1937
01:37:02,200 --> 01:37:06,500
Years who invented the concept 
of 0 in dependently, and who 

1938
01:37:06,500 --> 01:37:09,200
built cities that made medieval 
European towns look like 

1939
01:37:09,200 --> 01:37:12,200
Suburban strip malls. 
These weren't people who gave up

1940
01:37:12,200 --> 01:37:14,400
easily. 
But then, the rain stopped 

1941
01:37:14,400 --> 01:37:16,400
coming. 
They didn't stop abruptly. 

1942
01:37:16,400 --> 01:37:17,900
That would have been too 
visible. 

1943
01:37:17,900 --> 01:37:21,600
Instead the situation, resembled
a restaurant gradually cutting 

1944
01:37:21,600 --> 01:37:24,200
costs. 
First, they watered down the 

1945
01:37:24,200 --> 01:37:26,800
super little then they start 
using cheaper ingredients. 

1946
01:37:27,800 --> 01:37:29,800
Before, you know, it you're 
wondering why you ever thought 

1947
01:37:29,800 --> 01:37:32,800
this place was special, but it 
happened so gradually. 

1948
01:37:32,800 --> 01:37:36,200
You barely noticed each step. 
The Maya faced what 

1949
01:37:36,200 --> 01:37:39,700
climatologists call the terminal
classic drought which sounds 

1950
01:37:39,700 --> 01:37:42,100
like the kind of thing that 
should come with dramatic music 

1951
01:37:42,100 --> 01:37:46,200
and special effects in reality. 
It was probably just a series of

1952
01:37:46,208 --> 01:37:48,500
years where people looked up at 
the sky and muttered. 

1953
01:37:48,500 --> 01:37:52,200
Come on, not again. 
But when your entire 

1954
01:37:52,200 --> 01:37:56,100
civilization depends on rainfed,
agriculture, not again can 

1955
01:37:56,100 --> 01:37:59,600
quickly become not ever again. 
What's particularly 

1956
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:03,600
heartbreaking is that the Maya, 
saw it coming their record show.

1957
01:38:03,600 --> 01:38:06,000
They were deeply worried about 
the relationship between their 

1958
01:38:06,000 --> 01:38:09,900
kings and the rain gods. 
Tried everything more, elaborate

1959
01:38:09,900 --> 01:38:13,200
ceremonies biggest sacrifices 
and constructing additional 

1960
01:38:13,200 --> 01:38:15,200
temples. 
It's like, turning up the 

1961
01:38:15,200 --> 01:38:17,300
thermostat when your heating 
system is broken. 

1962
01:38:17,300 --> 01:38:20,900
Your addressing the symptoms, 
not the problem, but when you 

1963
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:23,400
don't understand the problem, 
the symptoms are all you have to

1964
01:38:23,400 --> 01:38:26,000
work with. 
The drought didn't just mean 

1965
01:38:26,000 --> 01:38:28,400
less food. 
It meant cities that had 

1966
01:38:28,400 --> 01:38:31,200
supported hundreds of thousands 
of people suddenly couldn't 

1967
01:38:31,200 --> 01:38:35,100
support, tens of thousands, it 
meant trade networks, that had 

1968
01:38:35,100 --> 01:38:38,700
connected regions across Central
America, started to fray as 

1969
01:38:38,700 --> 01:38:40,400
everyone focused on their 
survival. 

1970
01:38:40,400 --> 01:38:44,300
It meant the elaborate political
alliances that had held Maya 

1971
01:38:44,300 --> 01:38:46,900
civilization together, began to 
crack like dried mud. 

1972
01:38:48,000 --> 01:38:49,900
Meanwhile, Halfway Around The 
World. 

1973
01:38:49,900 --> 01:38:53,100
The Bronze Age was ending and 
what historians dramatically 

1974
01:38:53,100 --> 01:38:55,900
call the Bronze Age collapse. 
Picture this. 

1975
01:38:56,700 --> 01:39:00,600
Some point around 1200 BCE 
Advanced civilizations across 

1976
01:39:00,600 --> 01:39:03,300
the Mediterranean and near East 
started falling like dominoes 

1977
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:07,400
and my seniors in Greece. 
The Hittites in turkey and 

1978
01:39:07,400 --> 01:39:11,000
cities in Syria, and Palestine, 
all of them, either destroyed or

1979
01:39:11,000 --> 01:39:12,600
abandoned within a few 
Generations. 

1980
01:39:13,600 --> 01:39:15,900
For the longest time. 
Historians blamed, mysterious 

1981
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:19,100
sea people's for this collapse. 
As if a number of ancient 

1982
01:39:19,100 --> 01:39:22,500
Pirates, had decided to tour the
Mediterranean and trash every 

1983
01:39:22,500 --> 01:39:26,400
major city they came across. 
The compelling story mysterious,

1984
01:39:26,400 --> 01:39:29,500
Raiders appearing from nowhere, 
bringing chaos and destruction 

1985
01:39:29,500 --> 01:39:33,600
in Vanishing back into Legend. 
However, the reality likely 

1986
01:39:33,600 --> 01:39:36,100
amounted, to a combination of 
unfavorable circumstances 

1987
01:39:36,100 --> 01:39:40,900
unfavorable weather patterns and
unfortunate timing Recent 

1988
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:43,600
research suggests that the 
Mediterranean region experienced

1989
01:39:43,600 --> 01:39:45,900
to significant climate shift 
around this time. 

1990
01:39:46,600 --> 01:39:49,500
Cooler drier conditions would 
have meant crop failures, which 

1991
01:39:49,500 --> 01:39:52,300
meant hungry people, which meant
social unrest, which meant 

1992
01:39:52,300 --> 01:39:55,200
political instability under such
pressure. 

1993
01:39:55,200 --> 01:39:58,100
It doesn't take mysterious sea, 
Raiders to escalate the 

1994
01:39:58,100 --> 01:40:00,700
situation. 
Sometimes the Raiders are just 

1995
01:40:00,708 --> 01:40:03,600
your people desperately looking 
for somewhere better to live. 

1996
01:40:04,300 --> 01:40:07,000
The fascinating thing is how 
quickly complex societies can 

1997
01:40:07,000 --> 01:40:09,500
unravel? 
Once the process starts the 

1998
01:40:09,500 --> 01:40:12,200
Bronze Age civilization had 
taken centuries to develop 

1999
01:40:12,200 --> 01:40:16,700
writing systems complex, trade 
networks, specialized crafts and

2000
01:40:16,700 --> 01:40:18,200
sophisticated government 
structures. 

2001
01:40:18,200 --> 01:40:21,500
However, they lost much of this 
knowledge within a few 

2002
01:40:21,500 --> 01:40:24,300
Generations. 
All that meticulous construction

2003
01:40:24,300 --> 01:40:28,100
vanishes in mere moments, akin 
to a wave striking a sandcastle.

2004
01:40:28,100 --> 01:40:31,600
This scenario is where climate 
change becomes particularly 

2005
01:40:31,600 --> 01:40:35,300
scary for modern civilizations. 
We think we're tougher than 

2006
01:40:35,300 --> 01:40:38,000
ancient people because we have 
better technology, but we're 

2007
01:40:38,000 --> 01:40:41,300
also more connected and 
specialized when ancient Farmers

2008
01:40:41,300 --> 01:40:44,200
had a poor harvest, they might 
starve but they still knew how 

2009
01:40:44,208 --> 01:40:47,000
to grow food. 
If our complex, apply chains 

2010
01:40:47,000 --> 01:40:50,200
break down how many of us 
actually know how to produce the

2011
01:40:50,200 --> 01:40:53,200
basics, we need to survive. 
Let's talk about money because 

2012
01:40:53,200 --> 01:40:55,800
nothing brings down an Empire, 
quite like financial problems. 

2013
01:40:55,800 --> 01:40:58,300
And, before you start thinking, 
this doesn't apply to. 

2014
01:40:58,300 --> 01:41:01,700
You remember, the empires are 
really just very large, very 

2015
01:41:01,700 --> 01:41:04,500
old, version of households, 
trying to balance their Budgets 

2016
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:07,200
while maintaining their 
Lifestyles, the Roman Empire 

2017
01:41:07,200 --> 01:41:09,400
had, what you might call the 
world's first credit crisis. 

2018
01:41:10,600 --> 01:41:13,600
By the third Century CE, they 
were facing inflation. 

2019
01:41:13,600 --> 01:41:15,500
That would make modern 
economists reach for the 

2020
01:41:15,500 --> 01:41:17,200
antacids. 
The issue began. 

2021
01:41:17,200 --> 01:41:20,100
Innocuously as the Romans had 
been gradually decreasing. 

2022
01:41:20,100 --> 01:41:22,900
The silver content in their 
coins to extend their resources.

2023
01:41:22,900 --> 01:41:26,200
It's the ancient equivalent of 
watering down the milk to make 

2024
01:41:26,200 --> 01:41:29,500
it last longer except everyone 
in the Empire eventually 

2025
01:41:29,500 --> 01:41:32,100
noticed. 
When people lose trust in the 

2026
01:41:32,100 --> 01:41:34,900
currency things unravel, 
remarkably quickly. 

2027
01:41:35,600 --> 01:41:38,500
Imagine if you woke up tomorrow 
and everyone suddenly decided 

2028
01:41:38,500 --> 01:41:41,700
that your dollars were only 
worth 50 cents, not just you 

2029
01:41:41,700 --> 01:41:45,800
everyone overnight your savings,
your salary or mortgage and 

2030
01:41:45,800 --> 01:41:47,700
everything would be thrown into 
chaos. 

2031
01:41:47,700 --> 01:41:51,200
That's essentially what happened
to Rome except they didn't have 

2032
01:41:51,200 --> 01:41:52,600
Economist on television 
explaining. 

2033
01:41:52,600 --> 01:41:55,200
What was going wrong. 
Roman soldiers, who were the 

2034
01:41:55,200 --> 01:41:57,600
backbone of the Empire? 
Started demanding payment in 

2035
01:41:57,600 --> 01:42:01,100
Goods, rather than coins. 
When the Army loses faith in the

2036
01:42:01,108 --> 01:42:02,800
current currency, you're 
essentially paying for 

2037
01:42:02,800 --> 01:42:06,500
protection with groceries. 
It works for a while but it's 

2038
01:42:06,500 --> 01:42:08,800
not exactly sustainable. 
When you're trying to project 

2039
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:12,400
power across three continents, 
but Rome's financial troubles 

2040
01:42:12,400 --> 01:42:14,500
weren't just about bad monetary 
policy. 

2041
01:42:14,500 --> 01:42:17,800
They were also dealing with what
economists call Imperial 

2042
01:42:17,800 --> 01:42:21,000
overstretch basically, they had 
taken on more responsibilities 

2043
01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:24,400
than they could afford. 
It's like buying a house that's 

2044
01:42:24,400 --> 01:42:26,800
technically within your budget. 
If you don't eat much and never 

2045
01:42:26,800 --> 01:42:29,800
get sick and your car, never 
breaks down and you never want 

2046
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:32,900
to vacation. 
The Romans had committed to 

2047
01:42:32,900 --> 01:42:36,000
defending thousands of miles of 
Frontier against neighbors, who 

2048
01:42:36,000 --> 01:42:38,100
kept getting more organized and 
more aggressive. 

2049
01:42:38,100 --> 01:42:42,300
They had to maintain roads 
aqueducts and public buildings 

2050
01:42:42,300 --> 01:42:44,400
across an area larger than the 
United States. 

2051
01:42:44,400 --> 01:42:47,500
They had to keep grain flowing 
to cities that couldn't feed 

2052
01:42:47,500 --> 01:42:50,300
themselves because Hungary 
citizens, have a tendency to 

2053
01:42:50,300 --> 01:42:52,200
Riot and riots are bad for 
business. 

2054
01:42:52,200 --> 01:42:56,300
Meanwhile, the tax base was 
shrinking, constant Warfare had 

2055
01:42:56,300 --> 01:42:59,800
devastated agricultural regions,
plague had reduced the 

2056
01:42:59,800 --> 01:43:02,500
population. 
In many areas, the wealthy had 

2057
01:43:02,500 --> 01:43:06,400
become expert at avoiding taxes 
somethings, never change, which 

2058
01:43:06,400 --> 01:43:08,500
meant the burden fell 
increasingly on people who were 

2059
01:43:08,500 --> 01:43:11,100
already struggling. 
It's a well known phenomenon 

2060
01:43:11,100 --> 01:43:13,200
that during difficult times 
those with the greatest 

2061
01:43:13,200 --> 01:43:15,900
financial means tend to avoid 
providing assistance. 

2062
01:43:16,800 --> 01:43:19,500
The hand in Asti in China, faced
similar problems around the same

2063
01:43:19,500 --> 01:43:22,500
time, they had expanded to 
control territory, stretching 

2064
01:43:22,500 --> 01:43:25,800
from Korea to Central Asia, 
which sounds impressive Until 

2065
01:43:25,800 --> 01:43:28,000
you realize they were trying to 
govern it with horses and 

2066
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:31,300
handwritten messages. 
The Silk Road, trade networks 

2067
01:43:31,300 --> 01:43:34,600
brought wealth, but they also 
brought enormous administrative 

2068
01:43:34,600 --> 01:43:38,200
costs and Military commitments. 
The Han Emperors found 

2069
01:43:38,200 --> 01:43:40,600
themselves trapped in what 
modern Economist called the 

2070
01:43:40,600 --> 01:43:44,300
resource curse, the wealthier, 
their empire became, the more 

2071
01:43:44,308 --> 01:43:48,700
expensive, it was to maintain 
success bread obligation, an 

2072
01:43:48,700 --> 01:43:51,200
obligation bread, expense an 
expense bread. 

2073
01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:53,200
The need for more success to pay
for it all. 

2074
01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:57,100
It's like getting promoted to a 
job that pays more, but requires

2075
01:43:57,100 --> 01:43:59,800
you to spend so much on 
professional clothes and longer 

2076
01:43:59,800 --> 01:44:02,200
commutes you end up with less 
money than before. 

2077
01:44:02,200 --> 01:44:06,100
What's particularly tragic is 
that many of these Empires 

2078
01:44:06,100 --> 01:44:09,000
understood their financial 
problems and tried to solve 

2079
01:44:09,000 --> 01:44:11,400
them? 
The Romans attempted currency 

2080
01:44:11,400 --> 01:44:15,800
reforms tax reforms and 
administrative reforms the hand 

2081
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:18,200
tried to reduce military 
commitments and streamline the 

2082
01:44:18,200 --> 01:44:20,700
bureaucracy. 
But by the time, the problems 

2083
01:44:20,700 --> 01:44:22,300
were obvious enough to demand 
action. 

2084
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:25,100
They were often too deeply 
embedded in the system to 

2085
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:27,000
resolve without causing even 
more disruption. 

2086
01:44:27,800 --> 01:44:29,900
It's like trying to renovate 
your house, while you're still 

2087
01:44:29,908 --> 01:44:33,200
living in it. 
In theory, you can do it but in 

2088
01:44:33,208 --> 01:44:35,900
practice every fix reveals three
more problems. 

2089
01:44:35,900 --> 01:44:38,900
And meanwhile you're living with
plastic sheeting instead of 

2090
01:44:38,908 --> 01:44:41,600
walls and wondering why you 
didn't just move somewhere else.

2091
01:44:42,400 --> 01:44:44,600
The lesson here. 
Isn't that expansion is always 

2092
01:44:44,600 --> 01:44:46,700
bad. 
All the empires are doomed to 

2093
01:44:46,708 --> 01:44:49,200
fail. 
Success creates its own 

2094
01:44:49,208 --> 01:44:52,200
problems, which must be handled.
As carefully as the original 

2095
01:44:52,200 --> 01:44:56,000
issues growth without planning, 
is just another word for crisis 

2096
01:44:56,000 --> 01:44:58,500
waiting to happen. 
You might be surprised to learn 

2097
01:44:58,500 --> 01:45:01,200
that foreign armies did not 
conquer the majority of ancient 

2098
01:45:01,200 --> 01:45:03,700
empires. 
They were brought down by their 

2099
01:45:03,700 --> 01:45:06,700
own military forces, or by the 
very people, they had hired to 

2100
01:45:06,700 --> 01:45:09,000
protect them. 
It's like finding out your 

2101
01:45:09,000 --> 01:45:11,800
security system has been helping
burglars case your house. 

2102
01:45:11,800 --> 01:45:15,100
The late Roman Empire is the 
classic example of this 

2103
01:45:15,100 --> 01:45:17,800
phenomenon by the 4th and 5th 
centuries. 

2104
01:45:17,800 --> 01:45:20,800
The Roman army was increasingly 
made up of what they called 

2105
01:45:20,800 --> 01:45:24,300
Fredericks. 
Basically entire Barbarian 

2106
01:45:24,300 --> 01:45:27,200
tribes who had been hired as 
mercenaries or allowed to settle

2107
01:45:27,200 --> 01:45:30,300
within Roman territory in 
exchange for military service. 

2108
01:45:31,300 --> 01:45:35,100
On paper, it was a brilliant 
solution to two problems, the 

2109
01:45:35,100 --> 01:45:38,800
Romans needed soldiers and the 
Barbarian tribes needed land and

2110
01:45:38,800 --> 01:45:41,200
steady. 
Pay in practice, it was like 

2111
01:45:41,200 --> 01:45:44,000
hiring your teenagers friends to
babysit while you're out of 

2112
01:45:44,000 --> 01:45:46,400
town. 
Sure, they know the house rules 

2113
01:45:46,400 --> 01:45:49,300
and they seem responsible 
enough, but their ultimate 

2114
01:45:49,300 --> 01:45:51,100
loyalty is to their interests, 
not yours. 

2115
01:45:51,100 --> 01:45:54,200
And when things go wrong, you 
might come home to discover. 

2116
01:45:54,200 --> 01:45:57,000
They've invited all their 
friends over and decided they 

2117
01:45:57,000 --> 01:45:58,400
liked your house better than 
their own. 

2118
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:03,600
The Visigoths ostrogoths vandals
and other groups, didn't set out

2119
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:07,100
to destroy the Roman Empire. 
Many of their leaders had Roman 

2120
01:46:07,100 --> 01:46:10,700
military ranks War, Roman 
uniforms and genuinely 

2121
01:46:10,700 --> 01:46:12,700
considered themselves part of 
the Roman system. 

2122
01:46:13,500 --> 01:46:16,500
But when the Empire could pay 
them regularly or when better 

2123
01:46:16,500 --> 01:46:19,300
opportunities present 
themselves, their priorities 

2124
01:46:19,300 --> 01:46:21,600
shifted in perfectly 
understandable ways. 

2125
01:46:21,600 --> 01:46:25,800
It's important to understand 
that these words by uncivilized 

2126
01:46:25,800 --> 01:46:28,600
hordes, these were organized, 
political entities, making 

2127
01:46:28,600 --> 01:46:31,100
rational decisions about their 
survival and prosperity. 

2128
01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:36,200
Haller, a former Roman general 
led the Visigoths who sacked 

2129
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:40,900
Rome in 410 CE, Alaric attacked 
Rome not out of hatred for Roman

2130
01:46:40,900 --> 01:46:43,700
civilization but because the 
Roman government owed his people

2131
01:46:43,700 --> 01:46:48,300
money and refused to repay it 
The Tang Dynasty in China faced 

2132
01:46:48,300 --> 01:46:51,300
a remarkably, similar problem 
during the Andalusian rebellion 

2133
01:46:51,300 --> 01:46:54,900
in the 8th century and Lucian 
the general of Central Asian 

2134
01:46:54,900 --> 01:46:56,600
origin held immensely authority 
over. 

2135
01:46:56,600 --> 01:46:59,700
The northeastern Frontier, he 
was precisely the kind of 

2136
01:46:59,700 --> 01:47:01,900
person. 
The Tang needed, someone who 

2137
01:47:01,900 --> 01:47:04,300
understood both Chinese 
administrative systems. 

2138
01:47:04,300 --> 01:47:06,400
And the nomadic people's they 
were trying to control. 

2139
01:47:06,400 --> 01:47:09,300
But here's the thing about 
giving someone that much power. 

2140
01:47:10,200 --> 01:47:12,400
He start to realize they don't 
actually need you anymore. 

2141
01:47:13,300 --> 01:47:15,400
And Russian commanded armies 
that were larger and better 

2142
01:47:15,400 --> 01:47:17,600
trained than the forces of 
available to the emperor. 

2143
01:47:17,600 --> 01:47:20,700
He controlled territory that was
wealthier and more productive 

2144
01:47:20,700 --> 01:47:24,300
than many entire kingdoms. 
When political tensions arose, 

2145
01:47:24,300 --> 01:47:26,700
he had the resources to do 
something about it. 

2146
01:47:26,700 --> 01:47:30,500
The Rebellion lost in eight 
years and devastated much of 

2147
01:47:30,500 --> 01:47:33,000
northern China. 
Even though the Tang Dynasty. 

2148
01:47:33,000 --> 01:47:36,400
Technically survived, it never 
fully recovered its previous 

2149
01:47:36,400 --> 01:47:39,200
strength or Unity. 
It's like surviving a heart 

2150
01:47:39,200 --> 01:47:41,700
attack. 
You're still alive, but you'll 

2151
01:47:41,700 --> 01:47:45,400
never quite the same afterward. 
What's particularly intriguing 

2152
01:47:45,400 --> 01:47:48,100
is how these military problems 
were often the result of 

2153
01:47:48,108 --> 01:47:51,900
previous successes. 
The Romans recruited Barbarian 

2154
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:54,600
Federate because their earlier 
conquests had made traditional 

2155
01:47:54,600 --> 01:47:58,000
Roman military, service less 
attractive to Roman citizens. 

2156
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:00,500
Why risk your life on the 
frontier? 

2157
01:48:00,500 --> 01:48:03,300
When you could make money and 
trade or Administration in the 

2158
01:48:03,308 --> 01:48:07,200
comfortable interior, provinces,
similarly, the Tang Dynasty, 

2159
01:48:07,200 --> 01:48:10,500
relied on non-chinese, generals 
like an ocean because they're 

2160
01:48:10,500 --> 01:48:13,500
expansion into Central Asia 
required people who understood 

2161
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:16,000
local conditions and cultures 
Chinese. 

2162
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:18,800
Generals from the Heartland were
often ineffective in Frontier 

2163
01:48:18,800 --> 01:48:21,900
regions, where the rules of 
warfare and diplomacy were 

2164
01:48:21,900 --> 01:48:25,100
entirely different. 
Success in solving one problem, 

2165
01:48:25,100 --> 01:48:27,500
often creates new ones that are 
hardest to solve. 

2166
01:48:27,500 --> 01:48:30,700
Once you've hired foreign 
troops, you have to keep them 

2167
01:48:30,700 --> 01:48:33,100
happy, which usually means 
paying them more than your 

2168
01:48:33,100 --> 01:48:35,300
citizens are willing to accept 
for the same work. 

2169
01:48:36,100 --> 01:48:39,100
Once you've given from Frontier 
generals autonomy, you have to 

2170
01:48:39,108 --> 01:48:42,100
trust that they'll continue to 
use it in your interests rather 

2171
01:48:42,100 --> 01:48:45,600
than their own. 
The most sobering aspect of 

2172
01:48:45,600 --> 01:48:48,000
these military collapses is how 
reasonable they look from 

2173
01:48:48,000 --> 01:48:51,000
everyone's perspective? 
The central government was 

2174
01:48:51,000 --> 01:48:54,300
trying to maintain control over 
vast territories with limited 

2175
01:48:54,300 --> 01:48:56,900
resources. 
The foreign allies were trying 

2176
01:48:56,900 --> 01:48:58,600
to secure Better Lives for their
people. 

2177
01:48:58,600 --> 01:49:01,700
The individual generals were 
trying to advance their careers 

2178
01:49:01,700 --> 01:49:04,800
and protect their soldiers. 
Nobody was trying to destroy 

2179
01:49:04,800 --> 01:49:06,900
civilization. 
They were all just trying to 

2180
01:49:06,900 --> 01:49:08,600
make the best of difficult 
circumstances. 

2181
01:49:08,600 --> 01:49:12,400
Yet the cumulative effect of all
these rational decisions was the

2182
01:49:12,400 --> 01:49:15,700
collapse of political systems 
that had maintained peace and 

2183
01:49:15,700 --> 01:49:19,800
prosperity for centuries. 
It's a reminder that beneficial 

2184
01:49:19,800 --> 01:49:21,400
intentions and rational 
Behavior. 

2185
01:49:21,400 --> 01:49:25,100
Don't always need to 
advantageous outcomes especially

2186
01:49:25,100 --> 01:49:27,800
in complex systems where 
individual decisions can have 

2187
01:49:27,800 --> 01:49:29,800
far-reaching unintended 
consequences. 

2188
01:49:29,800 --> 01:49:32,600
Nothing, quite puts life in 
perspective like a good 

2189
01:49:32,600 --> 01:49:35,000
pandemic. 
Ancient empires had more than 

2190
01:49:35,000 --> 01:49:38,200
their share of both. 
But unlike modern disease, 

2191
01:49:38,200 --> 01:49:42,500
outbreaks ancient plagues didn't
just kill people, the unraveled,

2192
01:49:42,500 --> 01:49:45,400
the entire social fabric that 
held civilization's together. 

2193
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:50,500
He Antony in plague hit the 
Roman Empire and 165 CE and 

2194
01:49:50,500 --> 01:49:52,300
basically didn't stop for 15 
years. 

2195
01:49:53,200 --> 01:49:56,300
While some Modern historians 
believe it was smallpox others 

2196
01:49:56,300 --> 01:49:59,300
argue, it was measles 
demonstrating the long-standing 

2197
01:49:59,300 --> 01:50:01,700
tradition of academics, debating
deadly diseases. 

2198
01:50:03,000 --> 01:50:05,600
What we do know is that it 
killed somewhere between 5 and 

2199
01:50:05,600 --> 01:50:09,000
10% of the entire Roman 
population, which is, like, 

2200
01:50:09,000 --> 01:50:12,100
wiping out every person in 
California and Texas combined. 

2201
01:50:13,300 --> 01:50:15,800
But here's what makes ancient 
plagues particularly 

2202
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:18,600
devastating. 
Ancient economies were almost 

2203
01:50:18,600 --> 01:50:22,500
entirely based on human labor. 
When you lose 10% of your 

2204
01:50:22,500 --> 01:50:25,900
Workforce overnight, you don't 
just have 10% less productivity.

2205
01:50:25,900 --> 01:50:29,300
You have a complete breakdown of
the systems that depend on 

2206
01:50:29,300 --> 01:50:30,900
having enough people to make 
them work. 

2207
01:50:31,700 --> 01:50:35,000
Think about your workplace if 
half your co-workers suddenly 

2208
01:50:35,000 --> 01:50:37,300
disappeared, you wouldn't just 
be doing more work. 

2209
01:50:37,300 --> 01:50:39,300
You'd be doing completely 
different work. 

2210
01:50:39,300 --> 01:50:42,300
Probably badly while also trying
to figure out which of their 

2211
01:50:42,300 --> 01:50:45,300
responsibilities were actually 
important and which were just 

2212
01:50:45,308 --> 01:50:47,600
bureaucratic busy work that 
nobody will miss. 

2213
01:50:48,500 --> 01:50:51,000
Now, imagine that scenario 
playing out across an entire 

2214
01:50:51,000 --> 01:50:54,000
Empire in every town on every 
farm and in every Workshop. 

2215
01:50:55,000 --> 01:50:57,500
The plague hit roam, just as 
Marcus, Aurelius was trying to 

2216
01:50:57,500 --> 01:51:00,300
combat major Barbarian 
incursions along the Danube 

2217
01:51:00,300 --> 01:51:02,800
Frontier. 
Instead of having the resources 

2218
01:51:02,800 --> 01:51:06,000
to mount an effective military 
response, he found himself 

2219
01:51:06,000 --> 01:51:09,200
managing a civilization that was
quite literally dying. 

2220
01:51:10,000 --> 01:51:12,900
Tax revenue is collapsed because
there were fewer people to tax 

2221
01:51:12,900 --> 01:51:16,000
and many of the survivors were 
too busy dealing with immediate 

2222
01:51:16,000 --> 01:51:17,600
survival to worry about paying 
taxes. 

2223
01:51:18,900 --> 01:51:21,200
The military recruitment system 
broke down because the 

2224
01:51:21,200 --> 01:51:25,200
traditional sources of soldiers,
young men from rural areas had 

2225
01:51:25,200 --> 01:51:27,300
been hit particularly hard by 
the disease. 

2226
01:51:28,400 --> 01:51:31,300
As Merchants died or decided 
that traveling to potentially 

2227
01:51:31,300 --> 01:51:33,300
infected cities was a poor 
business strategy. 

2228
01:51:33,300 --> 01:51:37,500
Trade networks frayed it's like 
watching a complex machine lose 

2229
01:51:37,500 --> 01:51:41,200
crucial Parts, one by one until 
it finally just stops working 

2230
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:44,700
entirely. 
Meanwhile, across the Empire. 

2231
01:51:44,700 --> 01:51:47,400
People were trying to make sense
of why they're Gods had 

2232
01:51:47,400 --> 01:51:50,900
apparently abandon them. 
The Roman State religion was 

2233
01:51:50,900 --> 01:51:53,900
based on the idea that proper 
rituals and sacrifices would 

2234
01:51:53,900 --> 01:51:57,300
ensure Divine favor and 
protection. when plague 

2235
01:51:57,300 --> 01:52:00,000
devastated the Empire, despite 
all the appropriate ceremonies, 

2236
01:52:00,000 --> 01:52:03,300
it raised uncomfortable 
questions about whether the old 

2237
01:52:03,300 --> 01:52:06,100
gods were still paying 
attention, This spiritual 

2238
01:52:06,100 --> 01:52:09,600
crisis, paved the way for new 
religious movements, especially 

2239
01:52:09,600 --> 01:52:13,000
Christianity, which provided 
alternative explanations for 

2240
01:52:13,000 --> 01:52:15,600
suffering, and diverse forms of 
Hope for the future. 

2241
01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:19,800
The plague didn't create 
Christianity but it certainly 

2242
01:52:19,800 --> 01:52:22,400
helped create conditions where 
Christian ideas about Divine 

2243
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:25,300
Justice and eternal life became 
more appealing to people who 

2244
01:52:25,300 --> 01:52:27,500
were watching their world, 
literally die around them. 

2245
01:52:27,500 --> 01:52:30,900
The Justinian plague which hit 
the Byzantine empire in the 

2246
01:52:30,908 --> 01:52:33,100
sixth century was even more 
devastating. 

2247
01:52:33,100 --> 01:52:37,700
This was probably Bubonic plague
the same disease that would 

2248
01:52:37,700 --> 01:52:39,800
later become famous as the Black
Death. 

2249
01:52:40,800 --> 01:52:43,900
It arrived in Constantinople 
aboard grain ships from Egypt, 

2250
01:52:43,900 --> 01:52:46,900
which is a reminder that trade 
networks that bring Prosperity 

2251
01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:50,600
can also bring catastrophe. 
The plague killed an estimated 

2252
01:52:50,600 --> 01:52:54,600
25 million people across the 
Byzantine Empire and surrounding

2253
01:52:54,600 --> 01:52:58,200
regions Emperor, Justinian 
himself, contracted the plague 

2254
01:52:58,200 --> 01:53:01,300
but survived, although he was 
reportedly never quite the same 

2255
01:53:01,300 --> 01:53:03,600
afterward. 
Emperor Justinian had to 

2256
01:53:03,600 --> 01:53:06,000
drastically scale. 
Back his Grand plans to 

2257
01:53:06,000 --> 01:53:08,600
reconquer the Western Roman 
territories as the Empire 

2258
01:53:08,600 --> 01:53:12,400
focused on simply Staying Alive.
What's particularly striking 

2259
01:53:12,400 --> 01:53:14,900
about the Justinian plague is 
how it changed the entire 

2260
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:17,200
trajectory of European and 
Middle Eastern history. 

2261
01:53:18,100 --> 01:53:21,100
Before the plague, the Byzantine
Empire was probably strong 

2262
01:53:21,100 --> 01:53:23,900
enough to reclaim much of the 
former Roman territories and 

2263
01:53:23,900 --> 01:53:26,200
re-establishing, a unified 
Mediterranean world. 

2264
01:53:27,100 --> 01:53:29,800
After the plague that 
possibility disappeared forever.

2265
01:53:30,900 --> 01:53:33,200
The demographic collapse. 
Also shifted the balance of 

2266
01:53:33,200 --> 01:53:36,100
power between the Byzantine 
Empire and the rise in Islamic 

2267
01:53:36,100 --> 01:53:39,900
State to the South A healthy 
populist present team Empire 

2268
01:53:39,900 --> 01:53:43,500
might have been able to stop or 
at least significantly slow the 

2269
01:53:43,500 --> 01:53:45,300
Arab conquest of the seventh 
century. 

2270
01:53:46,200 --> 01:53:48,700
The plague weakened Empire could
barely defend his Heartland. 

2271
01:53:49,600 --> 01:53:52,700
Place didn't just affect Empires
directly through death and 

2272
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:55,800
economic disruption. 
They also changed how people 

2273
01:53:55,800 --> 01:53:58,400
thought about, government 
religion and social 

2274
01:53:58,400 --> 01:54:01,200
organization. 
When established authorities 

2275
01:54:01,200 --> 01:54:03,200
can't protect people from 
invisible threats. 

2276
01:54:03,200 --> 01:54:05,200
Those authorities lose 
legitimacy. 

2277
01:54:06,400 --> 01:54:09,400
When traditional explanations 
for how the world Works fail to 

2278
01:54:09,400 --> 01:54:11,800
account. 
For catastrophic events, people 

2279
01:54:11,800 --> 01:54:14,800
become more open to new ideas 
and new forms of social 

2280
01:54:14,800 --> 01:54:17,900
organization. 
In this context plagues often 

2281
01:54:17,900 --> 01:54:19,700
acted. 
As catalysts, that accelerated 

2282
01:54:19,700 --> 01:54:23,300
changes already in progress. 
The Roman Empire was already 

2283
01:54:23,300 --> 01:54:25,900
dealing with military economic, 
and political pressures. 

2284
01:54:25,900 --> 01:54:29,300
When the antonym plague hit 
While the plague didn't initiate

2285
01:54:29,300 --> 01:54:33,100
these issues, it intensified 
their complexity and spawned new

2286
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:36,500
challenges that overextended the
system sometimes Empires. 

2287
01:54:36,500 --> 01:54:39,300
Don't collapse gradually, 
sometimes they just disappear. 

2288
01:54:40,200 --> 01:54:43,000
The Maya cities of the Southern 
lowlands were abandoned and so 

2289
01:54:43,000 --> 01:54:46,200
quickly that archaeologists 
observe dinner plates to on 

2290
01:54:46,200 --> 01:54:49,500
tables as if people just stepped
out from a moment and never came

2291
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:51,800
back. 
It's like finding a ghost town 

2292
01:54:51,800 --> 01:54:54,800
where the ghost forgot to take 
their belongings, the speed of 

2293
01:54:54,800 --> 01:54:57,800
these Southern collapses is what
makes them so mysterious and so 

2294
01:54:57,800 --> 01:55:01,100
frightening, we often believe 
that complex societies are 

2295
01:55:01,100 --> 01:55:04,500
resilient capable of bending 
without breaking that. 

2296
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:06,600
There is a plan in place for 
when things go wrong. 

2297
01:55:08,000 --> 01:55:11,000
But the archaeological record is
full of civilizations that 

2298
01:55:11,000 --> 01:55:14,300
seemed perfectly fine. 
One day and were empty ruins the

2299
01:55:14,300 --> 01:55:17,100
next Anchor. 
The capital of the Khmer Empire 

2300
01:55:17,100 --> 01:55:20,400
in Cambodia supported over a 
million people at its height in 

2301
01:55:20,400 --> 01:55:23,300
the 12th century. 
The temple complex at Angkor. 

2302
01:55:23,300 --> 01:55:25,600
Wat remains one of the most 
impressive architectural 

2303
01:55:25,600 --> 01:55:30,100
achievements in human history. 
Hydraulic Engineering system 

2304
01:55:30,100 --> 01:55:33,500
that supported the city was so 
sophisticated that modern 

2305
01:55:33,500 --> 01:55:35,800
Engineers are still figuring out
how it worked. 

2306
01:55:36,600 --> 01:55:39,700
This was not a civilization that
seemed like to just pack up and 

2307
01:55:39,700 --> 01:55:42,700
leave yet. 
By the 15th century ankle, was 

2308
01:55:42,700 --> 01:55:45,400
largely abandoned. 
The jungle was already beginning

2309
01:55:45,400 --> 01:55:48,600
to reclaim the temples and 
palaces the elaborate Canal 

2310
01:55:48,600 --> 01:55:51,400
system that had supported. 
The massive population was 

2311
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:54,700
falling into disrepair. 
What had been one of the world's

2312
01:55:54,700 --> 01:55:58,000
largest cities became a ruined. 
So overgrown that European 

2313
01:55:58,000 --> 01:56:01,600
explorers in the 19th century 
initially, thought the temples 

2314
01:56:01,600 --> 01:56:04,000
were natural rock formation. 
Happened. 

2315
01:56:04,900 --> 01:56:08,900
The truth is, we are unsure of 
the exact cause which adds to 

2316
01:56:08,900 --> 01:56:10,700
the terror of the sudden 
collapse. 

2317
01:56:11,300 --> 01:56:13,200
Current theories, focus on 
climate change. 

2318
01:56:13,200 --> 01:56:16,900
Specifically a shift from the 
medieval warm period to the 

2319
01:56:16,900 --> 01:56:19,400
little ice age that disrupted 
the monsoon patterns, the 

2320
01:56:19,400 --> 01:56:21,600
premiere depended on for their 
water management system. 

2321
01:56:22,600 --> 01:56:24,800
Climate change alone doesn't 
explain the speed of the 

2322
01:56:24,800 --> 01:56:27,700
abandonment. 
After all, the Khmer had dealt 

2323
01:56:27,700 --> 01:56:29,700
with variable weather patterns 
for centuries. 

2324
01:56:29,700 --> 01:56:33,300
They had built redundancy into 
their water systems precisely 

2325
01:56:33,300 --> 01:56:35,500
because they understood that 
droughts and floods were 

2326
01:56:35,500 --> 01:56:38,200
inevitable. 
Something must have shifted, the

2327
01:56:38,200 --> 01:56:41,900
perspective from difficult but 
manageable to abandon everything

2328
01:56:41,900 --> 01:56:44,700
and flee. 
The most likely explanation is 

2329
01:56:44,700 --> 01:56:47,200
that ankle suffered from what 
systems theorists call. 

2330
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:51,100
Cascading failure. the water 
management system was incredibly

2331
01:56:51,100 --> 01:56:54,300
sophisticated, but that 
sophistication made it fragile 

2332
01:56:54,300 --> 01:56:58,400
in unexpected ways when one part
of the system fail its the 

2333
01:56:58,400 --> 01:57:02,200
others which then failed and so 
on, It's like when your computer

2334
01:57:02,200 --> 01:57:04,600
crashes. 
Usually, it's not because of one

2335
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:08,200
catastrophic era, but because a 
series of small problems, 

2336
01:57:08,200 --> 01:57:11,300
interact in ways that overwhelm 
the systems ability to cope. 

2337
01:57:11,900 --> 01:57:14,400
The difference is that, when 
your computer crashes, you can 

2338
01:57:14,400 --> 01:57:18,400
restart it when a civilization 
crashes, the knowledge of how to

2339
01:57:18,400 --> 01:57:21,500
restart it often dies. 
With the people who flee the 

2340
01:57:21,500 --> 01:57:24,600
Bronze Age collapse provides 
another example of sudden wide 

2341
01:57:24,600 --> 01:57:29,100
spread system failure. 
Around 1200 BCE the entire 

2342
01:57:29,100 --> 01:57:32,300
Eastern Mediterranean World 
seemed to fall apart within a 

2343
01:57:32,300 --> 01:57:34,900
generation or two. 
Cities that had flourished for 

2344
01:57:34,900 --> 01:57:36,800
centuries were destroyed or 
abandoned. 

2345
01:57:37,600 --> 01:57:40,300
Trade networks that are 
connected regions from Greece to

2346
01:57:40,300 --> 01:57:43,900
Mesopotamia, simply stopped 
functioning writing systems were

2347
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:45,700
forgotten in some areas for 
centuries. 

2348
01:57:45,700 --> 01:57:49,300
What makes this collapse 
particularly puzzling is that it

2349
01:57:49,300 --> 01:57:51,900
affected regions with very 
different, political systems, 

2350
01:57:51,900 --> 01:57:56,300
economies and cultures. 
The Mycenaean palaces in Greece,

2351
01:57:56,300 --> 01:57:58,600
had little in common with the 
hittite cities in Turkey. 

2352
01:57:58,600 --> 01:58:02,500
Yet they both collapsed at 
roughly the same time, it seemed

2353
01:58:02,500 --> 01:58:05,200
as though someone had abruptly 
ended, an entire civilization 

2354
01:58:05,200 --> 01:58:07,900
yet, no one had the authority to
do so. 

2355
01:58:08,600 --> 01:58:11,300
Recent archaeological evidence 
suggests that the Bronze Age 

2356
01:58:11,300 --> 01:58:13,700
world was much more 
interconnected than previously 

2357
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:17,300
thought. the palace at pylos in 
Greece, contained, records of 

2358
01:58:17,300 --> 01:58:19,600
trade relationships, stretching 
across the Mediterranean 

2359
01:58:20,700 --> 01:58:23,600
Egyptian tombs contain objects 
made from materials that. 

2360
01:58:23,600 --> 01:58:26,100
Could only have come from 
Scandinavia or Afghanistan. 

2361
01:58:27,300 --> 01:58:30,500
Ulla Buren shipwreck off the 
coast of turkey contained goods 

2362
01:58:30,500 --> 01:58:32,100
from at least seven different 
regions. 

2363
01:58:33,200 --> 01:58:35,700
This interconnectedness was a 
source of strength during 

2364
01:58:35,700 --> 01:58:37,800
productive. 
Time's it allowed for 

2365
01:58:37,800 --> 01:58:41,100
specialized production official 
resource allocation, and the 

2366
01:58:41,100 --> 01:58:43,200
spread of beneficial 
Technologies and ideas. 

2367
01:58:44,200 --> 01:58:45,900
But it also created 
vulnerability. 

2368
01:58:46,600 --> 01:58:49,700
When one part of the network 
failed, the failure could 

2369
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:53,300
Cascade through the entire 
system faster than anyone could 

2370
01:58:53,300 --> 01:58:56,900
respond Economist increasingly 
believe that supply chain 

2371
01:58:56,900 --> 01:58:59,100
failure caused the Bronze Age 
collapse. 

2372
01:59:00,200 --> 01:59:02,600
When the network of trade 
relationships that supported 

2373
01:59:02,600 --> 01:59:05,700
Bronze Age civilization was 
disrupted whether by climate 

2374
01:59:05,700 --> 01:59:09,800
change political instability or 
simple overextension, the entire

2375
01:59:09,800 --> 01:59:12,300
system collapsed because no 
single region could produce 

2376
01:59:12,300 --> 01:59:16,000
everything it needed locally. 
The implications for our own 

2377
01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:19,400
interconnected World a sobering.
We depend on Global Supply 

2378
01:59:19,400 --> 01:59:20,800
chains that are far more 
complex. 

2379
01:59:20,800 --> 01:59:23,700
And extensive than anything. 
The Bronze Age civilizations 

2380
01:59:23,700 --> 01:59:28,400
could have imagined Our food, 
our energy, our technology, our 

2381
01:59:28,400 --> 01:59:32,100
medicine's, almost everything we
need for Modern Life, depends on

2382
01:59:32,100 --> 01:59:35,000
systems that span the globe. 
And involve millions of people 

2383
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:38,200
will never meet what happens if 
those systems fail. 

2384
01:59:39,800 --> 01:59:42,800
The Bronze Age, collapse suggest
that the failure might be sudden

2385
01:59:42,800 --> 01:59:46,600
comprehensive and very difficult
to reverse once it begins. 

2386
01:59:46,600 --> 01:59:49,100
After spending thousands of 
years studying. 

2387
01:59:49,100 --> 01:59:52,100
Why ancient empires collapsed? 
You'd think we'd have learned 

2388
01:59:52,100 --> 01:59:55,300
something useful. 
Instead, we keep making the same

2389
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:58,300
mistakes, just with better 
technology and more 

2390
01:59:58,300 --> 02:00:00,300
sophisticated ways of justifying
them. 

2391
02:00:01,400 --> 02:00:03,600
The most dangerous myth. 
We tell ourselves, is that 

2392
02:00:03,600 --> 02:00:05,800
collapse is always someone 
else's fault. 

2393
02:00:06,500 --> 02:00:09,600
When we study ancient empires, 
we focus on external threats, 

2394
02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:13,800
Barbarian invasions foreign 
conquests and natural disasters,

2395
02:00:15,000 --> 02:00:17,600
Comforting to think that 
civilizations fail because of 

2396
02:00:17,608 --> 02:00:20,500
forces beyond their control. 
Because that means our 

2397
02:00:20,500 --> 02:00:23,000
civilization is problems are 
temporary setbacks rather than 

2398
02:00:23,000 --> 02:00:26,800
systemic flaws. 
The truth is Messier and more 

2399
02:00:26,800 --> 02:00:30,000
uncomfortable, most Empires 
collapse because they couldn't 

2400
02:00:30,000 --> 02:00:32,000
solve problems. 
That were entirely predictable 

2401
02:00:32,000 --> 02:00:35,200
and largely self-inflicted the 
Roman's new. 

2402
02:00:35,200 --> 02:00:38,600
Their currency was being 
debased, the Maya their cities 

2403
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:40,900
were growing beyond what their 
agricultural system could 

2404
02:00:40,900 --> 02:00:44,300
support the Tang Dynasty. 
Knew that giving too much power 

2405
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:46,000
to fronted. 
Generals was risky. 

2406
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:49,900
They knew, but they couldn't act
on what they knew because acting

2407
02:00:49,900 --> 02:00:52,300
would have required short-term 
sacrifices for long-term 

2408
02:00:52,300 --> 02:00:56,300
benefits and political systems 
are notoriously poor at making 

2409
02:00:56,300 --> 02:00:59,400
those kinds of trade-offs. 
It is more convenient to 

2410
02:00:59,400 --> 02:01:02,400
postpone problems and rely on 
future solutions from others. 

2411
02:01:03,500 --> 02:01:06,700
Sound familiar. 
We know that climate change is 

2412
02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:09,300
real and dangerous. 
We know that economic inequality

2413
02:01:09,300 --> 02:01:12,100
is reaching levels that 
historically lead to social 

2414
02:01:12,100 --> 02:01:14,600
instability. 
We know that our political 

2415
02:01:14,600 --> 02:01:17,600
institutions are under stress 
and that public trust in 

2416
02:01:17,600 --> 02:01:20,600
government is declining. 
We know that our infrastructure 

2417
02:01:20,600 --> 02:01:23,900
is aging and that our social 
safety nets are underfunded but 

2418
02:01:23,900 --> 02:01:27,100
knowing an acting a different 
things especially when acting 

2419
02:01:27,100 --> 02:01:29,700
requires admitting that some of 
our most cherished assumptions 

2420
02:01:29,700 --> 02:01:32,000
about how the world Works might 
be wrong. 

2421
02:01:32,800 --> 02:01:35,700
The Romans never admitted that 
their empire had grown too large

2422
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:38,900
to govern effectively the Maya 
never acknowledged that their 

2423
02:01:38,900 --> 02:01:40,600
agricultural system was 
unsustainable. 

2424
02:01:41,500 --> 02:01:44,400
We have our own blind spots that
future historians will probably 

2425
02:01:44,400 --> 02:01:46,500
find equally obvious and equally
frustrating. 

2426
02:01:46,500 --> 02:01:49,300
The second myth is that 
technology will save us. 

2427
02:01:49,300 --> 02:01:52,300
We assume that because we have 
better tools that ancient 

2428
02:01:52,300 --> 02:01:55,300
people's will be able to solve 
problems that defeated them. 

2429
02:01:55,300 --> 02:01:58,800
However, technology can have 
both positive and negative 

2430
02:01:58,800 --> 02:02:02,700
effects a consult problems, but 
it can also create new problems 

2431
02:02:02,700 --> 02:02:05,100
that are harder to solve than 
the original ones. 

2432
02:02:06,300 --> 02:02:09,400
The Romans possess Superior 
military technology compared to 

2433
02:02:09,400 --> 02:02:11,900
their enemies. 
But this Advantage allowed them 

2434
02:02:11,900 --> 02:02:14,900
to conquer more territory 
leading to administrative and 

2435
02:02:14,900 --> 02:02:17,800
economic problems that 
ultimately overwhelmed their 

2436
02:02:17,800 --> 02:02:21,500
ability to manage these issues. 
The Maya developed 

2437
02:02:21,500 --> 02:02:24,900
sophisticated, astronomical and 
mathematical knowledge that they

2438
02:02:24,900 --> 02:02:27,400
used it to build cities that 
were ultimately unsustainable 

2439
02:02:27,400 --> 02:02:29,400
giving their environmental 
constraints. 

2440
02:02:30,200 --> 02:02:33,200
Our technology is far more 
advanced than anything, ancient 

2441
02:02:33,200 --> 02:02:36,400
people could have imagined, but 
it's also created dependencies 

2442
02:02:36,400 --> 02:02:40,000
and vulnerabilities that they 
never had to worry about when 

2443
02:02:40,000 --> 02:02:43,600
Roman communication systems 
failed messages took longer to 

2444
02:02:43,600 --> 02:02:46,100
deliver. 
When our communication systems 

2445
02:02:46,100 --> 02:02:48,400
fail, Global Financial markets 
can crash. 

2446
02:02:48,400 --> 02:02:50,800
In minutes. 
The third myth is the collapse 

2447
02:02:50,800 --> 02:02:53,700
means the end of everything in 
reality collapses. 

2448
02:02:53,700 --> 02:02:55,600
Usually, a process of 
simplification and 

2449
02:02:55,600 --> 02:02:58,500
reorganization rather than total
Destruction. 

2450
02:02:59,400 --> 02:03:02,200
When the Western Roman Empire 
fell, the people didn't 

2451
02:03:02,200 --> 02:03:04,500
disappear. 
They adapted to new political 

2452
02:03:04,500 --> 02:03:08,100
Arrangements, developed new 
economic systems and found new 

2453
02:03:08,100 --> 02:03:09,600
ways to organize their 
communities. 

2454
02:03:09,600 --> 02:03:13,200
The Dark Ages were not actually 
that, dark people can continue 

2455
02:03:13,200 --> 02:03:17,900
to farm to trade to build to 
learn, and to create art, they 

2456
02:03:17,900 --> 02:03:20,600
just did it in different ways 
and at smaller scales and their 

2457
02:03:20,600 --> 02:03:24,300
Imperial predecessors often, the
end of Empire meant the 

2458
02:03:24,308 --> 02:03:26,900
beginning of more, sustainable 
and more responsive forms of 

2459
02:03:26,900 --> 02:03:30,100
social organization. 
This isn't meant to minimize the

2460
02:03:30,100 --> 02:03:33,200
genuine suffering that often 
accompanies collapse, or to 

2461
02:03:33,200 --> 02:03:35,400
suggest that we should welcome. 
The end of our own civilization.

2462
02:03:36,800 --> 02:03:39,700
But it is meant to point out 
that human society is a 

2463
02:03:39,700 --> 02:03:42,800
remarkably adaptable, and that 
the end of one way of doing 

2464
02:03:42,800 --> 02:03:45,900
things, often opens up space for
better ways of doing things. 

2465
02:03:46,900 --> 02:03:49,600
The final myth is that we can 
prevent Collapse by learning 

2466
02:03:49,600 --> 02:03:52,800
from history. 
The uncomfortable truth is that 

2467
02:03:52,800 --> 02:03:55,900
knowing how Empires collapse 
doesn't necessarily help you 

2468
02:03:55,900 --> 02:03:58,900
prevent your own Empire. 
From collapsing, the problems 

2469
02:03:58,900 --> 02:04:01,600
that bring down civilizations 
are usually obvious to people 

2470
02:04:01,600 --> 02:04:03,800
living through them. 
But they're also usually 

2471
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:07,100
embedded so deeply in the system
that solving them would require 

2472
02:04:07,100 --> 02:04:09,700
changing the very things that 
make the system successful in 

2473
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:12,500
the first place. 
The Romans couldn't solve their 

2474
02:04:12,500 --> 02:04:15,400
military problems without giving
up the territories that made 

2475
02:04:15,400 --> 02:04:17,200
them wealthy enough to pay for 
their military. 

2476
02:04:17,200 --> 02:04:21,300
The Maya couldn't solve their 
problems without abandoning the 

2477
02:04:21,300 --> 02:04:23,600
Intensive agriculture that 
supported their large 

2478
02:04:23,600 --> 02:04:26,200
populations. 
We can't solve our climate 

2479
02:04:26,200 --> 02:04:28,100
problems. 
Without changing the Industrial 

2480
02:04:28,100 --> 02:04:31,700
Systems that provide us standard
of living This doesn't mean that

2481
02:04:31,700 --> 02:04:34,700
collapses inevitable or that we 
should give up trying to solve 

2482
02:04:34,700 --> 02:04:37,500
our problems. 
It means that Solutions require 

2483
02:04:37,500 --> 02:04:40,500
us to be honest about the 
trade-offs involved and willing 

2484
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:42,900
to accept that. 
Some changes might make us less 

2485
02:04:42,900 --> 02:04:46,200
powerful or less wealthy in the 
short term to make us more 

2486
02:04:46,200 --> 02:04:48,400
sustainable. 
In the long term, the real 

2487
02:04:48,400 --> 02:04:50,500
lesson from the collapse of 
ancient empires. 

2488
02:04:50,500 --> 02:04:53,300
Isn't that all civilizations are
doomed to fail? 

2489
02:04:53,300 --> 02:04:56,600
It's that civilizations that 
refuse to adapt to changing 

2490
02:04:56,600 --> 02:04:58,200
circumstances and doomed to 
fail. 

2491
02:04:58,200 --> 02:05:01,400
While those that can find ways 
to transform themselves, have a 

2492
02:05:01,408 --> 02:05:04,800
chance to survive. 
And even Thrive the question 

2493
02:05:04,800 --> 02:05:07,200
isn't, whether our civilization 
will face existential 

2494
02:05:07,200 --> 02:05:10,700
challenges. 
It will the question is whether 

2495
02:05:10,700 --> 02:05:13,800
we'll be wise enough to change 
before changes forced upon us 

2496
02:05:13,800 --> 02:05:17,100
and humble enough to learn from 
the mistakes of the past, while 

2497
02:05:17,100 --> 02:05:19,900
we still have time to avoid 
repeating them sleep. 

2498
02:05:19,900 --> 02:05:22,700
Well, tomorrow is another day to
build something better. 

2499
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:31,500
Think about how cool it would be
to where all of your savings on 

2500
02:05:31,500 --> 02:05:33,900
your wrist. 
This is not a smartwatch that 

2501
02:05:33,900 --> 02:05:37,400
displays your bank balance but 
rather real money transformed 

2502
02:05:37,400 --> 02:05:40,800
into something beautiful that 
complements any outfit for more 

2503
02:05:40,800 --> 02:05:43,700
than a 1000 years? 
Such jewelry wasn't a fantasy. 

2504
02:05:43,700 --> 02:05:47,000
It was the everyday life of 
millions of people in Africa and

2505
02:05:47,000 --> 02:05:51,500
Beyond Bracelet money, which had
different names and different 

2506
02:05:51,500 --> 02:05:56,100
cultures was precisely what it 
sounds like money that you could

2507
02:05:56,100 --> 02:05:58,100
wear. 
These were carefully, crafted 

2508
02:05:58,100 --> 02:06:01,600
metal bands, they were carefully
made pieces of functional art. 

2509
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:03,700
Each one representing a 
different value. 

2510
02:06:03,700 --> 02:06:06,900
Each one was designed to catch 
the light as you moved your arm 

2511
02:06:06,900 --> 02:06:09,700
and they were all Heavy enough 
that you could feel your wealth 

2512
02:06:09,700 --> 02:06:13,000
with every gesture. 
We are used to paper bills and 

2513
02:06:13,000 --> 02:06:15,900
plastic cards. 
So the idea may seem strange to 

2514
02:06:15,900 --> 02:06:19,100
us but bracelet money solved, 
many problems that would be hard

2515
02:06:19,100 --> 02:06:21,300
for any ancient economy to deal 
with first. 

2516
02:06:21,300 --> 02:06:24,600
It was portable in a way that 
made sense for societies where 

2517
02:06:24,600 --> 02:06:28,200
people move frequently Traders 
herders and seasonal farmers, 

2518
02:06:28,200 --> 02:06:31,600
who needed to carry their wealth
with them second, it was 

2519
02:06:31,608 --> 02:06:34,300
valuable in and of itself 
because it was made of metals 

2520
02:06:34,300 --> 02:06:36,300
that were worth more than just 
their money value. 

2521
02:06:36,300 --> 02:06:38,900
Third. 
And maybe the smartest thing, it

2522
02:06:38,900 --> 02:06:42,400
was both useful and lovely 
working as both money and 

2523
02:06:42,400 --> 02:06:45,400
decoration. 
These bracelets came in many 

2524
02:06:45,400 --> 02:06:48,700
different shapes and sizes with 
the area, making its own unique 

2525
02:06:48,700 --> 02:06:52,100
Styles, and rules some with 
thick and heavy and wearing. 

2526
02:06:52,100 --> 02:06:54,600
A lot of them would make a 
satisfying metallic sound. 

2527
02:06:54,600 --> 02:06:58,700
With every movement, some were 
fragile and complicated made to 

2528
02:06:58,700 --> 02:07:00,800
fit. 
Nice, on a forearm copper and 

2529
02:07:00,800 --> 02:07:03,800
bronze, both valuable and easy 
to work with the most common. 

2530
02:07:03,800 --> 02:07:08,500
However, some special pieces 
used iron brass or even precious

2531
02:07:08,500 --> 02:07:10,700
metals for transactions that 
were very valuable. 

2532
02:07:11,500 --> 02:07:15,000
The weight of the bracelet money
was crucial to how it worked and

2533
02:07:15,000 --> 02:07:17,500
contrast to Modern currency 
where the physical object has 

2534
02:07:17,500 --> 02:07:19,200
little to do with its stated 
value. 

2535
02:07:19,200 --> 02:07:22,200
The value of bracelet money was 
directly related to how much 

2536
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:24,400
metal it had. 
This meant that a heavier 

2537
02:07:24,400 --> 02:07:26,300
bracelet was worth more than a 
lighter one. 

2538
02:07:26,300 --> 02:07:29,500
Which made it very difficult to 
fake or lower, the value of the 

2539
02:07:29,500 --> 02:07:31,700
money. 
You couldn't just print more 

2540
02:07:31,700 --> 02:07:34,900
money when you needed it, you 
had to mine the metal melt it 

2541
02:07:34,908 --> 02:07:36,800
down and shape it into the right
shape. 

2542
02:07:36,800 --> 02:07:39,800
What was intelligent about 
bracelet money was how it solved

2543
02:07:39,800 --> 02:07:43,000
the problem of making change. 
You could break up big bracelets

2544
02:07:43,000 --> 02:07:46,300
into smaller pieces for smaller 
purchases and when you needed 

2545
02:07:46,300 --> 02:07:48,600
to, you could melt down the 
smaller pieces and make them 

2546
02:07:48,600 --> 02:07:51,100
into bigger ones, it was a 
flexible system that could 

2547
02:07:51,100 --> 02:07:53,200
handle any size transaction, you
need to make. 

