The Great Storm of 1703: Europe’s Strangest Weather Event in History | Boring History

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Hey, my lovely friends. 
Let's travel back to a time when

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weather forecast didn't exist 
and people had to read the sky, 

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like a book written in a 
language, they were still 

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learning. 
Because tonight's story is about

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the most extraordinary storm 
Europe has ever witnessed. 

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The Tempest so powerful and 
peculiar that three centuries. 

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Later meteorologists still shake
their heads in wonder. 

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So, before we begin, as always, 
please take a moment to like the

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video and subscribe, as it helps
us, and let me know where you're

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tuning in from, and what time it
is for you. now, dim your 

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lights, get comfortable and 
prepare to relax as we examine 

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something boring, Imagine you're
living in England in the Autumn 

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of 1703 and your life moves at 
the pace of a horse drawn 

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carrot. 
There are no weather apps on 

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your phone, because there are no
phones, no meteorologists are 

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tracking precious systems 
because the barometer has only 

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recently been invented. 
And most people think it's some 

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kind of scientific curiosity 
rather than a practical tool. 

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Queen Anne sits on the throne, 
having recently succeeded her 

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brother-in-law. 
William the Third. 

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The country is embroiled in the 
war of Spanish succession, which

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is one of those complicated 
European conflicts where 

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everyone seems to be fighting 
everyone else over inheritances 

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and territory. 
But for ordinary people, wore is

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something that happens far away 
while the real concerns are much

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closer to home bringing in the 
Harvest, fixing the thatch on 

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the roof before winter, and 
making sure there's enough 

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firewood stacked for the cold 
months ahead. 

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November in England means the 
farming season is winding down. 

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Fields of being harvested. 
The animals are being prepared 

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for winter and people are 
settling into that cozy of 

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shorter days and longer nights. 
It's the time of year when your 

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grateful for solid roof, a warm 
Hearth and walls that keep out 

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the wind. 
The house is of 1703 would seem 

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almost impossibly fragile to you
now. 

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Most building's outside major 
cities are timber frame with 

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walls made of wattle and daub. 
Basically sticks and mud with 

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some hope mixed in. 
Ruth's attacked with straw or 

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reads held down by wooden pegs 
and prayer. 

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Even in London, which is 
rebuilding. 

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After the Great Fire of 1666, 
many structures are still 

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partially. 
Wooden glass. 

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Windows are expensive luxuries, 
so many homes. 

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Make do with oiled paper or 
wooden shutters. 

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The English Countryside is 
dotted with windmills that grind

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grain into flour. 
These tall wooden structures. 

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Turn their sails to catch the 
wind like patient Sentinels 

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watching over the fields. 
There are hundreds of them 

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essential to feeding the 
population standing on hilltops 

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and in valleys where the wind 
blows strongest. 

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Their marvels of engineering for
their time though. 

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They have one significant 
vulnerability that nobody is 

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quite solved. 
There are extremely susceptible 

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to strong, winds churches, rise 
of most Villages, their Stone 

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towers and wooden Steeples 
pointing toward heaven, like 

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fingers in prayer. 
These fires can be seen for 

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miles around helping Travelers 
navigate and reminding everyone 

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of the central place religion 
holds in daily life. 

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The church bells, Mark the 
hours, call people to worship 

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and warn of danger. 
There, the communication system 

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of the age. 
Ringing out Messengers across 

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the landscape along the coasts 
Maritime life pulses with 

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constant activity. 
The Royal Navy maintains dozens 

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of Warships in various ports, 
while Merchant vessels crowd, 

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The Harbours loading, and 
unloading goods from around the 

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world. 
Portsmouth Plymouth, and the 

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Thames Estuary of forests of 
masts and rigging. 

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Sailors, live lives that 
alternate between the tedium of 

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Port maintenance and the danger 
of sea voyages, where storms are

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an accepted occupational hazard.
the weather in late 1703 has 

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been odd not dramatically so but
enough that people notice There 

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have been unusually strong winds
throughout November, the kind 

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that make you lean into your 
walk and hold onto your hat. 

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Trees have been shedding their 
leaves early than usual, as if 

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they know something the humans 
don't. 

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Old Timers, the kind to feel 
storms in their bones have been 

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muttering about the signs. 
Red skies at odd hours. 

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Birds behaving, strangely and an
unsettled feeling in the air 

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itself. 
But England has weather's storms

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before. 
This is an island nation after 

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all, surrounded by temperamental
seas and subject to whatever. 

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Whether the Atlantic decides to 
send its way people have learned

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to bend With the Wind to secure 
their belonging and to wait out,

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whatever nature throws at them. 
They've survived Norse, Raiders,

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the Black Death, Civil War and 
the great fire. 

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How bad could a little wind be 
this sense of resilient 

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confidence is very British, 
attitude of muddling through is 

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about to be tested in ways. 
No one can imagine Because the 

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storm that's Gathering out in 
the Atlantic, isn't a normal. 

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Autumn Gail is not even an 
exceptional storm by the usual 

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standards. 
It's something else entirely a 

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meteorological monster that will
make weather history and haunt 

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European Consciousness for 
Generations. 

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The last week of November 1703 
feels like nature is taking a 

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deep breath before screaming You
step out side on November 24th, 

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and the air has that peculiar 
quality. 

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That makes the hair on your 
arms. 

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Stand up. 
It's not just cold, it's charged

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electronic. 
As if the atmosphere itself is 

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holding tension, like a drawn 
bow string. 

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The sky takes on colors, that 
don't appear in normal whether 

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their brassy yellows near the 
Horizon, Deep Purple in the 

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clouds and that particular shade
of green that experienced 

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Sailors, know means trouble. 
clouds themselves seemed to be 

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moving in several directions at 
once lowered, racing across the 

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sky while higher formation's 
Lumber along at different 

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angles, like watching a badly 
choreographed dance, when none 

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of the performers can agree on 
the music, birds are acting 

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strangely and if you were the 
noticing type, this would 

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concern you seagulls those 
Perpetual optimists of the avian

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world have moved. 
Inland on Mass Crows Gather in 

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unusual numbers making a racket.
That sounds almost like 

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warnings. 
Even the farm animals seem 

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unsettled horses, stamp and 
Winnie in their Stables. 

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Refused to go into their Barns 
and dogs. 

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Paced, nervously whining. 
At their owners. 

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The barometer in the few places 
where such newfangled 

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instruments exist is doing 
something unprecedented. 

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It's falling but not in the 
gradual way that suggests an 

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approaching storm. 
It's plummeting like a stone 

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dropped in water faster than 
anyone has seen before. 

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Daniel Defoe, who will later 
document the storm and 

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extraordinary detail owns one of
these instruments. 

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He watches it drop and one 
wonders if perhaps the device is

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broken. 
Surely the air pressure can't 

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actually be falling this 
rapidly. 

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November 26th Dawn's with an 
eerie calm. 

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The win that has been bothering 
people for weeks as died down to

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almost nothing. 
The airfields, heavy thick, like

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trying to breathe through a damp
wall blanket. 

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This is the kind of Stillness 
that precedes something 

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significant though. 
Most people interpret it as a 

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relief. 
Finally they think the Winds of 

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stopped perhaps, they can get 
some repairs done, secure their 

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properties properly, and maybe 
even sleep without the constant 

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whistling and rattling. 
But seasoned Sailors and 

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Shepherds people whose lives 
depend on reading whether know 

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better. 
This isn't peaceful calm. 

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This is nature pausing for 
effect, like a Storyteller, 

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taking a breath before the 
climax. 

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The old Maritime saying comes to
mind. 

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Calm. 
Before the storm, though, in 

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this case storm is going to 
prove a grossly inadequate word 

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for what's approaching by the 
evening of November 26th the 

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wind returns. 
But it's different now. 

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It's no longer the Blustery. 
Autumn Breeze. 

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People have grown accustomed to 
its purposeful building with an 

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almost conscious intent. 
Like something that has decided 

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to stop playing around and get 
serious. 

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The sound changes too from the 
familiar whistle and moan to a 

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deeper more ominous Roar that 
seems to come from everywhere at

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once. 
People begin their evening 

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preparations with growing 
uneasiness. 

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You secure your shutters bring 
in anything from the yard that 

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might blow away and double check
that the animals are safely. 

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Housed in coastal towns Sailors.
Look at their mood vessels with 

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worried expression. 
Wandering. 

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If the ropes and chains will 
hold Ship captains who can put 

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out additional anchors and say, 
prayers to whatever Saints 

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specialize in Maritime 
protection. 

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As Darkness Falls on November 
26th, the wind continues to 

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build It's no longer just moving
air, it's becoming a physical 

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presence. 
Something you can lean against 

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something that pushes back. 
The sound grows from a roar to 

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something that resembles 
Continuous Thunder. 

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A bass note that you feel in 
your chest as much as here with 

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your ears. 
Inside homes across Southern 

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England, families, gather close 
to their fires, trying to ignore

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the increasingly alarming noises
from outside. 

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Shutters begin to Rattle despite
being latched, the wind finds 

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every Gap in the walls. 
Every crack around doors and 

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windows, creating whistling 
harmonics. 

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That would sound almost musical 
if they weren't so unsettling. 

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That roof start to lift, and 
settle lift and settle like, the

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building itself is breathing 
heavily. 

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Around midnight, the storm 
stopped building, and simply 

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arrives in its full Fury. 
It's as if someone has flipped a

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switch from very bad weather to 
apocalyptic nightmare. 

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The wind doesn't just blow 
anymore. 

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It hammers. 
It screams it attacks. 

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The sound becomes so 
overwhelming that it's almost 

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impossible to think clearly 
Imagine standing next to a jet 

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engine and you're getting close 
to the volume and intensity of 

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what people are experiencing and
here's the thing that makes this

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storm so strange. 
So different from normal 

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tempests, it's not coming from a
single Direction. 

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The wind seems to swirl and 
Eddie attacking from multiple 

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angles simultaneously. 
This isn't a weather pattern 

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people understand storms have 
directions, they have fronts and

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they move in predictable ways. 
This storm seems to be 

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everywhere. 
Once a circular Fury that defies

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normal meteorological Behavior. 
What nobody realizes yet because

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the science doesn't exist to 
understand it. 

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Is that their experience in 
something exceptionally rare a 

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bomb Cyclone, what modern 
meteorologist, call explosive 

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cyclogenesis. 
The atmospheric pressure is 

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dropping so rapidly. 
That the storm is intensifying 

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at a rate that occurs perhaps 
once or twice a century. 

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The rotating winds are reaching 
speeds that won't be 

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scientifically measured for 
another 150 years when someone 

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invents proper instruments for 
such things as the night of 

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November 26th deepens into the 
early hours of November 27th. 

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Everyone in Southern England is 
about to experience the longest,

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most terrifying Knight of their 
lives. 

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And the truly horrifying part. 
The storm is still intensifying.

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Picture yourself huddled in a 
stone Cottage somewhere in Kent 

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as the clock approaches 2 a.m. 
on November 27th. 

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Fire in your half is being 
sucked up the chimney by the 

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incredible draft sending Sparks 
and smoking to the room. 

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Every few seconds, the entire 
building shutters. 

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As if being struck by a giant 
fist, the noise is beyond 

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description. 
Imagine a freight train a 

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waterfall and Continuous Thunder
all happening at once and you're

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00:12:20,200 --> 00:12:23,600
still not quite there. 
Truth of your head is now, 

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lifting in sections, you can 
actually see it moving and feel 

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the sudden drafts of freezing 
air as gaps appear and then 

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close again. 
Bits of straw a falling into the

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room like strange snow. 
You're making calculations about

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whether it's safer to stay 
inside a building that might 

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collapse or venture outside into
wind that could literally knock 

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your feet and blow your cross. 
The countryside across Southern 

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England, roofs are now leaving 
building's entirely not being 

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damaged leave-in. 
Whole thatched roofs lift off 

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like birds Taking Flight sailing
through the air in one piece 

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before disintegrating into 
golden clouds of straw that 

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scatter across the landscape. 
Tiles and slates become 

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projectiles, flying through the 
air, with enough Force to embed 

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themselves in walls, or 
tragically in anything living 

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that happens to be in their 
path. 

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The windmills that have stood 
Sentinel all over the 

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countryside or experience in 
catastrophic failures. 

232
00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:25,900
Their sales designed to catch 
the wind efficiently and now 

233
00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:30,700
catching far too much of it. 
Unable to be shut down or furled

234
00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:32,900
fast enough. 
The Mills begin spinning at 

235
00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:36,300
impossible. 
Speeds the wooden gears inside 

236
00:13:36,300 --> 00:13:38,300
never meant for such rotation 
rates. 

237
00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:43,400
Start smoking from friction. 
some Mills, simply explode from 

238
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:47,600
the centrifugal force sending 
massive wooden beams flying 

239
00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:52,000
through the air like enormous 
javelin's Others catch fire from

240
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:54,100
the friction of their over 
spinning Machinery. 

241
00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:57,200
Becoming bizarre torches in the 
storm racked night. 

242
00:13:58,300 --> 00:14:01,700
Church Steeples those proud 
fingers pointing to Heaven are 

243
00:14:01,700 --> 00:14:04,400
toppling. 
The Spire of Saint Marys in 

244
00:14:04,408 --> 00:14:08,100
Somerset, goes first crashing 
through the roof of the churches

245
00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:10,700
itself. 
Then dozens more across the 

246
00:14:10,708 --> 00:14:14,100
South follow suit their lead 
covered wooden frames. 

247
00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:16,700
No match for winds that are 
essentially trying to tear 

248
00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:20,100
England apart. 
Each falling steeple, makes a 

249
00:14:20,100 --> 00:14:22,100
sound like a forest tree being 
felled. 

250
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:25,900
A groaning crack followed by an 
enormous crash. 

251
00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:29,200
For deeply religious people 
seeing churches, destroyed 

252
00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:32,800
feels, especially ominous. 
If God's house is aren't safe. 

253
00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:36,200
What hope to ordinary buildings 
have in London. 

254
00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:40,200
The scene is apocalyptic, the 
city still recovering from the 

255
00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:44,600
Great Fire of 1666 is being 
battered by winds, that a 

256
00:14:44,600 --> 00:14:49,200
methodically undoing Decades of 
reconstruction roof tiles, fly 

257
00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:53,100
through the streets, like deadly
frisbees, chimneys topple 

258
00:14:53,100 --> 00:14:56,100
sending bricks raining down onto
cobblestones below. 

259
00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:59,700
Anyone foolish or desperate 
enough to be outside. 

260
00:14:59,700 --> 00:15:03,700
Quickly realizes their mistake 
as the wind shoves them against 

261
00:15:03,700 --> 00:15:06,200
walls or literally lifts them 
off their feet. 

262
00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:10,000
Hems is behaving in ways, Nobody
seen before. 

263
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:13,400
The wind is so powerful that 
it's actually pushing water 

264
00:15:13,400 --> 00:15:15,800
Upstream reversing the rivers 
flow. 

265
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:22,000
Wave is a forming on the river's
surface waves on a river in 

266
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,900
central London. 
Bulges and small boats, moored 

267
00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:29,200
at the Docks are being tossed. 
Like, bath toys breaking their 

268
00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:32,600
Moorings and crashing into each 
other or smashing against the 

269
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:36,200
embankments. 
Daniel, Defoe future author of 

270
00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:38,700
Robinson Crusoe, but currently a
somewhat controversial, 

271
00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:42,000
political writer is in his 
London home watching what he 

272
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,700
describes as tiles. 
Flying past his windows. 

273
00:15:44,700 --> 00:15:47,900
Like Autumn Leaves. 
He's making mental notes for 

274
00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:50,400
what will become the world's 
first real investigative 

275
00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:52,800
journalism piece about a natural
disaster. 

276
00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:56,400
Between flinching at each new 
crash and bang. 

277
00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:59,000
He's already planning how to 
document this night for 

278
00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:02,800
posterity, but the truly 
catastrophic scenes are playing 

279
00:16:02,808 --> 00:16:06,400
out along the coast and at sea 
at the Eddystone Light House 

280
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:10,800
perched, on rocks, 14 miles off 
the coast of Plymouth Situation 

281
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:14,400
is beyond desperate. 
This is the first light house 

282
00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:16,300
ever built on these treacherous 
rocks. 

283
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:18,900
Completed just five years 
earlier. 

284
00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:23,100
It's a wooden structure, which 
seems insane now, but was 

285
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:25,100
considered reasonable 
engineering at the time. 

286
00:16:25,100 --> 00:16:29,400
The Lighthouse Keeper Henry, 
winstanley is actually at the 

287
00:16:29,400 --> 00:16:31,600
light house. 
Having gone out to perform, 

288
00:16:31,600 --> 00:16:35,500
repairs, just days before. 
The lighthouse is flexing and 

289
00:16:35,500 --> 00:16:38,600
swaying in ways that wooden 
structures should never flex and

290
00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:42,100
sway. 
Around 2 a.m. a wave larger than

291
00:16:42,100 --> 00:16:44,400
any in recorded memory hits the 
lighthouse. 

292
00:16:45,300 --> 00:16:48,500
When Dawn eventually comes the 
lighthouse is simply gone, 

293
00:16:48,500 --> 00:16:51,700
vanished is completely as if it 
never existed. 

294
00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:57,100
Henry would Stanley his crew and
the entire structure have been 

295
00:16:57,108 --> 00:17:00,400
erased from the ocean. 
Not a single piece of wreckage 

296
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:04,200
will ever be found. 
In Portsmouth Harbour, the Royal

297
00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:07,800
Navy is experiencing its worst 
piece time disaster in history. 

298
00:17:08,700 --> 00:17:10,400
Dozens of Warships and more 
here. 

299
00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:14,500
And as the storm intensifies, 
their anchors begin to drag. 

300
00:17:15,500 --> 00:17:19,000
These aren't small boats, some 
are three deck, ships of the 

301
00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:22,700
line, massive, wooden Castle's 
that carry hundreds of men and 

302
00:17:22,700 --> 00:17:25,900
dozens of Canon. 
But in this wind there as 

303
00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:28,800
helpless as children's toys. 
Ships. 

304
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:30,700
Begin colliding with each other 
in the Darkness. 

305
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,200
The sound of wooden hulls 
grinding together as audible 

306
00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:38,400
even over the storm masks. 
Snap with cracks like Canon fire

307
00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:43,100
rigging Tangles between ships, 
creating a chaos of rope and 

308
00:17:43,100 --> 00:17:46,500
canvas that makes it impossible 
to separate vessels even if 

309
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:49,300
anyone could work on deck which 
they can't. 

310
00:17:49,300 --> 00:17:52,800
The wind is strong enough to 
blow men off their feet and over

311
00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:55,000
the railing to the churning 
water below. 

312
00:17:55,900 --> 00:17:58,300
Some ships are being driven onto
the shore, despite their 

313
00:17:58,300 --> 00:18:03,600
anchors, the HMS Association, a 
90 gunship of the line, drags 

314
00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:05,800
her anchors and grounds near the
Isle of Wight. 

315
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:10,300
The HMS restoration, snaps at 
anchor, cables and is driven 

316
00:18:10,300 --> 00:18:12,600
onto the mud flats where she'll 
eventually sink. 

317
00:18:13,300 --> 00:18:16,400
All across the southern coast 
from Bristol to Kent ships, and 

318
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:21,100
meetings, similar Fates Merchant
vessels fishing, boats and naval

319
00:18:21,100 --> 00:18:25,000
ships are all equally helpless. 
Before the storms Fury, the 

320
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:28,400
human cost at Sea is staggering 
Sailors who have survived 

321
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:32,800
battles storms and years of hard
service, a drowning within sight

322
00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:36,100
of their home ports. 
Some attracted below decks and 

323
00:18:36,100 --> 00:18:39,700
ships that are flooding. 
Others are washed overboard into

324
00:18:39,700 --> 00:18:42,100
water, so violent. 
That rescue is impossible. 

325
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:45,700
Even if anyone could mount an 
attempt which they can't. 

326
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:49,200
The Navy alone will lose over 
1000 men. 

327
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,300
This night more than most Naval 
battles of the era. 

328
00:18:52,300 --> 00:18:56,100
Inland trees that have stood for
centuries of Falling by the 

329
00:18:56,100 --> 00:19:00,000
thousands ancient Oaks that were
already old when Shakespeare was

330
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,700
born, topple like dominoes, 
Entire forests are being 

331
00:19:03,708 --> 00:19:07,600
flattened creating Luna 
Landscapes of Fallen Timber that

332
00:19:07,600 --> 00:19:11,000
will take decades to clear. 
The New Forest loses an 

333
00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:14,200
estimated 4,000 ancient trees in
a single night. 

334
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:19,600
Dear foxes Badgers and birds 
that depend on these trees are 

335
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,400
being crushed or left homeless. 
Agricultural damage is 

336
00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:25,400
catastrophic Barnes and storage 
buildings. 

337
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:29,000
Collapse crushing livestock, and
destroying the winter Food 

338
00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:32,900
Supplies that farming families 
depend on Haystacks that 

339
00:19:32,908 --> 00:19:36,300
represent months of Labor 
scatter across the countryside. 

340
00:19:37,300 --> 00:19:40,100
Sheep and cattle terrified by 
the noise. 

341
00:19:40,100 --> 00:19:44,300
Unable to find shelter huddle in
fields where some are actually 

342
00:19:44,300 --> 00:19:46,500
blown over and killed by the 
force of the Wind. 

343
00:19:47,500 --> 00:19:49,500
The details. 
So bizarre that people will 

344
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:51,700
initially refused to believe the
reports. 

345
00:19:52,700 --> 00:19:56,000
As the storm rages through the 
early hours of November 27th, 

346
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,800
people huddle in whatever, 
shelter, they can find listening

347
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:04,300
to their world being torn apart.
Every crash, every splintering 

348
00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:07,600
sound, every moment. 
When the wind seems to increase 

349
00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:11,300
impossibly beyond what it 
already, was it all contributes 

350
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:14,600
to a growing certain that this 
isn't a normal storm. 

351
00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:19,000
This is something unprecedented.
Something that's revealing just 

352
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:23,100
how fragile human civilization 
really is when Nature decides to

353
00:20:23,100 --> 00:20:28,100
stop being cooperative And still
remarkably the storm continues 

354
00:20:28,100 --> 00:20:31,400
to intensify. 
Let's focus on individual 

355
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:35,400
moments within this catastrophic
night because statistics and 

356
00:20:35,408 --> 00:20:38,700
general descriptions can't quite
capture what it means to live 

357
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:39,900
through. 
Something like this. 

358
00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:44,600
These are the human Stories, the
small dramas playing out across 

359
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:47,500
Southern England, while the 
great drama of the storm rages 

360
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:51,400
on. 
In a small village in Sussex, a 

361
00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:54,200
family of seven huddles in their
Cottage as the walls, begin to 

362
00:20:54,208 --> 00:20:57,500
crack. 
Farther, a farmer named Thomas 

363
00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:00,500
has moved everyone into the 
oldest part of the house. 

364
00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:04,400
The stone section that his 
grandfather built 60 years ago. 

365
00:21:05,500 --> 00:21:08,000
The newer Timber framed rooms 
are already showing. 

366
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:12,000
Alarming signs of stress with 
beams visibly, shifting and 

367
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:16,900
walls leaning. around 3 a.m. the
decision makes itself with a 

368
00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:20,400
sound like a thousand trees 
breaking at once the timber 

369
00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:24,400
section of their homes, simply 
disintegrates One moment, it's 

370
00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:26,900
there. 
The next it's gone scattered 

371
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:29,200
across the countryside in a 
million pieces. 

372
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:32,900
The family packed into the stone
rooms of Vibes because of a 

373
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:36,200
building decision made two 
generation's earlier by careful 

374
00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:40,400
craftsmen who mixed his more to 
properly and chose good Stone in

375
00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:42,000
the morning. 
They'll walk out to find that 

376
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:44,200
everything they owned. 
Except what's in this one room 

377
00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:46,500
is gone spread across Three 
Counties. 

378
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:51,500
Meanwhile in Bristol a midwife 
named Eleanor is facing an 

379
00:21:51,500 --> 00:21:54,600
impossible decision. 
A woman has gone into labor and 

380
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,200
complications mean Eleanor needs
to reach her quickly. 

381
00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:00,700
Going outside in this storm is 
madness. 

382
00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:04,700
The streets are rivers of flying
debris and the wind is strong 

383
00:22:04,700 --> 00:22:06,300
enough to make walking nearly 
impossible. 

384
00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:10,300
Eleanor looks at the storm. 
Looks at her bag of instruments 

385
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:14,000
and herbs thinks about the woman
and unborn child and makes the 

386
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:16,900
choice. 
She wraps herself in every piece

387
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:19,500
of heavy clothing. 
She owns and sets out into the 

388
00:22:19,500 --> 00:22:22,900
Tempest. 
Her journey of less than half, a

389
00:22:22,900 --> 00:22:25,900
mile takes over an hour. 
She crawls part of the way 

390
00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:29,800
holding onto walls and fences 
moving between buildings. 

391
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:34,100
When the wind briefly lessons, a
roof tile, strikes, a shoulder 

392
00:22:34,100 --> 00:22:37,100
leaving a bruise. 
But fortunately not breaking a 

393
00:22:37,100 --> 00:22:39,700
bone. 
One point to gusts simply lifts 

394
00:22:39,700 --> 00:22:41,800
her off her feet and deposits 
her 10 feet away. 

395
00:22:43,300 --> 00:22:47,200
But Eleanor keeps going driven 
by professional Duty and sheer 

396
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,600
stubbornness until she reaches 
her patient. 

397
00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:53,000
The baby will be born healthy 
just after Dawn. 

398
00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,900
Eleanor will later say that 
bringing life into the world 

399
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:58,500
during history is deadly. 
A storm gave her a perspective 

400
00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:00,200
on resilience that she never 
lost. 

401
00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:04,400
Out at Sea, the situation is a 
pure nightmare. 

402
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:08,600
On the HMS Maori a fourth rate 
ship with 50 guns. 

403
00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:13,300
The crew is done everything, 
right anchors are down sales, a 

404
00:23:13,300 --> 00:23:17,200
full and hatches a background. 
The wind is so strong that the 

405
00:23:17,208 --> 00:23:19,900
ship is dragging. 
Her anchors anyway, moving 

406
00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:23,000
slowly, but inexorably toward 
the rocky shore of the Isle of 

407
00:23:23,008 --> 00:23:25,900
Wight. 
The captain knows what's coming.

408
00:23:25,900 --> 00:23:29,600
He can feel it through the 
ships, Timbers that subtle 

409
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:33,500
change in motion that tells an 
experienced semen, that his 

410
00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:36,700
vessel is doomed. 
He can't save the ship perhaps. 

411
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:39,800
He can save the crew. 
He orders everyone into the 

412
00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:43,400
rigging counterintuitive but it 
gets them higher above the deck 

413
00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:47,000
before the ship grounds. 
When the Mary finally strikes, 

414
00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:50,400
the Rocks around 4 a.m. the 
impact is so violent, that it 

415
00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:52,000
tears the bottle out of the 
hole. 

416
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,900
The ship floods in minutes, but 
most of the crew clinging to the

417
00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:01,200
mask and yards survive until 
dawn when Rescuers can reach 

418
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:03,700
them. 
Not everyone is so fortunate. 

419
00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:08,400
The HMS Northumberland, a large 
Merchant vessel pressed into, 

420
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,800
Navy service, breaks, free of 
her Moorings in Portsmouth, and 

421
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:16,300
his driven directly into the 
path of the HMS. Mary, two ships

422
00:24:16,300 --> 00:24:19,400
Collide in the darkness with the
grinding splintering crash. 

423
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:23,200
There can be heard on Shore over
the wind, the Northumberland 

424
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:27,200
Mass fall like trees, crushing 
men who have no time to escape. 

425
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:32,200
Ship begins taking on water 
immediately and in the chaos and

426
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:37,900
darkness rescue is impossible of
a crew of 200 fewer than 20 will

427
00:24:37,900 --> 00:24:40,900
see the dawn. 
In Kent, a Shepherd named 

428
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:42,700
William has been caught away 
from home. 

429
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:46,100
When the storm truly hit. 
He's taken shelter in a small 

430
00:24:46,100 --> 00:24:50,400
Stone Hut used for storing 
tools, basically four walls, and

431
00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:52,400
a solid roof. 
No windows. 

432
00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:58,100
And one door it's cramped and 
cold but it's Stone and its 

433
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:02,500
holding William settles in to 
wait out the storm, listening to

434
00:25:02,500 --> 00:25:06,400
The Unbelievable Fury outside 
and probably thinking about 

435
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:10,100
every poor decision that led to 
him being here in stead of Home 

436
00:25:10,100 --> 00:25:13,800
in his own bed. 
Around midnight, William, hears,

437
00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:16,600
something over the storm and odd
bleeding sound. 

438
00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:19,800
Opening the door. 
Slightly finds a few from his 

439
00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:22,100
flock terrified and pressed 
against the wall. 

440
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:26,000
He pulls her inside within an 
hour, three more sheep have 

441
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,000
found a shelter, then a fox 
appears and William's. 

442
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:30,900
First instinct is to drive it 
away. 

443
00:25:32,500 --> 00:25:34,200
Something about the absolute 
Terror. 

444
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:36,200
In the animals eyes makes him 
hesitate. 

445
00:25:37,100 --> 00:25:40,200
The fox links into a corner as 
far from the Sheep as possible 

446
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:44,100
and lies their shaking. 
Well, all survive the night 

447
00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:45,700
together in that, Tiny Stone 
Hut. 

448
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:50,400
Predator and prey United by fear
of something worse than each 

449
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:54,000
other. 
Kin London Westminster Abbey is 

450
00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:58,000
suffering devastating damage. 
This isn't some wooden structure

451
00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,500
but a massive Stone building 
that has stood for centuries. 

452
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,500
Yet the wind is finding 
weaknesses that nobody knew 

453
00:26:05,500 --> 00:26:07,700
existed. 
Lead sheets on the roof, 

454
00:26:07,700 --> 00:26:10,900
appealing back. 
Like paper flying debris has 

455
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:13,400
broken several ancient stained 
glass windows. 

456
00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:17,500
Most dramatically the Abby's 
roof which weighs several tons 

457
00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:21,700
actually lifts and shifts 
dropping back down at slight 

458
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:23,900
angle. 
The architectural damage will 

459
00:26:23,900 --> 00:26:28,300
take years to properly repair 
Tower of London, that ancient 

460
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:31,300
Fortress that is with stood, 
sieges fires and political 

461
00:26:31,300 --> 00:26:34,000
upheavals is experiencing 
something new. 

462
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:37,700
The wind is so strong that it's 
actually pushing in the lead at 

463
00:26:37,700 --> 00:26:42,100
windows. the famous Ravens that 
live in the tower who according 

464
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:45,600
to Legend, protect England by 
their presence of all taken 

465
00:26:45,600 --> 00:26:48,400
shelter in the deepest most 
protected corners of the 

466
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:52,000
Fortress even birds that are 
essentially carrying heaters 

467
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:54,700
built to handle harsh, 
conditions and know when to 

468
00:26:54,708 --> 00:27:00,100
admit defeat in Portsmouth a 
naval officer named Samuel peeps

469
00:27:00,100 --> 00:27:04,500
not the diarist, but a distant 
relative is trapped aboard his 

470
00:27:04,500 --> 00:27:08,800
ship making impossible decisions
His vessel has dragged anchor 

471
00:27:08,800 --> 00:27:13,100
and is heading toward the rocks.
Storm is so violent that he 

472
00:27:13,100 --> 00:27:15,900
can't order men on Deck without 
essentially sending them to 

473
00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:19,400
their deaths. 
He watches three ships, Collide 

474
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:23,400
nearby sees, masts fall. 
And here's the screams of men 

475
00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:26,300
going into the water. 
There's nothing he can do. 

476
00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:30,800
Command in this storm is 
meaningless, nature is in charge

477
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:33,600
now and all human authority is 
temporarily suspended. 

478
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:38,600
Around 4 a.m. something shifted 
in the storms character. 

479
00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:42,600
It doesn't weaken if anything. 
This is the peak of its Fury. 

480
00:27:43,300 --> 00:27:47,200
But the wind begins to change 
direction swinging around from 

481
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:49,500
the south-west to the west and 
then North West. 

482
00:27:50,600 --> 00:27:53,700
This rotation means that places 
that had been somewhat protected

483
00:27:53,700 --> 00:27:56,700
by geography. 
Now get hit with full force 

484
00:27:56,700 --> 00:27:59,700
while areas that had borne the 
brunt for hours. 

485
00:27:59,700 --> 00:28:04,400
Get briefed relative respects. 
This windshield causes a new way

486
00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:07,600
of Destruction. 
Building that had survived by 

487
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:10,300
facing away from the wind now. 
Have it hitting them from 

488
00:28:10,300 --> 00:28:13,600
unexpected, angles ships, that 
had positioned themselves 

489
00:28:13,600 --> 00:28:17,200
carefully for South West, Winds 
find the cells broadside. 

490
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:22,600
And north-west, Gale's The wind 
shift feels almost malicious as 

491
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:25,600
if the storm is making sure 
nothing escapes its attention. 

492
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:30,200
On the coast of Hampshire, a 
small fishing Village experience

493
00:28:30,200 --> 00:28:33,300
is what locals will later 
describe as the most terrifying 

494
00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:36,400
hour of the night. 
The wind had been bad but 

495
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:40,500
survivable, then the shifter 
happens and suddenly the wind is

496
00:28:40,508 --> 00:28:43,200
coming, straight off the ocean 
with nothing to block it. 

497
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:48,600
The entire Villages fishing 
fleet 20 small boats drawn up on

498
00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:52,000
the beach is picked up and 
thrown against the Seawall. 

499
00:28:53,100 --> 00:28:56,900
Houses near the water. 
Struck by waves, that have no 

500
00:28:56,900 --> 00:29:00,700
business being that large. 
Three Cottages, simply collapse 

501
00:29:00,700 --> 00:29:02,900
into the sea which is now 
reaching places. 

502
00:29:02,900 --> 00:29:07,000
It is never reached before. 
The Village Church which sits on

503
00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:11,700
a slight rise and has been a 
landmark for 200 years loses, 

504
00:29:11,700 --> 00:29:16,800
its entire roof in one piece, 
The roof simply lifts off sails,

505
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:20,200
several hundred yards, Inland 
and lands in a field where it 

506
00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:24,700
will remain large intact. 
The church bell falls from the 

507
00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:27,900
tower and rolls down into the 
Village Square where it will 

508
00:29:27,900 --> 00:29:31,300
stay for weeks because it's too 
heavy to move easily and there 

509
00:29:31,308 --> 00:29:35,200
are far more pressing concerns. 
As the first hints of gray. 

510
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:38,200
Light begin to appear in the 
Eastern Sky though. 

511
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:41,400
Light is a generous term for the
murky dimness that passes for 

512
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:45,800
Dawn on November 27th. 
People begin to realize that 

513
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:49,900
they might actually survive. 
This Storm is still raging, but 

514
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:52,000
there's a subtle lessening of 
intensity. 

515
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:55,100
A sense that perhaps the worst 
as passed. 

516
00:29:55,900 --> 00:30:00,100
Of course, nobody can be sure 
the storm has already defied 

517
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:02,500
every expectation and broken, 
every rule. 

518
00:30:03,300 --> 00:30:06,400
Whose to say it won't suddenly 
intense fire again but slowly 

519
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,700
gradually. 
The wind does begin to decrease.

520
00:30:10,500 --> 00:30:13,200
Not quickly. 
This isn't like a switch being 

521
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:18,600
flipped off, but measurably by 
6:00 a.m. it's possible to stand

522
00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:21,800
outside without being knocked 
down, though, you still need to 

523
00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:24,000
lean into the wind and watch for
flying debris. 

524
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:27,900
By 7 a.m. the wind has dropped 
to. 

525
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:29,700
What would normally be called 
gale force? 

526
00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:31,600
Which after the horrors of the 
night? 

527
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:36,300
Feels almost calm by comparison.
The storm isn't over, it will 

528
00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:39,300
continue to batter parts of 
England and move on to ravage 

529
00:30:39,300 --> 00:30:43,700
sections of Europe for another 
day. the absolute Peak that 

530
00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:47,300
nightmare period between 
midnight and Dawn, his finally 

531
00:30:47,300 --> 00:30:51,100
ending people begin to emerge 
from what whatever shelter they 

532
00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:54,900
found stepping out into a world 
that has been fundamentally 

533
00:30:54,900 --> 00:30:59,200
transformed. imagine stepping 
out of your shelter as the gray 

534
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:03,000
light of November 27th, grows 
strong enough to actually see by

535
00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:07,100
The wind is still blowing hard. 
But compared to the knights 

536
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:11,500
Fury, it feels almost gentle. 
First thing that strikes you as 

537
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:14,800
the smell. 
Fresh wood from thousands of 

538
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:18,800
broken trees salt. 
Spray carried miles, Inland from

539
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:22,100
the sea Disturbed Earth from 
buildings that have collapsed 

540
00:31:22,100 --> 00:31:25,600
and smoke from fires that have 
broken out in the chaos. 

541
00:31:26,400 --> 00:31:29,900
The second thing you notice is 
the sound after hours of 

542
00:31:29,900 --> 00:31:32,600
continuous roaring. 
Wind the relative quiet is 

543
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:35,700
almost disorienting. 
Your ears are ringing from the 

544
00:31:35,700 --> 00:31:38,800
sustained volume. 
But there are new sounds now, 

545
00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:42,600
the crash of delayed structural 
collapses as buildings that were

546
00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:46,500
weakened during the night. 
Finding give up Calls of people 

547
00:31:46,500 --> 00:31:49,800
searching for family members and
neighbors, and the creaking of 

548
00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:52,400
damaged structures that are 
still partially standing. 

549
00:31:53,300 --> 00:31:56,300
Then you look around and your 
mind struggles to process what 

550
00:31:56,300 --> 00:31:58,600
you're seeing. 
The landscape has been 

551
00:31:58,600 --> 00:32:01,500
transformed. 
So, completely that it takes a 

552
00:32:01,500 --> 00:32:05,900
moment to orient yourself trees.
That will landmarks that you've 

553
00:32:05,900 --> 00:32:08,600
used your entire life to 
navigate our gone. 

554
00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:12,800
Buildings that Define the 
skyline have vanished or are now

555
00:32:12,808 --> 00:32:16,200
unrecognizable ruins. 
The Village or town. 

556
00:32:16,200 --> 00:32:18,600
You've lived in your whole life 
has become a foreign country 

557
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:21,100
overnight. 
In the countryside, the 

558
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:25,000
devastation is staggering, but 
at least it's spread out. entire

559
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:28,200
forests are flattened, yes, but 
forests were going to be cut 

560
00:32:28,200 --> 00:32:31,900
down eventually anyway for 
Timber It's shocking, but it's 

561
00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:34,100
not as immediately heartbreaking
as what's happening in 

562
00:32:34,100 --> 00:32:37,800
population centers in towns and 
cities, the destruction is 

563
00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:41,700
intimate and immediate this pile
of rubble was the baker family's

564
00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:44,500
house where Mrs. Baker made the 
best bread in the village. 

565
00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:48,400
That scattered Timber was the 
Smithy where horses were shot 

566
00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:53,100
and tools were mended the church
where you were baptized where 

567
00:32:53,100 --> 00:32:55,900
your parents were married and 
where your grandparents are 

568
00:32:55,900 --> 00:32:58,400
buried. 
It's now missing half its roof 

569
00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:02,700
and its entire steeple. 
The community's physical memory 

570
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:04,600
has been partially erased 
overnight. 

571
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:08,900
People are emerging slowly and 
cautiously many of them in 

572
00:33:08,900 --> 00:33:12,700
shock, you see a woman standing 
in front of where her house used

573
00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:15,000
to be. 
Just standing there staring at 

574
00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:17,500
the ruble, not moving, not 
speaking. 

575
00:33:18,900 --> 00:33:22,100
A man is walking in circles in 
his yard, picking up random 

576
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:24,200
objects or cooking pot. 
A child's shoe. 

577
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:27,300
A book holding each one for a 
moment before setting it down 

578
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:30,500
and picking up something else. 
As if he's lost the ability to 

579
00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:34,200
decide what's important, 
children are crying some from 

580
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:38,200
Fear, some from exhaustion and 
some from that peculiar distress

581
00:33:38,200 --> 00:33:41,300
that comes from having their 
entire world revealed as less 

582
00:33:41,300 --> 00:33:43,100
safe and stable than they 
believed. 

583
00:33:43,900 --> 00:33:47,600
Dogs are barking frantically 
trying to find their owners or 

584
00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:51,400
protect property that no longer 
exists cats are nowhere to be 

585
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:53,300
seen. 
They've all hidden in whatever 

586
00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:57,000
deep dark places they could find
and won't emerge for days. 

587
00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:01,900
The death toll becomes apparent.
Gradually Someone finds a body 

588
00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:04,500
under Rubble here. 
Another is discovered in a 

589
00:34:04,500 --> 00:34:08,000
collapsed building their Family 
didn't make it out when their 

590
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:11,600
house collapsed. 
And elderly person too frail to 

591
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:14,300
evacuate to Stronger shelter was
crushed. 

592
00:34:14,300 --> 00:34:18,199
When a beam fell, the numbers 
start to accumulate and with 

593
00:34:18,199 --> 00:34:20,900
each Discovery, the community 
shock deepens. 

594
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:26,400
In London, the scene is a pocket
lipstick streets are in 

595
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:28,900
impossible. 
Blocked by Fallen chimneys 

596
00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:33,900
collapsed walls and debris. 
The lead Merchants Warehouse 

597
00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:38,000
near the Thames as collapsed. 
Spilling thousands of sheets of 

598
00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:40,300
lead, roofing material into the 
streets. 

599
00:34:41,199 --> 00:34:43,300
Tiles and Bricks Like 
everywhere. 

600
00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:48,000
Mixed with broken glass 
splintered wood and Scattered 

601
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:50,699
belongings from homes that no 
longer have roofs to protect 

602
00:34:50,699 --> 00:34:53,600
their contents. 
Westminster Abbey looks like 

603
00:34:53,600 --> 00:34:57,100
it's been hit by artillery. 
The roof damage is extensive 

604
00:34:57,100 --> 00:34:59,900
exposing the interior, the 
elements. 

605
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:04,200
Several Pinnacles and decorative
elements of Fallen smashing into

606
00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:07,700
the streets below, the clock 
tower, stopped working, its 

607
00:35:07,700 --> 00:35:10,400
mechanism jammed by the 
building, structural shifts. 

608
00:35:11,300 --> 00:35:13,900
Queen will be told that the 
damage to the Abbey alone will 

609
00:35:13,900 --> 00:35:18,600
cost thousands of pounds to 
repair a fortune in 1703 money. 

610
00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:23,500
Daniel Defoe having survived the
night with his family begins. 

611
00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:25,100
What will become the world's 
first. 

612
00:35:25,100 --> 00:35:27,200
Systematic disaster 
investigation. 

613
00:35:28,100 --> 00:35:31,500
He places advertisements in 
London newspapers asking people 

614
00:35:31,500 --> 00:35:33,900
to send him their observations 
and experiences. 

615
00:35:33,900 --> 00:35:38,700
He's going to collect data, 
compiled statistics, and create 

616
00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:40,500
a comprehensive account of the 
store. 

617
00:35:41,600 --> 00:35:45,700
It's revolutionary journalism 
using systematic investigation 

618
00:35:45,700 --> 00:35:49,600
and I witnessed testimony to 
document and natural disaster. 

619
00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:54,900
His eventual publication, the 
storm will become a historical 

620
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:59,600
document of immense value. 
Along the coast, the maritime 

621
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:03,000
disaster is beyond anything. 
The Royal Navy has experienced 

622
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:05,800
in peace time. 
Portsmouth, Harbour looks like a

623
00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:09,200
Battlefield. 
Ships are piled on top of each 

624
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:11,900
other. 
Masts are broken and trailing in

625
00:36:11,900 --> 00:36:14,900
the water and hulls a stove in 
and sinking. 

626
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:18,600
Bodies are washing up on shore 
Sailors, who went into the water

627
00:36:18,600 --> 00:36:22,900
during the night and never made 
it out. the Eddystone light, 

628
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:26,200
which stood as a symbol of human
engineering triumphing over 

629
00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:30,500
Nature, has vanished completely 
Search ships, will eventually 

630
00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:34,200
find the Rocks where it stood, 
but not a single piece of the 

631
00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:38,100
structure remains. 
Henry went Stanley who designed 

632
00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:41,100
and built the light house and 
who famously said he wanted to 

633
00:36:41,108 --> 00:36:45,300
be in the greatest storm to 
prove its strength, God is wish 

634
00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:48,900
in the coolest way possible. 
His confidence in his 

635
00:36:48,900 --> 00:36:50,700
engineering as cost him 
everything. 

636
00:36:51,700 --> 00:36:54,100
Merchant ship's from around. 
The world have been destroyed 

637
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:58,300
vessel from the East Indies, 
carrying spices and silk with a 

638
00:36:58,300 --> 00:37:00,300
small fortune, the sunk in the 
harbor. 

639
00:37:01,300 --> 00:37:05,500
Ship from the Americas loaded 
with tobacco and sugar has been 

640
00:37:05,508 --> 00:37:07,800
driven onto the rocks and broken
apart. 

641
00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:11,700
Insurance companies in London 
will face bankruptcy from the 

642
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:14,300
claims. 
The financial impact of the 

643
00:37:14,300 --> 00:37:16,600
storm will Ripple through the 
economy for years. 

644
00:37:17,500 --> 00:37:20,400
The total ship losses are 
difficult to calculate initially

645
00:37:20,400 --> 00:37:23,600
because ships keep being found 
wrecked in unexpected places. 

646
00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:27,200
The wind was strong enough to 
blow vessels miles from where 

647
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:31,300
they should have been one 
merchant ship is found several 

648
00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:34,000
miles. 
Inland blown up a tidal Creek 

649
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:35,800
and deposited in a farmer's 
field. 

650
00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:38,800
Like some bizarre, sea monster 
that lost his way. 

651
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:42,300
It will stay there for years 
because moving it is in 

652
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:45,300
Practical. 
Eventually, it will just rot in 

653
00:37:45,308 --> 00:37:50,400
place, becoming a landmark. 
And a reminder, Bishop's Palace 

654
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:53,000
in Wells Somerset has lost most 
of its roof. 

655
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:56,700
Tiles that have protected this 
building for centuries are gone 

656
00:37:56,700 --> 00:37:58,900
scattered across the 
countryside. 

657
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:02,600
Rain is now falling into rooms 
that have not been wet since 

658
00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:05,300
they were built. 
Ancient manuscripts and 

659
00:38:05,308 --> 00:38:08,500
documents are being hastily 
moved to try to save them from 

660
00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:11,200
water damage. 
They will take months to make 

661
00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:12,700
the palace where the proof 
again. 

662
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:16,400
Canterbury Cathedral one of the 
most important religious sites 

663
00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:19,900
in England has suffered damage 
to its Bell Harry Tower 

664
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:24,100
stonework that has stood since 
the 1400s has been weakened or 

665
00:38:24,100 --> 00:38:27,200
destroyed, Lead sheets have been
torn from the roof. 

666
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:30,200
The Archbishop will later 
calculate that the storm has 

667
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:31,700
done more damage to the 
cathedral. 

668
00:38:31,700 --> 00:38:35,700
That was inflicted during the 
entire Reformation as people 

669
00:38:35,700 --> 00:38:38,900
begin to assess the damage and 
start the overwhelming task of 

670
00:38:38,900 --> 00:38:42,000
recovery. 
Stories emerge that strain 

671
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,200
credibility? 
A woman in Kent claims that her 

672
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:49,300
chickens were blown, two miles 
from her farm, and landed alive.

673
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:51,700
But extremely confused in 
neighbor's yard. 

674
00:38:52,700 --> 00:38:55,900
Farmer insist that the wind was 
so strong at blew the fleece off

675
00:38:55,908 --> 00:38:58,600
several of his sheep. 
Claim that seems impossible 

676
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:00,400
until you see the sheep in 
question. 

677
00:39:00,400 --> 00:39:03,300
Partially shared by wind and 
flying debris. 

678
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:08,100
Someone finds a haystack from 
Sussex City in a field in Kent 

679
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:11,100
blown, 20 miles from its 
original location. 

680
00:39:12,200 --> 00:39:15,700
A weather vane from a church in 
Hampshire is discovered in 

681
00:39:15,708 --> 00:39:18,700
bedded in a tree in Dorset, 40 
miles away. 

682
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:22,600
These objects aren't just blown 
around, they're becoming 

683
00:39:22,608 --> 00:39:25,700
projectiles that travel 
distances that seem to violate 

684
00:39:25,700 --> 00:39:29,200
the laws of physics. 
The task of clearing, the debris

685
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:32,100
and beginning. 
Repairs is overwhelming in every

686
00:39:32,100 --> 00:39:35,100
village in every town. 
People are looking at months or 

687
00:39:35,100 --> 00:39:38,400
years of work. 
Roofs need to be rebuilt. 

688
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:43,100
Walls, need to be repaired and 
trees need to be cleared and 

689
00:39:43,100 --> 00:39:46,500
winter is coming damaged. 
Buildings need to be made 

690
00:39:46,500 --> 00:39:49,000
weatherproof before the real 
cold arrives. 

691
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:53,000
There's a desperate urgency to 
the work driven by the 

692
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:56,100
knowledge, that another storm, 
even a normal one. 

693
00:39:56,100 --> 00:39:58,900
Could be catastrophic for 
buildings that are barely 

694
00:39:58,900 --> 00:40:02,000
standing. 
Help begins to arrive from areas

695
00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:05,100
that were less affected the 
northern counties which 

696
00:40:05,100 --> 00:40:07,900
experienced strong winds. 
But nothing like the destruction

697
00:40:07,900 --> 00:40:12,300
in the South send workers and 
materials, the queen opens, the 

698
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:15,100
Royal purse to help with repairs
to churches and public 

699
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:18,000
buildings. 
Wealthy landowners, organized 

700
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:19,500
relief, efforts for their 
tenants. 

701
00:40:19,500 --> 00:40:22,800
It's not enough, it can't be 
enough. 

702
00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:27,300
But it's something and in the 
aftermath of disaster, something

703
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:30,900
is infinitely better than 
nothing as the day progresses 

704
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:32,500
and the win continues to die 
down. 

705
00:40:32,500 --> 00:40:35,100
People start trying to 
understand what happened. 

706
00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:38,300
This is the beginning of a 
collective attempt to make sense

707
00:40:38,300 --> 00:40:40,100
of something that defies 
comprehension. 

708
00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:44,700
In an age before. 
Modern meteorology before 

709
00:40:44,700 --> 00:40:47,400
whether science, as we know it, 
people are reaching for 

710
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:50,100
explanations that make sense 
within their worldview. 

711
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:53,400
In the days and weeks. 
Following the great storm people

712
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:56,600
across, England are asking the 
same question what just 

713
00:40:56,600 --> 00:40:58,900
happened? 
You have to remember that in 

714
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:02,600
1703, the scientific 
understanding of whether was 

715
00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:05,400
primitive at best. 
The barometer exists. 

716
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:07,200
Yes. 
But it's a novelty. 

717
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:11,300
Concept of air pressure is 
understood in abstract terms by 

718
00:41:11,300 --> 00:41:15,100
a few signs but the connection 
between precious systems and 

719
00:41:15,100 --> 00:41:18,300
weather is still being debated 
in academic circles. 

720
00:41:18,300 --> 00:41:21,900
Most people's understanding of 
weather comes from centuries of 

721
00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:24,000
folk wisdom and religious 
interpretation. 

722
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:28,800
Storms are sent by God either as
punishment for sin or as tests 

723
00:41:28,800 --> 00:41:32,600
of faith. weather patterns are 
influenced by the Moon by the 

724
00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:36,100
stars and by various signs and 
Omens that experience people 

725
00:41:36,100 --> 00:41:39,600
learn to read It's not 
scientific but it's the 

726
00:41:39,600 --> 00:41:42,000
framework of people have for 
understanding their world. 

727
00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:46,300
So when a storm of unprecedented
violence strikes without warning

728
00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:50,700
and causes unimaginable 
destruction, Search for meaning 

729
00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:54,600
becomes urgent. 
Religious leaders, who serve as 

730
00:41:54,600 --> 00:41:56,600
the primary interpreters of 
major events. 

731
00:41:56,600 --> 00:42:00,000
Immediately frame. 
The storm in theological terms. 

732
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:04,000
Sermons, across the country. 
Describe it as Divine judgment 

733
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:06,600
though. 
What exactly England is being 

734
00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:09,300
judged for various depending on 
the preachers particular 

735
00:42:09,300 --> 00:42:13,500
theological emphasis, Some 
ministers point to the ongoing 

736
00:42:13,500 --> 00:42:17,200
war with France, suggesting that
God is displeased with the 

737
00:42:17,200 --> 00:42:21,600
Bloodshed others focus on moral 
decay in London, claiming that 

738
00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:26,000
the storm is punishment for the 
theater gambling and other vices

739
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:29,500
flourishing in the capitol. 
Still others, take a more 

740
00:42:29,500 --> 00:42:32,900
political angle suggesting that 
religious divisions between 

741
00:42:32,900 --> 00:42:36,100
Anglican and descenders have 
angered the all Mighty. 

742
00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:41,000
These explanations provide 
comfort in their way, if the 

743
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:44,000
storm is divine judgment, then 
it's not random. 

744
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:48,900
It has meaning purpose and cause
and if it has a cause then 

745
00:42:48,900 --> 00:42:51,700
perhaps it can be prevented next
time by improving moral 

746
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:54,000
Behavior. 
Reforming religious practices, 

747
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:58,200
Its a way of restoring, a sense 
of control in a situation that 

748
00:42:58,200 --> 00:43:00,800
revealed how little control 
anyone actually has. 

749
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:04,700
Queen Anne, who is deeply 
religious orders? 

750
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:07,500
A national day of fasting and 
prayer to be held in January. 

751
00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:11,300
It's both a religious observant 
and a political statement 

752
00:43:11,300 --> 00:43:15,500
acknowledging the disaster while
demonstrating Royal concern for 

753
00:43:15,500 --> 00:43:18,700
the nation's welfare. 
Churches across England will 

754
00:43:18,700 --> 00:43:22,200
hold special services and people
will pray for the souls of the 

755
00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:24,800
dead and for protection from 
future disasters. 

756
00:43:26,100 --> 00:43:28,500
But not everyone is satisfied 
with purely religious 

757
00:43:28,500 --> 00:43:32,800
explanations a small but growing
number of natural philosophers. 

758
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:36,600
The term scientists won't be 
coined for another Century are 

759
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:39,400
approaching the storm from a 
more analytical perspective. 

760
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:42,900
They want to understand the 
physical mechanisms that could 

761
00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:47,400
produce such extraordinary wins.
Daniel defoe's investigation 

762
00:43:47,400 --> 00:43:51,000
represents this new way of 
thinking, He's collecting data, 

763
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:54,200
systematically comparing 
accounts from different 

764
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:58,100
locations and trying to map the 
storm's path and intensity. 

765
00:43:58,100 --> 00:44:01,900
He's asking questions like how 
fast were the winds? 

766
00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:05,500
Nobody knows because instruments
to measure wind speed won't be 

767
00:44:05,500 --> 00:44:08,900
invented until the 1800s. 
What was the air pressure? 

768
00:44:09,800 --> 00:44:12,800
A few people with barometers, 
report unprecedented Lowe's, but

769
00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:14,600
there's no standard measurement 
system. 

770
00:44:15,700 --> 00:44:17,500
The storm. 
Follow a predictable path. 

771
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:22,100
The account suggests something 
strange a rotating storm system 

772
00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:23,400
that moved across Southern 
England. 

773
00:44:23,400 --> 00:44:27,200
But the concept of cyclonic 
rotation won't be understood for

774
00:44:27,200 --> 00:44:30,700
over a century. 
Robert Hooke the brilliant, but 

775
00:44:30,700 --> 00:44:34,200
often overlooked scientist who 
serves as curator of experiments

776
00:44:34,200 --> 00:44:38,100
for the Royal Society, Has been 
keeping detailed weather records

777
00:44:38,100 --> 00:44:41,100
for years. 
He reviews his observations from

778
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,900
late November and notes the 
unusual barometric pressure 

779
00:44:44,900 --> 00:44:47,000
readings. 
He suspects. 

780
00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:49,600
There's a connection between the
rapid pressure, drop and the 

781
00:44:49,600 --> 00:44:52,900
storms intensity. 
But he lacks the theoretical 

782
00:44:52,900 --> 00:44:54,700
framework to explain it 
properly. 

783
00:44:56,100 --> 00:44:59,900
The Royal Society England's 
Premier scientific institution 

784
00:44:59,900 --> 00:45:03,400
holds several meetings, 
dedicated to discussing the 

785
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:06,100
storm. 
Members present observations, 

786
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:10,900
theories and speculations. 
Some of their ideas are 

787
00:45:10,900 --> 00:45:12,800
surprisingly close to Modern 
understanding. 

788
00:45:13,500 --> 00:45:17,200
The correctly identify that the 
storm involved rotating wins and

789
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:20,800
move from west to east. 
Other ideas are completely 

790
00:45:20,800 --> 00:45:24,300
wrong, including suggestions, 
that earthquake under the 

791
00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:27,600
Atlantic somehow calls the storm
or that unusual, planetary 

792
00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:29,900
alignments influenced 
atmospheric conditions. 

793
00:45:30,900 --> 00:45:33,900
What makes the discussion 
interesting is that they're 

794
00:45:33,900 --> 00:45:36,600
trying to apply empirical 
observation and logical 

795
00:45:36,600 --> 00:45:39,800
reasoning to a natural 
phenomenon rather than simply 

796
00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:42,000
accepting Supernatural 
explanations. 

797
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:45,300
This represents an important 
moment in the development of 

798
00:45:45,300 --> 00:45:48,500
meteorological science. 
Even if the actual understanding

799
00:45:48,500 --> 00:45:51,900
is still primitive, one 
observation that particularly 

800
00:45:51,900 --> 00:45:56,100
puzzles natural philosophers is 
the storms extraordinary wind 

801
00:45:56,100 --> 00:45:58,300
speed. 
Several people report seeing 

802
00:45:58,300 --> 00:46:00,900
objects blown velocities that 
seemed impossible. 

803
00:46:01,900 --> 00:46:06,300
Tiles flying like birds pieces 
of roof traveling for Miles. 

804
00:46:06,300 --> 00:46:08,700
People actually being lifted off
their feet. 

805
00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:12,800
These accounts suggest wind 
speeds far beyond what anyone 

806
00:46:12,800 --> 00:46:14,500
has measured or documented 
before. 

807
00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:20,400
Modern meteorological analysis, 
conducted centuries later using 

808
00:46:20,400 --> 00:46:24,400
defuse collected accounts and 
other historical records suggest

809
00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:27,600
that wind speeds during the 
storm's Peak may have reached 

810
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:32,900
120 to 130 miles per hour. 
Possibly higher in Gus. 

811
00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:37,700
That's Category, 3, hurricane 
strength, but occurring in a 

812
00:46:37,700 --> 00:46:40,100
Latitude where such storms 
essentially never happened. 

813
00:46:40,900 --> 00:46:43,700
It's the equivalent of a major 
Caribbean hurricane somehow 

814
00:46:43,700 --> 00:46:46,500
appearing in the English 
Channel, meteorologically 

815
00:46:46,500 --> 00:46:48,300
bizarre and historically 
unprecedented. 

816
00:46:49,700 --> 00:46:53,700
The storm's path is also 
unusual, most Atlantic storms. 

817
00:46:53,700 --> 00:46:56,600
That reach England come from the
southwest and weaken as they 

818
00:46:56,600 --> 00:46:59,500
approached land. 
This storm seems to have 

819
00:46:59,500 --> 00:47:03,100
intensified as it approached, 
which violates normal storm 

820
00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:06,100
Behavior. 
It also maintained its strength 

821
00:47:06,100 --> 00:47:09,100
far longer than normal. 
Battering, Southern England for 

822
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:13,400
over 12 hours at Peak intensity.
Everything about it, is 

823
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:16,200
exceptional, anomalous and 
wrong. 

824
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:18,500
According to the typical 
patterns that experience, 

825
00:47:18,500 --> 00:47:22,300
observe as recognized. 
Agricultural communities are 

826
00:47:22,300 --> 00:47:24,400
particularly concerned with 
understanding what happened 

827
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:27,200
because they need to know if it 
could happen again. 

828
00:47:28,000 --> 00:47:31,500
If this was a one-time Divine 
judgment, that's one thing, but 

829
00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:34,000
if it's a weather pattern that 
might recur, then building 

830
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:39,000
practices need to change farming
strategies, need to adapt and 

831
00:47:39,000 --> 00:47:41,700
communities need to prepare 
differently for winter storms. 

832
00:47:41,700 --> 00:47:46,800
The answer frustratingly. 
Is that nobody knows, This could

833
00:47:46,800 --> 00:47:49,200
be a once in a millennium of 
event, that won't recur for 

834
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:52,300
centuries, or it could be the 
first of a new pattern. 

835
00:47:52,300 --> 00:47:56,600
Maybe the climate is changing, 
maybe some fundamental shift in 

836
00:47:56,600 --> 00:47:58,200
our spirit conditions as 
occurred. 

837
00:47:59,100 --> 00:48:02,300
Without historical records going
back more than a generation or 

838
00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:05,100
two and without scientific 
instruments to measure 

839
00:48:05,100 --> 00:48:08,200
conditions properly. 
It's impossible to put the storm

840
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,100
in proper context. 
What people do know is that 

841
00:48:11,100 --> 00:48:13,300
their understanding of what 
weather can do has been 

842
00:48:13,308 --> 00:48:17,900
fundamentally revised Before the
storm people thought they knew 

843
00:48:17,900 --> 00:48:21,900
the limits of wind strength, the
maximum height of waves and the 

844
00:48:21,900 --> 00:48:24,000
worst that nature could throw at
England. 

845
00:48:25,100 --> 00:48:27,900
Storm has demonstrated that 
those limits were imaginary. 

846
00:48:28,700 --> 00:48:30,600
That nature is capable of 
violence. 

847
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:33,300
Far beyond what anyone 
considered possible. 

848
00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:37,800
This realization is both 
terrifying and in an odd way 

849
00:48:37,800 --> 00:48:42,300
liberating If the old certain he
is about whether or wrong then 

850
00:48:42,300 --> 00:48:44,500
perhaps other certain teas are 
also questionable. 

851
00:48:44,500 --> 00:48:49,000
Maybe the world is more Dynamic,
more changeable and more 

852
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:51,400
surprising than traditional 
wisdom suggests. 

853
00:48:52,300 --> 00:48:55,300
It's an uncomfortable thought, 
but it's also the kind of 

854
00:48:55,300 --> 00:48:57,400
thinking that drives scientific 
progress. 

855
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:01,200
Ensurance companies are all so 
trying to understand the storm 

856
00:49:01,200 --> 00:49:04,600
but for purely practical 
reasons, they need to calculate 

857
00:49:04,600 --> 00:49:08,900
risks and set premiums, which 
requires some ability to predict

858
00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:10,500
the likelihood of future 
disasters. 

859
00:49:11,400 --> 00:49:14,300
The losses from the storm are 
bankrupting several Insurance 

860
00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:16,500
firms. 
And the survivors need to figure

861
00:49:16,500 --> 00:49:19,000
out how to price policies in a 
world where apparently 

862
00:49:19,000 --> 00:49:21,100
impossible disasters can 
actually occur. 

863
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:25,800
This leads to some of the first 
attempts at Actuarial science, 

864
00:49:25,800 --> 00:49:29,100
applied to weather. 
Trying to use historical records

865
00:49:29,100 --> 00:49:33,200
and mathematical probability to 
estimate storm frequency and 

866
00:49:33,200 --> 00:49:36,600
intensity. 
Its crewed by modern standards 

867
00:49:36,600 --> 00:49:40,400
but it represents the beginning 
of treating weather disasters as

868
00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:44,700
calculable risks rather than 
simply unpredictable acts of 

869
00:49:44,708 --> 00:49:47,600
God. 
As weaks turn to months and 

870
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:51,300
England slowly recovers from the
great store the ways, it has 

871
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:52,900
changed the country, begin to 
emerge. 

872
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:57,500
Some changes are obvious and 
immediate thousands of buildings

873
00:49:57,500 --> 00:49:59,700
have been rebuilt with stronger 
construction methods. 

874
00:49:59,700 --> 00:50:02,400
For instance. 
Other changes are more subtle 

875
00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:05,400
working their way through 
culture and Consciousness in 

876
00:50:05,400 --> 00:50:08,100
ways that will influence British
Society for Generations. 

877
00:50:09,400 --> 00:50:11,500
The most immediate Legacy is 
architectural. 

878
00:50:11,500 --> 00:50:16,000
The storm has provided a brutal 
lesson and what works and what 

879
00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:19,100
doesn't when it comes to 
withstanding, extreme winds, 

880
00:50:19,100 --> 00:50:22,700
thatched, roofs while 
traditional and relatively 

881
00:50:22,700 --> 00:50:25,900
inexpensive have proven 
catastrophically vulnerable. 

882
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:29,800
In the Reconstruction that 
follows you can see a shift 

883
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:33,700
toward tiles and slates toward 
heavier roofing materials that 

884
00:50:33,700 --> 00:50:37,300
won't simply Blow Away. 
Building techniques change too 

885
00:50:37,300 --> 00:50:40,800
Timber framing gets reinforced 
buildings. 

886
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:44,400
Are anchored more securely to 
their foundations and walls are 

887
00:50:44,400 --> 00:50:46,800
built thicker. 
There's a new appreciation for 

888
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:49,500
stone construction even though 
it's more expensive. 

889
00:50:49,500 --> 00:50:53,700
The storm has essentially 
provided free but extremely 

890
00:50:53,700 --> 00:50:57,100
harsh testing of construction 
methods and Builders are 

891
00:50:57,100 --> 00:51:00,200
learning from the results. 
The windmill industry undergoes 

892
00:51:00,200 --> 00:51:04,400
a complete redesign. 
Catastrophic failures during the

893
00:51:04,400 --> 00:51:08,700
storm Mills spinning themselves 
to destruction Catching Fire or 

894
00:51:08,700 --> 00:51:11,100
simply exploding have made it 
clear. 

895
00:51:11,100 --> 00:51:14,400
That Current Designs are 
inadequate Engineers develop 

896
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:17,600
better brake systems stronger, 
gearing and emergency shutdown 

897
00:51:17,600 --> 00:51:22,400
mechanisms future windmills will
be lower and sturdier trading 

898
00:51:22,400 --> 00:51:24,900
some efficiency for much better 
storm, survival. 

899
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:28,900
Lighthouse construction sees 
even more dramatic changes. 

900
00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:32,700
The complete obliteration of the
Eddystone light makes it clear 

901
00:51:32,700 --> 00:51:36,700
that wooden structures no matter
how cleverly designed, simply 

902
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:39,500
cannot withstand the worst. 
The ocean can throw at them. 

903
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:43,400
When the lighthouse is rebuilt, 
it will be Stone. 

904
00:51:43,400 --> 00:51:46,600
And when that proves 
insufficient and is replaced. 

905
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:50,300
Again, 50 years later, it will 
be even heavier stone with 

906
00:51:50,300 --> 00:51:54,600
Innovative engineering. 
The storm effectively ends the 

907
00:51:54,600 --> 00:51:56,800
era of wooden offshore 
lighthouses. 

908
00:51:56,800 --> 00:52:00,200
The Royal Navy learned hard 
lessons about Harbor management 

909
00:52:00,200 --> 00:52:03,400
and ships security. 
New Mooring systems are 

910
00:52:03,400 --> 00:52:06,500
developed Harbor. 
Configurations are redesigned 

911
00:52:06,500 --> 00:52:10,500
and procedures for securing 
ships during extreme weather a 

912
00:52:10,500 --> 00:52:14,100
completely overhauled. 
The loss of so many ships in 

913
00:52:14,100 --> 00:52:16,700
Harbor where they should have 
been safe. 

914
00:52:16,700 --> 00:52:19,800
Is an embarrassment that the 
Navy is determined not to 

915
00:52:19,800 --> 00:52:22,300
repeat. 
But beyond these practical 

916
00:52:22,300 --> 00:52:25,300
changes, the storm leaves deeper
marks on British culture and 

917
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:28,900
psychology. 
It becomes a reference point, a 

918
00:52:28,900 --> 00:52:31,600
benchmark against which all 
future storms are measured. 

919
00:52:32,300 --> 00:52:35,600
For Generations afterwards. 
People will say things like the 

920
00:52:35,600 --> 00:52:41,200
worst storm since 2003 or not, 
as bad as the great storm, it 

921
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:44,300
enters the national memory as a 
shared trauma, that defined an 

922
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:48,000
era. 
The storm also contributes to a 

923
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:50,900
slowly growing sense that the 
world is more knowable and less 

924
00:52:50,900 --> 00:52:53,200
mysterious than previous 
generations believed. 

925
00:52:54,300 --> 00:52:57,900
The fact that someone like Dafoe
could systematically investigate

926
00:52:57,900 --> 00:53:01,600
a natural disaster, collect 
data, and produce a 

927
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:05,000
comprehensive account. 
This represents a new way of 

928
00:53:05,008 --> 00:53:08,400
understanding the world. 
Not through divine, revelation 

929
00:53:08,400 --> 00:53:11,600
or ancient Authority, but 
through observation, 

930
00:53:11,600 --> 00:53:17,300
documentation and Analysis. if 
those the storm published in 

931
00:53:17,308 --> 00:53:20,700
1704 becomes a best-seller and 
remains in print for decades 

932
00:53:21,600 --> 00:53:24,600
It's part disaster, account part
investigation, and part 

933
00:53:24,600 --> 00:53:27,200
meditation, on human 
vulnerability, in the face of 

934
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:30,400
nature. 
But more importantly, it's proof

935
00:53:30,400 --> 00:53:33,900
that complex natural phenomena 
can be studied systematically 

936
00:53:33,900 --> 00:53:37,300
and understood rationally. 
This approach will influence 

937
00:53:37,300 --> 00:53:39,400
everything from how future 
disaster does. 

938
00:53:39,400 --> 00:53:42,400
A documented to House 
significant investigation is 

939
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:47,200
conducted The insurance industry
forced to reinvent itself after 

940
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:51,400
the storms Financial Devastation
becomes more sophisticated and 

941
00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:52,900
more mathematical in its 
approach. 

942
00:53:54,100 --> 00:53:57,300
The disaster accelerate, the 
development of Actuarial science

943
00:53:57,300 --> 00:54:01,900
and risk assessment. in a very 
real way, the Modern Insurance 

944
00:54:01,900 --> 00:54:05,300
in Industry, with its complex 
calculations of risk and 

945
00:54:05,300 --> 00:54:09,600
probability, Has roots in the 
attempts to understand and price

946
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:14,800
the risk of another great storm.
Weather observation becomes more

947
00:54:14,800 --> 00:54:16,800
systematic in the storms 
aftermath. 

948
00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:19,300
More people invest in 
barometers. 

949
00:54:19,300 --> 00:54:22,800
Detailed whether logs are kept 
and patterns are noted. 

950
00:54:23,500 --> 00:54:26,700
The Royal Society encourages 
this systematic observation 

951
00:54:26,700 --> 00:54:29,900
collecting data, that will 
eventually contribute to the 

952
00:54:29,900 --> 00:54:32,400
development of meteorology as a 
proper science. 

953
00:54:33,200 --> 00:54:35,600
It will take another century and
a half before weather 

954
00:54:35,600 --> 00:54:39,700
forecasting becomes reliable. 
The great storm marks an 

955
00:54:39,700 --> 00:54:42,400
important step in that 
direction, the religious 

956
00:54:42,400 --> 00:54:45,600
response to the storm also has 
lasting effects though. 

957
00:54:45,600 --> 00:54:47,800
Perhaps not the ones, the clergy
intended. 

958
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:51,400
While sermons The Disaster as 
Divine judgement. 

959
00:54:52,300 --> 00:54:55,300
The fact that the Godly and 
ungodly suffered equally raises 

960
00:54:55,300 --> 00:54:59,100
uncomfortable quests. 
Why would God destroy churches 

961
00:54:59,100 --> 00:55:03,600
while sparing taverns, why kill 
peers Sailors while sparing 

962
00:55:03,600 --> 00:55:06,800
sinful merchants? 
these questions don't shake 

963
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:11,000
religious Faith, England remains
deeply Christian, But they 

964
00:55:11,008 --> 00:55:13,800
contribute to a gradually 
developing sense that maybe 

965
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:17,900
natural events have natural 
causes rather than being direct 

966
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:22,100
expression of divine will. 
This is part of a larger 

967
00:55:22,100 --> 00:55:24,200
intellectual shift happening 
across Europe. 

968
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:28,400
The Enlightenment with its 
emphasis on reason observation 

969
00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:32,200
and natural law. 
The great storm doesn't cause 

970
00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:35,200
this shift. 
It provides dramatic evidence 

971
00:55:35,200 --> 00:55:38,600
that supports the new way of 
thinking. if even the weather 

972
00:55:38,600 --> 00:55:41,900
follows natural laws, rather 
than being directly controlled 

973
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:45,800
by divine intervention, then 
perhaps the entire universe 

974
00:55:45,800 --> 00:55:48,300
operates according to 
predictable principles that 

975
00:55:48,300 --> 00:55:50,100
humans can discover and 
understand. 

976
00:55:51,100 --> 00:55:54,400
In literature and culture, the 
storm becomes a symbol of 

977
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:56,700
Nature's power and human 
vulnerability. 

978
00:55:56,700 --> 00:56:01,400
It appears in poems plays and 
novels artists to pick the 

979
00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:05,200
devastation in an engraving and 
paintings the image of ships. 

980
00:56:05,200 --> 00:56:09,100
Being torn apart in Harbor of 
ancient trees, toppling of 

981
00:56:09,100 --> 00:56:13,000
churches losing the Steeples, 
these become powerful metaphors 

982
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:16,400
for the fragility of human 
achievements in the face of 

983
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:18,900
natural forces. 
Storm. 

984
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:21,900
Also, influences British 
Maritime culture and the 

985
00:56:21,900 --> 00:56:25,500
national self-image. 
Britain sees itself as a naval 

986
00:56:25,500 --> 00:56:28,100
power as a nation connected to 
the Sea. 

987
00:56:29,100 --> 00:56:32,000
The fact that the sea could 
strike, so devastating a blow 

988
00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:34,700
right in the heart of British 
Naval strength is sobering. 

989
00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:38,300
It reinforces the respect for 
the ocean that is Central to 

990
00:56:38,300 --> 00:56:41,900
British Maritime tradition. 
The understanding that the sea 

991
00:56:41,900 --> 00:56:45,900
is never fully tamed never 
completely safe and always 

992
00:56:45,900 --> 00:56:50,100
demands respect. 
For the families who lost loved 

993
00:56:50,100 --> 00:56:53,400
ones in the storm, the legacy is
more personal and more painful. 

994
00:56:54,300 --> 00:56:59,100
Proximately 8,000 people died. 
Most of them Sailors who drowned

995
00:56:59,100 --> 00:57:02,600
when their ships went down. 
That's a staggering number for a

996
00:57:02,600 --> 00:57:04,100
country. 
With England's population in 

997
00:57:04,100 --> 00:57:09,700
1703 nearly every Coastal 
Community, lost someone every 

998
00:57:09,700 --> 00:57:14,900
port town has widows and orphans
the human cost, ripples through 

999
00:57:14,900 --> 00:57:19,900
Society for a generation. 
There's all an economic Legacy, 

1000
00:57:19,900 --> 00:57:24,300
the destruction of property, the
loss of ships and cargo, and the

1001
00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:28,400
cost of reconstruction, all of 
this represents an enormous. 

1002
00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:33,100
Financial burden England in 1703
is already fighting and 

1003
00:57:33,100 --> 00:57:36,500
expensive war with France. 
Adding a massive natural 

1004
00:57:36,500 --> 00:57:39,200
disaster on top of that strange.
The national economy. 

1005
00:57:40,100 --> 00:57:42,700
Taxes arrays to fund 
reconstruction of government 

1006
00:57:42,700 --> 00:57:46,400
buildings and churches, 
insurances premium Skyrocket, 

1007
00:57:46,400 --> 00:57:50,500
some businesses never recover. 
But there's also resilience in 

1008
00:57:50,508 --> 00:57:53,500
the response communities. 
Come together to rebuild, 

1009
00:57:53,500 --> 00:57:56,900
neighbors, help, neighbors, 
clear, debris, and repair homes,

1010
00:57:56,900 --> 00:57:59,400
the nation as a whole 
demonstrates. 

1011
00:57:59,400 --> 00:58:02,400
A capacity to absorb a 
devastating blow and keep 

1012
00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:05,500
functioning. 
This resilience becomes part of 

1013
00:58:05,500 --> 00:58:08,500
Britain's National character 
part of the story. 

1014
00:58:08,500 --> 00:58:12,400
The Country tells about itself 
that British people endure 

1015
00:58:12,400 --> 00:58:15,700
persist and carry on regardless 
of circumstances. 

1016
00:58:17,100 --> 00:58:20,200
The great storm becomes part of 
the cultural mythology that 

1017
00:58:20,200 --> 00:58:22,200
helps Define what it means to be
British. 

1018
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:24,400
It's invoked during World War 
Two. 

1019
00:58:24,400 --> 00:58:27,300
When the blitz is compared to 
natural disasters of the past 

1020
00:58:27,300 --> 00:58:30,900
its reference during subsequent,
hurricane and floods. 

1021
00:58:31,600 --> 00:58:34,300
It becomes one of those 
foundational stories that helped

1022
00:58:34,300 --> 00:58:37,100
a nation. 
Understand itself, a reminder 

1023
00:58:37,100 --> 00:58:40,800
that Britain has face 
catastrophe before and survived.

1024
00:58:41,700 --> 00:58:44,200
From a modern perspective, 
knowing what we now know about 

1025
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:48,900
climate and weather systems, the
great storm of 1703 remains 

1026
00:58:48,900 --> 00:58:53,400
meteorologically fascinating. 
Computer models, attempting to 

1027
00:58:53,400 --> 00:58:55,800
recreate the storm based on 
historical accounts. 

1028
00:58:55,800 --> 00:58:59,900
Suggested it was essentially a 
bomb cyclone An extratropical 

1029
00:58:59,900 --> 00:59:03,800
storm that underwent explosive 
intense of vacation with 

1030
00:59:03,800 --> 00:59:06,000
pressure dropping at 
unprecedented rates. 

1031
00:59:06,900 --> 00:59:08,600
These storms are rare, but not 
impossible. 

1032
00:59:08,600 --> 00:59:12,000
And when they occur in the North
Atlantic, they can produce 

1033
00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:14,200
conditions. 
Similar to major hurricane 

1034
00:59:14,200 --> 00:59:17,500
irons. 
What makes the 1703 storm 

1035
00:59:17,500 --> 00:59:20,600
exceptional? 
Is that it struck at Peak 

1036
00:59:20,600 --> 00:59:24,700
intensity, maintain that, 
intensity for many hours and hit

1037
00:59:24,700 --> 00:59:28,000
the most populated and developed
part of England directly. 

1038
00:59:28,900 --> 00:59:31,400
It was a perfect storm in the 
literal sense. 

1039
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:35,000
Perfect combination of 
meteorological, conditions 

1040
00:59:35,000 --> 00:59:39,000
timing and geography to produce 
maximum devastation. 

1041
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:43,100
Modern climate science, can't 
say with certainty, whether the 

1042
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:46,200
storm was a pure anomaly or 
whether it reflected broader 

1043
00:59:46,200 --> 00:59:50,300
climate patterns, the early 
1700s fall within What's called 

1044
00:59:50,300 --> 00:59:53,500
the little Ice Age. 
Appeared of cooler than average 

1045
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:57,300
temperatures in Europe. 
Some climate historian speculate

1046
00:59:57,300 --> 01:00:00,300
that the unusual temperature 
patterns of this period, might 

1047
01:00:00,300 --> 01:00:03,700
have contributed to unusual 
storm patterns, but the evidence

1048
01:00:03,700 --> 01:00:07,800
is inconclusive, what we can say
is that storms of similar 

1049
01:00:07,800 --> 01:00:11,500
intensity are possible today. 
The technology and 

1050
01:00:11,500 --> 01:00:14,000
infrastructure of modern 
Britain, a better equipped to 

1051
01:00:14,000 --> 01:00:17,200
handle extreme weather than the 
wooden buildings and sailing 

1052
01:00:17,200 --> 01:00:21,900
ships of 1,730. 
But a storm of truly equivalent 

1053
01:00:21,900 --> 01:00:25,800
intensity. 
Sustained winds of 120 plus 

1054
01:00:25,800 --> 01:00:28,900
miles per hour. 
Striking Southern England would 

1055
01:00:28,900 --> 01:00:32,100
still cause catastrophic damage,
despite all our modern 

1056
01:00:32,100 --> 01:00:35,100
advantages. 
As you settle deeper into your 

1057
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:37,600
blanket and the story wins 
towards its end. 

1058
01:00:37,600 --> 01:00:42,400
It's worth reflecting on what 
the great storm of 1703 can 

1059
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:44,200
teach us more than three 
centuries later. 

1060
01:00:45,300 --> 01:00:48,600
Because while the specifics are 
historical, the themes are 

1061
01:00:48,600 --> 01:00:54,000
Eternal, Nature's power, human 
vulnerability resilience and the

1062
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:57,200
face of disaster and the ongoing
challenge of understanding 

1063
01:00:57,200 --> 01:01:02,200
forces, beyond our control. 
The people of 1703 lived in a 

1064
01:01:02,208 --> 01:01:05,200
world that was in many ways, 
utterly different from ours, 

1065
01:01:05,200 --> 01:01:08,500
they traveled by horse and 
sailing ship lit. 

1066
01:01:08,500 --> 01:01:12,700
Their homes with candles and had
no electricity no engines and no

1067
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:17,400
synthetic materials of any kind.
Their entire technological. 

1068
01:01:17,400 --> 01:01:22,600
Civilization was based on wood 
Stone metal and muscle power. 

1069
01:01:23,500 --> 01:01:27,700
Human and animal. 
Yet their emotional responses to

1070
01:01:27,700 --> 01:01:30,700
the storm would be immediately 
recognizable to anyone who has 

1071
01:01:30,700 --> 01:01:32,000
lived through a natural 
disaster. 

1072
01:01:33,400 --> 01:01:36,200
Fears. 
The winds intensified the 

1073
01:01:36,200 --> 01:01:38,300
uncertainty about whether 
shelter would hold. 