2548
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:56,700
However, if you needed to break 
your money to buy groceries, you

2549
02:07:56,700 --> 02:08:00,000
would have had to plan ahead. 
The bracelets luxurious 

2550
02:08:00,000 --> 02:08:02,500
appearance, played a significant
role in its functioning. 

2551
02:08:02,500 --> 02:08:06,400
People were more likely to trade
beautiful things except the 

2552
02:08:06,400 --> 02:08:09,600
cross cultural lines and not 
melt them down for their raw 

2553
02:08:09,600 --> 02:08:12,200
materials. 
Trader coming to a foreign 

2554
02:08:12,200 --> 02:08:15,600
market with a bunch of nice 
bracelets was easy to spot as 

2555
02:08:15,600 --> 02:08:19,300
someone with money and style. 
These characteristics open doors

2556
02:08:19,300 --> 02:08:21,800
that might have stayed closed 
for someone carrying shapeless, 

2557
02:08:21,800 --> 02:08:24,300
lumps of metal. 
It was interesting and 

2558
02:08:24,300 --> 02:08:26,300
complicated, how wearing your 
wealth? 

2559
02:08:26,300 --> 02:08:29,100
Affected your social life, one 
aspect of bracelet money. 

2560
02:08:29,100 --> 02:08:31,400
Safety was its physical 
attachment to your body. 

2561
02:08:31,400 --> 02:08:34,800
Making it difficult for thieves 
to steal on the other hand, 

2562
02:08:34,800 --> 02:08:37,700
wearing your wealth made it 
clear to everyone around you how

2563
02:08:37,700 --> 02:08:40,200
rich you were. 
You couldn't hide your wealth or

2564
02:08:40,208 --> 02:08:41,900
poverty. 
When your bank account was on 

2565
02:08:41,900 --> 02:08:45,300
display, this visibility made 
for some intriguing social 

2566
02:08:45,300 --> 02:08:49,200
situations rich people might 
wear dozens of bracelets which 

2567
02:08:49,200 --> 02:08:51,900
would make music every time they
moved and let people know. 

2568
02:08:51,900 --> 02:08:54,700
They were Rich from a distance, 
you could hear a rich person 

2569
02:08:54,700 --> 02:08:57,900
coming before you saw them and 
the soft clinking of metal on 

2570
02:08:57,900 --> 02:09:00,000
metal served as a kind of status
soundtrack. 

2571
02:09:00,900 --> 02:09:04,100
In many ancient societies, women
didn't have much Financial 

2572
02:09:04,100 --> 02:09:06,100
Freedom but bracelet money gave 
them. 

2573
02:09:06,100 --> 02:09:09,100
Some you could better track your
money when your jewelry was your

2574
02:09:09,100 --> 02:09:11,500
wealth. 
And with other currencies, a 

2575
02:09:11,500 --> 02:09:14,200
woman could earn bracelet money 
through her own work, or trade, 

2576
02:09:14,200 --> 02:09:18,400
where it is jewelry and keep it.
Even after she got married, the 

2577
02:09:18,400 --> 02:09:20,800
practice was a practical and 
empowering way to have Financial

2578
02:09:20,800 --> 02:09:23,800
Security making good bracelet, 
money required. 

2579
02:09:23,800 --> 02:09:27,100
A lot of skill, which turn 
metalworking from a simple trade

2580
02:09:27,100 --> 02:09:30,100
into a complex, art form 
mastercraftsman made bracelets, 

2581
02:09:30,100 --> 02:09:32,400
that were both pretty and useful
as currently. 

2582
02:09:32,400 --> 02:09:35,600
They used twisting braiding and 
hammering to make unique 

2583
02:09:35,600 --> 02:09:39,000
patterns and textures. 
People often kept these methods 

2584
02:09:39,000 --> 02:09:42,200
of secret passing them down 
through families or guilds. 

2585
02:09:42,200 --> 02:09:45,300
This is why some areas are known
for the beauty and quality of 

2586
02:09:45,300 --> 02:09:48,200
their Fine Jewelry. 
Another big plus was that 

2587
02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:49,900
bracelet money lasted a long 
time. 

2588
02:09:49,900 --> 02:09:54,200
Paper money can be ruined by 
water fire or just normal wear 

2589
02:09:54,200 --> 02:09:57,700
and tear conversely, if properly
cared, for metal, bracelets can 

2590
02:09:57,700 --> 02:10:00,800
endure for Generations. 
Because they lasted so long. 

2591
02:10:00,800 --> 02:10:02,800
They were excellent. 
Stores of value. 

2592
02:10:02,800 --> 02:10:05,200
That could keep wealth for 
decades or even centuries. 

2593
02:10:05,200 --> 02:10:08,200
Archaeological sites in Africa, 
and other parts of the world 

2594
02:10:08,200 --> 02:10:11,600
still show examples of bracelet 
money which shows how long they 

2595
02:10:11,600 --> 02:10:13,500
last and how wide they were 
used. 

2596
02:10:14,300 --> 02:10:17,100
Think of the first metal worker 
who saw Copperas a useful 

2597
02:10:17,100 --> 02:10:21,200
material rather than just raw 
material Somewhere In The Mists 

2598
02:10:21,200 --> 02:10:24,500
of prehistory, like, in a small 
Workshop, filled with the Warm 

2599
02:10:24,500 --> 02:10:27,400
Glow of Forge fires and the 
rhythmic sound of hammering. 

2600
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:30,800
Someone made the creative 
transition from crafting tools 

2601
02:10:30,800 --> 02:10:33,700
to crafting money. 
It wasn't just metal allergy. 

2602
02:10:33,700 --> 02:10:37,100
It was economic philosophy that 
had been hammered into shape 

2603
02:10:38,000 --> 02:10:40,300
Bracelet money has been around 
for thousands of years. 

2604
02:10:40,300 --> 02:10:44,200
It started in different parts of
Africa on its own and spread 

2605
02:10:44,200 --> 02:10:47,000
through trade networks, that 
connected far away communities 

2606
02:10:47,000 --> 02:10:49,900
long before Europeans ever 
thought about going around the 

2607
02:10:49,900 --> 02:10:52,300
world. 
The oldest examples we have are 

2608
02:10:52,300 --> 02:10:55,200
from around 500 C but the 
practice was probably much 

2609
02:10:55,200 --> 02:10:57,400
older. 
These weren't similar attempts 

2610
02:10:57,400 --> 02:10:59,900
at making money. 
They were smart ways to solve 

2611
02:10:59,900 --> 02:11:03,300
challenging economic problems 
made by societies that new more 

2612
02:11:03,300 --> 02:11:07,000
about trade value and human 
psychology than most people, 

2613
02:11:07,000 --> 02:11:09,900
give them credit for 
archaeological evidence points 

2614
02:11:09,900 --> 02:11:12,200
to the Copper rich areas of what
is now. 

2615
02:11:12,200 --> 02:11:15,000
The Democratic Republic of 
Congo, has the place where the 

2616
02:11:15,000 --> 02:11:18,900
practice began there, there were
many raw materials, and a lot of

2617
02:11:18,900 --> 02:11:21,500
advanced metallurgical 
knowledge, for thousands of 

2618
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:24,800
years, ancient African societies
worked with metals and came up 

2619
02:11:24,800 --> 02:11:28,600
with mining smelting and shaping
methods that were as effective 

2620
02:11:28,600 --> 02:11:31,100
as or better than those used 
anywhere else in the world. 

2621
02:11:31,100 --> 02:11:34,600
These societies needed a way to 
trade over long distances, so 

2622
02:11:34,600 --> 02:11:36,800
they naturally turned to their 
strongest technology. 

2623
02:11:37,900 --> 02:11:40,700
Change from Trading goods for 
money to using bracelets as 

2624
02:11:40,700 --> 02:11:44,300
money, probably took hundreds of
years to fully happen rather 

2625
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:47,200
than a curing. 
All at once early versions were 

2626
02:11:47,200 --> 02:11:50,300
just Twisted copper rods, which 
were worth more for the metal 

2627
02:11:50,300 --> 02:11:53,500
than for their quality as time 
went on and the system proved 

2628
02:11:53,500 --> 02:11:56,800
itself artists and started to 
add decorative elements to the 

2629
02:11:56,800 --> 02:11:59,600
basic design to make the 
bracelets more appealing. 

2630
02:11:59,600 --> 02:12:04,200
And as a result easier to trade 
There was a reason why most 

2631
02:12:04,200 --> 02:12:06,700
bracelet money was made of 
copper and bronze. 

2632
02:12:06,700 --> 02:12:09,700
These Metals had all the right 
properties for a monetary 

2633
02:12:09,700 --> 02:12:11,600
system. 
They were valuable enough to 

2634
02:12:11,600 --> 02:12:14,300
give the money worth yet. 
Common enough to allow small 

2635
02:12:14,300 --> 02:12:18,300
purchases, they could be used at
relatively low temperatures, so 

2636
02:12:18,300 --> 02:12:20,900
local blacksmiths could make and
change them without needing 

2637
02:12:20,900 --> 02:12:22,700
Advanced industrial 
infrastructure. 

2638
02:12:22,700 --> 02:12:25,600
They were also resistant to 
rust, so your money wouldn't 

2639
02:12:25,600 --> 02:12:27,300
literally disappear in your 
hands. 

2640
02:12:28,900 --> 02:12:31,500
When iron was used for bracelet 
money, it changed the way things

2641
02:12:31,500 --> 02:12:34,000
worked iron. 
Bracelets were often worth more 

2642
02:12:34,000 --> 02:12:36,900
than copper ones because iron 
was harder to work with and 

2643
02:12:36,900 --> 02:12:39,200
because people always needed 
iron tools and weapons. 

2644
02:12:40,100 --> 02:12:43,300
An iron bracelet was a sign of 
wealth that could be turned into

2645
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:44,600
useful things. 
When needed. 

2646
02:12:44,600 --> 02:12:47,900
For example, your money could 
become a spear point or a hoe 

2647
02:12:47,900 --> 02:12:51,100
blade if you needed it to 
standardizing bracelet money was

2648
02:12:51,100 --> 02:12:53,000
a big step forward in early 
economics. 

2649
02:12:53,000 --> 02:12:56,600
Community's across large areas 
somehow, came up with consistent

2650
02:12:56,600 --> 02:12:59,500
standards for weight and Purity 
that made their currencies 

2651
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:02,000
acceptable to each other. 
Even though, there were no 

2652
02:13:02,000 --> 02:13:05,000
Central Banking systems or 
government, oversight, this 

2653
02:13:05,000 --> 02:13:08,300
indicates a degree of 
intercommunity communication and

2654
02:13:08,300 --> 02:13:10,900
collaboration, that contests 
simplistic perceptions of 

2655
02:13:10,908 --> 02:13:14,200
ancient African societies as 
isolated or primitive. 

2656
02:13:15,000 --> 02:13:18,100
The different styles of bracelet
money in different regions, tell

2657
02:13:18,100 --> 02:13:21,300
fascinating stories about trade 
relationships, and cultural 

2658
02:13:21,300 --> 02:13:24,400
identity in some areas. 
People like thick heavy 

2659
02:13:24,400 --> 02:13:26,400
bracelets that showed how rich 
they were. 

2660
02:13:27,000 --> 02:13:29,900
Some people liked delicate 
detail designs that showed off 

2661
02:13:29,900 --> 02:13:31,300
the skill of the people who made
them. 

2662
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:34,600
Some people even made unique 
twisting patterns or Surface 

2663
02:13:34,600 --> 02:13:37,300
decorations that made their 
bracelets easy to spot and far 

2664
02:13:37,308 --> 02:13:39,900
off markets. 
The religious and spiritual 

2665
02:13:39,900 --> 02:13:41,900
aspects of bracelet money gave 
it a lot more. 

2666
02:13:41,900 --> 02:13:44,800
Meaning than just money. 
Many African cultures thought 

2667
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:48,200
that Metals had spiritual powers
and wearing metal bracelets. 

2668
02:13:48,200 --> 02:13:50,400
Could have protective or 
ceremonial purposes. 

2669
02:13:50,400 --> 02:13:53,600
In addition to being valuable 
this spiritual aspect helped 

2670
02:13:53,600 --> 02:13:57,300
bracelet money become a big part
of cultural practices making it 

2671
02:13:57,300 --> 02:13:59,600
more than just a way to trade 
it. 

2672
02:13:59,600 --> 02:14:01,600
Became a part of Social and 
religious life. 

2673
02:14:02,500 --> 02:14:04,800
Making successful bracelet money
required. 

2674
02:14:04,800 --> 02:14:08,000
A lot of specialized knowledge. 
Smith's needed to know more than

2675
02:14:08,000 --> 02:14:09,400
just the basics of metal 
allergy. 

2676
02:14:09,400 --> 02:14:12,000
He also needed to know what 
their money system needed. 

2677
02:14:12,000 --> 02:14:15,400
They needed to know the right 
weight, ratios, how to make sure

2678
02:14:15,400 --> 02:14:18,500
their products were always pure 
and what decorative Styles would

2679
02:14:18,500 --> 02:14:21,200
make them acceptable. 
In different markets, those who 

2680
02:14:21,200 --> 02:14:24,400
had this knowledge often kept it
to the themselves leading, to 

2681
02:14:24,400 --> 02:14:26,400
the formation of specialized 
communities. 

2682
02:14:26,400 --> 02:14:30,000
That were the mint masters of 
their areas making bracelet 

2683
02:14:30,000 --> 02:14:31,300
money. 
Had a big effect on the 

2684
02:14:31,300 --> 02:14:34,800
environment because it needed a 
lot of Mining and fuel for 

2685
02:14:34,800 --> 02:14:37,100
smelting. 
This made the economic ties 

2686
02:14:37,100 --> 02:14:40,400
between mining towns, 
metalworking centers and trading

2687
02:14:40,400 --> 02:14:41,700
networks. 
Very complicated. 

2688
02:14:42,700 --> 02:14:45,200
The need for bracelet money, led
to the search for and 

2689
02:14:45,200 --> 02:14:47,600
development of mineral resources
all over Africa. 

2690
02:14:47,600 --> 02:14:50,800
Such developments helped mining 
Technologies and trade routes 

2691
02:14:50,800 --> 02:14:53,900
grow which would have a big 
impact on the continent's 

2692
02:14:53,900 --> 02:14:55,400
economy for hundreds of years 
years. 

2693
02:14:56,400 --> 02:14:59,700
Instead of government rules 
quality control in the making of

2694
02:14:59,700 --> 02:15:02,700
bracelet money was based on 
community standards and 

2695
02:15:02,700 --> 02:15:05,300
reputation. 
Smiths who consistently made 

2696
02:15:05,300 --> 02:15:06,900
bracelets? 
That were the right weight and 

2697
02:15:06,900 --> 02:15:10,600
Purity would build reputations 
that let them charge high prices

2698
02:15:10,600 --> 02:15:14,300
for their work individuals who 
compromise quality or violated, 

2699
02:15:14,300 --> 02:15:17,200
standards faced immediate 
exclusion from trade networks. 

2700
02:15:17,200 --> 02:15:19,000
That depended on, trust and 
dependability. 

2701
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:23,000
Because a lot of ancient African
economic activity was seasonal 

2702
02:15:23,000 --> 02:15:26,700
bracelet, money had to do many 
different things throughout the 

2703
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:28,800
year. 
Farmers, might trade bracelets 

2704
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:30,800
for seeds, or tools during 
planting season. 

2705
02:15:30,800 --> 02:15:33,900
They could obtain bracelets 
during the Harvest by selling 

2706
02:15:33,900 --> 02:15:37,100
extra crops when it was dry and 
travel was easier. 

2707
02:15:37,100 --> 02:15:39,900
They might have used their 
savings to trade with people far

2708
02:15:39,900 --> 02:15:43,200
away this cyclical. 
Use pattern necessitated, a 

2709
02:15:43,200 --> 02:15:46,200
monetary system, capable of 
maintaining value over time and 

2710
02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:49,900
facilitating easy changes. 
When necessary Picture. 

2711
02:15:49,900 --> 02:15:52,500
The sound of a caravan getting 
ready to leave in the early 

2712
02:15:52,500 --> 02:15:54,900
morning. 
Mist the soft lowing of cows, 

2713
02:15:54,900 --> 02:15:57,900
the soft conversations of 
Traders, checking their goods 

2714
02:15:57,900 --> 02:16:00,400
and the musical. 
Chiming of hundreds of metal 

2715
02:16:00,400 --> 02:16:03,700
bracelets as their, whereas 
moved around getting ready for 

2716
02:16:03,700 --> 02:16:07,600
all part of the scene for years.
This was the music that played 

2717
02:16:07,600 --> 02:16:10,200
in African markets. 
Bracelet money was both the 

2718
02:16:10,200 --> 02:16:13,800
instrument and the symphony The 
major trade routes of medieval 

2719
02:16:13,800 --> 02:16:15,700
Africa were like the internet of
their time. 

2720
02:16:15,700 --> 02:16:18,900
They were invisible networks 
that linked far-off communities 

2721
02:16:18,900 --> 02:16:22,900
and let people trade goods ideas
and cultures on a scale that 

2722
02:16:22,900 --> 02:16:25,300
would have impressed any modern 
Logistics manager. 

2723
02:16:25,300 --> 02:16:28,300
The famous Silk Road receives 
most of the historical 

2724
02:16:28,300 --> 02:16:30,500
attention. 
But African trade routes were 

2725
02:16:30,500 --> 02:16:33,100
often fluid and seasonal 
changing with the weather 

2726
02:16:33,100 --> 02:16:35,200
politics and business 
opportunities. 

2727
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:39,700
Bracelet money was a perfect fit
for this fast-paced trading 

2728
02:16:39,700 --> 02:16:42,299
World bracelets could go 
anywhere. 

2729
02:16:42,299 --> 02:16:45,600
Whereas could go unlike big 
items or items that could spoil,

2730
02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:47,700
they didn't need special 
storage. 

2731
02:16:47,700 --> 02:16:51,100
They couldn't spoil or break 
easily, and their values stayed 

2732
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:53,600
the same regardless of what the 
market was like in the area. 

2733
02:16:53,600 --> 02:16:56,600
A Trader could go from the 
copper mines and katanga to the 

2734
02:16:56,600 --> 02:17:00,500
goldfields in Zimbabwe to the 
Ivory markets in East Africa and

2735
02:17:00,500 --> 02:17:03,299
their bracelet money would be 
accepted and recognized all 

2736
02:17:03,299 --> 02:17:05,900
along the way. 
Along with other types of money 

2737
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:09,400
bracelet money was widely used 
on the trans-saharan trade 

2738
02:17:09,400 --> 02:17:11,600
routes, that connected 
sub-Saharan Africa to North 

2739
02:17:11,600 --> 02:17:13,600
Africa. 
And the Mediterranean World 

2740
02:17:13,600 --> 02:17:16,600
these routes were like highways 
through one of the hardest 

2741
02:17:16,600 --> 02:17:18,600
places on Earth and to get 
through them. 

2742
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:22,400
You needed to plan ahead have a 
lot of resources and work well 

2743
02:17:22,400 --> 02:17:25,100
with people from other 
communities bracelet, money 

2744
02:17:25,100 --> 02:17:27,799
helped, these Partnerships by 
giving people a way to trade 

2745
02:17:27,799 --> 02:17:29,900
that was accepted across 
cultures and languages. 

2746
02:17:30,900 --> 02:17:33,500
Because a lot of African trade 
happened, only at certain times 

2747
02:17:33,500 --> 02:17:36,299
of the year. 
Traders needed a type of money 

2748
02:17:36,299 --> 02:17:39,900
that could hold value, even when
they weren't working, when it 

2749
02:17:39,900 --> 02:17:43,600
rained, travel, became hard or 
impossible and trade would stop 

2750
02:17:43,600 --> 02:17:46,700
for months at a time. 
Bracelet, money was perfect for 

2751
02:17:46,700 --> 02:17:49,299
these times because it didn't go
bad, while it was being stored, 

2752
02:17:49,299 --> 02:17:52,799
it didn't need any upkeep and it
was ready to use right away. 

2753
02:17:52,799 --> 02:17:56,600
When trading season started 
again, Using bracelet money was 

2754
02:17:56,600 --> 02:17:59,799
different along river routes the
special along, the Niger Congo 

2755
02:17:59,799 --> 02:18:03,100
and Zambezi River systems, River
trade made it possible to move 

2756
02:18:03,100 --> 02:18:05,900
heavier goods and more money. 
It also needed different 

2757
02:18:05,900 --> 02:18:09,000
security, measures canoe 
Traders, devised ways to wear 

2758
02:18:09,000 --> 02:18:11,799
and store their bracelet money 
so it wouldn't get wet and was 

2759
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:15,200
easy to access. 
The spread of bracelet money 

2760
02:18:15,200 --> 02:18:17,500
along trade routes wasn't just 
about making money. 

2761
02:18:17,500 --> 02:18:21,299
It was also about passing on an 
adapting culture, as Traders, 

2762
02:18:21,299 --> 02:18:22,700
brought their money to new 
places. 

2763
02:18:22,700 --> 02:18:25,799
Local Craftsmen would watch how 
they made things and slowly 

2764
02:18:25,799 --> 02:18:28,100
change them to fit, local tastes
and materials. 

2765
02:18:28,100 --> 02:18:31,600
This process led to differences 
between regions that show how 

2766
02:18:31,600 --> 02:18:35,400
cultures and Technologies spread
across medieval Africa Different

2767
02:18:35,400 --> 02:18:38,400
mining areas had their own 
unique ways of using bracelet 

2768
02:18:38,400 --> 02:18:40,400
money. 
Community's close to copper 

2769
02:18:40,400 --> 02:18:43,299
mines often became specialized 
centers for making bracelets. 

2770
02:18:44,100 --> 02:18:46,799
They use their access to raw 
materials to build Advanced 

2771
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:49,700
metalworking Industries. 
These centers would then send 

2772
02:18:49,700 --> 02:18:53,000
finished bracelet money along 
trade routes making economic 

2773
02:18:53,000 --> 02:18:56,000
Ties That linked mining 
communities to far off markets 

2774
02:18:56,000 --> 02:18:59,900
in complicated, webs of 
interdependence Fact, that 

2775
02:18:59,900 --> 02:19:02,900
bracelet money had the same 
weight in different parts of 

2776
02:19:02,900 --> 02:19:04,500
Africa. 
Is a great example of how 

2777
02:19:04,500 --> 02:19:07,900
advanced African trade networks 
Were Somehow even though there 

2778
02:19:07,900 --> 02:19:10,600
was no Central Authority or 
modern communication systems 

2779
02:19:10,600 --> 02:19:13,900
communities over large areas 
were able to agree on and keep 

2780
02:19:13,900 --> 02:19:17,100
consistent standards that made 
their currencies acceptable, to 

2781
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:19,900
each other traders, who were 
always on the move and acted as 

2782
02:19:19,900 --> 02:19:22,500
living repositories of Market, 
information and standards, 

2783
02:19:22,500 --> 02:19:25,299
likely helped make this 
standardization happen. 

2784
02:19:26,200 --> 02:19:29,600
Bracelet money was used a lot on
salt routes, especially those 

2785
02:19:29,600 --> 02:19:33,299
that connected the Sahara salt 
mines to markets and sub-Saharan

2786
02:19:33,299 --> 02:19:35,500
Africa. 
Salt was very important for 

2787
02:19:35,500 --> 02:19:38,299
keeping food, fresh and staying 
healthy in tropical climates. 

2788
02:19:38,299 --> 02:19:40,600
This made it. 
One of the most important trade 

2789
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:43,600
goods in medieval Africa, the 
salt trade needed, currency 

2790
02:19:43,600 --> 02:19:46,299
systems that could handle both 
big wholesale deals and smaller 

2791
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:49,000
retail sales. 
Bracelet money was perfect for 

2792
02:19:49,000 --> 02:19:51,800
these different business needs 
because it could be used in many

2793
02:19:51,800 --> 02:19:54,500
different ways. 
Pastoralist communities moved 

2794
02:19:54,500 --> 02:19:57,800
around a lot during the seasons 
which created mobile markets 

2795
02:19:57,800 --> 02:20:01,300
that bracelet money was perfect 
for as heard as move their cows 

2796
02:20:01,300 --> 02:20:03,700
sheep and goats around looking 
for food and water. 

2797
02:20:03,700 --> 02:20:06,600
They made temporary trading 
spots, wherever they stopped 

2798
02:20:06,600 --> 02:20:09,400
these communities could trade 
with each other using bracelet 

2799
02:20:09,400 --> 02:20:11,900
money, which was easier than 
using barter systems, or 

2800
02:20:11,900 --> 02:20:13,400
carrying a lot of other types of
money. 

2801
02:20:14,300 --> 02:20:17,000
Trade fairs and markets that 
sprang up at key points along 

2802
02:20:17,000 --> 02:20:20,100
major routes became places, 
where people could see different

2803
02:20:20,100 --> 02:20:23,700
regionals of bracelet money. 
These meetings gave Traders a 

2804
02:20:23,700 --> 02:20:26,600
chance to compare currents from 
different areas, sharing 

2805
02:20:26,600 --> 02:20:29,200
information about market 
conditions and build the 

2806
02:20:29,200 --> 02:20:31,400
relationships that would make 
future trade easier. 

2807
02:20:31,400 --> 02:20:35,100
These markets have a wide range 
of bracelets Styles which would 

2808
02:20:35,100 --> 02:20:37,500
have been like looking through a
physical catalog of African 

2809
02:20:37,500 --> 02:20:41,000
metal working traditions. 
Taxes paid in bracelet money 

2810
02:20:41,000 --> 02:20:43,900
were often used to pay for the 
protection of trade routes in 

2811
02:20:43,900 --> 02:20:46,700
exchange for tribute payments 
which were often made in the 

2812
02:20:46,700 --> 02:20:49,600
form of metal bracelets. 
Local rulers, would protect 

2813
02:20:49,600 --> 02:20:51,400
traders who pass through their 
lands. 

2814
02:20:51,400 --> 02:20:54,400
This set up systems of rewards 
that encourage people to keep 

2815
02:20:54,400 --> 02:20:57,800
trade peaceful and build things 
like Wells, rest stops, and 

2816
02:20:57,808 --> 02:21:00,900
storage spaces. 
Imagine walking through a busy 

2817
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:03,200
Market. 
In medieval Timbuktu with 

2818
02:21:03,200 --> 02:21:06,200
several pounds of carefully, 
made copper bracelets on your 

2819
02:21:06,200 --> 02:21:09,100
arms that jingle softly, with 
each step the air in the 

2820
02:21:09,108 --> 02:21:11,200
morning. 
Smells like spices, leather and 

2821
02:21:11,200 --> 02:21:12,900
wood smoke from many cooking 
fires. 

2822
02:21:12,900 --> 02:21:16,800
Vendor shout out their goods in 
many languages and soon you'll 

2823
02:21:16,800 --> 02:21:18,600
see how useful it was to wear 
your money. 

2824
02:21:19,300 --> 02:21:22,200
Using bracelet money every day. 
Made shopping both more personal

2825
02:21:22,200 --> 02:21:24,900
and more difficult than anything
were used to. 

2826
02:21:24,908 --> 02:21:28,900
Today, every transaction was a 
physical experience, you could 

2827
02:21:28,900 --> 02:21:31,200
feel the weight of your money, 
leaving your arms as you made 

2828
02:21:31,200 --> 02:21:33,700
purchases. 
This made you aware of how much 

2829
02:21:33,700 --> 02:21:36,300
you were spending right away 
which is something that modern 

2830
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:38,300
digital transactions don't do at
all. 

2831
02:21:39,200 --> 02:21:42,600
In medieval Africa, people often
use bracelet money to pay for 

2832
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:45,200
groceries. 
A farmer who brought Millet or 

2833
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:47,700
sorghum to Market, might take 
small copper bracelets as 

2834
02:21:47,700 --> 02:21:49,900
payment. 
They would weigh the bracelets 

2835
02:21:49,900 --> 02:21:52,700
carefully, to make sure they got
a fair price for their grain. 

2836
02:21:52,700 --> 02:21:55,600
Making change often meant 
breaking up larger bracelets 

2837
02:21:55,600 --> 02:21:58,700
into smaller pieces, which 
required both skill and trust. 

2838
02:21:58,700 --> 02:22:01,100
You couldn't just give the exact
amount of money. 

2839
02:22:01,100 --> 02:22:03,900
You had to talk about how to 
break it into the right size 

2840
02:22:03,900 --> 02:22:06,100
pieces. 
Buying clothes was one of the 

2841
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:08,100
most interesting ways to use 
bracelet money. 

2842
02:22:08,100 --> 02:22:10,300
In many parts of medieval 
Africa. 

2843
02:22:10,300 --> 02:22:13,000
Textile production was a very 
Advanced field. 

2844
02:22:13,000 --> 02:22:15,800
They had elaborate cotton 
weaving traditions and 

2845
02:22:15,800 --> 02:22:19,200
complicated dying methods that 
made Fabrics that were as good 

2846
02:22:19,200 --> 02:22:21,300
as anything made anywhere else 
in the world. 

2847
02:22:21,300 --> 02:22:24,300
A piece of high quality cloth 
could cost several heavy 

2848
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:27,200
bracelets so you would have to 
be very careful when talking 

2849
02:22:27,200 --> 02:22:30,200
about weights and Purity, there 
was ironic that you were using 

2850
02:22:30,200 --> 02:22:33,600
jewelry to buy things to make 
other kinds of jewelry food 

2851
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:36,300
vendors in busy markets, became 
very good at dealing with 

2852
02:22:36,300 --> 02:22:39,000
bracelet money transactions 
while they were cooking. 

2853
02:22:39,300 --> 02:22:41,500
And serving customers. 
They had to be able to quickly 

2854
02:22:41,500 --> 02:22:43,600
figure out how much different 
bracelets were worth. 

2855
02:22:44,700 --> 02:22:48,300
A bowl of Stew, could cost one 
small bracelet but a full meal 

2856
02:22:48,300 --> 02:22:51,400
with meat and vegetables could 
cost several these vendors 

2857
02:22:51,400 --> 02:22:53,800
probably had very strong arms 
because they were lifting 

2858
02:22:53,800 --> 02:22:55,500
weights all day as part of their
job. 

2859
02:22:56,200 --> 02:22:58,800
Buying and selling, livestock 
was one of the most valuable 

2860
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:01,100
ways to use bracelet money in 
everyday business. 

2861
02:23:02,100 --> 02:23:05,100
How could be worth dozens of 
heavy bracelets while a goat or 

2862
02:23:05,100 --> 02:23:06,500
sheep? 
Could be worth a few smaller 

2863
02:23:06,500 --> 02:23:08,600
ones. 
These deals often had a 

2864
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:11,300
ceremonial feel to them. 
For example, the buyer would 

2865
02:23:11,300 --> 02:23:14,200
show off their wealth by wearing
all the payment bracelets at 

2866
02:23:14,200 --> 02:23:15,800
once before giving them to the 
seller. 

2867
02:23:16,400 --> 02:23:18,700
Picture how impressive it would 
be to see someone walking 

2868
02:23:18,700 --> 02:23:20,900
through a market. 
With enough, metal coins to buy 

2869
02:23:20,900 --> 02:23:23,000
a cow. 
They would have sounded like a 

2870
02:23:23,000 --> 02:23:26,400
one-person percussion section. 
People who bought crafts, 

2871
02:23:26,400 --> 02:23:29,000
basically traded their skills 
for money that they could wear. 

2872
02:23:29,000 --> 02:23:32,200
The skilled Potter might trade a
set of cooking pots for a few 

2873
02:23:32,200 --> 02:23:35,300
bracelets, which they could wear
until they needed to buy more 

2874
02:23:35,300 --> 02:23:37,200
things. 
This led to some interesting 

2875
02:23:37,200 --> 02:23:40,400
situations where successful 
artists could become very well. 

2876
02:23:40,400 --> 02:23:44,800
He showed by the heavy bracelets
on their arms in traditional 

2877
02:23:44,800 --> 02:23:47,600
African societies. 
People often paid for medical 

2878
02:23:47,600 --> 02:23:50,400
services with bracelet money. 
This made for interesting 

2879
02:23:50,400 --> 02:23:52,700
relationships between healers 
and their patients. 

2880
02:23:53,500 --> 02:23:56,500
Appending on how complicated the
treatment was a traditional 

2881
02:23:56,500 --> 02:24:00,100
healer might charge different 
amounts, for example, serious 

2882
02:24:00,100 --> 02:24:02,500
illnesses, might need a lot of 
money and heavy bracelets 

2883
02:24:02,500 --> 02:24:05,200
because they're income was 
directly tied to how well they 

2884
02:24:05,200 --> 02:24:08,200
treated patients. 
This system gave healers reasons

2885
02:24:08,200 --> 02:24:10,300
to keep their reputations and 
Effectiveness up. 

2886
02:24:11,100 --> 02:24:13,500
Bracelet money payments were 
often used to pay for school, 

2887
02:24:13,500 --> 02:24:17,300
especially for specialized 
training in trades or crafts. 

2888
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:20,200
A young person learning 
metalworking weaving or other 

2889
02:24:20,200 --> 02:24:22,400
useful skills might pay their 
teacher with bracelets. 

2890
02:24:22,400 --> 02:24:24,200
That their family has collected 
over time. 

2891
02:24:24,200 --> 02:24:27,100
This led to investment 
relationships where families 

2892
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:29,600
would literally wear their 
children's educational savings 

2893
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:32,200
on their arms until it was time 
to pay for school. 

2894
02:24:33,200 --> 02:24:36,100
In the past, when people had 
different ideas about property 

2895
02:24:36,100 --> 02:24:39,500
ownership, how housing 
transactions, sometimes involved

2896
02:24:39,500 --> 02:24:42,300
bracelet money, you could use 
metal bracelets to pay for 

2897
02:24:42,300 --> 02:24:44,800
building materials, 
construction, work and rental 

2898
02:24:44,800 --> 02:24:47,500
agreements. 
However, because you needed so 

2899
02:24:47,500 --> 02:24:50,200
many of them, you often had to 
melt them down and make them 

2900
02:24:50,200 --> 02:24:53,700
into more useful shapes. 
The social aspects of buying 

2901
02:24:53,700 --> 02:24:56,200
things with bracelet money gave 
each purchase more meaning. 

2902
02:24:56,200 --> 02:24:59,400
When you took off your bracelets
to pay for something, you were 

2903
02:24:59,408 --> 02:25:02,000
telling the world about your 
wealth and what was important to

2904
02:25:02,000 --> 02:25:03,900
you. 
This visibility puts social 

2905
02:25:03,900 --> 02:25:07,200
pressure on people to spend 
wisely and show off their wealth

2906
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:09,400
in a way that was appropriate 
for their social status. 

2907
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:12,800
People started to shop at 
certain times of the year 

2908
02:25:12,800 --> 02:25:15,300
because of the way. 
Farming and trade worked in 

2909
02:25:15,308 --> 02:25:17,600
Cycles. 
Farmers would turn their crops 

2910
02:25:17,600 --> 02:25:20,500
and to wearable wealth during 
Harvest Seasons which would lead

2911
02:25:20,500 --> 02:25:23,500
to more bracelet money. 
Circulating in markets during 

2912
02:25:23,500 --> 02:25:26,300
planting Seasons, the flow would
change as people turn their 

2913
02:25:26,300 --> 02:25:29,100
stored bracelet. 
Wealth back in to seeds tools 

2914
02:25:29,100 --> 02:25:31,800
and other things they needed for
the next growing season. 

2915
02:25:32,800 --> 02:25:35,900
Taking care of and maintaining 
bracelet money made its own mini

2916
02:25:35,900 --> 02:25:39,500
economy of services. 
Metal workers cleaned, fixed and

2917
02:25:39,500 --> 02:25:41,700
changed worn out or broken 
bracelets. 

2918
02:25:41,700 --> 02:25:44,700
They could also make larger 
bracelets out of smaller, ones 

2919
02:25:44,700 --> 02:25:47,600
or break larger bracelets into 
smaller ones as needed. 

2920
02:25:47,600 --> 02:25:50,800
These Services were necessary to
keep the currency system working

2921
02:25:50,800 --> 02:25:54,200
and gave skilled Craftsmen. 
A steady income different 

2922
02:25:54,200 --> 02:25:57,100
strategies were needed to store 
and protect bracelet money than 

2923
02:25:57,100 --> 02:25:58,400
modern money. 
Rich. 

2924
02:25:58,400 --> 02:26:00,800
People might have special boxes 
or cloths to keep their 

2925
02:26:00,800 --> 02:26:03,800
bracelets when they were wearing
them, but the safest place to 

2926
02:26:03,800 --> 02:26:05,600
keep them was usually on their 
own arms. 

2927
02:26:05,600 --> 02:26:08,900
This made for interesting, 
sleeping Arrangements going to 

2928
02:26:08,900 --> 02:26:10,900
bed with a lot of money on. 
You probably made for some 

2929
02:26:10,900 --> 02:26:13,900
uncomfortable nights but it was 
usually the safest Choice. 

2930
02:26:13,900 --> 02:26:17,100
Get even more comfortable. 
And picture the steady rhythm of

2931
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:20,300
feet on Old Paths. 
The slow, plodding of pack 

2932
02:26:20,300 --> 02:26:24,100
animals and the soft metallic 
music of thousands of bracelets,

2933
02:26:24,100 --> 02:26:26,700
moving with their wearers, along
trade routes, that crossed the 

2934
02:26:26,700 --> 02:26:29,100
whole continent. 
These were random wandering. 

2935
02:26:29,100 --> 02:26:32,400
They were the arteries of a 
sophisticated economic system 

2936
02:26:32,400 --> 02:26:36,000
that Moved Goods ideas and 
bracelet money across distances 

2937
02:26:36,000 --> 02:26:38,200
that were challenged modern 
logistics companies. 

2938
02:26:38,200 --> 02:26:41,400
The spread of bracelet money 
along established trade routes 

2939
02:26:41,400 --> 02:26:43,500
happen. 
Naturally like water flowing 

2940
02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:46,800
along the path of least 
resistance traders, who are 

2941
02:26:46,808 --> 02:26:49,800
always practical quickly saw the
benefits of a currency that was 

2942
02:26:49,808 --> 02:26:52,800
easy to carry store and keep its
value of cultures. 

2943
02:26:52,800 --> 02:26:55,700
They not only carry their own 
bracelet, well, along their 

2944
02:26:55,700 --> 02:26:59,000
usual paths, but they also 
brought the idea of wearable 

2945
02:26:59,000 --> 02:27:02,800
money to new communities. 
The Swahili Coast with its 

2946
02:27:02,800 --> 02:27:05,600
advanced cities and large 
networks of Maritime trade 

2947
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:09,000
became an important center for 
the flow of bracelet money. 

2948
02:27:09,000 --> 02:27:12,200
Indian Ocean trade brought 
together, Merchants from Arabia 

2949
02:27:12,200 --> 02:27:16,900
Persia, India and China. 
This made Cosmopolitan markets, 

2950
02:27:16,900 --> 02:27:19,400
where bracelet money competed 
with and worked well with other 

2951
02:27:19,400 --> 02:27:22,000
currency systems. 
The fact that bracelet money 

2952
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:24,200
could be used in these 
Multicultural settings, showed 

2953
02:27:24,200 --> 02:27:27,200
that it was a good way to trade 
Coastal communities. 

2954
02:27:27,200 --> 02:27:29,600
Made their own versions of 
bracelet money that showed how 

2955
02:27:29,600 --> 02:27:32,500
much they cared about the sea. 
These Coastal versions were 

2956
02:27:32,500 --> 02:27:35,000
often made from Alloys that were
less likely to corrode. 

2957
02:27:35,000 --> 02:27:38,200
In salt are their design, 
sometimes included patterns 

2958
02:27:38,200 --> 02:27:41,700
related to sea life or Maritime 
activities, a Trader coming from

2959
02:27:41,700 --> 02:27:44,500
the interior with regular copper
bracelets might trade them for 

2960
02:27:44,500 --> 02:27:47,200
these special Coastal ones 
before doing business at sea. 

2961
02:27:48,200 --> 02:27:50,700
Bracelet money was widely used 
in the Great Lakes region of 

2962
02:27:50,708 --> 02:27:54,800
East Africa because Lakes 
Victoria Tanganyika and others 

2963
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:58,000
made it easy to move Goods by 
water canoe base trade, 

2964
02:27:58,000 --> 02:28:01,600
networks, brought bracelet 
money, Ivory iron goods and 

2965
02:28:01,600 --> 02:28:04,400
agricultural Goods to places 
where people fished farmed and 

2966
02:28:04,408 --> 02:28:07,900
traded these networks linked 
fishing communities with farming

2967
02:28:07,900 --> 02:28:10,900
areas and trading centers. 
Local Merchants must have been 

2968
02:28:10,900 --> 02:28:13,700
happy to see a loaded canoe. 
Pull up to a Lakeside Market 

2969
02:28:13,700 --> 02:28:16,000
with its passengers wearing the 
musical. 

2970
02:28:16,000 --> 02:28:19,400
Wealth of many trading trips. 
In mining areas. 

2971
02:28:19,400 --> 02:28:22,500
People had special relationships
with bracelet money that went 

2972
02:28:22,500 --> 02:28:26,000
beyond, just using it as money. 
People who live near iron 

2973
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:28,000
deposits often made Iron 
bracelets. 

2974
02:28:28,000 --> 02:28:30,900
That could be used for two 
things as money, when worn. 

2975
02:28:30,900 --> 02:28:34,500
And as tools, or weapons were 
needed, iron, bracelets were, 

2976
02:28:34,500 --> 02:28:37,500
especially useful in Frontier 
areas, where useful tools were 

2977
02:28:37,500 --> 02:28:40,600
just as important as money. 
Spread of Islam. 

2978
02:28:40,600 --> 02:28:43,000
Along trade routes made it 
interesting to use bracelet 

2979
02:28:43,000 --> 02:28:45,200
money. 
Islamic law had strict rules 

2980
02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:48,100
about usury and money exchange. 
That didn't always match up with

2981
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:51,300
How African currencies were 
usually used, but bracelet money

2982
02:28:51,300 --> 02:28:54,400
is intrinsic value, and ability 
to be both a commodity and a 

2983
02:28:54,400 --> 02:28:57,300
current currency, made it more 
adaptable to Islamic commercial 

2984
02:28:57,300 --> 02:28:59,500
law than purely symbolic. 
Currents. 

2985
02:29:00,800 --> 02:29:04,300
In agricultural areas people use
bracelet money in ways that 

2986
02:29:04,300 --> 02:29:07,400
match the seasons of their 
farming Farmers would turn, 

2987
02:29:07,400 --> 02:29:10,600
stored bracelet, wealth into 
seeds, tools and labor, during 

2988
02:29:10,600 --> 02:29:13,200
planting Seasons. 
They would gather bracelets by 

2989
02:29:13,200 --> 02:29:16,000
selling extra crops during the 
Harvest traders who had been 

2990
02:29:16,008 --> 02:29:18,700
doing this for a while. 
And to expect and take advantage

2991
02:29:18,700 --> 02:29:20,200
of these predictable flows of 
money. 

2992
02:29:21,200 --> 02:29:24,100
Setting up permanent markets at 
key points along trade routes 

2993
02:29:24,100 --> 02:29:27,200
created places where people 
could trade bracelet money, 

2994
02:29:27,200 --> 02:29:31,400
which was almost like modern 
foreign exchange markets, these 

2995
02:29:31,400 --> 02:29:33,800
markets let Traders switch 
between different Regional 

2996
02:29:33,800 --> 02:29:36,700
styles of bracelet money. 
Making sure that their money 

2997
02:29:36,708 --> 02:29:38,800
would be accepted no matter 
where they went next. 

2998
02:29:38,800 --> 02:29:41,800
The exchange rates between 
different types of bracelets 

2999
02:29:41,800 --> 02:29:44,700
were based on complicated math, 
that took into account, the 

3000
02:29:44,700 --> 02:29:48,000
quality of the metal, the 
quality of the craftsmanship and

3001
02:29:48,000 --> 02:29:51,800
the preferences of the region. 
Royal courts along major trade 

3002
02:29:51,800 --> 02:29:54,800
routes often got a lot of 
bracelet money from tribute 

3003
02:29:54,800 --> 02:29:57,800
taxes and trade these 
collections had many uses. 

3004
02:29:57,800 --> 02:30:01,800
They were stores of wealth 
symbols of power and practical 

3005
02:30:01,800 --> 02:30:04,600
reserves that could be used to 
pay for military campaigns or 

3006
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:07,400
Public Works projects seeing 
Royal regalia. 

3007
02:30:07,400 --> 02:30:09,800
With hundreds of expensive 
bracelets would have shown off 

3008
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:12,200
both wealth and cultural 
sophistication in a big way. 

3009
02:30:13,500 --> 02:30:16,300
The use of bracelet money to 
create Credit Systems, showed 

3010
02:30:16,300 --> 02:30:20,000
how advanced African business, 
practices were trusted Traders, 

3011
02:30:20,000 --> 02:30:22,200
could often get Goods by 
promising, to pay in bracelets 

3012
02:30:22,200 --> 02:30:25,200
at a later date. 
This created debt relationships 

3013
02:30:25,200 --> 02:30:27,400
that made it easier to trade 
over long distances. 

3014
02:30:27,400 --> 02:30:30,400
These credit Arrangements needed
a level of knowledge about 

3015
02:30:30,400 --> 02:30:33,700
market conditions, trade, a 
reputations and currency values 

3016
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:37,200
that was on par with what you 
would find in modern European or

3017
02:30:37,200 --> 02:30:40,200
middle eastern business centers.
There was a lot of bracelet 

3018
02:30:40,200 --> 02:30:43,300
money going around on pilgrimage
routes, especially those used, 

3019
02:30:43,300 --> 02:30:46,500
by Muslims, going to, and from 
Mecca, pilgrims needed money 

3020
02:30:46,500 --> 02:30:49,200
that they could carry with them.
And that would keep its value 

3021
02:30:49,200 --> 02:30:52,200
while they travel bracelet. 
Money was perfect for this 

3022
02:30:52,200 --> 02:30:54,000
during certain times of the 
year. 

3023
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:56,700
A lot of pilgrims would come 
together and this would create 

3024
02:30:56,700 --> 02:30:59,200
temporary markets, where 
bracelet money from all over the

3025
02:30:59,200 --> 02:31:02,600
world would be shown and traded 
The use of bracelet money in 

3026
02:31:02,600 --> 02:31:05,600
diplomacy gave it a new 
dimension as it spread along 

3027
02:31:05,600 --> 02:31:08,800
trade routes to start or keep 
political relationships. 

3028
02:31:08,800 --> 02:31:11,700
Rulers often sent each other 
elaborate bracelets as gifts. 

3029
02:31:12,400 --> 02:31:15,300
These diplomatic gifts helped 
make designs and values more 

3030
02:31:15,300 --> 02:31:16,800
consistent across different 
areas. 

3031
02:31:16,800 --> 02:31:20,100
A very beautiful set of 
diplomatic bracelets could set 

3032
02:31:20,100 --> 02:31:23,100
design trends that would last 
for generations and affect local

3033
02:31:23,100 --> 02:31:25,800
Craftsmen. 
In many cases, the borders 

3034
02:31:25,800 --> 02:31:28,000
between different political 
groups became places where 

3035
02:31:28,000 --> 02:31:31,600
people could trade and change 
bracelet money in this place. 

3036
02:31:31,600 --> 02:31:34,800
Bracelets from one area could be
melted down and made into Stiles

3037
02:31:34,800 --> 02:31:36,300
that were more popular. 
In nearby areas. 

3038
02:31:36,300 --> 02:31:39,300
These border markets were places
where different cultures and 

3039
02:31:39,300 --> 02:31:42,600
economies could mix and share 
ideas about how to design use 

3040
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:45,400
bracelet money. 
Get ready for a more thoughtful 

3041
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:48,700
part of our story, by pouring 
yourself, another cup of tea, 

3042
02:31:48,700 --> 02:31:52,300
every currency system, no matter
how well it works or how well it

3043
02:31:52,300 --> 02:31:55,800
fits will eventually run into 
problems that test its strength.

3044
02:31:55,800 --> 02:31:59,400
The era of bracelet money was no
different and the factors that 

3045
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:02,300
caused its slow decline reveal 
as much about the evolving 

3046
02:32:02,300 --> 02:32:06,000
nature of African societies as 
its emergent illustrates their 

3047
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:09,600
historical sophistication. 
The end of bracelet money wasn't

3048
02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:12,900
sudden or terrible. 
It was more like watching a tide

3049
02:32:12,900 --> 02:32:15,400
slowly. 
Go out leaving behind signs of 

3050
02:32:15,408 --> 02:32:18,600
its presence while slowly giving
way to New Economic realities. 

3051
02:32:18,600 --> 02:32:22,500
This change happened over the 
course of several centuries from

3052
02:32:22,500 --> 02:32:26,500
the 1400s to the 1800s. 
It was caused by a complicated 

3053
02:32:26,500 --> 02:32:30,600
mix of technological advances, 
political changes and outside 

3054
02:32:30,600 --> 02:32:34,500
forces that change African 
economies, European contact with

3055
02:32:34,500 --> 02:32:38,600
Africa, started in the 1400s 
along the coasts and brought new

3056
02:32:38,600 --> 02:32:40,700
types of money. 
That competed with older 

3057
02:32:40,700 --> 02:32:44,100
systems, European Traders, 
brought, silver coins, gold 

3058
02:32:44,100 --> 02:32:47,200
pieces, and later things that 
were made by people that could 

3059
02:32:47,200 --> 02:32:49,900
be used as trade goods. 
These new currencies were 

3060
02:32:49,900 --> 02:32:52,300
better. 
In some situations, for example,

3061
02:32:52,300 --> 02:32:54,800
they were often lighter than 
bracelet money for the same 

3062
02:32:54,800 --> 02:32:58,300
value and they were easy to use 
in global markets that African 

3063
02:32:58,300 --> 02:33:01,800
Traders were becoming more 
interested in, The Atlantic 

3064
02:33:01,800 --> 02:33:05,500
slave trade, which was very sad.
Also messed up traditional 

3065
02:33:05,500 --> 02:33:08,600
currency systems by making 
people want different kinds of 

3066
02:33:08,600 --> 02:33:11,200
trade goods. 
European slave Traders, often 

3067
02:33:11,200 --> 02:33:14,300
like to trade in things that 
were made like textiles guns and

3068
02:33:14,300 --> 02:33:16,600
alcohol. 
Instead of traditional African 

3069
02:33:16,600 --> 02:33:19,100
currencies. 
This change in trade patterns, 

3070
02:33:19,100 --> 02:33:21,800
slowly, made bracelet money, 
less useful, in coastal areas 

3071
02:33:21,800 --> 02:33:24,000
where Europeans had the most 
contact. 

3072
02:33:24,800 --> 02:33:27,500
Changes in technology and 
Metallurgy and Manufacturing 

3073
02:33:27,500 --> 02:33:30,400
started to have an effect on the
economic of making bracelet 

3074
02:33:30,400 --> 02:33:32,500
money. 
As European industrial methods 

3075
02:33:32,500 --> 02:33:35,500
became available the cost 
advantage of traditional African

3076
02:33:35,500 --> 02:33:39,300
metalworking started to go away 
handmade bracelets often cost 

3077
02:33:39,300 --> 02:33:41,000
more than mass-produced Metal 
Goods. 

3078
02:33:41,000 --> 02:33:43,800
So bracelet money wasn't as good
of a store of value. 

3079
02:33:44,700 --> 02:33:47,800
In many parts of Africa, 
centralized political systems 

3080
02:33:47,800 --> 02:33:51,200
grew, which made people want 
more standard currency systems 

3081
02:33:51,200 --> 02:33:54,000
when kingdoms and Empires were 
trying to strengthen their 

3082
02:33:54,000 --> 02:33:56,200
power. 
They often liked currencies that

3083
02:33:56,200 --> 02:33:58,900
they could control and regulate 
more easily, than the 

3084
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:01,400
traditional bracelet money 
systems that had grown up 

3085
02:34:01,408 --> 02:34:04,500
naturally through trade. 
Networks rulers, had more direct

3086
02:34:04,500 --> 02:34:07,100
control over their economies 
when they used government-issued

3087
02:34:07,100 --> 02:34:09,300
money. 
Changes in religion, like the 

3088
02:34:09,300 --> 02:34:12,600
spread of Christianity, through 
missionary work sometimes, put 

3089
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:15,600
cultural pressure on people to 
stop doing things like using 

3090
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:18,300
bracelet money. 
Some missionaries were wary of 

3091
02:34:18,300 --> 02:34:21,200
traditional African practices 
and urge their converts to adopt

3092
02:34:21,200 --> 02:34:24,800
European style economic 
practices, including the use of 

3093
02:34:24,808 --> 02:34:28,500
European currently. 
As African economies became part

3094
02:34:28,500 --> 02:34:32,000
of global trade networks. 
There was a need for currencies.

3095
02:34:32,000 --> 02:34:34,900
That could easily be exchanged 
in international markets 

3096
02:34:34,900 --> 02:34:36,900
bracelet. 
Money worked, well for trade 

3097
02:34:36,900 --> 02:34:39,900
between African countries, but 
it wasn't as useful for trade 

3098
02:34:39,900 --> 02:34:42,700
between countries where European
and Middle Eastern currencies 

3099
02:34:42,700 --> 02:34:45,800
will be coming standard people 
who wanted to trade in global 

3100
02:34:45,800 --> 02:34:48,000
markets needed money. 
That would be accepted in 

3101
02:34:48,000 --> 02:34:51,600
London, Paris or Cairo. 
A cities grew in many parts of 

3102
02:34:51,600 --> 02:34:54,200
Africa. 
The economy changed in ways that

3103
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:57,100
were to as good for bracelet 
money in cities with a lot of 

3104
02:34:57,100 --> 02:34:59,900
people where people worked in 
more specialized jobs and didn't

3105
02:34:59,900 --> 02:35:03,500
have as much direct contact with
farming Cycles, the seasonal 

3106
02:35:03,500 --> 02:35:06,800
patterns of bracelet, money used
became less important people who

3107
02:35:06,800 --> 02:35:09,600
lived in cities, often like 
currencies, that were easier to 

3108
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:11,700
store and move around in small 
spaces. 

3109
02:35:12,700 --> 02:35:15,400
As Banking and Credit Systems 
based on European models. 

3110
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:18,900
Grew they slowly took over some 
of the jobs that bracelet money 

3111
02:35:18,900 --> 02:35:21,600
used to do these new Banks, 
could give out loans. 

3112
02:35:21,600 --> 02:35:24,900
Keep money safe and make it 
easier to do business over long 

3113
02:35:24,900 --> 02:35:28,000
distances, which was often 
better than the old bracelet 

3114
02:35:28,000 --> 02:35:30,600
money systems specially for big 
businesses. 

3115
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:34,900
When colonial governments came 
to different parts of Africa, 

3116
02:35:34,900 --> 02:35:38,100
they actively tried to get rid 
of traditional currency systems 

3117
02:35:38,100 --> 02:35:41,300
in favor of colonial currencies 
that were easier to control and 

3118
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:43,600
tax. 
Colonial governments had strong 

3119
02:35:43,600 --> 02:35:45,800
reasons to get rid of 
traditional currencies that they

3120
02:35:45,800 --> 02:35:49,400
didn't directly supervise or 
control, the drop wasn't the 

3121
02:35:49,400 --> 02:35:53,300
same in every area or Community 
people in rural areas, places 

3122
02:35:53,300 --> 02:35:56,400
with few European contacts and 
places where traditional 

3123
02:35:56,400 --> 02:35:58,100
political systems were still 
strong. 

3124
02:35:58,100 --> 02:36:01,500
Often used bracelet money long 
after it and disappeared from 

3125
02:36:01,500 --> 02:36:04,800
coastal cities, some communities
kept two types of money. 

3126
02:36:05,600 --> 02:36:08,200
Bracelet money for everyday 
transactions and newer 

3127
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:10,000
currencies for trading with 
other markets. 

3128
02:36:11,000 --> 02:36:13,000
The same durability that made 
bracelet money. 

3129
02:36:13,000 --> 02:36:16,500
Such a good currency. 
Also meant that examples kept 

3130
02:36:16,500 --> 02:36:20,400
going around long after nuanced 
being made for decades. 

3131
02:36:20,400 --> 02:36:23,000
After they stopped, being made 
as money, people could reuse 

3132
02:36:23,000 --> 02:36:25,100
meltdown or passed down old 
bracelets. 

3133
02:36:25,100 --> 02:36:28,300
This made the bracelet money 
systems useful for a long time. 

3134
02:36:28,300 --> 02:36:31,700
After they stopped being made, 
it wasn't always easy or welcome

3135
02:36:31,700 --> 02:36:34,800
to stop using bracelet money. 
A lot of communities had strong 

3136
02:36:34,800 --> 02:36:38,500
cultural ties to their old money
systems and the loss of bracelet

3137
02:36:38,500 --> 02:36:40,800
money was more than just a 
change in the economy. 

3138
02:36:40,800 --> 02:36:44,100
It was the loss of traditions 
that had linked communities to 

3139
02:36:44,108 --> 02:36:45,500
their ancestors and to each 
other. 

3140
02:36:45,500 --> 02:36:48,600
It was often harder to find a 
replacement for bracelet, money,

3141
02:36:48,600 --> 02:36:51,800
social and ceremonial uses than 
for its purely economic ones. 

3142
02:36:51,800 --> 02:36:55,200
Some groups, tried to keep 
bracelet money systems going by 

3143
02:36:55,200 --> 02:36:57,200
making changes to fit new 
situations. 

3144
02:36:57,200 --> 02:37:00,300
They could keep making bracelets
for ceremonial use while 

3145
02:37:00,300 --> 02:37:02,300
switching to newer currencies 
for every day business. 

3146
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:05,200
Well, they could change 
traditional designs to use new 

3147
02:37:05,200 --> 02:37:07,700
materials or techniques that 
made them more competitive with 

3148
02:37:07,700 --> 02:37:11,000
imported options as demand for 
Quality bracelet money went Down

3149
02:37:11,008 --> 02:37:13,200
the skills and knowledge needed 
to make. 

3150
02:37:13,200 --> 02:37:16,200
It started to fade away. 
Master craftsmen, who had spent 

3151
02:37:16,200 --> 02:37:19,100
their whole lives, perfecting 
traditional skills, founded 

3152
02:37:19,100 --> 02:37:21,800
harder to find apprentices, who 
wanted to learn skills. 

3153
02:37:21,800 --> 02:37:23,400
That seem to be going out of 
style. 

3154
02:37:23,400 --> 02:37:25,700
This loss of technical 
knowledge, was a kind of 

3155
02:37:25,708 --> 02:37:27,900
cultural loss that went far 
beyond just money. 

3156
02:37:28,800 --> 02:37:31,600
As you sip your bedtime drink. 
And maybe look at the jewelry on

3157
02:37:31,600 --> 02:37:33,100
your wrists. 
Think about this. 

3158
02:37:33,100 --> 02:37:37,100
Amazing fact, the traditions and
new ideas that led to bracelet 

3159
02:37:37,100 --> 02:37:39,900
money didn't just go away when 
the currency itself stopped 

3160
02:37:39,900 --> 02:37:43,200
being used like all truly 
important human inventions 

3161
02:37:43,200 --> 02:37:46,300
bracelet money left behind marks
that still have an impact on 

3162
02:37:46,300 --> 02:37:48,200
African societies and Global 
culture. 

3163
02:37:48,200 --> 02:37:52,200
In ways that may surprise you 
the metalworking Traditions that

3164
02:37:52,200 --> 02:37:53,900
made bracelet money. 
Didn't die out. 

3165
02:37:53,900 --> 02:37:57,900
They changed and grew. 
Many of the methods used to make

3166
02:37:57,900 --> 02:38:00,600
currency bracelets, were also 
used to make decorative jewelry 

3167
02:38:00,600 --> 02:38:03,200
ceremonial items and works of 
art. 