1074
01:01:39,300 --> 01:01:42,300
The shock of seeing familiar 
Landscapes transformed into 

1075
01:01:42,300 --> 01:01:46,700
unrecognizable Devastation. 
The grief of loss the overwhelm 

1076
01:01:46,700 --> 01:01:50,000
of recovery and the gradual 
emergence of resilience and 

1077
01:01:50,000 --> 01:01:53,400
determination to rebuild. 
These human experiences 

1078
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:57,700
transcend technology and time. 
The storm also reminds us that 

1079
01:01:57,700 --> 01:02:01,500
nature operates on scales and 
with forces that dwarf human 

1080
01:02:01,500 --> 01:02:04,500
power. 
For all our modern technology 

1081
01:02:04,500 --> 01:02:08,200
are reinforced buildings. 
Our weather satellites are 

1082
01:02:08,200 --> 01:02:11,000
computer models. 
We remain fundamentally 

1083
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:14,400
vulnerable to Natural Forces. 
We've gotten better at 

1084
01:02:14,400 --> 01:02:17,300
predicting disaster and 
surviving them, but we haven't 

1085
01:02:17,300 --> 01:02:21,300
eliminated the vulnerability. 
A storm strong enough can still 

1086
01:02:21,300 --> 01:02:25,100
over preparations. 
This isn't a depressing thought 

1087
01:02:25,100 --> 01:02:28,000
or at least, it doesn't have to 
be there. 

1088
01:02:28,000 --> 01:02:30,800
Something almost comforting 
about the reminder that humans 

1089
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:34,000
aren't in complete control that 
there are forces in the world 

1090
01:02:34,000 --> 01:02:38,000
larger than our politics, our 
economies, and our personal 

1091
01:02:38,000 --> 01:02:42,300
concerns, The wind that blew 
through England in 1703 didn't 

1092
01:02:42,300 --> 01:02:46,400
care about National boundaries, 
religious differences, social 

1093
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:51,000
class or individual achievement.
He treated everyone equally 

1094
01:02:51,000 --> 01:02:53,100
which in its way, was a form of 
Justice. 

1095
01:02:54,200 --> 01:02:55,900
The great storm. 
Also demonstrates, the 

1096
01:02:55,900 --> 01:02:58,900
importance of systematic, 
observation and record, keeping 

1097
01:02:59,600 --> 01:03:02,300
Without Daniel defoe's 
investigation without the 

1098
01:03:02,300 --> 01:03:05,000
detailed accounts. 
He collected our understanding 

1099
01:03:05,000 --> 01:03:06,500
of the storm would be much more 
limited. 

1100
01:03:07,500 --> 01:03:10,900
We'd have scattered references 
in letters and Diaries but not 

1101
01:03:10,900 --> 01:03:13,800
the comprehensive picture that 
defoe's work provides. 

1102
01:03:14,700 --> 01:03:17,400
This has relevance for how we 
approach modern challenges 

1103
01:03:17,400 --> 01:03:21,200
climate change. 
For instance, requires exactly. 

1104
01:03:21,200 --> 01:03:25,200
This kind of systemic long-term,
observation and documentation. 

1105
01:03:26,600 --> 01:03:30,100
We need people willing to do the
patient unglamorous work of 

1106
01:03:30,100 --> 01:03:33,800
collecting data comparing 
accounts and building 

1107
01:03:33,800 --> 01:03:38,500
comprehensive records. 
Defuse work in 1703 was 

1108
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:42,400
pioneering in this regard. 
He essentially invented disaster

1109
01:03:42,400 --> 01:03:46,200
journalism and established a 
model for investigating natural 

1110
01:03:46,200 --> 01:03:48,400
catastrophes that we still use 
today. 

1111
01:03:49,400 --> 01:03:54,100
The storm also illustrates. 
How can accelerate change the 

1112
01:03:54,100 --> 01:03:58,000
architectural, improvements the 
advances in Maritime safety. 

1113
01:03:58,000 --> 01:04:02,200
The development of insurance 
practices and the progress in. 

1114
01:04:02,200 --> 01:04:05,500
Whether observation all of these
might have happened eventually 

1115
01:04:05,500 --> 01:04:09,500
but the storm compressed years 
or Decades of gradual 

1116
01:04:09,500 --> 01:04:13,100
development in to a few months 
of urgent necessity. 

1117
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:17,800
Sometimes it takes a crisis to 
overcome inertia and Implement 

1118
01:04:17,800 --> 01:04:20,600
improvements that people had 
been discussing but not acting 

1119
01:04:20,600 --> 01:04:23,400
on this pattern repeats 
throughout history. 

1120
01:04:24,900 --> 01:04:28,900
The Great Fire of London in 
1666, led to improved building 

1121
01:04:28,900 --> 01:04:32,300
codes and the first organized 
firefighting Services. 

1122
01:04:32,300 --> 01:04:37,000
The Titanic sinking in 1912. 
Revolutionized Maritime safety 

1123
01:04:37,000 --> 01:04:42,000
regulations Hurricane. 
Katrina in 2005 transformed 

1124
01:04:42,000 --> 01:04:46,000
Emergency Management planning. 
Disasters for all their tragedy 

1125
01:04:46,000 --> 01:04:48,400
can be powerful, Catalyst for 
positive change. 

1126
01:04:48,400 --> 01:04:50,900
Assuming were willing to learn 
from them. 

1127
01:04:50,900 --> 01:04:54,700
The religious responses to the 
storm are also instructive. 

1128
01:04:54,700 --> 01:04:58,200
Not because they were correct in
their attribution of divine 

1129
01:04:58,200 --> 01:05:02,100
judgment, because they show how 
people seek meaning in natural 

1130
01:05:02,100 --> 01:05:05,200
disasters. 
Humans, seem psychologically 

1131
01:05:05,200 --> 01:05:09,200
wired to find patterns and 
purposes even in random or 

1132
01:05:09,200 --> 01:05:12,700
probabilistic events. 
When something terrible happens 

1133
01:05:12,700 --> 01:05:17,300
saying it's just bad luck or 
it's a statistical 

1134
01:05:17,300 --> 01:05:20,100
inevitability. 
Does not provide the same 

1135
01:05:20,108 --> 01:05:24,400
psychological comforters finding
meaning in the event. modern 

1136
01:05:24,400 --> 01:05:27,300
secular society is largely 
replaced, religious 

1137
01:05:27,300 --> 01:05:31,000
interpretations, with scientific
ones, but the underlying need to

1138
01:05:31,000 --> 01:05:35,200
understand and contextualize 
disaster remains We explain 

1139
01:05:35,200 --> 01:05:38,100
hurricanes in terms of sea 
surface, temperatures, and 

1140
01:05:38,100 --> 01:05:41,300
atmospheric pressure gradients, 
which is more accurate than 

1141
01:05:41,300 --> 01:05:43,100
explaining them as Divine 
judgment. 

1142
01:05:43,900 --> 01:05:47,000
But the psychological function 
is similar to make the 

1143
01:05:47,000 --> 01:05:51,100
incomprehensible comprehensible,
and to restore a sense of order 

1144
01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:53,200
and understanding to chaotic 
events. 

1145
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:56,900
The storm also reminds us about 
the power of community and 

1146
01:05:56,900 --> 01:05:59,200
Recovery. 
The immediate aftermath saw 

1147
01:05:59,200 --> 01:06:02,600
people helping each other 
sharing resources and working 

1148
01:06:02,600 --> 01:06:04,900
together to clear debris and 
repair damage. 

1149
01:06:05,700 --> 01:06:08,900
This spontaneous cooperation 
wasn't organized by government 

1150
01:06:08,900 --> 01:06:12,900
or mandated by Authority. 
It emerged naturally from 

1151
01:06:12,900 --> 01:06:16,700
people, recognizing their Mutual
vulnerability and mutual 

1152
01:06:16,700 --> 01:06:19,400
dependence. 
This pattern appears in 

1153
01:06:19,400 --> 01:06:22,200
virtually every disaster, 
ancient or modern. 

1154
01:06:23,100 --> 01:06:26,600
When catastrophe strips away, 
the normal social structures and

1155
01:06:26,600 --> 01:06:30,000
economic systems. 
People tend to cooperate rather 

1156
01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:33,400
than compete. 
A popular image of disaster. 

1157
01:06:33,400 --> 01:06:37,200
Survivors to sending into chaos 
and violence is largely myth. 

1158
01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:40,500
The reality is usually Mutual 
Aid and solidarity. 

1159
01:06:41,800 --> 01:06:45,800
The great storm of 1703 
demonstrated this and every 

1160
01:06:45,800 --> 01:06:49,400
disaster since has confirmed it.
There's something deeply 

1161
01:06:49,400 --> 01:06:53,400
optimistic in this pattern, it 
suggests that beneath all our 

1162
01:06:53,400 --> 01:06:56,800
divisions and differences. 
Humans retain a fundamental 

1163
01:06:56,800 --> 01:07:00,900
capacity for empathy and 
cooperation When things are 

1164
01:07:00,900 --> 01:07:04,500
really bad, when survival is 
uncertain and the normal rules, 

1165
01:07:04,500 --> 01:07:07,300
don't apply. 
People tend to help each other. 

1166
01:07:08,300 --> 01:07:11,700
this capacity for Mutual Aid, 
might be one of Humanity's most 

1167
01:07:11,700 --> 01:07:16,300
important, survival traits 
Storms Legacy or includes all 

1168
01:07:16,300 --> 01:07:19,000
the stories that have been 
passed down through generations?

1169
01:07:19,000 --> 01:07:22,500
The grandmother who survived by 
hiding in a Stone cellar. 

1170
01:07:23,100 --> 01:07:25,800
The sailor who was washed 
overboard, but managed to grab 

1171
01:07:25,800 --> 01:07:28,300
floating debris and was rescued 
at dawn. 

1172
01:07:29,000 --> 01:07:31,600
The village that lost his 
church, but rebuilt its 

1173
01:07:31,600 --> 01:07:34,700
stronger. 
He stories become part of family

1174
01:07:34,700 --> 01:07:38,400
history, local traditions and 
the narrative fabric of 

1175
01:07:38,400 --> 01:07:41,900
communities these oral history 
serve important functions. 

1176
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:44,900
They preserve memory, they 
transmit lessons and they 

1177
01:07:44,900 --> 01:07:48,200
connect Generations. 
They remind people that their 

1178
01:07:48,200 --> 01:07:51,800
ancestors faced catastrophes and
survived, which provides 

1179
01:07:51,800 --> 01:07:55,500
perspective during current 
difficulties When your own world

1180
01:07:55,500 --> 01:07:58,800
feels like its falling apart 
knowing that your great great 

1181
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:03,200
great, great, grandparents of 
the great storm of 1703 can be 

1182
01:08:03,208 --> 01:08:07,400
genuinely comforting as weather 
patterns become more extreme due

1183
01:08:07,400 --> 01:08:10,500
to climate change. 
The great storm takes on new 

1184
01:08:10,500 --> 01:08:12,600
relevance as a historical 
benchmark. 

1185
01:08:13,300 --> 01:08:16,700
It reminds us that even without 
human caused climate change. 

1186
01:08:16,700 --> 01:08:19,899
Nature is capable of producing 
extreme events. 

1187
01:08:19,899 --> 01:08:24,000
It provides a calibration point.
If storms like this were 

1188
01:08:24,000 --> 01:08:26,899
possible in the little Ice Age, 
what might be possible in a 

1189
01:08:26,899 --> 01:08:30,899
warming world, this isn't to 
minimize climate change or 

1190
01:08:30,908 --> 01:08:34,100
suggest that extreme weather is 
nothing new rather. 

1191
01:08:34,100 --> 01:08:37,600
It's to acknowledge that we're 
not starting from a baseline of 

1192
01:08:37,600 --> 01:08:42,100
calm predictable weather earth's
climate as always, produced 

1193
01:08:42,100 --> 01:08:46,200
extremes and human civilization 
has always had to contend with 

1194
01:08:46,200 --> 01:08:50,100
Nature's capacity for violence. 
Climate change is making this 

1195
01:08:50,100 --> 01:08:54,399
worse potentially much worse, 
but the underlying vulnerability

1196
01:08:54,399 --> 01:08:59,200
was always there. 
The great storm of 1703 stands 

1197
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:02,300
as a testament to both human 
vulnerability and human 

1198
01:09:02,300 --> 01:09:05,100
resilience. 
It showed how quickly the 

1199
01:09:05,100 --> 01:09:08,600
comfortable familiar world can 
be torn apart by natural forces.

1200
01:09:08,600 --> 01:09:13,600
But it also showed how people 
respond with courage with mutual

1201
01:09:13,600 --> 01:09:17,000
Aid and with determination, to 
understand what happened and to 

1202
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:21,100
rebuild better than before. 
As you drift towards sleep, 

1203
01:09:21,100 --> 01:09:24,500
imagine the wind that blew 
through England on that November

1204
01:09:24,500 --> 01:09:28,700
1903. 
It started as disturbances in 

1205
01:09:28,700 --> 01:09:31,899
the atmosphere over the Atlantic
subtle differences in 

1206
01:09:31,899 --> 01:09:35,200
temperature and pressure that 
gradually Amplified into 

1207
01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:38,500
something. 
Monstrous It traveled, thousands

1208
01:09:38,500 --> 01:09:42,300
of miles across the ocean 
gathering, strength, until it 

1209
01:09:42,300 --> 01:09:45,800
struck a small island with 
unprecedented Fury. 

1210
01:09:47,000 --> 01:09:50,899
The wind itself was just are in 
motion, molecules responding to 

1211
01:09:50,899 --> 01:09:53,399
physical laws with no 
consciousness or intent. 

1212
01:09:54,100 --> 01:09:56,800
Yet, the people who experience 
it, described it in almost 

1213
01:09:56,800 --> 01:10:01,600
personal terms as if the wind 
had will had purpose had rage. 

1214
01:10:01,600 --> 01:10:06,000
This is how humans make sense of
forces, beyond our control, by 

1215
01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:09,400
anthropomorphizing them by 
creating narratives that turn 

1216
01:10:09,400 --> 01:10:11,800
natural processes. 
And to stories we can understand

1217
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:16,000
that wind is gone. 
Now its energy long since 

1218
01:10:16,000 --> 01:10:19,700
dissipated its molecules 
scattered across the atmosphere 

1219
01:10:19,700 --> 01:10:22,600
and cycled through. 
Countless other weather systems 

1220
01:10:22,600 --> 01:10:27,500
over the past three centuries. 
But its effects Ripple forward 

1221
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:30,900
through time, the buildings that
were redesigned because of its 

1222
01:10:30,900 --> 01:10:34,600
still stands incorporating 
Lessons Learned on that terrible

1223
01:10:34,600 --> 01:10:37,600
night. 
The maritime safety procedures. 

1224
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:39,700
It inspired still protect 
sailors. 

1225
01:10:40,400 --> 01:10:43,500
The systematic approach to 
disaster investigation, that 

1226
01:10:43,500 --> 01:10:47,100
Dafoe pioneered still guides, 
how we respond to catastrophes. 

1227
01:10:47,900 --> 01:10:50,400
the people who experience the 
storm had gone to, of course, 

1228
01:10:51,300 --> 01:10:55,200
the last survivor died sometime 
in the late 1700s and with them 

1229
01:10:55,200 --> 01:10:57,000
died, the immediate memory of 
that night. 

1230
01:10:58,300 --> 01:11:02,800
But they left records stories 
and descriptions that allow us 

1231
01:11:02,800 --> 01:11:07,200
to reconstruct their experience.
Daniel defoe's investigation 

1232
01:11:07,200 --> 01:11:10,500
preserved hundreds of accounts. 
That would otherwise have been 

1233
01:11:10,508 --> 01:11:13,600
lost. 
Parish records, documented the 

1234
01:11:13,600 --> 01:11:18,400
deaths, insurances recorded the 
property, damage letters and 

1235
01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:20,800
Diaries, captured personal 
reactions. 

1236
01:11:20,800 --> 01:11:24,700
These records allow us to touch 
across three centuries. 

1237
01:11:24,700 --> 01:11:27,500
The experience of people who 
faced something overwhelming and

1238
01:11:27,500 --> 01:11:31,100
terrifying. 
We can read their words, follow 

1239
01:11:31,100 --> 01:11:34,800
their logic, and share Their 
Fear and grief and eventual 

1240
01:11:34,800 --> 01:11:37,800
determination. 
History isn't just dates and 

1241
01:11:37,800 --> 01:11:40,800
facts. 
It's the accumulated experience 

1242
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:44,400
of countless individuals 
preserved in fragments that we 

1243
01:11:44,400 --> 01:11:48,300
can piece together into 
something like understanding. if

1244
01:11:48,300 --> 01:11:51,500
you visited Southern England 
today, you could still find 

1245
01:11:51,500 --> 01:11:54,800
traces of the great storm, if 
you knew where to look, There 

1246
01:11:54,800 --> 01:12:00,300
are ancient trees, whose trunk 
show damage from 1703 and limbs 

1247
01:12:00,300 --> 01:12:02,900
that were torn away and never 
quite grew back properly. 

1248
01:12:04,300 --> 01:12:07,000
There are buildings that 
incorporate Salvage, Timbers 

1249
01:12:07,000 --> 01:12:08,900
from structures destroyed in the
storm. 

1250
01:12:08,900 --> 01:12:12,400
There are graveyards where 
unusual clusters of burials from

1251
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:15,600
November. 
And December 1703, tell silence 

1252
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:18,700
stories of loss. 
The storm has become part of the

1253
01:12:18,700 --> 01:12:22,600
landscape's deep History, part 
of the accumulated memory that 

1254
01:12:22,600 --> 01:12:26,800
makes a place what it is. 
Every location has these layers 

1255
01:12:26,800 --> 01:12:31,000
events that shape the land and 
the people that influenced, how 

1256
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:34,800
communities developed that left 
marks both physical and cultural

1257
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:38,200
that persist long. 
After the events themselves of 

1258
01:12:38,200 --> 01:12:42,000
faded from living memory. 
And somewhere in the Atlantic 

1259
01:12:42,000 --> 01:12:45,900
right now, air is moving 
pressure systems are forming. 

1260
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:50,400
And weather is being made this 
same physical processes that 

1261
01:12:50,400 --> 01:12:53,300
created. 
The great storm of 1703 are 

1262
01:12:53,300 --> 01:12:55,700
still operating the same 
equation. 

1263
01:12:55,700 --> 01:12:59,900
Was governor house storms form 
and intensified the same ocean 

1264
01:12:59,900 --> 01:13:03,800
that bred that ancient Tempest 
still breeds modern ones and 

1265
01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:05,900
still occasionally produces 
conditions. 

1266
01:13:05,900 --> 01:13:07,400
That create extraordinary 
violence. 

1267
01:13:08,400 --> 01:13:11,200
We're better prepared now than 
people were in 1703. 

1268
01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:15,200
We have Warning Systems, sturdy 
buildings and weather forecasts 

1269
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:18,200
that can predict storms days in 
advance, but we're not 

1270
01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:21,100
invulnerable. 
Nature, still has the capacity 

1271
01:13:21,100 --> 01:13:25,000
to surprise us to produce events
at the edge of probability that 

1272
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:27,300
exceed our preparations and 
assumptions. 

1273
01:13:28,100 --> 01:13:30,900
This is both sobering and in a 
strange way exciting. 

1274
01:13:30,900 --> 01:13:35,300
It means the world retains its 
capacity to astonish us to 

1275
01:13:35,300 --> 01:13:37,700
remind us that for all our 
knowledge and Technology. 

1276
01:13:37,700 --> 01:13:41,400
We remain part of natural 
systems that operate on scale 

1277
01:13:41,400 --> 01:13:45,200
beyond our control. 
The passengers on a planets 

1278
01:13:45,200 --> 01:13:49,100
spinning through space protected
by a thin layer of atmosphere 

1279
01:13:49,100 --> 01:13:52,200
that sometimes moves in ways 
that can tear our civilization 

1280
01:13:52,200 --> 01:13:55,200
apart. 
But we're passengers with memory

1281
01:13:55,200 --> 01:13:58,700
with records with the 
accumulated wisdom of 

1282
01:13:58,700 --> 01:14:02,600
generations who faced disasters 
and learned from them. 

1283
01:14:03,600 --> 01:14:07,900
The great storm of 1703 is part 
of that accumulated wisdom. 

1284
01:14:07,900 --> 01:14:12,100
A reminder of what is possible, 
a lesson in vulnerability and 

1285
01:14:12,100 --> 01:14:14,800
resilience. 
And a story that connects us to 

1286
01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:18,500
people long Dead who face their 
Darkest Night, with whatever 

1287
01:14:18,500 --> 01:14:22,700
courage they could muster, as 
you sleep tonight, safe in a 

1288
01:14:22,700 --> 01:14:25,300
building that incorporates three
centuries of improved 

1289
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:28,000
understanding of wind resistance
and Structural Engineering. 

1290
01:14:28,700 --> 01:14:31,600
Your benefiting from lessons 
that were purchased with great 

1291
01:14:31,600 --> 01:14:36,500
suffering and 1703. 
Every secure roof, beam every 

1292
01:14:36,500 --> 01:14:39,900
well, anchored Foundation, every
building code and safety 

1293
01:14:39,900 --> 01:14:43,000
regulation. 
They all rest on the accumulated

1294
01:14:43,000 --> 01:14:47,100
experience of people who faced 
disasters and said never again, 

1295
01:14:47,100 --> 01:14:50,000
or at least not like this. 
Sleep. 

1296
01:14:50,000 --> 01:14:53,600
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing, human story of 

1297
01:14:53,600 --> 01:14:57,300
learning from catastrophe of 
building better after disaster. 

1298
01:14:57,300 --> 01:15:00,700
The face in an indifferent 
Universe with determination and 

1299
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:04,200
ingenuity. 
The wind that blew in 1703 is 

1300
01:15:04,200 --> 01:15:08,900
gone but the lessons, it taught 
remain woven into the fabric of 

1301
01:15:08,900 --> 01:15:13,000
how we build, how we prepare, 
and how we understand our place 

1302
01:15:13,000 --> 01:15:16,500
in the natural world. 
And tomorrow, when you check the

1303
01:15:16,500 --> 01:15:19,600
weather forecast, a routine 
action that would have seemed 

1304
01:15:19,600 --> 01:15:21,900
like magic to someone. 
In 1703. 

1305
01:15:22,800 --> 01:15:25,700
Remember that your benefiting 
from centuries of careful 

1306
01:15:25,700 --> 01:15:29,100
observation that began in part 
with people trying to understand

1307
01:15:29,100 --> 01:15:33,000
the incomprehensible storm that 
struck on a November night 300 

1308
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:37,200
years ago. 
The great storm of 1703 is over,

1309
01:15:37,200 --> 01:15:42,100
but its Legacy continues. 
It lives in our building's, our 

1310
01:15:42,100 --> 01:15:46,300
institutions are scientific 
understanding and our cultural 

1311
01:15:46,300 --> 01:15:50,900
memory It reminds us that 
history isn't just about Kings, 

1312
01:15:50,900 --> 01:15:54,800
and wars and political events. 
It's also about ordinary people 

1313
01:15:54,800 --> 01:15:58,300
facing extraordinary 
circumstances about human 

1314
01:15:58,300 --> 01:16:01,300
vulnerability and resilience, 
and about the ongoing 

1315
01:16:01,300 --> 01:16:04,700
conversation between human 
civilization and the natural 

1316
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:08,200
forces that shape the planet 
long before we arrived and will 

1317
01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:11,800
continue long. 
After we're gone, Sweet dreams 

1318
01:16:11,800 --> 01:16:14,400
and may your sleepy as peaceful 
as that November night was 

1319
01:16:14,400 --> 01:16:18,000
violent. 
Storm has passed the wind is 

1320
01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:21,600
settled and mourning always 
comes even after the longest 

1321
01:16:21,600 --> 01:16:34,100
darkest Knight. 
You know how it feels to feel. 

1322
01:16:34,100 --> 01:16:36,500
So tiny, while you're lying on 
your back in the grass and 

1323
01:16:36,500 --> 01:16:38,800
gazing up at the stars. 
Congratulations. 

1324
01:16:38,800 --> 01:16:42,800
Your experience in exactly the 
same thing that most likely some

1325
01:16:42,800 --> 01:16:45,900
40,000 years ago. 
Ignited, human astronomy. 

1326
01:16:45,900 --> 01:16:49,500
Imagine that as an early human, 
your main worries are avoiding 

1327
01:16:49,500 --> 01:16:52,900
being eaten by an animal with 
larger than you and determining 

1328
01:16:52,900 --> 01:16:54,300
where you will get your next 
meal. 

1329
01:16:54,300 --> 01:16:59,400
However has nightfalls there it 
is, this breathtaking, light 

1330
01:16:59,400 --> 01:17:02,800
display above your head, totally
free of cost and without the 

1331
01:17:02,800 --> 01:17:06,100
need for a subscription service,
you might initially assume that 

1332
01:17:06,100 --> 01:17:09,400
these prehistoric people were 
too preoccupied with survival to

1333
01:17:09,400 --> 01:17:11,100
be interested in Celestial 
mechanics. 

1334
01:17:12,200 --> 01:17:14,900
The interesting part though is 
that they were compelled to 

1335
01:17:14,900 --> 01:17:16,500
become the first astronomers in 
history. 

1336
01:17:16,500 --> 01:17:20,500
You see the sky becomes your 
ultimate scheduling tool when 

1337
01:17:20,500 --> 01:17:22,700
you don't have a calendar to 
remind you when it's time to 

1338
01:17:22,700 --> 01:17:25,900
plant crops or a smartphone to 
alert you when spring is 

1339
01:17:25,900 --> 01:17:29,000
approaching, The Stars weren't 
hazardously strewn up there like

1340
01:17:29,000 --> 01:17:31,900
glitter on a black tablecloth. 
As those early stargazers 

1341
01:17:31,900 --> 01:17:35,500
noticed, like, a cosmic clock. 
That never needed to be wound. 

1342
01:17:35,500 --> 01:17:39,400
They moved in predictable 
patterns Eventually the same 

1343
01:17:39,400 --> 01:17:42,300
stars that had emerged over the 
Eastern Horizon, would march 

1344
01:17:42,300 --> 01:17:43,900
across the sky and vanish in the
west. 

1345
01:17:43,900 --> 01:17:47,800
Only to reappear the following 
night with a slight shift, then 

1346
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:51,000
came the sun which was as 
Dependable as a Swiss watch 

1347
01:17:51,000 --> 01:17:54,400
rising in the East and setting 
in the west each and every day. 

1348
01:17:55,400 --> 01:17:59,600
Aside from hold on a second. 
Appeared to travel a much slower

1349
01:17:59,600 --> 01:18:02,800
lower route to cross the sky in 
the winter, hardly bothering to 

1350
01:18:02,800 --> 01:18:05,300
reach very high before deciding 
to call it to day. 

1351
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:08,600
It jumped High overhead and 
stayed out until what felt like 

1352
01:18:08,600 --> 01:18:11,500
bed time in the summer. 
Practically bouncing out of bed.

1353
01:18:11,500 --> 01:18:14,900
This was survival, 
informational, not just idle 

1354
01:18:14,900 --> 01:18:18,000
curiosity. 
It was time to start searching 

1355
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:20,500
for certain plants that would 
soon be ripening when that 

1356
01:18:20,500 --> 01:18:23,600
specific cluster of stars 
appeared shortly before Dawn, 

1357
01:18:23,600 --> 01:18:25,600
you could tell winter was 
easing. 

1358
01:18:25,600 --> 01:18:28,500
When the sun began to shine for 
longer periods of time each day 

1359
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:30,800
even more fascinating, was the 
moon. 

1360
01:18:30,800 --> 01:18:34,400
The moon appeared to have a 
personality disorder in contrast

1361
01:18:34,400 --> 01:18:37,100
to the sun, which essentially 
followed a predictable routine 

1362
01:18:37,100 --> 01:18:39,900
at times. 
It was a perfect circle that was

1363
01:18:39,900 --> 01:18:44,800
visible to Hunters at times. 
It resembled a cosmic smile a 

1364
01:18:44,800 --> 01:18:48,100
thin Crescent. 
At times it vanished completely 

1365
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:51,100
leaving the night as dark as a 
caves in tirion. 

1366
01:18:51,100 --> 01:18:54,300
The moon, however, had a rhythm 
despite its seeming moodiness. 

1367
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:58,100
Humanity's first calendar system
was based on the Dependable 

1368
01:18:58,100 --> 01:19:01,800
pattern of roughly, 29 and a 
half days between full moons. 

1369
01:19:02,700 --> 01:19:05,300
When you could simply look up 
and see what phase the moon was 

1370
01:19:05,300 --> 01:19:08,500
in, you didn't need to count 
days these early astronomers, 

1371
01:19:08,500 --> 01:19:11,500
let's call them that because 
even without fancy degrees or 

1372
01:19:11,500 --> 01:19:13,700
telescope's, they were 
unquestionably astronomers 

1373
01:19:13,700 --> 01:19:17,200
started to notice something else
night after night. 

1374
01:19:17,200 --> 01:19:20,800
Year after year, the majority of
stars remained in the same 

1375
01:19:20,800 --> 01:19:24,300
relative positions that group 
continued to appear, like a big 

1376
01:19:24,300 --> 01:19:26,800
dipper. 
It appears that ancient people 

1377
01:19:26,800 --> 01:19:29,800
had very active imagination when
it came to connecting dots 

1378
01:19:29,800 --> 01:19:32,900
because that row of stars that 
someone thought looked like a 

1379
01:19:32,900 --> 01:19:35,100
belt remained a belt. 
The troublemakers. 

1380
01:19:35,100 --> 01:19:37,500
However were a few luminous 
objects that Rove. 

1381
01:19:37,500 --> 01:19:41,400
The sky is if they were unsure 
of their destination, Later, the

1382
01:19:41,400 --> 01:19:44,700
Greeks would refer to them as 
planets, which means, Wanderers.

1383
01:19:44,700 --> 01:19:46,700
And that is what we still call 
them today. 

1384
01:19:47,500 --> 01:19:51,600
Five of these roving Stars 
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and

1385
01:19:51,600 --> 01:19:54,900
Saturn were visible to ancient 
observers, even in the absence 

1386
01:19:54,900 --> 01:19:58,300
of telescopes Venus was 
especially perplexing because it

1387
01:19:58,300 --> 01:20:01,700
seemed to be too distinct Stars 
one that emerged shortly before 

1388
01:20:01,700 --> 01:20:04,000
sunrise and another shortly 
after Sunset. 

1389
01:20:04,000 --> 01:20:07,400
It took a long time for someone 
to realize that it was the son 

1390
01:20:07,400 --> 01:20:09,000
playing peek-a-boo with the same
object. 

1391
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:12,400
These observations were merely 
remembered as fascinating 

1392
01:20:12,400 --> 01:20:16,000
anecdotes, as the generations 
went by, they were assimilated 

1393
01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:18,800
into everyday life and became 
fundamental knowledge. 

1394
01:20:19,800 --> 01:20:22,800
Seasons were approaching when 
certain Stars, Rose a particular

1395
01:20:22,800 --> 01:20:25,600
times, the amount of light 
available for nighttime. 

1396
01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:28,700
Activities was determined by the
moon's position where the 

1397
01:20:28,708 --> 01:20:30,800
patterns were predicted by the 
path of the sun. 

1398
01:20:30,800 --> 01:20:34,400
Priests or shamans, who were the
community's official timekeepers

1399
01:20:34,400 --> 01:20:37,300
and weather for casters were 
frequently entrusted with this 

1400
01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:40,300
knowledge because it was so 
valuable that it became sacred. 

1401
01:20:41,100 --> 01:20:44,400
Not only was it helpful but it 
was almost magical to be able to

1402
01:20:44,400 --> 01:20:46,700
predict with Precision when 
spring all the rains would 

1403
01:20:46,700 --> 01:20:49,500
arrive. 
It is understandable why early 

1404
01:20:49,500 --> 01:20:52,800
astronomers frequently occupied 
highly esteemed and influential 

1405
01:20:52,800 --> 01:20:56,700
roles in their communities. 
What is truly amazing though is 

1406
01:20:56,700 --> 01:20:59,300
that all of this highly Advanced
pattern recognition and 

1407
01:20:59,300 --> 01:21:03,000
observation was taking place, 
thousands of years before anyone

1408
01:21:03,000 --> 01:21:05,300
even had a magnifying glass to 
improve their vision. 

1409
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:08,500
All that, these ancient 
astronomers had to work with, 

1410
01:21:08,500 --> 01:21:12,000
where there are unaided eyes, 
their intellects and an almost 

1411
01:21:12,008 --> 01:21:14,400
unnatural patients for observing
the sky year. 

1412
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:17,600
After year and night after 
night, they were unable to see 

1413
01:21:17,600 --> 01:21:20,500
the craters on our own Moon. 
The moons of Jupiter or the 

1414
01:21:20,508 --> 01:21:24,000
rings of Saturn, they didn't 
know that those five stray stars

1415
01:21:24,000 --> 01:21:27,400
were worlds in and of themselves
or that the Milky Way, was 

1416
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:29,600
composed of billions of 
individual Stars. 

1417
01:21:29,600 --> 01:21:33,100
However, they could tell you the
precise time of the next full 

1418
01:21:33,100 --> 01:21:36,800
moon, the sun Zenith or, which 
stars would be visible on any 

1419
01:21:36,800 --> 01:21:39,600
given night of the year compared
to many of us today. 

1420
01:21:39,600 --> 01:21:42,500
These early observers had a 
deeper understanding of the sky 

1421
01:21:43,400 --> 01:21:46,300
How recently have you observed? 
The big Dippers gradual night, 

1422
01:21:46,300 --> 01:21:50,100
time, rotation around the North 
Star. well, that if you know 

1423
01:21:50,100 --> 01:21:53,700
exactly where to look Venus can 
occasionally be seen during the 

1424
01:21:53,700 --> 01:21:57,400
day The sky was a constant 
companion to these ancient 

1425
01:21:57,400 --> 01:22:00,400
astronomers who read it. 
As we do the news, the 

1426
01:22:00,400 --> 01:22:03,100
longest-running scientific 
Endeavor in human history had 

1427
01:22:03,100 --> 01:22:06,900
suddenly started 10s of 
thousands of years it would go 

1428
01:22:06,900 --> 01:22:10,600
on uninterrupted, evolving from 
one generation to the next and 

1429
01:22:10,600 --> 01:22:14,100
becoming more accurate and 
sophisticated with every Century

1430
01:22:14,100 --> 01:22:17,500
that went by all because someone
somewhere thought that perhaps 

1431
01:22:17,500 --> 01:22:20,000
the lovely lights in the sky 
were trying to convey something 

1432
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:22,700
significant. 
We must now briefly discuss the 

1433
01:22:22,700 --> 01:22:25,200
ancient Egyptians as if we were 
to discuss people who took 

1434
01:22:25,200 --> 01:22:28,300
astronomy, seriously? 
These people centered their 

1435
01:22:28,300 --> 01:22:31,400
entire civilization on the 
Stars, not just observing them. 

1436
01:22:31,400 --> 01:22:35,000
And by built, I mean, literally,
as they positioned their 

1437
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:38,400
monuments, with the accuracy of 
a fine watchmaker in relation to

1438
01:22:38,400 --> 01:22:41,400
celestial objects, most likely 
you've heard of the Great 

1439
01:22:41,400 --> 01:22:44,700
Pyramid of Giza that enormous 
Stone construction that still 

1440
01:22:44,700 --> 01:22:47,800
baffles Engineers today and 
leaves them wondering how in the

1441
01:22:47,808 --> 01:22:50,500
world it was built. 
What you might not know though, 

1442
01:22:50,500 --> 01:22:53,600
is that it is oriented. 
So closely to True North. 

1443
01:22:53,600 --> 01:22:56,700
That the difference is less than
150 of a degree. 

1444
01:22:56,700 --> 01:23:00,400
That's more accurate than a lot 
of contemporary buildings to put

1445
01:23:00,400 --> 01:23:04,000
that in perspective, without GPS
laser levels or any of the other

1446
01:23:04,000 --> 01:23:05,500
tools. 
We now considered necessary. 

1447
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:09,400
How did they accomplish this? 
Naturally they made use of the 

1448
01:23:09,400 --> 01:23:11,800
Stars. 
They specifically employed a 

1449
01:23:11,800 --> 01:23:15,000
method based on the North Pole 
circumference which stars follow

1450
01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:18,300
they were able to determine True
North with remarkable accuracy 

1451
01:23:18,300 --> 01:23:21,600
by observing a star at its 
eastern and western extreme 

1452
01:23:21,600 --> 01:23:23,900
during the night. 
And then calculating the 

1453
01:23:23,900 --> 01:23:25,500
midpoint between those 
positions. 

1454
01:23:25,500 --> 01:23:28,900
However, the Egyptians were 
merely showcasing their powers 

1455
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:31,800
in building pyramids, they were 
obsessed with the astronomy for 

1456
01:23:31,808 --> 01:23:35,700
pragmatic reasons, the Nile 
Rivers yearly flooding, which 

1457
01:23:35,700 --> 01:23:38,400
spread Rich fertile. 
Sultan over the Farmland was 

1458
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:41,100
essential to Egypt's entire 
agricultural system. 

1459
01:23:41,900 --> 01:23:45,400
You risk starvation, if you miss
the timing of this flood, if you

1460
01:23:45,400 --> 01:23:47,600
do it correctly, you will have a
lot of crops. 

1461
01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:50,400
The issue is that unlike many 
other cultures. 

1462
01:23:50,400 --> 01:23:53,800
The flooding of the Nile did not
occur according to the lunar 

1463
01:23:53,800 --> 01:23:57,800
calendar, rather it tracked, 
what is now known as the solar 

1464
01:23:57,800 --> 01:23:59,400
year which is the amount of 
time? 

1465
01:23:59,400 --> 01:24:03,100
It takes for Earth to complete 
one orbit around the Sun as a 

1466
01:24:03,100 --> 01:24:05,700
result, the Egyptians had to 
monitor, the sun's position far 

1467
01:24:05,700 --> 01:24:08,100
more precisely than their 
neighbors every year. 

1468
01:24:08,100 --> 01:24:11,300
They observe that a specific 
star would emerge on the Eastern

1469
01:24:11,300 --> 01:24:14,000
Horizon. 
Just Before Dawn, right before 

1470
01:24:14,000 --> 01:24:17,700
the Nile started to flood, their
Cosmic alarm clock, was this 

1471
01:24:17,700 --> 01:24:22,600
star, which we call serious, and
they called sopped at, After 

1472
01:24:22,600 --> 01:24:25,800
being invisible for weeks, 
serious appeared in the pre-dawn

1473
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:28,600
sky signaling that the flood 
would arrive in a few days. 

1474
01:24:28,600 --> 01:24:32,100
They created one of the most 
precise calendars in Antarctica 

1475
01:24:32,100 --> 01:24:36,400
based on this observation. 
Creating a 3605 day year that 

1476
01:24:36,400 --> 01:24:38,200
was only off by roughly a 
quarter of a day. 

1477
01:24:39,000 --> 01:24:41,600
Not bad for those with boundless
patients and stone tools. 

1478
01:24:41,600 --> 01:24:44,800
We also have some of the oldest 
written records of astronomical 

1479
01:24:44,800 --> 01:24:47,800
observations, from the 
Egyptians, they made maps of the

1480
01:24:47,800 --> 01:24:51,100
Stars, monitored the motion of 
planets, and device complex 

1481
01:24:51,100 --> 01:24:53,500
techniques for determining the 
time at night. 

1482
01:24:54,800 --> 01:24:57,300
Because each Deacon Rose above 
the Horizon during the night. 

1483
01:24:57,300 --> 01:25:00,900
It marked the passage of time 
like a Celestial clock. 

1484
01:25:01,700 --> 01:25:04,400
They separated the night sky 
into 36 sections. 

1485
01:25:04,400 --> 01:25:07,400
Each of which was linked to a 
group of stars known as a 

1486
01:25:07,408 --> 01:25:10,700
deacon, as the official 
astronomers their priests 

1487
01:25:10,700 --> 01:25:13,200
developed, extraordinary skills 
and forecasting Heavenly 

1488
01:25:13,200 --> 01:25:15,800
occurrences. 
They could predict precisely 

1489
01:25:15,800 --> 01:25:18,600
when the Sun would rise to 
particular positions in the sky 

1490
01:25:18,600 --> 01:25:22,500
when the next new moon would 
occur and when specific Stars 

1491
01:25:22,500 --> 01:25:26,800
would rise, the Pharaohs Divine 
Authority, agricultural planning

1492
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:29,800
and religious ceremonies all 
depended on this knowledge which

1493
01:25:29,800 --> 01:25:33,000
was not merely academic. 
Speaking of pharaohs, the 

1494
01:25:33,000 --> 01:25:36,100
Egyptians considered their 
rulers, to be actual Gods with 

1495
01:25:36,100 --> 01:25:39,400
direct ties to the heavens. 
Their entire approach to 

1496
01:25:39,400 --> 01:25:41,300
astronomy was influenced by this
belief. 

1497
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:44,500
The Sun. 
God Ra was frequently equated 

1498
01:25:44,500 --> 01:25:48,000
with the pharaoh's divine nature
and in order to preserve Cosmic 

1499
01:25:48,000 --> 01:25:51,400
order significant rituals had to
be timed to coincide with 

1500
01:25:51,400 --> 01:25:54,700
astronomical occurrences. 
The idea that the solar year 

1501
01:25:54,700 --> 01:25:57,600
differs from the lunar year, 
which is employed by many other 

1502
01:25:57,600 --> 01:26:02,400
cultures was also created by the
Egyptians Solely year, which is 

1503
01:26:02,408 --> 01:26:04,400
determined by the sun's apparent
position. 

1504
01:26:04,400 --> 01:26:09,100
In relation to the background 
Stars has roughly 30065 and a 

1505
01:26:09,100 --> 01:26:12,200
quarter days whereas a looney 
year which is determined by the 

1506
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:15,300
moon's phases, has roughly 30054
days. 

1507
01:26:16,400 --> 01:26:19,800
Even though this might not seem 
like much, it adds up over time.

1508
01:26:20,600 --> 01:26:23,200
Seasons in a society with a 
lunar calendar alone would 

1509
01:26:23,200 --> 01:26:26,500
progressively become out of sync
with the calendar, the Egyptians

1510
01:26:26,500 --> 01:26:29,300
resolved, this issue by 
concentrating solely on the sun 

1511
01:26:29,300 --> 01:26:31,900
and stars and essentially 
disregarding the moon for 

1512
01:26:31,900 --> 01:26:35,300
calendar purposes. 
This was a groundbreaking method

1513
01:26:35,300 --> 01:26:38,400
that would eventually inform our
current calendar system and have

1514
01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:40,400
an impact on Greek and Roman 
calendars. 

1515
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:44,200
However, Egyptian astronomy is 
record-keeping was arguably. 

1516
01:26:44,200 --> 01:26:47,900
Its most remarkable feature. 
They tracked long-term Celestial

1517
01:26:47,900 --> 01:26:50,800
Cycles by keeping meticulous 
records of their observations 

1518
01:26:50,800 --> 01:26:54,000
over centuries. 
They discovered that serious is 

1519
01:26:54,000 --> 01:26:56,800
rising, gradually changed in 
relation to their calendar. 

1520
01:26:57,500 --> 01:27:02,900
Completing a full cycle, every 
1000 4006 years, rather than 

1521
01:27:02,900 --> 01:27:04,800
simply rising at the same time 
every year. 

1522
01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:09,300
They came up with the idea of 
the suffix cycle which was named

1523
01:27:09,300 --> 01:27:12,800
after Sophos another name for 
serious, as a result of this 

1524
01:27:12,800 --> 01:27:15,500
observation. 
It's almost unbelievable how 

1525
01:27:15,500 --> 01:27:19,800
accurate their observations are 
year after year, the healing of 

1526
01:27:19,800 --> 01:27:23,100
serious, the planets first 
appearance Before Dawn and after

1527
01:27:23,108 --> 01:27:26,400
a period of invisibility could 
be predicted by Egyptian 

1528
01:27:26,400 --> 01:27:27,900
astronomers to within a day or 
two. 

1529
01:27:28,800 --> 01:27:31,700
They were able to observe that 
Venus has both Morning Star, and

1530
01:27:31,700 --> 01:27:35,100
evening star phases, and that 
Mars has a longer cycle than the

1531
01:27:35,100 --> 01:27:38,400
other planets that are visible. 
They even created tools to Aid 

1532
01:27:38,400 --> 01:27:40,700
in their observations. 
They were able to align 

1533
01:27:40,700 --> 01:27:43,700
structures with astronomical 
accuracy, thanks to the market, 

1534
01:27:43,700 --> 01:27:47,700
which was basically a sighting 
tool made from a Parmley rib, it

1535
01:27:47,700 --> 01:27:50,000
served as an Antiquated 
surveying tool that could 

1536
01:27:50,000 --> 01:27:52,800
accurately determine angles and 
directions when used in 

1537
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:56,400
conjunction with a Plumb line 
period, that explain the Motions

1538
01:27:56,400 --> 01:27:59,800
of celestial bodies and their 
relevance to Earthly events are 

1539
01:27:59,800 --> 01:28:02,500
among the earliest known, 
astronomical writings produced 

1540
01:28:02,500 --> 01:28:06,000
by the Egyptians. 
These records demonstrate a 

1541
01:28:06,000 --> 01:28:09,100
highly developed knowledge of 
astronomical cycles and how they

1542
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:12,000
relate to pragmatic issues like 
farming and religious holidays. 

1543
01:28:12,000 --> 01:28:15,000
The way they combined their 
understanding of astronomy, with

1544
01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:16,300
their religious and 
philosophical. 

1545
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:20,400
Beliefs is a special intriguing.
The sky was more than just a 

1546
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:22,400
group of far-off flights to the 
Egyptians. 

1547
01:28:22,400 --> 01:28:25,200
It was a blueprint for 
preserving Harmony Between 

1548
01:28:25,200 --> 01:28:28,500
Heaven and Earth. 
A map of the afterlife, and a 

1549
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:30,700
roadmap for the pharaoh's 
journey to join the gods. 

1550
01:28:30,700 --> 01:28:34,200
A mythological framework for 
comprehending the daily cycle of

1551
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:38,300
sunrise and sunset was provided 
by their goddess nut, who was 

1552
01:28:38,300 --> 01:28:41,100
set to swallow the Sun, every 
evening and give birth to it 

1553
01:28:41,100 --> 01:28:44,300
every morning. 
Serious was connected to Isis, 

1554
01:28:44,300 --> 01:28:48,500
his Divine, consort and of Cyrus
the god of the afterlife to the 

1555
01:28:48,500 --> 01:28:50,200
constellation. 
We Now call Orion. 

1556
01:28:51,300 --> 01:28:54,600
These were not merely Tales, 
they were sophisticated attempts

1557
01:28:54,600 --> 01:28:57,900
to use the conceptual tools at 
their disposal to make sense of 

1558
01:28:57,900 --> 01:29:01,300
the universe for Millennia to 
come civilizations would be 

1559
01:29:01,300 --> 01:29:03,600
influenced by the Egyptian 
approach to astronomy. 

1560
01:29:04,200 --> 01:29:07,200
They established a model that 
other cultures would follow and 

1561
01:29:07,200 --> 01:29:09,200
expand upon through their 
strategies for monitoring 

1562
01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:12,100
astronomical Cycles. 
Their methods for exact 

1563
01:29:12,100 --> 01:29:15,300
alignment and their Fusion of 
astronomical knowledge with real

1564
01:29:15,300 --> 01:29:18,200
world applications. 
That's not bad for a 

1565
01:29:18,200 --> 01:29:21,400
civilization that thrived more 
than 4,000 years ago, with only 

1566
01:29:21,400 --> 01:29:24,900
their eyes, their minds and the 
unwavering conviction of the 

1567
01:29:24,900 --> 01:29:27,800
secrets of the sky with the keys
to knowing everything that 

1568
01:29:27,800 --> 01:29:31,400
mattered, the Babylonians were 
the masters of mathematics, if 

1569
01:29:31,400 --> 01:29:33,800
the Egyptians were, the 
painstaking record keepers of 

1570
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:37,300
the ancient astronomical world, 
you know what this needs? 

1571
01:29:38,200 --> 01:29:40,400
Numbers, lots and lots of 
numbers. 

1572
01:29:40,400 --> 01:29:43,700
These people thought after 
taking a quick, look at all 

1573
01:29:43,700 --> 01:29:47,200
those Celestial observations the
Babylonians who inhabited, what 

1574
01:29:47,200 --> 01:29:51,200
is now Iraq in Mesopotamia faced
a difficult dilemma, the 

1575
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,400
Babylonians had to contend with 
the much less Dependable Tigris 

1576
01:29:54,400 --> 01:29:57,800
and Euphrates rivers than the 
Egyptians who could count on the

1577
01:29:57,800 --> 01:30:01,800
Niles consistent, flooding, 
Their ability to comprehend, 

1578
01:30:01,800 --> 01:30:05,000
intricate patterns of rainfall 
River levels and seasonal 

1579
01:30:05,000 --> 01:30:08,100
variations, which varied 
considerably more drastically 

1580
01:30:08,100 --> 01:30:11,400
from year to year was essential 
to their agricultural success. 

1581
01:30:11,400 --> 01:30:14,500
They developed an obsession with
looking for patterns in 

1582
01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:18,400
everything, particularly the sky
as a result of this uncertainty.

1583
01:30:19,300 --> 01:30:21,500
Perhaps they could make more 
accurate predictions about 

1584
01:30:21,500 --> 01:30:23,800
events on Earth. 
If they could only figure out 

1585
01:30:23,800 --> 01:30:26,900
the laws governing Celestial 
movements as a result. 

1586
01:30:26,900 --> 01:30:29,900
They created what is now 
regarded as the first authentic,

1587
01:30:29,900 --> 01:30:34,300
mathematical astronomy, the 360 
degree circle, which is so 

1588
01:30:34,300 --> 01:30:37,000
essential to mathematics. 
And navigation that we still use

1589
01:30:37,000 --> 01:30:39,800
it today was invented by the 
Babylonians. 

1590
01:30:40,500 --> 01:30:49,800
Because 360 is divisible by so 
many numbers, 2 3 4, 5, 6, 8 9 

1591
01:30:49,800 --> 01:31:03,700
10, 12, 15, 18, 20 24, 30 36, 40
45, 60 72, 90, 120 and 180. 

1592
01:31:03,700 --> 01:31:07,000
They decided to use it in a 
world without computers or 

1593
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:09,000
computers. 
This greatly simplified 

1594
01:31:09,000 --> 01:31:12,100
calculations. 
In addition, they created the 

1595
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:15,400
sex adjustable base 60 system 
for measuring time and angles 

1596
01:31:15,400 --> 01:31:19,000
which divides an hour into 60 
minutes and a minute into 60 

1597
01:31:19,000 --> 01:31:21,000
seconds. 
Why 60? 

1598
01:31:21,000 --> 01:31:24,200
It is extremely helpful for 
breaking things down into 

1599
01:31:24,200 --> 01:31:28,500
smaller more manageable Parts 
because, like, 360 it has many 

1600
01:31:28,500 --> 01:31:31,800
factors here is where the 
Babylonians truly excelled. 

1601
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:34,700
However, as they discovered 
that, the planets are simply 

1602
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:37,800
chaotic movements, actually 
followed mathematical patterns, 

1603
01:31:37,800 --> 01:31:40,300
they found that mathematical 
formulas. 

1604
01:31:40,300 --> 01:31:43,300
Could be used to describe the 
motion of a planet with its 

1605
01:31:43,300 --> 01:31:45,900
position was closely monitored 
over a period of years. 

1606
01:31:47,000 --> 01:31:49,600
The notion that the heavens 
functioned in accordance with 

1607
01:31:49,600 --> 01:31:52,600
mathematical laws that people 
could learn and comprehend was 

1608
01:31:52,600 --> 01:31:55,800
revolutionary, consider Mars for
centuries. 

1609
01:31:55,800 --> 01:31:58,200
Astronomers had been baffled by 
this planet seemingly 

1610
01:31:58,200 --> 01:32:02,500
unpredictable Behavior, like the
Sun and Moon, Mars would 

1611
01:32:02,500 --> 01:32:05,500
typically, travel steadily from 
west to east against the 

1612
01:32:05,500 --> 01:32:09,000
background Stars, however, it 
would occasionally slow down. 

1613
01:32:09,000 --> 01:32:12,700
Pause, go in the opposite 
direction for a few weeks, pause

1614
01:32:12,700 --> 01:32:14,500
once more, and then start moving
East. 

1615
01:32:15,300 --> 01:32:18,900
This was referred to by the 
Greeks as retrograde motion and 

1616
01:32:18,900 --> 01:32:22,100
it appeared to defy any logical 
notion of how Celestial body's 

1617
01:32:22,100 --> 01:32:24,600
ought to function like the 
mathematical detectives. 

1618
01:32:24,600 --> 01:32:27,200
They were the Babylonians 
tackled this problem. 

1619
01:32:27,200 --> 01:32:30,700
The accumulated, massive tables 
of data by meticulously 

1620
01:32:30,700 --> 01:32:34,900
monitoring Mars position night 
after night, month after month 

1621
01:32:34,900 --> 01:32:38,200
and year after year. 
They have eventually found that 

1622
01:32:38,200 --> 01:32:41,200
the retrograde loops on Mars had
a regular pattern repeating 

1623
01:32:41,200 --> 01:32:45,600
every 687 days, which is now 
known to be the orbital period 

1624
01:32:45,600 --> 01:32:48,100
of the planet. 
In order to forcast, precisely 

1625
01:32:48,100 --> 01:32:51,100
when Mars would start, his 
retrograde motion, how long it 

1626
01:32:51,100 --> 01:32:54,100
would last and where the planet 
would be at any given point in 

1627
01:32:54,100 --> 01:32:58,200
the future, he created complex 
mathematical models, they only 

1628
01:32:58,200 --> 01:33:00,900
concentrated on identifying 
mathematical patterns, that 

1629
01:33:00,900 --> 01:33:03,800
worked not realizing that. 
Mars apparent motion was 

1630
01:33:03,800 --> 01:33:06,600
actually caused by Earth, 
passing Mars, in its orbit 

1631
01:33:06,600 --> 01:33:10,000
around the Sun, the Babylonians 
treated, every planet that was 

1632
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:14,300
visible in the same way. 
For Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter 

1633
01:33:14,300 --> 01:33:16,800
and Saturn. 
They developed intricate 

1634
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:18,900
mathematical models that were 
tailored to take into 

1635
01:33:18,908 --> 01:33:21,000
consideration. 
The unique characteristics and 

1636
01:33:21,000 --> 01:33:24,100
trends of each planet. 
Surprisingly accurate, these 

1637
01:33:24,100 --> 01:33:26,900
models frequently predicted 
planetary positions to within a 

1638
01:33:26,900 --> 01:33:29,600
degree or two. 
They also significantly improved

1639
01:33:29,600 --> 01:33:32,500
our knowledge of lunar cycles. 
The Babylonians were able to 

1640
01:33:32,508 --> 01:33:36,000
predict eclipses with remarkable
accuracy, after they learned, 

1641
01:33:36,000 --> 01:33:39,500
that they follow an 18 year, 11 
day cycle known as the Saros. 

1642
01:33:40,200 --> 01:33:43,200
This was not merely academic 
knowledge because eclipses were 

1643
01:33:43,200 --> 01:33:46,800
frequently interpreted as Divine
Omens that baloney and Priests 

1644
01:33:46,800 --> 01:33:49,600
who were able to predict them 
enjoyed great power and Prestige

1645
01:33:49,600 --> 01:33:52,700
give them that they operated 
without telescopes without 

1646
01:33:52,700 --> 01:33:55,200
access to contemporary 
mathematical notation. 

1647
01:33:55,200 --> 01:33:58,400
And without any knowledge of the
actual solar system structure, 

1648
01:33:58,400 --> 01:34:01,500
it is nearly impossible to 
comprehend the mathematical 

1649
01:34:01,500 --> 01:34:03,700
sophistication of Babylonian 
astronomy. 

1650
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:07,100
They employed iterative 
algorithms produced mathematical

1651
01:34:07,100 --> 01:34:09,800
models that would not be out of 
place in a contemporary calculus

1652
01:34:09,800 --> 01:34:12,600
textbook and developed 
polynomial functions. 

1653
01:34:12,600 --> 01:34:16,100
Thousands of cuneiform scripted 
clay tablets that contained 

1654
01:34:16,100 --> 01:34:18,500
their astronomical records of 
survived to this day. 

1655
01:34:19,300 --> 01:34:22,400
Perusing them is akin to peering
into the ancient mathematical 

1656
01:34:22,400 --> 01:34:25,200
astronomers Workshop. 
You can observe them solving 

1657
01:34:25,200 --> 01:34:28,600
issues experimenting with 
various strategies and 

1658
01:34:28,600 --> 01:34:30,900
progressively improving their 
models to attain higher 

1659
01:34:30,900 --> 01:34:33,600
accuracy. 
Babylonian astronomers long-term

1660
01:34:33,600 --> 01:34:36,900
Outlook was among its most 
remarkable features because they

1661
01:34:36,900 --> 01:34:39,000
kept meticulous records for 
centuries. 

1662
01:34:39,000 --> 01:34:42,000
They were able to identify 
cycles and patterns that 

1663
01:34:42,000 --> 01:34:45,800
observers working over shorter 
time periods, would miss They 

1664
01:34:45,800 --> 01:34:48,500
observed that some Celestial 
patterns required over decades 

1665
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:51,400
and even centuries. 
In addition to years, they 

1666
01:34:51,400 --> 01:34:54,800
discovered, what a now known as 
great conjunctions rare, 

1667
01:34:54,800 --> 01:34:58,000
alignments of multiple planets 
that only happen once every few 

1668
01:34:58,000 --> 01:35:01,600
decades, as a result of their 
long-term approach, they were 

1669
01:35:01,600 --> 01:35:04,200
highly regarded as the most 
accomplished astronomers and 

1670
01:35:04,200 --> 01:35:06,700
mathematicians of antiquity 
because they were able to 

1671
01:35:06,708 --> 01:35:09,000
forcast these events centuries 
in advance. 

1672
01:35:09,000 --> 01:35:13,000
The Zodiac was also created by 
the Babylonians who divided the 

1673
01:35:13,000 --> 01:35:17,100
sky into 1230 degrees segments, 
Each of which was connected to a

1674
01:35:17,108 --> 01:35:20,100
constellation along the sun's 
apparent annual path. 

1675
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:23,800
This was mainly a coordinate 
system that enabled them to 

1676
01:35:23,800 --> 01:35:26,500
precisely and mathematically 
described the positions of 

1677
01:35:26,508 --> 01:35:29,200
celestial objects. 
Not just for astrological 

1678
01:35:29,200 --> 01:35:31,800
purposes, though. 
They did use it for that as 

1679
01:35:31,800 --> 01:35:34,000
well. 
It is difficult to overestimate 

1680
01:35:34,000 --> 01:35:35,700
their impact on later. 
Astronomy. 

1681
01:35:35,700 --> 01:35:38,900
Grieco astronomers, Drew 
extensively on Babylonian 

1682
01:35:38,900 --> 01:35:42,000
observations, and mathematical 
methods, and they started 

1683
01:35:42,000 --> 01:35:46,300
formulating their own theories. 
Babylonian mathematicians were 

1684
01:35:46,300 --> 01:35:48,800
the original creators of many of
the mathematical instruments 

1685
01:35:48,800 --> 01:35:51,300
that astronomers used during the
Middle Ages and into the 

1686
01:35:51,308 --> 01:35:54,000
Renaissance. 
It is amazing how they were able

1687
01:35:54,000 --> 01:35:56,800
to create such complex, 
mathematical models while 

1688
01:35:56,800 --> 01:35:59,600
operating under a totally false 
understanding of the structure 

1689
01:35:59,600 --> 01:36:03,000
of the solar system. 
They believed that the sun moon 

1690
01:36:03,000 --> 01:36:06,900
and planets all orbited the 
Earth, which they believed to be

1691
01:36:06,900 --> 01:36:10,500
at the center of the universe. 
Their mathematical models, were 

1692
01:36:10,500 --> 01:36:13,500
precise enough to make amazing 
predictions about celestial 

1693
01:36:13,500 --> 01:36:15,600
events. 
In spite of this basic 

1694
01:36:15,600 --> 01:36:18,600
misunderstanding, the 
Babylonians demonstrated that it

1695
01:36:18,600 --> 01:36:20,900
is not always necessary to 
comprehend, the fundamental 

1696
01:36:20,900 --> 01:36:24,000
physics of a system in order to 
mathematically, explain Its 

1697
01:36:24,000 --> 01:36:26,200
Behavior. 
Even when your theoretical 

1698
01:36:26,200 --> 01:36:29,600
framework is entirely incorrect,
there are situations when 

1699
01:36:29,600 --> 01:36:32,300
careful observation and 
mathematical analysis can yield 

1700
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:35,700
valuable results. 
It began with some very patient 

1701
01:36:35,700 --> 01:36:39,000
to astronomers in ancient 
Mesopotamia staring at the sky 

1702
01:36:39,000 --> 01:36:41,000
and writing numbers on clay 
tablets. 

1703
01:36:41,000 --> 01:36:43,900
This lesson would prove useful 
throughout the history of 

1704
01:36:43,900 --> 01:36:46,300
science. 
The Greeks on the other hand, 

1705
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:49,000
had views on everything 
including the sky. 

1706
01:36:49,000 --> 01:36:52,500
If the Egyptians were the 
Practical astronomers and the 

1707
01:36:52,500 --> 01:36:55,500
Babylonians were the 
mathematical record Keepers in 

1708
01:36:55,500 --> 01:36:57,900
the Greeks, were the ones who 
gazed up at the night sky and 

1709
01:36:57,900 --> 01:36:59,900
asked themselves. 
This is all very nice. 

1710
01:36:59,900 --> 01:37:02,500
But what does it mean the Greeks
wanted to know? 

1711
01:37:02,500 --> 01:37:04,300
Why celestial objects move the 
way. 

1712
01:37:04,300 --> 01:37:06,400
They did not just where they 
would be. 

1713
01:37:07,800 --> 01:37:10,700
Despite the fact that many of 
their conclusions were wildly 

1714
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:15,200
incorrect, this move from what. 
And when to why signal, the 

1715
01:37:15,200 --> 01:37:17,700
start of what we might. 
Identify as modern scientific 

1716
01:37:17,700 --> 01:37:19,600
thinking. 
One of the first Greek 

1717
01:37:19,600 --> 01:37:23,000
philosophers to take astronomy 
seriously, was thales of Meletis

1718
01:37:23,000 --> 01:37:27,500
who lived Circa 600 BCE, A 
battle between the lydians and 

1719
01:37:27,500 --> 01:37:30,500
Meads is said to have been ended
by thales famously prophesied, 

1720
01:37:30,500 --> 01:37:36,000
solar eclipse and 585 BCE when 
both armies were so frightened 

1721
01:37:36,000 --> 01:37:39,200
by the unexpected darkness that 
they promptly declared peace 

1722
01:37:39,200 --> 01:37:43,400
regardless of its veracity. 
This tale demonstrates, the kind

1723
01:37:43,400 --> 01:37:45,800
of authority that ancient 
astronomy could bestow. 

1724
01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:48,200
However, they was only the 
start. 

1725
01:37:48,200 --> 01:37:51,500
It was the Greeks who dared to 
pose, more ambitious questions 

1726
01:37:51,500 --> 01:37:53,500
that truly revolutionized 
astronomy. 

1727
01:37:54,400 --> 01:37:57,600
Similar to an axe Amanda who 
postulated that the Earth was 

1728
01:37:57,600 --> 01:38:01,700
free to float in space without 
any assistance, a radical notion

1729
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:03,800
that contradicted, the 
conventional wisdom that the 

1730
01:38:03,800 --> 01:38:05,500
Earth must be supported by 
something. 

1731
01:38:05,500 --> 01:38:09,600
Be at a gigantic elephant, the 
giant turtle or some other 

1732
01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:13,400
Cosmic Foundation, then came 
Pythagoras man behind the 

1733
01:38:13,408 --> 01:38:16,600
well-known theorem made an even 
more significant contribution to

1734
01:38:16,600 --> 01:38:19,700
astronomy the notion that the 
Universe functioned in 

1735
01:38:19,700 --> 01:38:21,700
accordance with mathematical 
principles. 

1736
01:38:22,400 --> 01:38:24,400
Pythagoras. 
And his adherence held that the 

1737
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:27,500
fundamental building blocks of 
reality were numbers and the 

1738
01:38:27,500 --> 01:38:30,700
profound truths about the nature
of existence could be discovered

1739
01:38:30,700 --> 01:38:33,500
by comprehending, the 
mathematical relationships, 

1740
01:38:33,500 --> 01:38:37,100
governing, Celestial movements, 
Pythagoras and his followers saw

1741
01:38:37,100 --> 01:38:40,800
that musical Harmony was based 
on basic mathematical ratios and

1742
01:38:40,800 --> 01:38:43,700
they theorized that the planets 
moving through their Celestial 

1743
01:38:43,700 --> 01:38:46,100
paths. 
Must create a kind of cosmic 

1744
01:38:46,100 --> 01:38:48,600
music, based on similar 
mathematical principles. 

1745
01:38:48,600 --> 01:38:52,400
This mathematical approach led 
to one of the most beautiful in 

1746
01:38:52,400 --> 01:38:55,200
the history of astronomy. 
The idea of the music of the 

1747
01:38:55,200 --> 01:38:57,600
sphere's. 
They thought that because we had

1748
01:38:57,600 --> 01:39:00,500
been exposed to this Celestial 
music since birth, we were 

1749
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:03,100
unable to hear it, even though 
it was playing all around us 

1750
01:39:03,100 --> 01:39:05,300
though. 
It's a beautiful notion and holy

1751
01:39:05,300 --> 01:39:07,600
and correct. 
It highlights a significant 

1752
01:39:07,600 --> 01:39:11,000
aspect of Greek thought they 
sought to understand and give 

1753
01:39:11,000 --> 01:39:14,500
meaning, to Celestial phenomena 
rather than merely describe 

1754
01:39:14,500 --> 01:39:16,500
them. 
Plato who wrote his well known 

1755
01:39:16,500 --> 01:39:20,800
dialogue, tymia around 380 BC 
and offered a thorough Theory 

1756
01:39:20,800 --> 01:39:22,300
regarding the universal 
creation. 

1757
01:39:22,800 --> 01:39:25,100
Mark, the Pinnacle of this Quest
For Greater meaning. 

1758
01:39:25,800 --> 01:39:29,000
Plato, claimed that a Divine 
Craftsman known as the demiurge,

1759
01:39:29,000 --> 01:39:32,100
created the universe by 
arranging chaos, into a logical 

1760
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:34,500
harmonious hole using 
mathematical principles 

1761
01:39:34,500 --> 01:39:37,500
Aristotle. 
A pupil of Plato took these 

1762
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:40,800
Concepts and ran with them, 
developing the universe model 

1763
01:39:40,800 --> 01:39:43,000
that would dominate thought for 
almost two millennia. 

1764
01:39:43,900 --> 01:39:47,100
According to Aristotle, the 
universe was made up of a number

1765
01:39:47,100 --> 01:39:50,800
of nested, crystalline spheres. 
Each of which carried a 

1766
01:39:50,800 --> 01:39:53,300
celestial object in its orbit 
around the Earth, which was 

1767
01:39:53,300 --> 01:39:55,100
stationary at the center of the 
universe. 

1768
01:39:55,100 --> 01:39:58,100
Many of the observations made by
ancient astronomers were 

1769
01:39:58,100 --> 01:40:01,200
explained by this model. 
Because all of the stars were 

1770
01:40:01,200 --> 01:40:04,900
embedded in the outermost sphere
which rotated once a day, they 

1771
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:06,800
stayed fixed in relation to one 
another. 

1772
01:40:07,800 --> 01:40:11,000
Because each planet Moon and Sun
had its own sphere. 

1773
01:40:11,000 --> 01:40:14,000
They traveled across the sky at 
different speeds and took 

1774
01:40:14,000 --> 01:40:17,100
different routes Aristotle. 
However, attempted to explain 

1775
01:40:17,100 --> 01:40:19,800
why the universe had to be this 
way rather than merely 

1776
01:40:19,800 --> 01:40:22,100
explaining the mechanics of 
celestial motion. 

1777
01:40:23,500 --> 01:40:26,600
Since the Earth was clearly the 
heaviest object in the area and 

1778
01:40:26,600 --> 01:40:28,600
heavy objects gravitate toward 
the center. 

1779
01:40:28,600 --> 01:40:31,300
He contended that the Earth must
be at the center. 

1780
01:40:32,500 --> 01:40:35,700
Since circles were the most 
ideal geometric shape and the 

1781
01:40:35,708 --> 01:40:38,800
heavens had to be Flawless. 
He insisted that. 

1782
01:40:38,800 --> 01:40:43,100
All celestial objects must move 
in perfect circles, this Union 

1783
01:40:43,100 --> 01:40:46,200
of philosophy mathematics and 
observation was distinctly, 

1784
01:40:46,200 --> 01:40:48,500
Greek. 
They sought to comprehend. 

1785
01:40:48,500 --> 01:40:51,400
The fundamental ideas, that 
underpin the necessity and 

1786
01:40:51,400 --> 01:40:53,200
inevitability of the celestial 
movements. 

1787
01:40:53,200 --> 01:40:55,900
Not merely to monitor them 
hipparchus. 

1788
01:40:55,900 --> 01:40:59,400
One of the most remarkable Greek
astronomers lived in the second 

1789
01:40:59,400 --> 01:41:02,800
century BCE and produced 
observations that were so 

1790
01:41:02,808 --> 01:41:04,500
accurate. 
They were unrivaled for more 

1791
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:07,500
than a millennium. 
By charting the locations and 

1792
01:41:07,500 --> 01:41:10,700
relative brightnesses of more 
than 800 Stars hipparchus 

1793
01:41:10,700 --> 01:41:12,600
produced the first thorough star
catalog. 

1794
01:41:13,400 --> 01:41:16,100
Additionally, he discovered the 
precession of the equinoxes, 

1795
01:41:16,100 --> 01:41:19,800
which is the gradual oscillation
in Earth rotation, that results 

1796
01:41:19,800 --> 01:41:21,400
in a shift in the north 
Celestial. 

1797
01:41:21,400 --> 01:41:25,100
Poles position over a roughly 
26,000 years cycle. 

1798
01:41:25,100 --> 01:41:28,500
The park has made this discovery
after noticing minor but 

1799
01:41:28,500 --> 01:41:32,000
consistent variations and star 
positions while comparing his 

1800
01:41:32,000 --> 01:41:36,200
own observations with those of 
previous astronomers Parker saw 

1801
01:41:36,200 --> 01:41:39,300
these discrepancies as proof of 
a gradual long-term shift in 

1802
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:42,400
Earth orientation, with respect 
to the Stars, which are less 

1803
01:41:42,400 --> 01:41:45,300
attentive Observer might have 
mistakenly ascribed to errors in

1804
01:41:45,300 --> 01:41:47,700
the older records. 
It takes extraordinary, 

1805
01:41:47,700 --> 01:41:51,300
Precision to detect procession 
even over the course of a human 

1806
01:41:51,300 --> 01:41:52,900
lifetime. 
The shift we're discussing 

1807
01:41:52,900 --> 01:41:56,800
roughly one degree every 72 
years is hardly noticeable 

1808
01:41:56,800 --> 01:41:59,900
hipparchus. 
However, was cautious enough in 

1809
01:41:59,900 --> 01:42:02,300
his own measurements and had 
access to Babylonian records 

1810
01:42:02,300 --> 01:42:04,500
dating back. 
Several centuries to pick up on 

1811
01:42:04,500 --> 01:42:09,400
this remarkably subtle effects 
significantly Advanced our 

1812
01:42:09,400 --> 01:42:12,600
knowledge of the Moon and Sun. 
He estimated the length of the 

1813
01:42:12,600 --> 01:42:15,600
lunar month to be less than one 
second accurate and he 

1814
01:42:15,608 --> 01:42:18,300
calculated the length of the 
year to be within roughly six 

1815
01:42:18,300 --> 01:42:21,700
minutes of the right value. 
He even tried using a solar 

1816
01:42:21,700 --> 01:42:24,600
eclipse to calculate the 
distance to the Moon, but his 

1817
01:42:24,608 --> 01:42:29,000
result was only approximately 
accurate Harris of Samus the 

1818
01:42:29,000 --> 01:42:31,300
Greek astronomer who lived in 
the third Century BCE. 

1819
01:42:32,200 --> 01:42:35,800
Was arguably the most ambitious.
He made a completely novel 

1820
01:42:35,800 --> 01:42:39,800
suggestion that the Sun, not the
Earth was the center of the 

1821
01:42:39,800 --> 01:42:42,600
universe. 
In order to explain the apparent

1822
01:42:42,600 --> 01:42:45,200
motion of celestial objects 
without requiring the entire 

1823
01:42:45,200 --> 01:42:46,800
universe to revolve around the 
earth. 

1824
01:42:46,800 --> 01:42:50,300
Aristarchus proposed that the 
Earth rotated on its axis. 

1825
01:42:50,300 --> 01:42:53,000
Once daily and orbited the sun 
once annually. 

1826
01:42:53,000 --> 01:42:56,400
Other Greek astronomers, largely
disregarded this extremely 

1827
01:42:56,400 --> 01:42:59,700
audacious notion, why? 
Because it appeared to go 

1828
01:42:59,708 --> 01:43:02,400
against both. 
Careful observation and Common 

1829
01:43:02,400 --> 01:43:04,700
Sense. 
Would we not sense the earth 

1830
01:43:04,700 --> 01:43:07,300
rotation wouldn't? 
The Stars seem to change 

1831
01:43:07,300 --> 01:43:09,200
position? 
As we looked at them from 

1832
01:43:09,200 --> 01:43:11,400
various points in our orbit. 
If the Earth were traveling 

1833
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:14,600
through space considering the 
observational instruments at the

1834
01:43:14,600 --> 01:43:17,500
Greeks, disposal. 
These objections were entirely 

1835
01:43:17,500 --> 01:43:19,800
valid. 
Since they had no reference 

1836
01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:23,200
point out, the rotating system, 
they were unable to perceive the

1837
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:26,200
effects of Earth's rotation and 
were unable to detect the 

1838
01:43:26,200 --> 01:43:29,100
extremely subtle Parallax 
shifts, that would result from 

1839
01:43:29,100 --> 01:43:31,600
Stella motion. 
Therefore, the majority of Greek

1840
01:43:31,600 --> 01:43:34,500
astronomers continued to use 
increasingly intricate version 

1841
01:43:34,500 --> 01:43:38,400
of the earth-centered universe 
rather than adopting arista's 

1842
01:43:38,400 --> 01:43:42,200
heliocentric model. 
Claudius Ptolemy created the 

1843
01:43:42,200 --> 01:43:44,700
most advanced of these in the 
second century CE. 

1844
01:43:45,600 --> 01:43:47,800
In order to account for the 
intricate movements of the 

1845
01:43:47,800 --> 01:43:50,100
planets, while maintaining the 
Earth at the center of 

1846
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:52,200
everything. 
Ptolemy's model employed, 

1847
01:43:52,200 --> 01:43:55,200
intricate combination of 
circles, moving on other circles

1848
01:43:55,200 --> 01:43:58,600
referred to as epicycles for 
more than a millennium. 

1849
01:43:58,600 --> 01:44:02,200
Ptolemy system was the accepted 
astronomical model because it 

1850
01:44:02,200 --> 01:44:04,900
was mathematically complex and 
reasonably accurate in 

1851
01:44:04,900 --> 01:44:06,600
predicting the positions of 
planets. 

1852
01:44:07,400 --> 01:44:10,800
It also required dozens of 
meticulously adjusted circles to

1853
01:44:10,800 --> 01:44:13,200
match observations, making it 
extremely complex. 

1854
01:44:14,300 --> 01:44:16,500
To keep the model functioning 
and increasing. 

1855
01:44:16,500 --> 01:44:19,100
Number of epicycles had to be 
added as astronomical 

1856
01:44:19,100 --> 01:44:21,000
observations improved over the 
centuries. 

1857
01:44:21,000 --> 01:44:24,000
Significant progress was also 
made by the Greeks and 

1858
01:44:24,000 --> 01:44:26,500
determining the Earth's size and
the separations between 

1859
01:44:26,500 --> 01:44:29,800
celestial bodies. 
Eratosthenes determined the 

1860
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:32,300
circumference of the Earth in 
240. 

1861
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:35,900
BCE by comparing the angles of 
Shadows in two cities on the 

1862
01:44:35,900 --> 01:44:38,500
same day. 
And at the same time to within a

1863
01:44:38,500 --> 01:44:40,800
few percent of the right value, 
his result was accurate 

1864
01:44:40,800 --> 01:44:43,900
eratosthenes approach was 
elegantly straightforward. 

1865
01:44:43,900 --> 01:44:46,200
He was aware that at noon on the
summer. 

1866
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:49,700
Solstice, the sun was directly 
overhead in the city of seen 

1867
01:44:49,700 --> 01:44:53,600
present day, Aswan Egypt and 
Sean straight down a deep. 

1868
01:44:53,600 --> 01:44:57,600
Well He used the shadow cast by 
a vertical pole, to determine 

1869
01:44:57,600 --> 01:45:01,800
the sun's angle in Alexandria, 
some 500 miles to the north on 

1870
01:45:01,800 --> 01:45:04,900
the same day. 
And at the same time, he was 

1871
01:45:04,900 --> 01:45:07,100
able to determine the 
circumference of the earth by 

1872
01:45:07,100 --> 01:45:10,400
using the geometry of circles 
and the known distance between 

1873
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:13,800
the two cities, this 
accomplishment is a noteworthy 

1874
01:45:13,800 --> 01:45:17,100
because it called for both 
mathematical proficiently and 

1875
01:45:17,100 --> 01:45:20,500
the organizational ability to 
coordinate observations over a 

1876
01:45:20,500 --> 01:45:23,300
great distance. 
It illustrates the advanced 

1877
01:45:23,300 --> 01:45:26,300
degree of scientific cooperation
that Greek researchers were able

1878
01:45:26,300 --> 01:45:29,400
to accomplish the Greeks 
contribution to astronomy was 

1879
01:45:29,400 --> 01:45:32,300
their method of comprehending. 
The universe, not just their 

1880
01:45:32,300 --> 01:45:35,300
particular discoveries, they 
were the first Society to 

1881
01:45:35,300 --> 01:45:38,700
approach astronomical phenomenon
methodically using philosophical

1882
01:45:38,700 --> 01:45:41,100
analysis and mathematical 
reasoning. 

1883
01:45:41,800 --> 01:45:44,500
They created many of the logical
and mathematical instruments, 

1884
01:45:44,500 --> 01:45:47,000
that would be crucial for later,
developments and astronomy. 

1885
01:45:47,000 --> 01:45:50,300
And they established the idea 
that the Universe functions in 

1886
01:45:50,300 --> 01:45:52,900
accordance with logical 
discoverable laws. 

1887
01:45:52,900 --> 01:45:56,000
Even though they were Incorrect 
and they were incorrect about a 

1888
01:45:56,000 --> 01:45:58,300
lot of things. 
Their errors were constructive 

1889
01:45:58,300 --> 01:46:00,000
ones. 
That produced better inquiries, 

1890
01:46:00,000 --> 01:46:02,500
and more advanced methods of 
comprehending the cosmos. 

1891
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:06,000
In astronomy, the Greeks left 
behind a whole system of 

1892
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:09,000
scientific investigation. 
Not just the particular facts. 

1893
01:46:09,000 --> 01:46:11,500
They found. 
For a group of people who 

1894
01:46:11,500 --> 01:46:13,700
believed that the Earth was 
motionless at the center of the 

1895
01:46:13,708 --> 01:46:15,400
universe. 
It's not bad. 

1896
01:46:15,400 --> 01:46:17,900
You might assume that 
astronomical knowledge would 

1897
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:20,800
have vanished into the European 
Dark Ages following the collapse

1898
01:46:20,800 --> 01:46:24,200
of the Western Roman Empire. 
However, its one of those 

1899
01:46:24,200 --> 01:46:28,400
historical oversimplifications 
that create great story, but a 

1900
01:46:28,400 --> 01:46:31,600
bad history, the Islamic world 
was going through what is now 

1901
01:46:31,600 --> 01:46:34,800
known as the Islamic golden age.
And astronomy was one of its 

1902
01:46:34,800 --> 01:46:38,000
crown jewels even though Europe 
was going through some difficult

1903
01:46:38,000 --> 01:46:42,500
times, Islamic scholars began to
improve expand and in many cases

1904
01:46:42,500 --> 01:46:45,400
completely transformed, the 
astronomical knowledge of the 

1905
01:46:45,400 --> 01:46:49,000
Greeks at baloneys and Indians 
in the 8th Century CE. 

1906
01:46:49,900 --> 01:46:52,300
They made some of the most 
important contributions to 

1907
01:46:52,300 --> 01:46:55,800
pre-television their religious 
convictions. 

1908
01:46:55,800 --> 01:47:00,000
Pragmatic need and intellectual 
curiosity, the religious 

1909
01:47:00,000 --> 01:47:03,000
motivation was especially 
significant Muslims were 

1910
01:47:03,000 --> 01:47:04,900
required by Islamic law to face 
Mecca. 

1911
01:47:04,900 --> 01:47:07,600
And pray five times a day. 
So wherever you were in the 

1912
01:47:07,600 --> 01:47:09,700
world, you had to find the right
direction. 

1913
01:47:10,400 --> 01:47:12,900
Additionally, you had to be 
aware of the exact times for 

1914
01:47:12,900 --> 01:47:15,800
prayers, which change throughout
the day and year, based on the 

1915
01:47:15,800 --> 01:47:19,400
sun's position, you can see why 
Islamic culture plays such a 

1916
01:47:19,400 --> 01:47:21,300
high value on astronomical 
accuracy. 

1917
01:47:21,300 --> 01:47:24,300
When you combine this with the 
requirement to determine the 

1918
01:47:24,300 --> 01:47:25,900
start of lunar months for 
religious. 

1919
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:29,400
Observance is however, the 
Islamic astronomers did much 

1920
01:47:29,400 --> 01:47:32,100
more than merely resolve 
pragmatic religious issues. 

1921
01:47:32,100 --> 01:47:36,000
They created observatories 
studied and translated ancient 

1922
01:47:36,000 --> 01:47:40,100
texts, created new mathematical 
methods and made observations, 

1923
01:47:40,100 --> 01:47:43,200
with never. 
Before seen accuracy in many 

1924
01:47:43,200 --> 01:47:46,500
respects, they were the first 
astronomers to pursue a career 

1925
01:47:46,500 --> 01:47:50,300
devoted to studying the heavens 
during the late 9th, and early 

1926
01:47:50,300 --> 01:47:53,000
10th centuries. 
Alberti was one of the most 

1927
01:47:53,000 --> 01:47:54,900
remarkable early as lamech 
astronomers. 