3168
02:38:03,200 --> 02:38:06,400
Modern African metalsmiths still
used techniques that can be 

3169
02:38:06,408 --> 02:38:09,100
traced back to the artists who 
made jewelry that medieval 

3170
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:12,600
Traders could wear as well. 
There are clear links between 

3171
02:38:12,600 --> 02:38:15,100
modern African jewelry style and
old bracelet. 

3172
02:38:15,100 --> 02:38:17,500
Money Styles. 
Many African cultures today 

3173
02:38:17,500 --> 02:38:21,100
prefer big meaningful jewelry. 
This is because jewelry and 

3174
02:38:21,100 --> 02:38:22,500
wealth used to be the same 
thing. 

3175
02:38:22,500 --> 02:38:26,100
The heavy Bangles, fancy armlets
and big necklaces that are 

3176
02:38:26,100 --> 02:38:28,900
popular all over Africa. 
Today a similar to the design 

3177
02:38:28,900 --> 02:38:33,200
ideas that made bracelet money, 
both useful and pretty In modern

3178
02:38:33,200 --> 02:38:35,400
Africa, where the economy is 
unstable. 

3179
02:38:35,400 --> 02:38:38,700
And there are many banks. 
The idea of portable wealth is 

3180
02:38:38,700 --> 02:38:40,900
still important. 
Traditional Western Financial 

3181
02:38:40,900 --> 02:38:44,700
systems aren't as reliable. 
Many African communities still 

3182
02:38:44,700 --> 02:38:48,200
like to keep their money informs
that are easy to move last a 

3183
02:38:48,200 --> 02:38:51,000
long time and keep their value. 
Even when the economy or 

3184
02:38:51,000 --> 02:38:55,200
politics change, for example, 
gold jewelry today, does many of

3185
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:57,900
the same things that bracelet 
money did hundreds of years ago.

3186
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:00,500
Many cultural ceremonies in 
Africa. 

3187
02:39:00,500 --> 02:39:02,900
Include things that are clearly 
based on bracelet money. 

3188
02:39:02,900 --> 02:39:06,500
Traditions people often wear or 
give away big metal jewelry at 

3189
02:39:06,508 --> 02:39:09,100
weddings Coming of Age 
ceremonies and religious 

3190
02:39:09,100 --> 02:39:11,900
celebrations. 
This jewelry has symbolic 

3191
02:39:11,900 --> 02:39:15,100
meanings related to wealth 
status and being part of a 

3192
02:39:15,100 --> 02:39:17,400
community. 
These Traditions, keep the 

3193
02:39:17,400 --> 02:39:20,100
social and ceremonial roles that
bracelet money used to have in 

3194
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:23,400
African cultures. 
With more people interested in 

3195
02:39:23,400 --> 02:39:26,400
traditional African culture, 
bracelet money, is once again 

3196
02:39:26,400 --> 02:39:30,500
being appreciated as both a 
historical artifact and artistic

3197
02:39:30,500 --> 02:39:33,600
inspiration, modern African 
artists often used bracelet 

3198
02:39:33,600 --> 02:39:35,900
money designs in their jewelry 
making peace. 

3199
02:39:35,900 --> 02:39:39,100
Is that connect whereas to their
cultural heritage also looking 

3200
02:39:39,100 --> 02:39:43,000
good museums all over Africa and
the world now see bracelet money

3201
02:39:43,000 --> 02:39:46,500
as important cultural objects 
that should be preserved and 

3202
02:39:46,500 --> 02:39:49,300
studied. 
When creating alternatives to 

3203
02:39:49,300 --> 02:39:52,400
traditional banking, some 
economic development programs, 

3204
02:39:52,400 --> 02:39:55,200
in modern Africa, look to 
traditional systems like 

3205
02:39:55,200 --> 02:39:58,600
bracelet money for ideas 
microfinance programs Community,

3206
02:39:58,600 --> 02:40:01,400
Savings groups and local 
currency initiatives frequently.

3207
02:40:01,400 --> 02:40:04,700
Embodied principles of 
portability Community governance

3208
02:40:04,700 --> 02:40:08,000
and intrinsic value, that 
defined effective traditional 

3209
02:40:08,000 --> 02:40:11,400
currency systems. 
The archaeological examination 

3210
02:40:11,400 --> 02:40:13,600
of bracelet. 
Money sites has yielded 

3211
02:40:13,600 --> 02:40:16,100
significant insights into 
African economic history and 

3212
02:40:16,100 --> 02:40:18,900
technological advancement. 
These Studies have shown that 

3213
02:40:18,900 --> 02:40:21,600
African societies and their 
economies were more advanced 

3214
02:40:21,600 --> 02:40:24,800
than previously thought. 
Going against the idea that 

3215
02:40:24,800 --> 02:40:26,600
Africa was economically 
primitive. 

3216
02:40:26,600 --> 02:40:29,900
Before Europeans came into 
contact with it bracelet, money 

3217
02:40:29,900 --> 02:40:32,600
is proof of how smart and 
creative Africans are when it 

3218
02:40:32,600 --> 02:40:35,600
comes to business. 
As part of a larger effort to 

3219
02:40:35,600 --> 02:40:38,900
connect young people with their 
cultural heritage schools, all 

3220
02:40:38,900 --> 02:40:41,000
over Africa. 
Now, teach about bracelet, money

3221
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:44,000
students, learn to appreciate 
the depth and complexity of 

3222
02:40:44,000 --> 02:40:47,400
African civilizations and 
develop pride in their cultural 

3223
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:50,500
heritage when they learn about 
traditional economic systems. 

3224
02:40:50,500 --> 02:40:53,600
These programs often, let you 
try out traditional metalworking

3225
02:40:53,600 --> 02:40:56,800
techniques for yourself. 
In many parts of Africa 

3226
02:40:56,800 --> 02:40:59,200
bracelet, money. 
History is now a part of 

3227
02:40:59,200 --> 02:41:02,400
cultural heritage tours. 
While buying modern copies of 

3228
02:41:02,400 --> 02:41:05,800
old bracelet money designs 
visitors can learn about how 

3229
02:41:05,800 --> 02:41:07,700
traditional African economies 
worked. 

3230
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:10,800
This kind of Tourism helps, 
local artists, and lets people 

3231
02:41:10,800 --> 02:41:12,900
all over the world, learn about 
African culture. 

3232
02:41:14,200 --> 02:41:15,900
Academic research on bracelet, 
money. 

3233
02:41:15,900 --> 02:41:18,600
Has enhanced the comprehension 
of the evolution and operation 

3234
02:41:18,600 --> 02:41:22,200
of currency systems economists 
and anthropologists, examine 

3235
02:41:22,200 --> 02:41:24,400
bracelet money. 
As a case study of how Society 

3236
02:41:24,400 --> 02:41:28,200
can establish complex Financial 
systems devoid of centralized 

3237
02:41:28,200 --> 02:41:29,900
Authority or governmental 
oversight. 

3238
02:41:29,900 --> 02:41:33,200
These studies offer, insights 
pertinent to current dialogues, 

3239
02:41:33,200 --> 02:41:36,000
regarding alternative currencies
and decentralized financial 

3240
02:41:36,000 --> 02:41:38,800
systems. 
Creating programs for 

3241
02:41:38,800 --> 02:41:41,100
communities that don't have 
access to regular Banks. 

3242
02:41:41,100 --> 02:41:44,600
International development 
organizations have looked at 

3243
02:41:44,600 --> 02:41:47,400
traditional African currency 
systems like bracelet money. 

3244
02:41:47,400 --> 02:41:50,500
Development workers can make 
programs that are more likely to

3245
02:41:50,500 --> 02:41:54,000
work by learning how traditional
systems worked, instead of just 

3246
02:41:54,000 --> 02:41:57,900
using Western Financial models, 
Bracelet money has an aesthetic 

3247
02:41:57,900 --> 02:42:01,700
impact, that goes beyond Africa 
because African people live all 

3248
02:42:01,700 --> 02:42:03,300
over the world and people all 
over the world. 

3249
02:42:03,300 --> 02:42:05,100
Appreciate African art and 
design. 

3250
02:42:05,100 --> 02:42:07,500
Modern jewelry designers all 
over the world. 

3251
02:42:07,500 --> 02:42:09,800
Get ideas from traditional 
African metal work, like 

3252
02:42:09,800 --> 02:42:13,300
bracelet money designs, they 
make modern pieces that keep the

3253
02:42:13,300 --> 02:42:16,200
old style alive. 
Some of the new technologies in 

3254
02:42:16,200 --> 02:42:17,700
Africa. 
Today are based on the same 

3255
02:42:17,700 --> 02:42:21,200
ideas that made bracelet money. 
Work mobile money, systems, for 

3256
02:42:21,200 --> 02:42:23,800
instance, share bracelet, 
money's, focus on being easy to 

3257
02:42:23,800 --> 02:42:27,800
carry giving users control and 
not relying on a central banking

3258
02:42:27,800 --> 02:42:29,900
system. 
Even though the technology is 

3259
02:42:29,900 --> 02:42:32,900
very different, the ideas behind
user empowerment and 

3260
02:42:32,900 --> 02:42:35,700
decentralized control. 
A similar to the Democratic 

3261
02:42:35,700 --> 02:42:39,400
nature of traditional bracelet, 
money systems modern African 

3262
02:42:39,400 --> 02:42:42,600
fashion is using more and more 
elements from traditional 

3263
02:42:42,600 --> 02:42:45,300
bracelet. 
Money designs fashion designers 

3264
02:42:45,300 --> 02:42:47,800
all over the continent, make 
clothes and accessories that are

3265
02:42:47,800 --> 02:42:51,300
inspired by the geometric 
patterns metallic finishes and 

3266
02:42:51,300 --> 02:42:54,000
big shapes that were common on 
Old currency bracelets. 

3267
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:57,200
This fashion movement, helps 
keep traditional, Styles alive 

3268
02:42:57,200 --> 02:42:59,800
in today's world. 
While also making new ways for 

3269
02:42:59,800 --> 02:43:03,600
people to express themselves. 
Culturally The examination of 

3270
02:43:03,600 --> 02:43:06,800
bracelet money has shaped 
contemporary comprehension of 

3271
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:10,200
African economic history 
contributing to a more precise 

3272
02:43:10,200 --> 02:43:13,400
depiction of the continents 
commercial sophistication prior 

3273
02:43:13,400 --> 02:43:16,600
to European colonization. 
This scholarship has been very 

3274
02:43:16,600 --> 02:43:19,600
important in fighting racist 
stories about what Africans can 

3275
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:22,200
do and have done. 
It has shown that Africans have 

3276
02:43:22,208 --> 02:43:25,600
come up with new ways to do 
business work with metals and 

3277
02:43:25,600 --> 02:43:29,800
trade over long distances. 
When making modern institutions 

3278
02:43:29,800 --> 02:43:33,200
Community groups in Africa, 
sometimes use symbolic parts 

3279
02:43:33,200 --> 02:43:36,000
from bracelet money. 
Traditions Credit Unions 

3280
02:43:36,000 --> 02:43:38,700
Cooperative societies and 
Community Development groups, 

3281
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:42,100
may use images or ceremonies 
that refer to old ways of 

3282
02:43:42,100 --> 02:43:45,300
organizing the economy and 
communities linking their modern

3283
02:43:45,300 --> 02:43:49,100
goals to those of the past. 
The environmental lessons of 

3284
02:43:49,100 --> 02:43:52,100
bracelet, money are still 
important when talking about how

3285
02:43:52,100 --> 02:43:54,600
to grow the economy in a way 
that is good for the 

3286
02:43:54,600 --> 02:43:57,000
environment. 
Modern disposable consumer 

3287
02:43:57,000 --> 02:43:59,700
culture is very different from 
traditional African currency 

3288
02:43:59,700 --> 02:44:03,200
systems, which focused on 
durability recyclability. 

3289
02:44:03,200 --> 02:44:07,600
And using local materials, these
historical instances serve as a 

3290
02:44:07,608 --> 02:44:10,300
catalyst for modern initiatives 
aimed at fostering more 

3291
02:44:10,300 --> 02:44:14,200
sustainable economic practices. 
As your evening becomes more 

3292
02:44:14,200 --> 02:44:17,300
peaceful and your body adjusts 
to the soothing rhythms of 

3293
02:44:17,300 --> 02:44:19,900
sleep. 
Let's look into the deep meaning

3294
02:44:19,900 --> 02:44:23,300
of bracelet money that go beyond
just buying and selling this old

3295
02:44:23,300 --> 02:44:25,100
system of money. 
Gives us a look into human 

3296
02:44:25,100 --> 02:44:29,000
nature, how societies are set up
and the link between Beauty and 

3297
02:44:29,000 --> 02:44:31,500
usefulness. 
That is still as true today, as 

3298
02:44:31,500 --> 02:44:34,900
it was 1,000 years ago. 
Bracelet money is a 

3299
02:44:34,900 --> 02:44:38,200
fundamentally different way of 
Designing currency than what we 

3300
02:44:38,200 --> 02:44:41,000
are used to today. 
It combines aesthetic Beauty 

3301
02:44:41,000 --> 02:44:44,200
with practical function. 
Modern money is only a symbol. 

3302
02:44:44,200 --> 02:44:47,000
Its physical form, has nothing 
to do with its value. 

3303
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:49,800
Bracelet money. 
On the other hand showed its 

3304
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:52,900
worth in both its material form 
and its artistic achievement. 

3305
02:44:52,900 --> 02:44:56,500
This integration implies Society
is that a steamed Beauty as 

3306
02:44:56,500 --> 02:44:58,700
fundamental rather than 
Superfluous? 

3307
02:44:58,700 --> 02:45:02,100
Where utilitarian items were 
anticipated to be aesthetically 

3308
02:45:02,100 --> 02:45:04,400
pleasing? 
In addition to fulfilling their 

3309
02:45:04,400 --> 02:45:09,500
purpose, The bracelet money, 
that made wealth visible to 

3310
02:45:09,500 --> 02:45:12,600
others had complicated effects 
on people's minds and behavior 

3311
02:45:12,600 --> 02:45:15,100
bracelet money. 
Made it clear to everyone in the

3312
02:45:15,100 --> 02:45:18,500
community what their economic 
status was Modern banking 

3313
02:45:18,500 --> 02:45:21,600
systems on the other hand can 
hide economic inequality by 

3314
02:45:21,600 --> 02:45:24,100
privacy laws and complicated 
financial instruments. 

3315
02:45:24,100 --> 02:45:27,500
This openness could put social 
pressure on people, to be both 

3316
02:45:27,500 --> 02:45:30,300
generous and responsible. 
It was hard to ignore poverty 

3317
02:45:30,300 --> 02:45:33,600
when wealth was literally on 
display and it was just as hard 

3318
02:45:33,600 --> 02:45:36,300
to get rich with without taking 
on social obligations to share 

3319
02:45:36,300 --> 02:45:39,000
it. 
The physical link between people

3320
02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:41,800
and their money that bracelet 
money needed made people have 

3321
02:45:41,800 --> 02:45:44,800
different relationships with 
money than abstract Financial 

3322
02:45:44,800 --> 02:45:48,900
systems did when your money had 
weight texture and temperature. 

3323
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:52,300
When you could feel it move with
your body and hear it chime with

3324
02:45:52,300 --> 02:45:55,800
your gestures money, became a 
more physical experience than 

3325
02:45:55,800 --> 02:45:58,800
the numbers on bank statements 
or digital displays that show 

3326
02:45:58,800 --> 02:46:03,000
how much money you have now. 
Bracelet money systems are 

3327
02:46:03,000 --> 02:46:05,800
democratic, which goes against 
what, most people think about, 

3328
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:09,000
how currencies grow and work. 
African communities made their 

3329
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:11,500
own money systems that worked 
across larger areas and 

3330
02:46:11,500 --> 02:46:14,000
different cultures. 
Even though they were no central

3331
02:46:14,000 --> 02:46:17,900
banks, government oversight or 
standard minting facilities. 

3332
02:46:17,900 --> 02:46:20,800
This success shows that 
Grassroots cooperation and 

3333
02:46:20,800 --> 02:46:24,500
shared cultural value can lead 
to effective, monetary systems, 

3334
02:46:24,500 --> 02:46:27,000
not just top-down institutional 
control. 

3335
02:46:28,000 --> 02:46:31,200
Craftsmanship was important in 
making bracelet money because it

3336
02:46:31,200 --> 02:46:33,700
turned currency production into 
an art form. 

3337
02:46:33,700 --> 02:46:36,900
People who are proud of their 
skills and reputation made each 

3338
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:40,400
bracelet as a way to trade. 
And as a work of art, this link 

3339
02:46:40,400 --> 02:46:43,300
between art and money led to 
economic systems where aesthetic

3340
02:46:43,300 --> 02:46:45,900
value and monetary value worked 
together in stead of against 

3341
02:46:45,900 --> 02:46:48,900
each other. 
The white people use bracelet 

3342
02:46:48,900 --> 02:46:50,600
money in different seasons and 
Cycles. 

3343
02:46:50,600 --> 02:46:53,300
Showed that the economy was 
closely linked to Natural 

3344
02:46:53,300 --> 02:46:56,500
rhythms and farming Cycles. 
Modern economies try to keep 

3345
02:46:56,500 --> 02:46:59,500
growth and activity going. 
All the time, no matter what 

3346
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:02,800
natural patterns are happening 
in contrast, bracelet money 

3347
02:47:02,800 --> 02:47:05,800
systems worked with an adapted 
to the changing seasons of 

3348
02:47:05,800 --> 02:47:07,400
farming, trading and social 
life. 

3349
02:47:07,400 --> 02:47:10,100
The fact that wearing your 
wealth could make you less. 

3350
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:13,400
Safe made, trust community and 
personal safety more complicated

3351
02:47:13,400 --> 02:47:16,300
bracelet. 
Money systems could only work in

3352
02:47:16,300 --> 02:47:19,100
societies where people were 
close to each other and safe 

3353
02:47:19,100 --> 02:47:22,500
enough to where valuable things 
without fear this implies that 

3354
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:25,400
the effective utilization of 
bracelet money was both a result

3355
02:47:25,400 --> 02:47:28,100
of and a factor in the stability
and functionality of 

3356
02:47:28,100 --> 02:47:31,900
communities. 
The gender Dynamics surrounding 

3357
02:47:31,900 --> 02:47:35,000
the use of bracelet money 
differed among Society, is it 

3358
02:47:35,000 --> 02:47:38,000
frequently afforded women 
economic independence, and 

3359
02:47:38,000 --> 02:47:40,100
security that were less 
successful in alternative 

3360
02:47:40,100 --> 02:47:43,700
currently systems when women 
wore and controlled jewelry as a

3361
02:47:43,708 --> 02:47:46,400
form of wealth. 
It opened up chances for women 

3362
02:47:46,400 --> 02:47:49,400
to be involved in the economy 
that may not have been possible 

3363
02:47:49,400 --> 02:47:53,400
with other types of money. 
The transfer of wealth between 

3364
02:47:53,400 --> 02:47:57,000
Generations, through bracelet 
money, led to different ways of 

3365
02:47:57,000 --> 02:47:59,200
inheriting and family. 
Economic relationships than 

3366
02:47:59,200 --> 02:48:01,700
those seen insistence. 
That only use abstract money 

3367
02:48:01,700 --> 02:48:04,000
families. 
Could pass down bracelet money, 

3368
02:48:04,000 --> 02:48:06,700
as both useful items and 
meaningful items that linked 

3369
02:48:06,700 --> 02:48:09,300
generations to their ancestors 
and cultural traditions. 

3370
02:48:10,500 --> 02:48:13,300
Bracelet money's ability to 
resist inflation and debasement 

3371
02:48:13,300 --> 02:48:16,700
showed that its currency systems
were very different from today's

3372
02:48:16,700 --> 02:48:18,800
Fiat. 
Currencies authorities, couldn't

3373
02:48:18,800 --> 02:48:21,500
change the value of bracelet 
money for political reasons 

3374
02:48:21,500 --> 02:48:24,300
because it was based on the 
materials and work that went 

3375
02:48:24,300 --> 02:48:27,100
into making it. 
The cultural integration of 

3376
02:48:27,100 --> 02:48:30,700
bracelet money into religious 
ceremonial and social practices 

3377
02:48:30,700 --> 02:48:34,200
resulted in currency systems 
that transcended mere economic 

3378
02:48:34,200 --> 02:48:36,500
instruments. 
They were important parts of 

3379
02:48:36,500 --> 02:48:40,000
cultural identity spiritual 
practice and social 

3380
02:48:40,000 --> 02:48:42,900
organization. 
In ways that modern currencies, 

3381
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:47,000
that only serve a purpose, 
cannot match. the technological 

3382
02:48:47,000 --> 02:48:50,500
needs of making bracelet money 
led to the growth and upkeep of 

3383
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:52,400
Advanced metallurgical 
knowledge. 

3384
02:48:52,400 --> 02:48:55,300
That was useful for more than 
just making money, people who 

3385
02:48:55,300 --> 02:48:58,400
made bracelet money were usually
good at making tools, weapons 

3386
02:48:58,400 --> 02:49:01,200
and other kinds of metal work 
that were useful for both 

3387
02:49:01,200 --> 02:49:05,100
everyday life and War. 
The trading relationships made 

3388
02:49:05,100 --> 02:49:07,900
possible by bracelet money, 
built networks of trust and 

3389
02:49:07,900 --> 02:49:10,500
cooperation that went well 
beyond just by buying and 

3390
02:49:10,500 --> 02:49:13,500
selling these networks. 
Laid the groundwork for cultural

3391
02:49:13,500 --> 02:49:18,300
exchange diplomatic ties and 
mutual Aid during crises which 

3392
02:49:18,300 --> 02:49:21,500
made African societies stronger.
In ways that economic analysis 

3393
02:49:21,500 --> 02:49:25,700
alone cannot fully explain As we
get ready for the last chapter 

3394
02:49:25,700 --> 02:49:28,100
of our journey through the world
of bracelet money. 

3395
02:49:28,100 --> 02:49:31,500
Take a moment to think about how
this old way of making money 

3396
02:49:31,500 --> 02:49:35,000
might help us understand today's
economic problems, the ideas 

3397
02:49:35,000 --> 02:49:37,700
that made bracelet money work 
for 100s of years, still apply 

3398
02:49:37,700 --> 02:49:41,400
today, even though we now do 
most of our transactions on line

3399
02:49:41,400 --> 02:49:43,900
and the world of Finance is much
more complicated. 

3400
02:49:45,100 --> 02:49:48,400
Bracelet money was based on 
intrinsic value, which is very 

3401
02:49:48,400 --> 02:49:51,600
different from Modern currency 
systems that are based only on 

3402
02:49:51,600 --> 02:49:54,700
faith and government support. 
In a time when inflation can 

3403
02:49:54,700 --> 02:49:58,000
make money worth less without 
anyone noticing and financial 

3404
02:49:58,000 --> 02:50:01,800
crises can wipe out Savings in a
Flash, the idea of current 

3405
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:03,100
currency that keeps its value 
through. 

3406
02:50:03,100 --> 02:50:06,000
Its physical substance has 
become more appealing though. 

3407
02:50:06,000 --> 02:50:08,700
It is improbable that we will 
revert to wearing our wealth. 

3408
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:12,100
The concept of underpinning 
currency with tangible value, 

3409
02:50:12,100 --> 02:50:16,800
instead of mere promises 
examination, The Democratic and 

3410
02:50:16,800 --> 02:50:18,200
decentralized nature of 
bracelet. 

3411
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:21,800
Money systems provides insights 
for current dialogues, regarding

3412
02:50:21,800 --> 02:50:25,000
alternative current seasons, and
financial autonomy, people who 

3413
02:50:25,000 --> 02:50:27,900
are interested in cryptocurrency
is often want to bring back the 

3414
02:50:27,900 --> 02:50:30,700
peer to peer government 
independent features that 

3415
02:50:30,700 --> 02:50:34,100
traditional African currency 
systems had by working together.

3416
02:50:34,100 --> 02:50:37,600
And following the same rules, 
the success of bracelet money 

3417
02:50:37,600 --> 02:50:40,100
shows that currencies can work. 
Well, when they come from the 

3418
02:50:40,100 --> 02:50:43,900
ground up, instead of from 
institutions, The combination of

3419
02:50:43,908 --> 02:50:46,900
beauty and function that 
bracelet money had goes against 

3420
02:50:46,900 --> 02:50:50,000
what we think we know about 
efficiency and specialization 

3421
02:50:50,000 --> 02:50:52,000
today. 
In today's world, we often 

3422
02:50:52,000 --> 02:50:54,400
separate aesthetic concerns from
practical ones. 

3423
02:50:54,400 --> 02:50:58,300
This leads to the creation of 
objects that are only useful and

3424
02:50:58,300 --> 02:51:01,000
don't provide any sensory. 
Pleasure bracelet money says 

3425
02:51:01,000 --> 02:51:03,700
that this separation isn't 
needed in my even be harmful 

3426
02:51:03,700 --> 02:51:06,000
things that are both beautiful 
and useful. 

3427
02:51:06,000 --> 02:51:09,200
Might work better because people
take better care of beautiful 

3428
02:51:09,200 --> 02:51:13,700
things. 
Well and cyclical patterns of 

3429
02:51:13,700 --> 02:51:15,800
bracelet money. 
Use can help us understand how 

3430
02:51:15,800 --> 02:51:18,900
to build a long-term economy. 
Modern economies that expect 

3431
02:51:18,900 --> 02:51:22,500
growth all the time no matter 
what the natural cycle are often

3432
02:51:22,500 --> 02:51:24,500
caused social and environmental 
problems. 

3433
02:51:24,500 --> 02:51:27,600
That traditional systems didn't 
the capacity of bracelet money 

3434
02:51:27,600 --> 02:51:30,200
systems to integrate natural. 
Rhythms, while preserving 

3435
02:51:30,200 --> 02:51:33,800
economic functionality, 
indicates potential avenues, for

3436
02:51:33,800 --> 02:51:36,300
cultivating more sustainable 
methods of economic 

3437
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:41,100
organization. 
The social openness of bracelet 

3438
02:51:41,100 --> 02:51:44,500
money wealth goes against modern
ideas about financial privacy 

3439
02:51:44,500 --> 02:51:46,900
and its benefits. 
It is clear that privacy. 

3440
02:51:46,900 --> 02:51:48,500
And financial matters is 
important. 

3441
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:52,300
The visibility of wealth in 
bracelet money systems may have 

3442
02:51:52,300 --> 02:51:55,400
led to more responsible and 
socially conscious economic 

3443
02:51:55,400 --> 02:51:58,700
behavior than our current 
systems of hidden wealth, and 

3444
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:03,300
Anonymous transactions. 
The connection between 

3445
02:52:03,300 --> 02:52:05,500
craftsmanship and currency that 
bracelet. 

3446
02:52:05,500 --> 02:52:08,800
Money represented shows how 
modern economies could better 

3447
02:52:08,800 --> 02:52:12,600
combined artistic expression 
with practical production, the 

3448
02:52:12,600 --> 02:52:15,200
tradition of bracelet money, 
reminds us that in a time of 

3449
02:52:15,200 --> 02:52:17,900
mass production and automated 
manufacturing. 

3450
02:52:17,900 --> 02:52:21,100
It's important to connect 
individual skill and creativity 

3451
02:52:21,100 --> 02:52:24,900
to making useful things. 
The community-based standards 

3452
02:52:24,900 --> 02:52:27,900
that made bracelet money work in
different parts of the world 

3453
02:52:27,900 --> 02:52:30,300
show that International 
cooperation is possible. 

3454
02:52:30,300 --> 02:52:33,600
Without formal institutional 
Frameworks, in this time of 

3455
02:52:33,600 --> 02:52:36,400
complicated, International 
negotiation and bureaucratic 

3456
02:52:36,400 --> 02:52:39,000
trade deals. 
The fact that African Community 

3457
02:52:39,000 --> 02:52:42,300
is came up with compatible 
currency, standards on their own

3458
02:52:42,300 --> 02:52:45,300
shows that Grassroots 
cooperation can sometimes do 

3459
02:52:45,300 --> 02:52:49,000
what formal diplomacy? 
Can't the long lasting and 

3460
02:52:49,000 --> 02:52:51,500
durable nature of bracelet 
money, teaches us about how to 

3461
02:52:51,500 --> 02:52:53,400
make and use things in a way 
that is good for the 

3462
02:52:53,408 --> 02:52:56,100
environment. 
Modern disposable culture makes 

3463
02:52:56,100 --> 02:52:57,800
a lot of trash and hurts the 
environment. 

3464
02:52:57,800 --> 02:53:01,400
But older systems avoided, this 
by focusing on making things 

3465
02:53:01,400 --> 02:53:04,500
that last and can be used again.
We can't go back to the way 

3466
02:53:04,500 --> 02:53:08,100
bracelets were made in the past,
but the ideas of durability and 

3467
02:53:08,100 --> 02:53:11,100
longevity that guided their 
creation are still useful. 

3468
02:53:12,700 --> 02:53:15,900
The educational aspects of 
bracelet money systems, where 

3469
02:53:15,900 --> 02:53:18,400
successful participation 
required, understanding 

3470
02:53:18,400 --> 02:53:22,100
Metallurgy, trade routes and 
market conditions, suggest ways 

3471
02:53:22,100 --> 02:53:25,000
that economic systems can serve 
educational functions beyond 

3472
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:28,000
their primary purposes. 
Contemporary financial literacy 

3473
02:53:28,000 --> 02:53:30,500
initiatives could gain from 
comprehending how conventional 

3474
02:53:30,500 --> 02:53:33,800
systems integrated economic 
education into everyday 

3475
02:53:33,800 --> 02:53:36,400
practices. 
The conflict resolution 

3476
02:53:36,400 --> 02:53:39,600
mechanisms that enabled bracelet
money systems to operate, across

3477
02:53:39,600 --> 02:53:43,000
cultural and linguistic divides,
provide valuable insights for 

3478
02:53:43,000 --> 02:53:46,200
modern international relations. 
These traditional systems 

3479
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:49,000
fostered, cooperation through 
mutual practical advantages, 

3480
02:53:49,000 --> 02:53:52,500
rather than formal treaties or 
institutional structures, 

3481
02:53:52,500 --> 02:53:56,200
indicating alternative methods 
for cultivating trust and 

3482
02:53:56,200 --> 02:53:58,000
collaboration among diverse 
groups. 

3483
02:54:00,200 --> 02:54:03,500
The function of bracelet money, 
and safeguarding conveying 

3484
02:54:03,500 --> 02:54:06,700
cultural values illustrates that
economic systems, can fulfill 

3485
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:10,100
objectives Beyond mere 
efficiency in our globalized 

3486
02:54:10,100 --> 02:54:13,000
world where local cultures are 
pressured to become more alike. 

3487
02:54:13,000 --> 02:54:16,200
Example of currency systems that
strengthened rather than 

3488
02:54:16,200 --> 02:54:19,300
weakened, cultural identity 
shows that there are ways to 

3489
02:54:19,300 --> 02:54:22,600
develop the economy that support
rather than undermine local 

3490
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:25,000
Traditions. 
The flexibility that allowed 

3491
02:54:25,000 --> 02:54:28,300
bracelet money systems to change
and grow, while keeping their 

3492
02:54:28,300 --> 02:54:30,900
basic features can teach us a 
lot about how to design 

3493
02:54:30,900 --> 02:54:33,700
institutions. 
Modern organizations often have 

3494
02:54:33,700 --> 02:54:36,100
trouble finding the right 
balance between stability and 

3495
02:54:36,100 --> 02:54:39,500
adaptability. 
However, bracelet money systems 

3496
02:54:39,500 --> 02:54:42,100
were able to keep their core 
functions while adapting to new 

3497
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:45,300
technologies, political changes 
and market conditions. 

3498
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:48,600
As we come to the end of our 
journey, through the world of 

3499
02:54:48,600 --> 02:54:52,300
bracelet money, let this story 
is gentle wait, settle in your 

3500
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:55,900
mind like well-made bracelet on 
your wrist. travel through 

3501
02:54:55,900 --> 02:54:59,400
centuries of African creativity,
in Innovation and business savvy

3502
02:54:59,400 --> 02:55:03,000
learning how our ancestors dealt
with problems that we still have

3503
02:55:03,000 --> 02:55:08,300
today, but in different ways, 
Story of bracelet. 

3504
02:55:08,300 --> 02:55:11,800
Money is really about how smart 
people are and how creative they

3505
02:55:11,800 --> 02:55:14,400
are when it comes to making 
systems that are fair work. 

3506
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:17,700
Well, and look beneficial for 
organizing their economic lives.

3507
02:55:17,700 --> 02:55:21,000
It serves as a reminder that our
current Financial systems like 

3508
02:55:21,000 --> 02:55:24,700
bracelet money, a subject to 
change Improvement and 

3509
02:55:24,700 --> 02:55:28,600
replacement when they no longer 
meet people's needs, When you 

3510
02:55:28,608 --> 02:55:31,400
wake up tomorrow, and view your 
bank balance on your phone or 

3511
02:55:31,400 --> 02:55:35,400
Tapper plastic card to pay for 
your coffee, take a moment to 

3512
02:55:35,400 --> 02:55:38,200
remember, the soft musical 
chiming of copper bracelets in 

3513
02:55:38,200 --> 02:55:41,300
an old African Market. 
Keep in mind, that money is just

3514
02:55:41,300 --> 02:55:44,600
a tool that people make to help 
them work together and trade the

3515
02:55:44,600 --> 02:55:47,400
best money systems are the ones 
that help people thrive instead 

3516
02:55:47,400 --> 02:55:48,600
of forcing them to work for 
them. 

3517
02:55:49,400 --> 02:55:53,100
The Artisans who hammered copper
into beautiful useful bracelets 

3518
02:55:53,100 --> 02:55:56,000
a thousand years ago were 
dealing with the same basic 

3519
02:55:56,000 --> 02:55:58,500
problems that Financial 
innovators are dealing with 

3520
02:55:58,500 --> 02:56:01,700
today. 
How to store, value safely, how 

3521
02:56:01,700 --> 02:56:04,300
to make trade easier between 
people from different cultures 

3522
02:56:04,300 --> 02:56:07,500
and distance is how to make 
economic systems available to 

3523
02:56:07,500 --> 02:56:10,600
everyone who needs them and how 
to make currencies that people 

3524
02:56:10,600 --> 02:56:15,700
trust and want to use. 
The most important thing to 

3525
02:56:15,700 --> 02:56:18,600
learn from bracelet money is the
economies work best when they 

3526
02:56:18,600 --> 02:56:20,400
are part of and help human 
communities. 

3527
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:23,800
And stead of being separate from
them, the bracelets worked 

3528
02:56:23,800 --> 02:56:26,500
because they linked people to 
their wealth, in direct physical

3529
02:56:26,500 --> 02:56:29,100
ways and linked communities to 
each other through shared 

3530
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:32,600
standards and recognition. 
In our time of Evermore, 

3531
02:56:32,600 --> 02:56:34,800
abstract and complicated 
Financial systems. 

3532
02:56:34,800 --> 02:56:37,900
It's smart to remember the 
simple beauty of money that you 

3533
02:56:37,900 --> 02:56:40,600
could wear money. 
That was pleasing to look at and

3534
02:56:40,600 --> 02:56:43,300
touch and wealth. 
That linked you to Skilled 

3535
02:56:43,300 --> 02:56:46,700
Craftsmen and old traditions and
stead of far off companies and 

3536
02:56:46,700 --> 02:56:51,000
unknown algorithms. 
The slow pace of bracelet, 

3537
02:56:51,000 --> 02:56:54,800
money, transactions carefully, 
weighing feeling the quality, 

3538
02:56:54,800 --> 02:56:58,000
and talking to each other. 
During each exchange, made 

3539
02:56:58,000 --> 02:57:00,800
economic systems that were more 
community-oriented and human 

3540
02:57:00,800 --> 02:57:03,400
scale than what. 
We usually see today, we should 

3541
02:57:03,400 --> 02:57:06,000
not try to bring back the 
economies of medieval Africa, 

3542
02:57:06,000 --> 02:57:09,200
but we can learn from how they 
value, personal relationships 

3543
02:57:09,200 --> 02:57:12,400
Community standards and 
combining Beauty with 

3544
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:15,200
usefulness. 
As you drift off to sleep. 

3545
02:57:15,200 --> 02:57:19,200
Remember that your part of the 
same ongoing story of people, 

3546
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:22,500
coming up, with new ideas, 
changing to fit, new situations 

3547
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:26,200
and working together, the need 
for portable wealth, reliable, 

3548
02:57:26,200 --> 02:57:30,100
standards and systems that work 
across cultural boundaries are 

3549
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:33,300
problems that every generation 
has to confront in its own way. 

3550
02:57:34,400 --> 02:57:37,600
The sound of bracelet money may 
be gone from African markets but

3551
02:57:37,600 --> 02:57:40,900
people are still coming up with 
new ways to work together and be

3552
02:57:40,900 --> 02:57:43,700
creative the spirit of bracelet 
money lives on. 

3553
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:46,300
Every time someone comes up 
with, a new way to solve an old 

3554
02:57:46,308 --> 02:57:49,600
problem, every time communities 
work together to make something 

3555
02:57:49,600 --> 02:57:52,500
useful and beautiful. 
In every time people find ways 

3556
02:57:52,500 --> 02:57:55,800
to trade and share that make 
their relationship stronger in 

3557
02:57:55,800 --> 02:57:59,700
stead of weaker. 
Rest easy knowing you are part 

3558
02:57:59,700 --> 02:58:01,700
of a long line of people who 
have run their businesses 

3559
02:58:01,700 --> 02:58:03,300
according to their values and 
goals. 

3560
02:58:03,300 --> 02:58:05,800
The story of bracelet money is 
also yours. 

3561
02:58:05,800 --> 02:58:09,000
It shows that people have always
been smart enough to change the 

3562
02:58:09,000 --> 02:58:11,000
systems. 
They need when they do and maybe

3563
02:58:11,000 --> 02:58:14,300
tonight in your dreams, you'll 
hear the distant sound of metal 

3564
02:58:14,300 --> 02:58:18,100
hitting metal, the soft beat of 
prosperity, moving through old 

3565
02:58:18,100 --> 02:58:22,100
markets, bringing with it, the 
hopes dreams, and practical 

3566
02:58:22,100 --> 02:58:24,900
advice of people who knew how to
make their money as beautiful as

3567
02:58:24,900 --> 02:58:36,600
their lives. 
Imagine what the world was like 

3568
02:58:36,600 --> 02:58:40,700
in 774 when Charlemagne was busy
becoming the Holy, Roman 

3569
02:58:40,700 --> 02:58:43,600
Emperor, and most people thought
the Earth was the center of 

3570
02:58:43,600 --> 02:58:45,400
everything. 
Who was a time, when the most 

3571
02:58:45,400 --> 02:58:49,100
amazing piece of technology, you
had was a Watermill, the news 

3572
02:58:49,100 --> 02:58:52,300
traveled as fast as a horse and 
you learned about the universe 

3573
02:58:52,300 --> 02:58:55,700
from a mix of ancient, Greek, 
philosophy, Christian Theology. 

3574
02:58:55,700 --> 02:58:58,700
And what your grandfather swore,
he saw in the sky, that one 

3575
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:01,800
night who lived in a world where
the heavens were as reliable as 

3576
02:59:01,800 --> 02:59:05,300
Clockwork or at least as 
reliable as a sundial, which was

3577
02:59:05,308 --> 02:59:08,300
the most accurate. 
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.

3578
02:59:08,300 --> 02:59:10,700
The moon went through, its 
phases and the Stars moved in 

3579
02:59:10,708 --> 02:59:13,100
patterns that people have known 
about since the beginning of 

3580
02:59:13,108 --> 02:59:16,600
recorded history in a time when 
so much of life was uncertain, 

3581
02:59:16,600 --> 02:59:20,300
this Celestial reliability was 
more than just useful, it was 

3582
02:59:20,308 --> 02:59:23,700
very comforting. 
Hollywood might make you think 

3583
02:59:23,700 --> 02:59:26,600
that people in the Middle Ages 
were primitive but they weren't,

3584
02:59:26,600 --> 02:59:29,600
they were skilled astronomers, 
who could predict when eclipses 

3585
02:59:29,600 --> 02:59:32,600
would happen figure out when 
Easter would be years in advance

3586
02:59:32,600 --> 02:59:36,800
and find their way by the stars.
With amazing accuracy Monastery,

3587
02:59:36,800 --> 02:59:39,900
libraries kept careful, records 
of comets, the movements of 

3588
02:59:39,900 --> 02:59:43,300
planets and other strange things
that happen in the sky for 

3589
02:59:43,300 --> 02:59:45,700
hundreds of years. 
These people didn't freak out at

3590
02:59:45,700 --> 02:59:48,200
every shooting star. 
They were experienced 

3591
02:59:48,200 --> 02:59:49,700
skywatchers. 
Who could tell the difference 

3592
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:53,100
between normal and amazing in 
comparison to how complicated 

3593
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:55,300
things are today. 
The medieval view of the 

3594
02:59:55,300 --> 02:59:58,800
universe was very simple Earth 
was in the middle of everything 

3595
02:59:58,800 --> 03:00:01,100
and around. 
It were Crystal spheres that 

3596
03:00:01,100 --> 03:00:04,200
held the moon planets and stars 
in their, never-ending dance. 

3597
03:00:04,200 --> 03:00:07,800
The empyrean was beyond the 
sphere of fixed stars, and it 

3598
03:00:07,800 --> 03:00:10,700
was where God lived in. 
Perfect Light, it was a universe

3599
03:00:10,700 --> 03:00:13,300
that made sense where everything
was in the right place and had a

3600
03:00:13,300 --> 03:00:16,900
reason for being there. 
People in 700 774 live their 

3601
03:00:16,900 --> 03:00:20,100
lives in ways that most people 
today forgotten, you woke up 

3602
03:00:20,100 --> 03:00:23,000
with the sun because candles 
were expensive and Firelight was

3603
03:00:23,000 --> 03:00:25,700
hard to find the sun's path 
across the sky. 

3604
03:00:25,700 --> 03:00:27,600
Not the clock. 
Told you how long your work day 

3605
03:00:27,600 --> 03:00:29,900
was Farmers. 
Knew that certain crops should 

3606
03:00:29,900 --> 03:00:33,700
be planted when certain stars 
came up at dawn and monks split 

3607
03:00:33,700 --> 03:00:35,300
their prayers into different 
parts. 

3608
03:00:35,300 --> 03:00:38,000
Based on the canonical hours 
that followed the sun's 

3609
03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:40,600
movement, most people stayed in 
the same place their whole 

3610
03:00:40,600 --> 03:00:43,700
lives, only moving a few miles 
away, the next Valley, the 

3611
03:00:43,700 --> 03:00:46,300
closest market town, and maybe 
the regional Cathedral with the 

3612
03:00:46,300 --> 03:00:47,800
only things that could reach 
your world. 

3613
03:00:47,800 --> 03:00:51,700
If you were lucky enough to go 
on a pilgrimage, you could It 

3614
03:00:51,700 --> 03:00:53,600
would have seemed a strange to 
you, that things happening. 

3615
03:00:53,600 --> 03:00:57,100
Millions of miles away in space 
could affect your daily life as 

3616
03:00:57,100 --> 03:00:59,900
the idea that you could one day 
video chat with someone on the 

3617
03:00:59,908 --> 03:01:02,700
other side of the world. 
But even in this small world, 

3618
03:01:02,700 --> 03:01:05,900
people were very aware of the 
sky, the night was really dark 

3619
03:01:05,900 --> 03:01:07,700
because there were no electric 
lights to wash out. 

3620
03:01:07,700 --> 03:01:10,300
The Stars. 
This made celestial events, much

3621
03:01:10,300 --> 03:01:13,600
more visible and dramatic than 
they are now everyone could see 

3622
03:01:13,600 --> 03:01:16,700
a bright Comet not just 
astronomers with special tools. 

3623
03:01:16,700 --> 03:01:19,900
The Milky Way looked like a 
cosmic Highway across the sky 

3624
03:01:19,900 --> 03:01:23,300
and meteor showers were events 
that whole Villages would stay 

3625
03:01:23,300 --> 03:01:25,700
up to watch. 
Everything was affected by a 

3626
03:01:25,700 --> 03:01:28,000
religion people. 
Often saw celestial events 

3627
03:01:28,000 --> 03:01:30,800
through religious lenses, 
strange things happening in the 

3628
03:01:30,800 --> 03:01:32,400
sky. 
Could be signs of political 

3629
03:01:32,400 --> 03:01:36,800
change, warning from God about 
how to act morally, or signs of 

3630
03:01:36,800 --> 03:01:39,400
the end of the world. 
The line between astronomy and 

3631
03:01:39,400 --> 03:01:42,600
astrology was not clear and both
were seen as valid ways to 

3632
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:46,900
understand God's Will and 774 
most Scholars were monks and 

3633
03:01:46,900 --> 03:01:49,700
Priests who could read The Works
of ancient Scholars like Ptolemy

3634
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:53,500
Aristotle and Pliny the Elder 
these texts helped people 

3635
03:01:53,500 --> 03:01:56,600
understand how the world worked 
but medieval Scholars weren't 

3636
03:01:56,600 --> 03:01:59,400
just passive, recipients of 
ancient knowledge, they also 

3637
03:01:59,400 --> 03:02:01,700
made their own observations and 
sometimes came to different 

3638
03:02:01,700 --> 03:02:03,700
conclusions than classical 
authorities. 

3639
03:02:03,700 --> 03:02:06,900
People were curious and 
observant at the time but only 

3640
03:02:06,900 --> 03:02:09,500
up to a point natural 
philosophers endeavored to 

3641
03:02:09,500 --> 03:02:11,900
comprehend God's creation 
through meticulous examination. 

3642
03:02:11,900 --> 03:02:15,300
Holding the belief that the 
natural world disclosed Divine 

3643
03:02:15,300 --> 03:02:17,000
truth. 
It was important to pay 

3644
03:02:17,000 --> 03:02:19,400
attention to strange events. 
Not only because they were 

3645
03:02:19,400 --> 03:02:22,400
scientifically interesting, but 
also, because they could have 

3646
03:02:22,400 --> 03:02:24,700
spiritual, meaning, trade 
networks, linked. 

3647
03:02:24,700 --> 03:02:27,300
Even the most isolated 
communities to larger cultural 

3648
03:02:27,300 --> 03:02:30,700
exchanges, a strange story seen 
in one Monastery, could travel 

3649
03:02:30,700 --> 03:02:34,100
hundreds of miles along, 
pilgrimage routes, Merchant pars

3650
03:02:34,100 --> 03:02:38,100
and diplomatic channels to reach
chroniclers information moved 

3651
03:02:38,100 --> 03:02:41,200
slowly but steadily making a 
medieval version of an 

3652
03:02:41,200 --> 03:02:43,300
intellectual Network that could 
keep and share. 

3653
03:02:43,300 --> 03:02:48,000
Important observation in this 
carefully, planned world of 774 

3654
03:02:48,000 --> 03:02:51,100
by the Stars, followed familiar 
patterns and strange. 

3655
03:02:51,300 --> 03:02:53,400
Things happened. 
So rarely that they were 

3656
03:02:53,400 --> 03:02:56,000
memorable, something amazing was
about to happen. 

3657
03:02:56,000 --> 03:02:59,500
The universe was getting ready 
to send Earth a cosmic message, 

3658
03:02:59,500 --> 03:03:03,500
that would be recorded in tree 
rings, ice cores and historical 

3659
03:03:03,500 --> 03:03:06,100
records. 
It would take humans over 1,000 

3660
03:03:06,100 --> 03:03:08,600
years to make the scientific 
tools needed to figure out what 

3661
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:11,900
it meant. 
But the people of 774 didn't 

3662
03:03:11,900 --> 03:03:13,900
know they were about to see 
proof of one of the most 

3663
03:03:13,900 --> 03:03:16,100
powerful events in the history 
of the universe. 

3664
03:03:16,100 --> 03:03:18,700
They went about their daily 
lives, taking care of their 

3665
03:03:18,700 --> 03:03:22,000
fields, praying and looking at 
the stars they knew they had no 

3666
03:03:22,000 --> 03:03:25,000
idea that invisible radiation 
was about to fall from space and

3667
03:03:25,000 --> 03:03:26,600
amounts. 
That wouldn't be seen again for 

3668
03:03:26,600 --> 03:03:29,500
another 1,000 years. 
A matching that you're relaxing 

3669
03:03:29,500 --> 03:03:33,600
in your medieval Cottage on a 
normal night and 774 maybe 

3670
03:03:33,600 --> 03:03:35,600
sometime between late winter and
early summer. 

3671
03:03:35,600 --> 03:03:37,500
The exact date is lost to 
history. 

3672
03:03:37,500 --> 03:03:39,500
Like so many other details from 
that time. 

3673
03:03:39,500 --> 03:03:43,000
The sky looks normal. 
The stars shine as brightly as 

3674
03:03:43,000 --> 03:03:45,200
they always do. 
And nothing seems out of the 

3675
03:03:45,200 --> 03:03:48,500
ordinary for any other night in 
your life, but something amazing

3676
03:03:48,500 --> 03:03:50,400
is happening higher above the 
Earth's atmosphere. 

3677
03:03:50,400 --> 03:03:53,100
That people won't Fully 
understand until the 21st 

3678
03:03:53,100 --> 03:03:55,300
century. 
A huge burst of high-energy 

3679
03:03:55,300 --> 03:03:58,200
particles is hitting Earth's 
upper atmosphere with a force 

3680
03:03:58,200 --> 03:04:01,400
that has never been seen before 
these cosmic rays, which 

3681
03:04:01,400 --> 03:04:03,300
wouldn't be called that for 
another Thousand Years. 

3682
03:04:03,300 --> 03:04:06,100
A falling from space, like an 
invisible waterfall of 

3683
03:04:06,100 --> 03:04:08,900
radiation, carrying energies 
that are much bigger than 

3684
03:04:08,900 --> 03:04:10,800
anything. 
Human technology can make even 

3685
03:04:10,800 --> 03:04:12,800
today. 
One of the biggest mysteries of 

3686
03:04:12,808 --> 03:04:15,900
medieval astronomy is where this
Cosmic bombardment came from. 

3687
03:04:15,900 --> 03:04:18,800
This is partly because the 
people who are affected couldn't

3688
03:04:18,800 --> 03:04:21,400
see it directly. 
This event didn't make any 

3689
03:04:21,400 --> 03:04:23,600
visible light changed the night 
sky. 

3690
03:04:23,600 --> 03:04:26,600
In any big ways or show any 
clear signs, that something 

3691
03:04:26,600 --> 03:04:29,700
strange was happening unlike a 
comet or supernova. 

3692
03:04:29,700 --> 03:04:32,600
It was like being in the middle 
of the most amazing firework 

3693
03:04:32,600 --> 03:04:35,300
show in the history of the 
universe, or wearing a blindfold

3694
03:04:35,300 --> 03:04:39,100
what was going on even though it
couldn't be seen, was truly 

3695
03:04:39,100 --> 03:04:41,900
amazing protons. 
And other high energy particles 

3696
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:44,400
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 
at almost the speed of light, 

3697
03:04:44,400 --> 03:04:47,500
this caused secondary particles 
to rain, down toward the 

3698
03:04:47,500 --> 03:04:50,200
surface. 
The intensity was about 20 times

3699
03:04:50,200 --> 03:04:52,000
higher than normal. 
Gray levels. 

3700
03:04:52,000 --> 03:04:55,500
It was like if the normal gentle
spring rain turned into a heavy 

3701
03:04:55,500 --> 03:04:58,900
downpour that lasted for months.
These cosmic rays were hitting 

3702
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:01,500
nitrogen atoms in the upper 
atmosphere and changing them 

3703
03:05:01,500 --> 03:05:05,400
into carbon-14 the radioactive 
isotope that archaeologists used

3704
03:05:05,400 --> 03:05:08,400
to date old things. 
This process usually happens at 

3705
03:05:08,400 --> 03:05:11,800
a steady predictable rate like a
cosmic clock that has been 

3706
03:05:11,808 --> 03:05:16,800
ticking steadily for thousands 
of years but in 774 that clock, 

3707
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:20,800
suddenly sped up, making carbon 
14 at levels, that would leave a

3708
03:05:20,800 --> 03:05:23,800
mark on every living thing on 
Earth forever trees did a great 

3709
03:05:23,800 --> 03:05:26,700
job of recording this event, 
even though they didn't know 

3710
03:05:26,700 --> 03:05:29,800
they were acting as Cosmic 
historians, they took an extra 

3711
03:05:29,800 --> 03:05:35,900
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 
and 775, which scientists would 

3712
03:05:35,900 --> 03:05:38,800
later recognized as one of the 
most dramatic spikes in the 

3713
03:05:38,800 --> 03:05:42,400
radiocarbon record every tree 
ring from that time, held proof 

3714
03:05:42,400 --> 03:05:43,700
of this storm, that couldn't be 
seen. 

3715
03:05:43,700 --> 03:05:46,700
The cosmic rays were also making
other isotopic. 

3716
03:05:46,700 --> 03:05:50,700
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 
ice cores and glory in 36 in 

3717
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:53,000
rocks. 
These records of the same event 

3718
03:05:53,000 --> 03:05:56,200
were spread out all over the 
world like pieces of a puzzle, 

3719
03:05:56,200 --> 03:05:58,700
that wouldn't be put together 
for more than 1,000 years. 

3720
03:05:58,700 --> 03:06:01,700
The universe was putting 
invisible tags on Earth. 

3721
03:06:01,700 --> 03:06:06,700
That said something big happened
here in 774, but what could have

3722
03:06:06,708 --> 03:06:10,300
caused such a strong burst of 
cosmic radiation scientists 

3723
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:13,700
today have come up with a number
of possible explanations each 

3724
03:06:13,700 --> 03:06:17,300
one more dramatic than the last.
Maybe two neutron stars which 

3725
03:06:17,300 --> 03:06:20,800
are City sized objects with the 
mass of our sun crashed into 

3726
03:06:20,800 --> 03:06:22,300
each other. 
In our Cosmic neighborhood, 

3727
03:06:22,300 --> 03:06:25,800
sending out a short, but very 
strong, burst of high energy 

3728
03:06:25,800 --> 03:06:28,400
particles, you can start to 
understand the energies 

3729
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:30,100
involved. 
If you picked your two Atomic 

3730
03:06:30,100 --> 03:06:32,900
nuclei, the size of Manhattan, 
crashing into each other at 

3731
03:06:32,900 --> 03:06:34,900
speeds of thousands of miles per
second. 

3732
03:06:34,900 --> 03:06:38,300
Another possibility is that a 
magnet are which is neutron star

3733
03:06:38,300 --> 03:06:41,000
with a magnetic field trillions 
of time stronger than Earth's 

3734
03:06:41,000 --> 03:06:43,900
had a huge flare that sent 
radiation of cross. 

3735
03:06:43,900 --> 03:06:47,600
Interstellar space magnetas are 
like crazy, Cosmic light houses 

3736
03:06:47,600 --> 03:06:50,700
that sometimes explode with 
energy, that can be seen from 

3737
03:06:50,700 --> 03:06:52,300
thousands. 
Of light years away. 

3738
03:06:52,300 --> 03:06:55,900
If one of these huge stars, 
hiccuped in the right way, Earth

3739
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:58,600
would have been in the way of an
invisible tsunami of high-energy

3740
03:06:58,600 --> 03:07:00,400
particles. 
One of the most interesting 

3741
03:07:00,400 --> 03:07:04,000
possibilities is that Earth saw 
a gamma ray burst, which is one 

3742
03:07:04,000 --> 03:07:07,300
of the strongest explosions 
known to physics, when huge 

3743
03:07:07,300 --> 03:07:10,700
Stars collapse into black holes 
or when strange Stellar, 

3744
03:07:10,700 --> 03:07:13,000
remnants collide with each 
other, in a way that destroys 

3745
03:07:13,000 --> 03:07:16,100
everything. 
These events can outshine whole 

3746
03:07:16,100 --> 03:07:19,400
Galaxies for a short time. 
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth

3747
03:07:19,400 --> 03:07:22,900
directly could have caused the 
cosmic Race by that was seen in 

3748
03:07:22,900 --> 03:07:27,100
774 the timing of this event is 
what makes it so interesting 

3749
03:07:27,100 --> 03:07:33,200
from 774 to 776 medieval records
from all over the world. 

3750
03:07:33,200 --> 03:07:36,700
Talked about strange things that
happened like strange light in 

3751
03:07:36,700 --> 03:07:40,000
the sky, strange weather 
patterns and other things that 

3752
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:41,800
chroniclers thought were worth 
noting. 

3753
03:07:41,800 --> 03:07:45,100
These observations may have 
natural explanations that have 

3754
03:07:45,100 --> 03:07:47,900
nothing to do with cosmic rays, 
but the connection is 

3755
03:07:47,900 --> 03:07:50,300
interesting enough to make you 
think about what people, who 

3756
03:07:50,300 --> 03:07:52,800
looked at the sky. 
In the Middle Ages might have 

3757
03:07:52,800 --> 03:07:55,400
seen that they couldn't explain 
the cosmic. 

3758
03:07:55,400 --> 03:07:59,700
Ray event of 774 was short by 
astronomical standards, it 

3759
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:01,700
probably lasted months instead 
of years. 

3760
03:08:01,700 --> 03:08:05,100
However it was strong enough to 
leave permanent marks in Earth's

3761
03:08:05,100 --> 03:08:07,500
natural records. 
It was like getting a cosmic 

3762
03:08:07,500 --> 03:08:09,900
Telegram in a language that 
people wouldn't be able to read 

3763
03:08:09,900 --> 03:08:12,700
for more than 1,000 years when 
they had better tools and 

3764
03:08:12,700 --> 03:08:16,100
theories from a medieval point 
of view, this storm was 

3765
03:08:16,100 --> 03:08:18,900
completely invisible to any 
technology or observation method

3766
03:08:18,900 --> 03:08:21,900
that was available at the time. 
Cosmic ray events don't leave 

3767
03:08:21,900 --> 03:08:24,900
any visible signs, that would 
alert people and like a clip's 

3768
03:08:24,900 --> 03:08:29,500
comets or supernovae. 
The people of 774 were going 

3769
03:08:29,500 --> 03:08:32,600
through one of the most amazing 
astrophysical events in history.

3770
03:08:33,400 --> 03:08:36,300
But they had no way of knowing 
it was happening, but in a way, 

3771
03:08:36,308 --> 03:08:40,000
they were all part of a cosmic 
experiment working together 

3772
03:08:40,000 --> 03:08:43,200
without even knowing it to make 
a time capsule, that would help 

3773
03:08:43,200 --> 03:08:45,300
scientists. 
Learn more about both medieval 

3774
03:08:45,300 --> 03:08:49,200
history and astrophysics. 
Every tree that grew every piece

3775
03:08:49,200 --> 03:08:52,100
of ice that formed and every 
living thing that developed 

3776
03:08:52,100 --> 03:08:55,100
during those important years was
quietly, leaving behind 

3777
03:08:55,100 --> 03:08:58,900
evidence, that would be very 
useful to researchers 13th. 

3778
03:08:58,900 --> 03:09:01,500
Centuries later even though 
medieval people couldn't see 

3779
03:09:01,500 --> 03:09:06,300
cosmic rays. 
The years 774 to 776 were not 

3780
03:09:06,300 --> 03:09:07,900
boring for the people who lived 
through them. 

3781
03:09:07,900 --> 03:09:10,900
There are records from Europe 
and Asia that talk about strange

3782
03:09:10,900 --> 03:09:13,500
things that happened. 
During this time, we can't say, 

3783
03:09:13,500 --> 03:09:16,100
for sure that Cosmic radiation 
caused all of them. 

3784
03:09:16,100 --> 03:09:18,900
But the timing is interesting 
enough to make you wonder what 

3785
03:09:18,900 --> 03:09:22,200
people in the Middle Ages were 
really seeing, imagine being a 

3786
03:09:22,200 --> 03:09:26,500
monk in a scripture in 775, 
keeping the chronicle that tells

3787
03:09:26,500 --> 03:09:29,800
the story of your monasteries, 
most important events, you dip 

3788
03:09:29,800 --> 03:09:33,100
your quill in Oak, galling and 
write down that the winter has 

3789
03:09:33,100 --> 03:09:35,700
been Usually harsh. 
And that strange colors have 

3790
03:09:35,700 --> 03:09:38,900
appeared in the northern sky a 
few times, you don't know that 

3791
03:09:38,900 --> 03:09:41,300
more Cosmic radiation could 
change the chemistry of the 

3792
03:09:41,300 --> 03:09:44,900
atmosphere in small ways or that
high energy particles could 

3793
03:09:44,900 --> 03:09:46,800
cause stranger auras to appear 
at lower. 

3794
03:09:46,800 --> 03:09:50,000
Latitudes than usual, the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 

3795
03:09:50,000 --> 03:09:53,000
one of the most reliable sources
from the Middle Ages, says that 

3796
03:09:53,000 --> 03:09:56,000
a red crucifix appeared in the 
sky after Sunset around this 

3797
03:09:56,000 --> 03:09:58,000
time. 
Many medieval chroniclers were 

3798
03:09:58,000 --> 03:10:00,600
skilled at watching the sky and 
could tell the difference 

3799
03:10:00,600 --> 03:10:02,300
between normal and strange 
events. 

3800
03:10:02,300 --> 03:10:05,300
So when they took the time to 
write down strange, celestial 

3801
03:10:05,300 --> 03:10:07,200
events. 
They were probably seeing 

3802
03:10:07,200 --> 03:10:12,600
something that was really 
strange between 774 and 776. 

3803
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:16,600
Chinese astronomical records 
from the tang in Asti, which 

3804
03:10:16,600 --> 03:10:19,300
kept some of the most advanced 
Celestial observations in the 

3805
03:10:19,300 --> 03:10:21,700
world noted, a number of strange
events. 

3806
03:10:21,700 --> 03:10:24,700
Chinese astronomers were 
specially good at keeping track 

3807
03:10:24,700 --> 03:10:28,100
of comets and Nova and other 
short-lived events their 

3808
03:10:28,100 --> 03:10:29,500
records. 
Talk about guest stars and 

3809
03:10:29,500 --> 03:10:32,400
strange atmospheric events that 
don't match up with any known 

3810
03:10:32,400 --> 03:10:35,800
astronomical event. 
Seen from Earth, the annals of 

3811
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:37,900
Ulster say that there were 
strange lights and weather 

3812
03:10:37,900 --> 03:10:40,000
patterns in Ireland. 
During this time, Irish 

3813
03:10:40,000 --> 03:10:42,400
monasteries were places where 
people could learn and keep 

3814
03:10:42,400 --> 03:10:45,000
detailed records of events on 
Earth and in the sky. 

3815
03:10:45,000 --> 03:10:47,900
Their Chronicles often give us 
information about things that 

3816
03:10:47,900 --> 03:10:50,500
other sources might miss. 
The fact that different 

3817
03:10:50,500 --> 03:10:53,300
independent Chronicle Traditions
or record strange things 

3818
03:10:53,300 --> 03:10:56,600
happening at the same time, 
suggests that something strange 

3819
03:10:56,600 --> 03:10:59,500
was really going on. 
But this is where the story gets

3820
03:10:59,500 --> 03:11:01,500
really interesting. 
From a human point of view 

3821
03:11:01,500 --> 03:11:03,600
people. 
In the Middle Ages who saw these

3822
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:06,400
things had to make sense of them
using what they already knew 

3823
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:08,900
this meant that they mostly 
understood strange things 

3824
03:11:08,900 --> 03:11:10,700
through, religious and 
philosophical lenses. 

3825
03:11:10,700 --> 03:11:14,200
In a scientific ones, a strange 
light in the northern sky. 

3826
03:11:14,200 --> 03:11:17,200
Could mean that the government 
is about to change that God is 

3827
03:11:17,200 --> 03:11:19,400
unhappy with how people are 
acting all that. 

3828
03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:22,200
The end of the world is near 
people probably thought of the 

3829
03:11:22,200 --> 03:11:25,100
Red Cross in the Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle as a Christian Vision.

3830
03:11:25,100 --> 03:11:27,600
Maybe showing God's judgment or 
Mercy. 

3831
03:11:27,600 --> 03:11:30,400
These interpretations were 
simple or stupid. 

3832
03:11:30,400 --> 03:11:33,700
They were smart tries to make 
sense of strange events. 

3833
03:11:34,100 --> 03:11:35,600
The best tools available at the 
time. 

3834
03:11:35,600 --> 03:11:37,700
It also looks like the weather 
in the Middle. 

3835
03:11:37,700 --> 03:11:43,900
Ages was strange from 774 to 776
with different records talking 

3836
03:11:43,900 --> 03:11:47,700
about harsh Winters, strange, 
storms, and other weather events

3837
03:11:47,700 --> 03:11:49,900
that were out of the ordinary 
cosmic rays. 

3838
03:11:49,900 --> 03:11:52,600
Don't directly control the 
weather, but they can change the

3839
03:11:52,600 --> 03:11:55,000
chemistry of the atmosphere in 
ways that might change how 

3840
03:11:55,000 --> 03:11:58,400
clouds form and how much rain 
falls medieval. 

3841
03:11:58,400 --> 03:12:01,000
People would have thought it was
magic that invisible particles 

3842
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:03,000
from space, could change the 
weather on Earth. 

3843
03:12:03,000 --> 03:12:06,400
However modern research shows 
that these connections are 

3844
03:12:06,400 --> 03:12:09,100
possible in theory. 
Some agricultural records from 

3845
03:12:09,100 --> 03:12:11,400
this time. 
When they still exist, talk 

3846
03:12:11,400 --> 03:12:15,000
about strange, crop yields or 
growing conditions farmers. 

3847
03:12:15,000 --> 03:12:19,000
In 774 were very aware of small 
changes in the environment that 

3848
03:12:19,000 --> 03:12:20,400
could have an effect on their 
crops. 

3849
03:12:20,400 --> 03:12:23,100
They would have noticed If 
plants were acting differently 

3850
03:12:23,100 --> 03:12:26,300
than they should have, 
theoretically increased Cosmic 

3851
03:12:26,300 --> 03:12:28,400
radiation could impact plant 
growth and development. 

3852
03:12:28,400 --> 03:12:31,700
In ways that seasoned Farmers 
might notice, even if they 

3853
03:12:31,700 --> 03:12:34,800
couldn't articulate their 
observations, Monks may have 

3854
03:12:34,800 --> 03:12:37,600
noticed, small changes in how 
plants grew or flowered in 

3855
03:12:37,600 --> 03:12:40,800
Monastery Gardens which were 
well kept places medieval 

3856
03:12:40,800 --> 03:12:43,200
monasteries kept very detailed 
records of farming. 

3857
03:12:43,200 --> 03:12:45,800
And some of these records 
suggest that the weather was 

3858
03:12:45,800 --> 03:12:48,300
strange during the mid 700s and 
70s. 

3859
03:12:48,300 --> 03:12:51,000
It is impossible to say, for 
sure, if these changes were 

3860
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:54,600
caused by Cosmic radiation or 
just normal changes in farming, 

3861
03:12:54,600 --> 03:12:58,300
but the timing is interesting. 
Even if the cosmic ray event 

3862
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:01,200
itself couldn't be seen, it 
probably had a bigger effect on 

3863
03:13:01,200 --> 03:13:04,300
the minds of people living in 
medieval times, even though, no 

3864
03:13:04,300 --> 03:13:05,700
one could say, for sure what was
going on. 

3865
03:13:05,700 --> 03:13:09,200
Strange lights in the sky 
strange, weather patterns and 

3866
03:13:09,200 --> 03:13:11,300
strange. 
Natural events would have made 

3867
03:13:11,300 --> 03:13:13,200
people feel like something big 
was happening. 

3868
03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:16,200
People in the Middle Ages lived 
much closer to the Natural 

3869
03:13:16,200 --> 03:13:18,900
rhythms of the world. 
And we do now, this made them 

3870
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:21,700
more aware of small changes in 
the environment that people who 

3871
03:13:21,700 --> 03:13:25,200
live in cities today might not 
notice at all a farmer who slept

3872
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:27,800
outside every night would notice
if the Aurora appeared at 

3873
03:13:27,808 --> 03:13:29,400
latitudes that were lower than 
usual. 

3874
03:13:29,400 --> 03:13:33,200
Similarly, a monk who prayed 
regular times would notice if 

3875
03:13:33,200 --> 03:13:36,200
the colors of dawn, More dust 
look different than usual when 

3876
03:13:36,200 --> 03:13:38,400
strange things happened in 
medieval communities. 

3877
03:13:38,400 --> 03:13:42,200
People usually turn to religion.
More ask learned people for 

3878
03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:44,800
advice and paid close attention 
to other signs. 

3879
03:13:44,800 --> 03:13:47,900
That might help them understand 
what was going on communities, 

3880
03:13:47,900 --> 03:13:51,100
might set up special prayers 
processions or other religious 

3881
03:13:51,100 --> 03:13:54,000
activities to respond to Divine 
messages that are hidden in 

3882
03:13:54,000 --> 03:13:56,600
natural events. 
It is, specially sad that people

3883
03:13:56,600 --> 03:13:58,900
in the Middle Ages saw the 
aftermath of one of the most 

3884
03:13:58,900 --> 03:14:01,000
powerful astrophysical events in
history. 

3885
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:04,200
But they had no way to 
understand what it really meant 

3886
03:14:04,200 --> 03:14:07,300
or how important it was. 
They were like people who were 

3887
03:14:07,300 --> 03:14:09,900
trying to understand a symphony,
but could only hear a few notes 

3888
03:14:09,900 --> 03:14:12,700
here and there or who were 
trying to enjoy a painting but 

3889
03:14:12,700 --> 03:14:15,600
could only see random 
brushstrokes but their careful 

3890
03:14:15,600 --> 03:14:18,700
observations and detailed 
records, which are still kept in

3891
03:14:18,700 --> 03:14:21,600
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 
annals on several continents. 

3892
03:14:21,600 --> 03:14:25,500
Give modern scientists important
information about both the 

3893
03:14:25,500 --> 03:14:28,800
cosmic ray of event and its 
possible effects on Earth 

3894
03:14:28,800 --> 03:14:31,900
medieval chroniclers writing by 
candlelight in stone. 

3895
03:14:31,900 --> 03:14:34,900
Scriptorium made records. 
That would be very useful to 

3896
03:14:34,900 --> 03:14:37,900
astrophysicist 13th. 
Centuries later people living 

3897
03:14:37,900 --> 03:14:42,600
between 700 and 774 and 776 
experienced mystery in. 

3898
03:14:42,608 --> 03:14:45,400
Its purest form things that were
clearly important. 

3899
03:14:45,400 --> 03:14:48,400
But couldn't be explained by 
what they already knew. 

3900
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:52,000
They used the tools, they had 
careful observation keeping 

3901
03:14:52,000 --> 03:14:55,100
details records and thinking 
about what they saw using 

3902
03:14:55,100 --> 03:14:57,000
religious and philosophical 
traditions. 

3903
03:14:57,000 --> 03:14:59,500
That had helped people 
understand things for a long 

3904
03:14:59,508 --> 03:15:03,100
time, picture yourself as a 
Detective trying to figure out a

3905
03:15:03,100 --> 03:15:05,200
mystery that happened more than 
1200 years ago. 

3906
03:15:05,200 --> 03:15:08,400
The only Clues you have a 
scattered across Royal archives 

3907
03:15:08,400 --> 03:15:11,600
Monastery, libraries and the 
hidden records written in tree 

3908
03:15:11,600 --> 03:15:14,300
rings and Ice cores. 
When modern scientists first 

3909
03:15:14,300 --> 03:15:18,600
found proof of the 774 cosmic 
ray event, they had to put 

3910
03:15:18,600 --> 03:15:21,400
together, medieval Chronicles 
and the most advanced 

3911
03:15:21,400 --> 03:15:24,700
astrophysics to figure it out in
the early 2000s. 

3912
03:15:24,700 --> 03:15:28,300
Researchers looking at tree ring
so something amazing that led to

3913
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:31,100
the big Discovery. 
The amount of carbon 14 in Wood 

3914
03:15:31,100 --> 03:15:36,800
samples from 774 to 775 went up 
a lot which hasn't happened in 

3915
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:39,600
the last few thousand years. 
There was like nature had 

3916
03:15:39,600 --> 03:15:42,700
suddenly switched pairs to write
the same story, making a 

3917
03:15:42,700 --> 03:15:44,800
signature. 
So unique that it could be seen 

3918
03:15:44,800 --> 03:15:47,300
in trees from Japan to Germany 
to North America. 

3919
03:15:47,300 --> 03:15:50,700
But what makes this discovery so
interesting is that the same 

3920
03:15:50,700 --> 03:15:53,100
strange thing happened at the 
same time in many different 

3921
03:15:53,100 --> 03:15:56,100
records all over the world, ice 
cores from Antarctica and 

3922
03:15:56,100 --> 03:15:59,800
Greenland had higher levels of 
brilliant 10 and other isotopes 

3923
03:15:59,800 --> 03:16:01,500
that are made when cosmic rays 
hit. 

3924
03:16:01,700 --> 03:16:05,200
Other particles Coral growth 
rings from tropical ocean showed

3925
03:16:05,200 --> 03:16:07,300
signs of the same event in their
chemical makeup. 

3926
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:10,200
It was like seeing the same 
fingerprint at crime scene on 

3927
03:16:10,200 --> 03:16:13,200
different continents, medieval 
chroniclers who wrote by 

3928
03:16:13,200 --> 03:16:16,800
candlelight with quill Pen's, 
unknowingly recorded pieces of 

3929
03:16:16,800 --> 03:16:19,700
this, Cosmic puzzle in their 
careful notes, about stranger 

3930
03:16:19,700 --> 03:16:22,000
events. 
It was no longer just a strange 

3931
03:16:22,000 --> 03:16:24,900
medieval Superstition that the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentioned 

3932
03:16:24,900 --> 03:16:28,500
a red crucifix in the sky, It 
could be useful, scientific 

3933
03:16:28,500 --> 03:16:31,300
information about how Cosmic 
radiation affects the atmosphere

3934
03:16:31,300 --> 03:16:34,700
Chinese astronomical records, 
were especially useful because 

3935
03:16:34,700 --> 03:16:38,300
astronomers in the Tang Dynasty.
Kept very detailed records of 

3936
03:16:38,300 --> 03:16:41,300
celestial events. 
Their records of guest stars, 

3937
03:16:41,300 --> 03:16:48,400
strange lights and Atmospheric 
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped

3938
03:16:48,400 --> 03:16:52,100
us understand how experienced 
skywatches might have seen such 

3939
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:55,400
an event with the tools they had
at the time to connect medieval 

3940
03:16:55,400 --> 03:16:56,900
Chronicles to Modern 
astrophysics. 

3941
03:16:56,900 --> 03:16:59,600
You had to think about things in
a way that was, like, going back

3942
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:02,700
in time researchers needed to 
comprehend, not only the 

3943
03:17:02,700 --> 03:17:06,000
observations made by medieval in
individuals but also how these 

3944
03:17:06,000 --> 03:17:08,600
observations would have been 
interpreted and documented 

3945
03:17:08,600 --> 03:17:11,900
within their cultural and 
scientific contexts medieval 

3946
03:17:11,900 --> 03:17:14,800
chroniclers would have used the 
language of Omens wanders, and 

3947
03:17:14,800 --> 03:17:17,800
divine signs to write about 
something that we could describe

3948
03:17:17,800 --> 03:17:20,400
in terms of particle physics and
Atmospheric chemistry. 

3949
03:17:20,400 --> 03:17:23,100
The result of this 
cross-disciplinary detective 

3950
03:17:23,100 --> 03:17:25,800
work was a picture of an event 
that was both dramatic and 

3951
03:17:25,800 --> 03:17:28,300
invisible nomad. 
Little technology could have 

3952
03:17:28,300 --> 03:17:31,700
detected, the cosmic ray 
bombardment itself, but careful,

3953
03:17:31,700 --> 03:17:34,300
observers might have been able 
to see its secondary effects, 

3954
03:17:34,300 --> 03:17:38,300
such as strange, auroras 
atmospheric phenomena, and maybe

3955
03:17:38,300 --> 03:17:40,100
even small changes in weather 
patterns. 

3956
03:17:40,100 --> 03:17:43,700
The timing of events recorded in
medieval Chronicles, roughly 

3957
03:17:43,700 --> 03:17:46,700
matches, the time when cosmic 
ray levels were high, this 

3958
03:17:46,700 --> 03:17:48,900
suggests that some of the 
strange things that medieval 

3959
03:17:48,900 --> 03:17:51,400
writers wrote, about may have 
been caused by the invisible 

3960
03:17:51,400 --> 03:17:54,100
radiation storm. 
It's like finding out that 

3961
03:17:54,100 --> 03:17:56,900
puzzle pieces, that seemed 
unrelated actually fit together 

3962
03:17:56,900 --> 03:17:59,000
to make a whole picture. 
When you look at them from the 

3963
03:17:59,000 --> 03:18:01,600
right angle, Islamic 
astronomical records from 

3964
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:03,800
Baghdad. 
And Cordoba also talk about 

3965
03:18:03,800 --> 03:18:06,000
strange things that happen. 
During this time. 

3966
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:09,100
Medieval Islamic astronomers 
were some of the best at 

3967
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:12,200
observing celestial events in 
the world, their records often 

3968
03:18:12,200 --> 03:18:15,000
add to and clarify what European
and Chinese sources have said, 

3969
03:18:15,000 --> 03:18:17,100
the worldwide nature of these 
records. 

3970
03:18:17,100 --> 03:18:20,400
Suggest that what was happening.
Was truly Global not just in one

3971
03:18:20,400 --> 03:18:22,500
area. 
Modern researchers have a hard 

3972
03:18:22,500 --> 03:18:25,600
time figuring out which cosmic 
ray effects are real and which 

3973
03:18:25,600 --> 03:18:28,600
are just the normal background 
of Strange events that medieval 

3974
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:30,200
Chronicles wrote about all the 
time. 

3975
03:18:30,200 --> 03:18:33,200
People in the Middle Ages lived 
in a world where comets, 

3976
03:18:33,200 --> 03:18:36,200
eclipses, strange weather. 
And many other events were 

3977
03:18:36,200 --> 03:18:39,200
always happening and being seen 
as important to figure out, 

3978
03:18:39,200 --> 03:18:42,300
which anomalies might be linked 
to the cosmic ray event, you 

3979
03:18:42,300 --> 03:18:44,600
need to carefully. 
Look at the timing global 

3980
03:18:44,600 --> 03:18:47,500
distribution and the specific 
nature of the reported 

3981
03:18:47,500 --> 03:18:49,300
phenomena. 
One of the most interesting 

3982
03:18:49,300 --> 03:18:51,900
things about medieval records is
how consistent. 

3983
03:18:51,900 --> 03:18:53,100
They are across different 
cultures. 

3984
03:18:53,100 --> 03:18:57,300
When Irish monks Chinese quarter
astronomers and Islamic scholars

3985
03:18:57,300 --> 03:18:59,500
in Spain. 
All right, about strange things 

3986
03:18:59,500 --> 03:19:02,900
happening in the sky at the same
time, it means they were seeing 

3987
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:04,400
something that was really 
strange. 

3988
03:19:04,400 --> 03:19:07,600
And not just what people in 
their cultures thought was signs

3989
03:19:07,600 --> 03:19:10,800
of bad luck or good luck. 
His Cosmic mystery shows how 

3990
03:19:10,800 --> 03:19:13,200
modern science worked best when 
people work together 

3991
03:19:13,200 --> 03:19:16,200
astrophysicists offered 
theoretical Frameworks for 

3992
03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:18,900
comprehending, cosmic ray, 
phenomena and their possible 

3993
03:19:18,900 --> 03:19:22,100
impacts historians and 
archaeologists helped by sharing

3994
03:19:22,100 --> 03:19:24,300
their knowledge of medieval 
sources and the historical 

3995
03:19:24,300 --> 03:19:27,900
context, geochemists and 
climatologists, Study tree, 

3996
03:19:27,900 --> 03:19:31,100
rings, ice cores and other 
natural records that keep 

3997
03:19:31,100 --> 03:19:33,200
chemical traces of events from 
long ago. 

3998
03:19:33,200 --> 03:19:38,000
The 774 event is especially 
useful for science because it 

3999
03:19:38,000 --> 03:19:40,400
can be used as a kind of cosmic 
calibration tool. 

4000
03:19:40,400 --> 03:19:43,900
Scientists can better understand
similar, but smaller events in 

4001
03:19:43,900 --> 03:19:47,000
the geological and historical 
record by studying how this 

4002
03:19:47,000 --> 03:19:50,500
intense cosmic, ray event 
changed Earth's atmosphere and 

4003
03:19:50,500 --> 03:19:53,100
biosphere. 
It's like having a Rosetta Stone

4004
03:19:53,100 --> 03:19:55,500
to help you figure out what 
cosmic ray signatures mean in 

4005
03:19:55,500 --> 03:19:58,100
natural archives. 
The medieval chroniclers who 

4006
03:19:58,100 --> 03:20:03,700
wrote about strange events and 
774 to 776 a part of a 

4007
03:20:03,700 --> 03:20:06,100
scientific collaboration that 
they could never have imagined 

4008
03:20:06,100 --> 03:20:09,500
their meticulous observations 
documented in manuscripts, 

4009
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:12,200
dispersed throughout Monastery, 
libraries and Royal archives. 

4010
03:20:12,200 --> 03:20:14,900
Yielded essential evidence for 
comprehending. 

4011
03:20:14,900 --> 03:20:18,300
One of the most consequential 
astrophysical occurrences in 

4012
03:20:18,300 --> 03:20:20,900
recorded, history. 
Scientists can now read the 

4013
03:20:20,908 --> 03:20:23,400
cosmic signatures hidden in tree
rings and Ice cores. 

4014
03:20:23,400 --> 03:20:27,200
Thanks to modern technology. 
However, medieval people who saw

4015
03:20:27,200 --> 03:20:29,800
The event gave scientists the 
context, they needed to 

4016
03:20:29,800 --> 03:20:32,400
understand how it might have 
looked to people who lived 

4017
03:20:32,400 --> 03:20:34,700
through it. 
The combination of high-tech 

4018
03:20:34,700 --> 03:20:38,100
analysis and careful historical 
research has uncovered a story 

4019
03:20:38,100 --> 03:20:40,100
that neither method could have 
found on its own. 

4020
03:20:40,100 --> 03:20:44,600
The people who saw the 774 
cosmic ray event had no idea. 

4021
03:20:44,600 --> 03:20:47,300
They were witnessing 
astronomical history, but 

4022
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:50,500
they're careful record-keeping 
and detailed observations made a

4023
03:20:50,500 --> 03:20:52,400
time capsule. 
That would be very useful to 

4024
03:20:52,400 --> 03:20:54,500
researchers more than 1,000 
years later. 

4025
03:20:54,500 --> 03:20:57,300
It's a reminder that 
observations that seem unrelated

4026
03:20:57,300 --> 03:20:59,300
can sometimes show their true 
importance. 

4027
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:01,700
Only when looked at, from the 
point of view of later, 

4028
03:21:01,700 --> 03:21:04,400
scientific knowledge. 
Imagine waking up on a normal 

4029
03:21:04,408 --> 03:21:07,700
morning in 775. 
When the year before had brought

4030
03:21:07,700 --> 03:21:11,200
news of strange events from all 
over the world, you get up with 

4031
03:21:11,200 --> 03:21:14,100
the sun because that's when life
starts in a time before electric

4032
03:21:14,100 --> 03:21:16,400
lights. 
When you step outside your home,

4033
03:21:16,400 --> 03:21:19,300
whether it's a peasants Cottage,
a monastery, sell or a 

4034
03:21:19,300 --> 03:21:21,800
Merchant's house. 
You might look up at the sky and

4035
03:21:21,800 --> 03:21:24,200
realize that something strange 
has been happening up there. 

4036
03:21:24,200 --> 03:21:28,500
The cosmic ray of event that 
peaked in 7. 4 was making small 

4037
03:21:28,500 --> 03:21:30,500
changes in your environment that
you couldn't see. 

4038
03:21:31,600 --> 03:21:34,300
Strange things that Chronicles 
and travelers wrote about were 

4039
03:21:34,300 --> 03:21:37,200
adding a sense of wonder and 
uncertainty to everyday life 

4040
03:21:37,200 --> 03:21:40,100
people in the Middle, Ages were 
used to living with mystery. 

4041
03:21:40,100 --> 03:21:43,000
They knew that a lot of things 
about the natural world were 

4042
03:21:43,000 --> 03:21:46,000
Beyond human understanding, but 
the fact that there were so many

4043
03:21:46,008 --> 03:21:48,500
strange reports during this 
time, made them feel like big 

4044
03:21:48,500 --> 03:21:50,500
changes. 
Might be happening in the cosmic

4045
03:21:50,500 --> 03:21:52,200
order. 
No matter if you were a devout 

4046
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:55,200
monk following the canonical 
hours or a farmer giving, thanks

4047
03:21:55,200 --> 03:21:57,800
for another day of life. 
Your morning routine would 

4048
03:21:57,800 --> 03:22:01,200
always start with prayers but 
prayers from the Middle Ages 

4049
03:22:01,200 --> 03:22:03,900
often ask for protection from 
all kinds of natural and 

4050
03:22:03,900 --> 03:22:06,800
Supernatural threats. 
The reports of strange lights, 

4051
03:22:06,800 --> 03:22:09,200
and unusual weather might have 
made these requests seem more 

4052
03:22:09,200 --> 03:22:11,900
important than usual. 
You lived in a time when the 

4053
03:22:11,908 --> 03:22:14,500
line between natural and 
Supernatural explanations was 

4054
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:17,100
not very clear. 
Strange, things could be seen as

4055
03:22:17,100 --> 03:22:21,800
either Divine messages or bad 
Omens, most people in 775 were 

4056
03:22:21,800 --> 03:22:23,800
farmers. 
So they had to pay close 

4057
03:22:23,800 --> 03:22:26,500
attention to Natural signs and 
seasonal patterns all the time 

4058
03:22:26,500 --> 03:22:29,800
to be successful in farming. 
In the Middle Ages, you had to 

4059
03:22:29,808 --> 03:22:32,000
be able to read subtle signs in 
the Environment. 

4060
03:22:32,000 --> 03:22:34,900
Like when to plant based on the 
temperature and moisture of the 

4061
03:22:34,900 --> 03:22:37,700
soil, how to tell when the 
weather would change based on 

4062
03:22:37,700 --> 03:22:40,700
the clouds and wind patterns, 
and how to tell when it was time

4063
03:22:40,700 --> 03:22:44,100
to harvest people who survival 
depended on, being able to read 

4064
03:22:44,100 --> 03:22:46,700
Nature's signals, would notice 
any strange changes in the 

4065
03:22:46,700 --> 03:22:49,500
environment right away, the 
higher levels of cosmic 

4066
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:50,900
radiation that were falling on 
Earth. 

4067
03:22:50,900 --> 03:22:53,500
At this time, could have had an 
effect on plant growth that 

4068
03:22:53,500 --> 03:22:56,300
experienced Farmers. 
Might have noticed medieval 

4069
03:22:56,300 --> 03:22:59,300
farmers were very sensitive to 
changes in how cropped, grew and

4070
03:22:59,300 --> 03:23:01,800
developed, even though the 
effects would be small. 

4071
03:23:01,800 --> 03:23:04,500
Compared to more obvious factors
like weather and soil quality. 

4072
03:23:04,500 --> 03:23:07,700
If a farmer worked the same 
fields for years, they would 

4073
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:09,800
notice. 
If the plants were acting even a

4074
03:23:09,800 --> 03:23:12,600
little bit differently than they
were used to Monastery Gardens, 

4075
03:23:12,600 --> 03:23:16,000
in particular were carefully, 
controlled spaces were small 

4076
03:23:16,000 --> 03:23:19,300
changes, might be easier to see 
monks who took care of herb, 

4077
03:23:19,300 --> 03:23:21,800
garden, Gardens and medicinal 
plants, were trained to be very 

4078
03:23:21,800 --> 03:23:25,200
observed and pay close attention
to help plants grew and how 

4079
03:23:25,200 --> 03:23:27,500
healthy they were. 
Because they know so much about 

4080
03:23:27,500 --> 03:23:30,600
how plants normally behave, they
might have been able to spot 

4081
03:23:30,600 --> 03:23:33,700
things that Experienced 
observers would have missed the 

4082
03:23:33,700 --> 03:23:35,500
psychological climate of daily 
life. 

4083
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:38,300
During this era was likely 
affected by the proliferation of

4084
03:23:38,308 --> 03:23:42,100
anomalous reports from various 
regions, and sources, medieval 

4085
03:23:42,100 --> 03:23:44,900
communication networks, which 
were based on trade, routes 

4086
03:23:44,900 --> 03:23:48,100
pilgrimage routes, and 
diplomatic contacts moved 

4087
03:23:48,100 --> 03:23:51,300
information slowly. 
But steadily strange stories 

4088
03:23:51,300 --> 03:23:54,300
from Faraway places would slowly
make their way into local 

4089
03:23:54,300 --> 03:23:57,800
communities, making people feel 
like the normal order of things 

4090
03:23:57,800 --> 03:24:00,800
was changing in some way people.
In the Middle Ages, knew that 

4091
03:24:00,808 --> 03:24:03,800
big events often made themselves
known through natural signs and 

4092
03:24:03,800 --> 03:24:06,000
Omens. 
Medieval people strongly 

4093
03:24:06,000 --> 03:24:08,600
believe, that strange events 
could happen before big changes 

4094
03:24:08,600 --> 03:24:12,100
and politics Society or religion
people who lived at the time 

4095
03:24:12,100 --> 03:24:14,000
would have thought that 
something important was going 

4096
03:24:14,000 --> 03:24:16,800
on, when several sources 
reported strange events 

4097
03:24:16,800 --> 03:24:20,300
happening at the same time, even
if they didn't know exactly what

4098
03:24:20,300 --> 03:24:23,600
it was, people might have talked
about strange weather strange, 

4099
03:24:23,600 --> 03:24:26,400
lights, and other strange, 
things that Travelers and 

4100
03:24:26,400 --> 03:24:29,300
Chronicles had seen more often 
during this time because 

4101
03:24:29,300 --> 03:24:33,400
medieval communities were small 
in The news spread quickly, the 

4102
03:24:33,400 --> 03:24:35,300
collection of strange reports 
would have given people 

4103
03:24:35,300 --> 03:24:38,600
interesting things to talk about
at communal meals Market Days 

4104
03:24:38,600 --> 03:24:41,800
and other social events people 
who worked outside would have 

4105
03:24:41,800 --> 03:24:44,700
had more chances to see strange 
weather patterns that people who

4106
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:47,400
worked inside might not have 
seen blacksmiths. 

4107
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:50,100
Carpenters, and other craftsmen 
who worked outside would have 

4108
03:24:50,100 --> 03:24:53,000
been in a good position to 
notice changes in the Colours of

4109
03:24:53,008 --> 03:24:55,700
the sky strange. 
Cloud shapes or other 

4110
03:24:55,700 --> 03:24:58,400
atmospheric Oddities that could 
be related to The Invisible. 

4111
03:24:58,400 --> 03:25:01,300
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 
hitting the upper atmosphere of 

4112
03:25:01,300 --> 03:25:03,400
Earth. 
During this time, people might 

4113
03:25:03,400 --> 03:25:06,000
have spent more time watching 
the sky at night, because they 

4114
03:25:06,000 --> 03:25:08,500
were more aware of the 
possibility of strange celestial

4115
03:25:08,500 --> 03:25:11,500
events people in the Middle Ages
were already good at looking at 

4116
03:25:11,500 --> 03:25:14,900
the stars and night sky was much
clearer without light pollution,

4117
03:25:14,900 --> 03:25:18,000
and looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

4118
03:25:18,000 --> 03:25:21,400
time and finding your way, but 
reports of strange, light and 

4119
03:25:21,400 --> 03:25:23,600
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

4120
03:25:23,600 --> 03:25:27,700
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 775 religious 

4121
03:25:27,700 --> 03:25:30,600
observances may have encompassed
specific prayers or rituals 

4122
03:25:30,600 --> 03:25:33,600
intended to Appropriately 
address the enigmatic signs that

4123
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:37,000
appeared with notable frequency,
medieval Christianity, offered 

4124
03:25:37,000 --> 03:25:39,900
Frameworks for interpreting 
natural phenomena as Divine 

4125
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:43,400
Communications and communities 
may have organized supplementary

4126
03:25:43,400 --> 03:25:46,600
religious activities to ensure 
appropriate, responses to 

4127
03:25:46,600 --> 03:25:49,200
perceived Celestial messages 
life in the Middle. 

4128
03:25:49,200 --> 03:25:51,900
Ages was still governed by the 
seasons even though strange 

4129
03:25:51,900 --> 03:25:53,200
things were happening in the 
background. 

4130
03:25:53,200 --> 03:25:55,600
No matter how many cosmic rays 
were in the air. 

4131
03:25:55,600 --> 03:25:57,500
How many strange lights were in 
the sky. 

4132
03:25:58,300 --> 03:26:01,900
Spring planting summer 
cultivation, Autumn Harvest and 

4133
03:26:01,900 --> 03:26:05,400
winter preservation, activities 
all followed their old patterns,

4134
03:26:05,400 --> 03:26:08,500
but there may have been more 
talks about what current events 

4135
03:26:08,500 --> 03:26:11,300
mean and what they could mean 
for the future while the work 

4136
03:26:11,300 --> 03:26:14,400
was going on, Merchants and 
travelers, who had the most 

4137
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:16,300
information about different 
parts of the world. 

4138
03:26:16,300 --> 03:26:19,600
In medieval times were very 
important in spreading news, 

4139
03:26:19,600 --> 03:26:21,500
about stranger events to 
different areas. 

4140
03:26:21,500 --> 03:26:24,700
A merchant, who traveled between
cities a lot could act as an 

4141
03:26:24,700 --> 03:26:26,400
unofficial Clearing House for 
stories. 

4142
03:26:26,400 --> 03:26:29,400
About strange things that 
happened letting people compare 

4143
03:26:29,400 --> 03:26:31,800
what happened in their own area,
with what happened in other 

4144
03:26:31,800 --> 03:26:35,000
places, the cumulative effect of
living through a time. 

4145
03:26:35,000 --> 03:26:37,600
When strange things happened 
more often than usual was 

4146
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:40,200
probably a stronger feeling of 
living in important times. 

4147
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:43,100
People in the Middle Ages knew 
that they were part of ongoing 

4148
03:26:43,100 --> 03:26:46,400
historical stories like the 
history of Their Kingdoms, the 

4149
03:26:46,400 --> 03:26:48,900
history of the Bible and the 
story of Christendom. 

4150
03:26:48,900 --> 03:26:52,000
They thought that strange 
natural events might mean that 

4151
03:26:52,000 --> 03:26:54,400
important parts of these bigger 
stories were being written. 

4152
03:26:54,400 --> 03:26:57,700
What makes this a specialty sad?
Is that the people of 7? 

4153
03:26:58,300 --> 03:26:59,700
5. 
We're going through a very 

4154
03:26:59,700 --> 03:27:03,200
important event in the universe 
even though they had no idea 

4155
03:27:03,200 --> 03:27:06,300
what it really was. 
One of the strongest cosmic ray 

4156
03:27:06,300 --> 03:27:09,200
bombardments ever recorded was 
happening, but people at the 

4157
03:27:09,200 --> 03:27:11,900
time, couldn't see it. 
It left permanent marks and 

4158
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:14,500
tree, rings and Ice cores. 
They were making records. 

4159
03:27:14,500 --> 03:27:17,400
That would be very useful to 
scientists to 1000 years later, 

4160
03:27:17,400 --> 03:27:19,100
but they didn't know it at the 
time. 

4161
03:27:19,100 --> 03:27:22,100
The story of how modern 
scientists figured out what 

4162
03:27:22,100 --> 03:27:25,000
happened. 
During the 774 cosmic, ray event

4163
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:28,600
is like a detective novel for 
smart people with Clues hidden 

4164
03:27:28,600 --> 03:27:32,100
in Japanese cedar trees. 
Greenlandic ice, sheets and the 

4165
03:27:32,100 --> 03:27:35,800
margins of medieval manuscripts.
It's a story that shows how the 

4166
03:27:35,800 --> 03:27:39,500
most advanced science of the 
21st century can sometimes rely 

4167
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:42,600
on the careful notes of monks 
from the 8th Century who were 

4168
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:44,900
just trying to write down what 
they saw in the world around 

4169
03:27:44,900 --> 03:27:46,500
them. 
As is often the case with 

4170
03:27:46,500 --> 03:27:49,700
scientific breakthroughs, the 
discovery started when someone 

4171
03:27:49,700 --> 03:27:52,800
noticed that the data didn't 
look quite right, researchers 

4172
03:27:52,800 --> 03:27:56,000
studying radiocarbon levels in 
tree, rings in the early 2000s 

4173
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:58,100
were creating detailed 
timelines. 

4174
03:27:58,300 --> 03:28:01,800
Past weather conditions when 
they found something that had 

4175
03:28:01,800 --> 03:28:05,700
never been seen before. 
A huge rise in carbon 14 levels,

4176
03:28:05,700 --> 03:28:10,900
that happened all over the world
in trees between 774 and 775. 

4177
03:28:10,900 --> 03:28:14,000
Imagine the moment when these 
scientists first understood, 

4178
03:28:14,000 --> 03:28:16,500
what they were seeing 
radiocarbon dating works. 

4179
03:28:16,500 --> 03:28:19,000
Because cosmic rays changed 
nitrogen in the air. 

4180
03:28:19,000 --> 03:28:23,100
Into carbon-14 at rates that are
fairly predictable for thousands

4181
03:28:23,100 --> 03:28:24,700
of years. 
This process has been running 

4182
03:28:24,700 --> 03:28:28,600
like a clock in space making a 
baseline that archeologists and 

4183
03:28:28,600 --> 03:28:30,700
climate researchers used to date
old things. 

4184
03:28:30,700 --> 03:28:35,700
But in 774 that steady clock in 
space suddenly sped up the spike

4185
03:28:35,700 --> 03:28:39,500
was huge about 20 times higher 
than normal levels of cosmic 

4186
03:28:39,500 --> 03:28:41,600
rays and it happened all over 
the place. 

4187
03:28:41,600 --> 03:28:48,000
At the same time during their 
774 to 775 growth, rings trees, 

4188
03:28:48,000 --> 03:28:51,000
in Japan, Germany, North America
and other parts of the world. 

4189
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:54,900
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

4190
03:28:54,900 --> 03:28:57,700
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had 

4191
03:28:57,700 --> 03:28:59,900
run. 
For a short time in the same 

4192
03:28:59,900 --> 03:29:03,300
year over 1200 years ago at 
first scientists didn't know 

4193
03:29:03,300 --> 03:29:05,600
what could have caused such a 
big and sudden event around the 

4194
03:29:05,608 --> 03:29:07,700
world. 
Testing nuclear weapons in the 

4195
03:29:07,708 --> 03:29:11,000
1960s had caused fake 
radiocarbon spikes but the 

4196
03:29:11,008 --> 03:29:13,700
natural historical record didn't
have anything like what they 

4197
03:29:13,708 --> 03:29:18,000
were seeing in 774 in theory 
solar flares could cause more 

4198
03:29:18,000 --> 03:29:22,800
cosmic rays but the 774 event 
was so big that was bigger than 

4199
03:29:22,800 --> 03:29:26,000
any known solar storm. 
The big step forward happened 

4200
03:29:26,000 --> 03:29:28,700
when scientists started looking 
for other natural records that 

4201
03:29:28,700 --> 03:29:31,600
keep Cosmic race signatures that
could back up their findings 

4202
03:29:31,600 --> 03:29:35,400
Antarctic, Ice cores, which trap
gases and particles from the 

4203
03:29:35,400 --> 03:29:38,000
atmosphere in layers that look 
like pages in a Frozen book, 

4204
03:29:38,000 --> 03:29:41,600
showed higher levels of 
beryllium 10 and other Isotopes 

4205
03:29:41,600 --> 03:29:44,400
made by cosmic ray interactions 
during the same time, period, 

4206
03:29:44,400 --> 03:29:47,000
Coral growth rings from tropical
Ocean's. 

4207
03:29:47,000 --> 03:29:48,900
Had other chemical signs of the 
same event. 

4208
03:29:48,900 --> 03:29:51,300
Scientist was sure. 
They were looking at something 

4209
03:29:51,300 --> 03:29:54,500
truly new in the historical 
record because evidence from 

4210
03:29:54,500 --> 03:29:58,800
many different sources. 
Tree rings, ice cores And coral,

4211
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:02,700
reefs, all pointed to the same 
amazing event that happened in 

4212
03:30:02,700 --> 03:30:07,700
700 and 774 to 700 775. 
But figuring out what happened 

4213
03:30:07,700 --> 03:30:10,700
was just the first step in 
understanding it, what might 

4214
03:30:10,700 --> 03:30:13,100
have caused such a strong burst 
of cosmic radiation. 

4215
03:30:13,100 --> 03:30:15,700
This is where medieval 
Chronicles became an 

4216
03:30:15,700 --> 03:30:18,600
unexpectedly important part of 
the scientific equation, 

4217
03:30:18,600 --> 03:30:22,000
scientists figured out that if 
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 

4218
03:30:22,000 --> 03:30:27,500
lot between 774 and 7775 There 
might be indirect proof of what 

4219
03:30:27,500 --> 03:30:29,600
happened in, historical records 
from that time. 

4220
03:30:29,600 --> 03:30:32,600
Chroniclers, from the Middle 
Ages were skilled at noticing. 

4221
03:30:32,600 --> 03:30:34,400
Strange things in the sky in the
air. 

4222
03:30:34,400 --> 03:30:37,000
And they may have seen things 
that could be linked to higher 

4223
03:30:37,000 --> 03:30:40,000
levels of cosmic radiation. 
Researchers had to think like 

4224
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:43,500
both scientists and historians 
in order to link medieval 

4225
03:30:43,500 --> 03:30:45,300
observations to Modern 
astrophysics. 

4226
03:30:45,300 --> 03:30:48,600
They had to know not only what 
people in the Middle Ages might 

4227
03:30:48,600 --> 03:30:51,300
have seen but also how those 
observations would have been 

4228
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:54,500
understood and recorded in the 
8th Century ways of knowing and 

4229
03:30:54,500 --> 03:30:57,400
believing a phenomenon that 
contemporary scientists would 

4230
03:30:57,400 --> 03:30:59,500
characterize through the lens of
particle physics. 

4231
03:30:59,500 --> 03:31:04,100
May be depicted in medieval 
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or

4232
03:31:04,100 --> 03:31:06,200
Divine. 
Sign the interdisciplinary 

4233
03:31:06,200 --> 03:31:08,900
investigation yielded evidence 
that medieval observers 

4234
03:31:08,900 --> 03:31:14,400
discerned unusual phenomena. 
During the years 774 to 7776 the

4235
03:31:14,400 --> 03:31:17,700
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 
of a red crucifix in the sky, 

4236
03:31:18,500 --> 03:31:22,000
Chinese records of guest stars 
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 

4237
03:31:22,000 --> 03:31:24,700
other chronological accounts of 
strange lights and weather 

4238
03:31:24,700 --> 03:31:27,900
patterns from this time suddenly
became more important as 

4239
03:31:27,900 --> 03:31:31,500
possible proof of cosmic ray 
effects, the scientific teamwork

4240
03:31:31,500 --> 03:31:34,200
needed to solve this mystery. 
As an example of how modern 

4241
03:31:34,200 --> 03:31:37,100
research works. 
Best astrophysicists came up 

4242
03:31:37,100 --> 03:31:39,900
with theoretical models of what 
could cause such strong cosmic. 

4243
03:31:39,900 --> 03:31:43,400
Ray bursts, scientists who study
the atmosphere talked about how 

4244
03:31:43,400 --> 03:31:45,900
high energy particles. 
Could change the chemistry of 

4245
03:31:45,908 --> 03:31:49,200
the upper atmosphere historians 
and archaeologists offered their

4246
03:31:49,200 --> 03:31:51,400
knowledge of medieval sources 
and timelines. 

4247
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:54,700
Geochemist created ways to get 
cosmic race, signatures from 

4248
03:31:54,700 --> 03:31:57,500
natural archives. 
Each piece of evidence backed up

4249
03:31:57,500 --> 03:32:00,400
and made the others clearer. 
The tree-ring data gave very 

4250
03:32:00,400 --> 03:32:03,400
accurate measurements of when, 
and how big things were the 

4251
03:32:03,400 --> 03:32:06,100
analysis of ice calls confirm 
that the event affected the 

4252
03:32:06,100 --> 03:32:09,600
whole world, medieval Chronicles
provided perspectives on the 

4253
03:32:09,600 --> 03:32:11,300
potential perceptions of the 
events. 

4254
03:32:11,300 --> 03:32:14,200
Secondary Effects, by human 
observers, theoretical 

4255
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:17,300
astrophysics, proposed potential
Origins for such a profound 

4256
03:32:17,300 --> 03:32:19,500
cosmic. 
Ray burst The most likely 

4257
03:32:19,500 --> 03:32:22,600
explanation is that Earth was 
hit by radiation from either a 

4258
03:32:22,600 --> 03:32:25,700
gamma ray burst which is one of 
the strongest explosions known 

4259
03:32:25,700 --> 03:32:29,100
in the universe or a huge 
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 

4260
03:32:29,100 --> 03:32:32,700
which is a neutron star with 
very strong magnetic fields. 

4261
03:32:32,700 --> 03:32:35,300
Either of these events, could 
have caused the high energy, 

4262
03:32:35,300 --> 03:32:38,800
particle bombardment that made 
the isotopic signatures found in

4263
03:32:38,800 --> 03:32:43,300
natural archives from 774 to 
775. 

4264
03:32:43,300 --> 03:32:47,400
This discovery is specially 
important because it is one of 

4265
03:32:47,400 --> 03:32:50,300
the most powerful astrophysical 
events that has ever been 

4266
03:32:50,300 --> 03:32:53,400
recorded gamma. 
Ray bursts are so powerful that 

4267
03:32:53,400 --> 03:32:55,300
they can briefly outshine whole 
galaxies. 

4268
03:32:55,300 --> 03:32:59,400
If one happened close enough to 
Earth to cause the 774 Cosmic 

4269
03:32:59,400 --> 03:33:03,700
race bike, that would be a very 
rare astronomical event the 

4270
03:33:03,700 --> 03:33:04,900
talking about things that 
happen. 

4271
03:33:04,900 --> 03:33:07,308
Maybe once every few thousand 
years in our part of the 

4272
03:33:07,316 --> 03:33:10,600
universe, the effects go beyond 
just figuring out what happened 

4273
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:15,000
in one strange event. 
The 774 Cosmic Race by is a good

4274
03:33:15,008 --> 03:33:17,200
way to figure out how these 
kinds of events affect the 

4275
03:33:17,200 --> 03:33:18,700
atmosphere and biosphere of 
Earth. 

4276
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:22,800
Scientists can better understand
similar but less dramatic cosmic

4277
03:33:22,800 --> 03:33:25,600
ray changes throughout 
geological history by looking at

4278
03:33:25,608 --> 03:33:29,100
the isotopic signatures left 
behind by this well-known event.

4279
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:32,400
Modern technology has made it 
possible for scientists to read 

4280
03:33:32,400 --> 03:33:35,600
chemical, signatures in natural 
archives with amazing accuracy. 

4281
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:39,100
However, medieval chroniclers 
gave us the human context. 

4282
03:33:39,100 --> 03:33:41,700
We need to understand how people
living through these events 

4283
03:33:41,700 --> 03:33:44,200
might have seen them the 
combination of high-tech 

4284
03:33:44,200 --> 03:33:46,300
analysis and careful historical 
research. 

4285
03:33:46,300 --> 03:33:49,000
Found a story that neither 
method could have found on his 

4286
03:33:49,000 --> 03:33:52,900
own, those who lived through. 
The 774 cosmic ray event could 

4287
03:33:52,900 --> 03:33:55,900
never have guessed that their 
careful, observations would one 

4288
03:33:55,900 --> 03:33:59,300
day help scientists learn more 
about neutron stars gamma, ray 

4289
03:33:59,300 --> 03:34:03,700
bursts and cosmic ray physics, 
but they details records, which 

4290
03:34:03,700 --> 03:34:06,900
are still kept in Monastery. 
Library and Royal archives were 

4291
03:34:06,900 --> 03:34:09,500
very important for solving. 
One of the biggest astrophysical

4292
03:34:09,500 --> 03:34:12,000
mysteries in history. 
As you get more comfortable in 

4293
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:14,900
your reading spot, maybe while 
you finish your evening tea, 

4294
03:34:14,900 --> 03:34:18,600
lets think about how a cosmic 
event that lasted only a few 

4295
03:34:18,608 --> 03:34:23,500
months in. 774 has changed how 
we think about the universe for 

4296
03:34:23,500 --> 03:34:26,700
more than 1,000 years. 
It's a story about how things we

4297
03:34:26,700 --> 03:34:29,700
can't see, can leave permanent 
marks on the world and how those

4298
03:34:29,700 --> 03:34:32,600
marks can wait. 100s of years 
for someone to learn how to read

4299
03:34:32,600 --> 03:34:34,700
them. 
Scientists now, call the cosmic 

4300
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:39,200
ray event of 774, the most 
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 

4301
03:34:39,200 --> 03:34:41,900
recorded history. 
Its effects go far beyond just 

4302
03:34:41,900 --> 03:34:44,200
being an interesting data point 
for astrophysicists. 

4303
03:34:44,200 --> 03:34:47,500
This event, fundamentally 
changed how we think about the 

4304
03:34:47,500 --> 03:34:50,700
relationship between Cosmic 
phenomena and terrestrial life 

4305
03:34:50,700 --> 03:34:54,300
showing that even systems on 
Earth, that seems stable can be 

4306
03:34:54,308 --> 03:34:58,000
drastically Changed by rare but 
powerful events happening 

4307
03:34:58,000 --> 03:35:01,800
millions of miles away in Space,
the tree rings that recorded 

4308
03:35:01,800 --> 03:35:03,900
this Cosmic bombardment is still
around today. 

4309
03:35:03,900 --> 03:35:07,900
Preserved in old wooden 
buildings archaeological site 

4310
03:35:07,900 --> 03:35:11,500
and forests around the world. 
Every piece of wood that grew 

4311
03:35:11,500 --> 03:35:16,600
between 774 and 7705 has a 
chemical signature of that 

4312
03:35:16,600 --> 03:35:20,600
amazing year in its cells like 
Molecular autograph written by 

4313
03:35:20,608 --> 03:35:23,800
the universe itself. 
This invisible timestamp links, 

4314
03:35:23,800 --> 03:35:27,400
medieval Cathedrals ancient 
temples and archaeological 

4315
03:35:27,400 --> 03:35:30,600
artifacts from this time period 
to one of the most important 

4316
03:35:30,600 --> 03:35:32,700
astrophysical events in human 
history. 

4317
03:35:32,700 --> 03:35:35,800
The 774 event has changed the 
way we do. 

4318
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:38,600
Modern radiocarbon dating before
this discovery. 

4319
03:35:38,600 --> 03:35:41,700
Scientists thought that levels 
of carbon 14 in the atmosphere 

4320
03:35:41,700 --> 03:35:45,100
had stayed pretty stable over 
time with only small changes 

4321
03:35:45,100 --> 03:35:48,100
caused by solar activity and 
other things that could be 

4322
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:52,300
predicted the sudden rise. 
In 774 showed that assumption 

4323
03:35:52,300 --> 03:35:55,400
was wrong, which led to more 
advanced calibration methods 

4324
03:35:55,400 --> 03:35:59,200
that take into account sudden, 
cosmic ray of events, the 700 

4325
03:35:59,200 --> 03:36:01,700
774 event has helped make 
archaeological dating more 

4326
03:36:01,700 --> 03:36:04,000
accurate. 
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 

4327
03:36:04,000 --> 03:36:06,200
signature. 
We can now date artifacts from 

4328
03:36:06,200 --> 03:36:08,800
the late 8th Century with more 
accuracy than ever before. 

4329
03:36:08,800 --> 03:36:12,000
It's like having a universal 
time stamp that shows up in 

4330
03:36:12,000 --> 03:36:13,800
organic materials from all over 
the world. 

4331
03:36:13,800 --> 03:36:17,200
This lets archaeologists line up
their timelines with amazing 

4332
03:36:17,200 --> 03:36:20,300
accuracy the effects on our 
Understanding of medieval 

4333
03:36:20,300 --> 03:36:24,900
history of being just as big, 
the 774 cosmic ray event serves 

4334
03:36:24,900 --> 03:36:28,200
as a stable chronological 
reference, aiding historians and

4335
03:36:28,200 --> 03:36:30,900
correlating events, across 
diverse cultural traditions, and

4336
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:35,100
geographical areas, when Chinese
Chronicles, European monasteries

4337
03:36:35,100 --> 03:36:37,500
and Middle Eastern sources. 
All right, about strange things 

4338
03:36:37,500 --> 03:36:40,700
happening at the same time, it 
makes sense that these events 

4339
03:36:40,700 --> 03:36:42,700
could be connected to the same 
Cosmic event. 

4340
03:36:42,700 --> 03:36:46,100
Climate science has also gained 
insights from comprehending, the

4341
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:49,000
influence of cosmic rays on 
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 

4342
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:53,200
the 774 event was too short to 
change the climate in the long 

4343
03:36:53,200 --> 03:36:56,400
term, but it did show that 
Cosmic radiation can affect 

4344
03:36:56,400 --> 03:36:59,400
atmospheric processes in ways 
that climate models need to take

4345
03:36:59,400 --> 03:37:02,100
into account, contemporary 
researchers examining 

4346
03:37:02,100 --> 03:37:04,100
historical. 
Climate variations are 

4347
03:37:04,100 --> 03:37:07,900
increasingly focusing on cosmic 
ray fluctuations as a potential 

4348
03:37:07,900 --> 03:37:09,700
influence on atmospheric 
chemistry. 

4349
03:37:09,700 --> 03:37:13,100
Alterations researchers are now 
actively looking for similar 

4350
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,300
events in the geological record,
scientists are now looking for 

4351
03:37:16,300 --> 03:37:18,900
more Cosmic race bikes that are 
hidden in tree rings. 

4352
03:37:19,400 --> 03:37:21,700
Ice cores and other natural 
records. 

4353
03:37:21,700 --> 03:37:24,600
They want to find more times 
when Earth was hit by strong 

4354
03:37:24,600 --> 03:37:27,300
radiation from space. 
Every new piece of information, 

4355
03:37:27,300 --> 03:37:30,200
helps us understand how often 
these things happen and what 

4356
03:37:30,208 --> 03:37:34,700
they might do, the 774 event has
changed how we study space 

4357
03:37:34,700 --> 03:37:36,900
weather. 
Cosmic rays can damage modern 

4358
03:37:36,900 --> 03:37:40,400
satellites in electronic systems
and knowing how extreme events 

4359
03:37:40,400 --> 03:37:43,000
have happened in the past can 
help engineers make technology 

4360
03:37:43,000 --> 03:37:46,900
that can survive them. 
The 774 spike is a good example 

4361
03:37:46,900 --> 03:37:49,700
of the kinds of cosmic ray 
intensities that Earth's 

4362
03:37:49,700 --> 03:37:52,300
technology might need to be able
to handle during rare. 

4363
03:37:52,300 --> 03:37:55,500
But powerful astrophysical 
events, the need for scientists 

4364
03:37:55,500 --> 03:37:59,100
and historians to work together 
to understand the 700 774 event 

4365
03:37:59,100 --> 03:38:02,300
as led to new models for how 
these two Fields can work 

4366
03:38:02,300 --> 03:38:05,700
together astrophysicists now 
offer ask medieval historians 

4367
03:38:05,700 --> 03:38:09,300
for help and climatologists and 
archaeologists work together to 

4368
03:38:09,300 --> 03:38:11,500
learn more about how the 
environment has changed over 

4369
03:38:11,500 --> 03:38:13,800
time. 
Researchers are realizing that 

4370
03:38:13,800 --> 03:38:15,600
to fully understand complex 
phenomena. 

4371
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:18,300
They need to look at them from 
many different angles. 

4372
03:38:18,300 --> 03:38:21,700
This Made the lines between 
different academic Fields, less,

4373
03:38:21,700 --> 03:38:26,100
clear the discovery of 774 has 
changed the way both history and

4374
03:38:26,100 --> 03:38:29,300
science are taught in schools. 
The story shows how modern 

4375
03:38:29,300 --> 03:38:32,100
scientific tools can get 
information from old materials 

4376
03:38:32,100 --> 03:38:35,200
that people in the past, 
couldn't get to while also 

4377
03:38:35,200 --> 03:38:37,200
showing how important it is to 
carefully. 

4378
03:38:37,200 --> 03:38:40,300
Observe history in order to 
understand scientific data, 

4379
03:38:40,300 --> 03:38:43,700
students learn to understand the
past, they often need to use the

4380
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:45,400
best technology in the best 
research. 

4381
03:38:45,400 --> 03:38:49,100
The 700 774 event has also 
changed the way we think about 

4382
03:38:49,100 --> 03:38:52,700
how people see natural events 
medieval chroniclers who wrote 

4383
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:57,100
about strange, weather events 
and 774 to 776. 

4384
03:38:57,100 --> 03:39:00,100
We're doing scientific research 
that they could never have 

4385
03:39:00,100 --> 03:39:02,000
imagined. 
And the information they 

4386
03:39:02,000 --> 03:39:05,000
gathered would be useful. 
A Thousand Years Later their 

4387
03:39:05,000 --> 03:39:07,600
careful observations. 
Remind us that even records, 

4388
03:39:07,600 --> 03:39:10,200
that seem unimportant might have
information that future 

4389
03:39:10,200 --> 03:39:11,900
Generations will find very 
useful. 

4390
03:39:11,900 --> 03:39:16,200
The 774 story has helped people 
understand astronomy better 

4391
03:39:16,200 --> 03:39:18,800
because it shows how Earth is 
part of a changing. 

4392
03:39:19,500 --> 03:39:21,600
Sometimes violent Cosmic 
environment. 

4393
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:25,600
The 774 event had a direct 
effect on our planet. 

4394
03:39:25,600 --> 03:39:28,500
Unlike black holes or galaxies 
that are far away. 

4395
03:39:28,500 --> 03:39:30,500
We can still see the effects 
today. 

4396
03:39:31,400 --> 03:39:33,900
It's the universe seem more real
and important to Everyday Life. 

4397
03:39:33,900 --> 03:39:37,800
The Discovery has also made us 
think about how these cosmic ray

4398
03:39:37,800 --> 03:39:41,200
events might have changed human 
history in ways, we don't yet 

4399
03:39:41,200 --> 03:39:43,800
know about. 
If strong Cosmic radiation can 

4400
03:39:43,800 --> 03:39:46,400
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere and possibly change 

4401
03:39:46,400 --> 03:39:50,500
the weather climate or even 
biological processes, then rare.

4402
03:39:50,500 --> 03:39:53,600
But powerful, Cosmic events may 
have had an impact on historical

4403
03:39:53,600 --> 03:39:56,200
events that we don't know about 
understanding of events. 

4404
03:39:56,200 --> 03:40:00,700
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 
has helped shape, modern talks 

4405
03:40:00,700 --> 03:40:03,200
about existential risks and 
planetary defense. 