1928
01:47:55,700 --> 01:47:58,600
After applying rigorous 
mathematical analysis tolly's 

1929
01:47:58,600 --> 01:48:01,600
old, observations albertini 
found, that many of his 

1930
01:48:01,600 --> 01:48:03,800
measurements required 
substantial Corrections. 

1931
01:48:04,700 --> 01:48:08,000
Calculated, the solar years 
length within two minutes and 22

1932
01:48:08,000 --> 01:48:11,400
seconds of the right answer. 
Achieving an accuracy that would

1933
01:48:11,400 --> 01:48:13,200
not be surpassed for several 
centuries. 

1934
01:48:13,200 --> 01:48:16,300
Albert Daniel, also observed, 
the sun's apparent movement year

1935
01:48:16,300 --> 01:48:19,700
round and found that the sun's 
perihelion or closest approach 

1936
01:48:19,700 --> 01:48:21,700
to Earth was progressively 
changing. 

1937
01:48:22,500 --> 01:48:25,400
This observation demonstrated 
that Earth's, elliptical orbit, 

1938
01:48:25,400 --> 01:48:28,600
rotates slowly a phenomenon, 
that would not be completely 

1939
01:48:28,600 --> 01:48:31,800
understood until centuries. 
Later, when Newton developed his

1940
01:48:31,800 --> 01:48:34,900
theory of gravitation. 
However, the institutional 

1941
01:48:34,900 --> 01:48:37,500
approach that Islamic 
astronomers developed was 

1942
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:40,400
perhaps even more impressive 
than individual discoveries. 

1943
01:48:40,400 --> 01:48:43,500
They set up important 
observatories in places like 

1944
01:48:43,500 --> 01:48:47,200
Baghdad Damascus and later 
summer Khan and Istanbul. 

1945
01:48:48,200 --> 01:48:50,500
They were research institutes. 
Where groups of astronomers? 

1946
01:48:50,500 --> 01:48:53,600
Collaborated on long-term 
projects, keeping meticulous 

1947
01:48:53,600 --> 01:48:56,100
records and transferring 
Knowledge from one generation to

1948
01:48:56,100 --> 01:48:58,200
the next. 
These were more than just 

1949
01:48:58,200 --> 01:49:01,200
building with instruments 
founded in the early 19th 

1950
01:49:01,200 --> 01:49:02,900
century. 
The Observatory at Baghdad was a

1951
01:49:02,908 --> 01:49:06,400
noteworthy. 
Here astronomers worked on 

1952
01:49:06,400 --> 01:49:09,400
improving star catalogs. 
In proving planetary position, 

1953
01:49:09,400 --> 01:49:11,900
prediction techniques and 
carrying out, systematic 

1954
01:49:11,900 --> 01:49:14,000
observations of celestial 
phenomena. 

1955
01:49:14,000 --> 01:49:17,000
They were able to combine 
Knowledge from all over the 

1956
01:49:17,000 --> 01:49:20,300
world because they had access to
library's that held astronomical

1957
01:49:20,300 --> 01:49:24,700
texts from Persian Chinese and 
Greek sources. 

1958
01:49:24,700 --> 01:49:27,500
The development of the Zedge 
comprehensive. 

1959
01:49:27,500 --> 01:49:30,000
Astronomical tables, that could 
be used to forcast, the 

1960
01:49:30,000 --> 01:49:33,600
positions of the sun, moon, and 
planets, at any given time. 

1961
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:36,900
Was one of the most ambitious 
Endeavors, carried out by 

1962
01:49:36,900 --> 01:49:40,400
Islamic astronomers these 
tables, which frequently 

1963
01:49:40,400 --> 01:49:43,900
reflected Decades of Labor, by 
teams of astronomers required. 

1964
01:49:43,900 --> 01:49:46,900
A great deal of meticulous, 
observation and mathematical 

1965
01:49:46,900 --> 01:49:50,700
computation the Ziggy sultani, 
which ulag beg and his group 

1966
01:49:50,700 --> 01:49:53,100
produced at the summer can 
observatory in the 15th century 

1967
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:57,400
is the most well-known of these.
This work was so accurate that 

1968
01:49:57,400 --> 01:50:01,200
well, into the telescopic age, 
it continued to be the standard 

1969
01:50:01,200 --> 01:50:04,100
reference for astronomical 
calculations in many parts of 

1970
01:50:04,100 --> 01:50:06,400
the world. 
Significant progress was also 

1971
01:50:06,400 --> 01:50:09,100
made by Islamic astronomers in 
the mathematical methods 

1972
01:50:09,100 --> 01:50:13,400
necessary for astronomy. 
By developing the sine cosine 

1973
01:50:13,400 --> 01:50:16,600
and tangent functions which 
remain essential to mathematics 

1974
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:19,400
today. 
They elevated trigonometry to a 

1975
01:50:19,400 --> 01:50:20,900
highly Advanced mathematical 
tool. 

1976
01:50:20,900 --> 01:50:23,800
Additionally, they made 
significant contributions to 

1977
01:50:23,800 --> 01:50:27,100
algebra by creating techniques 
for resolving challenging 

1978
01:50:27,100 --> 01:50:30,400
equations that were necessary 
for computations in astronomy, 

1979
01:50:30,400 --> 01:50:34,000
theoretical astronomy, or the 
creation of alternative models 

1980
01:50:34,000 --> 01:50:37,100
to explain Celestial. 
Motions was the focus of some of

1981
01:50:37,100 --> 01:50:40,300
the most inventive, Islamic 
astronomers, from a 

1982
01:50:40,300 --> 01:50:43,600
philosophical point of view, the
ptolemaic system had always been

1983
01:50:43,600 --> 01:50:46,300
a little disappointing due to 
its intricate Episcopal 

1984
01:50:46,300 --> 01:50:49,000
Arrangements. 
Alternative methods were 

1985
01:50:49,000 --> 01:50:53,500
developed by Islamic astronomers
such as Albini in Heather known 

1986
01:50:53,500 --> 01:50:56,500
as Al harsen, in the West, in an
effort to provide more 

1987
01:50:56,500 --> 01:50:58,800
physically plausible 
explanations for planetary 

1988
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:01,100
motions. 
The scientific methodology of 

1989
01:51:01,108 --> 01:51:04,200
al-bari who lived in the 11th 
century was a specially 

1990
01:51:04,200 --> 01:51:07,000
noteworthy. 
He rejected explanations that 

1991
01:51:07,000 --> 01:51:10,700
could not be empirically tested 
and insisted that conclusions be

1992
01:51:10,700 --> 01:51:12,300
drawn. 
Solely from meticulous 

1993
01:51:12,300 --> 01:51:14,700
observations and mathematical 
analysis. 

1994
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:18,400
Additionally, he demonstrated a 
level of intellectual Integrity.

1995
01:51:18,400 --> 01:51:22,100
That was uncommon for his era, 
by candidly acknowledging, the 

1996
01:51:22,100 --> 01:51:25,300
shortcomings of his techniques 
and the unpredictability of his 

1997
01:51:25,300 --> 01:51:27,600
measurements. 
Using a different approach than 

1998
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:29,900
eritos than these Albury 
carefully. 

1999
01:51:29,900 --> 01:51:32,700
Measured the circumference of 
the earth and his results were 

2000
01:51:32,700 --> 01:51:35,100
accurate within 1% of the right 
value. 

2001
01:51:35,800 --> 01:51:38,200
In addition, he studied lunar 
craters in. 

2002
01:51:38,200 --> 01:51:40,700
Great detail and came to the 
accurate conclusion. 

2003
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:44,300
That impacts not volcanic 
activity, were responsible for 

2004
01:51:44,300 --> 01:51:47,300
their formation. 
This conclusion would not be 

2005
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:50,400
accepted by European astronomers
for several more centuries. 

2006
01:51:50,400 --> 01:51:53,200
The creation of more precise 
tools for observing. 

2007
01:51:53,200 --> 01:51:55,800
The Stars was one of Islamic 
astronomers most important 

2008
01:51:55,800 --> 01:51:58,800
contributions. 
They developed better models of 

2009
01:51:58,808 --> 01:52:01,800
the astrolabe, an advanced 
instrument, that could be used 

2010
01:52:01,800 --> 01:52:05,300
to measure the positions of 
planets, and stars, calculate, 

2011
01:52:05,300 --> 01:52:08,200
local time and resolve a number 
of astronomical issues. 

2012
01:52:08,200 --> 01:52:11,900
In addition, Islamic instrument 
makers, created the Talkatone, 

2013
01:52:11,900 --> 01:52:15,600
the quadrant and several types 
of sundials, all of, which were 

2014
01:52:15,600 --> 01:52:18,600
intended to more, precisely 
address particular, astronomical

2015
01:52:18,600 --> 01:52:22,000
issues than early devices. 
These tools were frequently, 

2016
01:52:22,000 --> 01:52:25,200
both scientific and artistic 
Creations embellished with 

2017
01:52:25,200 --> 01:52:28,500
calligraphy and elaborate 
geometric designs in the hands 

2018
01:52:28,500 --> 01:52:30,900
of Islamic Artisans. 
The astrolabe in particular 

2019
01:52:30,900 --> 01:52:34,500
became so sophisticated that it 
transformed into a portable 

2020
01:52:34,500 --> 01:52:38,100
analog computer that could solve
a variety of navigational and 

2021
01:52:38,100 --> 01:52:40,600
astronomical issues with a 
single device. 

2022
01:52:40,600 --> 01:52:42,200
Small enough to carry in one 
hand. 

2023
01:52:42,200 --> 01:52:45,100
A competent user could predict 
the rising and setting times of 

2024
01:52:45,100 --> 01:52:49,000
stars determine the time of day 
or night, find the direction of 

2025
01:52:49,000 --> 01:52:52,000
Mecca from any location. 
And even cast, horoscopes 

2026
01:52:52,000 --> 01:52:55,400
important observations were also
made by Islamic astronomers, 

2027
01:52:55,400 --> 01:52:58,800
they created star catalogs that 
were more thorough and accurate 

2028
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:01,600
than any previously. 
Published once the observed 

2029
01:53:01,600 --> 01:53:05,100
comets supernovae and other 
ephemeral, Celestial phenomena 

2030
01:53:05,100 --> 01:53:07,800
in great detail. 
They improved predictive models 

2031
01:53:07,800 --> 01:53:10,300
by tracking Planet movements 
with previously, unheard of 

2032
01:53:10,308 --> 01:53:13,400
accuracy in the 10th Century, 
Abdullah Rahman. 

2033
01:53:13,400 --> 01:53:16,500
Sufi made one particularly 
significant discovery. 

2034
01:53:17,600 --> 01:53:21,200
Discovered a fuzzy star-like 
object that hadn't been in any 

2035
01:53:21,200 --> 01:53:24,500
of the early catalogs while he 
was assembling his star catalog.

2036
01:53:25,300 --> 01:53:27,700
He referred to this object as a 
nebulous star. 

2037
01:53:27,700 --> 01:53:31,500
But in reality, it was the 
Andromeda galaxy, the first 

2038
01:53:31,500 --> 01:53:34,400
galaxies, other than the Milky 
Way that astronomers had ever 

2039
01:53:34,400 --> 01:53:36,900
observed. 
It would take another thousand 

2040
01:53:36,900 --> 01:53:39,900
years for al-sufi to realize 
that he was staring at a galaxy 

2041
01:53:39,900 --> 01:53:41,600
with hundreds of billions of 
stars. 

2042
01:53:41,600 --> 01:53:44,800
Islamic astronomy had many uses 
outside of religious 

2043
01:53:44,800 --> 01:53:49,200
observances, Islamic Traders and
adventurers required precise, 

2044
01:53:49,200 --> 01:53:52,200
navigational techniques because 
they were traversing great 

2045
01:53:52,200 --> 01:53:56,500
distances by land and sea. 
Islamic astronomers established,

2046
01:53:56,500 --> 01:53:59,300
the mathematical underpinnings 
for the ensuing, great Age of 

2047
01:53:59,308 --> 01:54:02,800
Exploration by developing 
Advanced methods for calculating

2048
01:54:02,800 --> 01:54:06,200
latitude and longitude, they 
made important contributions to 

2049
01:54:06,200 --> 01:54:09,100
timekeeping as well. 
Islamic astronomers created 

2050
01:54:09,100 --> 01:54:12,700
increasingly precise, sundials 
water clocks and other 

2051
01:54:12,700 --> 01:54:16,200
timepieces For both practical 
and religious reasons. 

2052
01:54:16,200 --> 01:54:18,900
They produced comprehensive 
tables that displayed the 

2053
01:54:18,908 --> 01:54:22,200
sunrise and sunset times for 
various latitudes throughout the

2054
01:54:22,200 --> 01:54:25,900
year, most significantly Islamic
astronomers preserved in 

2055
01:54:25,900 --> 01:54:27,400
advance. 
The knowledge base, they had 

2056
01:54:27,400 --> 01:54:31,200
acquired from past societies. 
They did more than simply 

2057
01:54:31,200 --> 01:54:35,200
replicate old books, they filled
in the blanks fixed mistakes, 

2058
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:37,700
and expanded our understanding 
of the universe. 

2059
01:54:38,700 --> 01:54:40,900
Many of the Mysteries that had 
baffled, the Ancients had 

2060
01:54:40,900 --> 01:54:44,000
already been resolved by Islamic
astronomers when European 

2061
01:54:44,000 --> 01:54:46,600
scholars started to ReDiscover 
astronomy during the 

2062
01:54:46,600 --> 01:54:49,000
Renaissance. 
It is impossible to overestimate

2063
01:54:49,000 --> 01:54:52,000
the impact of Islamic astronomy 
on subsequent developments in 

2064
01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:54,900
Europe. 
Copernicus made extensive use of

2065
01:54:54,908 --> 01:54:58,400
Islamic astronomers observations
and mathematical methods in the 

2066
01:54:58,400 --> 01:55:00,300
development of his heliocentric 
model. 

2067
01:55:01,000 --> 01:55:03,400
The Islamic Golden Age, produced
many of the mathematical 

2068
01:55:03,400 --> 01:55:06,500
instruments that were crucial to
the Scientific Revolution in 

2069
01:55:06,500 --> 01:55:08,300
addition to Scientific 
advancements. 

2070
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:11,400
Islamic astronomy, has left. 
Its mark on the terminology, we 

2071
01:55:11,400 --> 01:55:15,100
used to describe the universe, 
the Arabic origins of many of 

2072
01:55:15,100 --> 01:55:18,100
the modern star names, 
Elder-Beerman Altair, 

2073
01:55:18,100 --> 01:55:22,500
Beetlejuice and rigel, reflect 
the crucial role that Islamic 

2074
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:25,300
astronomers played in cataloging
and researching the night sky. 

2075
01:55:25,300 --> 01:55:28,100
Chinese, astronomers were 
approaching the study of the 

2076
01:55:28,100 --> 01:55:31,400
universe in a totally different 
way than Islamic and European 

2077
01:55:31,400 --> 01:55:33,800
astronomers who were occupied 
with debating. 

2078
01:55:33,800 --> 01:55:36,600
Whether the Sun or the Earth was
at the center of the universe 

2079
01:55:36,600 --> 01:55:39,900
developing Grand. 
Theoretical models to explain 

2080
01:55:39,900 --> 01:55:42,700
the motion of celestial objects,
was not a major concern of 

2081
01:55:42,700 --> 01:55:46,800
theirs rather they concentrated 
on what now appears to be almost

2082
01:55:46,800 --> 01:55:50,900
more scientific meticulously 
documenting precisely what they 

2083
01:55:50,900 --> 01:55:55,100
saw when they saw it and how it 
connected to Earthly events, 

2084
01:55:55,100 --> 01:55:57,900
this method developed from a 
distinctively Chinese 

2085
01:55:57,900 --> 01:56:00,700
philosophical tradition that 
believes that all. 

2086
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:03,900
In a very particular sense, 
human Affairs and the heavens 

2087
01:56:03,900 --> 01:56:07,600
were closely related. 
The emperor according to Chinese

2088
01:56:07,600 --> 01:56:11,600
astronomers had the Mandate of 
Heaven, Divine consent, that 

2089
01:56:11,600 --> 01:56:14,300
validated his reign. 
Unusual. 

2090
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:17,200
Astronomical occurrences might 
indicate that this mandate was 

2091
01:56:17,208 --> 01:56:19,700
being revoked. 
Which would support Rebellion or

2092
01:56:19,700 --> 01:56:22,700
a change of government as a 
result Chinese courts. 

2093
01:56:22,700 --> 01:56:25,600
Hired official astronomers, 
whose responsibility, it was to 

2094
01:56:25,600 --> 01:56:31,000
continuously monitor the sky for
comets supernovae eclipses and 

2095
01:56:31,000 --> 01:56:33,400
other anomalies that might have 
political ramifications. 

2096
01:56:34,700 --> 01:56:38,500
The timing duration and apparent
connection to current political 

2097
01:56:38,500 --> 01:56:41,600
events were all carefully 
documented by these Court 

2098
01:56:41,600 --> 01:56:43,900
astronomers, in addition to the 
phenomenon of themselves. 

2099
01:56:43,900 --> 01:56:46,900
As a result, an astronomical 
record keeping system was 

2100
01:56:46,900 --> 01:56:49,600
created that was unparalleled in
the world in terms of longevity 

2101
01:56:49,600 --> 01:56:53,100
and consistency in one form or 
another Chinese. 

2102
01:56:53,100 --> 01:56:56,800
Astronomical records date back 
more than 3,000 years and they 

2103
01:56:56,800 --> 01:56:59,400
have remained, remarkably 
consistent throughout political 

2104
01:56:59,400 --> 01:57:03,400
upheavals invasions and 
dynasties the Contemporary 

2105
01:57:03,400 --> 01:57:06,000
astronomers researching 
long-term Celestial phenomena. 

2106
01:57:06,000 --> 01:57:08,700
These records have proven to be 
extremely helpful. 

2107
01:57:08,700 --> 01:57:11,400
Chinese astronomers, for 
instance documented, the 

2108
01:57:11,408 --> 01:57:15,400
emergence of guests stars stars 
that appeared out of nowhere. 

2109
01:57:15,400 --> 01:57:18,600
Where none had previously been 
seen glowed brilliantly for 

2110
01:57:18,600 --> 01:57:22,300
weeks or months and then 
vanished We now know that these 

2111
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:26,100
were Novae and supernovae, which
are Stellar explosions capable 

2112
01:57:26,100 --> 01:57:28,500
of momentarily. 
Outshining entire galaxies, 

2113
01:57:28,500 --> 01:57:31,800
modern astronomers have been 
able to study the remnants of 

2114
01:57:31,808 --> 01:57:34,600
these ancient Cosmic 
catastrophes, thanks to the 

2115
01:57:34,600 --> 01:57:37,300
Chinese records of these events 
which are frequently. 

2116
01:57:37,300 --> 01:57:39,600
The only historical 
documentation, we have of 

2117
01:57:39,600 --> 01:57:43,100
particular Stellar explosions. 
The most well-known example is 

2118
01:57:43,100 --> 01:57:47,600
most likely the Supernova of 
1,054 CE, which, Chinese 

2119
01:57:47,600 --> 01:57:50,500
astronomers, noted was visible, 
to the naked eye at night for 

2120
01:57:50,500 --> 01:57:53,700
almost two years and during 23 
days during the day. 

2121
01:57:55,000 --> 01:57:57,800
One of the most actively 
researched objects in the sky is

2122
01:57:57,800 --> 01:58:00,400
the Crab Nebula. 
The Stellar remnant of this 

2123
01:58:00,400 --> 01:58:03,800
explosion comet's, which they 
dubbed broom Stars. 

2124
01:58:03,800 --> 01:58:07,400
Due to their sweeping Tales were
also the subject of in depth of 

2125
01:58:07,400 --> 01:58:08,900
observations by Chinese 
astronomers. 

2126
01:58:10,000 --> 01:58:13,000
They kept records that enabled 
them to identify when specific 

2127
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:17,000
comets returned on regular 
scheduled observed Comet, orbits

2128
01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:20,200
and recorded the correlation 
between a comet's position in 

2129
01:58:20,200 --> 01:58:22,000
relation to the sun and its 
tail. 

2130
01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:24,600
They are the oldest continuous 
records of this. 

2131
01:58:24,600 --> 01:58:30,300
Well, known Celestial visitor 
dating back at least 2004 BC to 

2132
01:58:30,300 --> 01:58:32,300
what we now refer to as Halley's
Comet. 

2133
01:58:33,300 --> 01:58:36,200
Centuries later when European 
astronomers were attempting to 

2134
01:58:36,208 --> 01:58:38,700
demonstrate the Comets. 
Do not appear at random, but 

2135
01:58:38,700 --> 01:58:41,900
rather follow predictable 
orbital paths, these records 

2136
01:58:41,900 --> 01:58:44,400
were essential. 
However, Chinese astronomy 

2137
01:58:44,400 --> 01:58:46,900
involved, more than merely 
keeping an eye out for other 

2138
01:58:46,900 --> 01:58:50,800
currencies, Along with, creating
their own complex, calendrical 

2139
01:58:50,800 --> 01:58:54,300
systems and Eclipse prediction 
techniques, Chinese astronomers.

2140
01:58:54,300 --> 01:58:57,100
Also conducted systematic 
observations of the regular 

2141
01:58:57,100 --> 01:59:00,700
motions of celestial objects 
they created constellations 

2142
01:59:00,700 --> 01:59:04,200
based on Chinese mythological 
and cultural Traditions dividing

2143
01:59:04,200 --> 01:59:06,400
the sky into different. 
Star groups than Western 

2144
01:59:06,400 --> 01:59:09,500
astronomers did Chinese 
astronomers developed a system 

2145
01:59:09,508 --> 01:59:13,600
based on 28 lunar Mansion star 
groups that corresponded to the 

2146
01:59:13,600 --> 01:59:16,400
moon's position on each day of 
its monthly cycle. 

2147
01:59:16,400 --> 01:59:19,800
Instead of the 12 zodiac 
constellations that Western 

2148
01:59:19,800 --> 01:59:23,400
astronomy used to divide the sky
along the ecliptic or the sun's 

2149
01:59:23,400 --> 01:59:26,200
apparent path. 
This system was a specially 

2150
01:59:26,200 --> 01:59:28,900
helpful for keeping track of 
time and arranging activities, 

2151
01:59:28,900 --> 01:59:30,400
according to the phases of the 
moon. 

2152
01:59:30,400 --> 01:59:33,300
Additionally, Chinese 
astronomers created their own 

2153
01:59:33,300 --> 01:59:36,600
tools for observing, the Stars. 
Chinese instrument makers, 

2154
01:59:36,600 --> 01:59:39,300
developed the armillary sphere. 
A three-dimensional 

2155
01:59:39,300 --> 01:59:42,100
representation of the celestial 
sphere constructed from 

2156
01:59:42,100 --> 01:59:45,700
intersecting metal rings to a 
remarkable degree of accuracy. 

2157
01:59:45,700 --> 01:59:49,500
These tools could be used to 
show astronomical relationships 

2158
01:59:49,500 --> 01:59:52,900
and track the movements of 
celestial objects Susan's water.

2159
01:59:52,900 --> 01:59:57,600
Powered Clock Tower constructed 
in 1092 CE was one of the most 

2160
01:59:57,600 --> 02:00:00,100
impressive Chinese astronomical 
instruments. 

2161
02:00:00,900 --> 02:00:04,700
This enormous machine which 
stood more than 30 feet tall was

2162
02:00:04,700 --> 02:00:07,300
essentially the first 
astronomical computer in 

2163
02:00:07,300 --> 02:00:10,600
history, it was made up of a 
Celestial globe and armillary 

2164
02:00:10,600 --> 02:00:14,200
sphere and a mechanical clock. 
In addition to having a 

2165
02:00:14,200 --> 02:00:16,800
sophisticated system of bells 
and gongs that announced the 

2166
02:00:16,800 --> 02:00:18,600
time and other astronomical 
events. 

2167
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:21,700
Clock Tower was able to 
automatically track the 

2168
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:23,700
positions of the sun, moon, and 
planets. 

2169
02:00:23,700 --> 02:00:26,900
A number of the discoveries made
by Chinese astronomers would 

2170
02:00:26,900 --> 02:00:28,900
take centuries to replicate in 
the West. 

2171
02:00:29,700 --> 02:00:33,000
They kept meticulous records of 
sunspot activity, and with the 

2172
02:00:33,000 --> 02:00:36,500
first to identify that the sun 
had dark patches on its surface,

2173
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:38,800
which we now refer to as 
sunspots. 

2174
02:00:39,800 --> 02:00:42,200
Additionally, they observed a 
regularities along the board of 

2175
02:00:42,208 --> 02:00:46,000
between the illuminated and dark
portions during lunar phases in 

2176
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:47,900
decaying. 
That the moon surface was not 

2177
02:00:47,900 --> 02:00:51,200
entirely smooth, the 11th 
century work of the astronomer 

2178
02:00:51,200 --> 02:00:53,900
shenko is one especially 
noteworthy accomplishment. 

2179
02:00:54,700 --> 02:00:58,300
After closely examining the 
magnetic compass shenko have 

2180
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:00,100
found that magnetic north and 
True. 

2181
02:01:00,100 --> 02:01:03,600
North are not exactly the same. 
It would take another Century 

2182
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:06,500
for Europe to independently. 
Discover magnetic declination, 

2183
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:10,300
which was essential for precise 
navigation, based on his 

2184
02:01:10,300 --> 02:01:13,800
observations of the shapes and 
shadows of these features shenko

2185
02:01:13,800 --> 02:01:17,000
also postulated that impacts 
with the cause of lunar craters,

2186
02:01:17,000 --> 02:01:20,600
he even proposed that the Milky 
Way was made up of far-off 

2187
02:01:20,600 --> 02:01:22,600
stars. 
A theory that would not be 

2188
02:01:22,600 --> 02:01:26,000
accepted by European astronomers
until the telescopic era. 

2189
02:01:26,000 --> 02:01:29,400
Chinese astronomers created 
complex, mathematical methods 

2190
02:01:29,400 --> 02:01:33,000
for astronomical computations 
such as a clipse prediction 

2191
02:01:33,000 --> 02:01:35,400
techniques that were frequently 
more accurate than modern 

2192
02:01:35,400 --> 02:01:38,500
Western methods. 
They produced intricate star 

2193
02:01:38,500 --> 02:01:41,300
maps, and Celestial globes, that
accurately depicted, the 

2194
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:44,600
positions, and motions of stars 
practical applications were 

2195
02:01:44,600 --> 02:01:47,300
another noteworthy aspect of the
Chinese approach to astronomy. 

2196
02:01:48,200 --> 02:01:50,900
For long-distance Land and Sea. 
Travel Chinese. 

2197
02:01:50,900 --> 02:01:53,200
Navigators employed astronomical
methods. 

2198
02:01:54,000 --> 02:01:56,800
Centuries before the magnetic 
compass was invented in Europe. 

2199
02:01:56,800 --> 02:01:59,400
The Chinese used it, as 
navigational aide. 

2200
02:02:00,200 --> 02:02:03,100
By combining Compass readings 
with astronomical observations, 

2201
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:05,900
they were able to determine 
position and Direction with 

2202
02:02:05,900 --> 02:02:09,100
remarkable accuracy, 
astronomical, observations were 

2203
02:02:09,100 --> 02:02:12,400
also incorporated into Chinese 
medical Theory because it was 

2204
02:02:12,400 --> 02:02:15,400
thought that human health was 
influenced by Celestial forces. 

2205
02:02:16,400 --> 02:02:18,700
From a modern standpoint, this 
may appear to be purely 

2206
02:02:18,700 --> 02:02:21,900
superstitious, but it prompted 
Chinese doctors to keep 

2207
02:02:21,900 --> 02:02:25,400
meticulous records that linked 
astronomical events seasonal, 

2208
02:02:25,400 --> 02:02:29,100
variations and disease patterns,
observations that occasionally 

2209
02:02:29,100 --> 02:02:31,700
showed real links between 
environmental influences and 

2210
02:02:31,700 --> 02:02:33,800
health. 
The most remarkable thing about 

2211
02:02:33,800 --> 02:02:37,100
Chinese astronomy is how it was 
able to preserve scientific 

2212
02:02:37,100 --> 02:02:39,700
Integrity. 
Despite using a theoretical 

2213
02:02:39,700 --> 02:02:42,300
framework that was entirely 
different from that of Western 

2214
02:02:42,300 --> 02:02:45,500
astronomy. 
Chinese astronomers were not 

2215
02:02:45,500 --> 02:02:48,100
attempting to demonstrate. 
That Celestial motions, could be

2216
02:02:48,108 --> 02:02:51,500
explained by physical laws or 
that the Universe was on 

2217
02:02:51,500 --> 02:02:54,900
geometric principles. 
Rather their goal was to 

2218
02:02:54,900 --> 02:02:58,300
comprehend how Earthly events 
and Celestial patterns relate to

2219
02:02:58,300 --> 02:03:00,700
one another. 
Because of this method, they 

2220
02:03:00,700 --> 02:03:03,600
were able to concentrate on 
astronomical topics that Western

2221
02:03:03,600 --> 02:03:06,300
astronomers occasionally 
overlooked They were more 

2222
02:03:06,300 --> 02:03:08,300
methodical in keeping long-term 
records. 

2223
02:03:08,300 --> 02:03:11,900
More interested in fleeting 
phenomena and more perceptive of

2224
02:03:11,908 --> 02:03:13,900
Munich changes in familiar 
objects. 

2225
02:03:14,700 --> 02:03:17,100
Though their method may not have
resulted in significant 

2226
02:03:17,100 --> 02:03:20,600
theoretical advances it did 
build a Priceless database of 

2227
02:03:20,600 --> 02:03:23,700
observational data that has been
crucial to comprehending 

2228
02:03:23,700 --> 02:03:25,400
long-term astronomical 
phenomena. 

2229
02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:29,100
Another significant aspect of 
scientific inquiries illustrated

2230
02:03:29,100 --> 02:03:30,900
by the Chinese astronomical 
tradition. 

2231
02:03:31,700 --> 02:03:34,200
There are multiple scientific 
approaches to studying the 

2232
02:03:34,200 --> 02:03:38,200
cosmos. the Chinese method which
prioritized, meticulous 

2233
02:03:38,200 --> 02:03:41,100
observation and documentation 
over the development of 

2234
02:03:41,100 --> 02:03:44,600
theoretical models, was equally 
legitimate as a scientific 

2235
02:03:44,600 --> 02:03:47,600
inquiry method as the more 
Theory based methods, that 

2236
02:03:47,600 --> 02:03:50,900
emerged in other cultures, 
Compared to Modern Western 

2237
02:03:50,900 --> 02:03:53,600
astronomy. 
It was less speculative and more

2238
02:03:53,600 --> 02:03:57,200
empirical in many respects. 
Now we must discuss the 

2239
02:03:57,200 --> 02:04:00,100
astronomical accomplishments of 
the pre-columbian Americas. 

2240
02:04:00,100 --> 02:04:02,700
If you truly want to be 
astounded by what people can 

2241
02:04:02,700 --> 02:04:06,900
achieve when they pull their 
collective intelligence, Working

2242
02:04:06,900 --> 02:04:09,800
with stone tools and lacking 
some of the basic technologies 

2243
02:04:09,800 --> 02:04:13,000
that other cultures took for 
granted such as the wheel iron 

2244
02:04:13,000 --> 02:04:15,400
tools or written language 
mathematical notation. 

2245
02:04:15,400 --> 02:04:19,000
As we know it today, These 
civilizations created amazing 

2246
02:04:19,000 --> 02:04:22,400
monuments that matched celestial
events and advanced 

2247
02:04:22,400 --> 02:04:24,200
sophisticated, astronomical 
knowledge. 

2248
02:04:24,200 --> 02:04:28,100
Let's begin with the Maya whose 
achievements in astronomy are 

2249
02:04:28,100 --> 02:04:30,300
simply astounding the Maya 
created. 

2250
02:04:30,300 --> 02:04:33,400
What was likely the most precise
calendar system in Antiquity. 

2251
02:04:33,400 --> 02:04:37,100
In fact, it was more precise 
than the Julian calendar that 

2252
02:04:37,100 --> 02:04:39,900
was in use in Europe at the 
time, their estimates of the 

2253
02:04:39,900 --> 02:04:43,400
sole years duration were within 
17 seconds of the right answer, 

2254
02:04:43,400 --> 02:04:45,900
which is incredibly accurate for
any time period. 

2255
02:04:45,900 --> 02:04:49,600
But, particularly astounding for
those without telescopes or 

2256
02:04:49,600 --> 02:04:51,400
contemporary, mathematical 
instruments. 

2257
02:04:51,400 --> 02:04:54,700
However, the Maya had multiple 
calendars that operated 

2258
02:04:54,700 --> 02:04:56,800
concurrently an intricately 
interconnected. 

2259
02:04:56,800 --> 02:05:00,500
There were longer cycles that 
covered far larger times bands 

2260
02:05:00,500 --> 02:05:06,300
the 30065 day, solar calendar 
and the 2006 calendar. 

2261
02:05:07,500 --> 02:05:09,800
The Maya calendar system 
tracked, several overlapping 

2262
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:12,200
cycles that would eventually 
return to their initial 

2263
02:05:12,200 --> 02:05:14,600
positions after incredibly long 
periods of time. 

2264
02:05:15,400 --> 02:05:18,100
Reflecting their belief that 
time was cyclical, rather than 

2265
02:05:18,100 --> 02:05:21,300
linear The Long Count, which 
measured time from a fictitious 

2266
02:05:21,300 --> 02:05:25,800
creation date that corresponds 
to August 11th, 3000 and 1414. 

2267
02:05:25,800 --> 02:05:29,100
BC in our calendar was the most 
well-known of these longer 

2268
02:05:29,100 --> 02:05:31,700
cycles for more than 5,000 
years. 

2269
02:05:31,700 --> 02:05:35,300
This system continuously counted
days which is longer than most 

2270
02:05:35,300 --> 02:05:39,200
other cultures recorded history.
Like the odometer on your car 

2271
02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:45,700
rolling over from 99,999 to 0000
the alleged end of the Maya 

2272
02:05:45,700 --> 02:05:49,400
calendar in 2012, that generated
so much excitement wasn't really

2273
02:05:49,400 --> 02:05:52,100
an end at all. 
But rather the conclusion of one

2274
02:05:52,100 --> 02:05:55,100
of these lengthy Cycles Maya 
astronomers had to make 

2275
02:05:55,100 --> 02:05:58,100
extremely accurate, observations
of celestial motions. 

2276
02:05:58,100 --> 02:06:02,200
In order to maintain such an 
accurate calendar system until 

2277
02:06:02,200 --> 02:06:05,400
well into the Renaissance, they 
were able to track the motion of

2278
02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:08,300
the sun, moon, and visible 
planets, with a level of 

2279
02:06:08,300 --> 02:06:10,100
accuracy that was unmatched in 
Europe. 

2280
02:06:10,900 --> 02:06:13,500
Venus, which was essential to 
Miami mythology and Military 

2281
02:06:13,500 --> 02:06:15,500
strategy. 
Piqued their interest in 

2282
02:06:15,500 --> 02:06:17,900
particular, according to Maya 
records. 

2283
02:06:17,900 --> 02:06:20,200
They were able to forcast 
Venus's morning and evening 

2284
02:06:20,200 --> 02:06:22,000
star, appearances years in 
advance. 

2285
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:26,200
The duration of Venus's period 
while the interval between 

2286
02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:29,600
consecutive morning or evening. 
Star appearances, was precisely 

2287
02:06:29,600 --> 02:06:32,300
known to them and they were able
to predict when Venus would 

2288
02:06:32,300 --> 02:06:35,500
become invisible as a change 
phases, these astronomical 

2289
02:06:35,500 --> 02:06:38,300
predictions were put to use by 
the Maya rulers for more than 

2290
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:41,500
just academic purposes. 
They believed that Venus's 

2291
02:06:41,500 --> 02:06:44,200
various phases affected the 
chances of winning battles. 

2292
02:06:44,200 --> 02:06:47,400
So they plan to military 
campaigns to align with Venus's 

2293
02:06:47,400 --> 02:06:50,400
advantageous positions. 
Consider yourself a Maya 

2294
02:06:50,400 --> 02:06:52,900
astronomer tasked with informing
the king, when War should be 

2295
02:06:52,900 --> 02:06:56,500
declared based on astronomy. 
Amazing architectural monuments 

2296
02:06:56,500 --> 02:06:59,200
that doubled as enormous. 
Astronomical instruments were 

2297
02:06:59,200 --> 02:07:04,100
also constructed by the Maya El 
Castillo the pyramid at Chichen.

2298
02:07:04,100 --> 02:07:06,800
Itza is arguably the most? 
Well known example. 

2299
02:07:07,500 --> 02:07:10,800
The sun's angled during the 
Spring and fall equinoxes cast 

2300
02:07:10,800 --> 02:07:13,700
Shadows on the pyramid. 
Steps that seemed to depict a 

2301
02:07:13,700 --> 02:07:16,200
serpent descending, the 
structure symbolizing The 

2302
02:07:16,200 --> 02:07:18,500
Feathered. 
Serpent God, kukulkan return. 

2303
02:07:18,500 --> 02:07:21,800
However, this is only one 
instance of the astronomy of 

2304
02:07:21,800 --> 02:07:25,400
Meijer architecture, the mayor 
built structures all over their 

2305
02:07:25,400 --> 02:07:29,100
land, that matched the sun, 
moon, and planets rising. 

2306
02:07:29,100 --> 02:07:33,100
And setting times on significant
dates, in their calendar, These 

2307
02:07:33,100 --> 02:07:35,600
alignments served a practical 
purpose as well as being 

2308
02:07:35,600 --> 02:07:38,900
symbolic, enabling Maya 
astronomers to maintain their 

2309
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:42,100
intricate calendar systems and 
make accurate observations. 

2310
02:07:42,100 --> 02:07:46,300
The Maya observed a Clips is in 
great detail and created 

2311
02:07:46,300 --> 02:07:49,000
mathematical techniques to Four 
cast when they would happen. 

2312
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:52,700
Despite having a totally 
different theoretical and 

2313
02:07:52,700 --> 02:07:55,200
mathematical Foundation. 
There are Eclipse prediction 

2314
02:07:55,200 --> 02:07:58,100
tables were occasionally more 
accurate than those utilized in 

2315
02:07:58,100 --> 02:08:00,600
medieval Europe. 
Further north other 

2316
02:08:00,600 --> 02:08:02,700
Mesoamerican. 
Cultures had equally remarkable 

2317
02:08:02,700 --> 02:08:05,300
astronomical accomplishments 
much of. 

2318
02:08:05,300 --> 02:08:08,000
The astronomical knowledge of 
the Aztecs was passed down from 

2319
02:08:08,000 --> 02:08:11,300
earlier cultures such as the 
Maya and the enigmatic 

2320
02:08:11,300 --> 02:08:15,200
teotihuacan. 
Builders constructed, Circa 200 

2321
02:08:15,200 --> 02:08:18,400
CE the Great Pyramid of 
teotihuacan is so closely 

2322
02:08:18,400 --> 02:08:20,200
synchronized. 
With astronomical occurrences 

2323
02:08:20,200 --> 02:08:23,300
that contemporary researchers 
are still finding new Celestial 

2324
02:08:23,300 --> 02:08:25,500
connections incorporated into 
its design. 

2325
02:08:25,500 --> 02:08:28,400
The connection between 
astronomical cycles and their 

2326
02:08:28,400 --> 02:08:32,800
complex religious calendar. 
Peaked the Aztecs interest They 

2327
02:08:32,800 --> 02:08:35,400
held at the universe had 
undergone several cycles of 

2328
02:08:35,400 --> 02:08:39,000
creation and destruction Each of
which corresponded to a distinct

2329
02:08:39,000 --> 02:08:42,400
astronomical period. 
Since their world was the 5th 

2330
02:08:42,400 --> 02:08:45,900
Sun, they felt that knowledge of
astronomical Cycles was crucial 

2331
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:49,300
to preserving, Cosmic 
equilibrium and averting the 

2332
02:08:49,300 --> 02:08:52,300
fall of their society. 
The astronomical knowledge of 

2333
02:08:52,300 --> 02:08:55,000
many indigenous cultures in 
North America was surprisingly 

2334
02:08:55,000 --> 02:08:59,400
Advanced even further north. 
Numerous tribes, use Celestial 

2335
02:08:59,400 --> 02:09:02,200
observations for Agricultural 
and ceremonial purposes. 

2336
02:09:02,200 --> 02:09:06,300
Constructed earthwork monuments 
in accordance with celestial 

2337
02:09:06,300 --> 02:09:09,600
events and preserved oral 
Traditions that monitored 

2338
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:13,500
astronomical, phenomena Cahokia,
a large settlement close to 

2339
02:09:13,500 --> 02:09:18,700
Modern Day Saint Louis that 
thrived between 1,000 and 1200 

2340
02:09:18,700 --> 02:09:21,700
CE is arguably the most well 
known of these. 

2341
02:09:22,700 --> 02:09:26,200
At Cahokia Earthen, Mounds were 
placed around the Central Plaza 

2342
02:09:26,200 --> 02:09:29,400
to commemorate important solar 
and lunar occurrences. 

2343
02:09:30,000 --> 02:09:32,400
These alignments enabled, the 
inhabitants to track the 

2344
02:09:32,400 --> 02:09:35,800
changing seasons with remarkable
accuracy as archaeo. 

2345
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:38,900
Astronomers have found, however,
the Bighorn medicine wheel in 

2346
02:09:38,900 --> 02:09:42,600
Wyoming is arguably the most 
fascinating astronomical site in

2347
02:09:42,600 --> 02:09:45,700
North America. 
Built by unidentified Native 

2348
02:09:45,700 --> 02:09:49,000
American cultures. 
This ancient stone structure is 

2349
02:09:49,000 --> 02:09:51,600
made up of a circular 
arrangement of stones with 

2350
02:09:51,600 --> 02:09:56,300
spokes extending outward towards
smaller Stone Care's According 

2351
02:09:56,300 --> 02:09:59,500
to contemporary analysis, the 
structures, various components 

2352
02:09:59,500 --> 02:10:02,700
correspond to the positions of 
bright stars as they rise and 

2353
02:10:02,700 --> 02:10:05,400
set throughout the year. 
These alignments accuracy 

2354
02:10:05,400 --> 02:10:08,900
indicates that the builders were
well versed in procession Slow 

2355
02:10:08,900 --> 02:10:11,700
wobble in Earth rotation that 
causes star positions to 

2356
02:10:11,700 --> 02:10:14,700
gradually change over centuries 
and Stella emotions. 

2357
02:10:15,500 --> 02:10:18,500
In addition, to knowing the 
current star positions, it would

2358
02:10:18,500 --> 02:10:20,900
have been necessary to 
comprehend how those positions 

2359
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:24,500
were evolving over time in order
to create such alignments, 

2360
02:10:24,500 --> 02:10:26,300
despite lacking a written 
language. 

2361
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:29,700
As we know it today, the Incas 
in South America created their 

2362
02:10:29,700 --> 02:10:32,700
own complex, astronomical 
Traditions, they recorded 

2363
02:10:32,700 --> 02:10:36,100
numerical data, including 
astronomical data using a 

2364
02:10:36,108 --> 02:10:40,700
sophisticated kipu system of 
knotted strings Their 

2365
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:42,700
Agricultural and religious 
calendars up to date. 

2366
02:10:42,700 --> 02:10:46,500
Incur astronomers monitored the 
Motions of the sun, moon, and 

2367
02:10:46,500 --> 02:10:50,300
stars, astronomical principles, 
guided, the layout of the Inca 

2368
02:10:50,300 --> 02:10:54,200
Capital at Cusco with keystrokes
and ceremonial areas lining up 

2369
02:10:54,200 --> 02:10:56,100
with important astronomical 
occurrences. 

2370
02:10:57,200 --> 02:11:00,100
Among the many buildings at the 
well-known Inca site of Machu 

2371
02:11:00,100 --> 02:11:01,900
Picchu. 
That serve as astronomical 

2372
02:11:01,900 --> 02:11:04,600
observation points is the 
inter-quarter stone, which 

2373
02:11:04,600 --> 02:11:08,400
creates Shadows that follow, the
path of the sun year-round, the 

2374
02:11:08,400 --> 02:11:11,500
use of dark constellations which
are patterns created by dark 

2375
02:11:11,500 --> 02:11:15,200
patches in the Milky Way rather 
than Bright Stars was one of the

2376
02:11:15,200 --> 02:11:18,600
most amazing features of Andy 
and astronomy and Deanna 

2377
02:11:18,600 --> 02:11:21,300
astronomers paid equal attention
to the dark regions between 

2378
02:11:21,300 --> 02:11:24,600
Bright Stars, recognizing the 
forms of animals and other 

2379
02:11:24,600 --> 02:11:26,900
important figures there. 
Whereas, other cultures, 

2380
02:11:26,900 --> 02:11:30,700
concentrated mainly on bright 
star patterns this focus on dark

2381
02:11:30,700 --> 02:11:33,600
constellations shows a deep 
comprehension of the structure 

2382
02:11:33,600 --> 02:11:36,100
of the Milky. 
Way these dark patches were 

2383
02:11:36,100 --> 02:11:38,800
identified by Andy and 
astronomers as regions. 

2384
02:11:38,800 --> 02:11:41,700
Where something was obstructing 
the light of farther off Stars, 

2385
02:11:41,700 --> 02:11:46,300
not as empty space in actuality,
they were observing Galactic 

2386
02:11:46,300 --> 02:11:48,800
structure in ways that European 
astronomy would not formally 

2387
02:11:48,800 --> 02:11:50,500
comprehend until the 20th 
century. 

2388
02:11:50,500 --> 02:11:53,700
The fact that astronomical 
accomplishments in the Americas 

2389
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:56,500
were made by societies with 
little exposure to Old World, 

2390
02:11:56,500 --> 02:11:59,200
astronomical, Traditions makes 
them a specialty remarkable. 

2391
02:11:59,900 --> 02:12:02,900
These societies produced their 
own theoretical Frameworks, 

2392
02:12:02,900 --> 02:12:06,600
mathematical methods, and 
techniques, for making accurate 

2393
02:12:06,600 --> 02:12:10,300
observations frequently. 
Their findings were more 

2394
02:12:10,308 --> 02:12:12,800
accurate than those of recent 
research in Asia or Europe. 

2395
02:12:12,800 --> 02:12:16,300
The variety of methods employed 
by various American cultures. 

2396
02:12:16,300 --> 02:12:19,200
Also shows a significant aspect 
of human Ingenuity. 

2397
02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:22,800
In scientific research. 
With an emphasis on cyclical, 

2398
02:12:22,800 --> 02:12:26,400
computations and numerical 
patterns, Maya astronomy was 

2399
02:12:26,400 --> 02:12:29,700
highly mathematical. 
More architectural in nature 

2400
02:12:29,700 --> 02:12:33,800
incur astronomy, Incorporated 
astronomical knowledge into the 

2401
02:12:33,808 --> 02:12:36,600
actual design of cities and 
ceremonial locations. 

2402
02:12:37,400 --> 02:12:40,100
The integration of astronomical 
knowledge with seasonal 

2403
02:12:40,100 --> 02:12:43,500
activities and oral Traditions 
was frequently emphasized in 

2404
02:12:43,500 --> 02:12:47,100
North American approaches, all 
of these methods, however, were 

2405
02:12:47,100 --> 02:12:50,200
remarkably accurate in tracking,
Celestial phenomena, and 

2406
02:12:50,200 --> 02:12:52,200
forecasting, astronomical 
events. 

2407
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:55,000
They demonstrate that. 
There are numerous scientific 

2408
02:12:55,000 --> 02:12:58,000
approaches to studying the 
cosmos and that advanced 

2409
02:12:58,000 --> 02:13:00,800
astronomical knowledge can arise
all autonomously in various 

2410
02:13:00,800 --> 02:13:03,200
cultures using various 
instruments and theoretical 

2411
02:13:03,200 --> 02:13:06,700
Frameworks in the Medieval Era. 
European astronomy started to 

2412
02:13:06,700 --> 02:13:09,000
come back to life after 
centuries of what historians 

2413
02:13:09,000 --> 02:13:11,500
used to refer to as the Dark 
Ages though. 

2414
02:13:11,500 --> 02:13:13,300
They weren't quite as gloomy as 
once thought. 

2415
02:13:14,200 --> 02:13:17,100
It was more like someone slowly 
waking up from an extended nap 

2416
02:13:17,100 --> 02:13:19,400
stretching, yawning and 
gradually. 

2417
02:13:19,400 --> 02:13:22,200
Remembering that there was this 
interesting thing called the sky

2418
02:13:22,200 --> 02:13:25,500
that might be worth observing 
due in large part contact with 

2419
02:13:25,500 --> 02:13:29,000
his lamech, civilization through
Spain and the Crusades, the real

2420
02:13:29,000 --> 02:13:30,900
Awakening started in the 12th 
century. 

2421
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:34,300
Suddenly European scholars 
realized that Islamic 

2422
02:13:34,300 --> 02:13:37,400
astronomers had been making 
incredible strides in their 

2423
02:13:37,400 --> 02:13:39,900
understanding of the cosmos 
while they had been preoccupied 

2424
02:13:39,900 --> 02:13:43,800
with more mundane issues such as
surviving invasions plagues. 

2425
02:13:43,800 --> 02:13:47,500
And the occasional apocalyptic 
Panic by translating Islamic. 

2426
02:13:47,500 --> 02:13:50,800
Astronomical texts into Latin 
the first European response was 

2427
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:54,400
essentially a catch-up move. 
By translating, the writings of 

2428
02:13:54,400 --> 02:13:57,100
Islamic astronomers 
mathematicians and philosophers 

2429
02:13:57,100 --> 02:14:00,600
Scholars, such as Gerard of 
cremona devoted their entire 

2430
02:14:00,600 --> 02:14:03,400
careers to reintroducing Europe 
to the astronomical knowledge 

2431
02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:05,400
that had been evolving in other 
parts of the world. 

2432
02:14:05,400 --> 02:14:08,800
However, medieval European 
astronomers started to 

2433
02:14:08,800 --> 02:14:11,800
contribute and create their own 
methods for solving astronomical

2434
02:14:11,800 --> 02:14:15,200
problems, rather than merely 
passively absorbing his hammock 

2435
02:14:15,200 --> 02:14:17,900
knowledge. 
Albertus Magnus a German 

2436
02:14:17,900 --> 02:14:20,700
philosopher and scientist who 
lived in the 13th century and 

2437
02:14:20,700 --> 02:14:22,500
wrote, a great deal about 
astronomy. 

2438
02:14:22,500 --> 02:14:26,000
In addition to making his own 
observations of the heavens was 

2439
02:14:26,000 --> 02:14:29,000
one of the most important. 
Early figures, the question of 

2440
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:31,900
whether Aristotle's Antiquated 
theories about the universe 

2441
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:35,900
would genuinely supported by 
rigorous observational peaked, 

2442
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:39,700
albertus Magnus intrest. 
He conducted in-depth research 

2443
02:14:39,700 --> 02:14:43,600
on comets and discovered that in
contrast to Aristotelian 

2444
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:46,200
theories regarding comets as 
atmospheric phenomena. 

2445
02:14:46,800 --> 02:14:50,600
The Tails consistently pointed 
away from the Sun, although he 

2446
02:14:50,600 --> 02:14:52,800
lacked the telescopic ability to
confirm it. 

2447
02:14:52,800 --> 02:14:56,000
He also noted that the Milky Way
seemed to be made up of 

2448
02:14:56,000 --> 02:14:59,600
extremely faint Stars. 
The Practical requirements of 

2449
02:14:59,608 --> 02:15:02,300
the Catholic Church also 
influenced, medieval European 

2450
02:15:02,300 --> 02:15:04,900
astronomy. 
Because Easter depended on 

2451
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:07,700
intricate relationships between 
solar and lunar cycles. 

2452
02:15:07,700 --> 02:15:11,100
Christian Scholars needed 
precise methods for determining 

2453
02:15:11,100 --> 02:15:14,000
the date because it was their 
primary source of income. 

2454
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:17,200
Even serious, medieval 
astronomers frequently worked as

2455
02:15:17,200 --> 02:15:19,400
astrologers. 
So they also needed to 

2456
02:15:19,400 --> 02:15:22,300
comprehend Celestial motions for
astrological purposes, 

2457
02:15:22,300 --> 02:15:26,000
significant progress in 
computational, astronomy, was 

2458
02:15:26,000 --> 02:15:28,000
made as a result of this 
pragmatic approach. 

2459
02:15:28,900 --> 02:15:31,900
Improved mathematical methods 
for determining Eclipse dates 

2460
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:34,700
and predicting planetary 
positions were created by 

2461
02:15:34,700 --> 02:15:37,500
medieval Scholars. 
They improved techniques for 

2462
02:15:37,500 --> 02:15:40,300
converting between calendar 
systems and produced calendars 

2463
02:15:40,300 --> 02:15:42,700
that were more accurate. 
The creation of mechanical 

2464
02:15:42,700 --> 02:15:45,200
astronomical instruments, was 
one of the most significant 

2465
02:15:45,200 --> 02:15:47,100
contributions made during the 
Middle Ages. 

2466
02:15:47,100 --> 02:15:50,700
European artists, produced ever 
more advanced, quadrants 

2467
02:15:50,700 --> 02:15:53,900
astrolabes and other tools for 
observing the Stars. 

2468
02:15:53,900 --> 02:15:56,900
They all started creating 
mechanical, clocks, that could 

2469
02:15:56,900 --> 02:15:59,600
record the sun moon and Planet 
positions. 

2470
02:15:59,600 --> 02:16:02,600
In addition to the time, the 
astronomical clock, which was 

2471
02:16:02,600 --> 02:16:06,000
constructed in Prague, Circa, 
1410 and is still in use. 

2472
02:16:06,000 --> 02:16:08,900
Today was arguably the most 
remarkable of these. 

2473
02:16:09,800 --> 02:16:12,900
This amazing device which is 
automatically updated by a 

2474
02:16:12,900 --> 02:16:17,000
complex Clockwork mechanism 
displays the moons phases, the 

2475
02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:19,800
Sun and Moon's positions in the 
Zodiac and other astronomical 

2476
02:16:19,800 --> 02:16:23,300
information, the development of 
universities in medieval Europe.

2477
02:16:23,300 --> 02:16:26,200
Also helped astronomy by 
establishing institutional 

2478
02:16:26,200 --> 02:16:29,200
Frameworks, for the advancement 
and preservation of astronomical

2479
02:16:29,200 --> 02:16:33,100
knowledge. 
Universities in Paris, Oxford 

2480
02:16:33,100 --> 02:16:36,500
bologna and other locations 
developed into hubs for 

2481
02:16:36,508 --> 02:16:40,299
astronomy Education and Research
along with mathematics geometry 

2482
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:42,799
and music. 
Astronomy was regarded, as one 

2483
02:16:42,799 --> 02:16:44,900
of the core liberal arts at 
these universities. 

2484
02:16:44,900 --> 02:16:49,299
As a result educated Europeans 
were supposed to understand the 

2485
02:16:49,299 --> 02:16:52,200
fundamentals of astronomy. 
Scholarly discussion of 

2486
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:54,799
astronomical, theories was also 
fostered by the university 

2487
02:16:54,799 --> 02:16:57,500
setting. 
Instead of Simply accepting the 

2488
02:16:57,500 --> 02:17:00,900
wisdom of the Ancients medieval 
astronomers debated, the merits 

2489
02:17:00,900 --> 02:17:04,900
of various models, suggested 
changes and enhancements and 

2490
02:17:04,900 --> 02:17:07,500
sometimes created completely 
original solutions to 

2491
02:17:07,500 --> 02:17:10,299
astronomical issues. 
The growing sophistication of 

2492
02:17:10,299 --> 02:17:12,799
observational methods was one 
significant medieval 

2493
02:17:12,799 --> 02:17:15,799
development. 
Prominent akademiks such as John

2494
02:17:15,799 --> 02:17:19,500
of holywood Sacre Bosco 
authored, important textbooks 

2495
02:17:19,500 --> 02:17:22,600
that described how to use basic 
instruments to make precise 

2496
02:17:22,600 --> 02:17:26,299
astronomical measurements, they 
created standardized techniques 

2497
02:17:26,299 --> 02:17:28,600
for timing. 
Astronomical events, measuring 

2498
02:17:28,600 --> 02:17:30,700
Celestial angles and locating 
Stars. 

2499
02:17:30,700 --> 02:17:34,000
Significant progress was also 
made by medieval astronomers in 

2500
02:17:34,000 --> 02:17:36,799
comprehending, the connection 
between astronomical phenomena 

2501
02:17:36,799 --> 02:17:40,100
and Mathematics. 
The improved geometric models 

2502
02:17:40,100 --> 02:17:43,200
for planetary motions developed,
trigonometric methods for 

2503
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:46,200
calculating angles, and 
distances, and started applying 

2504
02:17:46,200 --> 02:17:48,600
algebraic methods to solve 
challenging astronomical 

2505
02:17:48,600 --> 02:17:51,799
problems Johannes. 
De murres who proposed calendar 

2506
02:17:51,799 --> 02:17:55,400
reforms in the 14th century that
were ahead of their time was 

2507
02:17:55,400 --> 02:17:58,299
likely the most mathematically, 
Advanced medieval astronomer 

2508
02:17:58,299 --> 02:18:01,799
Demorest determined precisely 
how much correction would be 

2509
02:18:01,799 --> 02:18:04,500
required to correct. 
The Julian calendar, which was 

2510
02:18:04,500 --> 02:18:07,900
then in use as it was, gradually
becoming out of sync with the 

2511
02:18:07,900 --> 02:18:10,299
seasons. 
All the most of his suggestions 

2512
02:18:10,299 --> 02:18:13,500
were disregarded at the time, if
a shadowed, many of the 

2513
02:18:13,500 --> 02:18:16,100
modifications, that would later 
be made to produce our current 

2514
02:18:16,100 --> 02:18:18,900
Gregorian calendar. 
Important observations, were all

2515
02:18:18,900 --> 02:18:21,299
made by European astronomers in 
the Middle Ages. 

2516
02:18:22,000 --> 02:18:24,000
They made meticulous 
observations of planetary 

2517
02:18:24,000 --> 02:18:27,500
positions tracked, Comet 
movements and created new star 

2518
02:18:27,500 --> 02:18:30,400
catalogs. 
They were a specialty by what 

2519
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:34,100
they dubbed, conjunctions rare 
closer approaches between 

2520
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:37,200
planets that were believed to 
have astrological meaning more 

2521
02:18:37,200 --> 02:18:40,299
complex, theoretical solutions, 
to astronomical issues also 

2522
02:18:40,299 --> 02:18:43,700
emerged during the Middle Ages. 
The fundamental tenets of 

2523
02:18:43,700 --> 02:18:46,500
ancient astronomy. 
Especially the requirement, that

2524
02:18:46,500 --> 02:18:49,900
all Celestial, motions be 
perfectly, round started to be 

2525
02:18:49,907 --> 02:18:52,900
questioned by academics. 
They started creating 

2526
02:18:52,900 --> 02:18:55,900
mathematical methods that would 
be crucial for more precise. 

2527
02:18:55,900 --> 02:18:59,200
Explanations of planetary, 
motion and experimented with 

2528
02:18:59,200 --> 02:19:02,500
different geometric models. 
Most significantly, medieval 

2529
02:19:02,500 --> 02:19:05,500
European astronomy started to 
formulate, what is now known as 

2530
02:19:05,500 --> 02:19:07,299
a more scientific theory of the 
universe. 

2531
02:19:08,200 --> 02:19:11,400
The significance of meticulous. 
Observation mathematical 

2532
02:19:11,400 --> 02:19:14,900
analysis, and logical reasoning 
in astronomical investigations, 

2533
02:19:14,900 --> 02:19:17,100
was increasingly stressed by 
medieval Scholars. 

2534
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:20,000
They were more interested in 
comparing theoretical 

2535
02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:23,100
predictions to empirical data 
than they were in blindly 

2536
02:19:23,100 --> 02:19:26,400
accepting ancient authorities. 
The more significant changes 

2537
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:28,600
that would occur during the 
Renaissance were made possible 

2538
02:19:28,600 --> 02:19:32,200
by this change in strategy. 
By the end of the Middle Ages 

2539
02:19:32,200 --> 02:19:34,900
European astronomy. 
Had transformed from a mainly 

2540
02:19:34,900 --> 02:19:38,100
passive effort to preserve 
ancient knowledge into a dynamic

2541
02:19:38,100 --> 02:19:40,500
Innovative field prepared to 
address some of the most 

2542
02:19:40,500 --> 02:19:43,700
important issues regarding the 
composition and functioning of 

2543
02:19:43,700 --> 02:19:46,299
the cosmos. 
Scientific knowledge requires 

2544
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:49,400
institution's communities of 
Scholars, and cultural 

2545
02:19:49,400 --> 02:19:52,400
Frameworks that support and 
encourage intellectual inquiry. 

2546
02:19:52,400 --> 02:19:54,400
As the Medieval Era 
demonstrated. 

2547
02:19:55,500 --> 02:19:58,000
These circumstances were 
established in medieval Europe, 

2548
02:19:58,000 --> 02:20:00,900
setting the stage for the 
astronomical revolution's that 

2549
02:20:00,900 --> 02:20:03,600
would follow spent some time 
reflecting on the amazing 

2550
02:20:03,600 --> 02:20:05,200
journey. 
We've just taken together as you

2551
02:20:05,200 --> 02:20:08,900
curl up deeper in your blankets,
tens of thousands, of years of 

2552
02:20:08,900 --> 02:20:12,500
human curiosity, inventiveness 
and perseverance of preceded. 

2553
02:20:12,500 --> 02:20:15,000
Galileo's groundbreaking 
discovery of the sky in the 

2554
02:20:15,008 --> 02:20:19,100
early 1600s which altered the 
course of history, consider what

2555
02:20:19,100 --> 02:20:21,700
Humanity achieved in those 
Millennia before the rings of 

2556
02:20:21,700 --> 02:20:23,900
Saturn, and the moons of Jupiter
were ever seen. 

2557
02:20:25,100 --> 02:20:29,000
Ancient astronomers used only 
their eyes, their brains, and an

2558
02:20:29,000 --> 02:20:31,000
almost Supernatural amount of 
patience to track. 

2559
02:20:31,000 --> 02:20:34,400
The intricate movements of 
planets, predict eclipses and 

2560
02:20:34,400 --> 02:20:37,700
make calendars precise enough to
govern entire civilizations. 

2561
02:20:37,700 --> 02:20:41,300
They calculated the size of the 
Earth and found it to be round. 

2562
02:20:41,900 --> 02:20:45,500
The charted the positions of 
stars and measured the distances

2563
02:20:45,500 --> 02:20:49,300
to celestial objects, they 
created mathematical models that

2564
02:20:49,300 --> 02:20:52,500
were Advanced enough to forecast
the locations of planets years 

2565
02:20:52,500 --> 02:20:55,100
in advance. 
And identified patterns in 

2566
02:20:55,100 --> 02:20:57,700
astronomical motions that 
recurred over decades and 

2567
02:20:57,700 --> 02:20:59,900
centuries. 
Most astonishingly, they 

2568
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:01,700
accomplished all of this while 
harboring. 

2569
02:21:01,700 --> 02:21:04,300
Basic misunderstanding, about 
the nature of the universe. 

2570
02:21:04,300 --> 02:21:08,500
Most pre-op, astronomers thought
that everything revolved around 

2571
02:21:08,500 --> 02:21:11,300
the earth, which that still at 
the center of the universe. 

2572
02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:14,300
They didn't know that the Milky 
Way was home to billions of 

2573
02:21:14,300 --> 02:21:18,300
stars, but planets were worlds 
under the cells or that stars 

2574
02:21:18,300 --> 02:21:21,100
were far off Suns. 
They were remarkably successful 

2575
02:21:21,100 --> 02:21:24,600
in describing and forcasting 
Celestial phenomena in spite of 

2576
02:21:24,600 --> 02:21:26,300
these flawed theoretical 
Frameworks. 

2577
02:21:27,400 --> 02:21:30,300
This illustrates a fundamental 
aspect of human intelligence, 

2578
02:21:30,300 --> 02:21:33,000
even when our underlying 
knowledge is lacking or 

2579
02:21:33,000 --> 02:21:36,300
completely incorrect, we can 
frequently identify helpful 

2580
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:39,800
patterns and make precise 
predictions the history of pre 

2581
02:21:39,800 --> 02:21:42,700
telescopic, astronomy. 
Also demonstrates, the value of 

2582
02:21:42,700 --> 02:21:46,000
cross-cultural interaction and 
cultural continuity. 

2583
02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:50,400
The Babylonians to the Greeks 
from the Greeks to the Islamic 

2584
02:21:50,400 --> 02:21:54,500
world and from Islamic scholars 
to Medieval Europeans knowledge 

2585
02:21:54,500 --> 02:21:57,900
was transmitted every culture. 
Contributed, its unique 

2586
02:21:57,900 --> 02:22:01,100
perspectives fixed past 
mistakes, and expanded. 

2587
02:22:01,100 --> 02:22:03,900
The realm of knowledge for 
thousands of years, Chinese 

2588
02:22:03,900 --> 02:22:07,300
astronomers kept records. 
Building a Priceless collection 

2589
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:09,700
of observations that is still 
used by contemporary 

2590
02:22:09,700 --> 02:22:13,500
researchers. 
Calendar systems created by Maya

2591
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,400
mathematicians were more precise
than those utilized in medieval 

2592
02:22:16,400 --> 02:22:18,800
Europe. 
During the darkest centuries of 

2593
02:22:18,800 --> 02:22:22,400
European civilization Islamic 
scholars preserved and enhanced 

2594
02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:25,600
Greek knowledge science. 
At its best is a truly human 

2595
02:22:25,600 --> 02:22:28,700
endeavor that transcends 
individual cultures languages 

2596
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:32,400
and historical periods as 
demonstrated by This Global 

2597
02:22:32,400 --> 02:22:36,400
intergenerational collaboration 
The same questions that 

2598
02:22:36,400 --> 02:22:38,200
motivated. 
Ancient astronomers still 

2599
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:41,300
motivated us to today. 
Where are we, from, what role do

2600
02:22:41,300 --> 02:22:43,900
we play in the universe? 
What is the mechanism of the 

2601
02:22:43,900 --> 02:22:46,300
universe? 
Many of the basic technique that

2602
02:22:46,300 --> 02:22:49,600
science still employees to today
were also developed by pretel 

2603
02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:53,300
astronomers? 
Ancient astronomers using crude 

2604
02:22:53,300 --> 02:22:56,700
instruments but highly developed
Minds invented rigorous 

2605
02:22:56,700 --> 02:23:01,200
observation, mathematical 
modeling, hypothesis testing and

2606
02:23:01,200 --> 02:23:03,000
peer-review. 
All fundamental scientific 

2607
02:23:03,000 --> 02:23:05,400
procedures. 
They developed the ability to 

2608
02:23:05,400 --> 02:23:08,100
discriminate between what they 
could see with their own eyes 

2609
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:09,900
and what they had to deduce from
them. 

2610
02:23:10,900 --> 02:23:13,600
They created methods for 
tracking changes over time, 

2611
02:23:13,600 --> 02:23:17,400
scales longer than human 
lifetimes, measuring seemingly, 

2612
02:23:17,400 --> 02:23:20,600
and calculable things and 
bringing order to seemingly 

2613
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:22,900
chaotic phenomena. 
Most significantly. 

2614
02:23:22,900 --> 02:23:25,500
They learned to maintain faith 
in the capacity of human 

2615
02:23:25,500 --> 02:23:27,100
reasoning. 
While being humble about the 

2616
02:23:27,100 --> 02:23:30,400
limits of human knowledge, The 
most accomplished pretel 

2617
02:23:30,400 --> 02:23:33,700
astronomers were cautious to 
make a distinction between their

2618
02:23:33,700 --> 02:23:35,700
speculations and their known 
facts. 

2619
02:23:36,600 --> 02:23:39,200
They were aware that hypotheses 
needed to be verified by 

2620
02:23:39,200 --> 02:23:42,400
observations and they were 
prepared to give up on Concepts 

2621
02:23:42,400 --> 02:23:44,600
that didn't work. 
Even if they made sense, 

2622
02:23:44,600 --> 02:23:48,400
intuitively the particular facts
that ancient astronomers found, 

2623
02:23:48,400 --> 02:23:51,800
pretel Oscar astronomy, left 
behind a rich Legacy. 

2624
02:23:52,700 --> 02:23:56,400
Created the entire Foundation of
scientific investigation, the 

2625
02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:58,700
notion that the Universe 
functions in accordance with 

2626
02:23:58,700 --> 02:24:01,700
discoverable laws that these 
laws can be expressed 

2627
02:24:01,700 --> 02:24:04,000
mathematically. 
And that humans are able to 

2628
02:24:04,000 --> 02:24:07,200
understand the workings of the 
cosmos by means of rigorous 

2629
02:24:07,200 --> 02:24:10,800
observation. 
And reasoned analysis, Galileo 

2630
02:24:10,800 --> 02:24:13,100
was expanding on tens of 
thousands of years of 

2631
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:15,400
accumulated, knowledge and 
perfected technique. 

2632
02:24:15,400 --> 02:24:19,200
When he eventually pointed his 
telescope Skyward in 1609 

2633
02:24:19,200 --> 02:24:22,600
ancient astronomers had 
formulated the questions he was 

2634
02:24:22,600 --> 02:24:25,600
trying to answer. 
The mathematical instruments. 

2635
02:24:25,600 --> 02:24:29,200
He employed had been created 
over Centuries by academics from

2636
02:24:29,200 --> 02:24:31,100
a wide range of cultural 
backgrounds. 

2637
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:34,400
His observations were even more 
precise because earlier 

2638
02:24:34,400 --> 02:24:37,500
Generations had mastered, the 
use of much simpler instruments 

2639
02:24:37,500 --> 02:24:40,500
to make precise measurements 
pretel Esco. 

2640
02:24:40,500 --> 02:24:44,400
Astronomy was extended by the 
telescope, not replaced the 

2641
02:24:44,400 --> 02:24:46,300
newer. 
Astronomy that arose in the 17th

2642
02:24:46,300 --> 02:24:48,800
century still required. 
All of the basic ideas, 

2643
02:24:48,800 --> 02:24:52,600
mathematical formulas and 
observational strategies created

2644
02:24:52,600 --> 02:24:56,000
prior to the telescopic era. 
Therefore, keep in mind that you

2645
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:59,100
are a part of this long-standing
tradition of cosmic curiosity, 

2646
02:24:59,100 --> 02:25:02,100
as you go to sleep tonight, 
you're taking part in the 

2647
02:25:02,100 --> 02:25:03,800
oldest. 
Scientific Endeavor in human 

2648
02:25:03,800 --> 02:25:05,800
history. 
Each time you gaze up at the 

2649
02:25:05,808 --> 02:25:09,600
night sky and wonder what you 
are seeing You're reaching out 

2650
02:25:09,608 --> 02:25:12,308
to generations of astronomers 
who were as all struck by the 

2651
02:25:12,316 --> 02:25:15,900
cosmos as you are the same stars
that ancient astronomers 

2652
02:25:15,900 --> 02:25:17,800
observed continue to exist 
today. 

2653
02:25:17,800 --> 02:25:20,900
Traveling along the same 
Dependable routes that they have

2654
02:25:20,900 --> 02:25:24,100
for thousands of years. 
The Mayo astronomers used the 

2655
02:25:24,100 --> 02:25:27,200
moon's phases to time their 
ceremonies and we can still see 

2656
02:25:27,200 --> 02:25:30,800
the same face of the moon today.
When Babylonian mathematicians 

2657
02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:33,900
first deduced, the planet's 
intricate orbital patterns, they

2658
02:25:33,900 --> 02:25:36,800
still roam among the 
constellations and out there 

2659
02:25:36,800 --> 02:25:38,600
tonight. 
Contemporary astronomers 

2660
02:25:38,600 --> 02:25:40,900
continue to do what Their 
ancient forebears did. 

2661
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:44,900
Observe the sky with patients 
meticulously document their 

2662
02:25:44,900 --> 02:25:48,100
findings and progressively 
deeper in our understanding of 

2663
02:25:48,100 --> 02:25:50,900
the universe. 
The basic human desire to 

2664
02:25:50,900 --> 02:25:54,200
comprehend our place in the 
universe's not changed. despite 

2665
02:25:54,200 --> 02:26:02,300
the fact that the tools have 
become much, Picked to yourself 

2666
02:26:02,300 --> 02:26:06,700
settling into a comfortable, 
chair by a crackling fire, maybe

2667
02:26:06,700 --> 02:26:09,100
with a warm cup of tea steaming 
beside you. 

2668
02:26:10,300 --> 02:26:13,700
Tonight we're going to take a 
gentle Journey back through time

2669
02:26:13,700 --> 02:26:18,600
to an Era when Castle's dotted 
the landscape like Stone flowers

2670
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:22,500
and family trees, looked more 
like family reads. 

2671
02:26:24,200 --> 02:26:28,000
You're about to discover how 
medieval Europe's obsession with

2672
02:26:28,000 --> 02:26:31,700
keeping Bloodlines pure created,
some of the most entertainingly 

2673
02:26:31,700 --> 02:26:34,700
Twisted family Dynamics in human
history. 

2674
02:26:36,100 --> 02:26:40,600
Let's start in the year 1247 in 
a castle somewhere in what we'd 

2675
02:26:40,600 --> 02:26:43,100
Now, call France. 
You're walking through the 

2676
02:26:43,100 --> 02:26:46,500
wonderful Hall and something 
feels off. 

2677
02:26:47,200 --> 02:26:51,000
Not scary off. 
Mind, you just Peculiar every 

2678
02:26:51,000 --> 02:26:53,000
portrait lining. 
The walls seems to feature the 

2679
02:26:53,000 --> 02:26:56,600
same, prominent nose, the same 
slightly drooping eyelid. 

2680
02:26:56,600 --> 02:27:00,400
And the same unfortunate chin, 
that juts forward, like a 

2681
02:27:00,400 --> 02:27:03,500
Castle's, drawbridge permanently
stuck halfway down. 

2682
02:27:04,400 --> 02:27:08,700
It says, if one person post for 
every family portrait across 

2683
02:27:08,700 --> 02:27:12,400
three centuries, just changing 
their clothes and hairstyles, to

2684
02:27:12,400 --> 02:27:16,000
keep things intriguing. 
The culprit wasn't artistic 

2685
02:27:16,000 --> 02:27:19,100
laziness or a painter with 
limited imagination. 

2686
02:27:20,000 --> 02:27:23,900
This was the Habsburg jaw 
though, the habsburgs hadn't 

2687
02:27:23,900 --> 02:27:28,300
quite perfected, their signature
look yet, medieval nobility had 

2688
02:27:28,300 --> 02:27:32,000
discovered what they thought was
the perfect solution to a very 

2689
02:27:32,000 --> 02:27:35,000
real problem. 
How do you keep your wealth 

2690
02:27:35,000 --> 02:27:39,000
power and bloodline secure when 
you're surrounded by ambitious 

2691
02:27:39,000 --> 02:27:42,200
neighbors? 
Who'd love nothing more than to 

2692
02:27:42,200 --> 02:27:45,000
marry into your fortune and 
claim a piece of your kingdom. 

2693
02:27:46,300 --> 02:27:50,500
The answer seemed obvious at the
time, you marry your cousin and 

2694
02:27:50,500 --> 02:27:53,500
if that works out, well, maybe 
your children will marry their 

2695
02:27:53,500 --> 02:27:56,600
cousins, too. 
After all, who better to trust 

2696
02:27:56,600 --> 02:28:00,500
with your family's future than 
well, your family. 

2697
02:28:01,400 --> 02:28:04,400
It was like keeping your money 
in a family-owned Bank, except 

2698
02:28:04,400 --> 02:28:07,700
the currency was DNA and the 
interest rates were absolutely 

2699
02:28:07,700 --> 02:28:11,000
terrible. 
You see, Medieval Europe 

2700
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:14,000
operated on a simple principle, 
that would make modern 

2701
02:28:14,000 --> 02:28:16,400
relationship. 
Counselors weep into their 

2702
02:28:16,400 --> 02:28:20,700
tissues, blood was thicker than 
water and the thicker, the 

2703
02:28:20,700 --> 02:28:23,800
better. 
King's and queen's looked at 

2704
02:28:23,808 --> 02:28:26,500
their family trees. 
And thought why let all these 

2705
02:28:26,500 --> 02:28:29,700
perfectly Noble Bloodlines 
wander off into other families 

2706
02:28:29,700 --> 02:28:32,700
when we could just Loop them 
back around? 

2707
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:37,700
It was a time when recycling was
not only fashionable, but also a

2708
02:28:37,700 --> 02:28:40,900
means of creating truly 
memorable genetic combinations 

2709
02:28:40,900 --> 02:28:43,200
rather than preserving the 
environment. 

2710
02:28:45,000 --> 02:28:49,200
The church despite its medieval 
Origins attempted to curb this 

2711
02:28:49,200 --> 02:28:52,000
enthusiasm. 
Before marriage became a taboo. 

2712
02:28:52,000 --> 02:28:55,400
They established rules about how
closely related you could be. 

2713
02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:58,600
But here's where it becomes, 
delightfully absurd. 

2714
02:28:59,300 --> 02:29:02,900
These same Nobles who couldn't 
marry their first cousins would 

2715
02:29:02,900 --> 02:29:06,700
spend fortunes on papal. 
Dispensations, basically 

2716
02:29:06,700 --> 02:29:10,200
permission slips from the pope 
to marry their second cousins. 

2717
02:29:10,200 --> 02:29:13,500
Instead, it was akin to 
obtaining a hall pass to 

2718
02:29:13,500 --> 02:29:16,800
circumvent the rules. 
But the restrictions were based 

2719
02:29:16,800 --> 02:29:20,500
on genetics and the cost of the 
hall pass, surpassed the cost of

2720
02:29:20,500 --> 02:29:24,900
most people's Castle's. 
Imagine being a medieval wedding

2721
02:29:24,900 --> 02:29:28,700
planner in those days, instead 
of worrying about seating charts

2722
02:29:28,700 --> 02:29:32,900
based on divorces or political 
disagreements, you would be 

2723
02:29:32,900 --> 02:29:35,400
frantically. 
Sketching family trees to ensure

2724
02:29:35,400 --> 02:29:39,900
that the bride and groom weren't
accidentally related as uncle 

2725
02:29:39,900 --> 02:29:43,000
and niece. 
Let us examine the lineage, 

2726
02:29:43,000 --> 02:29:45,300
through your great grandmothers,
second marriage. 

2727
02:29:46,300 --> 02:29:49,000
Oh dear. 
It appears your related in three

2728
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:52,100
distinct ways. 
Should we prioritize the closest

2729
02:29:52,100 --> 02:29:55,200
relationship? 
Or the most recent one for the 

2730
02:29:55,200 --> 02:29:57,500
announcement? 
Should we go with the closest 

2731
02:29:57,500 --> 02:30:01,000
relationship or the most recent 
one for the announcement? 

2732
02:30:02,200 --> 02:30:04,600
The irony of course was 
delicious. 

2733
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:08,000
These families were so concerned
with keeping their bloodlines 

2734
02:30:08,000 --> 02:30:12,700
pure that they kept making them 
increasingly concentrated like 

2735
02:30:12,700 --> 02:30:16,000
reducing a source until it 
becomes too intense for anyone 

2736
02:30:16,000 --> 02:30:19,500
to actually enjoy. 
What started as an attempt to 

2737
02:30:19,508 --> 02:30:23,900
preserve Noble characteristics. 
Ended up creating some truly 

2738
02:30:23,900 --> 02:30:27,800
unique, family reunions where 
everyone genuinely did look like

2739
02:30:27,800 --> 02:30:31,700
distant relatives because they 
were still in that castle. 

2740
02:30:31,700 --> 02:30:34,700
And now, you're looking more 
closely at those portraits. 

2741
02:30:34,700 --> 02:30:36,800
The resemblances isn't just 
striking. 

2742
02:30:36,800 --> 02:30:41,500
It's almost Supernatural. 
Three-year-old lord Timothy has 

2743
02:30:41,500 --> 02:30:45,600
the same week in as his 
great-great-grandfather and Lady

2744
02:30:45,600 --> 02:30:48,300
Margaret's distinctive nose 
appears to have been passed down

2745
02:30:48,300 --> 02:30:51,900
with the Precision of a medieval
Mason's measurements. 

2746
02:30:52,700 --> 02:30:56,100
This isn't Mia incidents. 
It's the result of your gene 

2747
02:30:56,100 --> 02:31:00,600
pool merging into a mere puddle.
Let's Wander over to Medieval 

2748
02:31:00,600 --> 02:31:02,800
Spain. 
With a situation was getting 

2749
02:31:02,800 --> 02:31:07,100
particularly intriguing picture 
yourself as a visiting dignitary

2750
02:31:07,100 --> 02:31:11,900
attending a royal wedding, your 
handed a program that includes a

2751
02:31:11,900 --> 02:31:15,200
family tree to help. 
You understand how the bride and

2752
02:31:15,200 --> 02:31:18,000
groom are related. 
You unfold. 

2753
02:31:18,000 --> 02:31:21,600
It expecting something 
straightforward and instead find

2754
02:31:21,600 --> 02:31:25,200
what looks like a diagram for a 
very confused electrical 

2755
02:31:25,200 --> 02:31:28,600
circuit. 
The bride is the groom's second 

2756
02:31:28,600 --> 02:31:31,900
cousin through his mother's side
but also his third cousin 

2757
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:34,600
through his father's side. 
And if you follow this dotted 

2758
02:31:34,600 --> 02:31:38,200
line here, technically his step 
aren't through a previous 

2759
02:31:38,200 --> 02:31:40,600
marriage. 
That was a nulled, but the 

2760
02:31:40,600 --> 02:31:42,100
relationship somehow still 
counts. 

2761
02:31:43,200 --> 02:31:46,300
Medieval record Keepers 
developed impressive skills at 

2762
02:31:46,300 --> 02:31:49,800
diplomatic language. 
Instead of writing married, his 

2763
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:54,200
cousin they'd craft elaborate 
phrases like United in holy 

2764
02:31:54,200 --> 02:31:58,100
matrimony with his beloved 
King's woman or joined with her.

2765
02:31:58,100 --> 02:32:01,500
One of compatible, noble, 
bearing and familiar bloodline. 

2766
02:32:02,300 --> 02:32:06,100
It was like medieval spin 
control, making family reunions 

2767
02:32:06,100 --> 02:32:10,900
sound like diplomatic summits. 
The mathematics of medieval 

2768
02:32:10,900 --> 02:32:13,600
marriage was staggering in some 
royal families. 

2769
02:32:13,600 --> 02:32:16,300
You could trace seven, different
parts, connecting any husband 

2770
02:32:16,300 --> 02:32:18,400
and wife. 
It wasn't just that everyone was

2771
02:32:18,400 --> 02:32:20,900
related. 
It was that everyone was related

2772
02:32:20,900 --> 02:32:24,700
in multiple overlapping ways. 
Your spouse might 

2773
02:32:24,700 --> 02:32:27,800
simultaneously. 
Be your second cousin, third 

2774
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:32,100
cousin, once removed and fourth 
cousin, twice removed, family, 

2775
02:32:32,100 --> 02:32:35,500
gatherings must have required 
name tags, not just with names, 

2776
02:32:35,500 --> 02:32:39,700
but with relationship 
flowcharts, consider the case of

2777
02:32:39,700 --> 02:32:43,300
poor Charles, the second of 
Spain who appears later in our 

2778
02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:47,900
story, By the time he was born, 
his family tree had been so 

2779
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:50,700
thoroughly Tangled that his 
parents were more closely 

2780
02:32:50,700 --> 02:32:55,100
related and typical siblings. 
His coefficient of inbreeding 

2781
02:32:55,100 --> 02:32:58,500
was higher than what you'd 
encounter in laboratory, mice, 

2782
02:32:58,500 --> 02:33:00,800
bred specifically for genetic 
uniformity. 

2783
02:33:02,200 --> 02:33:05,500
The man's jaw protruded so far 
forward that he couldn't chew 

2784
02:33:05,500 --> 02:33:08,000
properly. 
And his tongue was so large that

2785
02:33:08,000 --> 02:33:11,500
his speech was barely 
intelligible yet somehow the man

2786
02:33:11,500 --> 02:33:14,300
was considered the Pinnacle of 
Royal breeding. 

2787
02:33:15,300 --> 02:33:18,400
Medieval Physicians blessed, 
their well-meaning hearts, had 

2788
02:33:18,400 --> 02:33:21,500
no idea what was happening. 
They developed to elaborate 

2789
02:33:21,500 --> 02:33:26,500
theories about Noble blood and 
refined humors to explain why 

2790
02:33:26,500 --> 02:33:29,600
royal families developed such 
distinctive characteristics. 

2791
02:33:30,400 --> 02:33:33,900
When Little Prince Ferdinand was
born with the family signature 

2792
02:33:33,900 --> 02:33:37,700
jotting jaw, Physicians would 
nod Sage, Lee and explained that

2793
02:33:37,700 --> 02:33:41,600
the trait demonstrated the 
purity of his Noble Essence. 

2794
02:33:41,600 --> 02:33:45,300
It was like having a genetic 
Lottery where all the winning 

2795
02:33:45,300 --> 02:33:48,400
numbers were the same but 
everyone convinced themselves 

2796
02:33:48,400 --> 02:33:50,900
that these traits proved they 
were lucky. 

2797
02:33:52,500 --> 02:33:54,500
The tragic comedy reached, its 
peak. 

2798
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:57,800
When families would celebrate 
these distinctive features as 

2799
02:33:57,800 --> 02:34:01,500
proof of their superiority. 
That prominent forehead wasn't 

2800
02:34:01,500 --> 02:34:03,700
assigned of genetic 
bottlenecking. 

2801
02:34:03,700 --> 02:34:06,300
It was evidence of noble 
bearing. 

2802
02:34:07,300 --> 02:34:10,900
Rather than being the product of
chromosomal confusion, those 

2803
02:34:10,900 --> 02:34:14,300
slightly crossed eyes were a 
sign of Royal Reflection. 

2804
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:18,700
Medieval courts developed an 
entire aesthetic around what 

2805
02:34:18,700 --> 02:34:20,800
were essentially genetic 
accidents. 

2806
02:34:20,800 --> 02:34:25,100
Turning medical textbook 
examples into fashion statements

2807
02:34:25,900 --> 02:34:28,900
You can imagine the portrait 
artists of the time developing 

2808
02:34:28,900 --> 02:34:32,500
very diplomatic techniques. 
How do you depict a person? 

2809
02:34:32,500 --> 02:34:37,000
Whose features concentrated 
through generations of 

2810
02:34:37,000 --> 02:34:40,400
inbreeding resemble, a 
caricature of nobility. 

2811
02:34:40,400 --> 02:34:45,200
The answer was to lean into it. 
Creating Artistic Styles that 

2812
02:34:45,200 --> 02:34:47,400
made everyone looks slightly 
surreal. 

2813
02:34:47,400 --> 02:34:50,900
As if the distortions were 
intentional artistic choices 

2814
02:34:50,900 --> 02:34:56,800
rather than unavoidable by a 
logical reality in on a medieval

2815
02:34:56,800 --> 02:35:01,100
meeting and the discussion isn't
about taxes or territorial 

2816
02:35:01,100 --> 02:35:04,800
dispute, it's about marriage 
prospects for the young prince. 

2817
02:35:06,200 --> 02:35:10,000
The advisors of spread a massive
chart across the oak table and 

2818
02:35:10,000 --> 02:35:13,000
they're using colored threads to
trace family connections, like 

2819
02:35:13,000 --> 02:35:15,700
their planning a military 
campaign in a way. 

2820
02:35:15,700 --> 02:35:19,000
They are medieval marriage 
wasn't romance. 

2821
02:35:19,000 --> 02:35:23,100
It was strategic Alliance 
building with a side of genetic 

2822
02:35:23,100 --> 02:35:27,300
roulette. 
Every Union was a treaty every 

2823
02:35:27,300 --> 02:35:31,800
child, a potential diplomatic 
asset and every family tree a 

2824
02:35:31,800 --> 02:35:34,200
battle map showing who 
controlled what? 

2825
02:35:34,200 --> 02:35:38,600
Bloodlines You watch as the 
advisors debate, the merits of 

2826
02:35:38,600 --> 02:35:42,500
various cousins, like their 
discussing trade routes or 

2827
02:35:42,500 --> 02:35:45,700
Fortress locations. 
The Duke's daughter brings 

2828
02:35:45,700 --> 02:35:48,800
strong claims to Three Counties 
one, adviser note's. 

2829
02:35:48,800 --> 02:35:50,900
Moving a blue thread across the 
chart. 

2830
02:35:50,900 --> 02:35:55,600
However she saw the prince's 
second cousin through both 

2831
02:35:55,600 --> 02:35:59,900
maternal and paternal lines. 
Another advisor responds? 

2832
02:35:59,900 --> 02:36:02,700
Yes. 
But consider the consolidation 

2833
02:36:02,700 --> 02:36:04,900
benefits. 
Their children would have 

2834
02:36:04,900 --> 02:36:07,900
Undisputed claims to all 
territories involved. 

2835
02:36:08,800 --> 02:36:12,100
It was like medieval Monopoly 
except instead of buying 

2836
02:36:12,100 --> 02:36:14,200
properties, they were collecting
relatives. 

2837
02:36:15,100 --> 02:36:19,000
The church is prohibition on 
close relative marriages created

2838
02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:22,400
an entire industry of 
genealogical detective work. 

2839
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:27,100
families employed Specialists 
whose only job was to trace 

2840
02:36:27,100 --> 02:36:31,600
Bloodlines and identify the most
distant possible relatives who 

2841
02:36:31,600 --> 02:36:35,300
still brought useful political 
connections these medieval 

2842
02:36:35,300 --> 02:36:38,700
relationship Consultants 
function, similarly to Modern 

2843
02:36:38,700 --> 02:36:43,400
dating app, algorithms analyzing
compatibility based on factors 

2844
02:36:43,400 --> 02:36:48,200
such as territorial Holdings, 
political alliances and genetic 

2845
02:36:48,200 --> 02:36:51,300
distance, albeit, with a limited
understanding of the latter, 

2846
02:36:52,500 --> 02:36:54,800
Papal. 
Dispensation became medieval 

2847
02:36:54,800 --> 02:36:57,700
Europe's most expensive. 
Permission slips. 

2848
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:01,700
Want to marry your first cousin.
That'll be a cathedral's worth 

2849
02:37:01,700 --> 02:37:04,700
of gold, please. 
Second cousin, although it 

2850
02:37:04,700 --> 02:37:09,200
remains expensive, it is still 
Within Reach. the Pope's office 

2851
02:37:09,200 --> 02:37:12,800
developed, an elaborate sliding 
scale based on how closely 

2852
02:37:12,800 --> 02:37:16,800
related the happy couple were It
was like paying extra fees for 

2853
02:37:16,800 --> 02:37:21,400
premium relationship violations.
And business was booming picture

2854
02:37:21,400 --> 02:37:23,500
yourself as a young Noble in 
this system. 

2855
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:27,200
Your marriage prospects, weren't
determined by personality 

2856
02:37:27,200 --> 02:37:29,700
compatibility or shared 
interests. 

2857
02:37:29,700 --> 02:37:33,900
They were calculated based on 
territorial maps and bloodline 

2858
02:37:33,900 --> 02:37:36,600
charts. 
Your ideal spouse was someone 

2859
02:37:36,600 --> 02:37:40,100
who was related closely enough 
to keep the family wealth 

2860
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:43,700
concentrated, but distantly 
enough to avoid needing the most

2861
02:37:43,708 --> 02:37:47,300
expensive papal. 
Dispensation romance, was 

2862
02:37:47,300 --> 02:37:50,500
finding someone, your only 
related to in two or three ways 

2863
02:37:50,500 --> 02:37:53,300
in stead of 7. 
The paperwork alone was 

2864
02:37:53,300 --> 02:37:56,200
staggering, medieval marriage 
contracts, read like 

2865
02:37:56,208 --> 02:38:00,200
International treaties complete 
with genealogical appendices, 

2866
02:38:00,200 --> 02:38:04,400
territorial transfer agreements,
and detailed succession plans. 

2867
02:38:05,300 --> 02:38:09,400
A simple, I do required 
documentation that would make 

2868
02:38:09,400 --> 02:38:11,800
modern divorce. 
Lawyers, weep with joy. 

2869
02:38:13,100 --> 02:38:16,300
Couples needed to prove their 
bloodlines document their 

2870
02:38:16,300 --> 02:38:19,900
dispensations and provide 
certified family trees. 

2871
02:38:19,900 --> 02:38:24,600
Going back Generations. 
Some families got creative with 

2872
02:38:24,600 --> 02:38:27,900
their relationship mathematics. 
If you couldn't locate a 

2873
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:31,500
suitably distant relative who 
brought favorable political 

2874
02:38:31,500 --> 02:38:34,900
connections, you could adopt 
someone into the family first. 

2875
02:38:34,900 --> 02:38:37,800
Then arrange a marriage. 
It was like medieval 

2876
02:38:37,800 --> 02:38:42,200
relationship hacking creating 
artificial family connections to

2877
02:38:42,200 --> 02:38:45,700
justify strategic unions. 
While still maintaining the 

2878
02:38:45,700 --> 02:38:49,600
appearance of keeping Bloodlines
pure The truly ambitious family 

2879
02:38:49,600 --> 02:38:51,400
has played long-term genetic 
chess. 

2880
02:38:51,400 --> 02:38:55,100
Arranging marriage is not just 
for immediate political gain, 

2881
02:38:55,100 --> 02:38:58,500
but set up advantageous 
relationships for their 

2882
02:38:58,500 --> 02:39:01,200
grandchildren. 
They'd marry siblings into 

2883
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:03,000
different branches of Target 
families. 

2884
02:39:03,000 --> 02:39:07,000
Creating multiple connection 
points for future Generations. 

2885
02:39:08,200 --> 02:39:11,900
It was Family Planning with a 30
year strategic Horizon. 

2886
02:39:12,800 --> 02:39:15,700
Except the strategy was based on
a medieval understanding of 

2887
02:39:15,700 --> 02:39:19,100
genetics, which is to say no 
understanding at all. 

2888
02:39:20,300 --> 02:39:23,200
Medieval courts developed 
elaborate etiquette around 

2889
02:39:23,200 --> 02:39:25,000
acknowledging these complex 
relationships. 

2890
02:39:26,200 --> 02:39:28,500
You couldn't just introduce your
spouse as my wife. 

2891
02:39:28,500 --> 02:39:32,700
You needed to specify my beloved
wife and second cousin once 

2892
02:39:32,700 --> 02:39:34,700
removed through the burgundy and
line. 

2893
02:39:35,600 --> 02:39:39,100
It was like medieval name tags 
needed footnotes and every 

2894
02:39:39,100 --> 02:39:42,900
social Gathering required, a 
genie allergist, on standby to 

2895
02:39:42,900 --> 02:39:44,600
sort out who could sit next to 
him. 

2896
02:39:44,600 --> 02:39:48,700
Without creating awkward family 
Dynamics, you've moved from the 

2897
02:39:48,708 --> 02:39:52,300
countless chamber, to the castle
Nursery where things get both 

2898
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:54,400
more heartwarming and more 
concerning. 

2899
02:39:55,700 --> 02:39:58,400
Medieval child. 
Rearing in noble, families was 

2900
02:39:58,400 --> 02:40:01,200
like running. 
A very exclusive, very expensive

2901
02:40:01,200 --> 02:40:05,000
laboratory experiment. 
In genetic concentration, except

2902
02:40:05,000 --> 02:40:07,600
nobody realized, they were 
conducting an experiment 

2903
02:40:07,600 --> 02:40:11,500
picture, the Castle's Nursery 
Wing where little Lord Jeffery 

2904
02:40:11,500 --> 02:40:14,300
is learning to walk with the 
distinctive family gate. 

2905
02:40:14,300 --> 02:40:18,900
A slight rolling motion. 
That's been passed down for six 

2906
02:40:18,900 --> 02:40:22,700
Generations. 
His sister's a practicing their 

2907
02:40:22,700 --> 02:40:25,800
cursing with the families 
characteristic head tilt. 

2908
02:40:26,400 --> 02:40:29,300
Which developed because several 
generations of inbreeding, 

2909
02:40:29,300 --> 02:40:32,200
created in an ear issues that 
affected balance. 

2910
02:40:33,300 --> 02:40:36,400
What looks like refined noble 
bearing is actually adaptive 

2911
02:40:36,400 --> 02:40:41,400
Behavior around genetic quirks, 
more evil tutors faced unique 

2912
02:40:41,400 --> 02:40:43,900
challenges that would stump 
modern educators. 

2913
02:40:45,100 --> 02:40:48,500
How do you instruct children in 
mathematics when their families 

2914
02:40:48,500 --> 02:40:51,400
genetic concentration? 
Has resulted in learning 

2915
02:40:51,400 --> 02:40:54,600
disabilities, that will remain 
unexplained for another five 

2916
02:40:54,600 --> 02:40:58,000
centuries. 
The solution was to assume that 

2917
02:40:58,000 --> 02:41:01,700
Noble children learn differently
because they were naturally 

2918
02:41:01,700 --> 02:41:05,000
Superior, not because cousin 
marriage had created some 

2919
02:41:05,000 --> 02:41:09,700
interesting neurological. 
Variations the castle Physicians

2920
02:41:09,700 --> 02:41:12,200
developed specialized medical 
knowledge that was 

2921
02:41:12,200 --> 02:41:15,100
simultaneously impressive and 
completely wrong. 

2922
02:41:15,800 --> 02:41:18,900
They could accurately describe 
the symptoms of what we now know

2923
02:41:18,900 --> 02:41:22,800
as genetic disorders but their 
explanations were fascinating, 

2924
02:41:22,800 --> 02:41:28,400
works of creative fiction that 
distinctive Habsburg jaw, the 

2925
02:41:28,400 --> 02:41:31,700
family's Noble blood was so pure
that ordinary facial structures.

2926
02:41:31,700 --> 02:41:34,100
Could not contain it. 
Those vision. 

2927
02:41:34,100 --> 02:41:36,200
Problems are affecting multiple 
family members. 

2928
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:41,200
Noble eyes, evidently possess a 
refinement that surpasses common

2929
02:41:41,200 --> 02:41:43,600
sight. 
You're observing the children's 

2930
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:46,900
daily lessons and there is 
something both poignant and 

2931
02:41:46,900 --> 02:41:51,200
absurd about their education. 
Little lady Catherine is 

2932
02:41:51,200 --> 02:41:55,100
learning, heraldry memorizing, 
Coats of Arms that represent the

2933
02:41:55,100 --> 02:41:58,900
same few families arranged in 
slightly different combinations,

2934
02:41:58,900 --> 02:42:03,900
across centuries. her brother is
studying genealogy which in 

2935
02:42:03,900 --> 02:42:06,900
their family requires charts, 
that look like abstract art 

2936
02:42:06,900 --> 02:42:11,100
projects, Their family tree has 
so many interconnecting branches

2937
02:42:11,100 --> 02:42:15,400
that tracing any lineage looks 
like following a drunken spiders

2938
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:17,900
web. 
Medieval Noble children 

2939
02:42:17,900 --> 02:42:21,200
developed remarkable skills at 
diplomatic relationship, 

2940
02:42:21,200 --> 02:42:24,200
navigation, that would impress, 
modern social workers. 

2941
02:42:25,400 --> 02:42:28,600
By AJ 8, they could explain how 
they were related to visiting 

2942
02:42:28,600 --> 02:42:32,000
dignitaries in three different 
ways in which relationship took 

2943
02:42:32,000 --> 02:42:37,000
precedence in which social 
situations. well technically 

2944
02:42:37,000 --> 02:42:41,000
Lord Roderick is my great uncle 
through marriage, but also my 

2945
02:42:41,000 --> 02:42:44,600
second cousin by Blood, So I 
should address him using the 

2946
02:42:44,600 --> 02:42:48,200
cousin protocols and less 
grandmother is present, in which

2947
02:42:48,200 --> 02:42:51,300
case, the uncle relationship 
takes precedence because it 

2948
02:42:51,300 --> 02:42:52,900
comes through her side of the 
family. 

2949
02:42:54,200 --> 02:42:57,700
The education system adapted 
effectively to these genetic 

2950
02:42:57,700 --> 02:43:01,000
realities. 
Although this adaptation was not

2951
02:43:01,000 --> 02:43:03,700
intentional. 
When multiple children in the 

2952
02:43:03,708 --> 02:43:06,300
same family, struggle with 
similar learning challenges, 

2953
02:43:06,300 --> 02:43:10,800
medieval Educators, assume the 
evidence, proved that Noble 

2954
02:43:10,800 --> 02:43:15,400
Minds worked on higher planes 
than common, intellects They 

2955
02:43:15,400 --> 02:43:18,400
developed teaching methods that 
were effective for children with

2956
02:43:18,400 --> 02:43:22,000
learning disabilities, although 
they believed they were creating

2957
02:43:22,000 --> 02:43:26,000
Advanced curricula intended for 
Superior Noble Minds. 

2958
02:43:27,500 --> 02:43:30,000
Castle life developed around 
accommodating what? 

2959
02:43:30,000 --> 02:43:34,400
We now, recognize as the results
of genetic concentration, meals 

2960
02:43:34,400 --> 02:43:37,600
were prepared in ways that made 
them easier for family members 

2961
02:43:37,600 --> 02:43:41,700
with jaw problems to eat. 
Lighting was arranged to help 

2962
02:43:41,700 --> 02:43:44,900
relatives with vision issues, 
navigate safely. 

2963
02:43:45,700 --> 02:43:48,000
Family members, who struggled 
with balance or coordination 

2964
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:50,800
were helped by the placement of 
the furniture. 

2965
02:43:51,800 --> 02:43:55,200
These weren't recognized as 
medical accommodations, they 

2966
02:43:55,200 --> 02:43:57,500
were just the way Noble 
households. 

2967
02:43:57,500 --> 02:44:00,800
Operated, the children's play 
activities were charmingly 

2968
02:44:00,800 --> 02:44:05,100
adapted to their circumstances. 
Tag became a more contemplative 

2969
02:44:05,100 --> 02:44:07,900
game when several players had 
coordination issues. 

2970
02:44:08,800 --> 02:44:12,300
Hide and seek work differently. 
When some children had vision 

2971
02:44:12,300 --> 02:44:15,500
problems that made hiding 
easier, but seeking harder. 

2972
02:44:16,500 --> 02:44:19,200
The players developed elaborate 
group activities, that 

2973
02:44:19,200 --> 02:44:22,900
unintentionally provided 
excellent social therapy for 

2974
02:44:22,900 --> 02:44:25,200
children, dealing with various 
genetic quirks. 

2975
02:44:25,200 --> 02:44:28,100
Although everyone assumed they 
were merely inventing, more 

2976
02:44:28,100 --> 02:44:30,700
refined forms of noble 
entertainment. 

2977
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:35,100
Medieval toy makers, created 
special playthings for Noble 

2978
02:44:35,100 --> 02:44:39,100
children that were actually 
therapeutic devices in disguise.

2979
02:44:40,200 --> 02:44:43,700
Puzzles designed to help with 
fine motor skills were presented

2980
02:44:43,700 --> 02:44:46,900
as intelligence challenges for 
Superior Minds. 

2981
02:44:47,900 --> 02:44:51,100
Games that provided speech 
therapy were marketed, as 

2982
02:44:51,100 --> 02:44:54,300
refinement exercises, for Noble 
discourse. 

2983
02:44:55,300 --> 02:44:59,300
It was accidental occupational 
therapy discussed as luxury 

2984
02:44:59,300 --> 02:45:01,300
entertainment and it worked 
remarkably. 

2985
02:45:01,300 --> 02:45:03,700
Well, you're now in the 
Magnificent. 

2986
02:45:03,700 --> 02:45:07,100
Dining hall during a feast and 
the seating arrangement looks 

2987
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:11,000
like it was planned by someone 
with a mathematics degree and a 

2988
02:45:11,000 --> 02:45:13,600
deep understanding of medieval 
social anxiety. 

2989
02:45:14,700 --> 02:45:17,200
The head table isn't just 
organized by rank. 

2990
02:45:17,200 --> 02:45:21,300
It's a careful dance, around 
genetic relationships, political

2991
02:45:21,300 --> 02:45:24,600
alliance's and the complex 
etiquette of acknowledging, 

2992
02:45:24,600 --> 02:45:27,500
multiple forms of family, 
connection simultaneously. 

2993
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:32,600
Medieval dinner conversation in 
Noble households, required 

2994
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:36,100
skills, that were challenged. 
Modern diplomats When everyone 

2995
02:45:36,100 --> 02:45:39,400
at the table, had overlapping 
sometimes contradictory 

2996
02:45:39,400 --> 02:45:42,600
relationships with each other. 
You couldn't simply engage in 

2997
02:45:42,600 --> 02:45:44,700
casual conversation about the 
weather. 

2998
02:45:46,000 --> 02:45:48,600
When your father was also your 
dinner companions. 

2999
02:45:48,600 --> 02:45:51,100
Second cousin, brother-in-law, 
and political rival. 

3000
02:45:51,100 --> 02:45:55,100
The question, how's your father 
took on a significant weight? 

3001
02:45:56,000 --> 02:45:59,300
The entertainment during these 
feasts adapted to the unique 

3002
02:45:59,300 --> 02:46:03,400
characteristics of inbred 
nobility in ways that were both 

3003
02:46:03,400 --> 02:46:06,200
considerate and completely 
unconscious. 

3004
02:46:07,400 --> 02:46:10,800
Minstrels learn to sing more 
slowly and clearly because 

3005
02:46:10,800 --> 02:46:15,000
several generations of genetic 
concentration had created 

3006
02:46:15,000 --> 02:46:18,700
hearing and processing issues in
many noble families. 

3007
02:46:18,700 --> 02:46:22,400
They believed they were creating
more refined and contemplative 

3008
02:46:22,400 --> 02:46:27,100
musical styles in reality. 
They were actually developing a 

3009
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:29,200
comedians for medieval 
accessibility. 

3010
02:46:30,200 --> 02:46:33,000
You're observing the dinner 
conversation, and it's like 

3011
02:46:33,000 --> 02:46:36,900
watching a very polite, very 
complex form of verbal, 

3012
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:40,500
gymnastics, when Lord Baldwin 
mentions his recent marriage, 

3013
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:44,200
three other people at the table.
Have to navigate, the fact that 

3014
02:46:44,200 --> 02:46:47,600
his new wife is their relative 
in different ways. 

3015
02:46:47,600 --> 02:46:50,700
The conversation becomes a 
careful dance around 

3016
02:46:50,700 --> 02:46:54,300
relationship acknowledgments. 
Congratulations on your union. 

3017
02:46:54,300 --> 02:46:57,600
With our dear cousin. 
Well, she's my cousin through 

3018
02:46:57,600 --> 02:47:00,700
the maternal line but I believe 
she's your cousin through 

3019
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:01,700
marriage. 
Lord, Edmund. 

3020
02:47:02,900 --> 02:47:05,900
Medieval etiquette books 
developed increasingly complex 

3021
02:47:05,900 --> 02:47:07,900
rules for these situations 
though. 

3022
02:47:07,900 --> 02:47:10,700
They didn't quite understand why
such rules were necessary. 

3023
02:47:12,100 --> 02:47:14,700
There were specific protocols 
for addressing relatives. 

3024
02:47:14,700 --> 02:47:18,000
Who outranked, you relatives? 
Who outranked you, in some 

3025
02:47:18,000 --> 02:47:22,200
family lines but not others and 
relatives whose relationship to 

3026
02:47:22,200 --> 02:47:24,600
you changed. 
Depending, on which ancestor, 

3027
02:47:24,600 --> 02:47:28,200
you traced your connection 
through. it was like medieval 

3028
02:47:28,200 --> 02:47:33,200
Roberts Rules of Order, but for 
genetic complexity, The Castle's

3029
02:47:33,200 --> 02:47:37,100
record Keepers had evolved into 
part, Genie, allergist part, 

3030
02:47:37,100 --> 02:47:40,300
Diplomat. 
And part social worker, they 

3031
02:47:40,300 --> 02:47:43,000
maintained massive charts 
Tracking, not just family 

3032
02:47:43,000 --> 02:47:47,100
relationships, but the emotional
and political implications of 

3033
02:47:47,100 --> 02:47:50,200
those relationships. 
When planning seating 

3034
02:47:50,200 --> 02:47:53,200
arrangements, they had to 
consider not just who was 

3035
02:47:53,200 --> 02:47:56,900
related to whom, but which 
relationships were currently 

3036
02:47:56,900 --> 02:48:00,100
being emphasized for political 
reasons and which were being 

3037
02:48:00,100 --> 02:48:04,200
diplomatically ignored. 
Medieval gift-giving became an 

3038
02:48:04,200 --> 02:48:07,100
art form of relationship, 
acknowledgment, that would 

3039
02:48:07,100 --> 02:48:09,000
confuse modern etiquette 
experts. 

3040
02:48:09,800 --> 02:48:12,000
Wedding presents had to 
acknowledge the couples 

3041
02:48:12,000 --> 02:48:14,500
relationship to The Giver in 
multiple ways. 

3042
02:48:14,500 --> 02:48:18,200
You might present them something
as their cousin, something else 

3043
02:48:18,200 --> 02:48:22,400
as their political Ally and a 
third item acknowledging their 

3044
02:48:22,400 --> 02:48:24,700
connection through a different 
family line. 

3045
02:48:25,600 --> 02:48:28,300
It was like giving layered 
presence that told the story of 

3046
02:48:28,300 --> 02:48:32,400
your family's genetic history. 
The dinner entertainment often 

3047
02:48:32,400 --> 02:48:35,700
included genealogical 
performance is that were part 

3048
02:48:35,700 --> 02:48:38,200
history lesson and part family 
therapy. 

3049
02:48:38,900 --> 02:48:41,900
Bards would recite family 
lineages, but they had to 

3050
02:48:41,900 --> 02:48:45,400
carefully navigate a complicated
web of relationships without 

3051
02:48:45,400 --> 02:48:48,700
accidentally highlighting 
uncomfortable genetic 

3052
02:48:48,700 --> 02:48:51,600
concentrations. 
It was storytelling that 

3053
02:48:51,600 --> 02:48:55,100
required both poetic skill and 
diplomatic immunity. 

3054
02:48:56,100 --> 02:48:59,100
You notice that conversations 
naturally developed careful 

3055
02:48:59,100 --> 02:49:03,900
euphemisms around the reality of
their genetic situation. instead

3056
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:08,300
of saying inbreeding, they 
talked about preserving Noble 

3057
02:49:08,300 --> 02:49:12,200
bloodlines Rather than 
mentioning genetic problems, 

3058
02:49:12,200 --> 02:49:16,600
they discussed the refined 
nature of noble, constitutions. 

3059
02:49:17,800 --> 02:49:21,200
They developed an entire 
vocabulary, that acknowledged 

3060
02:49:21,200 --> 02:49:23,900
their reality without quite 
admitting what was happening. 

3061
02:49:25,100 --> 02:49:28,400
Medieval feasts, became 
elaborate social rituals, that 

3062
02:49:28,400 --> 02:49:31,500
helped families navigate. 
Their genetic complexity with 

3063
02:49:31,500 --> 02:49:34,900
dignity and Grace. 
The formal structure of these 

3064
02:49:34,900 --> 02:49:38,600
events provided a framework for 
managing relationships that were

3065
02:49:38,608 --> 02:49:41,100
too complicated for casual 
interaction. 

3066
02:49:41,100 --> 02:49:45,400
Everyone knew their role their 
place, and which aspects of 

3067
02:49:45,400 --> 02:49:48,000
their multiple family 
connections to emphasize in what

3068
02:49:48,000 --> 02:49:51,900
contexts It was like dinner 
theater where everyone was both 

3069
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:55,000
performer and audience. 
And the script was written by 

3070
02:49:55,000 --> 02:49:56,800
generations of genetic 
mathematics. 

3071
02:49:56,800 --> 02:50:00,200
You're now visiting the Castle's
medical Wing. 

3072
02:50:00,200 --> 02:50:03,100
Where medieval Physicians are 
performing intellectual 

3073
02:50:03,100 --> 02:50:06,500
gymnastics that would impress 
modern creative writing 

3074
02:50:06,500 --> 02:50:09,700
teachers. 
These dedicated healers are 

3075
02:50:09,700 --> 02:50:12,600
examining patients. 
Whose genetic conditions won't 

3076
02:50:12,600 --> 02:50:15,900
be properly understood for 
centuries and their coming up 

3077
02:50:15,900 --> 02:50:20,600
with explanations that are 
fascinating examples of medieval

3078
02:50:20,600 --> 02:50:25,200
medical imagination. 
Picture yourself observing a 

3079
02:50:25,200 --> 02:50:28,200
consultation between the court 
physician and young Lord, 

3080
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:32,200
Richard whose Habsburg jaw has 
progressed the point where 

3081
02:50:32,200 --> 02:50:34,800
speaking clearly requires 
considerable effort. 

3082
02:50:35,600 --> 02:50:40,100
The doctor stroking, his beard 
thoughtfully explains that this 

3083
02:50:40,100 --> 02:50:42,900
distinctive. 
Facial structure is actually 

3084
02:50:42,900 --> 02:50:46,700
evidence of noble blood being. 
So refined that it requires more

3085
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:49,300
space to flow properly through 
the facial region. 

3086
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:53,600
It's like medieval medical 
fiction except everyone believes

3087
02:50:53,600 --> 02:50:57,200
that scientific fact. 
Medieval medical texts from 

3088
02:50:57,200 --> 02:51:00,400
Noble courts. 
Read like fantasy novels written

3089
02:51:00,400 --> 02:51:04,100
by people who had genuine 
sympathy for their patients, but

3090
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:07,600
absolutely no understanding of 
genetics. 

3091
02:51:08,600 --> 02:51:12,900
They describe Noble, Melancholy 
depression from genetic factors 

3092
02:51:12,900 --> 02:51:17,300
refined constitutions. 
Autoimmune issues from 

3093
02:51:17,300 --> 02:51:20,200
inbreeding and Superior 
sensitivities. 

3094
02:51:21,000 --> 02:51:23,600
Neurological problems from 
genetic concentration. 

3095
02:51:24,500 --> 02:51:27,500
These Physicians were creating 
medical mythology in real time 

3096
02:51:27,500 --> 02:51:31,200
and their patients were grateful
for explanations. 

3097
02:51:31,200 --> 02:51:34,600
That preserved their dignity. 
The treatments developed for 

3098
02:51:34,600 --> 02:51:37,900
noble families, were often 
surprisingly effective. although

3099
02:51:37,900 --> 02:51:40,800
the doctors did not understand 
the reasons behind this 

3100
02:51:40,800 --> 02:51:45,500
effectiveness when treating 
Noble digestive refinement. 

3101
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:50,200
Intestinal problems from genetic
factors Physicians prescribed 

3102
02:51:50,200 --> 02:51:53,100
digestible foods and small 
frequent meals. 

3103
02:51:54,000 --> 02:51:57,200
When addressing aristocratic 
visual Sensitivity. 

3104
02:51:57,200 --> 02:52:01,300
I problems from inbreeding. 
They recommended better lighting

3105
02:52:01,300 --> 02:52:05,200
and reduce the ice strain. they 
were accidentally providing 

3106
02:52:05,200 --> 02:52:09,100
excellent Medical Care, while 
completely misunderstanding the 

3107
02:52:09,100 --> 02:52:13,000
underlying conditions You're 
watching a particularly creative

3108
02:52:13,000 --> 02:52:16,800
diagnostic session, where the 
physician is examining lady 

3109
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:19,400
Elena, whose balance problems, 
and fine motor. 

3110
02:52:19,400 --> 02:52:21,900
Difficulties are being explained
as signs. 

3111
02:52:21,900 --> 02:52:25,300
That her Noble spirit is too 
refined for ordinary physical 

3112
02:52:25,300 --> 02:52:29,400
coordination. 
Careful exercise, adaptive 

3113
02:52:29,400 --> 02:52:33,500
equipment Moscow, rating as 
luxury items and a modified 

3114
02:52:33,500 --> 02:52:37,300
daily routine constitute. 
The prescribed treatment which 

3115
02:52:37,300 --> 02:52:39,700
is actually perfect physical 
therapy. 

3116
02:52:40,400 --> 02:52:43,900
It's accidental medicine that 
works despite being based on 

3117
02:52:43,900 --> 02:52:49,000
completely wrong assumptions. 
Medieval apothecary's developed 

3118
02:52:49,000 --> 02:52:52,500
special preparations for noble 
families that were essentially, 

3119
02:52:52,500 --> 02:52:55,500
early Pharmaceuticals for 
genetic conditions. 

3120
02:52:56,600 --> 02:52:58,900
Though, they thought they were 
creating luxury wellness 

3121
02:52:58,900 --> 02:53:02,700
products. 
Tonics for Noble, nervousness 

3122
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:05,800
containing ingredients that we 
now know help with anxiety, 

3123
02:53:05,800 --> 02:53:09,900
disorders. 
Preparations for aristocratic 

3124
02:53:09,900 --> 02:53:14,200
digestive, delicacy included 
herbs that helped with metabolic

3125
02:53:14,200 --> 02:53:16,000
issues. 
They were practicing 

3126
02:53:16,000 --> 02:53:19,300
evidence-based medicine while 
thinking they were providing 

3127
02:53:19,300 --> 02:53:23,700
premium lifestyle products. 
The most creative, medical 

3128
02:53:23,700 --> 02:53:27,000
theories emerged around 
reproductive Health in noble 

3129
02:53:27,000 --> 02:53:31,200
families, Physicians noticed 
that Noble couples often had 

3130
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:35,100
difficulty conceiving healthy 
children, genetic compatibility 

3131
02:53:35,100 --> 02:53:37,900
issues. 
But they explained these factors

3132
02:53:37,900 --> 02:53:41,800
as evidence that Noble 
reproduction was naturally more 

3133
02:53:41,800 --> 02:53:46,000
selective and refined than 
common breeding They developed 

3134
02:53:46,000 --> 02:53:48,800
fertility treatments. 
That were actually quite 

3135
02:53:48,800 --> 02:53:52,200
sophisticated though. 
Their theoretical explanations 

3136
02:53:52,200 --> 02:53:54,400
read like medieval romance 
novels. 

3137
02:53:55,200 --> 02:53:58,400
Court Physicians became experts 
at diplomatic medicine. 

3138
02:53:58,400 --> 02:54:03,000
Treating real conditions while 
providing explanations that 

3139
02:54:03,000 --> 02:54:07,000
preserve their patients, social 
status and self-image. when 

3140
02:54:07,000 --> 02:54:09,800
addressing the learning 
difficulties common in inbred 

3141
02:54:09,800 --> 02:54:12,900
Noble children, they'd explain 
that Noble Minds, simply 

3142
02:54:12,900 --> 02:54:17,200
operated on different more, 
sophisticated levels than 

3143
02:54:17,200 --> 02:54:19,900
ordinary, intellects They 
prescribe educational 

3144
02:54:19,900 --> 02:54:23,300
modifications, while framing 
them as advanced Noble training 

3145
02:54:23,300 --> 02:54:26,200
techniques. 
Medieval medical records from 

3146
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:29,200
Noble households, reveal 
Physicians, who were genuinely 

3147
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:32,900
caring and effective, despite 
working with completely 

3148
02:54:32,900 --> 02:54:36,100
inaccurate. 
Theoretical Frameworks, they 

3149
02:54:36,100 --> 02:54:39,800
documented symptoms with 
remarkable Precision developed 

3150
02:54:39,800 --> 02:54:44,000
Innovative treatments through 
careful observation and created 

3151
02:54:44,000 --> 02:54:46,300
support systems for their 
patients. 

3152
02:54:46,300 --> 02:54:49,300
That addressed both medical and 
social needs. 

3153
02:54:50,200 --> 02:54:52,800
They were practicing 
compassionate medicine, while 

3154
02:54:52,800 --> 02:54:56,200
creating elaborate fictional 
explanations for what they were 

3155
02:54:56,200 --> 02:54:58,600
treating. 
The farmers suitable 

3156
02:54:58,600 --> 02:55:02,400
preparations created for noble 
families, often contained in 

3157
02:55:02,400 --> 02:55:05,000
Greedy. 
That modern medicine recognizes 

3158
02:55:05,000 --> 02:55:08,300
as genuinely advantageous for 
genetic conditions. 

3159
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:13,400
Medieval Physicians through 
careful observation and trial 

3160
02:55:13,400 --> 02:55:17,000
and error, identified, herbs and
compounds that addressed 

3161
02:55:17,000 --> 02:55:19,200
Simpsons. 
They couldn't properly 

3162
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:22,100
explained. 
They were conducting successful 

3163
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:25,200
medical research while thinking 
they were just creating more 

3164
02:55:25,200 --> 02:55:29,100
refined versions of common 
remedies you're in a castle. 

3165
02:55:29,100 --> 02:55:33,100
Courtyard in the late Middle, 
Ages watching the sun set, on a 

3166
02:55:33,100 --> 02:55:36,200
time when people were doing 
genetic experiments without even

3167
02:55:36,200 --> 02:55:39,900
knowing it. 
European noble, families are 

3168
02:55:39,900 --> 02:55:42,300
beginning to see that they may 
need to change their marriage 

3169
02:55:42,300 --> 02:55:46,800
Customs but they don't know why.
The Epiphany came slowly like 

3170
02:55:46,800 --> 02:55:49,100
the sun rising over the European
nobility. 

3171
02:55:50,000 --> 02:55:54,100
Family started to see that their
refined Bloodlines were making 

3172
02:55:54,100 --> 02:55:58,200
kids that had harder time with 
every day activities, the noble 

3173
02:55:58,200 --> 02:56:01,400
houses that were the most pure 
were having the hardest time, 

3174
02:56:01,400 --> 02:56:05,000
having healthy airs, even the 
most Innovative medical 

3175
02:56:05,000 --> 02:56:08,900
hypotheses were having a 
difficult time explaining away 

3176
02:56:08,900 --> 02:56:11,500
trends that were becoming 
impossible to ignore. 

3177
02:56:12,500 --> 02:56:15,900
You're watching a family council
meeting where the advisors are 

3178
02:56:15,900 --> 02:56:19,700
talking about things that would 
have been unimaginable 100 years

3179
02:56:19,700 --> 02:56:23,000
ago, they're saying that the 
family might want to think about

3180
02:56:23,000 --> 02:56:26,200
making marriage alliance's, with
cousins, who are a little more 

3181
02:56:26,200 --> 02:56:29,000
distant, not because there's 
anything wrong with the way 

3182
02:56:29,000 --> 02:56:31,500
they're doing things now. 
But because it might be 

3183
02:56:31,500 --> 02:56:34,400
politically smart to wide in 
their circle of possible, 

3184
02:56:34,400 --> 02:56:38,400
bride's It's like witnessing 
folks find fire while acting 

3185
02:56:38,400 --> 02:56:41,100
like they were merely attempting
to make their home warmer. 

3186
02:56:42,000 --> 02:56:44,900
The church started to change its
rules about how to distribute 

3187
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:48,200
out money, but it didn't say 
that the old rules had been bad.

3188
02:56:49,100 --> 02:56:51,800
The Pope's offices began to 
encourage marriages between 

3189
02:56:51,800 --> 02:56:54,300
families that had never been 
connected before. 

3190
02:56:55,300 --> 02:56:58,900
They framed this as a way to 
bring Christians together, not 

3191
02:56:58,900 --> 02:57:00,800
as a way to deal with genetic 
issues. 

3192
02:57:00,800 --> 02:57:05,200
It was a change in diplomatic 
policy that medical goals 

3193
02:57:05,200 --> 02:57:07,000
without admitting medical 
grounds. 

3194
02:57:08,200 --> 02:57:11,700
In the Middle Ages record. 
Keeping slowly changed from 

3195
02:57:11,700 --> 02:57:14,800
focusing on. 
Genetic Purity to focusing on 

3196
02:57:14,800 --> 02:57:19,900
the political and territorial 
benefits of marriage. family 

3197
02:57:19,900 --> 02:57:23,100
history, began to focus more on 
the Strategic benefits of 

3198
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:27,500
marriages and less on the 
genetic ties between spouse's It

3199
02:57:27,500 --> 02:57:31,200
was like watching medieval spin 
control change in real time to 

3200
02:57:31,200 --> 02:57:32,700
address a public relations 
issue. 

3201
02:57:32,700 --> 02:57:35,500
That wouldn't be fully 
understood for 100s of years. 

3202
02:57:35,500 --> 02:57:39,800
The transition wasn't sudden or 
dramatic, it was a gradual 

3203
02:57:39,800 --> 02:57:43,600
recognition that survival 
required some adjustments to 

3204
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:47,700
traditional practices. 
Noble families began sending 

3205
02:57:47,700 --> 02:57:51,600
their children to courts in 
different regions creating 

3206
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:55,000
opportunities for marriages that
were politically advantageous. 

3207
02:57:55,000 --> 02:57:57,700
But genetically beneficial 
though. 

3208
02:57:57,700 --> 02:57:59,200
Nobody used that second term 
yet. 

3209
02:58:00,000 --> 02:58:03,400
It was like accidentally 
discovering hybrid Vigor, while 

3210
02:58:03,400 --> 02:58:06,000
thinking you were just improving
your diplomatic connections. 

3211
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:09,100
Your witnessing, the beginning 
of the end of an era. 

3212
02:58:09,100 --> 02:58:12,900
When European nobility conducted
one of histories largest 

3213
02:58:12,900 --> 02:58:15,000
unintentional genetic 
experiments. 

3214
02:58:16,200 --> 02:58:18,800
Families that had spent 
centuries perfecting the art of 

3215
02:58:18,808 --> 02:58:22,300
marrying with an increasingly 
narrow circles began the slow 

3216
02:58:22,300 --> 02:58:25,100
process of expanding their 
Horizons though. 

3217
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:28,700
They framed it as political 
strategy rather than genetic 

3218
02:58:28,700 --> 02:58:31,700
necessity. 
Medieval Physicians began, 

3219
02:58:31,700 --> 02:58:34,800
developing new theories. 
That accidentally encouraged 

3220
02:58:34,800 --> 02:58:38,100
genetic diversity while 
maintaining the fiction that 

3221
02:58:38,100 --> 02:58:41,600
Noble blood was naturally 
Superior. they started 

3222
02:58:41,600 --> 02:58:45,500
suggesting that occasionally 
introducing foreign Noble, 

3223
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:50,300
essence's could strengthen and 
refine existing bloodlines It 

3224
02:58:50,300 --> 02:58:54,000
was like, recommending genetic 
diversity while pretending it 

3225
02:58:54,000 --> 02:58:56,000
was luxury bloodline 
enhancement. 

3226
02:58:57,100 --> 02:58:59,800
The most successful noble 
families of the later medieval 

3227
02:58:59,800 --> 02:59:03,800
period for those who mastered, 
the art of balancing genetic 

3228
02:59:03,800 --> 02:59:06,600
Health with political Advantage 
though. 

3229
02:59:06,600 --> 02:59:08,200
They didn't think about it in 
those terms. 

3230
02:59:09,400 --> 02:59:12,800
They found ways to marry outside
their immediate family circles. 

3231
02:59:12,800 --> 02:59:15,900
While maintaining the social 
fiction that they were 

3232
02:59:15,900 --> 02:59:19,500
preserving Noble bloodline 
Purity, it was diplomatic 

3233
02:59:19,500 --> 02:59:23,000
genetics practice by people, who
didn't know, genetics existed. 

3234
02:59:23,000 --> 02:59:26,700
As you watch, this medieval 
Sunset, your witnessing, the end

3235
02:59:26,700 --> 02:59:30,200
of Europe's great experiment in 
genetic concentration. 

3236
02:59:31,000 --> 02:59:34,200
The noble family who survived 
and thrived for those who 

3237
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:37,400
learned to Value political 
Alliance over bloodline Purity. 

3238
02:59:37,400 --> 02:59:40,700
Even if they never quite 
admitted that what they were 

3239
02:59:40,700 --> 02:59:44,300
doing, they discovered that the 
strongest Bloodlines were 

3240
02:59:44,300 --> 02:59:47,000
actually the most diverse ones 
though. 

3241
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:49,800
They'd never used those words to
describe their new marriage 

3242
02:59:49,800 --> 02:59:54,100
strategies. the legacy of 
medieval inbreeding lives on in 

3243
02:59:54,100 --> 02:59:57,300
European Royal portraits, where 
you can still trace the 

3244
02:59:57,300 --> 03:00:00,900
distinctive features, the travel
through, centuries of 

3245
03:00:00,900 --> 03:00:05,200
concentrated bloodlines Those 
portraits tell the story of 

3246
03:00:05,200 --> 03:00:08,600
families, who loved each other 
enough, to make terrible genetic

3247
03:00:08,600 --> 03:00:10,900
decisions. 
And who are wise enough 

3248
03:00:10,900 --> 03:00:14,900
eventually to quietly. 
Change course, without admitting

3249
03:00:14,900 --> 03:00:17,600
they'd made mistakes. 
It's a story of human 

3250
03:00:17,600 --> 03:00:22,100
adaptability medieval resilience
and the surprising power of 

3251
03:00:22,100 --> 03:00:26,000
accidental wisdom to correct, 
even the most well-intentioned 

3252
03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:31,200
errors And so, as our medieval 
tale draws to a close, you can 

3253
03:00:31,200 --> 03:00:35,300
rest easy knowing that, even the
most Tangled, family trees have 

3254
03:00:35,300 --> 03:00:37,300
eventually find ways to grow new
branches. 

3255
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:41,400
And that sometimes the best 
Solutions come from people who 

3256
03:00:41,400 --> 03:00:45,100
solve problems, they don't fully
understand in ways they never 

3257
03:00:45,100 --> 03:00:56,300
quite intended. 
Your eyes open slowly. 

3258
03:00:56,300 --> 03:00:59,600
And the first thing you notice 
that is wrong, is the light. 

3259
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:05,000
It's not the clean Bright 
Morning, your use to instead a 

3260
03:01:05,000 --> 03:01:08,300
murky yellowish glow, filtered 
through a window that seems 

3261
03:01:08,300 --> 03:01:11,700
smaller than it should be. 
The glass is thick and slightly 

3262
03:01:11,700 --> 03:01:15,200
wavy and condensation as 
gathered in the corners like 

3263
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:19,300
tiny pools waiting to spill 
Relying on something that feels 

3264
03:01:19,300 --> 03:01:21,200
like a mattress but isn't quite 
right. 

3265
03:01:21,200 --> 03:01:25,200
It's firmer than you expect. 
You can feel the individual 

3266
03:01:25,200 --> 03:01:29,100
ridges beneath the fabric, horse
hair stuffing though. 

3267
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:32,700
You don't know that yet. 
The sheets are rough against 

3268
03:01:32,700 --> 03:01:35,000
your skin, not the smooth 
cotton. 

3269
03:01:35,000 --> 03:01:38,300
You remember going to sleep in? 
Their linen and they've been 

3270
03:01:38,308 --> 03:01:41,300
washed so many times, they've 
achieved a text just somewhere 

3271
03:01:41,300 --> 03:01:43,700
between sandpaper and burlap, 
though. 

3272
03:01:43,700 --> 03:01:46,400
They're surprisingly warm the 
air tastes different. 

3273
03:01:47,400 --> 03:01:50,100
That's the strangest part. 
Actually, you can taste the air.

3274
03:01:50,900 --> 03:01:53,500
It has a thickness to it like 
breathing and soup. 

3275
03:01:53,500 --> 03:01:57,500
There's cold smoke obviously but
also something organic and 

3276
03:01:57,500 --> 03:01:59,300
vaguely unpleasant that you'll 
later. 

3277
03:01:59,300 --> 03:02:02,300
Realize is the Thames at low 
tide mixed with a few hundred 

3278
03:02:02,300 --> 03:02:04,700
thousand coal fires, burning 
simultaneously. 

3279
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:08,300
Victorian London doesn't just 
smell. 

3280
03:02:09,100 --> 03:02:11,600
It announces itself with every 
breath. 

3281
03:02:12,800 --> 03:02:15,600
As you sit up, your body feels 
the same, but the room is 

3282
03:02:15,600 --> 03:02:19,200
entirely foreign. 
The ceiling is high much higher 

3283
03:02:19,200 --> 03:02:22,900
than modern rooms, but the space
somehow feels cramped anyway. 

3284
03:02:24,200 --> 03:02:28,300
Dark wallpaper with an intricate
pattern of flowers or Vines 

3285
03:02:28,300 --> 03:02:32,000
covers the walls and you realize
what the start that there's no 

3286
03:02:32,000 --> 03:02:35,700
light switch. 
Fact, there are no electrical 

3287
03:02:35,700 --> 03:02:39,200
outlets at all. 
The room is lit by that strange 

3288
03:02:39,200 --> 03:02:43,100
window and by the remnants of 
whatever Coal fire burned in the

3289
03:02:43,108 --> 03:02:46,100
small fireplace last night, 
you're wearing a nightshirt. 

3290
03:02:46,100 --> 03:02:49,900
That feels like it's been cut 
from sail canvas, it's long 

3291
03:02:49,900 --> 03:02:53,200
reaching past your knees, and 
there's absolutely nothing 

3292
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:56,100
underneath it. 
The victorians had very 

3293
03:02:56,100 --> 03:02:59,600
different ideas about sleepwear 
and comfort wasn't high on their

3294
03:02:59,600 --> 03:03:03,300
priority list. 
Modesty and practicality won 

3295
03:03:03,300 --> 03:03:07,300
that battle decisively. 
Standing up requires more effort

3296
03:03:07,300 --> 03:03:11,400
than you expect. 
The floor is cold, proper cold 

3297
03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:14,000
that seeps through your bare 
feet, like your standing on a 

3298
03:03:14,000 --> 03:03:17,000
block of ice. 
The floorboards are bare wood 

3299
03:03:17,000 --> 03:03:19,900
and you can feel every Splinter 
and groove. 

3300
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:24,000
There's a thin rug beside the 
bed but it does little to combat

3301
03:03:24,000 --> 03:03:25,900
the chill. 
That seems to radiate from the 

3302
03:03:25,900 --> 03:03:30,300
very foundation of the building 
fog outside isn't like fog, 

3303
03:03:30,300 --> 03:03:34,800
you've experienced before This 
is the famous London, pea Super 

3304
03:03:34,800 --> 03:03:38,500
a combination of natural missed 
and cold smoke, that creates 

3305
03:03:38,500 --> 03:03:43,100
something all most Supernatural.
Presses against the Windows like

3306
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:46,400
something alive, turning the 
street below into a series of 

3307
03:03:46,408 --> 03:03:49,500
Shadows and suggestions, rather 
than actual shapes. 

3308
03:03:50,400 --> 03:03:53,600
You can hear the city though. 
The clatter of horseshoes on 

3309
03:03:53,600 --> 03:03:56,900
cobblestones, the Cry of a 
street, vendor somewhere in the 

3310
03:03:56,900 --> 03:04:00,100
Merc and the Perpetual 
background hum of a million 

3311
03:04:00,100 --> 03:04:02,100
people going about their morning
routines. 

3312
03:04:02,800 --> 03:04:05,900
Your modern instincts kick in 
and you look for your phone. 

3313
03:04:05,900 --> 03:04:07,800
Of course. 
There isn't one. 

3314
03:04:07,800 --> 03:04:12,600
No phone, no laptop, no tablet. 
No screen of any kind. 

3315
03:04:14,100 --> 03:04:17,300
The silence in the room is 
complete, except for the sounds 

3316
03:04:17,300 --> 03:04:19,600
drifting up from the street in 
the occasional Creek of the 

3317
03:04:19,600 --> 03:04:22,700
building settling. 
It's the kind of quiet, that 

3318
03:04:22,700 --> 03:04:25,400
makes you realize, how much 
ambient noise you're used to 

3319
03:04:25,408 --> 03:04:30,700
know, refrigerator hum, no, 
hatchback system, no electronics

3320
03:04:30,700 --> 03:04:33,900
of any kind and meeting their 
barely perceptible frequency. 

3321
03:04:33,900 --> 03:04:37,600
There's a wash stand in the 
corner with the ceramic pitcher 

3322
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:41,200
and Basin the water in the 
pitcher has a thin skin of ice 

3323
03:04:41,200 --> 03:04:43,300
on it. 
This is how you'll wash your 

3324
03:04:43,300 --> 03:04:46,300
face this morning by breaking 
ice with your fingers and 

3325
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:48,800
splashing freezing water on your
skin. 

3326
03:04:49,800 --> 03:04:52,800
Victorians were apparently, made
of Sterner stuff than modern 

3327
03:04:52,800 --> 03:04:55,700
humans or perhaps they just 
didn't have a choice in the 

3328
03:04:55,708 --> 03:04:58,900
matter. 
A Looking Glass hangs above the 

3329
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:02,300
washstand and when you peer into
it you see yourself but 

3330
03:05:02,300 --> 03:05:04,900
different. 
Your face is the same but 

3331
03:05:04,900 --> 03:05:06,100
there's something in your 
expression. 

3332
03:05:07,100 --> 03:05:10,100
Perhaps, it's the early morning 
confusion or maybe it's the 

3333
03:05:10,100 --> 03:05:13,100
dawning realization that you're 
about to spend an entire day. 

3334
03:05:13,100 --> 03:05:16,300
Without any of the conveniences 
you've taken for granted your 

3335
03:05:16,300 --> 03:05:18,900
whole life. 
The room tells stories of, you 

3336
03:05:18,900 --> 03:05:21,900
know, how to read them, there's 
a chamber pot, tuck discreetly 

3337
03:05:21,900 --> 03:05:24,900
under the bed because bathrooms 
in the modern sense, don't exist

3338
03:05:24,900 --> 03:05:28,500
in most Victorian homes. 
There's a small coal scuttle by 

3339
03:05:28,500 --> 03:05:30,600
the fireplace with a few lumps 
of coal, still in it. 

3340
03:05:30,600 --> 03:05:33,900
Your clothes for the day are 
laid out on a wooden chair, that

3341
03:05:33,900 --> 03:05:37,300
looks hand carved and probably 
older than some Modern countries

3342
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:40,300
getting dressed in. 
Victorian clothing, is going to 

3343
03:05:40,300 --> 03:05:44,400
be an adventure onto itself. 
But first, you need to face that

3344
03:05:44,400 --> 03:05:47,900
icy water and prepare yourself 
for a day in a world where 

3345
03:05:47,900 --> 03:05:49,900
everything familiar has been 
replaced. 

3346
03:05:49,900 --> 03:05:54,300
With historical authenticity, 
the fog continues to press 

3347
03:05:54,300 --> 03:05:56,800
against the windows and 
somewhere in the distance. 

3348
03:05:56,800 --> 03:06:00,700
You hear a church bell, marking 
the hour, It's 7 in the morning 

3349
03:06:00,700 --> 03:06:04,700
and London is already awake. 
Stepping out onto a Victorian. 

3350
03:06:04,700 --> 03:06:08,000
London Street is like walking 
onto a stage where every person 

3351
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:10,400
is an actor. 
And the set design is both 

3352
03:06:10,400 --> 03:06:12,800
magnificent and slightly 
horrifying. 

3353
03:06:14,300 --> 03:06:17,400
Fog Has Lifted somewhere 
revealing a world that 

3354
03:06:17,400 --> 03:06:20,600
simultaneously more impressive 
and more disturbing than you 

3355
03:06:20,600 --> 03:06:23,200
imagined. 
The cobblestones Beneath Your 

3356
03:06:23,200 --> 03:06:27,500
Feet around even worn smooth in 
some places and Jagged in 

3357
03:06:27,500 --> 03:06:31,300
others. you're wearing boots 
now, proper Victorian boots that

3358
03:06:31,300 --> 03:06:34,100
button up the side and take 
approximately 10 minutes to put 

3359
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:37,600
on correctly, The stiff 
uncomfortable and will probably 

3360
03:06:37,600 --> 03:06:40,300
give you blisters by noon but 
they're better than the 

3361
03:06:40,300 --> 03:06:43,100
alternative. 
The streets here, collect 

3362
03:06:43,100 --> 03:06:46,500
things, you don't want touching 
your bare feet, the buildings, 

3363
03:06:46,500 --> 03:06:49,100
Loom above you in a way that 
modern architecture, rarely 

3364
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:53,000
manages Victorian London was 
built upward out of necessity 

3365
03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:56,400
and the result is streets that 
feel like Canyon's with ornate 

3366
03:06:56,400 --> 03:06:59,200
facade's. 
Every building is different, 

3367
03:06:59,200 --> 03:07:02,600
each one competing, to be more 
elaborate than its neighbors. 

3368
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:06,900
There's carved stonework, 
decorative brickwork and 

3369
03:07:06,900 --> 03:07:10,200
Architectural flourishes that 
serve no practical purpose, 

3370
03:07:10,200 --> 03:07:13,400
except to demonstrate that. 
The owner had money to spend on 

3371
03:07:13,400 --> 03:07:16,700
looking prosperous. 
The real star of the show is the

3372
03:07:16,700 --> 03:07:19,300
sensory overload the hits you 
from every direction. 

3373
03:07:20,200 --> 03:07:23,700
Let's start with the horses 
because Victorian London ran on 

3374
03:07:23,700 --> 03:07:25,900
horse power in the most literal 
sense possible. 

3375
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:30,500
Everywhere you look there are 
horses pulling handsome cabs 

3376
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:34,900
hauling delivery wagons carrying
individual Riders and standing 

3377
03:07:34,900 --> 03:07:38,200
patiently while their owners 
conduct business and horses. 

3378
03:07:38,200 --> 03:07:41,900
As your rapidly discovering 
produce waste at an impressive 

3379
03:07:41,900 --> 03:07:45,600
rate, the streets are covered in
it, not completely because 

3380
03:07:45,600 --> 03:07:48,400
there's an entire economy. 
Built around collecting Horseman

3381
03:07:48,400 --> 03:07:51,700
year but enough that watching 
your step become second nature 

3382
03:07:51,700 --> 03:07:54,900
within minutes. 
Crossing sweepers usually 

3383
03:07:54,900 --> 03:07:59,200
children waited into sections 
with their brooms ready to clear

3384
03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:00,900
a path through the muck for a 
penny. 

3385
03:08:01,600 --> 03:08:06,100
It's clever entrepreneurial and 
deeply depressing all at once. 

3386
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:09,900
The smell is democratic, it 
affect everyone. 

3387
03:08:09,900 --> 03:08:13,200
Equally from the finest 
gentlemen, in his tail coat to 

3388
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:17,800
the poorest street vendor Coal 
smoke, Horseman year, unwashed 

3389
03:08:17,800 --> 03:08:21,600
Humanity, rotting vegetables 
from the markets and the 

3390
03:08:21,600 --> 03:08:25,400
peculiar Tang of industrial 
chemicals, all combined into a 

3391
03:08:25,400 --> 03:08:28,600
scent that you'll eventually 
stopped noticing simply because 

3392
03:08:28,600 --> 03:08:30,400
your nose will give up in 
self-defense. 

3393
03:08:31,400 --> 03:08:35,000
The noise is extraordinary 
without modern sound insulation 

3394
03:08:35,000 --> 03:08:38,700
or noise, pollution laws, 
Victorian London operates at a 

3395
03:08:38,700 --> 03:08:41,200
volume that would violate every 
noise ordinance in a 

3396
03:08:41,200 --> 03:08:45,000
contemporary City. 
Iron shot wheels on cobblestones

3397
03:08:45,000 --> 03:08:48,000
create a constant Rumble like 
Perpetual Thunder. 

3398
03:08:49,000 --> 03:08:50,900
Street vendors. 
Call out their Wares in 

3399
03:08:50,900 --> 03:08:52,800
practice. 
Rhythms that cut through the 

3400
03:08:52,800 --> 03:08:56,500
other noise. 
Horses whinny, dogs, bark 

3401
03:08:56,500 --> 03:08:59,900
children, shout and everywhere. 
There's the background 

3402
03:08:59,900 --> 03:09:03,200
percussion of a city made of 
metal and stone banging against 

3403
03:09:03,200 --> 03:09:05,900
itself. 
People are the most fascinating 

3404
03:09:05,900 --> 03:09:08,700
part. 
Everyone is wearing layers upon 

3405
03:09:08,700 --> 03:09:11,400
layers of clothing because 
central heating doesn't exist. 

3406
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,600
Victorian morality demands that 
every inch of skin be covered. 

3407
03:09:16,500 --> 03:09:19,600
The men are in suits or 
workloads, all of them were 

3408
03:09:19,600 --> 03:09:20,900
wearing hats of some 
description. 

3409
03:09:21,900 --> 03:09:26,000
Top hats for the wealthy cloths 
for workers and Bowlers for the 

3410
03:09:26,008 --> 03:09:29,300
middle class. 
Removing your hat indoors or 

3411
03:09:29,300 --> 03:09:30,800
when greeting a lady as 
mandatory. 

3412
03:09:31,800 --> 03:09:34,600
Social signaling was practically
an Olympic sport. 

3413
03:09:34,600 --> 03:09:38,100
In Victorian times, the women 
are engineering Marvels. 

3414
03:09:38,100 --> 03:09:40,000
Those dresses, you've seen in 
movies. 

3415
03:09:40,000 --> 03:09:42,600
They're actually understanding 
the complexity. 

3416
03:09:43,800 --> 03:09:47,000
Under those beautiful Fabrics is
a construction project involving

3417
03:09:47,000 --> 03:09:52,100
corsets petticoats bussells and 
enough fabric to upholstery, a 

3418
03:09:52,100 --> 03:09:55,700
small sofa. 
Women's fashion in the 1880s was

3419
03:09:55,700 --> 03:09:59,300
designed to create a specific 
silhouette that required 

3420
03:09:59,300 --> 03:10:01,400
substantial architecture to 
achieve. 

3421
03:10:02,300 --> 03:10:04,300
The result is that women moved 
differently. 

3422
03:10:04,300 --> 03:10:08,700
Smaller steps. 
Careful postures and an 

3423
03:10:08,700 --> 03:10:11,700
awareness of their clothing that
modern fashion rarely demands. 

3424
03:10:12,700 --> 03:10:14,700
Social classes visible at a 
glance. 

3425
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:19,100
The wealthy Glide by in private 
carriages the clothing pristine.

3426
03:10:19,100 --> 03:10:23,200
And elaborate the middle class 
walks or takes omnibuses their 

3427
03:10:23,200 --> 03:10:25,000
clothes respectable but 
practical. 

3428
03:10:26,000 --> 03:10:29,900
The Working, Poor wear whatever 
holds together often visibly 

3429
03:10:29,900 --> 03:10:32,200
patched and worn thin from years
of use. 

3430
03:10:33,300 --> 03:10:35,100
Children from poor families 
often. 

3431
03:10:35,100 --> 03:10:38,500
Go barefoot, even in cold 
weather, their faces smudged 

3432
03:10:38,500 --> 03:10:41,000
with the ever-present cold, dust
that settles on everything. 

3433
03:10:42,000 --> 03:10:44,800
The street vendors at a carnival
atmosphere to the urban 

3434
03:10:44,800 --> 03:10:47,800
landscape. 
Pie sellers carry their Wares 

3435
03:10:47,800 --> 03:10:53,200
and wooden trays hung from their
necks calling out hot, pies meet

3436
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:56,800
pies, invoices trained carry 
half a block. 

3437
03:10:57,700 --> 03:11:00,600
Flower girls, offer Posey's from
baskets that look bigger than 

3438
03:11:00,600 --> 03:11:03,600
they are men. 
Sell everything from matches to 

3439
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:06,900
boot laces, to mysterious items.
You can't quite identify. 

3440
03:11:06,900 --> 03:11:11,300
Each one has their own pitch, 
their own territory and their 

3441
03:11:11,308 --> 03:11:13,400
own regular customers who they 
know by sight. 

3442
03:11:13,400 --> 03:11:17,400
The omnibuses horse drawn, 
precursors to public buses, 

3443
03:11:17,400 --> 03:11:20,000
Lumber through the streets, like
mobile chaos. 

3444
03:11:20,700 --> 03:11:23,300
They're painted in bright 
colors, advertising their roots 

3445
03:11:23,300 --> 03:11:27,300
and they're always full. 
The driver sits up top. 

3446
03:11:28,300 --> 03:11:32,300
To the weather while passengers 
cram inside, or climb the stairs

3447
03:11:32,300 --> 03:11:36,400
to the open air Upper Deck. 
It cost a few Pence to ride and 

3448
03:11:36,400 --> 03:11:39,000
the conductor moves through the 
crowd collecting fairs with 

3449
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:43,200
practice deficiency. handsome 
cab zip through the traffic, 

3450
03:11:43,200 --> 03:11:47,000
with the agility of sports cars,
their drivers shouting warnings 

3451
03:11:47,000 --> 03:11:51,000
to pedestrians who don't move 
fast enough, These are the taxes

3452
03:11:51,000 --> 03:11:54,200
of Victorian London and their 
drivers are legendary for 

3453
03:11:54,200 --> 03:11:56,500
knowing every street and 
shortcut in the city. 

3454
03:11:56,500 --> 03:12:00,300
There are so legendary for their
colorful language when other 

3455
03:12:00,300 --> 03:12:03,200
traffic gets in their way 
though, you're not supposed to 

3456
03:12:03,200 --> 03:12:06,300
acknowledge hearing it. 
The architecture tells you where

3457
03:12:06,300 --> 03:12:08,400
you are in London's complex, 
social geography. 

3458
03:12:09,500 --> 03:12:11,900
The grand building's of 
Westminster and the West End 

3459
03:12:11,900 --> 03:12:14,200
advertise in Imperial, power and
wealth. 

3460
03:12:15,000 --> 03:12:18,500
The commercial chaos of the city
London's, Financial District 

3461
03:12:18,500 --> 03:12:21,100
bustles with Clark's and 
businessmen. 

3462
03:12:22,100 --> 03:12:24,600
The residential squares of 
Bloomsbury in Belgravia. 

3463
03:12:24,600 --> 03:12:28,600
Hide elegant, homes behind iron.
Railings and private Gardens. 

3464
03:12:29,600 --> 03:12:32,800
And everywhere else is the vast 
middle and working class London,

3465
03:12:32,800 --> 03:12:35,800
that house is the millions who 
make the city function. 

3466
03:12:36,900 --> 03:12:39,300
He noticed the air quality 
improving as you walk. 

3467
03:12:39,300 --> 03:12:44,600
Well improving his relative. 
It still terrible by modern 

3468
03:12:44,600 --> 03:12:47,400
standards. 
But you've moved away from a 

3469
03:12:47,400 --> 03:12:51,500
particularly Smoky area. 
Fog has reduced to a light Haze 

3470
03:12:51,500 --> 03:12:53,400
and you can actually see the 
sky. 

3471
03:12:53,400 --> 03:12:56,400
Though, it's a gray. 
That suggests the sun is more 

3472
03:12:56,400 --> 03:13:00,100
theoretical than actual today. 
Public buildings, provide 

3473
03:13:00,100 --> 03:13:03,700
punctuation in the urban 
landscape churches Tower above 

3474
03:13:03,700 --> 03:13:06,600
surrounding structures. 
Their spiers reaching toward 

3475
03:13:06,600 --> 03:13:10,500
heaven in defiance of the 
Earthly muck below the new post 

3476
03:13:10,500 --> 03:13:13,500
offices Victoria. 
Britain was modernizing its 

3477
03:13:13,500 --> 03:13:15,900
Communications infrastructure 
Stan. 

3478
03:13:15,900 --> 03:13:18,800
Proud with their official 
architecture and busy traffic of

3479
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:20,500
people sending letters and 
telegrams. 

3480
03:13:22,100 --> 03:13:26,300
Banks look like temples, which 
is probably intentional given 

3481
03:13:26,300 --> 03:13:28,000
that money was its own kind of 
religion. 

3482
03:13:28,000 --> 03:13:32,000
In Victorian society, the parks 
are sanctuaries from the urban 

3483
03:13:32,000 --> 03:13:35,700
intensity, even small. 
Squares of Green Space offer 

3484
03:13:35,700 --> 03:13:38,500
relief from the stone and brick 
that dominates everywhere else. 

3485
03:13:39,500 --> 03:13:41,800
The grass is real, the trees are
mature. 

3486
03:13:41,800 --> 03:13:44,700
And for a few moments, you can 
breathe there that hasn't been 

3487
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:48,900
processed through coal, fires 
and horse lungs, By mid-morning,

3488
03:13:48,900 --> 03:13:53,300
Victorian, London has fully 
awakened, and the city operates 

3489
03:13:53,300 --> 03:13:56,700
with a complexity that Rivals 
any modern Metropolis. 

3490
03:13:57,500 --> 03:13:59,900
The difference is that 
everything requires doing by 

3491
03:13:59,900 --> 03:14:04,000
hand with animals or through 
mechanical Contraptions, that 

3492
03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:06,500
would look steampunk if they 
were not completely authentic. 

3493
03:14:08,100 --> 03:14:09,900
The shops are opening and 
shopping in. 

3494
03:14:09,900 --> 03:14:12,500
Victorian London is nothing like
pushing a cart through a 

3495
03:14:12,500 --> 03:14:16,700
supermarket. 
Most shops are small specialized

3496
03:14:16,700 --> 03:14:19,500
Affairs where the shopkeeper 
knows their infantry personally 

3497
03:14:19,500 --> 03:14:23,600
and keeps it behind the counter.
You don't browse you ask for 

3498
03:14:23,600 --> 03:14:27,700
what you want and they fetch it.
The relationship between 

3499
03:14:27,700 --> 03:14:31,600
customer and shopkeeper is 
formal and ritualized the 

3500
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:33,500
proper. 
Greetings and polite, inquiries 

3501
03:14:33,500 --> 03:14:35,300
about health. 
And whether before anyone 

3502
03:14:35,300 --> 03:14:39,000
mentioned what you're actually 
there to purchase, The baker 

3503
03:14:39,000 --> 03:14:41,100
shop smells of yeast and cold 
smoke. 

3504
03:14:41,100 --> 03:14:45,000
The bread is baked in Coal Fired
ovens and the result is 

3505
03:14:45,000 --> 03:14:48,000
delicious but distinctly 
flavored by its cooking method. 

3506
03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:53,600
The loaves are crusty dents and 
absolutely nothing like modern 

3507
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:57,500
sliced bread. 
Their sold by weight and the 

3508
03:14:57,500 --> 03:15:00,100
baker's, Apprentice your 
purchase in paper, that will 

3509
03:15:00,100 --> 03:15:03,800
disintegrate if it gets damp. 
The Butcher Shop is an 

3510
03:15:03,800 --> 03:15:06,800
experience, that requires a 
strong stomach, whole animals, 

3511
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:09,600
hang in the window and the 
butcher prepares your order 

3512
03:15:09,600 --> 03:15:12,400
while you wait cutting and 
wrapping with practice 

3513
03:15:12,400 --> 03:15:15,500
deficiency. 
Refrigeration doesn't exist. 

3514
03:15:15,500 --> 03:15:19,100
So meat is sold fresh and meant 
to be cooked soon. 

3515
03:15:20,100 --> 03:15:23,200
The smell is strong and you try 
not to think too hard about 

3516
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:26,700
hygiene standards but won't be 
formalized for another several 

3517
03:15:26,700 --> 03:15:30,100
decades. 
The green grocer offers produced

3518
03:15:30,100 --> 03:15:33,500
that seasonal, local and muddy. 
No plastic wrap, no 

3519
03:15:33,500 --> 03:15:36,300
Refrigeration know, produce, 
that's traveled, thousands of 

3520
03:15:36,300 --> 03:15:39,400
miles to reach London. 
What's available depending 

3521
03:15:39,400 --> 03:15:41,800
entirely on what is growing in 
England right now, or what's 

3522
03:15:41,800 --> 03:15:45,200
just arrived from Europe? 
the variety is limited compared 

3523
03:15:45,200 --> 03:15:48,500
to Modern supermarkets, but the 
flavor is often, stronger, 

3524
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:52,000
vegetables, that haven't been 
bred for transported ability 

3525
03:15:52,000 --> 03:15:55,200
taste like themselves in ways 
that modern produce sometimes 

3526
03:15:55,200 --> 03:15:59,700
doesn't the Working Day for most
londoners started at dawn and 

3527
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:01,600
will continue until dusk or 
later. 

3528
03:16:02,400 --> 03:16:05,000
Factory workers have been at 
their machines for hours already

3529
03:16:05,000 --> 03:16:08,400
operating equipment. 
That's dangerous, noisy and 

3530
03:16:08,400 --> 03:16:12,100
exhausting. 
Office workers a growing class 

3531
03:16:12,100 --> 03:16:15,600
and Victorian London, a bent 
over desks copying documents by 

3532
03:16:15,600 --> 03:16:18,800
hand or operating the new 
typewriters that are 

3533
03:16:18,808 --> 03:16:22,800
revolutionizing paperwork. 
Shop assistance, stand behind 

3534
03:16:22,800 --> 03:16:26,100
their counters for 12 or 14-hour
stretches, because sitting down 

3535
03:16:26,100 --> 03:16:27,800
while working is considered 
lazy. 

3536
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:32,100
Pace of life is simultaneously 
slower and more exhausting than 

3537
03:16:32,100 --> 03:16:34,500
modern work. 
Everything takes longer. 

3538
03:16:34,500 --> 03:16:38,500
There are no computers, no 
phones and no quick 

3539
03:16:38,500 --> 03:16:42,300
communication of any kind Beyond
sending a messenger boy, but the

3540
03:16:42,300 --> 03:16:46,500
physical demands are Relentless 
even supposedly Gentile office. 

3541
03:16:46,500 --> 03:16:50,000
Work involves writing by hand 
for hours, which is more tiring 

3542
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:53,300
than it sounds. 
Street Life provides constant 

3543
03:16:53,300 --> 03:16:55,300
entertainment. 
If you're observing rather than 

3544
03:16:55,300 --> 03:16:59,300
participating, the urchins 
running, errands the ladies 

3545
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:01,600
doing their morning shopping 
with servants carrying their 

3546
03:17:01,600 --> 03:17:04,700
purchases the businessmen to a 
appointments. 

3547
03:17:04,700 --> 03:17:08,200
The police constables walking 
their beats in their distinctive

3548
03:17:08,200 --> 03:17:12,200
uniforms and Tall helmets. 
Everyone is part of an intricate

3549
03:17:12,200 --> 03:17:15,000
social choreography. 
The operates on rules. 

3550
03:17:15,000 --> 03:17:18,200
Your only beginning to 
understand the postal system is 

3551
03:17:18,200 --> 03:17:22,000
remarkably efficient letters. 
Posted in the morning, will be 

3552
03:17:22,008 --> 03:17:25,600
delivered that same day in 
London Cared by postmen, who 

3553
03:17:25,600 --> 03:17:28,000
walk their Roots multiple times 
daily. 

3554
03:17:29,600 --> 03:17:32,600
The telegraph. 
Victorian London's fastest 

3555
03:17:32,600 --> 03:17:36,000
communication technology. 
Can send messages across the 

3556
03:17:36,000 --> 03:17:39,500
country in minutes though. 
It's expensive and use primarily

3557
03:17:39,500 --> 03:17:43,500
for important business or 
emotions is The class system is 

3558
03:17:43,500 --> 03:17:46,900
visible in every interaction, 
the wealthy don't acknowledge 

3559
03:17:46,900 --> 03:17:49,000
the poor. 
Unless they're servants were 

3560
03:17:49,000 --> 03:17:52,900
tradespeople providing services.
The middle class imitates the 

3561
03:17:52,900 --> 03:17:56,100
wealthy while trying to distance
themselves from the workers. 

3562
03:17:57,100 --> 03:18:00,500
The poor Navigator world where 
their existence is often treated

3563
03:18:00,500 --> 03:18:04,100
as a necessary evil or an 
unfortunate reality to be 

3564
03:18:04,108 --> 03:18:07,600
ignored. 
It's uncomfortable to watch even

3565
03:18:07,600 --> 03:18:10,700
more uncomfortable to 
participate in, and completely 

3566
03:18:10,700 --> 03:18:14,400
normal to everyone around you. 
The afternoon in Victorian, 

3567
03:18:14,400 --> 03:18:16,900
London operates on different 
rhythms than the morning. 

3568
03:18:17,700 --> 03:18:20,500
By two o'clock. 
The city is shifted gears. 

3569
03:18:20,500 --> 03:18:24,200
The Frantic morning energy has 
settled into something more 

3570
03:18:24,200 --> 03:18:27,100
sustained and purposeful though.
No less busy. 

3571
03:18:28,100 --> 03:18:30,900
Lunch as a concept that varies 
wildly by class. 

3572
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:34,800
The wealthiest city down to 
elaborate multi-course Affairs 

3573
03:18:34,800 --> 03:18:38,400
in their dining rooms by staff 
who appear and disappear 

3574
03:18:38,400 --> 03:18:42,000
silently. 
The middle class might have a 

3575
03:18:42,000 --> 03:18:44,600
simple meal at home or in one of
the new restaurants that are 

3576
03:18:44,600 --> 03:18:47,400
becoming fashionable. 
Workers grab whatever, they can 

3577
03:18:47,400 --> 03:18:51,200
afford from Street vendors, a 
pie, some bread and cheese. 

3578
03:18:51,200 --> 03:18:54,500
Perhaps a cup of tea from a 
vendor with a portable urn. 

3579
03:18:55,300 --> 03:18:58,300
The tea itself, deserves 
attention, because Victorian 

3580
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:01,600
Britain, ran on tea the way 
modern society runs on coffee. 

3581
03:19:02,500 --> 03:19:06,200
Strong black and sweetened with 
sugar that still enough of a 

3582
03:19:06,200 --> 03:19:08,100
luxury that people measure it 
carefully. 

3583
03:19:08,900 --> 03:19:12,900
Milk is added if you can afford 
it and the result is a drink 

3584
03:19:12,900 --> 03:19:15,200
that's more fortification than 
refreshment. 

3585
03:19:16,500 --> 03:19:19,700
He breaks punctuate the working 
day, like, markers on a 

3586
03:19:19,700 --> 03:19:23,900
timeline, brief respite from 
labor, that's often monotonous 

3587
03:19:23,900 --> 03:19:27,500
and always demanding the streets
of changed characters and 

3588
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:29,800
mourning. 
The commercial delivery is that 

3589
03:19:29,800 --> 03:19:32,300
dominated early hours of given 
way to personal traffic? 

3590
03:19:32,300 --> 03:19:36,200
Lady is visiting for often in 
calls gentleman. 

3591
03:19:36,200 --> 03:19:39,600
Conducting business and servants
running errands for their 

3592
03:19:39,600 --> 03:19:42,800
employers. 
The traffic is still intense but

3593
03:19:42,800 --> 03:19:47,200
it's more varied, more social, 
and less about getting goods 

3594
03:19:47,200 --> 03:19:51,600
from one place to another. 
The public housing pubs are open

3595
03:19:51,600 --> 03:19:54,700
and they serve as social centers
for working class London. 

3596
03:19:55,600 --> 03:19:57,900
These aren't the Charming 
establishments you might imagine

3597
03:19:57,900 --> 03:20:02,400
from period drama's, they're 
often crowded Smoky and filled 

3598
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:05,100
with people seeking temporary 
escape from lives that are 

3599
03:20:05,100 --> 03:20:07,300
physically exhausting and 
financially precarious. 

3600
03:20:08,600 --> 03:20:12,500
The beer is warm flat by modern 
standards and considerably 

3601
03:20:12,500 --> 03:20:14,300
stronger than contemporary 
Brews. 

3602
03:20:15,000 --> 03:20:17,500
For the middle and upper 
classes, after noon visiting is 

3603
03:20:17,500 --> 03:20:21,000
serious business ladies. 
Call on each other's homes, 

3604
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:25,000
according to elaborate social, 
protocols, you leave cards and 

3605
03:20:25,000 --> 03:20:28,400
you sit in parlors drinking tea 
and engaging in conversation 

3606
03:20:28,400 --> 03:20:31,500
that simultaneously gossip and 
intelligence gathering. 

3607
03:20:32,300 --> 03:20:35,500
Who's engaged, who's in 
financial trouble, who's been 

3608
03:20:35,500 --> 03:20:39,700
seen with whom information flows
through these afternoon calls, 

3609
03:20:39,700 --> 03:20:42,000
like data through Modern social 
networks. 

3610
03:20:42,000 --> 03:20:45,700
The Victorian parlor is a stage 
set to designed to display well 

3611
03:20:45,700 --> 03:20:48,600
and good taste. 
Every surface is covered with 

3612
03:20:48,600 --> 03:20:51,400
something. 
Doilies, decorative objects 

3613
03:20:51,400 --> 03:20:56,000
photographs in elaborate frames 
and books carefully, chosen to 

3614
03:20:56,000 --> 03:21:00,800
suggest intellectual interests. 
Furniture is heavy dark and 

3615
03:21:00,800 --> 03:21:03,400
arranged to encourage formal 
conversation rather than 

3616
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:06,800
relaxation. 
Comfort is less important than 

3617
03:21:06,800 --> 03:21:09,700
propriety. 
Children from wealthy families 

3618
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:13,700
are supervised by nannies and 
governors, learning the skills 

3619
03:21:13,700 --> 03:21:15,400
and knowledge appropriate to 
their class. 