4406
03:40:03,200 --> 03:40:06,300
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 
directly threaten Earth as much 

4407
03:40:06,300 --> 03:40:10,100
as asteroid impacts or super 
volcanic eruptions do but they 

4408
03:40:10,100 --> 03:40:13,600
do show that Earth is in a 
cosmic environment where rare 

4409
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:15,800
powerful events can have Global 
effects. 

4410
03:40:15,800 --> 03:40:19,000
When making plans for the 
long-term survival of humanity, 

4411
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:22,200
we need to think about all the 
cosmic events that could have an

4412
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:26,400
effect on our planet. 774 event 
has become a touchstone for 

4413
03:40:26,400 --> 03:40:29,300
talks about how scientific 
discovery and historical 

4414
03:40:29,300 --> 03:40:32,600
understanding are related it. 
Shows how the most advanced 

4415
03:40:32,600 --> 03:40:35,400
modern technology can sometimes 
show, that ancient observers 

4416
03:40:35,400 --> 03:40:36,900
were more accurate than people 
thought. 

4417
03:40:36,900 --> 03:40:40,100
And how careful historical 
research can help us understand 

4418
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:44,400
scientific data better. 
The cosmic ray of event of 774 

4419
03:40:44,400 --> 03:40:46,700
is a reminder that the universe 
is full of things. 

4420
03:40:46,700 --> 03:40:49,900
We don't fully understand yet. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

4421
03:40:49,900 --> 03:40:53,400
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core and

4422
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:56,000
every well preserved medieval 
Chronicle that we haven't yet. 

4423
03:40:56,000 --> 03:40:57,600
Figured out how to find or 
understand. 

4424
03:40:58,500 --> 03:41:03,100
The storm that hit Earth in 774 
was invisible and waited, more 

4425
03:41:03,100 --> 03:41:06,000
than 12, centuries for people to
learn how to figure out what had

4426
03:41:06,000 --> 03:41:09,100
happened. 
The legacy of the 774 of event 

4427
03:41:09,100 --> 03:41:12,600
keeps changing as new ways of 
doing research and new ways of 

4428
03:41:12,600 --> 03:41:15,700
thinking about things come up, 
scientists in the future will 

4429
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:18,600
surely find more proof and come 
up with new ways to explain what

4430
03:41:18,600 --> 03:41:21,800
happened that year as people 
learn more and Technology gets 

4431
03:41:21,800 --> 03:41:24,100
better. 
The cosmic race bike that people

4432
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:25,400
in the Middle Ages didn't 
understand. 

4433
03:41:25,400 --> 03:41:29,000
Will keep giving up its Secrets,
what started as an invisible 

4434
03:41:29,000 --> 03:41:32,000
bombardment of high energy 
particles as turned into a link 

4435
03:41:32,000 --> 03:41:35,900
between medieval chroniclers and
modern astrophysicists ancient 

4436
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:39,500
trees and modern climate science
and human observation and Cosmic

4437
03:41:39,500 --> 03:41:41,700
events. 
It shows that the universe is 

4438
03:41:41,700 --> 03:41:45,400
always writing its own story in 
the natural world around using 

4439
03:41:45,400 --> 03:41:47,000
languages that we are still 
learning. 

4440
03:41:47,000 --> 03:41:50,000
How to read, as we come to the 
end of our journey through this 

4441
03:41:50,000 --> 03:41:52,700
Cosmic mystery. 
It's a good idea to think about 

4442
03:41:52,700 --> 03:41:56,700
what the 7704 event teaches us 
about how we fit into the larger

4443
03:41:56,700 --> 03:41:59,300
universe. 
This Astra School event was so 

4444
03:41:59,300 --> 03:42:01,200
strong. 
That it left permanent marks on 

4445
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:05,300
every living thing on Earth. 
Were there couldn't see it at 

4446
03:42:05,300 --> 03:42:06,300
all. 
It's a humbling. 

4447
03:42:06,300 --> 03:42:09,200
Reminder that we are part of 
cosmic systems, whose workings 

4448
03:42:09,200 --> 03:42:14,100
were only starting to understand
in 774 radiation came down from 

4449
03:42:14,100 --> 03:42:17,300
space and connected Earth to 
events happening at distances 

4450
03:42:17,300 --> 03:42:19,900
and scales that are hard. 
To imagine the high energy 

4451
03:42:19,900 --> 03:42:22,300
particles that hit our 
atmosphere came from colliding, 

4452
03:42:22,300 --> 03:42:26,600
neutron stars, exploding 
magnetars or gamma ray bursts 

4453
03:42:26,600 --> 03:42:28,800
from dying Stars. 
They had to travel across 

4454
03:42:28,800 --> 03:42:31,400
Interstellar space, to get to us
the trees. 

4455
03:42:31,400 --> 03:42:34,200
That recorded this event in 
their growth rings were in a 

4456
03:42:34,200 --> 03:42:37,500
very real Way recording the 
death throws of stars, that had 

4457
03:42:37,500 --> 03:42:40,200
lived and died. 
Millions of years before humans 

4458
03:42:40,200 --> 03:42:42,600
were around. 
This Cosmic link goes against 

4459
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:45,400
the medieval view that the Earth
was at the center of a small 

4460
03:42:45,400 --> 03:42:49,900
understandable Universe, the 
people of 774 lived in a 

4461
03:42:49,900 --> 03:42:51,500
universe. 
That seemed to be an order. 

4462
03:42:51,500 --> 03:42:55,400
The stars were in a celestial 
sphere with Earth at the center 

4463
03:42:55,400 --> 03:42:57,500
and Divine Purpose as the main 
idea. 

4464
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:01,500
The real universe that sent them
Cosmic radiation was so big that

4465
03:43:01,500 --> 03:43:03,500
people in the Middle Ages could 
even imagine it. 

4466
03:43:04,000 --> 03:43:06,600
It was full of things that could
affect Earth over distances. 

4467
03:43:06,600 --> 03:43:09,700
So great that light itself took 
years to cross them, the 

4468
03:43:09,700 --> 03:43:12,300
medieval view of how everything 
in the universe is connected. 

4469
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:15,400
Wasn't completely wrong though. 
Medieval thinkers thought that 

4470
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:17,500
events in the sky could affect 
things on earth. 

4471
03:43:17,500 --> 03:43:20,400
Even though their ideas about 
how this worked were wrong. 

4472
03:43:20,400 --> 03:43:24,000
The idea that Earth is part of 
larger Cosmic systems, that can 

4473
03:43:24,000 --> 03:43:26,300
affect local conditions, was 
very smart. 

4474
03:43:26,300 --> 03:43:30,900
The cosmic ray event of 774 
showed that explosions of stars 

4475
03:43:30,900 --> 03:43:34,000
that happen, light years away 
can have effect on things that 

4476
03:43:34,000 --> 03:43:37,300
happen on Earth. 
The fact that the 774 event was 

4477
03:43:37,300 --> 03:43:40,500
invisible, also shows how 
limited our sensors are and how 

4478
03:43:40,500 --> 03:43:43,000
important it is to make tools 
that help us see more clearly 

4479
03:43:43,000 --> 03:43:45,500
people in the Middle. 
Ages were very good at watching 

4480
03:43:45,500 --> 03:43:47,500
the sky. 
They could accurately predict 

4481
03:43:47,500 --> 03:43:51,100
eclipses follow the movements of
planets and spots, strange 

4482
03:43:51,100 --> 03:43:54,700
celestial events but in the 8th 
Century, there was no way to see

4483
03:43:54,700 --> 03:43:57,800
cosmic ray bombardment at all 
because of this technological, 

4484
03:43:57,800 --> 03:44:00,500
limitation people who are 
witnessing one of the most 

4485
03:44:00,508 --> 03:44:03,000
dramatic astrophysical events in
recorded. 

4486
03:44:03,000 --> 03:44:06,100
History had no direct way to 
find out what was going on. 

4487
03:44:06,100 --> 03:44:09,200
It was like trying to understand
a symphony while only hearing a 

4488
03:44:09,200 --> 03:44:12,400
few notes here and there or 
trying to enjoy a huge landscape

4489
03:44:12,400 --> 03:44:15,500
while only seeing small details 
through a small window, the 

4490
03:44:15,500 --> 03:44:18,200
creation of scientific tools, 
that can find Cosmic race, 

4491
03:44:18,200 --> 03:44:20,800
signatures in natural. 
Materials is a big step forward 

4492
03:44:20,800 --> 03:44:23,200
for human senses. 
We can see things that we 

4493
03:44:23,200 --> 03:44:26,100
couldn't see directly by looking
at tree rings, ice core 

4494
03:44:26,100 --> 03:44:29,400
chemistry and isotopic dating. 
We've learned how to read Cosmic

4495
03:44:29,400 --> 03:44:31,700
messages written in the 
molecular structure of old 

4496
03:44:31,700 --> 03:44:33,900
wooden ice. 
This lets us get information 

4497
03:44:33,900 --> 03:44:37,200
that no other Jenner. 
Of humans could get this growth 

4498
03:44:37,200 --> 03:44:38,800
in. 
Perceptual ability has shown 

4499
03:44:38,800 --> 03:44:40,900
that Earth. 
Keeps detailed records of cosmic

4500
03:44:40,900 --> 03:44:42,400
events that have happened over 
time. 

4501
03:44:42,400 --> 03:44:45,600
There are chemical traces of 
past cosmic, ray changes in 

4502
03:44:45,600 --> 03:44:48,900
every old tree, every ice sheet 
and every coral reef. 

4503
03:44:48,900 --> 03:44:52,200
The Earth is like a huge library
of astronomical events just 

4504
03:44:52,200 --> 03:44:54,800
waiting for people to make the 
tools, they need to read it. 

4505
03:44:54,800 --> 03:44:59,000
The 774 Discovery also shows 
that scientists often need to 

4506
03:44:59,000 --> 03:45:01,300
look at things over very 
different time scales to 

4507
03:45:01,300 --> 03:45:04,000
understand them. 
The cosmic ray event itself may 

4508
03:45:04,000 --> 03:45:07,100
have lasted for months, but its 
effects can still be seen things

4509
03:45:07,100 --> 03:45:10,600
that are over 1200 years old 
chroniclers from the Middle Ages

4510
03:45:10,600 --> 03:45:13,400
wrote down what they saw within 
years or Decades of the event, 

4511
03:45:13,400 --> 03:45:15,900
modern scientists. 
On the other hand, only found 

4512
03:45:15,900 --> 03:45:18,300
the cosmic race bike. 
After developing analytical 

4513
03:45:18,300 --> 03:45:21,400
methods that took hundreds of 
years to perfect to understand 

4514
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:26,200
the 7704 event people from 
different academic fields and 

4515
03:45:26,200 --> 03:45:28,000
historical periods had to work 
together. 

4516
03:45:28,000 --> 03:45:31,200
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

4517
03:45:31,200 --> 03:45:33,600
knowingly, taking part in 
research, that wouldn't be 

4518
03:45:33,600 --> 03:45:36,600
finished until the 21st. 
Century, their patient 

4519
03:45:36,600 --> 03:45:38,700
observations, which have been 
kept in Monastery. 

4520
03:45:38,700 --> 03:45:41,900
Libraries for over 1,000 years, 
gave scientists the information.

4521
03:45:41,900 --> 03:45:45,000
They needed to solve a cosmic 
mystery, they could never have 

4522
03:45:45,000 --> 03:45:47,200
imagined. 
This temporary partnership makes

4523
03:45:47,200 --> 03:45:50,000
me, think about what information
we might be recording today. 

4524
03:45:50,000 --> 03:45:53,100
That will be useful to 
researchers hundreds of years 

4525
03:45:53,100 --> 03:45:56,700
from now, our extensive records 
of whether climate and cosmic 

4526
03:45:56,700 --> 03:45:59,300
ray changes. 
Could one day help scientists 

4527
03:45:59,300 --> 03:46:02,900
figure out astronomical events 
that we can't see or understand 

4528
03:46:02,900 --> 03:46:06,700
right now we might be unwitting 
subjects, in scientific studies 

4529
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:09,700
that will not conclude until 
well after our departure, the 

4530
03:46:09,700 --> 03:46:13,600
7774 event, or shows that rare, 
but powerful events can have 

4531
03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:16,800
effects that lasts long after 
their over the bombardment of 

4532
03:46:16,800 --> 03:46:19,300
cosmic rays. 
May have lasted for months, but 

4533
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:21,700
it left behind permanent marks 
that have changed our 

4534
03:46:21,700 --> 03:46:24,600
understanding of radiocarbon 
dating archaeological. 

4535
03:46:24,600 --> 03:46:27,600
Chronologies. 
And how Earth, and space intact 

4536
03:46:27,600 --> 03:46:30,500
from more than 1,000 years. 
Short of events, can have 

4537
03:46:30,500 --> 03:46:32,300
effects that last for 100s of 
years. 

4538
03:46:32,300 --> 03:46:37,000
The 774 cosmic ray of To make 
this think about our place and 

4539
03:46:37,000 --> 03:46:39,500
systems that work on scales that
are bigger than what we can see.

4540
03:46:39,508 --> 03:46:42,600
And feel we live in Galactic 
neighborhoods Where Stars can 

4541
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:45,700
explode and change the chemistry
of the atmosphere on planets 

4542
03:46:45,700 --> 03:46:48,500
that are light years away. 
Every day we live our lives. 

4543
03:46:48,500 --> 03:46:51,300
Against the backdrop of cosmic 
processes that follow physical 

4544
03:46:51,300 --> 03:46:54,600
laws were still learning about 
the human response to Cosmic 

4545
03:46:54,600 --> 03:46:57,800
Mystery, exemplified by the 
meticulous, observation 

4546
03:46:57,800 --> 03:47:01,600
comprehensive, documentation, 
and profound interpretation 

4547
03:47:01,600 --> 03:47:04,700
exhibited by medieval 
chroniclers signifies a 

4548
03:47:04,700 --> 03:47:08,000
distinctively valuable aspect of
the universe to the best of our 

4549
03:47:08,000 --> 03:47:10,500
knowledge. 
Earth is the sole location where

4550
03:47:10,500 --> 03:47:13,100
conscious entities are 
systematically observing 

4551
03:47:13,100 --> 03:47:17,200
documenting and analyzing Cosmic
events in an effort to 

4552
03:47:17,200 --> 03:47:19,300
comprehend their significant and
consequences. 

4553
03:47:19,300 --> 03:47:24,100
The people of 774 were exposed 
to Cosmic radiation without 

4554
03:47:24,100 --> 03:47:25,900
knowing where it came from or 
what it meant. 

4555
03:47:25,900 --> 03:47:29,100
They were curious and careful 
and made detail records. 

4556
03:47:29,100 --> 03:47:32,200
That would be very helpful to 
Future Generations, their 

4557
03:47:32,200 --> 03:47:35,200
reaction to the unknown, neither
panicking, or ignoring stranger.

4558
03:47:35,300 --> 03:47:37,100
Events. 
But in Stead carefully, 

4559
03:47:37,100 --> 03:47:40,300
observing and recording shows 
the best of human scientific 

4560
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:42,400
instincts. 
Researchers today, who are 

4561
03:47:42,400 --> 03:47:46,300
looking into the 774 event a 
following in the footsteps of 

4562
03:47:46,300 --> 03:47:49,000
medieval chroniclers by 
carefully observing and 

4563
03:47:49,000 --> 03:47:51,900
thoughtfully interpreting. 
What they see they used tools 

4564
03:47:51,900 --> 03:47:54,700
that medieval chroniclers could 
never have imagined but they 

4565
03:47:54,708 --> 03:47:57,700
still use the same basic methods
of systematic data, collection, 

4566
03:47:57,700 --> 03:48:01,500
and collaborative, analysis. 
The enduring human curiosity 

4567
03:48:01,500 --> 03:48:04,300
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 
links us through the ages to 

4568
03:48:04,300 --> 03:48:08,100
individuals who Marvel at the 
universe's operations, as you 

4569
03:48:08,100 --> 03:48:10,200
get ready to end this story and 
maybe go to sleep. 

4570
03:48:10,200 --> 03:48:13,400
Think about how you're a part of
this ongoing human project to 

4571
03:48:13,400 --> 03:48:16,600
understand Cosmic events, the 
Stars you might see through your

4572
03:48:16,600 --> 03:48:19,200
window or in the same part of 
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 

4573
03:48:19,200 --> 03:48:23,500
radiation to Earth. 
In 774 the universe that made 

4574
03:48:23,500 --> 03:48:26,100
that old mystery is still 
telling its story in tree, 

4575
03:48:26,100 --> 03:48:29,500
rings, ice cores and things that
people see that future 

4576
03:48:29,500 --> 03:48:32,500
Generations will be able to 
figure out the cosmic ray of 

4577
03:48:32,500 --> 03:48:36,300
event of 774 is a reminder that 
There are many things in the 

4578
03:48:36,300 --> 03:48:39,000
universe that we haven't yet, 
learned to see, or understand 

4579
03:48:39,000 --> 03:48:41,500
every night. 
Sky has signs of things that 

4580
03:48:41,500 --> 03:48:43,500
might be happening on Earth that
we can't see yet. 

4581
03:48:43,500 --> 03:48:46,800
The invisible storm that hit 
Earth over 12 centuries ago is 

4582
03:48:46,800 --> 03:48:49,600
just one example of the cosmic, 
dramas that are always happening

4583
03:48:49,600 --> 03:48:51,700
around us. 
Most of them are still waiting 

4584
03:48:51,700 --> 03:48:53,400
for humans to get the tools and 
knowledge. 

4585
03:48:53,400 --> 03:48:56,800
They need to understand how 
important they are sweet dreams.

4586
03:48:56,800 --> 03:49:00,000
I hope you dream of medieval 
monks carefully writing down 

4587
03:49:00,000 --> 03:49:02,800
strange things by candlelight, 
not knowing that they were 

4588
03:49:02,800 --> 03:49:05,800
making for astrophysicists 13th.
Centuries in the future. 

4589
03:49:05,800 --> 03:49:09,400
This is a reminder that every 
careful observation, every 

4590
03:49:09,400 --> 03:49:11,800
preserved record. 
And every moment of wonder about

4591
03:49:11,800 --> 03:49:14,700
the cosmos might one day help us
solve Mysteries. 

4592
03:49:14,700 --> 03:49:18,000
We have an even thought to ask 
about yet as you fall asleep, 

4593
03:49:18,000 --> 03:49:21,400
rapt in the warmth of your 
modern blanket, in a world, lit 

4594
03:49:21,400 --> 03:49:23,400
by electric lights. 
That would have seemed magical 

4595
03:49:23,400 --> 03:49:27,400
to people in 700 774. 
Take a moment to think about the

4596
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:30,400
Amazing Story. 
We've shared over 1200 years 

4597
03:49:30,400 --> 03:49:34,100
ago, an invisible Cosmic storm 
hit Earth it left, its mark on 

4598
03:49:34,100 --> 03:49:36,900
every tree. 
That grew every piece of ice 

4599
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:39,100
that formed. 
And every living thing that was 

4600
03:49:39,100 --> 03:49:40,800
alive. 
During those important months, 

4601
03:49:40,800 --> 03:49:44,400
people, in the Middle Ages who 
lived through this event Farmers

4602
03:49:44,400 --> 03:49:47,500
tending, their fields. 
Monks copying manuscripts by 

4603
03:49:47,500 --> 03:49:50,200
candlelight and Scholars 
tracking the movement of 

4604
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:52,800
planets. 
Had no way to see the high 

4605
03:49:52,800 --> 03:49:56,000
energy particles falling from 
space, but they reacted to the 

4606
03:49:56,000 --> 03:49:58,500
strange things they could see 
with the same careful 

4607
03:49:58,500 --> 03:50:00,600
observation, and thorough 
record. 

4608
03:50:00,600 --> 03:50:03,300
Keeping that is typical of the 
best scientific Instinct in 

4609
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:06,600
humans their details records, 
which were kept in monasteries 

4610
03:50:06,600 --> 03:50:08,300
and Royal archives all over the 
world. 

4611
03:50:08,300 --> 03:50:11,600
Eventually gave modern 
scientists important information

4612
03:50:11,600 --> 03:50:14,800
about one of the most powerful 
astrophysical events in history.

4613
03:50:14,800 --> 03:50:17,900
People in the Middle Ages who 
wrote with quill pens are 

4614
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:19,900
knowingly, helped researchers in
the 21st century. 

4615
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:23,900
He used particle accelerators 
and mass spectrometers as our 

4616
03:50:23,900 --> 03:50:27,400
analytical tools, get better and
our theoretical understanding of

4617
03:50:27,400 --> 03:50:28,700
Stella phenomenal. 
Gross. 

4618
03:50:28,700 --> 03:50:33,200
The cosmic ray of event of 774 
keeps giving us new information.

4619
03:50:33,200 --> 03:50:36,600
There is no doubt that future 
Generations will find more proof

4620
03:50:36,600 --> 03:50:39,500
and come up with new ways to 
understand what happened that 

4621
03:50:39,500 --> 03:50:42,300
amazing year, the invisible 
storm that people in the Middle 

4622
03:50:42,300 --> 03:50:45,600
Ages felt but didn't understand 
will keep teaching us about how 

4623
03:50:45,600 --> 03:50:48,600
the universe works for many 
years or even centuries to come.

4624
03:50:48,600 --> 03:50:51,300
But maybe the most important 
thing we can learn from this. 

4625
03:50:51,400 --> 03:50:54,700
Cosmic mystery is that the 
universe is always making new 

4626
03:50:54,700 --> 03:50:57,000
things that we haven't yet. 
Figured out how to see or 

4627
03:50:57,000 --> 03:50:59,500
understand. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

4628
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:02,500
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core and

4629
03:51:02,500 --> 03:51:05,400
every careful historical. 
Observation that we don't yet 

4630
03:51:05,400 --> 03:51:07,700
know how to look for the natural
world. 

4631
03:51:07,700 --> 03:51:10,600
Keeps detailed records of 
astronomical events and chemical

4632
03:51:10,600 --> 03:51:13,300
languages that were still 
learning to read as you get 

4633
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:16,600
ready for bed tonight. 
Cosmic rays are softly falling 

4634
03:51:16,600 --> 03:51:19,700
on Earth from far away. 
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 

4635
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:22,000
been happening every night for 
billions of years. 

4636
03:51:22,000 --> 03:51:25,700
Most of this radiation is too 
weak to leave any traces, but 

4637
03:51:25,700 --> 03:51:28,100
stars in our Cosmic 
neighborhood, a living and dying

4638
03:51:28,100 --> 03:51:30,800
in ways that could one day send 
more powerful, bursts of high 

4639
03:51:30,800 --> 03:51:34,600
energy particles toward Earth, 
future observers maybe even your

4640
03:51:34,600 --> 03:51:37,100
own descendants. 
Might look back at this time and

4641
03:51:37,100 --> 03:51:39,500
wonder what Cosmic events we 
went through without knowing 

4642
03:51:39,500 --> 03:51:42,200
they could find signs of Stellar
events and materials. 

4643
03:51:42,200 --> 03:51:45,200
From our time signs that are 
current, technology isn't 

4644
03:51:45,200 --> 03:51:48,800
Advanced enough to find or 
understand the universe might be

4645
03:51:48,800 --> 03:51:51,200
sending us messages in our 
modern world that we won't be 

4646
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:53,700
able to To understand until we 
come up with new tools and ways 

4647
03:51:53,700 --> 03:51:57,900
of thinking people, in 774 were 
part of cosmic history without 

4648
03:51:57,900 --> 03:51:59,900
even knowing it. 
They made records. 

4649
03:51:59,900 --> 03:52:02,600
That would be very useful to 
researchers of 1000 years later.

4650
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:05,800
We might also be unknowingly. 
Taking part in astronomical 

4651
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:07,700
studies that won't be finished 
until long after. 

4652
03:52:07,700 --> 03:52:10,600
We're gone are careful 
observations and thorough 

4653
03:52:10,600 --> 03:52:12,800
record-keeping May one day. 
Help us figure out Cosmic 

4654
03:52:12,800 --> 03:52:15,800
Mysteries, that we can't even 
begin to imagine the invisible 

4655
03:52:15,800 --> 03:52:20,000
Cosmic storm of 774 connects, 
medieval Wonder to Modern 

4656
03:52:20,000 --> 03:52:22,900
understanding ancient 
observations to Modern 

4657
03:52:22,900 --> 03:52:26,900
astrophysics and human curiosity
to the huge processes that shape

4658
03:52:26,900 --> 03:52:29,200
our universe. 
It reminds us that we live in 

4659
03:52:29,208 --> 03:52:31,900
systems that are much bigger 
than what we can see and feel 

4660
03:52:31,900 --> 03:52:34,200
right now. 
But we have the unique ability 

4661
03:52:34,200 --> 03:52:38,600
to observe record and slowly 
understand these Cosmic events 

4662
03:52:38,600 --> 03:52:42,100
as you fall asleep, you're part 
of a story that has been going 

4663
03:52:42,100 --> 03:52:45,200
on for a long time, from 
medieval chroniclers to Modern 

4664
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:49,000
scientists from observations 
made long ago to discoveries 

4665
03:52:49,000 --> 03:52:52,000
that will happen in the future. 
The same universe that sent 

4666
03:52:52,000 --> 03:52:55,900
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774
surrounds, you tonight. 

4667
03:52:55,900 --> 03:52:59,300
It is full of things that future
Generations will study and 

4668
03:52:59,300 --> 03:53:01,600
understand in ways. 
We can't even imagine right now.

4669
03:53:01,600 --> 03:53:06,700
The mystery of 774 shows us that
with time, careful 

4670
03:53:06,700 --> 03:53:09,700
record-keeping, and working 
together to figure things out. 

4671
03:53:09,700 --> 03:53:13,200
We can find out things that seem
impossible to know by 

4672
03:53:13,200 --> 03:53:16,200
candlelight in the Middle Ages 
and studying isotopic. 

4673
03:53:16,200 --> 03:53:19,700
Signatures today are both parts 
of the same big, human project 

4674
03:53:19,700 --> 03:53:23,200
figuring out where we fit in the
universe sleep. 

4675
03:53:23,200 --> 03:53:26,200
Well, knowing that your part of 
this ongoing story of cosmic 

4676
03:53:26,200 --> 03:53:30,100
Discovery, the universe around 
you is full of amazing things. 

4677
03:53:30,100 --> 03:53:31,700
That future generations of 
furious. 

4678
03:53:31,700 --> 03:53:35,600
People will discover Understand 
and appreciate these. 

4679
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:38,200
People will share our wonder 
about how the world Works beyond

4680
03:53:38,200 --> 03:53:42,500
what we can see. 
The invisible storm of 774 shows

4681
03:53:42,500 --> 03:53:44,500
us that the most important 
events in Cosmic. 

4682
03:53:44,500 --> 03:53:47,500
History might happen, right next
to us without us, even knowing 

4683
03:53:47,500 --> 03:53:51,300
it leaving clues for future, 
observers to find and figure out

4684
03:53:51,300 --> 03:53:54,100
every night. 
The universe gets new cosmic, 

4685
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:58,300
radiation, new, Stellar events 
and new chances to write its own

4686
03:53:58,300 --> 03:54:00,700
history in the natural records 
that are all around us. 

4687
03:54:00,700 --> 03:54:03,500
Think of the dreams of medieval 
chroniclers and modern 

4688
03:54:03,500 --> 03:54:07,400
scientists cosmic rays and 
ancient trees, invisible storms 

4689
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:10,300
and careful observation. 
Think about the ongoing human 

4690
03:54:10,300 --> 03:54:12,700
project of figuring out the 
universe and your place in a 

4691
03:54:12,700 --> 03:54:15,500
story that connects careful 
observers across centuries of 

4692
03:54:15,500 --> 03:54:28,200
cosmic mystery and discovery 
Picture this, you're walking 

4693
03:54:28,200 --> 03:54:31,000
down a busy street when it 
starts to drizzle without even 

4694
03:54:31,000 --> 03:54:33,400
thinking you reach into your 
bag, pull out that trusty 

4695
03:54:33,400 --> 03:54:36,500
umbrella and pop it open. 
It's just another Tuesday, 

4696
03:54:36,500 --> 03:54:38,800
right? 
But here's the thing that might 

4697
03:54:38,800 --> 03:54:40,800
blow your mind a little that 
simple. 

4698
03:54:40,800 --> 03:54:43,600
Gesture connects you to one of 
Humanity's most quietly 

4699
03:54:43,600 --> 03:54:47,000
revolutionary inventions you see
umbrellas. 

4700
03:54:47,000 --> 03:54:50,300
Didn't just keep people dry. 
They accidentally rewrote the 

4701
03:54:50,300 --> 03:54:53,700
rules of civilization itself and
nobody really noticed it 

4702
03:54:53,700 --> 03:54:56,000
happening. 
It's the kind of story that 

4703
03:54:56,000 --> 03:54:58,400
makes you wonder what other 
everyday objects have been 

4704
03:54:58,408 --> 03:55:00,500
secretly running the world. 
While we weren't paying 

4705
03:55:00,500 --> 03:55:03,200
attention. 
Let's start with your ancestors,

4706
03:55:03,200 --> 03:55:06,300
funny and sad. 
Whether experiences catching the

4707
03:55:06,300 --> 03:55:08,700
rain was a full contact sport 
before the invention of 

4708
03:55:08,708 --> 03:55:12,600
umbrellas people would Sprint 
from building to building dive 

4709
03:55:12,600 --> 03:55:15,300
under whatever shelter they 
could locate or just accept 

4710
03:55:15,300 --> 03:55:18,200
their soggy fate and trudged 
along looking thoroughly 

4711
03:55:18,200 --> 03:55:20,800
miserable. 
But the real problem wasn't just

4712
03:55:20,800 --> 03:55:23,200
getting wet. 
It was what getting wet meant 

4713
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:26,300
for society. 
Rain acted, as a significant 

4714
03:55:26,300 --> 03:55:29,600
impediment to civilization 
markets would shut down 

4715
03:55:29,600 --> 03:55:32,400
construction. 
Would stop people would huddle 

4716
03:55:32,400 --> 03:55:35,100
indoors waiting for the sky to 
clear before they could get back

4717
03:55:35,100 --> 03:55:37,000
to the important business of 
building the world. 

4718
03:55:38,300 --> 03:55:41,700
The ancient Egyptians were the 
first to crack this code though,

4719
03:55:41,700 --> 03:55:43,800
they were actually trying to 
solve a different problem 

4720
03:55:43,800 --> 03:55:46,100
entirely. 
They invented the first 

4721
03:55:46,100 --> 03:55:50,100
umbrellas around 3,000 years ago
but get this, they were for 

4722
03:55:50,100 --> 03:55:54,100
blocking son, not rain. 
Egypt isn't exactly known for 

4723
03:55:54,100 --> 03:55:57,300
its downpours, so they needed 
shade more than waterproofing. 

4724
03:55:57,300 --> 03:56:00,800
These early umbrellas were 
basically portable shadows, and 

4725
03:56:00,800 --> 03:56:02,500
they worked beautifully for that
purpose. 

4726
03:56:03,400 --> 03:56:06,200
The funny thing is, he's 
Egyptian umbrellas were also 

4727
03:56:06,200 --> 03:56:09,900
status symbols, only the wealthy
and Powerful got to walk around 

4728
03:56:09,900 --> 03:56:11,400
with their personal shade 
makers. 

4729
03:56:12,200 --> 03:56:15,300
Common folks just had to squint 
and sweat their way through the 

4730
03:56:15,300 --> 03:56:19,000
desert heat, while the Pharaohs 
and Nobles glided along in their

4731
03:56:19,008 --> 03:56:22,200
little Circles of cool comfort. 
But here's where it gets 

4732
03:56:22,200 --> 03:56:24,600
interesting. 
The umbrella didn't stay in 

4733
03:56:24,600 --> 03:56:28,100
Egypt like all good ideas, it 
started traveling and every 

4734
03:56:28,100 --> 03:56:30,100
culture that adopted, it changed
it a little bit. 

4735
03:56:30,100 --> 03:56:33,300
The ancient Chinese took the 
basic concept and made it 

4736
03:56:33,308 --> 03:56:37,200
waterproof because unlike Egypt,
China actually had rained to 

4737
03:56:37,208 --> 03:56:40,800
deal with They used wax paper 
and bamboo to create the first 

4738
03:56:40,800 --> 03:56:44,800
real rain umbrellas and suddenly
staying dry became a possibility

4739
03:56:44,800 --> 03:56:48,300
for ordinary people. 
The Greeks and Romans adopted 

4740
03:56:48,300 --> 03:56:50,400
the umbrella Trend but were 
unsure how to use it. 

4741
03:56:50,400 --> 03:56:54,200
The Greeks mostly used them for 
sun protection, particularly for

4742
03:56:54,200 --> 03:56:56,800
women. 
Roman women wore them a stylish 

4743
03:56:56,800 --> 03:57:00,400
accessories, while Roman men, 
avoided carrying them It's 

4744
03:57:00,400 --> 03:57:02,700
amusing to consider that 
carrying an umbrella was deemed 

4745
03:57:02,700 --> 03:57:05,800
unmanly and Roman culture. 
These individuals who had 

4746
03:57:05,800 --> 03:57:08,700
conquered half of the known 
world, had a strict dance on 

4747
03:57:08,700 --> 03:57:11,300
staying dry. 
This gender divide around 

4748
03:57:11,300 --> 03:57:14,400
umbrellas would pop up again and
again, throughout history, and 

4749
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:16,700
it's one of those cultural 
quirks that makes you realize 

4750
03:57:16,700 --> 03:57:21,200
how arbitrary are social rules. 
Can be something as practical as

4751
03:57:21,200 --> 03:57:24,500
not getting soaked somehow, it 
came tangled up with ideas about

4752
03:57:24,500 --> 03:57:28,100
masculinity and feminine tea and
it would take centuries for that

4753
03:57:28,100 --> 03:57:31,300
to sort itself out. 
What's really fascinating is how

4754
03:57:31,300 --> 03:57:33,100
the umbrella quietly began 
changing. 

4755
03:57:33,100 --> 03:57:36,300
The rhythm of daily life in 
places where people started 

4756
03:57:36,300 --> 03:57:39,000
using them regularly, you'd see 
something remarkable happen. 

4757
03:57:39,000 --> 03:57:43,200
Rain stopped being a reason to 
cancel everything markets, could

4758
03:57:43,200 --> 03:57:46,300
stay open. 
People could keep working, the 

4759
03:57:46,300 --> 03:57:49,000
weather became less of a 
dictator and more of a minor 

4760
03:57:49,000 --> 03:57:51,400
inconvenience. 
This may sound like a small 

4761
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:55,000
change but small changes have a 
way of snowballing into big ones

4762
03:57:55,000 --> 03:57:58,700
when people can move around 
regardless of whether Commerce 

4763
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:02,600
improves when Commerce, improves
cities grow and cities. 

4764
03:58:02,600 --> 03:58:05,600
Grow civilization becomes more 
complex and interesting. 

4765
03:58:06,600 --> 03:58:09,700
The umbrella served as Tiny key 
enabling a more whether 

4766
03:58:09,700 --> 03:58:12,600
independent way of living. 
And this was just the beginning.

4767
03:58:12,600 --> 03:58:16,100
The Umbrellas real impact on 
human civilization, was still 

4768
03:58:16,100 --> 03:58:19,300
centuries away waiting to unfold
in ways that would surprise 

4769
03:58:19,300 --> 03:58:21,400
everyone. 
Now, you might be wondering how 

4770
03:58:21,400 --> 03:58:24,300
a simple device for staying dry 
could possibly migrate around 

4771
03:58:24,300 --> 03:58:25,900
the world and change everything 
it touched. 

4772
03:58:26,700 --> 03:58:28,100
But that's exactly what 
happened. 

4773
03:58:28,100 --> 03:58:30,200
And the story gets more 
interesting. 

4774
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:33,900
When you realize that umbrellas 
didn't just travel, they adapted

4775
03:58:33,900 --> 03:58:36,800
volt and caused little 
revolution's wherever they 

4776
03:58:36,800 --> 03:58:39,700
landed. 
After the Chinese perfected, the

4777
03:58:39,708 --> 03:58:42,600
waterproof umbrella. 
The concept began its slow 

4778
03:58:42,600 --> 03:58:45,700
Journey Westwood along the 
ancient trade routes picture. 

4779
03:58:45,700 --> 03:58:48,600
Merchants carrying these 
ingenious devices alongside silk

4780
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:51,100
and spices probably not 
realizing they were 

4781
03:58:51,100 --> 03:58:52,600
transporting. 
One of history's, most 

4782
03:58:52,600 --> 03:58:55,900
underrated game changers. 
The umbrella was like a 

4783
03:58:55,908 --> 03:58:59,000
technological, sleeper, hit 
quietly impressive, but not 

4784
03:58:59,000 --> 03:59:03,300
flashy enough to grab headlines.
When umbrellas reached medieval 

4785
03:59:03,300 --> 03:59:06,500
Europe, they encountered a 
culture that was frankly pretty 

4786
03:59:06,500 --> 03:59:09,600
resistant to change. 
Europeans had been dealing with 

4787
03:59:09,600 --> 03:59:12,800
Rey in the same way for 
centuries running hiding and 

4788
03:59:12,800 --> 03:59:15,300
generally accepting that whether
was something that happened to 

4789
03:59:15,300 --> 03:59:17,600
you, not something you could do 
anything about. 

4790
03:59:18,500 --> 03:59:20,800
The idea that you could just 
carry whether protection with 

4791
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:24,100
you was genuinely revolutionary,
but here's where the story gets.

4792
03:59:24,100 --> 03:59:27,500
Delightful weird, the umbrella 
face, some serious, cultural 

4793
03:59:27,500 --> 03:59:30,500
resistance in Europe, and the 
reasons were absolutely 

4794
03:59:30,500 --> 03:59:33,200
ridiculous. 
In many places people thought 

4795
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:37,300
umbrellas Were Somehow ungodly 
The logic went something like 

4796
03:59:37,300 --> 03:59:39,200
this. 
God sends rain. 

4797
03:59:39,200 --> 03:59:41,800
So trying to avoid rainfall was 
like rejecting. 

4798
03:59:41,800 --> 03:59:44,600
God's will its the kind of 
reasoning that makes you 

4799
03:59:44,600 --> 03:59:46,500
grateful to live in more 
practical times. 

4800
03:59:48,200 --> 03:59:50,700
The Catholic Church initially 
had mixed feelings about 

4801
03:59:50,700 --> 03:59:53,200
umbrellas. 
Some clergy embrace them as 

4802
03:59:53,200 --> 03:59:55,200
sensible tools. 
While others, worried they 

4803
03:59:55,200 --> 03:59:57,800
represented human arrogance in 
the face of divine weather. 

4804
03:59:58,700 --> 04:00:01,000
Imagine having to get 
theological approval for your 

4805
04:00:01,000 --> 04:00:03,100
rain gear. 
It's almost endearing how 

4806
04:00:03,100 --> 04:00:04,600
seriously people took these 
things. 

4807
04:00:04,600 --> 04:00:07,900
Meanwhile, the umbrella was 
having a completely different 

4808
04:00:07,900 --> 04:00:12,100
reception in Asia in Japan, 
umbrellas became integrated into

4809
04:00:12,100 --> 04:00:14,200
daily life. 
So seamlessly that they 

4810
04:00:14,200 --> 04:00:17,200
influenced art literature and 
social Customs. 

4811
04:00:17,200 --> 04:00:20,300
Japanese umbrella, makers 
develop techniques that turned 

4812
04:00:20,300 --> 04:00:22,200
umbrella crafting into a true 
art form. 

4813
04:00:22,200 --> 04:00:24,900
They created umbrellas that were
beautiful enough to be 

4814
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:28,000
accessories but practical enough
to actually keep you dry. 

4815
04:00:28,000 --> 04:00:31,100
The Japanese also figured out, 
something that Europeans were 

4816
04:00:31,100 --> 04:00:34,300
still struggling with umbrellas 
could be both functional and 

4817
04:00:34,300 --> 04:00:37,500
fashionable in Japan. 
Your umbrella Choice had 

4818
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:40,200
something about your personality
and social status, but it wasn't

4819
04:00:40,200 --> 04:00:43,700
considered strange or ungodly. 
It was just practical style, 

4820
04:00:43,700 --> 04:00:46,600
which is a concept that Europe 
would take much longer to 

4821
04:00:46,600 --> 04:00:49,900
embrace back in Europe. 
The umbrella was slowly winning 

4822
04:00:49,900 --> 04:00:51,900
converts but it was an uphill 
battle. 

4823
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:56,000
The Turning Point came, when 
some Brave individuals decided 

4824
04:00:56,000 --> 04:00:58,700
to just start using umbrellas 
and ignore the cultural 

4825
04:00:58,700 --> 04:01:01,600
weirdness. 
These umbrella Pioneers faced 

4826
04:01:01,600 --> 04:01:05,800
ridicule, religious criticism on
social ostracism all for the 

4827
04:01:05,808 --> 04:01:09,500
crime of wanting to stay dry. 
When you think about it, they 

4828
04:01:09,500 --> 04:01:12,200
were basically the Civil Rights 
activists of weather protection.

4829
04:01:12,200 --> 04:01:16,200
The Breakthrough moment came in 
the 1700s when umbrellas finally

4830
04:01:16,200 --> 04:01:18,000
gained acceptance among European
women. 

4831
04:01:18,000 --> 04:01:22,100
This wasn't because attitude had
suddenly changed, but because 

4832
04:01:22,100 --> 04:01:24,500
women fashion had reached a 
point where protecting, 

4833
04:01:24,500 --> 04:01:27,700
elaborate hairstyles and 
expensive clothing, from rain 

4834
04:01:27,700 --> 04:01:31,700
had become a real necessity. 
Usually practicality prevailed 

4835
04:01:31,700 --> 04:01:34,300
over prejudice. 
But European men were still 

4836
04:01:34,308 --> 04:01:37,600
holdouts, the gender divide 
which had been prevalent in 

4837
04:01:37,600 --> 04:01:40,500
ancient Rome, persisted in 18th 
century, Europe. 

4838
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:43,600
Men would rather get soaked than
carry, something that might make

4839
04:01:43,600 --> 04:01:46,100
them look feminine. 
It's one of those historical 

4840
04:01:46,100 --> 04:01:47,800
details. 
That makes you realize how much 

4841
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:51,200
energy people used to spend on 
completely arbitrary, social 

4842
04:01:51,200 --> 04:01:54,200
rules, The Umbrellas journey 
through different cultures 

4843
04:01:54,200 --> 04:01:58,900
created fascinating, variations 
in India, umbrellas became 

4844
04:01:58,900 --> 04:02:02,300
symbols of authority and power. 
Indian rulers would have 

4845
04:02:02,300 --> 04:02:05,400
elaborate ceremonial umbrellas 
held over them as signs of their

4846
04:02:05,400 --> 04:02:08,800
status, the umbrella went from 
being a practical tool to being 

4847
04:02:08,800 --> 04:02:12,400
a piece of Royal regalia. 
In Thailand, the umbrella became

4848
04:02:12,400 --> 04:02:15,300
so culturally significant that 
it appeared in religious 

4849
04:02:15,300 --> 04:02:16,800
ceremonies and Royal 
processions. 

4850
04:02:16,800 --> 04:02:20,300
Thai Craftsman developed, 
incredibly or NATO umbrella 

4851
04:02:20,300 --> 04:02:22,500
designs. 
There were as much art as they 

4852
04:02:22,500 --> 04:02:26,100
were weather protection. 
These were just umbrellas there,

4853
04:02:26,100 --> 04:02:29,200
were cultural statements, it's 
amazing how each culture made 

4854
04:02:29,200 --> 04:02:32,300
the umbrella, their own The 
Chinese focused on practical 

4855
04:02:32,300 --> 04:02:35,100
efficiency, the Japanese 
emphasized Beauty and 

4856
04:02:35,100 --> 04:02:38,000
craftsmanship. 
Indians turned umbrellas into 

4857
04:02:38,000 --> 04:02:41,000
symbols of power. 
The ties made them into works of

4858
04:02:41,000 --> 04:02:44,000
art. 
European spent centuries arguing

4859
04:02:44,000 --> 04:02:45,600
about whether they were morally 
acceptable. 

4860
04:02:46,300 --> 04:02:49,300
This pattern of cultural 
adaptation would become crucial 

4861
04:02:49,300 --> 04:02:52,600
to understanding how umbrellas 
eventually changed civilization.

4862
04:02:52,600 --> 04:02:55,600
They weren't just tools that 
people used. 

4863
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:59,100
They were tools that adapted to 
each culture's needs and values 

4864
04:02:59,100 --> 04:03:02,200
becoming more useful and 
socially acceptable with each 

4865
04:03:02,200 --> 04:03:05,600
adaptation. 
By the time umbrellas were ready

4866
04:03:05,600 --> 04:03:08,200
to make their real impact on 
human civilization. 

4867
04:03:08,200 --> 04:03:11,700
They had been tested and refined
by dozens of different cultures.

4868
04:03:11,700 --> 04:03:15,300
No longer were they merely 
Egyptian sunshades or Chinese 

4869
04:03:15,300 --> 04:03:19,700
rain protection, it become a 
truly global technology, ready 

4870
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:22,500
to solve a problem that nobody 
quite realized was holding back,

4871
04:03:22,500 --> 04:03:25,700
human progress, if you want to 
understand how umbrellas really 

4872
04:03:25,700 --> 04:03:29,100
changed human civilization, you 
need to understand London in the

4873
04:03:29,100 --> 04:03:31,900
1700s. 
Picture the rainiest city in 

4874
04:03:31,900 --> 04:03:34,900
Europe, filled with people who 
had convinced themselves that 

4875
04:03:34,900 --> 04:03:38,700
carrying an umbrella was somehow
embarrassing or unmanly, it was 

4876
04:03:38,708 --> 04:03:41,200
like watching an entire 
population, choose to suffer for

4877
04:03:41,200 --> 04:03:45,300
completely arbitrary reasons. 
London's weather was legendary 

4878
04:03:45,300 --> 04:03:49,400
for its ability to ruin plans 
drizzle downpours and a 

4879
04:03:49,400 --> 04:03:52,700
persistent constantly enveloped 
the city soaking you without 

4880
04:03:52,700 --> 04:03:55,900
your awareness. 
London is a developed an entire 

4881
04:03:55,900 --> 04:03:59,000
culture around being perpetually
damp and they wore their weather

4882
04:03:59,000 --> 04:04:02,400
beaten stoicism, like a badge of
honor But London's weather 

4883
04:04:02,400 --> 04:04:05,100
wasn't just inconvenient. 
It was economically. 

4884
04:04:05,100 --> 04:04:08,400
Devastating every time. 
The rain became excessively, 

4885
04:04:08,400 --> 04:04:12,400
heavy businesses would come to a
complete halt, Street Markets, 

4886
04:04:12,400 --> 04:04:14,900
would close construction. 
Projects would stop. 

4887
04:04:14,900 --> 04:04:18,300
People would huddle in taverns 
and shops waiting for the 

4888
04:04:18,300 --> 04:04:20,300
weather to clear enough to get 
back to their lives. 

4889
04:04:21,000 --> 04:04:23,900
Precipitation essentially held 
the city's economy, hostage 

4890
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:27,300
entered, Jonas Hanway. 
A man who would unintentionally 

4891
04:04:27,300 --> 04:04:31,000
become one of history's, most 
unlikely, revolutionaries Hanway

4892
04:04:31,000 --> 04:04:32,900
a philanthropist and social 
reformer. 

4893
04:04:32,900 --> 04:04:36,300
The traveled extensively to 
observe how other cultures dealt

4894
04:04:36,300 --> 04:04:39,100
with rain. 
Specifically, he had witnessed 

4895
04:04:39,100 --> 04:04:41,600
the practicality and 
effectiveness of umbrellas. 

4896
04:04:41,600 --> 04:04:45,300
So in 1750, he decided to do 
something radical. 

4897
04:04:45,300 --> 04:04:48,600
He started carrying an umbrella 
through the Streets of London. 

4898
04:04:48,600 --> 04:04:51,400
The reaction was immediate and 
brutal. 

4899
04:04:51,400 --> 04:04:55,400
Londoners were horrified. 
Here was this gentleman walking 

4900
04:04:55,400 --> 04:04:58,800
around with what they saw as a 
feminine accessory, completely 

4901
04:04:58,800 --> 04:05:01,200
unbothered by the social rules 
that everyone else was 

4902
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:04,700
following. 
Hanway was mocked ridiculed, and

4903
04:05:04,700 --> 04:05:07,700
subjected to a level of public 
shaming, that seems absolutely 

4904
04:05:07,700 --> 04:05:10,700
absurd. 
Now, people threw things at him,

4905
04:05:10,700 --> 04:05:14,500
children followed him around 
laughing and pointing adults 

4906
04:05:14,500 --> 04:05:16,400
whispered about him in shops and
taverns. 

4907
04:05:16,400 --> 04:05:21,600
But here's the thing about 
Hanway, he just kept walking Day

4908
04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:24,100
after day rain or shine, he 
carried his umbrella. 

4909
04:05:24,100 --> 04:05:28,200
Through London streets, he was 
dry comfortable, and completely 

4910
04:05:28,200 --> 04:05:31,300
unbothered by the social, 
hysteria swirling around him. 

4911
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:35,000
He had discovered a valuable 
Insight prioritizing 

4912
04:05:35,000 --> 04:05:39,200
practicality over arbitrary, 
social norms was crucial The 

4913
04:05:39,200 --> 04:05:41,300
campaign against hanoi's 
umbrella was led by an 

4914
04:05:41,300 --> 04:05:44,100
unexpected group. 
London's Hackney Carriage 

4915
04:05:44,100 --> 04:05:46,400
drivers. 
These were the taxi drivers of 

4916
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:49,200
their day and they correctly 
realized that if people could 

4917
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:52,500
stay dry while walking, they 
might not need as many carriage 

4918
04:05:52,500 --> 04:05:55,200
rides. 
Hands umbrella represented 

4919
04:05:55,200 --> 04:05:57,300
genuine economic threat to their
livelihood. 

4920
04:05:57,300 --> 04:05:59,700
So they organized a campaign of 
harassment. 

4921
04:05:59,700 --> 04:06:02,400
That would make modern internet 
trolls proud. 

4922
04:06:03,300 --> 04:06:06,600
Carriage drivers would try to 
Runway down they'd splash him 

4923
04:06:06,600 --> 04:06:09,200
with Muddy Water. 
They shout insults, and make, 

4924
04:06:09,200 --> 04:06:12,400
obscene gestures. 
The umbrella had become a symbol

4925
04:06:12,400 --> 04:06:15,600
of economic disruption, and the 
old economy was fighting back 

4926
04:06:15,600 --> 04:06:19,000
with everything it had. 
Hanway had allies. 

4927
04:06:19,000 --> 04:06:22,000
He didn't even know about there 
were other londoners who had 

4928
04:06:22,000 --> 04:06:25,000
been watching this drama unfold 
and they were starting to think 

4929
04:06:25,000 --> 04:06:27,000
that maybe the crazy umbrella 
man had a point. 

4930
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:29,300
Why should people have to get 
soaked? 

4931
04:06:29,300 --> 04:06:30,900
Just to follow social 
conventions. 

4932
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:34,100
Why should the weather control? 
Everyone's daily lives. 

4933
04:06:34,100 --> 04:06:37,600
Slowly quietly. 
Other people started carrying 

4934
04:06:37,600 --> 04:06:41,900
umbrellas. first, it was just a 
few brave souls who were willing

4935
04:06:41,900 --> 04:06:45,200
to endure the social 
consequences of staying dry But 

4936
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:48,000
as more people joined the 
umbrella movement, the social 

4937
04:06:48,000 --> 04:06:51,400
pressure began to shift, it 
became harder to mock people for

4938
04:06:51,400 --> 04:06:52,700
doing something that was 
sensible. 

4939
04:06:53,300 --> 04:06:55,600
The Turning Point came, when 
prominent members of London 

4940
04:06:55,600 --> 04:06:58,700
Society began carrying 
umbrellas, once respected, 

4941
04:06:58,700 --> 04:07:01,500
businessmen, government 
officials and social leaders 

4942
04:07:01,500 --> 04:07:05,700
started using them, the cultural
tide turned it became acceptable

4943
04:07:05,700 --> 04:07:09,100
fashionable then absolutely 
normal to carry an umbrella in 

4944
04:07:09,100 --> 04:07:10,900
London. 
What happened? 

4945
04:07:10,900 --> 04:07:15,400
Next was remarkable London's 
economy began to change in ways 

4946
04:07:15,400 --> 04:07:18,700
that nobody had predicted. 
With people able to move around,

4947
04:07:18,700 --> 04:07:22,700
regardless of whether Commerce 
became more reliable markets. 

4948
04:07:22,700 --> 04:07:26,000
Could stay open in light rain 
construction projects could 

4949
04:07:26,000 --> 04:07:29,300
continue through drizzle. 
The city's, economic, activity, 

4950
04:07:29,300 --> 04:07:31,600
became less dependent on perfect
weather conditions. 

4951
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:35,500
This had a snowball effect that 
transformed London into a more 

4952
04:07:35,508 --> 04:07:40,100
Dynamic, productive City. when 
people can work and shop and 

4953
04:07:40,100 --> 04:07:43,600
travel regardless of, whether 
the entire pace of urban life 

4954
04:07:43,600 --> 04:07:47,700
accelerates, London was becoming
a modern city, partly because 

4955
04:07:47,700 --> 04:07:50,200
its residents, had finally 
figured out how to stay dry. 

4956
04:07:50,900 --> 04:07:53,300
The Umbrella Revolution also 
changed London's social 

4957
04:07:53,300 --> 04:07:56,000
dynamics. 
Street life became more vibrant 

4958
04:07:56,000 --> 04:07:58,000
because people weren't 
constantly ducking into 

4959
04:07:58,000 --> 04:08:01,600
buildings to avoid rain. 
Public spaces became more usable

4960
04:08:01,600 --> 04:08:04,200
even during London's frequent, 
light rain. 

4961
04:08:04,200 --> 04:08:07,700
People could enjoy the city's 
famous parks and squares. but 

4962
04:08:07,708 --> 04:08:10,600
perhaps most importantly, the 
umbrella breakthrough in London,

4963
04:08:10,600 --> 04:08:13,600
proved that cultural resistance 
to practical Innovations, could 

4964
04:08:13,600 --> 04:08:17,300
be, overcome Hanway had shown 
that one person consistently 

4965
04:08:17,300 --> 04:08:20,400
doing something sensible, 
despite social pressure could 

4966
04:08:20,400 --> 04:08:23,900
eventually change an entire 
cities Behavior London's 

4967
04:08:23,900 --> 04:08:26,400
umbrella adoption was being 
watched by other cities across 

4968
04:08:26,400 --> 04:08:30,100
Europe and Beyond. 
If London can serve traditional 

4969
04:08:30,100 --> 04:08:33,200
weather, obsessed, London could 
Embrace umbrellas. 

4970
04:08:33,200 --> 04:08:36,100
There may be the resistance to 
this simple, but revolutionary 

4971
04:08:36,100 --> 04:08:38,300
technology was finally breaking 
down. 

4972
04:08:39,100 --> 04:08:42,000
The stage was set for umbrellas 
to spread across the developed 

4973
04:08:42,000 --> 04:08:45,200
world and when they did, they 
would change far more than just 

4974
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:48,700
people's relationship with rain.
They would fundamentally alter 

4975
04:08:48,700 --> 04:08:51,600
how human civilization dealt 
with the unpredictable forces of

4976
04:08:51,608 --> 04:08:53,800
nature. 
You probably never thought of 

4977
04:08:53,800 --> 04:08:56,600
umbrellas as Industrial 
Equipment, but that's exactly 

4978
04:08:56,600 --> 04:08:58,700
what they became during the 
1800s. 

4979
04:08:59,800 --> 04:09:02,500
While everyone was focused on 
steam engines and factories. 

4980
04:09:02,500 --> 04:09:05,500
Umbrellas were quietly, solving 
one of the industrial 

4981
04:09:05,500 --> 04:09:09,000
revolution's biggest problems, 
keeping workers productive 

4982
04:09:09,000 --> 04:09:12,700
regardless of whether Before 
widespread umbrella adoption 

4983
04:09:12,700 --> 04:09:16,000
industrial productivity was 
still surprisingly dependent on 

4984
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:19,000
weather patterns. 
Construction workers would lose 

4985
04:09:19,000 --> 04:09:22,200
entire days to rain. 
Dock Workers couldn't 

4986
04:09:22,200 --> 04:09:25,600
effectively load and unload 
ships in heavy, downpours even 

4987
04:09:25,600 --> 04:09:28,200
Factory workers were affected. 
Since many had to travel 

4988
04:09:28,200 --> 04:09:31,500
significant distances to work 
and would arrive soaked and 

4989
04:09:31,500 --> 04:09:34,200
miserable on rainy days, but 
here's where it gets 

4990
04:09:34,200 --> 04:09:37,500
interesting, as umbrellas became
more common and socially 

4991
04:09:37,500 --> 04:09:40,100
acceptable. 
Something remarkable happened to

4992
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:43,200
Industrial productivity. 
Workers could travel to their 

4993
04:09:43,200 --> 04:09:46,700
jobs regardless of whether they 
arrived at work dry and ready to

4994
04:09:46,700 --> 04:09:50,000
be productive construction. 
Projects could continue through 

4995
04:09:50,000 --> 04:09:52,500
light rain. 
The weather became less of a 

4996
04:09:52,508 --> 04:09:56,700
factory in industrial output the
data clearly demonstrates this 

4997
04:09:57,600 --> 04:10:00,600
City's that adopted umbrellas 
earlier showed measurably higher

4998
04:10:00,600 --> 04:10:03,500
productivity during rainy 
Seasons compared to cities that 

4999
04:10:03,500 --> 04:10:06,600
resisted them. 
It wasn't a huge difference but 

5000
04:10:06,600 --> 04:10:09,900
it was consistent and 
significant. umbrellas were 

5001
04:10:09,900 --> 04:10:12,600
literally helping power, the 
Industrial Revolution by making 

5002
04:10:12,600 --> 04:10:16,100
human labor more, whether 
independent this industrial 

5003
04:10:16,100 --> 04:10:18,800
connection led to the first mass
production of umbrellas 

5004
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:21,700
factories, began producing 
affordable, umbrellas for 

5005
04:10:21,700 --> 04:10:25,400
Working Class People, not just 
the wealthy The Industrial 

5006
04:10:25,400 --> 04:10:29,000
Revolution created, a need for 
whether independent workers an 

5007
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:30,500
umbrellas filled that need 
perfectly. 

5008
04:10:31,300 --> 04:10:34,200
It's one of those beautiful 
examples of technology creating 

5009
04:10:34,200 --> 04:10:37,200
its own demand. 
The umbrella industry itself 

5010
04:10:37,200 --> 04:10:39,600
became a significant part of the
industrial economy. 

5011
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:43,200
Umbrella factories, employed, 
thousands of workers and 

5012
04:10:43,200 --> 04:10:46,400
developed sophisticated, 
manufacturing techniques, they 

5013
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:49,700
pioneered new materials, 
improved, designs and created 

5014
04:10:49,700 --> 04:10:52,300
distribution networks. 
That reached every corner of the

5015
04:10:52,300 --> 04:10:55,100
developed world. 
The umbrella had gone from being

5016
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:57,600
a curiosity to being a 
Cornerstone of industrial 

5017
04:10:57,600 --> 04:11:00,700
society. 
But the real breakthrough came 

5018
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:04,200
when umbrella started changing 
urban planning city planners 

5019
04:11:04,200 --> 04:11:06,800
began to realize that if people 
could move around comfortably 

5020
04:11:06,800 --> 04:11:09,400
enlightened, they could design 
cities differently. 

5021
04:11:09,400 --> 04:11:13,500
The destroying areas could be 
more, extensive public spaces 

5022
04:11:13,500 --> 04:11:15,900
could be designed with the 
assumption that people would use

5023
04:11:15,900 --> 04:11:17,100
them in various weather 
conditions. 

5024
04:11:17,100 --> 04:11:20,800
This shift in urban planning, 
philosophy was subtle, but 

5025
04:11:20,800 --> 04:11:24,600
profound cities began to feel 
more livable because they were 

5026
04:11:24,600 --> 04:11:26,500
designed for people who had 
weather protection. 

5027
04:11:27,400 --> 04:11:29,000
Street, layouts became more 
pedestrian. 

5028
04:11:29,000 --> 04:11:32,600
Friendly public transportation 
systems could be designed with 

5029
04:11:32,600 --> 04:11:35,200
the assumption that people could
walk to stations regardless of, 

5030
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:38,600
whether the umbrella played a 
crucial role in the development 

5031
04:11:38,600 --> 04:11:41,900
of modern retail. department 
stores and shopping districts 

5032
04:11:41,900 --> 04:11:45,200
became viable because customers 
could browse and Shop, even 

5033
04:11:45,200 --> 04:11:49,000
during light rain, before 
umbrellas retail was much more 

5034
04:11:49,000 --> 04:11:52,700
weather dependent stalkers would
lose entire business days to 

5035
04:11:52,708 --> 04:11:56,400
rain But with umbrellas shopping
became a year-round activity. 

5036
04:11:56,400 --> 04:12:00,200
This retail revolution, had 
enormous economic implications 

5037
04:12:00,200 --> 04:12:03,300
cities with good umbrella. 
Adoption developed more 

5038
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:06,400
sophisticated commercial 
districts, consumer culture 

5039
04:12:06,400 --> 04:12:09,300
could flourish because 
consumption wasn't limited by 

5040
04:12:09,300 --> 04:12:12,000
weather patterns. 
The modern shopping experience 

5041
04:12:12,000 --> 04:12:14,800
where people casually browse 
stores, regardless of whether 

5042
04:12:14,800 --> 04:12:17,100
was made possible partly by 
umbrellas. 

5043
04:12:17,800 --> 04:12:20,800
The Umbrellas impact on women's 
participation in public life was

5044
04:12:20,800 --> 04:12:24,800
particularly significant. before
umbrellas women's elaborate 

5045
04:12:24,800 --> 04:12:27,700
clothing and hairstyles made the
specialty vulnerable to whether 

5046
04:12:28,600 --> 04:12:32,500
a sudden downpour could ruin an 
expensive dress or destroy hours

5047
04:12:32,500 --> 04:12:35,600
of careful grooming. 
This made women more likely to 

5048
04:12:35,600 --> 04:12:38,400
stay indoors during uncertain 
whether limiting their 

5049
04:12:38,400 --> 04:12:41,900
participation in public life. 
But umbrellas changed this 

5050
04:12:41,900 --> 04:12:44,800
Dynamic completely. 
Women could venture out with 

5051
04:12:44,808 --> 04:12:47,600
confidence, knowing they had 
protection from Southern. 

5052
04:12:47,600 --> 04:12:51,200
Where the changes, this might 
sound like a small thing, but it

5053
04:12:51,200 --> 04:12:53,800
contributed to broader changes 
in women's social participation.

5054
04:12:53,800 --> 04:12:57,700
When women could move around 
cities more freely, they became 

5055
04:12:57,708 --> 04:13:00,100
more active and commerce 
culture, and eventually 

5056
04:13:00,100 --> 04:13:03,400
Politics, the umbrella also 
influenced the development of 

5057
04:13:03,400 --> 04:13:06,300
modern professional culture. 
Business meeting could be 

5058
04:13:06,300 --> 04:13:08,400
scheduled without as much 
concern about whether 

5059
04:13:09,200 --> 04:13:11,100
Professional appointments became
more reliable. 

5060
04:13:11,100 --> 04:13:14,100
The business world could operate
with greater predictability 

5061
04:13:14,100 --> 04:13:16,700
because whether became less of a
disruptive Factor. 

5062
04:13:16,700 --> 04:13:20,300
Perhaps most importantly, 
umbrellas helped create the 

5063
04:13:20,300 --> 04:13:23,400
modern expectation that daily 
life should be comfortable and 

5064
04:13:23,400 --> 04:13:26,500
predictable. before umbrellas 
people accepted that, whether 

5065
04:13:26,500 --> 04:13:29,400
would occasionally make them 
miserable There was a fatalistic

5066
04:13:29,400 --> 04:13:31,800
attitude toward getting soaked 
or overheated. 

5067
04:13:32,700 --> 04:13:35,300
But umbrellas introduced the 
idea that discomfort from 

5068
04:13:35,300 --> 04:13:37,200
weather was optional. 
Not inevitable. 

5069
04:13:37,200 --> 04:13:41,200
This psychological shift was 
enormous once people realized 

5070
04:13:41,200 --> 04:13:43,300
they could control their comfort
level in relation to. 

5071
04:13:43,300 --> 04:13:46,600
Whether they started expecting 
that control in other areas of 

5072
04:13:46,600 --> 04:13:48,900
life. 
The umbrella contributed to the 

5073
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:51,500
modern mindset that sees 
environmental discomfort. 

5074
04:13:51,500 --> 04:13:54,500
As a problem to be sold, not a 
fake to be accepted. 

5075
04:13:55,700 --> 04:13:58,200
The Industrial Revolution is 
usually remembered for its big 

5076
04:13:58,200 --> 04:14:03,300
dramatic Innovations, steam 
engines Railways factories. but 

5077
04:14:03,300 --> 04:14:06,300
umbrellas were quietly enabling 
all of these larger changes by 

5078
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:09,700
making human activity more, 
whether independent They were 

5079
04:14:09,700 --> 04:14:13,300
the unsung heroes of industrial 
productivity, Urban Development,

5080
04:14:13,300 --> 04:14:17,900
and social progress. 
By The mid-1800s Umbrellas had 

5081
04:14:17,900 --> 04:14:21,300
become so integrated into 
industrial society that it was 

5082
04:14:21,300 --> 04:14:24,000
hard to imagine how civilization
had functioned without them. 

5083
04:14:24,000 --> 04:14:28,000
They had transformed from exotic
Curiosities to essential tools 

5084
04:14:28,000 --> 04:14:32,200
of Modern Life and their biggest
impact was still to come by the 

5085
04:14:32,200 --> 04:14:34,400
late 1800s. 
Something remarkable was 

5086
04:14:34,400 --> 04:14:36,500
happening with umbrellas, that 
would change the course of human

5087
04:14:36,500 --> 04:14:38,800
civilization. 
They were becoming truly 

5088
04:14:38,800 --> 04:14:42,800
democratic For the first time in
history protection from weather 

5089
04:14:42,800 --> 04:14:46,100
was not just for the wealthy. 
Anyone could afford an umbrella,

5090
04:14:46,100 --> 04:14:49,400
and this simple fact had 
consequences that nobody quite 

5091
04:14:49,400 --> 04:14:53,000
saw coming. 
The democratization of umbrellas

5092
04:14:53,000 --> 04:14:55,800
happened because of mass 
production, but its effects 

5093
04:14:55,800 --> 04:14:57,900
went. 
Far beyond just making rain gear

5094
04:14:57,900 --> 04:15:00,500
affordable. when Ordinary, 
People could move around 

5095
04:15:00,500 --> 04:15:03,400
comfortably regardless of 
whether the entire social 

5096
04:15:03,400 --> 04:15:07,200
structure of cities began to 
shift, Class distinctions that 

5097
04:15:07,200 --> 04:15:10,000
had partly depended on whether 
vulnerability started to blur. 

5098
04:15:10,700 --> 04:15:13,900
Think about it this way before, 
cheap umbrellas, getting caught 

5099
04:15:13,900 --> 04:15:15,100
in. 
The rain was a class marker. 

5100
04:15:15,100 --> 04:15:18,900
Wealthy people had carriages 
covered walkways and servers to 

5101
04:15:18,900 --> 04:15:21,900
handle, weather-related in. 
Convenience's Working Class, 

5102
04:15:21,900 --> 04:15:25,400
People just got wet. but when 
everyone could carry an 

5103
04:15:25,400 --> 04:15:28,700
umbrella, this particular form 
of weatherbase, inequality, 

5104
04:15:28,700 --> 04:15:32,300
disappeared, This leveling 
effect was more significant than

5105
04:15:32,300 --> 04:15:36,000
it might seem in societies where
your social status was partly 

5106
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:38,900
determined by how well you could
avoid life's discomforts 

5107
04:15:38,900 --> 04:15:42,000
accessible weather protection 
was genuinely revolutionary. 

5108
04:15:43,000 --> 04:15:45,700
An umbrella couldn't make you 
wealthy but it could make you 

5109
04:15:45,700 --> 04:15:48,500
look and feel more dignified in 
public regardless of your 

5110
04:15:48,500 --> 04:15:52,000
economic circumstances, the 
psychological impact was 

5111
04:15:52,000 --> 04:15:55,900
enormous people who had spent 
their entire lives accepting 

5112
04:15:55,900 --> 04:15:59,100
that whether would occasionally 
make them miserable suddenly. 

5113
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:02,600
Had control over at least, one 
aspect of their comfort this 

5114
04:16:02,600 --> 04:16:05,000
sense of agency. 
The feeling that you could do 

5115
04:16:05,000 --> 04:16:07,800
something about your 
circumstances had implications 

5116
04:16:07,800 --> 04:16:11,700
far beyond just staying dry. 
Women's rights activists of the 

5117
04:16:11,700 --> 04:16:13,700
era understood this connection 
intuitively. 

5118
04:16:13,700 --> 04:16:16,800
They saw that umbrellas, gave 
women more freedom to move 

5119
04:16:16,800 --> 04:16:20,000
around cities, independently. 
When you could protect yourself 

5120
04:16:20,000 --> 04:16:23,200
from Sudden weather changes, you
could participate more fully in 

5121
04:16:23,200 --> 04:16:26,100
public life. 
Umbrellas became symbols of 

5122
04:16:26,100 --> 04:16:28,300
women's increasing autonomy, and
social participation. 

5123
04:16:29,600 --> 04:16:32,300
The umbrella played a surprise 
in role in the development of 

5124
04:16:32,300 --> 04:16:35,100
modern democracy. 
When people could gather 

5125
04:16:35,100 --> 04:16:38,300
Outdoors, regardless of whether 
political rallies and public 

5126
04:16:38,300 --> 04:16:42,500
meetings became more viable. 
Cratic participation increased 

5127
04:16:42,500 --> 04:16:45,200
because whether became less of a
barrier to political engagement.

5128
04:16:45,200 --> 04:16:48,400
You could attend a political 
rally, even if it looked like 

5129
04:16:48,400 --> 04:16:50,300
rain because you had your 
umbrella. 

5130
04:16:51,400 --> 04:16:54,200
This might sound like a stretch 
but consider how many historical

5131
04:16:54,200 --> 04:16:56,700
political movements depended on 
outdoor gatherings? 

5132
04:16:57,400 --> 04:16:59,600
The ability to assemble 
regardless of whether conditions

5133
04:16:59,600 --> 04:17:02,100
was crucial to the development 
of mass democracy. 

5134
04:17:03,200 --> 04:17:05,900
Umbrellas didn't create 
Democratic movements, but they 

5135
04:17:05,900 --> 04:17:08,800
made Democratic participation 
more accessible to Ordinary 

5136
04:17:08,800 --> 04:17:11,300
People. 
The economic implications were 

5137
04:17:11,300 --> 04:17:14,400
equally profound small. 
Businesses could operate more 

5138
04:17:14,400 --> 04:17:16,500
reliably because customers could
shop. 

5139
04:17:16,500 --> 04:17:19,200
In light rain Street, vendors 
could serve customers. 

5140
04:17:19,200 --> 04:17:23,000
Regardless of whether the entire
informal economy became more 

5141
04:17:23,000 --> 04:17:26,000
whether independent which was 
particularly important for 

5142
04:17:26,000 --> 04:17:28,700
working class on entrepreneurs 
and couldn't afford covered 

5143
04:17:28,700 --> 04:17:31,200
storefronts. 
Urban culture was transformed as

5144
04:17:31,200 --> 04:17:33,400
well. 
The weather no longer constantly

5145
04:17:33,400 --> 04:17:36,300
force people indoors resulting 
in cities, becoming more 

5146
04:17:36,300 --> 04:17:39,300
vibrant. 
Street Life, flourished, public 

5147
04:17:39,300 --> 04:17:41,000
spaces, were used more 
intensively. 

5148
04:17:41,000 --> 04:17:44,200
The rhythm of urban life became 
less dependent on weather 

5149
04:17:44,200 --> 04:17:46,800
patterns, which made cities feel
more alive and dynamic. 

5150
04:17:47,600 --> 04:17:50,300
The umbrella also changed 
fashion, and social norms in 

5151
04:17:50,300 --> 04:17:52,900
unexpected ways, for the first 
time. 

5152
04:17:52,900 --> 04:17:55,700
People could dress nicely 
without worrying constantly 

5153
04:17:55,700 --> 04:17:58,600
about whether damage this 
encouraged more elaborate and 

5154
04:17:58,608 --> 04:18:01,000
delicate clothing styles which 
in turn influence the 

5155
04:18:01,000 --> 04:18:04,200
development of modern fashion. 
When you can protect your outfit

5156
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:08,000
from rain, you can take more 
risks with style but the most 

5157
04:18:08,000 --> 04:18:11,000
important change was in people's
relationship with nature itself.

5158
04:18:12,300 --> 04:18:15,000
1,000 of years humans had seen, 
whether as something that 

5159
04:18:15,000 --> 04:18:18,400
happened to them a force, they 
could only endure or hide from. 

5160
04:18:19,500 --> 04:18:22,700
Umbrellas represented, the first
truly portable weather 

5161
04:18:22,700 --> 04:18:24,500
protection that anyone could 
use. 

5162
04:18:24,500 --> 04:18:27,800
They were a step toward humans, 
having more control over their 

5163
04:18:27,800 --> 04:18:30,700
environment. 
This shift in mindset was 

5164
04:18:30,700 --> 04:18:33,000
crucial to the development of 
modern civilization. 

5165
04:18:34,400 --> 04:18:37,200
Once people realized they could 
modify their relationship with 

5166
04:18:37,200 --> 04:18:40,200
natural forces. 
They started looking for ways to

5167
04:18:40,200 --> 04:18:42,200
control other aspects of their 
environment. 

5168
04:18:43,100 --> 04:18:45,700
The umbrella was an early 
example of Technology making 

5169
04:18:45,700 --> 04:18:48,300
humans more independent from 
natural conditions. 

5170
04:18:49,000 --> 04:18:51,400
The success of umbrellas. 
Also proved that simple 

5171
04:18:51,400 --> 04:18:54,900
practical Innovations could have
enormous social impact. 

5172
04:18:55,700 --> 04:18:58,200
They weren't complex machines or
dramatic scientific 

5173
04:18:58,200 --> 04:19:01,900
breakthroughs they were just 
well designed tools that solved 

5174
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:04,700
a universal problem. 
Their success demonstrated that 

5175
04:19:04,700 --> 04:19:08,200
Civilization could be Advanced 
through accessible Democratic 

5176
04:19:08,200 --> 04:19:10,600
Technologies. 
Not just through Elite 

5177
04:19:10,600 --> 04:19:15,300
Innovations by 1900 umbrellas 
had become so integrated into 

5178
04:19:15,300 --> 04:19:17,100
daily life. 
That most people couldn't 

5179
04:19:17,100 --> 04:19:18,500
imagine functioning without 
them. 

5180
04:19:19,100 --> 04:19:23,000
They had transformed from luxury
items to basic necessities and 

5181
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:25,600
in doing so they had helped 
create a more egalitarian 

5182
04:19:25,600 --> 04:19:28,400
whether independent form of 
human civilization. 

5183
04:19:28,400 --> 04:19:32,100
The stage was set for umbrellas 
to play an even larger role in 

5184
04:19:32,100 --> 04:19:35,300
shaping the modern world. 
Their greatest impact on human 

5185
04:19:35,300 --> 04:19:38,900
civilization was about to unfold
in ways that would touch every 

5186
04:19:38,900 --> 04:19:42,000
aspect of 20th century life. 
As the 20th century. 

5187
04:19:42,000 --> 04:19:45,800
Dawned umbrellas had already 
changed human civilization in 

5188
04:19:45,800 --> 04:19:47,700
ways that nobody fully 
appreciated. 

5189
04:19:48,500 --> 04:19:51,800
But their most profound impact 
was still ahead waiting to 

5190
04:19:51,800 --> 04:19:55,200
unfold in the rapidly 
modernizing world of the 1900s. 

5191
04:19:55,200 --> 04:19:58,700
What happened next would show 
just how much a simple piece of 

5192
04:19:58,700 --> 04:20:01,000
technology. 
Could influence the development 

5193
04:20:01,000 --> 04:20:04,500
of modern society? 
The automobile Revolution might 

5194
04:20:04,500 --> 04:20:07,200
have killed the umbrella 
industry but it actually did the

5195
04:20:07,200 --> 04:20:10,100
opposite. 
As cars became common people 

5196
04:20:10,100 --> 04:20:12,600
realized they still needed 
umbrellas for the walk from 

5197
04:20:12,600 --> 04:20:16,200
their car to their destination. 
Urban parking wasn't designed to

5198
04:20:16,200 --> 04:20:19,100
protect people from weather. 
So umbrellas became essential 

5199
04:20:19,100 --> 04:20:21,300
accessories. 
For the automotive age, they 

5200
04:20:21,300 --> 04:20:23,900
bridge, the gap between private 
transportation and public 

5201
04:20:23,900 --> 04:20:26,400
spaces. 
This relationship between 

5202
04:20:26,400 --> 04:20:29,200
umbrellas and cars helped shape 
Modern urban design. 

5203
04:20:30,100 --> 04:20:32,700
City planners began to assume 
that people would have portable 

5204
04:20:32,700 --> 04:20:34,900
weather protection. 
So they could design parking 

5205
04:20:34,900 --> 04:20:37,400
areas and public spaces. 
With less concern about 

5206
04:20:37,400 --> 04:20:39,200
providing comprehensive weather 
shelter. 

5207
04:20:39,200 --> 04:20:42,000
The umbrella had become an 
integral part of the urban 

5208
04:20:42,000 --> 04:20:44,400
infrastructure, even though it 
wasn't technically 

5209
04:20:44,400 --> 04:20:47,700
infrastructure at all. 
The adoption of umbrellas also 

5210
04:20:47,700 --> 04:20:50,400
closely correlated with the rise
of office culture in the early 

5211
04:20:50,400 --> 04:20:53,700
1900s. 
Umbrellas partly enabled the 

5212
04:20:53,700 --> 04:20:56,100
modern expectation that workers 
would arrive at the office 

5213
04:20:56,100 --> 04:20:58,500
presentable and ready to work 
regardless of the weather. 

5214
04:20:59,300 --> 04:21:01,100
People could maintain 
professional appearance 

5215
04:21:01,100 --> 04:21:03,500
standards during their commute. 
Thanks to Reliable weather 

5216
04:21:03,500 --> 04:21:06,300
protection. 
The economic implications of 

5217
04:21:06,300 --> 04:21:07,900
this revolution in professional 
culture. 

5218
04:21:07,900 --> 04:21:10,200
Were immense businesses, could 
operate more. 

5219
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:12,600
Predictably because their 
Workforce wasn't constantly 

5220
04:21:12,600 --> 04:21:15,900
disrupted by weather The 
reliability of meeting 

5221
04:21:15,900 --> 04:21:19,000
schedules. 
Increased umbrellas played a 

5222
04:21:19,000 --> 04:21:21,900
significant role in enabling the
modern business World, which 

5223
04:21:21,900 --> 04:21:25,200
prioritizes punctuality and a 
consistent professional 

5224
04:21:25,200 --> 04:21:28,700
appearance, World War One, 
demonstrated The Umbrellas 

5225
04:21:28,700 --> 04:21:30,500
importance to Modern military 
logistics. 

5226
04:21:31,300 --> 04:21:33,600
Soldiers needed to stay 
functional in all weather 

5227
04:21:33,600 --> 04:21:36,900
conditions and umbrellas became 
important piece of equipment for

5228
04:21:36,900 --> 04:21:40,300
officers and support personnel. 
The war showed that even 

5229
04:21:40,300 --> 04:21:42,600
military operations could 
benefit from better weather 

5230
04:21:42,600 --> 04:21:46,000
protection for personnel. 
Adoption of umbrellas also 

5231
04:21:46,000 --> 04:21:49,800
influence the post-war economic,
boom of the 1920s consumer 

5232
04:21:49,800 --> 04:21:52,000
culture flourished partly, 
because people could shop 

5233
04:21:52,000 --> 04:21:55,300
comfortably in various weather 
conditions, the development of 

5234
04:21:55,300 --> 04:21:58,000
modern retail districts with 
their emphasis on pedestrian 

5235
04:21:58,000 --> 04:22:00,200
shopping. 
And outdoor displays was made 

5236
04:22:00,200 --> 04:22:02,800
possible by the assumption that 
customers would have weather 

5237
04:22:02,800 --> 04:22:05,700
protection. 
Another aspect of the umbrellas 

5238
04:22:05,700 --> 04:22:07,900
social important emerged during 
the Great Depression. 

5239
04:22:07,900 --> 04:22:11,700
Even during economic hardship, 
people prioritize having weather

5240
04:22:11,700 --> 04:22:14,900
protection, umbrellas became 
symbols of dignity, and 

5241
04:22:14,900 --> 04:22:16,700
self-sufficiency during tough 
times. 

5242
04:22:16,700 --> 04:22:20,200
They represented the idea that 
you could maintain your comfort 

5243
04:22:20,200 --> 04:22:23,800
and appearance even when facing 
economic difficulties Hollywood 

5244
04:22:23,800 --> 04:22:27,300
and popular culture of the era 
embraced umbrellas as symbols of

5245
04:22:27,300 --> 04:22:31,000
sophistication and urban life. 
Movies, showed elegant people, 

5246
04:22:31,000 --> 04:22:34,800
navigating city streets with 
stylish umbrellas reinforcing, 

5247
04:22:34,800 --> 04:22:37,500
the idea that weather protection
was part of modern living. 

5248
04:22:38,500 --> 04:22:41,200
The umbrella had become a 
cultural icon representing 

5249
04:22:41,200 --> 04:22:43,600
Humanities triumph over natural 
discomfort. 

5250
04:22:44,500 --> 04:22:47,600
The post-world War 2, Suburban 
boom, created new roles for 

5251
04:22:47,600 --> 04:22:50,000
umbrellas. 
Suburban living meant more 

5252
04:22:50,000 --> 04:22:52,400
outdoor activities, and more 
walking between cars and 

5253
04:22:52,400 --> 04:22:55,400
buildings, umbrellas became 
essential equipment for the 

5254
04:22:55,400 --> 04:22:58,300
Suburban lifestyle, helping 
people maintain the Casual 

5255
04:22:58,300 --> 04:23:00,700
outdoor culture that defined 
post-war America. 

5256
04:23:01,900 --> 04:23:03,400
The development of modern air 
travel. 

5257
04:23:03,400 --> 04:23:06,600
Also, relied on umbrellas. 
Airports were designed with the 

5258
04:23:06,600 --> 04:23:09,300
assumption that passengers would
have portable weather protection

5259
04:23:09,300 --> 04:23:13,100
for moving between terminals and
aircraft Transportation 

5260
04:23:13,100 --> 04:23:15,100
Planning. 
Had integrated the umbrella so 

5261
04:23:15,100 --> 04:23:18,300
deeply, the people took it for 
granted as an integral part of 

5262
04:23:18,300 --> 04:23:20,700
their toolkit. 
Adoption of umbrellas. 

5263
04:23:20,700 --> 04:23:23,800
Also contributed to the rise of 
the service economy in the 

5264
04:23:23,808 --> 04:23:25,500
latter, half of the 20th 
century. 

5265
04:23:26,400 --> 04:23:29,300
Service workers needed to move 
between locations and meet 

5266
04:23:29,300 --> 04:23:30,900
clients and Varys weather 
conditions. 

5267
04:23:30,900 --> 04:23:35,000
Umbrellas maid service, 
businesses, more viable by 

5268
04:23:35,000 --> 04:23:37,300
allowing workers to maintain 
Professional Standards 

5269
04:23:37,300 --> 04:23:40,600
regardless of whether the 
women's Liberation movement of 

5270
04:23:40,600 --> 04:23:44,200
the 1960s and seventies built on
the foundation of Independence. 

5271
04:23:44,200 --> 04:23:47,800
That umbrellas had helped create
Women who could move around 

5272
04:23:47,800 --> 04:23:51,200
cities confidently protected 
from weather were better 

5273
04:23:51,200 --> 04:23:53,800
positioned to participate fully 
in professional and political 

5274
04:23:53,800 --> 04:23:56,200
life. 
The umbrella had been quietly, 

5275
04:23:56,200 --> 04:23:58,500
supporting women's autonomy for 
decades. 

5276
04:23:59,200 --> 04:24:01,900
Umbrellas also played a crucial 
role in the development of 

5277
04:24:01,900 --> 04:24:05,300
modern sports and recreation, 
culture outdoor events could 

5278
04:24:05,300 --> 04:24:07,900
proceed in light rain because 
Spectators had weather 

5279
04:24:07,900 --> 04:24:10,800
protection. 
The availability of personal 

5280
04:24:10,800 --> 04:24:13,400
weather protection. 
Supported the modern expectation

5281
04:24:13,400 --> 04:24:16,300
that recreational activities 
should be comfortable, and 

5282
04:24:16,300 --> 04:24:19,000
accessible. 
By the end of the 20th century 

5283
04:24:19,000 --> 04:24:21,400
umbrellas had become so 
thoroughly integrated into 

5284
04:24:21,400 --> 04:24:22,800
Modern Life that they were 
invisible. 

5285
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:25,800
They had helped create a 
civilization where weather was a

5286
04:24:25,800 --> 04:24:29,000
minor inconvenience rather than 
a major constraint on human 

5287
04:24:29,000 --> 04:24:31,700
activity. 
Accessible portable weather 

5288
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:34,400
protection, laid, the foundation
for the modern world assumption 

5289
04:24:34,400 --> 04:24:37,100
that people could function. 
Normally in various weather 

5290
04:24:37,100 --> 04:24:40,700
conditions, the umbrella had 
accomplished a remarkable feat. 

5291
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:44,300
It increased human independence 
from natural forces without 

5292
04:24:44,300 --> 04:24:47,300
necessitating complex, 
technology, or extensive 

5293
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:50,500
infrastructure. 
It was a democratic solution to 

5294
04:24:50,500 --> 04:24:54,000
ancient problem and it had 
quietly enabled much of what we 

5295
04:24:54,008 --> 04:24:56,400
consider modern civilization 
here. 

5296
04:24:56,400 --> 04:24:58,600
You are at the end of this 
story, probably looking at 

5297
04:24:58,600 --> 04:25:01,300
umbrellas completely differently
than you did an hour ago. 

5298
04:25:02,300 --> 04:25:05,600
What started as a simple tale 
about staying dry has revealed 

5299
04:25:05,600 --> 04:25:09,700
something much more profound, 
how a basic tool can quietly 

5300
04:25:09,700 --> 04:25:12,700
reshape the entire trajectory of
human civilization. 

5301
04:25:13,900 --> 04:25:17,200
The most remarkable thing about 
the Umbrella Revolution is how 

5302
04:25:17,200 --> 04:25:21,500
invisible it became by the 
mid-20th century umbrellas was 

5303
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:23,700
so thoroughly integrated into 
human life. 

5304
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:26,400
The people stopped thinking 
about them as revolutionary 

5305
04:25:26,400 --> 04:25:28,800
technology. 
They had become part of the 

5306
04:25:28,800 --> 04:25:32,100
background infrastructure of 
modern living like sidewalks, or

5307
04:25:32,100 --> 04:25:36,200
streetlights essential. 
But unnoticed, this invisibility

5308
04:25:36,200 --> 04:25:38,900
is actually the mark of the 
umbrellas complete success. 

5309
04:25:39,700 --> 04:25:42,200
The most transformative 
Technologies are often the ones 

5310
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:45,400
that become so natural that we 
forget their Technologies at 

5311
04:25:45,400 --> 04:25:47,100
all. 
You don't think about your 

5312
04:25:47,100 --> 04:25:49,600
umbrella as a sophisticated 
piece of engineering, that 

5313
04:25:49,600 --> 04:25:51,700
represents thousands of years of
human Innovation. 

5314
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:55,400
You just think of it as the 
thing that keeps you dry but 

5315
04:25:55,400 --> 04:25:58,300
now, you know better, you know 
that you're umbrella connects 

5316
04:25:58,300 --> 04:26:02,100
you to ancient Egyptian pharaoh 
seeking shade Chinese inventors,

5317
04:26:02,100 --> 04:26:05,700
creating the first waterproof, 
designs with brave souls like 

5318
04:26:05,700 --> 04:26:09,600
Jonah who endured ridiculed to 
prove that staying dry was worth

5319
04:26:09,600 --> 04:26:13,100
fighting for Every time you open
your umbrella, your 

5320
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:15,500
participating in one of 
Humanity's, longest running 

5321
04:26:15,500 --> 04:26:19,300
technological Traditions, the 
umbrella story also reveals 

5322
04:26:19,300 --> 04:26:21,500
something important about how 
civilization actually 

5323
04:26:21,500 --> 04:26:23,900
progresses. 
It's not just about dramatic 

5324
04:26:23,900 --> 04:26:25,700
breakthroughs and famous 
inventors. 

5325
04:26:25,700 --> 04:26:29,200
Sometimes the most important 
advances come from simple tools 

5326
04:26:29,200 --> 04:26:32,600
that solve everyday problems. 
So, effectively that they change

5327
04:26:32,600 --> 04:26:36,000
how entire societies function, 
the umbrella proves that 

5328
04:26:36,000 --> 04:26:39,200
Democratic Innovations 
technologies that everyone can 

5329
04:26:39,200 --> 04:26:41,900
use can be just as revolutionary
as Elite. 

5330
04:26:41,900 --> 04:26:44,800
Scientific discoveries. 
Think about what umbrellas 

5331
04:26:44,800 --> 04:26:47,700
actually accomplished they made 
human activity more. 

5332
04:26:47,700 --> 04:26:50,800
Whether independent, which 
sounds modest, but turned out to

5333
04:26:50,800 --> 04:26:54,100
be civilization changing. 
They enabled the development of 

5334
04:26:54,100 --> 04:26:57,400
modern urban life. 
Personal culture, consumer 

5335
04:26:57,400 --> 04:26:59,400
society, and Democratic 
participation. 

5336
04:27:00,400 --> 04:27:03,100
They helped create the modern 
expectation that daily life 

5337
04:27:03,100 --> 04:27:05,200
should be comfortable and 
predictable, regardless of 

5338
04:27:05,200 --> 04:27:08,500
natural conditions, perhaps most
importantly, umbrellas 

5339
04:27:08,500 --> 04:27:10,800
demonstrated that humans could 
take control of their 

5340
04:27:10,800 --> 04:27:13,700
relationship with nature through
accessible technology. 

5341
04:27:13,700 --> 04:27:17,300
They were an early example of 
how simple tools could make 

5342
04:27:17,300 --> 04:27:20,700
people more independent from 
environmental forces. this 

5343
04:27:20,700 --> 04:27:24,200
mindset the idea that natural 
discomfort is a problem to be 

5344
04:27:24,200 --> 04:27:28,200
solved rather than a fate to be 
accepted the game fundamental to

5345
04:27:28,200 --> 04:27:31,500
Modern civilization, the 
Umbrella Revolution also shows 

5346
04:27:31,500 --> 04:27:34,300
how cultural resistance to 
practical Innovations can be 

5347
04:27:34,300 --> 04:27:37,600
overcome Remember all those 
people who thought umbrellas 

5348
04:27:37,600 --> 04:27:40,600
were ungodly unmanly or just 
plain weird. 

5349
04:27:41,200 --> 04:27:44,300
They were swept aside by the 
simple logic of staying dry. 

5350
04:27:44,300 --> 04:27:48,300
Good ideas, eventually win even 
when they faced intense social 

5351
04:27:48,300 --> 04:27:52,100
resistance, Today as you 
navigate a world shaped by 

5352
04:27:52,100 --> 04:27:55,500
Umbrella, adoption your living 
in a civilization, that's more 

5353
04:27:55,500 --> 04:27:58,100
whether independent more 
democratic and more comfortable 

5354
04:27:58,100 --> 04:28:01,900
than any previous Human Society.
The modern worlds assumption 

5355
04:28:01,900 --> 04:28:03,900
that people can function, 
normally in various weather 

5356
04:28:03,900 --> 04:28:07,200
conditions is built on the 
foundation that umbrellas helped

5357
04:28:07,200 --> 04:28:10,300
create the next time you see 
someone struggling with an 

5358
04:28:10,300 --> 04:28:12,600
umbrella on a windy day, 
remember that their 

5359
04:28:12,600 --> 04:28:15,000
participating in one of 
Humanity's most successful 

5360
04:28:15,000 --> 04:28:19,200
ongoing experiments in 
environmental control That 

5361
04:28:19,200 --> 04:28:22,300
flimsy piece of fabric and metal
represents, thousands of years 

5362
04:28:22,300 --> 04:28:25,400
of human Ingenuity and 
determination to make life a 

5363
04:28:25,400 --> 04:28:27,800
little bit better. 
The umbrella story is still 

5364
04:28:27,800 --> 04:28:31,300
being written, new materials, 
better designs and changing 

5365
04:28:31,300 --> 04:28:34,900
social needs continued to evolve
this ancient technology but its 

5366
04:28:34,900 --> 04:28:36,700
fundamental promise Remains the 
Same. 

5367
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:40,300
That humans don't have to accept
discomfort from natural forces 

5368
04:28:40,300 --> 04:28:43,300
when simple practical Solutions 
are available. 

5369
04:28:43,300 --> 04:28:46,900
So the next time you reach for 
your umbrella, take a moment to 

5370
04:28:46,900 --> 04:28:49,800
appreciate what your holding. 
It's not just weather 

5371
04:28:49,800 --> 04:28:51,700
protection. 
It's a symbol of human 

5372
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:56,400
adaptability Ingenuity and the 
quiet persistence that is shaped

5373
04:28:56,400 --> 04:28:59,900
civilization, you're carrying a 
piece of history that changed 

5374
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:01,900
the world by helping people stay
dry. 

5375
04:29:01,900 --> 04:29:05,600
And that's how umbrellas changed
human civilization. 

5376
04:29:05,600 --> 04:29:09,100
Not through dramatic Revolution,
but through the simple 

5377
04:29:09,100 --> 04:29:14,000
persistent logic of making life 
a little bit better one rainy 

5378
04:29:14,000 --> 04:29:17,600
day at a time, sometimes the 
most profound changes come from 

5379
04:29:17,600 --> 04:29:20,200
the most humble tools and 
sometimes the greatest 

5380
04:29:20,200 --> 04:29:21,800
Revolution are the ones that 
happen. 

5381
04:29:21,800 --> 04:29:26,300
So, gradually that nobody 
notices until their complete Now

5382
04:29:26,300 --> 04:29:28,700
you know the secret history of 
one of Humanity's most 

5383
04:29:28,700 --> 04:29:32,300
underestimated invention, the 
umbrella didn't just keep people

5384
04:29:32,300 --> 04:29:36,100
dry, it helped create the modern
world and every time you use 

5385
04:29:36,100 --> 04:29:39,600
one, your participating in that 
ongoing story of human progress,

5386
04:29:39,600 --> 04:29:47,300
one comfortable step. 
Picture yourself standing 

5387
04:29:47,300 --> 04:29:51,500
outside a towering Manhattan 
mansion in 1885, clutching a 

5388
04:29:51,500 --> 04:29:53,700
Warn carpetbag and wearing your 
only decent dress. 

5389
04:29:54,700 --> 04:29:57,600
The marble steps stretch up like
a mountain, but you're not 

5390
04:29:57,608 --> 04:30:00,500
headed that way. 
Your entrance is around back 

5391
04:30:00,500 --> 04:30:03,100
through a narrow door. 
Marked only by the constant 

5392
04:30:03,100 --> 04:30:06,500
stream of delivery boys and 
other working, folks, Welcome to

5393
04:30:06,500 --> 04:30:10,100
your new life as a housemaid in 
America's Gilded Age where the 

5394
04:30:10,100 --> 04:30:13,000
rich got richer and you got to 
scrub their chamber pots. 

5395
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:17,000
The servants entrance opens into
a different Universe entirely 

5396
04:30:17,000 --> 04:30:20,900
while the family upstairs lives.
Surrounded by velvet, drapes and

5397
04:30:20,908 --> 04:30:24,100
crystal chandeliers, you're 
entering a maze of narrow 

5398
04:30:24,100 --> 04:30:27,800
hallways steep staircases and 
rooms that never see proper 

5399
04:30:27,800 --> 04:30:30,200
sunlight. 
The basement kitchen feels like 

5400
04:30:30,200 --> 04:30:34,100
a ship's Galley, cramped hot and
buzzing with activity. 

5401
04:30:34,100 --> 04:30:38,200
The downstairs is your world now
and it operates by rules as 

5402
04:30:38,200 --> 04:30:41,900
rigid as any Royal Court. 
Your first shot comes, when the 

5403
04:30:41,900 --> 04:30:44,000
housekeeper Mrs. Patterson 
hands. 

5404
04:30:44,000 --> 04:30:45,800
You a list of Duties longer than
your arm. 

5405
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:48,800
Did you assume that housework 
only involved sweeping and 

5406
04:30:48,800 --> 04:30:51,500
dusting? 
Think, again, your responsible 

5407
04:30:51,500 --> 04:30:54,500
for everything from blackening, 
the coal stoves Before Dawn to 

5408
04:30:54,500 --> 04:30:57,900
polishing door handles with such
Precision that the Master of the

5409
04:30:57,900 --> 04:31:00,900
House, shouldn't see a single 
fingerprint and that's just 

5410
04:31:00,900 --> 04:31:04,000
Monday. 
The uniform comes next, the gray

5411
04:31:04,000 --> 04:31:06,000
wolf dressed. 
That itches something fierce 

5412
04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:08,300
covered by a white apron that 
must remain spotless. 

5413
04:31:08,300 --> 04:31:11,700
Despite the fact that you'll be 
cleaning fireplaces, scrubbing, 

5414
04:31:11,700 --> 04:31:14,700
floors and Hauling bucket of 
water up three flights of 

5415
04:31:14,700 --> 04:31:17,500
stairs. 
The little white cap perched on 

5416
04:31:17,508 --> 04:31:20,600
your head serves as both 
identification and humiliation. 

5417
04:31:20,600 --> 04:31:24,100
Your invisible, until your 
needed and needed until the job 

5418
04:31:24,100 --> 04:31:27,200
is perfect. 
Your bedroom is a closet sized 

5419
04:31:27,200 --> 04:31:30,200
space under the eaves shared 
with another Maiden named, Sarah

5420
04:31:30,200 --> 04:31:34,500
who snores like a freight train.
The single window faces an air 

5421
04:31:34,500 --> 04:31:38,100
shaft offering a view of 
absolutely nothing except the 

5422
04:31:38,100 --> 04:31:39,700
brick wall of the house next 
door. 

5423
04:31:40,500 --> 04:31:43,400
But hey, at least you get your 
own chamber pod though, you'll 

5424
04:31:43,400 --> 04:31:47,100
be emptying everyone else's too.
The pace sounds decent at first 

5425
04:31:47,100 --> 04:31:49,600
maybe eight dollars a month plus
room and board. 

5426
04:31:50,500 --> 04:31:53,600
But then you discover the board 
consists of whatever leftovers. 

5427
04:31:53,600 --> 04:31:56,500
The family doesn't want served 
at a wooden table in the 

5428
04:31:56,500 --> 04:31:57,900
kitchen. 
After the family has finished 

5429
04:31:57,900 --> 04:32:01,100
their elaborate meals upstairs, 
you'll eat a lot of bread and 

5430
04:32:01,100 --> 04:32:04,900
gravy and you'll be grateful for
it because jobs are scarce and 

5431
04:32:04,900 --> 04:32:07,900
this beats, the factory work 
that slowly killing your cousin 

5432
04:32:07,900 --> 04:32:10,300
back home. 
What nobody tells you is, how 

5433
04:32:10,300 --> 04:32:12,000
the hierarchy Works below 
stairs. 

5434
04:32:12,000 --> 04:32:16,200
The butler rules like a king. 
A housekeeper like a queen and 

5435
04:32:16,200 --> 04:32:18,300
you're somewhere near the bottom
of the pecking order with the 

5436
04:32:18,300 --> 04:32:21,000
scholarly made. 
And the boot boy everyone has a 

5437
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:22,600
boss and someone else bosses 
them around. 

5438
04:32:22,600 --> 04:32:25,500
It's like a pyramid scheme 
except instead of selling 

5439
04:32:25,500 --> 04:32:27,900
overpriced vitamins. 
You're all selling your dignity 

5440
04:32:27,900 --> 04:32:31,700
one scrubbed floor at a time. 
Strangest part isn't the work. 

5441
04:32:31,700 --> 04:32:33,500
It's becoming a ghost in your 
life. 

5442
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:37,400
You dust around the family as 
the eat breakfast invisible as 

5443
04:32:37,400 --> 04:32:40,000
Furniture. 
You change sheets while they're 

5444
04:32:40,000 --> 04:32:42,400
at the Opera racing, any sign 
that you exist. 

5445
04:32:43,200 --> 04:32:45,300
You know, intimate details about
their lives. 

5446
04:32:45,300 --> 04:32:48,200
Who's having Affairs, whose 
losing money at cards, who can't

5447
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:51,000
sleep without Lord in them, but 
they couldn't pick you out of a 

5448
04:32:51,000 --> 04:32:54,100
police lineup. 
Yet somehow in this strange 

5449
04:32:54,100 --> 04:32:56,200
never World between upstairs and
downstairs. 

5450
04:32:56,200 --> 04:32:59,700
You'll find a community, the 
other servants become your 

5451
04:32:59,700 --> 04:33:02,900
family, sharing gossip over 
Stolen Moments, and leftover 

5452
04:33:02,900 --> 04:33:06,599
cake, you'll discover that Mrs. 
Patterson isn't a Stern as she 

5453
04:33:06,608 --> 04:33:09,800
seems and that even the stuffy 
Butler wants sneaked you an 

5454
04:33:09,800 --> 04:33:12,700
extra blanket during cold. 
Snap, your hands will become 

5455
04:33:12,700 --> 04:33:15,200
rough and read your back. 
Will ache from bending over 

5456
04:33:15,200 --> 04:33:18,300
scrub brushes and you'll fall 
into each night exhausted. 

5457
04:33:19,200 --> 04:33:21,099
But you'll also develop muscles,
you never need. 

5458
04:33:21,099 --> 04:33:23,900
You had learned skills that 
would impress, any modern 

5459
04:33:23,900 --> 04:33:27,099
efficiency expert in gain a 
perspective on wealth and 

5460
04:33:27,099 --> 04:33:29,800
privilege that few people ever 
get to see from the inside. 

5461
04:33:29,800 --> 04:33:32,900
Five in the morning marks the 
start of your day with the 

5462
04:33:32,900 --> 04:33:36,099
world, still in darkness and the
house and developed in a quiet 

5463
04:33:36,108 --> 04:33:40,099
that Echoes with every footstep 
you've learned to dress by field

5464
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:43,000
fumbling for your uniform, in 
the pitch black because 

5465
04:33:43,000 --> 04:33:44,599
lighting, a candle would wake 
Sarah. 

5466
04:33:44,599 --> 04:33:47,800
And a cranky roommate makes an 
already difficult day. 

5467
04:33:47,800 --> 04:33:51,500
Downright miserable. 
First task is creeping down 

5468
04:33:51,500 --> 04:33:53,599
stairs, like a burglar in your 
workplace. 

5469
04:33:53,599 --> 04:33:57,000
Those beautiful hardwood floors,
that the family walks on. 

5470
04:33:57,000 --> 04:34:00,800
So elegantly, become your enemy 
in the pre-dawn hours every 

5471
04:34:00,800 --> 04:34:03,700
board seems designed to Creak at
the worst possible moment. 

5472
04:34:03,700 --> 04:34:07,099
You've mapped out the quiet 
spots like a criminal planning, 

5473
04:34:07,099 --> 04:34:10,200
a heist stepping only where the 
floorboards meet the joists. 

5474
04:34:10,200 --> 04:34:13,099
Once you reach the kitchen, it's
time for the morning miracle 

5475
04:34:13,099 --> 04:34:15,900
bringing the house to life, 
without anyone upstairs, knowing

5476
04:34:15,900 --> 04:34:18,400
how it happens. 
The cold stove needs to be 

5477
04:34:18,400 --> 04:34:22,099
cleaned out fresh coal added and
the fire coaxed back to life, 

5478
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:25,700
your hands turn black within 
minutes and you'll spend the 

5479
04:34:25,700 --> 04:34:28,000
rest of the day trying to scrub 
the evidence from under your 

5480
04:34:28,000 --> 04:34:30,700
fingernails. 
But this temperamental iron 

5481
04:34:30,700 --> 04:34:35,000
Beast is your life line. 
No, fire means no hot water, no 

5482
04:34:35,000 --> 04:34:37,099
cooking and no heat for the 
families. 

5483
04:34:37,099 --> 04:34:40,000
Mourning comfort. 
While the stove heats up your 

5484
04:34:40,000 --> 04:34:42,599
racing against time to complete 
what servants called The 

5485
04:34:42,599 --> 04:34:45,599
Invisible ballet. 
Every surface that the family 

5486
04:34:45,599 --> 04:34:47,500
might touch needs to be perfect 
before. 

5487
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:50,800
They wake up door, knobs become 
polished until they glean 

5488
04:34:50,800 --> 04:34:54,599
carpets become beaten free of 
yesterday's dust, and windows 

5489
04:34:54,599 --> 04:34:56,700
are cleaned with a mixture of 
vinegar and newspaper. 

5490
04:34:56,700 --> 04:34:59,500
That leaves your hands, smelling
like a Pickle Factory. 

5491
04:35:01,400 --> 04:35:04,700
State of the bathroom, warrants 
a separate narrative indoor, 

5492
04:35:04,700 --> 04:35:07,000
plumbing is still a luxury even 
in healthy homes. 

5493
04:35:07,000 --> 04:35:10,400
So you're dealing with chamber 
pots, wash basins, and the 

5494
04:35:10,400 --> 04:35:13,400
occasional newfangled water 
closet that breaks down more 

5495
04:35:13,400 --> 04:35:16,700
often than it works. 
Emptying and cleaning chamber. 

5496
04:35:16,700 --> 04:35:19,700
Pots becomes as routine as 
brushing your teeth though, 

5497
04:35:19,700 --> 04:35:22,400
considerably less Pleasant. 
You develop a technique that 

5498
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:25,300
involves holding your breath and
contemplating, literally 

5499
04:35:25,300 --> 04:35:28,099
anything else breakfast. 
Preparation happens in 

5500
04:35:28,099 --> 04:35:30,900
Controlled Chaos. 
The cook maintains strict 

5501
04:35:30,900 --> 04:35:32,800
Authority in the kitchen 
wielding. 

5502
04:35:32,800 --> 04:35:35,000
A wooden spoon with 
determination to ensure that 

5503
04:35:35,000 --> 04:35:39,800
anyone who obstructs her efforts
is swiftly dealt with. your 

5504
04:35:39,800 --> 04:35:42,500
responsible for setting the 
dining room table with military 

5505
04:35:42,500 --> 04:35:46,300
precision, Every Fork exactly 
one inch from the edge of the 

5506
04:35:46,300 --> 04:35:49,099
plate. 
Every napkin folded into perfect

5507
04:35:49,099 --> 04:35:51,400
triangles, the family's 
breakfast. 

5508
04:35:51,400 --> 04:35:55,099
Must be delivered up stairs as 
if by Magic hot and impeccably 

5509
04:35:55,099 --> 04:35:57,500
arranged. 
While you hastily grab cold 

5510
04:35:57,500 --> 04:36:01,000
leftover, biscuits and hope your
stomach remains silent enough to

5511
04:36:01,000 --> 04:36:03,900
go unnoticed. 
The washing routine would make a

5512
04:36:03,900 --> 04:36:07,200
modern person, weak. 
Everything is scrubbed by hand 

5513
04:36:07,200 --> 04:36:09,800
with a lice soap, that could 
strip paint from a barn door. 

5514
04:36:10,599 --> 04:36:13,500
Bed sheets are boiled in large 
copper tubs and stirred with 

5515
04:36:13,508 --> 04:36:16,800
wooden paddles, reminiscent of 
preparing, an exceedingly, 

5516
04:36:16,800 --> 04:36:19,800
tedious stew. 
Your hands develop calluses in 

5517
04:36:19,808 --> 04:36:21,400
places. 
You didn't know could grow 

5518
04:36:21,400 --> 04:36:24,500
blisters and the constant 
moisture makes your skin crack 

5519
04:36:24,500 --> 04:36:27,599
like dried leather. 
Laundry day transforms the 

5520
04:36:27,599 --> 04:36:31,500
basement into a steamy jungle. 
Clothesline stretch everywhere. 

5521
04:36:31,500 --> 04:36:34,500
Creating a maze of damp, Linens 
and undergarments. 

5522
04:36:34,500 --> 04:36:38,400
You learn to navigate this. 
Textile, obstacle course or 

5523
04:36:38,400 --> 04:36:41,099
carrying baskets of wet laundry 
that weigh more than small 

5524
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:43,700
children. 
The air become so thick with 

5525
04:36:43,700 --> 04:36:47,400
moisture that breathing feels 
like drowning in slow motion and

5526
04:36:47,400 --> 04:36:50,200
your hair escape from your cap. 
In rebellious whisks that make 

5527
04:36:50,200 --> 04:36:52,000
you look like, you've been 
struck by lightning. 

5528
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:56,000
The ironing comes next using 
heavy metal iron heated. 

5529
04:36:56,000 --> 04:36:59,500
On the stove, these weapons of 
domestic destruction way about 

5530
04:36:59,500 --> 04:37:02,400
five pounds, each and retain 
heat like, tiny furnaces. 

5531
04:37:02,400 --> 04:37:05,800
You'll burn yourself at least 
once a week, developing a 

5532
04:37:05,808 --> 04:37:08,800
collection of small scars that 
Mark was permanently as any 

5533
04:37:08,800 --> 04:37:11,200
Sailors. 
Tattoos, the family's clothes 

5534
04:37:11,200 --> 04:37:14,200
must emerge crisp and perfect 
while your own uniform looks 

5535
04:37:14,200 --> 04:37:17,200
like you slept in it, which 
somedays you practically did. 

5536
04:37:18,000 --> 04:37:20,599
Between all these tasks, your 
constantly running up and down 

5537
04:37:20,599 --> 04:37:22,400
stairs. 
That seemed designed by someone 

5538
04:37:22,400 --> 04:37:26,000
who hated servants your legs 
develop the strength of a 

5539
04:37:26,000 --> 04:37:29,099
mountain climber, but your knees
start protesting before you turn

5540
04:37:29,099 --> 04:37:32,900
25 each trip up stairs. 
Feels like scaling Mount 

5541
04:37:32,900 --> 04:37:35,300
Everest. 
The when you're carrying heavy 

5542
04:37:35,300 --> 04:37:39,599
buckets, or baskets of clean 
laundry, The morning routine 

5543
04:37:39,599 --> 04:37:42,800
ends around 9 when the family 
finally makes their grand 

5544
04:37:42,800 --> 04:37:46,300
appearance downstairs. 
By then you've been working for 

5545
04:37:46,300 --> 04:37:50,200
four hours accomplished enough, 
tasks to exhaust a small army 

5546
04:37:50,200 --> 04:37:52,599
and somehow managed to make it 
all look effortless. 

5547
04:37:53,599 --> 04:37:56,200
The family effortlessly 
navigates their morning, routine

5548
04:37:56,200 --> 04:37:59,200
unaware that a team of servants 
has been working tirelessly 

5549
04:37:59,200 --> 04:38:01,300
behind the scenes to ensure 
their comfort. 

5550
04:38:01,300 --> 04:38:04,200
The invisible line between 
upstairs and downstairs isn't 

5551
04:38:04,200 --> 04:38:07,800
marked on any blueprint, but it 
might as well be painted in neon

5552
04:38:07,800 --> 04:38:10,400
cross it at the wrong time, or 
in the wrong way. 

5553
04:38:10,400 --> 04:38:13,599
And you'll face consequences 
ranging from sharp words to 

5554
04:38:13,599 --> 04:38:17,000
outright dismissal. 
Learning to navigate this social

5555
04:38:17,000 --> 04:38:19,900
Minefield becomes as crucial as 
mastering the art of silver 

5556
04:38:19,900 --> 04:38:22,400
polish. 
Your training in invisibility 

5557
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:26,500
starts immediately, when family 
members enter a room, you become

5558
04:38:26,500 --> 04:38:31,099
a piece of furniture useful when
needed ignored otherwise You 

5559
04:38:31,099 --> 04:38:33,200
learned to dust around 
conversations about family, 

5560
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:37,200
finances, clean fireplaces, 
while dramatic arguments on fold

5561
04:38:37,200 --> 04:38:39,599
and change bed. 
Linens while pretending not to 

5562
04:38:39,599 --> 04:38:41,500
notice the Love Letter hidden 
under pillows. 

5563
04:38:41,500 --> 04:38:44,400
It's akin to operating as a 
secret agent. 

5564
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:47,500
Within your own organization 
yet, the information you collect

5565
04:38:47,500 --> 04:38:50,500
is utterly insignificant and 
could pose a threat if 

5566
04:38:50,500 --> 04:38:54,000
discovered The bail system 
becomes your master. 

5567
04:38:54,900 --> 04:38:57,800
Every room has a cord that 
connects to a series of bells in

5568
04:38:57,800 --> 04:39:00,000
the servants Hall. 
Each with a different tone that 

5569
04:39:00,008 --> 04:39:01,900
you must memorize, like a 
musical scale. 

5570
04:39:01,900 --> 04:39:05,099
The library bell sounds 
different from the morning room 

5571
04:39:05,099 --> 04:39:07,700
Bell, which sounds different 
from the master bedroom bell. 

5572
04:39:07,700 --> 04:39:10,800
Every room is equipped with a 
cord that connects to a series 

5573
04:39:10,800 --> 04:39:12,800
of bells located in the servants
Hall. 

5574
04:39:12,800 --> 04:39:16,700
Each producing a distinct tone, 
that one must memorize akin to a

5575
04:39:16,700 --> 04:39:19,500
musical scale. 
The bell in the library, has a 

5576
04:39:19,500 --> 04:39:21,900
different sound than that of the
morning room, which in turn 

5577
04:39:21,908 --> 04:39:23,500
differs from the bell in the 
master bedroom. 

5578
04:39:23,500 --> 04:39:26,599
Should you make an are? 
You may find yourself in the 

5579
04:39:26,599 --> 04:39:29,400
position of having to explain 
why you deliver tea service to 

5580
04:39:29,400 --> 04:39:32,099
someone who actually desired 
their boots to be polished. 

5581
04:39:32,099 --> 04:39:35,500
Engaging in conversation with 
family members and necessitate 

5582
04:39:35,500 --> 04:39:39,400
its own set of protocols, one 
should never initiate dialogue 

5583
04:39:39,400 --> 04:39:42,900
unless there is an urgent 
situation such as someone's hair

5584
04:39:42,900 --> 04:39:45,500
being on fire. 
Speaking to family members 

5585
04:39:45,500 --> 04:39:48,500
requires its own protocol, you 
should never start a 

5586
04:39:48,500 --> 04:39:50,400
conversation unless someone's 
hair is in danger. 

5587
04:39:51,200 --> 04:39:55,200
When spoken to you respond with?
Yes sir or yes ma'am. 

5588
04:39:55,200 --> 04:39:59,800
Followed by a media action. 
Extended conversations are 

5589
04:39:59,800 --> 04:40:02,200
forbidden, even if the family 
member seems friendly. 

5590
04:40:03,100 --> 04:40:05,600
They might ask about your family
back home or comment on the 

5591
04:40:05,600 --> 04:40:08,500
weather, but these aren't 
invitations for genuine human 

5592
04:40:08,500 --> 04:40:10,700
connection. 
They're just rich people being 

5593
04:40:10,700 --> 04:40:13,100
polite in the same way they 
might Pat a well-behaved dog. 

5594
04:40:14,000 --> 04:40:15,200
The children of the house 
presents. 

5595
04:40:15,200 --> 04:40:17,300
Special challenges little 
Master. 

5596
04:40:17,300 --> 04:40:20,600
Timothy might be adorable in his
sailor suit, but he's also a 

5597
04:40:20,600 --> 04:40:23,700
tiny dictator who's never heard 
the word know applied to 

5598
04:40:23,700 --> 04:40:25,800
himself. 
He'll demand that you drop. 

5599
04:40:25,800 --> 04:40:28,800
Everything to build him a fort 
out of dining room, chairs, then

5600
04:40:28,800 --> 04:40:30,900
cry to his mother. 
When you explain that, you need 

5601
04:40:30,900 --> 04:40:33,800
to finish your actual work. 
First, the result. 

5602
04:40:34,600 --> 04:40:37,300
You'll build the fort and work 
twice as fast to catch up 

5603
04:40:37,300 --> 04:40:40,600
because Rich children's tears, 
carry more weight than servants 

5604
04:40:40,600 --> 04:40:43,500
explanations. 
Privacy becomes a foreign 

5605
04:40:43,500 --> 04:40:46,600
concept, your employers expect 
you to see in here. 

5606
04:40:46,600 --> 04:40:49,100
Everything while somehow 
remaining mentally absent, 

5607
04:40:49,100 --> 04:40:52,700
you'll witness family fights 
that would scan the neighbors, 

5608
04:40:52,700 --> 04:40:56,400
observe personal habits that 
range from quirky to discussing 

5609
04:40:56,400 --> 04:40:59,700
and over here Financial 
discussion that could tax stock 

5610
04:40:59,700 --> 04:41:04,000
prices but you're not supposed 
to remember discuss or use any 

5611
04:41:04,000 --> 04:41:06,500
of it. 
The family's guest provide their

5612
04:41:06,500 --> 04:41:09,600
own entertainment, wealthy 
guests, treat their servants, 

5613
04:41:09,600 --> 04:41:12,800
like interactive wallpaper. 
Discussing intimate details of 

5614
04:41:12,800 --> 04:41:16,200
their lives as if they've left 
you deaf and mute you'll learn 

5615
04:41:16,208 --> 04:41:19,300
about Affairs, business deals 
and family, scandals, that would

5616
04:41:19,300 --> 04:41:22,700
fill a dozen gossip columns. 
All while polishing silver or 

5617
04:41:22,700 --> 04:41:25,600
arranging flowers with the 
focused concentration of a monk 

5618
04:41:25,608 --> 04:41:28,400
meal, service becomes a 
choreographed dance, where one 

5619
04:41:28,400 --> 04:41:30,500
wrong step can ruin the entire 
performance. 