3620
03:21:16,400 --> 03:21:18,800
Boys will eventually go to 
schools that prepare them for 

3621
03:21:18,800 --> 03:21:22,900
universities or business girls. 
Learn accomplishments like music

3622
03:21:22,900 --> 03:21:26,500
drawing and languages that will 
make them attractive, marriage, 

3623
03:21:26,500 --> 03:21:29,800
prospects. 
Working class children are often

3624
03:21:29,800 --> 03:21:34,400
working themselves in factories,
a servants, or helping their 

3625
03:21:34,400 --> 03:21:35,900
families with peace work done at
home. 

3626
03:21:35,900 --> 03:21:38,800
The afternoon, also brings 
educational and cultural 

3627
03:21:38,800 --> 03:21:40,700
opportunities for those with 
time and money. 

3628
03:21:41,500 --> 03:21:45,200
Museums are open though, many 
charge admission fees that limit

3629
03:21:45,200 --> 03:21:49,200
access to the middle and upper 
classes. libraries exist, but 

3630
03:21:49,200 --> 03:21:52,900
are primarily subscription 
Services, you pay an annual fee 

3631
03:21:52,900 --> 03:21:57,200
for borrowing privileges Public 
education is expanding but still

3632
03:21:57,200 --> 03:22:00,300
limited and literacy rates, 
reflect this reality. 

3633
03:22:01,400 --> 03:22:04,100
Hyde Park and other green spaces
fill with our afternoon 

3634
03:22:04,100 --> 03:22:06,600
strollers. 
The wealthy parade in their 

3635
03:22:06,600 --> 03:22:09,100
Finest Clothing, seeing and 
being seen. 

3636
03:22:10,200 --> 03:22:13,300
The middle class takes more 
modest, walks enjoying, fresh 

3637
03:22:13,300 --> 03:22:16,100
air, that marginally less 
polluted than the streets. 

3638
03:22:16,900 --> 03:22:19,500
The very poor might pass through
on their way to other 

3639
03:22:19,500 --> 03:22:23,000
destinations because leisure 
time is a luxury, they can't 

3640
03:22:23,000 --> 03:22:26,200
afford. 
The light begins to change as 

3641
03:22:26,200 --> 03:22:29,700
after noon progresses toward 
evening, the sun, which has been

3642
03:22:29,708 --> 03:22:33,700
filtering weekly through cloud 
and smoke all day, starts to 

3643
03:22:33,700 --> 03:22:36,900
decline. 
The Shadows length and there's a

3644
03:22:36,900 --> 03:22:38,700
subtle shift in the city's 
energy. 

3645
03:22:38,700 --> 03:22:42,600
The afternoon's purposeful 
activity, begins transitioning 

3646
03:22:42,600 --> 03:22:46,400
toward the evening's different 
rhythms Street vendors, change 

3647
03:22:46,400 --> 03:22:49,800
their offerings, fewer 
vegetables, and flowers, more 

3648
03:22:49,800 --> 03:22:52,900
hot food and small Comforts for 
people heading home from work. 

3649
03:22:53,900 --> 03:22:56,700
The pie sellers do brisk 
business as do. 

3650
03:22:56,700 --> 03:22:59,800
The chestnut Roasters who appear
with their portable braziers 

3651
03:22:59,800 --> 03:23:02,600
filling Corners with the smell 
of roasting nuts. 

3652
03:23:02,600 --> 03:23:05,700
That provides temporary relief 
from Less Pleasant Urban odors. 

3653
03:23:06,900 --> 03:23:09,800
Traffic intensifies as 
businesses, begin, closing and 

3654
03:23:09,800 --> 03:23:12,900
work as head home. 
The Omnibus is become even more 

3655
03:23:12,900 --> 03:23:15,300
crowded packed with people who 
can afford the fare. 

3656
03:23:15,300 --> 03:23:19,200
Those who can't walk off. 
Often considerable distance is 

3657
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:22,200
to reach homes in neighborhoods 
that are cheaper because their 

3658
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:26,100
father from employment centers, 
The Thames, which has been a 

3659
03:23:26,100 --> 03:23:28,200
presence all day. 
You can smell it even when you 

3660
03:23:28,200 --> 03:23:30,900
can't see it. 
Become more prominent As you 

3661
03:23:30,900 --> 03:23:33,900
move toward the river. 
The docks are busy with ships 

3662
03:23:33,900 --> 03:23:37,500
from around the world loading 
and unloading cargo that will be

3663
03:23:37,508 --> 03:23:41,400
distributed throughout Britain. 
The river itself is working in 

3664
03:23:41,400 --> 03:23:45,200
structure crowded with boats of 
every size. 

3665
03:23:45,200 --> 03:23:49,000
All of them contributing to 
London's position as the world's

3666
03:23:49,000 --> 03:23:52,000
largest port. 
Watching the Thames. 

3667
03:23:52,000 --> 03:23:54,700
You reminded that Victorian. 
London was the center of a 

3668
03:23:54,708 --> 03:23:57,800
global Empire. 
The goods moving through those 

3669
03:23:57,800 --> 03:24:02,000
docks come from India. 
Australia, Africa and the 

3670
03:24:02,000 --> 03:24:05,400
Caribbean everywhere that 
British power and trade of 

3671
03:24:05,400 --> 03:24:09,700
reached its impressive and 
troubling simultaneously, The 

3672
03:24:09,708 --> 03:24:13,300
foundation of prosperity built 
on colonialism that won't be 

3673
03:24:13,300 --> 03:24:17,800
questioned for decades yet. 
As Twilight approaches Victorian

3674
03:24:17,800 --> 03:24:21,300
London transforms into something
that's simultaneously, magical 

3675
03:24:21,300 --> 03:24:23,900
and ominous. 
The lamplighters begin. 

3676
03:24:23,900 --> 03:24:27,100
Their rounds men with long 
poles, who walk through the 

3677
03:24:27,100 --> 03:24:29,800
streets, igniting the gas lamps,
that provide nighttime 

3678
03:24:29,800 --> 03:24:33,100
illumination. 
To job that exists only in the 

3679
03:24:33,100 --> 03:24:36,100
brief window between the 
introduction of gaslighting and 

3680
03:24:36,100 --> 03:24:39,000
the arrival of electricity and 
watching them work. 

3681
03:24:39,000 --> 03:24:41,400
Feels like observing a ritual 
from another world. 

3682
03:24:42,300 --> 03:24:45,200
The gas lamps, create pools of 
yellowish light, that push back 

3683
03:24:45,200 --> 03:24:47,100
the darkness without quite 
conquering. 

3684
03:24:47,100 --> 03:24:49,700
It. 
The spaces between lamps remain 

3685
03:24:49,700 --> 03:24:53,800
murky and the overall effect is 
less like illumination and more 

3686
03:24:53,800 --> 03:24:57,400
like punctuation marks of 
brightness in an otherwise, dark

3687
03:24:57,400 --> 03:25:00,300
text. 
The light itself is different 

3688
03:25:00,300 --> 03:25:04,800
from electric lighting, software
warmer and somehow less reliable

3689
03:25:04,800 --> 03:25:06,900
as if it might go out at any 
moment. 

3690
03:25:08,200 --> 03:25:10,600
Quality of the evening. 
Depends, entirely on where you 

3691
03:25:10,600 --> 03:25:12,600
are in London's complex, social 
geography. 

3692
03:25:13,700 --> 03:25:16,300
In the West End, Theatres are 
preparing for their evening 

3693
03:25:16,300 --> 03:25:19,100
performances. 
Theaters themselves are 

3694
03:25:19,100 --> 03:25:22,200
architectural gems to impress 
audiences. 

3695
03:25:22,200 --> 03:25:26,500
Even before the curtain Rises 
gaslighting illuminates, 

3696
03:25:26,500 --> 03:25:30,800
elaborate Interiors decorated, 
with plush and guilt creating an

3697
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:33,800
atmosphere of grandeur. 
That's designed to make 

3698
03:25:33,800 --> 03:25:36,800
attendees feel special, just for
being there. 

3699
03:25:36,800 --> 03:25:41,100
The shows are varied Shakespeare
performed by celebrated actors 

3700
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:45,000
musical entertainments, 
melodramas, that allow audiences

3701
03:25:45,000 --> 03:25:49,000
to boo villains and cheer Heroes
and pantomimes that combined 

3702
03:25:49,000 --> 03:25:51,300
fairy tales with contemporary 
satire. 

3703
03:25:52,100 --> 03:25:55,100
The theater's a social space is 
where different classes, mixed 

3704
03:25:55,100 --> 03:25:58,400
but remain separate the wealthy 
in their private boxes and 

3705
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:02,400
premium seats the middle class 
and the Stalls and the working 

3706
03:26:02,400 --> 03:26:05,400
class in the gallery where 
tickets are cheap and behavior. 

3707
03:26:05,400 --> 03:26:09,500
As Rowdy music Halls offered 
different entertainment for 

3708
03:26:09,500 --> 03:26:15,000
shows, featuring singers dancers
Comedians and Specialty acts. 

3709
03:26:15,000 --> 03:26:19,400
These are less respectable than 
theaters and more working class 

3710
03:26:19,400 --> 03:26:23,000
In Their audience and content. 
The atmosphere is raucous, the 

3711
03:26:23,000 --> 03:26:27,500
humor is Broad and drinking is 
encouraged the Music Hall is 

3712
03:26:27,508 --> 03:26:30,300
where you go to forget, your 
troubles rather than be elevated

3713
03:26:30,300 --> 03:26:32,700
by Art. 
Though, the distinction between 

3714
03:26:32,700 --> 03:26:34,900
the two is often less clear than
Victorian. 

3715
03:26:34,900 --> 03:26:39,300
Moral Guardians would prefer. 
In residential areas evening, 

3716
03:26:39,300 --> 03:26:42,500
routines vary by class, but 
share common rhythms. 

3717
03:26:43,300 --> 03:26:46,500
Families gather for dinner, main
meal of the day for those who 

3718
03:26:46,500 --> 03:26:49,600
can afford it. 
The wealthy eat elaborate 

3719
03:26:49,600 --> 03:26:51,800
Affairs. 
Served in formal dining rooms, 

3720
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:55,600
the middle class, has simpler 
fare but still maintains, proper

3721
03:26:55,600 --> 03:26:59,600
table, manners and conversation.
The working class makes do with 

3722
03:26:59,600 --> 03:27:03,000
whatever they can afford to 
meeting in kitchens that all. 

3723
03:27:03,000 --> 03:27:05,400
So serve, as living rooms 
because their homes are too 

3724
03:27:05,408 --> 03:27:08,300
small for separate spaces after 
dinner. 

3725
03:27:08,300 --> 03:27:11,800
The evening stretches ahead with
far fewer entertainment options 

3726
03:27:11,800 --> 03:27:15,600
than Modern Life provides. 
Without television's computers 

3727
03:27:15,600 --> 03:27:19,800
or phones. 
People read in Hobbies or simply

3728
03:27:19,800 --> 03:27:22,500
talk. 
Let her writing is a common 

3729
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:26,200
evening, activity maintaining 
correspondence, with family and 

3730
03:27:26,200 --> 03:27:29,400
friends requires regular 
attention and the well-educated 

3731
03:27:29,400 --> 03:27:31,900
or expected to be articulate 
writers. 

3732
03:27:32,900 --> 03:27:36,000
For the working class evening, 
might mean a few hours at the 

3733
03:27:36,000 --> 03:27:39,400
pub before exhausted sleep or 
working on peace work projects 

3734
03:27:39,400 --> 03:27:41,600
at home to supplement inadequate
wages. 

3735
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:46,300
Children are put to bed, early, 
partly, because childhood is 

3736
03:27:46,300 --> 03:27:49,200
shorter in Practical terms. 
They'll be working soon enough. 

3737
03:27:49,200 --> 03:27:52,200
So rest now is pragmatic rather 
than coddling. 

3738
03:27:53,000 --> 03:27:54,900
The streets. 
Take on a different character 

3739
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:58,600
after dark respectable. 
People don't linger outside once

3740
03:27:58,600 --> 03:28:02,000
night falls because Victorian 
London has a well-deserved 

3741
03:28:02,000 --> 03:28:04,900
reputation for Crime. 
That's not entirely exaggerated.

3742
03:28:06,000 --> 03:28:09,500
the police, a relatively new 
institutional still finding, its

3743
03:28:09,500 --> 03:28:14,000
footing Troll in pairs their 
presence designed to reassure 

3744
03:28:14,000 --> 03:28:16,600
Laura bite in citizens and deter
criminals. 

3745
03:28:17,400 --> 03:28:20,500
But the city doesn't sleep night
workers are everywhere. 

3746
03:28:20,500 --> 03:28:24,400
Baker starting their work for 
tomorrow's bread like soil. 

3747
03:28:24,400 --> 03:28:27,700
Men collecting waste from 
cesspits and privies and Market 

3748
03:28:27,700 --> 03:28:29,700
workers preparing for the next 
day's business. 

3749
03:28:30,800 --> 03:28:33,700
London operates on overlapping 
schedule's with some people 

3750
03:28:33,700 --> 03:28:35,600
ending their day as others. 
Begin theirs. 

3751
03:28:36,500 --> 03:28:40,300
The fog which cleared someone 
during the day often returned at

3752
03:28:40,300 --> 03:28:42,300
night thicker and more 
oppressive. 

3753
03:28:43,300 --> 03:28:45,600
Combined with the darkness and 
The Limited lighting. 

3754
03:28:45,600 --> 03:28:49,400
Navigating, Victorian London 
after dark requires local 

3755
03:28:49,400 --> 03:28:51,200
knowledge or considerable 
courage. 

3756
03:28:52,000 --> 03:28:55,000
Streets that were merely crowded
during the day become Maize, 

3757
03:28:55,000 --> 03:28:58,600
like and vaguely threatening. 
There's a romance to the evening

3758
03:28:58,600 --> 03:29:01,100
Gaslight that photographers and 
artists of captured. 

3759
03:29:01,100 --> 03:29:03,800
But the lived reality is less 
picturesque. 

3760
03:29:04,600 --> 03:29:07,800
The light is dim enough that 
reading strange, your eyes and 

3761
03:29:07,800 --> 03:29:11,400
many Victorian suffer from 
vision problems, partly because 

3762
03:29:11,400 --> 03:29:14,600
they spend their lives squinting
at things in inadequate 

3763
03:29:14,600 --> 03:29:18,200
illumination. 
The gas Flames, consume oxygen 

3764
03:29:18,200 --> 03:29:22,300
making rooms stuffy and they 
produce their own smell. 

3765
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,900
That adds to the complex, 
olfactory Symphony of Victorian,

3766
03:29:25,900 --> 03:29:29,200
urban life. 
For those with evening, social 

3767
03:29:29,200 --> 03:29:32,600
engagements, dinner, parties 
Card Games, Social calls, 

3768
03:29:32,600 --> 03:29:36,600
elaborate preparations, are 
required evening dresses, 

3769
03:29:36,600 --> 03:29:40,500
formal, and highly specific, and
take substantial time to put on 

3770
03:29:40,500 --> 03:29:43,400
correctly. 
Women's evening gowns. 

3771
03:29:43,400 --> 03:29:47,100
Even more complex than they were
with lower necklines. 

3772
03:29:47,100 --> 03:29:50,600
That scandalize foreign visitors
but a perfectly acceptable 

3773
03:29:50,600 --> 03:29:53,000
within the confines of private 
entertainment. 

3774
03:29:54,200 --> 03:29:56,300
The dinner party is a 
performance where multiple 

3775
03:29:56,300 --> 03:30:00,500
courses are served conversation,
follows strict guidelines about 

3776
03:30:00,500 --> 03:30:04,400
appropriate, topics, and every 
gesture, and word is evaluated. 

3777
03:30:04,400 --> 03:30:06,800
According to social rules that 
have been refined over 

3778
03:30:06,800 --> 03:30:09,600
Generations. 
Getting through an evening 

3779
03:30:09,600 --> 03:30:13,300
without committing some faux par
requires constant attention to 

3780
03:30:13,300 --> 03:30:16,400
Etiquette, that modern people 
would find exhausting. 

3781
03:30:17,400 --> 03:30:21,400
Deep night in Victorian, London 
is when the city reveals its 

3782
03:30:21,400 --> 03:30:24,800
most honest face. 
The social pretenses of daylight

3783
03:30:24,800 --> 03:30:27,300
fade. 
And what remains is a complex 

3784
03:30:27,300 --> 03:30:32,500
ecosystem of people, surviving 
thriving working and sleeping in

3785
03:30:32,500 --> 03:30:34,600
a metropolis that never 
completely stops. 

3786
03:30:34,600 --> 03:30:38,000
Moving. 
The darkness is profound in ways

3787
03:30:38,000 --> 03:30:42,100
that Modern urban dwellers 
rarely experience, even with gas

3788
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:45,500
lamps large portions of London 
remained pitch black after 

3789
03:30:45,500 --> 03:30:48,300
midnight. 
The moon and stars when visible 

3790
03:30:48,300 --> 03:30:51,300
through the Perpetual Haze of 
coal, smoke provides 

3791
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:54,700
supplemental light but it's not 
enough to eliminate the Shadows 

3792
03:30:54,700 --> 03:30:57,600
that dominate the urban 
landscape in wealthier 

3793
03:30:57,600 --> 03:31:00,000
neighborhoods. 
The houses are mostly dark by 11

3794
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:03,900
or midnight, their inhabitants 
are sleep behind heavy curtains 

3795
03:31:03,900 --> 03:31:08,100
that block, both light and cold 
The streets are quiet, except 

3796
03:31:08,100 --> 03:31:09,900
for the occasional late cab 
returning. 

3797
03:31:09,900 --> 03:31:13,300
Someone from an evening 
engagement, the horses, hooves, 

3798
03:31:13,300 --> 03:31:15,900
echoing off the buildings, like 
a heartbeat in the Darkness. 

3799
03:31:16,900 --> 03:31:20,100
But in working-class areas, 
Knight is when the city shows 

3800
03:31:20,100 --> 03:31:23,900
its desperation. 
Homeless people and Victorian. 

3801
03:31:23,900 --> 03:31:28,200
London has thousands of them 
seek shelter in doorways under 

3802
03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:31,700
bridges and anywhere that 
provides minimal protection from

3803
03:31:31,700 --> 03:31:34,400
the elements. 
The workhouses offer beds for 

3804
03:31:34,408 --> 03:31:36,100
those desperate enough to accept
them. 

3805
03:31:36,100 --> 03:31:39,200
But they're so Grim that many 
prefer the streets. 

3806
03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:43,100
The night soil, men, make their 
rounds collecting human waste 

3807
03:31:43,100 --> 03:31:44,700
from cesspits and outdoor 
privies. 

3808
03:31:45,500 --> 03:31:48,900
It's disgusting work, but it 
pays relatively well, because 

3809
03:31:48,900 --> 03:31:52,000
few people will do it. 
They work in the dark hours, 

3810
03:31:52,000 --> 03:31:55,800
partly for practical reasons. 
Waste is easier to transport 

3811
03:31:55,800 --> 03:31:58,500
when the streets are empty and 
partly to spare. 

3812
03:31:58,500 --> 03:32:01,600
Victorian sensibilities, from 
confronting two directly where 

3813
03:32:01,600 --> 03:32:05,800
all the waste goes The Thames at
night is busy with a different 

3814
03:32:05,808 --> 03:32:10,000
traffic cold, barges move 
undercover of Darkness docking 

3815
03:32:10,000 --> 03:32:11,700
at industrial sites along the 
river. 

3816
03:32:12,800 --> 03:32:15,800
Senger Ferry's continue 
operating until late caring 

3817
03:32:15,800 --> 03:32:18,200
people across and along the 
river because bridges are still 

3818
03:32:18,200 --> 03:32:22,300
limited and often congested. 
The water itself is largely 

3819
03:32:22,300 --> 03:32:26,300
invisible in the darkness marked
more by sound and smell and 

3820
03:32:26,300 --> 03:32:29,500
sight. 
Criminal activity, which existed

3821
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:32,200
all hours becomes more Brazen 
after dark. 

3822
03:32:33,000 --> 03:32:35,700
Pickpockets work, the theater 
crowds and Pub districts. 

3823
03:32:36,400 --> 03:32:39,200
Burglars prefer homes where the 
inhabitants were asleep. 

3824
03:32:40,200 --> 03:32:43,000
The police patrol with increased
vigilance, but their vastly 

3825
03:32:43,000 --> 03:32:46,400
outnumbered and Victorian, 
London has plenty of dark 

3826
03:32:46,400 --> 03:32:49,100
Corners, where criminal 
Enterprise can operate 

3827
03:32:49,100 --> 03:32:52,900
relatively undisturbed. 
Sounds of night are different 

3828
03:32:52,900 --> 03:32:56,300
from day without the constant 
Rumble of commercial traffic. 

3829
03:32:56,300 --> 03:32:59,000
Individual sounds become more 
distinct. 

3830
03:32:59,000 --> 03:33:01,700
You can hear voices from open 
windows. 

3831
03:33:01,700 --> 03:33:05,800
The Cry of babies, the arguments
of couples who think the 

3832
03:33:05,800 --> 03:33:09,800
darkness provides privacy. 
The Barking of dogs, the yowling

3833
03:33:09,800 --> 03:33:13,300
of cats and the scarring of rats
that are as much a part of 

3834
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:17,300
Victorian London as the human 
inhabitants, Speaking of rats, 

3835
03:33:17,300 --> 03:33:21,300
Victorian London, has millions 
of them, they live in the sewers

3836
03:33:21,300 --> 03:33:26,000
in the walls of buildings and in
warehouses and shops, feeding on

3837
03:33:26,000 --> 03:33:29,800
the endless supply of waste and 
garbage that a city of several 

3838
03:33:29,800 --> 03:33:34,200
million people producers at 
night, when humans are less 

3839
03:33:34,200 --> 03:33:38,100
active rats, become bold, 
venturing into streets and 

3840
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:41,300
alleys in numbers that would 
horrify modern city dwellers. 

3841
03:33:42,100 --> 03:33:45,500
The night markets operate in 
certain areas selling Goods, 

3842
03:33:45,500 --> 03:33:47,900
that might not stand up to 
Daylight scrutiny. 

3843
03:33:48,600 --> 03:33:52,700
Used clothing, questionable food
items, that might have fallen 

3844
03:33:52,700 --> 03:33:57,000
off the back of a cart. 
The informal economy thrives in 

3845
03:33:57,000 --> 03:33:59,900
the hours, when official 
commerce was closed. these 

3846
03:33:59,900 --> 03:34:03,800
markets, serve people who work 
odd hours or who can only afford

3847
03:34:03,800 --> 03:34:06,800
the cheapest possible Goods 
regardless of their origin, 

3848
03:34:07,800 --> 03:34:10,900
Factory workers on night, shifts
experience, a different London 

3849
03:34:10,900 --> 03:34:13,700
entirely. 
They enter their workplaces and 

3850
03:34:13,700 --> 03:34:18,200
darkness and emerging Darkness 
seeing their homes and families 

3851
03:34:18,200 --> 03:34:20,300
primarily on their one day off 
per week. 

3852
03:34:21,400 --> 03:34:24,300
The factories themselves are lit
by gas lamps that create their 

3853
03:34:24,300 --> 03:34:27,600
own hazards. 
The combination of open flames, 

3854
03:34:27,600 --> 03:34:30,200
and Industrial Machinery has 
predictable results. 

3855
03:34:30,200 --> 03:34:33,000
In fact, Factory fires are a 
regular occurrence. 

3856
03:34:34,100 --> 03:34:36,900
The baker start, their work 
around 3 in the morning, firing 

3857
03:34:36,900 --> 03:34:39,300
up ovens and beginning. 
The process of producing the 

3858
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:41,300
bread that will be sold 
throughout the coming day. 

3859
03:34:42,300 --> 03:34:44,700
Walking past a bakery. 
In the early morning, Darkness 

3860
03:34:44,700 --> 03:34:48,000
the smell of baking bread. 
Provides a moment of pure 

3861
03:34:48,000 --> 03:34:51,600
sensory, pleasure that cuts 
through the usual Urban, odors 

3862
03:34:52,700 --> 03:34:55,800
The new technology of the 
telegraph operates, 24 hours, 

3863
03:34:55,800 --> 03:34:58,900
with operators, sitting in 
offices, sending and receiving 

3864
03:34:58,900 --> 03:35:02,000
messages through the night. 
It's the beginning of the modern

3865
03:35:02,000 --> 03:35:05,200
expectation, that information 
should be available instantly 

3866
03:35:05,200 --> 03:35:07,800
rather than waiting for the next
days, male delivery. 

3867
03:35:08,500 --> 03:35:12,400
Some public houses, stay open 
late operating in a gray area of

3868
03:35:12,400 --> 03:35:15,600
legal and illegal, depending on 
their location and their 

3869
03:35:15,600 --> 03:35:19,400
relationship with local police. 
These late-night establishments,

3870
03:35:19,400 --> 03:35:22,600
serve people who work on hours 
people with nowhere else to go 

3871
03:35:22,600 --> 03:35:25,800
and people who prefer the 
company of the pub to their own 

3872
03:35:25,800 --> 03:35:28,800
lodging. 
The atmosphere is different from

3873
03:35:28,800 --> 03:35:33,100
daytime, drinking quieter or 
desperate less social and more 

3874
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:35,100
about numbing what ever make 
sleep difficult. 

3875
03:35:36,200 --> 03:35:40,000
Hospital Wards operate through 
the night staffed by overworked 

3876
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:43,600
nurses who care for patients and
conditions that are gradually 

3877
03:35:43,600 --> 03:35:46,900
improving but still shockingly 
inadequate by modern standards. 

3878
03:35:48,000 --> 03:35:50,900
Medical understanding is 
advancing rapidly in Victorian 

3879
03:35:50,900 --> 03:35:53,600
England. 
A practical application lags 

3880
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:57,200
behind theoretical knowledge and
hospitals remain places where 

3881
03:35:57,200 --> 03:35:59,200
the poor go because they have no
other option. 

3882
03:36:00,100 --> 03:36:03,700
The churches stand dark and 
locked except for the very 

3883
03:36:03,700 --> 03:36:07,100
largest which maintain small 
chapels open for prayer. 

3884
03:36:08,000 --> 03:36:11,800
Victorian religion is both 
intensely private and intensely 

3885
03:36:11,800 --> 03:36:14,200
public. 
And the after-hours availability

3886
03:36:14,200 --> 03:36:16,800
of religious spaces, reflects 
this complexity. 

3887
03:36:17,800 --> 03:36:21,000
Around four in the morning, 
London begins its transition 

3888
03:36:21,000 --> 03:36:24,300
back toward day. 
The earliest workers start 

3889
03:36:24,300 --> 03:36:26,800
appearing on the streets 
servants beginning. 

3890
03:36:26,800 --> 03:36:30,600
Their Ali routines delivery 
drivers preparing their wagons 

3891
03:36:30,600 --> 03:36:34,200
and Market vendors heading to 
wholesale markets to purchase 

3892
03:36:34,200 --> 03:36:37,400
their stock for the day. 
The darkness starts to feel 

3893
03:36:37,400 --> 03:36:40,900
temporary rather than permanent 
and the city prepares for 

3894
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:43,100
another cycle of its endless 
routine. 

3895
03:36:44,200 --> 03:36:47,500
As Dawn approaches and the sky 
begins, its slow transition from

3896
03:36:47,500 --> 03:36:50,600
black to Gray. 
You find yourself in a quiet 

3897
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:54,100
Square setting. 
On a damp bench watching. 

3898
03:36:54,100 --> 03:36:56,200
Victorian, London, wake up for 
another day. 

3899
03:36:57,800 --> 03:37:01,000
The experience of the past 24 
hours has been overwhelming. 

3900
03:37:01,800 --> 03:37:05,300
Exhausting fascinating and 
occasionally disturbing. 

3901
03:37:06,100 --> 03:37:08,900
everything that reality should 
be, when you strip away the 

3902
03:37:08,900 --> 03:37:13,200
comfortable filtering that 
historical distance provides Fog

3903
03:37:13,200 --> 03:37:15,800
is returning or perhaps it never
really left. 

3904
03:37:16,800 --> 03:37:19,200
The coal fires are being lit in 
thousands of homes. 

3905
03:37:19,200 --> 03:37:22,100
And the smoke is already 
beginning to accumulate in the 

3906
03:37:22,108 --> 03:37:25,500
morning are Soon, the streets 
will fill again with horses 

3907
03:37:25,500 --> 03:37:29,300
people and the complex Machinery
of urban life that somehow 

3908
03:37:29,300 --> 03:37:31,900
functions. 
Despite operating on principles 

3909
03:37:31,900 --> 03:37:34,900
that seem impossibly Antiquated 
from a modern perspective, 

3910
03:37:36,300 --> 03:37:39,000
You've learned Things That No 
book or documentary could have 

3911
03:37:39,000 --> 03:37:41,600
taught you. 
You now know what coal smoke 

3912
03:37:41,600 --> 03:37:45,000
tastes like when it's everywhere
or Genuine cold feels like 

3913
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:48,500
without central heating and what
Urban noise sounds like without 

3914
03:37:48,500 --> 03:37:52,500
sound insulation. 
You understand in your body, not

3915
03:37:52,500 --> 03:37:55,300
just your mind. 
What it means to live without 

3916
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:58,300
electricity without instant 
communication. 

3917
03:37:58,300 --> 03:38:01,800
Without any of the technologies 
that Define modern existence, 

3918
03:38:01,800 --> 03:38:04,800
the social observations have 
been equally educational. 

3919
03:38:04,800 --> 03:38:08,100
You've seen how visible 
inequality is when everyone 

3920
03:38:08,100 --> 03:38:11,400
shares the same public spaces. 
But clearly belongs to different

3921
03:38:11,400 --> 03:38:15,900
worlds, you've noticed how much 
energy Victorian society spent 

3922
03:38:15,900 --> 03:38:19,100
on maintaining social 
distinctions on performing class

3923
03:38:19,100 --> 03:38:23,400
identity and on signaling status
through clothes, speech, and 

3924
03:38:23,400 --> 03:38:26,100
behavior. 
You've been struck by the 

3925
03:38:26,100 --> 03:38:30,100
physicality of Victorian life. 
Everything requires more effort 

3926
03:38:30,100 --> 03:38:33,500
getting dressed. 
Staying warm getting from place 

3927
03:38:33,500 --> 03:38:36,900
to place, obtaining food and 
staying clean. 

3928
03:38:38,300 --> 03:38:41,600
The simple Act of daily 
existence, that modern people 

3929
03:38:41,600 --> 03:38:45,700
accomplish without thought, 
required sustained, attention 

3930
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:48,600
and considerable labor in the 
Victorian era. 

3931
03:38:49,900 --> 03:38:52,300
You've also noticed things that 
Modern Life has lost. 

3932
03:38:53,200 --> 03:38:56,500
The bread tastes better because 
it's made daily from flower that

3933
03:38:56,500 --> 03:38:58,900
hasn't been processed into 
nutritional emptiness. 

3934
03:38:59,900 --> 03:39:02,600
Clothes, despite being 
uncomfortable are made to last 

3935
03:39:02,600 --> 03:39:05,300
and often contain better 
craftsmanship than anything you 

3936
03:39:05,300 --> 03:39:08,000
own. 
The social interactions while 

3937
03:39:08,000 --> 03:39:11,300
formal involve actually looking 
at people and talking to them 

3938
03:39:11,300 --> 03:39:15,500
rather than staring at screens. 
The pace of life is paradoxical.

3939
03:39:15,500 --> 03:39:19,100
Everything takes longer yet 
people seem to accomplish 

3940
03:39:19,100 --> 03:39:23,300
enormous amounts, The Victorian 
era was one of incredible 

3941
03:39:23,300 --> 03:39:28,300
productivity Innovation and 
expansion all achieved without 

3942
03:39:28,300 --> 03:39:31,600
computers without modern 
transportation and without 

3943
03:39:31,600 --> 03:39:35,300
instant communication, it 
suggests that maybe modern 

3944
03:39:35,300 --> 03:39:38,300
efficiency isn't quite as 
efficient as we like to think. 

3945
03:39:39,200 --> 03:39:42,600
Or perhaps the deficiency, isn't
the only measure of a society 

3946
03:39:42,600 --> 03:39:46,600
success, the dangers of 
Victorian, London have been real

3947
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:48,100
and present throughout your 
journey. 

3948
03:39:48,900 --> 03:39:52,500
Disease, accident, crime and 
poverty. 

3949
03:39:52,500 --> 03:39:56,300
All of them are closer to the 
surface than in modern developed

3950
03:39:56,300 --> 03:40:00,600
societies the social safety, 
net, that modern people take for

3951
03:40:00,600 --> 03:40:05,500
granted doesn't exist. if you're
poor sick or unlucky your 

3952
03:40:05,500 --> 03:40:09,500
options range from limited to 
non-existent, The environmental 

3953
03:40:09,500 --> 03:40:12,800
conditions have been a 
revelation, modern people think 

3954
03:40:12,800 --> 03:40:15,800
they understand, historical 
pollution, because they've seen 

3955
03:40:15,800 --> 03:40:20,000
photographs of smoggy cities. 
But photographs, don't convey 

3956
03:40:20,000 --> 03:40:23,400
the taste of the are the way 
smoke, irritates your throat, 

3957
03:40:23,400 --> 03:40:26,400
the omnipresent cold dust that 
settles on everything. 

3958
03:40:27,300 --> 03:40:31,000
The smell of the Thames, all the
sound of thousands of horses 

3959
03:40:31,000 --> 03:40:33,600
producing waste faster than it 
can be collected. 

3960
03:40:34,600 --> 03:40:38,300
Yet, there's Beauty here too. 
The architecture is genuinely 

3961
03:40:38,300 --> 03:40:41,600
impressive built by craftsmen 
who took pride in their work. 

3962
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:45,700
The gaslighting, however, 
inadequate atmospheric effects, 

3963
03:40:45,700 --> 03:40:47,800
that electric lights can't 
match. 

3964
03:40:48,900 --> 03:40:51,600
The sense of community and 
working class neighborhoods, 

3965
03:40:51,600 --> 03:40:56,000
born of shared hardship and 
mutual dependence represents 

3966
03:40:56,000 --> 03:40:59,200
something that modern Suburban 
isolation often Lacks. 

3967
03:41:00,200 --> 03:41:02,900
The people you've observed have 
been the most interesting part. 

3968
03:41:02,900 --> 03:41:05,900
They're not the simplified 
historical figures from 

3969
03:41:05,900 --> 03:41:09,700
textbooks or the Romantic 
characters from period dramas 

3970
03:41:10,400 --> 03:41:13,400
Their complex human beings 
dealing with the specific 

3971
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:16,400
challenges of their time, while 
experiencing the universal 

3972
03:41:16,400 --> 03:41:22,500
aspects of human existence. 
Love ambition, fear, hope 

3973
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:27,000
boredom and joy. 
The children you've seen will 

3974
03:41:27,000 --> 03:41:30,400
grow up to be edwardians to 
experience the first world war 

3975
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:34,800
and perhaps to live in to the 
1950s and wonder at television 

3976
03:41:34,800 --> 03:41:38,100
and jets. 
The young adults you've watched 

3977
03:41:38,100 --> 03:41:41,400
Russian to work, will be the 
elderly of the 1920s and 30s 

3978
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:45,100
Living Bridges between the 
Victorian world and modernity 

3979
03:41:45,100 --> 03:41:50,400
history, isn't separate errors. 
It's continuous Human Experience

3980
03:41:50,400 --> 03:41:53,200
flowing from one generation to 
the next. 

3981
03:41:54,200 --> 03:41:58,000
You realize that Victorian 
London isn't passed its the 

3982
03:41:58,000 --> 03:42:00,700
foundation. 
These sewers being built right 

3983
03:42:00,700 --> 03:42:02,900
now will still be functioning in
the 21st century. 

3984
03:42:02,900 --> 03:42:06,600
The building's you've walked 
past Will Survive Wars and urban

3985
03:42:06,600 --> 03:42:10,600
renewal. the institutions being 
established Public Library's 

3986
03:42:10,600 --> 03:42:15,300
museums schools, hospitals will 
evolve but persist You're not 

3987
03:42:15,308 --> 03:42:18,300
visiting a dead world, you're 
observing the roots of the 

3988
03:42:18,300 --> 03:42:21,400
world, you know. 
The experiences giving you a 

3989
03:42:21,400 --> 03:42:22,900
different perspective on 
progress. 

3990
03:42:23,700 --> 03:42:26,200
Yes. 
Modern Life is more comfortable,

3991
03:42:26,200 --> 03:42:30,800
safer and healthier and offers 
opportunities that victorians 

3992
03:42:30,800 --> 03:42:33,700
couldn't imagine. 
But progress isn't linear 

3993
03:42:33,700 --> 03:42:37,800
Improvement in every aspect. 
The victorians built things to 

3994
03:42:37,800 --> 03:42:42,800
last invested in Beauty, even in
utilitarian projects, and 

3995
03:42:42,800 --> 03:42:45,800
maintained social connections 
that modern efficiency has 

3996
03:42:45,800 --> 03:42:49,600
sometimes eroded. the moral 
complexity is impossible to 

3997
03:42:49,600 --> 03:42:52,900
ignore Victorian, Britain, ruled
an Empire that brought 

3998
03:42:52,900 --> 03:42:56,200
prosperity to some and 
exploitation to many. 

3999
03:42:57,100 --> 03:43:00,200
The wealth visible in London's 
Grand, building's came partly 

4000
03:43:00,200 --> 03:43:04,700
from Colonial extraction. 
Cheap Goods in London shops were

4001
03:43:04,700 --> 03:43:08,400
often produced by Colonial labor
under conditions that would be 

4002
03:43:08,408 --> 03:43:12,000
recognized as exploitative even 
by Victorian standards. 

4003
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:15,600
There's no way to separate. 
Victorian achievement from 

4004
03:43:15,600 --> 03:43:19,800
Victorian imperialism. 
Similarly, the period social 

4005
03:43:19,800 --> 03:43:22,500
progress co-existed with 
shocking and equality. 

4006
03:43:23,800 --> 03:43:27,000
Same society, that was 
expanding, education and 

4007
03:43:27,000 --> 03:43:30,400
improving Public Health. 
Also allowed children to work in

4008
03:43:30,400 --> 03:43:34,600
factories and mine's The era 
that produced great literature 

4009
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:38,300
and scientific advances also 
maintained rigid class barriers,

4010
03:43:38,300 --> 03:43:41,100
and severely, limited women's 
opportunities. 

4011
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:44,300
These contradictions don't 
resolve neatly. 

4012
03:43:45,000 --> 03:43:48,500
The victorians were not villains
or Heroes, they were people 

4013
03:43:48,500 --> 03:43:51,600
working within their societies, 
assumptions, while gradually 

4014
03:43:51,600 --> 03:43:54,300
questioning and changing those 
assumptions. 

4015
03:43:55,700 --> 03:43:58,800
Progress happened because some 
victorians recognize problems 

4016
03:43:58,800 --> 03:44:01,500
and work to address them. 
Not because history 

4017
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:03,400
automatically moves toward 
Justice. 

4018
03:44:04,300 --> 03:44:06,900
The gender dynamics of being 
particularly striking throughout

4019
03:44:06,900 --> 03:44:09,900
your day. 
Women are everywhere but their 

4020
03:44:09,900 --> 03:44:12,600
possibilities are constrained in
ways that would be intolerable 

4021
03:44:12,600 --> 03:44:15,600
to Modern women. 
Working class women labor in 

4022
03:44:15,600 --> 03:44:19,500
factories, shops, and homes. 
Middle class women manage 

4023
03:44:19,500 --> 03:44:22,800
households and raise children 
within narrow, social confines 

4024
03:44:22,800 --> 03:44:26,500
upper class women. 
Perform elaborate social rituals

4025
03:44:26,500 --> 03:44:30,600
that constitute their primary 
occupation The legal status of 

4026
03:44:30,600 --> 03:44:33,500
women is somewhere between 
persons and property depending 

4027
03:44:33,500 --> 03:44:37,600
on their marital status. 
Yet Victorian women or pushing 

4028
03:44:37,600 --> 03:44:42,300
boundaries women write as 
achieving success women, active 

4029
03:44:42,300 --> 03:44:44,700
campaigning for education and 
suffrage. 

4030
03:44:44,700 --> 03:44:47,900
And women workers are organizing
for better conditions. 

4031
03:44:49,000 --> 03:44:51,600
Changes that will transform 
women's lives in the 20th. 

4032
03:44:51,600 --> 03:44:55,700
Century are beginning here. 
In small acts of resistance and 

4033
03:44:55,700 --> 03:44:58,700
assertion that will eventually 
remake Society. 

4034
03:44:59,700 --> 03:45:02,600
The religious atmosphere has 
permeated everything you've 

4035
03:45:02,600 --> 03:45:05,800
experienced. 
Victorian Christianity isn't 

4036
03:45:05,800 --> 03:45:09,400
just Sunday worship, it's a 
framework that shaped social 

4037
03:45:09,400 --> 03:45:12,700
policy, personal behavior, and 
public discourse. 

4038
03:45:13,600 --> 03:45:16,900
Churches are everywhere, 
religious language, infuses 

4039
03:45:16,900 --> 03:45:19,600
ordinary conversation and 
Christian morality. 

4040
03:45:19,600 --> 03:45:23,700
At least its public performance 
is expected of everyone. 

4041
03:45:23,700 --> 03:45:28,000
Regardless of actual belief, but
religious doubt was also present

4042
03:45:28,000 --> 03:45:31,000
growing among intellectuals and 
work as alike. 

4043
03:45:31,800 --> 03:45:34,100
Darwin's theories are being 
discussed and debated. 

4044
03:45:35,000 --> 03:45:37,400
Significant thinking is 
challenging traditional 

4045
03:45:37,400 --> 03:45:40,800
religious explanation. 
The tension between faith and 

4046
03:45:40,808 --> 03:45:43,400
reason that characterizes 
Victorian culture isn't 

4047
03:45:43,400 --> 03:45:45,900
resolved. 
It's actively being worked 

4048
03:45:45,900 --> 03:45:47,900
through by thoughtful people on 
all sides. 

4049
03:45:49,400 --> 03:45:52,200
As you sit in the gradually 
brightening Square, the full 

4050
03:45:52,200 --> 03:45:54,600
cycle of the Victorian day, 
becomes clear. 

4051
03:45:55,700 --> 03:45:58,200
It's not so different in 
structure from Modern days. 

4052
03:45:58,200 --> 03:46:02,200
People, wait, work eat, rest and
sleep. 

4053
03:46:03,200 --> 03:46:05,200
Surface details of change 
dramatically. 

4054
03:46:06,200 --> 03:46:08,600
But the underlying human rhythms
remain constant. 

4055
03:46:09,400 --> 03:46:12,400
People in 1880 had the same 
basic knees and desires as 

4056
03:46:12,400 --> 03:46:16,000
people in the 21st century. 
They just fulfilled them with 

4057
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:18,400
different Technologies and 
within different social 

4058
03:46:18,400 --> 03:46:21,200
structures. 
The experiences also, 

4059
03:46:21,200 --> 03:46:23,300
highlighted how recent modernity
really is. 

4060
03:46:23,300 --> 03:46:27,500
Electric lights, automobiles, 
phones, computers. 

4061
03:46:27,500 --> 03:46:30,800
The Internet. 
All of these arrived within 

4062
03:46:30,800 --> 03:46:34,100
roughly a century. 
A tiny sliver of human history. 

4063
03:46:35,900 --> 03:46:37,700
The Victorian world of gas 
lamps. 

4064
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:41,000
And Horse Transport is separated
from the digital age by just 

4065
03:46:41,000 --> 03:46:44,800
three or four generations. 
Your own grandparents or great. 

4066
03:46:44,800 --> 03:46:47,400
Grandparents, might have been 
born into a world that more 

4067
03:46:47,400 --> 03:46:49,700
closely resembles. 
Victorian, London and 

4068
03:46:49,700 --> 03:46:52,800
contemporary life. 
This proximity Is both 

4069
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:56,500
comforting and unsettling. 
Comforting because it suggests 

4070
03:46:56,500 --> 03:47:00,600
humans are remarkably adaptable.
Victorians coped with their 

4071
03:47:00,600 --> 03:47:03,400
challenges as effectively as 
modern as cope with theirs. 

4072
03:47:04,200 --> 03:47:07,800
Unsettling because it raises 
questions about what aspects of 

4073
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:10,400
modern life will seem as 
Antiquated to Future 

4074
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:13,100
Generations. 
As gaslighting seems to you. 

4075
03:47:14,100 --> 03:47:16,700
The technological changes are 
the most visible differences, 

4076
03:47:16,700 --> 03:47:19,500
but the social changes might be 
more profound. 

4077
03:47:20,400 --> 03:47:23,500
The rigid Victorian class system
has softened in developed 

4078
03:47:23,500 --> 03:47:25,600
countries though it has not 
disappeared. 

4079
03:47:25,600 --> 03:47:29,200
Gender roles have been 
dramatically reimagined. 

4080
03:47:29,200 --> 03:47:33,100
Racial attitudes have evolved 
though imperfectly. 

4081
03:47:33,800 --> 03:47:38,300
Democratic participation has 
expanded individual Freedom, has

4082
03:47:38,308 --> 03:47:42,000
increased in most areas, though,
surveillance capabilities of 

4083
03:47:42,000 --> 03:47:45,000
all. 
So grown The Victorian World 

4084
03:47:45,000 --> 03:47:48,300
believed in hierarchy and 
tradition the modern world 

4085
03:47:48,300 --> 03:47:51,800
celebrates equality and 
Innovation though, both theris 

4086
03:47:51,800 --> 03:47:54,500
often fail to live up to their 
stated values. 

4087
03:47:55,400 --> 03:47:58,900
As the morning strength and the 
city fully awakened around you, 

4088
03:47:58,900 --> 03:48:02,800
you find yourself thinking about
what this imaginary Journey has 

4089
03:48:02,800 --> 03:48:05,400
offered Beyond mere historical 
curiosity. 

4090
03:48:06,400 --> 03:48:08,500
What gifts does Victorian 
London? 

4091
03:48:08,500 --> 03:48:12,300
Give to a modern person willing 
to spend a day in its crowded. 

4092
03:48:12,300 --> 03:48:16,800
Smoky uncomfortable reality. 
First, there's the gift of 

4093
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:19,600
proportion. 
Your own daily complaints. 

4094
03:48:19,600 --> 03:48:22,700
The wife is slow, the coffee 
isn't quite right. 

4095
03:48:22,700 --> 03:48:26,800
The commute to an extra 10 
minutes shrink when compared to 

4096
03:48:26,808 --> 03:48:30,500
Victorian challenges. 
This isn't to say, Modern 

4097
03:48:30,500 --> 03:48:33,500
Problems aren't real. 
But perspective is valuable. 

4098
03:48:34,300 --> 03:48:38,000
Victorians dealt with genuine 
hardship and found reasons to 

4099
03:48:38,000 --> 03:48:41,900
Laugh, Love create and 
persevere. 

4100
03:48:42,600 --> 03:48:45,100
Your own resilience is probably 
greater than you think. 

4101
03:48:46,000 --> 03:48:50,500
Second, there's appreciation for
invisible infrastructure, you'll

4102
03:48:50,500 --> 03:48:54,500
never take clean water 
effective, sewage reliable 

4103
03:48:54,500 --> 03:48:58,000
electricity, or modern medicine 
for granted again after 

4104
03:48:58,000 --> 03:49:02,300
experiencing their absence. 
Complex systems that support 

4105
03:49:02,300 --> 03:49:05,200
Modern Life are easy to ignore 
until you imagine life without 

4106
03:49:05,200 --> 03:49:08,100
them. 
Thousands of people work to 

4107
03:49:08,100 --> 03:49:11,700
build these systems offer in 
difficult conditions and their 

4108
03:49:11,700 --> 03:49:14,000
legacy is the comfort. 
You experience daily. 

4109
03:49:14,900 --> 03:49:18,000
Third is understanding of 
historical change. 

4110
03:49:18,000 --> 03:49:21,500
Victorian London, seemed 
permanent to its inhabitants. 

4111
03:49:21,500 --> 03:49:24,100
The way things. 
Were seemed like the way things 

4112
03:49:24,100 --> 03:49:27,700
would always be. 
Yet, within decades, much of 

4113
03:49:27,700 --> 03:49:31,300
that world had transformed. 
This suggests that your own 

4114
03:49:31,300 --> 03:49:34,600
world which seems stable and 
permanent is actually in 

4115
03:49:34,600 --> 03:49:37,900
constant flux. 
The changes might be gradual 

4116
03:49:37,900 --> 03:49:40,600
enough that you don't notice 
them dated day, but the 

4117
03:49:40,608 --> 03:49:43,700
cumulative effect over time can 
be revolutionary. 

4118
03:49:44,600 --> 03:49:46,700
Forth. 
There's recognition of human 

4119
03:49:46,700 --> 03:49:49,600
constants. 
Spite all the differences 

4120
03:49:49,600 --> 03:49:52,400
victorians worried about their 
children's Futures. 

4121
03:49:52,400 --> 03:49:56,100
Work to improve their 
circumstances fell in love. 

4122
03:49:56,900 --> 03:50:01,900
Experienced loss found joy in 
small things and struggled with 

4123
03:50:01,900 --> 03:50:05,900
meaning and purpose. 
The external circumstances, 

4124
03:50:05,900 --> 03:50:10,000
change the internal human 
experience, remains remarkably 

4125
03:50:10,000 --> 03:50:11,800
consistent across time and 
place. 

4126
03:50:12,800 --> 03:50:15,400
The Victorian emphasis on 
craftsmanship, offers another 

4127
03:50:15,400 --> 03:50:18,900
lesson in a world of 
mass-produced disposable Goods. 

4128
03:50:18,900 --> 03:50:22,000
There's something appealing 
about objects made by skilled 

4129
03:50:22,000 --> 03:50:25,200
hands to last. 
Generation's The Victorian 

4130
03:50:25,200 --> 03:50:28,100
building you've been observing 
with his careful, stonework and 

4131
03:50:28,100 --> 03:50:32,100
decorative details represents an
investment of time and skill 

4132
03:50:32,100 --> 03:50:34,400
that modern construction often 
skips. 

4133
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:38,200
There's value in slowing down 
and doing some things, well, 

4134
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:39,900
rather than doing everything 
quickly. 

4135
03:50:41,000 --> 03:50:42,700
The social interactions you've 
observed. 

4136
03:50:42,700 --> 03:50:46,800
While often, rigid and formal 
involved, genuine attention to 

4137
03:50:46,800 --> 03:50:50,500
the people physically present. 
No one is checking their phones 

4138
03:50:50,500 --> 03:50:52,900
during conversations because 
phones don't exist. 

4139
03:50:52,900 --> 03:50:55,300
People. 
Look at each other listen to 

4140
03:50:55,300 --> 03:51:00,400
each other and engage directly. 
the Victorian social world for 

4141
03:51:00,400 --> 03:51:03,800
all its flaws, required presence
and ways that Modern Life 

4142
03:51:03,800 --> 03:51:07,000
sometimes doesn't the 
experiences also, highlighted 

4143
03:51:07,000 --> 03:51:10,100
the value of struggle in ways, 
that comfortable Modern Life, 

4144
03:51:10,100 --> 03:51:13,800
sometimes obscures The 
victorians Who improve their 

4145
03:51:13,800 --> 03:51:17,200
circumstances. 
Learn new skills or contributed 

4146
03:51:17,200 --> 03:51:20,100
to social progress. 
Often did so against significant

4147
03:51:20,100 --> 03:51:22,200
obstacles. 
There are achievements. 

4148
03:51:22,200 --> 03:51:24,700
Meant something partly, because 
they were difficult. 

4149
03:51:25,600 --> 03:51:29,200
Modern life's conveniences, 
wonderful, but perhaps something

4150
03:51:29,200 --> 03:51:31,000
is lost when everything becomes 
easy. 

4151
03:51:32,200 --> 03:51:34,800
There's all a lesson in 
Victorian London's combination 

4152
03:51:34,800 --> 03:51:38,500
of grandeur and squalor. 
Same society that built 

4153
03:51:38,500 --> 03:51:42,400
magnificent, public buildings 
and expanded museums, and 

4154
03:51:42,400 --> 03:51:46,700
libraries, all tolerated, 
horrific slums, and child labor,

4155
03:51:48,300 --> 03:51:51,700
This suggests that material 
progress doesn't automatically 

4156
03:51:51,700 --> 03:51:56,700
produce moral progress. 
Society must consciously chose 

4157
03:51:56,700 --> 03:52:01,200
to extend opportunities and 
protections broadly, not just a 

4158
03:52:01,200 --> 03:52:04,200
privileged groups. 
The Victorian relationship with 

4159
03:52:04,200 --> 03:52:07,600
nature, which you've observed in
the carefully, maintained parks 

4160
03:52:07,600 --> 03:52:12,300
and the disregard for air and 
water quality reveals a society,

4161
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:15,200
still figuring out how to 
balance industrial progress with

4162
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:18,600
environmental health. 
They hadn't yet recognized that 

4163
03:52:18,600 --> 03:52:22,500
natural systems have limits, 
modern society knows this, but 

4164
03:52:22,500 --> 03:52:24,100
struggles to act on that 
knowledge. 

4165
03:52:25,000 --> 03:52:28,000
The Victorian mistakes off a 
warnings, but modern people 

4166
03:52:28,000 --> 03:52:31,400
can't claim moral superiority 
while making similar mistakes 

4167
03:52:31,400 --> 03:52:35,200
with greater knowledge. 
The diversity of Victorian 

4168
03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:38,900
London immigrants from across 
the Empire, visitors from around

4169
03:52:38,900 --> 03:52:43,200
the world and people from every 
British region, reminds you that

4170
03:52:43,200 --> 03:52:46,300
cities of always been meeting 
places of different cultures. 

4171
03:52:46,300 --> 03:52:50,000
The Victorian response was often
to maintain strict, social 

4172
03:52:50,000 --> 03:52:54,100
hierarchies, but the mere 
presence of diversity was slowly

4173
03:52:54,100 --> 03:52:56,800
undermining. 
Those higher Keys, cities, 

4174
03:52:56,800 --> 03:53:00,600
change people by exposing them 
to different Victorian. 

4175
03:53:00,600 --> 03:53:04,300
London was doing this work even 
when Victorian ideology resisted

4176
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:06,200
it. 
The evening, entertainment 

4177
03:53:06,200 --> 03:53:10,300
options, you observed, theaters,
music Halls, pubs social visits,

4178
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:13,600
suggests that humans need more 
than work and survival. 

4179
03:53:14,300 --> 03:53:18,200
Even in difficult circumstances,
people sought Beauty, laughed, a

4180
03:53:18,200 --> 03:53:21,700
connection and meaning. 
The Victorian investment in 

4181
03:53:21,700 --> 03:53:25,300
public culture, museums 
library's Parks performance 

4182
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:29,500
spaces, reflected a belief that 
culture matters that people 

4183
03:53:29,500 --> 03:53:33,100
deserve access to beauty and 
knowledge, regardless of their 

4184
03:53:33,100 --> 03:53:36,800
economic status, Victorian 
earnestness, which modern people

4185
03:53:36,800 --> 03:53:40,100
often mock. 
Actually, reflects an admirable 

4186
03:53:40,100 --> 03:53:44,200
quality. the belief that 
individual actions matter that 

4187
03:53:44,200 --> 03:53:47,100
moral Behavior makes a 
difference and that trying to be

4188
03:53:47,100 --> 03:53:51,500
better is worthwhile The 
specific moral codes were flawed

4189
03:53:51,500 --> 03:53:54,400
but the underlying commitment to
ethical, living and social 

4190
03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:58,900
responsibility offers something 
valuable the square where you've

4191
03:53:58,900 --> 03:54:02,400
been sitting is now fully awake.
The vendors of set up, the 

4192
03:54:02,400 --> 03:54:05,500
traffic is building and the 
working day has begun and 

4193
03:54:05,500 --> 03:54:07,700
somewhere. 
In this moment you feel the 

4194
03:54:07,700 --> 03:54:11,600
gentle pulled backward toward 
your own time, your own world 

4195
03:54:11,600 --> 03:54:14,900
and your own comfortable bed 
with its modern mattress and 

4196
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:19,000
Central Heating. 
The transition happens gradually

4197
03:54:19,000 --> 03:54:22,000
like waking from a particularly 
Vivid dream. 

4198
03:54:23,000 --> 03:54:27,100
The sound of Victorian London, 
the horses, the street vendors, 

4199
03:54:27,100 --> 03:54:31,200
The Peculiar acts of Victorian 
speech, begin to fade. 

4200
03:54:32,200 --> 03:54:35,600
Smells diminish. 
Taste of coal, smoke leaves your

4201
03:54:35,608 --> 03:54:38,500
mouth. 
A physical sensations of 

4202
03:54:38,508 --> 03:54:43,700
Victorian clothing, Victorian 
cold, and diminish and Victorian

4203
03:54:43,700 --> 03:54:47,200
Stone beneath your feet. 
All gently received. 

4204
03:54:48,300 --> 03:54:51,200
You're aware of your body in 
your own bed, in your own time. 

4205
03:54:51,200 --> 03:54:54,500
The sheets are soft. 
The temperature is comfortable, 

4206
03:54:54,500 --> 03:54:58,200
and the air is clean. 
You can hear modern sounds, 

4207
03:54:58,200 --> 03:55:01,500
perhaps, traffic, that's 
motorized rather than horse 

4208
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:04,400
drawn of electronics. 
Sounds that wouldn't make sense 

4209
03:55:04,400 --> 03:55:07,100
to have Victorian. 
But you bring something back 

4210
03:55:07,100 --> 03:55:08,700
with you from your Victorian 
day. 

4211
03:55:09,500 --> 03:55:12,200
Not physical objects. 
You can't bring Victorian coins 

4212
03:55:12,200 --> 03:55:15,700
or newspapers into your modern 
world. what you bring is 

4213
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:19,900
understanding the kind that only
comes from imagined experience 

4214
03:55:19,900 --> 03:55:23,900
rather than abstract knowledge 
You understand now why your 

4215
03:55:23,900 --> 03:55:26,100
great grandparents or great? 
Great grandparents might have 

4216
03:55:26,100 --> 03:55:30,100
had certain habits that seemed 
odd to their grandchildren, why 

4217
03:55:30,100 --> 03:55:33,200
they saved string and wash 
plastic bags and treated bread 

4218
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:36,400
with reverence. 
They grew up in or closer to a 

4219
03:55:36,400 --> 03:55:40,000
world where such things had real
value, where wastefulness wasn't

4220
03:55:40,000 --> 03:55:43,400
just inefficient, but genuinely 
harmful to survival. 

4221
03:55:44,800 --> 03:55:47,600
You understand why Victorian 
literature often focuses on 

4222
03:55:47,600 --> 03:55:51,200
social class and reputation. 
When your social position 

4223
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:54,400
determined your opportunities. 
So completely, and when 

4224
03:55:54,400 --> 03:55:57,800
reputational was the primary 
form of social capital, of 

4225
03:55:57,800 --> 03:55:59,500
course people, obsessed over 
these things. 

4226
03:55:59,500 --> 03:56:02,900
The Victorian emphasis on 
propriety wasn't just 

4227
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:06,800
prudishness. 
It was a survival strategy. you 

4228
03:56:06,800 --> 03:56:09,800
understand why the transition to
Modern Life was both eagerly 

4229
03:56:09,800 --> 03:56:13,700
embraced and sometimes more and 
The victorians who lived in to 

4230
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:16,600
the 20th century, experience 
changes that must have felt like

4231
03:56:16,600 --> 03:56:20,500
moving to another planet. 
Indoor, plumbing, electricity, 

4232
03:56:20,500 --> 03:56:25,100
automobiles, movies, and radio. 
Each one represented, a 

4233
03:56:25,100 --> 03:56:29,000
fundamental shift in how daily 
life functioned The experience 

4234
03:56:29,000 --> 03:56:33,300
has made history feel more real 
less like a series of dates and 

4235
03:56:33,300 --> 03:56:37,000
events and more like the lived 
experience of actual humans, 

4236
03:56:37,000 --> 03:56:41,000
dealing with their specific 
challenges, the Victorian era, 

4237
03:56:41,000 --> 03:56:45,000
wasn't a unified period, moving 
inexorably toward modernity. 

4238
03:56:46,000 --> 03:56:49,300
It was thousands of days like 
the one you just experienced 

4239
03:56:49,300 --> 03:56:53,200
filled with ordinary people 
making ordinary decisions that 

4240
03:56:53,200 --> 03:56:57,300
cumulatively created change. 
You also understand better, why 

4241
03:56:57,300 --> 03:57:01,600
certain problems persist 
inequality environmental damage,

4242
03:57:01,600 --> 03:57:06,200
exploitation and discrimination,
these existed in Victorian 

4243
03:57:06,200 --> 03:57:10,500
London in existence now. 
The specific manifestations 

4244
03:57:10,500 --> 03:57:13,800
change. 
The underlying human Tendencies 

4245
03:57:13,800 --> 03:57:16,600
towards selfishness short, 
sightedness and tribalism. 

4246
03:57:16,600 --> 03:57:20,100
Remain constant. 
Progress requires conscious 

4247
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:22,900
effort, not just the passage of 
time. 

4248
03:57:23,700 --> 03:57:26,400
The technological optimism. 
You might have felt before this 

4249
03:57:26,400 --> 03:57:28,400
journey is now tempered by 
recognition. 

4250
03:57:28,400 --> 03:57:31,700
The technology solve some 
problems while creating others. 

4251
03:57:33,000 --> 03:57:35,500
The victorians thought Railways 
and telegraphs would 

4252
03:57:35,500 --> 03:57:38,400
revolutionize society and bring 
Universal peace. 

4253
03:57:38,400 --> 03:57:42,300
There are partly right about the
revolution, but completely wrong

4254
03:57:42,300 --> 03:57:45,300
about the peace. 
Modern faith in technological 

4255
03:57:45,300 --> 03:57:47,600
solutions might be similarly 
naive. 

4256
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:49,600
Yet. 
There's also hope in the 

4257
03:57:49,608 --> 03:57:52,600
Victorian example. 
They may genuine progress on 

4258
03:57:52,600 --> 03:57:56,400
many fronts, public health 
education, scientific 

4259
03:57:56,400 --> 03:58:01,400
understanding and social reform.
Changes were often gradual and 

4260
03:58:01,400 --> 03:58:05,400
incomplete, but they were real. 
If victorians could improve 

4261
03:58:05,400 --> 03:58:09,100
their society despite greater 
obstacles, perhaps, modern 

4262
03:58:09,100 --> 03:58:11,100
people can address their 
challenges, too. 

4263
03:58:12,100 --> 03:58:15,300
As you lie in your comfortable 
bed, fully return to your own 

4264
03:58:15,300 --> 03:58:17,800
time. 
The contrast between Victorian 

4265
03:58:17,800 --> 03:58:20,300
London and Modern Life feels 
almost absurd. 

4266
03:58:21,000 --> 03:58:24,500
You can reach over and turn on a
light without leaving bed, you 

4267
03:58:24,500 --> 03:58:27,500
can adjust the temperature with 
a thermostat, you can check the 

4268
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:31,100
weather, the news and messages 
from friends, using a device 

4269
03:58:31,100 --> 03:58:33,400
that would have seemed like 
magic to victorians. 

4270
03:58:34,200 --> 03:58:35,800
The bathroom attached to your 
bedroom. 

4271
03:58:35,800 --> 03:58:39,100
Would have been a luxury Beyond 
imagining for most victorians, 

4272
03:58:39,100 --> 03:58:44,600
hot water, from a tap, a flush 
toilet, a shower, towels that 

4273
03:58:44,600 --> 03:58:48,700
you don't have to wash by hand. 
Each element represents Decades 

4274
03:58:48,700 --> 03:58:51,100
of engineering Innovation and 
infrastructure investment. 

4275
03:58:52,100 --> 03:58:55,100
The simple Act of taking a 
morning shower involves systems 

4276
03:58:55,100 --> 03:58:57,900
that victorians would have 
considered science fiction. 

4277
03:58:57,900 --> 03:59:02,400
Your breakfast options would 
Amaze a Victorian fresh fruit 

4278
03:59:02,400 --> 03:59:05,400
from other hemispheres. 
Coffee from distant continents 

4279
03:59:05,400 --> 03:59:09,800
bread that stays fresh for days,
refrigerated dairy, products, 

4280
03:59:09,800 --> 03:59:14,200
and cereals, and vented, after 
the Victorian era ended the 

4281
03:59:14,200 --> 03:59:18,000
Victorian breakfast was porridge
bread, perhaps eggs, if you 

4282
03:59:18,000 --> 03:59:21,100
could afford them, Foods that 
were locally produced, because 

4283
03:59:21,100 --> 03:59:23,200
long distance, food transport 
was limited. 

4284
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:27,400
Getting dressed takes minutes 
and stead of the extended 

4285
03:59:27,400 --> 03:59:29,500
process. 
Victorian clothing, required. 

4286
03:59:29,500 --> 03:59:33,800
No course, its no button hooks. 
No layers of undergarments 

4287
03:59:33,800 --> 03:59:38,800
modern clothing, prioritizes 
comfort and convenience over the

4288
03:59:38,800 --> 03:59:43,100
elaborate social signaling that 
Victorian performed You can 

4289
03:59:43,108 --> 03:59:46,000
dress yourself without 
assistance, which was a 

4290
03:59:46,000 --> 03:59:48,700
privilege reserved for lower 
classes in Victorian times. 

4291
03:59:48,700 --> 03:59:52,900
The wealthy needed servants to 
manage their complex wardrobes 

4292
03:59:52,900 --> 03:59:56,600
your commute, however 
frustrating it might sometimes 

4293
03:59:56,600 --> 04:00:01,100
feel would seem miraculous to 
victorians Whether you drive 

4294
04:00:01,100 --> 04:00:05,500
take public transit or work from
home, your covering distance is 

4295
04:00:05,500 --> 04:00:08,300
that would have required hours 
of travel in Victorian times. 

4296
04:00:09,100 --> 04:00:12,300
the modern city is physically 
larger than Victorian London, 

4297
04:00:12,300 --> 04:00:15,600
because transportation 
technology allows people to live

4298
04:00:15,600 --> 04:00:19,600
farther from their workplaces, 
Your workplace itself, reflects 

4299
04:00:19,600 --> 04:00:22,800
changes the victorians initiated
but couldn't complete. 

4300
04:00:23,500 --> 04:00:25,500
The office workers. 
You observed in Victorian. 

4301
04:00:25,500 --> 04:00:27,700
London were pioneering a new 
kind of work. 

4302
04:00:28,500 --> 04:00:31,800
Clerical, labor, that required 
literacy and numeracy but not 

4303
04:00:31,800 --> 04:00:34,900
physical strength. 
Modern knowledge work. 

4304
04:00:34,900 --> 04:00:37,600
Extends that Victorian 
Innovation though. 

4305
04:00:37,600 --> 04:00:40,300
It's now mediated through 
computers rather than paper 

4306
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:44,200
ledgers the safety standards you
take for granted would astounded

4307
04:00:44,200 --> 04:00:48,200
victorians. 
Workplace, regulations food 

4308
04:00:48,200 --> 04:00:51,600
safety, building codes, traffic 
laws. 

4309
04:00:51,600 --> 04:00:55,300
All of these represent hard one 
Victory by reformers who 

4310
04:00:55,300 --> 04:00:59,100
recognize that industrialization
without regulation was killing 

4311
04:00:59,100 --> 04:01:02,000
people. 
Every modern safety feature 

4312
04:01:02,000 --> 04:01:06,000
exists, because someone suffered
its absence Your access to 

4313
04:01:06,000 --> 04:01:08,300
information would seem Godlike 
to victorians. 

4314
04:01:09,000 --> 04:01:12,000
The accumulated knowledge of 
humanity is available instantly 

4315
04:01:12,000 --> 04:01:15,400
through your devices. 
The Victorian scholar who spent 

4316
04:01:15,400 --> 04:01:18,300
hours in library's research. 
In basic facts would be 

4317
04:01:18,308 --> 04:01:21,500
astonished that you can access 
the same information in seconds 

4318
04:01:21,500 --> 04:01:24,800
while lying in bed. 
Your medical care represents 

4319
04:01:24,800 --> 04:01:27,500
advances, that would seem 
miraculous in Victorian times. 

4320
04:01:28,300 --> 04:01:31,800
Antibiotics alone have saved 
more lives than any other single

4321
04:01:31,800 --> 04:01:35,700
invention. 
Add modern surgery, Diagnostic 

4322
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:40,700
Imaging, vaccines, dental care 
and treatments for conditions 

4323
04:01:40,700 --> 04:01:43,400
that were death sentences in 
Victorian times. 

4324
04:01:43,400 --> 04:01:46,100
And the Improvement is 
staggering. 

4325
04:01:47,100 --> 04:01:52,100
The Victorian infant mortality 
rate was roughly 150 per 1,000 

4326
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:55,300
births. 
In developed countries, today is

4327
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:59,100
under five per 1,000. 
Your life expectancy is 

4328
04:01:59,100 --> 04:02:01,300
dramatically longer than the 
Victorian average. 

4329
04:02:02,200 --> 04:02:05,000
A baby born in Victorian 
Britain, could expect to live 

4330
04:02:05,008 --> 04:02:09,100
about 45 years. 
A baby born in a country today 

4331
04:02:09,100 --> 04:02:13,300
can expect to live past 80 those
additional decades represent 

4332
04:02:13,300 --> 04:02:17,000
millions of person years of 
additional Human Experience of 

4333
04:02:17,000 --> 04:02:20,300
knowledge, gained of 
relationships developed and of 

4334
04:02:20,300 --> 04:02:25,200
contributions made. yet, with 
all these advantages modern life

4335
04:02:25,200 --> 04:02:29,000
brings challenges that 
Victoria's never faced, Constant

4336
04:02:29,000 --> 04:02:30,900
connectivity. 
That puts the world at your 

4337
04:02:30,900 --> 04:02:33,800
fingertips. 
Also means you're never truly 

4338
04:02:33,800 --> 04:02:36,800
unreachable. 
The Abundant of choices can 

4339
04:02:36,800 --> 04:02:39,000
become overwhelming rather than 
liberating. 

4340
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:43,300
The rapid pace of change can 
create anxiety about keeping up.

4341
04:02:44,000 --> 04:02:46,500
The decline of traditional 
communities can lead to 

4342
04:02:46,500 --> 04:02:50,700
isolation despite unprecedented 
communication capabilities. 

4343
04:02:50,700 --> 04:02:53,900
The environmental costs of 
Modern Life are also becoming 

4344
04:02:53,900 --> 04:02:56,500
unavoidable. 
Victorians damage. 

4345
04:02:56,500 --> 04:02:59,600
Their local environments. 
The Thames was essentially a 

4346
04:02:59,600 --> 04:03:03,600
toxic waste dump but modern 
industrial society has scaled up

4347
04:03:03,608 --> 04:03:07,400
those impacts to a global level.
Climate change, biodiversity 

4348
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:12,400
loss and ocean acidification. 
These problems didn't exist in 

4349
04:03:12,400 --> 04:03:15,700
Victorian times, because human 
industrial capacity was more 

4350
04:03:15,700 --> 04:03:19,200
limited. 
Progress in material Comfort has

4351
04:03:19,200 --> 04:03:22,200
come with ecological costs. 
That future Generations will 

4352
04:03:22,200 --> 04:03:25,300
bear. 
The social fragmentation that 

4353
04:03:25,300 --> 04:03:28,100
characterizes Modern Life Would 
puzzle victorians. 

4354
04:03:28,900 --> 04:03:32,100
Their society was rigid and 
often cruel but it was also 

4355
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:35,900
coherent in ways. 
Modern society isn't Most 

4356
04:03:35,900 --> 04:03:38,800
Victorian shared basic 
assumptions about religion, 

4357
04:03:38,800 --> 04:03:41,600
morality and social 
organization. 

4358
04:03:42,500 --> 04:03:45,700
Modern pluralism, brings 
freedom, but also uncertain 

4359
04:03:45,700 --> 04:03:48,000
about shared values and common 
purpose. 

4360
04:03:49,000 --> 04:03:51,700
The comparison isn't meant to 
suggest Victorian life was 

4361
04:03:51,700 --> 04:03:55,000
better. 
Clearly wasn't by almost any 

4362
04:03:55,000 --> 04:03:58,300
measure. 
Rather it's to recognize that 

4363
04:03:58,300 --> 04:04:01,900
progress in one dimension, 
doesn't automatically mean 

4364
04:04:01,900 --> 04:04:06,200
progress in all dimensions. 
Modern Life is more comfortable,

4365
04:04:06,200 --> 04:04:10,300
safer, healthier and offers more
individual freedom than 

4366
04:04:10,300 --> 04:04:14,500
Victorian life. 
But is also more complex, more 

4367
04:04:14,500 --> 04:04:17,500
fast-paced and in some ways more
isolating. 

4368
04:04:18,300 --> 04:04:21,400
As you start your modern day 
going about routines, that would

4369
04:04:21,400 --> 04:04:25,000
seem Fantastical to victorians, 
you carry something valuable 

4370
04:04:25,000 --> 04:04:28,800
from your imaginary Journey. 
It's not Nostalgia for a past 

4371
04:04:28,800 --> 04:04:30,900
that was genuinely harder and 
often cruel. 

4372
04:04:30,900 --> 04:04:34,500
It's perspective. 
The ability to see your own life

4373
04:04:34,500 --> 04:04:37,400
with fresh Eyes. 
By comparing it to a different 

4374
04:04:37,400 --> 04:04:40,300
way of living. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

4375
04:04:40,300 --> 04:04:43,100
craftsmanship might inspire you 
to Value quality over 

4376
04:04:43,100 --> 04:04:46,300
convenience sometimes. 
Their investment in public 

4377
04:04:46,300 --> 04:04:50,100
institutions, might encourage 
you to support libraries museums

4378
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:52,400
and Parks their social 
connections. 

4379
04:04:52,400 --> 04:04:56,100
However, formal might remind you
to occasionally, put down your 

4380
04:04:56,100 --> 04:04:59,200
device's and actually talk to 
the people, physically present, 

4381
04:04:59,200 --> 04:05:03,400
the Victorian struggles for a 
four, better working conditions,

4382
04:05:03,400 --> 04:05:07,700
expanded education, improve 
Public Health, remind you, that 

4383
04:05:07,700 --> 04:05:11,500
progress requires effort. 
The improvements you enjoy 

4384
04:05:11,500 --> 04:05:14,700
weren't inevitable. 
They were achieved by people who

4385
04:05:14,700 --> 04:05:17,200
recognize problems and work to 
solve them. 

4386
04:05:18,000 --> 04:05:21,700
Your generation faces different 
challenges, but the principle 

4387
04:05:21,700 --> 04:05:25,900
Remains the Same change requires
intentional effort, not just 

4388
04:05:25,900 --> 04:05:29,400
complaints about current 
conditions, the Victorian 

4389
04:05:29,400 --> 04:05:33,800
mistakes, their environmental 
damage their imperialism, their 

4390
04:05:33,800 --> 04:05:37,900
rigid social hierarchies, their 
limited opportunities for women 

4391
04:05:37,900 --> 04:05:40,100
and minorities serve as 
warnings. 

4392
04:05:41,200 --> 04:05:43,700
Having more knowledge than the 
victorians, doesn't make modern 

4393
04:05:43,700 --> 04:05:47,500
people morally Superior unless 
that knowledge produces better 

4394
04:05:47,500 --> 04:05:50,500
actions. 
Test isn't what you know. 

4395
04:05:50,500 --> 04:05:54,200
But what you do with that 
knowledge Share human 

4396
04:05:54,200 --> 04:05:55,800
resilience. 
You observe throughout your 

4397
04:05:55,800 --> 04:05:58,900
Victorian Day offers 
encouragement for handling 

4398
04:05:58,900 --> 04:06:02,800
modern challenges. 
People could maintain hope, find

4399
04:06:02,800 --> 04:06:06,600
Joy, create Beauty and work for 
better Futures while dealing 

4400
04:06:06,600 --> 04:06:10,100
with Victorian hardships. 
Modern problems are all so 

4401
04:06:10,100 --> 04:06:12,000
manageable despite their 
complexity. 

4402
04:06:12,900 --> 04:06:15,300
The Victorian day of imagined as
giving you a gift. 

4403
04:06:15,308 --> 04:06:18,100
That history, always offers when
approached with openness 

4404
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:22,200
context. 
Your own life exists within a 

4405
04:06:22,200 --> 04:06:25,800
specific historical moment 
shaped by decisions made by 

4406
04:06:25,808 --> 04:06:29,500
previous generations and shaping
the options available to Future 

4407
04:06:29,500 --> 04:06:32,900
Generations. 
Understanding, this continuity 

4408
04:06:32,900 --> 04:06:35,000
can be both humbling and 
empowering. 

4409
04:06:36,700 --> 04:06:39,400
As you move through your modern 
day, driving cars that 

4410
04:06:39,400 --> 04:06:42,700
victorians couldn't imagine 
using technology, that would 

4411
04:06:42,700 --> 04:06:45,700
seem like magic solving problems
that didn't exist. 

4412
04:06:45,700 --> 04:06:48,800
In Victorian times. 
You might occasionally think 

4413
04:06:48,800 --> 04:06:52,900
about the Victorian day you 
experience. not to wish you were

4414
04:06:52,900 --> 04:06:57,700
there, but to appreciate where 
you are and maybe, just maybe 

4415
04:06:57,700 --> 04:07:01,500
you'll wonder what someone from 
2150 with think about your life 

4416
04:07:01,500 --> 04:07:05,700
in the early 21st century, What 
aspects of your daily routine 

4417
04:07:05,700 --> 04:07:07,600
would seem charmingly 
Antiquated? 

4418
04:07:07,600 --> 04:07:10,400
What problems would they be 
amazed you? 

4419
04:07:10,400 --> 04:07:12,900
Tolerated? 
What technologies would they 

4420
04:07:12,900 --> 04:07:16,400
find amusingly primitive? 
What aspects of your life? 

4421
04:07:16,400 --> 04:07:18,000
Would they Envy or want to 
preserve? 

4422
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:22,500
History isn't just about the 
past is about understanding that

4423
04:07:22,500 --> 04:07:26,700
the present is temporary, the 
changes constant and that every 

4424
04:07:26,700 --> 04:07:29,000
generation faces its own 
challenges. 

4425
04:07:29,000 --> 04:07:32,000
While benefiting from dealing 
with the consequences of 

4426
04:07:32,000 --> 04:07:36,300
previous generations choices. 
Victorian London is gone. 

4427
04:07:37,000 --> 04:07:39,900
Transformed by More Than A 
Century of change. 

4428
04:07:40,600 --> 04:07:43,500
But it's not lost. 
It lives in the infrastructure, 

4429
04:07:43,500 --> 04:07:47,800
it build in the institutions it 
established in the ideas. 

4430
04:07:47,800 --> 04:07:52,100
It developed in the problems, it
created and in the solutions at 

4431
04:07:52,100 --> 04:07:56,500
pioneered, you walk on Victorian
foundations every day whether 

4432
04:07:56,500 --> 04:07:59,500
you realize it or not. 
And perhaps that's the most 

4433
04:07:59,500 --> 04:08:01,500
important lesson from your 
imaginary. 

4434
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:05,000
Victorian day. 
You too are building foundations

4435
04:08:05,000 --> 04:08:06,600
for future. 
You'll never see. 

4436
04:08:07,500 --> 04:08:10,900
Your choices, your actions and 
your societies decisions. 

4437
04:08:10,900 --> 04:08:14,500
All of these will influence the 
world that people experienced 

4438
04:08:14,500 --> 04:08:18,100
Generations from now. 
The victorians couldn't have 

4439
04:08:18,100 --> 04:08:20,500
imagined your life but they 
shake it. 

4440
04:08:20,500 --> 04:08:23,300
Nonetheless. 
You can't imagine the world of 

4441
04:08:23,300 --> 04:08:28,200
200150, but your helping to 
create it with every choice you 

4442
04:08:28,200 --> 04:08:29,700
make. 
Sleep. 

4443
04:08:29,700 --> 04:08:32,200
Well, tonight in your 
comfortable bed with its modern 

4444
04:08:32,200 --> 04:08:36,700
mattress and climate control. 
Dream perhaps of gas-lit streets

4445
04:08:36,700 --> 04:08:40,800
and horse drawn carriages of a 
world that managed to functional

4446
04:08:40,800 --> 04:08:44,300
without any of the Technologies.
You can consider a central and 

4447
04:08:44,300 --> 04:08:46,300
wake to Morrow with fresh 
appreciation. 

4448
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:50,200
For the complex imperfect 
remarkable world you inhabit. 

4449
04:08:51,000 --> 04:08:53,000
A world. 
That's different from Victorian.

4450
04:08:53,000 --> 04:08:56,600
London were connected to it by 
The Continuous thread of Human 

4451
04:08:56,600 --> 04:08:59,100
Experience. 
Reaching back through centuries 

4452
04:08:59,100 --> 04:09:01,700
and forward, into Futures Yet, 
To Be Imagined. 

4453
04:09:07,400 --> 04:09:09,500
The Morning, Mist hung thick and
cool. 

4454
04:09:09,500 --> 04:09:12,600
Cloaking, the sacred grove in 
ethereal silence as the 

4455
04:09:12,608 --> 04:09:15,300
villagers gathered quietly 
beneath the Towering Oak. 

4456
04:09:15,300 --> 04:09:19,800
Its ancient branches stretched 
wide leaves Whispering softly in

4457
04:09:19,800 --> 04:09:22,600
the gentle breeze. 
At the center of this Gathering.

4458
04:09:22,600 --> 04:09:26,000
Stood, the Druid, his white 
robes glowing softly against the

4459
04:09:26,000 --> 04:09:30,100
muted tones of the forest beside
him, young aired, waited 

4460
04:09:30,100 --> 04:09:33,800
nervously, his heart pounding in
anticipation of the ceremony 

4461
04:09:33,800 --> 04:09:35,100
that would shape the rest of his
life. 

4462
04:09:36,000 --> 04:09:39,100
A year did grown up hearing 
stories of Druids keepers of 

4463
04:09:39,108 --> 04:09:41,900
knowledge, Guides of King's 
interpreters of Omens. 

4464
04:09:42,800 --> 04:09:45,400
From the moment he was chosen as
an apprentice, his life had 

4465
04:09:45,400 --> 04:09:48,400
revolved around careful, 
training memorizing, countless 

4466
04:09:48,400 --> 04:09:52,100
oral Traditions, learning the 
subtle language of Nature and 

4467
04:09:52,100 --> 04:09:53,900
understanding the 
interconnectedness of all 

4468
04:09:53,900 --> 04:09:56,400
things. 
Yet today was different. 

4469
04:09:56,400 --> 04:10:00,100
Today marked his formal 
initiation the beginning of his 

4470
04:10:00,100 --> 04:10:04,200
true path as a druid His teacher
brand stepped forward, slowly, 

4471
04:10:04,200 --> 04:10:08,200
his aged face Serene, but deeply
lined from years of wisdom and 

4472
04:10:08,200 --> 04:10:10,900
care. 
Brown raised a staff carved from

4473
04:10:10,908 --> 04:10:13,600
you symbolizing, strength and 
rebirth. 