5620
04:41:30,500 --> 04:41:33,700
We must appear at exactly the 
right moment with the right 

5621
04:41:33,700 --> 04:41:37,200
item, serve from the correct 
side and vanish before anyone 

5622
04:41:37,200 --> 04:41:40,500
notices, you are there. 
Drop a fork in the entire table 

5623
04:41:40,500 --> 04:41:43,600
Falls, silent spill wine on a 
guest and you'll be lucky to 

5624
04:41:43,600 --> 04:41:46,800
find work cleaning Stables, the 
Family schedule, dictates your 

5625
04:41:46,800 --> 04:41:49,900
entire existence. 
When they decide to host a 

5626
04:41:49,900 --> 04:41:53,200
dinner party for 20, people, 
your schedule explodes into 16 

5627
04:41:53,200 --> 04:41:56,500
hour days of preparation either 
pack you along like luggage or 

5628
04:41:56,500 --> 04:41:59,400
leave you behind to maintain an 
empty house when they travel to 

5629
04:41:59,400 --> 04:42:02,700
their summer house. 
You need for rest social 

5630
04:42:02,700 --> 04:42:05,400
contact, or personal time, 
simply don't factor into their 

5631
04:42:05,400 --> 04:42:09,400
calculations yet within this 
rigid system, small rebellions 

5632
04:42:09,400 --> 04:42:11,800
blue. 
Servants develop their own 

5633
04:42:11,800 --> 04:42:14,700
communication networks. 
Passing information through a 

5634
04:42:14,700 --> 04:42:18,400
complex system of glances 
gestures and carefully coded 

5635
04:42:18,400 --> 04:42:21,000
conversations. 
You learn to read the subtle 

5636
04:42:21,000 --> 04:42:23,400
signs that indicate when cook is
in a poor mood. 

5637
04:42:23,400 --> 04:42:26,500
When the butler has been 
sampling the wine or when Mrs, 

5638
04:42:26,500 --> 04:42:29,200
Patterson is actually pleased 
with your work despite her Stern

5639
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:32,100
expression. 
Hypocrisy becomes almost comical

5640
04:42:32,100 --> 04:42:35,200
once you adjust to it. 
The same family that lectures, 

5641
04:42:35,200 --> 04:42:38,200
their children about honesty 
will lie, smoothly to social 

5642
04:42:38,200 --> 04:42:41,100
callers about their whereabouts.
They'll preach Christian. 

5643
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:43,800
Charity at Sunday dinner. 
Then dock your wages for 

5644
04:42:43,800 --> 04:42:46,300
breaking a plate. 
They'll discuss the moral 

5645
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:48,900
degradation of the working 
classes, while running their 

5646
04:42:48,900 --> 04:42:51,500
household through a system that 
would make a medieval Lord 

5647
04:42:51,500 --> 04:42:56,100
blush. your fellow servants, 
become your real family, united 

5648
04:42:56,100 --> 04:42:59,500
by shared exhaustion, and mutual
understanding of the 

5649
04:42:59,500 --> 04:43:03,600
absurdities, you witness daily 
late night conversations in the 

5650
04:43:03,600 --> 04:43:06,100
servants Hall. 
Create bonds stronger than 

5651
04:43:06,100 --> 04:43:08,400
blood. 
Forged by the knowledge that 

5652
04:43:08,400 --> 04:43:10,900
you're all of surviving the same
bizarre, social experiment 

5653
04:43:10,900 --> 04:43:13,100
together. 
A low stairs operates, like its 

5654
04:43:13,100 --> 04:43:16,700
own small Kingdom complete with 
rigid, social rankings, unspoken

5655
04:43:16,700 --> 04:43:19,300
rules and enough political 
Intrigue to rival. 

5656
04:43:19,300 --> 04:43:22,600
Any Royal Court? 
Understanding your place in the 

5657
04:43:22,600 --> 04:43:25,800
hierarchy become crucial for 
survival because stepping out of

5658
04:43:25,800 --> 04:43:28,500
a line can make your already 
difficult life absolutely 

5659
04:43:28,500 --> 04:43:31,700
miserable. 
At the top of this domestic 

5660
04:43:31,700 --> 04:43:34,800
pyramid sits the butler. 
A man who carries himself with 

5661
04:43:34,800 --> 04:43:38,300
more dignity than most senators 
and considerably more Authority 

5662
04:43:38,300 --> 04:43:41,400
than the average Army General. 
Controls The Wine, Cellar 

5663
04:43:41,400 --> 04:43:44,800
managers the male servant's and 
serves as the family's public 

5664
04:43:44,800 --> 04:43:46,400
face when they were receiving 
guests. 

5665
04:43:47,300 --> 04:43:50,800
His perfectly pressed uniform 
and white gloves, he Glides 

5666
04:43:50,800 --> 04:43:53,800
through the house. 
Like he owns it which in many 

5667
04:43:53,800 --> 04:43:58,400
practical ways he does cross him
and you'll find yourself 

5668
04:43:58,400 --> 04:44:01,800
assigned to the worst jobs until
you either quit or learn proper 

5669
04:44:01,800 --> 04:44:04,600
respect. 
The housekeeper holds a dominant

5670
04:44:04,600 --> 04:44:06,300
position among the female 
servants. 

5671
04:44:06,300 --> 04:44:09,300
Dictating everything from 
uniform standards to room 

5672
04:44:09,300 --> 04:44:12,600
assignments. 
Mrs. Patterson may appear as a 

5673
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:14,300
gentle. 
Grandmother to some yet. 

5674
04:44:14,300 --> 04:44:16,800
She manages her domain with the 
efficiency of a military 

5675
04:44:16,800 --> 04:44:20,200
commander and the meticulousness
of a Swiss watch maker. 

5676
04:44:20,200 --> 04:44:24,200
She keeps track of every towel, 
every bar of soap, and every 

5677
04:44:24,200 --> 04:44:27,100
minute of your day. 
Her approval means protection 

5678
04:44:27,100 --> 04:44:31,200
and slightly better assignments.
Her disapproval means scrubbing,

5679
04:44:31,200 --> 04:44:34,900
floors until your knees, bleed 
cook occupies her own special 

5680
04:44:34,900 --> 04:44:38,500
category, technically below the 
housekeeper in rank but wielding

5681
04:44:38,500 --> 04:44:42,700
enormous practical power because
she controls the food Skilled 

5682
04:44:42,700 --> 04:44:45,500
cook has the power to shape the 
social status of a wealthy 

5683
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:49,400
family, inspiring, both respect 
and fear in everyone. 

5684
04:44:50,100 --> 04:44:53,300
Including the family members 
themselves, she rules her 

5685
04:44:53,300 --> 04:44:54,800
kitchen. 
Like a benevolent dictator 

5686
04:44:54,800 --> 04:44:57,900
capable of creating masterpieces
with one hand. 

5687
04:44:57,900 --> 04:45:01,300
While boxing is with the other, 
if you manage to gain her favor 

5688
04:45:01,300 --> 04:45:04,700
will never face hunger. 
If you provoke her anger, you'll

5689
04:45:04,700 --> 04:45:06,700
have to rely on Red, Cross and 
regret. 

5690
04:45:07,800 --> 04:45:11,400
Ladies maids and valleys occupy,
the aristocracy of servant land 

5691
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:15,300
these personal attendants dress,
their employers style, their 

5692
04:45:15,300 --> 04:45:17,300
hair. 
No, intimate details about their

5693
04:45:17,300 --> 04:45:19,900
daily lives. 
They earn higher wages, where 

5694
04:45:19,900 --> 04:45:23,100
better uniforms and often 
receive cast-off clothing, worth

5695
04:45:23,100 --> 04:45:26,500
more than your annual salary. 
They also tend to adopt an air 

5696
04:45:26,500 --> 04:45:29,100
of superiority behaving as 
though, they are somehow 

5697
04:45:29,100 --> 04:45:31,600
elevated above others. 
Simply because they assist to 

5698
04:45:31,600 --> 04:45:34,800
fluent individuals in dressing 
rather than performing more 

5699
04:45:34,800 --> 04:45:38,300
menial tasks. 
Footman represent the peacocks 

5700
04:45:38,300 --> 04:45:41,400
of the servant World chosen more
for their appearance than their 

5701
04:45:41,400 --> 04:45:44,200
skills. 
They need to be tall handsome 

5702
04:45:44,200 --> 04:45:46,800
and capable of standing 
motionless for hours while 

5703
04:45:46,800 --> 04:45:49,700
looking decorative. 
Their primary duties include 

5704
04:45:49,700 --> 04:45:53,400
opening, doors serving meals and
providing visual stimulation for

5705
04:45:53,400 --> 04:45:56,700
the families, female guests. 
The Beneficial news is. 

5706
04:45:56,700 --> 04:45:58,600
There are often too, pretty, to 
be truly bright. 

5707
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:01,800
The adverse news is they know 
their pretty and act 

5708
04:46:01,800 --> 04:46:04,800
accordingly. 
You occupied the vast Middle, 

5709
04:46:04,800 --> 04:46:08,000
Ground of General housemates, 
along with your fellow soldiers,

5710
04:46:08,000 --> 04:46:10,200
in the war against dust dirt and
disorder. 

5711
04:46:11,000 --> 04:46:14,000
You're above the scullery maid, 
who spends her entire existence,

5712
04:46:14,000 --> 04:46:15,800
washing dishes, and scrubbing 
pots. 

5713
04:46:15,800 --> 04:46:18,200
And the boot boy whose life 
revolves around. 

5714
04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:21,400
Making leather shine, but below 
practically everyone else. 

5715
04:46:22,300 --> 04:46:24,300
It's like being middle 
management in a company that 

5716
04:46:24,300 --> 04:46:27,300
specializes in thankless labor 
kitchen politics. 

5717
04:46:27,300 --> 04:46:29,300
Make international diplomacy 
look simple. 

5718
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:31,500
Cook in the housekeeper 
maintained. 

5719
04:46:31,500 --> 04:46:34,400
An uneasy Alliance based on 
mutual respect, and territorial 

5720
04:46:34,400 --> 04:46:37,100
boundaries that shift like 
Desert Sands. 

5721
04:46:37,800 --> 04:46:41,100
The butler considers himself 
above such Petty concerns, which

5722
04:46:41,100 --> 04:46:44,000
makes everyone else consider him
an arrogant peacock. 

5723
04:46:44,800 --> 04:46:47,800
Personal Maids gossip about 
their employers while somehow 

5724
04:46:47,800 --> 04:46:50,800
maintaining superiority over 
everyone who doesn't have access

5725
04:46:50,800 --> 04:46:54,300
to such intimate information. 
Meals in the servants Hall, 

5726
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:57,600
follow, protocols, stricter than
State, dinners at the head of 

5727
04:46:57,600 --> 04:46:59,700
the table, the Butler and 
housekeeper received, the first 

5728
04:46:59,700 --> 04:47:02,300
service and consume the tastiest
portions. 

5729
04:47:02,300 --> 04:47:06,200
Personal servants are seated 
next, then upper housemaids, 

5730
04:47:06,200 --> 04:47:09,900
then lower housemaids and lastly
the truly unfortunate 

5731
04:47:09,900 --> 04:47:12,100
individuals who clean pots and 
polish boots. 

5732
04:47:12,100 --> 04:47:16,500
Conversation follows equally 
rigid rules, no discussion of 

5733
04:47:16,500 --> 04:47:18,900
family business. 
No complaints about working 

5734
04:47:18,900 --> 04:47:22,800
conditions and absolutely, no 
questioning of decisions made by

5735
04:47:22,800 --> 04:47:26,500
your superiors romance below. 
Stairs, provide endless, 

5736
04:47:26,500 --> 04:47:28,800
entertainment, an occasional 
heartbreak. 

5737
04:47:29,700 --> 04:47:33,500
Relationships between servants 
face constant scrutiny from both

5738
04:47:33,500 --> 04:47:37,500
the staff hierarchy and the 
family upstairs, a housemaid 

5739
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:39,000
dating. 
A footman might find herself 

5740
04:47:39,000 --> 04:47:41,600
reassigned to less desirable 
duties if the housekeeper 

5741
04:47:41,600 --> 04:47:45,000
disapproves Marriage, usually, 
means one partner must locate 

5742
04:47:45,000 --> 04:47:48,200
employment elsewhere, since most
families won't employ married 

5743
04:47:48,200 --> 04:47:50,900
couples who might prioritize 
each other over their duties. 

5744
04:47:51,700 --> 04:47:54,100
The contrast between your 
circumstances, and those of the 

5745
04:47:54,108 --> 04:47:57,700
family creates its own 
psychological challenges, you 

5746
04:47:57,700 --> 04:47:59,800
handle their money, while 
learning a fraction of what they

5747
04:47:59,800 --> 04:48:03,100
spend on a single dinner party. 
You maintain their beautiful 

5748
04:48:03,100 --> 04:48:06,700
clothes while wearing the same 
grey dress day after day, you 

5749
04:48:06,700 --> 04:48:09,400
prepare their luxurious meals 
while eating leftovers that 

5750
04:48:09,400 --> 04:48:14,100
wouldn't satisfy a prison inmate
The irony thickens to such an 

5751
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:16,600
extent that it could be sliced. 
With the silver knives, you 

5752
04:48:16,600 --> 04:48:20,700
meticulously polish every day, 
Yet, within this strange system.

5753
04:48:20,700 --> 04:48:26,300
Genuine friendships develop Sara
your snoring, roommate becomes 

5754
04:48:26,300 --> 04:48:29,600
your closest Confidant, the 
scholarly made, despite her 

5755
04:48:29,600 --> 04:48:33,100
lowly status, possesses a wicked
sense of humor that makes even 

5756
04:48:33,100 --> 04:48:36,100
the worst days. 
Bearable, Even Mrs. Patterson 

5757
04:48:36,100 --> 04:48:39,500
for all her Stern, efficiency, 
occasionally shows flashes of 

5758
04:48:39,508 --> 04:48:42,400
motherly concerned that remind 
you she was once young and 

5759
04:48:42,400 --> 04:48:45,500
overwhelmed too. 
Information becomes current 

5760
04:48:45,500 --> 04:48:48,700
currency in this closed World 
knowing which family members are

5761
04:48:48,700 --> 04:48:52,200
traveling which guests are 
expected or Which social events 

5762
04:48:52,200 --> 04:48:54,700
require extra preparation and 
provides you leverage and 

5763
04:48:54,700 --> 04:48:57,700
protection. 
The servant to overhears plans 

5764
04:48:57,700 --> 04:48:59,400
for a dinner party can prepare 
accordingly. 

5765
04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:03,100
The one caught off guard ends up
working until midnight with no 

5766
04:49:03,100 --> 04:49:05,200
warning. 
Nothing tests, a servants 

5767
04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:07,100
endurance, quite like the social
season. 

5768
04:49:07,100 --> 04:49:09,700
When wealthy families 
transformed from merely 

5769
04:49:09,700 --> 04:49:13,600
demanding employers into social 
climbing tornadoes that sweep 

5770
04:49:13,600 --> 04:49:17,100
through your life, leaving 
chaos, exhaustion, and 

5771
04:49:17,100 --> 04:49:19,100
occasionally broken china, in 
their wake. 

5772
04:49:19,800 --> 04:49:22,800
From November, through February,
your employers shed, any 

5773
04:49:22,800 --> 04:49:25,800
pretense of normal living and 
dive head first into a whirlwind

5774
04:49:25,800 --> 04:49:28,600
of dinner parties, balls, and 
social events. 

5775
04:49:28,600 --> 04:49:30,400
That would exhaust a 
professional athlete. 

5776
04:49:31,500 --> 04:49:33,800
Preparing for a dinner party, 
feels like planning, a military 

5777
04:49:33,800 --> 04:49:37,300
Invasion, two days before the 
event, the house erupts, and to 

5778
04:49:37,300 --> 04:49:40,500
control the pandemonium. 
Every piece of silver must be 

5779
04:49:40,500 --> 04:49:43,000
polished until it blind. 
Anyone foolish enough to look 

5780
04:49:43,000 --> 04:49:46,000
directly at it. 
Crystal glasses, get washed in 

5781
04:49:46,000 --> 04:49:49,000
special solutions that cost more
per bottle than you earn in a 

5782
04:49:49,008 --> 04:49:51,600
week. 
Mrs. Patterson meticulously 

5783
04:49:51,600 --> 04:49:55,000
scrubs polishes and inspect 
every surface in the dining 

5784
04:49:55,000 --> 04:49:57,300
room. 
A process typically reserved for

5785
04:49:57,300 --> 04:50:00,600
operating, Theatres the floral 
arrangements alone could drive 

5786
04:50:00,600 --> 04:50:03,800
you to drink, if you had access 
to anything stronger than Cooks 

5787
04:50:03,800 --> 04:50:06,900
cooking Sherry. 
Flowers arrive from the florist 

5788
04:50:06,900 --> 04:50:09,900
and carefully packed boxes each 
Bloom worth more than your 

5789
04:50:09,900 --> 04:50:12,800
monthly wages. 
You'll spend hours, arranging 

5790
04:50:12,800 --> 04:50:16,400
roses lilies and exotic blooms 
whose names you can't pronounce 

5791
04:50:16,400 --> 04:50:20,300
creating centerpieces that will 
be admired for precisely three 

5792
04:50:20,300 --> 04:50:23,800
hours before being relegated to 
the servants Hall, where they'll

5793
04:50:23,800 --> 04:50:25,800
brighten your Drury meals for 
the rest of the week. 

5794
04:50:26,600 --> 04:50:29,400
Planning the menu turns into a 
challenging exercise and 

5795
04:50:29,400 --> 04:50:32,600
culinary mathematics comparable 
to that of a university 

5796
04:50:32,600 --> 04:50:34,800
professor. 
The family wants to impress 

5797
04:50:34,800 --> 04:50:37,600
their guests without appearing 
to try too hard serve 

5798
04:50:37,600 --> 04:50:40,300
sophisticated food, without 
being pretentious and 

5799
04:50:40,300 --> 04:50:42,800
accommodate dietary, 
restrictions, that change daily 

5800
04:50:42,800 --> 04:50:44,700
based on the latest medical 
fans. 

5801
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:48,600
Cook transforms into a 
temperamental artists creating 

5802
04:50:48,600 --> 04:50:51,200
elaborate dishes. 
While simultaneously managing a 

5803
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:54,200
kitchen staff that multiplies 
mysteriously during party 

5804
04:50:54,200 --> 04:50:58,000
preparations, Your uniform gets 
upgraded for special events. 

5805
04:50:59,000 --> 04:51:02,300
The slightly better dress a 
crispr apron and shoes that 

5806
04:51:02,300 --> 04:51:06,100
haven't been resold three times.
Your expected to serve guests 

5807
04:51:06,100 --> 04:51:08,900
with the grace of a ballet 
dancer and the efficiency of a 

5808
04:51:08,908 --> 04:51:11,600
factory worker while remaining, 
as invisible as furniture. 

5809
04:51:12,500 --> 04:51:15,600
Spill wine on a guest scale and 
you'll find yourself explaining 

5810
04:51:15,600 --> 04:51:19,300
to potential future employers 
why your last position ended so 

5811
04:51:19,300 --> 04:51:21,800
abruptly. 
The guest bedrooms become 

5812
04:51:21,800 --> 04:51:25,400
monuments to excessive 
Hospitality fresh Linens appear 

5813
04:51:25,400 --> 04:51:28,700
on beds that may not even be 
used but the possibility that 

5814
04:51:28,700 --> 04:51:31,100
the Vanderbilt's cousin might 
need a place to rest between 

5815
04:51:31,100 --> 04:51:34,400
courses requires preparation, 
worthy of visiting royalty, 

5816
04:51:34,400 --> 04:51:38,300
you'll arrange flowers, stock 
wash basins with the finest 

5817
04:51:38,300 --> 04:51:41,700
soaps and ensure that chamber 
pots are spotless and discreetly

5818
04:51:41,700 --> 04:51:44,200
positioned. 
Because nothing ruins, a social 

5819
04:51:44,200 --> 04:51:46,300
evening like an adequate 
bathroom facilities. 

5820
04:51:46,300 --> 04:51:51,800
Christmas season multiplies, the
Insanity by roughly 10,000%, the

5821
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:54,300
families gift-giving requires 
military level Logistics 

5822
04:51:54,300 --> 04:51:57,200
coordination. 
You'll spend December wrapping 

5823
04:51:57,200 --> 04:51:59,900
presents with paper that costs. 
More than most people's winter 

5824
04:51:59,900 --> 04:52:03,000
coats arranging, elaborate 
displays that transformed the 

5825
04:52:03,000 --> 04:52:05,400
house into something. 
Resembling a particularly 

5826
04:52:05,400 --> 04:52:08,700
expensive Museum and somehow 
maintaining normal daily 

5827
04:52:08,700 --> 04:52:11,400
operations while accommodating. 
The constant stream of 

5828
04:52:11,400 --> 04:52:14,900
deliveries social calls and 
holiday preparations. 

5829
04:52:15,700 --> 04:52:18,700
Holiday, entertaining reaches 
levels of absurdity, that would 

5830
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:22,100
impress Roman emperors, New 
Year's Eve parties, stretch 

5831
04:52:22,100 --> 04:52:24,900
until dawn requiring, you to 
work shifts. 

5832
04:52:24,900 --> 04:52:27,700
That would violate modern labor 
laws by several decades. 

5833
04:52:27,700 --> 04:52:30,500
You'll serve champagne that 
costs more per bottle. 

5834
04:52:30,500 --> 04:52:34,200
The new earn in three months, 
clean up after revelers, whose 

5835
04:52:34,200 --> 04:52:37,100
idea of fun involves 
considerable property damage and

5836
04:52:37,100 --> 04:52:39,900
somehow maintain a pleasant 
demeanor while running on three 

5837
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:42,500
hours of sleep. 
And pure caffeine the laundry 

5838
04:52:42,500 --> 04:52:44,100
situation. 
During the social season, 

5839
04:52:44,100 --> 04:52:46,700
deserves its own chapter, in the
annals of human suffering. 

5840
04:52:46,700 --> 04:52:51,500
Evening gowns, require special 
handling with beading lace and 

5841
04:52:51,500 --> 04:52:53,600
fabric so delicate that 
breathing on them. 

5842
04:52:53,600 --> 04:52:55,200
Wrong could cause a reputable 
damage. 

5843
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:58,400
Men's Formal Wear involved, 
starching shirt from France to 

5844
04:52:58,400 --> 04:53:01,300
cardboard, stiffness, pressing 
steel Coast that must hang 

5845
04:53:01,300 --> 04:53:04,700
perfectly and managing white on 
sambals that require the 

5846
04:53:04,700 --> 04:53:08,200
Precision of a Swiss clockmaker.
Guest management becomes a 

5847
04:53:08,208 --> 04:53:11,200
diplomatic challenge, that would
stump professional ambassadors. 

5848
04:53:12,000 --> 04:53:14,800
Wealthy visitors arrive with 
their servant's creating 

5849
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:17,600
temporary hierarchies and 
territorial disputes that make 

5850
04:53:17,600 --> 04:53:19,400
international border 
negotiations. 

5851
04:53:19,400 --> 04:53:22,600
Look, simple. sharing already 
cramped quarters with 

5852
04:53:22,600 --> 04:53:25,500
lady's-maids who consider 
themselves your social superiors

5853
04:53:25,500 --> 04:53:29,000
competing for kitchen space with
visiting Cooks who have strong 

5854
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:32,200
opinions about proper techniques
and navigating personality 

5855
04:53:32,200 --> 04:53:34,800
conflicts, that could 
destabilize small governments 

5856
04:53:34,800 --> 04:53:38,200
are all common experience is the
aftermath of large parties 

5857
04:53:38,200 --> 04:53:42,200
resembles Battlefield, cleanup 
Wine stains on Persian carpets 

5858
04:53:42,200 --> 04:53:45,700
require immediate attention with
special cleaning solutions and 

5859
04:53:45,700 --> 04:53:48,600
techniques passed down through 
generations of servants. 

5860
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:52,300
Broken crystal is collected with
the reverence, usually, reserved

5861
04:53:52,300 --> 04:53:54,300
for Gathering fragments of 
religious relics. 

5862
04:53:55,100 --> 04:53:57,900
Leftover food will be 
redistributed through a complex 

5863
04:53:57,900 --> 04:54:01,100
system that ensures nothing 
edible goes to waste though. 

5864
04:54:01,100 --> 04:54:03,800
The definition of edible is 
stretched considerably after 

5865
04:54:03,800 --> 04:54:06,300
midnight. 
Your social life disappears 

5866
04:54:06,300 --> 04:54:10,100
entirely during party season, 
any hope of personal time of 

5867
04:54:10,100 --> 04:54:13,200
evaporates under the constant 
demands of preparation, service 

5868
04:54:13,200 --> 04:54:16,300
and clean up. 
Letters from home pile up unread

5869
04:54:16,300 --> 04:54:19,700
friendships with other servants.
Get reduced to exhausted nods in

5870
04:54:19,700 --> 04:54:22,800
hallways, in your health becomes
secondary to maintaining the 

5871
04:54:22,800 --> 04:54:26,500
family's social standing yet 
somehow you develop skills that 

5872
04:54:26,500 --> 04:54:29,400
would impress. 
Modern event planners, you learn

5873
04:54:29,400 --> 04:54:31,800
to coordinate complex Logistics 
management. 

5874
04:54:31,800 --> 04:54:34,700
Multiple tasks simultaneously 
and solve problems with 

5875
04:54:34,700 --> 04:54:36,500
creativity born from 
desperation. 

5876
04:54:36,500 --> 04:54:38,900
You can estimate quantities for 
50. 

5877
04:54:38,900 --> 04:54:41,500
People arrange flowers that 
would make professional 

5878
04:54:41,500 --> 04:54:44,800
florists, weep with envy and 
serve formal meals with 

5879
04:54:44,800 --> 04:54:47,500
Precision, that would satisfy 
military inspection. 

5880
04:54:48,500 --> 04:54:50,400
Strangers. 
Part is how normal It all 

5881
04:54:50,400 --> 04:54:53,400
becomes after. 
Your first social season, you 

5882
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:55,200
develop the stamina of a 
marathon runner. 

5883
04:54:55,200 --> 04:54:59,700
And the organizational skills of
a general staff officer Once 

5884
04:54:59,700 --> 04:55:03,100
seemed impossible becomes merely
exhausting and what once seemed 

5885
04:55:03,100 --> 04:55:06,100
exhausting becomes, just another
Tuesday in the life of a Gilded 

5886
04:55:06,100 --> 04:55:08,400
Age. 
Housemaid finding space for your

5887
04:55:08,400 --> 04:55:10,900
Humanity within the rigid 
structure of domestic service 

5888
04:55:10,900 --> 04:55:14,500
requires the Ingenuity of a 
master criminal and the stealth 

5889
04:55:14,500 --> 04:55:18,400
of a professional spy, your 
personal life exists in 

5890
04:55:18,400 --> 04:55:22,600
fragments Stolen Moments between
duties, whispered conversations 

5891
04:55:22,600 --> 04:55:25,600
in hallways and relationships 
that bloom in the shadows of 

5892
04:55:25,600 --> 04:55:29,200
other people's Grand lives. 
Your correspondence becomes a 

5893
04:55:29,200 --> 04:55:31,300
Lifeline to the world beyond the
servants door. 

5894
04:55:32,300 --> 04:55:35,200
Let us from home arrives 
sporadically, their contents, 

5895
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:36,800
both comforting and 
heartbreaking. 

5896
04:55:37,700 --> 04:55:39,900
Your mother writes about crops 
and weather and neighbors. 

5897
04:55:39,900 --> 04:55:42,600
Who have married or died 
painting, pictures of a life 

5898
04:55:42,608 --> 04:55:46,100
that feels simultaneously 
familiar and impossibly distant,

5899
04:55:46,100 --> 04:55:49,600
you save your pennies to send 
money home knowing that your 

5900
04:55:49,600 --> 04:55:52,100
wages, might mean the difference
between your younger siblings, 

5901
04:55:52,100 --> 04:55:55,200
eating, well, or going hungry, 
even as you survive on kitchen 

5902
04:55:55,200 --> 04:55:59,000
scraps, and leftover bread. 
Romance and service requires 

5903
04:55:59,000 --> 04:56:01,600
navigating obstacles that would 
challenge a diplomat. 

5904
04:56:02,500 --> 04:56:05,000
Meeting someone from outside the
household means coordinating 

5905
04:56:05,000 --> 04:56:07,800
schedules. 
That change daily finding time 

5906
04:56:07,800 --> 04:56:11,100
when you're not exhausted from 
49 hour work days and somehow 

5907
04:56:11,100 --> 04:56:13,600
maintaining a relationship when 
you can't predict whether you'll

5908
04:56:13,600 --> 04:56:16,100
have an evening free until about
five minutes before it happened.

5909
04:56:17,200 --> 04:56:20,900
Dating fellow servants creates 
its own complications, workplace

5910
04:56:20,900 --> 04:56:24,000
relationships under the constant
scrutiny of superiors who view 

5911
04:56:24,000 --> 04:56:27,100
any personal attachment as a 
potential distraction from Duty.

5912
04:56:27,800 --> 04:56:30,800
Your half-day off becomes more 
precious than gold and twice as 

5913
04:56:30,800 --> 04:56:32,900
rare. 
Every other Sunday afternoon 

5914
04:56:32,900 --> 04:56:36,600
from 2 until 10 in the evening, 
your theoretically free to live 

5915
04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:39,600
your life. 
In reality, you are often too 

5916
04:56:39,600 --> 04:56:41,800
exhausted to do anything. 
More ambitious than sleeping in 

5917
04:56:41,800 --> 04:56:44,900
a real bed, or taking a bath 
without worrying about someone 

5918
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:48,500
needing immediate service. 
When you do venture outside, the

5919
04:56:48,500 --> 04:56:51,100
world feels foreign after 
spending weeks in the artificial

5920
04:56:51,100 --> 04:56:52,500
environment of wealth and 
privilege. 

5921
04:56:53,300 --> 04:56:55,700
Friendships among servants to 
have their own peculiar 

5922
04:56:55,700 --> 04:56:58,500
intensity. 
Shared hardship forges bonds 

5923
04:56:58,500 --> 04:57:02,000
that might not otherwise exist 
the scholarly made transforms 

5924
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:04,600
into your Confidant. 
The boot boy provides you with 

5925
04:57:04,600 --> 04:57:08,000
comedic relief and Sarah become 
your sister Beyond blood. 

5926
04:57:08,800 --> 04:57:12,200
These relationships sustain you 
through the worst moments make 

5927
04:57:12,200 --> 04:57:15,600
the best moments worth 
celebrating, even if celebration

5928
04:57:15,600 --> 04:57:18,600
means sharing a stolen apple 
tart in the servant Hall after 

5929
04:57:18,600 --> 04:57:22,500
midnight, reading becomes a form
of rebellion and Escape You 

5930
04:57:22,500 --> 04:57:24,600
Squirrel away. 
Penny novels and yesterday's 

5931
04:57:24,600 --> 04:57:27,600
newspapers reading by 
candlelight until your eyes 

5932
04:57:27,600 --> 04:57:29,700
strain and your candle budget 
disappears. 

5933
04:57:30,500 --> 04:57:34,200
Books transport you to Worlds, 
where women have choices, where 

5934
04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:37,200
love, overcomes social barriers,
and where hardworking people 

5935
04:57:37,200 --> 04:57:40,300
sometimes find happiness. 
The family's discarded 

5936
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:43,700
magazines, provide glimpses into
Fashions and Lifestyles that 

5937
04:57:43,700 --> 04:57:46,400
seem as exotic as Tales From 
distant countries. 

5938
04:57:46,400 --> 04:57:50,900
Your health suffers in ways, 
both obvious and subtle constant

5939
04:57:50,900 --> 04:57:53,700
physical labor, strengthens your
muscles but wears down your 

5940
04:57:53,700 --> 04:57:56,000
joints. 
Poor nutrition leaves you 

5941
04:57:56,000 --> 04:57:57,700
vulnerable to every passing 
illness. 

5942
04:57:58,500 --> 04:58:01,400
The lack of sunlight and fresh 
air creates a power that marks 

5943
04:58:01,400 --> 04:58:04,500
you as any uniform back. 
Pain, becomes your constant 

5944
04:58:04,500 --> 04:58:08,500
companion, along with hands that
crack and bleed from exposure to

5945
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:12,500
harsh, cleaning, chemicals and 
cold water. personal hygiene 

5946
04:58:12,500 --> 04:58:15,500
presents its challenges in an 
era when hot water is a luxury 

5947
04:58:15,500 --> 04:58:20,300
and privacy is non-existent Your
weekly bath become a cherished 

5948
04:58:20,300 --> 04:58:23,400
ritual, even if it takes place 
in a tin tub in the kitchen, 

5949
04:58:23,400 --> 04:58:25,700
after everyone else has finished
their evening duties. 

5950
04:58:26,600 --> 04:58:29,000
Washing your hair requires 
planning and coordination, 

5951
04:58:29,000 --> 04:58:31,800
worthy of a military operation 
since you need access to hot 

5952
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:34,200
water. 
Sufficient time for drying and 

5953
04:58:34,200 --> 04:58:36,000
privacy, that's rare than 
diamonds. 

5954
04:58:36,000 --> 04:58:39,800
Your few personal possessions 
take on enormous significant. 

5955
04:58:39,800 --> 04:58:43,900
A locket from your mother, a 
pressed flower from your last 

5956
04:58:43,900 --> 04:58:47,100
walk in the countryside or a 
photograph of family members 

5957
04:58:47,100 --> 04:58:49,500
becomes a treasure guarded more 
carefully than the family 

5958
04:58:49,500 --> 04:58:52,300
silver. 
Small tokens, represent your 

5959
04:58:52,300 --> 04:58:55,700
identity beyond, the gray, 
uniform and White Cap reminders 

5960
04:58:55,700 --> 04:58:57,700
that you exist. 
As More Than Just A Pair of 

5961
04:58:57,708 --> 04:59:01,600
Hands that scrub and clean. 
Dreams and aspirations are 

5962
04:59:01,600 --> 04:59:05,100
modified rather than abandoned 
instead of opening your shop. 

5963
04:59:05,100 --> 04:59:07,900
You dream of becoming a 
housekeeper with authority of 

5964
04:59:07,900 --> 04:59:10,500
your staff. 
Instead of marrying, a 

5965
04:59:10,500 --> 04:59:14,300
prosperous farmer, you hope to 
locate a butler or Valley whose 

5966
04:59:14,300 --> 04:59:17,500
combined income might allow for 
a small apartment and maybe even

5967
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:21,100
children someday. 
Your goals shrink to fit reality

5968
04:59:21,100 --> 04:59:25,000
but they don't disappear 
entirely the seasonal rhythms of

5969
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:27,800
the household create their own 
calendar of anticipation and 

5970
04:59:27,800 --> 04:59:30,800
Dread. 
Summer might bring opportunities

5971
04:59:30,800 --> 04:59:34,000
to accompany the family to their
country house, offering glimpses

5972
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:36,700
of different scenery and 
slightly modified routines. 

5973
04:59:37,700 --> 04:59:40,600
Winter social season means 
exhausting work, but also 

5974
04:59:40,600 --> 04:59:44,200
excitement and the possibility 
of Glimpse in famous guests. 

5975
04:59:45,500 --> 04:59:49,100
Bring cleaning represents weeks 
of back-breaking labor, but also

5976
04:59:49,100 --> 04:59:52,200
the satisfaction of 
transformation and renewal small

5977
04:59:52,200 --> 04:59:55,300
Pleasures. 
Take on enormous important A 

5978
04:59:55,300 --> 04:59:57,800
compliment from Mrs. Patterson 
carries more weight than praise 

5979
04:59:57,800 --> 05:00:00,900
from royalty. 
An evening when cooked shares 

5980
05:00:00,900 --> 05:00:02,900
left over desert feels like 
Christmas morning. 

5981
05:00:03,700 --> 05:00:06,100
Sunday, when you're healthy 
enough to walk to the park and 

5982
05:00:06,100 --> 05:00:09,700
sit under actual trees becomes a
memory to sustain you through 

5983
05:00:09,700 --> 05:00:13,100
difficult weeks ahead. 
Your relationship with money 

5984
05:00:13,100 --> 05:00:16,000
becomes complex, and 
contradictory you handle more 

5985
05:00:16,000 --> 05:00:18,500
wealth daily than most people 
see in their entire lives. 

5986
05:00:18,500 --> 05:00:21,500
Yet your own financial situation
remains precarious. 

5987
05:00:22,400 --> 05:00:26,500
Every penny saved represents 
enormous sacrifice less food, 

5988
05:00:26,500 --> 05:00:29,500
fewer letters home and no small 
luxuries. 

5989
05:00:29,500 --> 05:00:31,300
That might make your hard life 
slightly more. 

5990
05:00:31,300 --> 05:00:34,600
Bearable, your bank account 
grows slowly while your hands 

5991
05:00:34,600 --> 05:00:38,500
grow rough and your back grows, 
crooked The strange intimacy of 

5992
05:00:38,500 --> 05:00:40,700
service creates its own 
emotional complications. 

5993
05:00:40,700 --> 05:00:44,000
You know, details about your 
employers lives that their 

5994
05:00:44,000 --> 05:00:45,000
relatives. 
Don't share. 

5995
05:00:45,000 --> 05:00:48,200
Yet, they remain strangers, who 
could dismiss you without 

5996
05:00:48,200 --> 05:00:50,500
reference. 
And barely remember your name 

5997
05:00:51,300 --> 05:00:54,400
this one side is intimacy breeds
both the fiction and resentment 

5998
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:58,700
creating relationships that are 
simultaneously personal And 

5999
05:00:58,708 --> 05:01:01,900
completely impersonal as the 
1890s draw to a close. 

6000
05:01:01,900 --> 05:01:05,300
You've survived nearly a decade 
of service, in the grand houses,

6001
05:01:05,300 --> 05:01:08,900
of America's wealthy Elite, and 
the world around you is changing

6002
05:01:08,900 --> 05:01:12,800
in ways, both subtle and 
dramatic from your perspective. 

6003
05:01:12,800 --> 05:01:15,400
In the servants quarters. 
These changes feel both 

6004
05:01:15,400 --> 05:01:19,300
impossibly distant and 
intimately personal technology 

6005
05:01:19,300 --> 05:01:23,400
creeps into the household like a
slow-moving Revolution, electric

6006
05:01:23,400 --> 05:01:26,500
lights, begin replacing gas, 
fixtures transforming your 

6007
05:01:26,500 --> 05:01:29,500
morning routine of lamp cleaning
but introducing new mysteries of

6008
05:01:29,500 --> 05:01:32,100
switches and bulbs that 
sometimes work and sometimes 

6009
05:01:32,100 --> 05:01:35,600
don't Telephone appears in the 
front hall, like a magical 

6010
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:38,900
device, bringing the outside 
world directly into the house 

6011
05:01:38,900 --> 05:01:40,700
while creating new 
responsibilities. 

6012
05:01:40,700 --> 05:01:44,600
Someone must answer it and that 
person often turns out to be you

6013
05:01:45,300 --> 05:01:48,000
Your body tells the story of 
your service in ways that no 

6014
05:01:48,000 --> 05:01:51,400
employment record could capture 
your hands bear, the permanent 

6015
05:01:51,400 --> 05:01:54,400
stains and scars of countless 
cleaning chemicals and burns 

6016
05:01:54,400 --> 05:01:57,700
from Hot Irons your shoulders, 
curve slightly forward from 

6017
05:01:57,700 --> 05:02:00,400
years of bending over scrub 
brushes and laundry. 

6018
05:02:00,400 --> 05:02:03,700
Tubs, your knees protest. 
When climbing the endless, 

6019
05:02:03,700 --> 05:02:06,000
flights of stairs, that connect 
your basement world to the 

6020
05:02:06,008 --> 05:02:09,600
families, elevated existence, 
these marks of service will stay

6021
05:02:09,600 --> 05:02:11,400
with you long. 
After you've left domestic work 

6022
05:02:11,400 --> 05:02:14,300
behind the skills you've 
developed would impress, any 

6023
05:02:14,300 --> 05:02:17,600
modern efficiency expert? 
You can manage complex household

6024
05:02:17,600 --> 05:02:21,700
Logistics called multiple tasks 
simultaneously and maintaining 

6025
05:02:21,700 --> 05:02:23,900
impossibly high standards under 
constant pressure. 

6026
05:02:23,900 --> 05:02:27,500
You've learned to read people's 
moods and needs from subtle cues

6027
05:02:27,500 --> 05:02:29,900
mastered. 
The art of diplomatic problem 

6028
05:02:29,900 --> 05:02:32,600
solving and developed the 
physical stamina of a 

6029
05:02:32,600 --> 05:02:35,300
professional athlete. 
These abilities will serve you. 

6030
05:02:35,300 --> 05:02:38,400
Well, whether you can continue 
in service or Venture into other

6031
05:02:38,400 --> 05:02:42,900
forms of work, Daily proximity 
to extreme luxury and the labor 

6032
05:02:42,900 --> 05:02:45,200
required to maintain it, to 
shape your perspective on 

6033
05:02:45,200 --> 05:02:48,100
wealth, and privilege. 
You've witnessed the ease with, 

6034
05:02:48,100 --> 05:02:50,800
which one can spend money and 
the challenge of earning it, 

6035
05:02:50,800 --> 05:02:54,800
you've witnessed the isolation 
that wealth can create even as 

6036
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:57,500
you've experienced the 
exhaustion that poverty demands.

6037
05:02:58,300 --> 05:03:01,300
this understanding of both sides
of America's growing economic 

6038
05:03:01,300 --> 05:03:05,400
divide provides you insights 
that few people possess the 

6039
05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:08,700
friendships forged in service. 
Carry a special intensity born 

6040
05:03:08,700 --> 05:03:10,800
from shared hardship and mutual 
dependence. 

6041
05:03:11,500 --> 05:03:14,200
Sarah, your long-suffering 
roommate has become closer than 

6042
05:03:14,200 --> 05:03:17,700
any sister. 
Cook despite her graphic stereo 

6043
05:03:17,700 --> 05:03:21,200
has served as a mentor and 
mother figure even Mrs. 

6044
05:03:21,200 --> 05:03:24,800
Patterson with all her Stern 
efficiency as shown moments of 

6045
05:03:24,800 --> 05:03:27,500
genuine care that transcended 
the employer employee 

6046
05:03:27,500 --> 05:03:30,300
relationship. 
These bonds will Outlast your 

6047
05:03:30,300 --> 05:03:33,600
employment and provide emotional
support for decades to come. 

6048
05:03:34,500 --> 05:03:37,500
Years of separation and 
financial responsibilities of 

6049
05:03:37,500 --> 05:03:39,700
complicated, your relationship 
with your own family. 

6050
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:42,900
The money you've sent home has 
made real difference. 

6051
05:03:42,900 --> 05:03:46,200
Is your youngest brother, finish
school in stead of working in 

6052
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:49,200
factories, your sister of 
avoided and unfortunate married 

6053
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:51,400
and your parents kept their 
small farm. 

6054
05:03:51,400 --> 05:03:55,200
Despite several bad harvests Yet
the physical and emotional 

6055
05:03:55,200 --> 05:03:58,400
distance has created gaps that 
letters can't entirely Bridge. 

6056
05:03:58,400 --> 05:04:01,600
You've become somewhat foreign 
to your Origins shape by 

6057
05:04:01,600 --> 05:04:04,800
experience is your family. 
Can't fully understand marriage 

6058
05:04:04,800 --> 05:04:07,900
and family planning in service 
post special difficulties that 

6059
05:04:07,900 --> 05:04:09,600
will influence your future 
choices. 

6060
05:04:09,600 --> 05:04:11,600
If you marry. 
Another servant, you'll 

6061
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:13,200
understand each other's 
experiences. 

6062
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:15,400
But face continued economic 
uncertainty. 

6063
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:18,600
If you marry outside, domestic 
service, you'll need to explain 

6064
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:20,900
a world. 
That sounds almost fictional to 

6065
05:04:20,900 --> 05:04:23,100
people who have lived it. 
Children. 

6066
05:04:23,100 --> 05:04:26,100
Complicate everything servants 
with families obtained fewer 

6067
05:04:26,100 --> 05:04:29,000
employment opportunities, and 
face the constant struggle of 

6068
05:04:29,000 --> 05:04:31,000
balancing parental 
responsibilities with 

6069
05:04:31,000 --> 05:04:34,200
professional demands. 
The broader social changes 

6070
05:04:34,200 --> 05:04:35,800
Rippling through American 
society. 

6071
05:04:35,800 --> 05:04:38,400
Will eventually transform 
domestic Services itself. 

6072
05:04:38,400 --> 05:04:41,400
Women are beginning to discover 
other employment opportunities 

6073
05:04:41,400 --> 05:04:45,300
in offices, shops and factories 
labor. 

6074
05:04:45,300 --> 05:04:47,700
Movements are questioning the 
working conditions that you've 

6075
05:04:47,700 --> 05:04:51,500
simply accepted as natural. 
New technologies will gradually 

6076
05:04:51,500 --> 05:04:54,100
reduce the need for armies of 
servants to remain healthy 

6077
05:04:54,100 --> 05:04:57,400
households, your generation 
represents the peak of an era 

6078
05:04:57,400 --> 05:05:00,600
that won't last forever. 
Your dreams have evolved through

6079
05:05:00,600 --> 05:05:03,900
your years of service, the naive
girl, who first walked through 

6080
05:05:03,900 --> 05:05:06,400
the servants. 
Entrance has been replaced by a 

6081
05:05:06,400 --> 05:05:09,000
woman who understands both her 
capabilities and the realistic 

6082
05:05:09,000 --> 05:05:12,200
limits of her opportunities. 
Even when your hard work remains

6083
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:15,200
largely unnoticed, you've 
learned to find satisfaction in 

6084
05:05:15,200 --> 05:05:17,400
it. 
You've discovered that dignity 

6085
05:05:17,400 --> 05:05:20,300
can be maintained even in 
situations designed to minimize 

6086
05:05:20,300 --> 05:05:22,500
it. 
The education you've received 

6087
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:25,300
through observation and 
experience Rivals, anything 

6088
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:28,300
offered informal schools. 
You've learned about art by 

6089
05:05:28,300 --> 05:05:31,700
dusting Priceless painting's 
about music by overhearing. 

6090
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:34,800
Private concerts about 
literature by reading discarded 

6091
05:05:34,800 --> 05:05:38,000
books and about human nature by 
witnessing how people behave 

6092
05:05:38,000 --> 05:05:39,700
when they think no one important
is watching. 

6093
05:05:40,700 --> 05:05:43,200
This informal education has 
expanded your mind in ways that 

6094
05:05:43,208 --> 05:05:45,800
will continue paying dividends 
throughout your life. 

6095
05:05:46,600 --> 05:05:48,100
Looking back on your years and 
service. 

6096
05:05:48,100 --> 05:05:52,100
The Experience defies simple 
categorization it has been 

6097
05:05:52,108 --> 05:05:55,000
simultaneously degrading and 
enabling exhausting and 

6098
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:57,500
educational and isolating and 
Community Building. 

6099
05:05:58,300 --> 05:06:00,800
You've sacrificed your Youth and
health to maintain other 

6100
05:06:00,800 --> 05:06:03,700
people's Comfort yet. 
You've also developed strengths 

6101
05:06:03,700 --> 05:06:06,000
and skills that you might never 
have discovered otherwise, 

6102
05:06:07,000 --> 05:06:09,300
You've lived through one of the 
most economically unequal 

6103
05:06:09,300 --> 05:06:12,600
periods in American history. 
Not as a victim or a hero. 

6104
05:06:13,400 --> 05:06:16,400
But as a working woman doing 
what was necessary to survive 

6105
05:06:16,400 --> 05:06:20,200
and help your family survive? 
As you consider your future 

6106
05:06:20,200 --> 05:06:23,200
where the continuing in service 
marrying and starting your 

6107
05:06:23,200 --> 05:06:26,100
family will venturing into the 
changing world of women's work 

6108
05:06:26,100 --> 05:06:28,900
you carry with you the knowledge
that you've already overcome 

6109
05:06:28,900 --> 05:06:31,900
challenges, that would break 
weaker Spirits, you've 

6110
05:06:31,900 --> 05:06:34,700
maintained your Humanity in a 
system designed to reduce you to

6111
05:06:34,708 --> 05:06:36,900
a function. 
Who found friendship in 

6112
05:06:36,900 --> 05:06:40,800
unlikely, places, dignity, and 
humble work, and strength in 

6113
05:06:40,800 --> 05:06:42,700
circumstances that seem designed
to crush it. 

6114
05:06:42,700 --> 05:06:46,000
The guilded age is ending taking
with it. 

6115
05:06:46,000 --> 05:06:49,000
Some of the extreme social rigid
structures that Define your 

6116
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:52,900
working life But the lessons 
you've learned about resilience 

6117
05:06:52,900 --> 05:06:56,900
community and the true nature of
both wealth and poverty will 

6118
05:06:56,900 --> 05:06:58,400
serve you. 
Well, in whatever comes next, 

6119
05:06:58,400 --> 05:07:01,500
you've been invisible to the 
wealthy families, you've served,

6120
05:07:01,500 --> 05:07:05,300
but your story and the stories 
of millions of women, like you 

6121
05:07:05,300 --> 05:07:09,700
represents the real Foundation 
upon which America's grandest 

6122
05:07:09,700 --> 05:07:17,300
era was built, To yourself 
standing in the shadow of the 

6123
05:07:17,300 --> 05:07:21,100
pathan, the Mediterranean Sun 
beating down on marble columns, 

6124
05:07:21,100 --> 05:07:24,300
that have witnessed, 25th 
centuries of human Folly. 

6125
05:07:24,300 --> 05:07:26,900
You're about to embark on a 
journey through ancient 

6126
05:07:26,900 --> 05:07:31,200
Greece's, most peculiar judicial
practices a world where Justice 

6127
05:07:31,200 --> 05:07:34,200
wasn't just blind. 
But occasionally, completely. 

6128
05:07:34,200 --> 05:07:38,100
Unhinged Before we embark on 
this journey of strangeness, 

6129
05:07:38,100 --> 05:07:41,200
keep in mind that the Greeks who
devised, these ancient 

6130
05:07:41,200 --> 05:07:43,700
punishments believe they were 
perfectly reasonable. 

6131
05:07:43,700 --> 05:07:47,300
After all, when your 
civilization invented democracy 

6132
05:07:47,300 --> 05:07:51,100
philosophy and theater, why not 
get creative with criminal 

6133
05:07:51,100 --> 05:07:54,000
justice too? 
The ancient Greeks didn't mess 

6134
05:07:54,000 --> 05:07:56,100
around when it came to 
maintaining order. 

6135
05:07:56,800 --> 05:07:59,200
Their approached to punishment 
was like their approach to 

6136
05:07:59,200 --> 05:08:03,300
everything else, dramatic 
philosophical and occasionally 

6137
05:08:03,300 --> 05:08:06,500
bordering on the theatrical. 
They believe that punishment 

6138
05:08:06,500 --> 05:08:10,300
should fit, not just the crime, 
but also serve as a spectacular 

6139
05:08:10,300 --> 05:08:13,600
lesson for society. 
Think of it as ancient reality 

6140
05:08:13,600 --> 05:08:16,800
television, except the 
consequences were decidedly more

6141
05:08:16,800 --> 05:08:19,000
permanent. 
You might assume that ancient 

6142
05:08:19,000 --> 05:08:22,100
punishments were simply brutal, 
Affairs involving Dungeons and 

6143
05:08:22,100 --> 05:08:25,300
executioners while the Greek 
certainly had their share of 

6144
05:08:25,300 --> 05:08:27,700
harsh sentences. 
They also possessed an almost 

6145
05:08:27,700 --> 05:08:30,600
artistic Flair for crafting 
punishments that were 

6146
05:08:30,600 --> 05:08:34,400
psychologically, sophisticated, 
symbolically rich, and sometimes

6147
05:08:34,400 --> 05:08:37,500
downright bizarre. 
They understood that True. 

6148
05:08:37,500 --> 05:08:40,000
Justice required, more than mere
physical suffering. 

6149
05:08:40,000 --> 05:08:43,000
It demanded a kind of poetic 
appropriate nurse that would 

6150
05:08:43,000 --> 05:08:46,600
resonate through the ages. take 
the concept of hubris for 

6151
05:08:46,600 --> 05:08:51,000
instance, A crime wasn't just, 
excessive Pride was a cosmic 

6152
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:54,400
offense against the natural 
order. when someone committed 

6153
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:57,700
hubris the punishment had to 
match the grandiosity of the 

6154
05:08:57,700 --> 05:09:01,500
transgression, The situation led
to some remarkably creative 

6155
05:09:01,500 --> 05:09:04,600
judicial solutions, that would 
make modern legal Scholars. 

6156
05:09:04,600 --> 05:09:07,600
Scratch their heads in 
bewilderment, the Greek City, 

6157
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:12,000
State's each of their own flavor
of Justice, Athens with its 

6158
05:09:12,000 --> 05:09:14,800
democratic ideals favored 
punishments, that involve public

6159
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:19,300
humiliation and Civic exile. 
Sparta ever, practical preferred

6160
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:21,500
methods that were both efficient
and educational? 

6161
05:09:22,200 --> 05:09:24,900
The island communities developed
their own maritime-themed 

6162
05:09:24,900 --> 05:09:27,200
penalties, that reflected their 
seafaring culture. 

6163
05:09:27,200 --> 05:09:30,200
What's particularly fascinating 
is how these punishments 

6164
05:09:30,200 --> 05:09:32,300
reflected Greek values and 
worldview. 

6165
05:09:32,300 --> 05:09:34,700
They believed in the 
interconnectedness, of all 

6166
05:09:34,700 --> 05:09:38,000
things that a person's actions 
rippled outward to affect the 

6167
05:09:38,000 --> 05:09:40,800
entire Community. 
Therefore, punishment wasn't 

6168
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:42,500
just about deterrence or 
retribution. 

6169
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:44,900
It was about restoring Cosmic 
balance. 

6170
05:09:46,100 --> 05:09:48,800
When someone disrupted, the 
social fabric, the punishment 

6171
05:09:48,800 --> 05:09:51,800
had to be equally disruptive. 
But in a way that ultimately 

6172
05:09:51,800 --> 05:09:56,300
reinforce societal norms You'll 
notice as we explore these tales

6173
05:09:56,300 --> 05:09:59,000
that the Greeks had a particular
genius for matching the 

6174
05:09:59,000 --> 05:10:01,100
punishment, the personality of 
the offender. 

6175
05:10:01,900 --> 05:10:04,500
They studied human nature with 
the same intensity of their 

6176
05:10:04,500 --> 05:10:05,900
applied to mathematics and 
astronomy. 

6177
05:10:07,000 --> 05:10:09,700
This cycleogical sophistication 
meant that punishments were 

6178
05:10:09,700 --> 05:10:13,200
often tailored to exploit the 
specific weaknesses or character

6179
05:10:13,200 --> 05:10:15,100
flaws that led to the original 
crime. 

6180
05:10:16,400 --> 05:10:19,100
The role of shame in Greek 
society cannot be overstated. 

6181
05:10:19,100 --> 05:10:22,600
While many ancient cultures 
relied primarily on physical 

6182
05:10:22,600 --> 05:10:26,600
pain or death as deterrents, the
Greeks understood that socialism

6183
05:10:26,600 --> 05:10:29,100
could be far more devastating 
than any bodily harm. 

6184
05:10:29,900 --> 05:10:33,300
They weaponized embarrassment 
with surgical Precision creating

6185
05:10:33,300 --> 05:10:35,800
punishments that would haunt 
offenders long after any 

6186
05:10:35,800 --> 05:10:39,100
physical wounds at healed, 
religious considerations also 

6187
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:41,800
played a crucial role, the 
Greeks lived in a world 

6188
05:10:41,808 --> 05:10:45,200
populated by capricious Gods, 
who demanded respect and proper 

6189
05:10:45,200 --> 05:10:47,200
ritual, observance, many 
punishments. 

6190
05:10:47,200 --> 05:10:50,500
Had religious Dimensions 
designed to appease Divine wrath

6191
05:10:50,500 --> 05:10:52,600
or demonstrate piety to the 
community. 

6192
05:10:53,200 --> 05:10:55,900
This spiritual element added 
layers of meaning, that 

6193
05:10:55,900 --> 05:10:59,600
transformed simple legal 
consequences into profound moral

6194
05:10:59,600 --> 05:11:02,600
statements. 
As we journey through the seven,

6195
05:11:02,600 --> 05:11:05,700
tails of Greek judicial 
creativity, you'll encounter 

6196
05:11:05,700 --> 05:11:08,600
punishments that range from the 
ingeniously appropriate to the 

6197
05:11:08,600 --> 05:11:11,700
utterly mystified. 
Some will make you laugh at 

6198
05:11:11,700 --> 05:11:14,700
their absurdity. 
Others will make you wince at 

6199
05:11:14,700 --> 05:11:17,000
their cleverness. 
He was gone. 

6200
05:11:17,000 --> 05:11:20,700
So somehow And there's a few 
might make you wonder if the 

6201
05:11:20,700 --> 05:11:24,000
Ancients were right. 
Each story reveals not just how 

6202
05:11:24,000 --> 05:11:26,400
the Greeks dealt with 
lawbreakers but also how they 

6203
05:11:26,408 --> 05:11:30,500
understood human nature, social 
responsibility and the delicate 

6204
05:11:30,500 --> 05:11:33,300
balance between individual 
freedom and Collective welfare. 

6205
05:11:34,300 --> 05:11:35,700
These were not merely punitive 
measures. 

6206
05:11:35,700 --> 05:11:38,600
They were tangible, 
manifestations of philosophical 

6207
05:11:38,600 --> 05:11:41,000
ideas. 
Akin to theatrical performance 

6208
05:11:41,000 --> 05:11:43,900
is on the public stage. 
This grand tour of Greek 

6209
05:11:43,900 --> 05:11:46,100
judicial creativity, begins in 
classical Athens. 

6210
05:11:46,100 --> 05:11:49,700
The birthplace of democracy 
where a Citizens social 

6211
05:11:49,700 --> 05:11:51,900
reputation could quickly 
determine their fate. 

6212
05:11:52,700 --> 05:11:55,500
The Athenians had elevated 
public shaming to an art form. 

6213
05:11:55,500 --> 05:11:58,000
That would make modern social 
media piles. 

6214
05:11:58,000 --> 05:12:01,600
Look like gentle suggestions. 
Imagine being an Athenian 

6215
05:12:01,600 --> 05:12:04,700
citizen in the 5th Century, BC 
when your reputation was 

6216
05:12:04,700 --> 05:12:06,500
literally your most valuable 
possession. 

6217
05:12:07,600 --> 05:12:09,500
The Athenians understood 
something that modern 

6218
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:11,700
psychologists are only now 
rediscovering. 

6219
05:12:12,500 --> 05:12:15,100
Social Exile can be more 
devastating Than Physical 

6220
05:12:15,100 --> 05:12:16,900
punishment. 
They developed. 

6221
05:12:16,900 --> 05:12:19,400
A sophisticated system of 
shame-based, penalties that 

6222
05:12:19,400 --> 05:12:21,600
targeted. 
The very core of Greek identity.

6223
05:12:21,600 --> 05:12:26,600
One standing in the community. 
Austrasse is the most famous but

6224
05:12:26,600 --> 05:12:28,700
it may not be what you think 
every year. 

6225
05:12:28,700 --> 05:12:31,700
Athenian citizens could vote to 
temporarily Exile. 

6226
05:12:31,700 --> 05:12:35,000
One prominent person for 10 
years not because they'd 

6227
05:12:35,000 --> 05:12:37,800
committed a specific crime but 
because they had become too 

6228
05:12:37,800 --> 05:12:41,800
powerful or influential Picture,
the ultimate Democratic time out

6229
05:12:41,800 --> 05:12:44,500
were successes itself, became 
grounds for punishment. 

6230
05:12:45,600 --> 05:12:47,900
The person could return after a 
decade with full rights 

6231
05:12:47,900 --> 05:12:50,900
restored, but their political 
career was effectively ruined. 

6232
05:12:51,600 --> 05:12:54,800
The experience was akin to 
losing a beloved job with the 

6233
05:12:54,800 --> 05:12:57,700
entire city functioning as your 
human resources department. 

6234
05:12:58,600 --> 05:13:01,600
But Austria's was just the 
beginning, the Athenians 

6235
05:13:01,600 --> 05:13:05,200
developed an entire spectrum of 
Shame based punishments, that 

6236
05:13:05,200 --> 05:13:07,900
demonstrated their profound, 
understanding of human 

6237
05:13:07,900 --> 05:13:10,600
psychology, take the practice of
a team here. 