4474
04:10:14,300 --> 04:10:15,700
He struck it, gently upon the 
Earth. 

4475
04:10:15,700 --> 04:10:19,500
Three times each resonant third 
Breaking, the silence and 

4476
04:10:19,508 --> 04:10:21,200
calling attention to the sacred,
right? 

4477
04:10:22,100 --> 04:10:25,400
Today Grand began his voice. 
Calm yet powerful. 

4478
04:10:25,400 --> 04:10:29,000
We Gather beneath the oak, the 
heart of our people, the symbol 

4479
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:33,000
of our enduring strength, AIDS 
stands before us ready to begin.

4480
04:10:33,000 --> 04:10:36,200
His journey as keeper of our 
knowledge and guardian of our 

4481
04:10:36,200 --> 04:10:39,100
traditions. 
All Eyes turned to aired who 

4482
04:10:39,100 --> 04:10:42,100
felt the weight of their gazes 
as both responsibility and 

4483
04:10:42,100 --> 04:10:45,300
honor. 
Bran continued, his voice caring

4484
04:10:45,300 --> 04:10:46,900
easily through the hushed. 
Clearing. 

4485
04:10:47,700 --> 04:10:50,900
Yolk teaches us resilience its 
roots deep within the Earth 

4486
04:10:50,900 --> 04:10:53,100
branches ever reaching toward 
the sky. 

4487
04:10:54,100 --> 04:10:57,000
So must I add plant himself 
firmly in our traditions and 

4488
04:10:57,000 --> 04:10:59,300
stretched toward wisdom yet 
unknown. 

4489
04:11:00,400 --> 04:11:04,400
Bran handed aired a small pouch,
containing seeds of sacred herbs

4490
04:11:04,400 --> 04:11:08,200
missile toe. 
Yarrow and Meadow Suite, symbols

4491
04:11:08,200 --> 04:11:10,300
of, healing, divination, and 
purification. 

4492
04:11:11,300 --> 04:11:13,700
Plant these carefully. 
Brown is structured softly. 

4493
04:11:13,700 --> 04:11:17,900
Let them remind you always of 
your duty to heal for sea. 

4494
04:11:20,400 --> 04:11:23,700
Add accepted the pouch, 
reverently bowing, his head 

4495
04:11:23,700 --> 04:11:27,200
slightly and acknowledgment. 
Brand then led him toward the 

4496
04:11:27,200 --> 04:11:30,400
massive Oak where the ground 
beneath was rich and dark warmed

4497
04:11:30,400 --> 04:11:32,300
by sunlight filtering through 
the branches. 

4498
04:11:33,400 --> 04:11:36,100
Kneeling, I had gently placed 
each seed into the Earth 

4499
04:11:36,100 --> 04:11:39,800
covering them carefully 
Whispering quiet blessings. 

4500
04:11:40,700 --> 04:11:43,600
As they had completed this task,
bran latest hands. 

4501
04:11:43,600 --> 04:11:46,400
Gently on the young man's 
shoulders, his voice now, softer

4502
04:11:46,400 --> 04:11:50,100
more intimate. 
From This Moment, your bound not

4503
04:11:50,100 --> 04:11:52,000
only to the Oak. 
But to every life itself 

4504
04:11:52,000 --> 04:11:55,500
shelters every creature that 
finds refuge in its shadow, walk

4505
04:11:55,500 --> 04:12:00,400
this path with humility strength
and Compact rise to his feet 

4506
04:12:00,400 --> 04:12:02,400
Aid. 
Felt a surge of Pride mixed with

4507
04:12:02,400 --> 04:12:06,200
profound humility, around him, 
villagers nodded approvingly, 

4508
04:12:06,200 --> 04:12:10,300
their faces, warm with trust 
This was more than mere 

4509
04:12:10,300 --> 04:12:12,800
tradition. 
It was a promise he had made to 

4510
04:12:12,800 --> 04:12:16,500
himself to Brown and to the 
people who depended on The 

4511
04:12:16,500 --> 04:12:19,900
Druids and guidance. 
Following the ceremony, the 

4512
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:24,000
villages in celebration offering
simple, but meaningful gifts 

4513
04:12:24,000 --> 04:12:27,800
woven reads, carved stones and 
handmade amulets. 

4514
04:12:28,500 --> 04:12:32,200
Ahead received each graciously 
feeling deeply connected to the 

4515
04:12:32,200 --> 04:12:34,100
community that had nurtured him 
from childhood. 

4516
04:12:35,200 --> 04:12:38,900
Because evening, descended aired
and bran walked slowly back to 

4517
04:12:38,900 --> 04:12:41,800
the Village. 
Their path illuminated by Soft 

4518
04:12:41,800 --> 04:12:44,000
moonlight. 
Bran spoke quietly. 

4519
04:12:44,000 --> 04:12:48,700
His voice reflective remember 
Aid, a druid strength lies. 

4520
04:12:48,700 --> 04:12:51,300
Not in his power to command, but
in his ability to listen, 

4521
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:55,700
understand and guide, Aid, 
nodded absorbing the wisdom of 

4522
04:12:55,700 --> 04:12:58,600
his mentor. 
I will remember bran, he 

4523
04:12:58,600 --> 04:13:01,300
promised earnestly. 
I will honor this responsibility

4524
04:13:01,300 --> 04:13:05,100
with every breath. 
Bran smiled, gently laying a 

4525
04:13:05,100 --> 04:13:06,600
comforting hand on a head 
shoulder. 

4526
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:08,700
Then your journey has truly 
begun. 

4527
04:13:09,900 --> 04:13:12,800
Returning to his modest 
dwelling, aired sat quietly 

4528
04:13:12,800 --> 04:13:15,700
beneath the stars contemplating 
the days of events. 

4529
04:13:16,300 --> 04:13:18,700
The weight of his new role 
settled comfortably upon his 

4530
04:13:18,700 --> 04:13:21,900
shoulders bolstered by the trust
and teachings of those around 

4531
04:13:21,900 --> 04:13:24,300
him. 
He knew challenges, lay ahead, 

4532
04:13:24,300 --> 04:13:28,100
it felt prepared rooted in 
ancient wisdom, and ready to 

4533
04:13:28,100 --> 04:13:31,200
guide his people forward. 
A sleep claimed him. 

4534
04:13:31,200 --> 04:13:33,800
The image of the gray Oak 
lingard vividly in his mind, 

4535
04:13:33,800 --> 04:13:36,200
strong enduring, and full of 
life. 

4536
04:13:37,000 --> 04:13:39,900
It was a symbol. 
Yes, but also a promise, a 

4537
04:13:39,900 --> 04:13:42,900
constant reminder of who he was 
and who he was meant to become 

4538
04:13:42,900 --> 04:13:46,800
the forest was silent and still 
blanketed in a hushed 

4539
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:49,400
anticipation that hung heavily 
among the gathered Villages. 

4540
04:13:49,400 --> 04:13:53,000
It was the eve of the winter 
solstice the longest night of 

4541
04:13:53,008 --> 04:13:55,700
the year a time. 
When the veil Between Worlds 

4542
04:13:55,700 --> 04:13:58,800
grew thin and the powers of 
nature pulsed with quiet, 

4543
04:13:58,800 --> 04:14:02,600
intensity, The Villages formed a
respectful circle around the 

4544
04:14:02,600 --> 04:14:06,000
sacred Oak, their breath visible
in the cold air eyes, fixed 

4545
04:14:06,000 --> 04:14:09,200
intently on bran and Aid, who 
stood beneath the trees immense 

4546
04:14:09,200 --> 04:14:13,100
branches brand stepped forward. 
His robes luminous in the 

4547
04:14:13,100 --> 04:14:15,900
Moonlight eyes. 
Reflecting profound wisdom 

4548
04:14:15,900 --> 04:14:18,600
earned through years of devotion
and study. 

4549
04:14:19,400 --> 04:14:23,000
He held a golden sickle, its 
curved blade glinting, gently 

4550
04:14:23,000 --> 04:14:26,200
capturing the sparse Moonlight, 
that filtered through the Oaks 

4551
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:30,500
sleeves. designed him stood Aida
a year older since his 

4552
04:14:30,500 --> 04:14:34,200
initiation more confident yet 
humbled, by the gravity of the 

4553
04:14:34,200 --> 04:14:37,400
ceremony he was about to 
undertake I had raised his gaze 

4554
04:14:37,400 --> 04:14:39,900
to The Oaks lofty. 
Branches were clusters of 

4555
04:14:39,900 --> 04:14:42,700
missile toe grew pale berries. 
Glowing softly. 

4556
04:14:42,700 --> 04:14:45,400
In the dimness the mistletoe was
sacred. 

4557
04:14:46,300 --> 04:14:49,800
Revered by The Druids for its 
Rarity, growing suspended 

4558
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:52,600
Between Heaven and Earth, 
Untouched by the ground. 

4559
04:14:52,600 --> 04:14:56,000
It was a symbol of renewal 
heeling and peace. 

4560
04:14:56,000 --> 04:14:59,400
Its presence marking the oak, as
a specially blessed. 

4561
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:03,400
Tonight. 
Brand spoke. 

4562
04:15:03,400 --> 04:15:06,300
Clearly his voice resonating 
through the attentive. 

4563
04:15:06,300 --> 04:15:09,000
Silence, we honor the sacred 
missile toe. 

4564
04:15:09,000 --> 04:15:12,600
The plant of healing and peace. 
It reminds us that even in the 

4565
04:15:12,608 --> 04:15:15,100
harshest Winter life, and hope 
endure. 

4566
04:15:16,600 --> 04:15:20,500
Turning to ayad bran continued. 
Gently add you have proven 

4567
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:24,700
yourself dedicated to our ways. 
Tonight, you take another step 

4568
04:15:24,700 --> 04:15:27,700
deeper into your path. 
You shall cut the missile toe, 

4569
04:15:27,700 --> 04:15:30,500
safeguarding its power, and 
sharing its blessings with our 

4570
04:15:30,500 --> 04:15:33,900
people. 
The prospect ahead took the 

4571
04:15:33,900 --> 04:15:37,600
Golden Circle from Brown, his 
heart beating steadily mindful 

4572
04:15:37,600 --> 04:15:40,600
of his mentors watchful eyes and
The Villages Collective breath. 

4573
04:15:41,500 --> 04:15:44,600
Carefully ascended, the sturdy 
ladder leaning against the oak. 

4574
04:15:44,600 --> 04:15:47,300
It's rough bark reassuring 
beneath his hands. 

4575
04:15:48,100 --> 04:15:51,300
Reaching the missile toe. 
He paused offering a silent 

4576
04:15:51,300 --> 04:15:54,600
prayer of gratitude to the tree 
and to Nature's generous spirit.

4577
04:15:55,800 --> 04:15:57,400
Holding the sickle reverently 
Aid. 

4578
04:15:57,400 --> 04:16:01,900
Spoke softly words known only to
Druids invoke, the spirits of 

4579
04:16:01,900 --> 04:16:06,300
Earth sky and the plant itself. 
With a deliberate respectful 

4580
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:09,400
motion, he severed the missile 
toe from its host, allowing it 

4581
04:16:09,400 --> 04:16:13,100
to fall gently, into the linen, 
cloth ground held below the 

4582
04:16:13,100 --> 04:16:15,000
sacred plant. 
Could not come into contact with

4583
04:16:15,000 --> 04:16:17,200
the Earth as it would lose, its 
potency. 

4584
04:16:18,500 --> 04:16:22,000
Descending carefully. 
Heed joined Bran who gently wrap

4585
04:16:22,000 --> 04:16:23,900
the mistletoe nodding 
approvingly. 

4586
04:16:24,700 --> 04:16:26,700
Bran raised, it high turning 
slowly. 

4587
04:16:26,700 --> 04:16:28,400
To all might see the sacred 
Harvest. 

4588
04:16:29,300 --> 04:16:32,600
This gift from nature is now 
ours to protect and cherish, he 

4589
04:16:32,600 --> 04:16:34,600
proclaimed. 
It will be prepared into 

4590
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:38,100
remedies Wards and blessings to 
sustain us through the coming 

4591
04:16:38,100 --> 04:16:40,700
seasons. 
The villagers murmured 

4592
04:16:40,700 --> 04:16:44,500
reverently their faces lit with 
quiet, ore and gratitude the 

4593
04:16:44,500 --> 04:16:46,600
rituals. 
Solemnity shifted gradually into

4594
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:49,900
quiet celebration, a communal 
acknowledgment of the years, 

4595
04:16:49,900 --> 04:16:53,600
turning a life persistence in 
darkness and of Hope's quiet 

4596
04:16:53,600 --> 04:16:58,300
strength. as The Villages began 
their subdued festivities, Grand

4597
04:16:58,300 --> 04:17:01,000
guided aired away from the 
Gathering to a quieter spot at 

4598
04:17:01,000 --> 04:17:03,100
the Grove's Edge, You have done 
well. 

4599
04:17:03,100 --> 04:17:06,100
Grand spoke gently. 
His voice filled with pride. 

4600
04:17:07,100 --> 04:17:10,700
Remember aired. 
Are strength lies, not in power 

4601
04:17:10,700 --> 04:17:13,400
over nature, but in partnership 
with it. 

4602
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:18,400
I had nodded Solomon Lee. 
Reflecting deeply on the evening

4603
04:17:18,400 --> 04:17:21,800
significant. 
I feel this partnership deeply 

4604
04:17:21,800 --> 04:17:25,400
tonight, he admitted softly, 
looking up at the branches of 

4605
04:17:25,400 --> 04:17:27,400
the silhouetted, against the 
Stars. 

4606
04:17:27,400 --> 04:17:31,800
Good brand replied warmly, carry
this lesson with. 

4607
04:17:31,800 --> 04:17:35,800
You always in moments of 
darkness when doubt make Cloud 

4608
04:17:35,800 --> 04:17:38,400
your path recall the mistletoe 
silent message. 

4609
04:17:39,200 --> 04:17:41,900
That light and life persist even
unseen. 

4610
04:17:43,400 --> 04:17:46,600
They stood quietly together 
absorbing the calm energy 

4611
04:17:46,600 --> 04:17:48,800
surrounding them. 
Drawing strength from each 

4612
04:17:48,800 --> 04:17:52,900
other's presence and the Eternal
rhythms of nature Eventually 

4613
04:17:52,900 --> 04:17:55,600
bran placed a reassuring hand on
aired shoulder. 

4614
04:17:56,400 --> 04:17:58,700
Come. 
He said, gently, let us join the

4615
04:17:58,700 --> 04:18:01,100
others and share in the joy of 
this sacred night. 

4616
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:05,500
Returning to the Gathering Aid. 
Felt deeply connected to his 

4617
04:18:05,500 --> 04:18:08,400
mentor, his community, and the 
ancient Traditions. 

4618
04:18:08,400 --> 04:18:11,200
Guiding them all. 
The night was filled with quiet 

4619
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:14,800
laugh after stories and shared 
hopes, a testament to their 

4620
04:18:14,800 --> 04:18:18,100
unity and strength. 
As the fires dimmed and Villages

4621
04:18:18,100 --> 04:18:21,200
dispersed, I had carried the 
memory of this night firmly 

4622
04:18:21,200 --> 04:18:24,100
within his heart. 
Understanding more profoundly 

4623
04:18:24,100 --> 04:18:27,500
the responsibility. 
He now bore He had taken another

4624
04:18:27,500 --> 04:18:30,500
important step on his druidic 
journey, strengthened by 

4625
04:18:30,500 --> 04:18:34,500
tradition, Guided by wisdom, and
inspired by the enduring power 

4626
04:18:34,500 --> 04:18:37,200
of Nature's gifts. 
The Village was isolated by 

4627
04:18:37,200 --> 04:18:40,500
dense thickets of Hawthorne and 
Elder when aired arrived. 

4628
04:18:40,500 --> 04:18:42,600
The air had a center of wet 
Earth and would smoke. 

4629
04:18:42,600 --> 04:18:45,000
He moved. 
Quietly through narrow paths, 

4630
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:48,000
passed low Stone Cottages where 
people pause their work to watch

4631
04:18:48,000 --> 04:18:51,600
him pass their expressions, a 
mix of respect and cautious, 

4632
04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:54,200
hope. 
His journey had taken three days

4633
04:18:54,200 --> 04:18:58,000
on foot guided only by the 
whispered directions, given by a

4634
04:18:58,000 --> 04:19:00,400
passing traveler. 
The message had been urgent. 

4635
04:19:00,400 --> 04:19:03,800
A young woman ethna daughter of 
the village Smith. 

4636
04:19:03,800 --> 04:19:06,400
Lay Gravely, ill following 
childbirth. 

4637
04:19:07,100 --> 04:19:08,900
Noel within the village could 
help her. 

4638
04:19:09,500 --> 04:19:13,400
And so aired had come swiftly 
driven by a sense of Duty deeper

4639
04:19:13,400 --> 04:19:16,600
than his fatigue. 
Ethnus home was at The Villages 

4640
04:19:16,600 --> 04:19:20,500
Edge near a stream that murmured
quietly beneath Twisted Alders, 

4641
04:19:20,500 --> 04:19:24,000
inside the dim Cottage was 
crowded with concerned, 

4642
04:19:24,000 --> 04:19:26,600
relatives and neighbors, who 
stepped aside silently. 

4643
04:19:26,600 --> 04:19:29,600
As a year-ended, he felt their 
eyes upon him. 

4644
04:19:29,600 --> 04:19:31,900
They're quiet, desperation 
tangible. 

4645
04:19:31,900 --> 04:19:35,700
He approached the low bed where 
ethna lay her pale face 

4646
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:39,900
glistening with sweat, breathe 
shallow, and labored beside her 

4647
04:19:39,900 --> 04:19:43,600
the newborn slept peacefully 
unaware of The Quiet fear around

4648
04:19:43,600 --> 04:19:46,100
him. 
Ahead and touched ethnic 

4649
04:19:46,100 --> 04:19:48,200
forehead. 
Feeling the fever's Heat against

4650
04:19:48,200 --> 04:19:49,900
his palm. 
She stirred. 

4651
04:19:49,900 --> 04:19:53,700
Slightly murmuring incoherently.
Bringing water from the stream 

4652
04:19:53,700 --> 04:19:56,700
aired instructed. 
Gently addressing the nearest 

4653
04:19:56,700 --> 04:20:01,900
woman and Fresh Linen. 
As they hurried to obey, he had 

4654
04:20:01,900 --> 04:20:05,100
opened his Satchel carefully 
laying out, bundles of herbs, 

4655
04:20:05,100 --> 04:20:09,400
roots and small vials filled 
with meticulously prepared 

4656
04:20:09,400 --> 04:20:12,500
tinctures. 
The villagers watched their 

4657
04:20:12,500 --> 04:20:14,500
curiosity. 
Mixed with ore, as he crushed 

4658
04:20:14,500 --> 04:20:17,400
dried leaves of Willow and 
meadowsweet into a bronze Bowl. 

4659
04:20:17,400 --> 04:20:20,800
Adding hot water to make a 
bitter aromatic infusion. 

4660
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:24,000
He lifted ethnic head. 
Gently coaxing her to drink 

4661
04:20:24,000 --> 04:20:26,800
slowly. 
She Winsted but managed a few 

4662
04:20:26,808 --> 04:20:30,300
sips then he bathed her forehead
and wrists with cool cloth 

4663
04:20:30,300 --> 04:20:34,100
soaked in the fresh stream. 
Water murmuring, ancient healing

4664
04:20:34,100 --> 04:20:37,800
chants softly under his breath. 
Each word resonated with 

4665
04:20:37,800 --> 04:20:41,000
intention invoking, the spirits 
of water on Earth to restore 

4666
04:20:41,000 --> 04:20:42,600
balance to the woman's weakened 
body. 

4667
04:20:43,500 --> 04:20:46,700
As night deepened aired remained
by ethnic side, tirelessly 

4668
04:20:46,700 --> 04:20:49,000
applying policies of crushed 
herbs and Moss. 

4669
04:20:49,000 --> 04:20:52,200
He taught the village Midwife 
how to mix remedies of chamomile

4670
04:20:52,200 --> 04:20:55,000
and mint for Carmen sleep, 
instructing her carefully. 

4671
04:20:55,000 --> 04:20:57,800
So the healing wisdom could stay
long after he'd gone. 

4672
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:02,000
The Village's moved quite 
quietly around him offering 

4673
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:04,300
food. 
He gently declined his Focus 

4674
04:21:04,300 --> 04:21:08,600
entirely on his patient. 
By Dawn's breathing had steadied

4675
04:21:08,600 --> 04:21:10,700
her skinless feverish to the 
touch. 

4676
04:21:11,400 --> 04:21:14,300
She opened her eyes slowly 
looking at I aired with a 

4677
04:21:14,300 --> 04:21:16,400
mixture of confusion and 
gratitude. 

4678
04:21:17,200 --> 04:21:21,300
Rest, he whispered softly the 
danger has passed but your body 

4679
04:21:21,300 --> 04:21:24,600
is still weak. 
Relief washed visibly through 

4680
04:21:24,600 --> 04:21:28,100
the cottage quiet smiles and 
whispered prayers of thanks. 

4681
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:30,100
Spreading among the gathered 
family and Neighbors. 

4682
04:21:30,800 --> 04:21:32,900
Aired stepped outside into the 
cool morning. 

4683
04:21:32,900 --> 04:21:37,000
Air inhaling deeply as the first
Ray of sunlight filtered through

4684
04:21:37,000 --> 04:21:39,700
the trees. 
He felt drained but satisfied 

4685
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:42,700
knowing he had done. 
What he could later that day. 

4686
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:45,000
He sat beside the stream 
teaching, a group of children, 

4687
04:21:45,000 --> 04:21:49,000
who gather around him eager and 
curious, he showed them plants 

4688
04:21:49,000 --> 04:21:51,800
that grew wild nearby. 
How Nettles could sue them 

4689
04:21:51,800 --> 04:21:54,200
formation. 
How Elderberry is could fortify 

4690
04:21:54,200 --> 04:21:56,900
the body against illness and how
careful observation was the 

4691
04:21:56,900 --> 04:22:01,500
healers greatest tool. 
As evening approached aired 

4692
04:22:01,500 --> 04:22:05,600
prepared to partner's father 
approached him pressing a small 

4693
04:22:05,600 --> 04:22:09,000
carved token into his hand an 
intricate patterns symbolizing 

4694
04:22:09,000 --> 04:22:12,800
gratitude and protection. 
Your kindness will never be 

4695
04:22:12,800 --> 04:22:17,000
forgotten Smith said, Solomon. 
Are bout his head respectfully 

4696
04:22:17,000 --> 04:22:21,300
knowing this token was not just 
gratitude, but a reminder of the

4697
04:22:21,300 --> 04:22:23,800
Sacred bond between healer and 
Community. 

4698
04:22:23,800 --> 04:22:27,700
He took the carving into his 
Satchel feeling its warmth 

4699
04:22:27,700 --> 04:22:31,200
against his palm walking away 
ahead. 

4700
04:22:31,200 --> 04:22:34,100
Since the profound 
interconnectedness of all, then 

4701
04:22:34,100 --> 04:22:38,500
the things the delicate balance 
of Life, The Quiet Dignity of 

4702
04:22:38,500 --> 04:22:41,700
suffering and the resilience 
inherent in every living being 

4703
04:22:42,600 --> 04:22:45,400
His footsteps, were quiet, 
carrying him toward the next 

4704
04:22:45,400 --> 04:22:48,700
place that might need him aware.
That healing was not just The 

4705
04:22:48,700 --> 04:22:51,600
Mending of bodies, but the 
weaving together of her lives, 

4706
04:22:51,600 --> 04:22:56,100
stories, and Futures, the Great 
Hall at Domino's, was alive with

4707
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:58,400
the firelight flickering over 
carved, wooden beams. 

4708
04:22:58,400 --> 04:23:02,000
Yes, thick with tension, 
Warriors and clansmen line. 

4709
04:23:02,000 --> 04:23:04,000
The walls, their arms, folded 
tightly. 

4710
04:23:04,000 --> 04:23:07,300
Their expressions are blend of 
Pride and weary anticipation. 

4711
04:23:08,300 --> 04:23:11,500
Two noble families, stood 
aparted ends of the room each 

4712
04:23:11,500 --> 04:23:14,800
led by their respective Chiefs. 
Their eyes locked in mutual 

4713
04:23:14,800 --> 04:23:17,800
suspicion. 
Between them stood Aid to his 

4714
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:20,600
white robes glowing softly in 
the dim light he had been 

4715
04:23:20,608 --> 04:23:23,000
summoned. 
Urgently a few that had simmered

4716
04:23:23,000 --> 04:23:25,100
for Generations. 
Now threatened open conflict 

4717
04:23:25,100 --> 04:23:27,000
spilling into violence and 
bloodshed. 

4718
04:23:27,800 --> 04:23:30,800
He arrived quietly traveling 
alone, with no Entourage, your 

4719
04:23:30,800 --> 04:23:33,500
guards, the weight of 
responsibility pressed heavily 

4720
04:23:33,508 --> 04:23:36,700
upon him yet. 
He stood calm Silent pillar 

4721
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:41,800
amid, the storm emotions, speak 
it, began quietly, his voice 

4722
04:23:41,800 --> 04:23:45,200
steady yet resonant. 
The hall, fell into immediate 

4723
04:23:45,200 --> 04:23:47,500
silence. 
Let your grievances be heard 

4724
04:23:47,500 --> 04:23:50,400
clearly. 
The first Chieftain, a large 

4725
04:23:50,400 --> 04:23:53,000
formidable man named Connell 
stepped forward. 

4726
04:23:53,000 --> 04:23:54,900
His voice. 
Trembling with barely 

4727
04:23:54,900 --> 04:23:55,700
suppressed. 
Anger. 

4728
04:23:55,700 --> 04:23:59,400
Your accounted a tale of stolen 
livestock violated boundaries 

4729
04:23:59,400 --> 04:24:01,800
and broken promises. 
Dating back to his father's 

4730
04:24:01,800 --> 04:24:04,600
father's time. 
His words painted the Rival 

4731
04:24:04,600 --> 04:24:07,400
families as aggressors greedy 
and untrustworthy. 

4732
04:24:07,400 --> 04:24:11,500
Next spoke fintan slender but 
Fierce eyes blazing with pride. 

4733
04:24:11,500 --> 04:24:15,600
His story was just as 
impassioned weaving, A Narrative

4734
04:24:15,600 --> 04:24:19,400
of betrayal and just accusation 
and stolen, honor, each side 

4735
04:24:19,400 --> 04:24:22,100
presented their case, 
passionately drawing, murmurs 

4736
04:24:22,100 --> 04:24:23,900
and nods of agreement. 
From their supporters 

4737
04:24:23,900 --> 04:24:26,100
throughout. 
Aired listened without 

4738
04:24:26,100 --> 04:24:29,200
interruption his face, betraying
neither judgment or favoritism. 

4739
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:32,700
He allowed the torrent of anger 
and accusation to flow freely 

4740
04:24:32,700 --> 04:24:35,700
knowing that only by emptying 
their bitterness fully could 

4741
04:24:35,700 --> 04:24:38,100
peace. 
Begin to grow when both sides 

4742
04:24:38,100 --> 04:24:39,400
had finished. 
Silence. 

4743
04:24:39,400 --> 04:24:43,500
Once again, settled over the 
room heavy and expectant, I had 

4744
04:24:43,500 --> 04:24:46,200
stepped forward, his eyes 
Meeting those of each Chief to 

4745
04:24:46,200 --> 04:24:48,800
intern holding their gazes 
firmly yet. 

4746
04:24:48,800 --> 04:24:52,700
Gently, he speak of stolen 
cattle, broken Oaths, and 

4747
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:54,200
injured Pride. 
He began softly. 

4748
04:24:54,200 --> 04:24:57,200
But at the heart of your words 
like pain and misunderstanding 

4749
04:24:57,200 --> 04:25:01,400
land is shared not owned. 
You can return cattle but you 

4750
04:25:01,400 --> 04:25:03,200
must rebuild trust once you've 
broken it. 

4751
04:25:04,500 --> 04:25:08,400
He spoke slowly carefully, 
invoking stories and Parables 

4752
04:25:08,400 --> 04:25:11,200
from ancient wisdom. 
Tales familiar yet poignant. 

4753
04:25:12,100 --> 04:25:15,000
He spoke of Legendary Heroes, 
who overcame pride and revenge 

4754
04:25:15,000 --> 04:25:17,700
and of wise ancestors who 
understood the power of 

4755
04:25:17,700 --> 04:25:21,500
forgiveness and Reconciliation. 
Has his words filled the hall. 

4756
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:24,700
I had moved among the assembled 
Warriors touching shoulders 

4757
04:25:24,700 --> 04:25:27,800
looking into eyes and Bridging 
the physical distance between 

4758
04:25:27,800 --> 04:25:30,800
the divided clams. 
He reminded them that unity and 

4759
04:25:30,808 --> 04:25:33,500
peace, were not signs of 
weakness, but the highest form 

4760
04:25:33,500 --> 04:25:36,100
of strength, Finally, he 
returned to the center of the 

4761
04:25:36,100 --> 04:25:38,100
hall, addressing both Chiefs and
directly. 

4762
04:25:39,000 --> 04:25:43,800
Let there be no talk of blame or
Vengeance, he said fuel instead.

4763
04:25:43,800 --> 04:25:48,500
Let each family, give a gift. 
One cow from each herd Exchange 

4764
04:25:48,500 --> 04:25:51,400
in Friendship. 
Let your sons and daughters meet

4765
04:25:51,400 --> 04:25:53,900
openly at the next Festival. 
Not as Rivals. 

4766
04:25:53,900 --> 04:25:56,200
But as king Bound by renewed 
piece. 

4767
04:25:57,100 --> 04:26:01,100
Connor and fintan exchange long 
uncertain glances slowly. 

4768
04:26:01,100 --> 04:26:04,000
The tension began to air 
Connolly stepped forward. 

4769
04:26:04,000 --> 04:26:06,900
First extending his hand, solely
toward his rival. 

4770
04:26:07,700 --> 04:26:09,900
Made peace. 
Restore what anger took? 

4771
04:26:09,900 --> 04:26:17,600
He said, gruffly. 
Fintona where we want. 

4772
04:26:17,600 --> 04:26:19,300
Stood apart, he responded 
firmly. 

4773
04:26:20,000 --> 04:26:23,900
Cheers erupted hesitant at first
and louder and more confident, 

4774
04:26:23,900 --> 04:26:27,600
the Warrior's relaxed their 
postures easing smiles and 

4775
04:26:27,600 --> 04:26:30,200
laughter breaking through the 
previously tense atmosphere. 

4776
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:34,400
I had stepped back quietly 
content that his counselor had 

4777
04:26:34,400 --> 04:26:36,100
steered the clowns away from 
violence. 

4778
04:26:36,800 --> 04:26:39,400
Later that evening as the clan 
celebrated their Newfound, 

4779
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:43,100
Accord Aid, sat quietly beside 
the Hearth sipping, warm Mead 

4780
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:44,800
and reflecting on the evenings 
events. 

4781
04:26:44,800 --> 04:26:47,500
He true. 
Peace required vigilance and 

4782
04:26:47,508 --> 04:26:51,100
continued guidance yet. 
For now, the cycle of anger and 

4783
04:26:51,100 --> 04:26:54,200
retaliation had been broken 
replaced by tentative 

4784
04:26:54,200 --> 04:26:57,300
friendship, and renewed, hope 
The Chieftains approached him 

4785
04:26:57,300 --> 04:27:01,300
again offering gratitude, he had
smiled warmly, reminding them 

4786
04:27:01,300 --> 04:27:05,700
gently, Piece is not achieved in
a single evening, nurture this 

4787
04:27:05,700 --> 04:27:09,300
agreement water, it with trust 
and patience and it will bear 

4788
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:13,500
fruit for Generations. 
Under the glow of the firelight 

4789
04:27:13,500 --> 04:27:16,900
his words, resonated deeply 
reinforcing the bonds freshly 

4790
04:27:16,900 --> 04:27:19,900
made. 
As he left the hall, walking 

4791
04:27:19,900 --> 04:27:23,400
into the moonlit night. 
Aired, the quiet satisfaction of

4792
04:27:23,400 --> 04:27:24,500
a purpose. 
Fulfilled. 

4793
04:27:24,500 --> 04:27:27,600
In knew his role was far from 
over yet. 

4794
04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:30,400
Tonight, his voice of council 
had brought Harmony to Discord 

4795
04:27:30,400 --> 04:27:34,100
turning bitter enemies into 
cautious, friends, the sacred 

4796
04:27:34,100 --> 04:27:38,100
Oaks stood majestically its 
gnarled branches wide, casting 

4797
04:27:38,100 --> 04:27:40,200
dappled Shadows upon the moss. 
Covered clearing. 

4798
04:27:40,900 --> 04:27:44,600
This Oak was not just ancient, 
it was revered, a Living 

4799
04:27:44,600 --> 04:27:46,900
testament to generation of 
druidic wisdom. 

4800
04:27:47,900 --> 04:27:51,000
I had stood beneath its massive 
limbs his white robe, 

4801
04:27:51,000 --> 04:27:53,800
illuminated by shafts of 
sunlight filtering through the 

4802
04:27:53,800 --> 04:27:56,200
leaves. 
Gathered around him were 

4803
04:27:56,200 --> 04:27:59,700
villagers and warriors each face
etched with anxiety and 

4804
04:27:59,700 --> 04:28:02,700
curiosity. 
Today the Oak Grove served as a 

4805
04:28:02,700 --> 04:28:05,400
court where Justice would be 
decided not by sword or might 

4806
04:28:05,400 --> 04:28:07,900
but by careful consideration and
wisdom. 

4807
04:28:08,800 --> 04:28:11,600
Ed had been summoned to judge a 
matter of grave importance. 

4808
04:28:11,600 --> 04:28:15,800
A young Warrior cattle was 
accused of stealing cattle a 

4809
04:28:15,800 --> 04:28:17,400
crime. 
Severe enough to ignite Clan 

4810
04:28:17,400 --> 04:28:20,200
Warfare. 
Cattle stood defiantly at The 

4811
04:28:20,200 --> 04:28:24,300
Groves Edge, arms crossed his 
expression stubborn yet tinged 

4812
04:28:24,300 --> 04:28:27,600
with fear. 
Opposite him stood Fergus and 

4813
04:28:27,600 --> 04:28:30,500
older Warrior renowned for 
bravery and honor whose cattle 

4814
04:28:30,500 --> 04:28:33,300
had been taken. 
Ferguson eyes were dark with 

4815
04:28:33,300 --> 04:28:37,200
anger, his fists clenched at his
side's aired Rays. 

4816
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:40,700
His hand signaling silence. 
He began with a clear steady 

4817
04:28:40,700 --> 04:28:46,900
voice speak Truth, might emerge 
from the shadow of accusation. 

4818
04:28:47,800 --> 04:28:50,300
Fergus stepped forward, 
recounting the theft with 

4819
04:28:50,300 --> 04:28:53,300
passionate conviction, 
describing the prized cattle, 

4820
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:55,300
and the devastating loss of his 
family. 

4821
04:28:56,100 --> 04:28:59,600
His words, resonated deeply 
among the crowd drawing, murmurs

4822
04:28:59,600 --> 04:29:02,700
of sympathy Catholic however 
maintained his innocence 

4823
04:29:02,700 --> 04:29:06,100
fiercely insisting. 
He was wrongly, accused his 

4824
04:29:06,100 --> 04:29:09,200
voice shaking with frustration, 
his friend stood behind him 

4825
04:29:09,200 --> 04:29:11,800
murmuring. 
Support eyes darting nervously 

4826
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:13,800
between him and aired listening 
carefully. 

4827
04:29:13,800 --> 04:29:18,200
He had detected discrepancies, 
not deliberate falsehoods, but 

4828
04:29:18,200 --> 04:29:20,800
misunderstandings, born of anger
and haste. 

4829
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:24,100
He called forth Witnesses, from 
both sides, questioning them 

4830
04:29:24,100 --> 04:29:27,900
patiently, coaxing forth details
with gentle but firm probing, 

4831
04:29:27,900 --> 04:29:32,300
you watch their faces noting 
subtle shifts in posture, tone 

4832
04:29:32,300 --> 04:29:35,600
and expression. 
Finally, aired step toward the 

4833
04:29:35,600 --> 04:29:38,000
oak laying his hand upon its 
rough bark. 

4834
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:41,800
Truth. 
He declared quietly is not a 

4835
04:29:41,800 --> 04:29:45,500
sword to cut through lies, but a
root that grows slowly hidden 

4836
04:29:45,500 --> 04:29:47,600
from sight until it reveals 
itself. 

4837
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:50,600
He turned to Castle asking 
Softly. 

4838
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:54,700
Have you ever seen these cattle?
Cattle. 

4839
04:29:54,700 --> 04:29:57,400
Hesitated then shook his head 
earnestly. 

4840
04:29:57,400 --> 04:30:03,700
No I swear upon my ancestors. 
I had turned back to Fergus. 

4841
04:30:03,700 --> 04:30:07,400
Could another perhaps seek to 
benefit from your loss? 

4842
04:30:07,400 --> 04:30:10,900
Is there someone whose absence 
you overlooked while feeling 

4843
04:30:10,900 --> 04:30:14,400
angry? 
Fergus paused uncertainty 

4844
04:30:14,400 --> 04:30:16,100
flickering across his Stern 
face. 

4845
04:30:16,100 --> 04:30:19,900
He looked back at his men doubt 
beginning to creep into his 

4846
04:30:19,900 --> 04:30:22,900
expression. 
Perhaps he admitted reluctantly,

4847
04:30:22,900 --> 04:30:26,400
he had nodded. 
Search your own house. 

4848
04:30:26,400 --> 04:30:28,400
First. 
He advised calmly. 

4849
04:30:29,200 --> 04:30:32,200
The truth often lies closest to 
where trust is strongest. 

4850
04:30:33,100 --> 04:30:36,100
Reluctantly Fergus. 
Agreed ordering his Warriors to 

4851
04:30:36,100 --> 04:30:40,200
search carefully and fairly. 
Hours passed as tension, lingard

4852
04:30:40,200 --> 04:30:43,300
villagers Whispering anxiously 
while waiting Beneath The Oaks 

4853
04:30:43,300 --> 04:30:46,900
watchful presence. 
Finally a group returned 

4854
04:30:46,900 --> 04:30:50,100
bringing with them, a youth 
named Ronan Ferguson's own 

4855
04:30:50,100 --> 04:30:52,500
cousin. 
Guilt and shame etched deeply 

4856
04:30:52,500 --> 04:30:56,200
into his face Ronan confessed 
explaining, his actions were 

4857
04:30:56,200 --> 04:31:00,100
born of envy and Foolish Pride. 
Fergus stared in shock and 

4858
04:31:00,100 --> 04:31:02,000
sorrow. 
His anger melting into 

4859
04:31:02,000 --> 04:31:05,600
disappointment. 
The crowd murmured softly eyes 

4860
04:31:05,600 --> 04:31:07,600
moving between the cousin and 
aired awaiting. 

4861
04:31:07,600 --> 04:31:11,800
Judgment aired approached Ronan.
His gaze firm but compassionate,

4862
04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:16,000
restitution must be made, but 
forgiveness can heal wounds 

4863
04:31:16,000 --> 04:31:19,100
deeper than punishment. 
He turned toward Ferguson, 

4864
04:31:19,100 --> 04:31:23,100
accept a fair Penance then let 
anger Espeon this Oak replace by

4865
04:31:23,100 --> 04:31:26,600
wisdom and mercy. 
Focus nodded his shoulders 

4866
04:31:26,600 --> 04:31:30,500
relaxing, he embraced, Ronan 
acknowledging family, bonds 

4867
04:31:30,500 --> 04:31:34,100
Stronger Than Pride. 
Catholic exonerated sighed, 

4868
04:31:34,100 --> 04:31:38,500
deeply gratitude, filling his 
eyes as he bowed to aired as 

4869
04:31:38,500 --> 04:31:41,900
villagers disperse peacefully, 
Justice had been served, not 

4870
04:31:41,900 --> 04:31:46,500
through Vengeance but through 
understanding and restoration I 

4871
04:31:46,500 --> 04:31:48,000
had remained briefly beneath the
oak. 

4872
04:31:48,000 --> 04:31:51,700
It silent strength reinforcing 
his resolve Justice. 

4873
04:31:51,700 --> 04:31:55,900
He knew was more than judgment. 
It was balanced patience and 

4874
04:31:55,900 --> 04:31:59,300
mercy woven tightly together, 
beneath the shade of wisdoms. 

4875
04:31:59,300 --> 04:32:02,800
Ancient branches aired stood at 
the top of a solitary Hill, 

4876
04:32:02,800 --> 04:32:06,400
beneath the vast expanse of 
night where the heaven stretched

4877
04:32:06,400 --> 04:32:11,300
endlessly above, it was a sacred
Place marked by a circle of 

4878
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:14,000
ancient Stones, whose purpose, 
Only The Druids remembered. 

4879
04:32:14,800 --> 04:32:17,900
He wrapped his cloak tighten 
against the biting wind eyes, 

4880
04:32:17,900 --> 04:32:20,800
lifted toward the 
constellation's each star. 

4881
04:32:20,800 --> 04:32:24,700
Each subtle shift in the heavens
whispered Secrets known only to 

4882
04:32:24,700 --> 04:32:26,800
those who watched with patients 
and reverence. 

4883
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:31,700
Tonight was the Winter Solstice.
The longest night when darkness 

4884
04:32:31,700 --> 04:32:35,100
held Sway and the boundary 
between worlds, grew thin. 

4885
04:32:35,100 --> 04:32:38,600
The Stars gleamed brightly clear
and sharp in the Frigidaire 

4886
04:32:38,600 --> 04:32:41,100
around him villagers gathered 
quietly. 

4887
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:43,800
Their breath visible, in the 
cold, awaiting guidance, for the

4888
04:32:43,800 --> 04:32:48,100
year, ahead aired to his staff 
carved with cymbals representing

4889
04:32:48,100 --> 04:32:50,700
the cycles of the Moon and the 
Sun and began to speak. 

4890
04:32:50,700 --> 04:32:54,800
Softly, his voice carried 
through the silence gentle yet, 

4891
04:32:54,800 --> 04:32:59,600
filled with quiet Authority. 
Tonight, darkness is strongest. 

4892
04:32:59,600 --> 04:33:04,900
But even now the wheel, turns, 
the sun returns rebirth follows 

4893
04:33:04,900 --> 04:33:09,000
Darkness as spring follows 
winter, watch closely and you'll

4894
04:33:09,000 --> 04:33:13,099
see your lives mirrored in the 
stars of The villagers watched 

4895
04:33:13,099 --> 04:33:15,900
him, intently their eyes filled 
with wonder and Trust. 

4896
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:19,900
He depended on his insights for 
planting harvesting travel and 

4897
04:33:19,900 --> 04:33:22,700
celebrations. 
He was not merely a sage but a 

4898
04:33:22,700 --> 04:33:24,200
vital guide for their daily 
lives. 

4899
04:33:25,099 --> 04:33:28,000
Pointing skywards, aired trace. 
The outline of Familia patterns,

4900
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:30,200
the plow, the Hunter, and the 
serpent. 

4901
04:33:30,200 --> 04:33:33,800
He spoke of how the hunters path
for told the coming cold and how

4902
04:33:33,800 --> 04:33:37,700
the plows position indicated the
right time for planting He 

4903
04:33:37,700 --> 04:33:40,200
explained patiently how the 
movement of the planets subtle 

4904
04:33:40,200 --> 04:33:43,900
but unearthing guided decisions 
on marriages battles and 

4905
04:33:43,900 --> 04:33:47,200
Journeys. 
As he spoke ads words with 

4906
04:33:47,200 --> 04:33:50,700
images in the minds of listeners
linking, their Earthly lives to 

4907
04:33:50,700 --> 04:33:53,700
the vast Cosmic order. 
He gently reminded them that 

4908
04:33:53,700 --> 04:33:57,400
they were bound to the Earth but
also Children of the Stars, each

4909
04:33:57,400 --> 04:33:59,800
life reflecting the broader 
rhythm of existence. 

4910
04:34:01,300 --> 04:34:04,099
He then turned to the younger 
villagers explaining patiently. 

4911
04:34:04,800 --> 04:34:08,300
Each of you has a star that 
watches your path, guiding you 

4912
04:34:08,300 --> 04:34:12,599
towards your destiny, learn to 
find your star to read it subtle

4913
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:15,900
language. 
A young girl raised her hand 

4914
04:34:15,900 --> 04:34:18,800
timidly her eyes wide with 
curiosity. 

4915
04:34:19,700 --> 04:34:23,900
How do we find our star? 
Druid ahead smiled warmly your 

4916
04:34:23,900 --> 04:34:26,800
staff finds. 
You first in moments of quiet 

4917
04:34:26,800 --> 04:34:32,300
and clear skies who will feel 
its gaze listen closely and it 

4918
04:34:32,300 --> 04:34:35,500
will whisper your purpose. 
Throughout the night. 

4919
04:34:35,500 --> 04:34:38,800
He taught them patiently 
describing how to read omen's 

4920
04:34:38,800 --> 04:34:41,700
from the flights of birds, the 
patterns of clouds, and the 

4921
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:45,000
positions of the Stars. 
His voice remained calm and 

4922
04:34:45,000 --> 04:34:47,599
reassuring. 
Weaving understanding among the 

4923
04:34:47,599 --> 04:34:51,200
gathered villages. 
As Dawn began to pale these to 

4924
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,400
her eyes and hired. 
His staff concluding the night's

4925
04:34:54,400 --> 04:34:56,900
teaching the villagers dispersed
quietly. 

4926
04:34:56,900 --> 04:35:00,500
Hearts uplifted their Spirits 
buoyed by Newfound Clarity, 

4927
04:35:00,500 --> 04:35:04,900
aired, remain behind gazing 
thoughtfully upward as the Stars

4928
04:35:04,900 --> 04:35:08,599
began to fade he felt the quiet 
satisfaction of a task, 

4929
04:35:08,599 --> 04:35:12,500
fulfilled of knowledge, shared 
In this Sacred Space between 

4930
04:35:12,500 --> 04:35:15,900
Earth and Sky, are reaffirmed, 
his role, not only as a watcher 

4931
04:35:15,900 --> 04:35:19,099
of celestial movements, but as a
keeper of balance, ensuring that

4932
04:35:19,108 --> 04:35:21,800
his people lived harmoniously 
with the rhythms of the natural 

4933
04:35:21,800 --> 04:35:24,400
world. 
As the first light touched the 

4934
04:35:24,408 --> 04:35:27,900
ancient Stones, he felt a deep 
connection knowing that in 

4935
04:35:27,900 --> 04:35:30,900
guiding others to watch the 
skies, he helped them navigate 

4936
04:35:30,900 --> 04:35:32,700
the complexities of their lives 
below. 

4937
04:35:32,700 --> 04:35:36,599
The sky was Heavy with fog and 
the center of burning wood. 

4938
04:35:36,599 --> 04:35:38,900
Filled the air. 
As I add, stood Atop The Hill, 

4939
04:35:38,900 --> 04:35:40,400
overlooking his village as 
usual. 

4940
04:35:41,300 --> 04:35:44,500
The Romans had come their 
Legions Marching In next release

4941
04:35:44,500 --> 04:35:47,099
through lands that had remained 
untouched for Generations. 

4942
04:35:48,099 --> 04:35:51,300
As Villages come to Conquest 
fires dotted, The Horizon 

4943
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:55,500
signaling Devastation and Flames
consumed forests and sacred 

4944
04:35:55,500 --> 04:35:57,300
Groves. 
Aired. 

4945
04:35:57,300 --> 04:36:00,700
Now, older with silver threads 
in his hair, watched quietly, a 

4946
04:36:00,700 --> 04:36:02,500
deep sorrow etched into his 
features. 

4947
04:36:02,500 --> 04:36:05,700
His life's work had been 
dedicated to nurturing balance 

4948
04:36:05,700 --> 04:36:08,500
to preserve in the sacred 
knowledge passed down through. 

4949
04:36:08,500 --> 04:36:11,800
Countless Generations. 
Now that Legacy seemed 

4950
04:36:11,800 --> 04:36:14,300
threatened by the Relentless 
advance of Roman power. 

4951
04:36:15,099 --> 04:36:17,300
He gathered the remaining 
villagers who had fled to the 

4952
04:36:17,300 --> 04:36:21,500
hill for Refuge fear, filled 
their eyes, despair evident in 

4953
04:36:21,500 --> 04:36:23,599
their tents postures ads 
presence. 

4954
04:36:23,599 --> 04:36:26,900
However, remained steady and 
reassuring, providing a beacon 

4955
04:36:26,900 --> 04:36:29,300
of calm amid chaos gather 
around. 

4956
04:36:29,300 --> 04:36:33,000
He spoke his voice firm, but 
gentle cutting through their 

4957
04:36:33,000 --> 04:36:35,599
anxiety. 
We can't control the fires 

4958
04:36:35,599 --> 04:36:39,099
around us, but we can protect 
the flame within our knowledge, 

4959
04:36:39,099 --> 04:36:43,200
traditions and spirit. 
He knelt scooping Earth into his

4960
04:36:43,200 --> 04:36:46,599
hands feeling its familiar 
warmth and resilience the 

4961
04:36:46,599 --> 04:36:48,300
villagers. 
Watched him their breathing 

4962
04:36:48,300 --> 04:36:50,900
slowing their Panic easing under
his calm Authority. 

4963
04:36:52,000 --> 04:36:54,400
His lands in countless Seasons 
ahead. 

4964
04:36:54,599 --> 04:36:58,700
Continued Softly. 
Survived Wars where the storms 

4965
04:36:58,700 --> 04:37:00,300
and will endure. 
Even this. 

4966
04:37:01,200 --> 04:37:04,200
Our true strength lies, not in 
walls or weapons, but in memory 

4967
04:37:04,200 --> 04:37:07,500
and traditional we carry the 
sacred flame within us passed 

4968
04:37:07,500 --> 04:37:10,700
down through generations. 
No enemy can extinguish it. 

4969
04:37:11,500 --> 04:37:14,599
He stood facing each villager in
turn his eyes filled with quite 

4970
04:37:14,599 --> 04:37:18,099
determination. 
Our task now is to protect this 

4971
04:37:18,099 --> 04:37:20,599
flame and ensure it can continue
to burn brightly within our 

4972
04:37:20,599 --> 04:37:22,700
children and their children 
after them. 

4973
04:37:24,000 --> 04:37:27,000
As he spoke a directed, The 
Villagers to begin preparations,

4974
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,099
organizing them in to groups to 
gather what Provisions remained,

4975
04:37:30,099 --> 04:37:34,200
10 to the wounded and find safe 
passage toward hidden Glen's 

4976
04:37:34,200 --> 04:37:37,300
deeper within the forests. 
Commit these urgent 

4977
04:37:37,300 --> 04:37:38,700
preparations. 
He moved quietly. 

4978
04:37:38,700 --> 04:37:42,500
Providing guidance and support, 
ensuring morale remains steady 

4979
04:37:43,599 --> 04:37:47,400
As night fell aired lit, a 
single fire at the hill its 

4980
04:37:47,400 --> 04:37:49,700
Flames. 
Casting flickering Shadows, he 

4981
04:37:49,700 --> 04:37:51,400
invited the villagers to sit 
around it. 

4982
04:37:51,400 --> 04:37:54,700
Sharing stories of Bravery, 
resilience and wisdom passed 

4983
04:37:54,700 --> 04:37:58,599
down through generations. 
Each story carried a lesson, a 

4984
04:37:58,599 --> 04:38:01,500
subtle reinforcement of the 
strength inherent within their 

4985
04:38:01,500 --> 04:38:04,599
traditions. 
In the quiet that followed aired

4986
04:38:04,599 --> 04:38:07,200
addressed the group, again. 
Tomorrow, we must move deeper 

4987
04:38:07,200 --> 04:38:10,599
into the forest to place his 
hidden from Roman eyes there. 

4988
04:38:10,599 --> 04:38:13,900
We will preserve what matters 
most not our homes, but our 

4989
04:38:13,900 --> 04:38:18,300
heritage remember that even in 
darkness, Flames endure within 

4990
04:38:18,300 --> 04:38:22,700
our hearts, our memories and our
stories, the villagers nodded 

4991
04:38:22,700 --> 04:38:25,099
solemnly strengthened by his 
words. 

4992
04:38:25,099 --> 04:38:27,500
Their despair replaced by 
determination. 

4993
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:31,800
Ahead remained awake long after 
they had settled staring into 

4994
04:38:31,800 --> 04:38:36,000
the fire reflecting on the cycle
of time. despite the rise and 

4995
04:38:36,000 --> 04:38:39,500
fall of Empires and the arrival 
and departure of conquerors, the

4996
04:38:39,500 --> 04:38:43,900
spirit of his people remained 
unwavering Adorned quite quietly

4997
04:38:43,900 --> 04:38:46,800
into the deeper Woods leaving 
behind only the small during 

4998
04:38:46,800 --> 04:38:49,400
removal of their former lives 
ahead. 

4999
04:38:49,400 --> 04:38:52,599
Walked at the head, guiding them
confidently towards safety. 

5000
04:38:52,599 --> 04:38:56,400
Knowing that his true purpose 
remained clear It was not to 

5001
04:38:56,400 --> 04:38:58,700
resist violently but to 
safeguard the soul of his 

5002
04:38:58,700 --> 04:39:01,700
people. 
Days turned to weeks and slowly 

5003
04:39:01,700 --> 04:39:04,700
the immediate threat faded as 
they established, a hidden 

5004
04:39:04,700 --> 04:39:06,400
settlement deep within the 
forest. 

5005
04:39:07,300 --> 04:39:10,900
Hayed teaching guiding the 
younger villagers and druidic 

5006
04:39:10,900 --> 04:39:13,300
law, rituals and knowledge of 
the natural world. 

5007
04:39:14,099 --> 04:39:16,900
Each evening around the fire. 
He shared stories and showing 

5008
04:39:16,900 --> 04:39:19,599
that the flame of their Heritage
continued to burn brightly. 

5009
04:39:20,400 --> 04:39:23,599
Years later as he lay on his 
deathbed aired felt peace 

5010
04:39:23,599 --> 04:39:26,599
surrounded by villagers whose 
lives, he had touched 

5011
04:39:26,599 --> 04:39:29,000
profoundly. 
He whispered, one final message.

5012
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:32,800
Remember the Flames? 
We guard are Eternal carried, 

5013
04:39:32,800 --> 04:39:34,099
forward, through memory and 
love. 

5014
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:39,300
His Spirit passed gently leaving
behind a legacy that no 

5015
04:39:39,300 --> 04:39:42,800
conqueror could extinguish the 
villages honored him beneath the

5016
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:44,900
stars. 
Sharing stories repeating 

5017
04:39:44,900 --> 04:39:48,700
Lessons Learned and vowing to 
carry forward his teachings and 

5018
04:39:48,700 --> 04:39:51,900
in their hearts, the flame aired
protected, continued to burn 

5019
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:55,100
brightly unyielding. 
Guiding them through Darkness 

5020
04:39:55,100 --> 04:40:05,900
toward enduring light, Imagine 
New York City in 1904 when the 

5021
04:40:05,900 --> 04:40:08,900
tallest skyscrapers hardly 
reached the skyline and horses 

5022
04:40:08,900 --> 04:40:12,100
continued to clip clop along 
cobblestone streets with the 

5023
04:40:12,100 --> 04:40:14,500
occasional car. 
Julius Robert Oppenheimer 

5024
04:40:14,500 --> 04:40:17,600
though, everyone would call him 
Robert, or simply copy to his 

5025
04:40:17,608 --> 04:40:21,000
friends was born into this world
of Gaslight and escalating 

5026
04:40:21,000 --> 04:40:24,000
ambition, though Roberts early 
years, were depicted in more 

5027
04:40:24,000 --> 04:40:26,100
general terms. 
You might think that future 

5028
04:40:26,100 --> 04:40:28,700
Atomic scientists come from 
childhood spent staring at 

5029
04:40:28,700 --> 04:40:31,300
telescopes and chemistry sets 
Julius. 

5030
04:40:31,300 --> 04:40:34,100
His father had come from Germany
with little more than a keen 

5031
04:40:34,100 --> 04:40:36,600
sense of style and a passion for
textiles. 

5032
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:39,700
By the time Robert was born, the
family business had become 

5033
04:40:39,700 --> 04:40:42,200
successful enough to buy an 
apartment with a view of the 

5034
04:40:42,200 --> 04:40:46,100
Hudson River furnished with 
impressionist paintings, Persian

5035
04:40:46,100 --> 04:40:49,600
rugs, and the kind of cozy. 
Quiet comes with having money. 

5036
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,700
Ella Roberts, mother was an 
artist who saw the world through

5037
04:40:52,700 --> 04:40:55,300
light and Shadow. 
Compositions as young Robert 

5038
04:40:55,300 --> 04:40:58,400
played quietly, close by she'd 
set up her easel by their Upper 

5039
04:40:58,400 --> 04:41:01,900
West Side home's, tall windows 
and began painting watercolors. 

5040
04:41:01,900 --> 04:41:05,000
Displaying the Thoughtfulness 
that would define his entire 

5041
04:41:05,000 --> 04:41:07,700
life. 
Even as a young child, he had an

5042
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:09,600
eye for the world that seemed 
older than his years. 

5043
04:41:09,600 --> 04:41:13,200
It wasn't precocious in the way 
that adults find it, unsettling,

5044
04:41:13,200 --> 04:41:16,100
but it was genuine. 
Curiosity about how things fit 

5045
04:41:16,100 --> 04:41:18,500
together, though. 
Deeply intellectual, the 

5046
04:41:18,500 --> 04:41:21,700
Oppenheimer household was not 
particularly religious, every 

5047
04:41:21,700 --> 04:41:25,100
wool was adorned with books like
old friends, waiting to chat and

5048
04:41:25,100 --> 04:41:28,300
topics discussed at the dinner. 
Table included literature art 

5049
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:30,900
and difficult philosophical 
issues like a tiny. 

5050
04:41:30,900 --> 04:41:34,500
Sober sponge, Robert took in all
of this cultivating, the kind of

5051
04:41:34,508 --> 04:41:37,900
all-encompassing curiosity that 
would eventually enable him to 

5052
04:41:37,900 --> 04:41:41,100
discuss Hindu philosophy with 
the same ease as he would 

5053
04:41:41,108 --> 04:41:44,600
quantum mechanics, Robert found 
school to be almost too easy. 

5054
04:41:44,600 --> 04:41:47,900
He was quietly working his way 
through books that most adults 

5055
04:41:47,900 --> 04:41:50,100
would find difficult. 
While other kids were having 

5056
04:41:50,100 --> 04:41:53,600
trouble with spelling and math. 
By the age of 10, he was reading

5057
04:41:53,600 --> 04:41:56,800
translated, Plato and Penning. 
Poetry that was surprisingly 

5058
04:41:56,800 --> 04:42:00,400
sophisticated for someone whose 
voice had not yet changed this 

5059
04:42:00,400 --> 04:42:03,300
thin pale boy who could talk 
about literature like, A 

5060
04:42:03,300 --> 04:42:06,400
graduate student still required 
assistance getting to books on 

5061
04:42:06,400 --> 04:42:08,900
high shelves. 
Left his teachers unsure of how 

5062
04:42:08,908 --> 04:42:12,400
to interpret him an alternative 
form of Education was offered by

5063
04:42:12,400 --> 04:42:14,300
the family's Long Island, 
Vacation House. 

5064
04:42:14,300 --> 04:42:17,400
Robert developed a contemplative
love for the outdoors here. 

5065
04:42:17,400 --> 04:42:20,400
He was a child who collected 
rocks with the methodical 

5066
04:42:20,400 --> 04:42:22,900
attention of someone who saw 
stories in their crystalline 

5067
04:42:22,900 --> 04:42:25,700
structures. 
Not the kind who built forts or 

5068
04:42:25,708 --> 04:42:29,200
caught frogs an early indication
of the scientific mind growing 

5069
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:31,500
beneath his literary. 
Interests was the meticulous 

5070
04:42:31,500 --> 04:42:33,600
labeling and cataloging of the 
specimen. 

5071
04:42:34,400 --> 04:42:37,000
Among family friends Roberts 
rock collection became 

5072
04:42:37,000 --> 04:42:40,000
legendary. 
He could spend hours studying a 

5073
04:42:40,000 --> 04:42:42,700
single mineral sample. 
Turning it in the light to 

5074
04:42:42,700 --> 04:42:46,400
reveal various features reading 
about its geological formation 

5075
04:42:46,400 --> 04:42:49,200
and comprehending its 
significance in the grand scheme

5076
04:42:49,200 --> 04:42:51,200
of things. 
He first learned to think in 

5077
04:42:51,200 --> 04:42:54,700
deep time to Envision forces 
that could reshape continents 

5078
04:42:54,700 --> 04:42:58,200
and processes that took millions
of years thanks to geologie 

5079
04:42:58,200 --> 04:43:00,300
later. 
On this sense of scale would 

5080
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:03,000
enable him to understand physics
Concepts that other bright 

5081
04:43:03,000 --> 04:43:05,800
Minds, found difficult to 
understand by his early. 

5082
04:43:05,808 --> 04:43:08,800
Adolescence Robert had developed
into a young man who appeared to

5083
04:43:08,800 --> 04:43:10,400
be a little different from his 
contemporaries. 

5084
04:43:10,400 --> 04:43:14,400
He was aiming enough, but his 
passion and the ferocity with 

5085
04:43:14,400 --> 04:43:17,000
which he pursued them had an 
unearthly quality. 

5086
04:43:17,000 --> 04:43:20,700
Robert had become enthralled 
with Hindu philosophy and wanted

5087
04:43:20,700 --> 04:43:23,600
to read the original texts. 
So he was teaching himself 

5088
04:43:23,600 --> 04:43:25,800
Sanskrit. 
While other boys is age, were 

5089
04:43:25,800 --> 04:43:28,600
learning baseball, and the first
hints of romantic interest. 

5090
04:43:28,600 --> 04:43:31,500
Although, Robert was 
undoubtedly, not exempt from the

5091
04:43:31,500 --> 04:43:35,400
joy of intellectual achievement 
the Sans, Crit study was more 

5092
04:43:35,400 --> 04:43:38,600
than just academic boasting. 
The philosophical issues, these 

5093
04:43:38,600 --> 04:43:41,600
ancient writings address such as
what the nature of reality is 

5094
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:45,100
truly captivated him. 
How do we make sense of our 

5095
04:43:45,100 --> 04:43:47,400
position in the vast seemingly 
uncaring? 

5096
04:43:47,400 --> 04:43:50,200
Universe for him. 
These were pressing personal 

5097
04:43:50,200 --> 04:43:52,200
issues rather than abstract, 
riddles. 

5098
04:43:52,200 --> 04:43:54,700
That would shape his views on 
everything from moral 

5099
04:43:54,700 --> 04:43:57,300
responsibility to subatomic 
particles. 

5100
04:43:57,300 --> 04:44:00,000
His parents were both proud and 
perplexed. 

5101
04:44:00,000 --> 04:44:02,200
As they observed, their sons 
intellectual growth. 

5102
04:44:02,200 --> 04:44:05,600
Robert appeared to be developing
into a person whose mind worked 

5103
04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:07,600
on frequencies. 
They weren't always able to pick

5104
04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:10,600
up, despite their desire to 
raise a thoughtful cultured 

5105
04:44:10,600 --> 04:44:12,900
child. 
They realized they were raising 

5106
04:44:12,900 --> 04:44:15,700
someone very special. 
When he casually mentioned over 

5107
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:18,400
breakfast, that he had started a
small literary magazine at 

5108
04:44:18,400 --> 04:44:21,300
school or that he had been 
communicating with professional.

5109
04:44:21,300 --> 04:44:24,000
Geologists about his rock 
collection for Robert. 

5110
04:44:24,000 --> 04:44:26,700
The passage from childhood to 
adolescent, wasn't totally 

5111
04:44:26,700 --> 04:44:28,900
seamless. 
Social situations were 

5112
04:44:28,900 --> 04:44:31,400
occasionally awkward due to his 
intellectual prowess. 

5113
04:44:31,400 --> 04:44:34,600
He would make references that 
were too complex for his peers 

5114
04:44:34,600 --> 04:44:37,600
to understand or get so 
engrossed in a book that he 

5115
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:41,200
forgot he was meant to be taking
part in group activities but 

5116
04:44:41,200 --> 04:44:43,600
instead of growing resentful or 
conceited over his different 

5117
04:44:44,400 --> 04:44:47,300
Robert acquired a kind of mild 
disinterest, that would benefit 

5118
04:44:47,300 --> 04:44:50,500
him for the rest of his life. 
He discovered how to live in two

5119
04:44:50,500 --> 04:44:53,600
different worlds at once the 
world of scientific facts and 

5120
04:44:53,600 --> 04:44:56,900
the world of artistic Beauty, 
the world of teenage worries and

5121
04:44:56,900 --> 04:45:00,200
the world of adult ideas. 
Robert had already started to 

5122
04:45:00,200 --> 04:45:02,600
consider the issues that would 
shape his adult life as he 

5123
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:04,600
neared graduation from the 
ethical culture school. 

5124
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,700
A school that placed equal 
emphasis on moral growth and 

5125
04:45:07,700 --> 04:45:10,500
academic success. 
How can we strike a balance 

5126
04:45:10,500 --> 04:45:13,000
between social responsibility 
and personal success? 

5127
04:45:13,900 --> 04:45:16,900
What responsibilities do we have
to serve others with our gifts? 

5128
04:45:17,600 --> 04:45:20,200
In a universe, that appears to 
be controlled by impersonal 

5129
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:22,100
forces. 
How do we find meaning? 

5130
04:45:22,100 --> 04:45:25,300
These were the usual worries of 
a College, Bound 18 year old, 

5131
04:45:25,308 --> 04:45:28,900
but then Robert Oppenheimer had 
never been normal with 

5132
04:45:28,900 --> 04:45:31,100
interests. 
Ranging from poetry, to geology 

5133
04:45:31,100 --> 04:45:33,700
to philosophy. 
He was getting ready to enroll 

5134
04:45:33,700 --> 04:45:36,500
at Harvard University with a 
mine that was already beginning 

5135
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:39,000
to recognize connections, that 
others had overlooked. 

5136
04:45:39,000 --> 04:45:42,200
The young man who had begun, by 
gathering rocks, Was preparing 

5137
04:45:42,200 --> 04:45:44,600
to contribute to the discovery 
of the atoms Mysteries. 

5138
04:45:45,600 --> 04:45:49,300
Someone with Roberts thirst for 
knowledge Harvard in 1922 was 

5139
04:45:49,300 --> 04:45:52,900
like an intellectual candy store
as the majority of freshmen were

5140
04:45:52,900 --> 04:45:55,600
learning how to organize their 
own laundry and deal with the 

5141
04:45:55,600 --> 04:45:57,700
social complexities of living in
a door. 

5142
04:45:57,700 --> 04:46:01,100
Robert was taking courses from a
wide range of academic 

5143
04:46:01,100 --> 04:46:05,500
Specialties much like a person 
to fancy Buffet who is unable to

5144
04:46:05,500 --> 04:46:08,500
choose between the main courses.
And the appetizers, do you know 

5145
04:46:08,500 --> 04:46:11,900
how some people discover their 
calling early on and pursue to 

5146
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:14,500
Sidious? 
Robert wasn't like that. 

5147
04:46:14,500 --> 04:46:18,300
Rather, he went into college 
like a passionate Adventurer, 

5148
04:46:18,300 --> 04:46:21,000
charting a new continent. 
He enrolled in classes in 

5149
04:46:21,000 --> 04:46:23,700
languages, literature, 
philosophy, history, and almost 

5150
04:46:23,700 --> 04:46:25,700
as an afterthought, chemistry 
and physics. 

5151
04:46:26,300 --> 04:46:29,100
His transcript appeared to be 
the work of multiple students, 

5152
04:46:29,100 --> 04:46:32,000
who schedules had been 
inadvertently combined during 

5153
04:46:32,000 --> 04:46:34,300
this time. 
Harvard was still mostly a 

5154
04:46:34,300 --> 04:46:36,300
finishing school for young men 
from well-to-do families. 

5155
04:46:36,300 --> 04:46:40,300
But it was also starting to draw
serious academics who believed 

5156
04:46:40,300 --> 04:46:43,200
that the University was a place 
where genuine intellectual work 

5157
04:46:43,200 --> 04:46:45,500
could take place between these 
two Realms. 

5158
04:46:45,500 --> 04:46:48,600
Robert found himself privileged 
enough to be at ease in social 

5159
04:46:48,600 --> 04:46:51,800
situations, but to inquisitive 
to be content with merely 

5160
04:46:51,800 --> 04:46:55,200
academic credentials. 
This intense young man would ask

5161
04:46:55,200 --> 04:46:57,800
questions that showed he had 
read far more than the assigned 

5162
04:46:57,800 --> 04:47:00,900
materials leaving his professors
unsure of how to respond. 

5163
04:47:00,900 --> 04:47:04,700
Robert might tan gently bring up
a Sanskrit texts in a literature

5164
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:07,800
class to clarify a point 
regarding Western poetry he 

5165
04:47:07,800 --> 04:47:10,100
would relate molecular 
structures to philosophical. 

5166
04:47:10,100 --> 04:47:13,400
Inquiries concerning, the nature
of existence and in a chemistry 

5167
04:47:13,400 --> 04:47:16,100
lab, some faculty members felt 
uneasy about the 

5168
04:47:16,100 --> 04:47:19,400
interdisciplinary thinking While
others were genuinely thrilled 

5169
04:47:19,400 --> 04:47:21,700
about it. 
For students who shared his 

5170
04:47:21,700 --> 04:47:25,300
diverse interests Roberts room, 
in his Harvard dorm turned into 

5171
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:28,900
a sort of Robert would lead 
casual conversations, that could

5172
04:47:28,900 --> 04:47:32,700
range from quantum theory to TS 
while other undergraduates were 

5173
04:47:32,700 --> 04:47:36,500
preoccupied with football games 
and return to parties Elliott's.

5174
04:47:36,500 --> 04:47:39,000
Most recent poems are about the 
Russian revolutions, political 

5175
04:47:39,000 --> 04:47:41,900
ramifications. 
Robert was genuinely interested.

5176
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:44,300
In what other people thought 
about the big questions. 

5177
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:46,000
And genuinely curious about 
everything. 

5178
04:47:46,000 --> 04:47:49,500
So, these weren't performances 
or attempts to flaunt himself. 

5179
04:47:50,500 --> 04:47:54,100
The academic work was almost too
simple in a fraction of the time

5180
04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:57,000
required for his peers to master
the assigned material for most 

5181
04:47:57,000 --> 04:48:01,000
courses, Robert was able to read
independently about topics that 

5182
04:48:01,000 --> 04:48:03,200
went. 
Well beyond any syllabus, he 

5183
04:48:03,200 --> 04:48:06,500
found that he had a special 
talent for physics, not only for

5184
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:09,400
manipulating numbers but also 
for using his imagination to 

5185
04:48:09,400 --> 04:48:12,800
picture how the invisible realm 
of atoms and energy might truly 

5186
04:48:12,800 --> 04:48:15,800
function. 
However despite his academic 

5187
04:48:15,800 --> 04:48:18,400
success, Robert was having 
trouble answering more 

5188
04:48:18,400 --> 04:48:21,600
introspective questions about 
his life goals in his Social 

5189
04:48:21,600 --> 04:48:24,000
Circle. 
It was expected that intelligent

5190
04:48:24,000 --> 04:48:26,500
young men would pursue 
respectable careers in business,

5191
04:48:26,500 --> 04:48:30,600
law or medicine which would 
enable them to continue living 

5192
04:48:30,600 --> 04:48:32,600
the comfortable lives. 
They had known as children, 

5193
04:48:32,600 --> 04:48:35,500
these traditional routes, 
through robot in, but in some 

5194
04:48:35,500 --> 04:48:38,200
way, they seem too narrow for 
the questions that captivated 

5195
04:48:38,200 --> 04:48:42,200
him something clicked in his 
junior year, a professor who had

5196
04:48:42,200 --> 04:48:43,900
trained in Europe and brought 
back, tales of the 

5197
04:48:43,908 --> 04:48:46,700
groundbreaking discoveries being
made in physics Labs across the 

5198
04:48:46,700 --> 04:48:49,900
Atlantic teaching Robert, an 
advanced chemistry course. 

5199
04:48:50,500 --> 04:48:53,200
For the first time, Robert 
realized that science was about 

5200
04:48:53,200 --> 04:48:56,100
asking basic questions about the
nature of reality itself. 

5201
04:48:56,100 --> 04:48:59,400
Not just about learning facts 
and doing calculations. 

5202
04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:03,600
The moment was ideal in the 
1920s physics was going through.

5203
04:49:03,600 --> 04:49:06,400
A revolution that only occurs 
once every 100 years. 

5204
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:09,900
Quantum mechanics and relativity
Theory discoveries were 

5205
04:49:09,900 --> 04:49:12,000
upending, everything scientists 
believe. 

5206
04:49:12,000 --> 04:49:15,600
They knew about matter energy, 
space and time. 

5207
04:49:15,600 --> 04:49:18,300
Robert wanted to be involved 
because it felt like he was 

5208
04:49:18,300 --> 04:49:21,200
witnessing the development of a 
new perspective on the cosmos. 

5209
04:49:22,000 --> 04:49:25,000
Robert had discovered his 
calling, by his senior year, he 

5210
04:49:25,000 --> 04:49:26,200
would pursue a career in 
physics. 

5211
04:49:26,200 --> 04:49:29,200
But he wanted to focus on the 
fundamental issues that were 

5212
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:31,000
changing how people perceive 
reality. 

5213
04:49:31,000 --> 04:49:33,500
This was more of a calling than 
a career decision. 

5214
04:49:33,500 --> 04:49:37,200
It was the same kind of intense 
Dedication that might Inspire 

5215
04:49:37,200 --> 04:49:40,400
someone to pursue a career in 
philosophy or poetry after 

5216
04:49:40,400 --> 04:49:42,800
earning a summa cum laude degree
in 1925. 

5217
04:49:42,800 --> 04:49:45,400
Robert had to make a decision 
that would affect the rest of 

5218
04:49:45,400 --> 04:49:47,500
his life. 
He had the option to remain in 

5219
04:49:47,500 --> 04:49:50,100
America and pursue Graduate 
Studies at one of the reputable 

5220
04:49:50,100 --> 04:49:52,900
universities, which would 
provide him with a secure and 

5221
04:49:52,900 --> 04:49:54,500
reliable route to academic 
achievement. 

5222
04:49:54,500 --> 04:49:58,000
He could also travel to Europe 
where the Giants of theoretical.

5223
04:49:58,000 --> 04:50:00,600
Physics were working out the 
implications of quantum, theory,

5224
04:50:00,600 --> 04:50:03,100
and coffee shops, and Labs from 
Cambridge to gutting. 

5225
04:50:03,100 --> 04:50:06,600
And That's where the real action
was in theoretical physics. 

5226
04:50:06,600 --> 04:50:10,100
The choice to travel to Europe, 
wasn't made solely for academic 

5227
04:50:10,100 --> 04:50:13,300
reasons. 
In addition, Robert was fleeing 

5228
04:50:13,300 --> 04:50:16,200
from a complex romantic 
circumstance that had left him, 

5229
04:50:16,200 --> 04:50:19,600
emotionally damaged, and unsure 
of his own discernment in 

5230
04:50:19,600 --> 04:50:22,600
Private Affairs Europe, provided
him with both geographical 

5231
04:50:22,600 --> 04:50:25,300
separation from issues. 
He wasn't yet prepared to handle

5232
04:50:25,300 --> 04:50:30,500
and intellectual Adventure. 
Thus in the fall of 1925, Robert

5233
04:50:30,500 --> 04:50:33,100
found himself on a ship 
traveling across the Atlantic 

5234
04:50:33,100 --> 04:50:35,900
with letters of introduction to 
some of the world's most 

5235
04:50:35,900 --> 04:50:39,800
renowned scientists and a ton of
questions concerning atomic 

5236
04:50:39,800 --> 04:50:44,100
structure, quantum mechanics and
the bizarre new reality. 

5237
04:50:44,100 --> 04:50:48,500
That physics was unveiling, he 
was 21 years old bright, a 

5238
04:50:48,500 --> 04:50:51,600
little gullible about the world 
outside of Academia and on the 

5239
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:54,900
cusp of one of the most exciting
errors in scientific history. 

5240
04:50:54,900 --> 04:50:57,900
The young man was traveling 
across the ocean to contribute 

5241
04:50:57,900 --> 04:51:00,400
to the understanding of the true
nature of the universe. 

5242
04:51:00,400 --> 04:51:03,900
He had begun his college career 
by reading poetry and collecting

5243
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:06,200
rocks. 
Some with Robert's ambition and 

5244
04:51:06,200 --> 04:51:08,400
curiosity. 
Had been unconsciously preparing

5245
04:51:08,400 --> 04:51:10,800
for this kind of intellectual 
Adventure, all his life. 

5246
04:51:11,300 --> 04:51:15,300
Imagine getting off a train in 
Cambridge England in 1925 with a

5247
04:51:15,300 --> 04:51:17,700
head full of physics. 
Equations that you hope will 

5248
04:51:17,700 --> 04:51:20,500
impress the great Earnest 
Rutherford and a suitcase full 

5249
04:51:20,500 --> 04:51:22,800
of clothing that suddenly seems 
to American. 

5250
04:51:22,800 --> 04:51:25,600
This was Robert's first 
introduction to the Cavendish 

5251
04:51:25,600 --> 04:51:29,000
laboratory where men who viewed,
the fundamental nature of 

5252
04:51:29,000 --> 04:51:31,800
reality as a problem to be 
solved by meticulous 

5253
04:51:31,800 --> 04:51:35,800
experimentation and astute 
intuition for making some of the

5254
04:51:35,800 --> 04:51:39,300
most significant discoveries in 
atomic physics back. 

5255
04:51:39,300 --> 04:51:42,700
Then the Cavendish resembled the
most exclusive Workshop in the 

5256
04:51:42,700 --> 04:51:46,900
world with Scientists discussing
Atomic nuclei and electrons the 

5257
04:51:46,900 --> 04:51:49,800
way, others might discuss the 
weather and equipment that look 

5258
04:51:49,800 --> 04:51:53,200
like it belonged in the basement
of a Victorian Inventus home. 

5259
04:51:53,200 --> 04:51:56,200
Robert was in the odd position 
of being fully unprepared. 

5260
04:51:56,200 --> 04:51:59,500
For the Practical experimental 
methods that British physics. 

5261
04:51:59,500 --> 04:52:03,000
Placed such a strong emphasis on
but intellectually prepared, for

5262
04:52:03,000 --> 04:52:06,600
sophisticated theoretical work. 
You know how it feels to believe

5263
04:52:06,600 --> 04:52:09,400
you are proficient at something 
until you observe a true expert 

5264
04:52:09,400 --> 04:52:12,200
in action. 
Those were Roberts initial 

5265
04:52:12,200 --> 04:52:14,900
months at Cambridge. 
He was able to explain quantum 

5266
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:16,600
mechanics with mathematical 
precision. 

5267
04:52:17,500 --> 04:52:19,200
But he was unable to handle the 
delicate. 

5268
04:52:19,200 --> 04:52:21,700
Manipulations needed for 
experimental work without 

5269
04:52:21,700 --> 04:52:24,700
causing minor catastrophes. 
His attempts to construct 

5270
04:52:24,700 --> 04:52:27,900
equipment frequently ended in 
shattered glassware and outcomes

5271
04:52:27,900 --> 04:52:29,800
that left is supervisors 
wondering. 

5272
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:32,400
If theoretical physics would be 
a better fit for this driven. 

5273
04:52:32,400 --> 04:52:35,300
Young American Robert worked 
with the same methodical 

5274
04:52:35,300 --> 04:52:37,000
intensity. 
He brought to everything else, 

5275
04:52:37,000 --> 04:52:39,800
so it wasn't a lack of 
intelligence or effort. 

5276
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:43,000
That was the issue. 
However, experimental physics, 

5277
04:52:43,000 --> 04:52:46,000
necessitates, a distinct way of 
thinking attack tile 

5278
04:52:46,000 --> 04:52:47,800
comprehension of material 
behavior. 

5279
04:52:47,800 --> 04:52:50,800
And an intuitive sense of when 
something is functioning 

5280
04:52:50,800 --> 04:52:54,400
correctly, the concrete world of
laboratory equipment was almost 

5281
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:58,000
alien to Robert whose mind was 
already functioning at such 

5282
04:52:58,000 --> 04:53:01,900
abstract levels. 
Faced Roberts growth as a 

5283
04:53:01,900 --> 04:53:04,400
scientist depended heavily on 
this difficult time. 

5284
04:53:04,400 --> 04:53:07,700
He had to face the possibility 
of his intellectual gifts, might

5285
04:53:07,700 --> 04:53:10,000
be limited. 
And for the first time, in his 

5286
04:53:10,000 --> 04:53:12,300
academic career, something 
wasn't coming easily. 

5287
04:53:12,300 --> 04:53:15,400
Instead of giving up, Robert 
took this setback, as an 

5288
04:53:15,400 --> 04:53:18,100
opportunity to reflect more 
thoroughly on his career goals 

5289
04:53:18,100 --> 04:53:22,500
as a physicist, In contrast. 
The theoretical work fulfilled 

5290
04:53:22,500 --> 04:53:26,800
all of Robert's expectations in 
the 1920s, the physics Community

5291
04:53:26,800 --> 04:53:29,300
was small enough for informal 
seminars and one-on-one 

5292
04:53:29,300 --> 04:53:33,000
discussions to quickly spread 
revolutionary ideas, Robert 

5293
04:53:33,000 --> 04:53:35,800
found himself at the center of 
debates concerning Quantum, 

5294
04:53:35,800 --> 04:53:39,100
tunneling wave, particle, 
duality, and other ideas that 

5295
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:41,600
went against everything. 
People had previously believed 

5296
04:53:41,600 --> 04:53:43,600
to be true about the physical 
world. 

5297
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:47,300
Robert decided to transfer to 
gutting in Germany, where Max 

5298
04:53:47,300 --> 04:53:49,700
born was spearheading, some of 
the most advanced work in 

5299
04:53:49,708 --> 04:53:52,300
theoretical physics after a year
at Cambridge. 

5300
04:53:52,300 --> 04:53:55,700
This choice would influence the 
remainder of Robert's career. 

5301
04:53:55,700 --> 04:53:58,100
This was part of a revolutionary
movement. 

5302
04:53:58,100 --> 04:54:01,500
That was rewriting, the laws of 
nature, not just to change in 

5303
04:54:01,500 --> 04:54:04,700
universities. 
The quantum Revolution began in 

5304
04:54:04,700 --> 04:54:08,600
gutting in 1926, when bright 
people realized their making 

5305
04:54:08,600 --> 04:54:11,200
discoveries that will forever 
alter human understanding. 

5306
04:54:11,200 --> 04:54:14,700
The university town is filled 
with the kind of intellectual 

5307
04:54:14,700 --> 04:54:17,500
excitement that resulted when 
Robert arrived. 

5308
04:54:17,500 --> 04:54:20,200
He was surrounded by Young 
physicists from all over the 

5309
04:54:20,208 --> 04:54:22,900
world who all interested in 
working with born. 

5310
04:54:22,900 --> 04:54:26,200
And his colleagues on problems 
that had never been sold because

5311
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:29,300
they had never been properly 
formulated before in a way that 

5312
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:31,800
Robert had never encountered 
before the work was highly 

5313
04:54:31,800 --> 04:54:34,600
collaborative. 
And coffee shop conversations 

5314
04:54:34,600 --> 04:54:38,700
and seminars ideas were freely, 
exchanged and progressed toward 

5315
04:54:38,700 --> 04:54:40,800
understanding was more important
than credit. 

5316
04:54:40,800 --> 04:54:44,100
Robert flourished in this 
setting and found that rather 

5317
04:54:44,100 --> 04:54:47,500
than detracting from his physics
thinking his wide, cultural 

5318
04:54:47,500 --> 04:54:49,600
background and philosophical 
interests. 

5319
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:52,800
Actually, strengthened it Robert
started working on quantum, 

5320
04:54:52,800 --> 04:54:55,400
mechanical problems under 
Bourne's, tutelage that called 

5321
04:54:55,400 --> 04:54:58,000
for real physical intuition 
about the behavior of atoms. 

5322
04:54:58,000 --> 04:55:01,600
And molecules, in addition to 
mathematical expertise, the 

5323
04:55:01,600 --> 04:55:04,600
quantum mechanics of molecular 
rotation, was the subject of his

5324
04:55:04,600 --> 04:55:08,100
doctoral dissertation, which he 
finished in an exceptionally 

5325
04:55:08,100 --> 04:55:10,900
short amount of time. 
This technical work showed his 

5326
04:55:10,900 --> 04:55:13,700
command of the new theoretical 
tools and opened up research 

5327
04:55:13,700 --> 04:55:15,300
avenues. 
That would occupy other 

5328
04:55:15,300 --> 04:55:18,700
physicists for decades what 
Robert discovered about the true

5329
04:55:18,700 --> 04:55:21,000
nature of science. 
However, may have been more 

5330
04:55:21,000 --> 04:55:22,800
significant than the particular 
study. 

5331
04:55:22,800 --> 04:55:26,000
He learned in gutting and that 
the best discoveries frequently 

5332
04:55:26,000 --> 04:55:29,100
result from identifying, which 
questions are worthwhile to ask 

5333
04:55:29,100 --> 04:55:32,200
rather than from resolving 
predetermined issues. 

5334
04:55:32,200 --> 04:55:35,400
He develop The ability to think,
like, a theoretical physicist, 

5335
04:55:35,400 --> 04:55:39,000
which included being at ease 
with ambiguity Adept at 

5336
04:55:39,000 --> 04:55:42,400
mathematical abstraction, and 
constantly aware of connections 

5337
04:55:42,400 --> 04:55:45,300
that others might Overlook 
Roberts knowledge of politics 

5338
04:55:45,300 --> 04:55:47,900
and culture was also expanded by
his time in Europe. 

5339
04:55:48,700 --> 04:55:50,200
Which would have an impact on 
his future. 

5340
04:55:50,200 --> 04:55:54,200
This was vimar Germany, a 
country struggling with economic

5341
04:55:54,200 --> 04:55:57,900
instability and escalating 
political tensions as it 

5342
04:55:57,900 --> 04:56:00,800
attempted to reconstruct itself.
Following the destruction of 

5343
04:56:00,800 --> 04:56:04,300
World War 1 Roberts or 
first-hand how political forces 

5344
04:56:04,300 --> 04:56:07,100
could quickly jeopardize 
academic freedom and scientific 

5345
04:56:07,100 --> 04:56:09,900
collaboration. 
But he also saw first-hand how 

5346
04:56:09,900 --> 04:56:13,100
intellectual life could Thrive 
even in turbulent Times? 

5347
04:56:13,100 --> 04:56:16,900
Robert had changed from a bright
but unfocused college graduate 

5348
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:19,300
to one of the rising stars of 
theoretical physics. 

5349
04:56:19,300 --> 04:56:22,900
By the time, he finished his 
Doctorate in 1927, he had 

5350
04:56:22,900 --> 04:56:24,900
acquired research techniques 
that would benefit him 

5351
04:56:24,900 --> 04:56:27,700
throughout his career learned to
think in the mathematical 

5352
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:31,200
language of quantum mechanics 
and cultivated connections with 

5353
04:56:31,200 --> 04:56:34,000
Scientists who would influence 
physics in the 20th century? 

5354
04:56:34,000 --> 04:56:37,700
Once a hobbyist rock collector, 
the young man was now prepared 

5355
04:56:37,700 --> 04:56:40,300
to contribute to the discovery 
of the fundamental laws, 

5356
04:56:40,300 --> 04:56:44,100
governing everything from Star 
Behavior to Atomic Structure, he

5357
04:56:44,100 --> 04:56:47,300
would however, first go back to 
America to assist in creating a 

5358
04:56:47,308 --> 04:56:49,500
physics community. 
That could rival the 

5359
04:56:49,500 --> 04:56:51,900
intellectual stimulation. 
He had encountered in Europe, 

5360
04:56:51,900 --> 04:56:55,000
Robert was carrying more than 
just a doctorate as he got ready

5361
04:56:55,000 --> 04:56:56,900
to set sail, again, across the 
Atlantic. 

5362
04:56:56,900 --> 04:56:59,500
He was introducing, a fresh 
perspective on physics. 

5363
04:56:59,500 --> 04:57:01,700
That would contribute to the 
transformation of American 

5364
04:57:01,700 --> 04:57:05,100
Science from a primarily 
Regional Endeavor into a global 

5365
04:57:05,100 --> 04:57:08,000
leader in basic research. 
The young man who had enjoyed 

5366
04:57:08,000 --> 04:57:09,800
reading. 
Sounds good was coming back as a

5367
04:57:09,800 --> 04:57:13,000
man, who could decipher Nature's
Own hidden grammar, and contrast

5368
04:57:13,000 --> 04:57:15,300
to the intellectual Oasis. 
He'd encountered in Europe. 

5369
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:18,900
American physics appeared to be 
a desert when Robert returned to

5370
04:57:18,900 --> 04:57:22,900
the United States in 1927, the 
majority of American physics, 

5371
04:57:22,900 --> 04:57:25,400
departments were still 
concentrating on real world 

5372
04:57:25,400 --> 04:57:28,700
applications and conventional 
experimental methods while 

5373
04:57:28,700 --> 04:57:31,400
European universities were 
humming with discussions about 

5374
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:33,400
relativity Theory and quantum 
mechanics. 

5375
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:36,700
Everyone was still playing 
simple folk tunes, which was 

5376
04:57:36,700 --> 04:57:38,500
like coming back from a Symphony
concert. 

5377
04:57:38,500 --> 04:57:41,900
However, Robert viewed. 
This as an opportunity rather 

5378
04:57:41,900 --> 04:57:44,600
than elected down. 
Even though American physics was

5379
04:57:44,600 --> 04:57:47,300
theoretically underdeveloped, 
there was still an opportunity 

5380
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:50,500
to develop something new and 
established an intellectual 

5381
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:53,300
community that could compete 
with the major European 

5382
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:55,700
learning. 
Hubs it only required, someone 

5383
04:57:55,700 --> 04:57:58,400
who was prepared to sow the 
seeds and then patiently and 

5384
04:57:58,400 --> 04:58:00,100
enthusiastically tend to their 
growth. 

5385
04:58:00,100 --> 04:58:02,900
The physics department at the 
University of California 

5386
04:58:02,900 --> 04:58:06,300
Berkeley, where he held his 
first job was searching for 

5387
04:58:06,300 --> 04:58:08,600
someone who could introduce 
graduates students to the 

5388
04:58:08,600 --> 04:58:11,000
theoretical work. 
That was transforming the field 

5389
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:13,400
in Europe. 
When Robert got there, there 

5390
04:58:13,400 --> 04:58:15,800
were a few bright students who 
wanted to learn about Quantum. 

5391
04:58:16,100 --> 04:58:17,500
Onyx. 
But didn't know where to start. 

5392
04:58:17,500 --> 04:58:20,900
It was similar to asking someone
who had never heard the language

5393
04:58:20,900 --> 04:58:22,300
to teach them a foreign 
language. 

5394
04:58:22,300 --> 04:58:25,500
What followed was one of those? 
Understated revolutions that 

5395
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:28,000
alter everything but a rarely 
reported in the media. 

5396
04:58:28,000 --> 04:58:31,600
Robert started constructing, the
Berkeley School of theoretical 

5397
04:58:31,600 --> 04:58:33,900
physics. 
Turning nearly nothing into a 

5398
04:58:33,900 --> 04:58:36,500
research program, that would 
eventually compete with the best

5399
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:39,700
in the world. 
However, he accomplished this in

5400
04:58:39,700 --> 04:58:42,100
a manner, that was 
distinctively, American fusing 

5401
04:58:42,100 --> 04:58:45,800
European sophistication with a 
more open cooperative and 

5402
04:58:45,800 --> 04:58:49,600
Democratic method of scientific 
inquiry Roberts teaching style, 

5403
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:51,700
was the key because it was 
different from anything, his 

5404
04:58:51,700 --> 04:58:54,500
students had ever encountered, 
rather than giving polished 

5405
04:58:54,500 --> 04:58:57,500
lectures, while standing at a 
Blackboard Robert would solve 

5406
04:58:57,500 --> 04:59:00,100
problems allowed as his students
observed, the process of 

5407
04:59:00,100 --> 04:59:03,000
discovery it was similar to 
being permitted to watch a 

5408
04:59:03,000 --> 04:59:05,200
master Craftsman in action, 
witnessing. 

5409
04:59:05,200 --> 04:59:08,200
Not only the final product, but 
also the methods and ways of 

5410
04:59:08,200 --> 04:59:09,800
thinking that enabled 
excellence. 

5411
04:59:10,700 --> 04:59:13,200
The physics Community came to 
Revere Roberts seminars. 

5412
04:59:13,200 --> 04:59:16,100
He would be deep in conversation
with whoever derived. 

5413
04:59:16,100 --> 04:59:19,200
Early explaining connections 
between quantum mechanics, 

5414
04:59:19,200 --> 04:59:22,100
statistical mechanics, and Astro
physics. 

5415
04:59:22,100 --> 04:59:24,800
That most professors were 
treated distinct subjects. 

5416
04:59:24,800 --> 04:59:28,500
While drawing equations on the 
Blackboard, everyone was 

5417
04:59:28,500 --> 04:59:31,400
expected to contribute and the 
environment was more akin to 

5418
04:59:31,408 --> 04:59:34,700
sell on than a classroom. 
Do you know how some Educators 

5419
04:59:34,700 --> 04:59:36,700
tend to oversimplify difficult 
subjects? 

5420
04:59:36,700 --> 04:59:38,800
Robert possessed, the opposite 
Talent? 

5421
04:59:38,800 --> 04:59:41,000
He was able to make even the 
most difficult. 

5422
04:59:41,000 --> 04:59:44,400
Theoretical physics ideas seem 
not just understandable, but 

5423
04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:47,500
inevitable, his seminars, would 
leave students with a fresh 

5424
04:59:47,500 --> 04:59:51,000
perspective on physical issues 
as well as new knowledge as if 

5425
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:53,900
they had been given access to 
secrets about the true workings 

5426
04:59:53,900 --> 04:59:57,200
of the universe students from 
all over, the nation were drawn 

5427
04:59:57,200 --> 04:59:59,500
to the Berkeley program because 
they had heard about this young 

5428
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:02,700
Professor who was making a 
significant contribution to the 

5429
05:00:02,700 --> 05:00:05,800
teaching of physics in America. 
They arrived hoping to learn 

5430
05:00:05,800 --> 05:00:09,000
quantum mechanics, but instead, 
they found a whole new way of 

5431
05:00:09,000 --> 05:00:11,800
doing science. 
One that value depth, as much as

5432
05:00:11,800 --> 05:00:15,400
breadth philosophical insight. 
As much as mathematical skill 

5433
05:00:15,400 --> 05:00:19,100
and teamwork, as much as 
individual success Roberts 

5434
05:00:19,100 --> 05:00:21,700
impact went well, beyond His 
official teaching duties. 

5435
05:00:22,400 --> 05:00:24,900
For a whole generation of 
American, physicists, many of 

5436
05:00:24,908 --> 05:00:27,000
whom would later. 
Make important contributions to 

5437
05:00:27,000 --> 05:00:29,300
the discipline. 
He served as a mentor in 

5438
05:00:29,300 --> 05:00:32,300
intellectual Mentor more 
significantly, though he was not

5439
05:00:32,300 --> 05:00:34,100
merely teaching them to solve 
problems. 

5440
05:00:34,100 --> 05:00:37,800
He was teaching them how to 
think, like scientists Roberts 

5441
05:00:37,800 --> 05:00:40,600
into disciplinary approach and 
wide range of interests were 

5442
05:00:40,600 --> 05:00:42,900
reflected in the research that 
came out of Berkeley. 

5443
05:00:42,900 --> 05:00:46,700
In the 1930s working on issues 
ranging from nuclear theory to 

5444
05:00:46,700 --> 05:00:49,200
astrophysics to Atomic and 
molecular physics. 

5445
05:00:49,200 --> 05:00:52,400
His students frequently 
discovered connections between 

5446
05:00:52,400 --> 05:00:55,400
these ostensibly disparate 
fields that more narrowly 

5447
05:00:55,400 --> 05:00:57,600
focused. 
Researchers would Overlook all 

5448
05:00:57,600 --> 05:00:59,200
though. 
Robert himself made significant 

5449
05:00:59,200 --> 05:01:01,500
contributions to the fields of 
quantum tunneling. 

5450
05:01:01,500 --> 05:01:03,900
Cosmic ray showers and neutron 
stars. 

5451
05:01:03,900 --> 05:01:07,100
His greatest accomplishment was 
establishing a scientific 

5452
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:11,100
Community capable of confidently
and creatively addressing any 

5453
05:01:11,100 --> 05:01:14,200
issue Roberts. 
Genuine excitement for the 

5454
05:01:14,200 --> 05:01:17,000
process of Discovery. 
In addition to his Mastery of 

5455
05:01:17,008 --> 05:01:20,800
physics was what made him, such 
an Effective Teacher, he tackled

5456
05:01:20,800 --> 05:01:23,600
every new problem with the 
Positiveness of someone who was 

5457
05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:26,800
learning physics for the first 
time and this enthusiasm was 

5458
05:01:26,800 --> 05:01:30,000
infectious, in addition to 
learning how to solve problems. 

5459
05:01:30,000 --> 05:01:33,000
Students also discovered how 
much they enjoy the intellectual

5460
05:01:33,000 --> 05:01:35,400
Journey. 
That is scientific research, the

5461
05:01:35,400 --> 05:01:36,900
Berkeley school was one of the 
top. 

5462
05:01:36,900 --> 05:01:39,900
Hubs for theoretical physics, 
research worldwide, by the late,

5463
05:01:39,900 --> 05:01:41,900
1930s. 
The collaborative 

5464
05:01:41,900 --> 05:01:45,000
interdisciplinary approach that 
Robert had taught them was being

5465
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:47,700
carried by his former students, 
as they dispersed throughout 

5466
05:01:47,700 --> 05:01:50,800
American universities. 
American physics was starting to

5467
05:01:50,800 --> 05:01:54,100
compete with European science by
creating its own unique research

5468
05:01:54,100 --> 05:01:57,500
and teaching methodology, rather
than by imitating European 

5469
05:01:57,500 --> 05:02:01,100
techniques, however, Roberts 
career and the interaction 

5470
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:04,500
between science and Society were
about to change as a result of 

5471
05:02:04,500 --> 05:02:07,700
the intersection of his teaching
success with more significant 

5472
05:02:07,700 --> 05:02:11,200
historical forces. 
Sue the same theoretical 

5473
05:02:11,200 --> 05:02:12,800
discoveries that made his 
seminar. 

5474
05:02:12,800 --> 05:02:15,900
So fascinating would serve as 
the base for weapons with 

5475
05:02:15,900 --> 05:02:19,000
previously unheard of 
destructive potential and the 

5476
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:22,200
educator who had dedicated his 
professional life to fostering. 

5477
05:02:22,300 --> 05:02:25,400
Intellectual Community would be 
called upon to lead, an 

5478
05:02:25,400 --> 05:02:28,000
unprecedented scientific 
Endeavor to put an end to a 

5479
05:02:28,000 --> 05:02:30,200
conflict. 
All of Roberts, interpersonal, 

5480
05:02:30,200 --> 05:02:32,600
and intellectual leadership. 
Abilities would be put to the 

5481
05:02:32,600 --> 05:02:36,600
test as he went from being a 
university Professor to a 

5482
05:02:36,600 --> 05:02:39,500
scientific administrator. 
However, the groundwork had been

5483
05:02:39,508 --> 05:02:42,500
established during his time at 
Berkeley where he discovered 

5484
05:02:42,500 --> 05:02:44,800
that the most significant 
scientific breakthroughs 

5485
05:02:44,800 --> 05:02:48,200
frequently result from groups of
gifted individuals collaborating

5486
05:02:48,200 --> 05:02:51,800
to achieve shared objectives. 
Rather than from Lone Geniuses 

5487
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:54,600
imagine being tasked with 
creating a brand new city in the

5488
05:02:54,600 --> 05:02:58,000
middle of a New Mexico Mesa 
assembling a team of some of the

5489
05:02:58,000 --> 05:03:01,300
most talented and erratic 
scientists on the planet and 

5490
05:03:01,300 --> 05:03:04,100
organizing them to tackle the 
most difficult technical problem

5491
05:03:04,100 --> 05:03:07,000
in human history. 
All while keeping everything you

5492
05:03:07,000 --> 05:03:11,000
do completely Secret in 1942, 
Robert was offered this task by 

5493
05:03:11,000 --> 05:03:14,000
the US government. 
And he accepted at somehow at 

5494
05:03:14,000 --> 05:03:18,100
7,300 feet above sea level, on a
plateau, in circled by 

5495
05:03:18,108 --> 05:03:21,100
mountains, that seemed to go on 
forever beneath a vast guy. 

5496
05:03:21,800 --> 05:03:24,800
Roberts, first impression of Los
Alamos, was hardly more than a 

5497
05:03:24,800 --> 05:03:28,300
boy's school. 
It was remote harsh, and totally

5498
05:03:28,300 --> 05:03:30,800
unfit for the kind of scientific
work that would have to take 

5499
05:03:30,800 --> 05:03:33,500
place there. 
But it was also beautiful in the

5500
05:03:33,500 --> 05:03:36,700
way that Barren Landscapes can 
be after seeing the website. 

5501
05:03:36,700 --> 05:03:39,200
The majority of people would 
have recommended going somewhere

5502
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:41,700
more affordable. 
But when Robert looked at that 

5503
05:03:41,700 --> 05:03:45,100
Mesa, he noticed something 
different, he saw a setting that

5504
05:03:45,100 --> 05:03:47,300
might motivate the kind of 
extraordinary effort that 

5505
05:03:47,300 --> 05:03:51,100
extraordinary times required. 
A space that could support quick

5506
05:03:51,100 --> 05:03:55,100
expansion and an isolation that 
would offer security more than 

5507
05:03:55,100 --> 05:03:57,100
that. 
He realized that developing the 

5508
05:03:57,100 --> 05:03:58,700
atomic bomb was a human 
challenge. 

5509
05:03:58,700 --> 05:04:01,700
It would necessitate the 
establishment of an entirely new

5510
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:05,300
type of scientific Community. 
The Manhattan Project marked a 

5511
05:04:05,300 --> 05:04:07,600
significant change in the 
structure and financing of 

5512
05:04:07,600 --> 05:04:11,000
scientific research Los Alamos 
would unite hundreds of 

5513
05:04:11,008 --> 05:04:14,800
scientists and Engineers to work
on a single well-defined goal 

5514
05:04:14,800 --> 05:04:18,100
under military security and 
government guidance rather than 

5515
05:04:18,100 --> 05:04:20,600
having individual professors 
work with small groups of 

5516
05:04:20,600 --> 05:04:23,800
students on problems of their 
own choosing with Robert 

5517
05:04:23,800 --> 05:04:25,700
conducting. 
It was like a tempting to turn 

5518
05:04:25,700 --> 05:04:28,800
scientific research from chamber
music into a symphony orchestra 

5519
05:04:29,800 --> 05:04:33,300
Just the logistical difficulty 
were astounding without knowing 

5520
05:04:33,300 --> 05:04:35,900
exactly what they would be 
working on scientists and their 

5521
05:04:35,900 --> 05:04:39,400
families had to be recruited. 
The closest major city was 

5522
05:04:39,400 --> 05:04:42,700
hundreds of miles away. 
So how housing labs and support 

5523
05:04:42,700 --> 05:04:45,500
facilities had to be built, 
their equipment had to be 

5524
05:04:45,500 --> 05:04:49,300
transported to an unofficial 
site via Mountain Roads, And it 

5525
05:04:49,300 --> 05:04:52,000
had to happen fast enough to 
change the course of a global 

5526
05:04:52,000 --> 05:04:55,000
conflict. 
The human problems however were 

5527
05:04:55,000 --> 05:04:57,700
even more intricate. 
In addition to representing 

5528
05:04:57,700 --> 05:05:01,200
various physics and chemistry, 
Specialties the scientists who 

5529
05:05:01,200 --> 05:05:03,100
arrived at. 
Los Alamos also represented 

5530
05:05:03,100 --> 05:05:06,800
various cultures, research 
methodologies and viewpoints on.

5531
05:05:06,800 --> 05:05:09,700
The best way to structure. 
Scientific Endeavors American 

5532
05:05:09,700 --> 05:05:12,200
Scholars who had never left 
their homelands, collaborated 

5533
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:15,900
with European refugees who had 
fled fascism Engineers, who had 

5534
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:18,600
to construct real devices. 
That would functioning combat 

5535
05:05:18,600 --> 05:05:21,000
environments. 
Worked alongside theoretical 

5536
05:05:21,000 --> 05:05:24,000
physicists, who thought in 
abstract mathematical terms, 

5537
05:05:24,000 --> 05:05:27,100
although he undoubtedly helped 
solve technical problems 

5538
05:05:27,100 --> 05:05:30,500
Roberts, genius during the time 
was more organizational and 

5539
05:05:30,500 --> 05:05:33,600
social than scientific somehow. 
He was able to maintain 

5540
05:05:33,600 --> 05:05:35,900
scientific standards under 
extreme time. 

5541
05:05:35,900 --> 05:05:39,600
Pressure balance the conflicting
demands of scientific, openness 

5542
05:05:39,600 --> 05:05:42,900
and Military security, and 
Foster sentence of shared 

5543
05:05:42,900 --> 05:05:46,000
purpose, among individuals who 
had spent their careers working 

5544
05:05:46,000 --> 05:05:48,300
independently. 
There had never been a 

5545
05:05:48,300 --> 05:05:50,600
community, like the one that 
grew up at Los Alamos in the 

5546
05:05:50,600 --> 05:05:53,700
history of science. 
Not because they had to But 

5547
05:05:53,700 --> 05:05:55,600
because they were engrossed in 
the thrill of group. 

5548
05:05:55,600 --> 05:05:59,200
Discovery scientists put in more
hours and worked harder than 

5549
05:05:59,200 --> 05:06:02,800
they had ever thought possible. 
Suddenly Roberts theoretical 

5550
05:06:02,800 --> 05:06:05,800
knowledge, which he had been 
imparting at Berkeley was being 

5551
05:06:05,800 --> 05:06:08,700
applied to real world issues. 
With immediate consequences 

5552
05:06:08,700 --> 05:06:12,000
during this time Roberts 
leadership style was a 

5553
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:15,300
reflection of all he had learned
in his years, as a teacher about

5554
05:06:15,300 --> 05:06:18,000
scientific creativity and human 
motivation. 

5555
05:06:18,000 --> 05:06:21,100
He concentrated on fostering an 
environment where talented 

5556
05:06:21,100 --> 05:06:23,800
individuals could produce their 
best work, rather than 

5557
05:06:23,800 --> 05:06:26,100
attempting to micromanage 
technical details. 

5558
05:06:26,100 --> 05:06:29,100
Made sure his scientists have 
the tools and assistance, they 

5559
05:06:29,100 --> 05:06:31,500
required while shielding them 
from bureaucratic meddling. 

5560
05:06:32,300 --> 05:06:34,600
He promoted the kind of casual 
conversations and 

5561
05:06:34,600 --> 05:06:38,200
interdisciplinary, cooperation 
that had been so fruitful at 

5562
05:06:38,200 --> 05:06:41,100
Berkeley for someone with 
Robert's wide range of cultural 

5563
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:42,900
interests and vast, personal 
Network. 

5564
05:06:42,900 --> 05:06:46,200
The security requirements at Los
Alamos, presented unique 

5565
05:06:46,200 --> 05:06:49,300
challenges, his previous 
affiliations with leftist and 

5566
05:06:49,300 --> 05:06:52,200
communist groups which had not 
seemed significant during his 

5567
05:06:52,200 --> 05:06:56,500
academic career suddenly became 
issues of National Security when

5568
05:06:56,500 --> 05:06:59,100
he was attempting to coordinate,
the most significant scientific 

5569
05:06:59,100 --> 05:07:02,900
Endeavor in American history. 
FBI agents looked into his 

5570
05:07:02,900 --> 05:07:06,400
background maintaining, his own 
moral equilibrium and sense of 

5571
05:07:06,400 --> 05:07:08,700
perspective, while overseeing 
work that was specifically 

5572
05:07:08,700 --> 05:07:11,800
intended to produce. 
Wmds was perhaps the most 

5573
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:13,800
challenging tasks, Robert had to
undertake. 

5574
05:07:13,800 --> 05:07:16,900
After years of studying 
philosophical issues, regarding 

5575
05:07:16,900 --> 05:07:18,600
the nature of reality and human 
responsibility. 

5576
05:07:18,600 --> 05:07:22,300
The man was now directly faced 
with the applications of 

5577
05:07:22,300 --> 05:07:25,500
scientific knowledge. 
The technical work moved, along 

5578
05:07:25,500 --> 05:07:28,300
remarkably quickly. 
And effectively the kind of 

5579
05:07:28,300 --> 05:07:31,300
concentrated cooperation that 
only the urgency of War could 

5580
05:07:31,300 --> 05:07:34,500
Foster led to the resolution of 
issues that might have taken 

5581
05:07:34,500 --> 05:07:36,200
years to resolve in peace. 
Time. 

5582
05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:39,000
In a matter of months, 
scientists who had never held a 

5583
05:07:39,008 --> 05:07:42,400
job outside of Academia were now
managing, intricate engineering 

5584
05:07:42,400 --> 05:07:45,300
projects, and designing 
industrial processes. 

5585
05:07:45,300 --> 05:07:48,400
The precise blueprints for 
nuclear weapons were developed 

5586
05:07:48,400 --> 05:07:51,000
using the theoretical insights 
of quantum mechanics. 

5587
05:07:52,000 --> 05:07:54,600
Roberts started to wrestle with 
issues, that would follow him 

5588
05:07:54,600 --> 05:07:57,100
for the rest of his life, as the
project came to a close. 

5589
05:07:57,100 --> 05:08:00,400
What moral ramifications did, 
what they were producing have. 

5590
05:08:01,200 --> 05:08:03,500
What effects might nuclear 
weapons have on human 

5591
05:08:03,500 --> 05:08:05,300
civilization and international 
relations. 

5592
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:09,200
What obligations did scientists 
have regarding how their 

5593
05:08:09,200 --> 05:08:11,600
findings were used? 
These were pressing real-world 

5594
05:08:11,600 --> 05:08:14,600
issues that would soon require 
Solutions, not abstract, 

5595
05:08:14,600 --> 05:08:17,900
philosophical conundrums. 
When he first agreed to build a 

5596
05:08:17,900 --> 05:08:20,300
laboratory. 
In the desert, the quiet bookish

5597
05:08:20,300 --> 05:08:23,600
Professor who had once taught 
Sanskrit for fun was about to 

5598
05:08:23,600 --> 05:08:26,600
become one of the most powerful 
people in modern history and the

5599
05:08:26,608 --> 05:08:29,600
weight of that influence was 
starting to weigh heavily on 

5600
05:08:29,600 --> 05:08:31,600
him. 
Robert stood in a bunker in the 

5601
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:36,600
New Mexico desert on the morning
of July 16th, 1945 and 

5602
05:08:36,600 --> 05:08:38,700
dissipating. 
Whether three years of the most 

5603
05:08:38,700 --> 05:08:42,100
rigorous scientific Endeavor in 
human history would yield the 

5604
05:08:42,100 --> 05:08:44,800
outcome. 
That theory had predicted 20,000

5605
05:08:44,800 --> 05:08:46,600
yards away on a tower was the 
gadget. 

5606
05:08:46,600 --> 05:08:50,100
They dubbed Gadget far enough 
away that in the worst case 

5607
05:08:50,100 --> 05:08:51,900
scenario. 
They might live to lament their 

5608
05:08:51,900 --> 05:08:53,800
errors. 
You know how you feel, when 

5609
05:08:53,800 --> 05:08:56,800
you've studied everything you 
can before a final exam, but 

5610
05:08:56,800 --> 05:08:59,700
you're still unsure if you'll be
sufficiently prepared, the 

5611
05:08:59,700 --> 05:09:01,600
stakes were a little higher than
A course grade. 

5612
05:09:01,600 --> 05:09:05,000
But that was Robert's mindset in
the pre-dawn darkness of the 

5613
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:07,400
Alamogordo desert. 
They were on the verge of the 

5614
05:09:07,408 --> 05:09:10,800
first artificial nuclear 
explosion in Earth's history, if

5615
05:09:10,800 --> 05:09:13,900
their calculations were accurate
If their calculations were 

5616
05:09:13,908 --> 05:09:16,500
incorrect, the repercussions 
could be anything. 

5617
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:20,200
From a regional disaster to an 
embarrassing failure with the 

5618
05:09:20,200 --> 05:09:22,800
same mechanical accuracy that 
had defined, the Manhattan 

5619
05:09:22,800 --> 05:09:29,000
Project as a whole, the 
countdown began 10, 9 8, 7 at 

5620
05:09:29,000 --> 05:09:32,000
zero, a flash of light brighter 
than the sun, blazed across the 

5621
05:09:32,000 --> 05:09:34,900
desert visible from 150 miles 
away. 

5622
05:09:34,900 --> 05:09:38,300
Transforming the mountains into 
Bleak Silhouettes against a 

5623
05:09:38,300 --> 05:09:41,900
man-made Dawn, even from a 
distance, observers could feel 

5624
05:09:41,900 --> 05:09:45,200
the heat on their faces then 
like an unseen tsunami, the 

5625
05:09:45,200 --> 05:09:47,100
Shockwave rolled across the 
desert floor. 

5626
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:50,200
It was precisely the kind of 
literary allusion that had 

5627
05:09:50,200 --> 05:09:53,200
defined Roberts thinking 
throughout his career but this 

5628
05:09:53,200 --> 05:09:56,200
time, the ancient poetry carried
away that no classroom 

5629
05:09:56,200 --> 05:09:59,200
discussion, could have prepared 
him for Robert later claimed 

5630
05:09:59,200 --> 05:10:01,200
that a line from the bag of Gita
came to mind. 

5631
05:10:01,200 --> 05:10:04,200
As he watched the expanding, 
Fireball rise into a mushroom 

5632
05:10:04,200 --> 05:10:06,100
cloud. 
That would become the iconic 

5633
05:10:06,100 --> 05:10:09,900
image of the nuclear age. 
Now, I am become death. 

5634
05:10:10,700 --> 05:10:14,600
Destroyer of worlds. 
In addition to being Robert's 

5635
05:10:14,600 --> 05:10:17,800
greatest scientific achievement.
The Trinity test marked the 

5636
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:21,000
start of his most trying times, 
a person, however, the 

5637
05:10:21,000 --> 05:10:23,800
successful detonation also, 
meant that Robert and his 

5638
05:10:23,800 --> 05:10:26,500
colleagues had succeeded in 
creating something that could 

5639
05:10:26,508 --> 05:10:28,000
potentially destroy human 
civilization. 

5640
05:10:29,100 --> 05:10:31,800
Proving that the theoretical 
work, done at Los Alamos had 

5641
05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:34,500
been correct and that the 
massive investment of talent and

5642
05:10:34,508 --> 05:10:37,500
resources had produced the 
weapon that military planners 

5643
05:10:37,500 --> 05:10:41,200
believed could end World War 2 
weeks after Trinity were a 

5644
05:10:41,200 --> 05:10:44,100
curious jumble of Joy fatigue 
and mounting fear of what they 

5645
05:10:44,100 --> 05:10:46,800
had let loose though. 
Many of the scientists at Los 

5646
05:10:46,800 --> 05:10:49,300
Alamos were starting to realize 
that their achievement would 

5647
05:10:49,300 --> 05:10:53,100
fundamentally alter human 
perception of power War and the 

5648
05:10:53,100 --> 05:10:55,500
natural world. 
They had achieved something 

5649
05:10:55,500 --> 05:10:59,500
unprecedented in the history of 
Science and Engineering, Robert 

5650
05:10:59,500 --> 05:11:01,100
was in the odd position of 
receiving. 

5651
05:11:01,100 --> 05:11:03,800
Praise for accomplishments that 
made him feel more and more 

5652
05:11:03,800 --> 05:11:06,200
uncomfortable. 
It was a practical illustration 

5653
05:11:06,200 --> 05:11:08,800
of how humans could use the 
basic forces of nature. 

5654
05:11:08,800 --> 05:11:12,500
For destructive ends based on 
the same theoretical insights 

5655
05:11:12,500 --> 05:11:14,000
that had made his bookly 
seminars. 

5656
05:11:14,000 --> 05:11:17,000
So intellectually stimulating, 
it was similar to receiving 

5657
05:11:17,000 --> 05:11:19,900
recognition for resolving a 
sophisticated mathematical 

5658
05:11:19,900 --> 05:11:22,900
puzzle while being aware that 
the solution would result in 

5659
05:11:22,900 --> 05:11:25,900
great suffering Roberta and his 
colleague's discovered along 

5660
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:28,800
with the rest of the world, what
their theoretical work looked 

5661
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:31,900
like Like when applied to real 
cities with real people when the

5662
05:11:31,900 --> 05:11:35,400
bombs were dropped on Hiroshima 
and Nagasaki in August 1945, 

5663
05:11:35,400 --> 05:11:39,200
photographs of destroyed 
buildings reports of radiation 

5664
05:11:39,200 --> 05:11:42,000
sickness and death. 
Tolls that reach the hundreds of

5665
05:11:42,008 --> 05:11:45,100
thousands replace the abstract 
calculations about energy 

5666
05:11:45,100 --> 05:11:48,300
release and blast effects. 
Like Robert's own emotions, The 

5667
05:11:48,300 --> 05:11:50,900
public's response to the atomic 
bombs was complicated. 

5668
05:11:50,900 --> 05:11:53,700
The weapons may have saved 
hundreds of thousands of 

5669
05:11:53,700 --> 05:11:57,100
American and Japanese lives by 
bringing an end to World War Two

5670
05:11:57,100 --> 05:11:59,400
without the need for an 
expensive invasion of Japan. 

5671
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:03,000
However, they had also brought a
new class of destructive power 

5672
05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:05,800
into human history. 
Making early a conflicts seem 

5673
05:12:05,800 --> 05:12:09,500
almost archaic in comparison as 
the man who had enabled nuclear 

5674
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:11,500
war. 
Robert was both feared and 

5675
05:12:11,500 --> 05:12:14,500
hailed as a hero, every one who 
had worked on the Manhattan 

5676
05:12:14,500 --> 05:12:16,600
Project found. 
It difficult to make the shift 

5677
05:12:16,600 --> 05:12:19,200
from the urgency of War to 
contemplation in peace. 

5678
05:12:20,100 --> 05:12:22,200
But Robert found it particularly
difficult. 

5679
05:12:22,200 --> 05:12:25,300
The immediate objective of 
bringing the water a closed 

5680
05:12:25,300 --> 05:12:27,200
before Nazi, Germany could 
create its own. 

5681
05:12:27,208 --> 05:12:30,600
Atomic bomb had taken precedence
over the ethical concerns 

5682
05:12:30,600 --> 05:12:32,700
surrounding nuclear weapons 
during the conflict. 

5683
05:12:32,700 --> 05:12:35,700
Now that the war was over and 
the US was the only country with

5684
05:12:35,700 --> 05:12:38,100
nuclear weapons. 
Those ethical issues needed to 

5685
05:12:38,100 --> 05:12:40,400
be addressed. 
Robert started, discussing the 

5686
05:12:40,400 --> 05:12:43,400
ramifications of atomic energy 
in public contending. 

5687
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:46,900
The disastrous arms race could 
only be avoided by International

5688
05:12:46,900 --> 05:12:50,200
collaboration and civilian 
control of nuclear technology. 

5689
05:12:50,200 --> 05:12:52,800
Some of his detractors would 
later viewers support for 

5690
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:55,800
international control of nuclear
weapons, and the sharing of 

5691
05:12:55,808 --> 05:12:58,700
atomic secrets with other 
countries as naive or even 

5692
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:01,000
treasonous. 
However Roberts worries were 

5693
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:03,500
more grounded in his knowledge 
of the relevant science than in 

5694
05:13:03,500 --> 05:13:06,400
political ideology. 
He understood that a world with 

5695
05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:09,500
multiple nuclear Powers would be
far more dangerous than one. 

5696
05:13:09,500 --> 05:13:12,400
Where nuclear energy was managed
cooperatively by International 

5697
05:13:12,400 --> 05:13:15,600
institutions. 
That the fundamentals of nuclear

5698
05:13:15,600 --> 05:13:19,200
physics, could not be kept 
secret forever, and the other 

5699
05:13:19,200 --> 05:13:21,400
countries would eventually 
develop their own Atomic 

5700
05:13:21,400 --> 05:13:23,800
weapons. 
After learning Sanskrit, out of 

5701
05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:25,800
curiosity and collecting rocks 
for fun. 

5702
05:13:25,800 --> 05:13:28,800
The man, now, found himself at 
the center of discussions about 

5703
05:13:28,800 --> 05:13:31,900
the future of human 
civilization, in order to decide

5704
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:33,700
whether his scientific 
accomplishments would be 

5705
05:13:33,700 --> 05:13:36,600
regarded as Humanity's greatest 
achievement or its ultimate 

5706
05:13:36,600 --> 05:13:39,100
error. 
The theoretical physicist who 

5707
05:13:39,100 --> 05:13:42,100
had previously preferred the 
company of books and ideas was 

5708
05:13:42,100 --> 05:13:45,800
now confirming with generals 
politicians and diplomats on 

5709
05:13:45,800 --> 05:13:48,800
this matter. 
By the end of 1945, Robert was 

5710
05:13:48,800 --> 05:13:51,300
starting to realize that 
scientific achievement could be 

5711
05:13:51,300 --> 05:13:54,800
more burdened and failure. 
Particularly if it provided 

5712
05:13:54,800 --> 05:13:57,700
humans with capabilities that 
their moral development and 

5713
05:13:57,700 --> 05:14:02,000
wisdom had not equipped them to 
manage responsibly the boy who 

5714
05:14:02,000 --> 05:14:04,600
had once pondered his place in 
the universe was now struggling 

5715
05:14:04,600 --> 05:14:06,900
with the fact that he had helped
create a world in which that 

5716
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:10,400
Universe might not have much 
more time to reflect following 

5717
05:14:10,400 --> 05:14:12,100
Los Alamos. 
Robert, learned something that 

5718
05:14:12,100 --> 05:14:16,100
many successful people learn too
late, Fame can be a trap that 

5719
05:14:16,100 --> 05:14:18,400
alters your perception of 
yourself, as well as how other 

5720
05:14:18,400 --> 05:14:21,200
people perceive you now, one of 
America's, most famous 

5721
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:24,100
scientists, the bashful 
Professor, who had been happy to

5722
05:14:24,100 --> 05:14:26,800
lecture, small groups of 
graduate students about quantum,

5723
05:14:26,800 --> 05:14:30,600
mechanics was expected to have 
views on everything from nuclear

5724
05:14:30,600 --> 05:14:33,300
policy to the fate of human 
civilization. 

5725
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:36,400
Imagine being asked to comment 
on political decisions. 

5726
05:14:36,400 --> 05:14:39,500
You're not qualified to make 
invited to every significant 

5727
05:14:39,500 --> 05:14:41,900
meeting on subjects. 
You have never studied and 

5728
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:45,200
treated as an authority on 
matters that are well outside of

5729
05:14:45,200 --> 05:14:49,100
your actual area of expertise. 
This was Robert's life in the 

5730
05:14:49,100 --> 05:14:53,400
late 1940s, and he managed it 
with his usual wits and a naive.

5731
05:14:53,800 --> 05:14:56,600
Public relations and politics 
that would lead to major 

5732
05:14:56,600 --> 05:14:59,200
problems down the road. 
Robert was offered a new 

5733
05:14:59,208 --> 05:15:02,300
position by the atomic energy 
commission that seemed to be a 

5734
05:15:02,300 --> 05:15:05,600
perfect fit for his background 
in science and is wider interest

5735
05:15:05,600 --> 05:15:08,000
in culture. 
Director of Princeton's 

5736
05:15:08,000 --> 05:15:11,100
Institute for advanced study, 
one of the most prominent places

5737
05:15:11,100 --> 05:15:14,300
in American intellectual life. 
It allowed the brightest Minds 

5738
05:15:14,300 --> 05:15:17,200
in the world to focus on basic 
research without being 

5739
05:15:17,200 --> 05:15:20,900
sidetracked by administrative or
teaching, responsibilities along

5740
05:15:20,900 --> 05:15:23,900
with other Titans of 20th 
century mathematics and science 

5741
05:15:23,900 --> 05:15:28,900
Einstein worked there. 
In the late 1940s, Princeton was

5742
05:15:28,900 --> 05:15:32,400
a Haven for Scholars, where 
serious thinkers could Ponder. 

5743
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:35,200
The most profound issues in 
their disciplines with the same 

5744
05:15:35,200 --> 05:15:37,200
further he had brought to Los 
Alamos. 

5745
05:15:37,200 --> 05:15:40,900
Robert threw himself into this 
work but this time the urgency 

5746
05:15:40,900 --> 05:15:42,600
was intellectual rather than 
military. 

5747
05:15:42,600 --> 05:15:45,400
He sought to ascertain. 
Whether there were more profound

5748
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:48,700
ideas that might bring together 
our knowledge of matter energy, 

5749
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:52,400
space and time as well as 
whether the theoretical 

5750
05:15:52,400 --> 05:15:54,100
insights. 
Of quantum mechanics, could be 

5751
05:15:54,100 --> 05:15:57,200
expanded upon. 
However, Robert was unable to 

5752
05:15:57,200 --> 05:16:00,000
fully escape the public role 
that his wartime accomplishment 

5753
05:16:00,000 --> 05:16:03,400
to give him he testified before 
Congress on nuclear policy. 

5754
05:16:03,400 --> 05:16:06,800
Served on government advisory 
committees and delivered 

5755
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:09,600
lectures to audiences who were 
more interested in hearing from 

5756
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:12,600
the father of the atomic bomb. 
Then from a theoretical 

5757
05:16:12,600 --> 05:16:16,200
physicist tackling abstract, 
Quantum field Theory problems, 

5758
05:16:16,200 --> 05:16:19,400
Robert was exposed to political 
forces through these public 

5759
05:16:19,400 --> 05:16:22,500
activities, that followed rules 
very different from those, he'd 

5760
05:16:22,500 --> 05:16:25,200
learned in academic and 
scientific circles, although, 

5761
05:16:25,200 --> 05:16:28,100
there may be disagreements over,
Is most people in universities 

5762
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:30,400
respect one another's. 
Right to have differing views, 

5763
05:16:30,400 --> 05:16:33,700
ideological, disagreements and 
politics particularly in the 

5764
05:16:33,708 --> 05:16:36,600
early years of the Cold War 
could easily turn into personal 

5765
05:16:36,600 --> 05:16:39,500
assaults and inquiries about 
loyalty and patriotism 

5766
05:16:39,500 --> 05:16:42,400
politicians and journalists 
searching for proof of 

5767
05:16:42,408 --> 05:16:44,500
disloyalty among high-profile 
Americans. 

5768
05:16:44,500 --> 05:16:47,300
Suddenly, turned Robert's 
previous affiliations with 

5769
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:50,700
Communists and leftist groups 
which had seemed in 

5770
05:16:50,700 --> 05:16:53,700
consequential during his 
academic career and had been a 

5771
05:16:53,700 --> 05:16:56,500
disregarded during the war 
because his Services were needed

5772
05:16:56,500 --> 05:16:59,600
into ammunition. 
They dusted off and looked for 

5773
05:16:59,600 --> 05:17:02,900
evidence of subversive activity 
in the same FBI files that had 

5774
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:04,900
been put aside during the 
Manhattan Project. 

5775
05:17:06,000 --> 05:17:09,000
Ironically, Robert had never 
been a particularly political 

5776
05:17:09,000 --> 05:17:13,000
individual in the 1930s, his 
engagement with leftist groups, 

5777
05:17:13,000 --> 05:17:16,600
was driven less by a methodical 
political philosophy and more by

5778
05:17:16,600 --> 05:17:19,400
intellectual curiosity and 
social justice concerns, 

5779
05:17:19,400 --> 05:17:22,300
although he had attended 
meetings and given money to 

5780
05:17:22,300 --> 05:17:25,200
causes that seemed deserving. 
He had never been the type of 

5781
05:17:25,208 --> 05:17:28,300
activists who sought to 
overthrow the US government or 

5782
05:17:28,300 --> 05:17:32,400
Advanced Soviet objectives. 
However, context, and subtlety 

5783
05:17:32,400 --> 05:17:35,600
don't translate well into 
political headlines and Roberts 

5784
05:17:35,600 --> 05:17:38,500
multifaceted personality and 
wide range of intellectual 

5785
05:17:38,500 --> 05:17:40,800
interests. 
Made him a prime target for 

5786
05:17:40,800 --> 05:17:42,900
those who wish to paint 
scientists as dishonest. 

5787
05:17:42,900 --> 05:17:47,000
And possibly treacherous, the 
man was now being questioned 

5788
05:17:47,000 --> 05:17:50,400
about his dedication to American
Security after spending three 

5789
05:17:50,400 --> 05:17:51,900
years of his life developing 
weapons. 

5790
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:55,100
That helped win World War 2 
Roberts, search for meaning. 

5791
05:17:55,100 --> 05:17:57,700
And purpose, in research, that 
was unrelated to immediate 

5792
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:00,900
practical applications was 
reflected in the scientific work

5793
05:18:00,900 --> 05:18:03,000
produced. 
During this time, he was working

5794
05:18:03,000 --> 05:18:05,700
on issues in elementary particle
physics and Quantum field. 

5795
05:18:05,900 --> 05:18:08,900
Area that might not be useful 
for decades if at all with the 

5796
05:18:08,900 --> 05:18:11,700
weight of knowing how quickly 
theoretical insights, could be 

5797
05:18:11,708 --> 05:18:13,600
turned into game-changing 
Technologies. 

5798
05:18:13,600 --> 05:18:17,400
It was like going back to the 
pure intellectual pleasure that 

5799
05:18:17,400 --> 05:18:20,600
had initially drawn him to 
physics Roberts lectures. 

5800
05:18:20,600 --> 05:18:23,300
During this time, show someone 
attempting to understand the 

5801
05:18:23,300 --> 05:18:26,600
meaning of Science in a world 
where scientific advancements 

5802
05:18:26,600 --> 05:18:28,500
could have such far-reaching 
effects. 

5803
05:18:28,500 --> 05:18:31,200
He discussed the need for 
scientists to consider the 

5804
05:18:31,200 --> 05:18:34,600
wider, ramifications of their 
work, the responsibility that 

5805
05:18:34,600 --> 05:18:37,600
came with discovering Nature's 
secrets and the relationship 

5806
05:18:37,600 --> 05:18:41,000
between scientific knowledge and
human values for Robert. 

5807
05:18:41,000 --> 05:18:43,700
These were urgent personal 
issues that kept him up at 

5808
05:18:43,700 --> 05:18:46,000
night. 
Not purely philosophical debate.

5809
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:49,100
The man was now struggling with 
the ethical implications of 

5810
05:18:49,100 --> 05:18:51,600
scientific knowledge. 
Whereas previously he had 

5811
05:18:51,608 --> 05:18:54,300
delighted in the pure 
intellectual beauty of quantum 

5812
05:18:54,300 --> 05:18:56,800
mechanics. 
When knowledge of the natural 

5813
05:18:56,800 --> 05:18:59,400
world could be abused, how do 
you seek it out? 

5814
05:18:59,400 --> 05:19:03,000
How do you strike a balance 
between citizens duty to advance

5815
05:19:03,000 --> 05:19:06,000
human welfare and scientists 
duty to pursue the truth? 

5816
05:19:06,000 --> 05:19:09,300
Those who had ever expressed 
sympathy for leftist causes or 

5817
05:19:09,300 --> 05:19:12,100
supported International 
cooperation in nuclear policy 

5818
05:19:12,100 --> 05:19:15,200
faced growing hostility in the 
political atmosphere of the 

5819
05:19:15,200 --> 05:19:19,800
early 1950s politicians like 
Senator Joseph McCarthy were 

5820
05:19:19,800 --> 05:19:22,900
advancing their careers by 
disparaging fellow Travelers and

5821
05:19:22,900 --> 05:19:26,200
suspected communists. 
Fostering an environment where 

5822
05:19:26,200 --> 05:19:29,000
affiliation with divisive 
ideologies, could ruin 

5823
05:19:29,000 --> 05:19:31,400
reputations and lead to Career, 
termination. 

5824
05:19:31,400 --> 05:19:35,200
Robert's position became more 
and more vulnerable politicians 

5825
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:37,500
seeking to prove their 
anti-communist credentials, 

5826
05:19:37,500 --> 05:19:41,100
naturally targeted him because 
of his notoriety as a scientist 

5827
05:19:41,100 --> 05:19:45,000
and his prior affiliations with 
leftist causes at the same time.

5828
05:19:45,000 --> 05:19:48,200
He disagreed with political and 
military leaders who supported a

5829
05:19:48,200 --> 05:19:49,800
more aggressive strategy for 
cold war. 

5830
05:19:49,800 --> 05:19:53,100
Competition with the Soviet 
Union because of his persistence

5831
05:19:53,100 --> 05:19:55,800
support for international 
control of nuclear weapons. 

5832
05:19:55,800 --> 05:19:59,000
And his opposition to the 
development of hydrogen bombs. 

5833
05:19:59,000 --> 05:20:02,400
For Robert, the hydrogen bomb 
controversy was a specialty 

5834
05:20:02,400 --> 05:20:04,700
challenging the physics that had
enabled. 

5835
05:20:04,700 --> 05:20:07,800
The atomic bomb was extended in 
the theoretical work needed to 

5836
05:20:07,800 --> 05:20:11,400
develop, Fusion weapons but the 
potential destructive power was 

5837
05:20:11,400 --> 05:20:14,800
orders of magnitude higher as 
weapon so destructive that they 

5838
05:20:14,800 --> 05:20:18,100
could have no logical strategic 
use, Robert contended, that 

5839
05:20:18,100 --> 05:20:20,300
hydrogen bombs, were both 
morally, and militarily, 

5840
05:20:20,300 --> 05:20:23,900
unnecessary critics. 
However, saw his resistance to 

5841
05:20:23,900 --> 05:20:26,900
the hydrogen bomb, Proof that he
was either unaware of Soviet 

5842
05:20:26,900 --> 05:20:29,800
intentions or deliberately 
trying to undermine American 

5843
05:20:29,800 --> 05:20:33,000
nuclear capabilities in a 
political climate that favored 

5844
05:20:33,000 --> 05:20:36,600
straightforward classifications 
of loyalty and disloyalty it was

5845
05:20:36,600 --> 05:20:39,300
challenging to convey the 
nuanced Viewpoint of someone who

5846
05:20:39,300 --> 05:20:41,200
oppose some types of nuclear 
weapons. 

5847
05:20:41,200 --> 05:20:43,100
But supported nuclear 
deterrents. 

5848
05:20:43,100 --> 05:20:46,300
Robert became more and more 
excluded from the policy debates

5849
05:20:46,300 --> 05:20:49,400
where his scientific background 
could have been most useful as 

5850
05:20:49,400 --> 05:20:52,800
the 1950s went on. 
He was now distrusted by the 

5851
05:20:52,800 --> 05:20:55,300
same government that a trusted 
him to plan, the Manhattan 

5852
05:20:55,300 --> 05:20:58,300
Project decisions about the 
development and deployment of 

5853
05:20:58,300 --> 05:21:01,700
America's nuclear, arsenal were 
routinely, excluding the man who

5854
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:05,500
had contributed to its creation.
This time period had a huge 

5855
05:21:05,500 --> 05:21:08,300
personal cost. 
Robert had based his career on 

5856
05:21:08,300 --> 05:21:10,500
the belief that reasonable 
people would respect and 

5857
05:21:10,500 --> 05:21:12,100
acknowledge scientific 
Integrity. 

5858
05:21:12,100 --> 05:21:16,200
An intellectual honesty, he was 
learning that moral complexity 

5859
05:21:16,200 --> 05:21:18,600
was frequently misunderstood as 
moral confusion. 

5860
05:21:18,600 --> 05:21:21,900
And that these traits could be 
viewed as weaknesses rather than

5861
05:21:21,900 --> 05:21:25,400
strengths in the context of Cold
War Politics, the scene was 

5862
05:21:25,400 --> 05:21:27,100
being prepared for a 
confrontation. 

5863
05:21:27,100 --> 05:21:30,500
That would put not only Roberts 
fortitude to the test, but also,

5864
05:21:30,500 --> 05:21:34,000
the balance between political 
power and scientific knowledge. 

5865
05:21:34,000 --> 05:21:37,500
In American democracy, the boy 
who had once read Sanskrit and 

5866
05:21:37,500 --> 05:21:40,400
collected rocks was about to 
encounter the most challenging 

5867
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:43,600
task of his life. 
Political trial that were decide

5868
05:21:43,600 --> 05:21:46,700
whether or not intellectual 
Independence and public service 

5869
05:21:46,700 --> 05:21:50,000
could co-exist in Cold War 
America rather than a scientific

5870
05:21:50,000 --> 05:21:52,800
issue that could be resolved 
with careful consideration and 

5871
05:21:52,800 --> 05:21:56,300
Innovative thinking Robert was a
well-respected scientific 

5872
05:21:56,300 --> 05:22:00,800
adviser until he received a 
letter in December 1953, it 

5873
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:03,400
would make him a symbol of the 
conflicts in Cold War America 

5874
05:22:03,400 --> 05:22:06,200
between National Security and 
intellectual Freedom. 

5875
05:22:06,200 --> 05:22:09,400
His security clearance was being
revoked by the atomic energy 

5876
05:22:09,400 --> 05:22:11,800
Commission. 
The same agency that had 

5877
05:22:11,800 --> 05:22:15,000
depended on his knowledge for 
years, due to concerns about his

5878
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:18,000
dependability and loyalty. 
Have you ever had the depressing

5879
05:22:18,000 --> 05:22:20,500
realization that people you 
trusted have been Gathering 

5880
05:22:20,500 --> 05:22:23,500
evidence of your alleged 
wrongdoing and assembling a case

5881
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:26,300
against you behind your back. 
All the while smiling and 

5882
05:22:26,300 --> 05:22:28,900
seeking your advice. 
That was the case for Robert 

5883
05:22:28,900 --> 05:22:31,700
when he discovered that FBI 
records spanning Decades of his 

5884
05:22:31,700 --> 05:22:35,400
contacts, discussion and actions
had been assembled in to a case 

5885
05:22:35,408 --> 05:22:37,700
to Bar him from any government 
employment. 

5886
05:22:37,700 --> 05:22:40,900
Involving classified material, 
the charges included, both 

5887
05:22:40,900 --> 05:22:44,000
specific allegations and Broad 
questions regarding Roberts, 

5888
05:22:44,000 --> 05:22:47,600
moral fiber, and discernment. 
His prior ties to communist 

5889
05:22:47,600 --> 05:22:51,100
groups were cited as proof of 
his betrayal, his resistance to 

5890
05:22:51,100 --> 05:22:54,000
the hydrogen bomb was seen as 
possibly driven more by outside 

5891
05:22:54,000 --> 05:22:58,000
pressure than by ethical and 
significant considerations, his 

5892
05:22:58,000 --> 05:23:00,300
wide range of intellectual 
interests and complex 

5893
05:23:00,300 --> 05:23:03,900
personality, the somehow turned 
into proof of his unreliability.

5894
05:23:03,900 --> 05:23:07,200
Robert had to make a decision 
that would affect the rest of 

5895
05:23:07,200 --> 05:23:09,900
his life, he could quietly 
accept that his security 

5896
05:23:09,900 --> 05:23:12,500
clearance. 
Revoked, go back to working, 

5897
05:23:12,500 --> 05:23:15,700
only on academic projects and 
escape the publicity. 

5898
05:23:15,700 --> 05:23:18,600
That would accompany a legal 
battle or aware that this would 

5899
05:23:18,600 --> 05:23:21,700
produce a public spectacle that 
would subject specifics of his 

5900
05:23:21,700 --> 05:23:24,800
personal life and political 
affiliations to hostile 

5901
05:23:24,800 --> 05:23:27,200
scrutiny. 
He could insist on a hearing, 

5902
05:23:27,200 --> 05:23:30,800
Robert's choice to contest, the 
charges demonstrated his faith 

5903
05:23:30,800 --> 05:23:33,500
in his own moral, character, as 
well as his ignorance of the 

5904
05:23:33,500 --> 05:23:36,500
procedure, he was about to 
undergo, he felt that reasonable

5905
05:23:36,500 --> 05:23:39,400
people would realize that his 
service to the nation had always

5906
05:23:39,400 --> 05:23:42,200
been driven by patriotism rather
than disloyalty. 

5907
05:23:42,200 --> 05:23:46,100
If he could clearly explain his 
actions and motivations, he 

5908
05:23:46,100 --> 05:23:48,600
didn't realize how much the 
political landscape had changed 

5909
05:23:48,600 --> 05:23:51,700
since the War years when his 
contributions have been 

5910
05:23:51,700 --> 05:23:55,300
accepted, in spite of suspicions
about his affiliation, with the 

5911
05:23:55,300 --> 05:23:57,500
exception of the legal 
protections that defendants, 

5912
05:23:57,500 --> 05:24:02,500
typically, enjoy the hearing's 
which started in April 1954 had 

5913
05:24:02,500 --> 05:24:05,300
all the features of a criminal 
trial, despite being formally 

5914
05:24:05,300 --> 05:24:08,800
referred to as an administrative
review, in addition, to being 

5915
05:24:08,800 --> 05:24:11,900
unable to cross-examine hostile 
Witnesses and view the evidence 

5916
05:24:11,900 --> 05:24:14,500
against him. 
Robert was also unable to see 

5917
05:24:14,500 --> 05:24:17,700
the cases key classified 
documents because his attorneys 

5918
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:21,300
lacked security clearances the 
extent to which Roberts life had

5919
05:24:21,300 --> 05:24:23,600
been monitored by the government
for years was made clear. 

5920
05:24:23,600 --> 05:24:26,700
During the proceedings FBI 
agents had gathered 

5921
05:24:26,700 --> 05:24:29,000
comprehensive reports on his 
personal relationships and 

5922
05:24:29,000 --> 05:24:32,100
political activities. 
Monitored his conversations and 

5923
05:24:32,100 --> 05:24:35,200
looked into his friends and 
co-workers, the man who had 

5924
05:24:35,200 --> 05:24:38,100
dedicated his life to government
service during the war was now 

5925
05:24:38,100 --> 05:24:41,300
discovering that during his most
productive time, the same 

5926
05:24:41,300 --> 05:24:44,200
government had been considering 
him a possible security threat 

5927
05:24:44,200 --> 05:24:47,800
according to the testimony given
during the hearings, Robert did 

5928
05:24:47,800 --> 05:24:51,400
not look like the person, his 
friends and co-workers knew he 

5929
05:24:51,400 --> 05:24:55,200
was characterized by witnesses 
as conceited untrustworthy and 

5930
05:24:55,200 --> 05:24:59,200
possibly disloyal someone who's 
resistance to specific weapons 

5931
05:24:59,200 --> 05:25:01,200
programs. 
May be driven more by outside 

5932
05:25:01,200 --> 05:25:05,000
pressure and by sincere ethical 
and scientific concerns. 

5933
05:25:05,000 --> 05:25:08,600
The sophisticated introspective 
physicist who had constructed 

5934
05:25:08,600 --> 05:25:10,400
Los Alamos, was reduced to a 
cartoon. 

5935
05:25:10,600 --> 05:25:13,800
Villain whose every move could 
be seen as proof of subversive 

5936
05:25:13,800 --> 05:25:15,600
intent. 
According to Robert's own 

5937
05:25:15,608 --> 05:25:17,500
testimony. 
He was being methodically 

5938
05:25:17,500 --> 05:25:20,600
humiliated by a procedure that 
appeared to be more intended, to

5939
05:25:20,600 --> 05:25:23,500
ruin his reputation. 
And to ascertain the truth about

5940
05:25:23,500 --> 05:25:26,700
his loyalty and he was fighting 
to keep his dignity. 

5941
05:25:26,700 --> 05:25:30,700
He responded to inquiries about 
personal details, described 

5942
05:25:30,700 --> 05:25:34,500
relationships, and conversations
from decades past and attempted 

5943
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:38,200
to explain his nuanced stances 
on complex policy issues, to 

5944
05:25:38,200 --> 05:25:40,900
those who seemed intent on. 
Misinterpreting them the 

5945
05:25:40,900 --> 05:25:43,600
testimony of former co-workers 
and friends who had been coerced

5946
05:25:43,600 --> 05:25:47,100
into testifying against Robert, 
was the most upsetting part of 

5947
05:25:47,108 --> 05:25:50,400
the hearing testimonies 
regarding his character judgment

5948
05:25:50,400 --> 05:25:53,500
and dependability were requested
from government officials. 

5949
05:25:53,500 --> 05:25:56,800
Who had consulted him scientists
who had collaborated with him at

5950
05:25:56,800 --> 05:26:00,700
Los Alamos and close friends who
had confided in him, others gave

5951
05:26:00,700 --> 05:26:02,100
him. 
The kind of carefully qualified 

5952
05:26:02,100 --> 05:26:05,300
testimony that hurt him while 
preserving their own security 

5953
05:26:05,300 --> 05:26:09,000
clearances While others bravely 
stood by him, given the 

5954
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:12,100
political atmosphere and the way
Proceedings were set up the 

5955
05:26:12,100 --> 05:26:16,100
final decision, which was made 
public in June. 1954 was 

5956
05:26:16,100 --> 05:26:18,300
inevitable. 
The hearing board came to the 

5957
05:26:18,300 --> 05:26:21,500
conclusion that although Robert 
was most likely loyal, his 

5958
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:24,500
character and judgment were 
questioned making him unfit to 

5959
05:26:24,500 --> 05:26:26,000
have access to classified 
material. 

5960
05:26:26,000 --> 05:26:28,800
His position, as a government 
advisor was essentially 

5961
05:26:28,800 --> 05:26:32,000
terminated when his security 
clearance was revoked and many 

5962
05:26:32,000 --> 05:26:35,200
Americans began to view him. 
As a security risk both 

5963
05:26:35,200 --> 05:26:37,900
personally and professionally, 
Robert suffered greatly in the 

5964
05:26:37,908 --> 05:26:40,900
immediate wake of the hearings, 
many in the government and 

5965
05:26:40,900 --> 05:26:43,100
defense establishment. 
Now viewed, the man who had, 

5966
05:26:43,100 --> 05:26:46,400
once been one of America's most 
eminent scientists as a pariah, 

5967
05:26:46,400 --> 05:26:49,700
former co-workers were reluctant
to associate with someone who 

5968
05:26:49,700 --> 05:26:52,700
carried the stigma of having 
this security clearance. 

5969
05:26:52,700 --> 05:26:56,500
Revoked, Speaking invitations 
were withdrawn and job 

5970
05:26:56,500 --> 05:26:59,600
opportunities, vanished. 
However, the hearing also had 

5971
05:26:59,600 --> 05:27:02,400
wider ramifications for 
democracy and Science in America

5972
05:27:02,400 --> 05:27:05,600
other scientists were warned by 
Robert's treatment that moral 

5973
05:27:05,600 --> 05:27:09,000
complexity, and independent 
thought were dangerous traits in

5974
05:27:09,000 --> 05:27:11,200
anyone wishing to work on 
matters of national 

5975
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:13,700
significance. 
The case showed how easily 

5976
05:27:13,700 --> 05:27:17,100
political factors could override
expertise and how easily the 

5977
05:27:17,100 --> 05:27:20,100
demands of ideological 
Conformity could compromise. 

5978
05:27:20,100 --> 05:27:23,100
Scientific Integrity. 
Robert was starting a new 

5979
05:27:23,100 --> 05:27:25,100
chapter in his life. 
That would put his fortitude to 

5980
05:27:25,100 --> 05:27:28,300
the test and require him to 
re-evaluate his identity and 

5981
05:27:28,300 --> 05:27:31,400
Mission as he walked out of the 
hearing room, for the last time,

5982
05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:35,300
having lost both his security 
clearance and his position as a 

5983
05:27:35,300 --> 05:27:38,300
government advisor, in a 
Democratic Society Under 

5984
05:27:38,300 --> 05:27:39,900
Pressure. 
The young man who had 

5985
05:27:39,908 --> 05:27:42,800
constructed atomic bombs and the
boy who had gathered rocks. 

5986
05:27:42,800 --> 05:27:46,200
Now represented the strength and
fragility of intellectual 

5987
05:27:46,200 --> 05:27:49,800
Independence, Robert was placed 
in a strange form of Exile, 

5988
05:27:49,800 --> 05:27:53,100
following the security hearings,
he was not exiled from the 

5989
05:27:53,100 --> 05:27:55,200
nation. 
But he was essentially cut off 

5990
05:27:55,200 --> 05:27:57,600
from the government work that 
had provided the greatest 

5991
05:27:57,600 --> 05:27:59,900
practical value to his 
scientific expertise. 

5992
05:27:59,900 --> 05:28:03,000
It was similar to being a master
Craftsman who was abruptly 

5993
05:28:03,000 --> 05:28:05,800
informed that his abilities were
no longer required for the most 

5994
05:28:05,800 --> 05:28:09,100
important projects. 
Abandoning him to work alone on 

5995
05:28:09,100 --> 05:28:11,900
his craft, While others made the
choices that were determine the 

5996
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:14,900
course of events, both 
practically and psychologically.

5997
05:28:14,900 --> 05:28:18,700
The change was abrupt Robert had
been at the Forefront of 

5998
05:28:18,700 --> 05:28:21,600
America's most significant 
scientific and policy debates 

5999
05:28:21,600 --> 05:28:24,100
for over 10 years. 
He had grown accustomed to 

6000
05:28:24,100 --> 05:28:27,300
receiving calls from government.
Representatives request for 

6001
05:28:27,300 --> 05:28:30,900
advice on nuclear weapons 
policy, and invitations to high 

6002
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:32,700
level meetings for the first 
time. 

6003
05:28:32,700 --> 05:28:35,800
Since before the war, the man 
who had been one of America's, 

6004
05:28:35,800 --> 05:28:39,700
most consulted experts found 
himself with extended periods, 

6005
05:28:39,700 --> 05:28:43,400
of unbroken time, when the phone
abruptly stopped ringing and the

6006
05:28:43,400 --> 05:28:46,900
invitation stopped coming in The
Institute for advanced study at 

6007
05:28:46,900 --> 05:28:50,200
Prince and served as a Haven 
during this trying time because 

6008
05:28:50,200 --> 05:28:52,500
of the institute's culture of 
intellectual Independence, 

6009
05:28:52,500 --> 05:28:56,500
Roberts, political issues had no
bearing on his reputation there 

6010
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,600
and his colleague, still 
respected him for his scientific

6011
05:28:59,600 --> 05:29:02,100
accomplishments. 
Even in this Safe Haven though 

6012
05:29:02,100 --> 05:29:04,800
Robert, founded difficult to 
understand the new meaning of 

6013
05:29:04,800 --> 05:29:08,300
his life and work, you know, how
losing something significant can

6014
05:29:08,300 --> 05:29:11,100
occasionally reveal side of 
yourself that were hidden or 

6015
05:29:11,100 --> 05:29:13,900
ignored, while you were 
preoccupied with it Roberts. 

6016
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:17,100
Exile from government service 
compelled him to ReDiscover as 

6017
05:29:17,300 --> 05:29:20,500
Of himself that his work as a 
nuclear policy, adviser had 

6018
05:29:20,500 --> 05:29:23,700
obscured with new Vigor. 
He went back to his physics, 

6019
05:29:23,700 --> 05:29:26,700
studies tackling Quantum field, 
Theory problems that were 

6020
05:29:26,700 --> 05:29:29,300
intellectually demanding but 
wholly, unrelated to military 

6021
05:29:29,300 --> 05:29:32,700
uses, during this time, Robert 
produced, some of his most 

6022
05:29:32,700 --> 05:29:35,100
imaginative and ambitious 
scientific work. 

6023
05:29:35,100 --> 05:29:38,400
He could now focus on the kinds 
of fundamental questions that 

6024
05:29:38,400 --> 05:29:41,700
initially Drew him to physics. 
Freed from the pragmatic 

6025
05:29:41,700 --> 05:29:44,800
concerns that to dominated his 
thinking, both during and after 

6026
05:29:44,800 --> 05:29:48,100
the war, whether the theoretical
framework of quantum mechanics, 

6027
05:29:48,100 --> 05:29:51,000
could be expanded to offer a 
cohesive understanding of all 

6028
05:29:51,000 --> 05:29:52,500
the fundamental forces in 
nature. 

6029
05:29:52,500 --> 05:29:57,400
What physicists now, refer to as
a theory of everything was of 

6030
05:29:57,400 --> 05:30:00,700
particular interest to him. 
However, Robert also started to 

6031
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:04,000
approach the relationship 
between science and society and 

6032
05:30:04,000 --> 05:30:06,700
The Wider ramifications of 
scientific knowledge in a more 

6033
05:30:06,708 --> 05:30:09,400
methodical manner. 
He had a unique perspective on 

6034
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:12,000
how scientific advancements 
could be used to gain political 

6035
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:15,500
and military power as well as 
how scientists can be torn 

6036
05:30:15,500 --> 05:30:18,600
between their civic duties and 
their dedication to the truth. 

6037
05:30:18,600 --> 05:30:22,300
Thanks to his experience as 
during the Hatton project and 

6038
05:30:22,300 --> 05:30:25,000
the security hearings Robert 
became one of the first 

6039
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:27,700
well-known scientists to write 
thoughtfully about what is now 

6040
05:30:27,700 --> 05:30:31,000
known as the social 
responsibility of science, as a 

6041
05:30:31,000 --> 05:30:34,000
result of these Reflections. 
He maintained that scientists 

6042
05:30:34,000 --> 05:30:36,400
could not merely seek knowledge 
for its own sake without 

6043
05:30:36,400 --> 05:30:38,900
considering the potential 
applications of that knowledge. 

6044
05:30:38,900 --> 05:30:42,300
He also cautioned Against The 
Perils of Permitting political 

6045
05:30:42,300 --> 05:30:45,700
factors to obstruct free speech 
and scientific investigation. 

6046
05:30:45,700 --> 05:30:47,800
During this time, his writing 
and speaking. 

6047
05:30:47,800 --> 05:30:50,800
Demonstrated a mind, still 
struggling with the basic issues

6048
05:30:50,800 --> 05:30:54,000
that had captivated him since he
was a young boy, but now 

6049
05:30:54,000 --> 05:30:56,300
bearing, the burden of 
experience from witnessing the 

6050
05:30:56,300 --> 05:30:59,500
transformation of intangible 
Concepts into revolutionary 

6051
05:30:59,500 --> 05:31:02,000
Technologies. 
The young man who had pondered 

6052
05:31:02,000 --> 05:31:04,900
the nature of reality, had grown
into a man who recognized the 

6053
05:31:04,900 --> 05:31:07,900
dangers that could arise. 
When people were able to alter 

6054
05:31:07,900 --> 05:31:10,800
reality at its most basic 
levels, in addition to a 

6055
05:31:10,800 --> 05:31:14,100
lingering sense of loss and 
dislocation Roberts, personal 

6056
05:31:14,100 --> 05:31:18,200
life in the 1950s. 
And 1960s was characterized by a

6057
05:31:18,200 --> 05:31:21,600
slow recovery from the trauma of
the security hearing's, he 

6058
05:31:21,600 --> 05:31:23,900
continued to be close to his 
children and stayed married to 

6059
05:31:23,900 --> 05:31:26,300
Kitty would be there for him 
during the ordeal. 

6060
05:31:26,300 --> 05:31:30,700
However, friends noticed that he
was now wary of them before that

6061
05:31:30,700 --> 05:31:33,200
the world was more hostile and 
unpredictable than he had 

6062
05:31:33,200 --> 05:31:36,900
previously realized. 
Over time, the scientific 

6063
05:31:36,900 --> 05:31:40,500
communities reaction to Robert's
treatment changed at first. 

6064
05:31:40,500 --> 05:31:43,400
A lot of scientists were 
hesitant to support him as they 

6065
05:31:43,408 --> 05:31:45,800
were worried that doing so would
harm their own careers. 

6066
05:31:45,800 --> 05:31:49,600
However more scientists realized
that the attack on Robert was 

6067
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:52,000
actually an attack on the 
independence and integrity of 

6068
05:31:52,000 --> 05:31:54,200
science. 
Itself was the political 

6069
05:31:54,200 --> 05:31:57,900
landscape started to shift in 
the late 1950s and early 1960s. 

6070
05:31:57,900 --> 05:32:01,800
During this time Roberts 
writings and lectures Drew 

6071
05:32:01,800 --> 05:32:04,500
audiences interested in his 
viewpoint on the ethical and 

6072
05:32:04,500 --> 05:32:07,900
political issues confronting 
contemporary society as well as 

6073
05:32:07,900 --> 05:32:11,700
his scientific discoveries. 
His experience is a unique 

6074
05:32:11,700 --> 05:32:14,300
authority to speak about the 
relationship between power and 

6075
05:32:14,300 --> 05:32:16,500
knowledge. 
In the modern world, making him 

6076
05:32:16,500 --> 05:32:19,700
a sort of Elder statement of 
American intellectual life. 

6077
05:32:19,700 --> 05:32:23,000
Ironically Roberts exclusion 
from government policy 

6078
05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:25,800
discussions occurred just when 
his insights could have been 

6079
05:32:25,800 --> 05:32:28,400
most useful. 
The risk of nuclear war was 

6080
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:31,000
becoming a constant aspect of 
international relations. 

6081
05:32:31,000 --> 05:32:34,700
The nuclear arms race was 
speeding up new weapons were 

6082
05:32:34,700 --> 05:32:37,900
being Loved that made the atomic
bombs of World War 2 seem almost

6083
05:32:37,900 --> 05:32:40,400
archaic. 
The man who had contributed to 

6084
05:32:40,400 --> 05:32:42,700
the creation of this predicament
was now, barred from 

6085
05:32:42,700 --> 05:32:45,400
participating, in attempts to 
control or remedy it. 

6086
05:32:45,400 --> 05:32:48,600
However, Roberts influenced 
during this time came from his 

6087
05:32:48,600 --> 05:32:51,800
work, as a public intellectual, 
and teacher, rather than, from 

6088
05:32:51,800 --> 05:32:54,000
his direct involvement in policy
decisions. 

6089
05:32:54,000 --> 05:32:56,800
His writings and speeches 
influenced, degeneration of 

6090
05:32:56,800 --> 05:32:58,700
scientists perspectives on their
roles. 

6091
05:32:58,700 --> 05:33:02,000
And his example showed that 
intellectual Integrity could be 

6092
05:33:02,008 --> 05:33:06,300
upheld in the face of strong 
political pressure as the 1960s 

6093
05:33:06,300 --> 05:33:09,200
went on Robert started to get 
credit for his scientific 

6094
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:12,300
contributions without openly 
criticizing the way the 

6095
05:33:12,300 --> 05:33:13,100
government. 
Treated him. 

6096
05:33:13,100 --> 05:33:15,600
He was invited to deliver 
significant lectures. 

6097
05:33:15,600 --> 05:33:19,400
Won prestigious honors and was 
progressively restored to his 

6098
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:22,200
position as a respected member 
of American intellectual life. 

6099
05:33:22,200 --> 05:33:25,800
But in exchange for the 
recognition, he agreed to stay 

6100
05:33:25,800 --> 05:33:28,400
out of the circles that made the
most significant decisions 

6101
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:31,500
regarding nuclear weapons. 
When the nuclear age, he helped 

6102
05:33:31,508 --> 05:33:35,300
create continued to unfold in 
ways that exceeded even his Most

6103
05:33:35,300 --> 05:33:38,300
pessimistic predictions about 
the dangers of nuclear, weapons 

6104
05:33:38,300 --> 05:33:41,100
and fulfilled. 
Some of his worst fears the man 

6105
05:33:41,100 --> 05:33:44,100
who had once stood in the New 
Mexico desert and watch the 

6106
05:33:44,100 --> 05:33:47,500
first atomic explosion was now 
watching from a distance, the 

6107
05:33:47,500 --> 05:33:50,300
boy who had once gather rocks on
Long Island beaches are 

6108
05:33:50,300 --> 05:33:52,300
transformed into something, 
Robert could never have 

6109
05:33:52,300 --> 05:33:54,300
predicted as he approached his 
last year's. 

6110
05:33:55,000 --> 05:33:58,000
A living representation of the 
ethical dilemmas that occur when

6111
05:33:58,000 --> 05:34:01,600
political power and scientific 
knowledge, Collide the whole 

6112
05:34:01,600 --> 05:34:05,000
story of Humanity's journey into
the nuclear age from the 

6113
05:34:05,008 --> 05:34:07,300
theoretical. 
Discoveries that enabled, Atomic

6114
05:34:07,300 --> 05:34:10,600
weapons to the political Fallout
that was still being felt 

6115
05:34:10,600 --> 05:34:13,400
decades. 
Later was etched in the mind of 

6116
05:34:13,400 --> 05:34:16,800
the elderly physicist strolling 
through the peaceful streets of 

6117
05:34:16,800 --> 05:34:19,400
Princeton you know, how 
sometimes the most significant 

6118
05:34:19,400 --> 05:34:22,400
life lessons are revealed only 
near the end when all of the 

6119
05:34:22,400 --> 05:34:24,900
different experiences and 
decisions can be viewed as a 

6120
05:34:24,900 --> 05:34:28,400
part of a greater whole growing 
awareness of what his remarkable

6121
05:34:28,400 --> 05:34:31,100
life had shown about the 
opportunities and risks faced by

6122
05:34:31,100 --> 05:34:34,600
any society that depends more 
and more on scientific knowledge

6123
05:34:34,600 --> 05:34:37,900
for its security and prosperity.
Characterized Roberts. 

6124
05:34:37,900 --> 05:34:41,100
Later years has the political 
landscape shifted and more 

6125
05:34:41,100 --> 05:34:43,700
American started to doubt, the 
excesses of Cold War. 

6126
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:47,700
Hysteria Roberts, reputational 
started to slowly recover in the

6127
05:34:47,700 --> 05:34:50,200
1960s. 
But quickly gained momentum 

6128
05:34:50,200 --> 05:34:53,700
scientists, who had kept quiet 
during his ordeal started to 

6129
05:34:53,700 --> 05:34:55,600
openly discuss. 
How Fair. 

6130
05:34:55,600 --> 05:34:58,300
His treatment was government 
Representatives who had 

6131
05:34:58,300 --> 05:35:01,400
supported or Taken part in the 
security hearings started to 

6132
05:35:01,400 --> 05:35:03,400
privately apologized for their 
involvement. 

6133
05:35:03,400 --> 05:35:06,500
In what was becoming viewed as a
disgraceful chapter in American 

6134
05:35:06,500 --> 05:35:09,600
history, the government's 
highest award for contributions 

6135
05:35:09,600 --> 05:35:13,000
to nuclear science. 
The Enrico Fermi award was given

6136
05:35:13,000 --> 05:35:16,000
to Robert by President Lyndon 
Johnson in 1963. 

6137
05:35:16,000 --> 05:35:19,100
The ceremony was meticulously 
planned to honor Robert 

6138
05:35:19,100 --> 05:35:22,500
scientific accomplishments 
without specifically criticizing

6139
05:35:22,500 --> 05:35:24,500
how the Eisenhower 
Administration handled him. 

6140
05:35:24,500 --> 05:35:28,700
However, the symbolism was 
clear, Robert was being honored 

6141
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:31,200
for his contributions to 
American Science by the same 

6142
05:35:31,200 --> 05:35:34,800
government that had labeled him 
security risk Roberts acceptance

6143
05:35:34,800 --> 05:35:38,000
of the award demonstrated, the 
elegance and Nuance that had 

6144
05:35:38,000 --> 05:35:39,500
defined his whole professional 
life. 

6145
05:35:39,500 --> 05:35:42,300
He could have taken the 
opportunity to be resentful of 

6146
05:35:42,308 --> 05:35:45,600
how he was treated or to attack 
the political forces that had 

6147
05:35:45,600 --> 05:35:49,300
almost ruined his career. 
Rather, he discussed the ongoing

6148
05:35:49,300 --> 05:35:52,500
difficulties that society and 
scientists face as they consider

6149
05:35:52,500 --> 05:35:56,100
the ramifications of nuclear 
technology and other significant

6150
05:35:56,100 --> 05:35:59,100
scientific advancements. 
Roberts latest scientific 

6151
05:35:59,100 --> 05:36:02,300
Endeavors, demonstrated his 
continuing interest in basic 

6152
05:36:02,300 --> 05:36:05,800
issues as well as his developing
realization, that he was running

6153
05:36:05,800 --> 05:36:08,000
out of time to make significant 
contributions. 