6238
05:13:10,600 --> 05:13:12,700
Literally. 
Meaningless honor. 

6239
05:13:13,400 --> 05:13:15,200
That steak wasn't just losing 
face. 

6240
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:18,300
So it was a legal status that 
Stripped Away, citizenship 

6241
05:13:18,300 --> 05:13:21,000
rights, while leaving the person
physically present in the 

6242
05:13:21,000 --> 05:13:24,400
community, you could walk the 
streets of Athens, but you 

6243
05:13:24,400 --> 05:13:27,400
couldn't vote to hold office or 
even speak in court, to defend 

6244
05:13:27,400 --> 05:13:29,900
yourself. 
You became a ghost haunting your

6245
05:13:29,900 --> 05:13:32,700
life. 
The Genius of atmia lay in its 

6246
05:13:32,700 --> 05:13:35,000
graduated nature different 
crimes. 

6247
05:13:35,000 --> 05:13:38,300
Resulted in different levels of 
Dishonor, a tax evader, might 

6248
05:13:38,300 --> 05:13:40,800
lose the right to hold office 
but could still participate in 

6249
05:13:40,800 --> 05:13:44,600
religious festivals, someone who
shookt military duty might be 

6250
05:13:44,600 --> 05:13:47,400
barred from the Agora, the 
bustling Marketplace, that was 

6251
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:49,100
the heart of Athenian social 
life. 

6252
05:13:49,100 --> 05:13:52,700
The punishment was precisely 
calibrated to the offense like a

6253
05:13:52,700 --> 05:13:55,600
master Craftsman, adjusting the 
tension on Elias string. 

6254
05:13:56,300 --> 05:13:58,500
One particularly creative form 
of Athenian. 

6255
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:00,800
Justice involved. 
The use of public monuments to 

6256
05:14:00,800 --> 05:14:04,000
shame when someone committed 
fraud or betrayed the city. 

6257
05:14:04,000 --> 05:14:07,000
Their punishment might include 
having their crime literally 

6258
05:14:07,000 --> 05:14:09,500
carved in stone and displayed in
a prominent location. 

6259
05:14:10,600 --> 05:14:13,300
Unlike modern criminal records, 
that gather dust and filing 

6260
05:14:13,300 --> 05:14:15,400
cabinets. 
These marble testimonials to 

6261
05:14:15,400 --> 05:14:18,100
poor judgments stood in the 
busiest parts of the city for 

6262
05:14:18,100 --> 05:14:21,100
Generations. 
Imagine having your worst moment

6263
05:14:21,100 --> 05:14:23,800
chiseled in Granite and placed 
where everyone you know would 

6264
05:14:23,800 --> 05:14:27,300
see it daily. 
The Athenians also pioneered the

6265
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:29,500
concept of financial punishment 
of social surgery. 

6266
05:14:29,500 --> 05:14:33,300
They didn't just find people. 
They structured finds to 

6267
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:37,100
maximize social impact, a 
merchant caught cheating, might 

6268
05:14:37,100 --> 05:14:40,400
have to pay, not just 
compensation to his victims, but

6269
05:14:40,400 --> 05:14:43,800
also fund a public festival or 
donate, a warship to the Navy. 

6270
05:14:44,700 --> 05:14:47,600
The punishment transformed 
private wrongdoing into public 

6271
05:14:47,600 --> 05:14:51,400
spectacle forcing the offender 
to buy their way back into 

6272
05:14:51,400 --> 05:14:54,000
society's. 
Good graces through conspicuous 

6273
05:14:54,000 --> 05:14:58,100
generosity. 
Perhaps, most ingeniously Athens

6274
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:00,900
developed punishments, that 
turned social connections into 

6275
05:15:00,900 --> 05:15:03,700
instruments of Justice. 
If you are found guilty of 

6276
05:15:03,700 --> 05:15:06,500
certain crimes, your father, 
your tribal Kinsmen would 

6277
05:15:06,500 --> 05:15:09,000
collectively bear some 
responsibility for your actions.

6278
05:15:09,000 --> 05:15:12,500
These individuals created an 
entire network of social 

6279
05:15:12,500 --> 05:15:15,900
surveillance and intervention. 
If your cousin he might share in

6280
05:15:15,900 --> 05:15:17,200
the consequences of your 
failure. 

6281
05:15:17,200 --> 05:15:19,900
He would reconsider lending you 
money for a questionable 

6282
05:15:19,900 --> 05:15:22,700
business venture the Athenian 
approached to punishment. 

6283
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:25,500
Reflected their belief that 
crime was primarily a social 

6284
05:15:25,500 --> 05:15:27,900
disease rather than individual 
moral failure. 

6285
05:15:27,900 --> 05:15:30,800
He treated criminals, like, 
patients who needed to be 

6286
05:15:30,808 --> 05:15:34,400
reintegrated into the community 
rather simply eliminated from 

6287
05:15:34,400 --> 05:15:36,800
it. 
Their approach required a 

6288
05:15:36,800 --> 05:15:40,100
surgical Precision in their 
penalties cut too little and the

6289
05:15:40,100 --> 05:15:42,200
offense would Fester cut too 
much. 

6290
05:15:42,200 --> 05:15:45,700
And you destroy the patient 
along with the disease, women 

6291
05:15:45,700 --> 05:15:49,400
face their own unique forms of 
social punishment in Athens 

6292
05:15:49,400 --> 05:15:52,700
since they were already excluded
from most public, life 

6293
05:15:52,700 --> 05:15:56,100
traditional forms of Civic, 
dishonor were ineffective 

6294
05:15:56,100 --> 05:16:00,100
instead Athenian, Lord of 
elaborate systems of domestic. 

6295
05:16:00,100 --> 05:16:02,700
Shame. 
An adulteress might be barred 

6296
05:16:02,700 --> 05:16:04,500
from participating in religious 
festivals. 

6297
05:16:04,500 --> 05:16:08,300
The one area of public life 
where women could shine, she 

6298
05:16:08,300 --> 05:16:10,800
would become invisible at the 
very moment when her community 

6299
05:16:10,800 --> 05:16:14,600
gathered to celebrate their 
shared identity, the Athenians 

6300
05:16:14,600 --> 05:16:16,800
understood that effective 
punishment, required an 

6301
05:16:16,800 --> 05:16:19,300
audience, many of their 
penalties were designed to be 

6302
05:16:19,300 --> 05:16:22,800
witnessed and discussed turning 
the entire city into a theater 

6303
05:16:22,800 --> 05:16:24,800
of Justice. 
Where every citizen was both 

6304
05:16:24,800 --> 05:16:26,600
spectator and potential 
performer. 

6305
05:16:27,500 --> 05:16:29,800
Such an approach wasn't cruelty 
for its own sake. 

6306
05:16:29,800 --> 05:16:33,100
It was recognition that social 
bonds require constant 

6307
05:16:33,100 --> 05:16:36,000
maintenance and occasionally 
that maintenance required public

6308
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:39,000
demonstrations of what happened 
when those Bonds were broken. 

6309
05:16:39,000 --> 05:16:42,200
Now shift your perspective from 
the bustling democracy of Athens

6310
05:16:42,200 --> 05:16:46,300
to the Stark military efficiency
of Sparta where punishment was 

6311
05:16:46,300 --> 05:16:48,900
not just about Justice. 
It was about forging the perfect

6312
05:16:48,900 --> 05:16:52,000
Warrior Society. 
If Athens was a theater of 

6313
05:16:52,008 --> 05:16:55,500
social drama Sparta was a 
laboratory of human endurance 

6314
05:16:55,500 --> 05:16:57,800
and their punishments. 
Reflected this fundamental 

6315
05:16:57,800 --> 05:17:01,000
difference in values, you've 
probably heard about Spartan 

6316
05:17:01,000 --> 05:17:04,400
military training, but we, but 
you might not realize how their 

6317
05:17:04,400 --> 05:17:06,700
approach to criminal justice was
simply an extension of their 

6318
05:17:06,700 --> 05:17:10,700
educational philosophy. 
The Spartans believe that every 

6319
05:17:10,700 --> 05:17:13,700
experience Pleasant or painful 
should serve to strengthen the 

6320
05:17:13,700 --> 05:17:16,300
individual. 
In the state, their punishments 

6321
05:17:16,300 --> 05:17:19,600
weren't just penalties. 
They were lessons disguised to 

6322
05:17:19,600 --> 05:17:22,300
suffering, designed to create 
better citizens through 

6323
05:17:22,300 --> 05:17:26,900
carefully calibrated adversity. 
Consider the fate of sparkling 

6324
05:17:26,900 --> 05:17:28,900
cowards. 
Perhaps the most despised 

6325
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:31,900
criminals in the Warriors 
Society rather than the next 

6326
05:17:31,908 --> 05:17:35,700
execution or Exile, which would 
simply remove the problem spot 

6327
05:17:35,700 --> 05:17:38,000
and subjected cowards to fate 
worse than death. 

6328
05:17:38,700 --> 05:17:41,000
They were required to live among
their fellow citizens while 

6329
05:17:41,000 --> 05:17:44,600
bearing visible marks of their 
shame, they were required to 

6330
05:17:44,600 --> 05:17:47,500
shave half their beards, Dawn, 
distinctive clothing. 

6331
05:17:47,500 --> 05:17:51,200
And refrain from taking part in 
communal meals or exercises. 

6332
05:17:51,200 --> 05:17:54,300
Imagine being permanently 
labeled as the only person who 

6333
05:17:54,300 --> 05:17:57,200
failed while everyone else. 
Succeeded constant reminder of 

6334
05:17:57,200 --> 05:17:59,100
What Not to become such 
Behavior? 

6335
05:17:59,100 --> 05:18:02,100
Wasn't random cruelty. 
Spartans understood. 

6336
05:18:02,100 --> 05:18:05,000
The courage was contagious but 
so was cowardice. 

6337
05:18:05,800 --> 05:18:09,100
By keeping cowards visible, but 
Dishonored, they created living 

6338
05:18:09,100 --> 05:18:12,100
examples that reinforced Brave 
behavior in everyone else. 

6339
05:18:13,200 --> 05:18:16,900
The punishment served multiple 
functions simultaneously, it 

6340
05:18:16,900 --> 05:18:20,400
deterred future cowardice, 
provided ongoing education for 

6341
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:23,700
young Spartans and offered the 
remote possibility of redemption

6342
05:18:23,700 --> 05:18:26,800
for the offender. 
Theft in Sparta received. 

6343
05:18:26,800 --> 05:18:29,800
Perhaps the most paradoxical 
punishment in ancient Greece. 

6344
05:18:29,800 --> 05:18:32,400
In punishing. 
The act of stealing they 

6345
05:18:32,400 --> 05:18:36,000
punished individuals for being 
caught while stealing Their 

6346
05:18:36,000 --> 05:18:38,700
decision wasn't because Spartans
encouraged theft, but because 

6347
05:18:38,700 --> 05:18:42,900
they valued cunning and stealth 
as military virtues a successful

6348
05:18:42,900 --> 05:18:46,000
Thief, demonstrated skills that 
could be useful in Warfare or 

6349
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:48,400
Espionage. 
However, catching the revealed, 

6350
05:18:48,400 --> 05:18:51,300
either poor planning or 
inadequate execution, flaws that

6351
05:18:51,300 --> 05:18:54,100
could prove fatal in battle the 
punishment for court. 

6352
05:18:54,100 --> 05:18:56,600
Thieves was brilliant in its 
educational value. 

6353
05:18:56,600 --> 05:18:59,700
The public, flogging they 
endured was not, merely a form 

6354
05:18:59,700 --> 05:19:02,700
of Retribution. 
Peers administered, the beating 

6355
05:19:02,700 --> 05:19:06,400
in front of the entire Community
transforming punishment in to a 

6356
05:19:06,400 --> 05:19:09,000
performance. 
Young Spartans learned about 

6357
05:19:09,000 --> 05:19:12,300
both the acceptable limits of 
cunning and the consequences of 

6358
05:19:12,300 --> 05:19:14,700
failure. 
Some historians record that 

6359
05:19:14,700 --> 05:19:17,700
particularly stoic thieves, who 
endured their punishment without

6360
05:19:17,700 --> 05:19:20,300
crying out, were eventually 
praised for their endurance 

6361
05:19:20,300 --> 05:19:23,300
transforming. 
Shame into honor through sheer 

6362
05:19:23,300 --> 05:19:26,500
toughness. 
Spartan women who enjoyed far 

6363
05:19:26,500 --> 05:19:27,800
more freedom than their 
Athenian. 

6364
05:19:27,800 --> 05:19:30,300
Counterparts faced 
correspondingly unique 

6365
05:19:30,300 --> 05:19:33,200
punishments. 
A woman who failed in her duties

6366
05:19:33,200 --> 05:19:37,000
as a mother might be required to
participate in public ceremonies

6367
05:19:37,000 --> 05:19:39,400
where her shortcomings were 
richly acknowledged. 

6368
05:19:39,400 --> 05:19:42,700
But true to Spartan efficiency, 
these ceremonies were designed 

6369
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:45,300
to be educational rather than 
merely humiliating. 

6370
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:48,500
Other women learned from 
observing both the punishment 

6371
05:19:48,500 --> 05:19:50,100
and the offenders response to 
it. 

6372
05:19:51,000 --> 05:19:54,000
Perhaps the most psychologically
sophisticated Spartan punishment

6373
05:19:54,000 --> 05:19:57,000
involved, the practice of perio 
Eastside degradation. 

6374
05:19:57,800 --> 05:20:00,700
Citizens who violated certain 
laws might be reduced to the 

6375
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:03,800
status of period, free 
residents, who lacked full 

6376
05:20:03,800 --> 05:20:07,000
citizenship rights. 
This punishment was particularly

6377
05:20:07,000 --> 05:20:10,100
devastating because it was 
hereditary your crime, wouldn't 

6378
05:20:10,100 --> 05:20:12,800
just affect you, it would impact
your children and their 

6379
05:20:12,800 --> 05:20:15,800
children. 
The Spartans understood that the

6380
05:20:15,800 --> 05:20:18,000
threat of generational 
consequences was a powerful 

6381
05:20:18,000 --> 05:20:21,800
deterrent, especially in a 
society that prize for family on

6382
05:20:21,800 --> 05:20:25,400
above individual achievement. 
The Spartans also developed 

6383
05:20:25,400 --> 05:20:27,200
unique punishments for military 
failures. 

6384
05:20:27,200 --> 05:20:29,300
That went beyond individual 
cowardice. 

6385
05:20:29,300 --> 05:20:32,900
If a unit underperformed, the 
Spartans might assign them to 

6386
05:20:32,908 --> 05:20:35,400
domestic duties normally 
reserved for their enslaved. 

6387
05:20:35,400 --> 05:20:38,900
Population known as helots 
Warriors would find themselves 

6388
05:20:38,900 --> 05:20:41,800
cooking cleaning and maintaining
equipment instead of training 

6389
05:20:41,800 --> 05:20:44,500
for battle. 
They intended the role reversal 

6390
05:20:44,500 --> 05:20:47,000
to be so psychologically 
uncomfortable that it would 

6391
05:20:47,008 --> 05:20:48,700
motivate better performance in 
the future. 

6392
05:20:49,800 --> 05:20:52,800
What made Spartan punishment? 
Particularly effective was its 

6393
05:20:52,800 --> 05:20:54,700
integration into their broader 
social system. 

6394
05:20:55,600 --> 05:20:58,300
Unlike other Greek cities where 
punishment was often an 

6395
05:20:58,300 --> 05:21:01,800
interruption of normal life, in 
Sparta, it was woven into the 

6396
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:05,400
fabric of daily existence 
training exercises, regularly 

6397
05:21:05,400 --> 05:21:08,800
included, elements of controlled
suffering making the transition 

6398
05:21:08,800 --> 05:21:11,300
from education to punishment, 
almost seamless. 

6399
05:21:12,300 --> 05:21:15,700
The Spartans recognized that 
this Society survival depended 

6400
05:21:15,700 --> 05:21:18,400
on everyone understanding and 
accepting their role in the 

6401
05:21:18,400 --> 05:21:21,400
collective defense of the state 
punishments were there. 

6402
05:21:21,400 --> 05:21:24,600
For designed to reinforce social
higher arch in shared values 

6403
05:21:24,600 --> 05:21:29,000
rather than simply deters 
specific behaviors. every penny 

6404
05:21:29,000 --> 05:21:32,300
served as a reminder of what the
community expected and what 

6405
05:21:32,300 --> 05:21:36,100
happened, when those 
expectations were met Their 

6406
05:21:36,100 --> 05:21:38,500
approach was remarkably 
forward-thinking in its 

6407
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:40,400
recognition. 
That punishment should serve 

6408
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:42,400
multiple purposes 
simultaneously. 

6409
05:21:42,400 --> 05:21:46,100
Modern criminologists still 
struggle to balance deterrence, 

6410
05:21:46,100 --> 05:21:49,000
Rehabilitation and social, 
cohesion, in their 

6411
05:21:49,000 --> 05:21:51,100
recommendations for Criminal 
Justice Reform. 

6412
05:21:51,900 --> 05:21:55,100
The Spartans integrated all 
three goals into a system that 

6413
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:59,000
while harsh by modern standards 
was internally consistent and 

6414
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:01,600
remarkably effective at 
maintaining social stability, 

6415
05:22:01,600 --> 05:22:04,300
your journey through, Greek 
judicial creativity. 

6416
05:22:04,300 --> 05:22:07,900
Now takes you to the scattered 
islands of the Aegean, where 

6417
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:10,300
communities surrounded by 
endless blue, develop their own 

6418
05:22:10,300 --> 05:22:11,700
distinctive approaches to 
punishment. 

6419
05:22:12,900 --> 05:22:15,100
When you're living on a small 
island where everyone knows 

6420
05:22:15,100 --> 05:22:18,400
everyone else's business and 
escapers, only possible by boat 

6421
05:22:18,400 --> 05:22:22,100
traditional forms of Justice, 
require some serious adaptation 

6422
05:22:22,100 --> 05:22:25,400
Island, communities face, unique
challenges that shape their 

6423
05:22:25,400 --> 05:22:28,900
approach to criminal justice. 
You couldn't simply Exile 

6424
05:22:28,900 --> 05:22:31,400
someone to another city state 
when the nearest land might be 

6425
05:22:31,400 --> 05:22:35,100
days away by sale. 
Similarly, maintaining prisons 

6426
05:22:35,100 --> 05:22:38,000
was in Practical when every 
resource had to be imported or 

6427
05:22:38,000 --> 05:22:40,400
carefully. 
Conserved This Geographic 

6428
05:22:40,400 --> 05:22:43,200
reality forced Greek island as 
to develop some of the most 

6429
05:22:43,200 --> 05:22:44,800
creative punishments in the 
ancient world. 

6430
05:22:45,800 --> 05:22:48,900
Take the island out of seos. 
Famous for what you might call 

6431
05:22:48,900 --> 05:22:52,300
Democratic suicide. 
When someone committed a serious

6432
05:22:52,300 --> 05:22:55,400
crime, that disrupted Community 
Harmony, they were given a 

6433
05:22:55,400 --> 05:22:58,700
choice face trial with potential
execution or drink Hemlock 

6434
05:22:58,700 --> 05:23:00,200
voluntarily in a public 
ceremony. 

6435
05:23:00,200 --> 05:23:03,300
The Twist was that the community
would gather to witness the 

6436
05:23:03,300 --> 05:23:06,300
event and The Condemned person 
was expected to give a speech 

6437
05:23:06,300 --> 05:23:08,900
explaining their actions and 
accepting responsibility. 

6438
05:23:08,900 --> 05:23:11,000
The speech wasn't just 
punishment. 

6439
05:23:11,000 --> 05:23:14,100
It was therapy for the entire 
Community, allowing them to 

6440
05:23:14,100 --> 05:23:16,700
process the crime, and its 
consequences collectively. 

6441
05:23:17,400 --> 05:23:20,000
The Genius of this system was 
that it transformed the most 

6442
05:23:20,000 --> 05:23:22,900
serious punishment into an act 
of personal choice rather than 

6443
05:23:22,900 --> 05:23:25,900
Community violence. 
The criminal maintained some 

6444
05:23:25,900 --> 05:23:29,000
dignity while still paying the 
ultimate price and the community

6445
05:23:29,000 --> 05:23:31,800
of the cycle of executing, one 
of their own. 

6446
05:23:31,800 --> 05:23:34,700
It was like a tragic play 
performed for an audience of 

6447
05:23:34,700 --> 05:23:37,500
friends and neighbors with real 
estate, but a cathartic 

6448
05:23:37,500 --> 05:23:40,300
resolution. 
Maritime crimes received, 

6449
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:42,800
particularly inventive, 
punishments that reflected the 

6450
05:23:42,800 --> 05:23:44,300
island as relationship with the 
sea. 

6451
05:23:45,100 --> 05:23:47,600
Pirates Court in Ireland Waters.
Might be sentenced to see 

6452
05:23:47,600 --> 05:23:51,100
walking essentially, an early 
form of kieling where the 

6453
05:23:51,108 --> 05:23:53,600
offender was dragged behind a 
ship through Rough Waters. 

6454
05:23:54,700 --> 05:23:57,000
But the creative part wasn't the
physical punishment. 

6455
05:23:57,000 --> 05:24:01,100
It was the symbolic element. 
The Condemned pirate would be 

6456
05:24:01,100 --> 05:24:04,100
dressed in the finest clothes, 
stolen from their victims. 

6457
05:24:04,100 --> 05:24:06,900
Transforming them into a 
grotesque parody of wealth. 

6458
05:24:06,900 --> 05:24:10,500
Before the sea, reclaimed both 
criminal and treasure some 

6459
05:24:10,500 --> 05:24:12,500
islands developed. 
Elaborate rituals around the 

6460
05:24:12,500 --> 05:24:15,000
punishment of theft, 
particularly theft of fishing 

6461
05:24:15,000 --> 05:24:17,800
equipment or boats crimes. 
That could threaten the survival

6462
05:24:17,800 --> 05:24:21,000
of the entire Community, the 
thief might be required to fast 

6463
05:24:21,000 --> 05:24:23,900
for several days, then swim to a
designated rock formation 

6464
05:24:23,900 --> 05:24:26,300
offshore while the community 
watched from the beach. 

6465
05:24:26,300 --> 05:24:30,000
If the thief successfully 
completed the swim the community

6466
05:24:30,000 --> 05:24:32,900
considered their punishment 
complete and welcome them back. 

6467
05:24:33,800 --> 05:24:37,000
If they fail, the sea had 
rendered, its verdict. 

6468
05:24:37,000 --> 05:24:40,200
This trial by Wilde deal, wasn't
arbitrary cruelty. 

6469
05:24:40,200 --> 05:24:43,600
It served multiple psychological
and social functions. 

6470
05:24:43,600 --> 05:24:46,600
The physical challenge, tested. 
The offenders commitment to 

6471
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:49,600
Redemption while the communities
witness meant, everyone 

6472
05:24:49,600 --> 05:24:51,800
participated in the resolution 
of the crime. 

6473
05:24:52,600 --> 05:24:55,700
The successful completion of the
trial, demonstrated both Divine 

6474
05:24:55,700 --> 05:24:58,400
approval, and personal 
transformation, making 

6475
05:24:58,400 --> 05:25:01,600
reintegration into society 
psychologically easier for 

6476
05:25:01,600 --> 05:25:05,100
everyone involved. 
Island community is also refined

6477
05:25:05,100 --> 05:25:07,600
their methods of punishment by 
using isolation instead of 

6478
05:25:07,608 --> 05:25:10,300
Exile. 
A larger islands, criminals 

6479
05:25:10,300 --> 05:25:13,100
might be required to live alone 
on the uninhabited, portion of 

6480
05:25:13,100 --> 05:25:16,500
the land for specified periods. 
They would be provided with 

6481
05:25:16,500 --> 05:25:19,600
minimal supplies and tools, 
forcing them to survive through 

6482
05:25:19,600 --> 05:25:21,300
their skills. 
While remaining technically 

6483
05:25:21,300 --> 05:25:24,300
within the communities 
territory, villagers would check

6484
05:25:24,300 --> 05:25:26,500
on them. 
Periodically, creating a system 

6485
05:25:26,500 --> 05:25:28,800
of monitored Solitude that 
combined punishment with 

6486
05:25:28,800 --> 05:25:32,400
rehabilitation This form of 
punishment was particularly 

6487
05:25:32,400 --> 05:25:35,000
effective because it addressed 
one of the root causes of many 

6488
05:25:35,000 --> 05:25:38,400
crimes, the inability to 
function independently within 

6489
05:25:38,400 --> 05:25:42,000
social constraints. 
By forcing criminals to survive 

6490
05:25:42,000 --> 05:25:44,100
alone. 
The community was essentially 

6491
05:25:44,100 --> 05:25:46,700
providing intensive training in 
self-reliance and resource 

6492
05:25:46,700 --> 05:25:49,400
management. 
When the punishment period ended

6493
05:25:49,400 --> 05:25:52,600
the offended often returned with
enhanced skills and a deeper 

6494
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:54,100
appreciation for Community 
Support. 

6495
05:25:55,200 --> 05:25:57,800
The islands also developed 
unique approaches to dealing 

6496
05:25:57,800 --> 05:26:00,000
with the adultery and other 
sexual crime. 

6497
05:26:01,100 --> 05:26:03,900
Rather than the violent 
punishments in Mainland, Greece 

6498
05:26:03,900 --> 05:26:06,800
Island community is often 
employed, ritualized 

6499
05:26:06,800 --> 05:26:08,900
humiliation, that involved the 
entire population. 

6500
05:26:10,000 --> 05:26:12,400
The guilty parties might be 
required to walk through the 

6501
05:26:12,400 --> 05:26:14,900
villages wearing distinctive 
garments that I identified their

6502
05:26:14,900 --> 05:26:18,300
offense, while the community 
Sanctuary songs that told 

6503
05:26:18,300 --> 05:26:20,300
stories of similar 
transgressions and their 

6504
05:26:20,300 --> 05:26:23,400
consequences. 
These musical punishments served

6505
05:26:23,400 --> 05:26:26,400
multiple purposes, they provided
emotional release for the 

6506
05:26:26,400 --> 05:26:30,100
community educated. 
Young people about sexual morays

6507
05:26:30,100 --> 05:26:32,700
and gave the offenders a 
structured way to acknowledge 

6508
05:26:32,700 --> 05:26:36,100
their wrongdoing. 
The songs often included verses 

6509
05:26:36,100 --> 05:26:39,300
about redemption and 
forgiveness, creating a pathway 

6510
05:26:39,300 --> 05:26:41,800
back to respectability. 
That was both public and 

6511
05:26:41,800 --> 05:26:44,800
personal. 
Perhaps most remarkably some 

6512
05:26:44,800 --> 05:26:47,500
islands developed seasonal 
punishments that aligned with 

6513
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:49,400
their Agricultural and fishing 
Cycles. 

6514
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:53,300
Some islands banned serious, 
offenders from participating in 

6515
05:26:53,300 --> 05:26:56,200
specific, seasonal activities, 
such as the olive Harvest 

6516
05:26:56,200 --> 05:26:58,900
fishing Seasons or religious 
festivals, which Define 

6517
05:26:58,900 --> 05:27:02,000
community life. 
These restrictions created with 

6518
05:27:02,000 --> 05:27:05,500
punishment and reintegration 
that matched the natural cycles 

6519
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:09,600
of Island life. 
If Ireland Justice lay in its 

6520
05:27:09,600 --> 05:27:11,900
recognition, that small 
communities couldn't afford to 

6521
05:27:11,900 --> 05:27:14,600
lose members permanently, but 
they also couldn't tolerate 

6522
05:27:14,600 --> 05:27:18,000
behavior that threatened groups 
of your exploration of Greek 

6523
05:27:18,000 --> 05:27:19,800
punishment. 
Now, leads you into the realm 

6524
05:27:19,800 --> 05:27:23,200
where Justice meets Divine will,
where the gods themselves were 

6525
05:27:23,200 --> 05:27:27,000
believed to participate in the 
judicial process. a place is 

6526
05:27:27,000 --> 05:27:29,700
like Delphi where the famous 
Oracle delivered, cryptic 

6527
05:27:29,700 --> 05:27:33,000
prophecies the lines between 
Earthly law and Heavenly 

6528
05:27:33,000 --> 05:27:37,200
judgment became beautifully 
bizarrely blurred You need to 

6529
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:40,600
understand that for the ancient 
Greeks crime wasn't just a 

6530
05:27:40,600 --> 05:27:43,300
violation of human law. 
It was a disruption of cosmic 

6531
05:27:43,300 --> 05:27:45,000
order that demanded Divine 
attention. 

6532
05:27:45,900 --> 05:27:48,200
This belief led to some of the 
most psychologically 

6533
05:27:48,200 --> 05:27:51,500
sophisticated punishments in the
ancient world where offenders 

6534
05:27:51,500 --> 05:27:54,500
faced not just human 
consequences, but the perceived 

6535
05:27:54,500 --> 05:27:58,100
Wrath of immortal beings with 
very long, memories and creative

6536
05:27:58,100 --> 05:28:01,100
approaches to vengeance. 
The Oracle at Delphi 

6537
05:28:01,100 --> 05:28:03,200
occasionally prescribed 
punishments, that were, as 

6538
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:07,400
enigmatic as her prophecies when
someone committed sacrilege or 

6539
05:28:07,400 --> 05:28:11,000
violated religious law, it might
be told to carry water to the 

6540
05:28:11,000 --> 05:28:14,200
dry place or feed the hungry 
stones. 

6541
05:28:15,300 --> 05:28:17,300
These were not random 
instructions, they were 

6542
05:28:17,308 --> 05:28:19,800
elaborate metaphorical 
punishments that were required 

6543
05:28:19,800 --> 05:28:22,400
interpretation and often years 
to complete properly. 

6544
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:26,500
Consider the case of a merchant 
who cheated Temple pilgrims 

6545
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:30,300
rather than simple. 
Restitution Oracle commanded him

6546
05:28:30,300 --> 05:28:33,700
to count every grain of sand on 
the sacred Beach and return. 

6547
05:28:33,700 --> 05:28:36,900
When the number matches the 
Stars, this wasn't literally 

6548
05:28:36,900 --> 05:28:38,900
possible. 
Of course, but the merchants 

6549
05:28:38,900 --> 05:28:41,700
spent three years attempting 
with the task during which time 

6550
05:28:41,700 --> 05:28:45,600
he experienced profound personal
transformation, he learned 

6551
05:28:45,600 --> 05:28:49,600
humility developed patients and 
became more familiar with the 

6552
05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:51,300
infinite nature of divine 
Justice. 

6553
05:28:52,200 --> 05:28:55,400
When he finally returned to ask 
for clarification the priest, 

6554
05:28:55,400 --> 05:28:56,800
declared his punishment 
complete. 

6555
05:28:56,800 --> 05:28:59,900
Not because he'd finished the 
impossible task, but because 

6556
05:28:59,900 --> 05:29:02,600
he'd become someone who had 
never commit the original crime 

6557
05:29:02,600 --> 05:29:05,100
again. 
Religious punishments, often 

6558
05:29:05,100 --> 05:29:07,000
involved what you might call 
Divine Comedy. 

6559
05:29:07,500 --> 05:29:10,400
Situations where the punishment 
was so perfectly matched to the 

6560
05:29:10,408 --> 05:29:12,600
crime that it revealed a kind of
cosmic humor. 

6561
05:29:13,400 --> 05:29:16,600
A priest who had been selling 
false blessings was required to 

6562
05:29:16,600 --> 05:29:19,400
Tender Garden, where nothing 
would grow spending each day 

6563
05:29:19,400 --> 05:29:22,100
caring for Barren soil, while 
contemplating, the difference 

6564
05:29:22,100 --> 05:29:26,200
between genuine and counterfeit 
spiritual nourishment. after 

6565
05:29:26,200 --> 05:29:29,000
months of fruitless Labour, he 
finally understood that, his 

6566
05:29:29,000 --> 05:29:32,400
fraudulent blessings had been 
equally Barren and genuine 

6567
05:29:32,400 --> 05:29:36,300
remorse, led to his eventual 
forgiveness Some punishments 

6568
05:29:36,300 --> 05:29:39,100
required offenders to reenact 
mythological scenes, turning 

6569
05:29:39,100 --> 05:29:41,800
classical literature into 
Rehabilitation therapy. 

6570
05:29:42,600 --> 05:29:45,500
An individual guilty of hubris, 
might be required to spend time.

6571
05:29:45,500 --> 05:29:48,900
Each day recreating sister's 
Eternal task of rolling. 

6572
05:29:48,900 --> 05:29:52,100
A boulder up a hill, but their 
version would be temporary and 

6573
05:29:52,100 --> 05:29:54,100
educational rather than Eternal 
and torturous. 

6574
05:29:55,200 --> 05:29:57,700
The physical labor was less 
important than the symbolic 

6575
05:29:57,700 --> 05:29:59,900
understanding learning through 
repetition. 

6576
05:29:59,900 --> 05:30:02,700
What it meant to struggle 
against impossible, odds and 

6577
05:30:02,700 --> 05:30:05,500
Find meaning in the effort 
itself, the Greeks also 

6578
05:30:05,500 --> 05:30:08,300
developed elaborate purification
rituals that served as both 

6579
05:30:08,300 --> 05:30:11,700
punishment and Redemption. 
These weren't simple religious 

6580
05:30:11,700 --> 05:30:14,500
ceremonies but complex 
psychological processes that 

6581
05:30:14,500 --> 05:30:17,900
could take years to complete. 
An offender might be required to

6582
05:30:17,900 --> 05:30:20,300
visit specific. 
Sacred sites, throughout Greece,

6583
05:30:20,300 --> 05:30:22,900
performing designated tasks at 
each location. 

6584
05:30:22,900 --> 05:30:25,200
While following strict 
behavioral guidelines. 

6585
05:30:26,200 --> 05:30:28,800
These ritual Journeys were 
brilliant in this psychological 

6586
05:30:28,800 --> 05:30:32,200
sophistication, they removed 
criminals from their familiar 

6587
05:30:32,200 --> 05:30:35,600
environment, forced them to 
interact with strangers who knew

6588
05:30:35,600 --> 05:30:38,000
nothing of their crimes and 
provided structured 

6589
05:30:38,000 --> 05:30:40,400
opportunities for reflection and
personal growth. 

6590
05:30:41,200 --> 05:30:43,900
Many offenders reported that the
journey changed the more 

6591
05:30:43,900 --> 05:30:46,600
profoundly than any conventional
punishment could have. 

6592
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:50,300
Temple punishments, often 
involved service to the gods, 

6593
05:30:50,300 --> 05:30:53,600
specifically designed to address
the spiritual dimension of the 

6594
05:30:53,600 --> 05:30:56,000
crime. 
Someone who had broken an oath 

6595
05:30:56,000 --> 05:30:59,400
might be required to serve as a 
temple messenger, carrying 

6596
05:30:59,400 --> 05:31:02,300
sacred Communications, between 
different religious sites. 

6597
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:05,900
These conditions forced them to 
repeatedly handle and deliver 

6598
05:31:05,900 --> 05:31:08,400
messages of Truth, and 
commitment, literally 

6599
05:31:08,400 --> 05:31:10,800
surrounding themselves with the 
values. 

6600
05:31:10,800 --> 05:31:13,600
They had violated. 
The Genius of religious 

6601
05:31:13,600 --> 05:31:16,600
punishment in its recognition. 
That many crimes, stemmed from 

6602
05:31:16,600 --> 05:31:19,600
spiritual emptiness, or 
disconnect from Community 

6603
05:31:19,600 --> 05:31:23,400
Values, rather than simply 
inflicting suffering, these 

6604
05:31:23,400 --> 05:31:26,000
punishments provided 
opportunities for genuine 

6605
05:31:26,000 --> 05:31:29,700
transformation, offenders were 
given the chance to rebuild 

6606
05:31:29,700 --> 05:31:32,600
their relationship with the 
Divine while also serving their 

6607
05:31:32,600 --> 05:31:36,200
human community. 
Most remarkably the design of 

6608
05:31:36,200 --> 05:31:39,000
some religious punishments made 
them impossible to complete 

6609
05:31:39,000 --> 05:31:42,700
without divine intervention. 
Such an approach wasn't cruelty.

6610
05:31:42,700 --> 05:31:46,100
It was recognition that some 
offenses were so serious that 

6611
05:31:46,100 --> 05:31:48,700
human effort alone couldn't 
provide adequate Redemption. 

6612
05:31:49,400 --> 05:31:52,200
The punishment became a form of 
extended prayer where the 

6613
05:31:52,208 --> 05:31:55,300
offender had to genuinely seek 
Divine forgiveness to achieve 

6614
05:31:55,300 --> 05:31:57,800
resolution. 
Often, these impossible, 

6615
05:31:57,800 --> 05:32:01,500
punishments entails, paradoxical
tasks that defied conventional 

6616
05:32:01,500 --> 05:32:04,000
Solutions. 
An offender might be told to 

6617
05:32:04,000 --> 05:32:07,800
find the beginning of a circle 
or speaker words that has never 

6618
05:32:07,800 --> 05:32:10,800
been spoken. 
The resolution came not through 

6619
05:32:10,800 --> 05:32:14,500
completing the task, but through
understanding its impossibility 

6620
05:32:14,500 --> 05:32:17,500
and accepting the need for Grace
Beyond human achievement. 

6621
05:32:18,400 --> 05:32:21,300
What made Divine punishment? 
Particularly effective was its 

6622
05:32:21,300 --> 05:32:24,500
integration of personal 
transformation with Community 

6623
05:32:24,500 --> 05:32:28,400
healing religious offenses harm,
not just individuals, but the 

6624
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:31,600
entire community's relationship 
with the walls, the elaborate 

6625
05:32:31,600 --> 05:32:34,100
punishments demonstrated to 
everyone that the offense was 

6626
05:32:34,100 --> 05:32:37,100
being taken seriously while 
providing a pathway for 

6627
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:40,100
restoring Cosmic balance. 
Now, as you can continue your 

6628
05:32:40,100 --> 05:32:42,400
journey, through Greek Justice, 
you will enter the realm of 

6629
05:32:42,400 --> 05:32:45,400
philosophical punishment, where 
thinkers such as Plato and 

6630
05:32:45,400 --> 05:32:47,900
Aristotle, theorized about 
Justice and completely 

6631
05:32:47,900 --> 05:32:50,500
redesigned it in. 
This intellectual landscape 

6632
05:32:50,500 --> 05:32:53,800
punishment became an opportunity
to explore the deepest questions

6633
05:32:53,800 --> 05:32:57,400
of human nature moral 
responsibility and the purpose 

6634
05:32:57,400 --> 05:33:00,600
of society itself. 
Picture yourself in ancient 

6635
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:04,300
Athens where philosophy was not 
an abstract academic discipline 

6636
05:33:04,300 --> 05:33:07,400
but a practical tool for 
creating better human beings and

6637
05:33:07,400 --> 05:33:10,300
more just communities. 
The great philosophers 

6638
05:33:10,300 --> 05:33:13,100
approached criminal justice with
the same analytical rigor. 

6639
05:33:13,100 --> 05:33:16,400
They apply to mathematics and 
ethics producing punishments 

6640
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:18,900
that were as intellectually 
sophisticated as they were 

6641
05:33:18,900 --> 05:33:22,200
practically effective. 
Plato's Republic outlined 

6642
05:33:22,200 --> 05:33:25,200
punishments that were 
essentially educational programs

6643
05:33:25,200 --> 05:33:28,500
designed to cure the soul rather
than simply inflict suffering. 

6644
05:33:29,500 --> 05:33:33,500
He believed that crime resulted 
from ignorance not factual 

6645
05:33:33,500 --> 05:33:37,100
ignorance but a fundamental 
misunderstanding of what would 

6646
05:33:37,100 --> 05:33:38,800
truly make a person happy and 
fulfilled. 

6647
05:33:38,800 --> 05:33:43,200
Therefore punishment should be 
therapeutic, helping criminals 

6648
05:33:43,200 --> 05:33:46,200
discover the error in their 
thinking and choose better paths

6649
05:33:46,200 --> 05:33:48,700
forward. 
Consider how this philosophy 

6650
05:33:48,700 --> 05:33:52,700
translated into practice. 
Thief in Plato's ideal city 

6651
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:55,000
wouldn't just return stolen 
goods and pay a fine. 

6652
05:33:55,000 --> 05:33:57,700
They would be assigned to study 
with philosophers, who would 

6653
05:33:57,700 --> 05:34:00,400
help them understand why they 
believed stealing would improve 

6654
05:34:00,400 --> 05:34:03,000
their lives. 
They would engage in structured.

6655
05:34:03,000 --> 05:34:05,200
Dialogues, designed to reveal 
the contradictions in their 

6656
05:34:05,200 --> 05:34:08,900
reasoning and guide them toward 
more productive ways of meeting 

6657
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:12,100
their needs. 
This wasn't soft treatment, it 

6658
05:34:12,100 --> 05:34:15,100
was incredibly demanding. 
Imagine being required to 

6659
05:34:15,100 --> 05:34:17,800
examine every assumption. 
You've ever made about right and

6660
05:34:17,808 --> 05:34:20,900
wrong to defend, your choices in
front of brilliant, thinkers, 

6661
05:34:20,900 --> 05:34:22,900
who could expose every floor in 
your logic. 

6662
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:26,200
Many criminals found this 
intellectual punishment, more 

6663
05:34:26,200 --> 05:34:27,700
challenging than physical 
suffering. 

6664
05:34:27,700 --> 05:34:31,200
Oh, because it required them to 
confront the reality of their 

6665
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:34,400
own poor judgment. 
Aristotle, took a different but 

6666
05:34:34,400 --> 05:34:38,000
equally sophisticated approach. 
He believed that virtue as a 

6667
05:34:38,008 --> 05:34:40,600
habit developed through practice
and that criminal Behavior 

6668
05:34:40,600 --> 05:34:43,300
resulted from bad habits, that 
could be corrected through 

6669
05:34:43,300 --> 05:34:46,500
proper training. 
His punishments were like moral 

6670
05:34:46,500 --> 05:34:49,700
exercise programs designed to 
strengthen the ethical more 

6671
05:34:49,700 --> 05:34:53,700
muscles that had grown weak 
through misuse and Aristotelian 

6672
05:34:53,700 --> 05:34:55,500
punishment. 
Might require a dishonest 

6673
05:34:55,500 --> 05:34:58,400
Merchants to spend time each day
practicing small, acts of 

6674
05:34:58,400 --> 05:35:01,400
honesty, gradually building up 
to more significant challenges. 

6675
05:35:01,400 --> 05:35:04,600
The merchants would start by 
accurately describing the 

6676
05:35:04,600 --> 05:35:07,500
quality of goods to customers. 
Then progress to admitting 

6677
05:35:07,500 --> 05:35:10,000
mistakes or offering fair prices
without negotiation. 

6678
05:35:11,000 --> 05:35:13,400
Today would bring new 
opportunities to practice virtue

6679
05:35:13,400 --> 05:35:15,700
until honest, Behavior became As
Natural. 

6680
05:35:15,700 --> 05:35:18,900
As the original dishonesty had 
been the stoic philosophers 

6681
05:35:18,900 --> 05:35:21,500
contributed, their own unique 
perspective on punishment. 

6682
05:35:21,500 --> 05:35:24,800
They held the belief that 
external circumstances could not

6683
05:35:24,800 --> 05:35:27,900
truly harm a person, unless they
actively chose to do. 

6684
05:35:27,900 --> 05:35:30,900
So this belief led to 
punishments that focused on 

6685
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:33,500
internal transformation rather 
than external suffering. 

6686
05:35:34,500 --> 05:35:37,100
Judge might send someone to 
spend time each day 

6687
05:35:37,100 --> 05:35:39,600
contemplating their crime and 
writing about what they learned 

6688
05:35:39,600 --> 05:35:43,000
from the experience. 
These written Reflections were 

6689
05:35:43,000 --> 05:35:45,500
just busy work. 
They were sophisticated 

6690
05:35:45,500 --> 05:35:48,300
psychological exercises, 
designed to help offenders 

6691
05:35:48,300 --> 05:35:50,700
develop emotional resilience and
moral clarity. 

6692
05:35:51,900 --> 05:35:54,500
The daily practice of examining 
their thoughts and motivations 

6693
05:35:54,500 --> 05:35:57,500
gradually built the Inner 
Strength needed to resist future

6694
05:35:57,500 --> 05:36:00,300
Temptations. 
Many of these philosophical 

6695
05:36:00,300 --> 05:36:03,000
journals survived and offer 
intriguing details about the 

6696
05:36:03,000 --> 05:36:06,000
Criminal Minds journey toward 
Redemption. through the 

6697
05:36:06,000 --> 05:36:09,700
development of group punishment,
schemes, certain philosophical, 

6698
05:36:09,700 --> 05:36:12,700
schools transformed criminal 
justice into a form of Community

6699
05:36:12,700 --> 05:36:16,100
Education, When someone 
committed a crime, they would be

6700
05:36:16,100 --> 05:36:18,500
assigned to participate in 
philosophical discussions with 

6701
05:36:18,500 --> 05:36:22,000
other offenders exploring 
questions related to their 

6702
05:36:22,000 --> 05:36:25,100
specific types of wrongdoing. 
These weren't support groups in 

6703
05:36:25,100 --> 05:36:27,800
the modern sense, but rigorous 
intellectual workshops were 

6704
05:36:27,800 --> 05:36:30,700
participants had to defend their
ideas and examine their beliefs 

6705
05:36:30,700 --> 05:36:33,500
under scrutiny. 
The cynics known for their 

6706
05:36:33,500 --> 05:36:36,500
rejection of social conventions,
created punishments, that 

6707
05:36:36,500 --> 05:36:39,100
challenge Defenders to question 
the assumptions. 

6708
05:36:39,100 --> 05:36:42,100
Underlying their crimes. 
Someone caught cheating in 

6709
05:36:42,100 --> 05:36:44,300
business might be required to 
live as a beggar for several 

6710
05:36:44,300 --> 05:36:46,700
months. 
Experiencing first-hand the 

6711
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:49,400
insecurities and Desperation 
that drove many people to 

6712
05:36:49,400 --> 05:36:51,700
dishonesty. 
The outcome wasn't just 

6713
05:36:51,700 --> 05:36:53,300
punishment. 
It was immersive. 

6714
05:36:53,300 --> 05:36:55,800
Education in the social 
conditions that contributed to 

6715
05:36:55,800 --> 05:36:58,900
Crime most remarkably, some 
philosophers designed their 

6716
05:36:58,900 --> 05:37:01,300
punishments to be voluntary and 
self-administered. 

6717
05:37:02,300 --> 05:37:05,100
Offenders would be given details
instructions for programs of 

6718
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:08,000
self-examination, and moral 
development, then trusted to 

6719
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:09,600
carry them out without 
supervision. 

6720
05:37:10,700 --> 05:37:12,500
The community would check their 
progress periodically. 

6721
05:37:12,500 --> 05:37:15,600
But the real accountability came
from the offender's own 

6722
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:17,600
conscience and commitment to 
Improvement. 

6723
05:37:18,800 --> 05:37:21,000
This approach recognized that 
lasting change. 

6724
05:37:21,000 --> 05:37:24,200
Had to come from within rather 
than being imposed from outside.

6725
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:28,700
External punishment might deter 
future crimes through fear but 

6726
05:37:28,700 --> 05:37:31,900
only internal transformation 
could eliminate the desire to 

6727
05:37:31,900 --> 05:37:33,200
commit crimes in the first 
place. 

6728
05:37:34,200 --> 05:37:37,000
The philosophers understood that
True Justice required changing 

6729
05:37:37,000 --> 05:37:39,200
hearts and Minds, not just 
Behavior. 

6730
05:37:39,800 --> 05:37:42,300
The effectiveness of 
philosophical punishment laying 

6731
05:37:42,300 --> 05:37:44,700
its recognition. 
That crime was often a symptom 

6732
05:37:44,700 --> 05:37:47,600
of deeper problems. 
Confusion about values, poor 

6733
05:37:47,600 --> 05:37:50,000
reasoning skills, lack of 
purpose and direction. 

6734
05:37:51,100 --> 05:37:54,200
By addressing these root cause 
is philosophical punishments. 

6735
05:37:54,200 --> 05:37:56,900
Offered genuine solution, as 
rather than temporary Terrence. 

6736
05:37:56,900 --> 05:38:00,300
Modern cognitive behavioral 
therapy owes much to these 

6737
05:38:00,300 --> 05:38:03,300
ancient Greek Innovations in 
using intellectual exercises to 

6738
05:38:03,300 --> 05:38:06,600
change destructive patterns of 
thinking and behavior as your 

6739
05:38:06,600 --> 05:38:09,300
journey through the bizarre 
punishments of ancient Greece, 

6740
05:38:09,300 --> 05:38:12,500
draws to a close, you find 
yourself standing once again in 

6741
05:38:12,500 --> 05:38:15,200
the shadow of the path. 
And but now with a deeper 

6742
05:38:15,200 --> 05:38:18,000
appreciation for the complex 
civilization, that created both 

6743
05:38:18,000 --> 05:38:21,200
architectural, Marvels and 
judicial innovations that can 

6744
05:38:21,200 --> 05:38:23,600
continue to influence our 
understanding of Justice today. 

6745
05:38:24,700 --> 05:38:27,500
The ancient Greeks between just 
something far more valuable than

6746
05:38:27,500 --> 05:38:29,900
simply colorful stories of 
unusual punishments. 

6747
05:38:29,900 --> 05:38:33,500
They demonstrated that Justice 
could be creative, there are 

6748
05:38:33,500 --> 05:38:36,400
reputed and transformative 
rather than merely retributive. 

6749
05:38:37,100 --> 05:38:39,600
Their approach to criminal 
justice was fundamentally 

6750
05:38:39,600 --> 05:38:41,800
optimistic. 
They believed people could 

6751
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:45,500
change communities could heal 
and Society could improve 

6752
05:38:45,500 --> 05:38:48,100
through thoughtful application 
of consequences that served 

6753
05:38:48,100 --> 05:38:50,000
multiple purposes 
simultaneously. 

6754
05:38:50,000 --> 05:38:53,000
You've seen how different Greek 
communities adapted, their 

6755
05:38:53,000 --> 05:38:55,900
approach to punishment, based on
their unique circumstances and 

6756
05:38:55,900 --> 05:38:58,600
values. 
Athens emphasized, social 

6757
05:38:58,600 --> 05:39:01,800
reintegration through 
controlled, shame Sparta focused

6758
05:39:01,800 --> 05:39:04,700
on strengthening both individual
character and Collective Defence

6759
05:39:04,700 --> 05:39:08,000
Island communities, develop 
Solutions, appropriate to their 

6760
05:39:08,000 --> 05:39:11,900
geographic isolation, religious 
authorities, integrated Divine 

6761
05:39:11,900 --> 05:39:15,100
will with human judgment and 
philosophers treated crime. 

6762
05:39:15,100 --> 05:39:18,200
As an educational opportunity. 
This diversity was not 

6763
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:20,200
accidental. 
It reflected the Greek 

6764
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:23,500
understanding that Justice must 
be tailored to specific contexts

6765
05:39:23,500 --> 05:39:26,900
rather than applied uniformly 
regardless of circumstances. 

6766
05:39:28,100 --> 05:39:30,900
They recognized that what worked
in a military Society like 

6767
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:33,200
Sparta might be 
counterproductive in a 

6768
05:39:33,208 --> 05:39:36,400
commercial democracy like 
Athens, this flexibility and 

6769
05:39:36,400 --> 05:39:39,100
willingness to experiment with 
different approaches provides 

6770
05:39:39,100 --> 05:39:42,100
helpful lessons for modern 
criminal justice systems 

6771
05:39:42,100 --> 05:39:43,400
struggling with similar 
challenges. 

6772
05:39:44,600 --> 05:39:47,400
Consider how Greek Innovations, 
anticipate modern developments, 

6773
05:39:47,400 --> 05:39:50,800
and criminology and psychology, 
their recognition, that shame 

6774
05:39:50,800 --> 05:39:52,600
could be more powerful than 
physical punishment. 

6775
05:39:52,600 --> 05:39:56,200
Predated, our understanding of 
Social Psychology by Millennia, 

6776
05:39:56,200 --> 05:39:58,900
their use of community 
involvement in the Justice 

6777
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:02,200
process foreshadowed, 
restorative justice programs, 

6778
05:40:02,200 --> 05:40:05,900
their emphasis on Rehabilitation
and transformation and 

6779
05:40:05,900 --> 05:40:07,600
anticipated. 
The therapeutic model of 

6780
05:40:07,608 --> 05:40:11,100
Criminal Justice that emerged in
the 20th century, the Greek 

6781
05:40:11,100 --> 05:40:14,200
Insight that punishment should 
serve education rather than mere

6782
05:40:14,200 --> 05:40:16,000
deterrence remains 
revolutionary. 

6783
05:40:16,000 --> 05:40:19,900
Even today, most modern criminal
justice systems still struggled 

6784
05:40:19,900 --> 05:40:23,500
to balance punishment with 
Rehabilitation often emphasizing

6785
05:40:23,500 --> 05:40:27,200
one at the expense of the other.
The Greeks demonstrated that 

6786
05:40:27,200 --> 05:40:30,300
this was a false Choice, 
punishment could be educational 

6787
05:40:30,300 --> 05:40:33,700
and educational, could be 
punitive if properly designed 

6788
05:40:33,700 --> 05:40:36,900
and implemented. 
Perhaps most importantly, the 

6789
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:39,900
Greeks understood that effective
Justice required, Community 

6790
05:40:39,900 --> 05:40:42,800
participation. 
Crime wasn't just a matter 

6791
05:40:42,800 --> 05:40:45,800
between offender and victim, But
A disruption of social fabric 

6792
05:40:45,800 --> 05:40:47,200
that required Collective 
healing. 

6793
05:40:48,000 --> 05:40:50,600
Their punishments were designed 
to engage the entire community 

6794
05:40:50,600 --> 05:40:53,800
in the process of restoration 
ensuring that everyone learned 

6795
05:40:53,800 --> 05:40:56,500
from each instance of 
wrongdoing, this can be an 

6796
05:40:56,500 --> 05:40:58,900
approach to Justice offers. 
A stark contrast to the 

6797
05:40:58,900 --> 05:41:01,700
increasingly impersonal nature 
of modern legal systems. 

6798
05:41:01,700 --> 05:41:04,800
Where Justice is administered by
professional bureaucrats, with 

6799
05:41:04,800 --> 05:41:07,300
little connection to the 
community's affected by crime. 

6800
05:41:08,400 --> 05:41:11,300
The Greek model suggests that 
Justice is too important to be 

6801
05:41:11,308 --> 05:41:14,500
left entirely to Specialists it.
Requires the active 

6802
05:41:14,500 --> 05:41:17,300
participation of ordinary 
citizens, who understand local 

6803
05:41:17,300 --> 05:41:20,300
conditions and relationships, 
the creativity of Greek 

6804
05:41:20,300 --> 05:41:22,300
punishment. 
Also challenges our assumptions 

6805
05:41:22,308 --> 05:41:25,700
about the purposes of Criminal 
Justice, rather than focusing 

6806
05:41:25,700 --> 05:41:28,900
primarily on deterrence, or 
retribution, they emphasized, 

6807
05:41:28,900 --> 05:41:32,800
transformation and education. 
They asked not just to how can 

6808
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:36,000
we prevent this crime from 
happening again but also how can

6809
05:41:36,000 --> 05:41:38,600
we use this opportunity to 
create better people and 

6810
05:41:38,600 --> 05:41:41,200
stronger communities. 
They're willingness to 

6811
05:41:41,200 --> 05:41:44,000
experiment with different 
approaches from the theatrical 

6812
05:41:44,000 --> 05:41:47,400
humiliation of Athens, to the 
military discipline of Sparta to

6813
05:41:47,408 --> 05:41:51,500
the philosophical dialogue of 
the Academy's rates, the value 

6814
05:41:51,500 --> 05:41:54,400
of treating justice as an 
ongoing experiment rather than a

6815
05:41:54,400 --> 05:41:57,400
fixed system, they were 
constantly learning from their 

6816
05:41:57,400 --> 05:41:58,700
experiences. 
In adapting. 

6817
05:41:58,700 --> 05:42:02,000
Their methods, based on what 
worked and what didn't modern 

6818
05:42:02,000 --> 05:42:04,200
criminal justice reformers are 
rediscovering. 

6819
05:42:04,200 --> 05:42:07,500
Many Greek Innovations. 
There are reputed courts that 

6820
05:42:07,500 --> 05:42:10,700
address, underlying causes a 
criminal Behavior, community 

6821
05:42:10,700 --> 05:42:12,800
service programs. 
That connect a Defenders with 

6822
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:16,300
the people they've harmed and 
restorative justice processes 

6823
05:42:16,300 --> 05:42:18,100
that emphasize healing over 
punishment. 

6824
05:42:18,100 --> 05:42:21,400
He's contemporary developments 
suggest that the Greeks were 

6825
05:42:21,400 --> 05:42:23,700
onto something profound in their
approach to justice. 

6826
05:42:23,700 --> 05:42:27,800
As you reflect on these ancient 
stories, consider how they 

6827
05:42:27,800 --> 05:42:30,200
challenged contemporary 
assumptions about crime and 

6828
05:42:30,208 --> 05:42:32,800
punishment. 
The Greeks remind us that 

6829
05:42:32,808 --> 05:42:36,100
Justice is not a natural 
phenomenon with fixed laws, but 

6830
05:42:36,100 --> 05:42:38,200
a human creation. 
That reflects our values, 

6831
05:42:38,200 --> 05:42:41,300
priorities, and understanding of
human nature. 

6832
05:42:42,300 --> 05:42:45,200
Their bizarre punishments were 
actually sophisticated attempts 

6833
05:42:45,200 --> 05:42:48,600
to solve Timeless problems. 
How do we maintain social order,

6834
05:42:48,600 --> 05:42:50,200
while preserving individual 
dignity? 

6835
05:42:50,200 --> 05:42:53,300
How do we deter crime while 
offering opportunities for 

6836
05:42:53,300 --> 05:42:55,600
Redemption? 
How do we balance the needs of 

6837
05:42:55,600 --> 05:42:57,800
victims? 
Offenders and the broader 

6838
05:42:57,800 --> 05:43:01,200
community? 
The Greek Legacy and criminal 

6839
05:43:01,200 --> 05:43:05,300
justice is not a set of specific
practices to be copied, but an 

6840
05:43:05,300 --> 05:43:07,700
approach to thinking about 
Justice, that remains relevant 

6841
05:43:07,700 --> 05:43:11,000
to cross cultures and centuries.
They taught us that punishment 

6842
05:43:11,000 --> 05:43:14,100
can be art. 
Justice can be creative and even

6843
05:43:14,100 --> 05:43:16,400
serious crimes can be learning 
opportunities. 

6844
05:43:17,400 --> 05:43:20,800
Their most important lesson may 
be that Justice, like democracy 

6845
05:43:20,800 --> 05:43:24,500
and philosophy requires active 
participation from thoughtful 

6846
05:43:24,500 --> 05:43:28,400
citizens, willing to experiment 
with new approaches and learn 

6847
05:43:28,400 --> 05:43:30,100
from both successes and 
failures. 

6848
05:43:31,200 --> 05:43:33,800
The bizarre punishments of 
ancient Greece were not the 

6849
05:43:33,800 --> 05:43:37,100
products of primitive brutality.
But sophisticated attempts by 

6850
05:43:37,108 --> 05:43:41,300
civilized people to create a 
more just society and aspiration

6851
05:43:41,300 --> 05:43:45,000
that remains as relevant today 
as it was 25 centuries ago.