6154
05:36:08,000 --> 05:36:11,600
He kept considering the most 
profound issues in theoretical 

6155
05:36:11,600 --> 05:36:14,000
physics. 
But he also started to devote 

6156
05:36:14,000 --> 05:36:16,800
more of his time to instructing 
and guiding the next generation 

6157
05:36:16,800 --> 05:36:19,200
of scientists who would continue
the work. 

6158
05:36:19,200 --> 05:36:21,800
He had started. 
During the time, his lectures 

6159
05:36:21,800 --> 05:36:24,600
were mastered works of 
scientific communication that 

6160
05:36:24,600 --> 05:36:27,400
Blended technical Mastery with 
the kind of wide range. 

6161
05:36:27,500 --> 05:36:30,600
And cultural perspective that 
had always been a Hallmark of 

6162
05:36:30,600 --> 05:36:33,600
his thought during these 
lectures students and colleagues

6163
05:36:33,600 --> 05:36:35,800
frequently commented that they 
felt as though they were 

6164
05:36:35,800 --> 05:36:38,700
watching someone who had 
accomplished a unique synthesis 

6165
05:36:38,700 --> 05:36:42,500
of philosophical, understanding,
scientific knowledge and hard. 

6166
05:36:42,500 --> 05:36:46,400
One wisdom about human nature 
Roberts impact on American 

6167
05:36:46,400 --> 05:36:49,100
Science went well beyond his 
involvement in the Manhattan 

6168
05:36:49,100 --> 05:36:52,100
Project, or his particular 
research contributions. 

6169
05:36:52,100 --> 05:36:55,200
He'd contributed to the 
development of the idea that a 

6170
05:36:55,200 --> 05:36:57,800
scientist should be a public 
intellectual who could explain 

6171
05:36:57,800 --> 05:37:01,600
difficult scientific Concepts to
a wider audience and who had an 

6172
05:37:01,600 --> 05:37:03,600
obligation to consider the 
social and political 

6173
05:37:03,600 --> 05:37:07,300
ramifications of scientific 
advancements as Science and 

6174
05:37:07,300 --> 05:37:09,700
Technology shaped modern 
society, more and more. 

6175
05:37:09,700 --> 05:37:11,900
This model would become more and
more significant. 

6176
05:37:11,900 --> 05:37:15,600
During his time at Berkeley, 
Robert trained a generation of 

6177
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:18,300
physicists who would go on to 
make important contributions to 

6178
05:37:18,300 --> 05:37:21,000
American Science. 
Perhaps more significantly 

6179
05:37:21,000 --> 05:37:23,800
though they can continue his 
method of conducting scientific 

6180
05:37:23,800 --> 05:37:27,000
research which placed a strong 
emphasis on teamwork. 

6181
05:37:27,600 --> 05:37:30,800
Intellectual diversity, and the 
significance of comprehending, 

6182
05:37:30,800 --> 05:37:34,600
the larger context in which 
scientific work is conducted the

6183
05:37:34,600 --> 05:37:37,400
Berkeley School of theoretical 
physics served as a model for 

6184
05:37:37,400 --> 05:37:39,800
the structure and methodology of
cutting-edge scientific 

6185
05:37:39,800 --> 05:37:42,500
research. 
In his later years Roberts 

6186
05:37:42,500 --> 05:37:44,600
interpersonal. 
Relationships were characterized

6187
05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:47,600
by greater understanding of the 
familial ties and friendships 

6188
05:37:47,600 --> 05:37:51,300
that had supported him during 
his darkest moments with those 

6189
05:37:51,300 --> 05:37:53,600
closest to him. 
The man who had occasionally 

6190
05:37:53,600 --> 05:37:56,100
come across as distant and 
intellectually intimidating, 

6191
05:37:56,100 --> 05:37:59,800
became more approachable and 
emotionally transparent friends 

6192
05:37:59,800 --> 05:38:02,900
observed that in ways that his 
prior emphasis on academic 

6193
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:06,300
success may have obscured, his 
experiences had taught him to 

6194
05:38:06,300 --> 05:38:08,800
Value loyalty and real human 
connection. 

6195
05:38:08,800 --> 05:38:11,700
Some of the most profound 
observations on science and 

6196
05:38:11,700 --> 05:38:15,100
Society, ever written by a 
scientist were found in Robert's

6197
05:38:15,100 --> 05:38:18,100
last year's of life, he wrote 
about the need for wisdom, to 

6198
05:38:18,100 --> 05:38:21,400
keep up with human technical 
capabilities, the beauty and 

6199
05:38:21,400 --> 05:38:24,600
horror of scientific discovery 
and the responsibilities that 

6200
05:38:24,600 --> 05:38:27,700
come with knowledge future 
generations of scientists Would 

6201
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:30,500
consider their work and its 
implications differently as a 

6202
05:38:30,500 --> 05:38:31,800
result of these lectures and 
essays. 

6203
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:35,600
When Roberts health started to 
deteriorate in the late 1960s, 

6204
05:38:35,600 --> 05:38:38,600
he approached his impending 
death with the same blend of 

6205
05:38:38,600 --> 05:38:42,200
emotional nuance and 
intellectual curiosity that had 

6206
05:38:42,208 --> 05:38:44,800
marked his approach to all of 
his other significant life 

6207
05:38:44,800 --> 05:38:47,200
challenges. 
He did not seem to see death as 

6208
05:38:47,200 --> 05:38:50,600
a tragedy to be avoided at all 
costs but rather as another 

6209
05:38:50,600 --> 05:38:55,900
mystery to be pondered That's 
62, Robert Oppenheimer passed 

6210
05:38:55,900 --> 05:39:00,400
away from throat, cancer on 
February, 18th 1967, a legacy is

6211
05:39:00,400 --> 05:39:03,000
complicated and difficult. 
As the man himself was left 

6212
05:39:03,000 --> 05:39:06,400
behind by the passing of the boy
who had collected rocks. 

6213
05:39:06,400 --> 05:39:09,900
The young man who had learned 
Sanskrit, the teacher, who had 

6214
05:39:09,900 --> 05:39:12,600
revolutionized American 
theoretical physics, the 

6215
05:39:12,600 --> 05:39:15,800
scientific and ministrator, who 
had planned the Manhattan 

6216
05:39:15,800 --> 05:39:18,600
Project, and the public 
intellectual who had wrestled 

6217
05:39:18,600 --> 05:39:20,800
with the moral implications of 
nuclear weapons. 

6218
05:39:20,800 --> 05:39:23,000
Think about this, as you go to 
bed tonight? 

6219
05:39:23,000 --> 05:39:26,000
Intelligent people are still 
awake today because of the 

6220
05:39:26,000 --> 05:39:28,100
questions. 
That kept Robert, Oppenheimer up

6221
05:39:28,100 --> 05:39:29,900
at night. 
During his most trying times. 

6222
05:39:29,900 --> 05:39:33,200
How can we strike a balance 
between seeking knowledge and 

6223
05:39:33,200 --> 05:39:34,900
being concerned about its 
implications? 

6224
05:39:36,100 --> 05:39:38,500
What obligations do 
professionals have to society 

6225
05:39:38,500 --> 05:39:42,200
and what obligations to society 
have to uphold intellectual 

6226
05:39:42,200 --> 05:39:44,700
Freedom. 
How do we make informed choices 

6227
05:39:44,700 --> 05:39:48,000
about technologies that have the
potential to drastically alter 

6228
05:39:48,000 --> 05:39:50,900
human civilization? 
There are no simple answers to 

6229
05:39:50,900 --> 05:39:53,500
these questions in Robert's 
life, but it does offer 

6230
05:39:53,500 --> 05:39:57,300
something perhaps more valuable.
An example of how a thoughtful 

6231
05:39:57,300 --> 05:40:00,100
individual can wrestle with 
moral complexity without 

6232
05:40:00,100 --> 05:40:03,700
slipping into either naive 
idealism, or cynicism, the man 

6233
05:40:03,700 --> 05:40:05,800
who assisted in the development 
of nuclear weapons. 

6234
05:40:05,800 --> 05:40:09,000
Spent the remainder of his life,
attempting to comprehend and 

6235
05:40:09,000 --> 05:40:12,800
explain the ramifications of his
actions, never escaping 

6236
05:40:12,800 --> 05:40:15,700
responsibility. 
But also not letting guilt stop 

6237
05:40:15,700 --> 05:40:18,800
him from making further 
contributions to the welfare and

6238
05:40:18,800 --> 05:40:21,400
knowledge of humanity. 
Robert contributed to the 

6239
05:40:21,400 --> 05:40:24,400
creation of the atomic age, 
which is still developing today.

6240
05:40:25,100 --> 05:40:27,800
Although nuclear weapons can 
continue to pose a threat to 

6241
05:40:27,800 --> 05:40:30,200
human survival nuclear 
technology. 

6242
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:34,300
Also produces carbon free energy
and life-saving Medical 

6243
05:40:34,300 --> 05:40:37,000
Treatments. 
The same scientific techniques, 

6244
05:40:37,000 --> 05:40:39,900
that uncovered the mysteries of 
atomic structure are still 

6245
05:40:39,900 --> 05:40:42,200
producing new types of problems 
that we have. 

6246
05:40:42,200 --> 05:40:45,200
Not yet learned to predict all 
that may provide answers to 

6247
05:40:45,200 --> 05:40:48,500
Humanity's biggest problems. 
Many of the same problems that 

6248
05:40:48,500 --> 05:40:50,900
Robert and his colleague's face 
during the Manhattan Project 

6249
05:40:50,900 --> 05:40:53,600
still face scientists. 
Today, who are developing 

6250
05:40:53,600 --> 05:40:57,100
genetic engineering artificial 
intelligence and other 

6251
05:40:57,100 --> 05:41:00,300
game-changing Technologies. 
How do you continue potentially 

6252
05:41:00,300 --> 05:41:02,600
useful research while being 
aware of its risks? 

6253
05:41:02,600 --> 05:41:06,200
How can one uphold scientific 
objectivity while admitting 

6254
05:41:06,200 --> 05:41:09,200
moral obligations? 
How do you explain complicated 

6255
05:41:09,200 --> 05:41:12,400
technical matters to the public 
and political leaders who have 

6256
05:41:12,400 --> 05:41:15,400
to decide how these Technologies
should be developed and governed

6257
05:41:15,400 --> 05:41:19,300
Roberts example in the No Easy 
answers to these questions. 

6258
05:41:19,300 --> 05:41:22,200
Anyone who chooses to work at 
the boundaries of human 

6259
05:41:22,200 --> 05:41:24,700
knowledge cannot avoid them 
conducting scientific. 

6260
05:41:25,100 --> 05:41:28,100
Search in a vacuum apart from 
social and political influences 

6261
05:41:28,100 --> 05:41:31,600
is not a morally neutral. 
Endeavor it occurs in human 

6262
05:41:31,600 --> 05:41:34,500
communities is supported by 
human institutions. 

6263
05:41:34,500 --> 05:41:37,700
And generates knowledge that can
be applied to both positive and 

6264
05:41:37,700 --> 05:41:41,000
negative human goals. 
The young man who gathered rocks

6265
05:41:41,000 --> 05:41:45,200
out of Natural, Curiosity, grew 
up to realize that Curiosity no 

6266
05:41:45,200 --> 05:41:48,200
matter how pure its original 
motivation, always leads to 

6267
05:41:48,200 --> 05:41:50,500
power. 
And that power always raises 

6268
05:41:50,500 --> 05:41:53,400
issues of responsibility. 
Perhaps the most distinctive 

6269
05:41:53,400 --> 05:41:55,400
feature of the Contemporary 
scientific Endeavor. 

6270
05:41:55,400 --> 05:41:58,400
Is this shift from naive or to 
moral complexity. 

6271
05:41:58,400 --> 05:42:01,900
But Roberts life also shows 
that, despite circumstances that

6272
05:42:01,900 --> 05:42:04,700
could be used as an excuse for 
pessimism or hopelessness. 

6273
05:42:04,700 --> 05:42:08,800
It is possible to preserve human
decency and intellectual 

6274
05:42:08,800 --> 05:42:11,500
Integrity. 
He never lost faith in the value

6275
05:42:11,500 --> 05:42:14,900
of seeking the truth, even if 
doing so resulted in knowledge, 

6276
05:42:14,900 --> 05:42:17,200
that was dangerous. 
Even when his efforts were 

6277
05:42:17,200 --> 05:42:20,500
misinterpreted or dismissed by 
political authorities, he never 

6278
05:42:20,500 --> 05:42:22,700
gave up on applying his 
knowledge to advance human 

6279
05:42:22,700 --> 05:42:25,200
welfare. 
According to the Sanskrit, text 

6280
05:42:25,200 --> 05:42:28,900
Robert had read his young man 
was the result of realizing how 

6281
05:42:28,900 --> 05:42:32,300
everything is interconnected and
the obligations that follow from

6282
05:42:32,300 --> 05:42:36,100
that realization, it explored 
those ancient insights, and 

6283
05:42:36,100 --> 05:42:38,500
applied them to contemporary 
scientific knowledge throughout 

6284
05:42:38,500 --> 05:42:42,400
his career in a way. 
Humans who acquire the ability 

6285
05:42:42,400 --> 05:42:46,000
to control these connections 
take on responsibilities that go

6286
05:42:46,000 --> 05:42:47,600
well beyond their immediate 
goals. 

6287
05:42:47,600 --> 05:42:50,600
The universe that physics 
reveals is in fact 

6288
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:54,400
interconnected at the most basic
levels as you fall asleep, you 

6289
05:42:54,400 --> 05:42:57,600
may have a dream about a slender
young man standing on a Mesa, 

6290
05:42:57,600 --> 05:43:01,100
New Mexico, witnessing the first
artificial sunrise over the 

6291
05:43:01,100 --> 05:43:04,300
desert and realizing that 
everything has changed forever. 

6292
05:43:04,300 --> 05:43:07,500
All years later. 
You might dream of that same 

6293
05:43:07,500 --> 05:43:10,200
person strolling through 
Princeton in the evening light. 

6294
05:43:11,000 --> 05:43:13,700
Still thinking about issues of 
responsibility and knowledge 

6295
05:43:13,700 --> 05:43:17,000
that have no definitive answers 
but require constant 

6296
05:43:17,000 --> 05:43:20,000
consideration from anyone 
concerned with the future of 

6297
05:43:20,000 --> 05:43:23,100
human civilization even though 
Robert Oppenheimer passed away 

6298
05:43:23,100 --> 05:43:25,900
more than 50 years ago, the 
issues he brought up are still 

6299
05:43:25,900 --> 05:43:28,200
relevant today. 
Our world is shaped by 

6300
05:43:28,200 --> 05:43:31,000
technological, advancements, and
scientific discoveries. 

6301
05:43:31,000 --> 05:43:33,900
That would have seemed magical 
to earlier Generations. 

6302
05:43:33,900 --> 05:43:37,100
The decisions we make about how 
to use these advancements. 

6303
05:43:37,100 --> 05:43:38,900
Will determine the kind of 
world. 

6304
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:42,300
We leave for future Generations.
The legacy of the boy who 

6305
05:43:42,300 --> 05:43:44,700
gathered rocks and went on to 
become the man who helped 

6306
05:43:44,700 --> 05:43:48,700
discover the secrets of the atom
is not a list of solutions, but 

6307
05:43:48,700 --> 05:43:51,200
rather a dedication to 
continuing to ask the right 

6308
05:43:51,208 --> 05:43:54,000
questions with wisdom, bravery 
and humility. 

6309
05:43:54,000 --> 05:43:57,500
Remembering Roberts, example of 
how a thoughtful person can 

6310
05:43:57,500 --> 05:44:00,400
engage with moral complexity 
while maintaining both 

6311
05:44:00,400 --> 05:44:04,400
intellectual honesty and hope 
for human wisdom is crucial as 

6312
05:44:04,400 --> 05:44:07,000
we grapple with the implications
of artificial intelligence, 

6313
05:44:07,000 --> 05:44:10,900
climate change, genetic 
engineering and other trans 

6314
05:44:11,000 --> 05:44:14,700
Technologies in our own time 
rest easy, knowing that 

6315
05:44:14,700 --> 05:44:17,800
somewhere tonight someone is 
sitting at a computer or working

6316
05:44:17,800 --> 05:44:21,200
in a lab pushing the limits of 
human knowledge while grappling 

6317
05:44:21,200 --> 05:44:23,400
with issues of accountability 
and Consequence. 

6318
05:44:23,400 --> 05:44:27,500
The cross decades to a 
theoretical physicist who wants 

6319
05:44:27,500 --> 05:44:30,400
stood in the New Mexico desert 
and saw the world transformed in

6320
05:44:30,400 --> 05:44:33,100
a burst of artificial light. 
There are still questions. 

6321
05:44:33,100 --> 05:44:36,600
Each new generation takes on the
duty of interacting with them in

6322
05:44:36,608 --> 05:44:40,400
a thoughtful and brave manner. 
And the greatest hope for our 

6323
05:44:40,400 --> 05:44:42,000
future. 
As a species may be found in 

6324
05:44:42,000 --> 05:44:45,300
that continuous dialogue between
human wisdom and curiosity. 

6325
05:44:53,200 --> 05:44:57,600
In the year, 1325 a 21 year old 
legal scholar from Tangier 

6326
05:44:57,600 --> 05:45:01,500
named, IBN battuta mounted, his 
horse to embark on the Hedge 

6327
05:45:01,500 --> 05:45:03,700
pilgrimage to Mecca. 
What distinguished, this 

6328
05:45:03,700 --> 05:45:07,300
particular Journey was not its 
beginning but its end or rather 

6329
05:45:07,300 --> 05:45:10,900
the absence of one when ibomber 
tutor finally returned home, 

6330
05:45:10,900 --> 05:45:14,000
nearly three decades later. 
He had traversed approximately 

6331
05:45:14,000 --> 05:45:17,500
75,000 miles visiting 
territories equivalent to 

6332
05:45:17,500 --> 05:45:20,900
roughly 44, modern countries. 
Yet, Perhaps, the most 

6333
05:45:20,900 --> 05:45:24,400
remarkable aspect of his story. 
Is that traveling was never his 

6334
05:45:24,400 --> 05:45:28,000
passion or intention. 
Unlike Marco Polo whose 

6335
05:45:28,000 --> 05:45:31,200
Mercantile family had prepared 
him for Journeys abroad or Jen. 

6336
05:45:31,200 --> 05:45:34,800
He commanded massive Chinese 
treasure fleets with Imperial 

6337
05:45:34,800 --> 05:45:38,600
backing even batuta stumbled 
into exploration almost 

6338
05:45:38,600 --> 05:45:41,000
accidentally. 
His contemporaries would have 

6339
05:45:41,008 --> 05:45:44,700
considered him bookish and 
conventional a deviant to the 

6340
05:45:44,708 --> 05:45:48,000
Malachi School of Islamic 
jurisprudence who had memorized 

6341
05:45:48,000 --> 05:45:52,000
the Quran and studied legal 
precedents his early as writing 

6342
05:45:52,000 --> 05:45:54,500
was reveal a young man more 
concerned with proper prayer 

6343
05:45:54,500 --> 05:45:56,800
techniques than with the 
adventures and distant lands. 

6344
05:45:57,600 --> 05:46:00,900
I set out a loan having neither 
fellow traveler in whose 

6345
05:46:00,900 --> 05:46:03,600
companionship, I might find 
cheer nor Caravan whose party. 

6346
05:46:03,600 --> 05:46:05,500
I might join he wrote of his 
departure. 

6347
05:46:06,200 --> 05:46:09,000
His statement was not the 
romanticized Declaration of an 

6348
05:46:09,000 --> 05:46:12,700
Intrepid Explorer but the lament
of a somewhat anxious young man.

6349
05:46:13,500 --> 05:46:16,800
The Solitude was not by choice, 
he had missed the pilgrim. 

6350
05:46:16,800 --> 05:46:18,800
Caravan, while attending his 
sister's funeral. 

6351
05:46:19,900 --> 05:46:22,700
IBN battuta's first 
transformative experience, came 

6352
05:46:22,700 --> 05:46:25,800
not from natural wonders or 
architectural Marvels, but 

6353
05:46:25,800 --> 05:46:29,000
through an unexpected fever that
struck him outside the town of 

6354
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:32,900
Tunis delirious and alone. 
He fell from his horse and was 

6355
05:46:32,900 --> 05:46:35,300
discovered by a passing traveler
who nursed him back to health. 

6356
05:46:35,300 --> 05:46:38,900
This stranger a Tunisian poet 
returning from Al andalus, 

6357
05:46:38,900 --> 05:46:42,100
shared stories of Courts. 
He had visited while even to 

6358
05:46:42,100 --> 05:46:45,700
recuperated the Young jurists 
World expanded through these 

6359
05:46:45,700 --> 05:46:49,300
second-hand tails before he had 
even left North Africa, Upon 

6360
05:46:49,300 --> 05:46:52,600
reaching Alexandria in battuto 
and countered, another pivotal 

6361
05:46:52,600 --> 05:46:56,700
figure Astic named bahane 
Aldean, who lived in isolation 

6362
05:46:56,700 --> 05:47:00,500
in the city's lighthouse. 
During their meeting the holy 

6363
05:47:00,500 --> 05:47:02,100
man made an astonishing 
prediction. 

6364
05:47:02,900 --> 05:47:04,700
Your visit my brother for 
reading in India. 

6365
05:47:04,700 --> 05:47:06,800
My brother, Rook Canal, Dean in 
sin. 

6366
05:47:06,800 --> 05:47:10,500
And my brother burhan Alden in 
China, convey, my greetings to 

6367
05:47:10,500 --> 05:47:13,000
them. 
IBN battuta would later. 

6368
05:47:13,000 --> 05:47:16,800
Claim this prophecy guided his 
extended travels, though. 

6369
05:47:16,800 --> 05:47:19,300
Historians note, these 
destinations weren't uncommon 

6370
05:47:19,300 --> 05:47:23,200
for medieval Muslim Travelers. 
His early Journey revealed a 

6371
05:47:23,200 --> 05:47:26,500
complex tension in his character
while he craved The Prestige of 

6372
05:47:26,508 --> 05:47:29,500
scoli appointments. 
He repeatedly abandoned secure 

6373
05:47:29,500 --> 05:47:32,500
positions after brief. 
Ten years in Damascus, he 

6374
05:47:32,500 --> 05:47:36,800
secured a respectable judge ship
but departed after just days the

6375
05:47:36,800 --> 05:47:38,800
same pattern occurred in Delhi 
years later. 

6376
05:47:38,800 --> 05:47:42,500
This behavioral inconsistency, 
puzzled his contemporaries and 

6377
05:47:42,500 --> 05:47:45,400
continues to challenge. 
Modern biographer's, the 

6378
05:47:45,400 --> 05:47:48,800
geographic scope of edinburgh's 
travels exceeded, even the 

6379
05:47:48,808 --> 05:47:52,300
expansive Muslim world of his 
time, yet he maintained a 

6380
05:47:52,308 --> 05:47:56,200
peculiar form of provincialism 
throughout often rejecting local

6381
05:47:56,200 --> 05:47:58,100
Customs despite his exposure to 
them. 

6382
05:47:58,900 --> 05:48:01,200
He traveled through societies 
with dramatically different 

6383
05:48:01,200 --> 05:48:04,600
Norms but remained committed to 
judging them by the standards of

6384
05:48:04,600 --> 05:48:07,700
his Madre upbringing. 
Unlike many Travelers whose 

6385
05:48:07,700 --> 05:48:10,300
Horizon's broaden through 
exposure to different cultures, 

6386
05:48:10,300 --> 05:48:13,500
Edinburgh to frequently hardened
his positions. 

6387
05:48:13,500 --> 05:48:16,900
When confronted with alternative
perspectives, What truly 

6388
05:48:16,900 --> 05:48:20,300
distinguished him was not his 
openness to new experiences, but

6389
05:48:20,300 --> 05:48:23,100
his remarkable adaptability 
within his own rigid framework. 

6390
05:48:23,100 --> 05:48:26,500
He could navigate foreign 
courts, established temporary 

6391
05:48:26,500 --> 05:48:29,300
households and distance cities, 
an integrated himself into 

6392
05:48:29,300 --> 05:48:31,700
trading networks without 
fundamentally changing his 

6393
05:48:31,700 --> 05:48:34,700
worldview. 
This paradoxical quality being 

6394
05:48:34,700 --> 05:48:38,400
simultaneously adaptable and 
inflexible defined, both his 

6395
05:48:38,400 --> 05:48:42,400
travels and his written account.
By the time it number tutor 

6396
05:48:42,400 --> 05:48:44,600
completed his first Hajj in 
1326. 

6397
05:48:44,600 --> 05:48:48,100
Something had fundamentally 
shifted in his approach to life.

6398
05:48:48,800 --> 05:48:51,800
Though he had fulfilled his 
religious obligation, he chose 

6399
05:48:51,800 --> 05:48:55,500
not to return home but instead 
headed North toward Iraq his 

6400
05:48:55,500 --> 05:48:57,100
explanation was 
characteristically 

6401
05:48:57,100 --> 05:49:00,400
straightforward. 
I set out not knowing to what 

6402
05:49:00,400 --> 05:49:01,800
land. 
My journey would lead me. 

6403
05:49:02,900 --> 05:49:04,700
The Reluctant traveler had 
discovered something. 

6404
05:49:04,700 --> 05:49:08,500
Unexpected, not a passion for 
exploration, but a curious 

6405
05:49:08,500 --> 05:49:11,400
restlessness that would Propel 
him across continents for the 

6406
05:49:11,400 --> 05:49:14,200
next 24 years. 
The greatest misconception about

6407
05:49:14,200 --> 05:49:17,600
Urban tutors travels concerns, 
the economics that supported his

6408
05:49:17,600 --> 05:49:19,400
Decades of movement to cross 
continents. 

6409
05:49:19,400 --> 05:49:22,700
Unlike state sponsored 
explorers, or wealthy merchants 

6410
05:49:22,700 --> 05:49:26,400
funded his extraordinary 
Odyssey, through a patchwork of 

6411
05:49:26,400 --> 05:49:30,200
what we might Now, call gig work
leveraging his credentials in a 

6412
05:49:30,200 --> 05:49:33,100
system that modern Travelers 
would barely recognize the 

6413
05:49:33,100 --> 05:49:36,300
medieval Islamic World operated 
on a sophisticated network of 

6414
05:49:36,300 --> 05:49:39,100
patronage that rewarded, 
learning men, who crossed 

6415
05:49:39,100 --> 05:49:43,300
borders this system known as the
adopt culture valued the 

6416
05:49:43,300 --> 05:49:45,800
cross-pollination of ideas 
through traveling Scholars. 

6417
05:49:46,600 --> 05:49:49,900
Even batuta exploited, this 
economy with remarkable skill. 

6418
05:49:50,700 --> 05:49:54,400
Transforming his Malachi legal 
training into a portable career 

6419
05:49:54,400 --> 05:49:58,000
that functioned across cultural 
boundaries in Cairo. 

6420
05:49:58,000 --> 05:50:01,400
He served briefly as an 
assistant cardi judge, hearing 

6421
05:50:01,400 --> 05:50:05,100
minor cases relating to 
commercial disputes in Damascus.

6422
05:50:05,100 --> 05:50:08,700
He leveraged recommendations 
from previous hosts to secure. 

6423
05:50:08,700 --> 05:50:12,200
Temporary teaching appointments,
these positions, rarely lasted, 

6424
05:50:12,200 --> 05:50:15,100
more than a few months, but they
provided critical financial 

6425
05:50:15,100 --> 05:50:18,000
resources and enhanced his 
credentials for the next 

6426
05:50:18,000 --> 05:50:21,200
destination. 
When I arrived in any City, he 

6427
05:50:21,200 --> 05:50:24,500
noted particularly candid 
passage the first place. 

6428
05:50:24,500 --> 05:50:27,700
I've visited with a mosque and 
madrasas seeking out the 

6429
05:50:27,700 --> 05:50:31,300
renowned Scholars of each town. 
These meetings were not merely 

6430
05:50:31,300 --> 05:50:34,100
scholarly exchanges. 
But calculated networking 

6431
05:50:34,100 --> 05:50:36,900
opportunities. 
A favorable impression might 

6432
05:50:36,900 --> 05:50:40,100
result in an invitation to 
dinner, temporary lodging or 

6433
05:50:40,100 --> 05:50:43,200
most valuable of all of 
introduction to influential 

6434
05:50:43,200 --> 05:50:44,900
figures in the next city on his 
route. 

6435
05:50:45,700 --> 05:50:48,400
His most lucrative opportunities
came through the system of 

6436
05:50:48,400 --> 05:50:52,700
diplomatic gift exchange, when 
rulers dispatched, envoys to 

6437
05:50:52,700 --> 05:50:55,000
foreign courts. 
They often included scholars in 

6438
05:50:55,000 --> 05:50:58,900
their delegations, IBN battuta 
secured, these appointments 

6439
05:50:58,900 --> 05:51:01,400
multiple times. 
Most lucrative leap. 

6440
05:51:01,400 --> 05:51:04,800
When Sultan Muhammad been took, 
look of Delhi designated him as 

6441
05:51:04,800 --> 05:51:08,000
an invite to the UN dynasty in 
China, though, the Diplomatic 

6442
05:51:08,000 --> 05:51:10,400
Mission ultimately failed. 
The appointment came with 

6443
05:51:10,400 --> 05:51:14,200
substantial compensation, 
including 13 bags of gold coins 

6444
05:51:14,200 --> 05:51:16,100
that Finance. 
His subsequent travels through 

6445
05:51:16,100 --> 05:51:19,100
South East Asia. 
Given by tutors Financial 

6446
05:51:19,100 --> 05:51:22,400
strategies occasionally, 
bordered on exploitation, he 

6447
05:51:22,400 --> 05:51:24,900
became Adept at what historians 
of termed credential inflation, 

6448
05:51:24,900 --> 05:51:28,600
gradually elevating, his claimed
expertise and Authority as he 

6449
05:51:28,600 --> 05:51:31,800
moved farther from North Africa.
Where is actual qualifications 

6450
05:51:31,800 --> 05:51:35,200
might be verified By the time he
reached the Maldives he 

6451
05:51:35,200 --> 05:51:37,900
presented himself as a chief 
legal Authority despite having 

6452
05:51:37,900 --> 05:51:39,400
only modest training in his 
youth. 

6453
05:51:40,100 --> 05:51:43,100
His pattern of a accumulating 
and abandoning wives reveals, 

6454
05:51:43,100 --> 05:51:45,900
another dimension of his 
economic approach to travel 

6455
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:49,100
throughout his journeys. 
He married at least 10 women 

6456
05:51:49,100 --> 05:51:52,100
across various regions though. 
Some Scholars suggest the actual

6457
05:51:52,100 --> 05:51:55,200
number exceeded 15 These 
marriages offered him 

6458
05:51:55,200 --> 05:51:58,700
integration into local 
communities household management

6459
05:51:58,700 --> 05:52:03,300
during Extended Stays and 
crucially access to dowries and 

6460
05:52:03,300 --> 05:52:06,400
matrimonial gifts, when to 
parting a region, he typically 

6461
05:52:06,400 --> 05:52:09,600
divorced, these women sometimes 
leaving behind children as well.

6462
05:52:10,700 --> 05:52:13,600
The material reality of 
long-distance travel in the 14th

6463
05:52:13,600 --> 05:52:16,000
century. 
Imposed constraints that shaped 

6464
05:52:16,000 --> 05:52:19,400
in battuta's, itinerary He 
deliberately followed trade 

6465
05:52:19,400 --> 05:52:22,800
routes, where Caravans arise 
offered secure lodging avoided, 

6466
05:52:22,800 --> 05:52:26,400
territories without established 
Muslim communities, and timed 

6467
05:52:26,400 --> 05:52:29,300
his journeys to coincide with 
Merchant, Caravans that provided

6468
05:52:29,300 --> 05:52:32,700
safety in numbers. 
His account downplays the 

6469
05:52:32,700 --> 05:52:36,000
pragmatic considerations that 
determined his path instead 

6470
05:52:36,000 --> 05:52:39,500
emphasizing religious 
motivations or pure wonderlust. 

6471
05:52:40,400 --> 05:52:44,100
Perhaps most remarkably IBN 
Bertha operated within an 

6472
05:52:44,100 --> 05:52:47,300
economic system. 
That valued his very foreignness

6473
05:52:47,300 --> 05:52:50,300
as courts throughout the Islamic
World sought to demonstrate 

6474
05:52:50,300 --> 05:52:54,000
their cosmopolitanism hosting 
travelers from distant regions, 

6475
05:52:54,000 --> 05:52:55,800
became a form of cultural 
capital. 

6476
05:52:55,800 --> 05:52:58,900
The Moroccan scholar. 
Could leverage his exotic 

6477
05:52:58,900 --> 05:53:02,300
background increasingly 
embellished as he traveled and 

6478
05:53:02,300 --> 05:53:04,600
opportunities that local 
Scholars could not access. 

6479
05:53:05,600 --> 05:53:09,200
This created a self-reinforcing 
cycle, the father, he traveled, 

6480
05:53:09,200 --> 05:53:12,500
the more valuable, his presence 
became to subsequent hosts. 

6481
05:53:13,400 --> 05:53:16,600
When resources fail, as they 
occasionally, did I eaten 

6482
05:53:16,600 --> 05:53:19,700
resulted to more desperate 
measures in the steps? 

6483
05:53:19,700 --> 05:53:22,400
North of the Black Sea? 
He was robbed of nearly all 

6484
05:53:22,400 --> 05:53:25,100
possessions and survived, by 
attaching himself to a passing 

6485
05:53:25,100 --> 05:53:29,100
Caravan as an informal religious
advisor in the mountains of 

6486
05:53:29,100 --> 05:53:31,200
turkey. 
He worked briefly as a copyist 

6487
05:53:31,200 --> 05:53:33,600
producing manuscripts for a 
local madrasa. 

6488
05:53:34,300 --> 05:53:37,200
These episodes of vulnerability 
rarely appear in his polished 

6489
05:53:37,200 --> 05:53:40,400
narrative, but emerged through 
inconsistencies in his timeline 

6490
05:53:40,400 --> 05:53:44,000
and oblique references. 
By the time, even batuta 

6491
05:53:44,000 --> 05:53:47,500
returned to Morocco in 1349. 
He had mastered, the economic 

6492
05:53:47,500 --> 05:53:51,000
architecture of medieval travel 
transforming, his modest, legal 

6493
05:53:51,000 --> 05:53:53,700
credentials into a career, that 
spanned continents and cultures,

6494
05:53:53,700 --> 05:53:57,000
the conventional Narrative of 
IBN battuta, portrays him. 

6495
05:53:57,000 --> 05:54:00,100
As a solitary, male traveler 
moving through a world dominated

6496
05:54:00,100 --> 05:54:03,700
by men yet his own account. 
When red Against the Grain, 

6497
05:54:03,700 --> 05:54:06,300
reveals dozens of women who 
profoundly influenced his 

6498
05:54:06,300 --> 05:54:10,000
experiences provided critical 
assistance and occasionally 

6499
05:54:10,000 --> 05:54:14,400
redirected his journey entirely 
Their stories often reduced to 

6500
05:54:14,400 --> 05:54:17,900
brief mentions in his text 
illuminate, aspects of medieval 

6501
05:54:17,900 --> 05:54:20,800
Islamic Society typically 
obscured in historical accounts 

6502
05:54:20,800 --> 05:54:25,200
in Damascus. 
Eben battuta encountered zainab 

6503
05:54:25,200 --> 05:54:28,500
bint Hamad a scholar. 
Who held the prize ijazah 

6504
05:54:28,500 --> 05:54:31,500
teaching license for the 
collected works of Hadith 

6505
05:54:31,500 --> 05:54:35,600
scholar, albacore despite his 
own legal training Edinburgh, 

6506
05:54:35,600 --> 05:54:39,500
tutor lacked, this purse digits 
credential He studied under her 

6507
05:54:39,500 --> 05:54:42,600
for several months joining 
classes that included both male 

6508
05:54:42,600 --> 05:54:45,500
and female students before 
receiving his own only jazza. 

6509
05:54:46,400 --> 05:54:49,400
That a male scholar from Morocco
would seek instruction from a 

6510
05:54:49,400 --> 05:54:51,800
woman challenges. 
Simplified narratives about 

6511
05:54:51,800 --> 05:54:54,500
gender in medieval Islamic 
education. 

6512
05:54:55,600 --> 05:54:59,200
The most remarkable woman I met 
IBN battuta wrote unexpectedly 

6513
05:54:59,200 --> 05:55:02,100
was the Turkish princess by a 
loon. 

6514
05:55:03,000 --> 05:55:06,400
This daughter of the Byzantine, 
emperor had married, the Mongol 

6515
05:55:06,400 --> 05:55:09,000
Khan as beg, but maintained her 
Christian faith. 

6516
05:55:09,000 --> 05:55:11,900
When the Khan dispatched her to 
visit her father, in 

6517
05:55:11,900 --> 05:55:15,600
Constantinople IBN battuta 
secured permission to join her 

6518
05:55:15,600 --> 05:55:18,300
Entourage. 
Providing him rare access to 

6519
05:55:18,300 --> 05:55:21,100
Byzantine territories typically 
closed and Muslim Travelers. 

6520
05:55:22,100 --> 05:55:24,900
Throughout this journey by Alana
effectively served as his 

6521
05:55:24,900 --> 05:55:28,500
protector and guide, determining
the itinerary and managing 

6522
05:55:28,500 --> 05:55:32,500
diplomatic interactions in the 
Maldives where Edinburgh to 

6523
05:55:32,500 --> 05:55:36,000
served briefly, as chief judge, 
he described to society with 

6524
05:55:36,000 --> 05:55:39,900
striking features of matricula 
quality where husbands moved 

6525
05:55:39,900 --> 05:55:42,600
into the households of their 
wives and women maintained 

6526
05:55:42,600 --> 05:55:48,200
control over their divorce. 
He noted with evident 

6527
05:55:48,200 --> 05:55:51,600
discomfort, no, man would eat 
food except what has been 

6528
05:55:51,608 --> 05:55:55,600
prepared in his wife's house and
to eat in one's own house. 

6529
05:55:55,600 --> 05:55:59,700
Would bring great shame. 
His attempts to impose stricter,

6530
05:55:59,700 --> 05:56:02,800
gender segregation during his 
judgeship generated significant 

6531
05:56:02,800 --> 05:56:06,200
resistance from local women, 
ultimately contributing to his 

6532
05:56:06,200 --> 05:56:09,900
departure from the islands. 
His most consequential romance 

6533
05:56:09,900 --> 05:56:12,600
occurred in Bukhara with a 
Merchant's daughter named Aisha.

6534
05:56:13,300 --> 05:56:16,000
Though he mentions her only 
briefly contextual evidence 

6535
05:56:16,000 --> 05:56:18,200
suggests, she traveled with him 
for nearly eight months 

6536
05:56:18,200 --> 05:56:21,500
including through the dangerous 
mountain, passes of Central 

6537
05:56:21,500 --> 05:56:25,400
Asia, when she fell ill in 
Samarkand IBN battuta faced a 

6538
05:56:25,408 --> 05:56:28,100
pivotal Choice. 
Continue his journey or remain 

6539
05:56:28,100 --> 05:56:31,000
with her. 
He chose to proceed a decision. 

6540
05:56:31,000 --> 05:56:33,500
He later described with 
uncharacteristic regret. 

6541
05:56:34,200 --> 05:56:37,600
Of all the paths not taken the 
road back to Easter remains most

6542
05:56:37,600 --> 05:56:41,400
Vivid in my memory. 
Eben battuta's account, reveals 

6543
05:56:41,400 --> 05:56:45,100
a pattern in which female slaves
frequently served as linguistic 

6544
05:56:45,100 --> 05:56:49,400
and cultural intermediaries. 
In Bengal, he purchased a slave 

6545
05:56:49,400 --> 05:56:52,500
girl who spoke both Persian and 
Bengali relying on her 

6546
05:56:52,500 --> 05:56:54,500
translations during his 
six-month day. 

6547
05:56:54,500 --> 05:56:58,400
Similarly, in Constantinople, he
employed a greek-speaking slave 

6548
05:56:58,400 --> 05:57:01,900
who negotiated his access to 
various sights including the 

6549
05:57:01,900 --> 05:57:05,500
Hagia Sophia. 
These women are named in his 

6550
05:57:05,500 --> 05:57:08,500
text performed critical 
functions that made his travel 

6551
05:57:08,500 --> 05:57:10,900
possible yet receive minimal 
acknowledgment. 

6552
05:57:11,900 --> 05:57:14,800
Perhaps most revealing has been 
to tutors interaction with 

6553
05:57:14,800 --> 05:57:19,100
Khadijah daughter of the ruler 
of Mali. during his West African

6554
05:57:19,100 --> 05:57:22,000
travels, he committed a serious 
breach of protocol when 

6555
05:57:22,000 --> 05:57:24,900
addressing her father, rather 
than having him punished 

6556
05:57:24,900 --> 05:57:29,200
Khadijah intervened, explaining 
to IBN battuta the proper Court 

6557
05:57:29,200 --> 05:57:32,800
etiquette, She later granted him
access to women's quarters of 

6558
05:57:32,800 --> 05:57:36,000
the palace spaces entirely 
closed to most male visitors 

6559
05:57:36,000 --> 05:57:40,100
where he observed and documented
female political influence in 

6560
05:57:40,108 --> 05:57:43,200
the Mali Empire that would 
otherwise remain unrecorded. 

6561
05:57:44,400 --> 05:57:47,400
The pattern of IBM, berta's 
marriages reveals a calculated 

6562
05:57:47,400 --> 05:57:51,400
approach to Intimacy in regions 
where he planned Extended Stays.

6563
05:57:51,400 --> 05:57:55,100
He typically married women from 
politically connected families, 

6564
05:57:55,100 --> 05:57:58,400
providing him with both domestic
comfort and valuable social 

6565
05:57:58,400 --> 05:58:02,400
networks, when to parting 
usually exercise, the Islamic of

6566
05:58:02,400 --> 05:58:05,100
unilateral divorce. 
There were occasionally economic

6567
05:58:05,100 --> 05:58:08,300
circumstances or family 
interventions complicated these 

6568
05:58:08,300 --> 05:58:11,000
separation. 
While his descriptions of women,

6569
05:58:11,000 --> 05:58:13,300
often reflect the prejudices of 
his time and background, 

6570
05:58:13,300 --> 05:58:18,200
occasionally contains a insights
In describing female religious 

6571
05:58:18,200 --> 05:58:21,500
scholars in Damascus. 
He observed their knowledge. 

6572
05:58:21,500 --> 05:58:24,900
Often exceeds that of men for 
they devote themselves entirely 

6573
05:58:24,900 --> 05:58:27,600
to study while men are 
distracted by worldly Pursuits. 

6574
05:58:28,600 --> 05:58:31,500
this recognition of how gendered
expectations might actually 

6575
05:58:31,500 --> 05:58:35,200
Advantage, female scholars in 
specific contexts demonstrates, 

6576
05:58:35,200 --> 05:58:39,700
an analytical depth rarely 
credited to him through these 

6577
05:58:39,700 --> 05:58:42,800
fragmentary references, a 
different understanding of 

6578
05:58:42,800 --> 05:58:46,300
Edinburgh, tutors Journey 
emerges, not as the adventure of

6579
05:58:46,308 --> 05:58:49,700
an independent male traveler, 
but as a complex, social 

6580
05:58:49,700 --> 05:58:53,600
Endeavor shaped by numerous 
women whose assistants knowledge

6581
05:58:53,600 --> 05:58:56,400
and relationships. 
Made his unprecedented travels 

6582
05:58:56,400 --> 05:59:00,400
possible in 1335 somewhere 
between the cities of astrakhan.

6583
05:59:00,400 --> 05:59:04,100
And Sarai along the Volga River 
IBN battuta experience. 

6584
05:59:04,100 --> 05:59:06,200
What modern psychologists would 
like to classify? 

6585
05:59:06,200 --> 05:59:09,000
As a severe mental health crisis
though? 

6586
05:59:09,000 --> 05:59:11,600
He never named it as such 
lacking the vocabulary or 

6587
05:59:11,600 --> 05:59:14,300
conceptual framework his writing
from this period. 

6588
05:59:14,300 --> 05:59:16,700
Reveals profound psychological 
distress. 

6589
05:59:16,700 --> 05:59:19,400
That nearly terminated his 
travels entirely. 

6590
05:59:20,300 --> 05:59:23,600
The episode began with physical 
symptoms and somnia that lasted 

6591
05:59:23,600 --> 05:59:25,800
weeks. 
Followed by what he described as

6592
05:59:25,800 --> 05:59:28,300
a heaviness of spirit. 
That prevented even the simplest

6593
05:59:28,300 --> 05:59:30,800
decisions. 
He abandoned his plan. 

6594
05:59:30,800 --> 05:59:34,800
Eastwood Journey, three times, 
each time returning to Astro can

6595
05:59:34,800 --> 05:59:38,300
after traveling just a few 
miles, local merchants and noted

6596
05:59:38,300 --> 05:59:41,300
his erratic Behavior. 
Particularly his sudden a 

6597
05:59:41,300 --> 05:59:43,100
version to crowds and 
marketplaces, that had 

6598
05:59:43,100 --> 05:59:45,100
previously been Central to his 
daily routine. 

6599
05:59:46,100 --> 05:59:48,900
I found myself unable to recall 
the first lines of even the most

6600
05:59:48,908 --> 05:59:51,600
familiar prayers. 
He wrote in a passage, rarely 

6601
05:59:51,600 --> 05:59:54,700
highlighted by historians words.
I had known since childhood 

6602
05:59:54,700 --> 05:59:58,500
became foreign to me. 
This cognitive disruption, 

6603
05:59:58,500 --> 06:00:02,500
coincided with an unusually 
harsh winter, during which IBN 

6604
06:00:02,500 --> 06:00:05,400
battuta remained. 
Largely confined to a small room

6605
06:00:05,400 --> 06:00:09,500
provided by sympathetic, Iranian
physician named Alta, Barry 

6606
06:00:10,800 --> 06:00:13,200
Several factors. 
Likely contributed to this cycle

6607
06:00:13,200 --> 06:00:16,500
geological collapse. 
Just months earlier IBN battuta 

6608
06:00:16,500 --> 06:00:19,300
had received news of his 
father's death delivered by a 

6609
06:00:19,300 --> 06:00:22,900
merchant from Tangier who he 
encountered unexpectedly and 

6610
06:00:22,900 --> 06:00:25,500
Damascus. 
This loss coincided with the 

6611
06:00:25,500 --> 06:00:28,600
10th anniversary of his 
departure from home, triggering 

6612
06:00:28,600 --> 06:00:31,500
what his writing suggests was an
intense period of grief and 

6613
06:00:31,500 --> 06:00:33,500
regret over his absence during 
his father's. 

6614
06:00:33,500 --> 06:00:37,000
Final years compounding. 
This emotional strain was a 

6615
06:00:37,000 --> 06:00:39,700
severe case of frostbite. 
That damaged several toes on his

6616
06:00:39,700 --> 06:00:43,300
right foot the injury left, him 
temporarily immobile and 

6617
06:00:43,300 --> 06:00:45,200
dependent on Strangers for basic
needs. 

6618
06:00:46,000 --> 06:00:48,500
A profound vulnerability for a 
man who had cultivated 

6619
06:00:48,500 --> 06:00:50,300
self-sufficiently throughout his
travels. 

6620
06:00:51,200 --> 06:00:54,800
The physical pain, limited 
mobility, and forced dependents.

6621
06:00:54,800 --> 06:00:57,500
Created conditions, ripe for 
psychological distress. 

6622
06:00:57,500 --> 06:01:02,000
Even berta's recovery came 
through an unexpected Source, a 

6623
06:01:02,000 --> 06:01:05,400
Sufi Shaikh named Noman Alcala 
who practiced? 

6624
06:01:05,400 --> 06:01:08,700
An unconventional form of 
therapy. rather than offering 

6625
06:01:08,700 --> 06:01:11,800
religious Council the Sheik 
prescribed daily immersion in 

6626
06:01:11,800 --> 06:01:15,200
Hot Springs outside the city, 
followed by structured 

6627
06:01:15,200 --> 06:01:18,700
conversations, focusing not on 
spiritual matters but on 

6628
06:01:18,700 --> 06:01:22,400
concrete memories Each day, he 
asked me to describe a single 

6629
06:01:22,400 --> 06:01:25,100
Street or building from my home 
town with complete, Precision, 

6630
06:01:25,100 --> 06:01:28,500
IBN battuta noted. 
Through these Recollections. 

6631
06:01:28,500 --> 06:01:33,700
My mind began to clear. 
The crisis transformed as 

6632
06:01:33,700 --> 06:01:35,900
approached to his travels. 
Before this episode. 

6633
06:01:37,700 --> 06:01:40,400
His writing displays in almost 
clinical Detachment, when 

6634
06:01:40,400 --> 06:01:44,100
describing various cultures 
afterward his observations 

6635
06:01:44,100 --> 06:01:46,500
become more empathetic, 
particularly regarding 

6636
06:01:46,500 --> 06:01:49,500
individuals experience, in forms
of suffering or displacement. 

6637
06:01:49,500 --> 06:01:53,400
He began seeking hospitals and 
charitable institutions in each 

6638
06:01:53,400 --> 06:01:56,200
City visited space. 
Is he had previously ignored 

6639
06:01:56,200 --> 06:02:00,000
during this period. 
He also abandoned a project, he 

6640
06:02:00,000 --> 06:02:03,200
had carried for years, ambitious
legal Treatise, comparing, 

6641
06:02:03,200 --> 06:02:05,900
Judicial Systems across 
different his territories. 

6642
06:02:05,900 --> 06:02:09,000
His notes for this work, which 
he occasionally references in 

6643
06:02:09,000 --> 06:02:11,000
his later. 
Travelogue were left with a 

6644
06:02:11,000 --> 06:02:14,300
scholar in Sarai. 
This abandonment of scholarly 

6645
06:02:14,300 --> 06:02:18,000
ambition suggests a fundamental 
reevaluation of priorities 

6646
06:02:18,000 --> 06:02:22,300
following his psychological 
crisis, most significantly IBN 

6647
06:02:22,300 --> 06:02:25,000
battuta emerged from this period
with an altered relationship to 

6648
06:02:25,000 --> 06:02:27,300
home. 
Before his breakdown, his 

6649
06:02:27,300 --> 06:02:30,000
writings reveal an assumption 
that he would eventually return 

6650
06:02:30,000 --> 06:02:32,200
to Morocco. 
To occupy a prestigious judicial

6651
06:02:32,200 --> 06:02:35,000
position. 
Afterward he began 

6652
06:02:35,000 --> 06:02:37,700
conceptualizing himself as 
permanently transient. 

6653
06:02:37,700 --> 06:02:41,300
A identity is shift that allowed
him to engage more deeply with 

6654
06:02:41,300 --> 06:02:44,500
each location rather than 
viewing it instrumental as 

6655
06:02:44,500 --> 06:02:46,500
material for future. 
Scholarly work. 

6656
06:02:47,800 --> 06:02:51,800
The cycle vulnerability, IBN 
battuta experience contrast 

6657
06:02:51,800 --> 06:02:54,500
sharply with the confident 
Persona, he cultivates through 

6658
06:02:54,500 --> 06:02:57,700
most of his narrative. this 
tension between public 

6659
06:02:57,700 --> 06:03:00,700
performance and private struggle
characterized much of his 

6660
06:03:00,700 --> 06:03:05,900
journey in Delhi Constantinople 
and later in Mali, he presented 

6661
06:03:05,900 --> 06:03:08,600
himself as a composed 
authoritative figure while 

6662
06:03:08,600 --> 06:03:11,100
privately grappling with 
recurring episodes of what he 

6663
06:03:11,100 --> 06:03:15,800
called, the darkness of spirit, 
Eben, Butters Mental Health. 

6664
06:03:15,800 --> 06:03:18,900
Crisis provides a rare window 
into the psychological dimension

6665
06:03:18,900 --> 06:03:21,900
of medieval travel, the 
cognitive and emotional toll of 

6666
06:03:21,900 --> 06:03:24,000
sustained. 
Displacement identity, 

6667
06:03:24,000 --> 06:03:27,800
disruption and cultural 
dissonance His experience, 

6668
06:03:27,800 --> 06:03:31,100
challenges romanticized, Notions
of pre-modern exploration 

6669
06:03:31,100 --> 06:03:34,600
revealing, the profound personal
cost that accompanied his 

6670
06:03:34,600 --> 06:03:39,900
Geographic Mobility by Spring 
1336, IBN battuta had recovered 

6671
06:03:39,900 --> 06:03:41,900
sufficiently to resume his 
Eastward Journey. 

6672
06:03:42,700 --> 06:03:45,700
Yet the cycle patterns 
established during this crisis, 

6673
06:03:45,700 --> 06:03:49,200
including periodic withdrawals 
into isolation and recurring 

6674
06:03:49,200 --> 06:03:52,700
battles with what appears to be 
situational depression would 

6675
06:03:52,700 --> 06:03:55,700
resurface throughout his 
subsequent travels, particularly

6676
06:03:55,700 --> 06:03:59,900
during his difficult final years
in Mali and Spain among Peters, 

6677
06:03:59,900 --> 06:04:02,100
most valuable contributions to 
historical knowledge. 

6678
06:04:02,100 --> 06:04:05,900
Is his detailed account of 
killer a prosperous East African

6679
06:04:05,900 --> 06:04:07,700
Coastal. 
Sultanate that dominated in 

6680
06:04:07,700 --> 06:04:10,500
Indian Ocean trade networks for 
centuries, yet remains largely 

6681
06:04:10,500 --> 06:04:12,500
absent from Western Historical 
awareness. 

6682
06:04:13,400 --> 06:04:15,800
His documentation provides one 
of the few contemporary 

6683
06:04:15,800 --> 06:04:18,200
descriptions of this 
sophisticated commercial power 

6684
06:04:18,200 --> 06:04:22,300
before its eventual, disruption 
by Portuguese forces, in the 

6685
06:04:22,300 --> 06:04:27,000
early 16th century. 
Eben, tutor arrived in kilwa and

6686
06:04:27,000 --> 06:04:31,200
modern Tanzania in 1331 having 
traveled down the East African 

6687
06:04:31,200 --> 06:04:34,700
Coast from Mogadishu. 
What he encountered, his 

6688
06:04:34,700 --> 06:04:38,100
expectations and challenges 
persistent misconceptions about 

6689
06:04:38,100 --> 06:04:42,400
pre-colonial African States. 
I've seen no more beautiful city

6690
06:04:42,400 --> 06:04:44,600
in all my travels he wrote to 
with uncharacteristic 

6691
06:04:44,600 --> 06:04:47,000
enthusiasm. 
Its buildings are constructed 

6692
06:04:47,000 --> 06:04:51,800
entirely of wood expertly joined
without nails or pegs and roofed

6693
06:04:51,800 --> 06:04:54,700
with panels of red, Mangrove 
that shine like polished metal 

6694
06:04:54,700 --> 06:04:57,600
under the sun. 
The killer he described was the 

6695
06:04:57,600 --> 06:05:00,300
center of a commercial Network 
that stretched from the interior

6696
06:05:00,300 --> 06:05:03,000
gold fields of Zimbabwe to the 
northern ports of India. 

6697
06:05:03,800 --> 06:05:06,400
It's Harbor, accommodated. 
Hundreds of vessels ranging from

6698
06:05:06,400 --> 06:05:10,000
Coastal, dowels to Deepwater 
Merchant ships from Gujarat and 

6699
06:05:10,000 --> 06:05:12,600
China. 
Even battuta noted with 

6700
06:05:12,600 --> 06:05:14,700
particular interest, the 
standardized system of 

6701
06:05:14,700 --> 06:05:18,200
commercial, documentation used 
in Killers Customs houses. 

6702
06:05:19,100 --> 06:05:22,300
Sophisticated predecessor to 
Modern bills of lading that 

6703
06:05:22,300 --> 06:05:25,400
facilitated complex commercial 
Arrangements, across linguistic,

6704
06:05:25,400 --> 06:05:30,100
boundaries the ruler IBN battuta
encountered Sultan Al Hassan, 

6705
06:05:30,100 --> 06:05:34,200
Suleman represented, the Coleman
of a dynastic tradition that 

6706
06:05:34,200 --> 06:05:37,500
traced its Origins to Persian 
settlers who had intermarried 

6707
06:05:37,500 --> 06:05:40,700
with local Bantu population's, 
the resulting cultural 

6708
06:05:40,700 --> 06:05:42,400
synthesis. 
Had produced a distinctive 

6709
06:05:42,400 --> 06:05:46,300
Swahili civilization, that IBN 
battuta recognized as neither 

6710
06:05:46,300 --> 06:05:49,600
purely African nor Middle 
Eastern, but something uniquely 

6711
06:05:49,600 --> 06:05:52,800
integrated. 
The sultan himself maintained a 

6712
06:05:52,800 --> 06:05:56,300
court protocol that combined 
elements from Abbasid, Fatimid 

6713
06:05:56,300 --> 06:05:58,300
and Indigenous African 
traditions. 

6714
06:05:59,400 --> 06:06:02,200
Kill was economic Foundation 
rested on its control of gold 

6715
06:06:02,200 --> 06:06:05,100
trade from the interior, 
particularly from what IBN 

6716
06:06:05,100 --> 06:06:08,500
battuta called the land of 
yuffie likely, the Zimbabwe 

6717
06:06:08,500 --> 06:06:11,400
plateau. 
This gold traveled along 

6718
06:06:11,400 --> 06:06:14,000
protected trade routes 
maintained by the sultanate 

6719
06:06:14,000 --> 06:06:18,000
through a series of Inland 
administrative centers hidden. 

6720
06:06:18,000 --> 06:06:21,400
Battuto observed one caravan's, 
arrival noting the elaborate 

6721
06:06:21,400 --> 06:06:24,300
security measures that protected
the precious cargo and the 

6722
06:06:24,300 --> 06:06:27,500
sophisticated weighing and a say
technique used to verify the 

6723
06:06:27,500 --> 06:06:30,600
Gold's purity. 
The religious life of killer 

6724
06:06:30,600 --> 06:06:34,400
particularly impressed in batuta
who counted more than 40 

6725
06:06:34,400 --> 06:06:36,000
substantial Moss within the 
city. 

6726
06:06:36,000 --> 06:06:39,800
Walls, the Grand Mosque portions
of which still stand today, 

6727
06:06:39,800 --> 06:06:43,500
featured in of architectural 
elements, including sailing, 

6728
06:06:43,500 --> 06:06:47,400
derived tensioning systems that 
allowed its Dome to span a 

6729
06:06:47,400 --> 06:06:49,500
greater distance than typical 
Islamic structures of the 

6730
06:06:49,500 --> 06:06:52,700
period. 
IBN Peter specifically commented

6731
06:06:52,700 --> 06:06:56,200
on the mosques distinctive 
octagonal minaret, which 

6732
06:06:56,200 --> 06:06:58,600
Incorporated acoustic 
enhancements, the carried the 

6733
06:06:58,608 --> 06:07:00,700
muirs call across the entire 
Harbor. 

6734
06:07:01,700 --> 06:07:05,700
Most remarkable was killed was 
monetary system, which utilized 

6735
06:07:05,700 --> 06:07:08,100
standardized gold coins known as
midcal. 

6736
06:07:08,100 --> 06:07:11,500
That circulated dust alongside 
copper tokens for smaller 

6737
06:07:11,500 --> 06:07:14,500
transactions. 
IBN battuta noted that these 

6738
06:07:14,500 --> 06:07:17,500
coins were accepted without 
question throughout the trading 

6739
06:07:17,500 --> 06:07:21,400
networks, extending to India a 
testament to kill was reputation

6740
06:07:21,400 --> 06:07:24,600
for commercial integrity He 
recorded watching Court, 

6741
06:07:24,600 --> 06:07:28,000
metallurgists testing, incoming,
gold shipments and striking new 

6742
06:07:28,000 --> 06:07:30,000
coins under the Sultan's direct 
supervision. 

6743
06:07:30,900 --> 06:07:33,300
The social structure of killer 
revealed complex 

6744
06:07:33,300 --> 06:07:36,600
stratifications, that defied 
IBN, batutas attempts at simple 

6745
06:07:36,600 --> 06:07:39,500
categorization, the urban 
population included in 

6746
06:07:39,500 --> 06:07:42,900
indigenous Africans, Arab and 
Persian, descendants mixed, 

6747
06:07:42,900 --> 06:07:45,300
Heritage individuals, who 
occupied various social 

6748
06:07:45,300 --> 06:07:49,500
positions, without rigid, racial
boundaries, he observed that he 

6749
06:07:49,500 --> 06:07:51,900
administrative positions were 
filled based on Merit and 

6750
06:07:51,908 --> 06:07:55,600
familial connections, rather 
than ethnic background creating 

6751
06:07:55,600 --> 06:07:58,500
a meritocratic system that 
contrasted with more hereditary 

6752
06:07:58,500 --> 06:08:00,000
structures. 
He had encountered, elsewhere 

6753
06:08:00,000 --> 06:08:03,000
women in Kill were occupied 
positions of significant 

6754
06:08:03,000 --> 06:08:06,000
economic independence, 
particularly in the textile 

6755
06:08:06,000 --> 06:08:09,200
sector. 
Eben described workshops where 

6756
06:08:09,200 --> 06:08:12,100
women can control the production
of the finely woven cotton cloth

6757
06:08:12,100 --> 06:08:15,400
that served as a major export. 
The mistresses of these 

6758
06:08:15,400 --> 06:08:18,800
establishments whom he noted 
maintain their own accounts and 

6759
06:08:18,800 --> 06:08:22,700
negotiate directly with foreign 
Merchants requiring, no male 

6760
06:08:22,700 --> 06:08:25,700
intermediaries. 
This economical autonomy, 

6761
06:08:25,700 --> 06:08:29,200
extended to property ownership 
with Eben, battuta recording his

6762
06:08:29,200 --> 06:08:31,800
surprise, at learning. 
That nearly a third of kill was 

6763
06:08:31,808 --> 06:08:33,500
Urban real estate was held by 
women. 

6764
06:08:34,400 --> 06:08:37,900
When IBN Peter departed, killer 
after a three-month, stay he 

6765
06:08:37,900 --> 06:08:40,300
carried with him documentation. 
That would later prove 

6766
06:08:40,300 --> 06:08:44,200
invaluable to historians precise
observations of a sophisticated 

6767
06:08:44,200 --> 06:08:47,400
African urban center that 
operated as an equal participant

6768
06:08:47,400 --> 06:08:51,200
in Indian Ocean, trade Networks.
His account contradicts 

6769
06:08:51,200 --> 06:08:53,700
persistent narratives that 
portray pre-colonial African 

6770
06:08:53,700 --> 06:08:57,200
societies as isolated or 
technologically primitive. 

6771
06:08:57,200 --> 06:09:01,300
Instead revealing killers and 
Innovative commercial power that

6772
06:09:01,300 --> 06:09:03,900
combined multiple cultural 
traditions in to a distinctive 

6773
06:09:03,900 --> 06:09:07,100
and successful synthesis. 
The final destination in 

6774
06:09:07,100 --> 06:09:10,700
edinburgh's Epic Journey, China 
during the Yuan Dynasty 

6775
06:09:10,700 --> 06:09:13,700
represents his most 
controversial claim in his most 

6776
06:09:13,700 --> 06:09:16,700
significant failure. 
Unlike his details accounts of 

6777
06:09:16,708 --> 06:09:18,800
other regions. 
His description of China 

6778
06:09:18,800 --> 06:09:20,600
contains geographical and 
consistency. 

6779
06:09:20,600 --> 06:09:24,300
Implausible timelines. 
And passages that appear 

6780
06:09:24,300 --> 06:09:27,300
borrowed from other Travelers 
reports for centuries. 

6781
06:09:27,300 --> 06:09:31,100
Historians have debated whether 
IBN Pata actually reached China 

6782
06:09:31,100 --> 06:09:33,500
or fabricated this portion of 
his narrative. 

6783
06:09:34,300 --> 06:09:36,500
Recent scholarship. 
Suggests a more nuanced 

6784
06:09:36,500 --> 06:09:40,900
possibility that IBN battuta did
indeed enter your territory but 

6785
06:09:40,900 --> 06:09:43,900
experienced a series of setbacks
that prevented him from acts 

6786
06:09:43,900 --> 06:09:45,800
accessing the cultural and 
political centers. 

6787
06:09:45,800 --> 06:09:49,800
He had intended to visit his 
subsequent account represents an

6788
06:09:49,800 --> 06:09:53,000
attempt to salvage reputation 
from failure through a 

6789
06:09:53,000 --> 06:09:55,700
combination of borrowed details 
and strategic emissions. 

6790
06:09:55,700 --> 06:09:58,800
IBN battuta's. 
China troubles began before he 

6791
06:09:58,800 --> 06:10:04,000
even reached its borders in 1345
while in Calicut modern Kerala 

6792
06:10:04,000 --> 06:10:06,100
India. 
He boarded a Chinese treasure 

6793
06:10:06,100 --> 06:10:09,000
ship Bound for Guangzhou with 
most of his accumulated 

6794
06:10:09,000 --> 06:10:12,200
possessions including gifs 
intended for the UNM emperor. 

6795
06:10:12,900 --> 06:10:15,700
When a storm Force the ship to 
Anchor near Calicut overnight 

6796
06:10:15,700 --> 06:10:19,600
IBN battuta went ashore to 
attend prayers during his 

6797
06:10:19,600 --> 06:10:22,400
absence of violence storm, drove
the ship out to sea. 

6798
06:10:22,400 --> 06:10:26,300
All my possessions remained on 
board, he wrote, including the 

6799
06:10:26,300 --> 06:10:29,200
slave girls and gifts that the 
Sultan of Delhi had sent with me

6800
06:10:29,200 --> 06:10:33,700
to the Emperor of China. 
This catastrophic loss left IBA 

6801
06:10:33,700 --> 06:10:36,800
2 in a precarious position. 
Expected to continue his 

6802
06:10:36,800 --> 06:10:40,100
diplomatic Mission without the 
gifts that would secure proper 

6803
06:10:40,100 --> 06:10:42,700
reception. 
After several months attempting 

6804
06:10:42,700 --> 06:10:45,700
to rebuild his resources in 
Southern India, he embarked 

6805
06:10:45,700 --> 06:10:49,800
again on a different vessel This
ship was attacked by pirates in 

6806
06:10:49,800 --> 06:10:53,400
the Strait of Malacca and even 
battuta narrowly escaped with 

6807
06:10:53,400 --> 06:10:55,600
his life. 
Losing what remained of his 

6808
06:10:55,608 --> 06:10:57,700
possessions. 
When he finally reached what 

6809
06:10:57,700 --> 06:11:01,900
appears to have been fujian 
province in late 1346 IBN 

6810
06:11:01,900 --> 06:11:03,700
battuta encountered a political 
situation. 

6811
06:11:03,700 --> 06:11:07,800
He was unprepared to navigate 
the UN Dynasty established by 

6812
06:11:07,800 --> 06:11:11,000
Mongol conquerors maintained. 
A rigid classification system 

6813
06:11:11,000 --> 06:11:13,600
that placed foreign Muslims in 
specific administrative 

6814
06:11:13,600 --> 06:11:17,000
categories with limited 
privileges, Without proper 

6815
06:11:17,000 --> 06:11:20,700
diplomatic credentials and Gifts
hidden battuta, could not secure

6816
06:11:20,700 --> 06:11:23,600
the status necessary to access 
the Imperial Court, or major 

6817
06:11:23,600 --> 06:11:26,900
cultural centers. 
His writing suggests, he spent 

6818
06:11:26,900 --> 06:11:30,100
approximately four months in 
Chinese territory, primarily in 

6819
06:11:30,108 --> 06:11:33,000
coastal regions with established
Muslim merchants communities. 

6820
06:11:33,000 --> 06:11:36,900
These enclaves while technically
within China, functioned as 

6821
06:11:36,900 --> 06:11:40,300
cultural islands where Arabic 
and Persian were commonly spoken

6822
06:11:40,300 --> 06:11:44,700
and Islamic Customs maintained. 
From these limited Vantage 

6823
06:11:44,700 --> 06:11:47,800
points. 
Hidden Glimpse Chinese Society 

6824
06:11:47,800 --> 06:11:50,300
but never experienced the 
immersive engagement that 

6825
06:11:50,300 --> 06:11:51,800
characterized his travels 
elsewhere. 

6826
06:11:51,800 --> 06:11:55,600
The UN China section of his 
narrative contains telling gaps 

6827
06:11:56,200 --> 06:12:00,100
unlike his accounts of India or 
Molly, where he named specific 

6828
06:12:00,100 --> 06:12:03,700
individuals who hosted him his 
Chinese interactions remain 

6829
06:12:03,700 --> 06:12:06,400
strikingly anonymous, he 
describes no extended 

6830
06:12:06,400 --> 06:12:09,600
conversations with Chinese 
Scholars or officials suggesting

6831
06:12:09,600 --> 06:12:13,500
very limited contact Beyond 
Merchant intermediaries his 

6832
06:12:13,500 --> 06:12:17,300
observations Focus predominantly
on material culture Ceramics, 

6833
06:12:17,300 --> 06:12:21,000
paper currency shipbuilding, 
techniques, rather than social, 

6834
06:12:21,000 --> 06:12:23,500
or political systems, he could 
only have understood through 

6835
06:12:23,500 --> 06:12:27,700
sustained interaction Most 
revealing is even beta's 

6836
06:12:27,700 --> 06:12:30,000
omission of any mention of the 
Grand Canal. 

6837
06:12:30,700 --> 06:12:33,400
China's most impressive 
infrastructure projects that 

6838
06:12:33,400 --> 06:12:37,000
connected Beijing to Hangzhou. 
This absence is particularly 

6839
06:12:37,000 --> 06:12:39,700
striking given his pattern of 
documenting major engineering 

6840
06:12:39,700 --> 06:12:43,100
Works throughout his travels. 
Similarly, he fails to mention 

6841
06:12:43,100 --> 06:12:45,700
the distinctive Chinese 
examination system for civil 

6842
06:12:45,700 --> 06:12:48,100
service. 
A unique administrative 

6843
06:12:48,100 --> 06:12:50,700
Innovation that would have 
fascinated, a train jurist. 

6844
06:12:51,400 --> 06:12:54,200
These gaps strongly suggest 
limited access to China's 

6845
06:12:54,200 --> 06:12:56,400
interior regions and 
administrative centers. 

6846
06:12:56,400 --> 06:13:01,300
What even to experience 
essentially was Maritime China? 

6847
06:13:02,700 --> 06:13:05,100
The coastal interface where 
foreign Merchants conducted 

6848
06:13:05,100 --> 06:13:07,300
heavily regulated trade under un
supervision. 

6849
06:13:08,400 --> 06:13:10,900
When he realized, he could not 
penetrate beyond the periphery 

6850
06:13:10,900 --> 06:13:11,900
with that. 
Proper credentials. 

6851
06:13:11,900 --> 06:13:15,000
He appears to have supplemented 
his limited first-hand 

6852
06:13:15,000 --> 06:13:18,500
observations with accounts, from
Persian and Arab Merchants, who 

6853
06:13:18,500 --> 06:13:21,800
had better access This 
experience of failure was not 

6854
06:13:21,800 --> 06:13:25,300
unique to China in batutas 
travels throughout his nearly 

6855
06:13:25,300 --> 06:13:28,500
three decades of journeying 
experienced numerous setbacks 

6856
06:13:28,500 --> 06:13:31,300
redirections and outright 
disasters. 

6857
06:13:32,100 --> 06:13:35,000
What distinguishes, the China 
episode is his unwillingness to 

6858
06:13:35,000 --> 06:13:37,400
acknowledge these limitations, 
in his subsequent account 

6859
06:13:37,400 --> 06:13:40,500
likely, because China 
represented, the easternmost 

6860
06:13:40,500 --> 06:13:43,300
extent of his travels and 
therefore held symbolic 

6861
06:13:43,300 --> 06:13:44,900
importance to his overall 
narrative. 

6862
06:13:45,700 --> 06:13:49,200
IBN Peters partially invented, 
China becomes fascinating case, 

6863
06:13:49,200 --> 06:13:52,600
study in travel literatures 
complex relationship with truth.

6864
06:13:53,500 --> 06:13:56,200
Rather than viewing his account 
as either factual or fraudulent,

6865
06:13:56,200 --> 06:13:59,800
we might understand it as a 
negotiation between experience 

6866
06:13:59,800 --> 06:14:03,100
expectation and reputation 
management. 

6867
06:14:04,700 --> 06:14:07,900
His China narrative reveals how 
many evil Travelers constructed 

6868
06:14:07,900 --> 06:14:12,000
authoritative accounts evil when
their actual experience is fell 

6869
06:14:12,000 --> 06:14:16,800
short of their ambitions. 
By early 1347 IBN battuta had 

6870
06:14:16,800 --> 06:14:19,300
abandoned his Chinese 
aspirations and begun the long 

6871
06:14:19,300 --> 06:14:22,700
journey that would eventually 
return him to Morocco the China 

6872
06:14:22,700 --> 06:14:25,700
episode with its blend of 
limited observation and borrowed

6873
06:14:25,700 --> 06:14:29,200
detail represents not just 
Geographic terrain, but the 

6874
06:14:29,200 --> 06:14:32,100
boundaries of edinburgh's 
remarkable adaptability as a 

6875
06:14:32,108 --> 06:14:35,400
traveler, the conventional 
Narrative of Eden battuta 

6876
06:14:35,400 --> 06:14:39,200
concludes with his return to 
Morocco in 1349 and the 

6877
06:14:39,200 --> 06:14:42,200
subsequent dictation of his 
travels to even Jose who 

6878
06:14:42,200 --> 06:14:45,500
compiled the famous Realo 
Journey, that secured even to 

6879
06:14:45,500 --> 06:14:48,400
his historical Legacy. 
Yet this account. 

6880
06:14:48,400 --> 06:14:51,500
Emits a significant Final 
Chapter his journey through 

6881
06:14:51,500 --> 06:14:54,700
Muslim Spain, and the North 
African interior, that occupied 

6882
06:14:54,700 --> 06:14:57,600
the last decade of his life and 
revealed a man transformed by 

6883
06:14:57,600 --> 06:15:01,400
his earlier travels in 1350 just
months after completing. 

6884
06:15:01,400 --> 06:15:04,800
The initial dictation of his 
epic travelogue, IBN battuta 

6885
06:15:04,800 --> 06:15:07,100
embarked on a journey to the 
kingdom of Granada. 

6886
06:15:07,100 --> 06:15:09,700
The last remaining Muslim state 
in Iberia. 

6887
06:15:10,700 --> 06:15:13,300
His motivations for this trip 
differed markedly from his 

6888
06:15:13,300 --> 06:15:16,400
earlier travels rather than 
seeking Adventure or career 

6889
06:15:16,400 --> 06:15:20,400
advancement he traveled as a 
cultural Ambassador concerned 

6890
06:15:20,400 --> 06:15:22,900
with the erosion of Islamic 
governance and territories being

6891
06:15:22,900 --> 06:15:25,100
steadily reconquered by 
Christian kingdoms. 

6892
06:15:25,100 --> 06:15:28,400
I founding Grenada people 
clinging to Traditions. 

6893
06:15:28,400 --> 06:15:31,600
They scarcely remembered he 
wrote in passages excluded from 

6894
06:15:31,600 --> 06:15:34,400
the standard wrestler. 
They maintain the forms of 

6895
06:15:34,408 --> 06:15:36,700
Muslim practice while forgetting
their substance. 

6896
06:15:37,800 --> 06:15:41,100
This critical perspective, 
reflects of tutors Evolution 

6897
06:15:41,100 --> 06:15:44,100
from an observer of cultural 
differences to an active 

6898
06:15:44,100 --> 06:15:46,800
advocate for religious 
authenticity as he defined it. 

6899
06:15:47,800 --> 06:15:51,000
The Granada Journey initiated a 
period of what Eben battuta 

6900
06:15:51,000 --> 06:15:53,800
called purposeful travel 
Journeys. 

6901
06:15:53,800 --> 06:15:57,000
Undertaken not for exploration, 
but for specific cultural 

6902
06:15:57,000 --> 06:16:01,000
interventions between 1352 and 
1355. 

6903
06:16:01,000 --> 06:16:04,600
He traversed the middle Atlas 
Mountains of Morocco, visiting 

6904
06:16:04,600 --> 06:16:07,800
remote Berber communities, where
Islamic practices had blended 

6905
06:16:07,800 --> 06:16:11,400
with indigenous Traditions. 
Unlike his earlier descriptive 

6906
06:16:11,400 --> 06:16:14,700
approach to cultural difference.
These accounts, reveal active 

6907
06:16:14,700 --> 06:16:16,300
efforts to modify local 
practices. 

6908
06:16:16,300 --> 06:16:18,600
He deemed inconsistent with 
Orthodox, Islam. 

6909
06:16:19,700 --> 06:16:22,400
This late life transformation 
from travel to reformer 

6910
06:16:22,400 --> 06:16:25,700
culminated in his most 
overlooked Journey, an 

6911
06:16:25,700 --> 06:16:28,100
expedition to the Mali Empire in
1352. 

6912
06:16:28,100 --> 06:16:32,400
This West African Kingdom had 
already embraced Islam but IBN 

6913
06:16:32,400 --> 06:16:34,300
battuta approached. 
It with missionary Zeal 

6914
06:16:34,300 --> 06:16:37,600
nonetheless, his account of 
Marley differs strikingly from 

6915
06:16:37,600 --> 06:16:41,000
his earlier writings focusing 
almost exclusively on religious 

6916
06:16:41,000 --> 06:16:44,100
practices, rather than the 
commercial and political systems

6917
06:16:44,100 --> 06:16:49,000
that had previously captured his
attention In Mali, IBN battuta 

6918
06:16:49,000 --> 06:16:52,200
experience his. 
Most significant rejection after

6919
06:16:52,200 --> 06:16:54,200
attempting to implement 
stricter, religious 

6920
06:16:54,200 --> 06:16:56,600
interpretations at the court of 
Mansa Suleiman. 

6921
06:16:56,600 --> 06:17:00,300
He was effectively sidelined 
comfortable, but inconsequential

6922
06:17:00,300 --> 06:17:02,200
duties, that limited his 
influence. 

6923
06:17:03,000 --> 06:17:06,800
After six months of frustration,
he departed northward, leaving 

6924
06:17:06,800 --> 06:17:09,000
behind a rare written record of 
his failure. 

6925
06:17:09,000 --> 06:17:12,000
I found myself unable to bend 
this Kingdom toward the 

6926
06:17:12,000 --> 06:17:14,100
practices. 
I had witnessed in Mecca for 

6927
06:17:14,100 --> 06:17:17,200
their Islam has taken root in 
forms adapted to their 

6928
06:17:17,200 --> 06:17:21,000
circumstances. 
The final years of IBN battuta's

6929
06:17:21,000 --> 06:17:24,800
life reveal a pattern, common to
many long-term Travelers the 

6930
06:17:24,800 --> 06:17:27,000
complicated experience of 
returning home after 

6931
06:17:27,000 --> 06:17:30,400
transformative Journeys 
Following his Molly Expedition, 

6932
06:17:30,400 --> 06:17:34,100
he accepted a modest judicial 
position in fairs where 

6933
06:17:34,100 --> 06:17:36,500
colleagues regarded him with a 
mixture of respect for his 

6934
06:17:36,500 --> 06:17:39,000
travels and suspicion of the 
foreign influences, he had 

6935
06:17:39,000 --> 06:17:42,300
absorbed court records from this
period, show him frequently 

6936
06:17:42,300 --> 06:17:44,400
being overruled in his legal 
opinions. 

6937
06:17:45,100 --> 06:17:47,900
Especially when he referenced 
practices from distant Islamic 

6938
06:17:47,900 --> 06:17:51,200
territories, Gibbon tutors. 
Last recorded Journey came in 

6939
06:17:51,200 --> 06:17:54,000
1359. 
When he traveled to tafla in 

6940
06:17:54,000 --> 06:17:56,800
South Eastern Morocco. 
A remote Oasis region 

6941
06:17:56,800 --> 06:17:59,000
experienced in religious revival
movements. 

6942
06:17:59,000 --> 06:18:01,900
His written observations from 
this period reveal a man. 

6943
06:18:01,900 --> 06:18:04,600
Attempting to reconcile his 
Global experiences with local 

6944
06:18:04,600 --> 06:18:08,200
realities seeking to apply 
lessons from distant as lamech 

6945
06:18:08,200 --> 06:18:12,600
societies to his home region. 
This final Journey produced, no 

6946
06:18:12,600 --> 06:18:15,600
spectacular discoveries but 
represented his mature 

6947
06:18:15,600 --> 06:18:18,200
integration of Decades of 
cross-cultural experience. 

6948
06:18:19,200 --> 06:18:21,800
When IBN battuta died around 
1368. 

6949
06:18:21,800 --> 06:18:25,500
The exact date remains 
uncertain, he had come full 

6950
06:18:25,500 --> 06:18:27,800
circle from a young man 
embarking on a standard. 

6951
06:18:27,800 --> 06:18:30,200
Pilgrimage to a seasoned 
cultural intermediary, 

6952
06:18:30,200 --> 06:18:33,300
attempting to connect disparate 
parts of the Islamic world. 

6953
06:18:33,300 --> 06:18:36,700
He had experienced firsthand 
contemporary accounts of his 

6954
06:18:36,708 --> 06:18:40,000
funeral mention, only, a modest 
attendance suggesting that, 

6955
06:18:40,000 --> 06:18:43,600
despite his extraordinary, 
travels, his immediate impact on

6956
06:18:43,600 --> 06:18:47,500
Moroccan Society, remained 
Limited The enduring Paradox of 

6957
06:18:47,500 --> 06:18:50,800
Edinburgh tutor is that his most
significant Legacy came not 

6958
06:18:50,800 --> 06:18:53,200
through his intended, religious 
and legal contributions. 

6959
06:18:53,200 --> 06:18:56,400
But through the travelogue here,
initially considered secondary 

6960
06:18:57,200 --> 06:18:59,400
While his attempts at cultural 
reform faded quickly. 

6961
06:18:59,400 --> 06:19:02,800
After his death, his Geographic,
and ethnographic observations 

6962
06:19:02,800 --> 06:19:04,700
preserved. 
In the regular, provided 

6963
06:19:04,700 --> 06:19:07,600
invaluable documentation of 
societies, across Africa and 

6964
06:19:07,600 --> 06:19:10,300
Asia during a pivotal historical
period. 

6965
06:19:11,100 --> 06:19:14,100
In the centuries, following his 
death IBN battuta's account 

6966
06:19:14,100 --> 06:19:16,700
circulated primarily among 
scholars in North Africa. 

6967
06:19:16,700 --> 06:19:20,000
Never achieving The Wider 
recognition in the medieval 

6968
06:19:20,000 --> 06:19:23,400
period that it deserved only in 
the mid-19th century. 

6969
06:19:23,400 --> 06:19:25,600
When French Colonial officials 
discovered